c^

PERKINS LIBRARY

Duke Universitj

Rare Uooks

Ten Pradical

DISCOURSES

CONC ERNING

Earth and Water,

fin ant3i ^ir.

As they relate to the

Growth of Plants.

WITH

A Collefl:ion of New Difcoveries for the

Improvement of Land, either in the

Farm or Ga rden.

By R. B^R JD L ET,

Profeftbr of Botany in the Univerfity of
Cambridge^ and F. R. S.

WE STMINSTER:

Printed by J. Cluer and A. Campeell, for
B. Creake at the Bible in J-crmyn-fireet,
St. Jameis. m dcc xxvii.

THE

PR EFACE.

Oncernim the Groisuth and

I Management of Plants,
dnd the Improvement
of Landy we have al-
ready many Tieces 'which have been
made {uhlkk'y but fltll I find that the
Bufinefs of Gardening admits of more
Reafoning than has yet been ^ublijh'd.
Botany is a vafl Fields which affords
every T)ay new Matter jor Contempla-
tion ; and the more curious we are in
that Study J the more Variety we find

The PREFACE.

in it : The Knowledge of Plants is,
and always has been thought worthy
the Regard of the greatefl 7 hilof others,
and when that Kno^wledge began to be
w)eU enough underflood to improve
Land and Eftates by it, what Efieeniy
and what Honours did the firfl Im"
{rovers gain by their Skill.

The Jslames akne of thofe Men
who are famous in Hiftory on A-C*
count of their Ep^cellencj in this Study,
wfould fill a Volume, we may trace*
them io the firfl of Times, 'when
Knowledge was • confind to a fmdl
Vart oj the World*, and we are obliged
to the Greeks and Romans, for di^
flributing to us their learned Rerrkirks
and Obfervations u^on it, and from
whence indeed is derived the Tafie,

which

The PREFACE.

which now moft of our Gentry fall
into ^/Agriculture and Horticulture,
Studies fo profitable and ufeful as
thefe are J furely cannot emfhy too^much
of our Time, fince Wealth and Health
are the Confequences : ^Tis therefore I
have deftgrCd the following Sheets to
injlruB fuch as lend their Mind to-
"wards thefc profitable 'Diverfions in
the Principles of them^ and have
t alien care that nothing fioould be want-
ing to render thofc Arts eafy and fami^
liar to the meanejl Capacity.

T HE

THE

CONTE NTS

O

Discourse I.
f the Improvement of Land in general, p. i

Discourse II.

Of the Princifles fif Water, and the Necejfity of it
in Vegetation. ij

Discourse HI.

Various Methods relating to the draining of Lands.

Discourse IV.

Of the feveral Parts of Plants, and their reffeSlive
Ojfces with regard to Vegetation^ 53

^ Discourse V.

Of the Anatomy and Motion of fuices, in Plants. 69
Discourse VI.

Of the diffi rent Ways of ftofagating of Plants by
Seeds ^ Cuttings^ &c.. 9$

Discourse VII.

T%e manner of making Plantations^ either for flea-

fwe or Profit, '^9

Dis-

The CONTENTS.

DiSCOUSRE VIII.

Rules for Pmmng of WaH-Trces, Dwarfs, and
fuch others as are fubjeB to the Knife. 132

Discourse IX.

Of the Diffofition of a Kitchcn-Carden^ and the
fartkuUr AdAfiagement of Vines and Figs^ 148

Discourse X.

Ctncerning the Difpofition of a Flower-Garden, with
fome new Obfervations rela'ing to the improvement
sf Flowers and Exotic Plants, 166

l^ISCOURS

[^SE

[ I ]

Discourse I.

Of the Improvement of Land'
in General.

J^Ltho' tlie* Arts of Husbandry and
Gardening have been accounted in
all Ages worthy the Study of the
greateft Philolbphers, yet we do
not find any of tJieWritersof thole
Subjects have given thenifelves the Trouble of lay-
ing before us the Principles or Rudiments upon
which thofe" great and beneficial Works are found-
ed, for want of which, I conceive the falfe Realbn-
ings and Ading in thele Particulars has proceeded,

B and

[O

and the manyMifcarriages which we daily oblen'^e
are owing.

Ill Order therefore to aft wjth Ibme Certainty
in our Undertakings of this Kature, it will be ne-
ceiTary to confider the Uie of Earth in general,
with Regard to Vegetation ^ and let forth the fe-
veral Sorts of Earths, which are moft common
with us in England : From whence it will follow.
That I treat of the Enriching or Improving one
Soil by another, or by fuchCompofts orMamires,
as are ulcd by the moft expert Husbandmen or
Gardeners;

The Ufe of Water liJcewife, as fiir as it relates
to Vegetation, will not be unworthy our Regard :
To which I /hall add lome prafticai Obfervations
concerning tlie raifing and forcing of Water to
fuch Places or Eminences where it is wanting.

I ihall in the next Place, treat of fiich Lands as
are drown*d, or lye continually under Water:
To which I iliall add an Account of the jnoft ap-
prov'd Methods for draining off the Waters, and
blinking ilich Land into a fruitful State.

Ilhall

[3]

I fhall then proceed to explain the Ules of the
leveral Parts of Plants, and lay down feme Proofs
of the Sap's Circulation, and alfb explain the
Manner how Plants generate : From whence it
will naturally follow, that I mention die various
Methods of Encreafing Plants by Seeds, Layers,
and Cuttings, and then fliall prelcribe the Man-
ner of making Plantations either for Plcaiiire or
Profit.

To which I ihall add theAdvantages of Pruning
Wall-Trees, Dwarfs, Elpaliers, &c. from which
I fhall proceed to treat of the Dilpofitions of a
Kitchen-Garden, and lay "down proper Rules for
the Culture and Improvement of Plowers, and
fhall conclude with proper Directions for the Cul-
ture of Exotic Trees andFlower^with lome Con-
fiderations concerning the building of Green-hou-
fes. Stoves and other Confervations, in wi^ich
Work will be contain'd all the Princ'ples upon
which both the Arts of Husbandry ai>dGardenJiig
are founded 4

According to thefc Propofiticn?, I am firfl to

tnter upon the Subjed of Soyles, that wc may

B i know

/

[4]

tnow the Ufe of Earth in Vegetation, as theFoiiri-
dation of all our Work ^ for nnlefs we can judge
rightly of this, we cannot have any Certainty of
what we undertake, either in the Field or Gar-
den.

In this Cafe it will be neceffary to enquire into
the Particulars j firft to examine into the Nature of
the Soil, whether it be heavy or light, clofe or
open ^ and lecondly, to know the Depth of it.

As to the firft Point which we are to enquire?
into, liz,. the Nature of the Soylc, whether it be
heavy or light, dole or open : I mean whether it
be heavy or dole as Clay, or light and open as
Sand ; for upon one or other of thefe depend the
Sorts of Soyl that have hitherto been oblerved.

Sand is the Principle of every Soyl, which feems
to vary only as the Sand is more or lefs mix'd
with the Parts of decayed Vegetables or Animals,
from whence it is render'd fi"uitfui in leveral Pro-
portions, and has its Parts more clofely united,
as the Parts which are mix'd with it, abound in
viix:ous or oily Juices.

Again

, [5]

Again we may oblerve, That Sand is of two
Sorts ^ either confifting of round Parts or angular
Parts : We may alfo take Kotice, that Sand is of
various Colours, as grey, white, yellow, orange
or red, blue, and black, and if any of thele
Sands, iiippoling them to confift of round-Parts,
happen to be mix'd with a due Proportion of the
Paits of Vegetables and Animals, they produce a
fertile Soyl, which is more or lefs pinguid as the
vifcous or the oily Matter abounds in them, thus
have we Earths of all thefe Colours, and of va-
rious Degrees of Fertility, Strength and Stiifnef? ^
thofe wh'ch have their Parts the moft ciolely uni-
ted by this means we call Clay, and thofe Earths
which are lefs binding, and are in the Micidle De-
gree between Sand and Clay, we call Loam ^ and
&om thele we may reafon upon all the reft,

As a Demonftration of what I lay down, if we
take Clay of different Kinds, and lay every Sort in
fo many different Panns of Water, till they dif-
iblve, either of them lei ves or by Force, we fhall
find, either a vifcous or oily Matter fwimm^'ng
upon the Surface of the Water; and upon examin-
ing the Earthy Parts, we ihall find its Principle
Sand connex'd with ilich dufty Parts as I have
B 3 nientioa'd^

in

irent'on'J, as will appear by the Microfcope \
wh'ch will plainly difcover them to be broken
Parts, either of Vegetables or of fuch Th'ngs as
have had proper VefTels for their Juices to move
in, Hich as cannot be found in Sand or any kind
of Stone.

It is oblervable in Clay-Lands which lye upon
a Defcent, that by great Rains fome of the Parts
of the Glay lying next the Surface, are frequently
carried by Drifts into Hollows, which by a vio-
lent daihing of the Waters, loole thevifcous or
the oily Matter which bound the Parts together \
lb that when this is dry'd it will become likeDuft,
open in its Parts, but without liichwaihing would
become hard by drying, as all Clays or Bodies,
confining of fine parts, of Vegetables or Animals
mix'd with oily or vifcous Matters will do by In-
iblation. This we may oblerve in Meal and Wa-
ter when they are mix'd together in Pafte, where
the Parts of Jie Vegetable being vilcoii?, they
bind clofely when the Water is put to them, and
become of an extraordinary Hardnefs, when the
Mafs is thoroughly dry, and if wc mix Flower or
WJiiting with Oyl, and let fiich Mixtures remain
till they are dry, they become hard as Stone.

Again,

Again, if we put Oyl or any vifcoiis Matter to
Sand^ which has been wafli'd clean from the Ve-
getabmr Animal Parrs, we ihall find that this
Maf^, ¥ffien it is dry, may be freely broken •, but if
we mix iijch Mould wi;h it as proceeds only from
rotted Leaves, it will become of a very binding
Kature, even as tough as any of that Soyl which
we call natural Clay.

The Soyl which we efteem the rnoft, is that
which we call Loam, becaufe its Parts are not too
much reftrain'd or bound together like Clay ^ nor
are lo open and forcible as Sand, this Soyl is
pleafant to the Husbandman, for that it does not
want fo much Force to tijrn it up as is required m
the ploughing of Clay- Land ^ and in the next
Place, in once ploughing, the Loam I fpeak of
will bx-eak and fall hne^, when a ftrong Clay mull
b^ plough'd three or four times before it will be
mellow and even, then the vilcous Juices abound-
ing in it will occafion it to bind as hard as it di4
before, unlels we overpow-gr thole Juices, by mix-
ing a good Qiiantity of liich Sand as is fliarp and
confifts of angular Parts, which one may fiiid on
the fides of Rivers, and on the Sea ihoar, or in
Ditches, by the fides of great Roads that are gra-
velly, 5 4 It

[8] I

If wc inidcrtake to reduce Clay to this middle-
flated Soyl, which I call Loam, it is the cheapeft
Way to do it at once \ for confidering how labo-
rious it is to plough a llubborn Clay, as it jTiould
be, and how much more atLiberty Hich Land will
be to dilpence its Riches, when its Parts are o-
pen'd by a due Qiiantity of fharp Sand, we fliall
prefently find our Account.

The beft Rule I can lay down for this Manu-
ring of Clay with Sand, is to let theSandbelpread
upon the Ground two hiches thick, provided we
do not plough all together above fix hiches deep,
which will be enough for any Annual Crop j but
tliis iliouid have two Ploughings before we low
upon it, in order to mix the Sand and the Clay
together.

Or, Secondly, we may reduce our Clay-Ground
to the Temper of the Loam I mention, by Ipread-
iag Hich black landy Soil upon it as is commonly
found in Heath-Ground, v/herein are many woody
Parts of the Heath andftringey Roots, which will
very much help to open the Parts of the Clay, and
being mix'd with it will become a fruitful Soil.

Tmrdly

[9]

Thirdly J we may reduce our ftubborn Clay by
Sea-Coal Afhes,fiich as we may make out of wafte
of Coal-Pitts, lay'din littleHeaps upon the Groimd,
and burnt with Furze.

Fourthly, our Clays may be open'd and fertil-
liz'd by Lime, elpecially fiich as is call'd Stone-
Lime j this is frequently pradis'd.

fifthly, by Lime and Dung mix'd, when it has
been lay'd fbme time together, S. S. S. we may ufe
with this rotted Wood, and rotted Leaves, which
will ftill help our Defign ^ for Wood, Leaves and
Roots have leldom any vifcous Matter in them.

Sixthly, the burning of ftiff Clay is a great Help
to cold Clay Grounds^ by burning it in littleHeaps

• and fpreading the burnt Parts upon the unburnt
Ground. ^ for this becomes, by burning, iharp as
drift Sand, and fo keeps the Parts of Clay open,
ib as to luffer the Richnefs of the 'Clay to help in
Vegitation :^ whereas, when the Land is overbound

' or ftiffjthe Vegetable Qiiality is ib much confinM,
that the tender-rooted Plants, which happen to
be ftation'd in it, cannot receive liifficientKouriili-
mentfromit, otherwile it is certain, there is no

richer

[lo]

richer Ground in the World than Clay, if its Parts
on be laid open enough for them to diftribute
their Riches j for we lee plainly, that if we, by
tranfpl anting a young Timber Tree upon fuch a
Soil, can but preferve it a few Years, till it can
gain Strength in its Roots to penetrate fuch ftiff
Soil, and make its Way to its Nouriihment, it will
iiouriih extremely, the Gak elpecially ^ but if
iinall tender Plants which are not of a robuft Na-
ture, be let upon liich ft'fF Land, we may ex-
ps£t a very poor Account of them.

Virgil y whenhefpeaks of the RichneP of Soil
to be cliolen by the Husbandman, oblerves, with
a great deal of Juftnels, that a pinguid Soil is the
raoft profitable; but by no means can I agree with
him in delpifmg il light Soil, and making it bar-
ren : Indeed as the Cafe was with him, in a Cli-
mate which had as much Share of Heat in the
Summer, fiich as about Naples, as any Part of £«-
rope, fb no light Land could be very profitable
there, bccaufe hich Earth has not Tenacity enough
to hold Moiflure, fiifficient for the Nourifhmcnt
of Plants, and in that Senfe may be faid to be un-
profitable ; but in fijch a Climarc as ours, which
is not exposed to liich violent Heats, we find the

light

light Soil preferable, upon many Accounts ^ but
it muft be obferv'd, that when I fpeak of light
Soil, I do not mean fimple Sand, but fiich as par-
takes of Vegetable or Animal Parts, as I have men-
tion'd above : But then they muft not be too much
impregnated with vifcous or oily Parts, for when
we come to conliderthe leveral Degrees of Growth
and Strength of Plants, we find that fome Plants
grow beft in a very light Soil, others delight in
Soil fbmewhat heavier and cloler in its Parts, and
the more robuft Plants rejoice in the more pinguid
Soils ^ fo that we muft be always care^U to give
every refpedive Plant its proper Soil, that is, when
we have Soils of different Sorts, we muft contrive
to cultivate Hich Plants upon every one as are nioft
natural to each Soil.

But as it is impofTible to find every Variety of
Soil upon one Eftate, fo it will be beft to bring
our Grounds into ftich a Poftur^, as to imitate the
middlc-ftated Soil, which I call Loam, for both
the tendereft and the moft robuft Plants will profZ
per in a Soil of that kind.

So if we have fandy Ground, which we account
too lightjwe muft give it Strength by a Manure of

Clay

Clay or fbme rich Marl, or by lowing it with
iuch Plants as are of a vilcousNature, and making
a Manure of them, for the lame Ground they
grow upon. ColumalU gives us a Chapter upon
this SubjeO:, where he recomm^ds the Lupine
for a great Improver of light Land, as it abounds
in vilcous Juices, he direfts us to cut the Stalk of
the Lupines in Pieces, and plough tliem in about
2 or 3 Inches deep, and I have found that a Crop
of Turnips Ibwn pretty thick to be fed with Sheep,
or only to be mow'd down, and after a Week or
ten Days to be plough'd in, will be of extraordi-
nary lervice to Hich Land.

Or if Iuch landy Land happens to lye near the
Sea, it is a common Cuftom to manure it with
Fiih, and Sea- Weed of any Sort, which brings
the Farmer extraordinary Profit.

It is pra^tic'd about Dunfiahle^ to manure their »
Clay Grounds with. Woolen Raggs chopt Imall ;
and in other Places, to lay the Hair of Animals
upon fuch Ground, both which proves advanta-:
geous to the Farmer.

It

[ 13 ]

It is necefTar)^ however, to make a general Com-
poil of every wafte Thing about a Farm, r/z.. the
Dung of Poultry, the Dung of Sheep, the Dung
of Horfes and of Kine, Aihe?, rotted Wood,
Leaves, Litter, Straw, Grains if they happen to
be Ipoil'd, and luch like, to be lay'd together in
a Pitt, and mix'd with Earth, and it may be lo
contriv'd, that the Drain of the whole Yard may
run into it : We may alfb add Fern and \^"eeds if
we hif.ve not Hiffer'd them to Flower ^ all this
when it is well mix'd will make an excellent Com-
poft for any Ground.

About thelfle of r/Z^ the Farmers ule Abundance
of Pidgeons Dung, which they low upon the
Groimd^ it is fiill of Salt, and is of a very hot
Nature, but their Land is cold and fliiT^ fo that
it is mended by this Manure.

But if it fh6uld happen, that we have a Traft
of fimple Sand, which is accounted unprofitable,
let us not delpair, fince it may be cultivated for
Liquorice, Carrots, Parlhips, Turnips, and Po-
tatoes^ and fiich Ground, will, without any IVla-
nure, bring thefe Crops to great perfeOrion j or if
we defire a more durable Crop upon ir, the Firr-

Trce

Tree may be fown or planted there, with great
Advantage.

Wc are alfb to oblerve, that Gravel and Sand
are nearly the fame in Nature, and what will grow
in one will commonly grow in the other. Thefe
are both liibje£t to Springs, and when they hap^
pen to be ib^ they are then only proper for Hich
Plants as are natural Inhabitants of the Waters,
llich as Alders, Willows, Ofiers, &c. but when
they lye dry, they may be improv'd both by the
lame Means.

But I come now to confider the Depth of the
Soil, and how far it is neceffary to oblerve that,
before we begin to fet it in Aftion.

When we find our upper Stratum of Earth, but
two Inches deep of a ftiff Earth, and the Stratum
below it Gravel, we may then, by Plowing, make
t Coat of tolerable Soil four Inches deep, to which
if we add fome of liichCompoft as I have directed,
it will bring Corn, and after that Turnips and
Peas and Beans, or any Thing which takes a ihal.
low Root in the Ground.

, 2d. If

[15]

2d. If we find a tolerable Mould, about three
Inches npon a Clay, wc may work thofe toge-
ther about fix or ihyen Inches deep, if we have
the Benefit of the Ingredients which I have
mention'd as Manures for Clay Ground ^ and
this will bring good Corn or Pulle j but generally
where the Surface is very Shallow, that Ground is
beft for Grafs, Clover, St. Foyer, and liich hold-
ing Crops.

If our Bottom be Clay of a great depth, and we
have a fhallow Surface, it may lerve to make a Se-
mm'dvy of young Oaks, or any Timber Trees,
with Taproots, or to be ibwn with A^, Keys,
Hazle, &c. for Coppice Wood, but where the
Clay is fo near the 1 op, it is hazardous to plant
Trees in it of any confiderable Magnitude, efpe-
cially the common way which is pra£lic'd by moft
Gardeners when they make Plantations in Clay
Grounds, the Hiperficial Stratum of Earth o:
Mould perhaps not being more than three Indies
deep, they look'd upon it to be of fo little Vahie,
that 'tis generally loft or thrown away, and tlie
lecond Stratum of Clay not being though': good
neither, the Places where tlie Borders are to be,
or the Trees are to fc«nd arcTrcnch'd, and tlis

Cl:y

[ i6]

Clay taken out two or three Foot deep, whiclt
Trenches are to be repleniih'd with fine Mould,
brought thither at great Expence,the Confequence
is, that upon the firft great Fall of Rain, the fine
Mould lodg'd in thele Clay Trenches, becomes
Mud, and chills the Roots of the Trees, there
being no Way for the Water to run off, which
brings the Canker firft, and then Death to the
Trees j but to avoid this Inconvenience, and lave
Expence, let the fuperficial Stratum of Mould Be
par'd off the Clay, efpecially where the Walks
are to be, and let that Molud be lay'd upon the
Borders, to raife them to a convenient Height,
without digging at all into the Clay, the Walks
or Spaces between the Trees may be fill'd up to
them with Rubbiih, or any ordinary Soil ; with
this Management Trees will prolper, their Roots
are at Liberty to leek Kouriihment where theycarf
bell find it.

Discourse

[ ^7]

Discourse IL

Of the Principles ofWAXER^

and the NeceQicy of it in Vegeta-
tion.

i\i -4'

jj'jjMi forth the leveral Opinions con-
]j ecrniiig Water as an Element, or
is it nccelTary I obferve any more
of it Philofbphically, than barely taking Notice,
That it is generally allovv'd to confift of Globular
Parts ^ from whence proceeds its Fliiedity, as
appears by its Currency, when it is put upon
»nyfmoorth Surface which has theleaftDecIenfion?

^ Ar>d

t 18 ]

And Sphserical Parts, of which all Water is com-
po.s'd, are capable of being render'a more light
or volatile, or of being mere rarify'd by a greater
Share of Heat, fo as to fwim in the Air •, or, as
one may fay, mix it lelf with it j or of becoming
more Dewe, even to be fixt as Marble by a greater
Degree of Cold, fuch as it is in Ice : This is
chiefly what I fliail have Occalion to touch upon
concerning the Principles of Water, in this Dif^
courfe.

The V^Q of Water in the Education or Koii-
riihment of Vegetables, feems from Experience
to have a much greater Share than Earth it felf ^
becaiife we find, that befides the Advantage it is
of to Plants when it is thrown near the Roots of
Vegetables, which thofe Roots imbibe with the
Salts or nourifhable Parts of the Earth, the Va-
pour arifmg from it aflifls the Plants in fb great
a Degree, as to give them a double Vigour 3 as
may be oblerv'd by fetting a Qiiantity of Plants
in Pots upon a Stone Pavement, and keeping them
duly water'd -^ thefe will fcarce have half tliQ
Strength of Growth in a Summer, that Pots with
the fame Sorts of Plants will have, that have
food upon the naked Ground, where the Earth

about

[19]

kbout them has had Opportunity of Dilchargi'ng
its watry Parts in Vapour ^ for the Leaves, Bark,
Flowers and Fruit of every Plant receives Kou-
rifliment from Hich Effluvia, very near as much
as the Plants do by their Kouriihment drawn in
by the Roots. But this is in General, for fomc
Plants which arevery Hicculent, Vv'ill endure many
Years in a State of Life without either Earth or
Water, feeding upon the watry Parts only which
Iwim in the Air j iiich as the Scd-um-arhorefccuSy
and feveral other Sorts of Sedums or Cotyledoms,
when they lay them up in the Houfe, will even
put forth Roots when the Air becomes moift v
but thefe have very few of thofeSap-VefTels which
draw Kouriihment from the Root, and therefore
if we give them much Water, when there is not
rieat enough to exhale it, quickly it ilagnates a-
bout the Roots and rots them : Therefore, where
this is the Gate, never give fiich Plants Water,,
but when you are Hire of Sun or Heat enough to
evaporate it quickly. But Trees v/hich have many
Sap-VeffeliS, which are fed by the Roots, require
more conftant Waterings, as 1 ihall have Occafion
' to explain in another Place. We may obferve too.
That the more fucculent a Plant is, the fewer
Koots it has in Proportion ; and fo it is a certain

G 2 Rule,

Rule, That the more ilicciilent Plants miift have
the leaft Share of Water.

o

We are in the next Place to conlider, How
Plants m General are affefted by Water, and what
are the vifible Signs of their want of it.

Every Plant, whether it has a bulbous, tube-
rous or fiberous Root, receives its Nourifliinent
by means of the watery Parts in the Earth, at the
Extremities of its Fibers-, for all Bulbs are nou-
riih'd, as well as tuberous Roots, by the Mouths
of their Fibors ^ as will be defcrib'd in the Ac-
count of the Structure of Plants.

For tliis Reafon, it is neceffary when there is
an Occalion for watering a Plant, that we pour
the Water where we can reafonably Hippofe the
extreme Parts of the Fibers lie, which in large
Trees may happen to be at a confiderablc Diftance,
even fix or eight Foot from the Body or Stem of
the Tree : But if we water fiich Trees, as is the
common Practice, clofe to the Stem, the moft of
the Fibers are not benefited by iiich Waterings,
and the Tree ftill fiiffers : Neither ihould we alone
confider the NecefHty of watering immediately,

where

[.I ]

where we may judge the Mouths of the Fibers arc
lituated, but refreih the Ground plentifully a
Foot or two beyond that Place, that the Water
may not be too fbon exhaled, but have Time to
lie and noiiriih the Tree as well by the Roots, as
by continuing its humid Vapour about the Stem,
Leaves and Friiit, to nourifh the m.ore fpiingy
Parts of them, while the Roots are gathering con-
venient Subfillence for their Offices.

The Signs of a Phmt's Want of Water are
many, but it is dangerous to wait till they ap-
pear, for Our Remedy may come too late. We
are acquainted with the Diftreis of Plants by the
Shrinking of the Leaves, by their turning ydlow,
by their flagging or hanging down •, and by the
dropping of the green Fruit in Trees : So that
when ever any of thele Tokens declare their
Wants, we muft not delay to give them good
Waterings, as 1 have before mcntion'd. A Day
or two, if the Weather be veiy hot (as one may
realbnablc Hippofe it muft be, when this happens)
is likely to occafion the Death of the Tree ^ or
if it be a finall Plant, we may be Hire of its De-
ftruftion by a Day's Kegled.

C 3 Wq

[ " ]

We ought in this ^ale to conflder our Soil,
whether it be Sand or Clay, or light open Ground,
or ftrong lliff Land j if it is the former, watering
of our Fruit-trees will be neceflary more fre-
quently than in the ftrong holding Soil ^ a Fort-
night or three Weeks dry Weather in Sandy Land
is enough to truffc a Fruit-tree without Water,
efpeciaUy if it happens to be in a warm Situation j
but if it be a ftiff Soil, a Month's Drought will
do it no Harm, but longer than that it will hard-
ly do w^ell without watering : At the ilime time
we iliould ftir the Surface of the Earth we defigu
to water, which will keep it from binding too
hard j v/hich it will be apt to do, if it is tending
to a Clay.

I cannot help obferving, that it is an Error to
lay the Flower-beds in Partere-works high in the
Middle, or round, as the Gardeners call it ^ I
would rather adviie that liich Beds be made con-
cave, f3 as to lie hollow in the Middle, for as
thcfe ihculd chiefly be furniili'd with annual
Flowers in the Summer, and the mofl fiberous
rooted Plant?, and perhaps Ever-green likewiie,
. by th's Means the W'atering they may require in

the

[23 ]

-the fcorching Seafbns, will be effe£tiial to them ;
whereas if they were to lie in a Convex Manner,
the Water would run off, and thele Plants receive
little or no Benefit from it.

When I Ipeak of the Concavity of thele Beds,
I mean only, that there ihould be a very gentle
Declenfion from the Sides to the Middle, as much
only as will keep the Water from running off.

There is indeed Ibme Beauty in the Roundnels
of a Bed, and .that Roundnefs is necelTary when
we defign a Bed only for our fineft Bulbous-roots,
becaule their chiefeft Growing-time is in the moi-
i\er Seafons of the Year ^ and therefore this Con-
vexity is a necefTary Provifion to carry off the
Water, and thereby prelerving our Bulbs from
rotting : And as thefe have done their Office be-
fore the extreme Droughts begin, fo this Fashion
is proper enough for Hich Kinds of Roots.

In watering of Plants we are to obferve, that
the Evening in the hotter Sealbn is the mofc pro-
per Time for that Operation, becaufe that the
Water will then have Time enough to mix it lelf
with the Earth, before the too Icorching Heat of

C 4 the

the Sim can exliale it, or occafion it to Icald the
Roots of the Plants *, which will be the Cafe if
we water Plants in the Heat of the Day,

I am to be underftood thus far only of water-
ing Trees, and liich Plants as are growing in the
natural Ground j but the watering of Pots rcr
quires fbme flir-ther Confideration.

The Earth in every Pot ought to be rifing a
little about tiie Stem of the Plant, and fall gently
to the Edge?, that fb the Water may rather fall
t;o the Parts of the Pot among the fine Fibers of
the Plant, than lye loaking about the Stem. ,

At ey^eiy 3d or 4th watering of a Pot, the Sur-
face of the Earth ought to be Hirr'd j which 0-
therwife would bii3d toQ hard about the Plant,
and not admit the Water equally to the Roots of
the Plant : Or elfe, we may lay on an Inch thick
of frefh Cow Dung upon the Surface of the Pot
when the Beats begin, which will prevent the
Sun s fcorching of the Roofs, which otherwif?
frequently liappens.

WllQH

When we have Trees or Plants in Pots that
require a great Share of Water, they ihould be
fet in ihady Places during the great Heats of the
Summer ^ or elfe the Bottom of their Pots may
be let two Inches in Pans of Water-, from whence,
through the Holes at the Bottoms of the Pots,
the Plants would draw what Water they require,
and fo will remain in good Condition a Fortnight
in the hotteft Weather with flipplying the Water-
Pans : This is much the beft Way of treating
Myrtles in the Summer, as well as other vigorous
ihooting Plants, which are not fiicculent.

Itisalfoof great Advantage to all Sorts of Plants
in Pots, to let Tubs of Water, oi*Tubs or Cafes
of Water Plants among them in the hotter Sea-r
Ions, becaule there is continually exhaling Hich
Vapour from thole Bodies of Water, as the Leaves,
Bark, and Ipungy Parts of the potted Plants im-
bibe and are aflifted by.

I have alio found it beneficial to Orange-ti^es,
and other Green- houie Plants,to let Pans and Cales
of Water among them when they were in the Con-
Itrvatory ^ and eipecially when the W^eather is

too

Il26]

too £'vcre to open the Houfe, or let in freih Air
amongfl the Plarlts : For thefe Cales of Water,
by their continual Exhalation, keep the Air of
the Hoitfe from growing llagnant, and conle-
q^ucntly prefer ve the Plants from a-o wing mouldy j
befides it keeps tlie Bark and fpungy Parts of the
Trees fiillj and prevents the Trees from that dan-
gerous Diftemper of being Hide-bound : Such
Fans 'and Cafes I alio find neceirary to be placed
in forcing Frames for forward Fruits ^ the Water
HI them noufiilies both the Trees and the Fruit,
efpecially if the Seafon be too brisk to allow them
much Air : And I am of Opinion,, when the Sum-
mer is very dry. Pans of Water would very much
lielp our Wall-fruit-trees to be let near them ; for
tliQ Fruit of ?:very Plant confifting chiefly of
Ipungy Parts, is chiefly nourilli'd by the Moi-
ftlire in the Air, the Sap-VefTels being very few
i}i Number, which conveys theNourifhment from
the Root to the Fruit.

In Holland they have a particular Way of wa-
tering Melons, by placing Pans of Water near
the Plants, and having dipp'd a Yard of the Lift
of Woolen Cloath in Water, they lay Part of the
Lift in the Pan of Water, and the other End of

it

I

[ 27 ]

it is laid over the Root of the Melons, by which
Means the Melon-plants draw to themielves the
Qiiantity of Moifture which is neceflary for their
Support, and in 3 or 4 Days the Pans will have
loll all their Water, tho' one of them which has
not had a Lift in it, will not be dry'd up in three
Weeks, fo that we cannot fay the Water is ex-
hal'd by the Sun.

But as I have directed the Time of watering in
the Summer to be in the Evening, fo on the other
Hand our Potted-plants which are prelerv'd in the
Confervatories during the Winter, muft at that
Seafon be water'd when they pofTefs the greateft
Share of Sun, or rather about Koon than in the
Evening ^ tliat the warm Air in the Houfe inay
prevent the Water's chilling the Roots of the
Plants : For I find, that the Air in a Green-houfe,
whether the Sun ftiines or not, will be warmer in
the Day-time by feveral Degrees of the Ihermo-
meter, than the Air of the Night.

When I dired Tubs and Pans of Water to be
let among Plants, there is an Advantage we may
receive from it, which I have not yet taken No-
tice off, That this Water, when it has ftood a

Day

[.8]

Day or two, will 'e equally warm with the Air
of the Houfe \ but to keep it from Putrifaftion,
put fome Earth a ^he ^'ottom of the Tubs, and
when we ufe an o'^ it, fill up t'l e Tubs with frefh
Water, the E rth wUl enrich it and foften it, and
its Situation for a Day or tw will temper it io as
to affift the Vegc ation of the Plants in the fame
Climate with it.

■ But the Ule of Cnide-water to Plants is re-
jected with as good Reafbn as the lowing Seeds
upon Crude-Earthy which is liich Ground as
lias been taken from Ibme h'dden Part, where
the Air has not had any Opportunity of Free-
dom with it, both the Water, and the Earth I
Ipeak of, muft have Time to mellow or mix with
the free Air, before we find them qualify 'd for
Vegetation •, fo that Pump-water from a deep
Well is not proper for Plants, till it has been ex-
pos'd Ibme Time to the Air and Sun, or elle has
had a little Earth, fucli as the lighted Loam,
thrown into it, which will corrcd its Rawnefs, fb
as to foften it, and render it mellow enough t:o be
ufed with Soap : So we find River-water and
Pond-water much more affilling in Vegetation,
and more generally ulcful than our comimon

Pump-

Pnmp-water ; and it is the earthy PartSj as well
as the Air that make them fo, for all Rivers come
from Springs which are hard and crude, if we
were to ufe the Water at the Spring-Head, but
their PafTage thro' Earth and Air renders them
fbft, and capable of mixing with the oily Parts of
Soap ^ and fuch Water is to be coveted for Plants :
For in flich Waters great Variety of Plants will
grow, as is evident in every River and Pond, bur
leldom any Plant of more worth than Mofs, is
found about a Spring-Head.

In the Education of Water-plants in Tubr,
Cales or Pots, I have try'd both River-water and
Pump-w^ater, and I found that fuch Plants as were
railed in Pump-water were finaller than thcfe that
were fed by River- water, and v/cre the apteft to
bloffom. Our Pots, Calcs, or Tubs, muft be
made very light, fo that none of the Water cc.n
run out, and each of them muft be hll'd fo fuii
of Earth, as to leave Room encuuh for a Dep^h
of Water, according to the Plelghth which tiie
feveral Plants miiy require wh cii we fhall plant
in them : And as there will be a great Exhalation
of Vapour from thefe Water-tubs in the Summer,
we raufl be mindful to fill them np with freih

Water

f 3o]

Water from Time to Time, as the Water in them
decreafes.

And as I have let forth the Ule of Water in
the Education of Vegetables, fo in the next Place
I ihall mention the moil pra£lical " Methods of
conveying it from one Place to another, where
Forcing is required, lb as to raife it firom Tops
of Hills, or fuch Eminences where it is wanting.

In every Undertaking of this Nature, we fhould
firft dulyconlider what Force is required to carry
a Column of Water to a certain Heighth, and
then what Powers are capable of being employ'd
in liich Force, and particularly, to contrive that
all the Parts be of ilifficient Strength to hold out
againft the required Force.

Thele are Confiderations abfolutely necefTary
111 every Undertaking of this Kind -^ for I have
too often icQii very ingenious Contrivances fet on
Foot, which have milcarried in Ibmc Branch or
other, as loon as they were fet to work. As for
Example, When the Force had anfwer'd the End
it was defign'd for, the Pipes of Conveyance have
been fo little conlider'd, that they have burft and

given

[31 ]

given way, at the firft ietting the Machine to
work. In other Cafes, fiich Pipes have been well
guarded, and the Engine has done its Office for
fome Time, but throw tbe Multiph'city of Parft
which composed it, the Friftion has been fo great,
that fbme one Part or other has been cut of Order,
and the whole has flood ilill. Others again,
where the Motion has depended upon Tides, have
at firft done their Duty, but for Vv'ant of a luFH-
cient Guard againft higher Tides than ordftiary,
have been blown up, as they call it. In this Cafe
therefore, I am of Opinion, Thar where cur
Movement depends upon the Current of a River
or upon Tides, we ought not only to know hov/
high fijch Waters has been known to rife, but
provide againil its rife, 3, 4 or 5 Foot higher fhfin
ever it was known to do ^ for unlefs \vq could
command the Tides, the Rains and the Fountains,
we can have no Certainty : Therefore the faying
that the Waters of fiich a River were never higher
than fuch a Point, is nothing t6 the Pi;rpoic.
And we find that many great Works have beerf
deflroy'd for want of this necef ary Caiuicn.

Again

[32]

Again, tho' we have Mathematical Demonftra-
tions, that fuch a Force will raife luch a Weight'
of Water to a certain Heighth, yet I am not for
trufting to the Extreme in Prafl:ice ^ becaufc in
Praftice there are, for the moft part, fome un-
fbrefeen Accidents which were not provided a-
gainft in the Theory, and oftentimes occafions a
Mifcarriage, even in the bell laid Defigns. It is
much fafer and furer, if a Man is to remove a
great Weight, which, perhaps, may put him to
the utmoft of his Strength, rather to move it at
twice than at once ^ the firft is at the Hazard of
his Health, the other without any at all :.So if
I was to force Water two or three hundred Foot
high, and I could have a Force that would do it,
conlidering the vaft Friftion and Wear of all the
Parts (for there will be fome Obflruftion, do what
we can to the contrary, and perhaps Hich, as by
this extraordinary Force may break and demolish
our Works when we leafl expert it) it is my O-
pinion, that in fuch Cafes it is far more reaion-
able to raife the Water at twice than at once j
there will be lefs Strength required, and lefs Ha-
zard in every Refpe^l j and if our Engines are
not too much croudcd with Contrivance, we may

expe^

[33]

expeft to find our Account in the Undertaking •,
but where an Engine confifts of a great Number
of Parts, we muft expe^ it to be frequently out
of Order.

This particularly 1 obferv'd in the Attempt of
railing Water at Torl^uUdlngs^ by the Engine for •
raifing Water by Fire j where Captain Savory the
Inventor of it, was concern'd in the letting of it
up. That Gentleman, tho' he had before let np
his Engines with good Succeis in leveral Places,
elpecially at Cambden-honfe^ near Kenfngton, was
not content with the Plainnels of them, when he
undertook ib great a Work as flirniihing the Pub-
lick with Water, but doubled every Part in the
Tork'buildings Engine, and by that made it im-
practicable for one Man to work it ^ and it was
liable to Co many Diforders, if a fmgle Miftake
happen'd in tlie working of it, that at length it
was look'd upon as an ulelels Piece of Work, and
rejefted. And after this it had as bad Succeis
from others who endeavour'd to mend it, or im-
prove it, as they calFd it, by altering the Cap-
tain's iirft Methods j lo that thele, in fome Mea-
ilire, loft the Credit which his firll Engines had
got him : His firft Sort, indeed, was not with-

D out

[34]

out a few Inconveniencies, fuch as, That the In-
ftmment, or Regulator of the whole Motion, de-
pended upon leveral Parts ^ and in cafe that hap-
pened to be out of Order, the Engine was liable
to blow up : But conlidering to how great Per-
fe^ion he brought it, when he had the greatell
' Difficulties to reconcile, it is admirable that it
anfwer'd the Defign (b well, as his lirft Works
demonllrate : But as, always, the Stander-by
hiay fee more than the Gamfter himfelfj I did
not think it impoflible to mend this Engine, by
flill making it more limple \ and therefore direct-
ed in the Place of his Regulator, which confifted
of many Parts, fuch an one as was plain, and
could not by any common Accident be render'd
incapable of Service, till it had done Bufinefs
enough to be worn out •, and even then, fliould
not have any Danger attend it. This was done
to the Purpofe, as I have hinted in my A^^tp Jm-
provements of Gardetjingy where I have given a Fi-
gure, with an Explanation of the leveral Parts of
the Engine ^ from whence it will appear. That
an Engine io order'd, without making any Varia-
tion, will be of real Ufe. But I mufttakeKo-
tice. That the Pipes thro' which the Water is
forced, muft be of Elm, as well as what is there
.^ call'd

[35]

call'd the Engine-tree, for ne'ther Copper nor
any other IVjettal will do, as too many have ex->
periencd, and is ealy to be denioniira.ed.

In great Works, two or three liich Engines
ihoiild be employed at once j which will not only
raile a g. eater Qiiantity of Water w'ch Sa-.ety
than a large double Engine (i it cciud be brought
to Ule) but if, thro' conftant Ule, one iiappens
to want Repair, the whole Work need rjot flop,
which it muft do, i: any Part of a double En-
gine be out of Order.

But to explain this more fully, Let us flippofe
that we are to raiie Water from the River of
Thames at Chelfe^.^ to the higheil Part of oxford*
Square near St. M^^iryU-hone^ which at an Hazard
one may guefs^ lies above too Foot h^'gher than
the Level of the River, and near three Miles from
C'jelfea : l:>ow, as there is no Ground at Ci.elfea
which is high enough to make a Relervoir upon
the lame Level ot'Oxfcrd-fcjuare, then muft either
a Relervoir ra's'd by Art at Chilfe^i, of loo Foot
higii,. to feed the Pipes which mitft be laid from
thence to Oxjord-fqiiare, or elie there muit be a
Force lufficient to draw the Water from the Ri-

D 2 vcr

[36]

ver to the laid Square : Both which may be done,
but the Expence will never countervail ; as to the
iirft, the raifing an artificial Relervoir of the
K eight before-mentioned ^ there is an Inftance
of it at Ferfailes, joining to the Gardens : And
that it is podible to drive Water up a Hill, whofe
Perpendicular is more than 500 Foot, we fee it
done at Marty, by continued Chains of Pumps,
which are always working, by Means of large
underihot Wheels, which are let in Motion by
the River from whence they draw the Water :
There are very good Prints of thefe among the
Profpefts of the Kin^ of France^s Palaces^ but
this would be a prodigious Expence : Therefore
let us Ibppole we employ fome other Means,
fuch as the Machine which flings up Water firom
the River of Than.es to the Top ofWindfor-Cn^le-y
the firft Mover is turn'd by the Stream of the
River, by which the Water is forc'd about half
the required Height, and lodg'd in a Well ; and
from thence by Cyphons, which are work'd by a
Man, it is convey'd to a Ciftem, which is plac'd
near as high as the Caftle. There is alfb an In-
ftance of an underfhot Wheel, which by work-
ing throws up Water to an Eminence of 70
F.>ot Perpendicular, at Mr. Stafford's Seat at

Pynes

[37]

Pyms near Exeter •, but die Diftance from the Ri-
ver to the Releryoir is not above half a Qiuirter
of a Mile. Thefe I bring as Inllances of what
can be done, and to fuew the NecefTii:y, where
the Length and Heiglit of the Way is confideiv
able, of making proper Stops ^ for I find in th.Q
laft nicntion'd Work at Mr. Stajforas, it was \yith
Ibme Difficulty the Undertaker could g€t Pipes
that were ftrong enoijgh to rehfl the Force and
Weight of the Water : And in the great Work at
Marlyy nothing lefs than Pipes of Caft-Iron were
found- capable of conveying the Water from
thence to the Refetvoir at Verfailesy and thole too
of a very confiderable Subftance. For thcle
Realbn^-, I think it would be advifeable in fiich an
Undertaking, as that for railing Water from the
River 01 'Thames at Chelfea to Oxford-fquare^ That
firft there be a Reservoir made or built near the
River, fb that ijts Bottom may lie be!:ween 40 and
50 Foot above the Sides, or rather be kept by
Tan Wheels, which iliould continually lie under
Water, which would be influenc'd by the dc-
creafing as well as the increafmgTides, and could
never be put out of Order by any great Flood,
the Figure of which I have publiili'd in r^iy
Monthly Writings.

D 3 By

[38]

By this Means our firft Relervoir being full,
wc have no reafbn to doubt but that the Wa-
ter in it will rife thro' the Pipes of Con-
veyance- to its Level, at a remote place, which
we will fuppole may be about fbme of the liigher
Grounds in S'c Jamcs^-? nrk j where, if the
Ground Jiappens not to be landy or gravelly, a
Rclen'^oir may be made without much Trouble,
from whence, either by a Chain of Buckets, or
two or three of Captain Savory's Fire Eng'nes,
the Water may be thrown up 'nto a Refci'voir 40
or 50 Foot h-glier, into a Imall Refervoir, which
would carry it to fjme Eminence of the fame
He'ght, fuch as fl'emstobe the highefl Ground
about St. Mi?.ry-le^hone^ or vulgarly, Mmry-bone^
where fliould be the grand Relervcir, wh-chl flip-
pofe might be made at little Expencc, the Ground,
thereabout be'ng for the mbft part a ilrong Clay,
by whxli Method I conceive fuch an Undertak-
ing may be compofed at no great Expence, and
be free from the Hazards which too frequently
attend flich large Works.

But in Affairs of a higher Nature than th\s^
where W^atcr is only to be rais'd ten, twenty or

thirty

139}

thirty Foot, if we have a River, we may do this
with either one of the P erf an Wheels, which at
the fame Time it is turning by the Stream, the
Buckets orTroughs with which its Circle is drefs'd
willbefiHing, and emptying themlelves continu-
ally, the full ones dilcharging themlelves at the
Top of the Wheel ^ which Wheel may be 20
Foot Diameter, and confequently the Buckets
may dilcharge the Water at 10, 12, 16 or 18
. Foot above the River, according as the Axis of
the Wheel is plac'd, higher or lower ^ or elfe ^
common underfhot or overihot Wheel may work
a Chain of Buckets fb as to lift the Water 30 or
40 Foot high upon a Frame, and difcharge them-
felves that Height above the River or Pond,
into a Receiver : Such a Wheel may be made
to work Pumps to fling Water near twice that
Height, but if a Stream is wanting, thele Move-
ments may be made by Horfes j but thefe Devices
m.uft have Ciftcrns or p^efervoirs neiar at Hand,
to render them ufeful. Where a Canal or Pond
happens to lie higher than a River 8, 12 or 1 5
Foot, and is in want fbmetimes of freih Water,
the Stream of tlie River may let one of the Ferfian
Wheels at work, and by having only a Trough
fpr the Buckets to empty their Water into, which

P4 b^

C4o]

by Pipes has a Communication to fbme Part of
the Canal or Pond, to be difcharged above the
Surface of fuch Canal or Pond, and an Outlet
for the Pond-water to run out, direfted to a cer-
tain Height, in a Week or Fortnight's Time, ac-
cording to the Bignefs of the Pond, we fliall find
our Pond which was muddy before, become clear
and pleafant, by Means of the continual Flowing
of the River-water into jt, by the Wheels con*
ftant Supply.

Dis-

[+l]

I Discourse III.

Various Methods relating to the
Draining of Lands.

S in the laft Dlfcourfe I treated of
the KeccfTity of Water in Vegeta-
tion, and of the leveral ways of
flipplying luch Places with it as are
Wanting of it ^ lb I ihall now explain the feveral
Methods which are ufed for draining oft" the
Water from fiich Lands as are rendered iifelels by
too great a Qiiantity of it.

In

[4^3

In the Profecution of this Difcourfe, it will be
necelTary tliat I confider two Things, viz.. Whe-
ther our Lands are overflow'd by Fre/h-water or
by Salt-water, by Rivers or by the Sea ^ for the
Management of flich Lands, when they are dii^
ciOver'4, is very different one from the other ; for
the Ground which has been overflow'd with the
Frefh-water, may be much Iboner brought into a
State of Fertility than a Piece of Land which has
been overflow'd by the Salt-water ^ but both of
theie, when they have had lufficient Time to
mellow, are not only'extremely vigorous in their
Produ^ions, but luch Land alfb ierves as an ex-
traordinaryManuijc ibr fcaley or gravelly Groimd,
one Load being worth two Loads of Dung.

The overflowing of Land by Rivers, proceeds
either from fbnie Breach in the Banks of the Ri-
vers, or from Land-waters, which falljn Abun-:
dance from the Hills after great Rains, which
joining with the River-waters, caii,fe them to
overflow their Banks j or elle, fucli an Overflux
may happen by extraordinary Tides.

From

[ 43 ] ■

From whence one may judge how necefTary it
is inthedifpofing of Rivers, to male them na-
vigable •, that particular Provifions may be made
to lecure the Banls, in fixh Manner, that they
may have Strength enough to refift any extraor-
dinary Torrent \ and that they may be high
enough to prevent any fiidden Guih of Land^
Waters from overflowing rhera, or to be above
the Reach of extraordinary Tides.

As to the Firft, We are to obferve particularly
where the Ground of which the extraordinary
Banks of the River is the mofc looie or tender ^
and in fuch Parts, to line them well with Chalk or
Ciay, and to allow the Bale of the Slope next the
W\iter to be broader than in. other Places, and
plant Hich Slopes with a double Row of Willov/-
Piles or Stakes, fo that their Tops may appear
only a Foot out of the Ground : Thele Scakes
may be from ten to twenty Foot long, according
1^ as the Height of the Bank requires : Thefe Stakes
may be planted about 8 or lo Inches apart, and
will in a few Years (uho' they, lie for the moil
Part under Ground) grow to tjiat Thicknels, as
almoU to touch one another, while their Fibers

will

[44]

will be. entangled to that Degree, that they will
be capable of refifting the g eateft Force of the
.Waters, But thefe Stakes I rather advile to be
planted in an oblique Manner, than upright ^ the
firft Row leaning one Way, and the fecond Row
leaning the dire£l contrary Way j fo that by
croiiiing one another, the Spaces will be of the
Figure of a Loz^enge : By this Means the Stakes
will fiipport one another.

But when we^re to confider the Height of the
Banks, in order to prevent an Overflux of the
River upon Hidden Gufhes of Rain or Land-wa-
ters, it will be iieceiTary to fiitisfy our felves what
(Quantity of Ground has been laid under Wat^r
by "Overflux of the River, and what Depth of
Water fuch Land lias had upon it j that io whqn
we make any of oyr new Cuts we ipay allow
^p'ace enough in them to command luch an extra-
ordinary Qiiantity of Water, when it may hap-
pen to come a Ipconci , Tim.e : And iii this we
ought like wife lo allow ilill more Space than ap-
pears'necejdi^ry from our Calculation, in cafe grea-
ter Floods may happen, or that Tides may flow
higher than they have done before : For it is not
ci^ougli to fay, Tiiat the grcateil Floods that

have

[45 ]

have been known in the Memory of Man, or the
higheft Tides, never exceeded liich a Height ^
becaule we find every Day produces fomething
new, and the higheft Rife of Waters that have
been known, were not expelled or thought pof^
fiblc till they happen'd ; and therefore Proviiions
were hot made againft them. 'Tis therefore ne-
celfary that in all Works of this Nature we arm
againft Accidents •, and in making of our Banks,
tho' we can be certain that the Waters we are to
fence againft, never exceed five Foot high, yet
it is Prudence to llippofe, that they may rife upon
Ibme new extraordinary Occafion, a Foot or two
higher than what has been oblerv'd before, which
accordingly fhould be guarded againft. Then
may we enjoy Tranquility of Mind, when we
have lb well confider'd our Undertakings j that
according to the Rules of Reafon we have made
liifficient Defence againft fiKh Accidents as may
happen : And I am perfuaded, that the Want of
Thought this Way, has not only been the Occa-
fion of many Mifcarriages in great Works, but
has been the Ruin of many Families.

I come next to confider the Loftes which wc
may fuftain by the Erruptioo of Rivers or of the

1 46 3

Sea, when ever this rude Element is not dilcreetly
guarded agamll, and gams an Advantage over
us, by breaking thro' our Works. All the level
Grounds, as well as thole which lie below it, mull
confeqiicntly be loft or bury'd in Water : Such
was the Cafe at Dagenham in Ejfex, when the
Breach was made there by the River Thame s, and
many thouland Acres ofgood Land were drown'd,
by which thofe Gentlemen, which the Minute
before enjoy'd all the Affluence of Fortune, were
in an Inftant reduc'd to Beggery j for upon the
firft breaking in of the Water, when the Bi each
was frnall, and it might have been eafily ftopt,
the Coiifufion among them was lo great, and at
the fame Time it was the Bulinefs of fb many,
that no Body undertook to put a Stop to it j fo
tliat it grew wider by Degrees, till at laft it over-
power'd the Skill of the bcft Artifts •, till Captain
Tarry teok it in Hand, by whole Skill it was at
length ftopt ^ and the Land is now for the moft
Part recover'd. We are to Note, That in fuch
a Work of railing a Dam againft the River that
has broken its Way thro' its Banks, one muft
have Regard to the Back-waters, v/hich in fuch
a Cale, are of a Weight, at leaft, equal, if not
fuperiour to the Prelfure of the River ^ lo that

one

[47]

one muft not only have Regard to kefcp out thxC
River at high Tides, but to have Strength enough
in our Works to withftand the Back-waters, till
they are ail run out thro' the Flood Glates, which
ihould be provided for that Purpole at Low-tides.
In this Cafe we are alfb to obferve, that the
Ground was overfiow'd by fuch Water as one
may rather call Salt than Frefli- water.

In Holland, Where the Country generally lies
lower than the Sea, and when the Sea is only kept
from overflowing it, by Means of flrong Banks
or Dams, there is great Care taken in flich Places,
where the Sea drives in an extraordinary Manner
againftthem,to keep off the Force of the Surges by
large Piles of Timber, which they drive a conveni-
ent Depth into the Sands -, {b that the Tops Hand
leveral Foot above the higheft Tides, by which
Means the Violence of the Sea is broken before it
can reach the Banks: But yet fometimcs the Tides
are ib high, and the Sea fb ilrong, that neither
the Piles nor the Banks are able to refift the Fury
of the Waves, but they are forced to iiibmit, and
the Country is overfiow'd, to the Loft of many
Lives : But always upon the Fall of Hich a Tide
every Man within Reach of the Place attends,

to

[48]

to repair the Damage •, and in a Tide or two the
Breach is repair'd, by driving down Piles of Tim-
ber, and fining up the Vacancies between them
with Carts or Carriages fill'd with Stones, or fiich
like heavy Bodies.

But when this is done, we are to coniider that
the Country ftill remains overflow'd, and there-
fore our next Bufinefs is to drain off the Water,
which may be done feveral Ways. The firft Me-
thod which is moll generally praftis'd, is by a
Wheel, which is let to Work with a Wind-mill :
This Wheel is about 1 3 Foot diameter, relem-
bling a Wheel with Spokes only ^ but in lieu of
Spokes they are Boards of 14 or 16 Inches wide :
This Wheel turns between two upright Plains of
Boards, fo that there is not an Inch Space on ei-
ther Side between the Wheel and the Plains of
Boards ^ fo that as the Wheel turns in the Wa-
ter, the flat Boards which Hand in the Room of
Spokes, bring up the Water as high as the Axle-
tree, and dilcharge it over the Banks j ib that
whenever the Mill goes, it carries off a large
Stream of Water without IntermiUIon ; This
Engine is chiefly in Ule among the HoUandersy and
1 have alfo leen tjie fame in the LwcohJJiire Fens.

Or

[49]

Or, if the Banks are very high, che'Win'd-niills
may work either Pumps or Chains 6f Buckets, t6
dilcharge the Water.

But let us fiippofe oiir'Cale to be the men dif-
ficult that can be, liich as having a great Qiian-
tity of overflowed Land encomp'ali'd with Hiils,
fo that our Wind-mills can be of no XJle'^ nor
Pumps, nor Chains of Buckets can reach to diA
charge the Waters over the Hills : In this Cafe, I
know no better way thai! to ufe the Crane, which
is infallible, if we can find a lower Grbimd'ori
the Out-fide of the Hills i for if our Hills we're
never fb broad, we might bring a Crane to ?.d: lo
as to dilcharge the Water over t'hcm. I^or this
End we may uie either Elm or Fir Pipes, of'three
or four Inches Bore j placing at the very higheft
Part of them a Turn-Cock, by Means of which,
the Range of Pipes which make up the Crane,
may be fill'd with Water ; firft flopping them at
each End. When this Range of Pipes is once
full, and the Turn-Cock fhut clofe, we muH firft
unftop that End of the Crane which lies in the

E Water,

[ 50 ]

Water, and then the other •, To will the Water
flow in a continued Stream from the Crane, as
long as it has any Water to difcharge.

But let us confider in the next Place, that, tho'
by Flood-Gatcs, or Mills, or Cranes one may lay
dry an overflow 'd Ground in Ibme Sort, yet
perhaps Ibme of the lower Parts of Hich Land
may hold a Handing Water •, ib that we muft go
another Way to Work to bring the Ground to
Uie j which muft be done by cutting of Canals,
Dykes or Ditches of fuch a Depth, Length, and
Breadth, as may contain the Water, and give tin
eafy Communication to every Part of the Ground.
" In this Work we ihall find, that befides the Room
which we make to hold Water in iiKh Canals
or Dykes, the Earth which we take take out of
them will raife the other Land in fuch Proportion,
as yet to give more Room for the Water, as it is
the Cafe in Holland and other Parts, where Wa-
ter is in too great Abundance,

Our Land being once drain'd, we come next
to confider what Methods ought to be taken to

improve

[51 ]

improve lucli Ground, and make it produce pro-
fitable Crops.

I oblerve, that when we iirll difcover Land
which has been overfiow'd for a great Number
of Years, it is generally black for a good Depth,
and confining of very fine Parts, which being
tiirn'd up, and lying expos'd to the Air and Sun
for ibme Time, it becomes mellow and fit for
A^ion : But if it has been overflow'd with Salt-
Water, the Salts will rife to the Surface by the
Heat of the Sun ^ and then we may pare off the
Surface when it is throughly dry i This Surface
will be well worth our while, to be carted to fbme
of our Ground which is the leafl fertile : It is
excellent upon a Clay or upon a Scaley Ground ♦
but fhould be always more moderately uled upon
light, than flifF Soil : But tlie. Ground, where
this is put, muffc be plow'd twice or thrice, m
order to mix the natural Soil and the drown'd
Earth together. When this is done, we may
fbw it firfl with Turneps, and it will afrervvardi
bring excellent Corn. But our new drain'd
Land will be much too luxuriant for Corn, till ic

E 2 has

has had Time to fallow, and has brought a Crop
of Cole or Rape, or liich like ftrong growing
Vegetable.

Dis-

[S3]

H

^M

Discourse IV.

Of the feveral P arts of Plants
and their Refpedive O f f i c e s^
with Regard to Vegetation.

^^^^^^ T fs neceiTary, m the firft Place, to
3 confider that every Tree confifts of
'^' two principal Parts, 'viz.. The Root,
and the Body. TJie Bufinels of die
Root is- to a£l: in the Ground, while tlie other is
to act in the Air : And both thele PaJFts are ca-
pable of being alter'd and chang'd, by iliifting
their Stations. The Roots being expos'd to the

E 3 A^'j

[54]

Air, will produce Buds, Leaves, Flowers and
Fruit ; and the Branches, which arc now enjoy-
ing the Air, being bury'dorlay'd into theGround,
will divert themfelves from their prefent Method
of Growth, and produce Roots and Fibers : This
is Evident from the Experiment I have publiih'd
leveral Years ago, relating to the reverfing of a
Tree •, by firft laying down the Head of a Tree
in the Ground, and letting it fb remain till it has
taken Root 5 and then digging tip the original
Root, and expofing it to the Air, while the
Head, which has now taken Root, is capable of
nourishing the whok Plant.

This Experiment ihews us, That the fame Prin-
ciples of Vegetation are in the Roots and in the
Branches, and that their different Miumer of Aft-
ing proceeds only from their different Situations,
the one being governed by a Body, light as Air ^
the other by a Body clenfe as Water or Earth.

Every Root, as well as every Branch of a Tree,
confifts of two prir.cipal Parts, viz. Sap-Veffels,
v/hich cxtpnd themieives through the whole Body;
and ipongey Parts, which enclofe theSap-Veflels:
The(c in tJie Trunk, or Brunch, or Root of a

Tree

[55]

Tare, are lb diipos'd, as if one was to flick Qiiiils
jor Straws in a Spunge, the Qiiills or Straws re-
p relenting the Sap-VefTels, thro' which the Vcr
getable Kouriihment circulates, when it is taken
in by the Root from the Earth, or from the
Leaves by the Air. The Ipungey Parts have alfo
a Communication with thefe Vefiels, lb as to
keep them open in liich a Manner, as to continue
them in a Capacity of receiving the Sap j for
without theie Ipungey Parts, the Sap-Veifels
would ihrink and dry up ^ fo that no Juices could
move in them : The one is necelTary to maintain
the other, as the leveral Coverings are necelTary
in Animals, to liipport and defend the Blood
Veflels.

The Ipungey Parts of Plants are moft aparent
in the Pith and Bark of Trees j the Bark, by
being of this Texture, is capable of receiving its
Nourilhment from the Air, ao well as of dilcharg-
ing Hich Hiperfiuous Moifture or excrementatious
Juices as are neceflary to be voided, to keep the
Plant in Health j ^nd as the Bark has a dole
Communication with the Pith of a Tree, fo luch
Juices as are naturally requir'd to be dilcharged
from tlie Pith,, have a Freedom of PalTage thro'
E 4 th§

^■- •*

[ 56 ]

the Bark •, or the Benefit which the Bark receives
from the Aii", is communicated to the Pith.

The Bark and the Pitli are fo much of the
fame Nature, that while the Bark is tender and
full of Juices, ib is the Pith •, and when the Bark
grows hard and woody, lb does the Pith like wile *,
ib that we never find the Pith of any Moment or
Ule, but in young Shoots, where the Bark is ten-
der J and we leldom can oblerve any Pith, but
what is. tending to Rottennefs, in a Shoot of
three Years old.

.L-~ The Ends of Trees have their firfc Rile in the
Pith J tliey are there fram'dj and as they become
fit for A6b;on, by being furnilh'd with every nc-
celfary part for Vegetation, they are forced along
certain regular Ghanels, till they meet the Air at
the tender Bark, thro' which they make their
Way ; ^and. would drop to the Ground, if they
were not rellrain'd by a -Number of Sap-VelTels,
which fer-vc as 16 many Roots to nouriih/them
from the Body of the Tree. The Euds^fe^^gafc-
]gf.are,.i]^i evfry Relpeft, as perfect as a Seed, or
• ' leather ;mor,e f^ ^ fpj: a Bud contains a whole Plant
roli'd up in it, and has, ;for the moll Part, its
Ai _ . Jii'-ces

"I

[ 57]

Juices fo well digcfted, as to come fboner to bear
Fruit, thaii that Plant which is wrap'd up in a
Seed. We are to oblerve, that the Difference
between a Bud and a Seed is, that a Seed con-
lifts of Lobes or Ear-Leaves, which include the
young Plants, and ferve to give the little Plant,
tlicy indole, the fitft Stamp ^ by teaching it what
Kinds of Juices it ought to draw from the Earth
for its Nourifnment : But a Bud has no Occafion
of llich Ear-Leaves, becauie it takes Root ircn me-
diately in the Body of the Tree, where the Juices
are already fit for it : So a Seed takes Root in the
Earth, and a Bud takes Root in the Tree, and
both thele are produced by the fame Tree, but in
different Manners. As they are to be of Diffe-
rent Ules, Seeds are to multiply the Species, and
within the Corapafs of certain Laws of Kature,
have Liberty to Iport, and produce their own
Species with Variety of Completions ^ while
Buds, are conftant to tliQ Mother-Tree, and are
exad Reprefentatives of the Plant that produced
them.,J(|frhis leems^aBIoIiofelylieceirary in Xa-^
ture, as v/ell when we coniider the Offspring of
Plants from Seeds, as when we have Regard to
Animals, that they ihould not all have exactly
the lame Faces : For as the Fjices arc fo made,

as

[S8]

as ^0 be capable of being touch'd with Variety,
fo are they recreated and refreih'd by it, and re-
main longer pc.fed, than u each of them was
continually to be employed npjn a fingle Objeft.
As for luch Plants as are prO' liic'd from Seeds,
they ai'e all of the.Ti fomeWay (i"nerentfrom one
another, either by Ibrae Kcjle Variation in the
Colour of the Fiowcr, the Tafte, or Time of
ripening qf their Fruit, the Flower or Figure of
it, or lome Diifercnce in the Shape and Coloiu*
of the Leaves : So in Animals, we fiijad that the
lame Female will produce great Variety, her Off-
Ipring differing from one another, either in Co-
lour or Marks, and Ibme more tradable than o-
thers, fbme more lively and brisk, &c. But none
of this Offspring will bear exaftly the Frcc of the
Mother, or be exa£lly like the Sire : But the Rea-
son of this we iliall examine in another Place.

^

B«^i»4-hav^laid thus much of the Seed,/-«m
next to let forth the Benefit Nature has given tq
Plants, to make up their Deficiency in the Want
of local Motion: And this is particularly inftanc'd
as in the Produftion of Buds in Trees, which
may be transferr'd from one Tree to another ^
and by Inoculation will take Root in the Tree

they

C 59]

they are fixt upon j and ft"ll the Shoots of the
Buds will produce the lame Fruit as the Mother-
Tree which they Iprung from : So that what ^ c^
fcfc¥eH3erore obfcrv'd, of the Creation of Buds,
and Difference between them and Seeds, is here
confirm 'd ^ and ihews us, that they were made
on Purpofe to liiport the Reputation of the Mo-
ther-Plant, any Where, and every Place, pofTef-
fing ftill the fame Qiialities : So that one might
lay, the lame Plantjmay be every where at the
lame Time'Ij^iJoi^ if we bring an Example from -y--,
the Golden-Pipin, which is a Plant well known,
the Seeds of it will bring Trees, that will pro-
duce different Sorts of Applesv^ but the Buds of
the fame Tree, if they are grafced upon either a
wild Crab, or any other Sort of Apple, thele ,
Buds will Hill produce the lame Sort of Fruit |
with the Tree they were taken from. And ^o the 1
iVfipz»^fo;?-Peach, or any other good Peach, is \
budded or. inoculated either upon an other Peach,
or upon a Plumb, or fiich other Plant whole
Juices are natural enough to it, to feed it welU
it will prelerve its original Virtue. What/ ihall *f ^
remark from thele Oblervations is. That a Bud
Of a Tree is the Means by which a particular
Faiit, or Tree of Merit, may come to poffels the

whole

[ 66 }

ifihyle World at one Time, whicli is a fiiflficicnl
Kecompence for fts Defidenc/ iti the want of
Lilierty of moving from Place to Place, as Ani-

siaf-s do.

- But BikIs are of feveral Sorts, and are ibchy as
are eitlier ijniiiediately profitable, or iinprofitable,'
».^. Either Leaf-Buds, or BIoffom-Buds. We
msy hmw tJie Difference beti^eett thefe Birds j'n^
Jiioll- Sorts Gff Fruits, before they op6n, by obler-
ifiEFg tliat the Lcaf-Biids are long, tliin,- aftd poin-
ted 5 Ircit the Bloflbin-Bwds areiliort and titrged :
Tlie Jrrfces int tJ'ie firfl are more fluent and aqiie- "^
€K«5^ aend the latter are more digefted and gummry:
Biit:both thx:{t Sorts o'f Bqd-s -proceed from the'
Fithrof idle yoimg Wood, and are dilposM for
''different Offices, as the Pfent oi* 'the Brandies
which produce them, are more or lefs vigoroi^si'
It 15 oWervable, tiiat the moRf Vigorous bring
LeaP-Fnds ; and thole that ;are J&iialler, and lecm
to be lefs nooriili'd, produce BIolfora-Buds.

The Buds of Trees are put into A£lion, and
arc explained into Branches, when the Temper of
the' Air is inch, as to tender die Sap or Joices of
thcPlcn':, of liich a I)egree of Fluidity, as that'

it

[61 ]

it may pafi through tb^ Veffels without Inter^
27 niption : And this Sap, in different Plants, is of
very different Kinds j in Ibme it is fet at Work
with a very Ihiall 3hare. of Warmth j in others,
'tis of that Nature, as to require extraordiaiarji
Heat to put in Motion ; The Conlequence how-
ever is, when th?. Sap is fufficiently fiiient, d^ct
it Jills the Buds, and hy Degi^ees ;are 'explain^'d mto,
Shoots and Branches -, every one of which-, is
properly a Tree growing upon an otlierTree^
which makes it prafticable to ciit off Branches
from any Tree, where we pleafc, without deilroj-
ing the Tree : But if a Tree was one cntlic Bodj,
as the Body of an Animal, the cutting of the
Branch would endanger the whole.

All Buds of Trees arc guarded wldi L^vfs, &
which are yieful to help the Bud in its G-ermina-
tion ; for we find; t-liat if weilrip a Shoot of its
Leaves, the Buds will not , grow, ^ the . L-caves of
a Plant are. por-epus and Ipungey, and imbibes a
Moifturc frprQ th& Air, wli^qh helps to nouriwi
both the Buds, a;id the Plants, th-ey grow upo^ 2
hi ibme Pl§?^s^'diole Leaves are.Anuual^ in c-
ther Perennial ^ in thofe Plants where thciixaves
are Perennial, the Juices arc of that Kature, as

even

<^

[60

even to aft upon their Plants in the colder Sealbns
and occafion them to grow in Winter : But whereto
the Leaves are Annual, they fall from the Plants^
aiToon as the Juices of Hich Plants are conduced
by Cold, and have finifhcd their fealbnable Shoot-
ing. The Account we have of the Tree in the
Madera Iflands, which has Water continually
droping from its Leaves, even in fo great a Qiian-
tity as to furniih the Inhabitants with Water,
leems to determine, that the Ule of the Leaves
of Plants is to conduce, the Air ^ and perhaps this
Tree, in a particular Manner, may be ©f a col-
der Nature than other Plants, and therefore the
Air about it may be condenfed much quicker than
that about "other TreeSi It is remarkable, that
Co^untries which abound in Wood, are more fiib-
jeft to Rains than bare plain Countries ^ and that
Leases ferve to nourish the Tree they grow upon,
is certain, becaufe we may kill the moll vigorous
Tree, if we ftript k of its Leaves while it is
growing ^ for the Leaves help to keep up the Cir-
culation of the Tree ^ they are like Feathers to
Fowls, andvHaIr or Wool to Cattle, which if
we were to ftrip them off entirely, we ikould cer-
tainly dcflroy them.

Bu6

[65 ]

/f^ But as it has been oblerved, tliat Buds are t!ie
Occafion of increaiing the Parts of die Tree un-
der Ground ; they are fram'd in the Pith of tlie
Root, as well as m the Pith which we find in the
Parts of a Plant above Ground ^ thole that are
fbrm'd in the Root, are impreft with the Form
of the Root when they are put in Action ^ and ib
thofe Buds which are form'd in the Branches are
alfb Inodel'd for Branches, when they begin to
atk, but in their Principles are both the laffle :
For if we expofe the Roots of a Tree to the
Air, after allowing it Ibme little Time to be ac-
quainted with the Element, it will put out Its
Buds in liich Sort, as they will produce Leaves :
And if we lay down a Branch of a Tree in the
Earth, after it has had a due Time to reconcile
it Iclf to that Station, thofe Buds form'd in the
Pith, when they begin to move, will, inftead of
Leaves, or Flowers, or Fruit, which they would
have produc'd if they had rais'd in the Air, will
now bring forth Roots, and from them others.
Kow, as I have obferv'd before, that Pith, of
Confequence, is only found in the younger
Shoots •, ib, if we would increale a Tree by
Layers, thole Layers muft' be of the youn^

Shoocs,

Shoots, where this Pith is perfect ^ or elfe there
will be wanting thofe Seeds or Buds which are fo
necefTary to produce Roots ^ and not only our
Labour will be to no Purpole, but onr Time will
be loft in the Disappointment, r^

When our Roots are fram'd, we find them to
confift of two principal Parts, as I have men-
tion'd, viz,. The Sap-Veffels, and the Spungy-
Parts. .,, Thele Roots, like the Branches above
Ground, bi anch themlelves ; in the Earth : And
'tis njy Opinion J that every Tree , has the like
Qiiaiitity of Roots, that it has Branches-, and
that every Root has a particular Branch, which
has Conne£lion with it. The extream Parts of
the Roots are not much unlike Earth-Worms in
their Make -j they are always lir>aller than the
reft, and are diflinguiili'd by the Name of Fibres t
Thele arc the Mouths by which every Plant ig
fed, and receives it^ourifhment. ffpm the Earth,
And in every Plant, which is in a-natui'^l State
of Growth, it is obfervable, the Roots always
fhoot before tiie Buds above Ground ^ and in
the time of their Growth, draw in Nourilliment
for. the Plant they are to maintain.

A^

[ 65 ]

As I have now fet forth the leveral Parts ot
a Plant, with regard to its Increafe of Stature j
fb it would be neceflary I ihould lay ibmeLhing
concerning its Circulation of Juices ^ which in
General I ihall hml at in this Dilcourfe, and leave
the particular Inftances of it to the next^ where
I fhall fhew the Ufe of that Do£li ine. As I have
already defcrib'd the principal Parts of a Tree,
it appears. That the Fibres of the Roots draw
Hich Kourifament from the" Earth, as is after-
wards diflributed to the lower Parts, through
the Sap-VefTels ^ which are fo many Arteries and
Veins thro' which the Blood is circulated in Ani-
mals : But.thele VefTels are fo fine, that nothing
which is fb denle as Water, can pafs thro' them,
iinlels fuch watery Parts as are receiv'd by the
Ipungeous Body which enclole them, and have a
Comjnunication with them, ars rarify'd to a very
fine Degree j and then the Tree is render'd ca-
pable of Growth, and is in Adion every where :
For we find by Experience, that if we take a Tree
in the coldeft Part of Winter, and lay its Bran-
ches clofe to a Wall which is artificially warm'd,
the Parts which lie clofe to that artificial Heat,

F will

[66]

will begin to open and explain themfelves in a
few Days, and by their Motion will let the Juices
of the whole Tree in Motion : Which, parti-
cularly, I jTiall explain in the Difcourfe where 1
treat of artificial Heats.

It remains, however, that I Ipeak of the
Flowers and Fruit of a Tree in this Dilcourle,
in order to delcribe all its Parts. The Flowers
or Bloflbms, I have laid before, are form'd in the
Buds, while they are in the Pith j and confe-
quently, fo is the Fruit or Seed : The Flowed
which includes the Fruit, is a Plant growing
upon another Plant ; for whether a Flower be
Male or Female, or Androginous, it is liire to
fall from the Tree when it has done its Office, as
a Male, by impregnating the Female Parts j
or, as a Female, by producing a Fniit with
Seeds.

What I call Male Flowers, are fuch as the
Catkins upon the Hazel, C^c. which only bring
Stamina with their Apices j and whole Apices,
when. they open, difcharge a Dull or Powder,

which

[67]

which ierves to fecundate the Female Flowers^
and when that Office is performed, drop from
the Tree.

What I call Female BloiToms, are Hich as
contain the Ovaries or Egg-Nefts, or Seed-Keils,
which, when they are impregnated by the afore-
faid Duft or Powder, bring perfed Fruit : Thele
Female-Parts are, for the moft part, more adorn'd
than the Male-BlofToms : Both thefe, as far as I
have oblerv'd, are always to be found upon the
fame Tree.

Thole Flowers, which I call Androginus, arc
partaking of Male and Female Parts ^ earh Flower
contains both thofe Paits which are Male and
Female, and have a proper Defence from the
Weather, while the Female is perfe&ly impreg-
nated ^ and then all the Parts which have finiilied
their Office drop off : Such a Flower we fuppofe
a Lilly or a Tulip, it confills of Petalls or Flower
Leaves, which are to Shelter the more nice Parts j
they have vifible Roots, which take .hold, or
take Root, on the Summit of the Foot-Stalk,

F 2 and

[68]

and upon them the Stamina tdke Root, and the
Refiilt or Sum of the Stamina, are the Apices
which produce the Male-Duft •, all which Parts,
drop afToon as they have perform'd their Office
of Generation : In the Center of thefe is plac'd,
either the Pifiillum or Stylm.

Dis-

[69]

Discourse V.

Of the Anatomy and Motion
of Juices in Plants.

S the preceding Dilcourfe treated
of the feveral Parts of Plants, and
their relpedive Offices, with re-
gard to Vegetation, ib it will be

my Biifinefsp in this, to explain the Ule of that
Knowledge.

We have obferved, that every Plant has' a
Continuity of Vc/Tcls throughout the whole
Body, as v;cll adapted to the Circulation of

F ^ juices

[7ol

Juices, as any Animal whatever ^ and that all
Plants have Juices which flow in them, when
they are duly rarify'd by a proper Degree of
Warmth, is beyond ContradiOrion ^ and there-
fore the Obfervation I have offer'd concerning
the Reyeriing a Tree, and making the Branches
become Roots, and clianging the Roots into
Branches, is a capital Evidence, that the Sap does
circulate : As alio confirm'd in another Experi-
ment I made nine Years ago, by inarching four
Branches of an old Dwarf Pear-Tree, into four
young Pear-Stocks, which being well join'd and
united, I fawM off the old Tree near the Root,
;and Hipported it by Wedges for a Year or more,
and by thele Means, every Part of my old Tree,
wh'ch before was fo fickly as to bring its Fruit
little larger than Hazel-Nuts, had now gather'd
fo much Strength from the young Pear-Stocks,
as to ihoot freely and bear large Fruit •, thus by
the Circulation of the vigorous Juices of the
young Pear-Stocks, through the whole great
Pear-Tree which was decay'd, it recover'd its full
Strength and Vigour, notwithftanding I- had dif-
engag'd the old Tree from its own Pvoot. Thus,
without more Inilances, we are fure of the Sap's
Circulation ^ unlels I may oblerve enpaiTant,

tbnt

[ 71 ]

that the Diftemper wJiich i]iews itfelf in the
yellow and white Variegations of the Leaves of
the common white JeJlamine, and leverai other
Plants, may be communicated to every Plant of
the lame Tribe, by inoculating only a lingle Bud
of the other variegated Kind into the others,
which have plain 'green Leaves ^ and tho** the
Bud does not live yet barely by the Application
of it to the healthful Tree, we ihall find the
yellow Blotches, or Variegations of the unheal th-
ful Bud, communicated to every Part of the
healthful Plant. Juft as it happens, when a
Man has had the Small-Pox inoculated upon
him, his whole Mais of Blood will become in-
fected with the Poilon. The Circulation of the
Sap being thus certain, as the Circulation of the
Blood, it next follows, that I oblerve. That Ibmc
Plants which are ever-green in the Winter, arc
Analogous to thole Animals which enjoy all their
Faculties the whole Year about ^ and diole which
die down to the Ground, or drop their Leaves
at the Approach of the Winter-Sealbn, and re-
vive again in the Spring, are like thole Animals
which lleep during the V^inter -^ but yet there is
Life in all thele throughout the whole Courle of
the Year tho' not the lame Degree of Active

F 4 Life %

[7^1

Life ^ and it is even to be underftood by the
Touch, when the Leaves are fallen from a Tree,
whether it is Alive or Dead ^ the live Tree will
feel cold and foioth m the young Shoots, and the
dead Tree will be rpugh to the Touch. In fuch
Plants where the Juices are the moft condens'd in
cold Weather, the Sap becomes Glutinous, or
of a Gummy Nature, in llich Sort, as to preferve
the Plants fi-om Putrifadion, and ib is feeming
Analogous to the Juices in thofe Animals which
■fleep in the Winter, which are not fubjefl: to pu-
trify : For I have had an Opportunity of making
the Experiment with the Kalcion or King-Fiiher,
in the hotcft Weather in the Summer, which for
a Week after it was dead, had not the leaft Sign
of Putrifaftion, or any ill Scent, tho' it was dif-
ficult at that time, to keep any kind of Flelh a-
mong the Butchers, or Poultery 24 Hours, with-
out becoming rancid : And as the King-fiiher is
afleep, as well as the Plants I Ipeak of, fo I fiip-
pofe its Juices, as well as thole of all liich Crea-
tures, as are lay'd up in the Winter, are in a par-
ticular Manner disposed .-to preferve them from
putrifying, while they are at Reft ^ which Reft,
is fo like Death, that one muft have good Judg-
nitnt to diftinguifli between one and the other :

And

[73l

And it is with thefe Animals as it is with Plants,
that if^ in the cold Sealbn when they are lay'd
up, we bring them near a Fire, or put them into
Ibme warm Place, the Heat will put their Juices
in A£tion, as they are naturally in the Summer-
Seafbn : This we find in the Snake, the Batt, the
Urchin or Hedghog, and the Tortoife. But we
have Ibme Plants, whole Juices are flowing as
well in Winter as in Summer j tlie Ever-greens
efpecially, are growing, and flowering, and ripen-
ing their Fruit even in the coldefl: Time of the
Winter, and are the neareft at a Stand aboutf
Mid-Iiimmer^ and, indeed, fo are moll Plants.
What I mean by this Stand, is, that they have
about Mid-liimmer finifli'd their firft Shoot, or
Summer-Shoot •, that is to lay, the Fund and
Nourishment which the Root had collected from
fche Earth in the preceding Autumn and Spring,
is now expended in the new Shoots ^ and fb the
Roots are now encreafing themfelves, and are
preparing to take in frcfli Supply from the Earth,
in order to flioot afrefli in the Autumn. At this
Stand, it is much the l^ft Time to remove Trees -^
becaule they will then llrike frefli Roots in two
or three Days •, whereas if we traniplant them
late in the Autumn, when the Juices are thicken'd,

they

[74]

they will not make any new Roots till the Spring
following j and then the Plant is employ'd in
making new Roots, when fuch Roots ihoiild be
already made and ftored with a Fund of Kouriih-
ment to feed the Shoots which are to be made
above Ground : When this is the Cafe, t-he
Siioots of that Summer are always poor and
weak ^ but by Summer-planting, our Trees pre-
lently take hold of the Ground, and their Roots
are plentifully furniih'd before Winter, and 16
are capable of producing ftrong Shoots the Spring
following.

We may learn alio, by the Knowledge of the
Sap's Circulation, in the Manner 1 have fet down,
that no Time is fo proper to tranlplant any Tree,
as when its Juices are active, and Jiave a Tendency
to a£t particularly in the Root ^ but then we mull
take efpecial Care to prelerve the Roots from
drying, while we remove our Plants from one
Place to another j and likewile we mull oblerve,
that the Earth we plant them in, be clofely fix'd
to the Roots at the Time of Tranfplanting j for
otherwile, the Air, which will get into the Cre-
vifes of the Earth, will dry and harden them •,

to

[75]

to prevent this, lee the Difcourle eoncerning the
traniplaiiting of Trees.

Another Thing, which we may learn from the
Syftem of the Sap's Circulation, is, that when we
remove any Tree, we are not immediately to rob
it of its Head and Branches, as is commonly
pradifed ^ for while a Tree with its Branches
conlifts of ipimgey Paits, which imbibe Moi-
flure from the Air and Dews j the Moifture and
Nourishment which the Tree receives by thole
Means, is aflifting to the Support of the Tree,
and to the framing of new Roots 3 and when that
Work is over, after tranfplanting them, it is
necelTary we may thin the Head, or lop off Ibme
of its Branches, that the reft. may be better nou-
riih'd. In this Operation we mull have regard
to what I have mention'd concerning the Buds of
Trees, that they are, as it were, fo many Seeds
which are to grow upon the Trunk or Body of
the Tree ^ ^nd the Cafe is much the lame, as if
we were to fow Seeds upon a Piece of Ground ^
that is, if we Hjffer the Ground to be overftock'd
with Seeds, the Plants will be weak thro' the
Want of Kourilhm.ent ^ but if we low the Seeds
at a due Diftance from one another, they will

then

then have a fiifficlent Share of Kourifliment, to
make them ftrong Plants. So the Buds of a Tree,
if they are too many in Number, will, for want
of Nouriihment, become weak : But when the
Judgment of a Gardener can prune a Plant, io as
to leave a proportionable Kumber of Buds upon
it, to be well fed by it, they will then be vigorous
in their Growth : Which in Forreft-Trees is to
be defired, but in Fruit-Trees it is other wile *,
for, as I have obfei^v'd before, the luxuriant
3hoots are fed by the more watery Parts of the
Tree, and luch indigefted Juices are unfruitful,
and by pruning, many of thofe watery Juices
are loft, and the Remainder is ufetiil in the Pro-
duction of fmaller Branches, but then they are
liich as bear Fruit. Wc are to oblerve, all this
while, that the cutting off a Branch from a Tree,
while its Juices are in vigorous Aftion, does not
hinder the Circulation of Juices in the other
Parts, no more than the cutting off a Leg or an
Arm from a Man would prevent the Circulation
of the Blood in the other Part^ of the Body. But
I have, in the former Difcourle, given fbme Ac-
count of the Difference between Animals and
Vegetables in this Relpe^. I may obferve how-
ever, in this Place, that- we have fome ShelUFiili

which

[77]

which have the Power of renewing a lofi; Limb,
as well as Vegetables ^ I mean the Lobfter, and
Sea-Crab, which, according to the Accounts iii
the Memoirs of the Royal Accademy at Paris,
will, in a few Weeks after they have loft one of
their great Claws, renew it again * which is the
reafbn (thofe Gentlemen tell iis) that we fb fre-
quently find the large Claws of Lobfters unequal
in their Size and Figure. But the tranlplanting
of Wall-Fruit-Trees, without pruning off their
Tops till they have ftruck Root, is yet a common
Pradice among Gardeners, and they find their
Account in that Way of planting j but yet when
they make Plantations of Forreft-Trees, tliey as
fijrely cut off their Heads at the Time of tranf-
planting : And tho' they are almoft as frequently
convinc'd of their Error in the Death, or lan-
gui filing Condition ot fuch Trees, yet they pro-
ceed on in their Way, without confidering how
much their Practice is contradidory one Part to
the other. If they find a Benefit, by planting
Wall-Fruit-Trees with their Tops on, why
ihould they not expeft the fame Advantage in
planting Standards with their Heads on ? By the
one Way we have rarely a Mifcarriage, and by
the other we fcarcely meet with any thing elle :

For

[78]

For if fuch lopp'd Trees happen to live, they
are fb long before they recover themfelves' to
ihoot vigoroufly, that to fow Seeds at the Time
when Hich Plantations' are made, the Seedling-
Plants will outilrip them in leven Years Time,
or Ibme Sorts of Trees in five Years, as I have
experienc'd : But it is quite different with thole
Plants which are tranfplanted in the Summer with
the Heads on, which flourifh the following
Year, as if they had not been remov'd at all, and
in the hotteft Weather have no more need of
watering than Trees that have been planted three
or four Years ^ for while the Sap is fluent, the
whole of it which is in the Body, as well as in
the Branches of the Tree, is turn'd to the fram-
ing of new Roots, to fupply the Deficiencies of
thole which are loft by the taking up of the Tree,
all which while the Buds above Ground ftand
ftill, and only have bare Subfiftence to keep them
alive till the Roots are Hifficiently ftrengthen'd,
and are in a Capacity of filling themlelves with
fuch a Fund of Nouriihment, as is convenient
to furniih them with flill Allowance. Thus the
Autumn-Shoot is generally prevented, and 16 the
Tree is in a Capacity of fhooting ftrong in the
Spring.

But

[ 79]

But fuppole thefe Trees I fpeak of, are luch as
I may compare to the Animals which deep in the
Winter, then one would flippole, that the pru-
ning of them is bell at fiich a Seafbn when their
Juices are moft at reft ^ and it certainly is foj if
we Gan guard the wounded Parts from theFrofts ^
for tho' the Juices at that Time are thicken'd in
Plants in fome Degree or other, yet their Cover-
ings are flich, as will prevent their receiving In-
jury from the Froft ^ but when they are laid open
by pruning, and become fiibjed to the Froft, fuch
a Branch or Limb as is wounded, is always lub-
jecl to decay by Severity of Weather ^ tlierefore
it is neceffary where the Wound is great, to plai-
fter it with fuch Gums as I ftiall Ipeak of in the
Difcourfe of Priining. I tis obfervable, that fueh
Trees as are Natives of England ^ or were brought
to us from Countries which were not of the wat-
meft Latitudes, liich as Pears and Apples, are
commonly prun'd in the Winter \ biit thofe Fruits
which come from the warmer Cb'mate, fiieh as the *
Stone-Fruits, which are fubjedltoGum by woimd-
ing, are left unprun'd by our Gardeners, till juft be-
fore their Sap begins to move towards Germina-
tion in the Spring, fo that Frofts may not have

Power

[8o]

Power over them, and the Flux of the Sap ?m-
mediately following, may heal their Wounds: We
muft obferve too, that the Realbn why Apples
and Pears are not fo fubjeft to mortify by Win-
ter Pruning, as the Stone-Fruit, is, becaufe their
Juices are not fo unaftive in the Winter ^ for it
is common to lee them fling out their BlolToms
in the colder Seafons, but we never fee this in
the Stone-Fruits, unlefs they have artificial
Heats.

Upon the Foot of what I have laid concern-
ing the Buds of Trees in my former Di(courle,
I now come to Ipeak of Inoculation which may
be perform'd either in March, April, or July, in
luch Plants where the Bark will rile, and the
Sap is fluent at thole Times ^ but while the
Stock which we are to inoculate upon is making
its Shoots, it is by no Means proper, becaule the
Shoots which have already begun to grow, draw
away all the Sap from the Strange Bud, and fo
it cannot be liipported till it can join with, or
take Root in the Stock. Thus the Motion of the
Juices in the Stock is to be conlider'd, when we
defign to inoculate a Bud into it.

In

[81 ]

In Grafting, it is necelTary to perform tliat
Operation a little before the Juices in the Stock
are beginning to move fluenrly, that the Buds in
the Cion, and thofe in the Stocky may be work-
ing together •, for the lame Reaibn that I have
given in the Article of Inoculation. And \vc
muft^mark, that thofe Plants which abound in
Aquedus Juices, and cohfequently have their Sap
conftantly, in Ibme Degree of Flliidityj firch as
Apples and Pears, will beft beat Grafting early,
and the Stone-Fruit, which have more Gummy
Juices, will beft prolper by Inoculation;

It is likewilB to be remSrkM, that all Cuttings
of Plants, which abound in Aqueous Juices, will
fboner ftrike Root in the Ground, than the Cut-
tings of iiich Plants, as have their Sap of a more
Gummy or Rozinous Nature. I have obferv'd
before, that when a Plant aboittids in Wahy
Juices, its Shoots, will be Luxuriant j and, on the
contrary, when the Juices are Gumm.y, it will
produce Hich Shoots, which, tho' they are frnall^
will be fruitful : This is remarkable in mxany kinds
of Fruit-Trees ^ Apples and Pears, for Example*,

G for

[ 8i ]

for the moft Part, muft have Shoots of one Year,
before fuch Shoots can form their Buds for Blol-
ioms or Fruit \ but Peaches, Apricocks, and
Phimbs, bring their Fruit upon the Shoots of the
laft Summer, through the Gumminefs of their
Juices. So that it is difficult to raife Cuttings of
fiich Trees, whofe Juices abound in Gum \ but
the Cuttings of liich Trees, as confift chiefly of
Watry Juices, ftrikeRoot prefently, and put forth
their firfl Fibres, for the moftPait, at thole Places
where the Buds are which we bury in the Ground,
provided they are Leaf-Buds ^ but where liich
Buds are ripen'd into BloiTom-Buds, there is no
altering of them, and the Cuttings will not ftrike
Root ^ for they are too much perfefted, in every
Reipeft, to alter their Property ^ the Pith, as I
have obferv'd in the former Diicourfe, has done
its Duty, and is incapable of altering its Work.

But we have yet this Advantage, where the
Juices of Plants are m.ore inclining to be Gum-
my, we may lay the young Shoots into the
Earth, where, after a due Courfe of Time, the
Moifture of the Earth will alter their Property,
and difpofe them to ftrike Root j the Mother

Plant,

[83]

Plant, all the while, keeping them alive, 'till they
can undergo this great Change. This is another
Confequence of the Circulation of Sap.

The Seafon of planting Cuttings of Trees, or
of making Layers from them, which bring the
hardeft young Wood, is always when the Juices
are moll at Reft j becaule the Buds, which we
bury in the Ground, being then una^tive, have
Time to be prepar'd by theMoifture of the Earth,
and to be chang'd inlenlibly, i/. g. before the
Sap is fluent, and thole Parts which a£led before
as Roots to the Buds in the Tree, are reconcil'd,
upon the firft Motion of the Sap, to do their
Office as Roots in the Earth, the Spongey or
Fungous Part of the Cuttings, Hipplying the
Office of the Lobes or Ear-Leaves of the Seed,
viz,, to feed them ^till they can be wean'd to re-
ceive a Nourilhment from the Earth j and the
Parts which are under Ground, may be the firll
in Aftion, becaule they are fhelter'd from the cold
Winds, which often happen when the State of
the Air is warm j and confequently, when the
Body of Air is warm, the Earth, which confills
of Parts contegious, mull be warm likewile '^
>vhich one may belj judge by the following Ex-
G 2 periment •,

[84]

periment. In Germany^ there is a large Room
warm'd, by having the Vault, underneath it,
lin'd with Pieces of h'on, which are fb laid to-
gether, that every one touches another ^ fome of
thefe are Pieces of broken Cannon, which are
pretty large, others are as ffnall as Hob-Kails or
Horfe-Kails : At one End of thefe, is a Fire,
which by heating the Irons next to it, the Heat
is communicated to all the reft, which^ in a Bo-
dy, hold the Heat for a long Time, which is
communicated to the upper Room : So when the
Surface of the Earth is heated, we fuppolc the
next Parts below it are concerned, and the next
below them, and fo on, in fome Degree or other.

But we lay, the Buds of a Plant will preferve
its firft Qiialities, tho' it is apply'd to a Tree of
different Qiialities ^ that is, that the Bud taken
from a Golden Pippin-Tree will produce a Branch
which i]iall bear Golden-Pippins, tho' it be ino-
culated upon a wild Crab-Stock, whole Juices are
lower an J harih, and far different fi om thole o^
the Golden-Pippin, which are fweet and high
ilavour'd. This is no more ftrange, than tiiat
leveral OfF-Sets from the lame Auricula, or Ran-
unculus, or Tulip, Hiall bring the lame Flower in

all

[85 ]

all its Properties, tho' they are planted in dii!e-
rent Soils : For I have obfeiT'd before, that every
Bud, of a particular Tree, has the particular
Stamp of tJiat Tree in it, which is unalterable \
and this Bud, whether it is growing on the Mo-
ther-Tree, or is join'd with a Crab of the fame
Tribe, has its Veifels, which a£t as Roots, ino-
culated into the VelTels of the Stock it grows up-
on \ io that when the Sap of one is let to work,
the Sap in the other mull neceifarily be moving
at the flime Time \ and, one may fay, there is a
general Circulation of the Juices in the Stock and
the Bud of the llime Sort, as in Animals, where
the finer Juices are feparated from the Blood,
Hich as Urine, Milk, &c. which only change
their Colour, Flavour, and TJ fe ^ as the VefTels,
thro' which they pafs^ happens to be differently
form'd, lo the Bud, which enclofes the Heredi^
tary Virtue of the Golden-Pippin, will flill be the
l?ime, tho' it receives its Nouriihment from a
harflier Apple, its Parts are made to filter its
Kourifhments in fiich a Manner, and no other.
But when thele Juices are once receiv'd by the
Bud, they cannot be returned again into the Body
of Sap, from whence they were lirll drawn, no
more than the finer Juices, in fbme Parts of Ani-
G 3 mals

[86] •

mals^ can be return'd back into the Blood, but
miift circulate in thofe Bodies which have receiv'd
them j and, without they can difcharge them-
lelves ibnie Way or other, will occalion the Parts,
which contain them, to fwell and grow larger,
from the continual Addition they receive from
the great Body of Juices, which is the Occafion
of a Bud's fwdling into a Branch, and the Rea-
Ion why a Bud, of any particular Tree, pre-
ierves its original Virtue, tho' it be made to grow
upon a different fort of Tree.

While I am ipeaking of Buds, I cannot help
oblerving, that all Bulbs are improperly call'd
Roots ^ for, in Reality, they are only Buds,
which include the Image of the Mother Plant,
which they fpring from Fibers, which they pro-
duce when they are put into the Ground, are the
Roots which properly nouriih fuch Bulbs.

But I am, in the next Place, to ipeak of the
Multiplication of Plants by Seeds, and to ac-
count for the Varieties which the Seeds that are
gather'd from one Plant will produce.

WJiat

[87]

What I have remarked in my former Diicourfe
concerning the Generation of Plants, may give
us to underftand, that the Farina fecujidans, or
Male Duft of a Flower, may be convey 'd from
one Flower to another, by Means of the Wind ^
and if the Flower be a Yellow Tulip, for Exam-
ple, from whence the Male Duft is blown, and
the Flower, which it is blown upon, be a Red
Tulip, fo that the Ovary of the Red Tulip be
impregnated with the Dufl of the Yellow Tulip,
then the Grain, or Seed, which is fo impregna-
ted, will produce a Tulip, which ihall partake of
both the Colours, Red and Yellow, and not be
ilri£tly like either the Mother-Flower or the
Sire : This we find certain from Experience. So
if we plant a White Cabbage near a Red one, the
Seed of each of them will produce Varieties par-
taking of both Colours, feme quarter'd v/itli
Red and White, fome vein'd with Red, &c.
which I have alio ejjperlenc'd. As like wife the
fowing the Seeds of a particular Sort of Fruit,
which, by growing among Varieties in a Garden,
fuch Seed has brought almofl: as many Varieties
as there were Seeds put into the Ground j fo
that where we have many Varieties of the fame
G 4 Tribs

[88 1

Tribe of Flowers, or Fruits, or Herbs, growing
in one Garden, the Seed of any one of them will
produce Plants, which will be different, in fome-
thing or other, from the Mother-Plant, they
were gather'd from. And this, I fuppole, gave
the Ancients Room to believe, that Corn would
degenerate in Three or Four Years, becaufe it is
^moft impoffible to low a Buihel of any Corn,
which ihall be all of one Sort of Grain. Again
we oblerve, that when we have a Flower of a
Umple Colour, fuch as a Black Auricula, for
Ex:anple, and that we If eep this Flower remote
firom others of the fame Tribe, which are of dif.
ferent Colours, then the Seeds, which we gather
from the Black Auricula will bring Plants that
fhall only produce Black Flowers. So if we have
a Breed of White Cattle, their Offspring will be
White, 'till we mix them with Cattle of another
Colour, and then we fhall have a Py'd Breed j
but in the Affair of Generation, iJSIature will, in
Ibme Cales, permit .of the Produftion of diffe-
ring of Plants or Animals to Couple with fuch
as are not direftly of the fame Species. So the
Afs and the Mare produce a Mule •, but then to
prevent the Increafe of fuch mcnftrous Produdir
bns. Mules, whether Male or Female, are not

capable

p [ 89 ]

capable of continuing their Species by Generati-
on. The fame is the Cafe among Vegetables, as
we find in the feveral Plants, which have been
rais'd fiom fuch Carnation-Seeds, which have
happened to be impregnated by the Farina of the
Flower call'd the Carnation and 3weet-William
but the Seeds of fiicli Plants, tho' thefe will fomcr
times feem perfeO:, yet will not grow no more
than a Male and Female Mule can produce any
Offspring, tho' no Creatures are more addicted
to Venery.

There feems to be the fame Diiference, in Ka-
ture, between the Carnation and Sweet-William,
which produce a Third Sort of Plant, as there
is between the Horfe and the Afs, which pro-
duce the Mule.

From hence we may learn, that when we have
a Mind to preferve any particulai- Qiiality in a
Plant that we dcfign to increafe by Seed, we
fhould never fuffer any Plan^ to grow near the
Plant we propolc to fave the Seed from, which
may have Power of debafing or adulterating the
Seed, and then we may expe£l: flich Seed to be
good, or to inherit the Virtues and Qiialities of

the

[9o3

the Mother-Plant ^ which is a very necefTary Ob-
fervation in the faving of the Seeds of Annual
Plants, becaufe there is no other Way of raifing
Annual Plants, but by Seeds.

On the other Hand, if we have a Mind to
produce Variety by Seed, fuch as one would wiih
for in the Production of Flowers, our Hopes
will depend upon the Number of different co-
loured Flowers of the fame Tribe which are
grov/ing together, for then there will be an Op-
portunity of the Farina, or Male-Duft, of one
Sort, to impregnate the Egg, or Seed-neft, of
another : And it would be well worth our Care
•to make our Experiments with that Exaftnefs,
that one may come to know what Properties are
prelerv'd of the Mother, and what of the Sire,
whether thole of the Male, or of the Female,
•are predominant. There are yet many particular
Obfervations relating to the Generation of Plants
which I have mentionM in my printed Works of
Husbandry and Gardening^ which may be con-
fider'd J but I judge, that the Inftances I have
here produc'd may be lufficient to render that
Syllem intelligable.

It

I- [ 91 ]

It remains now, that I Ipeak of the Seed of a
Plant, and what ought principally to be obferv'd
in its Management.

All Seeds whatever, which have been perfectly-
impregnated, contain the Image of the Plant in
Miniature, from whence they Ipring. This
Image is the Confequence of the Impregnation,
which is abfolutely neceilary for the Multiplica-
tion of the Species in Plants j as the Cock's Tread
is neceifary in the Egg, to render it prolifick by
Incubation. The Incubation of Birds, or Fowls,
is Analogus to the Burying the Seed of Plants in
the Earth, that it may hatch into a Plant : The
Oftrich, as a Fowl, and the Tortoife, and many
other Creatures befides, which are Oviparous,
take the fame Way of Hatching their Young ^
that is, they bury their Eggs in the Sand or
Earth, where they happen to be when they lay
their Eggs.

In all Seeds or Eggs, we find Hieh Parts as
are proper to nouriih the little Plant 'till it can
Ihifc for itfelf, and draw its Nourifliment from
the Earth ^ fuch Parts are tlie Lobes, or Ear-
Leaves,

[90

Leaves, which join with the yonng Plant and
indole it : They are Spongious or Fiingaus Bo-
dies, which, by gentle Degrees, receive Nourifli-
ment from the Juices of the Earth, and after they
have filter'd, and altered them, according to the
different Textures they may happen to be of,
the little Plant, which is lodg'd within them,
receives its firft Nourishment from them, and
their Juices begin to circulate in the little Plant
they contain •, 'till, at length, the Radicle be-*
coming, by Degrees, more acquainted with the
Diet it can receive from the Earth, begins to
' ihift for itfelf, without feeding any longer from
the Lobes or Ear-Leaves, from whence it firft
receiv'd its Support \ and then, as conftantly
the Ear-Leaves fill from the Plant, as they are
then of no further Ufe to it. I might add, that
all Seeds are cover'd with Coats, which are fine-
ly and clofely wrought, the better to keep the
Moifture of the Earth from coming too fiidden-
ly upon the Lobes, or the little Plant, which
might occafion their rotting -^ and we find, that
almoft every Sort of Seed, by Means of thefe
Coverings, muft pafs different Lengths of Time
in the Earth, before they begin to Germinate :
Some will not Ipring in the Ground 'till the Se-
cond

, [ « ]

'■ cond Year after they are bury'd, while others
will begin to fhoot in Three Days after lowing.

This being conlider'd, we are next to obferve>
that Seeds, as they are of different Textures, of
different Modes, and of different Sizes, they re-^
quire to be fbwn in different Depths of Earth 5
and, confidering their TenderneG at their firll
j^^ routing, it is alio necelTary to prepare the
Earth very fine and light where we fow any
Seed \ but the moll robuft Seeds may be fown in
the heavier Land. The Seeds which are the
longeft coming up, fuch, I mean, as will lie
without Motion a Year m the Ground, may be
fown full Two Inches deep in light Soil, or of
a proportionable Depth, as the Soil is heavier ;
and the Irnaller and lighter the Seed is, fo it
rauft be Ibwn ihallower, and in lighter Earth,
than other Seed. We are foj-c'd, in Ibme Cafes,
to fow the very lighteft of Seeds in rotted Earth
of Willows, or other light Woods, and then on-
ly to rake that Earth finely, fb that it may lie
looic, and (owing them upon the Surface, preis
it down, or flat it, with a finooth Board. This
is the Method of fbwing Auricala Seeds^ and
the Seeds of Ranuncuhis, are no- to be cover' J
much deeper. J^rom

[ 94 ]

From thefe Obfervations, we may know how
to regulate any Seminary ^ either if we have a
Mind to preferve the particular Virtues in any
Annual Plant or Flower, or to produce Varieties,
or to raife any Plant from Seed, with good Suc-
cefs.

I ihall conclude with remarking, that what we
call Corn, or Grain, i« not properly a Seed, be-
caufe no Sort of Corn brings Ear-Leaves, but
Iproiits dire£tly with a Leaf at its firil Germina-
tion ^ which Leaf, Dr. Crew, in his Anatomy of
Plants, calls an Acrofpre. This is like what
we call, commonly, a Bulb, which is, properly,
a Bud ^ as I have accounted for in this Dif^
courfe.

Dis-

[95]

Discourse VI

Of the different Ways of propaga-
ting of Plants, by.SEEDs>

CuTTINGS;, b'c.

H E Contents of this Dlfcomih
as they relate to the different
Ways of propagating of Plants^
U fo are they depending upon the
former Chapters, which treat of the Anatomy of
Plants, and of the Motion of Juices in Plants •
to which we mull have a ftria: Regard in the
Pradice of every LelTon I ihall liere fct down.

I

[96]

I ihall beg'*n with .increafing of Plants by Cut-
tings : By a Cutting, I mean a young tender
Twig, of the lafl Growth, to be cut from a Plantj
in order to make it ftrike Root, by burying Part
of it in the Earth, by which Way many Sorts
of Plants may be increas'd j efpecially thofe whofe
Shoots are the moft Juicy, or Succulent, or con-
tain the moft watry Juices : For, as I h^ve ob-
ferv\i before, fuch Plants as are fiird with Gum-
my or Rozinous Sap, will rarely take Root from
a Cutting.

When we find fuch as arc for our Turn, we
muft cut them from the Mother-Plant, either in
the Spring, juft as the Sap is beginning to move
in them, or elfe about Midfummer, when they
have juft finiih'd their firft Shoot j always ob-
ferving that they are tender. For an Example,
we ihall propofe the Myrtle, whole Cuttings, at
thefe Sealbns, are tender, and little inclining to
be Woody. The Cuttings of this Sort may bei
about Four inches long, becaufe there will be as
many Buds in that Length of a Myrtle-Shoot,
as one may find in a Shoot of a Vine, and other
ftich like Plants of a Yard long j and tJie more

Buds

t97]

Buds we bury, Co the more Roots we fhall have,
and the greater Number of Roots will gather a
greater Quantity of Kouriiliment j and, confe-
quently, the Buds above Ground will be better
fed, and be more vigorous in their Growth,
The Myrtle Cuttings will prefently ftrike Root,,
if the Earth we plant them m be made very fine,
and well clos'd about them, both by the Hand
and by watering ; but it muft be oblerv'dj that
the Leaves muft be taken off with a Knife care-
fully, from that Part of the Cutting which is to
be bury'd in the Ground, which, in a Myrtle
Cutting of Four Inches long, ihould be near
Three Inches, that we may leave little more than
an Inch above the Surface of the Earth*

In planting of Vine-Cuttings, I prefer the
French Way before the common Method praftis^d
by our E^gllJJ) Gardeners. TIiq French never
plant Vine-Cuttings lefs than a Yard in Length,
and then leave only Two or Three Buds out of
the Ground, lb that the firft Shoots are always
ftrong. Their V/ay is to open a Trench about
Ochber, and let their Cuttings in it about a Foot
diftant from one another, and then f 11 in the
Earth, and tread it down hard *, of thefe Cutiings,
H perhaps

C 98 1

perhaps Nine or Ten Buds of each may only be
bury'd for making Roots •, but in England, our
Vine-Cuttings are icidom longer than a Foot^
and, perhaps, not above. Two or Three Buds of
each are cover'd with the Earth •, fo that the firft
Shoots are weak, and will require feveral Years
to gain Strength enough for bearing.

In making Cuttings alio of JelTamin, and the
Honyliickle, whole Wood is tough and hard, it.
is the common Praftice to let their Leaves drop
before we prepare them for Planting. In thcle
the Buds ftand wide allinder, and therefore their
Cuttings fliould be of Hich a Length, that we
may bury them a Foot in the Ground, at the
leaft : But I find, that if we plant our Cuttings
in the Summer, as loon as they have finiih'd the
firfl Shoot, they will anfwer our End much bet-
ter ^ but then they muft be well foUow'd with
Water, and be let in a fliady Place : Or, to lave
that Trouble, we may open a Trench, and fill
it with fre^li Cow-dung, and, upon that lay
Three or Four Inches of good fifced Mould ; in
this prepar'd Bed our Cuttings will prolper ex*
ceedingly, for the Cow-dung will keep them con-
ftantly moill, and keep tlie Air from them, and

nouriih

[99 ]

tiouriili them. It is alfb to be oblerv'd, that Al
hardy Ever-greens will do beft from Cuttings, if
we plant them about O^ober or November, for
then their Juices are in Motion. Again, we
muft remark, that when we collect Cuttings of
thole Plants which are veiy fucculent, fuch as
the leveral Sorts of Cerens, Ficoides, Sedums,
Indian Figs, and liich like, we mufl, in Propor-
tion to the Succulency of fiich Cuttings, let them
lie fbme Days expos'd to the Sun before we plant
them, that the wounded Parts may be throughly
dry, for otherwife, their own Moilture mixing
with the Moifture of the Earth, would rot them.
The Time of making Cuttings of thefe is always
when we find them inclinable to grow, which is
at different Seafons, as the natural Springs of
their feverai native Countries happen to fall out ^
for Plants of every Country in the World will
always preferve their natural Time of fhooting,
wherever they happen to be ftationM. The great
Point to be conlider'd in planting of Cuttings is,
that we keep the Air from drying the Parts under
Ground as much as polfible ^ and, in (iich as are
very flicculent, to plant them rather upon the
natural Earth than in Pots, for from the whole
Body of Earth there will exhale continu^illy a
H 2 Vapour

[loo 1

Vapour gently moift, which will difpofc them fbf
drawing Root ^ but in Pots we muft be oblig'd to
water them frequently, which often occafions
them to rot, and if we give them too little Wa-
ter, then the Earth in the Pot will become fb dry
at particular Times, that the Cutting will be put
afide from the drawing of Roots, tho' by the
Moifture it had at other Times, it was dilpos'd
to make Roots : For, according to the following
Experiment, it is a continued gentle Diftribution
of Moifture to a Cutting, which will occafion it
to ftrike Root, and when it is once in that Me-
thod, if we liiffer it to dry, the Intent of making
Roots is ftopt. The Experiment I mean is, that
if we take a Branch of the Sedum Arborefcens,
or Tree Houfleek, and hang it up in the Houle,
vve ihall lee it put out Pvoots when the Air comes
to be of a certain Denfity or Thicknels, and as
fbon as the Air becomes dry, and more rarified
thefc Roots grow dry, and ihrink away ^ but if
we keep this Plant in Ibme Place where the Air
is continually moift, the Fwoots will be conftantly
growing as long as there is any Moifture in the
Plant ^ but the Head, or Top Bud of the Plant,
will not grow at all, for that the Roots cannot
draw Nourishment enough from the, Air to fted

it

[ lo. ]

it. What I have remark'd concerning the planting
of Cuttings of Ficoides, Geraniums jCasreas, Indian
Figs, Aloes, and flich like, in the natural Ground, I
have experiene'd to be much the bell Way j tliey
will loon draw Root, and make good Plants, lb that
we may Pot them about the Middle of Augufi of
the lame Summer, in order for the Green-houle,

The Directions I have given for the railing of
Plants by Cuttings, may, in a great Mealiire,
ferve for the raifing of Plants by Layers ^ that
is, we muft take Care to bury Buds enough in the
Ground when we make Layers, provided they
are Hich as are found upon a tender Shoot of the
Jaft Growth ^ but the old Wood of Hich Plants,
whole Subftance is hard, luch as Oak, and the
like, will not make Roots, tho' we lay them ma-
ny Years in the Ground. The Sealbn when we
commonly make our Layers of Trees is in Se^-^
temhcr, October, or November^ becaule they may
have Time enough to be acquainted with the
Earth, before the Spring comes on •, that is, that
their Gummy or Rozinous Juices may be, by
Degrees, impregnated with the watry Parts of
the Earth, and, by that Means, facilitate tlieir
H 3 Change,

[ loa ]

Change. It is a Praftice among thq Kurlery-
men, to cut off tjie Heads of lucli Trees as they
defign to increafe by Layers, in order to make
them produce young Shoots near the Ground,
that they may be bury'd more ealily in the Earth-
Thefe Mother-Plaiits they call Stoles •, fignify-
ing a Shoot or Twig of a Tree Ipringing from an
old Stock ^ fuch as, by fbme of the Ancients,
was call'd an uprofitable Branch, becaufe it brought
no Fruit, and 15, corruptly, the Gardiners uie
the Word Stolo, for the old Stock which pro-
duces liich Branches : But whatever Layers we
make from liich Twigs, muft, when they are
bent to the Ground, be carefully pinn'd down
with hook'd Sticks, that when we have once
fix'd them, they may not Ipring or ftart from
their Places. In making of Layers to be taken
from the Stocks, and tranfplanted without lo-
iing of Time, I have praftis'd the drawing
Shoots of Plants thro** the Holes at the Bottoms
of Garden-Pots, and then filling the Pots with
Earth, they will take Root in the Pots : But in
the drawing fuch Shoots thro' the Holes of the
Pots, we muft take Care, that we do not break,
off the Buds from the Shoots. Thcle Layers,

when

[ 103 ]

when they have taken Root in the Pots, may be
taken from the Mother-Tree, and, with all their
Earth, be tiirn'd out of the Pots, and let direct-
ly in a Place for bearing. Some Sorts, as Vines,
for Example, will ftrike Root in Five or Six;
Months : We may lay them in November or Be-
c ember J and we may cut them from the Vine
when their Grapes are ripe ; but fbme Sorts of
Plants require to be bury'd 'till the lecond Year
before they take Root : And, indeed. Vines may
be cut from the Mother-Plant much fooner, but
then their Fruit will not be perfectly good, as if we
let them feed from the old Stock, 'till their Fmit
is ripe, and then we may bring the whole Plant,
with its Fruit, upon the Table, before we plant
it in the natural Ground. I cannot well pafs
by an extraordinary Obfervation of Dr. Jgrico-
las, a Phyficlan of Ratisbone, who was curious
in this Way, relating to the railing of Plants
from Cuttings, that our firft PvCgard ought to be
how to prelervc them from ihrinking by the Air ;
and he e^en propofes to plant Cuttings, and make
Layers of Plants while they are Ihooting, and
are in the moft tender State j for which End, he
prcfcribes leveral Preparations of Gums, to dip
that End of the Cutting in, which is to be bury'd
H 4 ill

[ 10+ ]

in the Ground •, which, by Experience, I find,
will nourifh the Cutting, will preferve it from
fotting, and keep it from ihrinking by the Air,
This I have try'd, as alfo to plaifter the Cuttings
with Soap, and have found them both fuccelsful
even in the Cuttings of Peach-Trees, Plumbs,
Vines, and feveral Ever-greens in Summer. TJie
Compofitions of Guips;,! ihall mention in anotlier
Dilcourfe.

There is alio a Method of encreafing of Plants
by the Leaves, but then they muft be fuch as are
ever-green, like thole of the Holly, Bay, Orange,
Lcmmon, &c. v/hich being taken from the Plants
when they are fully perfefted, without any Buds
adhering to them, and then immediately dip'd in
a Mixture of Gums, as I fhall relate hereafter,
while the Mixture is Blood-warm, and put into
the Earth as deep as the Compofition of Gums
has cover'd them, which may be about an Inch,
the Earth muft be prefs'd clofe about them, and
very well water'd. This I have fesn praitis'd,
and will bring us very fruitful Plants, for out of
the extreme Parts of the Foot-ftalks of the
Leaves, will Iprout a Bud that will bring BloiToms
and Fruit, if the Leaves are taken from flich

Places^

C '05 1

Places where the Buds adjoining to them has pro-
duc'd BloiToms, This is one Reafbn why, I lay,
that a Leaf is a perfect Plant, which grows upon
another Plant.

As to what regards the railing of Plants from
the Fruit, concerns only the Indian Fig, whole
Fruit, while it is green, being leparated from
the Mother-Plant, and let in the Earth, will
grow, as I have eXperienc'd j that is, after we
have given it Time to dry in the Sun, it will
produce a Plant as perfeft as that we took it
from : But it is to be oblerv'd, that the Fruit of
the Jndim Fig is always in its flill Growth before
the BlolTom is open ; and yet this mull not be
taken as an Inllance to contradict the Syftem of
the Generation of Plants, becaule this is yet
green, and the Seeds in it are imperfeft, ib that
it has the lame Liberty of a£ling in the Ground
as any other Part of a Plant. And it is alio ob-
lervable, that thele Sort of Fruit, in our Climate,
with the Shelter of a GreenThoule, will not
change its Colour towards Ripening, 'till the
Summer after the BlolTom : And it is alio ob-
lervable, that this Sort of Fruit, in Summer, is
befet with Buds on every Side.

It

[ xo6 ]

It next follows, that I mention the Manner ot
increafing Plants by their Roots, which is the
laft Way we have Recourfe to, when we are not
provided with the Seeds of a Plant. This is done
by fevering, or cutting fome of the larger Roots,
near the Surface, from the Tree, and without di-
fturbing any of the Fibres which belong to fuch
Roots, to raife the wounded End of the Root
gently, 'till we can bring Part of it above Ground
to ftand upright, the more of it the better.
This, by being exposed to the Air, will, in Pro-i
eels of Time, be dilpos'd to put forth Buds for
Leaves and Shoots, and make a Plant, which
may afterwards be remov'd •, but Ibme Plants
are fo ftubborn, that after a Year or Two, fiich
Roots will not iliew any Buds, tho' we may find
them then alive. When this happens, we may
graft a Cion from the Head of the Tree upon the
Root thus prepar'd, and we fhall prefently have
a Plant for our Purpofe : Or we may graft upon
fuch Roots about Six Months after" they have
been difciplin'd after the Manner above dire£bed.
Thus have I gone thro' the Methods of increafing
of Plants by Cuttings, by Layers, Leaves, Fruit,
and Roots : It remains that I ihould fay fome-

thing

'[ I07 ]

thing concerning the increafing of Plants by
Off-Sets ^ but as that Way of Multiplication re-
lates chiefly to the Improvement of Flowers, fo
I ihall rather leave it for that Difcourfe.

I ihall therefore proceed to explain the feveral
Ways of Grafting, by which Trees are improv'd
fi-om Wildings to bring good Fruit : In order
for which Defign, our Garden ought to be ftor'd
with Stocks of all Sorts ^ that is, with fuch as
are Poeiiferous, or Apple-bearing •, Pruniferous,
or Plumb-bearing ^ Bacciferous, or Berry -bear-
ing \ Coniferous, or Cone-bearing j Nuciferous,
or Nut-bearing ^ Glandiferous, or Mali-bearing j
and Siliquiferous, or Cod-bearing ^ becaufe we
may fbmetimes meet with a ftrange Tree, which
will only be encreafed by Grafting : And as all
Trees, that I can now think on, are of one or
other of thele ClalTes, fo our Kurleries ihould
be provided with Stocks of thele leveral Sorts,
that we may graft the Apple-bearing upon the
Apple-bearing, the Pruniferous upon the Pruni-
ferous, and fo on.

The Wilding which we are to graft upon, we
call the Stock, and the Twig or Shoot which we

are

[ 'o8]

are to graft upon the Stock, is calJ'd the Clon,
or Graft : Every Cion, or Graft, when it is
rightly difpos'd on the Stock, according to Art,
will take Root in the Stock, and retain the Vir-
tues of its Mother-Plant, as I have oblerv'd
before.

Some Sort of Plants will more readily join by
Eneying or Inoculating, than by Grafting •, and
there are others which will not take by either of
thole Ways, but by Inarching only : -Again,
there are fbme which will only join by approach-
ing, all which we fhall confider in their Order j
obferving, by the Way, that Nature gives us
large Liberties in Grafting, Hich as that we may
graft Apples wpon Pears, or Pears upon Apples,
and both thefe upon the common White-thorn \
tipon which, likewile> we may graft Medlers,
the Lazeroli, and Cervices, and upon the Pear-
Grafts we may alfo graft the Qiiince : All thefe
may be made to grow upon one Tree, by Whip-
grafting, or by Cleft-Grafting, or Stock-graft-,
ing, or by Inoculation, Eneying, or Budding.

So the Pruniferous Fruits, fuch as Peaches,
Ke^larines, Apricocks, Cherries of all Sorts,

tind

[ I09 ]

and Plumbs of all Sorts, may be budded upon
Plumbs, or upon one another : And what feems
extraordinary, is, that the Lnnro CerafnSy which
is our common Laurel and Ever-green, may be
inoculated upon the Cherry and the Plumb, and
be made a Companion for all thoie of the Pruni-
ferous Race. An Inilance of this Sort is now in
the Garden of Mr. WhkmiUf a curious Gardiner
of Hoxton : By this we may oblerve, that thele
Grafts, or Buds, are fb many Plants of different
Kinds, which grow upon one Plant ; which is
like one certain Sort of Soil, wherein we find
growing many Plants of different Sorts ^ but
we muft obferve, that one Kind will prolper bet-r
ter than another.

The firft Sort of Grafting, which I fhall men-
tion, is that Sort which we call Whip-grafting,
or Rind-grafting : This is perform^ by paring
off Part of the Bark on one Side of the Stock,
either after we have cut off the Head of the
Stock, or elfe while the Head remains on the
Stock j for it is done both Ways. If we cut
off the Head of the Stock, tlien the Bark wq
take off muft leave the Wood bare, about an Inch
and half from the Place where the Head is cut

off

off downwards towards the Root, and as wide
as the Cion, which we defign to join with it ;
then we timft, with our Knife, flit the Stock
down from a little below the Place where the
Head is cut off, guiding it with the Grain of the
Wood, 'till we have made a Tongue on the Side
of the Stock where the Bark is parM off, about
an Inch long. This being done, we are next to
pare off the Bark from one Side of the Cion, and
then, with our Knife, make a Tongue in the
Wood of the Cion, of llich a Length as may fit
exadly with that in the Stock, which when we
have join'd together, fo that the Barks of both
the Cion and Stock join together, we muft tye
them faft with Bafs, and cover all the wounded
Part with fine Loam, well mix'd with Cow-dung
or elfe we may cover the wounded Part with the
following Mixture, viz.. to Four Ounces of Bees-
Wax add as much Tallow, and when thelc arc
melted together, add about an Ounce and half of
Rofm, which muft be ufed when 'tis Blood-warm,
with a fbftBrufh,and then we need not tye the Ci-
on and the Stock together ^ for thefe Coverings
are only defignd to keep the Air and the Wet
from the wounded Parts, 'till they join together,
which they will foou do, if the Tongues of the

Stock

till]

Stock and the Cion are well, wedg'd into one
another. When we ufe this Sort of Grafting,
without cutting off the Head of the Stock, we
then take the Bark from the Stock in any fmooth
Part of a Shoot, i. e. between the Buds, and fit-
ting the Cion to it, as before with Tongues, we
then cover the wounded Parts with fbme of the
aforementioned Grafting-Wax. This laft Ope-
ration may be done when the Sap is in its higheft
Fluences ^ but the firft muft be done juft before
* the Buds begin to ihoot.

Qeft-grafting, or Stock-Grafting, is performed
by cutting off the Head of the Stock, and then,
with the Knife, flitting the Stock downwards an
Inch or two, in Proportion to the bignefs of it,
and of the Cion we are to put into it. W^e then
cut the Bottom Part of the Cion Wedge-ways,
of the fame Length we have made the Slit, and
fo place the Cion in the opening we have made in
the Stock, that the Bark of the Stock and the
Cion both join, or match with one another.

If the Stock happens to be very large, as fomc^
times it is, when we ufe this Kind of Grafting,
fuch as an old Tree faw'd off, which may, per-
haps

[ i'5 3

haps, meafiire Three Foot in the Girt, then We
rnuft be forc'd to open the Places, where we are
to fix onr Grafts, with Chizzels, and keep them
lo open with Wedges, 'till the Grafts are fix'd
to onr Mind. In fuch Stocks we may place
Three or Four Grafts, but Two are enough, if
we could be fiire they all would take : In this
Gale our Cions may be larger than if the Stocks
were Irnall. In Worcefierjhire, it is common
enough to graft Apples this Way, with Cions,
which meafiire about Five Inches in the Girt, and
they prolper very well : But we mufl oblerve,
that our Cions may be larger, if they are of
Trees that have tender Wood, than if they are
of a hard Wood •, when this is done, lay on
lome of the Grafting- Wax, as before direded,
fo as to cover all the wounded Parts of the Stock
and Cion. In this Cale, where the Stock is large,
there is Vegetable Matter enough in it to feed tlie
Cions to good Advantage, ib that the Third
Year they will produce extraordinary large Fruit,
tho' before the old Head was cut from it, the
Fruit was hardly bigger than Hazle-Nuts. Here
is another Example of a Tree's growing upon a
Tree •, and as the Clift-grafcing is pra£licable up-
on the oldeft Trees, fo is it to be done upon

Plants,

[ "3l

plants which are not above Three Months old
from the Seed. This I learnt &om Mr. Curtis of
Tutney, a very curious Gerltletnan in the Know-
ledge of Plants : His Method is, when he railes
Orange-Trees from Seeds, that as loon as he
finds they have got a Stalk aboiit Three Qiiarters
of an Inch above the Ear-Leaves, he cuts off the
Top, and making an Incifion crols that Stalk,
bears his Knife downwards, towards the Part
where the Ear-Leaves- join with it, and then
choofing a tender Shoot of a bearing Tree, that
will match with the Stock, he cuts the Bottom of
it in the Manner of a Wedge, and places it as I
have related before, fb that the Barks may join,
and then appllies foine of the Graftingrwax warm
with a fine Painting-Brujfh. This Operation
may be done all the Summer long, and is parti-
cularly explain'd in my Phiiolbphical Account of
the Works of Nature;

I am next to fpeak of Inarching, that is Inlay-
ing the young Shoots of one Tree into another,
which is the furefl Way of Grafting that I have
yet mention'd 3 for here, if the Part wliich afts^
as a Cion does not happen to join with the Stock,
it may ftill remain upon the Tree, To perform
thi^ Workj wne m.uft have a Colle^'on of Stocks

1 ill

[ "4- 1

in Pots, that when we have any particular Tree
which we have a Mind to encreafe, we may bring
the Stock to it, and then cutting off the Head
of the Stock, we choofe out iuch a Shoot of the
vaUiable Tree, as may, with the moffc Eafe, hp
brought down to the Stock, and then we muft
order both of thele with Tongues, as I have di-
refted in the Whip-Grafting, only we mull leave
that Part which is to aft as a Cion to join with
the Tree in liich a Manner, that it may be well
fed with the Juices of the Tree. I commonly,
in thele Cafes, cut the Tongue of the Graft half
way only thro' the Shoot : This being thus or-
der'd, we are to tye our Two joining Parts very
ciofe, and then cover them with the Mixture
of Loam and Cow-dung, alio taking elpecial Carcf
to lecure the inlay 'd Branch from iiying from the
Stoek, which Ibmetimes it will be apt to do, if
it is not well lecurM by Strings or Sticks ^ for
tho' tliis is not a Work to be done in the Summer,
when the Plants have their Sap in the greateft
Fluency, yet the mildell Summer is not without
its Storms, elpecially in June or July. It is to
be noted, that Ibme Plants fhould remain thus
joined 'till the fecond Year, before we cut them
from the Bearing, or the defir'd Plant j elpecially
thole who fe ijiarch'd Shoots are of a more hard

or

M

or Woody Nature : But where we can inarch
green Shoots, Hich as thole of Oranges or Lem-
mons, if we do this Work in May^ we may cut
them off in Augufl, if we find they have taken'
hold of the Stocks;

When we have cut our Plants from the Mo-
ther-Tree, fet them immediately in fbme Place of
Shelter, where the Winds may not get at them ^
for elle the new Heads, which are tenderly join'd,
will be liibje^b to break from the Stocks ; or if the
Stock be growing in the natural Ground, then
when we cut the young Inarch from the Tree,
we muil be careful to gitard them well with
Stakes.

Inoculation is the next linfirovement I fhall
treat of. To Inoculate is the fame as to Encye,
or to Bud ^ and is nearly the fame as the An-
cients call'd Emplalleration ^ only their Empla-
fleration was cutting oiit a large Piece of the
Imooth Bark of a TreCj with leveral Buds upon
it, and then opening the Bark of another Tree
in Hich Manner as to lay the Bark of the bearing
Tree clofe to the Wood of the Stock 5 they then
cover'd the wounded Parts over with a kind of
Mortar, or prepared Loam. This Method is

i 2 rafct

["6 1

fafer and fiu'er in the way of Inoculation, than
our inoculating with a lingle Bud, becaule the
great Qiiaiitity of Bark taken off with the Buds,
which may be about Two Inches Iquare, muft
hold a good Fund of Koiiriihment to fiipport
tlie Buds 'till they have join'd with the Stock :
But, however, our common Way of inoailating
with a fingle Bud is not inferior to moft of the
modern Ways of Grafting, provided we take
Care to be guided by the Vigour of the Sap : I
mean, that we never attempt to Bud or Inocu-
late any Tree, but when the Bark will rile freely
from the Wood, as the Gardeners fay ^ or, ill
ot-her Terms, will flip from the W^ood.

Our Buds, in this Cafe, mull be luch as can
be taken from the Tall perfect Shoot of a Tree,
and c>{ the Bark in which this Bud happens to be
pflac'd about half an Inch below the Bud, and as
much above it, and on each Side the Bud about
half an Inch , then ^laking the Incilion in the
Bark of our Stock,- like the Letter T, we raifc
that Bark on both Sides from the Wood, and
then ftripping the Bud from the Woody Parts
Which join to it, inlert it between the Bark and
the Wood of the Stock, and tye it with Bals,
fo that the Eud may not be hurt or cover'd j or

cKq

elfc Ibme of the Grafting- wax, being apply'd as
directed in the formei" Grafdngs, will be fiiffici-
ent without tying,

I have now only to prefcribe the Method of
approaching, or Grafting by Approach, which
Ibme have falily taken for Inarching. The
Ancients, in moffc of their Works, recommend
it as the fiirefl Way, and I have had Experience
enough to find it as they ITiy : I have mention'd
it in my Monthly Writings, but I know no
Gardener that has it in Pradice, at prelent, but
Mr. Whitmill Qf Hoxto-a. It is perform'd in
young Shoots, while the Sap is fluent, or in
Shoots of the laft Growth, when the Sap is be-
ginning to flow vigoroufly ; we then place Two
Plants together, and paring off the Bark from
one Side of a Branch of each of them, we ap-
ply the wounded parts to one another, and tye
them to.^ether with Bals ^ and if they are tender
fliooting Plants, they vvillloon unite in their
Woods, and n^ay be cut off in Three or Fo-U'
AJonths : And when Plants are very different in
their Nature, as the Fig and the Mulberry, or
the Vine and the Pafllon-Tree, we may recon-
cile them by this Mean?, as may be oblci v'd in
%}i& Giiirden above-mention'd. As for the Me-

I 3 thod

[ ii8 ]

thod ufed by die Ancients, of Ferebration, or
bowing of Trees, it was no more than piercing
thro' the Bark, and then preding the Inftrument
downwards, between the Wood and the Bark,
they made Room enough to receive the Foot of
the CionTwo or Three Inches, by which Way
the Cion was fed, and llruck Root in the Tree ;
but the Foot, or Bottom Part of the Cion, muft
be pruu'd a little, fo as to make it terminate in a
Point, and when it is fix'd we muft dole the
Orifice with Grafting-wax. This is now out of
Pradice among the Gardeners, but I find it of
good Ufc, efpecially in difficult Cafes : The
Time I have try'd it with Succefs, was when
the Bark would flip eafily.

Thus I have gone thro' the Bufinels I propos'd
in this Dilcourle, and I ihall conclude with ob-
serving, that a curious Man, in this Way, may
employ himfelf every Month in the Year, either
in the Experiment of encreafing Plants by Cut-
tings, Layers, &c. or in improving them by
Grafting, c^c. I mean, if the Winter is not
too fevere to ihut him out of the Earth.

Dis-

[ 119]

Discourse VII.

The Manner of making Plan-
TATioNSj either for Pleafure
or Profit.

N a former Dircoiirfe, 1 have hint-
ed at (everal neceflary Confidera-
tions, when we are to make Plan-
^1 tations of Trees, viz,, that the
bcft iJeafon to remove or tranlp!ant Trees is in
the Slimmer, while they may have an immediate
Opportunity of ftriking Root, ha the next
1 4 Place,

[ I30 "J

Place, that It is improper to cut off the Head of
a Tree when we plant it, becaule the Juices while
the Head is on, have a greater Power of afting
upon, and aiTifting the wounded Root j for while
the Brandies are on the Tree, the Circulation
is better maintain'd than when they are taken off,
for the Branches will imbibe a Moiilure from the
Air and Dews, and while the Branches and
Leaves I mention can have the leaft Share of
Action, the whole Body, upon which they de-
pend, mull be in Action to fix the Earth clofe
about the Roots of a Tree, when we transplant
it, and let as little Air as poilible come aX the
Root in the removing it from one Place to ano-
ther, for the Air dries and ihrinks the Roots,
fo that they are a long Time before they can re-
cover. I have alio touched upon the Necelfity
of plaiftering the Wounds of the great Roots,
if any of them have been cut, with Mixtures of
Gums, fo that the Air and the Wet may be
kept from having any Communication with the
Sap-VelTels, which would either Ihrink them or
rot theni : Befldes, when thefe VelTcls are llopt,
the Juices in the Body of the Tree are more ca-
pable of perfprming their Circulation regularly,
in4, of difpenfing their Noiirilhipent to thole

Buds

C 121]

Buds which are to a£l as Roots, which, with the
Cautions abovemention'd, will do their Duty im-
mediately, as they are already acquainted with
their Office, while the Buds of Cuttings, or Lay-,
ers from Trees, which had already been prepar'd
for a8:ing above Ground, would be tedious in
reconciling themlelves to the Change of making
Roots.

But it is neceflary, that I lay down Ibme ge-
neral Rules for the preparing of the Mixtures of
Gums to be uled as Plaifters to the Wounds of
Trees, that they may ferve to nouriih the Plants
as well as heal their Wounds. I have already
mention'd the Benefit which Cuttings, and even
Leaves of Plants receive from Mixtures of Gums
in general ; but to be particular, one may rea-
fbnably fiippofe, that fiich Gums as comes near-
eft to the Juice of any Plant we are to iile th^ra
to, will be more helpful to f;ich a Plant thaq
Gums which are of a different Kature. Let us
then confider, we have Pitch, Rozin, Turpen-
tine, Gums of Plumbs, Cherries, Crc to which
one may add Bees-wax, which is gather'd from
the finer Parts of Flowers, without Difi:in£l:ion,
which is alio a Sort of Gum. From thefe, o;ae

may.

may, I Hippofe, prepare fuch Coiripofitiohs as
might agree with the Temper of any Plant,
elpecially if we take in to our AiTiftance aiiy
Juices or Infulion, Decoftion or Digeftion of
Animal Parts, llich as Tallow, of fiich as may
be incorporated with Gums. '

So, for Example, if we are to prepare a Mix-
ture for Firs, Pines, Pinafters, and llich like
Turpentine, may have the greater Share in the
Preparation •, but with this we may put Bees-
wax, and a Imall Share of Tallow, in fuch Qiian-
ticies, as that the Tenacity of the Turpentine
may not be loft *, but if we ihall happen by Ac-
. cident to have put too much Tallow, we may
then have Recourfe to Rofin, which, in a fmail
Quantity, will bind the Parts of the Mixture.

In preparing liich Mixtures, we niuft provide
a clean Pipkin, well glazM, into which we fhould
iirft put our fbfteft Ingredients, and by Degrees
as they melt, break in the others, keeping them
all flirring together^ 'till they are incorporated
as much as poiliblc. We muft alio, while this
Mixture is gently fimmering, let it on Fire, to
let it burn Tw^o or Three Minutes : TJiis Burn-
ing

[ 1^3 ]

ing will help to mix the Parts of the Mixture,
and to eonlume the more Earthy or heavy Parts.
We put out this Flame by covering the Pipkin
with a Trencher, and we may renew it Four or
Five Times ^ but as the making of this Prepui a-
tion is Ibmewhat dangerous in a Houfe, it is
beft to be done Abroad, where we may make it
^ith Safety.

In the preparing of Mixtures for Trees of
Other Kinds, we may ufe the AJhes of them in-
fiis'd in Oil, and then mixing a foall Qiiantiiy
of the Gil with Bees-wax, fome Turpentine,
and a Proportion of Rofin, to bind the Parts,
we fhallhave a Mixture to our Mind : Or for
grolTer Plants, flich as Elms, and iiich like, I
have ufed Pitch inllead of Turpentine with
good Succels j for I find both Turpsntinc and
Pitch are good general Gums for almcil any
plants 3 but Turpentine, efpecially, is helpful to
any Plant, as well as its own -^ and Bees-wax
ought to be in every Mixture of this Kind, for
the Reafon beforemention'd.

When we ufe thefe Preparations, let them be
melted, and when they are Blopd-wami, apply

them

C iH ]

tbem with a Brnfh to the wounded Parts, cither
of the great Roots or Branches, after we have
fmooth'd them well with a fliarp Knife. This
Operation ihould not be ncglefted a Minute, if
. poifible, after aay great Part of a Tree is cut
9ff.

In the next Place, I come to Ipeak of the tranl^
planting large Trees in Summer, which advan-
tageous Dilcovery is owing to Mr. Secretary
Jqhnfloun at Twittcnham, which Gentleman now
has many Experiments of this Kipd in his Garr.
den, viz.. of Trees of various Kinds planted in
A fay, in June, in Jtdy, and in Augufl, which
profpej: as well ag if they had not been rgr
nioy'd, altho' they were very large at the Time
of'tran(J3lanting. The Method is, to open the
Trenches, or dig the Holes of a convenient big-
neis, to receive as much Root of the Trees as
poflible, and then to prepare a large Qiiantity of
Earth well skreen'd, and made as fine as may be.
We then iet about our Work in taking up the
Trees with as many Roots as we can prelerve,
plaiftering tht great Wounds as they happen to
hp made : This freeing the Roots firom the
Ground iliould be done as expeditioufly as pofli-

' bic,

[1=5 3

bie, that the imaller Fibres may not dry, ahd
tlien clearing the Roots from all the great Clots
of Earth, convey it to the Pit or Trench wher4
it is to be replanted ^ firft having furnilh'd the
Bottom of the Hole or Trench with a thin Mud
made of the fine skreen'd Earth ahd Water,
which miift be kept ftirring 'till the Root of the
Tree is fet in it, and then immediately f)6ur iht6
the Hole or Trench as much Mud of the fame
Sort as will fill up the Hole or Trench, which
Mud triufl be ready prepar'd in large Tubs, arid
kept flirring 'till we ule it : We mufl then, by
Imall Parcels, fprinlde fbme of the fine skreen'd
. Mould upon the Mudj daitirig it every how and
then with Water, to fettle it, and fo continue
this Work 'till the Mud in the Trench is well
thicken'd. Our Trees, thus planted, muft be
well fecur'd with Stakes, as thofe planted at other
Seaifbns, and when this is done, throw on fome
of the skreen'd or fifted Mould over the Surface,
to prevent the Muddy Part from cracking, and
letting in the Air to any of the Roots, which k
will be apt to do in a Day's Time, as the Mol-
flure of the Mud finks away.

the

I ia6 ]

The fecond Day after jilantlng, we Jhoitld
carefully ftir the Surface as well an Inch deep of
the fettled Mud, as the other dry Mould upon
it, arid daih the whole well with Water, to fill
the Cracks, if there are any ^ and we may de-
pend upon the Welfare of the Plant : But we
muft be lure to oblerve what I have faid before,
concerning the planting in Clay Grounds ^ we
inuft not dig into the Clay, but raile the Surface.
A Tree thus order'd may be prun'd, or have
lome of its Boughs thin'd. Three Weeks after
planting. I fwe did that Work at Midfiimmerj
which is the beft Time of planting, we muft ob-
lerve alfo, that after the fecond Day's Work is
over, of ftirring the Surface of the new planted
Ground, we muft lay Ibme Fern, or fuch like,
upon that Surface, and there will be no NecelTity
of watering fuch Trees afterward, unlefs the
Earth be very light. We muft alfb be careful
to apply fome of the Mixtures of Gums to the
Wounds of fuch great Branches as We may cut
off when we come to prune fuch Trees, and in
the lopping of the great Branches, cut them
clean to the Stem of the Tree ^ for if we leave
any Stumps, they will make unprofitable Shoots,

and

[ 127 ]

aiid rob the other Branches. After this Manner^.
I haye liynowrn Elms, Limes, Chefiiuts, Oaksj
Ilex, Firrs, Pines, Peaches, Apricocks, Keda-
rines. Cherries, Phimbs, Vines, Goofeberriesj
Currans, and almoft every Kind of Fruit-Trees,
planted with Fruit upon them, which Fruit, for
tlie moft Part, has ripen'd well, and the little
Check, which the Trees received from this Re-
^jtioval, has brought them into a better State of
bearing than they were in before.

In my former Dilcourle, concerning the Circu-
lation of Sap in Plants, I have given my Reafon
why we ought not to take off the Head of a
Tree when we tranfplant it, as the Gardeners do
in all great Plantations : And befides what I have
there oblerv'd, I may add, that the Timber will
be Ipoil'd by it, for as it is the Stem of die
Tree which is to produce the valuable Timber,
fo if we cut off the Top of that Stem, the re-
maining Part will be ilibje£t to rot at the Heart,
and the Tree, if it grows, will be little better
than Pollard. The Gardeners, however, when
they plant Wall-Fruit-Trees, always leave their
Tops on, 'till they have ftruck Root, and few of
the Trees fo order'd fail to grpw well, therefore

it

It is iiirprizirig to find them a£t fo contrary tb
this Praftice in planting other Trees, when it is
plain that the Principles of Vegetation are the
lame in every Tree.

With the Method directed above for Summer-
planting, I have rembv'd Peach-Trees, after they'
have been trained againft Walls Six Years, and
they have prolperM very well j and confidering
the Time this Way of planting will gain in ma-
king a Fruit-Garden or an Orchard, or a good
Shade about an Houle, fo as immediately to an-
fwer their Defigns ^ I litppofe that a little ex-
traordinary Expence will not be regarded by
thofe who truly confider what Tiine is. In the
tranfplanting of Fruit-Trees of this Handing, t
have found that the conveying them from one
Place to another has been the greateft Difficulty,
elpecially if the Places have been many Miles
afunder. Jn this Cafe, I have provided large
Tubs, litch as Pipes cut in Two j in one of
which one might well enough put the Roots of
Five or Six of thefe Wall-Trees, after having
taken all the Clods of Earth from them, and
then pour into them as much thin Mud as
will cover their Roots, and lay Ibme Straw

over

C 12^ ],

over the Top of it. In the mean Time, the
Trees, with their Branches and Fruit, mull be
lb ieaired as not to fall out ofthele Tubs, nor
to be ftrain'd or torn by the Motion of the
Waggon-, by this means we may bring them
lafe to their new Station, and then preparing
the Holesj or Trenches, as before, take them
out of the Tubs for planting One by One, as
we want them. In the Carriage of finall Plants
of Curiofityj I have ufed Bladders hli'd with
thittj Mud, prepared as before j and have kept
JPIants in that Manner a Fortnight^ vv^ithout in-
juring them ^ or we may convey fmall Trees
lalely thro' a three Weeks Travel, with laying
their Roots in frefh Cow-dung;

But it is ncJcelTziry likewile, that we con-
lider how great Plantations may be made to
the beft Advantage^ with the lifnalleft Expence.
It is certain, that there is no better or cheaper
Way of railing Woods than by fovvirig the Maft
or Nutts of Timber-trees, where they are al-
ways to remain j but if we coilie to make
Plantations, let us chole linall Plants^ of a Yard
or Six Foot in free Shoot, rather than large
Plants^ for in all my Experience, I find tht

K Plants

[ 130 1

plants, of Three Foot, will, in Five or Six Vears,
be taller, and more vigorous, than flich Trees
as are planted at the fame Time in the com-
mon Way, of Fifteen or Sixteen Foot high.

It is to be obferved as a general Rule, that
in light Soils, if we follow the uflial Seafons
of planting, it is befl to plant in Autumn, and
in heary Soils in the Spring. What I mean by
Autumn is, from the lafl Week of September
inclulive, to the fecond Week in OMer ^ and
by the Spring, from the Beginning of February,
till the lafl Week in that Month j and, whether
itiQ Earth be light or heavy, it mufl be skreen'd
or fifted in the Holes where we plant the
Trees, if we expeO: our Labours to be crown'd
witli Succefs J and immediatly after planting e-
very Tree, give the Ground, where it is plant-
ed, fiich a Watering, as may fettle the Earth
clofe about its Roots;

i alfo lay it down as a Maxim, that in the
planting of Grafted or Budded Trees, we muf^
not bury the Tree fb high as the Bud or Graft,
for the Moifture of the Earth will rot the Foun-
dation of it j and in tranfplanting of Trees,

which

which are neither budded or grafted, we muft
Hot left them be planted deeper than they were
before. In the planting of Trees againft Walls,
we muft take Care, that we do not plant the
Bottom of the Stem nearer the Wall than fix
Inches, for, by planting it clofer to the Wall,
the Roots are fiibje^l to canker, and infe^ the
Branches.

K %

Dii

i 13^ ]

Discourse VIII.

Rules for Pruning of Wall-
Trees, Dwarfs, and fuch
others, as are fubjeft to the Knife.

S every Tree was • naturally
deflgned to remain always in
the lame Station, when its
Seed was lirft bury'd, and
where it firft began its Ve-
getation j 16 in Nature there is no Defign of
Pruning ^ but fmce by Art, Trees of any Kind
may be removed froni one place to another^
and muft neceflarily loole Ibme of th^ir Roots

by

[133]

by fucli Removal, to confequently Pruning be-
comes necefTary, that we may keep a juft Bal-
lance between the Roots and the Branches ^ for
when a Tree looles any of its Roots, fome of
the Branches, if not all of them, muft, on Courle,
be influenced by the Lofs of Hich Roots,
that is, the Stock, upon which ihch Branches
grow, will not be able to receive Nourifhement
enough to Support all the Branches, as it did
before it loft fome qf its Roots ^ And there-
fore, when we find fiich a Tree has began to
make new Roots, it is then neceiTary to take
as many Branches out of the Head as may be
neceifary to counter-ballance the loft Roots,
that the young Ones, which are now begin-
ing to ihoot, may draw in Supply enough to
nourifli the Buds which are to ihoot in th©
Head, for 1 have obierved before, that Roots
of every Plant, muft dhoot before the Buds or
Branches, in Order to get Nouriihment before-
hand, to feed the Head of the Plant. In Tim-
ber-trees, we muft always Prune off the Wea-
keft Branches, but in Fruit-trees, the contrary
is pra^liied. However, where Pruning can be
avoided, the Tree will fare much better with-
oxit it j and eipecially fince the Ule of the

K 3 Knile

> C H\ 3

Knife is fo little underftood, I efteem it the
moft dangerous Inftrument that can come into
a Garden j for, I am perfwaded, that Three
Fourths of the Wall -Fruit in England, is loft
every Year by the Knife oply ^ lo few have we
among thole who profels Gardening, that know
any thing of the Matter.

put however, the Knife may be well under-
ilood by a few, yet there are common Inftan-
ces to prove, that a Tree will prolper better,
and bear more Fruit without Pruning than with
it ^ Witnefs all Standard-trees in Orchards, that
have been planted very young without Graft-
ing -J luch as we may frequently meet with in
Dcvonjhire. And alio the Peach-trees, which
are rais'd firom the Nutt pr Stone in America^
or in Italy, and the South of France : Thole
Trees bear plentifully, and are not apt to can-
ker, as thele are which are fiibject to the Knife.
Likewife it is oblervable, that Standards either
of Pears, or Cherries, or Plums, &c. which
have been Grafted or Budded, and carefully re-
moved, will prolper well, and bear Plenty of
Fruit, without any Pruning at all j lo in Stand-
ards

[ '35 ]

ard-trees, that have been well managed at firfl.
Pruning does not appear to be at all necef-
fary.

. But let us now enquire into the Realbn for
pruning of Wall-trees: In Order to which, we
mufl conlider, that all the Trees, which we
plant againlT: Walls, are thus ilation'd, becaufc
they are Hich as are Katives of the warmer
Climates, and therefore require the Afliftance
of a Wall to defend them againft the Severity
of our Winter Storms, and alfo to receive fuch
a Warmth from the Wall in the Summer, as
may expediate the Ripening of their Fruit ^ for
a W^all, heated by a few Hours of the Summer
Sun, will remain with a Warmth in it a long
time after the Sun has left it , and the Shoots
of our Wall'd-trees being naifd to it, will be
advantaged by that Warmth, fo as to find
little Difference between the Warmth of the
Wall, and tliat of its own Climate. Again, the
nailing of thefe Trees dole to the Wall, lecures
their Shoots, and Branches from being bruiled
by Winds or Hurricanes. Thus we fee the
Ocfafion of planting Trees againft Walls, and
the Advantages we receive from it, is, that our

Frviic-^t

[ '36]

pruits, againll our bell expoled Walls, will ripen
near a Month Iboner than thofe growing upon
Standards : If we fhould happen to have any
Standards of the fame Ibrt, fb that befides the
planting of Fruit-trees againft Walls, as ablb-
lutely require them, it is thought advifeable tq
plant others, in Order to bring them earlier
tlian ufual to the Table. In this Ca^e it is
iieceiTary to confider firft , that our Trees
have their Branches Ipread in good Order, and
that the Branches, which we lay to die Wall,
be fuch as will bring Fruit : Alio we muft have
Regard to the Kumber of Branches which we
lay to the Wall, that we may leave Room
enough for thole Shoots which will be made
the Summer following •, and again, that we allow
no Branches to lie a crols one another, nor llrain
in any ^raneii, which happen to Ihoot forward
in a Tree ^ thele are general Rules : And as to
Particulars, we ihall begin with the Peach, and
direct the Manner of Pruning it. In this, we
are to obferve, that the Fruit-bearing Branches
are thofe of the. lall Year, and no others. Thei
Irnalleil Shoots, vy.l^ich have finilh'd their Growth
the hift Midfiimmer, are thofe which will bear,
and the larger Shoots will be unfruitful fpr.

this

[137]

this Year •, but if we want to fill a Vacancy^
they will be of Ufe, by producing Bearing-
Shoots for the following Year. Of the final),
or Bearing-Shoots, we muft prelerve thole which
will bsft come to the Wall, and may prune off
their Tops, provided we leave Two or Three
Leaf-Buds beyond the BlofTom-Buds, otherwifc
the BloiTomSjtho' they may fet or knit for Fniit,
will drop, and difappoint us. In the leaving
of large Shoots, to fill Vacancies, we muft have
Regard to their Strength when we Prune or
Top them, viz., if they are a Yard long, and as
thick a? one's little Finger at the Bottom, wc
may leave them full Two Foot long j confide^
ring what I have remark'd before, that every
Shoot is a Plant growing upon a Tree ^ and
the more the Buds we leave, fo the Branches

' they make, will be lefs nourifh'd, and lefs vi-
gorous, than if we were to "teave only a few :

' and, as I have mentioned above, 'tis the final-
ler Shoots, in this Cafe, will bear Fruit at this
Time of pruning, which is the Spring-prun-
ing, and muft be perform'd when the levere
XVeather is over. We muft be careful to ait
cut all the dead or canker 'd Wood, and then nail
tvery Branch in ics proper Place, rather with

Li^

L'ft of Woollen Cloath, than Leatlicr ^ becaiile
Leatlier, after it has been wet, grows hard, and
is apt to bind too clofe about the tender Shoots,
and occalion them to canker. Again, aboufe ,
Midiiimmer, when the Sunlmer-Shoot is com-
pleated, we muffc lay up to the Wall, as many
of the new Shoots as we can conveniently, in
Order to be adjufted the Spring following. At
this Time, we muft cut off all the llragling
Shoots, which do not grow naturally, to be
lay'd to the Wall j obferving to ait them cloie
to the Stem, which they fpring from ; and, as
it is in Peaches, fo it is alfo in Ncftarines, ne- 1
ceiTary to obferve the Direftious above , for
the Manner of their Growing ^nd Bearing is
the fame •, nor is the Pruning of the Apricock
very different, only the Apricock is more apt
to ramp, or ihoot into great Wood, than the
Peach, or Nectarine, and is not to fiibjefl: to
canker. When we find our Apricock fb, di(^
DOs'd, we mull bind dovm fome of its larger
Shoots Horizontally to the Wall, ihortening
them a little, and the Jamary following, wc
iflity open the Ground about it, and cut off a
great Root or Two, which will prevent its Vi-
gour for the future, and difpofc if for Fmit-

beariog.

[ 139 3

bearing. In all thefe Primings, yve mnft Ipread
Our Branches as Horizontally as we can, by
which Means, the Bottom of our Wall will be
fill'd, which too generally is left naked and
ulelefs. The Pruning ofPlunabs againft Walls
muft likewife be the lame with the Apricock^
for thele, as well as the Apricock, Peach, and
Ncftarine, bring their Fruits upon the Shoots
of the laft Summer j but we mufl: obferve,
among the great Varieties of Plumbs that fbme
will ihoot more vigoroufly than others, and
there will be a confiderable Difiercnce between
the Subftancc of the Bearing-Shoots of one Ibrt^
and thole of another : However they v/iii al-
ways be known, by being the leaft Shoots of
the Tree they grow upon, and for the others,
which are Shoots for Wood, they muli, if we
want them, be top't, in proportion to their
Length and Subftance, as I laid before j a.nd
it .is necelTary fometimes to leave, one of thele
' entire without pruning, to carry off the too.
great Luxuriance of a Tre?. The other Stone-
Fruit, which I ihall have Occalion to men-
tion, is the Cherry, which alio brings its Fruit
upon the Shoots of the laft Year, io that we.
muft be tender how vre cut off tliole Shoots,

efpe-

[ Ho ]

clpeclally of the y^^-Cherry and the Morello :
Some Cherries are apt to bring their BIo/Tom-
buds in Clufters, which one may always difco-
ver at Midliimmer, but none of thele love the
Knife. We muft obferve in their Pruning, to
leave their Summer-fhoot as perfe£l as poifible;
for all that is necelTary to take from them is
the ylutumn-ihoot, for they do Harm, in expen-
ding the Juices of the Tree to no Purpofe.
There is one Remark which we may make
wpon the Fniits before-mention'd, v/hich is,
that the Fruit-buds ftand clofer together tJian
the Leaf-Buds^ and I have faid in another
Diicourle, are more turgid. But before I leave
the Cherry, I am to take Notice, that 'tis the
common Practife to top the Shoots when we
lay them to the Wall ^ lb that we may ob-
jterve, there is little Difierence in the Manage-
ment of the feveral Sorts of Stone-fruit, which
are thofe chiefly, which are cultivated againll
Walls : the Peaches, Ne£larlnes, and Apricocks,
againft fuch Walls as are exposM to the South
Sun ^ the Plumbs and Cherries to the Weft
and Eaft Afpe^ts ^ and alfo to thele Alpefts
lome of the raoft fbrv^ard Peiiches may be
coipos'd.

It

[ 141 ]

It remains now, that I ihould prefcribe the
Method of Pruning Pears againft Walls, for
Sometimes it is thought neceflary to give them
that Ailiftance becaufe fbme Sorts of them will
not bring their Fruit to Maturity without ilich
Help, but I cannot joyn with the common
Practice of Planting Pears, which are hard to
ripen againft Walls •, which are expoled to a
KorthAlpeft, where they are more out of the
Suns way, than if they were in Elpaliers, or
in the open Ground, it is much more ratio-
nal if they are fiich as want extraordinary Heat,
to Plant them againft what we call a South
Wall ^ that is, fuch a Wail as lyes expos'd to
the South Sun, here they will have an Opor-
tunity of ripening their Juices. But to be bury''d
in Shade will only make their Fruit lager and
their Juices harih : But let us confider what
general Rules may be laid down for the Pni«
ning of Pears ^ of this Fruit, I muft remark,
as I have done before of the Stone Fruit, that
we ihall find fbme Sorts will always be more
Luxuriant than others, or more inclining to
Run into great Wood, fome will make Shoots
in a Swmmer above an EU long and near an

Inch,

[ H^ 3

Inch Diameter, at the Bottom of the Shoot,
others will not produce Shoots of half the
Strength, and in thefe the finaller Branches
will fboneft bear Fruit, but the others are not
to be defpiied, for a little time will inake them
fruitflil J that is, that they will produce Fruit
Branches without Pruning 5 as is evident in
Standard-trees, it is to be confider'd princi-
pally, in thefe forts of Fruit-trees, that Ibme
Sorts will produce Fruit upon the Shoots of
the lafi: Summer, even to the very tops of their
Branches, other Sorts there are, which bring
their Fruit upon the Shoots of two Summers,
and fbme which only brings Fruit upon the
Shoots of three Summers. This Difference hap-
pens from the Juices of one Sort, that are more
ealily digefted than others, thofe which are
digefted the Iboneft bear Fruit the Iboneft ^ of
thele Sorts we ought to have, at Pruning-
time, as many Shoots as may be convenient to
fill the Wall ealily, (6 as to leave Room for
the ProduO: of the Summer, and cut all the
reft away dole to the Stem. In thole other
kinds, which bear upon the fecond Summer s
Wood^ we mull be careful in the ordering our

Branches:

[H3 3

Branches, fb as to kt our Tree confift of im-
mediate bearing Branches one half, and of fach
as will come to bearing the following Year ano-
ther half ^ ib we may expeS: a good Share of
Fruit every Year, and in the Priming of thofe
Trees, which bear upon the Wood of three
Sunmiers, let there only appear at one time a
third part of tlie Tree for immediate bearings
one third for the Summer following, and ano->
ther for the Summ.er after that, obferving to
take away that Wood which has bon"! FruiC
every Year at Pruning-time, which may be any
time in the Winter, but beft in Ncvcmher. By
this means we fhall always have our Trees in
a bearing fbate, and they will not lie under the
Imputation of being bad iBearers, w^ich is the
general Excule of bad Pruners. The bearing
Buds of all Pears made 2it-Midfufnmcr^ afid they
are then very .eafily diftrnguiihcd, becaiffe thtf
are three times as large as the Leaf-Bud?*,' and
very thick and ihort, fornewhat of the Figures
of a Boys Top : And upon thole, which
fhould remain for another Year, wc fhalJ fiiid
at Midfummer two Ihiall Leaves iit each Joint
Thefe Rules are not only to be obiervcd in

th^

[ 144 ]

the Pruning of Pears againft WallSj but in the

ordering of thole which are planted in Hedges

or ElpalierSj for they mull be managM the

fame way, except only if we find our Trees

unruly or over hixurient^ it is proper in Elpa-

liers, to let a lingle Branch in the middle of

every Tree grow up witliout Pruning, and as

it riles above the Efpalier let it make a flem

of about two Foot, and then allow it to grow

into a Head j from this way of Management the

luperfluous Juices in the Hedge-part of the

Tree will be drawn off, and the Branches in

that part will come to bearing much Iboner

than they would otherwile do ^ and, at the

lame time, the great Demand of Nouriihment

below will fo model the upright Branch that

it will come to bearing alio. An Inftance of

this is at Cambden-Kou^ at Kenjingtorj, where I

made the Experiment ten Years ago, and I

am inform'd by Ibmc Perfons of Quality, who

are my Friends, that the Year, 1724, thole

Trees where ^o full of good Fruit, that they

had not leen any thing of the lame kind equal

to them.

t

r ft

[i45l

It is upon thefe Rules that we ought to Prune
all Pear-trees, either againft Walls or in Ef^
paliers, and the Difficulty is only, that in El^
paliers we muft keep them in a regular Form,
and of a certain HeigJit j but as long as we
can lay our Branches horizontally, we are free
firom the other Inconveniency or Reftraint.
Mr. John Warner^ a very ingenious Gentleman
of Rotherhithy or Rcdrijf^ as it is calPd, has
Ibmething like this in the Management of his
Dwarf -trees, with great Succefs : When he finds
a Tree is inclinable to run into Wood, he
leaves the moft fturdy Branch, which he can
find in the Middle of the Tree, to run up,
and carry off the undigeiled Juices j thefe he,
very properly, calls the Wafte-pipes. And this
Method, with his judicious Rule of Keeping
always his Trees full of young Wood, brings
him fo great a Qiiantity of Fruit, as is adjni-
rable ^ but if we do not follow this Praftice in
our Dwarfs, or Elpaliers, (and we cannot well
do it on our Walls) and the Trees are yet
too luxuriant, cut off Ibme of their great Roots
in ^amary^ and it will bring the Trees into

L a

[ H6 1

a better State of Bearing. We miift obferve,
that tho* Standard-trees, without pruning,
bear more Fruit in Proportion than a Dwarf,
or a Tree in Elpalier, yet the Fruit of the
Two laft, as well as thofe of the Wall-trees,
is generally larger •, the Reafbn is, becaule the
Stock has not fo many Branches to feed in
a Tree that is prun'd, as in a Standard ^ which
agrees with what I have faid in a former
Dilcourfe. 'Tis the Figure of a Dwarf-tree is
generally more regarded by the Pruner, than
the Fruit it ought to bear, which is the Rea-
fbn it does not always produce Fruit : But
take this as a Maxim, that in the Manage-
ment of Dwarf-Pears, keep your Trees con-
ftantly in young Wood j and be aflured, that
all Branches, of more than Three Years old,
are unprofitable, unlefs they be iiich as fuch
Shoots Ipring from.

As for the Management of Apples, they
are the fame with that of Pears, but in Elpa-
liers and Dwarfs j for I cannot find that our
Walls need be troubled with them, and a
3SJorth-Wall , or a Wall with a North Afpd\,

i.s

[1+7 ]

is in my Opinion, fit for nothing but flich
early Sorts of Fruits as we have a Mind to
retard in their ripening.

There are ftill Vines and Figs, which arc
to be conlider'd, but the Methods of Pruning
them, I fhall treat of in the following Difcourfe^
relating to Kitchen-Gardens.

L %

Djs-

[ h8 }

Discourse IX.

Of the Dilpofition of a K i t c h e n-
Garden and the particular
Management of Vines and
Figs.

Have thought it convenient
to treat of the Management of
Vines and Figs in this Dilcourle
of the Kitchen-Garden, becaufe
Vines and Figs ought, by no Means, to ac-
company Peaches, or Nectarines, or other
Wall-Fruit, for they are great Shooters, and
the Drip of their Leaves docs Mifchief to other

.W4^

[ H9 ]

Wall -trees, fo that where they arc planted to-
gether, one mull either be obliged to keep
our Vine under by Piiining, and lofe half the
Fruit it would produce, or elle to give it Li-
berty, and lole our Peaches.

The Vine is very different, in the Manner
of its Growth, from other Wall-Fruits, and
ib its Manner of Pruning is alfb as different.
I have, in a former Dilcourfe mention'd the
ieveral Ways of increaling of Vines, fo that it
will be needlefs to repeat it "in this Place ; I
'^ ihall proceed, therefore to lay down the propei?
Rules for Pruning them. We are to know,
that, all Vines bring their Fruit upon the Shoots
of the fame Summer, and thofe Bearing-Shoots
are always produced from the young Wood
of the lall Summer, /. e. the Shoots which
will be made in May, 1727, will bring their
Fruit upon them, and thofe new Shoots wili
always fpring from the Shoots made in the
preceding Year, 1725, fo that old Wood is of
no Ufe in a Vine, unlefs it be in the Cafe
where we have a Mind to cover a high Wall :
In that many Sorts of Vines, which we have?

1-3 i^

[ I50 ]

in Frigland, we find various Manners of Ihoot-
ing, fome will make Shoots of Twelve Foot
long in a Summer, and others will not Shoot
above Three or Four Foot : We generally find
the largeft Shoots about Three Qiiarters of
an Inch Diameter, towards the Bottom, and
the Imaller Shoots, about the Thicknefs of a
large Goofe-Quill. In the larger Shoots, the
Joints, or Internodes between the Buds, are
fometimes 8 or 9, or 10 Inches long ^ but to-
wards the Bottom of Hicli Branches, the Buds
iland much clofer together : Thefe which ftand
tht clofeft together are fruitful Buds, but fiich
as have long Joints between them, are not
fruitful j and in thole Trees which are the
linalleffc Shooters, the Joints between the Buds
are :fliorter in Proportion, as well thofe which
are between the unprofitable Buds, as thofe
between the fnutful Buds : But this will be
better explained by the Figure, as well as the
Manner of Pruning, whereby we fhall find the
Keceflity of leaving the larger Shoots fometimes.
above a Yard long, or a Yard and half, when
the Irnaller Shoots may not be left above
half a ypd-d. We iliall alfb find there, how

to

to avoid Confufion in Pruning, and by One
Example be led into the Method of Pruning
all forts of Vines.

I come next to confider the Fig, which is
a Fniit, in my Efleem, of good Value, elpe-
cially Ibnie of the beft Sorts, as the Vardone,
the Brugiotti^ and Ibme others, which I have
got from Italy i all of this Sort of Fruit, are
apt to flioot with great Vigour, and prefently
come into great Wood, if we have not a due
Regard to prune them j in which Operation
we muft have Regard to cut off fuch Bran-
ches as are neceiTary in warm Weather, for
wounding them in Winter, Ipoils the Tree.
When the young Shoots of this Tiee begins
to harden into Wood, we may exped them
to knot for Fruit, but as the Fruit grows
large, fb will the Top-Bud of the fame Shoot
fprout forward very vigoroufly, and if vv'e
fiiffer it to grow to any confiderable Length
without nipping off the Top-Bud, our Fruit,
however vigorous it may feem to be, will be
fiibje^t to drop off before it is ripe. In the
(loping of the young Sprouts, at the Ends gif
L 4 the

[ 15^ 1

the Bearing-Shoots, we may leave Four or Five
Buds upon the green Wood of each of them *,
and the Conlequence will be, that the Fruit
will ripen well, and the green Wood, inllead
of putting out ylutumn-'P ruky will put out as
many Shoots as we left Buds upon the y9ung
green Shoots that we prunM. Thefe lait
Shoots will be ihort jointed, and bring Fruit
the May following in great Abundance. We
ihall find the nipping of thefe Buds neceflary
about June, and 'till the Middle of July, but not
later. When we nip off the Tops of thefe
Shoots, there will flow a great Qiiantity of
JVIilk from them, which may make fome be-
lieve the Tree will be injur'd by this Expence
of Sap •, but there's no Danger, thele Wounds
will heal irj a few Minutes, and we fhall
be Hire of Fruit. Some few of the lateft
Sort of Figs may be nail'd againfl South
Walls J but, for the moft Part, Figs will be
befl: in Dwarfs or Standards. 1 have try'd above
^ Dozen Sorts without Walls, and they ripen
very well j and, Ibmetimes, will ripen Two
Crops of Fruit in a Summer. They love a
very dry, rocky, or floncy Soil, as well as

the

[15? ]

the Vine. We may propagate one Sort upon
another, by approching, the Manner of doing
which , I have let down in a former Dif.
courle.

But I come now to Ipeak of a Kitchen-
Garden, and of the Manner of difpofing it tp
the befl Advantage.

A Kitchen-Garden ought chiefly to be the
Place where we cultivate our choiceft Fruits,
as well as Herbs and Roots, for the Ufe of
the Table ^ it Ihould, if poflible, be WalPd
about for the Sake of the tender Fruits, which
we ought to cultivate there as well as for
Security. This Garden ought, particularly, to
be well expofed to the rifing Sun, and the
South-Sun, to give the Contents of it the
' greater Perfe£Hon, and bring them to a due
Maturity. Here we ought alfo to have the
Command of Water, and there fliould be an
ealy Connection between this and the Stable-r
Yard, for the more eaiy bringing the Dung,,
kor other Manure, and carrying out of Weeds,
^or other Incumbrances." The beffc Way for
fiich a Garden to be diipofed, is to lay it

in"

[ 154]

in large %iare Qiiarters, and to Fence in foch
Qiiartcrs with Efpaliers of Fruit-trees, Hich
as Pears, or Vines of the 'earlyeft rip Grapes,
or Apricocks, or PUimbs ^ but thelb Fruits
ihould not be mixt in one Walk, but let all
the Pears be together, for the Sake of making
the Walk all of One Face, and fo the others
in the fame Manner ^ the Walks where I pro-
pofe the Hedges or Efpaliers of Fruit, are thofe
which ihould be the principal Walks for Plea-
iiire j and when we have Fruit, to protefl:
them, we fhall find no Lofs in allowing fiich
a Diflance between the Hedges, as may prevent
one Hedge from over-fhadowing the other y
the Fruit of the Hedges will fiifficiently pay
the Lofs of Ground in thefe Walks, and thefe
are necelfary to keep a Correfpondence between
one Qiiarter and another, befides the Pleaflire
of them to Walk in, for a Walk lin'd with
Fruit is none of the • mofl unplealant Sights.
Particularly, we fhould contrive an eafy Cor-
refpondence between one Part and another of
pur Garden^ for when the PafTages of Commu-
nication are not eafy, a Gardiner may lole Half
his Time in going from one Place to another
about his Bu(inefs, .which is tc)o much Lofs

to

[ 155 ]

to the Mailer. For the fnine reafbn we iliould
always contrive our Qiiarter for Hot-beds near
the Stable- Yard, or fiich Place where the Litter
for Hot-beds may be brought in Carts ^ for
if this Spot happens to lie remote from fuch
Places, the Dung muft be brought a loni; way
in Barrows, to the Ipoiling of the Walks, and
the extraordinary Expence of the Mens Time.
The Place where thefe Hot-beds ought to be,
fhould be fenced in well with Reeds, and be
kept under Lock and Key by the Gardiner, that
^ none fhould have the Opportunity of loo'.ing
into his Hot-beds but himfelf ^ for the lifting
up a fingle Glafs, for half a Minute or lets,
at an improper Seafbn, will deftroy his whole
tender Crop, and befides he will then have no
Body to blame but himfelf^ if any Milcariage
happens. In this Place iliould be a Frame for
Ripening Friiits artificially, if luch a thing is
delired, and alio a Tool-Houle and a proper
Place for drying of Seeds and Herbs, and
prelerving of Fruit with Conveniences, if pol^
fible, for the Gardiner to re fide tJiat he may
always be ready to liirvey his more Curious
vWorksj and be in the way to defend his Trea-
fitre of Fruit from Robbers, which iliould be

con-

[ 156 ]

conftantly under his Care, if he be an Underftan-
ding Man, that every Sort may be brought to
Table in its proper Sea Ion j and not, as too
frequently it happens, to fend a fine eating
fruit to the Oven, becaufe they are lodg'd in
liich Hands, where they are not underftood,
and ofteij occafions either a Reflection to be
caft upon the Kurlery-Man wlio proved the
Trees, or the Gardener's Conduftjfor my own
Part, I find it the beil way to have the Name
of every Sort of Fruit that is planted in a
Garden written at length upon a board, with
the Seafbn of its Perfeftion ; and tliat Board
placed over the Tree that every one may fee
it : This Method will fiive the Lois of a great
deal of Fruit in a Garden much fr-equented,
m which Cafe it is too frequently praClifed,
to gather harih unripe Fruit, and after the firft
Taft to fling it away, and then in the firft
Company decry the Fruit of the whole Gar-
den, tho' perhaps it pofTefles the beft CoHeCli'.
on in the World.

As I have mention'd the leveral Sorts of
Fruits which ought to be train'd againfl: Walls,
and in Elpaliers, I come now to obl^rve that

this

[157]

this is the Garden for Ralpberries, Goofeber-
rles, Currans and Strawberries ^ the Ralpberries
ihould be planted in Lines, a Foot a-fimder,
and be free on each Side, the Strawberries in
Lines upon Beds, at Ten Inches Dillance, and
be every Spring ftnpt of their Runners -, or
Goofe-berries and Currans may be planted at
Four or Five Foot dillance, in fuch Places where
there is no conllant Crop.

There Ihould be, particularly, near the Kit-
chen, Ibme Place planted with all Sorts of
Sweet-herbs, as Rolemary, Lavender, Sage,
Thyme, Sweet-Marjoram, Penny-Royal, &c. for
extraordinary Ufe, when the Gardener docs
nor happen to be in the Way.

The other Parts are then to be dilpos'd
either for the Leguminous Plants or Pulle,
liich as Beans, Peafe, Kidney-beans, &c. or for
the Olitary Herbs, as Cabbages, Colly-iiowers,
Spinach, Alparagus, Coleworts, &c. and for
Sallads, CrelTes, Chei-vil, Taragon, Lettice,
Raddilh, Sellery, Endiff, Corn-Sallad, Fennel, 6^c.
and of Roots, Carrots, Tar in ips, Beats, Turnips,

Seor-

[ rs8 ]

Seorzonera, Sal fifie, Skir rets, Potatoes, Onions,
Garlickj Efchalotts, Rocambole, Chives ^ And
we may add Leeks as an Auxiliary : Thele
make the Sum of a Kitchen-Garden. Now it
is to be obferved, that Peafe and Beans have a
very ihort Share of Life in the Year, they are
Crops of Three Months, and then make Way
for other s^ they are hardy enough, either to
be fown in November or December, or may be
fown in the Spring. The Beans v\^ill prolper
in a heavy Soil, but the Pea-kinds rather chole
a light Soil. The larger Sort of Peafe, fiich
as the Dutch 'Admirals, Rouncevalls, and S^a-
mjlj Morettos, muft have their Lines about
Four Foot alimder, and be Hipported by
Stakes, and the ieveral Kinds of Kidney-Beans,
which are given to nm or twine, muft alfo be
Itipported with Stakes, but there are fbme Sorts
which we call Dwarfs which do not want
Supports. Thefe Dwarfs have done their Bu-
finefs of Bearing in 3 Weeks, or a Month ;
but the twining Sorts of Kidney-Beans will bear
Fruit many Months, and fbme of them, if
they could be fhelter'd from our Weather^
would remain fruitflil for feveral Years. The

Difference

|i

Difference that there will be in Beans that grow
in light Ground and heavy Ground is, that
the light Ground Beans will be fboner tough
and old than the heavy Ground Beans.

For fbwing or planting of Roots, we muft al-
ways lay it down as a Rule, that tliey will
be much fweeter in light Ground, than in heavy
Ground, and be much larger, if tliey are of
thole Sorts that run down deep in the Ground,
for heavy Ground obftru^^ their Growtli. The
Roots I have mcntion'd above, fiich as Car-
rots, ParCiipes, Turnips, Skirrets, Scorzonera,
Saliifie, Onions, and Leeks, muft be Ibwn in
February. Skirrets, alfo, may be propogated hy
dividing the Roots at that Time : The fmall
Roots of Potatoes may likewife be then put
into the Ground. Garlick, Efchallots, and FvO-
combole, muft be put into the Ground in Ja-
nuary, if the Weather be open, and Chives from
that Time 'till May or June. Horfe-Raddiih,
likewife, muft be increaled from Bits of Roots
in fome of the Winter-Months, when the
Leaves are off. The Carrots, Parfnips Tur-
nips, Beats, and Onions, are Crops of a feiv
Months, but Horfe-radi/h, Skerrets, Rocombole,

and

[ i^o ]

and Chives, remain in the Ground a long Time j
and Potatoes muft be carefully pickt out of
the Ground, to get rid of them : As for
Elchalots, they are to be taken up and dry'd,
as fbon as their Green begins to decay. We
muft Note, that Turnips are alfb to be £bwn
the End of "July, for a Winter-Crop \ and alfo
Carrots may then be fown, and fome Onions
for the Winter.

As for the Oletary Herbs, Hich as Cabbages,
Colly -flowers. Savoys, Spinach, and Alparagus,
we muft coniider them in their Order. Cab-
bages and Colly-flowers may be Ibwn about
the Middle of Ja/y, in Order to bring for-
ward Plants in Perfection in May^ but the
Colly-flowei*s Plants muft be flielter'd from
the great Frofts of the Winter. We muft
likewilc fovv thefe in February , to have Plants
that will be fit for us at the End of the Sum-
mer •, and alfb in ^pr//, we may low CoUi-
flowers' to have them about Chriftmafs. All
of thefe Cole-Rafe are great Lovers of Water,
and are beft planted for Summer-Crops in
moift Places. As for Spinach, it is an Herb,
which, in the Spring, foon runs ib Iced, and

then

theh has an Earthy Tafte, but we fbw it at
that Seafbilj becaufe we have no other boyling
Herb but young Cabbage-plants, or Goleworts.
In the Autumriy we alfb low it, becaule the
Winter Weather reftrairis the Juices, and it is
not fb much iiU'd with Earthy Parts ^ it theri
has its true Talle, and a Crop of it will laft
the whole Winter, for only the lingle Leaves
of it fhould be then gather'd, . and the Plants
will make new ones. In the railing of Alpa-
ragus, the Time of fowing the Seed, is the
Beginning of Mat^ch^ and when the Plants are
one Year old, they Will be fit to plant cut :
For this End, we mull prepare a frelh Piece
of Ground, by Trenching it well, and, accord-
iiig to the Gardener's Rule, bury about Eight
Inches under the Surface, a good Qiiantlty of
well-conlumed Horfe-Dung. We then mark
out this Piece for planting about February , and
is£ out Plants Ten Inches a-part in Lilies, al-
lowing Four Lines for a Bed, and two Foot
Space to be made iilto Alleys, the fecond Year
after Planting •, for the firll Year we let the
whole Piece lye Irnooth and even, and low
Onions upon it : And the Third Year, we Hiall
not fail of a good Crop, if our Plants Grow.

M For

[ l62 ]

For we iKould not ait any till the third
Spring ^ we mull obferve, in the ftiean time, to
mark the Places with Sticks where any of the
Alparagns-Plants happen to be deficient, that
we may fupply the Defeats. We mull alfo
take care to provide a rich Piece of Ground
for Artichokes, which fhould be planted from
Suckers in February or Beginning of Marchy at '
two Foot Diftance in Lines, and three Foot
ipace between the Lines ^ this is a lafling
Crop, but will now and than want a little
recruiting with freih Plants in fome Places,
where Plants happen to dye by too much Wet
in the Winter , or extream Frofls.

The Iweet Herbs which I have mention'd,
liicli as Thyme, Rolemary, Lavender, Rhue,
Sage, Hyfop, Pot-Marjoram, &c. they may all
be rais'd fiom Slips or Cuttings, planted in
Afrii or in Augufl -^ or wc may raife Hyltp,
Rofemary and Thyme from Seeds fown in
A^rllj biit by Cuttings is the quickeft way.

But I am now to fpeak of Sallads, and the
Management.

The

[ i63 3

The Lattice (firik) is of Various Soits, t^zz'*
Imperial, SiUtia, Reman, Brown-Dtefch ^ all whidh
Cabbage very well ^ we low tliefe thinly aittoti^
our Spring Crops, to Cabbage upDn the Spot ;
and in Auguft and September we fow feme of
the Brown-I>«fc^ Lettice, to be planted oiit for
Cabbaging early in the Spring : We have allb
what is call'd the Cols-Lettice ;, Which, as fbGfl
as its Leaves are about ten Inches long. We
ihould tie them together with BaG, in Orddr
to Blanch or Whiten the middle Leaves. Let-
tice is alio ufed in Winter, the linall Le.ivc.^
only.

Sellery is another Herb proper for WJntcr-
Sallads, and to be ftew'd or boyrd in Soups ;
this is Ibwn in March and April, and wljen it
has made four Leaves, it mull be planted out
upon Beds of fine Earth ^ and about 'July we
may dig Trenches to Plant it in, about ten
inches deep^ laying the earth we taiie out of
liich Trenches ori each fide, to fling into the
Trenches at diftant times by Degrees, as the
Plants ilioot to blanch them •, here the Plants;

M 2 v\Ay

[ IH ]

ftiay be let 6 Inches afunder. 'Tis the keeping
the Air from Plants which blanches them-, and
muft be conftder'd when we have a Mind to
blanch any Part.

Radiilies are alfo neceflary for Sprii^-Sallads ;
we ihould low them among our Spring Crops
i^ February y in March, and in A^riL And alio
about Michaelmas, to come early in the Spring.
Remember that all Roots which Ihoot down-
ward, love a light open Soil.

Taragon is another Plant, which Ibme ufc
in'Salladsj but it is very llrong, and not agree-
able to every Taft j two or three Leaves is
enough for a Sallad : This Plant is propagated
by Slips from the Root in March.

Charvile is rais'd from Seeds fovvn \n March,
and again in Augufl for Winter "{J^q.

CrelTes are generally ibwn in Lines upon
the Natural Ground, from February till Novem-
bcr J and then upon old Hot^Beds under Gla/Tes,
to cut them in their firft Leaf ^ but we may
have- Ibme CreiTes to Hand abroad in the
Winter, Muftard

I

[ 165 ]

Muftard and Rape, or Turnep and Radifh
may alfo be Ibwn in the lame Manner, and
muft be cut in the iirft Leaf.

Corn-Sallad may be ibwn in March, and
afterwards it will take Care to fbw it felf.

Fennel myft be alio Ibwn in March, it
will hH leveral Years ^ but dye to the Root
every Year. Dill mull be fown like Fennel.-
Sorrel ought alio to be rais'd from Seeds in
March '^ and we ihould low Parfly then, and
in yiugufl.

As to what concerns the railing of Cucum-
bers, Melons and Mulhrooms, I Ihall Ipeak
of that in the Dilcourle that relates to Hot-
Beds and artificial Heats.

M 3 Dis-

[ i66 1

Discourse X.

Concerning the Difpofition of a

F L O W E R-G A R D E N^ with foHie

new Obfervations relating to the
Improvement of Flowers
and Exotic Plants.

SFOR-E I enter upon' the
particular Culture of Flowers,
it will be neceiTary to fay
fomething concerning the Dif^

y pofition of a Flower-Garden.
The Piece of Ground, which we allot for this
XJihj ought to be well ilielter'd from tempe-
ftuous Winds, and yet enjoy the Sun ^ for
tills .eiiid I prefer He%e3 of Hich Trees as lole

their

C 1^7 ]

their Leaves in Winter, bccaule from the Fall
of the Leaf to the Middle of yipril, they are
naked, and do not hinder the Sun from in-
fluencing the Ground; But as a Flower-Garden
is generally a fmall Piece of Ground, fo if it
was to be fenced with Walls, then would be
eddy Winds which would help to blight and
deflroy our Flowers. When I Ipeak of a Flo^
wer-Garden, I mean fiich a Spot tis is necef^
lary for our choiceft Flowers, and to try fiich
Experiments in, as relate to their Improve-
ment ^ this Garden therefore fliould be fenced
from the publick Part of our Garden, that it
may be fafe from indifcreet Hands, which do
not know the Value of a good Flower, nor
the Advantage which may arile by a good Ex-
periment,

This Piece of Ground iliould, if poffible,
lie near the Green-houfe, becaufe it may Icrve
to let our Exotic Plants in, after our princi-
pal Show of Flowers is over : And befides,
all our Rarities will be then together, and
the Gardener will more readily take care of
them, than if our Curiofities were flraggliiig in
different Parts of the Garden. This Garden

M 4 ought'

[ 168 1

ought to be difpoled in Beds, for the Recep-
tion of our fine Bulbous-Roots , and our
Seedlings of Auriculas, Polyanthos, and the 'llj
Seedlings of Bulbous-Flowers j the whole fhould
confift of light Soil, even the Allies ihould
be regarded as well as the Beds^ for a noifom
Vapour coming from the Allies may vmder all
Our Care in the Preperation of our Beds, if we
are iituate upon a Clay, have regard to what
I have mention'd in my Dilcourie concerning
Soils, not to dig into it, but lay a good
Qiiantity of light Soil upon it, as well where
our Allies are to be, as where we delign our
Borders j what I call a good Qiiantity is half
a Yard thick, if it can be done, and the beft
Part of it skreen'd j when this is done, I think
Edgings of Box are preferable to Border-boards,
for Box is continually increafmg in Value, while
Border-boards are decaying.

The Flower-Garden being thus in Order^
we are next to provide Boxes or Cafes of
fcvcn or eight Inches deep, with Holes at theic
Bottoms, thcfe are for railing fbme of the
choiceft Seeds of Flowers : Such as thofe of
Carnations, Auriculas, Renunculas, Anemonies,
Polyanthos, Tulips, Hyacinths, Karci/Tus,

and

[ 169]

and Rich like ^ for from the Seed is produced
all the Variety we have of every Race of Flo-
wers. It is a Remark I have made before, that
where we have already Varieties of Flowers of
the fame Tribe, flanding or growing together,
we may expeft great Varieties from the Seeds
of fuch Flowers, according to the Doctrine of the
Generation of Plants, for the fbwing of the Seeds
mentioned before, we mufi: provide different
Sorts of Earth ^ for the Auriculas, Polyanthos,
Renunculas, and Anemonies, we muft have rot-
ted Willow-Earth, as we call it ; that is, llich
Earth as we find the Heart of rotted Vl/illows,
or, for want of that, the Bottom of an old
Wood-Pile well lifted, will do. But we Ufe
this only upon the Surface j for in the Bottoms
of the Boxes we ufe frefh Sandy-Loam, if we
can get it •, the Willow-Earth need not be
quite an Inch thick, jufl enough for thefe Seeds
to flrike their firfl: tender Roots in, and none
of them mufl be cover'd more than the Thick-
nefs of half a Crown j the old Method was,
to lay the WilloW'Earth on very light, and
after fbwing the Seed, to prefs the Earth and
Seeds down clofe with a frnooth Board j and
if we fovv them in the Spring, to give them
frequP'*'t Waterinfis. and whf^n fh^ W^afer bpcr^'n*?

[ I70 3

to grow warm, fet the Boxes in the Shade. It
will happen ibmetimes, that the Auricula Seed
and the Polyanthus Seed, nothithftanding this
Care, will not come up the fame Seafon ; or,
perhaps, but a few of them ; but the next Au-
turmty or the Spring following, we may expe£l
a good Crop, as I have oblerved. ' We may
likewile low thefe Seeds in Sep ember ^ which
I take to be the beft Way, becaufe they have
the Advantage of a moift Sealon, to bring them
up. But we muft defend them from the moil
rigorous Frofts^ as for the Ranimculas, and
the Seeds of Anemonies, they are very light,
and fhould be fbwn fhallow in the lame Sort
of Eaith in Seftember, rather than any other
Sealon ^ tho' I have known them do well to
be Ibwn in February. When we find thcfe
Seedlings come up, we muft order them in the
following Manner j the Auriculas and Polyan-
thos mull be planted out on Beds of fine Earth
about Midliimmer, and lliaded for Ibme time, as
aJI new planted Flowers or Herbs ought to be •,
and the Situation they delight in, is where they
can Enjoy the Morning-Sun only. The Re-
nunculas and Anemonies which we may rank
among the dry Roots, Ihould rqnain in their

Gales

[ 171]

Cafes till they Flower • and then we mufl
mark thofe which are the moll delightflJ,
and take their Roots out of the Ground as
loon as the Flowers and Leaves are decay'd :
When we have taken thele Roots up, it is
proper to keep the Renunculas Roots in dry
Sand ^ but the Sand mull be very dry, or the
Root will rot ^ or, according to the common
Method, keep them in Paper-bags in a dry
Place : The Renunciilas and Anemonies will,
for the moll Part, bloflbm the lame Year they
come up, and Ibme the lecond Year, at which
time we may expe^ Flowers from the Au-
riailas and Polyanthes, and need not Icruple
to remove fuch as we like bell into Pots,
while they are in Flower.

In the next Place, we mull provide Cafes
for the Seeds of Tulips, Hyacinths, Tritti-
laries, Narciifus, Bulbous Iris, Croais and
other curious Bulbs. The Earth for thefe
Ihould be very fine and light : and for the time
of lowing the Seeds, it Ihould be as loon as
they are ripe^ remembring the Rule I have
laid down before, that all Seeds, in pro-
portion to their Weight and Subllancc, muft

I 172 ]

be bury'd deeper or ihallower in the Earth ^
the Ughteft and weakeft of thefe will not bear
to be cover 'd thicker than the eighth Part of
an ^Inch, and the moft Subftantial of them not
quite half an Inch. Thefe Seeds will come up
the iirft Year, but we muft have a little pa-
tience before they will come to Flower, as
four or five Years, it may be j but then we are
Hue of new Varieties, and our Labour will
be well recompenced. When we have once
begun to make fuch Seminaries, we ihould low
of thefe Seeds every Year, to have a Succeffion
of them ; and in the mean time we ihall be
be amufed with our Seedling-Auriculas, Re-
nunculas, Polyanthes, and Anemonies ^ belides
the Varieties which "We may exped from Seed-
ling-Carnations, which I /hall mention by and
by -y but in thefe young Nurleries of Bulbs, we
are to obferve, that the July after the Seeds
arc come up, we Should plant them into other
Cafes about an Inch and half afundcr, let them
fland in fbme Place which is well expofed to
the Sun, and where they may be ihelter'd from
levere Frofts : The third Year, we may plant
them in Beds about four Inches apart, and the
year afiier that^ only take them up for a few

Days

Days, ifi hot dry Weather, in July • and wlicn
a freih Bed is prepared for them, plant the
Tulip-roots, NarcifTus, and Biilbous-Ii is fix
Inches apart, and the Crocus four Inches ^ and
let them iland to Flower. In the faving of
the Seeds for thelc Seminarist the Seed mtifl:
be perfeftly ripe and dry, when we gather it ;
and if we fave it from fwch Plants as ftoad
among a good ColleO:ion, we may expeft Va-
riety enough from it, according to the Syfteni
of the Generation of Plants. Samuel Trarrell,
Efq y has had prodigious Succefs in his Un-
dertakings of this Kind, in his Gardens at
Poplar J elpecially. in railing of Tulips and Hya-
cinths from Seeds : The Tulips particularly
are remarkable, becauie he faved the Seed from
one Sort of Tulip, call'd. The Triumph o^Ewopc,
which has a particular Manner of flowering, vcr}'
different from any others ^ but as this Flower
flood among many other curious Tulips, 16
the Seedlings partake of them all, aiKl many of
them out-do the very beft Tulips tint have
yet appeared in the World ^ and his Hyacinths-
iikcwifc are no lefs to be admired.

The

C 174 ]

The Seeds of Carnations or Jully-FIowerg
ought all to be laved from the bell variagated
Flowers, which have ftood in a good Colle-
ftion i The Earth to fow them in, Ihotild be
fine landy Loam, well lifted, and the time of
lowing Jhould be about the Beginning o^ May ;
for if we fow them Iboner they will grow
too much into hard Branches, inclining to
be woody, and we Ihall hardly get any Layers
from them the fecond Year, when they come
to blow. We may low thele upon an open Bed,
and plant them out the Augufi following, to
Hand for flowering; the Beds we tranlplant
them upon fhould be narrow, ^o as to hold
only two Rows in each; letting the Plants
Hand about a Foot afunder, for the better
Convenience of making Layers offuch of them
as happen to be worth Increafing. •

The Cyclamens or Sow-beads, are only en-
creafed by Seeds fown in Cales of line Earth,
as loon as the Seeds are ripe.

Having thus fct forth the Manner o^ raif
ing our moll curiou^ Flowers from Seeds, 1

com<j

\

t 175 3

come next to prefcribe the Methods of pre*
lerving and improving them into larger Pots,
for blowing, as for thole which are commonly-
called Bulbous-Roots, fuch as our Tulips, Ane-
monies, Renunculas, Hyacinths and Bwlbous-
Iris, they ihould be taken out of the Ground
as foon as their Seed is full ripe, and their
Stalks and Leaves are decay 'd, for fo long
as they are growing, or are green above
Ground, fo long are their Bulbs improving
in the Ground, from the Juices which circulate
from the Leaves and Stems : But when the
Work of Circulation is over in the Leaves, it
ceales in the Root alfb, and we may take
them up J for which Work, we fliould always
chufe dry Weatlier, and after fcaling and pick-
ing our Roots clean, lay them upon Mats ex-
pofed to the Sun, for a few Days, without *
letting any Rain fall upon them, nor iiiffer
them to receive any Moifture from the Dews,
When they are throwly dry, put them in Paper-
Bags, and l^iy them in a dry Place till Septem-
ber, when we may plant our bearing Roots
of Tulips and Bulbous- Iris, and Hyacinths \
but it may be the End of the Month before
we put the Rcnunculus and Ancmonies into

the

[ .76. 3

the Ground^ at which time alfb we ma^
plant our Crocus, if they happen to be taken
up : As for the Anemonies we muft break their
Roots, and chufe out the largeft Buds for
blowing, and plant the Off-fets in fbme by
Place. The NarciiTus Roots and the Jimquil,
muft never remain above a Month out of the
Ground j they may be taken up in "juncy and
put in again in July ^ for they are very for-
ward to fhoot. It is a certain Rule, that all
Bulbous Roots may be taken out of the
Ground, when their Leaves and Flower-ftalks
are wither'd and decay'd, and ihould be put
in again before they begin to iprout ; then
our traniplanting them from one Place to ano-
ther will be lafe : For my Part, I know no
Keceffity of taking any Bulbs out of the Ground,
but to leparate their Oif-fets from them,
or when we want to change them, from one
Soil to another.

As for the Polyanthos, and Auriculas, they
delight in the lame Manner of Treatment^
that is, the Soil for them fhould be light fandy
Loam, and when we plant them in Borders'
under Walls, thofe Borders ihould lie ftcep

and

[ 177 3

and flopeing, to fling off the Wet, but vvc
muft always chufe out ihady Places for them.
The time of encreafing thele, by taking off
their Off-lets, is when they have almoft dons
flowering, or at St. James-tidQ j which Work
fhould be done every other Year, at fluthell :
,The Polyanthos will profper much better in
Beds than it Pots, but our fine Auriculas muft
be potted, that we may fhelter them when
they are in Flower •, for their Beauty is loft
if we fliffer their Flowers to take the Rain,
which dafhes off the fine Dull which give
them their rich Appearance.

The Carnation or July-Flower, ought alio to
cultivate in Pots, when we blow them in a
Colleftion : The time of laying them for En-<
creafe is as fbon as the Layers or Shoots,
growing about the Roots, are long enough •,
that is, when they have five or fix Knots or
Joints between their Fvoots and the Crown or
Tuft of Leaves. We then clear away the Leaver'
from the Joints, and with a fine Penknife cut-
ting one of the Joints half through, we then
turn our Knife iind flit it upwards towards

N the

['78 3

the other Joint •, and ib pin it down into th>:
Earth, with a little Hook of Wood. Some-
times we may do this Work in June^ and
fbmetimes not till July, 'tis as the Layers are
fit for it : When thefe have taken Root, which
will be in fix or ihycn Weeks time, if we
keep them water'd, take off the Layers, and
plant tJiem in Ihiall Pots about four Inches
over, in which we may let them remain till
the Middle of February following^ and then
turning them out, with the Earth about them,
we muft plant them, but we mull take care
to flielter them in levere Weather, in luch a
Place where they may have Air enough. As
fbon as thefe Plants begin to Ipindle for
flowering, we muft let Sticks by every one of
them, in order to lecure the Spindles from
breaking by the Winds •, we tie thele gently to
the Sticks, with Bals, and when their Buds
appear, we take away all but two or three,
that the BlolToms may be ftrong j one BloiTom
upon a Stalk is enough, if we would have them
larse.

Having

[ 179 3

Having now lay'd down proper Ryles for
the Management of our choiceft Flowers, I
fliall proceed to give Directions for the order-
ing of thofe Flowers, which are calFd Viva-
ceous i what I mean by vivaceous Flowers, are
£ich, whofe Roots are conftantly laftiiig and
increafing in tht Eaith, and which put forth
Flower-ftems every Spring, which decay as
ibon as^they have done Flowering ^ of thefe are
tlie Peony, the Afters or Stanwort, and many
others : The time -of increafing them is, while
they are vacant of their Flower-ftems, and we
may part their Roots fafely. This is a ge-
neral Rule which lerves for all Flowers of this
Kature.

The fibrous-rooted Flowers, which are con-
ftant above Ground ^ Hich as the Violet, &c.
the beffc Time of tranlplanting or increafing
them,is juft before they mate their Spripg-Shoot,
or about September.

The Stock-Gilly-Flowers, Wall-Flower?, and
liich like, which will endure two or three

N 2 Y^ar^

[i8o]

Years only, muft be rais'd from Seeds fowrt
in March ^ and we may alfo raile them by
Cuttings in Jugufi^ or the Spring.

It remains now that I fpeak of Annal-Flo-
wers, which may be fown upon the natural
Ground-, for the more tenderer Sorts, I have treat-
ed of them in the Difcourie of Hot-beds and ar-
tificial Heats. Thofe which I fhall mention
here are the Lark-lpurs, Corn-bottles, Lobels,
Calch-fly, Flos Adonis^ Poppies, Annal-Stocks,
Candy-Tufts, Veni;s-Looking-GlaIs, Venus-Ka-
vel-Wort, Lupines, Scarlet-Beans, Wing'd Peafe,
Sweet-fcented Peale, and Hich like j we may
low them all, but the four lafl, in March-^ and
the other four will do better to be lown m
A^ril. We muft be flire to Water evrey thing
we tranfplant ^ very well, for a good Watering
at that Time, fave a great many Waterings,
And the beft Time of the Day to tranfplant
ail Summer, is in the Aiternoon \ a little before
the Sun is going down \ for the Dews of the
Kight help the Plants. It is alio necelTary,
if it can be done' conveniently, to ihade all
Plants for three or four Days, after tranlplant-
ing • I

[ i8r ]

\ now come to Ipeai: of Exotic-Plants : We
mull firft confider every Exotic or Foreign
PJant, is maiiitain'd by the fame Principles of
Vegetation^ as the Plants of our own Country :
We muft underftand likewile, that ail fuch
Plants as are brought to us from Abroad, do
not requii'e Shelter in the Winter j we muft
jicarn the Countries they came from, and con-
fider the Climates, in Order to give them fiich
a Share of Heat or Cold with us, as they en-
joy'd when they were at Home. We iliould
alio inform our felves of the Times when their
Spring happens in every Country we receive
Plants from. All which we eafily learn from
the Name of the Country ^ for that being given,
we have the Latitude in CoLirle from the
Mapps, and then by finding out the Courle
of the Sun, we know when that Country is the
mofl influenced by the Sun, and may judge
in what Degree flich a Country is heated by
it. For the better Information of the Gardeners
in thefc Particulars, I have publi^Vd a Table
of Latitudes and Degrees of Heat, in my
Monthly Works •, and have regulated Ther-
JSI 3 mometer*

[ i8. ]

mometers accordingly, to aft with the niore
certainty, when we apply any of our artifi-
cial Heats to Plants ^ which Mr. John Fowler^
an excellent Mathematical Inftrumcnt-Maker,
in SwithinS'AWy by the Boyal-Bxchangty has fo
contrived, that all of his mab'ng are exa£l in
their Motions one to another •, or, as one may
lay, work together in true Proportions ; ib that
thofe in Hot-Beds, Stoves, Green-houfes, or
other Places, bear a juft Proportion to One ano*
thcr, with regard to their different Degrees of
Heat or Cold. It is nece/Tary however to
know, that fifteen Degrees higher than his
Degree of Heat, markM for the Ananas or Pine-
Apple, is fuITicient to fupport Plants which are
brought to us from under the Line, or ten
Degrees Latitude on either Side of it. And
I think it is impoffible to come nearer a cer-
tainty, than by thisMethod j becaule we may
always manar? our Fires fo, as to keep the
Air in the Houle, within few Degrees more
or lefs of the Point we aim at, as v/ill appear
by the Spirits in the Thermometer. As for
Plants which come from Places between ten
Degrees, and two or three and twenty Degrees

Latitude,

[ 18^ "J

Latitude, we muft keep the Air of our Con-
servatory 16 warm, as that the Spirits in the
Thermometer may rife to the Height where
the Word Ananas is placed. The Plants which
are brought from thofe Parts of the World, as
lie between the Latitudes of twenty three and
thirty fix, will require another Houle, where
the Heats need not be fo great as the former ^
^nd then a common Green-Houfe, which will
only keep out Frofts, will be fufficient to pre-
lerve fuch Plants in the Winter, as are Na^
tives of Countries lying between thirty fix and
forty eight Degrees Latitude j and for all
other Plants, growing in Latitudes from forty
eight to the moft Northern Latitude, they will
do beft abroad in our Climate ^ we ihould by
no means give them Shelter in an Houfe, nor
attempt to give them any artificial Warmth
upon any account ^ for Warmth is quite con-
trary to the Nature of fiich Plants, as are Na^
tives of the frozen Climates ; which I think
necefiary to hint at, becaufe I have known
fome ingenious Gardiners, who by applying
artificial Heats to Plants brought from Hudfons
Bay, have deftroy'd them.

N 4 ■ With

[ i8+ 1

With all die Plants which we receive from
Abroad, we ought to have an Account of the Soil
and Situation where they grew •, for it is re-
markable, that there will be as much Diffe-
rence between the Temper of the Air on the
South Side of a Mountain and on the North
Side, as one ihall find in fix or {even Degrees
of Latitude upon a Plane. And again, we may
remark that all Trees of the Firr-kind, or
others of the like Sorts, which abound in Te-
rebintine Juices, will bear to ftand abroad with
US, tho' we find them naturally growing be-
tween the Tropies ;, and as for the Soil, it
is as necellary to be known, becaufe we find
that {bme Plants are natural to Boggs, others
to Rocks and llony Ground, and fbme which
are Inhabitants of the Waters only ^ fb that if
we were to attempt the Culture of fiich Plants
in a contrary Manner from their natural Mode
of Growth, we fliould certainly deftroy them.

Upon the Foot of thefe general Remarks,
the Culture of Exotic-Plants may be render 'd
eafy and familiar, and without confidering them,
our Labour muil always be uncertain.

In

[ '85 3

In Or^cr ilill to help us in our Defigns,
with regard to the Culture of the moft tender
Exotic-Plants, it will be neceffary that I lay
down a few proper Rules to be oblerved in
Building of Stoves and Green-Houfes, In all
Edifices of this Kature, our firft Confideration
ought to be the Situation ^ ib that the Front
of our Building may receive the Benefit of the
Sun, as much as pofTible in Wihter ^ it is there-
fore we chule to lay our Front expofed to
the South, or South- Eafl: ^ which laft I thinjc
much the beft, becau(e our Houle then receives
the Morning-Sun, which is of great Moment
after the long Nights. In the Fronts of thcfe
Conlervatories we cannot have too much Glafs,
and, if pofiible, the whole Front fhould be Glafs,
if the Roof of the Houfe could be fupport-
ed. On the other hand the Back- Walls of
fiich Conlervatories cannot well be too thick
to keep the Cold Northern-Air from pene-
trating into the Houfe •, and for the Eafi: and
Weft ends^jf our Houfe fronts the South, it is
nccclTary to have r lajcge Pannel of Glafs in
each of them j for in the Winter, when our

tender

[ i86]

tender Plants want the Sun the mofl:, and
the Weather is moil commonly gloomy, then
half an Hour's Sun is of extraordinary Benefit
to Plants, in correcting the Damps of our Houfes,
and no Opportunity ihould be loft of recei-
ving the Sun at any time of the Day, when
it has any power j for every Minute of the
Sun's Prefence rariiies the Air in our Houfes,
and puts it into a quicker Motion than it was
tefore, till in a quarter of an Hour our Houles
will be warm, and will continue nearly of the
iame Warmth till lixteen or eighteen Hours
afterwards, if we do not prevent it by letting
in the cold Air upon it, when the Sun is gone
off: The Oblervation I make concerning the
Air's remaining warm fo long as lixteen Hours,
if we do not open the Doors, is done by
obferving the Height of the Spirits in the
Thermometer, which one may perceive eafily
thro' the Windows.

But notwithftanding how necefTary it is,
when we have only a iliort Gleme of Sun-
shine, to let our Houfe remain clofe till the
Morning following, yet it is as neceifary to

refreih

[ 187 ]

refrefh our Houfes fometimes with Air fi-om
abroad, which ought to be as frequent as poP-
Jible, always having regard to the Cb'mate our
Plants come from j and to judge, in lome Sort,
what Degree of Cold they will bear without
Injury ; I have therefore thought it ncceifary
in all Confervatorles, which 1 have built for
the Prefervation of tender Plants, to make the
Entrances into them from Ibme Room, rather
than to let in the open Air at once upon the
Plants ; by which Practice, I found that my
Plants profper'd, and flouriihed better than
others, where this Conveniency was wanting.

The Floors of thele Coniervatories ihould
rather be laid with fquare Tiles than with
any Hard Stone j becaule llich Stone, as it is
very hard, is apt to condenfe the Air of the
Houfe, and have a Dew lie upon them in
moift Weather, which is no way healthful
to Plants ^ but the Tiles I Ipeak of, are fo
ipongey that they imbibe the Moifture of the
Air of the Houle, and prevent thole pernicious
Damps, which occafion Mouldinefs upon Plants
which is very frequent in fuch Confervatories

as

[ i88 ]

as are pav'd with hard Stone or Marble. Nor
is a Floor of Boards proper in fuch a Place,
becanfe by frequent watering our Plants, a
boarded Floor will fbon rot. Again, we mufl
obferve in building our Conlervatories for the
moft tender Plants, I mean liich as are Natives
of Places near the Line, or Ten, or Fifteen
Degrees Latitude on either Side the Line j luch
Confervatories ihould be very ihallow, that is,
between the South-Front, and the Back, not above
Seven or Eight Foot, provided that the GlaiTes
in the Front are as high^ and fo in Proportion
to the Height of the Glafles in the Front, we
may make our Stoves deeper or wider. Some
are of Opinion, that the Front Glades of fiich
Houles fhould lie looping, fo as to drop about
a Foot from the upright ^ but I do not lee
any great Occalion for that Situation of the
GlaiTes, if our Pront is all Glafs, there are good
Examples of this Kind at Chelfea PhylickrGar^
dm. We fhall alio find it neceffary in Hich
Strufliures to raife the Floor about Two Foot
above Ground, becaufe under fuch Floors
muft lie our Pipes of Conveyance for Heat,
or what are generaly calj'd Flues, which never

ihouia

[ 189]

ftiould be bury'd in the Ground, for the
Moillure of the Earth damps the Fires. Thefe
Flues ihould run from the Fire-place along the
Front of the Conlervatories, and turn at the
End with a Sweep, and then along the Back
of the Houfe, and up a Chimney. The Fire-
place ihould be large, like an Oven, and co-
vered with an Iron-plate ; which Plate, being
once heated, will keep the Air of the Houfe
dry and warm a long time, with a linall Fire
of Turfs or Peats, or ilich Cakes as are made
by the Tanners of their old Bark. And it
muft be obferved, that when we begin to make
Fires in thefe Stoves, we muft continually
keep them on Foot, till the Sealbn is warm
enough to leave them off, which oiir Ther-
mometer will inform us, as well as inftruct us
when our Stove is too hot, which is as great
a Fault as being too cold : If our Koufe
fhould happen to be over-hot, the Air v/ilf
conlequently be too dry, and the Plants will
Ibffer by wanting the Nouriihment which they
draw from a free, warm Air ^ but we may re-
medy this, letting in frelli Air from the Room
adjoining, thro' Pipes which one may place

in

[ 190 ]

in the Wall for that purpofe. It would be
well like wife to take care, that our Roof be
well lined with Straw, to prevent the Cold on
that Side ^ and I think that good Shutters to
the Windows in the Front, would be neceffary
in levere Weather, tho' fbme ufe Mats only
to cover their Glaffes when the Weatlier is
extream Cold. Thele are the neceffary Pre-
cautions to be taken in building our Hot-
Houfes ^ only to render them ufeful in Sum-
mer as well as Winter, we may have a Trench
in the Floor, about four Foot wide, and within
four or five Foot as long as the Stove, and
about two Foot and half, or three Foot deep>
to be brick'd on all Sides : The Uie of ;this
Trench is for Tanners-Bark in the Summer-
time, into which we muft then plunge the Pots
with our Ananas or Pine-Apples, and fuch
other Plants as come from the hottefl: Coun-
tries.

But over Stove Fir-Plants, which require a
lefs Share of Heat, we may allow it to be
ten Foot wide, and ule our J^'ire-Flues with
Gentlenefs, allowing more Air in this than the

Plants

[ 191 ]

Plants in the former will bear ^ and our Green-
Houfe, if the Front to the Cieling is 1 5 or
18 Foot high, then we may luffer it to be
1 5 or 18 Foot wide, and our Windows ihould
be the iame Heighth •, oblerving alfo, that the
Peers of Brick-work between the Glals, be as
narrow as can be, for the iafety of the Roof 5
for if the Peers be thick, then we ihall never
have the Sun full in the Houle, but at Noon 5
which is the Calc of many large, pompous
Green-Houles, which have been built withiji
the lafl twenty Years.

'Tis to be oblerved, that a large Green-
Houfe will keep the leaft tender Plants, fuch
as Oriinge-trees, and fuch like, much better
than a imall one j becaufe the Qiiantity of
Air which is contained in a large Space, will
be longer nourifliing to Plants, than what
can be enclofed in a Imall Houle j fbmcti'mes
the Severity of the Weather will occafion
the Gardiner to enclole his Green-Houfe for
a Month or more, without giving any Air
at all ^ and then upon admitting frefh Air ,
on fudden it will have as bad an Effed upon

the

[ 193 3

the Plants, as if wc were to let Plants want
Water too long, and then give them a Flood
to make good the Deficiency ; this would
make them Ihed their Leaves, and make them
diftemper'd j but in a large Houle, the Air
cnclofcd for three Weeks or a Month, will
remain flill nourifhing to Plants j and the
Admiflion of freih Air upon Hich a Body of
enclofed Air, will not fo readily hurt the
Plants, as when it is to be let in upon a
Imall Body of enclosed Air. The late Lord
Capell had no Regard to Glafs in the Front
of his Green-houfe, for Orange-trees, Myrtles,
and fuch like, and in the place of it, put
Canvas Safhes and Shutters to them ; for
he well knew how necelTary Air was to Plants
of their Nature, and^ as well knew the Igno-
rance of the Gardiners of his Time, in judg-
ing of the proper Seafbns to give Air to
confine Plants ^ and therefore provided againft
it by this Means, and againfl Froft by the
Shutters.

Our

Our Pots and Cafes for Exotic-Plants ought
to have the Holes at the Bottoms clear, that
at the leveral Waterings which we give
to the Plants, the Water may pafs eafily
thro' ^ for if there is not a free Paflage,
the Water will chill and rot the Roots -j as
I have related in a former Dilcourfe, where
I have alfo taken Notice of the Qiiantities of
Water which fliould be difpenced to different
kinds of Plants, in that Maxim , that the
moft luccnlent Plants require the«Ieaft Share
of it. And, it is neceifary to oblerve liiie-
wife, that the very fucculent Plants of ail,
fhonld have no Water from the End of Se^-
umber to the Middle o{ March, if we do not
keep them in our hotteft Houfes, where the-
Air is kept dry all the Winter ^ for the com-
mon Moifture of the Winter 'Air in Green-
Houfes is fufficient to feed them.

As for the Earth for Orange-trees and
others, which are to undergo the Fatigue of
the Houfe, it ought always to be indifferent-
ly light, for the better PaJTage of the Water
O . through

[ '9+ 3

through the Pots ^ but it fliould be tenacioiu,
enough to hold fome Share of Moifture ^ and
for the moll fiicculent Plants, it muft be of
a dry Nature, as I have related in a former
Dilcourfe. For the Scalbns of letting our
Plants out of the Confervatories, there is one
general Rule, depending upon the Latitudes
which they come from on this Side the Line,
thole of the moft Northern Latitudes, which
muft be houfed, may be let abroad firft, and
let the laft into the Houle ; but it is dange-
rous to let any be put abroad till the violent
Frofts are over, and to leave them abroad till
fmart Frofts begin •, for Myrtles, and liich
Sorts, April h commonly the Sealbn of letting
them out, and October of putting them into
the Hoitfe •, but Orange-trees, and the Plants
that accompany them, is better about the Middle
o^ May, and Middle of September to let them
out and in j obferving, if polHble, to let them
Out in wet, and into the Houle in dry Wea-
ther.

Some others of the tcndcrcft Sorts, which
may come abroad in Summer, muft ftay till

the

[ 195]

the Beginning of Jaw, before they arc put out,
and be returned in Augufi : But in the (etting
out thofe Plants whicji fhould be the moft
early abroad, we mull have Regard that they
are not in their tender Shoot, becaufe a little
Froft will hurt them. Up&n thcfe Founda-
tions we may cultivate any kind of Exotic-
Plants.

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whatfoever, whether Phyfical or Chirurgical,
Internal or External, with their Icveral Qualities
and proper Dofes ', as alfo Mathematical Obler-
fervations on the Nature of Solids and Fluids,
with relpeft to human Bodies : With an accu-
rate Account of the Properties of the Blood,
of its Conliftency and Laws of Motion : The
whole being interlpers'd with many curious
Remarks, never before publiih'd ^ (thele two laft)
by Herman Boerhaave, now Profeflbr of Phyfick
in the Univerlity of Leyden. 5 /.

Medicina Brevisj or a ihort Account of the
primary Caufes of moft Difeafes. With a fuc-
cinft Account of the original Caule of Plagues
and peftileatial Diftempers, and the beft Expe-
rimental Remedies for their Cure. By John Han-
fell, Chymic. & Pharm. is. 6 d.

Sefulchrorum Jnfcriftiones : Being a curious Col-
Je^Hon of the moft remarkable Epitaphs in the
Kingdoms of Great Britain, Ireland, &c. in
£nglijh Verle, being the firft Number of the
Second Volume. To be contmu'd eviery two
Months, is. 6d.

Variety : A Poem, humbly offer'd to the God
of Change. To which is .annexed an Anfwer
to ah Ovid's Epiftle. Dedicated to the Earl of
Seafort. is. 6d.

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