B 3 65H 332

EEDS

YEARS

GIFT OF

JOHANNES' RAFN

THE TESTING

OF FOREST SEEDS
DURING 25 YEARS

1887-1912

PRINTED FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION

K

[HEN the Author of this brochure founded THE SCAN-
DINAVIAN FOREST SEED ESTABLISHMENT in 1887,
he had for a considerable number of years taken a
great interest in the propagation of plants from seed.
Especially valuable to him was the experience gained between
1874 and 1879, in Nurseries in Danmark, England, France and
Germany.

He attaches most importance to the time spent in the nurse-
ries of Orleans; the insight he obtained there into the treatment
of the seeds of trees and shrubs has proved invaluable to him in
his later researches.

The methods of sowing, and more especially the preparation of
the seed before sowing, particularly claimed his attention. When
one thinks of the vast extent and importance of the well known
forest nurseries round Halstenbek in Holstein, it is interesting to
recollect that, when the Author laboured at Orleans thirty-six
years ago, these nurseries produced little else but thorn quicks,
while the seed beds of Orleans were pre-eminent in every way.
It is the methods then used at Orleans — and more particularly
the practice of causing the various seeds to germinate before being
sown — which with later improvements and suitable modifications,
are now used at Halstenbek.

In 1880 the Author established a Forest Nursery at Kolding in
Jutland; but unfortunately an infestation of Cockchafer grubs de-
stroyed many hundreds of thousands of one- and two- years old
seedlings. This misfortune caused him to turn his attention to
what has since become his life-work.

When the Author started as a trader in the seed of forest trees,

452251

he had thus had considerable experience of their treatment in the
nursery; but there was nothing to guide him when he had to
guarantee the quality of the seed he sent out to his customers. It
at once became clear to him, that what was wanted was a thor-
ough system of seed testing and the adoption of the principle, that
all samples of seed that could usually be brought to germination
in a seed testing institution, must successfully pass the test before
being issued to the nurserymen. He was fortunate in receiving
support and encouragement in this from E. M611er-Holst, Director
and founder of the »Dansk Frokontrolstation« (Danish Seed-testing
Station), which was established in 1871. Mdller-Holst urged the
Author to send as many samples as possible for testing, regardless
of expense, because he felt that the experience and information
to be gained would be valuable, not only to him, but also to the
Seed-testing Establishment itself. Thus the Author was at once
placed in a position to obtain an insight into what could be achie-
ved in the realm of forest seed by systematic seed testing.

In the first year a report was issued on 56 tests, which together
with an exhibition of tree seeds in the Forestry Section of the
Northern Industrial and Agricultural Exhibition in Copenhagen in
1888, obtained for his firm the only medal awarded to a Forest
Seed Establishment. This award has been followed by many others
since, both at home and abroad.

In the following year appeared »Analyseresultater fra 1888 — 89 «
(Tree-seed Testing 1888 — 1889), containing the results of 131 germi-
nation and seed weight tests on seeds of many different kinds and
many different places of origin.

The Author gratefully remembers the unselfish interest and
encouraging influence of E. Moller-Holst, which made it possible
for him to obtain so early in his career, such a wide experience
and many-sided knowledge of tree seeds. Unhappily Moller-Holst
died as early as 1888 and did not live to see the fruits of his la-
bour and the subsequent development of the SCANDINAVIAN FO-
REST SEED ESTABLISHMENT. After his death the Danish Seed-
testing Station became a State institution, which has since grown to
such an extent, that in the season 1911 — 12, for example, it carried
out about 12,000 tests on agricultural, garden and forest seeds.

The germinating apparatus used, the »Jacobsen Germinating
Apparatus*, is a Danish invention, and is now employed in the seed

testing institutions at Zurich, Eberswalde and Hamburg, and a num-
ber of others in Europe, as, for example, in Holland, Norway and
Sweden, at any rate for the more difficult kinds of seeds, espe-
cially forest seeds.

At the International Conference on Seed-testing in Hamburg in
1906, Dr. Stebler, Director of the Zurich Seed-testing Institution,
extolled the Jacobsen Apparatus as the best, especially for the
seeds most difficult to deal with. Chr. P. Jacobsen (1841—95) foun-
ded in 1874 the largest Danish Farm-seed Establishment, »Mark-
fr6kontoret« in Copenhagen, which was the first commercial firm
— not only in Danmark, but probably in the whole world — to
carry out the principle, that all seed should be tested before being
issued to the farmer. This firm was the pioneer of the scientific
seed trade, and it still plays an important part.

During the twenty-five years that have elapsed since the Author
entered the seed trade, a large number of reports of the results
of seed tests with accompanying notes have been published by
him in various brochures and journals, — particularly the fol-
lowing: —

»Analyser af »Skovfr6kontoret«s Fr6 for Saesonen 1887— 88«.
»Skovfr6kontorets Analyseresultater 1888 — 89«.
» Analyser af Skovfrdkontorets Fr6 i Saesonen 1889— 90. «
» » » » » 1890—91.

» » B B » 1891—92.

» B » » B 1892—93.

B 1893—94.
B 1894—95.
B 1895—96.
B 1896—97.
B 1897—98.

B B B B B 1898—99.

All these twelve reports appeared in the yearly Danish cata-
logues of the firm.

Besides these, the following articles by the Author have been
published from time to time: — BLidt om Frdanalysers Betydning
for Skovfr6et« (Some remarks on the importance of Seed-testing
for tree seeds) and »Brugbarheden af spirede Agern« (On the use
of Germinated Acorns), in the »Tidsskrift for Skovvaesen« (Danish
Journal of Forestry) Vol. XII 1900, as well as in separate reprints.

8

In 1900 »Notes on the Importance of Tree Seed Testing«, as well
as »Further Notes on Tree Seed Testing 1900— 01 « and Tree Seed
Testing in the Season 1901 — 02 «, — all in the Transactions of the
Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society as well as in separate reprints.

»Etwas iiber Samenuntersuchungen und den forstlichen Samen-
handel«. 1900.

»Weiteres uber Samenuntersuchungen und den forstlichen Sa-
menhandel«. 1901.

»Noch etwas iiber Geholz-Samen-Untersuchungen« 1902.

»Die Geholz-Samenuntersuchungen der Saison 1902 — 03 «.

»Geholzsamenuntersuchungen in der Saison 1903 — 04 «.

» Geholz-Samenuntersuchungen in der Saison 1904 — 05 «.

•Forstsamenuntersuchungen in der Saison 1905 — 06 «.
» » » 1906— 07«.

» » » 1907— 08«.

» » » 1908— 09«.

» » » 1909—10..

» » » 1910—11*.

» » » 1911— 12«.

These thirteen articles are to be found in the annual volumes
of the »Mitteilungen der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft«
and in separate reprints.

In 1906 appeared » Analyse et Contr61e des Semences Forestie-
res« by M. A. Fron, Professor in the Forest School of Barres (Ber-
ger-Levrault et Cie. Paris et Nancy, 1906. 128 pages in Quarto). In
this treatise were included a number of the Author's results,
published in the transactions of the » Deutsche Dendrologische
Gesellschaft« on the weight of seeds from different collecting
grounds, as well as purity determinations and germination experi-
ments, particularly on rare American and Japanese species.

These figures and notes, compiled from year to year, are col-
lected and collated in the present work. Tables are given showing
the weight, purity and utilization value of the various species of
seeds. Not only the average, but also the highest and lowest figures
met with during the whole period are given. In addition, the course
of germination is itself set forth.

Efforts were constantly made to obtain the germination results
as rapidly as possible. The earlier practice of the Seed-testing
Institution was to issue a report on the germination of a sample

after 10 days and a final report after 30 days. This meant a delay
of a month before it was safe to send out the seed to the nursery-
men. It was felt, however, that it would be an advantage, not
only to the trade, but also to the Seed-testing Institution itself, if
the experiments could be made as rapidly as possible. The Author,
therefore, met with every encouragement and co-operation when
he desired reports of the course of germination, according to a
definite scheme, after 5, 10, 20, 30, &c. days. From these reports it
was sought, not only to find out after what period the germina-
tion test on any given species might safely be brought to a close;
but also to enable the seed merchant to make the most rapid
determination possible of a sample of seed; as it is possible, in
the case of many species, with the help of the highest and lowest
figures in the tables, to determine, even after 5 — 10 days if the
final result will be good or bad. Many kinds of seed, particularly
from Japan, do not reach the hands of the European seed mer-
chants before March or April, when the spring distribution is in
full swing, and it greatly facilitates the work to know after a few
days that the germinating energy is so high that the good quality
of the seed is evident and that it may be safely sent out.

Since, as far as is known to the Author, the » State Seed-testing
Establishment « in Copenhagen is the only one of its kind which
states the relative figures for germination according to a definite
scheme, no tables such as those here given have hitherto been
published.

In dealing with the various genera and species, an opportunity
will arise of explaining these circumstances more fully, as the
worst and best results are in the tables placed side by side.

Wherever germination results are mentioned in the text, deci-
mal fractions are rounded off, fractions of 0.5 and over counting
as 1.0 and those below 0.5 being neglected.

Finally, the Author recognises that what is here set forth is
obviously far from being the last word on the subject; on the con-
trary, he sees very well that the knowledge hitherto gained and
the material that is here collected, only supply the foundation for
further work; the groundwork which was so entirely lacking when
he began. When he thinks of the possibility of determining by
means of the careful examination of the seed, whether the woods of
Spruce and Pine which are to be found in Danmark, — where

10

these species do not occur indigenously, — are of Northern or
Mid-European origin — as is mentioned later — , he feels that we
are only now so far advanced as to be able to proceed regularly
and systematically, so that by the end of the next ten years we
shall have made some real progress in the knowledge of the test-
ing of forest seeds. If the small work that is here published
is only recognised as a good beginning, the wishes and hopes of
the Author will be amply fulfilled.

For the trouble taken in working out the tables which accom-
pany this publication, the Author has to thank Miss Ingeborg Ja-
cobsen, Assistant in the Danish State Seed-testing Establishment
and daughter of the deceased Chr. P. Jacobsen mentioned above.

The Author also desires to express his indebtedness to Professor
Fraser Story and Mr. Thomas Thomson of the University College
of North Wales, Bangor, who kindly undertook the translation of
the work into English.

Kbbenhavn (Copenhagen), 1915.

THE EUROPEAN, WEST-ASIATIC
AND NORTH-AFRICAN CONIFERS

ABIES

EUROPEAN SILVER FIR — ABIES PECTINATA. During my
business career the tree-seed trading houses of Central Europe
have gone in for seed testing more and more. That America and
Japan do not as yet do so, is easily understood; their new Seed-
testing Institutions are government establishments which are only
available for State officials. At the present time seed testing estab-
lishments are being founded in England, Scotland and Ireland.

But, as stated above, in Germany and Austria they are begin-
ning; though I have not yet succeeded in receiving a single offer
of Silver Fir seed with information as to its germinating capacity.
On the other hand, in recent years in the wholesale trade the
seeds of Larch, Common Pine, and Norway Spruce, and several
other species of Spruce and Pine are offered with information as
to their germinating capacity. The offers of Silver Fir seed are always
accompanied only by a sample with particulars of the results of
the examination of cut seed. This, however, offers only a small
guarantee, for I have not yet gone so far that I can tell with ab-
solute certainty by a cut test if I am dealing with old or new
seed. As regards the seed of the common Silver Fir, our "Dansk
Frdkontrol" can cause it to germinate if it is new and good; year
old seed either does not germinate at all, or only to the extent of
some very few per cent.

I quote here a few of the most reliable experiments of the last
10 years:

12

Germination in per cent after 10 20 30 days

1902—03 1 2 5 (+ 3)*

1903—04 27 54 54

1904—05 5 30 33

1905—06 28 46 50 (+ 1)

1907—08 0 43 55 (+ 14)

1909—10 24 64 66 (+ 6)

The sample of 1902 — 03 was certainly year old seed; sown in
the nursery it would not have come up at all — it being an estab-
lished fact that seeds which germinate badly in the germinating
apparatus do so still worse, if at all, in the ground. It appears
also, that in three of the years mentioned, the energy of germi-
nation was so high that the 10 day figures showed with certainty
that the seed was good, and the 20 day germination was so high
that the experiment could quite well have been brought to a close.
In the year 1904 — 05 the bad 10 day result of only 5 per cent
showed that the germinating energy was small, and the final re-
sult after 30 days is in agreement with the bad beginning.

On the other hand, 1907—08 shows a difference. The 10 day
germination is 0, but after 20 days the result is already good, and
the 30 day result: 55 % germinated plus 14 °/0 sound, but not yet
germinated seeds, — shows that the experiment might with ad-
vantage have been continued for another ten days. The question
presents itself: why this different result in 1907 — 08, when the
seed in the three other years was in full germination after 10
days? This is not an easy question to answer. Perhaps, from cau-
ses hitherto unknown, the germinating energy of the seed changes
from one year to another, perhaps the germinating experiment
of 1907 — 08 was carried out at a lower temperature than in the
other years. I do not know and I have not investigated the tech-
nique of seed testing; it is not in the sphere of my work. During
the last 10 years, I have always placed unbounded confidence in
the untiring energy and circumspection with which our "Dansk
Frdkontrol" has worked in the interests of seed research and of
the seed trade, so I am convinced that the best possible was done.
But, obviously, progress has not said its last word in this matter;
on the contrary, the officials of the Seed-testing Institution and I

* The figures given in brackets refer to the number of seeds still sound, but not yet germinated
after a certain number of days.

13

are certainly at one in believing that knowledge of the ways and
means of bringing difficult seeds to germination is still in its infancy.
CAUCASIAN SILVER FIR — ABIES NORDMANNIANA. To
cause this species to germinate is much more difficult. If we exa-
mine the results of the last ten years, it almost looks as if the
difficulty of the experiment was an increasing one; this is, how-
ever, only apparently the case. The first three germination experi-
ments were carried out in Chrisstiansstad in Sweden, where a seed
was considered as germinated as soon as the husk was split and
the young shoot visible and fresh; in the "Dansk Frokontrol" here
in Copenhagen it is required that the shoot should actually pro-
trude.

Germination in per cent after 10 20 30 60 100 days

1902—03 1 25 39

1903—04 10 40 50

1904—05 0 0 50

1905—06 0 0 2 11 (+ 16)

1907—08 001 49 (+ 8)

1908—09 002 26 (+ 15)

1909—10 002 56 (+ 5)

1910—11 001 29 (+ 1)

Experience shows that the seed of the Caucasian Silver Fir
germinates much more slowly in nurseries than does that of the
common Silver Fir, and the results of germination tests point either
to autumn or very early spring sowing, or — what may be still
better — submitting the seed to a careful soaking and pre-germina-
tion before sowing.

This seed, indeed, seldom shows its true utilization value through
an artificial germination test.

The best consignment of this species I ever had, was that of
the season 1909—10, which showed by a cut test 70—75 % of g°od
seeds and gave in the nurseries of the Danes Buch & Hermansen in
Halstenbek in Holstein fully 20,000 plants per bed 12 m long and
1.10 m broad. (Nearly all seed beds in Halstenbek have these di-
mensions.) Yet the artificial germination test gave, after 100 days,
only 56 % germinated, plus 5 % sound, but not yet germinated, seeds.
As a rule, the Caucasian Silver Fir gives fully 10,000 plants per
bed, which is the normal crop.

14

THE GREEK SILVER FIR — ABIES CEPHALONICA — germi-
nates, when the seed is good, about the same as the common
Silver Fir.

The best results were obtained in the years:

Germination in per cent after 10 20 30 40—50 days

1909—10 0 38 40 61

1910—11 2 51 73 79

As a rule however, the seed is much poorer in quality.

THE CILICIAN FIR — ABIES CILICICA — appears very capri-
cious.

Germination in per cent after 10 20 30 40 100 days

1909—10 0 0 0 1 82 (+ 14)

1911—12 1 24 85 94

In both cases the results of sowings in forest nurseries were good.

THE NUMIDIAN FIR — ABIES NUMIDICA — behaves in the
same manner:

Germination in per cent after 10 20 30 40 100 days

1908—09 0 0 2 7 30

1911—12 2 16 41 48 (+ 2)

THE SPANISH FIR — ABIES PINSAPO — is easier to deal
with, and germination proceeds as with Abies pectinata:

Germination in per cent after 10 20 30 days

1899—1900 20 32

1905—06 1 34 55 (+ 9)

1911—12 1 20

The same picture is always presented; sometimes the seed germi-
nates immediately, sometimes it begins very slowly and in spite
of this often finishes up well. The years mentioned above show
the extremes.

ABIES PINDRAU and ABIES WEBBIANA seeds I have only
received during the last two years. They came directly from the
Himalayas, but, because the seed weight of the two species was
about the same and its outward appearance is identical, I am not
sure of the genuineness of the seed. Some authors throw the two
species together, while others — like H. Mayr — consider them as
separate, and rightly so. But I don't know with certainty whether I

15

have obtained from the Himalayas seed of one or both species;
I have never seen European gathered seed.

SIBERIAN SILVER FIR — ABIES SIBIRICA. This seed is much
in demand for Finland and Russia. For this reason I have institu-
ted a considerable number of tests — 16 in all. This soft compa-
tively small seed is very easy to work with in seed testing. This
is shown by the three last experiments:

Germination in per cent after 5 10 20 30 days

1905—06 7 37 47 52 (+ 2)

1906—07 0 18 21 25

1910—11 1 18 35 35

The seed of the year 1905—06 is the best I ever had; but not a
single one of the 15 years sets was worthless.

THE CEDARS

In considering the results given by the CEDARS, the first thing
that strikes one is the great difference in the seed weight, and -
as is natural with these soft juicy seeds — a low seedweight of-
ten corresponds with a low germinating capacity, though unfor-
tunately not always. Otherwise the seed weight would be a great
help in enabling one to estimate rapidly the real value of the
seed. There may be something in it however, as may be seen
from the folio wing germination tests:

Germination in per cent after
Weight of 1000 seeds, grams 5 10 20 30 days

Cedrus atlantica 1905—06 101.0 0 2 9 9 (+ 0)

1906—07 85.7 4 42 70 74 (+ 1)

» 1907—08 61.4 0 7 29 41 (+ 25)

» 1908—09 57.8 0 0 1 5 (+ 38)

» 1909—10 58.7 0 6 25 28 (+ 16)

» 1910—11 56.2 0 0 1 6 (+ 40)

1911—12 89.0 9 40 55 69 (+ 4)

Libani 1901—02 138.0 0 5 30 92

» 1902—03 71.9 249 10 (+ 10)

» 1903—04 50.0 0 8 12 50

» 1904—05 59.8 0 9 19 56

» 1911—12 121.0 4 21 31 36

Deodara, crop 1902, 1903—04. 92.0 0 0 13 13

» 1903, 1903—04. 157.0 0 12 35 75

1908—09. 151.0 12 15 30 77 (+11)

» » 1911—12. 170.0 0 8 28 72 (+ 8)

16

In the case of the ATLAS CEDAR the three annual sets 1908—09
to 1910 — 11 show that low seed weight is accompanied by low
germinating capacity. The years 1906—07 and 1911—12 with high
seed weight and high germinating capacity are normal, while on
the other hand, 1905 — 06, with the highest found seed weight and
the lowest germinating capacity again upsets the theory.

With the LEBANON CEDAR the highest found weight again
corresponds, as it should, with the highest germinating capacity.

The HIMALAYAN CEDAR also shows that high seed weight
has accompanied good germinating capacity, while on the other
hand seed of the 1902 crop, after it had been stored by me for a
year, lost seriously in weight and germinating power.

LARCH

THE COMMON LARCH— LARIX EUROP^EA. With this seed it
is now much easier and pleasanter to deal than it was in the
past. Let us take some of the most striking figures out of the 23
tests on Tyrolese seed:

Germination in per cent after 5 10 20 30 40 days

1894—95 0 4 61

1895—96 0 5 29 64

1905—06 0 26 36 36

1906—07 1 27 38

1907—08 1 47 54

1908—09 0 21 31

1909—10 31 51 53

1910—11 12 39 42

1911— 12 Lot I 35 51 51

1911—12 Lot II 23 57 57

One is immediately struck by the fact that, while sixteen years
ago it required 40 days to attain the final result, ten years later
half this period was sufficient, and the season 1911 — 12 showed
the best result of the whole twenty-five years, as both samples
had completed their germination in 10 days.

In the table of average figures, it will be found that Common
Larch from different districts (places of origin) is compared.
Swiss seed (from the Engadine) seems to have the largest grains,
but the number of samples is too small to establish this with
certainty. The seed from Silesia deserves no particular notice, for

17

the seed which the merchants of Silesia bring into the market, is
either bought in the Tyrol or collected in Silesian forests, which
are unfortunately made impure by admixture of Tyrolese Larch.
I say » unfortunately «, because there is a Polish-Silesian variety
which is distinguished by its slender growth and by the fact that
its side twigs are small and stand at an acute angle with the stem,
a variety which approaches in growth the fine Siberian Larch.
The Silesian Larch would be well worth a trial in Scandinavia
(Danmark and Southern Norway and Sweden) and Great Britain
and Ireland, if one could be certain of genuine seed, possibly
rather from Poland than from Silesia, as the natural forests in the
former district might be the purest.

THE SIBERIAN LARCH - LARIX SIBIRICA. It has been a
matter of dispute for many years as to whether the Siberian Larch
shoilld be considered a species, or if it is only a geographical
variety of the European Larch. Judging from the size of the seed,
the difference is so pronounced that the Siberian Larch must be
allowed an independent position. The weight of the seed varies
between 8.05 and 12.04 grams per 1000 grains, while that of the
Tyrolese Larch only amounts to from 4.66 to 6.6 grams. True, we
find the same great diiference in seed weight in other species.
For example, spruce seed from Northern Norway only weighs
about half as much as that from the lowlands of Central Europe,
and Pinus monticola seed from Northern Idaho, near the Canadian
border, only weighs half as much as seed from California. In these
cases however, there comes into play a factor which will be fully
dealt with later, — the natural falling off of seed weight in higher
latitudes as well as in higher altitudes, in consequence of the
increased severity of the climate of the place of origin.

The germinating capacity of Siberian Larch seed is often good;
the difficulty principally consists in the obtaining of the seed, and
this difficulty has been increasing of late years. As a result, one
must often be contented with very poor seed. A few years ago
good seed often came into the market, more recently on the other
hand, only that of bad quality; in the last two years 1911 — 12,
I have been unable to obtain any at all.

The following may serve as examples of the germination ex-
periments:

18

Germination in per cent after 5 10 20 30 40 days

1896—97 0 29 55

1897—98 55 60

1898—99 50 56

1899—1900 40 46

1902—03 24 37 37 37

1903—04 1 0 2 3 3

1903—04 II 0 1 2

1903—04 III 0 14 21

1906—071 0 15 17 17

1906—07 II 14 28 32

1909—10 1 1 20 25

1909—10 II 0 7 10

THE SPRUCES - - PICEA

THE COMMON SPRUCE — PICEA EXCELSA. The seed of this
species was always easily caused to germinate, provided the seed
was good, as it generally is. For this reason, no improvement or
alteration in the course of germination is to be found, when the
figures of the earliest years are compared with those of the most
recent. Even in the first few years the seed-testing establishment
was able in 10 days to obtain a germination of 80 — 90 %, and it
is the same to-day. At first the test was carried on, as was usual,
for 30 days, but about 20 years ago we began to stop sooner. This
is evident from the germination results which are here extracted
(with 5-yearly intervals) from the 57 Mid-European samples.

Germination in per cent after 5 10 20 days

1894—95 86 89

1895—96 I 48 70

1895—96 II 90 93

1895—96 III 83 86

1899—1900 1 40 85 88

1899—1900 II 90 91

1899—1900 III 40 (+0)

1904—05 1 19 87 91

1904—05 II 44 69 79

1909—10 1 7 78 85

1909—10 II 36 86 88

1909—10 III . 15 78 85

19

In the season 1911 — 12, the Mid-European seed was some years
old, and was the worst lot but one I have ever had; it germinated
only 53 °/0. The worst lot was III 1899—1900. When in the column
»5 days« only a few figures appear in the earlier years, this is
naturally accounted for by the fact that the germination after 5
days has not been regularly counted, or at least not carried out
in accordance with the scheme drawn up by me.

Danish grown spruce seed is never particularly good. The
collectors are not able to clean it well, because it is always dealt
with only in small quantities. Some figures regarding the course
of germination may be of interest, as the seed is Danish:

Germination in per cent after 5 10 20 30 days

1889—90 1 70 80

1889—90 II 30 35

1904—05 44 72 75

1911—12 57 61 62

Norwegian and Swedish spruce seed is, on the other hand, a
first class article, which, when there is a good harvest of cones,
especially in Sweden, plays an important part, and it is as a rule
Swedish seed which gives the highest germinating percentage of
all. The season 1888 — 99 shows this splendidly:

Germination after 10 20 days

Lot 1 82 85

» II 64 72

» III 95 96

» IV 81 82

» V 95 96

Since Norway and Sweden have had no cone harvest of recent
years, the real value of the seed has fallen off very much, because
the kilns have had to be satisfied with cones several yaers old.
This is shown by the following figures for Smaland (Central or
mid-Sweden) seed:

Germination after 5 10 20 days

1908—09 1 56 66 (+1)

1911—12 2 67 69 (+2)

As an energetic propaganda was made from Norwegian sour-
ces (Forstmester Gldersen) thirty years ago, in favour of the We-

20

stenfjeldske Nordlands spruce (Picea excelsa borealis), many
experiments were made with it on the heaths of Jutland, which
were however quickly abandoned because the plants grew far
too slowly. If new, the seed was good and kept extremely well,
but in the North of Norway cone years are very rare. In my
report of 1888 — 89 I mention as an example of its keeping quali-
ties, a sample of seed of Picea borealis, which was received from
Forstmester Gloersen and was 5 years old, but nevertheless ger-
minated 48 % in 23 days. In 1896—97 I had a small lot of new seed
which was excellent, as it germinated 95°/0 in 10 days and 96°/0
in 15 days.

THE WEIGHT OF SPRUCE SEED. While the germination of
spruce seed has produced no difficulties and brought about no
great changes or advances all these years, the weight of the seed
on the other hand, has presented a good deal that is new and
interesting. Even in the first autumn it could not but be noticed
that there was an important variation in seed weight, and in my
report on the research results for 1887 — 88 it was pointed out that
the first four spruce seed tests carried out for me by the «Dansk
Fr6kontrol« showed this clearly, as follows: —

Purity Seed weight Germinating power

German seed 99 9.01 73 %

Swedish seed 98 5.48 80 »

East Norwegian seed 90 5.57 84 »

Norwegian Northland seed 98 4.01 44 »

This caused me in the following season (1888 — 89) to undertake
a number of investigations into the weight of the seeds both of
spruce and Scots pine from many different European districts,
and these abundantly confirmed the results of the first year.

Seven spruce seed samples from seed merchants in Hesse, Ba-
varia, Thuringia and Austria gave as the highest seed weight, 9.24
for the sample from Hesse, and as the lowest, 8.01 for one of the
three Austrian samples, — mean weight 8.75 grams. It cannot be
assumed with certainty that the samples from these different parts
of the country came from cones gathered in these neighbourhoods;
they were only samples of trade seed, and the cones might quite
well have been sent to the kilns from other districts.

21

Two samples from DANMARK — from Viborg and Feldborg in
Jutland — weighed 7.47 and 7.76 grams.

Nine samples from Norway-Sweden gave a mean weight of
5.3 grams. Three samples from Southern Sweden weighed 5.47, 6.0
and 6.02; three from East Norway 5.26, 5.38 and 5.56, one from
West Norway from Vos 5.16, and on from Northland in Norway
4.09 grams.

One Finland sample: 4.82 grams.

The weight results for Pine seeds will be more fully set forth
later. As time went on, these observations of the first year, now
24 years old, were further confirmed. As is to be seen from the
attached table, the highest average seed weight for 57 Mid-Euro-
pean Spruce samples was 9.68, the lowest 6.73. Mean weight 8.06
grams.

The highest seed weight for Danish seed 8.87, the lowest 6.84,
mean 7.97.

Finland seed, highest 5.5, lowest 3.97, mean 4.97. Norwegian and
Swedish seed, highest 6.02, lowest 5.07, mean 5.60.

Norwegian Northland seed, highest 5.16, lowest 4.10, mean 4.74.

A sample from the Urals in 1908 weighed 4.56*

The seed of the SIBERIAN SPRUCE — PICEA OBOVATA —
shows in the highest case 5.76, in the lowest, 4.45, mean 4.86 grams,
and seems to indicate the possibility that this spruce is only a form
which most closely approaches the Finland-Scandinavian spruce.

In order to determine if this higher or lower seed weight was
hereditary when the trees are grown in Danmark, and the weight
of the seeds in consequence could perhaps be used to determine
if our old spruce woods are of Scandinavian or Mid-European
origin, I sought carefully for several years to obtain cones with
good, fully ripened seeds from two old woods in the forests of
Vestre-Palsgaard and Rold Skov in Jutland, which according to
tradition were raised from Norwegian seed. In Jutland, however,
the flowers of the spruce are often destroyed by late frosts, so
that my object was only attained for the first time in 1911. The
weight determinations, according to the certificates Nos 75931 and
75932 of the »Dansk Fr6kontrol«, gave the following results:

* Later CIESLAR has demonstrated that the same fall in the weight of Spruce seeds is shown also
with increased elevation, such as in the mountains. Seed from high elevations is considerably smaller
than that from the lowlands. — Professor Dr. A. Cieslar: Die Erblichkeit des ZuwachsvermSgens bei den
Waldbaumen (Centralblatt far das gesamte Forstwesen 1895).

22

Spruce seed from Vestre Palsgaard, Jutland, compartment 74, a
very well grown wood 80 years old, 30 — 35 metres high; from
weighing 5x100 seeds: 7.17 grams per 1000 seeds.

Spruce seed from trees about 35 years old in Fraeer Purker,
Lindenborg, in Jutland; from weighing 5x100 seeds: 4.37 grams.

Spruce seed from Rold Skov, Jutland; 2x100 seed: 8.90 grams
per 1000 seed.

The trees in Vestre Palsgaard and Rold Skov may therefore be-
long to a Mid-European strain, those in Fraeer Purker to a Scan-
dinavian one.

The germinating capacity appeared to be good. An exactly simi-
lar result for several Pine seeds will be discussed when referring
to that species.

With the three other species of spruce — those from the Hi-
malayas, the Balkans and the Caucasus — I have hitherto had
little to do; though I think the CAUCASIAN SPRUCE, Picea ori-
entalis a very valuable tree, well worthy of more extended cul-
tivation as soon as cheaper seed can be obtained. The real value
of the seed is generally good: in the three last seasons it was as
follows :

Germination in per cent after
Purity 5 10 20 days

1909—10 99.1 1 71 88 (+3)

1910—11 99.0 0 39 87 (+3)

1911—12 99.8 0 49 86 (+ 1)

THE PINES. — PINUS.

The four allied species — PINUS AUSTRIACA, P. CALABRICA,
P. LARICIO and P. PALLASIANA — may well be discussed together,
for in the seed tests they differ from one another only in the size
of the seeds. The mean seed weights amounted to 18.8, (21 samples),
17.1 (6 samples), 14.8 (22 samples), and 23.7 (4 samples) respectively.

The germinating capacity is often first rate, but also often very
moderate, because the seed quickly falls in germination power if
stored from year to year. In 1909 — 10 the seed of the Austrian
Pine was particularly good, I therefore caused the germinating
capacity of the same lot to be tested in the three successive years
and obtained the following results:

23

Germination in per cent after
Seed weight. Purity 5 10 20 days

1909—10 18.9 99.2 38 81 89 (-fl)

1910—11 19.0 98.8 12 55 73 (-J-4)

1911—12 19.0 98.8 2 31 46 (+0)

The seed does not lose in weight, but the germinating energy falls
rapidly; in 1911 — 12 it had become practically worthless. The
great loss of germinating energy at five days is particularly noti-
ceable. — A similar test with the CORSICAN PINE showed pretty
much the same result:

Germination in per cent after
Seed weight Purity 5 10 20 days

1909—10 12.7 98.1 17 67 84

1910—11 8 45 67

1911—12 9 47 64

Similar behaviour is also shown by PINUS PALLASIANA from
the Crimea:

Germination in per cent after 5 1 23 days

1904—05 new seed 80 87

1907— 08 same lot 28 44

1909—10 » » 3 8 10

1909—10 new seed 48 87 94

In 5 years the germinating capacity of the seed of 1904 — 05 sank
from 87% to 10%.

PINUS MONSPELIENSIS SALZM. (Pinus Laricio Pyrenaica)
is a species whose name has been changed from time to time,
but I believe botanists are now agreed as to its place in the sy-
stem as well as its worthlessness for cultivation.

The seed germinates well as a rule; not once have I had bad
seed. The last two samples may quite well be taken as typical:

Germination in per cent after 5 10 20 days

1909—10 68 90 92

1911—12 44 77 79

Several of the following species which are little in demand are
treated together, in order to give the seed trade a representation
of the most favorable instances of germination; the maximum and
minimum figures will be found in the tables.

24

Germination in per cent after 5 10 20 30 100 days

Pinus canariensis 1910—11.. 0 47 86 88 (+ 1)

» excelsa 1908—09 0 17 93

» Gerardiana 1908— 09.. 0 14 48 56 (+17)
» » (same lot)

1910—11 4 38 (+16)

» halepensis 1907—08. . . 5 66 89 (+ 2)
» leucodermis, undoub-
tedly old seed, 1908— 09 17 12 27 (+62)
» leucodermis (same lot)

1909—10 0 13 (+ 5)

» longifolia 1908— 09.... 1 88 91

» maritima 1910— 11.... 0 14 80 88 (+ 4)

Pinus Cembra from the Tyrol and Pinus Cembra from Sibe-
ria, P. Siberica, as H. Mayr calls it, both germinate so slowly
that the seed must be prepared » stratified « in the nurseries for a
year before being sown. For this reason also it cannot be brought
to germination in reasonable time by artificial means. Quite excep-
tionally, it has been possible to obtain the following result from
Tyrolese seed: 10 days 10% — 40 days 15 (+75)°/0.

MOUNTAIN PINE - - PINUS MONTANA. The extensive em-
ployment of the Mountain Pine in Danmark as a nurse for the
spruce in plantations on the heaths of Jutland, has naturally brought
with it a large number of tests of this seed; 86 samples in all, if
the three forms — the single-stemmed, the ordinary many-stem-
med Mid-European and the creeping forms — are taken together.

If the seed is good, germination goes smoothly from the start.
The highest germinating energy (1902 — 03) and the lowest germi-
nating capacity are shown by the following figures, for seed of
the common Mountain pine, of Danish origin:

Germination in per cent after
Seed weight 5 10 20 days

1901—02 7.6 38 93 98

1902—03 7.43 87 96 97

1888—89 5.52 0 19 32

The highest seed weight was 8.17, the lowest 5.52 and the mean
6.87 grams.

The seed of the French, single-stemmed Mountain Pine — Pinus

25

montana gallica — is larger than that of the common many-stem-
med form, or at least was so, for the weight seems to be decrea-
sing, as the following figures show:

1901 — 02 Danish seed from Feldborg in Jutland 8.5 grams

1903—04 » » » » » » 8.2

1905 — 06 » » » » » » 8.59

1906 — 07 » » » » » » 9.46

1907 — 08 » » » » » » 8.7

1908 — 09 » » » » » » 7.54

1910—11 » » » Stoholm » » 7.2

The mean weight is 8.31 grams.

In the season 1911 — 12, a small sample of the French Mountain
Pine seed collected in the Pyrenaean mountains was submitted for
testing by The Danish Heath Cultivation Society and gave the
following result: Seed weight 7.6 grams, Purity 93.3 %, Germination
after 5 days 2%, 10 days 37%, 20 days 55 (+21)%. The low ger-
minating energy and the low seed weight suggest that the seed
was more than a year old, or that it was obtained from cones
pulled in an unripe condition.

The falling off in weight of the seed harvested in Danmark is
remarkable. The plantations in Feldborg and Stoholm are 25 — 30
years old and originated in seed which was obtained partly from
the Pyrenees, and partly from Briancon in the Department of Hau-
tes Alpes. The decreasing size of the seed may perhaps indicate a
hybridization with the many-stemmed form of P. montana, which
occurs abundantly everywhere in Jutland.

Of the CREEPING MOUNTAIN PINE — PINUS MONTANA
PUMILIO — I have only had two samples during the whole time,
which gave the following results:

Germination in per cent after
Weight of seeds 5 10 20 30 days

1902—03 Seed from Switzerland 6.0 73 79 89 (+4)

1911—12 » » Riesengebirge 5.1 9 83 88 (+4)

Whether the Swiss seed is of the creeping form, is perhaps
doubtful. On the other hand, that from the ridge of the Riesenge-
birge — Hohe Schneekoppe — , which I received from the forest
officers in that district, after many requests made from time to
time for a number of years, should be genuine. The small cones

26

and the smallest seed weight for Mountain Pine I ever obtained,
confirm this supposition. I am in hopes of obtaining some more
cones from the Riesengebirge, and it is intended to place the plants
raised from the two consignments in places in Danmark where
they will be protected from pollination by other Mountain Pines,
so that in time greater quantities of genuine cones may be avail-
able. Cone years occur very seldom in the Riesengebirge. It will
probably be of great advantage to use as a »nurse« for the spruce,
a form of Mountain Pine that never grows high, and, consequently,
does not need to be repeatedly cut back in its youth, to prevent
the spruce suffering from its shade.

The seed of the ROUMELIAN STROBUS — PINUS PEUKE —
germinates very slowly and needs a wearisome treatment:

Germination after 150 200 300 350—400 days

1908—09 new seed 8 35 38 (+38)

1909—10 the same lot ... 85 (+4)

1910—11 new seed 89

Obviously the Seed-testing Establishment cannot continue ger-
mination tests that last so long; these isolated experiments were
only undertaken to show that the seed should be prepared »strati-
fied« in the nursery for a year before sowing, else it will lie over
a year in the seed beds before growing.

THE SCOTS PINE — PINUS SILVESTRIS. If the examination
of the different forms is included, the figures in the tables show
the results of 99 tests.

Considering first the germination results, it is obvious that the
West Norwegian pine seed from "Bergens Skogselskab" with a
mean real value of 91.1 and a germinating energy of 83 % in 6
days, takes first place. Next comes the Swedish seed with a
mean real value of 89.6 and the highest found real value 98.5 (97.5

+ !)•*

In 1905 — 06 West Norwegian seed germinated in 6 days 83 %,
10 days 92 %, 20 days 93 %, 30 days 93 (-f 2) %; and the poorest
result was shown, in 1889 — 90, by Finland seed: 10 days 9 %,
30 days 15 %.

* "Real value" means the number of pure and germinating- seeds in 100. Thus, if a sample showed

80 X 90
a percentage of germination 90, and percentage of purity 80, the real value would be — — — = 72; in other

words, each 100 Ibs of seed contain 72 Ibs that are both pure and capable of germinating-.

27

The best and worst Scottish samples gave:

Germination in per cent after
Seed weight Purity 5 10 20 30 days

1890—91 .... 5.23 99.6 83 90 (+ 6)

1895—96 .... 6.21 99.5 72 96

1904—05 .... 7.21 98.4 43 72 80 (+ 1)

1908—09 .... 6.01 94.6 33 78 88

1888—89 .... 6 86 33 42 (-f 6)

1909—10.... 7 92 4 25 39 (+0)

The best and worst Swedish samples:

Germination in per cent after
Seed weight Purity 5 10 20 days

1909—10 seed from Smaland ... 5 99 51 91 98 (+1)
1888—89 5 99 40 58

The best and worst Finland samples:

Germination in per cent after
Seed weight Purity 5 10 20 30 days

1903—04 Lot 1 4 99 84 94 (+ 3)

1903—04 » II 4 98 57 92 95

1889—90 4 98 9 15 (+22)

1902—03 5 97 25 28 28 (+ 3)

The quality of the different strains of seed is as follows:

Real value
Mean Highest

37 Finland samples 74.9 96.3

13 Scandinavian (mainly Swedish) 89.6 98.4

10 West Norwegian (Bergens Skogselskab) 91.1 96.9

33 Scottish 64.4 95.6

4 Central European (from Hartz and Belgium) 84.5 97.7

The lowest real value is thus shown by the Scottish seed, be-
cause, unfortunately, the Scotch have the same bad habit as the
Japanese in the case of the Japanese Larch, of collecting most of
the cones as early as possible and therefore obtaining them before
they are ripe. In a markedly insular climate, like that of Scotland,
where there is much cloud and little bright sunshine, it is neces-
sary to be doubly cautious in regard to premature collecting. It
is true that the period of growth of the summer season is fairly

28

long, considering the northern position of the country, but the
amount of sunshine recorded is low in comparison with other
countries situated further north — such as Northern Sweden, Fin-
land and Siberia. In these countries cones ripen more surely and
quickly than in Scotland, partly because during summer it is light,
and even sunny, throughout most of the twenty-four hours.

The seed weight of the different strains, as in the case of the
spruce, varies considerably. As early as 1888 — 89 I called attention
in my report to this, and stated that 7 Central European samples

— 2 from Darmstadt, 2 from Austria, and 3 from Bavaria — weighed
on the average 5.92 grams per 1000 seeds; 7 Scandinavian samples

— 4 from Skane (Sweden), 2 from Norway, and 1 from Finland
averaged 4.94 grams per 1000 seeds. It is not to be taken as by
any means certain that the Central European samples were ob-
tained from cones collected in the neighbourhoods mentioned —
on the contrary the probability is that the samples from Darm-
stadt and Bavaria, though I received them from seed merchants
in these places, were obtained from French or Belgian cones, for
nowadays cones make long journeys. In 1904 I reported that du-
ring the winter of 1901 — 02, 200 railway waggon loads of pine
cones were sent from France and Belgium to one Tree seed estab-
lishment in Darmstadt*

Belgian pine seed is particularly large. In the last few years I
have had to deal with small lots of Belgian and North German
pine seed and caused them to be tested with the following results:

Germination in per cent after
Seed weight Purity 5 10 20 days

1909—10 Seed from the Harz ... 6.0 99.3 63 90 92
1910— 11 Belgian, from Campinen 7.5 98.6 48 84 91
1911—12 • » » 6.3 99.7 62 90 97

These small consignments I received from reliable collectors, and
they are undoubtedly from the places named.

However, seed of genuine German strain can now be obtained
from several German establishments; for the importation of French
and Belgian cones, whose seeds have caused such immense harm
in German, Russian and Swedish forests, has been greatly restric-
ted. Most of the kilns as well as the most reliable of the forest

* Mitteilungen der Deutschen Dendrologischen Qesellschaft pro 1904; Gehblzsamen-Untersuchungen
in der Saison 1903—04.

29

nurseries in Halstenbek are under the control of the German
Forestry Council (Deutscher Forstwirtschaftsrat), and foreign cones
and seeds dare not be used. To close every door, the importation
of the cones of the fine strong and hardy Belgian Campiegne Pine
has also been regretfully prohibited.

The seed weight results of 1888 — 89 have been shown to be
quite correct, as, to-day after twenty-five years, Table No. I shows
the following figures for the seed weight:

Lowest Highest Mean

37 Finland samples 3.79 5.82 4.54

13 Scandinavian (mostly Swedish) 4.75 5.41 5.15

10 West Norwegian (Nordfjord) 4.53 6.23 5.22

33 Scottish 5.0 7.4 6.41

4 Mid-European (Hartz and Belgium) 6.0 7.5 6.65

1 Baltic (Livland) 5.8

1 From the Ural 7.1

The high weight of the last sample is striking.

As mentioned above in discussing the spruce, I have tried if it
is possible by means of the -weight of the seed, to determine the
origin of our old Danish pine woods, and I found that the results
were very similar to those obtained in the case of the spruce. In
1911 — 12 cones were sent to me from old pines in the heath of Hald
Skramso in Jutland, and the weight of the seed was as follows:

Weight of 1000 seeds

Seed from the heath of Hald (5x 100 seeds weighed) 4.27 grams

» » Skramso, old trees » » » 6.48 »

» » » young trees » » » 6.53 »

The germinating capacity is good, 16 °/0, 48 °/0 and 32 % respec-
tively, in 5 days.

The pines in Hald are presumably of Northern, those on Skramso
of Mid-European, strains.

II

AMERICAN CONIFERS

AMERICAN SILVER FIRS - - ABIES

The germination of the American firs runs very nearly on the
same lines as that of the European species; some germinate easily,
others — such as Abies magnifica — slowly and with difficulty,
like Abies Nordmanniana, showing but seldom their real value in
germinating tests.

The species with comparatively small seeds, A. balsamea and
and A. subalpina, both belonging to the Balsam Fir group, as well
as A. arizonica and A. concolor from the Rocky Mountains, ger-
minate easily.

The handsome, quick growing and valuable A. grandis would
germinate much better than it does, if only the Americans would
not continue to damage the seeds by a too violent removal of
the wings. I have tried for years to get this improper practice
discontinued, but hitherto without success. In future I shall try
to obtain the seed in an uncleaned condition and have the wings
removed here.

Sometimes, however, the low practical value of this seed is
not a consequence of the manner in which the wings have been
removed, but must be attributed to other causes, unknown to me.
As a matter of fact, the mean real value of 13 samples, as appears
from the Table on page 68, only amounts to 17.4 %; the highest ger-
minating capacity 74, the lowest 4.7. Moreover it is a fact proved
by experience, and one that cannot be too strongly emphasised,

31

that seeds that germinate but poorly in the germinating apparatus,
where the conditions of temperature and humidity are as favorable
as possible, do so still more unsatisfactorily, if at all, in the seed
bed. Hence it obviously follows that seeds proving a real value
of only 5 — 10% by the artificial tests may be considered worthless.

Whether Abies concolor (glauca) from the Rocky Mountains
and A. concolor (A. lasiocarpa) from the Cascade Range and the
Sierra Nevada, are the same, or two separate species, authorities
are not agreed. The seed from the coast of the Pacific is somewhat
larger than that from the Rocky Mountains, but this is naturally
not conclusive. I believe that it will ultimately be decided that we
are here dealing with two different strains of the same species;
for, according to my experience, seed from high elevations near
the Pacific coast produces greyish blue plants of somewhat weak
growth; plants, indeed, which resemble the Rocky Mountain ones,
much more than the vigorous green Abies concolor from seed
from the lowland forests of the Pacific coast.

The difference between these two types, however, is not nearly
so great as that between the quick growing green Douglas Fir
from the Pacific coast and the much slower growing glaucous
Douglas from the Rocky Mountains — or between the very quick
growing Shore Pine (Pinus contorta) of the Pacific coast and the
slow growing Lodgepole Pine (P. Murrayana) from the Rocky
Mountains, which latter two are generally — in my opinion er-
roneously - - considered as one very variable species.

The best and worst germination results obtained with various
species of Abies during the whole period are as follows:

Germination in per cent after 10 20 30 60 100 days

Abies amabilis 1896—97 2 55

» » 1910—11 0 1

» arizonica 1901—02 61 70

» » 1906—07 7 12

» balsamea, Danish seed 1904— 05 14 62 66 68

» » » » 1889—90 7 9
» » » » over a

year old, 1907—08 30 52 57

» balsamea, Danish seed over

a year old, 1910—11 4 25 26

32

Germination in per cent after 10 20 30 60 100 days

Abies balsamea, American seed

1905—06 14 40 44 (+ 10)

» balsamea, American seed

1889—90 1 1

» concolor, Rocky Mountains

1900—01 38 67 69

» concolor, 1888—89 4

» » (A.lasiocarpa)1889— 90 45 57

» » » 1890—91 1 2 4

» grandis 1890—91 2 60 66 (+ 9)

» » 1902—03 1 4 7 (+ 2)

» magnifica 1901—02 3 22 53 (-J- 5)

» » 1906—07 000 58 58

» » 1909—10 1 2 4 9(+15)

» nobilis, Scottish seed 1902—03 2 65 70

» » » » 1894—95 1 4 5

» » Danish seed 1909—10 6 16 25 (+ 4)

» » from the Pacific coast

1905—06 0 12 72 (+ 1)

» nobilis, from the Pacific coast

1888—89 2

» religiosa (Mexico) 1909 — 10

Lot I 19 38 44 (+ 1)

» religiosa (Mexico) 1909—10

Lot II 1 20 28 30

» subalpina 1904—05 39 53 54 (+ 2)

» » 1902—03 4 9 9

Abies balsamea is, as far as I know, the only species of Abies
that preserves its germinating capacity till the spring of the second
year after harvesting. Seed of Danish origin, as well as Danish
and Scotch grown seed of Abies nobilis, is much better than seed
from the native home of these species in America.

CHAM^CYPARIS LAWSONIANA. In this case also, seed har-
vested in Danmark is better, larger sized and of higher germ-
inating capacity than that from its native home or from South
and Central Europe. The best and worst germination results were
as follows:

33

Germination in per cent after 10 20 30 60 days

Danish seed 1904—05 70 74 74 77

» » 1903—04 20 35 35

American seed 1899—1900 12 34

Italian seed 1909—10 31 54

» » 1887—88 7 7

German seed 1907—08 19 43

CHAM^CYPARIS NUTKAENSIS. Of this hardy and valuable
species I have unfortunately never succeeded in obtaining seed of
even moderate quality; as a rule it is quite worthless. Occasionally
it germinates one or two per cent — thus:

Danish seed 1889—90 30 days 1 %

American seed 1899—1900 30 » 2 »

Year by year I attempt to get seed of this species from its na-
tive home, but without success; so that our only consolation is that
this fine Cypress is fairly easily propagated by cuttings or layers.

CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA from California unfortunately al-
ways germinates very indifferently: as appears from the Table
on p. 68, the mean real value of the 11 samples over a number
of years only amounted to 10.7; highest germinating capacity 23.4,
lowest 2.1 %.

LARIX AMERICANA and L. OCCIDENTALS are both seeds
difficult to obtain. I have only twice, during the whole twenty-
five years, received from Canada, seeds of the East American
Tamarack, L. Americana, capable of germination; and in 1912 I
saw for the first time seed from the West American species L.
occidentalis. The seed germinated as follows:

Germination in per cent after 5 10 20 30 40 days

Larix americana 1904— 05 . . 1 5 11

» » 1909—10.. 14 39

» occidentalis 1911—12. 26 42 50 57 65

THE AMERICAN SPRUCES - - PICEA

CANADIAN WHITE SPRUCE — PICEA ALBA. As in the case
of Abies balsamea, A. nobilis and C. Lawsoniana, Danish seed of
this species is also larger and of better germinating capacity than
Canadian and American seed. The lowest and highest found seed

34

weight from 68 samples of Danish seed is 2.65 and 3.81 respectively;
mean weight 3.19 grams. A Canadian sample weighed 2.45 and a
sample from the Black Hills in South-Dakota: 2 grams.

Apparently our »Danish« White Spruce is a descendant of the
earliest coast forests of which the settlers of the Eastern United
States took possession, while the Black Hills seed came from the
eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains in the State of South-Dakota.
This is quite sufficient to make a great difference in seed weight,
while, in addition, seeds from vigorous artificial woods may often
be larger than those from natural forests. The best and worst germ-
ination results for the whole period were as follows:

Germination in per cent after 10 20 30 days

Danish seed 1909—10 81 93

» » 1887—88 9 11

American seed 39 58 (+7)

Canadian seed 76

PICEA RUBENS — very similar to Picea alba — has a seed
weight of 3.6 grams and germinated 6 °/0, 27 % and 32 % in 10,
20 and 30 days respectively.

PICEA NIGRA belongs to the same group. The mean seed weight
is 3.33 gr. The best germination result was obtained in the season
1902—03 with 71 % and 86 % in 10 and 20 days. The lowest germ-
ination result was in 1893 — 94, 46 % in 30 days.

The two Rocky Mountain Spruces have always yielded good
seed which germinates quickly and easily:

Germination in per cent after 10 20 days

PICEA ENGELMANNII, highest 1900—01 ... 94 96

» » lowest, 1911—12 56 64

» PUNGENS, highest, 1901—02 97 98

» » lowest, 1906—07 69 71

The highest germinating energy in the case of Picea Engelmannii
was found in the year 1903 — 04, when 79 °/0 germinated in 5 days,
and in the case of P. pungens, likewise in 1903 — 04, with 68 %
in 5 days.

SITKA SPRUCE - - PICEA SITKAfiNSIS. In contradistinction to
the two spruces from the Rocky Mountains, it is rather difficult
to obtain a good germination result with the seed of the Sitka

35

Spruce. In itself the seed is good enough; not once since 1902 — 03
has the quality of the seed been poor. In that year for the first
time I received the seed direct from the State of Washington, on
the coast of the Pacific, and since then I have obtained it regularly
from there. The seed, however, is not easy to bring to germination.
It requires a higher temperature, and even then progresses very
slowly from the commencement. It was only in the earlier years
that some of the seed was bad and impure, a fact that is better
brought out if the twenty-five years are divided into two periods:
the 15 years from 1887 to 1901 and 10 years from 1902 to 1912.

Per cent purity: highest lowest average

In the first period 93.6 30 66.7

» » second » 99.3 91.4 96.6

* Real value per cent : highest lowest average

In the first period 79.1 16.5 45.5

» » second » 88.4 58.6 75.6

The best and worst germination results were as follows:

Germination in per cent after 5 10 20 30 days

In the first period 1890—91 .... 30 83 (+ 9)

» » » » 1889—90.... 10 17(+47)

» » second* 1911— 12. . . . 23 62 84 87 (-J- 2)

» » » » 1904—05.... 21 50 57 (+10)

Thus during the last ten years, since 1902, not a single lot of
Sitka Spruce seed has had to be rejected; indeed the average real
value in the second period might have been even higher than the
figures given. It is indeed not an accident that the highest germ-
inating energy and germinating capacity are shown in the last
year; but this is the consequence of the continually improving
technical skill of the seed-testing Establishment. Nevertheless the
valuable Sitka Spruce is, unfortunately, one of those kinds of
seeds which often fail in the nursery, simply because this seed,
in a particularly high degree, requires a careful soaking and pre-
germination before sowing.

In 1889—90 I had a small sample of Danish Sitka Spruce seed
which germinated 16 % in 15 days and 26 °/0 in 30 days.

For the rest, Sitka Spruce seed in particular is suitable for

* The practical or real value is : purity X (germinating capacity, plus sound but not yet germinated seeds)

100

3*

36

demonstrating the progress made in the collecting of forest seeds
and their treatment during the germinating process, as well as the
significance of the fact that the price of the seed varies with its
real value, and finally what an immense support the seed tests
are to the forest seed trade. I took the opportunity of illustrating
this in my two essays : Geholzsamen-Untersuchungen in der Saison
1902—03 and 1903—04, which appeared in the Transactions of the
Deutsche Dendrologische Gesellschaft 1903 and 1904 and in separate
reprints. I should like to reproduce here something from them:

In the season 1901 — 02 we had no Sitka Spruce seed at all and
in the previous year only very moderate seed with only 45 %
real value, so that I was particularly delighted to find seed in
1902 — 03 which had a germinating capacity of 79.2 °/0 and a purity
of 95, and consequently a real value of 75.2 %. But one of my
customers wrote to me that my price was too high, — he could
buy plenty of seed for 35/ with a germinating capacity of 60 %. This
was quite true; but 35/ for 1 kg of seed with 60 % germinating
capacity, means 58/ for 1 kg of germinating seeds. This induced
me to cause three Sitka Spruce samples, received during the season,
to be tested. Each sample was from one of the oldest established
seedsmen in Germany, France and America respectively. The result
was as follows:

Test No. 20736 (Germany) Germ. cap. 68 Real val. 61 %
» » 20737 (France) » » 66 » » 62 %

» » 20738 (America) » » 37 » » 19 %

Comparing now the germinating capacity with the prices at
which the seed was offered for sale, the following price per kg
of germinating seeds is obtained:

Germinating- Price per kg Price per kg
capacity seed germinating seed

No. 20736 68 % 35.00 51.47

» 20737 66 % 37.00 56.06

» 20738 37 % 30.30 81.89

In the experiment report of the year in question, which was
published at the same time, my Sitka seed from the State of
Washington proved a germination of 79 %, and as the price for 1 kg
of seed was 37.80, the price for 1 kg germinating seeds was only 47.85.

37

Still more instructive is the 19 % real value of the very impure,
so called cheap seed from America, with a cost price of »only«
30.30 (30/4); for the price of 1 kg of real value was no less than
159.47 (159/6), against which my seed with a germinating capacity
of 79 %, a real value of 75.2 and a sale price of 37.80, cost only
50.26 (50/3) per kg of real value.

In the following year the experiment was repeated, and for
this four samples were taken: my own seed as well as samples
from two Thuringian firms and one New York one, with the
following result:

I Germinating capacity 80.5, Real value 78.57 %

II » » 77.5, » 73.94 »

III » » 69 » 67.76 »

IV » » 42.5, » 36.98 »

Now as the sale price of the four lots was 34, 20, 30, 34 and
31.50 (31/6) respectively, the following values are found:

I kg germin. capac. 42.48, kg real val. 43.52

II » » » 38.70, » » » 40.57

III » » » 49.27, » » » 50.17

IV » » » 74.11, » » » 85.18

The aim of the future must therefore be to sell seed according
to the price per kilog. of real value, and not per kilog. of mate-
rial. But to carry this through would entail great difficulties. The
collectors in America and Japan would not like the price of the
seed to be determined here in Europe, two or three months after
its dispatch, and the seed merchants in Europe would be unable
to issue complete price lists; for the price would be known for
the first time, three or four weeks after the many different con-
signments had been received. In the case of a few of the more
important seeds of commerce, such as for example spruce, larch,
pine and silver fir seed, which are collected here in Europe and
often supplied in large quantities by the kilns, things must be wor-
ked so as to avoid discrepancies between the preliminary testing
of the seed establishment and the control testing by the purcha-
sers as soon as the technique of the seed testing establishments
is sufficiently certain; this might be brought about in the not far
distant future.

38

AMERICAN PINES — PINUS

These can be dealt with quite briefly, for none of the American
pines are of great importance for Europe. The highest and lowest
germinating capacity and germinating energy met with will be alone

mentioned. Germination in per cent after 5 10 20 30 days

Pinus aristata 1901—02 98 99

» » 1902—03 81 87 87

» Banksiana 1909—10 85 91 93

» » 1910—11 8 28 32

» cembroides 1906—07 84 87 88

» » 1901—02 4 14

» contorta 1909—10 10 51 92 (-f 6)

» » 1907—08 0 29 55 68 (+ 3)

» flexilis 1901— 02 6 67 (+31)

» » 1911—12 9 40 56 (+24)

» inops 1906—07 19 89 93 94

» » 1911—12 0 7 36 (+4)

» insignis 1906—07 0 20 59 67 (+ 7)

» » 1905—06 0 9 24 28 (+ 3)

» mitis 1909— 10 0 51 69 69 (+22)

» » 1901—02 1 3 10 (+46)

» Murrayana (Rocky M.) 1901—02 81 93

» » » 1896—97 2 29

» palustris 1911— 12 14 54 59 (+ 3)

» » 1908—09 0 1 2 (+ 5)

» ponderosa 1910—11 88 96 (+ 1)

» » 1890—91 1 11 12

» resinosa 1905—06 93 95

» » 1902—03 70 89

» rigida 1905—06 65 93 96

» » 1903—04 18 48

» scopulorum 1906—07 21 92 96

» » 1903—04 10 15 17 (+34)

The slow germinating species behaved as follows:

Germination in per cent after 10 20 30 60 100 200 days

Pinus Coulteri 1906—07 . . 2 27 65 (+28)

» » 1908—09.. 53 84

» Jeffreyi 1909— 10... 30 73 89 (+ 3)

» » 1905—06... 00 0 69 (+ 2)

39

Germination in per cent after 10 20 30 60 100 200 days

Firms monticola 191 1—12. 015 21 (+31)

» » 1902—03. 0 2 2(+29)

» Murrayana, Sierra
Nevada 1911—12 4 21 31 51 63 (+32)

Pinus Murrayana, Sierra

Nevada 1908—09 3 18 21 (+70)

PinusLambertiana 1909-10 000 55 88 (+ 1)

» » 1908-09 3 15 (-f- 7)

» Strobus 1905— 06 82 95

» » 1896—97.... 14 63 86

» » 1902—03.... 10 29 (+34)

The quite extraordinary difference in the germinating energy
of Pinus Murrayana from the Rocky Mountains and from the
Sierra Nevada is here particularly striking. The seed from the
former district has generally almost all germinated after 10 days;
the bad result in 1896 — 97 was fortunately exceptional. On the
other hand, the rate of germination of seed from the latter district
is very sluggish, for which reason the sowing of this seed in the
nursery often fails. As with the other more or less slow germina-
ting species, this seed should either be carefully prepared by
steeping and germination before sowing — like Jeffreyi and Stro-
bus — , or prepared for a year before sowing — like Coulteri and
Lambertiana.

The variation in seed weight according to the district (place of
origin) is often very remarkable. Murrayana seed, for instance,
from the Rocky Mountains, has an average weight per 1000 seeds
of 4.5 grams — from the Sierra Nevada one of 10.7.

The same thing is observed with regard to Pinus Monticola seed
from north west Idaho, near Canadian border, weighed in 1912
15 grams, while Californian seed weighed 32 grams.

The seed weight of Pinus Jeffreyi (Pinus ponderosa var. Jeffreyi)
Pinus ponderosa and Pinus scopulorum (P. ponderosa var. sco-
pulorum) is 125.3, 46 and 30.4 grams respectively.

It is perhaps doubtful if the separation of Pinus ponderosa —
(seed from the coast of the Pacific) — from the mountain form
P. scopulorum — (seed from the Rocky Mountains) — is justified ;
but in practice it is convenient and safe. Convenient, because all
triple names are troublesome; safe, because such easily confused

40

names as: Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum, Pinus ponderosa var.
Jeffrey!, Pinus contorta var. Murrayana, Pseudotsuga Douglasii var.
glauca, are liable to give rise to inaccuracies. It is not long since
seed of Contorta and Murrayana were not distinguished in the
market; it was the same with the Green and Blue Douglas Fir.
This was, and indeed is, a very simple system for the merchants
who deal with seeds like shopkeepers with raisins. It is therefore
a great advantage for tree growers to deal with as few varieties
and forms as possible. In all cases, where practicable, the limits
of the species should be as narrow as possible.

THE DOUGLAS FIR — PSEUDOTSUGA DOUGLASII
AND PSEUDOTSUGA GLAUCA

The difficulty of avoiding clumsy triple names again meets us
here. In the first instance I think the difference between the green
Coast Douglas and the glaucous or grey Rocky Mountain Douglas
is so great, that I am justified in following H. Mayr* in regarding
the two as distinct species.

It is indeed possible that the future may show that the boundary
between the two species cannot be made a strict one. Seed im-
ported by the Deutsche Dendrologische Gesellschaft from Ques-
nel, at the source of the Frazer River in British Columbia, pro-
duces plants which point in this direction. Apparently they ap-
proach the grey form very closely in colour, and the Coast Douglas
in rapidity of growth. The future will show if we are here dealing
simply with a hybrid between the green and grey species. Un-
fortunately I have never been able to obtain either seeds or cones
of this Quesnel Douglas (Ps. Doug, caesia) for testing; perhaps the
seed weight would have shown us something of interest. As may
be seen from the Table, the large number of Douglas samples I
have submitted for testing during the years have taught us nothing
of the influence of the place of origin on the seed weight. 32 Samples
of the green species have an average seed weight of 10.3, and 15
samples of the grey species 11.3 grams. The difference is so small,
that it may be owing to the fact that the seed from the Rocky
Mountains is generally better cleaned than that from the coast of
the Pacific. In the year 1912, for the first time, I received for testing,

* Heinrich Mayr: Fremdlandische Wald-und Parkbaume fur Europa.

41

a sample of exceptionally large Douglas Fir seed from Wenatchee,
the eastern slopes of the Cascade Range in the north east part of
the State of Washington; a sample which was brought back by a
Danish Botanist from a tour in the United States in 1911.

The test gave the following result: Seed weight 15.12 grams,
germination 10 %, 22 °/0, 51 % and 63 %, in 10, 20, 30 and 50 days
respectively. This not very high germination result makes one
suspect defective cleaning; presumably there were many empty
seeds present, otherwise the seed weight might have been consider-
ably higher, for the seed was remarkable at first sight for the
size of its grains. In the last three years my ordinary trade seed
from the State of Washington weighed as follows: 1908—09 11.7,
1909—10 13.9, and 1911—12 10.4 grams. Last year the seed was not
as well cleaned as in previous years, as is shown by the seed weight.

Whether the seed of this species from the most southerly part
of its range, the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range of California,
is larger than that from northern regions, as generally is the case
in other species, I do not precisely know. I can hardly believe so;
for in not a single case have the examinations of previous years
shown seed of particularly large grains, and it would have been
remarkable if, as at that time I was receiving seed through a New
York seed dealer, I never once received seed of Californian origin.
Since 1902 I have received the seed each year direct from the State
of Washington, and the highest seed weight 13.9 was in 1909 — the
highest and lowest seed weight in the first 14 years, when the
seed was often poorly cleaned, was 12.4 and 7.5 grams.*

When we examine the germination of the Douglas Fir seed, we
find a remarkable difference in the germinating capacity and ger-
minating energy of the two species, the green Coast Douglas and
the grey Rocky Mountain Douglas; the latter is always the better.

Highest and lowest germination in 5 10 20 30 days

The Green species 38— 63—15 70—43 76—50

The Grey species 75—36 92—70 94—75 94—76

* After the above statement had been published in the Danish and German editions of this work,
appeared in Nov. 1912 and Jan. 1913 respectively, I received in March 1913, from a seed collector in Cali-
fornia, a small lot of Douglas "from almost due East of San Francisco, altitude 4000—5000 feet", and
found the seed weight to be 22.6 grams and the percentage of seeds capable of germinating 71 °/o (the
germinating capacity was, in 21 days: 31 °|o and in 56 days: 51 °/o and 20°/0 of sound but not yet germi-
nated seeds; the germinating energy was but weak.) The seed weight was accordingly twice as great as
the mean weight (10.3) of the whole 32 samples of the green Coast Douglas examined by me in the past
25 years. Hence it would seem that there is after all, a Southern big-grained variety of Douglas, a point
which will be further investigated in future years.

42

The course of germination in some of the best and worst cases
was as follows:

Germination in per cent after 5 10 20 30 days

The green species 1909—10 0 30 61 76 (+ 4)

» » » 1911—12 38 63 70 72

» » » 1892—93 0 7 13 (+60)

The grey species I 1909—10 75 92 94

» » » 111909—10 18 29 32

The test result of the green species for 1892 — 93 does not reflect
the real value of the seed, for the result after 30 days — 13 % ger-
minated plus 60 % sound, but not yet germinated seeds — points
to the test having been defective. It is not merely an accident,
that the two best results with this kind of seed were obtained in
the last two years — 1909 and 1911 — , but here again we have
evidence of the improving technique of the Seed-testing Establish-
ment. Only once, and that also in the last year, has a good result
been obtained with seed of the green species after so little as five
days.

Quite otherwise is the behaviour of the grey species. Even after
5 days the germination is as a rule far advanced, and by ten days
it is often nearly finished; the bad result of lot II 1909—10 is quite ex-
ceptional. If the reports of the Seed testing Establishment on the
course of germination, as already noted, were given after 7, 14,
21 instead of 5, 10, 20 days, the seed of the Grey Douglas might
well be placed among those the examination of which could be
brought to a close after 14 days. This would be an advantage to
all concerned.

PSEUDOTSUGA MACROCARPA. The seed of this species from
southern California, which is not frost-hardy in Danmark, is very
much larger grained and slower in germinating than that of the
other two species. In 1911 — 12 I had seed from two different col-
lectors, and the results of the tests were:

Germinating' after
Seed weight grams 20 30 60 100 days

Lot I 71.8 2 2 3 15

» II 108.0 0 1 15 34 (+18)

THUYA GIGANTEA. The seed germinated regularly and quickly
and is mostly of good quality. Only during the first few years,

43

when I didn't yet know how quickly the seed must germinate in
order to be good, I had a few bad results. Here are two results
with American seed;

1909—10 10 days 83, 20 days 91 %

1890—91 10 » 0, 20 » 3 %

Danish seed varies greatly, sometimes being good, sometimes poor.

1900—01 10 days 80, 20 days 85 %

1911—12 10 » 19, 20 » 32 %

THUYA OCCIDENTALIS. Behaves like the last mentioned species:

Germination in per cent after 5 10 20 days

Canadian seed 1909—10 0 75 90

» » 1911—12 0 34 92

American seed 1910— 11 0 69 85

» » 1902—03 0 24 41

Italian » 1893—94 0 42

» » 1889—90 0 0

Danish » 1900—01 46 78

Norwegian » 1909—10 77 96

Among the TSUGAS, TSUGA CANADENSIS, in spite of the
smallness and lightness of the seeds, is markedly slow in germina-
ting. I am not yet clear if the seed is really so slow in germina-
ting, or whether it is mostly of bad quality. The best result I have
obtained was in the year 1910 — 11 and was as follows: 30 days
0 %, 40 days 20 °/0, 60 days 43 %, 100 days 49 °/o; most of the other
tests have had a much worse result.

WESTERN HEMLOCK — TSUGA MERTENSIANA. In the case
of this handsome and valuable species germination proceeds much
better, and the seed does not lose its germinating capacity so very
quickly.

Germination in per cent after 10 20 30 40 days

1908—09 3 33 68

1909—10 2 20 49

Same lot, 1 year later 0 10 30

1910—11 0 10 24 39

Same lot, 1 year later 009 12

1911—12 20 46 55 (+4)

44

TSUGA PATTONIANA. Of this species I have only twice in
the whole twenty-five years had good seed; the first time, in 1888
—89, it germinated only 1 %; in 1909—10, on the other hand, in 10
days 53 %, in 20 days 75 °/o and in 30 days 79 %.

Thus the seed is sometimes good; but it is very difficult to
obtain.

Ill

JAPANESE (EAST ASIATIC) CONIFERS

The Japanese species have always been the troublesome child
of the Forest Seed Establishments, and are so still; for even after
the lapse of so many years I am not yet so far advanced as to
know with confidence the difference between the seeds of all the
species of Abies and Pinus, not to mention Picea. For as a rule I
receive no Picea seed at all, although year by year I order some
of every species. When I do at last receive something, it is so im-
pure and so different in appearance from year to year that there
is generally nothing further to be done with it, except to send it
out to the nurseries and beg leave to let time show what species
it will produce.

However, in the case of some of the Abies species: Abies firma
and A. Mariesii, and to a certain extent A. homolepis, I feel on
the safe side. But what we receive as A. umbilicata may be some-
times one thing and sometimes another; only twice — 1907 and
1910 — I consider I have certainly succeeded in obtaining the right
article, every other time the seed has been either A. firma or A.
homolepis.

The seed of Abies Veitchii and A. sachalinensis (A. Veitchii var.
sachalinensis) is certainly also sent indiscriminately by the Japa-
nese, so much so that I cannot with certainty distinguish between
the seed of the two species.

The same is the case with the seed of Pinus densiflora and
P. Thunbergii; each year the outward appearance of the seed re-
ceived is so different that I am often in doubt about them.

In spite of the fact that I have succeeded in forming some —
under the circumstances — very good connections in Japan, I can-
not get any further with them than just sending each summer a

46

list of the kinds of seed I want and then, when these have arri-
ved, paying for everything, entirely irrespective of whether the
seed has proved to be correct or incorrect, capable or incapable
of germination. It has proved quite hopeless to carry on a written
correspondence with these good fellows. In February there arrives
an invoice and a consignment which generally includes only half
of the goods ordered. Again and again have I sent them samples
of their seeds of different years for comparison and asked for an
explanation, but I never receive an answer.

One naturally does not expect Japanese or American seed mer-
chants to guarantee the germinating capacity of their seeds. They
cannot, because neither in Japan nor in America are there any
seed testing Establishments which can be used by business men.
On the other hand, the Forest Authorities of these two countries
have now got such institutions established for their own use.

In consequence of the above state of affairs, it is not impro-
bable that one or more of us, who may perhaps in another twenty-
five years' time take the trouble to accurately test Table III on
the seed weight of the Japanese species, may very heavily under-
line the query which I myself have placed against several species.

Of course there are exceptions: the seed weight of Biota, the
Chamaecyparis species, Cryptomeria, Gingkyo, L/arix, Pinus kore-
ensis, P. parvifolia, P. pentaphylla, P. pumila, Sciadopitys, Pseudo-
larix and Thujopsis are given correctly.

It is also not very edifying to inquire too closely into the ger-
mination of the seed. Rarely is a good result obtained; on the con-
trary, the figures are generally poor, as is shown by the averages
in the Table. A few species indeed form exceptions, as for example,
Biota, the seed of which is chiefly obtained from Italy.

The seed of the two Chamaecyparis species as well as that of
Cryptomeria, has, of late years, been often good and often bad:

Germination in per cent after 5 10 20 30 days

Chamaecyparis obtusa 1911— 12, Lot 1 0 25 48

» » » » II 0 7 17

» pisifera 1909—10 000

» » 1910—11 1 0 15 26

» » » II 0 24 51

Cryptomeria japonica, Danish Seed 1911— 12 0 21 43 72

» » Italian » » 0 13 24

» » Japanese » » .... 0 5 12 13

47

LARIX LEPTOLEPIS. The most important of the Japanese spe
cies is naturally the larch.

Even of late years the real value of this seed varies from one
extreme to the other, and the Japanese themselves have admitted
that the many bad results are to be traced to the too early break-
ing of the cones. They try to get the earliest possible profit from
the cones and in this way destroy the harvest. The tests of the
last four years show this.

Germination in per cent after 5 10 20 30 days

1907—08 Consignment I 0 0 0 0

» » II.... 0 15 65

» » III... 0 10 56 67(4-1)

1908—09 0 0 14

1910— 11 Consignment I 3 20 48 49

» » II.... 0 12 38

» » HI ... 0 5 27

1911—12 » 1 0 1 15

» » II.... 0 8 29

Such germination results as these cannot, unfortunately, be
accepted with satisfaction; but progress is being made. In early
years the thoroughly bad consignments appeared even more fre-
quently, and these led to great losses. In January 1906, I received
300 kg. of Japanese larch seed which I paid for on receipt, and 20
days afterwards, learnt by germination tests that the seed was
worthless; fortunately this was discovered before it was distribu-
ted to the forest nurseries.

The PICEA and PINUS species have often a perfectly satis-
factory germinating capacity, if one could, as already said, only
guarantee the genuineness of the seed.

The four species: Pinus koreensis, P. parviflora, P. pentaphylla
and P. pumila, which all belong to the Cembran group and have
large hard-shelled seeds, germinate, like the European Cembran
pine, very slowly — only after 3-400 days — , consequently the
seed must be prepared (stratified) a year before sowing. I have
never received seed of Pinus pumila that the Seed-testing Insti-
tution could get to germinate.

The seed of PSEUDOLARIX KAEMPFERI is obtainable in Italy,
which is a great advantage because it loses its germinating capa-

48

city very quickly and can never stand storing from one year to
another. If it fails to germinate on occasion, it is because the Ita-
lians, when there is a good harvest, store it up for some years,
I had particularly fine seed in autumn 1907. It germinated 32%,
65 % and 81 (+ 19) %, in 10, 20 and 30 days respectively.

The UMBRELLA PINE — SCIADOPITYS VERTICILLATA yields
seed which germinates very slowly, in consequence of which it
often fails in the nursery; it must be sown very early in a warm
bed or in the greenhouse, or be prepared in winter in a warm
place and then sown very early in the spring.

As a rule the seed is good and retains its germinating capacity
for a long time. In 1909 — 10 the germination test proceeded as fol-
lows: 17%, 76% and 88%, in 40, 60 and 100 days respectively.

The handsome THUJOPSIS DOLOBRATA has continually yiel-
ded only empty seed. Again and again I have received apparently
fine seed from various parts of Japan, always however with the
same negative result. The seed is invariably empty. In 1905 — 06 it
germinated 1 per cent, the best result I have had. This species is,
therefore, now struck out of my price lists. For the future the only
consolation that remains for us is that this fine tree can be fairly
easily propagated by means of cuttings or layers.

THE SEEDS
OF BROAD-LEAVED TREES

EUROPEAN, NORTH AFRICAN AND WEST ASIATIC

SPECIES

It must be admitted at once that the results obtained from the
testing of the seeds of broad-leaved trees are only small compa-
red with those obtained by the testing of conifers.

At the very beginning, 25 years ago, numerous experiments
were made, as shown by the two first Reports, covering the business
years 1887 — 88 and 1888 — 89. It soon became evident, however, as
was generally expected — that these germination tests were for
the most part either unsatisfactory or produced no result whatever.

ALNUS and BETULA. As far as the European species are con-
cerned, the Alders and Birches form, indeed, a happy and valuable
exception. The germination tests show very quickly and conclu-
sively the real value of these seeds and in this way explain the
great uncertainty in their treatment in the nurseries, Particularly
in the case of Alder was it a dogma that the seed, to succeed at
all, must be sown in autumn, and on this account such early
autumn distribution was demanded, that new seed could not be
obtained in time. Only after several years' research did this be-
come clear to me.

The germination tests in the very first year 1887 — 88 gave:

Alnus glutinosa, Belgian origin 1 °/0
» incana, » » 2 »

» » Norwegian » 27 »

50

In the second business year:

Alnus glutinosa, Belgian origin 35%
» » » » 32 »

» incana » » 3 »

» » » » 47 »

» » » » 24 »

It was important for me to obtain the seed in early autumn,
as it was required from me then, and for this reason I received
at first year-old worthless seed. Already in the second year, after
I had discovered the trickery of the Mid-European seed merchants,
it became somewhat better, but I still had many bad germination
results for a number of years, so that I was often in doubt if the
seed or the seed testing Establishment was at fault. But for about
10 years the Seed-testing Institution has been working, in my opi-
nion, with absolute certitude, so that it is known after a few days
if the germination will proceed well and if the lot of seed in
question is good enough for use.

ALNUS GLUTINOSA. Whilst the mean germinating capacity
over the whole twenty-five years, with 46 samples amounts to
24 %, it is 35 °/0 for 19 samples in the last 10 years. The highest
germinating capacity during the last ten years is 73, the lowest 18 °/0.

ALNUS INCANA, Central European seed, gave for 59 tests in
the course of 25 years, a mean germinating capacity of 31 °/0,
while that for the 20 samples of the last 10 years was 48 °/0, so
that we have passed the period of early troubles. The germination
now always goes rapidly and smoothly from the start. The best
and worse results for the two species have been as follows:

Germination in per cent after 5 10 20 30 days

Alnus glutinosa, Belgian seed 1902—03 ... 38 44 44

» » » » 1903—04... 16 22 25 25

» » » » 1904—05... 20 25 26

» » » » 1905—06... 20 23 28 28

» » » » 1906—07... 8 14 16

» » » » 1907—08... 68 71 73

» » » » 1908—09... 46 54 56

» » » » 1911—12.. 8 23 30

51

Germination in per cent after 5 10 20 30 days

Alnus incana, Alpine seed 1902—03 57 61 64 64

B B » » 1903—04 16 18

» » » » » 33 46

B » » » 1904—05 59 76 78

• • » » 1908—09 63 66 68

» B » » 1909—10 22 29 32

» B B » 1910—11 22 36 40

B » » » 1911—12 46 51

B B Norwegian » 1898—99 3 5

» '» » » 1909—10 37 55 61

B B B » 1911—12 44 70 73

The purity determinations with Alnus incana have provided
quite surprising results and shown that this seed is, to a very large
extent, adulterated with the always far cheaper seed of Alnus
glutinosa.

For this reason I caused in 1903 — 04 a number of Alnus incana
samples that were sent to me, to be tested by the Seed Testing
Institution, with the following results:

Pure seed Foreign seed Rubbish
(A. incana) (A. glutinosa) (Shales &c.)

Norwegian Seed 87 °/0 0 % 13 %

Mid-European Seed 57 » 11 » 32 »

B » 47 » IB 52 B

» B 12 » 25 » 63 B

Alpine Seed 31 » 10 » 59 »

B » 20 » 10 B 70 B

B B 25 B 4 B 71 B

B B 27 B 19 B 54 B

B B 25 B IB 74 B

» » 42 B 6 B 52 B

B B 22 B 11 B 67 B

B B 47 » 10 B 43 B

B B 52 B 9 B 39 B

French Seed 13 » 24 B 63 B

Of the whole 14 only the Norwegian sample was quite without
admixture of foreign seeds. One Alpine sample was practically
speaking pure, while on the other hand the French and one Mid-

4*

52

European "White Alder" sample contained twice as much Black
Alder as White Alder. When the tests were continued in the fol-
lowing year the same conditions were repeated, and this was con-
firmed each year, for far the greater part of the trade white alder
seed is more or less admixed with black alder.

THE HEART-LEAVED ALDER — ALNUS CORDATA. Repeated
tests often give a very good idea of the reliability of the collector
and the quality of the seed. In a number of years I received the
very rare seed of A. cordata from a French collector, and the seed
was always of only moderate real value and often quite worthless.

In three successive years the germination tests proceeded as
follows:

Germination in per cent after 5 10 30 60 100 days

1905... 8 20 30
1906... 0 8 19 56

1907... 0 2 9 12

That the seed of each of the three years was furnished from
the seed of the same year, is proved especially by the gradually
falling germinating energy; indeed the seed was apparently already
one year old in 1905, for I received for the first time in the year
1910 — 11 from an Italian collector a small lot of A. cordata which
germinated fast and well and showed what this seed can and ought
to be, since the test proceeded as follows: 28 %, 62 %, 72 °/0 and
72 %, in 5, 10, 20 and 30 days respectively.

BIRCH — BETULA VERRUCOSA and BETULA ODORATA. The
trade in these seeds has also received much benefit from my co-
operation with the Seed Testing Institution. During the earlier
years one was pleased with a germinating capacity of 10 % or
even less, as the mean germinating capacity of Betula verrucosa
amounted in the first 15 years to 16 %, in the last 10 years to 29 %
and in the last 5 years to 44 %.

Of B. ODORATA I have always had only northern seed, of Fin-
nish, Norwegian or Swedish origin, and it was really always of
good quality, since the lowest found germinating capacity was
1 1 % against 2 % for the Mid-European seed, and only 4 out of 23
Scandinavian samples gave but 11 to 15 °/0. The mean germinating
capacity for the whole period of years was 37 °/0 against 23 % for
the Mid-European seed.

53

The course of the germination has been faster and easier during
recent years where the seed has been good; this is shown by the
following best and worst results obtained:

Germination in per cent after 5

10

20 days

B. VERRUCOSA, French origin 1908—09

2

9

11

» Dutch » 1909—10

19

39

44

» Danish »

»

21

45

48

» German »

9

16

33

39

» Danish »

1911—12

57

84

88

B. ODORATA, Norwegian »

1905—06

1

11

17

» Swedish »

2

10

12

» Norwegian »

1908—09

41

48

54

» Swedish »

1911—12

46

49

50

» Finnish »

»

29

34

34

» West Norwegian »

1911—12

15

62

66

The system hitherto followed by our Danish Seed Testing In-
stitution of reporting the course of the germination at intervals
of 5, 10, 20, 30 days has been excellent and instructive, but, as
mentioned before, I think a 7, 14, 21 days period would be a small
step forward, and Alnus and Betula would then be among those
species the testing of which could be brought to a close after 14
days.

The season 1911-12 gave besides, a good example of how incor-
rect it is to judge seed only by the price at which it is offered
per kilogram. If the prices of the following samples of Birch

seed per kilogram germinating capacity and per kilogram real

(PxK\
.fl0 I are calculated, the following results are obtained:

Germinating Price per Gives price per kilo

Purity Capacity kilo seed Germ. Cap. Real value

Danish Seed 1 ...... 36.5 72.0 1.35 1.88 5.13

» » II ..... 34.0 80.7 1.35 1.67 4.93

Norwegian Seed . . . 30.5 66.0 1.50 2.27 7.46

Swedish » ... 29.5 49.7 1.20 2.42 8.16

Dutch » ... 29.0 18.7 1.00 5.35 18.52

Thuringian » ... 19.5 9.0 1.00 11.11 55.55

Hessian » 25.0 4.0 1.00 25.00 100.00

54

Obviously the three last-mentioned lots were not used; the
price mentioned in the calculations is that at which the seed
could have been sent out from here.

It is generally considered that Birch seed loses much in ger-
minating capacity during the winter. However, this is not the case,
as was shown us by the following experiment during the season
1911—12:

Germination in 10 20 days

Danish Birch Seed, Lot I September 69 72

» » » » May 84 88

» » » Lot II December 79 81

» » » » May 63 65

That Lot I germinated better in May than in December is in-
deed an accident; perhaps it is also to be attributed to the fact
that seed ripened by storing sometimes germinates better than
freshly gathered seed, which at any rate is nothing extraordinary.
The result of Lot II — that the seed fell off somewhat between
December and May — would probably be more correct.

ACORNS AND BEECH-NUTS

With these testing by cutting sections is quite satisfactory, for
which reason I have only got the Seed Testing Institution to un-
dertake a few tests, which are set out in Table IV.

On the other hand I have undertaken a series of sowing ex-
periments from time to time with germinated and non-germinated
acorns, in order to remove the misgiving, apparent at the time,
about sowing germinated acorns; and I have already had the
opportunity, in 1900, of demonstrating that acorns germinated be-
fore sowing grow just as well as those not germinated.*

A later experiment meanwhile taught that the previously ger-
minated acorns grew not only as well as the non-germinated ones
but— under unfavourable conditions — even better.

* nBrugbarheden af spirede Agernir. Tidsskrift for Skovvsesen, Bind XIII, 1909.«

55

In January 1907, 5 acorn samples each of 100 of the largest and
best developed individuals were selected. The samples were mixed
with moist turf mould, placed in boxes and stored in an open shed
with a roof in my garden. There they remained undisturbed until
the sowing took place in 5th May in a shady situation along the
north side of some large trees. The soil was moist and cold, deep
humus on loam. The summer was cold and rainy. The result was
as follows:

7 sprouts

20. May

Largest Danish unger-

minated acorns. 100

weighed 585 gr.
Largest Danish unger-

minated acorns. 100

weighed 585 gr.
Largest Dutch. The

rootlet just broken

out of the shell. 100

weighed 560 gr.
Largest Dutch ungerm-

inated. 100 weighed 25 sprouts

585 gr.
Largest Dutch with 5-10

cm long black, dried-
out autumn rootlets,

which were cut off to 32 sprouts

1-2 cm long just before

sowing. 100 weighed

585 gr.

20. June

2 sprouts

25 sprouts
37 plants

9 sprouts
42 plants

10 sprouts

68 strong

plants

20. July 29. Sept.

19 plants
27 plants

69 plants 75 plants

14 sprouts
56 plants

80 plants

88 plants 96 plants

By »sprout« I mean the young tender, generally red shoot which
is visible before the leaves develop, in distinction to the later »plants«
bearing leaves. The Danish acorns gave no more plants than noted
under 20. Sept., none also in the next summer.

In the same spring in which this small experiment took place
I sent to two forest districts in Jutland, each a shipment of acorns
of exactly the same lot. In one place the sowing was a complete
failure on account of the cold and wet of the summer, whilst in

56

the other place a good result was obtained, because these acorns
were made to germinate before sowing, by placing them a couple
of weeks in a warm stable.

Seedlings of acorns, which have not germinated before sowing,
develop a strong tap-root, as is shown in Fig. 1, whilst seedlings
from acorns, which have sprouted strongly and whose rootlets
are dried up before sowing, form numerous fibrous roots, see Figs.
II & III; the upper black roots are the dried up dead rootlets.

The Figures IV & V show small Norwegian acorns of Quercus
sessiliflora, which during transit in autumn to Danmark became
heated in the sack and germinated very strongly, but nevertheless
after sowing in the spring grew very well and, instead of the sprouts
that had dried up in the winter, developed new roots.

ii

in

57

WILLOW — SALIX. As may be known, the seed loses its ger-
minating capacity very rapidly. Already in 1889* and 1900** I
directed attention to this. A germination test with SALIX CAPREA
was carried out in 1888. The seed was collected on 15th June,
placed for germination on the 16th and germinated 87 °/0 in 2 days,
93 % in 6 days. 25 days later, the same sample only germinated
7 % in 10 days.

But as I am continually being asked to supply Salix seed, a
new test was carried out in 1909.

The seed was collected on June llth, and was placed for ger-
mination the next day, June 12th, and likewise on the 22nd, and
28th June and 5th July, and germinated as follows:

Germination test 12. June: 2 days 67, 10 days 72 %

» » 22. » » 47, 6 » 48 »

» » 28. » » 45,

» » 5. July » 5, 6 » 5 »

Thus, as in 1888, after 24 days the seed may be said to be
worthless. If it is desired to sow Willow seed, it is best to collect
it oneself and sow it in a suitable, moist place, without covering
the extremely small seed with earth; it will then come up in a
few days.

THE AMERICAN BROAD-LEAVED TREES.

IN TABLE IV we find the same thing, particularly successful
germinating tests with only a few species little in demand.

THE BETULA SPECIES mostly germinate quickly and easily,
as Table IV shows. Germination tests of the keeping qualities of
American birch seed are very instructive. A small lot of BETULA
NIGRA which I received from the Arnold Arboretum in summer
1911 and with which a series of tests were at once started, ger-
minated as follows:

Germination in 5 10 20 days

In September 1911 ... 62 80%
» December » ... 3 65 75%
» May 1912 13 57 63%

* Analyseresultater for 1888—89.

** »Lidt om Froanalysers Betydning for Skovfroett, Tidsskrift for Skovvsesen, Bind XII, 1900.

58

The final germinating capacity thus did not decline seriously
from autumn to spring; but the germinating energy in 5 days fell
off very significantly.

BETULA PAPYRACEA appears, on the other hand, to lose its
germinating capacity more quickly, since two germinating tests in
the spring of 1912 with Canadian seed, harvested in 1911, resulted
as follows:

5 10 20 days

February germination 22 63 67 °/0

May germination 0 27 34 »

BETULA LUTEA, likewise of Canadian origin, germinated much
more slowly, viz. 5 days 0; 10: 25; 30: 36.5, and 80 days 47 %.

PLATANUS OCCIDENTALS serves as a very good example
to show of what great use the germination tests can be.

Germination in per cent after 5

1904—05 .... 50

10

56

20 30 days

56

1905—06 ....

0

2

4

1906—07 ....

46

53

58

1907—08 ....

0

0

0

1908—09 ....

1

37

54

1909—10 ....

46

65

70

1910—11 ....

2

22

25

According to this, every second year the seed germinates not
at all or only very badly, which leads to the conjecture that
American collectors only have a good harvest in alternate seasons,
when they supply themselves for two years.

GARY A, JUGLANS and QUERCUS. Besides the species which
are set forth in Table IV, I have also weighed the following species
to find out the number of seeds per kilogram.

Weight of 1000 Number of
seeds in grams seeds per kg

Carya alba Nutt 3700—4058 200

» amara Nutt 4148 200

» microcarpa Nutt. 3400 300

» olivaeformis Nut t. 2500 400

» porcina Nutt 4600 200

» sulcata Nutt 14000 100

» tomentosa Nutt . 6390 160

Weight of 1000 Number of
seeds in grams seeds per kg

Juglans cinerea I/., American seed. . 12100 85

» nigra L. » » 20000 50

» » L. European » 9600 100

Quercus bicolor Willd 2509 386

» Catesbaei Mchx 1150 870

» coccinea Wgh 1580 630

» ilicifolia Wgh 1017 983

» lyrata Walter 3473 288

» macrocarpa Mchx 10910 92

» palustris Duroi 920 1187

» Prinus L 6000 170

» rubra .L., American seed . . 4017 224

» » European seed 2729 400

» stellata Wgh 1020 980

QUERCUS RUBRA and JUGLANS NIGRA seed of European
origin is much smaller than that from America; the size, however,
is very variable. In Table IV — as the result of an earlier weighing
- QUERCUS MACROCARPA and Q. PALUSTRIS are given with
300 and 700 seeds to the kilogram. The weight of Q. PEDUNCU-
LATA, Q. CERRIS and Q. CONFERTA are also to be found in
Table IV.

THE JAPANESE BROAD-LEAVED TREES.

The Table of the East Asiatic species offers us little of interest,
except that the seed of the splendid BETULA MAXIM OWICZII
unfortunately germinates as a rule only from 1 to l1^ °/0. In central
Europe this strong, slender tree is found to succeed splendidly on
heavy loam soils, and it is much to be desired that the Japanese
should soon send us this seed in good quality and at a suitable
price. On marshy soils the Japanese Birch succeeds just as little
as the American birches.

ACANTHOPANAX RICINIFOLIUM, which some years ago was
fairly in demand, has proved unable to germinate in the germi-
nating apparatus, which seems to indicate that, in the beds, it lies
over a year in the earth before growing.

CERCIDIPHYLLUM JAPONICUM, on the contrary, sometimes
germinates readily and quickly. The best result was as follows:

60

5 days 53, 10 days 54, 20 days 55, 30 days 55 %. Thus the sample
practically had finished its germination after 5 days; generally,
however, this seed germinates much more slowly and sometimes
not at all.

CATALPA KAEMPFERI, like the American species, C. SPECIOSA
and C. BIGNONIOIDES, germinates readily and quickly, and the
seed keeps its germinating power for a couple of years. The best
result was the following: 5 days 73 %; 10 days 93 %; 20 days 95 °/0;
and 30 days 96%; the lowest result: 5 days 9%; 10 days 83%;
20 days 86 %; and 30 days 86 %•

PAULOWNIA IMPERIALIS is likewise easy to deal with when
the seed is good, which is almost always the case. The best ger-
mination result is as under:

5 days 0%; 10 days 82 %; 20 days 85 %; and 30 days 85 %;
the lowest:

5 days 0 %; 10 days 0 %; 20 days 0 %; and 30 days 13 %.

WISTARIA CHINENSIS has been tested two or three times, the
best germination result being 43 % in 30 days, the lowest only 4 %.

ZELKOWA KEAKI, on the contrary, germinates slowly:

10 days 0 %; 20 days 5 %; 30 days 11 %; 60 days 29 %; and 100
days 43 %; consequently in the seed bed the seeds will probably
remain a year before growing.

61

AUSTRALIAN EUCALYPTUS

No. of seeds

'Weight of per kilo of Germination in
1000 seeds pure seed 5 10 20 days

Eucalyptus amygdalina 1906—07 0.7 1.428.600 42 80 85

Eucalyptus amygdalina 1908—09 (Crop

1904) 44 78 90

Eucalyptus amygdalina 1908—09 (Crop

1906) 20 62 85

Eucalyptus amygdalina 1910 — 11 (Crop

1909) 40 84 89

Eucalyptus gigantea 1908—09 (Crop 1904) 46 71 87

» » 1910—11 ( » 1909) 1.0 1.000.000 13 72 85

» globulus 1908—09 ( » 1904) 91 91 94

» » 1908— 09 ( » 1907) 69 75 78

» » 1910—11 2.3 434.800 86 94 96

» Gunnii 1908—09 (Crop 1904) . 60 79 80

» » 1910—11 ( » 1909) . 0.6 1.666.700 61 93 94

» Stuartiana 1910—11 0.6 1.666.700 93 96 96

The extraordinary keeping power of the seed is striking. Con-
sider, for example, E. amygdalina: seed of the 1904 crop germin-
ated 90 % even after 4 years, and the same is the case with E.
gigantea, E. globulus and E. Gunnii. The seed weight as well as
the number of seeds per kilogram refers here, as everywhere,
only to the pure seed, not to the real value; for Eucalyptus seed
is very often impure, since it contains a great deal of the remains
of the fruit capsules as with Alder and Birch seed, so that seed
with 70, 80 to 90 % germinating capacity has usually only a real
value of 15—20 °/0.

TABLE
I

CONIFEROUS TREE SEEDS

EUROPEAN, WEST-ASIATIC
AND NORTH-AFRICAN SPECIES

AVERAGE FIGURES FOR 25 YEARS

64

00
«

.— i
a

I

GO

<4H
O

6

z

Weight of
lOOOseeds
in grams

be
M

u

*1

« <U

•a to
u ...
w £

£ *

"8 *

6

z

% purity

% germinating capacity
(germinated + sound)

Real-
Value *)

Lowest

4-1

CO

I

• .-<

X

Average

Lowest

4->
01

«

1

K

Average

Lowest

•»->

to
D

A
M

'£

Average

Lowest

<-

CO
V

-a

£

Average

ABIES

11

2
2
24
3
24
1
11
16
2

11
10
8

9
2

33
3
12
22

7
57
9
18
1
6

58.5
48.5
251.Q
52.8
78.9
34.J

46.7

8.71
50.9

56.2
92.0
50.o

6-67

4-67

4-66

5-eo

5-08
8-05

6-84

6.73
3.97

5-07
4.,n

86.7

74.6
253.Q
79.2
85.8
57.j
52.!
86.1
15.4
59.6

101.Q
170.0
138.Q

8-89
6-21

6-60
6.2i
6.18
12.4

8-87
9-68
5-50
6.02

4-se
5.1R

70.0

64.i
83.0
46.3

64.5
10.8

76.6
132.0
98.6

7-23

5-64
6-05
5-80
10.6

7-97
8-06

5.00
5-eo

4.,,

14300
16300
4000
15600
12000
21600
19200
15500
92600
18100

13100
7600
10100

138300
183800

177300
165300
172400
94300

125500
124100
200000
178600
217100
210900

50.8

87.o
88.0
63.o
71.6
56.8

54.2
64.2
53.9

74.4
66.2
67.5

62.5
34.2

57.i
79.8

71-6

60.J

92.i
93.0
96.i
95.7

96.,

96.o
99.9
90.0
98.0
97.o
99.8
47.9
99.Q
97.7
69.7

96.8
95.0
97.4

97.4
60.2

92.0
87.i
90.8
99.fl

98.8
99.4
99.7
99.9
99.4

100.n

76.5

86.5
82.8
86.4

87.2
90.8

85.i

81.6

87.2
86.2

81-6

83.9
82.2
94.0

97.2
97.2
98.4
98.4

98.2

5-5 + 0.0
38.Q + 0.0
93.5+1.0
9-5 + 0.0
30.Q+0.0
4.5 + 2.5

9.0 + 0.0
17.5 + 0.0
O.Q + 0.0

8.8 + 00
13.Q + 0.0
12.5+6.0

9.0
0-5

21.0
49.o
33.0

1-0

45.5 + 0.0
40.2 + 0.0
58.5+0.5
65.5+1-0

44.n + 0.n

78.5 + 1.0
57.0 + O.Q
82.o + 14.o
56.Q + 5.0
53.3 + OK,
66.0+ 6.0

11.5 + 0-0

53.o+16.o
52.Q+2.0
42-B + O.o

74.0+1.5
87.2 + 4.4
92.0+0.o

38.5

19.5

63.5

55.o

61.5

60.0

80.Q + 0.0
93.8 + 0.0
98.o + 0.o
97.5 + 0.0
73.5+1.5
95.5+O.n

28.6 + 2.8

24.8 + 6.2
43.6 + 0.5
35.0 + S.g

32.1 + 5.8
33.5 + O.j

33.2+11.4
67.1 + 4.J

41.6+2.7

27.3

46.7
51.0
53.8
30.8

70-9+O.Q

80.6+1.!

85.4 + 0.8
86.3+1.7

66.0 + 6.0

3-5

38-g
83.2
8.1

21-5

5.7

8.4
15.8
0.0

6-5

12.4
15.i

8-8

O.a
25.o

41-2

25.3

1-0

44.8
39.8
65.3
65.o

43.R

69.Q
56.9
86.4

51.4

51.7

68.2
5.5
60.5
44.0
22.9

64.7
67.4
89.6

34.8
11.7

60.4
47.9
54.!
59.1

77-o
96.8
97.7
97.6
74.6
94.»

24.o

26.8
36.5
35.3

33.o
30.8

38.0
58.i
38.6

23.5

38.1
42.8
44.2
28.5

68.8

81.3

84.3
86.6

71.B

- var. Reginae Amaliae .
cilicica Carr.

Nordmanniana Lk

pectinata D C

pindrau ,5pac/2

^^ebbiana Lindl

CEDRUS

CUPRESSUS

sempervirens D C

torulosa Don •

LARIX

europsea D C Tyrol

— Switz

— Silesia

sibirica Ledeb

PICEA

excelsa Lk Denmark

— Central Europe . . .
— Finland

— Ural

— borealis . .

* The real value is Purity X (Germinating capacity + seeds sound but still ungerminated after a certain number of days):
P X (G + U)
100

65

The course of germination

5 days

%

10 days

%

20 days

%

30 days

°/o

60 days

°/o

100 days

°/o

Lowest

•<-'

CO

V

•a

£

Average

Lowest

to
V

&

M

£

Average

Lowest

+*

CO

G

•a

X

Average

Lowest

Highest

Average

Lowest

to

V

•a

£

Average

Lowest

+*

to

<u

•a

£

Average

ABIES

cephalonica Lk

0-3

0.0
0.0

2.o

O.o
0.0

O.o

0.0
0.0

0.0
O.o

0.7

7-0

9-3

12.0

4-7

O.o

34.7

32.2
24.3

57.o
55.7

19.7

2-8
4-4

25.Q

0.0

2.5

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

0.0

3.0
O-o

0.0
O.o

3-5

2.3
0.0

4-3
21.3

2-2
0.7

39.0
42.o
56.3

5-8
4-5

0.5

lO-o

4-7

27.7

3-5

20.0
37.3

9-5

42.8
27.5
24.8

14.B

1-3

57.0
33.Q
50.5
50.2

72.o
90.8
94.3
95.o
67.7
94.,

1-5

2.2
2.i
12.9

4.o
22.7

15.o
12.8

11-9

8.2

31.8
27.2
27.4
20.i

76.Q
76.8
83.i

3.o

0.0
0.0
0.0
2.3

5.0
12.0
O.o

l-o
13.0
8.7

7-5

O.o

21.0

33.o
l-o

43.o
40.2
58.5
65.5

44 n

51.o
38.o
25.5
40.0
18.5
63.5

11.5

35.0
47.0
40.0

70.0
67.o
42.o

38.6
19.0

60.0

58.o
55.o

80.0
93.3
98.o
97.5

95r

16.5
IS.,

9-3

28.!

21.5

30.3

28.o
42.3
23.3

26.5

41.7

SO.,
29.5

70.3
80.i
85.i
86.2

0-5

0.0
0.5

2.o

4-5

9.0
17.5
0.0

4-5

13.0
9-5

9.o

0-5

21.0
49.o
33.o
l-o

45.5
40.2
58.5
65.5

44.n

73.0

84.5
50.o
53.8
66.0

11-5

55.5
52.o
42.5

74.0
87.2
92.o

38.5
19.5

63.5
55.Q

61.5

60.0

80.0
93.8
98.0
97.5

95,,

21-1
21.6

31.9

32.3

32.!
32.8

33.2
67.!
41.6

27.8

46.7
51.0
53.8
30.8

70.9

80.6
85.4
86.8

66,0

3-5

l-o
5.5
17.o

78.5

93.5
50.0
53.3

71.o

26.!
39.3

82.o
13.0

57.0
93.5
56.0

28.4

- var. Reginae Amaliae. .
cilicica Ca.rr.

Nordmanniana Lk

numidica de L. Csrr.

pectinata D C

Pindrau Sp£ch

sibirica Led&b

^V^ebbiana Lindl

CEDRUS

atlantica Mtti

Deodara Loud

Libani Barr

CUPRESSUS

sempervirens D. C

torulosa Don

LARIX

europaea D. C., Tyrol

Switzerland

Silesia

sibirica Ledeb

PICEA

excelsa Lk. Denmark

Central Europe . . .
— Finland

— Scandinavia

— Ural

— borealis . .

66

0)

"a

1

CO

O

6

Weight of
lOOOseeds
in grams

bo
u.

•8 1

<u
<u <u

CO I*

1 1 j "~^

O "

6
Z

°/o purity

°/o germinating capacity
(germinated -f- sound)

Real-
Value

^Lowest

to

c

1

DC

Average

Lowest

Highest

Average

Lowest

•*->

CO

DC

Average

Lowest

CO

0

X

Average

PICEA

Morinda Lk

3

10
1
9

21
6
5
3
10
2
3
22
1
3
14
7
11
2
73
4
3
1
4

4
33
10
13
37
1
1

12.8

4-45
5-67

16.5

116.o
214.0
35.5

17.3
12.7

80.8
46.o

14.fl

7-20

5-10

5-52

22.0
40.6

216.o

6-00
5-oo

4-53
4-75

3.79

14.9

5-76
3-76
8-70

21.7

22.9

123.o
272.0
60.3
302.Q
19.0

17-!

22.7
124.o
66.0

17.2
9-46

6.0

8.17

26.J
44.6
803.Q
230.o

7-50
7-40
6-23
5.41

5-82
5-80
7.m

4-86
7-30

18.8
17.2
119.0
240.o
46.7

14-8

99.8
53.3

8-31
6-87

23.7
42.4

225.o

6-65
6-41

5-22
5.15
4-54

72000
203700
263300
137000

53200
58100
8400
4200
21400
3300
55000
67600
44100
10100
18700
62000
121700
180200
145600
42200
23600
1200
4400

150400
156000
191600
194200
220300
172400
140800

74.8
95.4

91-5

93 o

90.9
98.5

91.4

99.8

99.2
98 1

97.6
97.4

98.i

qf>n

27.6 + 0.5
49.Q+13.0

65.5 + 0.0
36.5 + 9.Q

72n + 0n

64.5 + O.Q
94.0 + 0.5
99.Q + 0.0
97.0+1-0

93.0 + O.Q

80.2+1.6
78.9+6.9

73.5 + 4.3

83 « + 0 a

25.5
48.3

60.9

44.8

70 «

48.2

91.7

90.5
97.8

94.3
PSi

79.8
83.8

76.8

80 r

obovata Ledeb

Omorica Pane

orientalis Lk

PINUS

austriaca Hoss

calabrica Delam

canariensis Ch Sm

98.5
98.0
85-i

95.2
96.3

95.6
95.4
95.8
93.3
93.8
94.7
98.0
94.8

96.3

98.6
85.8
98.4
98.7
88.0

100.o
100.0
97.5
98.8
95.2
99.2
95-6
99-7
lOO-o
99.4
99.3
97.9
99.9
99.8
99.6
96.4
100.0

99.7
99.6
99.7
99.9
99.8
97.6

99.i
99-2
92.!

95.2
98.o

97.8
98.6
98.2
98.i

98.6
98.7
97.8

98.5

99.1
95.4
99.0
99.3
98.o

61.o+6.0
0-0 + 73.0
12.0 + 8.0
38.0+16.Q
61.0 + 8.Q
48.5 + O.Q

81.5 + 0.0
16.0 + 0.0
74.5 + 0.0
49.5 + 17.0
88.5 + 3.5
32.0 + 24.0
86.5 + 0.0
84.5 + 4.0

O.Q + 0.0

K7 4- K

O / .7 ' O.Q

38.5 + 0.0
65.0 + 8.0
58.0+12.0
28.0 + 2.5

87.5+l.0
15-0+75.0

56.0+17.0
89.0+1.5
97.0 + 0.0
69.Q + 5.0
91.3 + 0.0
86.0 + 9.0
96.5 + 0.0
84.Q+10.0
88.4 + 4.3
98.Q + 0.0
94.Q + 0.0
88.5 + 0.0
70-0 + 0.0
82.5+H.o

96.7 + 0.0
95.5 + 0.0
98.0+0.5
97.5+1.0
94.Q + 2.5
79.0+2.7

85.o +5.n

69.7+ll.e

7.3+73.7

73.1+1.4
85.8 + 0.5

61.4+5.8

85.Q + 0.0

69.6+11-7

78.7 + 7.5
90.3 + 0-0
86.5 + 2.0

84.1 + 1.3
67.3 + 2.8
89.7 + 2.3

65.3 +11.!

67.Q
72.5

19.5

65.7

47.8

81.3
15.7
73.4
66.0
80.3
54.5
85.i
67.2

O.o

61.8
35.2
72.!
69.i
29.8

87.6
90.Q
84.2
72.i
86.1
96.2
70.7
89.7
95.0
95.6
89.7
86.9
98.o
92.i
87.5
67.5
93-o

97.7
95.6
96.9
98.5
96.3
79.7

80.6
80.4
54.2

73.0

84.4
65.8
83.5
79.8

85.o
89.i
86.6

84.5
66.4

89.6
74.9

excelsa \Va/7

Gerardiana Wa//

halepensis Mill

leucodermis Ant

longifolia Roxb

maritima L

monspeliensis Salzm

montana gallica

— Puniilio

— uncinata, Danish crop.
Pallasiana Lamb

Peuke Griseb

Pinea L

sibirica Mayr.

PINUS

silvestris L., Central Europe
— Scotland

— West Norway . . .
— Sweden

— Finland

— Livonia

— Ural. .

67

The course of germination

5 days

°/o

10 days

%

20 days

°/o

30 days

%

60 days

°/o

100 days

°/o

Lowest

Highest

Average

Lowest

«

t>

A

two

53

Average

Lowest

Highest

Average

Lowest

Highest

Average

Lowest

•»->

vt

1

bo

• »H

£

Average

Lowest

•%

<U

•a

X

Average

PICEA

Morinda Lk

0.0
O.o

0.0
0.7

16.3

0.0

7-7

l-o
0.0

7-0

1-7
1-3

9-3
3-7
5-3

6-7

0.0
70.3

70.7

75.o

2-0
O.o
68.0
48.Q
9.8
87.0
47.7

63.0
43.0
83.o
51.3
57.Q
40.3
15.,

O.o
40.5

O-o
52.7
30.6

35.2

45.5
48.t
23.7

0.0
28.7

8.0

21-3
59.7

2-3

0.0

4.o

1-0

20.0

73.5
O.o
41.7
37.3
72.7
19.0
43.0
O-o

0.0

46.o
25.0
54.3
40.0

7-6

61.3
92.o
99.o
91.0

86.3
93.o
58.0

38.5
14.o

17.0
94.8

l-o
88.0
35.0
90.3
77.7
83.o
95.7
87.o

0-8

50.0

5.o

90.o
83.o
94.7
90.7
91.8
70.3
66,.

64.5
43.2

62.!

77.3

31.5

13.o

60.0

79.o

11.7

75.9

58.3

63.6
68.1
0.2

77.6
52.3
84.5
71.2
52.!

22.3
46.5

50.0

36.5
72.o
33.o
O.o
8.0
38.o
31.7
48,o

81.5

ll.o

73.5
49.5
78.5
32.0
86.0
O.o

0.0

57.7
38.5
64.0
58.o

11-5

64.5
94.0

97.0

92.5
96.o
85.5

ll.o
92.5
48.o
78.0
97.o

7-8
91.3

80.0

91-5

87.Q
88.4
98.o
94.o

1-3

70.0
ll-o

96.7
94.o
98.0
97.5
94.5
79.o

85n

79.!
79.5

73.0
83.6
65.2
6.0

72.j

85.8
49.7
85.o
69.5

75.0
89.7
0-3

84.1
65.8
89.4
85.2

61.5

27.5
49.0

54.0

36.5

72.o
44.6
0.0
lO-o

61.Q
48.5

81.5

16.0

32.0

86.5
O-o

O.o

38.5
65.0
58.o
15.o

64.5

94.o

97.o

93.o
96.Q
87.5
15.0
92.5
56.o
89.o
97.o
12-o

91,3

88.7

88.5
98.o
94.o

11.3

70.0

95.B
98.0
97.5
94.5

80.2
78.9

73.5
83.6
69.7

7-3

48.4

73.1

85.8

61.4

78.7
90.3

67.3
89.7
85.5
65.3

12.0
O.o

92.5

70.0

17.0

52.9

400

69.0

days

82.5

obovata Ledeb

Omorica Pane

orientalis Lk

PINUS

austriaca Hoss

calabrica Delam

canariensis Ch. Sm

Cembra L

excelsa \Va/7

Gerardiana \Va77

halepensis Mill

Laricio Poir.

leucodermis Ant.

longifolia Roxb

maritima L

monspeliensis Sa.lztn

montana gallica

— Pumilio

— uncinata, Danish crop.
Pallasiana Lamb

Peuke Griseb

Pinea L

sibirica Mayr.

PINUS

silvestris L., Central Europe
— Scotland

West Norway . . .
Sweden

Finland

Livonia

— Ural..

5*

TABLE
II

AMERICAN CONIFERS

70

bo

CO

a

Weight of
lOOOseeds
in grams

M

0)
CO (U

% purity

% germinating capacity
(germinated + sound)

Real-
Value

CO
CO

•a w

o

^

0

CO
CO *"

^

0

•4-t

V

^

V

•

o\

bo

f§

CO

Wt

bo

"£

CO

bo

CO

W

6

4)

bo

CO
H
V

o a

I

bo

§

O

i

2

V

p

<D

bo

«

1

£

1

6

O

£

1

1

DC

1

O

£

ABIES

amabilis Forb

3

30.5

55.i

25000

81.0

94-2

1 +0

55.0 + 0.0

OR

51

arizonica Merr.

8

17.8

25.7

20.3

49300

42.8

84.0

65..;

12.Q + 0.0

70.0 + 0.0

29.8 + 0.2

v*o

7.n

58 8

19 7

balsamea Mill., Danish crop

18

5-60

10.4

8-09

123600

73.2

99.6

V/*'*O

93.8

9.0 + 0.0

68.Q + 0.0

50.0 + 2.5

* «l)

6-6

w.y

64.6

.1*7.7
48.9

— American

13

5-84

10.2

7-66

130500

41-8

96.9

75.6

l-o+O-o

43.5+10.0

25-2 + 5.1

0.5

53.3

22.9

concolor Lindl., Rocky M. .

25

21.i

41.7

28.2

35500

58.2

99-o

87.3

4-o + O.Q

45.Q + 32.5

36.4+5.7

7-9

68.3

36.8

lasiocarpa, Oregon

8

32.8

55.0

42.3

23600

81.6

90.0

86.5

4.Q + 10.0

57.0+9.0

37.6 + 9.3

11-9

53.9

40.6

grandis Lindl

13

16

23.3

19.6

51000

39.4

95.0

76.5

7 n+ 1

66.0 + 9.0

21-5 + 1.2

4.7

71.0

17 A

magnifica Murr.

14

57.0

112.Q

75.6

13200

71 i

W o

8ft 3

10 +0

59.0+O.Q

26.9 + 6.1

7

P!

5P2

L • -4

27.6

nobilis Lindl., Scottish crop

15

22.7

44.9

31.6

31600

39.9

98.5

70.8

4.5+8.0

70.0 + 0.0

68.3

24.0

Danish —

1

32.9

30400

75.8

25.0 + 4.0

22.Q

American —

6

23.5

40.5

31.5

31700

80.6

99.3

91.5

2-0 + 14.0

72.0 + 0.5

19.6+17.7

15.2

71.6

34.!

religiosa Lindl

2

33.5

36.0

28700

45.7

71 1

29.7 + O.Q

44.0 + 0.5

13.6

31.7

subalpina Engelm

13

9cm

19.0

12.4

80600

88.0

* •*••!

98.i

93«

9-0 + 0-0

53.5 + 2.Q

41+1

(

54.8

40.2

CHAM^CYPARIS

"•30

*/"-*>o

LawsonianaParL.Dan. crop

14

2-85

3-oo

2-66

375900

70.7

96.7

86.3

35.5

76.5

57.6

33.4

71-9

49.7

Americ. —

12

0.76

3-oo

1-85

540500

42.7

93.2

70.5

7-o

53.5

34.6

6.5

31-6

24.4

nutkaensis Spach. — —

4

3-75

4-07

3-92

254600

82.9

97.0

88.8

0-o + O.Q

0.0+22.Q

0.0

18.2

Danish.

2

5-84

6-87

166500

70.2

76.6

0.0+O.Q

1-0 + 57.0

0.0

40.7

CUPRESSUS

arizonica Greene

4

9.7R

15.!

12.6

79400

50.4

83.2

24.0

39.5

30.4

12.1

32.8

goveniana Gord

4

"'76
^•94

q

305800

97.0

98.8

98.1

6.0

40.0

25.4

6-9

41.4

24.9

Macnabiana Murr.

1

"•60
5-71

-27

175100

95.0

3.5

*

3-3

macrocarpa Hartw

11

5.nK

q

7.RK

130700

51.5

99.2

73.5

1

V.Q

24.0

14.5

2.1

23.4

10.7

1

"•Do

5

' 'DO

200000

24.n

20.0

4.8

LARIX

•ray

"O

americana Mchx.

2

4

•j

719400

53.8

84.0

ll-o

38.5

9.2

20.7

occidentalis Nutt. . .

1

•28

•50

256400

65.0

i

LIBOCEDRUS

"•90

decurrens Torr. .

7

21.1

37.0

29.n

34500

59.R

87.,,

73.o

14.fi + 0.ft

43. + 9.5

25.1 + 3.1

H-6

38.o

20.8

71

The course of germination

5 days

°/o

10 days

%

20 days

°/o

30 days

%

60 days

%

100 days

°/o

over 100
days %

Lowest

Highest

Average

Lowest

«

<L>

45

t*

B

Average

Lowest

to

<u
45
W>

£

Average

Lowest

•B

V

•a

X

Average

Lowest

4-1

09

0)

•a

£

Average

Lowest

4-«

CO

4J

45

M

B

Average

Lowest

4-1
10

«

A
to

X

Average

ABIES

amabilis Forb

1-3

6.3

O.o

6.-
0.5

ll-o
61 n

?3o

O.o
11 n

70 n

2Pr

O.o
1?n

55.0
70 n

?,9n

68.0

arizonica Merr

balsatnea Mill., Danish crop

22.7

11.4

7-o

62.Q

36.5

9.Q

66.Q

43.7

American —

0.0

14.0

6.1

1-0

39.7

20.7

l-o

43.5

25.2

concolor Lindl., Rocky M. .

O-o

37.7

14.7

4.o

67.o

31.!

4.o

69.Q

36.4

lasiocarpa, Oregon
grandis Lindl

O.o
O.o
O.o
O.o

7-3

16.o

5-5

18.0

3.7
4.7

1-5

6.2

3.0
3.o
0.0
4.o

45.o
60.0
24.0
65.0

17.i
18.,
8.9
26.4

4-0
7.o
0.0

4-5

57.0
66.Q
53.0
70.0

33.!
21.5
14.4
30.6

14.0
l-o

57.c
58.0

37.6
20.5

8.5

58.

25.o

59.

magnifica Murr.

nobilis Lindl. Scotch crop.

Danish — .

6.0

16.o

25.0

american — .
religiosa Lindl

8-8

14.7

12.o

0.0

1-0
2-8

3.0
19.o
38.7

0.8

17.8

1-0

20.0
8.5

18.0
38.0
52.5

7-6

35.8

2-0
28.Q
9.0

18.o
44.o
53.7

9-6

41.6

29.7

44.0

72.0

subalpina Engelm

CHAM^ECYPARIS

Lawsoniana Par/. Dan. crop

0.0

0.0

0.0

16.0

70.0

36.!

35.0

74.0

52.6

35.5

74.8

57.4

76.5

American —

0.0

1-0

30.7

15.o

7.o

53.5

34.o

7-0

53.5

34.6

nutkaensis Spach. — —

0.0

0.7

0.0

0.7

O.o

1-5

Danish —

0.0

0.0

0.0

O.o

0.0

l.o

CUPRESSUS

arizonica Greene
goveniana Gord

0.0
0.0

0.0

O.n

1-3

0.0
0.0

0.0
26.o

0.4
0.0

6.7
O.o

O-o
0.2
U

13.7

0-3
0-3

2.o
3.o

13.7

42.o
20.,

9-5
O.i

0-6

7.,

23.0
l.o

5.o

ll.n

34.5

13.3
1-2

12.0

14.0

38.5
50.0

27.fi

28.0

5-4

19.n

24.0
6.0

1-5

ll-o

14.K

39.5
40.o

20.5
20.o

38.5

57.0

43.fi

30.4
22.5

10.9
25.i

5.0

40.0
3.5
24.0
20.o

65.0

20.o

20.0

Macnabiana Murr.

macrocarpa Harrw
thurifera \

LARIX

americana Mchx

occidentalis Nutt

LIBOCEDRUS

decurrens Torr. .

72

CO

JLJ
*cL

B
&

CO
t»H

O

6
Z

Weight of
lOOOseeds
in grams

bo

X

u

8. "8

CO CU

•d co

w ^
<u w

i 3

"o o.

6
Z

% purity

% germinating capacity
(germinated + sound)

Real-
Value

Lowest

ts

4>

1

£

Average

Lowest

-t-»

CO

V

i

£

Average

Lowest

+-•

CO

c

1

3

Average

Lowest

•4-1
CO

V

•a

£

Average

PICEA

alba Lk Danish crop

68
2
4
16
14
16
1
40

5
1
26
5
11
2
3
3
16
6
8
1
1
4
2
6
1
16
3
3

2-66

2-00

3-05
2-15
3-62

1-61

21.9

2-98

214.o

2-78

330.Q

3.81

2.45

6-10

4-28
3-33
4-80
3-60

2.93

22.3
298.o

4-88

693.o

4.02

338.0
136.o
25.8
36.4
162.o
312.o

9.4
31.2
11-8

19.o
32.0
lO.i

6.17

10.9
87.6

3.19

3-46

2-94

4-21

2-09

22.!

3-88

403.o

3-85
112.!

29.5
126.3
231.2

10.!

24.0

4-54
10.7

313500
457400
164000
289000
340100
237500
277800
478500

45200
3400
256900
2500
295200
3000
8900
68000
33900
7900
4300

99000
53500
41700
99000
220300
93500
14000

86.8
83.2

74.5
68.2
83.3

30.0

96.0

68.4
99.8
82.7
86.7
97.6
95.4
96.0
94.6
98.i

95.Q
70.6
95.8

86.0
98.5
39.4

99.9
93.5
97.2
99.4
97.8
99.6
84.5
99.3

98.o
99.8
99.4
100.0
98.9
93.0
99.6
96.4
100.0
99.8
100.o
96.i
87.5
99.6
96-i
99.0
90.7
99.3
98.7
92.8

97.3

94.6
85.4
94.4

83.o

96.8

93.8
100.o
94.8

98.7
96.0
98.6
96.9
99.4

97.0
97.6

95.9
98.6
61.2

ll-o+O.o
58.3+6.7
11-0+0.0
64.3 + 0.7
46.5 + 0.0
71.0 + 0.5

48.5+0.0

87.0 + O.Q

31.5+0.0
14.0+O.Q
67.5 + 3.0
84.Q+2.7
62.Q+3.8
36.Q + 4.8
28.0 + 3.Q
56.Q+0.0

15.8+7.4

10-0+46.0

48.0 + 0.0
2.Q + 29.0

62.5 + 5.5
40-0 + 44.Q
3.B+1.6

93.5+0.0

76.0+16.0
74.5 + 6.5
95.5 + 0.0
86.5 + 0.0
98.Q+0.0
31.7 + 0.8
83.0+9.Q

99.0+O.Q
74.0+1.0
93.2 + O.Q
86.0+4.0
91-5 + 5.5
65.Q+28.0
67.0+31.0
93.5 + 0.0
79.0+1.5
89.Q + 3.0
87.5+1.0
90.Q + 2.0
36.o
68.5 + 21.5
70.Q + OK,
6.0+86.0
53.0+15.E
78.5 + 16.0
63.0 + 32.0
62.0+0.o

71.6 + 4.1

55.1 + 6.Q
82.5 + 0.5

69.2+1.7

87.4 + 0.2
67.8+4.i

93.7 + 0.0

73-e + O.o
62.Q+1.6
82.6 + 6.7

61.7+19.3

64.7 + 5.6
50.5 + 9.Q
73.6 + 3.!
54.3 + 20.7

53.4 + 19.0
14.7 + 50.0

70.5+13.6

51.5 + 38.0
34.5 + 2.3

10.8

54.i

56.2
39.7
65.8

16.5

83.5

27.6
14.o
66.0
86.7
63.7
38.8
30.8
70.!
22.7

53.8
33.9
29.9

61.!

89.1
4.6

93.2
86.0
86-0
94.5
82.8
97.5
27.0
83.5

97.Q
74.5
92.o
90.Q
94.8
93.o
97.0
90-o
85.6

91.2

91.i
88.4

31.5

87.6
67.8
89.8
62.2
92-i
93.8
34.1

73.7

78.B
60.6
82.7

58.7

90.7
69.o
84.7

80.0
67.5
58.7
74.3
74.6

70.2
63.i

80.7
88.3
22.5

— American —

Breweriana Wiate

Engelmanni Engeltn .....

nigra Lk

pungens Engelm

rubens Sarg

sitkaensis Carr.

PINUS

aristata Engelm

Ayacahuite Ehrenb

Banksiana Lamb

cembroides Zucc

contorta Dougl

Coulteri Dougl

flexilis James

93.4

8-79

22.8
104.o
188.Q

8-46

18.4
14.4

3-20
10.5

61.6

inops Sol

insignis Dougl

Jeffrey! Murr.

Lambertiana Dougl

leiophylla

Merkusii

mitis Mchx

Montezumae von Tepic . . .
monticola Dougl

muricata Don

Murrayana Bay., Rocky M.
S. Nevada
palustris Mill

73

The course of germination

5 days

°/o

10 days

%

20 days

°/o

30 days

°/o

60 days

°/o

100 days

'%

over 100
days °/o

Lowest

«

<u
.C
W>

X

Average

Lowest

•a

Q

A
to

X

Average

Lowest

•<-i

CO

<u

•a

X

Average

Lowest

to
u

XI
M

X

Average

Lowest

Highest

Average

Lowest

Highest

Average

Lowest

to

u

A

M

X

Average

PICEA

alba Lk. Danish crop

O.o

1-7

0.0

9-3

0.0

1-0

0.0

4.o

0.0
0.0

0.0
0.0

0.0
O.o

0.0
0.0

47.o

0.0

79.o

68.0
0.0
23.o

85.3

10.3

0.0

18.7
0.0

0-3

7.o

0.0
22.3
0.3

0.0
33.0

36.2
40.7

1-2

0.0

O.i

12-1
O.i

9.o
39.o
O.o
49.5

8.3
66.3

3.o
80.7

7-3

0.0

0-5

O.o
O.o
0.3
O.o
0.0
0.0

1-3

40.Q
0.8

1-8

3.8
0.0

89.7
42.7

93.5

71.2

97.2
6.0
65.2

98.0
0.0
91.o
84.o
64.o
0.0
8.7
89.0
44.8
O.o
O.o
53.Q

51.0
52.o

3-8

8.0

81.2
10.3

14.0

56.7

12.!

75.6
36.2
82.7

26.3

90.4
68.1

31.4

5.o

9.4
0.0
0.0

18.2

1.7

51.2

6.0
4.7

ll.o
58.3

11.0

64.3

41.8

71.0
10.0

87.o

31.5

4.o
42.3
O.o
33.2
36.o

5-8

O.o
0.0

2-7

47.o
l-o

20.0
18.0

0.5

93.0

80.5
95.5
86.0
98.0
26.7
84.o

99.Q
37.0
93.o
87.0

91.5

0.0
40.0
93.0
58.7
l-o
2.o
90.o

68.5
70.o
5.2
48.0
93.Q

21.3

54.0

70.9

50.&
82.4
66.2
87.2

62.4

93.7
73.5

68.5

36.7
54.4
38.7

0.2

0.4
43.9

2-6

63.3
20.!
27.5

ll.o

ll.o
64.8
46.5

71.o

17.0
87.o

31.5

67.5

56.o
36.0
28.o
0.0
0.0

10.o
48.0

1-6

29.2
21.o
2-0

93.0
76.0
80.5
95.5
86.5
98.o
31.7
87.0

99.o
74.o
93.o
88.0

91.5

67.o
93.B
67.0
5.o
2.0

36.o
68.5
70.0
18.0
53.o
93.o
31.o
59.0

71.6

55.i

82.5
69.2
87.4

67.8

93.7
73.6
82.6

61.7
64.7
48.0
2.0

0.4

53.4

10.2

25.3
33.o

14.o

46.o
O.o

48.0

88.0

72.5
50.0

20.7
51.0

60.i
20.2

27.0

69.3
0.0

2.o
40.o

84.o

79.0
89.0
66.0

63.0

77.j
31.6

51.5

65.o

15.3

33.Q

88.0
87.5

54.8

— American —

Breweriana Wats
Engelmanni Engelm
nigra Lk

pungens Engelm
rubens Sarg

sitkaensis Carr.

PINUS

aristata Engelm

Ayacahuite Ehrenb

Banksiana Lamb
cernbroides Zucc

contorta Dougl
Coulteri Dougl

flexilis James

inops So/

insignis Dougl

Jeffrey! Murr

Larnbertiana Dougl

Merkusii

mitis Mchx

Montezumae von Tepic. . . .
monticola Dougl

muricata Don

Murrayana Bay. Rocky M. .
S. Nevada
palustris Mill

t

74

CO
JU

13,

1

co

4-1
0

d
Z

Weight of
1000 seeds
in grams

M
M
L

<U

ftf2

« u

^ m

<U V
V) «i

<~ 3

o o,

d
2

% purity

% germinating capacity
(germinated + sound)

Real-
Value

Lowest

«

«

J3
b/0

53

Average

Lowest

Highest

Average

Lowest

^

0>

1

X

Average

Lowest

+j

W

0)

J3
bo

53

Average

PINUS

patula S. & D

1
8
6
14
9
29
2
2
1

32
15
3

13

7

2

2
21
4
14

13
9
2

34.5

7.80

5.73
23.8
13.7
22.2
690.o

7-61
10.!

71-8

4-27
3.49

88.8

0.91

0.94

0.98
0-82

2-41
0-94
6-60

8-63

63.3

10.!

8-01
42.9
22.6
25.i
816.Q
21.o

13.9
13.!

108.o

7-63
5-60

108.o

l-io

1-68
1-44
1-70

3-83

2-oo

7-62

46.o

9.04

7-06

30.!
17.9
23.7

10.3
11-8

5-10

4-36

1-23
1-23
1-28

2-85
1-66

115900
21800
110600
141600
33200
55900
42200
1300
47600

96200
88500
11000

196100
229400

10200

990100
813000
813000
781300

350900
602400
140600

91.2

95.5
96.6
95.6
85.5
87.9
lOO-o

80.0
83.0
73.2

49.3
21.4

55.6

60.0
52.3
57.3
42.8

74.6
736
75.3

92.0
98.8
98.6
99.5
99.9
99.0
92.4
lOO-o
85.4

98.3
99.2
99.3

97.2
99.3

84.0

98.o
90.0
94.o
96.5

98.o
90.o
83.7

97.2
97.3
97.8
98.4
93.3
90.2
100.0

91.7
94.8
88.4

85.2
72.8

69.2

76.o
72.o

90.9
82.5

24.0+21.5

88.8 + 0.o
52.Q + 0.0
49.0 + O.Q
22.0 + 30.0
52.7 + 9.3
26.0 + 20.0

35.0 + 0.0
32.0 + O.Q
14.5+0.0

7.o
3.0

33.Q+0.0

32.0
3.o
59.5
O.o

0-3

12.o
l.i

82.3 + 0.4
96.0+l.Q
97.5 + 0.0
96.0 + O.Q
96.o + 0.o
96.0+l.Q
57.0+17.0
78.Q + 0.0
19.Q+66.0

67.5+16.5
94.0 + 0.0
34.Q+18.0

82.7
36.o

0.0+40.0

85.o
91.0
96.o
92.o

48.5
68.Q
78.5

68.8 + 11.4
93.3 + 0.2
85.9+1.1
62.9 + 4.3

71.2+12.8

54.9+13.1

53.2+12.6

75.6 + 0.1
28.Q + 6.0

37.3

14-7

52.8
73.4
52.o

18.2
42.3

44.4
86.2
51.0
48.5
47.!
54.5
46.o

34.o
30.6

13.5

6.1

2-7

18.3
19.2

1-6

34.i
0.0

0.3
9.9

0-8

76.Q
95.4
95.6
95.4
95.9
95.!
68.4
78.o
72.6

80.2
93.2
38.1

57.3
14.1

33.6

83.3
70.7
90.2
87.9

36.2
60.2
67.8

77.8
91.o
85.i
66.1
78.4
61.3

60.3

71-8

30.i

31.8
9.7

36.2
55.5
37.4

16.5

34.9

ponderosa Dougl

resinosa 5o7

rigida Mill.

scopulorum Lemm

Strobus L

Taeda L

Torreyana Parry

tuberculata Gord

PSEUDOTSUGA

Douglasii Carr.

glauca Mayr.

macrocarpa Mayr.

SEQUOIA

gigantea Tort.

sempervirens Endl

TAXODIUM

distichum Rich

THUJA

gigantea Nutt, Danish crop
— American
occidentalis L. Danish —
American —

TSUGA

canadensis Carr.

Mertensiana Carr.

Pattoniana Engelzn

75

The course of germination

5 days

°/o

10 days

%>

20 days

°/o

30 days

%

60 days

%

100 days

°/o

over 100
days °/o

Lowest

to

V

A
to

X

Average

Lowest

•4-i

CO

t>

45

i*

X

Average

Lowest

•*j

eo

<u
45
&o

X

Average

Lowest

•*-«

co

<u

•a

X

Average

Lowest

•4-1

CO

I)
tV)
X

Average

Lowest

Highest

Average

Lowest

ts

<u

45

tjfl
X

Average

PINUS

patula S. & D

O.o
O.o
O.o

0.0

17-5

O.o
0.0

0.0
0.0

O.o

O.o
0.0

0.0
71.7

38.0
75.3

3-8

O.o

O.o
0.0

0-3

O.o
36.5

35.9

0-3

0.0

0.0

0.0
0.0

0.3
48.3

5-3

-6.7
0.0
0.0

0.8

29.o
0.0

1-0
1-2

0.0
19.0

1-0

46.7
O.o

0.0
O.o
O.o

24.3
87.7
92.7
92.7
91.7

13.5

O.o
0.0

63.o
92.o
0.0

16.3
24.7

0.0

80.o
83.o
77.2
74.7

1-8

20.3

53.3

23.8

71.6
67.2
43.6

1-4

O.o

15.4

69.7
O.o

8.0
8.7

35.o
57.B

27.8

0-3
3-8

ll.o

88.8
48.0

14.7

0.0
6.0

4-0

7.0
32.0
0.0

5.0
3.o

0.0

32.o
3.0
59.8
0.0

O.o
O-o
0.0

80.7
96.o
97.5
96.0
96.o
62.5
27.5

2-5

70.0
94.0

1-5

76.o
34.o

0.0

80.0
91.o
96.o
92.o

2-5

46.o
75.o

33.8
93.3
85.5
62.2
8.3

42.5
75.4
0.7

30.!

13.5
51.2

73.!
51.6

l.i
19.7

12.0

16.5

0.0
20.3

13.2
32.o

1-0

7.o
3.o

O.o
32.o

0.0
9.3
l.i

82.3
96.o

96.o
85.5

41.5

76.0
94.0

3-3

82.7
36.o

10.o
85.0

5.o
68.0
78.5

41.0

62.9

22.0

49.5
75.6
2.i

37.3

14-7
1-5

37.8

10.o
38.o
26.o

35.o

2-5

0.0
O.o

92.o
57.o
36.o
19.0

76.o
24.7

20.0
42.5

43.2

53.2
14.i

12.5

28.7
52.7

14.5

0.0

2-3

94.5

78.o

36.o
33.0

48.6

62.5
28.0

18.2

52.0

96.o

71.2

ponderosa Dougl
resinosa Sol

rigida Mill

scopulorutn Lemm

Strobus L,

Taeda L

Torreyana Parry

tuberculata Gord

PSEUDOTSUGA

Douglasii Carr

glauca Mayr

macrocarpa Mayr.

SEQUOIA

gigantea Torr.

sempervirens Endl

TAXODIUM

distichum Rich

THUJA

gigantea Nutt, Danish crop
American
occidentalis L. Danish -
— American —

TSUGA

canadensis Carr.

Mertensiana Carr.

Pattoniana Engelm

TABLE
III

JAPANESE CONIFERS

AVERAGE FIGURES FOR 25 YEARS

78

CO

"a
1

CO

'o
6

Weight of
1000 seeds
in grams

two

I*
u

a -a

« %

•O at

u

* I

6

% purity

% germinating capacity
(germinated -}- sound)

Real-
Value

Lowest

*->

CQ

43

£

Average

Lowest

$

«

§

£

Average

Lowest

to
t)

43

Average

Lowest

-—

CO

b£

£

Average

ABIES

firma S & Z

10
4
6
5
2
5

9

20
16

20
4
1
33

5
3
1
4

13
6
1
4

37.6

27.6
18.6

9-98
16.8
9-07

12.5

1-66
0-62

2-39

1397

3-89

2-09
1-98

11.2

8-50

447.Q
120.0

44.3

31.i
23.7
15.4

18.6
19.7

18.5

3-20
1-10

5-00
2004
65.2

4-38

3.10

4-32
2-05

15.8

14-7

587.o
8.52
152.Q

41-3

29.2
22.9

12.6
12.8

16.2

2-42
0-90

3-85

3-75

2-55
3-35

14.2
10.6

507.Q
136.o

24200
34200
43700
79400
56500
78100

62700

413200
1111100

259700
600
15300
266700

392200
298500
487800
70400

94300
2000
117400
7400

50.0
63.0
32.o
33 B

96.5
96.2
96.o
84 o

71.o
75.5
74.9

64 n

O.Q+0.0
2.0 + 0.5
1.0 + 0-0
3.0+0.0

53.Q + 9.5
35.3 + 0.0

30.5+15.5
33.o + 7.n

21-3 + 2.5

15.2 + 0.4
16.8+4.5

O.o

1-9

1-7

1 ,

43.5
23.3
32.8
330

16.9

11-8
16.0
14,

hotnolepis S & Z.

umbilicata Beissn

27.0
65.7

82.i

29.o
40.8

16.3
98.5

62.3

47.7
34.3

46.3

94.5
96.2

98.2

63.4
95.5

99.o

99.5
97.0

97.2
100.o
98.i
97.o

90.3
88.0

81.5

92.8

99.i
100.0
96.3
99.9

80.9
95.i

73.9
75.4

73.8
99.6

83.9

73.2
59.8

96.3
99.3

99.2

17.0 + 0.0
7.0+0.0

24.o

l-o
O.o

1-0

20.0 + O.Q

3-5

31.0+0.5
29.2 + 0.0

10.5 + 0.0

14.0 + 0.0
3.0 + 0.0

40.Q + 0.0

47.5 + 0.0
74.3 + 0.0

89.3

50.0
61.0

72.o
85.0+14.0
0.0+80.Q
78.o

96.0 + O.Q
91.0 + 0.0
43.5 + 0.5
67.0+0.o

92.5 + 0.5
68.0 + 0.0
87.0+0.0
4.0+93.0

31.2+6.5

54.7

23.8

25.7

62.4+7.9

36.6

63.9 + 0.1
54.1 + 2.5

35.1 + 0.6

75.4 + 0.5
49.0 + 0.0

4-6

22.8

3-3

O-o
3.9
20.0

2-3

18.5
15.3

4-9

13.8

3.o

39.8

30.1
59.5

88.4

49.8
48.8

57.8
99.o
78.5
67.9

82.2
80.i
35.9
59.0

89.2
67.9
83.8
96.4

30.5
52.o

17.6
11.4

19.0
70.o

30.7

46.8
33.8

72.9
48.7

73.8

Veitchii Lindl

BIOTA

orientalis Endl

CHAM^ECYPARIS

obtusa 5 & Z.

pisifera S & Z

CRYPTOMERIA

japonica Don

GINGKYO

biloba jL

JUNIPERUS

chinensis L

LARIX

leptolepis Gord.

PICEA

ajanensis Fisch

Glehnii Mast

hondoensis Mayr.

polita Carr.

PINUS

densiflora S. & Z

koreensis S. & Z

luchuensis Mayr

parviflora S. & Z. .

79

The course of germination

5 days

°/o

10 days

%

20 days

°/o

30 days

°/o

60 days

°/o

100 days

°/o

over 100
days °/o

Lowest

V
v

X!

bJD

£

Average

Lowest

•*J
CO

ti

•a

£

Average

Lowest

*-"

CO

<u

•a

X

Average

Lowest

4-1
CO
«

•a

£

Average

Lowest

•*->

CO

V

•a

£

Average

Lowest

Highest

Average

Lowest

Highest

Average

ABIES

firma S. & Z

O.o
O.o
O.o

0-3

O.o
0.0

O-o
O-o

0.0

0.0

0.0
O.o

O.o
0.0

O.o

5.0
0.0

3.o
0.0

O.o
O.o

O.o
0.0
0.0

0-3

O.o
O.o

8.0

O.o
0.0

O.o
O.o

0.0

17.o
19.0

0-7

O.o

O.n

3.8

l.o
5.4

2-7

O.o
5.7

58.o

27.7
26.7

20.5
16.0

22.8

87.o
86.7
13.7

57.o

80.0

75.o

O.n

0-6
0-5

1-9

l-o
0.0
2.2

28.9

9-3
6.4

4-8
7-5

8.0

51.!

43.5
37.6

O.n

O.o

1-0

0.0
2.o
15.0

6.5
23.5

l-o
O-o

0.0
5.0

0.7

31.0

28.0

lO-o

11-5

O.n

29.5
13.5
24.o
29.5
32.0
58.o

88.8

48.7
61.o

50.0
65.o

64.5

94.7
91.o
43.5

67.0

88.7

O.n

10-6

7-8
13.4
16.7

22.6
53.Q

22.7
14.i

17.2
35.5

29.4

61.8
53.9

33.o

72.8

0.0

O.o

2.o
0.7
3.o

17.o
7-0

24.o

l-o
0.0

5.6

10.0

3.5

31.0
29.8

10.5

14.o
0.0

O.n

54.o
35.3
30.5
33.Q
47.5
74.3

89.8

50.0
61.0

72.0
70.o

78.o

96.o
91.0
43.5
67.o

92.5
6.3
87.o

0.0

21-3
15.2
16.8
19.2

31.2

54.7

23.8

15.!

25.7
50.3

36.6

63.9
54.!

35.i
75.4

1-7
0.0

0.0
O.n

23.o

1.7

6.1

0.7

20.o

0.0
3.o

87.5

36.o
25.n

62.4

10.3

c. 4

0
00 c

ays

hotnolepis S. & Z.

Mariesii Must

sachalinensis Must

urnbilicata Beissn

Veitchii Lindl

BIOTA

orientalis Endl

CHAM^ECYPARIS

obtusa S & Z.

pisifera S & Z

CRYPTOMERIA

japonica Don

GINGKYO

biloba L

JUNIPERUS

LARIX

leptolepis Gord

PICEA

ajanensis Fisch

Glehnii Mast

hondoensis Ma.yr

polita Carr.

PINUS

densiflora S. & Z.

koreensis S. & Z

'3.o!68.0|49.0
c. 270 days
40.0

luchuensis Mayr

parviflora S. & Z. .

80

bo

w

Weight of

JM

°/o germinating capacity

Real-

"a

lOOOseeds
in grams

IH

a -a

°/o purity

(germinated + sound)

Value

w

0) W
<U u

*o

to

to

<u

^ s

to

to

u

to

CO

W)

*->

to

bo

g

«

SH

cO

o ex

u

Jj

CO

6

Jl

V

V

CO

0

i

bo

<u

B

W)

IN

i

M

c

i

•a

r^t

o

o

Q

• ^

>

o

>

o

^

£

^

Z

J

E

<

X

<

£

^

PINUS

pentaphylla Mayr.

1

360.Q

2800

99.9

92.Q + 0.0

91-9

puinila JkTayi"

1

42.Q

23800

j- v.y

98.!

0.0+O.Q

On

sinensis Lamb

2

12.8

13.5

75800

96.5

99.6

57.5+0.0

^.y *-"()

94.0 + O.Q

55.5

V/.|

93-e

Thunbergii Parl

11

9.74

15.2

12.2

82000

94.o

98.9

97.0

62.5 + O.Q

" -**U V*U

96.0+l.Q

83.2+l.Q

61-3

93-8

81.7

PSEUDOLARIX

" *"tj

•

Kaernpferii Gorcf

5

43.!

49.8

45.4

22000

46.0

99

82.0

0.0 + 0.0

80.5+18.5

56.4 + 5.8

0.0

98.Q

51.Q

SCIADOPITYS

verticillata S & Z.

8

23.4

30.7

26.6

37600

93.9

98.6

95.8

4.0 + 9^)

90.0 + O.Q

57.5 + 3.1

12.6

88.7

58.i

THUJA

1

0.64

1562500

62.0

15.2

9.4

THUJOPSIS

*"•

dolabrata S & Z

4

O QO

4

A

232600

45.9

78.2

63.3

0.0

J

0.4

On

OR

TSUGA

"•oo

v/-o

V/.J

diversifolia Maxim

1

4-nn

250000

37.5

50.0

18.8

Sieboldii Carr

7

2-12

6.10

3-69

271000

22.3

82.7

59.8

0.0

53.5

26.0

0.0

*v.j

30.2

15.6

81

The course of germination

5 days

10 days

20 days

30 days

60 days

100 days

over 100

%

°/o

°/o

°/o

%

°/o

days °/o

Lowest

«

o

XI

M

£

Average

Lowest

•4-1
CO

cu

-a

'£

Average

Lowest

•CO-
ID

XI

OJD

X

Average

Lowest

Highest

Average

Lowest

4->
co

<u

•a
2

Average

Lowest

•4->

CO

<u
XI

W)

£

Average

Lowest

•4-1

CO

<L>
XI

W)

K

Average

PINUS

c.4

)0d

ays

pentaphylla Mayr

On

On

On

On

92 r

purnila Mayr

On

On

On

On

?1 0

87 o

57 r

94 o

Thunbergii Pa.rl

On

1?n

8^7

44 n

6*>r

%o

83 o

fV> r

96 n

83 o

PSEUDOLARIX

ICaetnpferii Gord

On

32 n

7,

On

65 n

Or

80 r

39 i

On

89.i

SCIADOPITYS

verticillata S & Z.

On

On

On

On

1 f,

On

On

On

4n

70 n

17n

4n

900

57 r

THUJA

Standishii Ca.tr.

137

15o

THUJOPSIS

dolabrata S & Z

0..

0,,

o,,

On

On

0,,

On

In

Oi

TSUGA

diversifolia Maxim

On

On

30 n

18 n

50 o

Sieboldii Carr

0.0

O.o

4-7

1-5

O.o

39.5

19.9

0.0

53.5

24.8

TABLE

IV

THE SEED
OF BROAD-LEAVED TREES

AVERAGE FIGURES FOR 25 YEARS

84

bo

CO

cu

Weight of

M

u

°/o germinating capacity

Real-

EUROPEAN

i

rt

CO

1000 seeds
in grams

CO <U

•d co

% purity

(germinated -4- sound)

Value

SPECIES

<u .
4) V

o
6

•*•>

CO

p

to

!

CO

2

% ft

to

V

CO
«

2

1

09

o

M

ctt

-4->
CO
V

CO

o

bfl
2

^

t»

B

»>

60

B

J>

to

8

B

bfi

O

£

1

6
Z

o

£

1

o

£

1

3

£

1

Acer campestre L

3

69.8

86*

80s

12400

82-e

99.9

92*

0.0+68.c

O.Q+72.

0-0+70-9

56.

71 -s

65-6

— platanoides L

5

95.2

W.Jj

132.Q

WV*O

110.0

9100

85-g

100

CMfeQ

94=1

0.0 + 29.4

3n+75

1-0+51-2

25.

75-o

49-2

Norwegian

1

153.o

6500

78.o

** **a

*-*•() ' • t^.

5.Q + 35.0

31.2

— Pseudoplatanus L. . . .

4

73.7

89.2

81.3

12300

77.6

100

86.1

0.0 + 65.0

3.0 + 79.0

lO.g+56.2

50.4

82.Q

57-7

— Norwegian

2

63.4

69.8

14300

73.3

85.3

0-0 + 67.9

3.0 + 88.0

52.0

75.1

Alnus cordata C. Koch

9

1-96

2.7

2.24

446400

52-i

75.i

63.9

0.0

72.o

23.5

O-o

50.2

— glutinosa Gaertn. . . .

46

0-71

1-5

1-97

729900

24.2

85.o

58.4

1-0

73.5

24.2

0-7

29.o

14.i

— incana WY77d

59

0-5

0-96

0-68

1470600

15.8

87.o

43.8

2.o

77.5

31.2

1-3

49.o

IS.,

— Norwegian .

8

0-51

0-8

0-66

1515200

30.0

66.4

50.8

5-5

73.o

33.i

2-5

28.3

16.8

Betula odorata Bechst.

23

0.19

0-47

0-31

3225800

14.8

75.6

33.9

ll-o

71.o

37.2

3.7

29.5

12.6

— verrucosa Ehrh

71

0-09

0.39

O.i7

5882400

16.0

41.0

29

o

87.7

23.0

0«

21 a

Buxus sempervirens L

1

13.1

76400

97.3

O.o

U.(

a* 4

0.0

Caragana arborescens Lam.

4

30.0

30.4

30.2

33100

95.5

99.o

89.0+1-0

100

91.5 + 6.5

92.e

97.5

Carpinus Betulus L

2

40.7

41*

12200

97 4

98.i

O-o+45-o

O.Q+52.0

44 1

50.6

Clematis Flammula L

1

••••'••O

18.5

54100

•ii .4

95.4

0.0 + 3.3

•±•±•1

— Vitalba L

1

J

719400

92.0

j

•j

— Viticella L

3

q

21.1

60000

94-0

97.4

95

1 +0

O.Q+100

1-3

94.0

Colutea arborescens L . . . .

2

«"H

^•68

595200

92.4

18° + 38

lln+61*

52 2

— cruenta Ait.

1

33.0

30300

98.4

•5 -0

1 A .(( V^A.P

67.5 + 30.5

96.4

Corylus Avellana L

1

023.Q

1000

100

O.o + 90-o

90.0

Fagus silvatica L., Dan, crop

3

208.o

240.Q

225.0

4400

90.9

96.8

94.6

71-o+H.o

29-0+69-0

38.0 + 51.3

78.7

94.fl

84.5

Fraxinus excelsior L

3

67.Q

74-9

70-o

14300

84.7

99.9

91.0

O.Q+94.0

O-o+lOO

0.0+98.1

79 R

99.9

89-3

Genista tinctoria L

4

2 7*

309600

88.0

97,

94.2

37.0'+ 25-5

49 = + 46 *

46.6 + 32.8

• •'•0

93-o

74 o

Hippophae rhamnoides L..

1

"•89
7-68

"•23

130200

«" -5

98.8

^"•O ^Vf*O

8-5

8.4

* *"o

Laburnum alpinum Griseb.

1

23.7

42200

100

7-0+92.5

99.5

vulgare Griseb. .

1

26.i

38300

98.i

36-0+62.0

96-i

Lupinus polyphyllos

3

23.7

24.1

23.9

41800

96.0

99.7

97-9

33 +5

86 +10

39 o

92 R

Pirus communis L

3

26.R

32.4

29-9

33400

97-2

99.3

98.2

1.0 + 55-0

ln + 91n

0.7+78.Q

54.9

i"/***O

89.

77,

— Malus L

3

30.J

36.9

32.9

30400

92.4

97.3

95.5

0.0+43.0

* *u *u

5-o + 85-o

2.0+66.0

41-8

""•4

83.2

' ' "3

64.9

85

The course of germination

5 days °/o

10 days °/o

20 days °/o

30 days %

60 days %

Lowest

to

<0

A

to

X

Average

Lowest

to1

V

A

W>
2

Average

Lowest

*<

CO

6

§

53

Average

Lowest

«

0

jc
to

55

Average

Lowest

•4-1
CO
V

•a

53

Average

Acer catnpestre L

O-o
O.o
0.0

3-3

l-o
0.0

11-3

26.0
68.0
69.0
44.Q

51.o
56.7

72.0
2.3

15.!

26.4
24.8

11-5

0.0

1-0

l-o
4.o

9.7

0.5

55.o

O.o

5.2

8.0

1-8

24.7

62.3
70.7
76.o
70.0

71.o
84.8

O.o
98.o

0.0

1-8
7-3

20.0

8.7
7.o
2.8

73.7

12.4

22.J
30.0
30.5

33.8
20.i

81.8
0.7

4-6

O.o

3.o
0.0

0.0

l-o
2-0

5-5

ll-o
2.2

80.0

0.0
ll-o

13.0

32.o

0.0
0.0

3.0
5.o
37.0
3.o

72.0
73.5
77.5
73.o

71.0
87.7

O.o
100

0.0

1-8
1-8

66.7

43.0

5.5
20.0

to
5.o

16.t

23.9
31.2
33.i

37.i
22.8

91.o

0.8

28.8

0.0

l-o
2-0

5.5

ll-o
2.2

82.o

O.o
ll-o

27.8
33.5

5-0

72.0
73.5
77.5
73.o

71.o
87.7

0.0
100

0.0

1-8
1-3

18.6

67.5

49.5

7.o
36.Q

86.5

19.i

24.2

31.2

33.j

37.a
23.o

91-5
0-8

do .9

O.o

37.o

72.0
0.0

71.o

52.0
8.5

23.5

— platanoides L

— Norwegian
Pseudoplatanus L. . . .
— Norwegian

Alnus cordata C. Koch
glutinosa Gaertn
— incana \Vi77d

— Norwegian .

Betula odorata Bechst
— verrucosa Ehrh

Buxus sempervirens L
Caragana arborescens Lam.
Carpinus Betulus L

Clematis Flammula L

— Vitalba L

— Viticella L

Colutea arborescens L
— cruenta Ait.

Corylus Avellana L

FagussilvaticaL., Dan. crop
Fraxinus excelsior L

Genista tinctoria L

Hippophae rhamnoides L..

Laburnum alpinum Griseb.
vulgare Griseb. .

Lupinus polyphyllos

Pirus communis L,

— Malus L

86

03

4)

Weight of

%A
U

°/o germinating capacity

Real-

"a

lOOOseeds
in grams

V
03 0)

°/o purity

(germinated + sound)

Value

03

•O 03

*o

to

4>

8
D

V

bo
co

t. | jr

t?

+j

CO

bo

CO

|

$
E

bO

CO

i

*->

CO

u

o

bo

6

1

43
bO

0

O

o

43
_bp

B

o

bO

E

o

bo

0

hJ

X

<

6
5

X

^

X

*

£

*

Platanus orientalis L

6

2.8

A

248100

62.7

90-s

6.0

68.5

37.9

11.2

61-9

Prunus avium L

1

*••{$

175-0

5700

98.4

O.Q+88.0

86-e

— damascena

3

528.Q

682.Q

600.Q

1700

100

100

100

0.0 + 96.Q

O.Q+100

O.Q + 98.0

96.0

100

98.o

— Mahaleb L

1

97.0

10300

99s

0.0+92.Q

91-5

— Myrobalana L. . . .

2

442.o

444.o

2300

100

w*g

100

0.0+96.Q

O.o+ 100

96.o

100

Quercus Cerris L

3

3155.0

4355.0

3627.Q

300

45 a

100

O.o + 33-o

65.0 + 30.Q

15

89.7

— conferta Kitaib. . .

1

2176.Q

500

Ttf.Q

80.8

93.0+0.0

/

75.j

— pedunculata Ehrh.

6

2569.Q

4366.Q

3853.Q

300

31.o

99.5

72.2

O.Q + 40.0

100

47-0+41.0

20-5

87.8

63.5

Rhododendr. caucasic. Pall.

1

O.i

96.8

14.o

13-6

Rosa canina L

1

19.8

51900

98 A

0.0+92.0

90.7

1

13 n

76900

»*»•(

96.3

O.Q+100

4

96.8

Sarnbucus nigra L

2

2-8

•*-**»u
^•65

387600

63.6

95.Q

0.0 + 0.0

O.Q + 70.0

O.n

• " * «

44.5

racemosa L

1

*"*O

8.6

116300

96.4

0.0 +0.0

***!

•**"».
0-0

Sorbus Aria Crantz

1

439.0

2300

99.9

I

— aucuparia L

1

188.Q

5300

98.9

— torminalis Crantz. .

1

378.o

2600

98.8

Spartium scoparium L

10

D ao

O
O.CM

7«

144700

92.7

99.2

97.4

51.5 + 25.Q

93.5 + 5.5

65.0+28.3

70.6

98-o

90.9

— Danish. . .

3

"•(Jo

9.23

*-7*o4
10.2

*'O

9-81

101900

97.2

•"•"2

98.5

1/1 "4

98.0

11.7 + 86.0

72.5 + 27.0

38.1 + 60.7

96-!

97.5

96.8

Tilia grandifolia Ehrh

4

94.9

107.o

lOl-o

9900

97.i

99.7

98.2

O.Q+86.0

0.0+94.0

0.0+89.1

83.6

91.9

87.5

— parvifolia Ehrh

3

26.7

36.0

31.0

32300

95.9

98.8

97.5

O.Q+70.0

0.0 +98.0

0.0+86.5

68.7

94-o

84.3

Ulex europseus L

6

6ft

6Q

6m

148100

93.0

' V*Q

98 a

96.2

23.Q+46.0

79.Q+16.5

t

66.8

94.4

83.5

Ulmus montana With. Dan.

2

0

12.7

"•9

15.o

•75

36100

60.J

W«Q

75.8

60.0+12.Q

56.Q+37.0

54.6

55.9

87

The course of germination

5 days°/o

10 days%

20 days°/o

30 days°/o

60 days°/o

Lowest

$

(U
43
bo

X

Average

Lowest

4-1
CO

6
§

X

Average

Lowest

4->

CO
O

43
60

a

Average

Lowest

K

0)

43

be

X

Average

Lowest

•4-1
CO

O

XI
tt>

£

Average

Platanus orientalis L

0.0

65.7

24.0

5.3

67.7

34.6

6.0

68.5

37.9

6.0

68.5

Prunus avium L

*v* i

™ -»'U

O

* " • i

» *»D

v.y

wv^.^

— damascena

— Mahaleb L

— Myrobalana L

Quercus Cerris L

30.0

65.0

— conferta

73.n

93.0

pedunculata Ehrh.

• "«U

20.0

46.o

100

64.Q

Rhododendr. caucasic. Pall.

O-o

0.7

8.3

10.8

14.0

Rosa canina L,

— uralensis

Sambucus nigra L

racetnosa L. . . .

Sorbus Aria Crsntz

— torminalis Crantz. .

Spartium scoparium L

2-3

6-7

91.0

42.o

26.7

93.6

59.o

54.Q

93.5

Danish

5-8

12.3

8.9

it,

72.5

Tilia grandifolia Ehrh

Ulex europseus L

7-0

71.0

24.7

23.o

79-0

50.8

52.o

79.o

Ulmus montana With., Dan.

U

35.0

m ^»y

38.0

4

60.0

M*S.|J

56.o

60.0

V**.U

• «^»u

88

bo

AMERICAN

CO

<u

«— 1

a
6

OS

Weight of
1000 seeds
in grams

h
O

°/o purity

°/o germinating capacity
(germinated + sound)

Real-
Value

SPECIES

60

t. .

OJ
<U 0

HH

O

to

1

V

to

03 ^

CO

•*->

CO

CD

to

w

w

0)

to

4-1

CO

CO

CUD

6

1

to

CO

IH

'o ^

1

.*??

CO

(H

p

|

IH

V

ID

43

CO

u

-

5

2

1

6

O

1

O

ir

O

£

Acer Negundo L

2

39.o

42.3

24600

75.i

91.8

33.Q+59.0

O.o+lOO

69.1

91.8

— rubrum L

1

fv *U

11.9

84000

91.4

1-0 + 80.0

W»J

74.0

— saccharum Marsh. . . .

1

135.o

7400

95.4

34.5+1.0

33.9

Andromeda floribnd. Pursh.

6

0.21

0.4

3000000

11.2

34.4

25.5

19.5

71.5

60.3

2-2

24.6

15.4

Aristolochia Sipho L'Herit

4

23.7

26.2

24.9

40200

98.8

99.9

99.8

23.5

76.5

55.0

29.2

85.5

54.6

Betula lenta L

9

0.62

0-92

0.74

1351400

5.3

65.9

5.0

60.5

32.8

O.,

27.9

— lutea Mchx.

10

w u«

0.5

1-5

<*

1052600

15.5

84.Q

41.5

V«U

7.5

48.5

31.9

40.3

13.2

— nitrra L, . .

11

0.96

1-58

•j

806500

24.7

95.7

55.0

O

0-5

79.7

34.8

O.a

33.5

— papyracea Ait

16

WO

O.H

DO

0.44

0-27

3737400

i

24.8

96.7

52.3

O

O.o

i

91-5

O

23.6

o

0.3

81.6

12.0

Carpinus virginiana Mchx.

1

v JLi,

20.7

48300

96.5

1.0+69.Q

j ^. .^

67.5

•••"•3

Catalpa bignonioides Walt.

3

28.9

33.4

31.2

32100

90.2

97.4

93.8

41.3 + 0.0

95.5 + 0.0

73.8 + 0.3

37.3

83.3

69.5

Chionanthus virginica L. . .

1

247.o

4100

98.9

40.0+18.Q

57.4

Fraxinus pubescens Lam. .

3

30.4

36.5

33.5

29900

96.7

100

98.4

O.Q+84.0

0.0+96.Q

4.0 + 85.0

84.0

94.5

87.6

Liquidambar styraciflua L.

1

5.49

182200

96.5

51.o

49.2

Magnolia acuminata L. . . .

1

239.Q

4200

100

O.Q+90.0

90.0

— grandifolia L. . . .

1

ISl.o

5500

100

0.0+100

100

Mahonia Aquifolium Nutt. .

1

62.i

16100

94.J

Platanus occidentalis L. . . .

8

3-22

3-ee

3-44

290700

69.3

98.2

77.8

O.o

69.5

35.1

2-8

53-o

Quercus macrocarpa Mchx.

1

3042.o

300

54.2

0.0+20.0

10.8

— palustris Duroi

1

1410.o

700

100

O.Q+100

100

— rubra L., European

1

2729.Q

400

98.0

50.0+10.0

58.8

American

1

4100.Q

200

100

0.0+80.0

80-o

Rhododendr. catawb. Mchx.

7

0-08

0-09

0-08

12500000

42.4

71-8

7-5

69.5

47.6

3.2

48.!

maximum L. .

4

0-08

0-09

0-09

11111100

31.2

66.0

50.9

5.o

30.5

13.i

2-2

20.1

punctatum . . .

1

0-08

12500000

41.o

9.o

3-7

Robinia Pseudacacia L

2

20.2

49500

96.9

44.0+51.Q

51.0+47.0

95.0

— viscosa Vent.

1

31.5+62.0

Spiraea ariifolia Sm

2

Onfi

12500000

12

37.8

4.0

4.o

0-5

1-5

1

Ono
•08

Uo
0-98

1000000

•4

99.2

1.2

1-2

Ulmus americana L

1

v*g

82.Q

— fulva L.

1

12.o

82000

75.x

O.n+ll.n

8.8

89

The course of germination

5 days

%

10 days

%

20 days

°/o

30 days

°/o

60 days

%

565 days

%

Lowest

+J
CO

<u

•a

X

Average

Lowest

*->

CO

V

•a

E

Average

Lowest

Highest

Average

Lowest

«

0

A
M

x

Average

Lowest

•5
6

A

M

x

Average

Lowest

«
6

A
W)

x

Average

Acer Negundo L

1-0

33.o
34.5

— saccharum Marsh. . . .

Andromeda floribnd. Pursh.

0.0

3.o

46.7

23.!

13.o

71.6

59.o

19.5

71.5

60.3

Aristolochia Sipho L'Herit
Betula lenta L

0.0

O.o
0.0
0.0
0.0

O-o

O.o
O.o
62.7
37.3

O.o

O.o
0.0
9.9
8.9

O.o

0.0
O.o
0.3
0.0

0.0

19.6
36.6
79.7
86.7

O.o
6.2

7-6

28.9
20.5

23.5

4-0
6.0
0-5
O.o

46.o

59.5
48.Q
79.7

91.5

36.8

30.!
26.o
34.2
23.5

23.5

5.o

7-6
0-5

0.0

76.5

60.5
48.5
79.7

91.5

55.0
32.8

31.9

34.8
23.6

— lutea Mchx

— nigra L

— papyracea Ait.

Carpinus virginiana Mchx.

Catalpa bignonioides Walt.

20.7

54.7

37.7

38.o

91.3

63.5

41-3

95.B

73.8

41.8

95.5

73.8

Chionanthus virginica L. . .

O.o

O.o

0.0

40.0

Fraxinus pubescens Lam. .

12.o

Liquidambar styraciflua L.

O.o

8.7

41.0

Magnolia acuminata L

— grandifolia L. . . .

Mahonia Aquifolium Nutt. .

Platanus occidentalis L. ...

O.o

50.o

19.7

O.o

65.o

31.o

0.0

69.5

34.9

0.0

69.5

35.1

Quercus macrocarpa Mchx.

— palustris DuroL . .

— rubra. European .

20.o

50.0

— American .

Rhododendr. catawb. Mchx.

O.o

6.0

1-8

0.0

54.5

37.2

7-5

69.5

47.6

maximum L. .

0.0

0-8

O.i

4-0

14.8

8.1

5.o

30.5

13.i

punctatum . . .

0-3

5.o

9.0

Robinia Pseudacacia L

26.o
21.3

40.7

1-3

43.0
28.8

1.7
0-5

42.o

3.7

4.o

1-0

82.o

43.5

4.o

51.0

31.5

4.o

1-2

44.0

31.5

4.o

Spiraea ariifolia Stn

— opulifolia L

Ulmus americana L*

— fulva L.

90

u

CO

Weight sf

(M

°/o germinating capacity

Real-

"E,
6

lOOOseeds
in grams

u

CO O

°/o purity

(germinated + sound)

Value

JAPANESE SPECIES

rt

CO

•a to

**H

u w

O

i

•+•>
CO

w>

CO «

V

<+•*
O

4)

bjo

•

CO

fi\

4)

bo

tn

-*-*
CO
f\\

&

6

V

JO

E

o *^

I

•a

2

V

bp

CO
E

B

4)

V

•a

2

V

yj

O

•r-*

>

•

o

>

o

>

O

• ^H

>

DC

5

o

X

<

J

*

<

DC

<

Acanthopanax ricinifol.Dcn.

i

13.2

75800

96.7

0.0+15.0

14.5

Acer palmatum Thunb

i

12.9

77500

85.6

2-0+0.0

1.7

Andromeda japonica Thnb.

i

0-15

6666700

14-3

2-5

i

0.4

Betula Maximowiczii Regl.

4

0.2

0-31

0-27

3703700

0-6

36.8

25-i

O.o

1-5

0.5

O.o

0.4

O.i

Catalpa Kaempferi S. & Z. . .

3

86.Q + 3.Q

96.0+3.0

91.7 + 2.8

Cedrela chinensis A. Juss. .

1

12.8

77500

83.1

14.5+17.0

26.2

Cercidiphyll. japonic. S.&Z.

7

0-52

0-8

0-68

1470600

10.0

60.0

O.o

55.o

22.8

O.o

7.o

Hovenia dulcis Thunb

1

24.3

44800

98.5

40.Q+6.0

45.8

1

67.0

Paulownia imperialis S.&Z.

8

0.15

0-27

0-20

5000000

60.8

83.o

69.8

13.0

85.B

61.0

10.8

57.2

42.6

Rhus succedania L

1

57-6

17400

98.4

0.5 + 60.0

59.5

Sophora japonica L

1

llO.o

9100

99.i

33.7

Styrax japonica S.&Z.....

1

216.Q

4600

96.7

O.Q+11.0

10.6

Wistaria chinensis de Cand.

2

367.o

380.Q

2700

98.o

100

4.0+O.Q

42.7 + 0.0

3.9

42.7

Zelkowa Keaki Dipp

3

16.6

17.5

17.o

58800

94.8

97.o

95.7

O.o

43.0+19.0

0.0

58.8

91

The course of germination

5 days

10 days

20 days

30 days

60 days

100 days

t;

4->
CO

|

V

4-1
CO

O

0
bO

4->
CO

to

&

«

4->
CO

O

4)
bo

4->
CO

CO

o
bo

4->

CO

w

&

1
o
j

3j

•a

-— «
X

2

B

1

I

3

•a

X

(0

1

i

O

_)

X

2

1

1
o
j

•a

X

03

1

i

O
_)

1)

X

cd

1

G

1

I

X

2

1

Acanthopan. ricinifol. Decn.

O.o

0.0

0.0

0.0

Acer palmatum Thunb

0.0

1-5

2.o

Andromeda japonica Thnb.

0-8

1-8

2-5

Betula Maximowiczii Regl.

O.o

1-8

0.8

0.0

1-5

0.5

O.o

0.0

Catalpa Kaempferi S. & Z. .

9.8

73.8

37.4

83.o

93.o

89.!

86.0

95.0

91.2

86.0

96.o

91.7

Cedrela chinensis A.Juss..

3.o

14.5

Cercidiphyll. japonic. S.& Z.

0.0

53.0

O.o

54.0

17.8

O.o

55.o

21.6

0.0

55.Q

22.8

Hovenia dulcis Thunb

0.0

0.0

40.0

16.0

52.0

66.0

>"U

67.o

Paulownia imperialis S.&Z.

0.0

0.0

82.o

47.5

85.5

13.0

85.6

61.0

Rhus succedania L

O.o

O.o

O.o

0-5

Sophora japonica L

•v«U

3.8

•W.|J

9.8

w.y

11.0

16.5

Styrax japonica S. & Z. ...

O.o

0.0

0.0

Wistaria chinensis de Cand.

4.o

4,o

4.o

6-0

4.o

42.7

0.0

0.0

O.o

O.o

4-7

0.0

11.0

O.o

29.o

43.o

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

DANISH AND GERMAN EDITIONS HAVE
ALREADY APPEARED

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