yeon 4+ Ot CONCHOLOGIST VOLUME XVIII NO. 1 CALIFORNIA. _s| ACADEMY OF SCIENCES | NOV 12 Sel Pe aaa RY i i OCTOBER, 1981 The TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST is the official publication of the Houston Conchol- ogy Society, Inc., and is published quarterly at Houston, Texas. Itis | distributed as part of the dues to all menbers. The Society holds regular meetings the fourth Wednesdays of the follow ing months: August, September, October, January, February, March, April, and May. The meeting is held the third Wednesday in November. Meetings are held at the Houston Museum of Natural Science, Caroline Street in Hermann Park, beginning at 7:30 p.m. The TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST is published October, January, April and July. It is mailed postpaid to regular members in U.S. postal zones. Overseas members will be charged additional postage. Only one copy will be mailed a family membership. Dues extend from the beginning of the fiscal year of June 1 through May 31. However, the July issue of the TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST each year is the fourth quarterly due on the regular dues year beginning June 1 of the previous year. Memberships will be accepted throughout the year but will receive quarterlies of that fiscal year. Members receive meeting Newsletters and have all other privileges provided by the Society's by- laws. RATES AND DUES Family membership Single membership Student membership Single Issues Extra sets mailed members (Postage for overseas members required) Subscription $10.00 (Seamail $5.00, Airmail outside U.S., $8.00) EDITOR CIRCULATION Constance E. Boone Mr. Grytch Williams 668-8252 664-2809 3706 Rice Boulevard 6644 Belmont Houston, Texas 77005 Houston, Texas 77005 EDITORIAL STAFF Helmer Ode' W.W. Sutow 664-9942 748-7233 4811 Braeburn Drive 4371 N. MacGregor Way Bellaire, Texas 77401 Houston, Texas 77004 The TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST accepts contributions for publication from ama- teurs, students, and professionals, subject to approval by the Editor. Manuscripts should be typed, double spaced and should be in the hands of the Editor the first day of the month preceding publication dates. Photos accompanying such material are welcomed. NOSTALGIA By Cynthia Biasca Recently I reread a book call Nautilus, by Laura E. Richards, that I had loved as a child. It was published 84 years ago, in 1895. As a shell collector, I read the story with new interest for it deals in some detail with shells. I thought others might enjoy some excerpts from the book. Nautilus is the story of a boy, John, whose parents died, leaving him in the care of a miserly, selfish and rather cruel great uncle, Mr. Scraper. This man, so hateful to fellow humans, had a deep love and greed for shells. "His passion for shells was like that for drink." Enter a sailing ship, Nautilus, from the Bahamas with a cargo of-- what else?--sea shells and coral. The skipper turns out to be John's cousin, who in the end rescues the boy from his misanthropic uncle and sails away with him to a new and happier life. While the ship was in port, it was open to the people of the town who came to admire and buy. Most of them had never seen a cargo like that. "There was no end to the corals. The lovely white branches were cheap, and nearly every child went off with a branch, small or large... The favorite shells were the Conches, of all sizes and varieties, from the huge pink-lipped Tritons of the ‘Triumph of Galatea’ down to fairy things, many-whorled, rainbow-tinted, which were included in the ‘handful for five cents.'" Down in the cabin the Skipper had his private collection which he showed Mr. Scraper. First was "a shell of exquisite colour and shape", the music Volute, a perfect specimen. The price was five dollars. (Remember this was well before 1895!) Then came "a Nighthawk shell, not common in any part of the world. The two halves held together in this manner, behold the Nighthawk as he flies through the air!'' The price for this, ten dollars. The Skipper offered one of the ladies present a Venus Comb, which she bought on the spot for one dollar fifty. One night "it was a fortune, no less, that lay spread before the eyes of the Skipper and his guest. For these were the days when fine shells could not be bought on every hand as they can today; when a good specimen of the Imperial Harp brought two hundred and fifty dollars easily, and when a collector would give anything, even to the half of his kingdom, for a Precious Wentletrap. Has any of my readers seen a Precious Wentletrap? Then he knows one of the most beautiful things that God has made.'' The Skipper had a perfect specimen of the Wentletrap, "a thing seen only in kings' cabinets" as well as a Bishop's Mitre, the precious Voluta Aulica and a Voluta Junonia "of which only a few specimens are possessed in the known world." And the price? "Three hundred dollars and a bargain at that!" As I reread this story, a thought came to my mind. Did this book plant the seed which eventually flowered in Houston, when I, too, developed a "passion for shells"? Who can say? (Does anyone know what the "Nighthawk Shell" might be? The Editor guesses a Pteria species or Pinctada?) Fig. 1. Conus gloriamaris Chemnitz, 1777, purchased in Cebu, Philippines, by HCS member Natalee Howard of Seabrook, Texas, in April, 1981. The record size, now affirmed by Standard Catalog of Shells senior editor Robert J. L. Wagner is 15.30 centimeters. Photo by Constance E. Boone RECORD ''GLORY OF THE SEAS" By Constance Boone The huge specimen, perfect and live-taken with operculum, of Conus gloriamaris, Chemnitz, 1777, purchased by Houston Conchology Society member Natalee Howard of Seabrook, Texas, on her spring trip to the Philippines, has been properly measured and recorded with Standard Catalog of Shells Editor Robert J. L. Wagner. The size makes it the largest to date on record in the list of world size records of shells kept by Mr. Wagner. The cone was measured by Dr. T. E. Pulley, malacologist and director emeritus of the Houston Museum of Natural Science, and proved to be 15.30 cm. This is .25 cm. larger than the listed record of 15.05 cm. Natalee's beautiful shell was purchased in April, 1981, at Cebu from Emmanuel Lacanienta, Jr., a young dealer who brought some nice shells to our resort for our party to see and purchase. ''Junior'' was sure it was a record size. Natalee had already purchased one large Conus gloriamaris but couldn't resist the record sized specimen. She is "The Shell Lady" with her business located at 1814 First Street, Seabrook, Texas 77586. Go visit her and see the specimen; that is, let her know you are coming so she will have it out of the vault! Although more and more Conus gloriamaris specimens are on the market today and the price is no longer the $2,000 once paid (in the 1960's), a good specimen today of four inches or more still commands a price of $400 to $500; and, of course, a record sized specimen goes for more than that. Nice three inch specimens can be bought for $200 or so, and smaller ones can be bought for less than that. It is still a rare shell to have in one's collection. Perhaps you would like to know more about how to establish a world record size of a shell. The Third Edition of Wagner and Abbott's Standard Catalog of Shells has a division called ''World Size Records." From time to time the list will be updated and expanded, so please do not think that what is listed is all that will be published. Asa matter of fact, additions were made when Supplement 1 containing Muricidae was issued in September, 1978. There will be other supplements. On page 80-001 of the world size records, the editors outline the procedure for recording a record sized shell. ‘The records are maintained by a special committee of editors through which accurate measurements and correct identifications are verified by knowledgeable conchologists. The master files are kept by the senior editor (Wagner)..... " Write Robert J. L. Wagner at RD 1, Box 21, Marathon, Florida, 33050. We have the Third Edition Standard Catalog of Shells in our club library, so I shall just summarize requirements for registering a shell. Maximum sizes, taken in any direction, are registered for shelled mollusks in each class. World record sizes may be established and verified by any professional malacologist, such as might be found at any one of the leading natural history museums of the world. A list of museums specializing in mollusks is included. Records are now being given in centimeters. There are 10 millimeters in 1 centimeter. You will recall that Larry and Betty Allen of Port Isabel, Texas, sent in a record on Murex fulvescens in 1979. We published an account of this in Texas Conchologist, October, 1979. We never did hear from Mr. Wagner concerning the record. Now I know why. We neglected to send a stamped envelope to Mr. Wagner for a reply concerning the record. The M. fulvescens is on record, I now know. Mr. Wagner replied to my letter and mentioned the requirement clearly stated in Standard Catalog of Shells on lines 8 to 11 that information and questions to him should be accompanied by a self-addressed envelope and U.S. postage stamps. Apparently, Mr. Wagner does have many more records in his files. Space prevented him from publishing more in the first edition. KKEAKKKKEKRE WE CONTINUE TO HELP THE MUSEUM At our August meeting the Houston Conchology Society voted to present $500.00 to the Houston Museum of Natural Science for its operating fund. We appreciate the use of the auditorium for our meetings, the help of the projectionist, the help of directors in setting up meetings and providing space for our growing library. AUCTION SET FOR SPRING, 1982 At this time the exact time is not set, but probably April as usual, but the Houston Conchology Society will hold an auction of shells and related items shellers desire sometime early next year. Hershel Sands and Grytch Williams have agreed to co-chair the event. More details will be announced in our January TC. Be sure to think of your donations as you go shelling this winter or visit areas where you can acquire shells easily for our auction. Our dues do not cover our costs of publishing Texas Conchologist and mailing the Newsletters. Very few clubs afford members both a quarterly and monthly newsletters. Very few clubs have important libraries for members as we do. Support our project. "A-LIGGING I DID GO" By Constance E. Boone Every year one of the nicest pars of the annual session of the American Malacological Union is the day for field trips, and this year was no exception. I finally had the opportunity to go into the field with Archie Jones, long known as a foremost authority on the subspecies and forms of the Florida tree snail, Liguus fasciatus (Muller, 1774). In 1977 Archie conducted a tree snail trip for AMU to the Everglades. That year there was an overflow of members signed up for the event, and I ended up going on a fossil trip (another first for me since I had never been into one of the famous fossil pits in Florida). This year Archie took us to hammocks in the Florida Keys--Key Largo to be exact. It turns out that I-had been along the area once before, in 1970 after an AMU meeting at Key West. I had been directed to this side road off the main highway to the Keys. Hollis and I drove up this road and used fishing rods to collect some of the snails we found on the trees near the road. We were able to get only a few. My first experience in collecting tree snails in Florida actually was in 1956 on my first trip to Florida. My two junior high school sons had started collecting shells in Texas for school projects, and I became interested in shells also. Their teacher loaned them a copy of Abbott's American Seashells to take along on our August trip to Florida, and we read it as we went down the West Coast of Florida to collect at Sanibel Island, then along the Tamiami Trail to Miami. We, intended to go to Key West but a hurricane was due to hit the Keys. Miami was boarded up and very much aware of the dangers of the approaching hurricane. I remember we decided it would be better to stay there and investigate the tourist attractions in Miami. However, I had read somewhere that you could find tree snails along some of the residential streets where there were tall smooth-barked trees. We kept driving around such streets, peering up into the trees looking for the snails. We actually did spot a few and managed to knock down three which I gleefully added to our collection. I put all three in the car glove compartment. The next day they were gone, and I accused my four year old son of throwing them out. He kept his little cars (to keep him busy while we drove many miles across Florida) in the glove compartment, and I was sure he had dumped out the slimy snails. I really scolded him and threatened to throw out his cars. We were well on our way by that time out of Miami, and I had no chance to go get more three snails. I was really grieving over the loss of the specimens. Several days later along the trip one snail appeared on the dashboard one morning when we entered the car to continue our journey. All three specimens finally did show up; they had gotten out of the back of the compartment and hidden under the dashboard until they chose to reappear. Through the years I have seen collections made by other Texans who were fortunate enough to go into the field with Archie or other "lig" hunters who were lucky enough to find some around Marathon. I cant' remember who provided the service, but for awhile you could actually order some from Florida to keep in cages. In the 1960s Nawona Gary of San Marcos had an enormous collection of Liguus fasciatus subspecies and forms from Florida, some she had self-collected and others she had purchased. She would show these at shell shows in Texas, often exhibiting live ones in a snail cage. She even made a record of ligs "singing", she said. Leola Glass brought some home one year and kept them during the winter while they estivated and then watched them emerge from sleep the next spring. Both these collectors fed them on diets of a cornstarch mixture. This year Archie Jones handed out sheets of instructions at the AMU meeting so that those of us fortunate enough to go on his trip would be prepared for entry into the hammocks to search for ligs. The "well-dressed" lig hunter was cautioned to observe the rules. We were instructed to meet at 7:30 a.m. on Saturday, July 25, in the lobby of the Galt Ocean Mile Hotel at Fort Lauderdale, Florida, where the AMU was meeting. We were divided up and went by station wagons to Xey Largo, stopping at Florida City to pick up our field trip leaders, Fran H. Thorpe, Erwin C. Winte and Jones. The morning was overcast and it began to rain---perfect for ligging. It was recommended that we wear trousers and long-sleeved shirts (not too light weight), sneakers or old shoes or boots (no thongs), heavy socks, cotton work gloves, and an old hat or head scarf. In 1977 I remembered some AMU members went to the Everglades in shorts and came home scratched, bruised and miserable!! I had sent Hollis out to get the gloves I had forgotten so I would have everything recommended. We were asked to bring insect repellant (Cutters lotion or cream were recommended), a CLOTH bag for Liguus, something to drink like soft drinks and fruit juices, lunch, snail poles if we had them. The lunch and drinks were provided by AMU; most of the lig poles were provided by the leaders and local snail collectors. After arriving at the first hammock we had a short informative talk by Archie, who also passed out long trousers, shirts, etc., if he saw someone attempting to begin this lig trip without them. We were told the hammock, back of Garden Cove, had large sub-tropical hardwoods, that the hammock floor beneath the high canopy would be cool and open, and that we would find L. castaneozonatus and L. roseatus. We were guaranteed to find shells! I grabbed a lig pole which consisted of several sections of aluminum tubing that would fit into each other to accommodate reaching higher areas of trees. The topmost pole had a "lig cup" attached, a metal cup attached to the end of the pole so that you could push it up under an unsuspecting Liguus and urge it off the tree and into the cup. It was my first time to use one, and I thought it was fun, except for trying to attach the sections among the bushes and trees. You could hear the Liguus drop with a dull click into the cup---what a thrill. Sometimes when you tried to put down the pole among the trees and try to drop the Liguus out of the cup to put it into your bag you found the lig had attached itself firmly to the bottom of the cup and had to be shaken soundly to remove it. But by using the poles and cups you avoided knocking down a beautiful snail and having it smash on the ground below. The shells aren't that strong. We went to three locations along that side road and found a goodly number of snails. Some were easy to locate on the trees on the road. Everywhere inside the hammocks we struggled between trees that were connected by beautiful huge spider webs with spiders. You simply couldn't avoid getting them all over you that rainy morming, and I got used to having them cling wetly to my face. The hammock floors were soft and springy with matting of tree limbs and debris. We were in Florida at a time of really serious drought so we weren't in any waters in the areas we went. These hammocks (small island-like places often surrounded by water) were relatively dry this year. It is my understanding that the Everglades pose entirely different kinds of collecting, some done from air boats and some done by trudging through saw grass and water to get to different hammocks, besides running into alligators and snakes. Mosquitoes were absolutely ferocious! I knew why Archie said we needed shirts "not too lightweight". Despite the Cutters spray I put all over me I suffered numerous bites around my eyes and nose. I am often allergic to some medicines, etc., and I had been afraid to put the spray on eyelids or nose bridge because I would be perspiring and was afraid the spray would get in my eyes. (The next day you couldn't tell my nose bridge from eyelid areas!) It was a strange experience to enter such a world with such high trees that kept you from really orienting location. With little sun for awhile, I almost got lost in the first hammock and finally did emerge on the opposite side and had to walk a long road around to where the gang was gathering for lunch. The second and third locations were easier since so many of the snails were out travelling on the trees near the road, some on low bushes that made the picking easier, even without lig poles. Once I saw some little baby snails starting to climb up a tree and picked one off to look at it. I felt I should put it back to grow up. After showing it to Cecilia Abbott, she said she wanted it for her daughter's ligarium. It was allowed. Fran Thorpe, leader, said we were not limited in what we took. These hammocks seem to be well populated with ligs. On arriving home, I decided to do a bit of research on the snails to report to you and to add to my knowledge. I knew that our club library had the classic reference, Land Mollusca of North America by Henry A. Pilsbry. Volume II contains the monograph on Liguus and this is what I checked out. The Genus Liguus was named by Montfort in 1810 in The Conch Syst. 2:422, for L. virgineus (L.). The name is from ligo, meaning to bind up or bandage, referring to the color bands. It is pronounced Lig-u-us, an anglicized pronunciation of common name in general use instead of as in Latin (Lig-o6-us). The distribution is from Haiti, Cuba, with the Isle of Pines, southern Florida and the Keys. It is arboreal, living on the trunks and branches of trees; in Florida it inhabits hardwood grooves known as hammocks, scattered island-like in pine woods, sawgrass or swamp. These snails like damp weather and are active in rainy weather and at night. During the hot sun or in dry weather, they seal themselves to tree barks, hide in knot holes or crevices and in other protected places. They feed mainly on minute fungi growing on trees. They scrape off the fungi and algaes and true lig hunters look for trails on trees where ligs have fed to find the snails. They do not eat chlorophyll-bearing leaves and are found on a great variety of trees, but prefer smoothish bark trees such as the mastic, Lysiloma, Jamaica dogwood and others, as well as dead trees of these varieties. These gorgeous snails come in many colors. Remember the classic issue of National Geographic, "Shells Take You Over World Horizons," July, 1949 with its page of ligs? And there is another issue of National Geographic I was referred to, "Tree Snails, Gems of the Everglades," March, 1965. This issue talks about the work of Jones and Winte and their efforts to preserve the forms of tree snails in the Everglades. Pilsbry's monograph (1946) mentions that the patterns form the most reliable basis for classifications of Florida Liguus. He recognized three grades: subspecies, forms and varieties. The subspecies patterns he recognized did not intergrade. Forms were color differences and minor strains were called varieties. Only species and subspecies names have any taxonomic standing today according to the International Code on Zoological Nomenclature. However, workers with ligs have continued to populate barren hammocks with colonies of ligs, and they also find new populations that seem different. Archie Jones named three new forms with Latin names in Nautilus, Vol. 94(4), pgs. 153-159, Oct., 1979. The origin of Florida Liguus was studied many years, but today it is becoming harder to determine where a specific colony came from. It is thought that most of the strains came to Florida by floating on logs or debris and by being blown over by storms and hurricanes from Cuba. Through the years scientists studied the snails and often transplanted them to other areas, even to their own backyards so they could study them. The purity of subspecies became muddled. Often it was the pleasure of students of ligs to try to interbreed different populations to come up with new color combinations. The first information on Floridian Liguus was Thomas Say's description of Achatina solida in 1825. In 1844 Dr. Binney sent a collector, John Bartlett, to Florida, and in 1852 published figures of some finds. The colors of Liguus are not all permanent. I found that out the hard way one time when I boiled a few to clean them. Liguus have periostracum which is thin and pellucid except when marked with green lines. When these are present they may be easily scraped off and will disappear if you boil such snails or if you happen to put the shells in Clorox. Dr. Pilsbry said that the green lines are the most persistent color element, appearing in some individuals of nearly every race of L. fasciatus. They may appear blackish in some melanistic varieties. The yellow, brown, black and other darker colors are said to be below the periostracum in the prismatic layer of the shell. Yellow is usually strongest close to the growing lip and is said to fade in living snails more than in cabinet specimens. The brown or blackish pigment is the most permanent. Dr. Pilsbry recommended freezing snails or killing the animals by brief exposures to low oven heat. I froze mine this time. I would be afraid to put them in the oven as he said that too much dry heat would fade some colors, especially the pinks. Any washing of the shells should be in cool water and not hot water. The snails can live a long time, as I found out. I put mine in cloth sacks, but since I went to several locations and wanted to keep the material separate by hammocks, I ran out of cloth sacks and used a plastic sack, a fatal mistake. I had snails all over my hotel room the next day and even when I got home found some crawling around the bedroom because they had chewed through the cardboard box. They can eat through any kind of plastic or paper goods. After I got home I began to wonder if we had been privileged to go to these hammocks to collect Liguus. For a number of years most of us have understood you couldn't collect the Florida tree snails because they were fast disappearing. When I went to the Keys I was always told to collect only a very few if I found them. I published "snail season" rules, recently announced in Florida for one preserve, in our Texas Conchologist. I thought I had better find out what to tell you, so I wrote to Archie Jones. First of all, I was surprised to learn from Archie that the Florida Liguus is not on the threatened or endangered species list of this country. There is no restriction on collecting Liguus in Florida EXCEPT (1) in the Everglades National Park where all collecting is prohibited; (2) in the Big Cypress National Preserve where collecting is restricted to the period of October lst through March 3lst: Bag limit is ten snails per color form per day per person; (3) in local, state and federal parks, preserves, etc., where the taking of anything is prohibited. These areas are all properly marked. Mr. Jones did not take AMU field trip members to the Everglades because of the restriction applying to #2 above. Our collecting activities on Key Largo were not, therefore, by special permission. Mr. Jones went on to say that he had no reservations about disclosing to all concerned where we collected. He has sent a rough sketch showing the hammocks we visited which you see redrawn here for your use if you go to the Keys. Turn off USl1 below Florida City where it bends onto Key Largo and go northeast on the old road called Card Sound Road. The first area was immediately to the right up this road, the second 4.1 miles north from junction and the third 10 miles north past the U.S. army missile tracking station. However, I would like to add that I still feel privileged to gather a few of these beautiful snails, and I hope visitors to the areas will take small numbers so that there will be adult snails left for other collectors to see someday. According to Mr. Jones, we collected castaneozonatus, roseatus and hybrids at our first stop; ormatus (the beautiful orange shell much prized and which I did not get myself that day), lineolatus, elliottensis at the second stop, and lineolatus, roseatus, castaneozonatus, elegans and hybrids at the third stop. All of these names are either subspecies or forms or varieties of L. fasciatus. Maybe you will have the opportunity to visit these areas your next trip to the Keys. I hope that finding your first tree snail will be as much a delight for you as it was for many on this AMU field trip. While you are about the business of finding Liguus, you might just encounter the pretty little arboreal snail, Drymaeus (there are several species in Florida), on some of the bushes and trees. Dr. William J. Clench, director emeritus of Harvard Museum of Zoology, was busy picking these off from under leaves on the bushes beside the road. This is a tropical and subtropical snail about one inch in length that originally came from South America. The colors are not as gaudy as Liguus but it is pretty. And probably you ought to know about Orthalicus snails also because you might collect one in the Keys and think it is a Liguus, It is more ovate (see pix) and not as wildly colored, but it is still a pretty tropical snail that moved up from South America. All are epiphytic and the range in Florida is near the sea. O, floridensis, 10 a three-banded form, is most common. It usually has a cream-colored or white background, with axial dark streaks and with banding. We have found it on the trees in the Keys along with ligs in other years. Uideees Fig. 1. Liguus fasciatus roseatus, collected in Marathon, Florida Keys in August, 1975, by Constance Boone, is determined to escape the plastic jar. I call it "Personality Kid." I wish you were seeing it in color as I have it on my slide. Photo by Constance E. Boone et WN Fig. 2. Liguus fasciatus lineolatus, collected on the AMU fiela@eaae to Key Largo on July 25, 1981, by Ann Young of Marathon, Florida, who took the picture in situ that day. Fig. 3. Constance Boone and field trip leader Archie Jones on the AMU field trip July 24, 1981, to Key Largo, Florida. “Photo byeta Nieburger, president of the Boston Malacological Club and a member of the lig-hunters' party that day. 12 Fig. 4. Orthalicus floridensis collected at Marathon, Florida, in August, 1975, and now in the collection of member Ruby McConnell of Austin, Texas. Photo by Constance E. Boone , | th 3Rp AREA ORIDA C! | : : i eg tn i 1D miles \ ‘ 6-- OF Rock}! Ragp gw 4 4s AlRmy MISSLE TRA KING STATION < Ww pe the ~S “ Y Fig. 5. Map of collecting areas visited by AMU members for lig hunting on Key Largo, Florida Keys, July 25, 1981. From map sent by Archie Jones, leader. 13 SOME REMARKS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF PYRAMIDELLIDS By H. Odé In the course of my studies of this group of shells a number of interesting facts is becoming clear which I may put before the readers of the Texas Conchologist. These facts concern their present distribution and their development through the geologic column. All that I have to say has merely been inferred from a study of the published record and thus my conclusions should be treated accordingly. First I may discuss the present distribution as inferred from the published record. There are only a few areas in the world where some real knowledge about the distribution and habitats of the Pyramidellidae is known. We list them here in accordance to the amount of data available (best known FateSiey. Western Europe and the Mediterranean North American Continent Japan Australia and New Zealand Red Sea and Persian Gulf South Africa DOF wnr ke The latter two entries perhaps should have been omitted because the sum total of our knowledge there is still quite meagre and is restricted to a list of species without significant biological information. Melvill published about 90 years ago many species, most of which were obtained by inspecting undersea telegraph cables to India in the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea. Bartsch published a Memoir on South African species; later his list was augmented by species "invented" by Turton, but after that hardly any further progress was made. In Europe the basis for the study of this group was laid fairly late in the 19th century by the work of Forbes and Hanly and by Jeffreys, who discussed many species in the Atlantic. Monterosato introduced many new taxas for the recent fauna of the Mediterranean. It is quite remarkable that in France and Germany the efforts at that time were largely directed toward a study of fossil Pyramidellidae of which great numbers were described by Lamarck, Deshayes, Von Koenen, Semper, Speyer, etc. Interest in this remarkable group of gastropods has never been lacking. The earliest author to name a pyramidellid is Linné whose name is connected with Pyramidella dolabrata. Of course Linné did not use the the genus Pyramidella, which is an invention of Lamarck, but used Trochus. Apart from Linné other famous biologists paid them attention: Forbes in England, and Malm in Sweden. The latter was the naturalist who was the first to describe wandering of one of the eyes of flatfishes such as the flounder. As can be easily imagined in the first hundred and fifty years after Montague published a number of species a complicated and involved list of species was composed by many authors for Western Europe. Although it appears that this somewhat uncontrolled "blooming" of species reachet its zenith early this century, it is not quite a thing of the past as may be shown by two memoirs of Coen on the mollusk fauna of the Adriatic and even more recently by a number of new species invented by Nordsieck. The Coen papers are remarkable for their uncritical introduction of new names, claimed to be for the most part Monterosato manuscript names and the species proposed by Nordsieck belong in the Pyrgulina interstincta group. 14 There are already as many names for these related forms that it must be considered to the highest degree unlikely that anything new would turn up after having been overlooked in more than a century of careful collecting. The pyramidellid fauna of the North American continent was, after some tentative beginnings by Say, Totten and others, fully dealt with by Verrill, Bush and Dall and Bartsch. Especially the latter made the study of North American pyramidellids both for the Atlantic and Pacific side his specialty, and he added a large number of so called species to the species list begun by C. B. Adams and Carpenter. It is now evident that none of these investigations realized the extreme variability of their material both within populations and from popula- tion to population. The result of this phase of the work that ended with the publications of Hertlein and Strong is a lengthy list of species of uncertain value. The work to reduce this number of biological studies about habitats, soft parts, host biology, breeding cycles, etc., has hardly begun. In essence the same can be said about Japan. The first studies were made by Dunker and a few other Europeans. Pilsbry and Dall and Bartsch gave the first systematic information about the pyramidellid fauna. Tokunaga and Yokoyama carried on this work and in the years before the outbreak of the war Nomura described the Japanese pyramidellid fauna in great detail in a series of memoirs. To present standards he oversplit the group and thus there is now a tendency to reduce the number of species. The history of the description of Australian and New Zealand faunas is long and varied. The first species were often described from material obtained by sea captains, but in both Australia and New Zealand local scientists soon took a part in the study of the faunas. In Australia Hedley can be mentioned, later followed by Laseron; in New Zealand Hutton and Suter, later followed by Laws, may be mentioned as being the successful founders of pyramidellid taxonomy in this part of the world. What is striking here is the tendency of some of these workers to freely introduce new generic names, the justification for which is not always easy to see. New Zealand may be far away from India, Indonesia, Africa and South America, but that this distance implies that its fauna should be composed out of living things generically not related to those of other continents is not clear to me. Now let us consider the areas of the world not mentioned in the above discussion. Indeed there are enormous blanks in the pyramidellid fauna on the map of the world. South America is hardly ever mentioned in faunistic studies. Amazingly Orbigny collected there more than a century agc, but after that no progress at all was made and its pyramidellid fauna remains virtually unknown. The same can be said for Indonesia and the Philippines where in spite of collecting for the shell trade hardly any scientific collecting of marine micromolluscs was done. For Indonesia K. Martin and Oostingh published some sparse data about the fossil faunas and Schepman published a few recent deeper water forms. The studies by Martin are of interest because he was one of the first to try to determine the age of Tertiary formations by establishing the percentage of recent forms in the faunas. He also compared his faunas with the Eocene one of the Paris Basin. That many of these poorly sampled areas should be alive with many 15 pyramidellid species follows from some studies by Saurin who collected in Vietnam and Siam and who described in three papers more than 200 new species. It should be stated, however, that some of these species do not appear to be well founded. I do not doubt that also the coasts of Africa and large areas of the Pacific will yield many species because pyramidellids live mostly in tropical shallow seas. Also they have been reported in lesser numbers from cooler oceans and few are known to live in Arctic waters. Some are known from very deep water (unnamed species from about 5000 m.!). It is quite interesting to speculate how organisms, supposedly ectoparasitic in lifestyle, are able to find a suitable host at such depths! I think it is safe to assume that pyramidellids can be expected in all types of marine environment and that this absence on certain coasts is merely a consequence of poor collecting techniques. Especially the bias in collecting only material that is retained by fairly large mesh size of nets or dredges and washing out minute species with the unwanted mud is the cause of this unequal distribution in the published record of the pyramidellids. Let us now consider the distribution of pyramidellids in the geologic record. The earliest known pyramidellids about whose identity no doubt can be raised were described from the upper Cretaceous. They have a surprisingly widespread distribution: North America, Europe, Egypt, Pakistan, Africa, etc. This indicates to me an older history but with certainty no older forms appear assignable to them. ‘Although from time to time workers have reported much older fossils to the Pyramidellidae the variety of forms in the Cretaceous is not great, but soon in the Eocene a surprising variety of genera and species is found, although the emphasis appears to be on forms which are not proponderant today. Among these early, Eocene forms, Turbonillas as they occur in the present faunas are quite scarce. Therefore it is remarkable that in the Eocene of Western Europe there occurs a Turbonilla which reaches a length of 30 mm. This is not one of the socalled "Chemnitzias" in the secondary sense of Orbigny, which in general are not pyramidellid and which are quite large in size. It appears to be a genuine Turbonilla. After the Eocene the fauna of the Oligocene appears to become somewhat impoverished. At least that is the impression I get from the published record mainly from Germany and Middle Europe. However in such a conclusion I can easily be mistaken because of the lack of suitable outcrops in the world (regressive stage of the oceans). The Miocene faunas of the world have been well studied at many localities in great detail. Pyramidellids are present in all those in which micromollusks could be collected. In Europe the Miocene has been studied in France, Italy, Germany, Poland, Austria, Denmark, etc. and from each long lists of pyramidellids can be composed. Also in North America, Japan, New Zealand much information about the composition of Miocene faunas has been gathered. I believe that I may state with some confidence that the pyramidellid faunas as we know it today reached its present composition during the Miocene. Pliocene faunas appear to be only different in minor specific details from recent faunas. 16 SEARCH AND SEIZURE - | BY CONSTANCE E. BOONE With no thought that I would find anything different at all, I braved the heat on August 7, 1981, and waded through the grasses in the channel at South Padre Island, Texas, as I headed to the pile of rocks and debris under the old coast guard building on stilts that has yielded nice specimens in the past. Believe me, it is with some surprise that I am able to report finding several mollusks that I have mot retrieved live before in intertidal waters in Texas. I took time to pick up every old broken and worn shell because I was bent on collecting some Ostrea equestris Say, 1834, for studies on oysters being conducted by our member Dr. Harold Harry. There were plenty of spat oysters and small live Ostrea on the Mercenaria Argopecten, Chione and Atrina valves I picked up. Most looked like 0. equestris to me but I simply put them all in alcohol later for delivery to Dr. Harry. (He has confirmed that 90 per cent of them were O. equestris and he was pleased to have the specimens. In fact, he reported that he sent some of the valves with spat to the Smithsonian collections. ) The grasses along this ship channel area (shallow water for some distance out to the main channel) starting in front of the boat dock at the little park are especially heavy. Sieving usually produces small bivalves and worn shells with minute shells. You can nudge Argopecten and find enough to eat, but these pectens seem to be smaller than at Corpus and are full of worm tubes and encrustations. I usually check them out for other shells. I stubbed toes on live Atrinas, dug one up to get the live oysters on it and to check for chitons; but I didn't find the chitons this time anywhere. There were at least two species of arks in the grasses, but I headed on to the rocks. After turning a few, and carefully returning them to the muddy sand as I found them, I manhandled one large one and leaped with joy as I saw my first live Lima in Texas inshore waters. I captured it before it could swim away and brought it home in alcohol for study. At this time I refer it to Lima pellucida C.B. Adams, 1846, but until I get it back in my hands (the animal is being studied) I will not know if it is the "form'' or different species Odé talked about when he reviewed Limas in his Monograph. I hope to report on this in a later issue. One of the rocks I turned over had 10 live Parviturboides interruptus (C.B. Adams, 1850) under it. Needless to say, I brought these home for my collection as they are the first live ones I have collected in Texas. I did once get about this many from a clump of tunicate picked up on a Florida East Coast beach. There are tunicates under these rocks at South Padre Island. See good drawings of the species above in American Seashells, second edition, page 87. They are in the family VITRINELLIDAE. I began in earnest to turn rocks and try to balance them on others as I bent over with my Opti-Visor lens down so I could look over the sponge and tunicate growths on the rocks. I had once taken a Lamellaria here and wanted another, but I was not successful. However, I did find some Nudibranchs that are being studied now. I also found one live specimen of Coralliophila caribaea Abbott, 1958, my first to see in inshore waters of Texas. 17 I kept stumbling around the rocks as the water got lower for the low tidal period approaching, trying to find Murex or Fasciolaria. This little spit is full of glass, iron debris, sharp rocks, etc., so you have to be very, very careful. I finally did find one 10 inch | Pleuroploca gigantea (Kiener, 1840) with its gorgeous red animal. This one turned out to be the form reevei Philippi, 1851, a specimen with no nodules on the last whorl! This is first of this form I've found anywhere. I thought it only came from Florida. This specimen had the brown aperture we find in Texas Pleuroploca. Does anyone know of this species in Texas waters with orange aperture? By this time my back was broken, my bad knee had been turned so many times it was painful, and I headed in to be sure that I still had ny goodies live so I could observe them awhile before pickling them. It was a good outing, one I'll remember many years. REKKKKKK Member Ruby McConnell writes from Austin that she introduced husband Tom to the delights of collecting pectens in July at Bird Island, North Padre Island, near Corpus Christi, Texas. They got enough to eat at the same location our club had a field trip in September, 1980, although the water was rather high and they spent their time diving under to get Argopecten irradians amplicostatus Dall, 1898, our bay scallop. Ruby sent some specimens for the collections at the Houston Museum of Natural Science. She also remarked that she had fun broiling the scallops and having them for guests that night and found her guests had no idea you could eat scallops from Texas and that they had no idea this was the animal you ate in restaurants. (She showed them some live.) kkkKKKKK In April I reported in Texas Conchologist the story of Terebra taurina Lightfoot, 1786. I was given some old shell publications to read by Dr. T. E. Pulley, director emeritus of the Houston Museum of Natural Science. I share with you some of the interesting comments about this shell. In Frank Lyman's Shell Notes, Vol. 2, December, 1949, page 136, there appears an ad from Lyman concerning "Terebra flammea Lamarck" (now we use T. taurina, you know). He said that this Terebra continued to sell for $200.00. Only inferior specimens were sold for less. He said he had a live taken specimen with operculum, very large and only one, that he would sell for the first check or money order for $100.00 that reached him. He pointed out that the list price was still $200.00 but that he made this offer for one shell. Paul H. Reed, publisher and editor of Mollusca, reported in Vol. l, No. 8, Feb. 25, 1946, going shell collecting with Lyman and finding one of "the rarest large shells''--Terebra flammea. He told the story of finding one specimen in front of a crab hole in four or five feet of water and he thought it was a dead shell. The next day he discovered it was still live and Reed took it immediately to show to Lyman because he said that Lyman would never believe it until his dying day unless he proved it to him. At that time there were only supposed to be about 30 live-taken specimens, most found in Lake Worth, Florida. 18 It is, therefore, interesting to relate to you that a recent specimen list from Thomas Honker from Florida, had a T. taurina for sale for $20.00. My specimen pictured in TC last April came from Honker. He gets them himself from Lake Worth. KKKKKKKK The American Malacological Union at its recent meeting (July 19-25, 1981) at Fort Lauderdale, Florida, voted to send a letter to the California Game and Fish Department urging that they not introduce a snail, Rumina decollata, to destroy another snail pest (land snails, these are) spreading in orchards, etc., in California. The pest is one we have here also, Helix aspersa, eaten in France and introduced in Texas on plants and even by fishermen coming in from Mexico with them as they considered them good bait. The thinking of malacologists is that this kind of introduction of another snail is not good and often turns out to be the wrong way to eradicate a pest as the introduced snail can become a pest also. I thought, then, that the story I read in Irradians, publication of the Long Island Shell Club (Vol. 8, No. 1, Sept., 1981) was amusing. Titled "Beware of the Snails," taken from the New York Times, Dec. 10, 1980, it reported that Helix aspersa was being raised for American tables by Francois Picard who had a herd of thousands of the edible gastropods and was selling them under the label F. Picard Snails. It said this snail was known in France as the petit gris. Picard described his search for the snails in California and how he found them in a friend's yard. He made deals with gardners not to use pesticides on the snails but to deliver them to him instead. He purchased two and one half tons from an artichoke farmer and a ton from his neighbor to get started. He fattens the snails, processes them and packs them for use by restaurants. He said many snails passed off as escargots in American restaurants are fakes. Open the lid of --(cans of snails you purchase)--and if they smell like a swamp, it's Achatina, not Helix aspersa from France, he said. "Real snails smell like newly cut grass." He advertises with posters that he wants the common garden snail alive, offering 25¢ per pound for the snails. Well, Paul McGee, you might try having such a ranch in Texas. Several years ago I reported that Paul, here in Houston, was raising the snails for eating. (Paul is with Houston schools in Oceanography and a shelling friend known to HCS members.) Check out your gardens, fellow members. Let me know if you want to try eating the snail, and I will tell you how Mr. Picard processes his snails for eating. 19 ENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION INVOLVING | TERRESTRIAL GASTROPODS FROM | AN ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE (41 TV 368), TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS Raymond W. Neck Texas Parks and Wildlife Department 4200 Smith School Road | Austin, Texas 78744 | Two lots of snail shell material (whole and fragmented) were obtained from an archeological site (41 TV 368) near Walnut Creek within the corporate limits of Austin, Texas, in north central Travis County. One lot came from test pit #2, feature #1, level 6. The other lot is from test pit #3 at a depth interval of 60-90 centimeters. Below is a list of recovered snail species (see also Table 1) and a reconstruction of the surrounding environment at the time that these snails were living. SPECIES LIST Helicina orbiculata (Say) is the only operculate land snail native to Texas. This species occurs in a wide variety of environments from closed woodland to savannah. The variety tropica Say (with thickened apertural lip) indicates a xeric environment. Gyraulus parvus (Say) is a small aquatic snail occurring in moving water with low velocity and shallow depth. The few specimens present are probably an indication of flood debris deposition. Pupoides albilabris (Adams) is found in closed and open woodlands with wood or rock cover to provide suitable cover. Helicodiscus singleyanus (Pilsbry) occurs in closed and open woodlands or in grasslands which include sufficient cover in the form of wood or rock. Glyphyalinia umbilicata (Morelet) is found in a wide variety of habitats (similar to the two previous species) but indicates the presence of substantial mesic microhabitat (more so than the two previous species). Rabdotus mooreanus (Pfeiffer) is known as the prairie snail after its preferred habitat; this species is also present in open woodlands. One adult R. mooreanus shows indication of introgression with its congener, R. dealbatus~ (Say), which occurs in mesic bottomland woods associated with rivers or major creek tributaries. Numerous hatching snails are present, indicating a mesic microhabitat suitable for oviposition. One | adult R. mooreanus exhibits a slightly chalky appearance, indicating a the possibility of being heated in water prior to consumption by humans. Polygyra texasiana (Moricand) indicates the presence of mesic microhabitats in an area of fairly deep soil although the general environment may be rather xeric. This species is near the western edge of its natural range in upland sites; to the west it is | replaced by P. mooreana (Binney). One rather large specimen of P. | texasiana recovered from the site indicates the existence of prime habitat. Praticolella berlandieriana (Moricand) is found in heavy soil sites in open woodland to grassland with significant rock or wood as cover. 20 ENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION The snails present in the samples recovered from 41 TV 368 indicate the presence of an open woodland with extensive grass openings. Dominant plant species in the wooded spots were most likely Texas sugarberry or hackberry (Celtis laevigata), cedar elm (Ulmus crassifolia), gum elastic (Bumelia lanuginosa), plateau live oak (Quercus fusiformis), greenbriar (Smilax bona-nox), and mustang grape (Vitis mustangensis). Dominant grasses were likely little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) and side-oats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula). More mesic spots could have supported Indian grass (Sorghastrum avenaceum), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi). The habitat apparently periodically became severely dessicated; otherwise the moderate-sized Mesomphix friabilis would have been present. Also absent is the large-sized Mesodon roemeri which is found in more xeric sites then the previous absent species. Absence of these two species indicates the likelihood of restricted wooded cover. A mesic microhabitat was present in the area of feature #1 of test pit #2; this could have been a local accumulation of wood or rock. Test pit #3 is located in a more xeric locality than test pit #2. Interesting (but inexplicable) is the absence of the nearly omnipresent H. orbiculata from test pit #3. Utilization of snails by humans at 41 TV 368 would almost certainly be limited to consumption of R. mooreanus as food. Table 1. List of gastropod species from 41TV368. species test pit #2 test pit #3 Helicina orbiculata X Gyraulus parvus X Pupoides albilabris X Helicodiscus singleyanus x X Glyphyalinia umbilicata X Rabdotus mooreanus X X Polygyra texasiana X X Praticolella berlandieriana X X 8 species 7 species 5 species X = presence of species in sample 21 PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD OF SPERMATOPHORE TRANSFER IN THE PRAIRIE SNAIL, RABDOTUS MOOREANUS (PFEIFFER, 1868) (BULIMULIDAE) Raymond W. Neck Texas Parks and Wildlife Department 4200 Smith School Road Austin, Texas 78744 Although the majority of terrestrial gastropods are hermaphroditic, most species exhibit outcrossing behavior in that matings occur with transfer of a spermatophore from a "male-acting" individual to a "female- | acting" individual. The existence of "love darts" as part of the courtship procedure in at least certain pulmonate snails has been described many times. However, little information has been published since the original descriptions. Ashford (1883) surveyed the British pulmonates and reported that approximately one-third of these species lacked a functional dart. Not only do some species lack darts (Collinge 1890), but species with darts have been observed to successfully pair without utilization of darts (Moquin-Tandon 1885; Taylor 1883). Recently, Hunt (1979) reported on the morphology and composition of the dart of Helix pomatia L. 1758. Tompa (1980) reported on the dart of Philomycus carolinianus (Bosc 1802), and also reviewed the literature concerning phylogenetic distribution of species known to possess darts. Tompa (1980) concluded that "most land snails do not have darts" but darts occur most commonly in terrestrial pulmonates (Order Stylommatophora) as opposed to the mostly aquatic order Basommatophora. The ten verified and one possible family listed do not include many species of land snails. Species of the family Bulimulidae are not known to possess darts. Published anatomical drawings of Rabdotus mooreanus (Pfeiffer, 1868) indicate absence of a dart sac (Pilsbry 1946°'5,, fig -Sp).- On 18 January 1974 I collected 24 living R. mooreanus from outside walls of the Brackenridge Field Laboratory of The University of Texas at Austin. These snails were kept in the laboratory in a terrarium and were supplied water, food and a calcium source. Periodic observations were made to monitor the health of the colony. On 28 August 1974 two R. mooreanus were observed as they approached each other, moved together and ceased forward movement. As the penis was extruded by one snail it produced a long, slender, curved, soft bodied spermatophore which made contact with the first snail (fig. 1). No locomotion occurred during this time. Following an unmeasured (but less than 1 minute) period of apparent inactivity, the snails moved apart. De Rag. 2. Two courting Rabdotus mooreanus (Pfeiffer, 1868) illustrating spermatophore. Initial expulsion of spermatophore by individual in lower portion of photograph. Same snails several seconds later showing curved nature of spermatophore. 23 References Cited Ashford, C. 1883. The darts of British Helicidae. Journ. Coenenous 4:69-320. Collinge, W. E. 1890. On the position of the dart-sac in Helix KutEescens. .Zoologist (3) 14(163)..276. Hunt, S. 1979. The structure and composition of the love dart (gypsobelum) in Helix pomatia. Tissue & Cell 11:51-61. Moquin-Tandon, A. 1855. Historic naturelle des Mollusques de France. Vol. i: J.-B. Bailliere, Paris. Pilsbry, H. A. 1946. Land Mollusca of North America (North of America). Acad. Nat. Sei. Phil. Monogr. 3, vol. 11, pt. 1 25Z0ime- Taylor, J. W. . 1883. Life history of Helix aspersa. J.)Coneho@ereeor- Tompa, Alex S. 1980. The ultrastructure and mineraology of the dart from Philomycus carolinianus (Pulmonata: Gstropoda) with a brief survey of the occurrence of darts in land snails. The Veliger 23:35-42. 24 HOUSTON CONCHOLOGY SOCIETY, INC. President Officers 1981-1982 Program Vice-President Field Trip Vice-President Treasurer Recording Secretary Corresponding Secretary Herschel S. Sands Curtis Fleming Directors Al Mohle Fannie Miron Editor, Texas Conchologist Immediate Past President Dr. T.E. Pulley Honorary Life Members Lucy Clampit Mary Ann Curtis Helen Cornellisson Jim Sartor Valerie Middaugh Dianna Rudolph Charles Glover Betty Genusa Constance E. Boone David B. Green Dr. Helmer Ode' CONCHOLOGIST Cl 4oyr THe Pare } VOLUME XVIII NO, 2 CALIFORNIA — | ACADEMY OF SCIENCES § eeES | LIBRARY | rls tas cele RO | JANUARY, 1982 The TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST is the official publication of the Houston Conchol- ogy Society, Inc., and is published quarterly at Houston, Texas. It is distributed as part of the dues to all menbers. The Society holds regular meetings the fourth Wednesdays of the follow ing months: August, September, October, January, February, March, April, and May. The meeting is held the third Wednesday in November. Meetings are held at the Houston Museum of Natural Science, Caroline Street in Hermann Park, beginning at 7:30 p.m. The TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST is published October, January, April and July. It is mailed postpaid to regular members in U.S. postal zones. Overseas members will be charged additional postage. Only one copy will be mailed a family membership. Dues extend from the beginning of the fiscal year of June 1 through May 31. However, the July issue of the TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST each year is the fourth quarterly due on the regular dues year beginning June 1 of the previous year. Memberships will be accepted throughout the year but will receive quarterlies of that fiscal year. Members receive meeting Newsletters and have all other privileges provided by the Society's by- laws. RATES AND DUES Family membership Single membership Student membership Single Issues Extra sets mailed members (Postage for overseas members required) Subscription $10.00 (Seamail $5.00, Airmail outside U.S., $8.00) EDITOR CIRCULATION Constance E. Boone Mr. Grytch Williams 668-8252 664-2809 3706 Rice Boulevard 6644 Belmont Houston, Texas 77005 Houston, Texas 77005 EDITORIAL STAFF Helmer Ode' 664-9942 4811 Braeburn Drive Bellaire, Texas 77401 The TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST accepts contributions for publication from ama- teurs, students, and professionals, subject to approval by the Editor. Manuscripts should be typed, double spaced and should be in the hands of the Editor the first day of the month preceding publication dates. Photos accompanying such material are welcomed. IN MEMORIAM Dr. W. W. Sutow In December the Houston Conchology Society lost one of its founding members, Dr. Wataru Sutow, or "Wat'' as he was called by most of us who knew him a long time. Dr. Sutow was an internationally known authority on cancer whose special field was pediatrics. He had been on the Staff of the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Hospital since 1954 where he recently retired as professor of pediatrics. In the course of his studies he visited several times the Marshall Islands to evaluate irradiation fallout problems there. These trips were for all members of the Houston Conchology Society of considerable interest because Wat, being an ardent and extremely knowledgeable shell collector, always brought back a harvest of beautiful and desirable collectors' items. Together with Ernest Libbey, also a valued member now deceased, Wat collected many specimens of such species as Strombus taurus, Terebra maculata, Lambis truncata which are now the prize exhibits in many Houston collections. In fact, Wat and Ernie were very much involved in the rediscovery of live Strombus taurus, a rather rare Strombus, and the club heard many tales of their adventures to find this species. One of the most delightful pictures of Wat appears in Volume II, No. 2, September, 1965, of Texas Conchologist where Wat is shown wearing his "survival" belt of water, food and buoyancy for his outrigger trip across the lagoon to find shells. The belt was made of coconuts strung around his waist. Wat indured long tedious plane trips and open boats in those days to get to the Marshall Islands and to collect shells. He got both air sick and sea sick, but he was as ardent in his pursuit of shells as he was about his important work in medical science. I remember the first Golden Cowry he showed our club caused quite a stir. Wat and Ernie gave a report of their collecting in the Marshalls in early issues of the Texas Conchologist, and Wat continued to report on his trips in the column 'Molluscana." Wat was well known for his many contributions to the Texas Conchologist. An early column started out under the name "Mollusks in the Journals," Vol. 1, No. 2, and continued that volume. In Volume II his column became "Molluscana." In this column Wat touched for many years upon all aspects of conchology and shell collecting. There were brier reviews of scientific results published in journals outside those of strictly biological and taxonomic interest, or travelogs, sometimes interviews with well-known malacologists, book reviews, etc. Frequently his articles were reprinted in other shell club publications, as recently as this last year his last article on Japan was reprinted in the New York Shell News. During the many years I was editor of the Texas Conchologist I I never received a negative response to a plea for a contribution and that in spite of his considerable output of scientific papers and other contributions to medical research. Another of his columns was famous far outside our immediate membership. Il was told by Dr. Joseph Rosewater of the Smithsonian Iastitution that his "Conchological Philately" gave such an excellent review ot new issues of stamps figuring shells that the publication of the Texas Conchologist was eagerly looked forward to py shell collectors in Washington, D.C. The first of these contributions was published in Vol. V, No. 5, and several followed thereafter. 23 During the formative years of the Society, Wat played an important role to keep the enthusiasm and interest of the members high and to set standards of excellence. I remember well his beautiful exhibit of California coast abalones during our first venture in the field of shell exhibitions. In still one other respect Wat played a significant role in our Society. Many books in our library, which offers our members an excellent choice of scientific and popular books, have been acquired largely on his recommen- dation, because for many years he was the leading member of the library committee. An honor which Wat always refused to accept was the presidency of the Society which many times was offered to him. Because of his many other commitments outside our Society he felt he could not accept it. The Society extends its condolences to his wife, Mary, and to his son and two daughters. Helmer Odé KkKRKKKKKRKKKK Sam Miron On December 26, 1981, Sam Miron, active member of the Houston Conchology Society, died of a massive heart attack. The loss to our Society is considerable. For some twelve years Sam could be counted as one of the most reliable and responsible members of the club. Together with his wife, Fannie, he was part of a team that freely gave many hours of work to promote the projects and aims of this Society. Sam joined the Houston Conchology Society a year or so before retiring from Shell Oil Company where he was a geologist. He enjoyed walking the beaches with Fannie and they had picked up shells. They happened to see the exhibit of shells we had at Joske's on Post Oak and picked up a flier concerning our Society. From the beginning Sam volunteered to help with the chores of running the organization. Fannie offered to work on the library books, and it was not long before Sam was busy devising plastic covers for the books and doing the work. Soon Fannie and Sam took over the circulation of Texas Conchologist. The knowledge he had of scientific disciplines led Sam to volunteer his help to sort, clean and catalog specimens in the Northwest Gulf Mollusk Population Survey being guided then by Harold Geis, with Helmer Ode doing nomenclature. When the club had exhibits at the Sharpstown Mall, Sam could be counted on to help set up and direct sales at the store, and several times Fannie and Sam were involved in planning and directing the whole exhibit. Sam and Fannie were ardent collectors through the years, almost always on Texas beaches. They could be counted on to lead field trips and were always generous in helping new members learn about mollusks. They shared their collections and knowledge with school children. They were sure to be the first ones to donate shells for our fund raising events. It is fitting to note that despite growing medical problems Sam still helped with the sale 26 last spring at the Museum and had planned to help this spring again. [It is also fitting that we mention that he came to our field trip in December at San Luis Pass because Fannie wanted to come so very much. Even though he knew he couldn't walk those sand flats as long as Fannie would want to, he wanted her to be able to join us. He had his stool so that he could rest but still be with all of us on that outing. Sam also served as membership chairman for a number or years. We grew during those years as Sam kept meticulous records of new members and subscribers. In the final tribute to Sam, Rabbi Kahn mentioned Sam's devotion to charitable organizations and his love of family. You have noted that discussion of Sam's involvement with the Houston Conchology Society has included in almost every instance the name of his wife, Fannie, and you could not help but know thac the two were inseparable, even to holding hands at meetings. The final tribute from the Rabbi also mentioned Sam's orderly and scientific mind and the extension of this to Sam's enjoyment of minute and microscopic shells he sorted from dredged materials. Just this last year Sam and Fannie gave to the collection at the Houston Museum of Natural Science their prized freak Busycon perversum collected one fine collecting day at the jetty on Galveston Island. He wanted this unusual specimen to be where it would always count as valuable. At the service I spoke to Sam's sister who had grown to enjoy shells because Sam carefully helped to clean and classify shells the sister and her husband brought back from diving trips. I said "We will really miss Sam." She replied, "We already miss him." We do, indeed. Constance E. Boone RKKKKKKKAKKKE (Editor's Note: The Houston Conchology Society has established a memorial book fund to purchase books in memory of the two deceased members who were very active in our club library. Anyone wishing to add to this fund may do so by designating gifts and sending checks to our treasurer, Jim Sartor, 5606 Duxbury, Houston, Texas 77035. The families ot our deceased members will be informed or the memorial gifts by the treasurer. Eventually, a list of the books purchased will be printed in TC. There are a few special books due this spring and summer which would be appropriate acquisitions for our memorials, one on Cypraea and one worldwide, also one promised soon on South America.) 27 BOOK REVLEW a Rehder, with photographs by James H. Carmichael, Jr.; visual key by Carol Nehring and Mary Beth Brewer. 894 pp; 705 color photographs. Alfred A. Knopt, New York, Publishers. $11.95. The Audubon Society has published a series of field guides for various groups of North American plants and animals. A recent addition to the series is the "Field Guide to North American Seashells" by Harald A. Rehder. These Guides have an unusual format which should make them attractive to novice naturalists who wish to put names on things as quickly and easily as possible. The front of each book is filled with beautiful colored photographs that are grouped in such a way that species which look superficially alike (although they might be only distantly related) are all placed together. A key based on stylized outline drawings is a guide to finding a particular zroup of photographs. Once a photograph has been found which resembles the specimen to be identified, the reader is referred to the page number in the text where there is a detailed description of the species, including its habitat and range. In the "Field Guide to North American Seashells" there are photographs of 705 species of shells from both east and west coasts. This number includes 222 species of bivalves, about 60 of which are more or less commonly found on Texas beaches. There are, however, at least 30 additional Texas species which are not figured, although about half of these are mentioned in the text. It is unfortunate that some of these non-figured species are common on Texas shores. A few examples are Arca imbricata, Anadara transversa, Laevicardium mortoni, Lucina floridana, Tellina versicolor, Tellina texana, Macoma constricta, Macoma tageliformis, Tagelus plebeius, Donax texasiana, Chione clenchi, and Agriopoma texasiana. The photographs are beautiful, and the text descriptions are clear and concise, but I think that grouping the photographs according to superficial similarities conceals biological relationships and does not make the book significantly easier to use. For a beginning collector, however, this criticism may not be valid, particularly if the text is fully utilized. There are few typographical errors, but it should be pointed out that the figures of Epitonium novangliae and Epitonium albidum, both ot which are found in Texas, are reversed. Minor complaints about the book include the very thin paper on which the text is printed and the floppy covers that tend to curl. The price of $11.95 is quite reasonable considering the number orf high quality plates and the total length of 894 pages. I do not hesitate to recommend this book to beginning collectors, and even the professionals may find the text extremely useful. T. E. Pulley MORE ON ELYSIA IN TEXAS By Constance E. Boone A collection of ten Elysia specimens was made by me on Saturday, November 28, 1981, in the muddy tidal zone near the public pier at Palacios, Texas (in front of the old hotel). To tell the truth, I did not know what I had picked up from the muddy trails. I had stopped at Palacios on my way home from Rockport, Texas, to pick up some debris and perhaps some Rissoina, etc., from the bay area where I have had some success in the past in collecting minute shells. I simply saw a number of tiny, tiny trails in the silty mid and scooped them up and put the samples in a paper cup which I filled with salt water for the ride home to Houston. Sometime on the journey home I saw that animals were crawling up the side of the cup and checked with my lens to see what they were. They turned out to be Elysia, a sluglike mollusk with no shell that is in the Family Elysiidae. It is a Sacoglossa characterized by having slotted rhinophores in front, no cerata and with parapodial "wings." As soon as I could transfer the material to a shallow pyrex bowl I put the animals under the microscope and found that I was seeing the same (or so I believed) animals I reported in Texas Conchologist twice before. I had only recovered one animal each time of collection reported from San Luis Pass mud flats on the bay side of Galveston Island, Texas. The ones I collected at Palacios, Texas were 5-12 mm. The Galveston specimens were 10-12 mn. In TC Vol. XII (3), 59,60 (March, 1976) I reported my first animal collected Feb. 23, 1976. In TC Vol. XVI (3), 65,66 (April, 1980) I reported finding my second animal. [I also reported that Dr. Harold W. Harry had once told the Galveston Shell Club about Elysias brought to him by students. He mentioned that he thought there were at least two species in Texas, and he mentioned that one animal he had examined from Galveston was about an inch, much larger than my specimens. Therefore, I called Dr. Harry and asked him to look at my specimens to see if they fit anything he had notes and sketches on. He has been extremely helpful and kind enough to allow me to report his earlier notes and drawings in this issue. He also watched two specimens I gave him of the Palacios collection and made sketches you see in this issue of this Elysia which he judges to be the same as the larger animai he had from a student. He suggests a specific name also. My first report in 1976 mentioned that it was very difficult to assign a name to Elysia, especially if you know as little as I do and especially if you have nothing but literature to compare with and no radula studies or advice from professionals. I also did not: know if my first animal, one only, was an adult. I know now that it might have been adult at that size since the even smaller animals from Palacios were adult enough to produce egg masses. Dr. Harry has concluded that the Galveston specimens he examined and mine from Palacios are Elysia chlorotica Gould, 1870. Certainly my animals do compare well with the original description. My intent always is to make as complete a report as possible to aid the study of Texas mollusks. Therefore, I am giving as much as I can of my notes in this issue of TC and am grateful to repor: Dr. Harry's notes also. 29 The ten Elysia I found at Palacios were kept in a bowl of shallow sea water. After giving two animals to Dr. Harry for study, I learned that I should have Kept the mud with the animals because they probably were eating some kind of algae in that mud. I had been afraid of fouling and had carefully separated the animals from the mud and siphoned off the clearer salt water for my viewing bowl. Dr. Harry had such a small amount of sea water that he added a bit of rain water to keep the animals for viewing. Since they seemed to Like brackish water, the rain water didn't hurt them. I had brought home some drift sand from the tidal area so I went out and retrieved a bit of this for the live tank, hoping I had some of the necessary algae. We do not know yet exactly what these animals eat here. The night of December 2 Dr. Harry told me he had an egg mass laid which he judged to be 30 hours old when he found it. He had made drawings (which you see produced here). I immediately looked at my sample more thoroughly and found at 10 p.m. on December 2 that I had a perfect egg strand of four coils extending upwards from the substrate. Watched closely the next day I found that the coil seemed less defined by the end or the day. By December 4 I could see movement within the egg capsules. Another egg coil was discovered in the bowl. By late December 5 I began to see (with some difficulty in 30 power under my scope) swimming veligers. By December 6 the first egg mass was disintegrating (some of the eggs in the last coil did not seem to hatch), and there were many veligers in the water. By December 7 I had veligers everywhere and the second egg mass was disintegrating. I still had some veligers swimming on December 10. At the Houston Museum of Natural Science I was able to see live veligers under higher magnification than I have at home and saw what I guess were "eye spots" and some antennae- like movements from the tiny shells. The dead shells floated on top of the water and these I saw in bunches and did the following drawing: me ) os 20 Drees Se a My adult animals were bright green or greenish at first. As time went on (I guess the food supply was not right) the animals seemed to shrink and became lighter, tannish-green or even tannish-pinkish in color. Although I brought in fresh sea water on December 12, the situation did not improve. However, on December 15 at 10:30 p.m. I found one animal laving an egg coil on the surtace. It took several hours to produce. The animal was suspended upside down on the surface. I also found one more egg mass on the bottom of the bowl, a poorly defined one. The egg mass laid on the surface finally settled to the bottom. 30 en ; . Dana Arain wo] deTrirus in Macus phe cqqg capsule : He lf | . a | regme ; j ; Pt : a3 he Ff , 0. A etanen | Nem bry o (i/capsule) Opayae white, no Sheil CG oiorless clear Jelly ‘on eye - non motile cag mass Cram : 3.0 mm Tentacle aysriarm Penis iA ae er we +) > ie 5.9 mm long Se Fig. 1 Elysia sp. thought to be Elysia chlorotica Gould, 1870, collected at Palacios, Texas, by Constance E. Boone on November 28, 1981. Sketches of animal and enlargement of egg coil and eggs made by H. W. Harry. 31 Many Elysia are known to use the parapodial wings to swim but I never saw any of my animals swim. They crawled actively around the bowl, propelled across the top of the water upside down and ploughed through the debris on the bottom. I observed a curious "tailing" posture where the animals were head down with tail up and almost stationary, sometimes three in the same area of the debris they buried their heads in. I think I saw mating. Although I introduced some algae from San Luis to the bowl on December 12 I never saw the animals approach it. What they had in their bodies originally looked chain like, and fecal material looked like chain beads. Dr. Jim Keeler, our member from out of state for some time and now in our area, agreed to attempt to photograph an animal with his Polaroid attachment to his microscope. His interest is micro shells and he does not work much with live animals. This was his first try at keeping an animal still long enough to photograph with his equipment. To relax the animal it was suggested by Dr. Harry that he feed the animal doses of Epsom salts, grains at a time until the animal "slept." One week later, Jim reported and brought in for me to see a lively "George" who was wheeling around the small glass bottle like he loved that Epsom salts. We finally resorted to giving George a shot of gin. The pictures we have are record of the animal, and I appreciate having them to go with the preserved animals. I hope to have someone check the preserved specimens of E. chlorotica and will send Jim's photos along too. While I have done some research in old and current literature, I am not yet able to say with certainty the animals I have are the species we think they are. Elysia chlorotica originally came from Massachusetts. The range listed by Abbott (American Seashells, 1974) is to North Carolina. Dr. Harry is convinced £. chlorotica is correct. I believe this is correct. The size difference in the records bothers me and must be explained. Yet one animal that Dr. Harry had from Galveston matched the size of the New England species. My animals, however, were all smaller, but the description fits. I repeat here the original description of Elysia chlorotica from Invertebrata ot Massachusetts, Second Edition, comprising the Mollusca of Augustus A. Gould M.D., edited by W. G. Binney, 1870, pages 255, 256, with Plate XVII, Figs. 254-255. "Animal emerald green, finely dotted with opaque white interspersed with red specks. Body slender, tapering backwards, with very broad lateral expansions or wings, which, when folded as they are when the animal is crawling, overlap each other on the back in a roof-like manner, and the whole animal has then a lance-shaped form generally acutely pointed behind, but in some attitude obtuse; when expanded they have a broad ovate form, like a leaf with the border more or less undulating, and this resemblance is further carried out by the vein-like folds or canals which ramify on its surface from the heart which forms a globular or bulbous eminence in front; the expansion begins at the anterior part of this bulb. In front of this is a well marked neck and head, on which latter are two delicately lanceolate tentacles, which are furrowed or folded beneath. The eyes are placed a little behind the tentacles. The head is obtuse and slightly emarginate. The organs of generation are just behind the right tentacle, and the male organ is very often produced, of about the same form and nearly as large as the tentacle. The anterior angles of the foot are widely produced, of a recurved triangular form, as if another pair of centacles. Length, about one inch, sometimes an inch and a half; breath, when folded, about one fiftn the length, and height equal to three fourths the length. 32 SCO Found in great numbers in brackish water, on the Cambridge marshes in the spring of 1848 (Agassiz)." In Veliger 9 (3), 353-354, K. Bailey and J. B. Bleakney, recorded the first collection (1967) of E. chlorotica in Canada--saying the animal preferred pools and shallows of an intertidal habitat. The animals they reported were found in Spartina marshes that bordered the Minas Basin in pools dominated by algae of the Cladophorales and the halophyte Ruppia. In the summer they found the animals on mats of Vaucheria usually at the bases of Spartina. In Chesapeake Bay Pfitzenmeyer (1960) Found E. chlorotica associated with Zostera, Potamogeton and oyster shells. 6 The Veliger report said that "From the limited literature on the species it is apparent that it can exist over an amazing gamut of habitats; it can tolerate wide fluctuations in salinity, temperature, and oxygen...." In Nautilus, Vol. 82, 7-12, July, 1968, Dr. David R. Franz reported that E. chlorotica was reported from Nova Scotia to Chesapeake Bay. Verrill and Smith said it had been collected on Zostera, and Franz said he had observed it on the open surface of a mud rlat at low water as well as feeding on the alga Cladophora sp. He did not think the North Carolina fauna of Elysia was related to the New Jersey fauna of sacoglossans and thought the North Carolina fauna more related to the tropical faunas of North and South America. Dr. R. Tucker Abbott referred me to "Notes on Some Opisthobranch Gastropods from the Chesapeake Bay" by Eveline du Bois-Reymond Marcus which appeared in Chesapeake Science Vol. 13 (4), 300-317, December, 1972. At press time I have just received this report and can only add a note here. The specimens which Marcus examined of Elysia chlorotica were from Chesapeake Bay, 1969 and 1970. She examined material at the Smithsonian from New Hampshire and gave as further distribution Canada, Nova Scotia, and from Massachusetts to Chesapeake Bay. I see no mention of specimens from North Carolina. This report gives a complete description and sketches of the anatomical features of E. chlorotica. We will report later on comparison of her report with our animals. Much of what has been reported fits the Texas animals. We do not know which algae the Texas animals eat, but some of the grasses and other associations exist here. All my animals were retrieved from silty mud trails. KRKKKEKKKKKKEK Typed notes or H. Harry: 30 Nov. 1981 Elysia chlorotica Gould 1870 Invert. Mass., Ed. 2, page 255, Pl. 17, Figs. 251-255. Found in salt marsh, end of Sportsman's Road, (Galveston Island, Texas) 23 February 1973, by Angelo Lattuca and Glynn Littleton, a single specimen. Three Centimeters long, about 1.5 cm wide at front of wings, when these are expanded. Entire dorsum and ventral side dark green. Green color in dendritically branched, very small bodies; minute specks of white and red can be seen under microscope (superficial in location). a3 — Tentacle Labial patp —_ Pedal Tentacle Heart 4s Sao Afferent Neobranch Fig. 2 Elysia chlorotica Gould, 1870 collected from salt marsh, Galveston Island, Texas Feb. 23, 1973 by Angelo Lattuca and Glynn Littleton. Sketches by H. W. Harry. 34 Lobia pal p Sehpyeeeri eds Mass Fig. 3 Elysia chlorotica Gould, 1870, head and egg mass of animal collected in Galveston Feb. 23, 1973 by Lattuca and Littleton. Sketches by H. W. Harry. 35 Head about as high as wide, and twice as long as wide, the length being about 1/5 total body length. Behind head, the whole body is flattened dorso- ventrally, forming a leaf-like structure, ovate; the two lateral wings can he brought together over the back, protecting the delicate heart and respiratory organ. The margin of the wings can be undulated, but no swimming was seen. Dorsally, the body has a large grey sac, just behind the anterior margin of the wings. This pulsates about once per second, evidently is the heart. Margining its sides and hind end is a dull white, glandular, opaque area, possibly the kidney. Leading from the heart are 2 or 3 large vessels on each side, the first one or two radiating and branching toward the lateral margin, the third directed posterior, and defining between the two corresponding vessels a central dorsal area. The two hindermost vessels have about 10-11 lateral branches, each subdividing and directed toward the margin. The whole of this vessel system is elevated above the surface of the body; the vessels themselves are round in section, the wall colorless, transparent (as is evidently the contained blood). Supporting each vessel to its tip is a mesentery, thin, but pigmented like the rest of the body. This network evidently is an afferent neobranch, a respiratory mechanism. In the mid dorsal area a faint series of about three longitudinal vessels can be seen, well below the surface of the body. These branch toward their ends, may be slightly anastomosed, probably are an efferent (arterial) system of distributaries. : The head area has two eyes, placed dorso-laterally about midway the length. Each is a small black dot with an unpigmented circular area around it. The dorsal anterior part of the head has two semicircular labial palps, with a deep groove between them medially. A pair of tentacles arises at the base of the labial palps. These are short, held erect and diverging, taper slightly to a rounded but not swollen tip. The underside of the tentacle has a deep, poorly defined groove on its basal half. The ventral side of the head region is flattened, with the anterior margin rounded, pulled out into rounded tips laterally, with a deep cleft medially. The cleft leads to a median ventral groove, somewhat deepened and widened at its hinder end. The groove is about half as long as the propodium. There is no anterior marginal groove on the foot. The hind end of the propodium is distinctly separated from the rest of the ventral surface by a deep, narrow, well-defined groove. On the right side of the bady this continues dorsally farther than on the left, and in this dorsal extension seem to open the anus (uppermost) and the reproductive system below it. The propodium is slightly lighter, less pigmented, than the rest of the body. Ciliary currents move water posteriad over the propodium and onto the median ventral surface of the hind-body. There is no sole, anatomically differenti- ated. No pedal (muscular) waves were seen. It evidently crawls entirely by ciliary action, and it can move on the underside of a surface film. An elongate, tangled string of eggs, not spiraled’ (perhaps abnormal?), gelatinous, covered with detritus, was deposited 24-25 February 1973. See sketch. The outer membrane, thin, covered with detritus, enclosed a cylinder 2.5 mm diameter; a central cylinder, 1.2 mm diameter, consisted of closely, 36 3 Harry irregularly packed spherical egg capsules, 0.19 mm diameter. Each capsule contained about 4 (rarely 3 or 5) opaque, white embryos. In late February or early March, 1976, Russel Ingham (student, TAMU) found another specimen at end of Sportsman's Rd., Galveston Id., in a pond. RKEKRKKKKKEKEKKE Nov. 1981 Elysia sp. from Corpus Christi Bay, 1972. In late September 1973, I received several vials of minute molluscs from Dr. Johnny Holland, who had collected them in plankton nets in Corpus Christi Bay, Texas. One vial contained seven specimens of a small green sea-slug (i.e. shell-less gastropod), all contracted. The label merely said: "100-- 2 Dec. 1972". They were preserved in alcohol. The green color seems to be in connective tissue, deep within a colorless body wall. No eyes evident on preliminary exam, but numerous small black dots, of varying size, in a broad line, on outer (curved) margin of the tentacles, and along anterior margin of snout. Very similar to the large green Elysia found at Galveston in Feb. 1973, but the largest of these contracted specimens is about 3 mm long, probably 5-7 mm long when expanded. One was opened: the green color seems to be in a multibranched gland, possibly the liver. Imbedded among its branches are hyalin, oval sacs, possibly terminal branches of the gonad, each sac with a small opaque white sphere. A nerve ring of 7-8 ganglia seems to surround esophagus behind an oval, muscular pharyns, in which no radula was found (after NaOH digestion). A pair of jaws seems to be present, fang like, slightly curved, the concave Side with acute serration. Other details in sketches, which see. *kkNote: I have just obtained a copy of Eveline Marcus's "Review of Western Atlantic Elysiidae (Opisthobranchia Ascoglossa) with a Description of a New Elysia Species" Bulletin of Marine Science, 30) (1): 54-79, 1980. This article contains a key to Western Atlantic species of Elysiidae, outlines | current ranges known, is complete with figures and comparative notes. io 4s important to add to this issue of Texas Conchologist the information from the Marcus article that Elysia chlorotica Gould, 1870 has been found in Miami, Florida, at Bear Cut and also on the West Coast of Florida at Treasure Island. Therefore, it seems even more likely that the Texas specimens are indeed E. chlorotica. We also have two more references - one on E. chlorotica in South Carolina and one on reproduction - so more later! - 37 a enracle Probable CL) De ae In life Labial palo Tentacle Dorsal View — ConTrrac ° Ventral view = Contracted Fig. 4 Elysia sp. collected by Dr. Johnnie Holland in plankton net in Corpus Christi Bay, Texas, labeled (100-2 December 72). Sketches by H. W. Harry. 38 SEARCH AND SEIZURE BY CONSTANCE E. BOONE December, 1981, was probably the best shelling month of 1981, according to reports from members. Whether one can say that 1981 as a whole was a good year for shelling depends entirely on too many individual views. If you were able to collect several species you did not have from Texas beaches, you were happy and thought it was a good year. If you were new to Texas beaches and found plenty of shells new to you, you thought it was a good year. To really compare you had to have gone to the beach as many times as previous years and visited the same places, etc. I venture to say the year was good in that about the same shells did appear on the beaches. fo tell the truth, any old sheller on our beaches knows for sure it is always a matter of how many times you still do go to the beach! Are you beginning to say that the weather isn't good, that it is too cold or too hot, that you won't find anything new, etc? There is always something new to see and to learn about! But back to December-- Members Betty Genusa and Mary Ann Curtis found their first live Sinum perspectivum. Many, many Mercenarias were found and eaten. On the December 12th field trip at San Luis Pass, Galveston Island, members found Dinocardiun, Mercenaria, Acteocina, Dosinia, a few Oliva sayana, Thais, a few Busycon, Teliina iris and Tellina versicolor in tiny knife-like trails, Ensis minor, Polinices, Tectonatica pusilla in little round trails, a few Epitonium humphreysi on the flats, one live Epitonium angulatum shook from sargassum, Nassarius vibex, Mulinia lateralis, one live Tellidora cristata, Anachis semiplicata, and Terebra dislocata. Jim Keeler, new to our beaches, waded out in the shallow water off a sand bar and came up with a nice specimen of Tonna galea, dead but about two and one half inches and still having periostracum. Most long-time members going often to our beaches have still to find their first specimen of this species. Rooster Collins and the other residents of the bayside of San Luis Pass are preparing to move. The whole area has been sold to a development company, and we are told that condominiums will be built there soon. The bay flats were as low as I have seen them in recent years, so I stayed out there until I grew faint from bending over so many times to examine trails. How many more times will I be able to do this if building ruins the area? Dr. T. E. Pulley arrived at San Luis Pass December 12th with a fishing buddy and a boat. He strode far out on the empty sand bars and came in early saying the bars were fairly empty. Later on mollusks began to trail and pop up. The Mercenarias he found were fairly close in, near the old piers. He wanted them to make clam chowder. Seeing gulls hovering over the water in Galveston West Bay, Dr. Pulley and his partner went on to Bay Harbor to launch their boat and head out to fish. Fishing didn't turn out to be very good after all, and he came in and walked a mile down the shore line in the marshes to sand flats where he found in one spot twenty-six Busycon perversum, all about four inches in length. He thought that they might have come from one egg strand since they were so much alike in size. Two have been preserved and all have been added to the HMNS collection. 39 Ye Fig. 1 Bob Sappington made the picture above of Connie Boone at the winter field trip last year to Bolivar Gulf sand flats. It shows the typical garb worn by HCS members and points out the way the head lens is used by many of our members interested in finding small shells. This kind of lens is good to examine drift line material held up close. You can determine if what you are seeing is just broken shell or really good minute material. If you have done this a number of times, you find that you can avoid bringing home sack after sack of poor material and become selective in what you collect to examine under your microscope. Some very fine shells are discovered in this manner. The lens also helps one know if the minute shell in a trail is one you want (most often it is just another baby Mulinia!) If you missed the Christmas party you also missed his’ Busycon dip made from the animals collected that day. Combined with cream cheese, green onions, a bit of avocado and seasonings, the dip was very tasty. The club also got to sample the chowder made from Mercenarias at the party. Dr. Pulley's collection that day also included some 45 clumps of Crassostrea virginica from the boat dock area at Bay Harbor. The dried shell clumps have been added to the HMNS collection. This might be the time to remark to members that HMNS is expanding the mollusk collections. There is more drawer space for shells. There will be a worldwide display of mollusks in the new wing. We will be happy to receive shells with good data for the collection, and will accept rare shells we do not have even if the data is not complete. Please call Dr. Pulley at HMNS and discuss any collections you may wish to offer. Keep in mind that Dr. Pulley's main interest has been in shells from the Western Atlantic and especially the Gulf of Mexico. However, the worldwide collection is growing also. Two gifts of worldwide shells were made in December. Merle Kleb gave a nice collection of shells from the dredge materials she had from off both coasts of Florida. We could use more of this material. 40 Members of the Brazosport club, Sea Shell Searchers of Brazoria County, had a bonanza around Christmas Day. Some of them live in beach homes at Surfside. Imagine looking out Christmas morning and seeing the beaches covered with a large trash line over which gulls were hovering. The debris included starfish, sea cucumbers, heart urchins, and many live shells. According to The Searcher, the club's Newsletter, special finds included Anatina anatina, Raeta plicatella, Agriopoma texasiana, Phalium granulatun, and Architectonica. In another part of this TC you are reading about the find of Elysias at Palacios I made in November after Thanksgiving. That week end I also was on the beaches at Port Aransas (Mustang Island), Texas and near the jetty one day I walked the distance to the pier and shook every clump of Gorgonia rolled up fresh on the beach and recovered over 100 live Simnia. There is still quite a question in my mind about the more recent information published on the common Texas Simnia that comes in on the long strings of yellow, purplish and orangish sea whip (a kind of coral) that we find on lower Texas beaches. Therefore, the material gathered in November has been preserved. The Northwest Gulf Mollusk Population Survey material housed at the Houston Museum of Natural Science has a good study collection of Simia. We hope that the material will be used to define our species more clearly in future reports. My preserved material will be added to the collec- tion at HMNS. COLLECTING VARIATIONS IN ST. JOSEPH BAY By Don and Sherrie Hart Although we considered our first collecting trip to St. Joseph Bay (Florida West Coast) very successful, we decided tc go one last time before moving on to another area. So we spent five days there in the middle of May, 1981. We searched for hours trying to find alternate ways to gain access from the highway to the bay. Each area we found seemed to be unique in having large populations of only one or two species anc nothing else. Night collecting near the concession in the park also proved profitable. We got our share of fig shells with the aid of a large flashlight. They had been buried in the mud only minutes before the sun went down. We spent an entire evening with our two-man rubber raft. I tied a cord to it and pulled Sherrie, an ice chest, snorkel equipment, and collecting buckets on a course about 200 yards parallel to the shore. We spotted many of the familiar species and didn't bother collecting any. After a couple of hours the tide went way out and we started sifting the sand and mud with a kitchen strainer. We found lots of good material this way. We eventually found 27 different small species, most of which I haven't had time to identify. Our best collecting came from renting a boat from Presnell's Camp for an entire day. We went with another couple we met at the Cape San Blas Report who had a boat motor. (Presnells' Camp has boats, but no motors for rent.) 41 We spent 7 hours collecting. What an adventure! At the beginning, the water was muddy, the tide was high, the weather was a little windy and cloudy. We ventured between Black and Conch [Islands and started to drift trying to spot shells in about 6 feet of murky water. When the sun came out between the clouds, I spotted something below the boat. I quickly pulled in a 16 inch horse conch with my net. I was very excited and con- sidered the whole trip worth while, even if we found nothing else. Then the motor went out and we were drifting. We rowed and rowed and finally made it against the wind to the nearest island. Fortunately it wasn't deserted. There was a youth camp there that actually had the correct part. After an hour we were back to collecting. The water started getting really rough and I was beginning to think our luck had run out. After about thirty minutes, there was no longer any need to bail. The sun came out, the wind died down and we could see the bottom again. Something white appeared under the boat and I quickly dipped and netted a Hawkbill sea turtle (about 15 inches). This was an unexpected bonus since I also collect turtles. Then the water got amazingly clear and lower. For the remainder of the day, we picked up all kinds of shells for it seems the water had left the bay except in isolated spots and I had to drag the boat over sand bars and shallow areas. Sherrie found a small octopus. I was especially pleased with the large live whelks (our two biggest were 12 and 15 inches). We expanded our horse conch collection with a small 1-1/2 inch specimen and a large 18-1/2 inch specimen. Large specimens of Sunray venus' were everywhere. Large clumps of what looked like orange and red sponge yielded complete West Indian Worm Shells. We also walked the beach to the Cape. We didn't have our camera on us when we saw 2 complete rainbows and most of a third one. They lasted for about 15 minutes as the sun filtered through the mist over the end of the Cape. The beach yielded several Scotch bonnets, nutmegs, paper figs, olives, but no junonias this trip. We found lots cf coquinas, wentletraps, and small shells in the drift. Sherrie found her first sharks tooth while I found several large Calico crabs to add to my crab collection. Sherrie carefully packed all the shells in the trunk and we left at about 4:00 p.m. for home. After driving all night for about 14 hours, Sherrie decided IL was too tired and decided ito drive the last hour and a half. In Winnie, Texas we were coming over the bridge in town on I-10 where the road veers to the right. It was 5:00 in the morning and pitch black. Someone had knocked down the reflector posts showing the road turning. Sherrie noticed the missing signs too late and the car skidded in the gravel as she applied the brakes. Well, we went off the road going backwards and flipped the car completely over in the middle of the ditch. That finished our chances of getting back to Houston in 13-1/2 hours. We arrived in Houston about 6 hours later in Sherrie's ambulance. Sherrie had a concussion, broken collarbone, a few cuts and scratches, and was immobilized in sand bags because of possible neck injuries. I only had a couple of scratches. The car was a crushed and dented mess. All the windows were broken out except a small side one. Of all the shells that Sherrie so carefully packed in the trunk, not a single one was so much as chipped! Sherrie has now recovered and I am still behind on cleaning and identifying all of our new shells. Altogether, we kept about a 100 different species out of about 120 that we picked up. 42 LIMA PELLUCIDA C. B. ADAMS, 1846 FROM By Harold W. Harry PORT ISABEL, TEXAS During the past several years Mrs. Connie Boone has loaned me numerous lots of oysters which she has collected with flesh and shells preserved in alcohol, from many distant localities: Mauritius, the Philippines, Baja California and elsewhere. This has been of great help in my present study, which is a search for anatomical characters and an attempt to correlate them with charac- ters of the shell, thus helping to clarify the confused nomenclature and classification of this group. It is also useful in such work to know something of the anatomies of bivalves closely related to oysters, and so I was very pleased when Connie loaned me a specimen of Lima pellucida, with flesh and shell in alcohol, which she had found last August at the low tide line at Port Isabel, Texas. The specimen was in excellent condition, 19 mm high, 12 mm long and 5 mm diameter. In this species the valves normally gape in front and behind, touching only along the bottom margin, so it was easy to insert a small insect pin between the mantle lobe and the inner shell surface of the valve, and gently separate the muscle attachment. The flesh could then be floated in a small glass dish of alcohol (rubbing alcohol, which is isopropyl, serves quite well) for microscopic study. The shell is best removed, washed with water and gently dried for preservation separate from the flesh. Both must be properly labeled before storage. The shell and flesh were next described and drawn, a process which takes much time as much revision of both text and drawings is necessary as work progresses. Several different views may be needed for each. But this is an experience of exciting discovery, doubly enhanced when one begins to search the literature to see what has previously been written about this and related species. A thin film of white sediment was gently swept off the shell's outer surface © with a small artist's brush - Grumbacker size 00 is my preference - but there still remained some small, flattened objects which adhered tenaciously. On closer examination these were found to be foraminiferan shells: each shell is made of a series of compartments, each larger than the previous one and all arranged spirally. The chambers of this species, like those of most forams, had many minute holes - the windows, or foramina, on which the name of this group of animals is based. Many foraminifera resemble mollusc shells, and indeed, Linnaeus himself named one closely related to the present species "Nautilus becarii" in 1758. Most forams are not attached to other objects, and of the few species which are, only rarely does one find them on mollusc shells. Usually only one or two specimens are present. But this Lima shell had dozens, apparently all of one species, in various stages of growth. I have never seen this species before. It is very irregular in its spiral growth pattern. Possibly this species is limited to this mollusc shell? Or is it merely some common toram, growing abnormally in this particular environment? The most complete account of the anatomy of limas was written by Paul Pelseneer seventy years ago in French, in a large volume which is part of the report of the Dutch marine expedition to what is now Indonesia - "The Siboga Expedition". Perhaps there have been later studies published, but finding them must await the time and opportunity to search the literature. Members of the Limidae have some very unusual characters in their flesh. 43 Some of them, including the one I studied, have the labial palps - or lips - fused in a peculiar way, in their middle, so that there are reaily two completely separate mouths, each connected by a short tube to the esophagus. The mantle margins are fused on both front and back margins of the shell, for a considerable distance, and, unlike oysters, there is aot fusion anywhere along the ventral shell margin. The support of the gilis is somewhat like that of the pectens, very unlike that of the oysters, but the arrangement of the gill filaments is more complex than that or the pectens. The filaments are of the "eulamellibranch" type, as are those of the ovsters. The peculiar marginal tentacles of limas all arise trom the inner surfaee of the middle mantle margin lamella, and are homologous to similarly placed, much shorter papillae on the mantle margin of oysters, but the tentacles ia limas have peculiar rings cf tissue, unique to this group provably, ind little studied. There are other peculiarities also. One of the more interesting things about this specimen is its rarity: neither Connie nor I had ever found one alive at the intertidal level in Texas. Jean Andrews' book says it is rare, found as beach shells from Rockport soutward, and thus limits its shore occurrence to the southern half of the Texas coast. Tunnell and Chaney (1970, Contrib. in Mar. Sci. 15: 193 fr) cite this species alive from Seven and One-half Fathom Reef, and Treece (1979, Texas Jour. Sci. 31: 271 ££) also reported it alive from an unspecified locality orf the south Texas Coast. Possibly environmental factors were just right this last veuar, and differed somehow from those of other years, so that the planktonic larwsa of this specimen could settle near the beach, and become an adult. This ability to extend the normal range, environmental and zoogeographic, is inherent in one way or another in most living species of plants and animals. WSN \ DN RAN WAN \ Fig. 1 Drawing of the shell of Lima pellucida C. 8. Adams, 1846, collectec alive August 7, 1981 at Port Isabel, Texas, by Comstance E. Boone. Drawing by H. W. Harry Enlarged Foram nigame Al. star a =. ' , ive bosterivr. me) eels ra Ete ask sie) Salem j 4 cotta lgeeerak mar qina| —sheli gape ‘ x g ~—Foraminiferz. Dorsal shell Ridge pes aly aT Valve anly, t Drawing by H. W. Harry Fig. 2 Drawing of shell hinge and Foraminifera on the specimen of Lima pellucida collected at Port Isabel, Texas. This species has been reported alive offshore Texas. This specimen has been confirmed to be like what Ode designated as Lima sp. indet A in TC XVI (1), 26, 27, 28 (October, 1979) and has some differences from Lima pellucida of Original description, as noted by Dr. T. E. Pulley in his doctoral thesis (unpublished). VALVATA TRICARINATA (SAY) IN EARLY HOLOCENE OF TEXAS COASTAL PLAIN Raymond W. Neck Texas Parks and Wildlife Department 4200 Smith School Road Austin, Texas 78744 The purpose of this communication is to report the existence of an early Holocene locality of the freshwater gastropod, Valvata tricarinata (Say, 1817), within the Coastal Plain of south central Texas. Records of living V. tricarinata cover a large part of northern North America regularly from New Brunswick to the margins of Hudson and James Bays to Alberta southward to Nebraska and eastward to Virginia (Clarke 1973). The southernmost locality along the western periphery of the geographical range of V. tricarinata is from Woodward Co., Oklahoma (Wallen and Dunlap 1953), but this record is merely listed as a county record; no further data are given. Lack of records by previous (Wallen 1952) and subsequent workers (Branson 1961) in Oklahoma and absence of records of living specimens in Kansas (Leonard 1959) places extreme doubt upon the existence of living populations in Oklahoma. No living populations of V. tricarinata have been reported trom Texas (Fullington 1979). A number of Pleistocene records of V. tricarinata in Texas have been published. Pleistocene records from the Texas Panhandle include the counties of Swisher (Singley 1893), Motley (Cheatum & Allen, 1965), Hardeman (Fullington 1979) plus Randall and Armstrong (Frye and Leonard 1963). Other records are known from north-central Texas, (Denton Co., Cheatum & Allen, 1965), northeastern Texas (Delta Co., Cheatum & Allen 1965) and the northern margins of southern Texas (Brooks Co., Hubricht 1962). V. tricarinata is normally found in large perennial cold-water lakes with aquatic vegetation "present at nearly all localities" (Clarke 1973:237). Baker (1928:14) also reported it from sand/gravel bottoms with no vegetation. While this snail may survive in muskeg pools of subarctic Canada, Clarke (1973) did not find V. tricarinata in small ponds (vernal or permanent) or roadside ditches. Localities in the Great Plains of the United States are very spotty and limited to pools associated with cold-water springs. Taylor (1960:48) found V. tricarinata in a spring-fed pond with constant water temperature of 15°C. Individual snails found on submerged vegetation, presumably feeding upon aufwuchs communities. While the widespread occurrence of V. tricarinata in Texas during the Middle and Early Pleistocene has been generally accepted, some debate has occurred concerning Late Pleistocene existence in Texas. Frye and Leonard (1963), after a geological study of the Red River in Texas, believed that V. tricarinata was extirpated sometime during the Kansan glacial period. However, Cheatum and Allen (1965) recorded V. tricarinata from the Ben Franklin Local Fauna of Delta County with associated radiocarbon dates of 9500-11,135 B.P. Four specimens of V. tricarinata were recovered from sediments associated with an archeological site (41GD30A) in northeastern Goliad Co. The site is located in Coleto Creek approximately 20 kilometers northeast of the town of Goliad (approximately 100 kilometers north of Corpus Christi). The specimens are all rather small with the largest having a diameter of only 2.7 mm. The cccurrence of V. tricarinata in the Coastal Plain at an 46 age of 11,550 +800 B.P. (radiocarbon date from charcoal, TX3569, University of Texas at Austin Radiocarbon Laboratory) reaffirms the localized persistence of populations in Texas at the boundary of the Late Wisconsin and Early Holocene. Presently, a series of small springs and seeps exist along a drainage above the recovery site; water flows are intermittent. Exposure of the cliff face is northeast; this orientation and a localized woodland ameliorate the impact of solar isolation. Occurrence of V. tricarinata at 41GD30A at 10,500 B.P. indicates a much cooler average annual temperature and signifi- cantly greater groundwater flow from the spring; pieces of tavertine rock have been recovered in association with these strata (K. M. Brown, pers. comm. ). V. tricarinata normally possesses one to three carinae on the whorls of the shell although specimens totally lacking carinae are known (see Baker 1928: ll et seq.). Specimens recovered from 41GD30A lack the middle carina (= perconfusa Walker 1897). While a substantial nomenclature has been accumu- lated, Baker (1928) and Clark (1973) have reported much variation within and between populations. No ecological correlations with the various phenotypes are known (Clarke 1973:239). Occurrence of living populations of V. tricarinata in Texas, while possible along the Eastern Caprock Escarpment of the Texas Panhandle, was doubted by Fullington (1979:85); I concur with Fullington's conclusion. Personal field observations of seeps and springs along the Eastern Caprock Escarpment have revealed a number of cold water streams but pools are rare, always small and lack submerged aquatic vegetation. One specimen has been deposited at the Dallas Museum of Natural History (DMNH 1509). RKKKKKKKKEKE LITERATURE CITED Baker, F. C. 1928. The fresh water Mollusca of Wisconsin. Part lI. Gastropods. Bull. Wis. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. 70:1-494. Branson, B. A. 1961. Recent gastropods of Oklahoma, Part II. Distribution, ecology and taxonomy of fresh water species with descriptions of Helisoma travertina sp. nov. Okla. St. U. Publ., Arts & Sci. Stud., Biol. Sci. 6:1-72. Cheatum, E. P. and D. Allen. 1965. Pleistocene land and freshwater mollusca from north Texas. Sterkiana 18:1-16. larke, A. H., Jr. 1973. The freshwater molluscs of the Canadian Interior Basin. Malacologia 13:1-509. Frye, J. C. and A. B. Leonard. 1963. Pleistocene geology of Red River basin in Texas. U. Tex., Bur. Econ. Geol. Rpt. Invest. 49:1-48. Fullington, RK. W.~"1979. The recent and fossil freshwater gastropod fauna Texas. Ph.D. dissertation, North Texas St. Un., Denton, 279 pp. Hubricht, L. 1962. Land snails from the Pleistocene of southern Texas. Sterkiana 7:1-3. Leonard, A. B. 1959. Handbook of gastropods in Kansas. U. Kan. Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Publ. 20:1-224. Singley, J. A. 1893. List of Pleistocene and Recent shells: in Notes on the geology of northwest Texas, by W. F. Cummins. Geol. Surv. Texas 4th Ann. Rpt. pt. 5:186-190. Taylor, D. W. 1960. Late Cenozoic molluscan faunas from the High Plains. UsSseGeols Suva Profi Pap. 1933/271=85% Wallen, I. E. 1952. Additions to "a check list of the snails of Oklahoma." Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 32:27-30. Wallen, I. E. and P. Dunlap. 1953. Further additions to the snail fauna of Oklahoma. Proc. Okla. Aca. Sci. 34:76-80. 48 OCCURRENCE OF ANODONTA GRANDIS (SAY) IN LAKE THEO, BRISCOE CO., TEXAS Raymond W. Neck Texas Parks and Wildlife Department 4200 Smith School Road Austin, Texas 78744 Freshwater naiads (unionids) generally require permanent water for survival; for an interesting exception see various literature sources on Uniomerus tetralasmus (Say), e.g. van der Schalie (1940). The purpose of this communi- cation is to report the existence of a freshwater naiad in an artificial impoundment in northern Texas on a stream with insufficient water for naiad survival under natural conditions. Few records of naiads are known from the upper Red River drainage of Oklahoma and Texas above Lake Texoma, the unionid fauna of which has been well-studied (Riggs and Webb 1953; Valentine and Stansbery 1971; White and White 1977). The main bed of the Red River and its various tributaries are braided and/or intermittent streams in sandy substrates. Such environmental conditions are inimicable to survival of most unionids. A number of localized molluscan faunas are known from the upper Red River drainages in Texas are known (Henderson 1909; Strecker 1910; Clarke 1938). Most of these faunas are composed entirely of gastropods (generally stream debris samples). Only one record of a living unionid has been reported from this geographical area. Uniomerus tetralasmus (Say) was reported living in Palo Duro Creek, Co., Texas (Clarke 1938), approximately 8 kilometers northeast of Canyon. In conjunction with a study of fossil snail faunas along the Eastern Caprock Escarpment in the upper Red River drainage, I have been surveying the living molluscan fauna of Caprock Canyons State Park, Briscoe Co., and the immediate vicinity. The only water suitable for unionid survival are several windmill- fed stock tanks and 3 small impoundments on Holmes Creek and Dry Creek. Lake Theo was created in 1959 by impoundment of a portion of Holmes Creek. Surface area of Lake Theo is 300 hectares; maximum depth is about 16.5 meters. Conditions in Lake Theo are characterized by cool, clear water of an alkaline nature. Surface conditions on 27 May 1976 were as follows: oxygen - 10 ppm; temperature - 19.4°C; pH - 9.0; conductivity - 600; total alkalinity - 239.4 ppm; Secchi disc - 2.4m. During the initial stages of investigation no unionids were found, alive or dead. The time of investigation was during a period of depressed precipitation and lowered lake levels. In early 1981 the level of Lake Theo was lowered to facilitate repairs on the dam structure; utilization of water for road construction also lowered the lake level. On 29 Mav 1961 I recovered a single adult specimen of Anodonta grandis (Say 1829) from Lake Theo. A search revealed no other specimens of this species. The gills show no modification for brooding or glochidia, indicating the probability that the recovered specimen is a male individual. However, van der Schalie and Locke (1941) indicated that microscopic examination of gonads was required for determination of sex in A. grandis (although previous workers had reported ability to determine sex by shell obesity). 49 The perivstracum is light honey brown with increasing amounts of yellow brown peripherally where the darker brown areas form a shingle effect. Nacre is a highly irridescent pink and blue over a dull white background. A light yellow horn highlight is observable in the beak cavity. Umbonal sculpture is of the nodulous form (Clarke 1973:51) with some distortion due to pressure from the opposite valve. Pertinent measurements (in mm) are as follows: length - 128.9; width - 62.0; and height (at umbo)- he The shell exhibits four darkish growth lines which are assumed to be annual rings, although Texas clams classically lack the obvious winter rings found in clams from the northern United States. Clarke (1973:68) remarked on the difficulty in determining if darkened annuli of A. grandis were indeed annual rings. Interestingly, Frierson (1923) reported a specimen of A. grandis “almost five inches long" which reportedly could have been "no more than thirty months old." This specimen, however, was found in an artificial ditch adjacent to Bayou Peirre and the Red River near Shreveport, Louisiana; the longer period of warm weather typical of Louisiana may explain the apparent difference in growth rate. The Anodonta grandis complex is quite variable (see subspecies/forms listed by Frierson 1927:14-16), although most workers have concluded that only one widespread, variable species exists (Simpson 1914; Baker 1928). Clarke (1973:50 et seq.) intensively studied specimens from northern North America and recognized only two subspecies, one of which occurs only in Canada. Stansbery (in Starrette 1971: 315-317; Valentine and Stansbery 1971) has accepted two subspecies as valid: the nominate form and corpulenta Cooper 1834. Some workers have felt that these taxa were merely ecophenotypes dependent upon water depth, current velocity and other environmental para- meters. Stansbery feels that, at least in Ohio, the two forms are genetically determined. The specimen from Lake Theo resembles A. grandis grandis as pictured by Starrett (1971: plate 1, fig. 1.) in nacre color. However, the Lake Theo specimen, for a clam of given length, possesses a greater width and smaller height than typical grandis (see discussion by Stansbery in Starrett 1971:316). Burch (1975:73) separates grandis and corpulenta by length/height ratio with break-off point at 1.6. The Lake Theo specimen has a length/height ratio of 1.64, placing it barely on the side of grandis. As proper assignment must involve analysis of a population, no trinomial is assigned to the Lake Theo specimen. Origin of this specimen, and any others remaining in the lake, undoubtedly involves fish stocking activities by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD). Source hatchery is unknown for certain, but the closest state hatchery is Dundee in Archer Co. A survey in 1976 by personnel of TPWD revealed the following fish species present in Lake Theo: golden shiner, channel catfish, black bullhead, bluegill, largemouth bass, black crappie and green sunfish. After reviewing the literature on fish hosts of naiads, Fuller (1974) listed 19 species of fishes in 9 families as hosts for A. grandis. Of the seven fish species listed above the Lake Theo, all but two (channel catfish and black bullhead) are listed by Fuller (1974) as a reported host for A. grandis. However, one congeneric species (yellow bullhead) of the two not listed is known as a host. 50 Previous records of A. grandis in the Red River have been restricted to the middle and lower portions of the river. Strecker (1931) listed Red River drainage” records only for the Sulfur River, Bowie Co., in extreme northeastern Texas. In fact, the westernmost record for A. grandis in northern Texas listed by siamo (1931) was a pond in Denton Co. in the Trinity River drainage. . grandis now occurs in Lake Texoma (Riggs & Webb 1953; White & White we Records by Isely (1925) indicate that the species dubueda in Oklahoma streams in the area of Lake Texoma prior to inundation. Lack of records by Singley (1893) and Strecker (1931) are probably due to lack of collecting activity in the few short drainages on the Texas side of the Red River. The recovery of only a single specimen is indicative of the vagaries of colonization via fish stocking activities. Even though the proper fish host and suitable amounts of water exist, conditions for survival of a viable population may not exist, even if a large number of glochidia are present on the fish which are stocked. Future surveillance will determine whether a permanent population of A. grandis exists in Lake Theo. Other molluscs present in Lake Theo are Physa virgata Gould 1955, Helisoma trivolvis lenta (Say, 1834) and Sphaerium striatinum (Lamarck, 1818). Conspicuously absent in Corbicula fluminea (Muller, 1774). The specimen has been deposited at the Dallas Museum of Natural History (DMNH 0517). kKkkkkkk keke LITERATURE CITED Baker, F. C. 1928. The fresh water Mollusca of Wisconsin. Pt. II, Pelecypoda. Wis. Ged. Nat. His. Surv. Bull. 70:1-495. Burch, J. B. 1975. Freshwater unionacean clams (Mollusca:Pelecypoda) of North America. Malacological Publications, Hamburg, Michigan, 204 pp. Clarke, A. H. 1973. The fresh water molluscs of the Canadian Interior Basin. Malacologia 13:1-509. Clarke, W. T., Jr. 1938. List of mollusks from drift debris of Paladora Creek, Texas. Nautilus 52:14-15. Frierson, L. S. 1923. Inhabitants of a natural aquarium. Nautilus 36: 126-129. Frierson, L. S. 1927. A classified and annotated check list of the North American naiades. Baylor U. Press, Waco, Tex. 111 pp. Fuller, S. L. H. 1974. Clams and mussels (Mollusca:Bivalvia). Pp. 215- 273, in Pollution ecology of freshwater invertebrates. (ed. C. W. Hart, Jr. and S. L. H. Fuller). Academic Press, New York, 389 pp. Henderson, J. B., Jr. 1909. List of molluscs from Amarillo, Texas. Nautilus 22:9. Isely, F. B. 1925. The fresh water mussel fauna of eastern Oklahoma. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 4:43-118. Riggs, C. A. and G. R. Webb. 1956. The mussel population of an area of loamy-sand bottom of Lake Texoma. Amer. Mid. Nat. 56:197-203. Simpson, C. T. 1914. A descriptive catalogue of the naiades, or pearly fresh water mussels. Bryant Walker, Detroit, 1540 pp. Singley, J. A. 1893. Contributions to the natural history of Texas. Part I. Texas Mollusca. Geol. Surv. Tex. Ann. Rpt. 4:297-343. Starrett, W. C. 1971. A survey of the mussels (Unionacea) of the Illinois River: a polluted stream. Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. 30:265-403. Strecker, J. K., Jr. 1910. Notes on the fauna of the canyon region of northwestern Texas. Baylor Bull. 13(4 & 5):1-31. Strecker, J. K. 1931. The distribution of the naiades or pearly fresh water mussels of Texas. Baylor U. Museum Spec. Bull. 2:1-71. Valentine, B. D. and D. H. Stansbery. 1971. An introduction to the naiads of the Lake Texoma region, Oklahoma, with notes on the Red River fauna (Mollusca:Unionidae). Sterkiana 42:1-40. van der Schalie, H. 1940. Aestivation of freshwater mussels. Nautilus 53° 135 /—136% van der Schalie, H. and F. Locke. 1941. Hermaphroditism in Anodonta grandis, a fresh-water mussel. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. U. Mich. 432:1-7. White, D. S. and S. J. White. 1977. Observations on the pelecypod fauna of Lake Texoma, Texas and Oklahoma, after more than 30 years impoundment. Southwestern Nat. 22:235-254. HOUSTON CONCHOLOGY SOCIETY, INC. President Officers 1981-1982 Program Vice-President Field Trip Vice-President Treasurer Recording Secretary Corresponding Secretary Herschel S. Sands Curtis Fleming Directors Al Mohle Fannie Miron Editor, Texas Conchologist Immediate Past President Dr. T.E. Pulley Honorary Life Members Lucy Clampit Mary Ann Curtis Helen Cornellisson Jim Sartor Valerie Middaugh Dianna Rudolph Charles Glover Betty Genusa Constance E. Boone David B. Green Dr. Helmer Ode' OCONCHOLOGIST VOLUME XVIII NO. 3 ht 40} iE. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES MAY 1 8 1982 LIBRARY APRIL, 1982 The TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST is the official publication of the Houston Conchol- ogy Society, Inc., and is published quarterly at Houston, Texas. It is distributed as part of the dues to all menbers. The Society holds regular meetings the fourth Wednesdays of the follow- ing months: August, September, October, January, February, March, April, and May. The meeting is held the third Wednesday in November. Meetings are held at the Houston Museum of Natural Science, Caroline Street in Hermann Park, beginning at 7:30 p.m. The TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST is published October, January, April and July. It is mailed postpaid to regular members in U.S. postal zones. Overseas members will be charged additional postage. Only one copy will be mailed a family membership. Dues extend from the beginning of the fiscal year of June 1 through May 31. However, the July issue of the TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST each year is the fourth quarterly due on the regular dues year beginning June 1 of the previous year. Memberships will be accepted throughout the year but will receive quarterlies of that fiscal year. Members receive meeting Newsletters and have all other privileges provided by the Society's by- laws. RATES AND DUES Family membership Single membership Student membership Single Issues Extra sets mailed members (Postage for overseas members required) Subscription $10.00 (Seamail $5.00, Airmail outside U.S., $8.00) EDITOR CIRCULATION Constance E. Boone Mr. Grytch Williams 668-8252 664-2809 3706 Rice Boulevard 6644 Belmont Houston, Texas 77005 Houston, Texas 77005 EDITORIAL STAFF Helmer Ode' 664-9942 4811 Braeburn Drive Bellaire, Texas 77401 The TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST accepts contributions for publication from ama- teurs, students, and professionals, subject to approval by the Editor. Manuscripts should be typed, double spaced and should be in the hands of the Editor the first day of the month preceding publication dates. Photos accompanying such material are welcomed. TEXAS LONGHORN SHELLS By Constance Boone For some time it has been known to the author that the funny-looking elongate pieces of "coral-like" material with the central roundish "shell" we got from dredging by shrimpers and most recently from the shell dredgings were known as "Texas Longhorn Shells." I believe that Mildred Tate brought this first to my attention when she gave me a couple from a shrimper. Then at the Houston Museum of Natural Science one day recently, Dr. T. E. Pulley handed me one and wanted to know if I knew what it was. I was happy to know something about it but needed more information. He pointed me to a report in Nautilus, Vol. 67, (3), p. 76-81. We took pictures of some of the specimens, some of which we filed down and others that we scraped down. Other than the Nautilus article, we know nothing more, but we offer the information because many of you do have these interesting specimens. About the time we were finishing our pictures, it is coincidental to note that Littorina, quarterly of the Louisville Conchological Society, sent in exchange to us, had an article on these oddities and referred to the Nautilus article, saying that the Louisville report was based partially on a report from the Astronaut Shell Club publication. The January, 1954, report in Nautilus was authored by Elizabeth Deichmann and mentioned that the series of "Planorbis-type" shells overgrown with a porous calcareous substance which on each side extended to a long tapering horn were sent to her by J. H. Butler of Marathon, Florida, who coined the appropriate name "Texas Longhorn Shells." The shells he had (a series of seven shells) included one which had a specimen inhabited by a small hermit crab with almost straight abdomen and with the right claw modified into a flat "operculum" with which it could close the opening of the shell. Deichmann reported that the shells were overgrown by two species of bryozoan, Hippoporidra edax (Busk) and Hippoporidra calcarea (Smitt). The hermit crab was found to be a rare form, Pylopagurus ungulatus (Studer). Both the bryozoans and the crab had been previously reported from the West Indies. Deichmann said that only three cases were known in 1954 of such a commensalism between hermit crabs and bryozoans on gastropod shells. They had been reviewed by Balss in 1924 and all were based on material from West Africa. That review reported that Kirkpatrick knew of a Turritella shell that was inhabited by a hermit crab and which was gradually overgrown by bryozoan to make a ball-like specimen. He stated that the original shell was absorbed and the crab occupied a tube formed by the skeleton of the bryozoans. He said it was a case where the bryozoan occurred only on mollusks shells and was a mutual benefit situation with the crab being released from the trouble of having to hunt for a larger house and the bryozoans being dragged around to, presumably, better feeding grounds. The other reports of commensalism in the Balss report were more like the West Indian forms. The ''Texas Longhorn Shells" Deichmann reported were measured to be from 8.2 to 12.5 cm. from tip to tip of the horns and the diameter of the disk- shaped shell was about 2.2-2.8 cm., the long diameter of the oval mouth opening ranged from 0.6 to 0.9 cm. Several specimens had more than the long horn branches. Deichmann said that the horns were placed so that they evidently balanced the shells; where one horn was longer the other was somewhat stouter. These specimens came from Florida and Yucatan. 53 Deichmann's article concluded with a statement that it remained to be found if the bryozoans were bound to settle down on a gastropod shell and also if other hermit crabs than Pylopagurus ungulatus inhabited the shells. I do not know if there have been other publications on this subject, but I would hope some reader knowing more would send me other references. The specimens we have examined range from very small to large. All of ours have had gastropod shells remaining inside. (See pictures) So far we feel sure we have the same crab, or at least a similar one with big "operculum" claw. At first I thought we had another in the material from off Cape Canaveral because I had crab legs but no claw until it was pointed out by Dr. Pulley that the final large claw falls off quite easily and is missing from many of our crab specimens of the “long horn shelis.” Fig. 1 ''Texas Longhorn Shells" from dredged samples from the Gulf of Mexico exhibit different forms of “horns.'' The top sample is filed down to show the tube occupied by a hermit crab. 54 Fig. 2 Enlarged view of the specimen filed down to show the minute shell (a Turrid, we think) forming the nucleus of the bryozoan growth and the continuing tube allowing a hermit crab to grow and continue with the bryozoan growth. Fig. 3 Samples of the "Texas Longhorn Shells," again from the Gulf of Mexico from shrimpers, exhibiting the hermit crabs inhabiting them and showing the enlarged "operculum" claws. Our samples all had lost the claws actually but they were in the box of specimens and we have fitted one in place to show you the look of the "operculum" claw and put one below the other specimen showing you the under- side, 5) Fig. 4 This specimen is the smallest we have and is from the dredginss fromoff Florida (Atlantic Coastline). The internal shell is clearly visible and is being incrusted by the bryozoan. Fig. 5 What appears to be Polystira and Fusinus, perhaps, are the nucleus shells of these specimens. The samples have been scraped down to show the shells. Photos by T. E. Pulley Constance E. Boone 56 SALT WATER AQUARIA REVISITED By Sandra Clark Having reread Lucy Clampit's article (Texas Conchologist XVIII, No. 3, April, 1981), it occurred to me to share some of my experiences with this fascinating hobby. My first (disastrous) experiment was with several Neritina virginea (Linn.) and two Thais haemastoma floridana collected at Rockport ''Cove", February 1976. I went on a trip for 10 days in March and came home to a terrible stench! Aeration is essential -- and to top it off, I've not found a single Neritina at that location since. As with Mrs. Clampit, I found experience to be the best teacher. At the moment, my best results have been extra aeration (two 2 inch airstones operated by a large Silent Giant) in addition to the undergravel filter. Until.1978, my collecting was fairly capricious -- just plopping any old thing into the tank to see who ate what or whom. There were four "Notable" characters during this haphazard period. My first trip to Sanibel Island the summer of 1976 was extremely interesting. I found many live species new to me, but most exciting was a dextral Busycon perversum. (Texas Conchologist XIII, No. 1) He and his friends lived for about 3 months before being sacrificed for analysis. That winter, a Tonna galea was stranded on the beach at Port Isabel. This white and brown spotted creature was most beautiful and interesting. When it ate, it extended a proboscis, similar to an elephant's trunk, to suck up it's food. "Roger", a Polinices duplicatus, was introduced to the tank 8/14/77 containing a Busycon perversum, several Oliva sayana and Donax variabilis (there for the Busycon). Within a month, all but Roger were wiped out. One day I was fishing around for Roger with my finger and received a sharp stab--he was hungry. So I put in 7 small Polinices and they all went the way of the other shells. Roger received his comeuppance (or 'outance'') when five Thais haemastoma were introduced early in 1978. Roger lasted until April, when the Thais' went for dinner. On the Thais: one was a haysae form and appeared to be "associating" with a large T. floridana for quite some time. The haysae started laying eggs 5/78 and later they turned the usual purple, but nothing came of it (possibly due to the undergravel filter). This was the start of my interest in completing a life cycle in the tank. My Thais species are extremely predatory and to this date have devoured a prodigious number of species: Oliva, Donax, Littorina irrorata, Tectarius (from Mexico), Rangia, Polinices, Busycon (perversum and spiratum), limpets, oysters and mussels. (The Busycon spiratum's demise was particularly disappointing since it was my first live specimen and I think it is an especially beautiful animal.) The summer of 1978 started my reasonably methodical approach to salt water tanks. I collected six Melongena corona from Sanibel and put them in my now well established 20 gallon tank. They were fed Donax (until the season ran out) and then Littorina over the winter months. 57 I maintained two Littorina "farms". In the a "Marsh" tank, I attempted to grow grasses found in the marsh--with little success. The other tank contained algae covered rocks and about a gallon of seawater aerated powerfully in order to create a "Splash Zone" tank. Interestingly, Littorina will eat lettuce, but the other herbivores (Tectarius, Neritina and Nerita collected from Mexico) stuck to algae. An aside note - molluscs in captivity (mine) for a reasonable length of time tend to show abnormal growth patterns -- sculpture and coloration. In addition, the original color often is leached out -- giving a whitish appearance. By the summer of 1979, my remaining Melongena had produced zilch. From a collecting trip to Port St. Joe, Fla., six bigger Melongena and a few Murex pomum were added to the tank. The Murex immediately attacked the small Melongena and so a separate Murex tank was set up. This Murex tank was by a window and considerable algae growth was established by the fall. The field trip to Port St. Joe in Nov., 1979 yielded many new species in addition to three new Murex for the tanks. Several Turbo castaneus and some limpets enjoyed the algae, while the Murex dined on Chione cancellata. Many small Conus, Marginella and Nassarius served as clean up crew for what the Murex left behind. Meanwhile, in the Melongena tank Chiones were excellent substitutes for Donax during the winter. We went to Grand Cayman the following week and although the weather was bad for snorkeling, I was able to return with live Neritina and small Cittarium pica to add to the already lively Murex tank. [I had a permit from Rice University to import live specimens.] Unfortunately this was the undoing of my Eco system (algae - herbivore - carnivore) as the algae was wiped out before a substantial number of herbivores were consumed. In the Spring of 1980, three of the Murex ganged up on one Murex. Several days later, he died (see distorted picture). Not long after, the three remaining Murex laid egg casings on the side of the tank--a fascinating procedure to watch, it can take several days for completion. Careful vigilance and still no progeny - the culprit must be the undergravel filter. A collecting trip to Port Isabel in Dec. 1980 brought home many delectables for the Melongena and Murex. The list is endless for what these creatures (particularly Murex) will eat in the tank. It must be stressed, however, that this is not necessarily what occurs in their natural environment. Since that time, I've kept careful records of species introduced and amounts eaten. Three seasons with Melongena were eggless (probably due to the lack of eel grass), so five Fasciolaria tulipa were introduced to the Melongena tank. The tulips systematically wiped out all the Melongena - in an odd way. The foot would remain intact, but the viscera would be missing. Too many deaths fouled the tank and the listless tulips never recovered. It is interesting to note that the most successful species in the tank (Thais and Murex) are the most predacious and the least selective in eating habits. One day, as I was cleaning the big tank, I put a peaceful Pleuroploca gigantea in the Murex tank. These noble beasts were attacked almost immediately even though those vicious Murex had plenty of Donax to eat. As of today, the Murex tank remains (now without undergravel filter for seven months). Hopefully this spring, I will see some more egglaying and perhaps some babies. The big tank has some small Thais (no longer than an inch in Dec.) as a growth experiment; i.e. to see how fast they will grow in captivity. 58 Fig. 1 Thais haemastoma floridana, left , and Thais haemastoma haysae, right, (latter now referred to as T. haemastoma canaliculata in Abbott, 1974) from Sandra's tanks. The left specimen exhibits growth change due to tank life. The one on the right was the egg layer. Fig. 2 Murex pomum species from Sandra's tanks. The one on the left was one of the females that ganged up on the distorted male on the right (see hole at top of the shell). Photos by Sandra Clark Dy AMAEA MITCHELLI BONANZA After reporting to the Society at the January meeting that members of the Coastal Bend Shell Club of Corpus Christi, Texas, had made an enormous find of Amaea mitchelli (Dall, 1896) in December and January on San Jose Island (St. Joseph's Island) across from Port Aransas, Texas, the Editor decided to try and get more information for you. Theresa Stelzig, avid collector in the Corpus area, found many of the rare epitoniids all of us seek so diligently on our beaches. She has been kind enough to write some notes concerning the find and also to answer some additional questions posed by telephone. We also are able to publish photos she sent us. The date was December 26, 1981, for the first big find on San Jose Island, she reported. “The weather was very cold and wet so I didn't have my camera on the beach. The drift was nearly knee deep in several places. The whole drift line covered less than a block---it was one mile north of the jetties on St. Joe. There was no well activity (Ed. note: I had written Theresa and asked if anything like a well offshore could account for the disturbance that brought in the shells). There had been a norther four days before but it wasn't a bad one, no prolonged high winds. Judging from the looks of the drift it was definitely deep water stuff; most particularly I noticed the kinds of crabs I find in things I get from the shrimp boats. I found 26 A. mitchelli, and Molly Miller, shelling with me, found 12. I returned the next day and approximately 80% of the drift was gone but I found 9 more. Over the next three weeks I found 53, most were in pretty bad shape and all were covered with anemones and had been dead for some time. At last count, the club members in the last two months (December, January) had found a total of 90 A. mitchelli." Rumors spread that some of the A. mitchelli were alive. Not so, Theresa reports. Recently several of us reviewed what we knew of live ones found on the beach. So far, this Editor reports only two confirmed finds of live material on the beach in Texas. Both are older records (1960's). Shrimpers rarely bring in live specimens. 60 Fig. 1 Twenty-six Amaea mitchelli (Dall, 1896) found by Theresa Stelzig on San Jose Island (St. Joseph's), across from Port Aransas, Texas, on December 26, 1981, are pictured. Most were worn and very old, but definitely Aeomitehelli 1!!! LER ALCAN hy Unk ed fe Fig. 2 Some of the other shells taken by Theresa Stelzig in December in the pile of drift in one small area on San Jose Island included live Phalium granulatum, live Tellina alternata, most importantly a fresh pair of Sanguinolaria sanguinolenta (Gemlin, 1791), and Pteria colymbus (Roding, 1798), as well as a large Simnia, all in the photo on the left. In the right photo may be seen Busycon spiratum plagosum and below them a Cymatium cingulatum (Lamarck, 1822), a crabbed specimen, but uncommon on the beach in that area. 61 Photos by Theresa Stelzig WEIRD BUSYCON SPIRATUM Pig. Mildred Tate of Lake Jackson, Texas, has had the specimen above of Busycon spiratum plagosum (Conrad, 1863) since the 1960s. Frankly, she traded a number of valuable Cypraea to a collector from near Beaumont to get the specimen. It was collected alive on the beach on the Bolivar Peninsula, Texas, and is definitely a freak! 62 SPECIMENS FROM THE TATE COLLECTION Pig, 2 Also from the Tate collection are the three rather weird specimens above of Busycon spiratum. The B. spiratum complex is really not settled, accor- ding to Dr. T. E. Pulley of the Houston Museum of Natural Science. American Seashells lists three subspecies---Busycon spiratum spiratum (Lamarck, 1816), off south Texas to Yucatan, Mexico; Busycon spiratum pyruloides (Say, 1822), North Carolina to both sides of Florida; Busycon spiratum plagosum (Conrad, 1863), Alabama to Texas to Campeche Bay, Mexico. We note that some specimens from offshore Yucatan area are very different. The Houston Museum would like to have more material from the whole range for review of the species. Photos by T. E. Pulley 63 MATAGORDA BAY e We went to an island in a motorboat. I was instantly sorry | I had left my coat. We were dumped on the beach; It was pouring rain. To a passing truckdriver, We looked insane. He stopped the truck though, And gave us a lift. Some stayed behind And got very mifted. We were drenched to the skin And a sorry case. We spent the day In an Air Force base. I learned a lesson From that day's stop-- Best look for your shells In a seashell shop! YY = k By Will Peterman Age 11, HCS member (Ed. Note: The best report I have seen of the HCS field trip to Matagorda Island, February 20, 1982) 64 SEARCH AND SEIZURE BY CONSTANCE E. BOONE As reported at the January meeting, an interesting collection of mollusks was made by several members at the bar ditch off the Texas City levee at the Texas City Dike area. Most notable was the recovery of hundreds of specimens of live Rangianella flexuosa (Conrad, 1839). Abbott, 1974, American Seashells, lists this as "'a rare and elusive species from marsh areas." In earlier columns I have mentioned that this was a rare species to locate and add to your Texas - collection. We found many large specimens and have added a large lot to the collection at the Houston Museum of Natural Science, with some specimens placed in the "wet collection." The collection from this ditch which is being drained as Phase 2 of the flood control project by the U.S. Corps of Engineers also resulted in finding live Rangia cuneata (Sowerby, 1831), more common in our waters but less common in this ditch area than Rangianella flexuosa. Other species found include Tagleus plebeius (Lightfoot, 1786) by the hundreds, Cyrtopleura costata (Linne, 1758) still in their burrows, very large Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791) on which were also Mytilopsis leucophaeata (Conrad, 1831), Petricola, live Macoma constricta (Bruguiere, 1792) and many pairs of dead Macoma mitchelli Dall, 1895. We also were able to dig Geukensia demissa granosissima (Sowerby, 1914) from the reed area now drying out. We believe you may be able to collect awhile longer as there was still water in the ditch in March. Please let us know if you find other species and share them with the Museum. Our young member's verse on the Matagorda Island field trip is to the point, and forty other members surely feel the same way. Old man weather simply did us in and ruined the field trip. I must confess that for once I am glad that I made a mistake!! Four of us missed that early boat trip to the island from Port O'Connor because I was wrong about the time of departure from the boat dock. We had an early enough breakfast and went back to don rain clothes and waders. I said we were due to depart at 8:15 a.m. when we really were supposed to leave at 8 a.m. Others already at the dock and due to go on the second boatload took our places eagerly. Frankly, I was in the doghouse at first, and I was as mad at myself as anyone. But as the stormy rains descended while we waited for the second boat, as lightning cracked and as the wind blew with the norther coming in I gradually gave up any idea of going to the island and waited to see if the others would return from the beach. That boatman had a hard time even getting in to the dock. He stood up on the top deck and steered in carefully, soaked to the skin. While one couple got on the boat, none of the rest of us wanted to do so. We finally went on back to the motel. Some of us stayed that night and ate and ate, played cards and whiled away the evening, hoping the next morning we would find clear skies. The sun came out, the bay waters subsided and low tides were the result of the norther. Four of us happily walked out to the small jetty and examined the rocks, finding some wee species reported before in this column. The flats yielded many crabbed Busycons, but no left-handed Busycon spiratum plagosum once found there by member Mrs. Hanks. Small Bittium, Anachis and Acteocina were collected alive in the grasses and sand flats. The old shells were covered with Ostrea permolis and inhabited by live Crepidula plana inside the apertures, some striped! We headed for the clay flats north of the pier along the bay to try and dig angel wings. Having forgotten my spade, we were forced to use the short army shovel brought by Mildred Tate and dug trenches to recover small live Cyrtopleura costata and many live Petricola pholadiformis (Lamarck, 1818). 65 What we were really trying to get were live Barnea truncata (Say, 1822) and managed to get one but chopped it in two! Walking the flat produced some interesting small species, including Tellina and Diplodonta. The drift line looked so interesting I picked up some and mentioned to member Jim Keeler that it seemed good for the small species he dotes on so he took a big sample home. I did also. So far we are both delighted with our finds. Most notable was the one small specimen, with fresh meat in it, of Cyrenoida floridana (Dall, 1896) in my sample. This is the first report of a live one in Texas. Jim has agreed to work up his material and we will provide a list for you later on in Texas Conchologist. If you want to add numbers to your collection, this is a good way to do it. Already we know that we have some uncommon bivalves and Vitrinellas, Turbonillas, Turrids, etc. One little vial of picked specimens can add 50 species to your collection! Leaving Port O'Connor we went by Sargent Beach because some members said they found Busycons and Tellins there on the way down to the field trip. We found very little. We did stop at Palacios and take a quick look to see if we could find more Elysia clorotica and did find one live in the algal covered sand beach area near rocks. We note that this beach near the pier seemed very polluted. A big drainage pipe extends under the pier to the bay and the waters surrounding this area are full of algal growths and blackish scum, now. The next week end at South Padre Island, Texas, old man weather was mean again, and it rained and blew from the north and got down to the thirties. The Laguna waters and Gulf waters were rough and gray and beaches were rather empty. We have remarked before that this area is no good when north winds blow. This is certainly true. You need south winds to blow in good shells there, and you need south winds to gentle the bays to walk them for collecting. By Sunday we were able to get into the channel and walk to the rocks under the old Coast Guard tower. The bridge to it is gone and it is very abandoned. The rocks under the tower are still there, and the collecting here can be rewarding. We collected plenty of Anachis semiplicata, some large Siphonarias on the pilings, some key hole limpets and Cantharus tinctus and the odd ball red Thais that exists there. I was pleased to find again live Ischnochiton papillosus (C.B. Adams, 1845) under smoothish pieces of rock or iron and even old bottles. I also collected two live Corbulas again but found no Nudibranchs this visit, except numerous corkscrew strands of egg cases of branchs or Elysia (?) in the sand and grass flat. We drove over to Boca Chica beach but the wind was fierce and there was not much debris on the beach that seemed fascinating. We did pick up a lot of arks, many valves of Anadara chemnitzii (Philippi, 1851). You only find these farther down the coast from Galveston, commonly on South Padre and upper Mexican beaches. KKKKKAKKEKKEKE How about keeping this column in mind or do your own articles on collecting to print in next fall's Texas Conchologist. We need the help of members to make the quarterly interesting and not have it so one-sided on reports!!!! KKKEKKKKKE 66 al REPRINT ON MALACOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS RECEIVED A valuable reprint of a paper on "Standards for Malacological Collections" from Curator, 1981, has been sent to the Houston Conchology Society and will be placed in the library in the pamphlet file. The report was prepared for the Council of Systematic Malacologists and adopted by that Council in July, 1980. Authors are Dr. Alan Solem, Field Museum of Natural History; Dr. William K. Emerson, American Museum of Natural History; Dr. Barry Roth, California Academy of Sciences, and Dr. Fred G. Thompson, Florida State Museum. The introduction states that "collections permanently housed in museums serve multiple functions for society. They document published research so that the students of tomorrow can verify the identity of organisms cited in the papers of yesteryear. They provide raw material for new research in such diverse fields as systematics, comparative anatomy, evolution, histology, and ecology. Identifications of fragmentary specimens from archaeological digs, new field collections, and environmental survey samples often can only be accomplished satisfactorily through comparisons with authoritatively identified specimens in museum collections. These collections form an invaluable record of past occurrences, enabling the study of changes in distribution or morphology and the documenting of alterations resulting from man's environmental manipulations. They are important tools in teaching and provide material for public exhibits." The report proposes "1) criteria for identifying material with high scientific value that should be added to the molluscan resource data base; 2) guidelines for winnowing from collections material that no longer has such scientific value; and 3) general principles for storage facilities and routine care." Choosing some of the facts listed, we note that the report states that "'the described diversity of Recent mollusks is in excess of 100,000 species. Many areas of the world have not yet been sampled adequately, so that the actual level of diversity is unknown, No single museum collection contains more than one-third of the described molluscan taxa." The report points out that it is almost impossible to have too much data associated with a specimen. "Basic specimen data, considered the minimum data required for a specimen to have scientific value are: i= Mate of collection and collector. Zo Locality, specified so that an individual in the future has a reasonable chance of finding that exact spot in order to sample with assurance from the same population of individuals, if the population still exists. The nature of these data will vary with the habitat and biology of the taxa being sampled. A number of examples are presented in an Appendix. 3. Basic ecological occurrence according to habitat requirements. For example: marine organisms---the nature of the substrate, whether organisms are sessile or free-living, position or activity state, salinity, depth; fresh-water organisms-—-type of bottom and vegetation cover, whether lake, river, stream, pond, or temporary pool; land mollusks---the major vegetation type, any detailed plant association, and whether collected on trees, in trees, in litter, under rocks or logs, under bark, and so forth. Measurements of temperature and other environmental parameters are desirable, but not mandatory. Recording of micro- habitat differences in field notes is recommended." 67 There follows discussion of methods of preservation. The report also covers acquisitions and a note that "among biological collections, those of mollusks are unusual in that 80% or more of the materials in major museums were originally collected by amateurs." The role of the amateur is expanding molluscan data base “is, and will. remain, crucial." The above last statement is followed by a discussion of what the problems are for most museums in handling acquisitions and housing them. Curatorial work goes slowly in many museums facing budget problems today. Funds are needed for research departments in most museums. KKKKKKKKKE AMU TO MEET IN NEW ORLEANS IN JULY The 48th annual meeting of the American Malacological Union will be held July 19-23, 1982, in New Orleans, La. The Fountain Bay Club will be headquarters. Dr. Louise Russert-Kraemer, president, has announced that an important symposium on molluscan genetics is planned, with many world leaders participating. A series of papers on terrestrial gastropods is planned by Dr. Alan Solem. Dr. Emily Vokes will conduct a workshop on muricids. Field trips are planned in the middle of the week. There will be a different kind of "banquet night," Louisiana style. Information on registration and reservation will be available to members at the April meeting. The Houston Conchology Society is an affiliate member. Any member may attend the AMU annual meeting. If you need for information contact AMU Recording Secretary, Constance E. Boone, telephone 668-8252, after May 3rd. She will be away from Houston during April. KRKKKKKKERE WSM TO MEET IN CALIFORNIA IN JUNE The Western Society of Malacologists will hold its fifteenth annual meeting June 20-23, 1982, at the University of Redlands, Redlands, California. Symposia on the Bivalvia and the Muricidae are being planned as well as a workshop on shell photography. According to President Don Shasky, new meeting facilities are being made available that should add to the comfort of those attending the scientific sessions and the displays. For more information contact Ms. Kit Stewart, 19 La Rancheria, Carmel Valley, Ca. 93921. 68 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF EPITONIUM IN Wayne S. Barnett, THE FOSSIL RECORD Gulf Oil Company The inference of organisms in the fossil record can take many forms. The actual presence of the animal or plant remains in the rocks is the most obvious. Trace fossils and imprints of soft bodied forms indicate part of the probable diversity present in past ages. Another class of inference may be developed by understanding modern ecological relationships and applying them to the fossil record. Many relationships that exist today were developed in past’ ages as biologic communities developed and organisms became dependent on each other for protection and/or food. Such a relationship has been developed by Epitonium and some coelenterates. While doing field work at Bodega Harbor, California in 1978 several specimens of E. tinctum were observed and collected from dense patches of Anthopleura elegantissima, a soft bodied coelenterate (Sea anemone). Other specimets were also collected from similar patches at Dillon Beach. The environment at Bodega Bay is a protected harbor that has a medium to coarse sandy subtrate near the jetties at the entrance of the bay. Free exchange of normal seawater takes place daily as the tides change. Dense colonies of A. elegantissima occur to about 200 meters inside the mouth of the jetty. They adhere to the rocks that form the jetty and are partially covered with sand on the lower portions of the rocks. E. tinctum is found in abundance amoungst these partially buried specimens of A. elegantissma. The presence of A. elegantissma becomes sparser as the amount of silt in the sediments increases bayward. No specimens of live E. tinctum were found free living in the sediments at either location. The environment along Dillon Beach is one of open coast. The substrate there is also medium to coarse sand washed by normal seawater. Specimens of E. tinctum have also been found in similar environments at other locations (Bill Pitt, per. comm. 1978). Live speciemns were not found more than a few meters within the harbor itself. Specimens are found more frequently near the holdfasts of the algae that has secured itself to portions of bare rock that A. elegantissima has colonized. Specimens were observed and collected by removing the sand from the base of a colony of A. elegantissima by washing the sediments away with seawater. The specimens were then easy to observe as they are nearly pure white. Even when small waves washed the specimens of E. tinctum they were not removed from their location because they had attached themselves to the bases of A. elegantissma by a thread of strong mucus. During low tides E. tinctum appear to lie dormant between the polyps of A. elegantissma, coming out to feed during the high tides. The implications that can be inferred by the presence of E. tinctum in the fossil record are twofold. Fi~st when they are found in the fossil record they would imply an environment of normal marine salinity and absence of fine silts. The second inference of finding them in the fossil record is the presence of Anthopleura. Smith and Carlton (1975) report that recent E. tinctum feeds only on the tentacles of Anthropleura. Modern molluscan ecologists report that Epitonium feeds exclusively on anthrozoan tentacles (per. comm. Jack Farmer 1978). With continued research and understanding of environmental relationships it will be possible to predict the environment and food requirements of more species and to be able to infer more accurately organisms in the ancient record without having actual remains present in the fossil record. 69 Even though modern forms may be understood thoroughly, caution must be taken in inferring the relationships of past forms in absolute terms. Even though the relationships exist today they may have been different in past times. All relationships were developed as a result of evolution of the different forms through time. The original relationships may have been for other purposes and the present relationships developed as a manner of convenience for one or both of the organisms. RKKKEEKEKK SHELL SHOW PLANNED FOR OCTOBER IN CORPUS The Coastal Bend Shell Club of Corpus Christi, Texas, is planning a judged shell show October 30 and 31st, 1982. Set up will be on October 29th. The exhibits will be held at the Bayfront Plaza Convention Center. Alex Vaky serves as president of this club. Theresa Stelzig will be chairman of the show. Anyone needing information concerning rules and entry blanks for the show should contact Mrs. Stelzig at 109 Duke Lane, Portland, Texas 78374. Out of town entries are welcomed. Dealers may arrange to set up sales booths. Judges for the scientific categories of the shell show will be Dr. Tucker Abbott, author of American Seashells and president of American Malacologists, and Mrs. Myra L. Taylor, treasurer of the American Malacological Union. Dr. Jean Andrews, author of Texas Shells, will judge the shell art division. KKEKKEKEKKE YES, THE INDEX IS COMING!! The July issue of Texas Conchologist will be devoted to the publication of the Index to the Monograph on Bivalves of the Northwest Gulf Mollusk Population Survey published in TC from 1974 to 1981. Delivery in late July is promised. 70 MONOGRAPH BY H. ODE DISTRIBUTION AND RECORDS OF THE MARINE MOLLUSCA IN THE NORTHWEST GULF OF MEXICO (A Continuing Monograph) PART II: GASTROPODA After a considerable pause in the publication of data concerning the material collected during the Survey of the Northwest Gulf of Mexico we will begin the discussion of our extensive gastropod material. This material has been all deposited in the Houston Museum of Natural Science, henceforth abbreviated in these pages as HMNS. So far we have discussed the bivalve material and have found a countless number of unexpected species. The same will be the case with the gastropods. As was done with the bivalves no particular order will be followed in our dis- cussions, but we will present the various families in a more or less random order, although we will make an effort to treat related families together. In order to have some uniformity in names we will follow, unless we have compelling reason to deviate from it, the nomenclature and general arrangement of the Second Edition of Abbott's American Seashells. If it is not pertinent to the discussion we will omit subgeneric designations. In many, almost most, instances, these categories are poorly defined and overlapping. The reader who is interested in them may consult either Abbott's book, or those references that we will supply as we go along. In our first installment we will begin with two well known families: CASSIDAE AND BURSIDAE. Family CASSIDAE Swainson, 1832. This is a worldwide family of large and handsome shells of which only a few species occur in the Western Gulf of Mexico. The large species of the Genus Cassis have so far not been noted on the offshore coral reefs, where only Cypraecassis and a form of Phalium granulatum have been taken. In the more sandy environment of the Texas coast Phalium and Sconsia are fairly common, but Morum is quite rare. The spelling of the family would correctly be Cassididae, but because this appar- ently has been used for beetles, Cassidae is used for the molluscs. Abbott has treated the "Helmet Shells of the World" in Indo-Pacific Mollusca Vol. 2 (9), p. 15-201, to which the reader is referred. In a recent publication Tei Laursen has discussed the protoconchs of several species in the families Cassidae, Bursidae and Cymatiidae. Several of his des- criptions are based partly or entirely on material provided by our Survey collec- tion. In our discussion we will refer to such descriptions as "Laursen, 1981." me pconsia striata (Lamarck, 1816) This characteristic shell is widespread on the sandy bottoms off the Texas coast, where it has been taken alive. There is no possibility of confusion with any other species. Records HMNS Survey Collection: 30 lots from the Texas offshore water, 7 of which contain live material. Depth range: 20-70 fms.; alive: 22-40 fms. Geographical range: S.E. Florida to Brazil (Abbott, 1974). Maximum Size: 52 mm. in HMNS Survey Collection. 71 oe, Phalium granulatum (Born, 1778) In the shallow offshore waters of the Texas coast Sconsia is replaced by Phalium but in the 20-40 fms. range the species overlap. The species is well known to collectors and can occasionally be collected on the beach along the Texas coast, but rarely alive. a completely different looking form having a thinner and much smoother shell inhabits the coral and algal reefs at the edge of the continental shelf south of Galveston. This form has been called P. cicatricosum Gmelin 1791. Although this form has an appearance considerably different from P. granulatum Abbott treats it merely as a form. In the Western It must be mentioned here that Gulf P. granulatum and cicatricosum inhabit completely different environ- ments. The protoconchs were described by Laursen, 1981, p. 11-12, figs. 14, 15. Records HMNS for cicatricosum: present in two lots (Flower Gardens and Stetson Bank). No live material was collected. Maximum size in HMNS Survey Collection: 60 mm. Records HMNS Survey Collection for granulatum: live collected material. 61 lots, 4 of which contain Depth Range: 0-40 fms., exclusively on sandy shelly bottoms. Alive, 0-25 fms. Included in this material are some live collected shells from the beach of one of the [Iles Dernieres, La. Geographical range: North Carolina to Texas to Brazil, Bermuda (Abbott, 1974) Maximum size: 69 mm. in HMNS Survey Collection. Cypraecassis testiculus (Linne, 1758) Of this quite characteristic species 4 lots were taken, all on the off- shore coral reefs. The protoconchs were discussed by Laursen, 1981, p. 12), fies WG. Records HMNS Survey Collection: 4 lots, one of which contain live collected material. Depth range: 50-60 feet. Geographical range: North Carolina to Brazil; Bermuda (Abbott, 1974). Maximum size in HMNS Survey Collection: Morum dennisoni (Reeve, 1842) 69 mm. Of this very rare and unusual species one complete, but dead, specimen and a fragment were dredged in a depth of 100 feet on mud bottoms, confirming its existence in the Western Gulf of Texas. Records HMNS Survey Collection: 1 lot; no live material. Depth range: 100 feet. Geographical range: North Carolina to off Texas to Brazil (Abbott, 1974). Maximum size in HMNS collection: 36 mm. Family BURSIDAE Thiele, 1925. This tropical family has three species on the Texas coast, occurring almost exclusively on the offshore reefs, fringing the continental shelf. Se Bursa thomae (Orbigny, 1842) This species is fairly common on the offshore coral reefs where it grows to fairly large size. The lavender coloring of the aperture is quite attractive and characteristic. 72 Ye: j Fig. 1 Morum dennisoni, (Reeve, 1842), a very rare shell, collected at Claypile Shale Dome 79 miles SE of Galveston, Texas, by divers in about 100 ft. July 9, 1972, on a trip out on a USS destroyer to gather material for the Northwest Gulf Mollusk Population Survey now housed at the Houston Museum of Natural Science. 73 Records HMNS Survey Collection: 8 lots of which 5 contain live collected material. Depth range: 40-70 feet. Geographical range: South Carolina to Brazil (Abbott, 1974). Maximum size: 35 mm. in HMNS Survey Collection. 6. Bursa corrugata (Perry, 1811) We consider this identification for ovr material somewhat in doubt. We have previously reported this species as cubaniana. This species is a fairly coarse one and is considerably larger than cubaniana with which it can be easily confused when immature. From Texas it is only known from the offshore coral reefs. The protoconch was described by Laursen, 1981. p.-<29=30;, fic. 46. Records HMNS Survey Collection: 6 lots of which 4 contain live collected material. Depth range: 40-90 feet. Geographical range: Southeast Florida to Brazil; Bermuda (Abbott, 1974). Maximum size: 76 mm. inthe HMNS Survey Collection. 7. Bursa granularis cubaniana (Orbigny, 1842) The third species of Bursa living on the offshore reefs occurs with the previous one. Noted should be the very similar coloring of granularis and corrugata which makes the distinction between immature specimens not always easy. The protoconchs were described by Laursen, 1981, p. 30, fig. 47 and 48. Records HMNS Survey Collection: 4 lots, one of which contains live collected material. Depth range: 50-90 feet. Geographical range: South East Florida, West Indies to Brazil (Abbott, 1974). Maximum size: 51 mm. in the HMNS Survey Collection. Family CYMATIIDAE Iredale, 1913 This family of fairly large and interesting gastropods contains a number of world wide species. Several genera are represented in Texas offshore waters: Cymatium, Distorsio and Charonia. The latter, the socalled Trumpet Triton of the Caribbean Province, was somewhat of a surprise. Many of the protoconchs in the Genus Cymatium could be studied by Laursen as extensive material is present in our collection. The protoconchs are quite often amber colored and are non calcified and look so surprisingly different that an expert as Pilsbry described one in 1945 as a new genus and species, Dissentoma prima which is Cymatium pileare (Linne, 1758). Clench and Turner discussed this family in Johnsonia Vol. 3, No. 36, p. 189-244. 8. Charonia variegata (Lamarck, 1816) This large and unmistakable species lives in small numbers on the Flower Gardens from which two lots are present in the HMNS Survey Collection. Records HMNS Survey Collection: 2 lots, both alive. Depth range: 50-60 feet. Geographical range: South East Florida to Brazil, Bermuda (Abbott, 1974). Maximum size: In HMNS Survey Collection not measured but about 8 inches. Largest specimen is displayed in the permanent exhibit in the Houston Museum of Natural Science. 74 —— ———————————— ae a ——————— eee ee Fig. 2 Bursa corrugata (Perry, 1811) collected at East Flower Gardens, coral reer 103 miles SE of Galveston, Texas, by divers at 65-85 ft. October 6, 1967. Specimens were collected on a trip to the reef on the USS Haynsworth to get material for the Northwest Gulf Mollusk Survey. fae. 3 Bursa granularis cubaniana (Orbigny, 1842) collected by divers from the East Flower Gardens coral reef 103 miles SE of Galveston, Texas, by divers at S)—o5 £t., aboard the USS Haynsworth, Oct. 6, 1967. This material for the Northwest Gulf Mollusk Survey is housed at the Houston Museum of Natural Science. Photos by Constance E. Boone hs) 9. Distorsio clathrata (Lamarck, 1816) In the offshore Texas waters this is a quite common mollusc; especially on the South Texas coast it rarely reaches the beach. The species is somewhat less distorted than D. constricta macgintyi, which also but much | more rarely occurs on the Texas coast and then exclusively in the different environment of Stetson Bank, Claypile Dome and Three Hickey Rocks off Louisiana. D. clathrata is widespread on shelly, sandy bottoms. It should be stated here that identification of poorly preserved, often juvenile, material is often very difficult if not impossible. Laursen, 1981, has discussed the protoconch, p. 27, Fig. 42. Records HMNS Survey Collection: 40 lots, of which 15 contain live material. Depth range: O-55 fms.; alive 4-37 fms. Geographical range: North Carolina to Texas and the Caribbean, Brazil (Abbott, 1974). Maximum size: 63 mm. in HMNS survey collection. 10. Distorsio constricta macgintyi Emerson and Puffer, 1953 One of the seven lots present in our collection derives from Drum Bay, Galveston, Texas. This occurrence is somewhat puzzling and the shell could be adventitious. The protoconch of this species was described by Laursen; 19815 p. 27,5 fi. 437 Records HMNS Survey Collection: 7 lots, of which 3 contain live collected material. Depth range: 12-55 fms. Geographical range: Abbott, 1974 cited the same range as for the previous species. Maximum size: 43 mm. in HMNS survey collection. 11. Distorsio perdistorta Fulton, 1938 From one location at 30 fms. depth a number of juvenile specimens were obtained which were tentatively identified by Mr. Laursen as this species.| (See also Laursen, 1981, p. 28) Full grown material is needed to confirm | this identification. (To be continued with the Genus Cymatium) *1 New readers may wish to understand what the Monograph reports. Dr. Helmer Odé headed the nomenclatural team of a survey of mollusks of the Northwest Gulf of Mexico directed by a former member, Harold L. Geis, assisted by other members of the Houston Conchology Society, local divers who worked from trips on U.S. destroyers, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Dr. T. E. Pulley of the Houston Museum of Natural Science, rangers in the Texas Parks and Wildlife and other interested individuals. Over 20,000 lots of mollusks were assembled over a period | of years. All are now housed at and belong to the Houston Museum of Natural Science where they are being cataloged. The Odé Monograph of the Bivalvia began with a list of references in the September.) 1974, issue of Texas Conchologist and continued with a discussion of 429 species of bivalves through the April, 1981, issue of TC. Some sets of the Monograph remain and may be purchased for $30.00 from Grytch Williams, TC circulation chairman, 6644 Belmont, Houston, Texas 77005. The July issue of TC this year will contain the Index to the Monograph on bivalves. 9 De Laursen, 1981, "Taxonomy and Distribution of Teleplanic Prosobranch Larvae in the North Atlantic," Dana Report, No. 89; 43 pp. 3 plates, text figures, 58 and charts, Copenhagen, Scandinavian Science Press Ltd. 76 HOUSTON CONCHOLOGY SOCIETY, INC. President Officers 1981-1982 Program Vice-President Field Trip Vice-President Treasurer Recording Secretary Corresponding Secretary Herschel S. Sands Curtis Fleming Directors Al Mohle Fannie Miron Editor, Texas Conchologist Immediate Past President Dr. T.E. Pulley Honorary Life Members Lucy Clampit Mary Ann Curtis Helen Cornellisson Jim Sartor Valerie Middaugh Dianna Rudolph Charles Glover Betty Genusa Constance E. Boone David B. Green Dr. Helmer Ode' — oCONCHOLOGIST VOLUME XVIII NO, 4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES It JUL 2 6 1982 LIBRARY JULY, 1982 The TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST is the official publication of the Houston Conchol- ogy Society, Inc., and is published quarterly at Houston, Texas. It is distributed as part of the dues to all members. The Society holds regular meetings the fourth Wednesdays of the follow ing months: August, September, October, January, February, March, April, and May. The meeting is held the third Wednesday in November. Meetings Hl are held at the Houston Museum of Natural Science, Caroline Street in i. Hermann Park, beginning at 7:30 p.m. The TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST is published October, January, April and July. , a It is mailed postpaid to regular members in U.S. postal zones. Overseas» BY members will be charged additional posta Only one copy will be mailed By a family membership. a Dues extend from the beginning of the fiscal year of June 1 through May | 31. However, the July issue of the TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST each year is the fourth quarterly due on the regular dues year beginning June 1 of the a previous year. Memberships will be accepted throughout the year but wi ‘y receive quarterlies of that fiscal year. Members receive meeting Newsletters and have all other privileges provided by the Society's by- % laws. aa RATES AND DUES Family membership 26 Single membership «0 Student membership 0 AS .0 Single Issues Extra sets mailed members (Postage for overseas members required) Subscription $10.00 (Seamail $5.00, Airmail outside U.S., $8.00) EDITOR CIRCULATION Constance E. Boone - Mr. Grytch Williams 668-8252 664-2809 3706 Rice Boulevard 6644 Belmont Houston, Texas 77005 Houston, Texas 77005 EDITORIAL STAFF Helmer Ode' 3319 Big Bend Drive Austin, Texas 78731 512-452-7794 The TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST accepts contributions for publication from ama- PB teurs, students, and professionals, subject to approval by the Editor. Manuscripts should be typed, double spaced and should be in the hands the Editor the first day of the month preceding publication dates. Photos accompanying such material are welcamed. INDEX MONOGRAPH by Dr. Helmer Odé DISTRIBUTION AND RECORDS OF THE MARINE MOLLUSCA IN THE NORTHWEST GULF OF MEXICO BIVALVIA Published in The Texas Conchologist, quarterly of THE HOUSTON CONCHOLOGY SOCIETY, INC., Volume XI (1), September, 1974 (List of References) through Volume XVII (3), April, 1981 Index prepared by Ruby McConnell FHKE HSK KEKKEIFAE HA FEKSSKESEKKHE FR EFEKHKHHKHKAEKHEEK HEE The cost of printing this Index is above normal cost of an issue of the quarterly. Texas Conchologist is sent free to some individuals and institutions. The Editor would appreciate a donation to help defray expenses of the Index. We would appreciate donations of any amount,: and we will be happy to hear from members also. Individual copies of the Index will be mailed for you or to you as extras. Contact our Circulation Chairman Grytch Williams. Charge for each issue will be $3.00. Postage for overseas mailing extra. FOES HE IEE HEE HEH FE ESE HEI SEE HEHEHE HE HE SEH FOIE SHE HEHE HET FE FEE HHI HER CK 9 ai CK 2k 2k ic 2 CK 2 2 2k ic 3 2 2 ak 2h kc i 2k 2c 22k FBiolok Hobe ACK OE EK KK KK 2k aK ok 9 2c fe 3 2k Td Rbra Xi1(2). 50, 51, S54; XVIICL), 14 abbotti, Crenella XV(4), 56 acanthodes, Aequipecten XV(4), 101 Acar XIV(3), 68; 70 Acligtethera, XVII CE), 17, -20 acrita, Nuculana (Sacella) XVI (3), 75 Acrosterigma XI (3), 60 acuta, Crassatellites (Crassinella) X1I(4), 84, 85 acuta, Nuculana (Sacella) XVI(3), 74, 75 adamsi, Arcopsis XV(1), ll, 12 adamsi,, Crassinella X1(3), 59 adamsi, Nucinella XV(1), 19 adansoni), “Lasaea c.f. XVII(2), 51 Aduta AV 0( 2) £245; 5XV(3).,' 76 Aduta sp. AiXV(3)3 (76; XV(4), 112 Acde ap) *B XIVG3),.71 aegeensis, Nucula XVI(3), 70, 71, 72 aeolata, Malletia (Tindaria?) XVI(4), 101 aeolata, Tindariopsis XVI(4), 101 aequalis, Abra (Abra) XII(2), 54, 55 aequalis, Amphidesma XII(2), 54 aequalis, Syndosmia XII(2), 54 Aequipecten XV(4), 92, 98, 100, 101, 104 Aequipecten sp. A XV(4), 103, 104 Aequipecten sp. B XV(4), 104 aequistriata, Tellina (Mérisca) XII(1), 25 aequivalvis, Corbula XIII(1), 31, 32 aequivalvis, Corbula (Tenuicorbula) XIII(1), 31; XIII(2), 53 affinis, Tagelus (Tagelus) XII(3), 8l agassizi, Meiocardia XII(3), 89 agathida, Tindariopsis XVI(4), 102 agilis, Tellina XII(2), 50 Agriopoma XII(4), 117, 121 alatus, Isognomon (Ostrea alata) XV(3), 78, 79 alba, Anodontia (Pegophysema) XIV(1), 18, 19 albicoma, Divarilima (Rima) XVI(1), 28 albida,.Patar, XIII GL)... 20 Alarens OVI el) 2 eth 19% 20, 21s 122, 1235..245.XVI1(2) 5. 48 Aligena sp. A XVII(1), 21 Aligena sp. B XVII(1), 22 Aligena sp. C XVII(1), 22 Aligena sp. D XVII(1), 22 alternata, Tellina (Eurytellina) XII(1), 22, 23; XII(2), 49 amabilis, Malletia (Tindaria) XVI(4), 101 americana, Abra (Syndosmia) longicallis XII(2), 55 americana, Glycymeris XV(1), 16, 21 americana, Lunarca XIV(3), 74 americana, Spheniopsis XIII(1), 26, 27 americanus, Modiolus XV(2), 49, 50, 55 americanus, Spondylus echinatus XV(4), 111 americanus, Spondylus XV(4), 110, 111 americanus, Solen XIII(1), 21 Americardia X1I(3), 60; XI(4), 92 78 Amerycina XVII(2), 50, 51 anianta, Bellucina XITI(4); 217 amianta, Linga (Bellucina) XIV(1), 10, 14, lax amiantus, Phacoides XIV(1), ll, 14 amplicostatus, Argopecten irradians XV(4), 98, 99, 100 amplicostatus, Pecten gibbus XV(4), 98 Amusium XV(4), 92,».93,. 94,4401 Amygdalum XV(2), 45, 48 Anadara XII(4), 108;XIV(3), 68, 725/73; 743 JaXWOp S22, Soe 95.5 LO4i2VCL).. 10 Anadara (Cunearea) XIV@4), 95 Anadarinae XIV(3), 68, °75 Anadara sp. B XIV(4), 98, 99, 100 Anatinar SIDCL hy hs he anatina, ApaAtina X11 (1); 0s anatina, Mactra Xii()), 16 angulifera, Periploma XIII(3), 74 angulosa, Tellina (Eurytellina) XII(1), 22 Aneulus XIU(1), 21. 22;XTi429, 405 45 annulata, Lucinoma?. XLEl(4),. 1.21 Anodontia, XIII (4), 116, 119; XIV.(1),. 18 Anomalocardaa XiL(3),, 933 K.01C4)... a1 O).. sal Anonda: XVEGL). oo 2a ea ey Anomia?’ sp..A, XV.Gl)e 21 Anomiacea XVI(1), 19 Anomiidae XVI(1), 19 anomzoides.. Plicatula SVLC).. Lo. 16 ansetina, Mactra. XITCL) . Fz antillarum, Cumingia XII(2), 56 antillarum, Lavignon XII(2), 56 antillarum, Lithophaga XV(3), 73 antillarum, Lyropecten XV(4), 110 antillensis, Limopsis XV(1), 16 antillensis, Sphenia*xi@) "30; Arirty, 25 apodema, Mercenaria XII(2), 110 arata, Carditamera X1(3), “54 arata,. Cypricardia XI(3),, 54 arborescens, Amydalum XV(2) 46 Arca XIV(3) 68 Arca sp. A MIV(3),, 602° XV (C1). 23 Arcacea XIV(3), 68 Areidae XTV(3); 683) XIV(4),. 922 XViCL), WOsa a4 Arcinae XIV(3), 68, 72 Arcinella XIV(2), 48, 49: KiV€3)) 665 67 J arcinella, Arcinella XIV(3), 66, 67 arcinella, Chama XIV(3)., 67 arcinella, Echinochama XIV(3), 67 Arcopis XIV(3), 682. XV(1) 591 arctica, Portlandia’ XVIi(3%s 73 Arcticacéa XIT(3),. 87 arcuata, Cuspidaria XIII(4)j {115 arenaria, Mya XIII(1), 24, 26 arenosa, Pandora (Pandorella) XIII(3), 78, 79 KS aresta..Pitar MLLL(1)...19 arestus,, Pitar 2LL(4)5 129 argentea Dimya XVI(1), 25, 24 Argopecten XV(4), 92, 98, 100, 101 aristata, Lithophaga (Myoforceps) XV(3), 75 aristatus, Mytilus XV(3), 75 armilla, Venericardia (Cyclocardia) XI(3), 53 artica, Hiatella (Mya) XIII(1), 23 Asaphis XII(3), 81, 82 aspersa, Papyridea XI(3), 63 asperula, Bentharca XV(1), 11, 15 aAstarte X1.(3), y953 ZXLII¢3), 81 Astarte sp. A XI(3), 56 Astartidae .%L(3) 5 55; -56 Asthenothaerus XIII(3), 79, 81 Asthenothaerus sp. indet XIII(3), 80 atlantica, Aclistothyra XVIII(1), 20 ab lantiea, Avicula XV(3), 77 atlantica, Cooperella c.f. XIII(1), 22 Atrvina XVL1L(3).. 765.373 78 Atrina sp...A.XViL(3) > \80 auberiana, Anomalocardia XII(4), 110 auriculata, Arca XIV(3), 104 aurora, Psammotreta (Psammotreta) XII(2), 50 Austromacoma XII(2), 45 Axinulus XIV(1), 20, 22 axaria, Hiatella XIII(1), 23 bailyi, Acar XIV(3), 71 balesi, Asthenotharus XIII(3), 80 Bankia,xiI1T(2).,.:62, 63,5 65 Bankiinae XIII(2), 62 Barbatia XIV (3).,,.68,. 70s 71 Barnea..s111 (2), 575.58 barcattrana, CorbulasXLIL(1). 30s 53h; 323 KET (2Z)5 54 bartschi, Teredo XIII(2), 63, 65 Basterotia sp. A XVII(1), 22 Bathyarca.XIV(3)}, 68; XV€1),; ‘10, “Tt baughmani, Anadara XIV(3), 75; XIV(4), 92, 93, 95, 97 98.102, 104s XVO)s b5 beana, Entodesma (Philippina) XIII(2), 68 beana, Lyonsia XIII(2); 68 bellastriata, Amphidesma XII(2); 52 bellastriats.,. seme te. XIi(2), “Si, *52% KIPC4) ‘124 Bellecina Kili(4) 3 rki se RIV (2). 12, 14515 benedicti, Chlamys XV(4); 97, 98 Bentharca XIV(3), 68; XV(4), 11 Bencharca sp. A XV(1), 11 Bentharca sp. B XV(1), 11 bermudensis, Neilo XVI(4), 102 bernardi, Condylocardia c.f. XI(3), 54 bernardi, Erycinella (Carditopsis) XI(3), 54 Bernardina XI1I(3), 87 Bernardinidae XII(3), 87, 88 Bernardina sp. A XII(3), 88 80 bicolor, Isognomon XV(3), 79 bicolor, Perna XV(3), 79 bicostata, Nuculana (Saccella) XVI(3), 76 bipennis, Leda XVI(4), 98 bipennis, Nuculana (Ledella) XVI(4), 98, 99 bisecta, Thyasira (Conchocele) XIV(1), 21 bisulcata, Lithophaga (Diberus) XV(3), 74, 75 bisulcatus, Lithodomus XV(3), 75 bitruncata, Panopea X1I(2); XIII(1), 24, 26 blanda, Cavilinga (Parvilucina) XIV(1), 11, 16 blandiana Corbula XIII(1), 29, 32 blandus, Phacoides trisulcatus XIV(1) 16 Bornia XVII(2), 49 Bornia sp. A XVII(2), 49 Bornia sp. B XVII(2), 49 Botula XVG62), .45, 50 Brachidontes XV(2).,. 434.464 504-3522, 53 brasiliana, Anadara (Cunearca) XIV(4), 94 brasiliana, Anomalocardia XII(4), 111 brasiliana, Iphigenia X1I1I(3), 85 brasilzana: »Lunarca .5IV¢3).. 73 bEasiliana, .Mactra X1i¢1),.12 brasilianum, Laevicardium XI(4), 97 brevidesma, Anadara XIV(4), 102 brevifrons, Entodesma (Agriodesma) XIII(2), 68 brevifrons, Lunarca XIV(3), 74 brevifrons, Macoma (Cydippina) XII(2), 50 brevifrons, Psammotreta (Psammotreta) XII(2), 50 brevifrons, Tellina XII(2), 50 brevis, Kennerlia XIII(3), 78 bronniana, Limea XIV(1), 29 bullisi, Lima (Acesta) XVI(1), 31 burneti, Tellidora XII(2), 44 Bushia XIII (3),.79, 81 Bushia sp. XIII(3), 81 Bushia sp. B XIII(3), 81 bushiana, Pandora (Kennerlia) XIII(3), 78 bushiana, Pandora (Pandorella) XIII(3), 78 californiana, Dimya XVI(1), 25 californica, Arcinella arcinella XIV(3), 67 ealifornica’, Gouldia X11 (4), 24 callicredemma, Nucula XVI(3), 72 Cablista: X19( 4,2 122 Callocarddia, XiL Ady \14e5 120,, 421 Callocardia sp. A XII(4), 121 Callogonia sp. indet XII(3), 90 Callogonia XII(3), 89 caloosana, Limaria XVI(1), 28 Caloosarca XIV(3), 75; XIV(4), 94, 100, 104; xv(1), 10, 21 campechiensis, Lunarca XIV(3), 74 campechiensis, Mercenaria (Venus) XII(4), 108, 109 campechiensis, Pholas (Thovana) XIII(2), 57 canaliculata.,.Labiosa. XLI(1L) ,,-L8 81 cancellaria, Barbatia XIV(3), 73 cancellaris, Bellucina XIV(1), 15 cancellata, Amphidesma XII(2), 53 cancellata, Chione (Venus) XII(4), 112, 111 candeana, Tellina (Scissula) XII(2), 51 candeanus, Malleus (Malvufundus) XV(3), 80 candida, Arca XIV(3), 71 candida, Babatia XIV(3), 72, 73,.71 Gardiacea’ X1(3)’,) 60; XII(1), 10 Gams atiae S12). 30,, X93), 60, XI(4),. 87, 91, 92 Gardionya ALIL(3S), 84, 86; XIII(4), 106, 107 Cardiomya sp. A XIII(4), 107 Cardiomya sp. B XIII(4), 107 Cardiomya sp. C XIII(4), 114 Carditacea XI(3), 52, X1(4), 87 Cardatamera’ K1(3), 52, 53 Cardidtidae’ X13), 52 carditoidea, Coralliophaga XI1I(3), 87 Cardiums XI(3), 60 caribaea; .Corbula\ (Caryocorbula) XILI{1) 31; XIII(2) 53, 54 caribaea, Martesia XIII(2), 61, 62 caribaea, Pholas XIII(2), 61 caribaeus, Solecurtus XII(3), 80 caribaeus, Tagelus XII(3), 80 carinata, Bankia (Bankiopsis) XIII(2), 66 carinata, Teredo XIII(2), 66 Cdemdtia, Strigilila X11(2),°44,.51 carméa; "Pinna ‘XVI(2), 51; XVIT(3), 76, 80 carolinensis Noetia XV(1), 15 carolinensis, Cyrena XII(3), 91 carolinensis, Pandora XIII(3), 79 caroliniana, Cyclas XII(3), 91 caroliniana, Polymesoda XII(3), 91 carpenteri, Leda XVI(3), 79 carpenteri, Nuculana (Nuculana) XVI(3), 79, 80; XVI(4), 99 Canyocorpula X1D1(1). 28,29", 30, 31,32; KXITI(2). 53 casta, Mysella XVII(1), 12, 14 castanea, Botula XV(2), 55 castanea, Modiola XV(2), 55 castaneus, Lioberus XV(2), 55 catasarca, Anadara’® (Cafoosarca)’ KIV(3), /5; XIV(4), 933, XV(1) 10 catasarca, Scapharca (Anadara) XV(1), 10 Cavilinga XIV(1), 16 centralis, Solen XII(3), 81 centrifuga, Lucina XIII(4), 118 cerina, Gafrarium XII(4), 124 cerina, Gouldia XII(4), 124 cerina, Thetis XII(4), 124 Cetoconcha sp. A XIII(3), 84, 86 ChamaoxXl¥(2), 46) =495°52-°KIV(3), 64, 65 Chama\:sp: .A,XiV@2) ,"St Chamacea XIV(2), 47 Chamidae XIV(2), 47, 48, 51; XIV(3), 64 chemnitzi, Anadara (Cunearca) XIV(4), 94, 95, 96 82 chemnitzi, Arca XIV(4), 95 chenui, Gregariella XV(3), 71 Chidiophora XIII(3), 78 chiloensis, Pholas (Thovana) XII1(2), 57 Ghiore .XLEG3) £VE3¢ 1925793: ETT4). 108. al. tie Chioninae XII(3), 93 chipolana, Limaria (Limaria) XVI(1), 28 chéttyana;. (Corboha KIT C3) 4. 'S3 Donax REC€2) , 307 °KEECS), 583, 84,.°85 donovani, Semele bellastriata XII(2), 53 dorotheae, Donax XII(3), 83, 84, 85 dorsalis, Xylophaga XIII(2), 62 Dosinia *XTE(3) 3 *9Z5 RETICLY, 16 Dosiniinae X11 (3).3.(92 Dreissena XV(2), 53 Dreissenacea XII(3), 86 Dreissenidae XII(3), 86 dubia, Cymatioa XVII(1), 19 dubiosa, Cuspidaria XIII(3), 85 eborea, Nuculana XVI(3), 77 eburnea, Divalinga XIV(1), 20 Eburneola XV(4), 92 echinatus, S. echinatus XV(4), lll Echinochama XIV(3), 66 edentula, Loripes XIV(1), 19 edentuloides, Pegophysema XIV(1), 19 egmontianum, Trachycardium X1I(3), 60; XII(1), 11 elatum, Laevicardium X1I(4), 94 electilis, Cymatioa XVII(1), 17, 19 elegans, Artemis XIII(1), 17 elegans, Bushia XIII(3), 81 elegans, Dosinia XIII(1), 17, 18 elegantulum, Dacrydium XV(2), 54 elegantulum, Dacrydium (Quendreda) XV(2), 54 elevata, Aligena XVII(1), 21 elongatum, Trachycardium XI(3), 62 Ennucula~ XV1I(3),- 72 Ensts XTERM) ,° 205 22 Entodesma XIII(2), 66, 67, 68 Eontia XV(1),' 14 equestris, Ostrea KVi(2),°44, 45, 46, 47, 49 Erodona ‘sp: A-XT1T@) ,427 Erodona KIT PC) ,' 26 Erodonidae XIII(1), 27 Ervilia REICH), 29 Erviliinae Xti(1, 19 Erycina MVIT@), 46,° 51 Erycinidae XVI1(1), £5, XVEE(2)5— 50 Eurcrassatella X1(3)',° 56,59 eucymatia, Costacallista XII(4), 122 87 eucymata, Cytherea XII(4), 122 Eulopia XIII(4), 119 Euryeellina Ril (1), 23; XIL(2); 45 Euvola XV(4), 92, 93 excolpa, Nausitora XIII(2), 65 exquisitus, Cyclopecten XV(4), 107 extenuata, Macoma (Psammacoma) XII(2), 47, 48 exustus, Brachidontes (Hormonya) XV(2), 52 Fabella sp. A XII(3), 88 Fabella sp. C XII{3), 81 fausta, Arcopagia XII(2), 51 Meramieita AIV(l), 23: XEV(2), 44, 45 fernandinae, Nucula XVI(3), 72 t2laeca., Codakia Grbiculata XTLI(4), 122 Eieea. Lucinoma AiTl (4), “i2t fimbriata, Xylotrya XIII(2), 66 fimbriatula, Bankia (Plumulella) XIII(2), 66 fFicks, Laevicardium XT(2), 29: X1(4), “93, 94, 95 flexuosa, Rangia XII(1), 15 flexuosa, Rangianella XII(1), 17 flexuosa, Strigilla XII(2), 44 floridana Ctenoides XVI(1), 32 floridana, floridana, floridena, floridana, floridana, floridana, floridana, fiorirdana, floridana, floridana, floridana, floridana, floridana, floridana, Wiadara KIV(S)2 7a? *KIV(4)., 95, 95, 100, “POL, "104 Anadara lienosa XIV(4), 100 Aligena XVII(1), 21 Carditamera (Carditamera)-x1(3).°52, 53, ° 542 °Ktr Gay, 121 Ciiama Aly (2), 52 Chama “ese. AIVG2) OZ Crassaretia Xi(3) > 59 Cyrena XII(3), 92 Gemma XIII(1), 18 Gemma magna XIII(1), 18 Luecina XTIT (4), 1r9 Eyonsia X1it¢Z)y, 67; 0 Lyonsia hyalina XIII(2), 67 Momtacuta KVILC),. 205, 21 floridanus, Megaxinus XIII(4), 117, 119 floridensis, Condylocardia X1I(3), 55 formosa, Cuspidaria XIII(3), 86 Fossor. ‘Donax XII(3), 86 Eragile, Periploma XIIT(3). 74, 76 fragilis Mysella XVII(1), 12 fragilis, Mactra (Mactrotoma) XII(1), 11, 12 fragilis, Martesia (Martesia) XIII(2), 60, 61 fragilis, Martesia (Martesia) XIII(2), 60 fragilis, opnenia Aitr tr)’, 25 Fraginae XI(3), 60; XI(4), 91, 92 fraterna, Cuspidaria XIII(3), 86 fritensis, Gemma XIII(1), 18 frondosa, Chama XIV(3), 65 frons, Lopia xVIrCl), (4, (6, 183 xXVrZ), 45, “49, SL Pugleria XIV(3), 71 tulminata, Pitar XILIG), 19 88 fulminatus, Pitar XII(4), 120 fulvescens, Murex XIII(1), 20 fusca, Botude KVC2),) 50,361 fusticola,) Nausitora, XL1(2)., 65 fusticola, Teredo XIII(2), 65 gabbi, Strigilla (Strigilla) XI(2), 30; XII(2), 44 gabra, Anomia XVI(1), 21 Galeommatidae XVII(1), 11, 17 galvestonensis, Crassinella X1(3), 57 galvestonensis, Donax XII(3), 86 galvestonensis, Eriphyla X1(3), 56 Gastrochaenacea XIII(2), 55 Gastrochaenidae XIII(2), 55 GemmaK1II (3): 925) 935) XTTTL CMSs, 1y..49 gemma, Cardiomya XIII(4), 114 gemma, Gemma XIII(1), 18 Gemminae XII(3), 93; XIII(1), 19 georgiana, Tellina XII(1), 23, 24 Geukensia XV(2), 45, 48, 50 gibba, Ostrea XV(4), 100 gibbesi, Crassatellites (Scambula) XI1(3), 59, 60 gibbosa « Plicatula KVI(1)., i4, 16;,17,.18 gibbus, Argopecten XV(4), 99, 100 gibbus, Tagelus XII(3), 80 gigantea, Callista XII(4), 123 gigantea, Cytherea XII(4), 123 gigantea, Venus XII(4), 122 glacialis, Cuspidaria XIII(3), 87 globosa, Panopea XIII(1), 24 Glossacea X11(3), 88 Glossidae XII(3), 89 Glossus: XTG4),1.421 Glycymerella XV(1), 19 Glycmerididae XV(1), 19 Glycymeris (Tucetona) sp. A XV(1), 20 glypta, Cariomya XIII(4), 106 glyptus, Aequipecten XV(4), 95, 101, 104 glyptus, Pecten XV(4), 104 Gnathodon XII(1), 14 Gobraeus XII(3), 81 Gonimyrtea XIII(4), 119 Goniocuna XI(3), 55 Gouldiay KIT (3), 923 XII(4), 123 gouldi, Bankia (Bankiella) XIII(2), 63, 65 gouldi, Xylotrya XIII(2), 65 gouldii, Lyonsia XIII(2), 68 gracilis, Petricola (Petricolaria) pholadiformis XIII(1), 20, 21 eradata,,,;Acar XIV(3), 71 granosissima, Geukensia demissa XV(2), 48 granosissimis, Modiolus demissus XV(2), 48 granulata, Neaera XIII(3), 84 granulata, Pandora (Pandorella) XIII(3), 79, 85 89 granulatus, Plectodon XIII(3), 84 granulosa, Lucina XIV(2), 46 granulosa, Thyasira XIV(1), 21 Cregariella XVL2)is.. 455, 495, XVC3) .° 59, 71 Grippina XIII(1), 26 grus., Lapes X01 (4), 116 erus, Timoclea. XII (4)... '116,\:L17 Gryphaeidae XVI(2), 44, 49 guadelupensis, Crassinella X1(3), 56, 58 guanacastensis, Trigoniocardia (Americardia) XI(4), 88 guatulcoensis, Chione (Chione) XII(4), 112 suildinegi.,, Téellina {Tellina) KIEF(Z),' 51 guineensis, Neilonella XVI(4), 102 guppyi, Americardia X1(4), 91, 92, 93 gussoni, Spondylus XV(4), 111, 112 Halodakra sp. A XII(3), 88 Halodakra XII(3), 88 hamatus, Mytilus XV(2), 53 hancocki, Verticordia XI FICS). PS, “PG hebes, Leptogorgia XV(3), 77 hebes, Leda XVI(4), 99 hebes, Nuculana XVI(4), 99 helenae, Litar SLi), 120, 121: XPELeh)y “Fs hemidesma, Anadara XV(1), 15 hemidesmos, Anadara XIV(4), 92, 95, 98; XV(1), 15 Hemimactra XII(1), 13 hemphilli, Asthenothaerus XIII(3), 80 hendersoni, Limatula XVI(1), 31 hendersoni, Limatula c.f. XVI(1), 31 Bere STV (1,)...db, 14 Heteranomia XVI(1), 21 Bexacorbula XLILG.).. 28,.29, 30, 31, °32 haans ,Gastrachaena: XT(2),. 31; XIII(2) 3°55; ‘56 hians. Pholas. XE1i (2) .,. 56 Hiatellia XELI(L). 22 HWiatellaces, XLIDGL).. 22 Hiatellidae XII(1), 22 hiatus. Cardium, X1.(3).,. 62 hippopus., Cendylocardia. X1 G3) >°55 Hippuritoidea XIV(2), 47 hottstetteris, Patar X1144).,,.. 1268 Hormomya XV(2), 50, 52, 53 hunterae, Plicatula XVI(1); 14; 16 hyalina, Lyonsia XIII(2), 67 hyalina,, Lyonsia, c.f... XiLiCZ}; 67 hyalina, Mya XIII(2), 67 Hybolophus X1I(3), 59 hyotis, Pycnodonte XVI(1), 14 hyotis, Pycnodonte. (Hyotissa) XVI(2), 49; 50, 51, 52 Hyotissa XVI(2), 49 ictericus,. Spondylus, XV(475; 110,°111,° 1172 - 90 idonea, Cytherea XII(4), 118 iliota, Barbatia ZIV(33, 7/2 imbricata, Area XIV(3), 68, 69 imbricata, Chlamys XV(4), 110 imbricata,..Pinctada, XV (3) , #7 improcera, Anadara XIV(4), 102 inaequistriata, Tellina (Eurytellina) XII(1), 24 | inaequivalvis, Periploma XIII(3), 74 incongrua, Anadara (Cunearca) XIV(4), 94 indet,. A., Nuculana, XVb63) 7275 indica, Arca XV.1.)..15 inequale, Periploma XIII(3), 74, 75 inezae, Pseudochama XIV(3), 66 inezana, Plicatula XVI(1), 18 inflata, Montacuta (Orobitella) floridana XVII(1), 21 inflata, Pandora (Pandorella) XIII(3), 78, 79 insularis, Gouldia XIII(1), 19 intapurpurea, Chione (Choniopsis) XII(4), 112 | intapurpurea, Venus XII(4), 112 intastriata, Apolymetis XII(2), 50 interrupta, Tellina XII (2).,..50 interstriata, Metis XII(2), 50 iris, Angulus (Scissula) XII(2), 43 ixvis, Tellina X%LLG2)ic 43 irradians, Pecten XV(4), 99, 100 irradians, Pecten gibbus XV(4), 99 ifrus, Cirsula ZLLC2), 43 Iischadium XV(2)., .45,, 4&5 505 253, 54 isocardia, Cardium X1I(3), 60 isocardia, Trachycardium (Trachycardium) X1I(3), 60, 61 isocardia, Ventricolaria XII(3), 93 Isognomon XIV(1), 22; XV(3), 78, 79 Isognomonidae XV(3), 78 Jagonia XIII(4), 122 jamaicensis, Nuculana XVI(3), 76 jamaicensis, Venus XIII(4), 117 jayanum, Amphidesma XII(2), 51 jeffreysi, Cuspidaria (Cuspidaria) c.f. XII1(3), 81 jeffreysi, Neaera XIII(3), 86 Jouannet ia: XL(C2Z) 930; XLIDL€2) scS%y 59 Jouannettiinae XIII(2), 57 Juliacorbpula, S11 EGl)., 29, 32 Jupiteria XVI(3), 74 Kellia XII(4), 1183 XVLLGI iy wddor 20,024 seo XVII(2), 46 : Kellia sp., A. XViLGI) «243 SVLUEZ) , -a6 Kellia, sp. B XVIL(G),,, 24; %V1LM2),;-+48 Kellia, sp... D, XVIL@) 4.48 Retiiidac, SV EuGbiced dl wd 2, 17, 20 kelseyi, Milneria c.f. X1(3), 54 kiawahensis, Lucina XIV(2), 45 kjoeriana Corbula XI11(1), 31, 323; X1EMCZ),/53 knoxiana, Corbula.xEII(})., 29.32 krebsiana, Varicorbula XIIIi(1), 28, 29 laceridens, Tellina (Eurytellina) XII(1), 23 lactuea, Chama XIV(@2Z), 51 91 Laevicardiinae XI(3), 60 Laevicardium XI(3), 60; XI(4), 91, 93, 94, 95, 96 laevigata, Tellina (Laciolina) XII(2), 50 laevigatum, Cardium X1(4), 96 laevigatum, Laevicardium XI(4), 91, 96, 97 lamellifera, Myonera XIII(3), 86 lamellifera, Neaera XIII(3), 86 lamellosa, Cumingia XII(2), 56 laminifera, Limatula XVI(1), 29 lamproleuca, Macoma (?Psammacoma) XII(2), 47 lapicida, Petricola (Petricola) XIII(1), 20 lapicida, Venus XIII(1), 20 barkinia XIV(3), 75 Basgea 4Vi1 CZ), 49, “50, “SF Lasaea sp. A XVII(1), 19 Basaea sp. B XVITC)) , “193 XVIIC(2),.. 5i Lasaea sp. C XVII(1), 19 tateratis, Mactra ‘Xff(1)., 16 ixcetalis, ‘Matinia KEC2)s 73> Ki LCL), 15, 16, 17 lateralis, ‘Muscus XV(3),°73 lateralis, Musculus (Ryenella) XV(3), 72 fateralis, Tellina Xi1I(2), 46 Hatalitaca, “Chione” (Lirophera)-KIL(4) ,..713,. 114,, 115 batiliraca, Venus Kitts). 1t3 laurenti, Pecten XV(4), 109 favalTeana, ‘Corbula-Xiiti(1)3-31 Ledella XVI(3), 74; XVI(4), 99 lediforme, Lepton XVII(2), 50 lenticula, Strigilla XII(2), 45 lenticularis, Semele XII(2), 52 lepidum, Amphidesma XVII(2), 49 lepidum, Lepton XVII(2), 49, 52 Leptaxinus” X1V.(1)-- 20222 Leptaxinus sp. A XIV(1), 23 fepton KVIT(2Z),,” 49', 50 Leptonacea XVII(1), 11 Cestoniage XVITeT), 11: XVILCZ), 49 Leptonias AIP(4) 5° Ss XViIPG_)s 207 XVILC2).,. 48, 50 Lepton sp. A XVII(2), 50 Eepton sp. B'XVIPC!).. 23 RVLE(2)5 50 leptonoidea, Macoma XII(2), 51 leucocyma, Pleurolucina XIV(1), 11 leucocymoides, Pleurolucina XIV(1), 11 leucopheata, Congeria XII(3), 86 leucopheata, Mytilopsis XII(3), 86 leucopheatus, Mytilus XII(3), 86 lieberkindi, Teredo XIII(2), 64 lienosa, Anadara XIV(4), 100 ligneus, Modiolus XV(2), 55 Pane ovitig, 222° 265 "25 Lima (Limaria) sp. A XVI(1), 27 liga, Lima’ (Lima) XVI (1) ,°26 Lima, Ostrea XVI(1), 26 92 Limaceéa KVICE) 7425 Limaria XVI(1), 28 LimatutaXvicthy}, 255.729, 6351 Limatula sp. A XVI(1), 29 Limatula*sp. B° 94 listeri, Pedalion XV(3), 79 listeri, Periglypta XII(3), 94 listeri, Tellina’ (Tedllinelia) XTI(2), 50 Lithopnacs “x1 1(3)° 87's" XV(2);, 4535 SVC 7S Lithophaga sp. A XV(3), 73 Liyhophaginae XV(2), 45 locklint,~ lina (fimari a) kV PCY) , .26 Lopha* kVEChy, tee AVEO). 445 49 lowei, Chlamys XV(4), 98 lucasana, Nuculana XVI(4), 98 iuCing XITi¢4y, 1165 Per, Pte, 2199 124 Lucinacea~ xii (4), Mle: XIV(2)..48 Lucinidaé’ X11i (4), 1416 Lucinids XE), T6>° XIVUiD, le Lucininae XTI1 (4), Fo, LUZ Lucittiisca XITT Cy}, LL? Lucinoma KEFLIC4), 116. .°1195 * Bar Lucinopsis XIII(1), 16 Lunarea “XiV63); -68. 73/753 ZIV), "93 twitulata;Astarte -XE(3),> 56 lunulata,;-‘Crassinella XF(2);. 31; X1.Q3),.°56,°57,'58,, 995 eee lunulata, Eriphyla X1I(3), 57 lunulata, Tellidora XII(2), 43 93 luvide., Baxbatia. ¥IV{3),,73 Lyonsia. XLLI42), 665,67, 68 Lyonsia ? sp. indet XIII(2), 68 Lyonsiid XIII(2), 68 Lyonsiidae XIII(2), 66 Lyrodus XIII(2), 62, 64 Lyropecten XV(4), 94 macerophylla, Chama XIV(2), 50; XIV(3), 64 macneili XV(1), 15 Macema,. X11 (1) 5.213: XLLAZ) {7 430+ 50648211 03},,,80 Macoma sp. A XII(2), 40 Macoma-Psammotreta XII(1), 22 Macominae X1i(1), 21; XIT¢2), 45 Macrocallista.Xii (3) 4.92 5 wht (456121, 122 Mactra. XI LiL) dhs kz Mactra (Mactrotoma) sp. indet XII(1), 12 Mactracea XII(1), 11 mactracea, Astarte X1(3), 56 Macttracea; Crassinella XK1(3), 52 Mactridae.x1(2) 2430; XII(1), 11 Mactrinae XII(1), 1l maculatas,Gallista XILI(4), 123 maculata, Macrocallista (Paradione), XEL(4).« 1:22,..123 maculata, Venus;XIT(4), 125 magdalenae, Ventricolaria XI1I(3), 94 magna, Gemma XIII(1), 18 magna, Noetia XV(1), 15 magna, Tellina (Laciolina) XII(1), 25 magnum, Cardium X1I(3), 62; XI(4), 92 magnum, Trachycardium (Acrosterigma) X1(4), 62 Malleidae XV(3), 80 malleolus, Teredora XIII(2), 66 Mallhetia XVI.(4),; 102 Malletiidae XV1I(3), 73; XVI(4), 101, 102 Malletia sp. A XVI(3), 74 Malleus XV(3), 80 manhattensis, Gemma XIII(1), 18 manalensis, Cormbicmla cif. @LL(3>),. 94 mansfieldi, Cardiomya XIII(4), 115 Manzanellidae XV(1), 19 Margaritaceum, Periploma XIII(3), 74, 75, 76 mariae, Chione (Lirophora) XII(4), 116 maritima, Barnea XIII(2), 62 maritima, Pholas XIII(2), 62 maritima, Pseudocyrena XII(3), 92 martenicensis, Tellina (Merisca) XII(2), 50 Martessa.x16142) 457, 60, 61, 62: XVILGL), 24 Martesiinae XIII(2), 57 martinicensis, ( Crassine ida; XI (3) 57,; 58 maura, Atrina XVII(3), 77 mazatlanica, Parvilucina XIV(1), 17 mazycki, Chione XII(4), 112 media, Americardia XI(4), 88, 91 94 media, Cuspidaria XIII(4), 115 medium, Cardium XI(4), 88 medius, Pecten XV(4), 93 Megacrenella XV(2), 56 Megapitaria XII(4), 122 megas, Crenella XV(2), 56 megas, Solamen XV(2), 56 Megaxinus XIII(4), 116, 117, 119 megotara, Psiloteredo XIII(2), 66 Meiocardia XII(3), 89 mendica, Rangianella XII(1), 17 mera, Tellina (Angulus) XII(2), 50 Mercenaria, XT1(3)./92; XL1(4), 108, 110, 115: Rill) os ae pag ges eae fe mercenaria, Mercenaria XII(4), 108, 109 mercenaria, Venus XII(4), 108, 109, 110 mercenaria, Venus mercenaria XII(4), 109 Meretricinae XII(3), 92 Merisca, XEE(2), 45 Mesodesmatidae XII(1), 19, 20 Mesopleura XII(3), 80 messanensis, Nuculana XVI(4), 99 mexicana, Ctena XIV(1), 10 Microcardium Xi(2), S05 XE(3), 60s ‘XI (4).,. 97 Microcardium sp. A XII(1), 11 Microelorpies: XILI(4),.; dG, 7s XIVG.,). A.7,,.08 Microloripes sp. B XIV(1), 18 microrhina, Cuspidaria (Cuspidaria) XIII(3), 87, 88 microrhina, CUspidaria rostrata XIII(3), 87 Microstagon XIV(2), 44 Milthinae XIII(4), 116, 119 minor, fnsis 4 KET (CL). 2 minuta, Limopsis XV(1), 18 minutus, Leptaxinus XIV(1), 23 mirabilis, Strieiida SLrCt):, 19 mirabilis, Strigtilla (Pisostriei lla) XIT(2).,. 44 mirabilis, Tellina XII(2), 44 mirae, Diplodonta XIV(2), 47 mirmidina, Yoldiella XV1I(4), 101 mitehel li... Macoma, Xi (2)... 29s XIT@) >; Ad,” 4/7,..49: SUL mitchelli, Psammacoma XII(2), 45 modesta, Tellina XII(2), 42 modesta, Transsenella XII(4), 117 Modiolinae XV(2), 45 Modiolus, XV(2).. 45, 48, 49 Modiolus sp. A XV(2), 50, 51 modiolus, Brachidontes (Brachidontes) XV(2), 52 Montacuta XIII(1), 27 Montacutid XVII(1), 20 Montacutidae XVII(1), 11, 20 morrhuana, Pitar XII(4), 119- 95 morrisoni’, Thracia (Ixartia) XIII(3),.80 morsitans, Chione XII(4), 112 mortoni, Cardium X1(4), 95 mortoni, Laevicardium X1I(4), 95 mortoni, Venus mercenaria var. XII(4), 108, 109 mMatanta KIiT(1), 19.°13, 14, 25, AGs Lis X1IC4), 108 multicostata, Glycymeris (Tucetona) XV(1), 20 multicostata, Periglypta XII(3), 94 multilineata, Lucina XIV(1), 16 multilineata, “Parvilucina (Parvilucina) XIV(1), 16,. 17, 18 multisquamata, Chlamys XV(4), 95, 96 maricata, Pinna XVII(3), 7/7, 78 muricatum, Cardium X1I(3), 61 muricatum, Trachycardium (Dallocardia) X1(3), 61 muscosus, Aequipecten (Pecten) XV(4), 98, 101, 102 Musculus *XV(2),° 45, 49; “xV@3),. 72 mutabilis, Arca XTV(3), 69 mutica, Cumingia- XTI(2), 55 Mya XIII(1), 24 Myacea XIII(1), 24 Mydora XIII(3), 81 Myidae XIII(1), 24, 25 Myochamidae XIII(3), 81 Myoidea X1I(2), 30 Myonera XIII(3), 84, 86 Mrrtea Xit1 (4), 116, 117,’119, 120 Myrtea sp. A XIII(4), 120 Myrtea sp. B XIII(4), 120 Myrteids XIII(4), 121 Myrteinae XTL1(4), 176,117,119 Myrteopsis XIII(4), 119 myeerra AVTPCT), FT, 12, 14, 17, 19,205 -245 -RVEL(2) ,. 30 Myseljia sp>-A XVII(1),, 12. 13 Mysella sp. B XVII(1), 14, 15 Mysella sp. C XVII(1), 14, 15 Mysella sp. D XVII(1), 14 Mysella sp. E XVII(1), 14 Mysella ‘sp. “F XVII(T), ¥3, 15 Myselia ‘sp. ‘© XVII(1), 15, 16 Mysella sp. K XVII(1), 15, 16 Mysella sp. M XVII(1), 15 Mysia XIII(1), 16 Mytilacea XV(2), 45 Mreriid* Xi1(3), 8h, XV(@), 54 Mytilidae XV(2), 45, 54; XV(3), 69 Mytiliform XII(3), 86 Mytilinae XV(2), 45 Mytilopsis XII(3), 86 nana, Astarte (Astarte) XI(3),,.55 Nanopitar XII(3), 92 96 nanus, Cyelopecten .XV(4), 92, 93, 105, 107,103 nassula, Lucina (Lucinisca) XIII(4), 118 nastula, Rangia XII(1), 14 mastuta, Mactra (Mactrotoma) XII(1), 13 nasuta, Carycorbula XIII(2), 54 nasuta, Corbula XIII(2), 54 nasuta, Rangia cuneata XII(1), 14 nasutus, Gnathodon cuneatus XII(1), 14 Nati#ea MEV(3)y° Gs Nausitora *XII1(2),-62,.°65 navalis, Teredo XIII(2), 63 negritensis, Mysella XVII(1), 14 Neilo sp. A XVI(4), 102 Neilo sp. B XVI(4), 102 Neilonella XVI(4), 102 Neilonella sp. A XVI(4), 102 Neilonella sp. B XVI(4), 102 Nemocardium X1I(4), 97 newtoniana, Basterotia XIII(3), 80 niger, Lithodomus XV(3), 73 nigra, Lithophaga (Lithophaga) XV(3), 73, 74 himbosa, -Macrocal lista’ X11(4)50 1225 “t23 nimbosa, Venus XII(4), 122 nitens);! Ervilia’ XII (1)5.20 nitens, Prestigloma XVI(4), 101 nitens, Tellina (Eurytellina) XII(1), 23 Nodipecten XV(4), 92, 94, 108 nodosa, Ostrea XV(4), 94 nodosus, Lyropecten (Nodipecten) XV(4), 94 Noet ia Kav (3) ,. 6Bs, XVU1),. 14, 55 Noetiidae XViG1),° 12), 14 notabilis, Anadara (Caloosarca) XIV(4), 104; xXv(@i), 2? notata, Venus mercenaria XII(4), 108, 109 Notocorbula XIII(1), 28 nucea, Aligena XVII(1), 21 Nucinella XV(1), 19 nucleata, Bathyarca XV(1), 11 nucleiformis, Diplodonta XIV(2), 47 nucleus, Argopecten XV(4), 100 Nucula XVI(3)% 71 Nucula sp. .AXVLG), 725° KVIG), 98 Nuculacea XVI(3), 71 Nuewlana’ XViC3),. 7330 745, XVI(4) ,* 99, 100 Nuculana sp. A (Saccella) XVI(3), 76 Nuculana sp. B.XVI(4), 98, 99, 100 Nuculana sp. C (Jupiteria?) XVI(4), 100, 101 Nuculana sp. D (Jupiteria?) XVI(4), 99, 108 Nuculana sp. F XVI(3), 75 Nuculanacea XVI(3), 73 Nuculanidae XViI(3), #3. 743 XVEG),. 103 Nuculidae XVI(3), 71; XVI(4), 103 nuculoides, Amphidesma XII(2), 53 oF nuculoides, Semele XII(2), 51; XVII(1), 14 nuculoides, Semelina XII(1), 19; XII(2), 53 obesa, Cuspidaria XIII1(3), 86 obesa, Donax XII(3), 85 obliqua, Melina (Perna) XV(3), 79 obliqua, Semele XII(2), 52 obliqua, Tellina XII(2), 52 obliterata, Chionée @irophora) XTi(4), 114, 115 obliterata, Nucula XVI(3), 72 oblonga, Mactra XII(1), 12 oblonga, Orobitella XVII(1), 23 occidentalis, Arca XIV(3), 68 occidentalis, Soleyma XVI(4), 103 olssoni, Chione (Choniopsis) XII(4), 113 operculata, Corbula XIII(1), 28 operculata, Sanguinolaria (Psammotella) XII1(3), 83 operculata, Varicorbula XIII(1), 28, 29 @pitex XV(3), 70, 71 opifex, Gregariella XV(3), 70, 71, 72, 75 orbiculare, Periploma(Periploma?) XIII(3), 75 oroicularis, “Codakia ‘XLFE(4), 1i7, 121, 122 orbicularis, Venus XIII(4), 121 orbiculata, Amphidesma XII(2), 51 orbiculata, Arca pectunculoides XV(1), 10 Greniculata, Bathyarcaie.f.4RVi1),,-10,.11 Serpoiculata, Ctena KTLII(4), 122 orbiculata, Semele XII(2), 51 erpiculata, Venus XT-11(4).,) 122 orbignyi, Arca XIV(4), 95 orbignyi, Cardiomya XIII(4), 106 orientalis, Cymatoica XII(2), 49 ornata, Nuculana (Saccella) XVI(3), 75 ornata, Trigonulina XIII(4), 115 ornata, Verticordia (Trigonulina) XIII(4), 115, 116 ornatissima, Cardiomya XIII(4), 106, 107, 114 ornatissima, Sphena XIII(4), 106 Oropitelia KViI(i), 22,.20, 22, 23 Orobitella sp. A XVII(1), 23 Orobitella sp. B XVII(1), 23 Orobitella sp. C XVII(1), 23; XVII(2), 49 Ostrea sp. A XVI(2), 47, 48 Ostrea XV(3), 80; XVI(2), 44 Ostreacea XVI(2), 44 Ostreidae XVI(2), 44 ovalic. Arca XIVG3)s 74 ovalic, lunarea XIV (3)..) 743 KIVG), 104s. XVC1L), 14 ovata, Gastrochaena XIII(2), 56 pachia, Yoldiella XVI(4), 101 pacifica, Arca XIV(3), 69 pacifica, Crassinella X1I(3), 57 pacifica, Semele XII(2), 53 pallidulum, Amygdalum XV(2), 46 98 Palliolum XV (4). 92 935 ,005,.4164 Palliolum sp. A XV(4), 109 Palliolum sp. B XV(4),, 109 palmarae, Noetia XV(1), 15 palmeri, Abra XII(2), 54 panamense, Nemocardium (Microcardium) XII(1), 11 panamensis, Bushia XIII(3), 81 panamensis, Cooperella XIII(1), 22 panamensis, Teredo (Teredora) XIII(2), 64 panamensis, Uperotus XIII(2), 64 panamensis, Yoldia (Orthoyoldia) XVI(3), 73 Pandora XTIIC3)..7/ Pandoracea XIII(2), 66 Pandoridae XIII(3), 77 Panomioides XVI(1), 14 Panope XIII(1), 24 Panopea XIII(1), 22, 24 paphia, Chione. (Liroephora) XUI(4)., BES. “ita uts. “186 paphia, Venus XII(4), 116 paprecea, Lithophaga XV(2), 46 papyracea, Pleuronectia XV(4), 94 papyraceum, Amusium XV(4), 94, 105, 109 papyratium, Periploma XII1(3), 74, 75, 76 papyria, Modiola XV(2), 45 Papyridae KL(3),.,, .6U,,.602:> XL). G7. OF Papyridea sp. A XI(4), 87, 90 papyrium, Amygdalum XV(2), 45, 46, 47 parallela, Petricola XIII(1), 21 Paramya XILLCE) 5. 240 2do5.30 Parastarne. XILLCL).., 19 Parastatte aul Gas 93 Particoma XIII(2), 60 | parva, Thetis X1I(3), 56 | Parvilucina XIII(4), 116, 117; XIV(1), 14, "16; XvII(2)) 48 Parvilucina (Microloripes?) sp. A XIV(1), 18 | Parvilucina (Parvilucina) sp. A XIV(1), 17 | pauperata, Tellina XII(2), 40 ! pecta, Timoclea XII(4), 117 Pecten XV(4), 92, 93, 94 Pectinacea XV(4), 92; XVI(1), 24 pectinata, Arca XV(1), 20 pectinata, Glycymeris (Tucetona) XV(1), 20 pectinata, Jouannetia XIII(2), 60 pectinata, Linga XIV(1), 14 pectinata, Lucina. (Lucina) XE). 17 péeetinata,. Tellina X11). L17 Pectinidae XV(4), 92 | Pectunculina XV(1), 16 { pedicellatus, Lyrodus XIII(2), 64 pedicellatus, Teredo XIII(2), 64 Pegophysema XIV(1), 18 pellucida, Lima (Limaria) XVI(1), 26, 27, 26 2) pensylvancia, Linga XIII(4), 117; XIV(1), 14 pensylvanica, Venus XIV(1), 14 paramabile, Cardium (Fulvia) XII(1), 10 peramabile, Microcardium XII(1), 10, 11 Periglypta XII(3), 92, 94 Periploma XLII(¢2), 543; SLILL¢3), 74, °76 Periploma sp. indet XIII(3), 76 Periplomatidae XIII(3), 74 periscopiana, Amerycina XVII(2), 51 periscopiana, Erycina XVII(2), 51 permollis, Ostrea XVI (2), 47 pernambucensis, Nucula XVI(3), 72 perplana, Pteromeris X1I(3), 54, 58 perrostrata, Cardiomya XIII(4), 107, 114 perrostrata, Neaera (ornatissima d'Orb. var?) XIII(4), 107 peruvianus, Donax XII(3), 84 peterburgensis(?), Anadara XIV(4), 102, 104 Perricola. SI1L1(1).0165. 20 Perricolaria x*111(1), 20 Petricolidae XIII(1), 20 Pexata, Lunarca, XIV(3), 74 phaseola, Amerycina XVII(2), 52 phaseolina, Thracia XIII(3), 81 Phittipina, 111 (2). .68 philippiana, Anodontia (Pegophysema) XIV(1), 18, 19 philippiana, Lucina XIV(1), 18 Philobryidae XV(1), 16 Phlyctiderma XIV(1), 23, 24, XIV(2), 45 Photadidae X1(2)., 303. X1TLL(2) #556 pnoladiformis, Petricola XIEE(1), 20; 21 Pholadinae XIII (2)... 56, 5/ Pholadomyoidea XIII(2), 66 Pholadopsis XIII(2), 59 phrygium, Aequipecten XV(4), 101, 104 pictum, Laevicardium (Liocardium) X1(4), 93, 94 pilua, Venus XIII(1), 19 pilula, Callocardia (Vesicomya) XII(3), 89 pilula, Diplodonta XII(3), 89 prniia, Nanopitar XVIL(@), 51 pivula, Vesicomya XI(2).., Os Xi43) ,. 58%‘ KI1 (3), 89. 90. XEVEL), 23 Pinctada) XV.(3)\, JV Pinna XVII(3).,,/6, 4/7 Pinnacea XVII(3), 76 Pinnidae XVII(3), 76 Ppinnulatum, Cerastoderma X1I(3), 52; XII(1), 11 Pisostrigilla XII(2), 44 Piese BLit4), Liz, 246, M892 5420-" 19T ox V2) ,. 46 Picat sp. A.X1L1(4),, £2085 421 Pitar sp. B.X11(4),-120 Pitar sp. C_X1i(4), L214 Pieareliakiit4), tis, Lh Pitorenus XLI(4), 117.5 119, 121 Patarinae Ki(Z), 30:-.51163), .92 100 Pitars X1(2), 303 XIIG). 925931 104)2 820g 32s Pithynella XVII(1), 11 planulata, Kellia XVII(1), 12 planulata, Mysella XVII(1), 12, 15, 21 platessa, Leda XVI(4), 99 platessa, Nuculana (Propeleda) XVI(4), 99 platessa, Propeleda XV1I(3), 79 plebeius, Solen XII(3), 80 plebeius, Tagelus (Tagelus)XII(3), 80, 81 Plectodon XIII(3), 84 Plevrolucina XIII(4);5 116; XIVG@),’ 20, 21.) 14035 Pleuromeris KI(3), 52,-53 plicatella, Lutraria XII(1), 18 plicatella, Raeta XII(1), 18 Plicatula*XVI(1),°24, 15,, 164, bey EVE) 49 Plicatula sp. A XVI(1), 14 Pli¢attila sp. B«XVI@1), 15 Pltceataia sp. € XVI(1), 16; 18 plicatula, Modiola XV(2), 48 Plicatulidae XVI(1), 14 plicatura, A. XIV(4), 102 Pododesmus XVI(1), 21, 23 Pododesmus (Tedinia?) sp. A XVI(1), 23 polita, Modiola XV(2), 46 polita, Tellina XII(2), 41 politum, Amygdalum XV(2), 46 Polychaetes XVII(1), 11 Polymesoda XII(3), 90, 91 ponderosa, Dosinia XIII(1), 18 ponderosa, Noetia (Eontia) XIV(3), 74; XIV(4), 94; XV(1), 14, 15 pontchartrainensis, Mulinia XII(1), 15 pontchartrainensis, Rangianella XII(1), 17 Poromya XIII(1), 26; XIII(3), 85 Poromyacea X1(2), 32; X1I(3), 52; X1(4), 843 XII@),/a0 Poromya (Cetomya?) sp. A XIII(3), 85 Poromyidae XIII(3), 85 Portlandia XVI(3), 73 Portlandia sp. A XVI(3),, 73 pourtalesianum, Amusium (Propeamussium) XV(4), 103, 109 Prepeleda XVI(3), 74 princeps, Spondylus xXV(4), 110, 111 pristiphora, Myrtea (Gonimyrtea) XIII(4), 120 pristiphora, Tellina (Phyllodina) XII(1), 25 pristipleura, Trachycardium (Acrosterigma) XI1(3), 62 probinus, Angulus (Angulus) XII(2), 40 probrinus, Tellina (Angulus) XII(2), 40 proficua, Semele XII(2), 51, 52; XIII(4), 120 proficua, Tellina XII(2), 51 prolongata, ? Cavilinga XIV(1), 16 promera, Tellina XII(2), 50 Propeamussiinae XV(4), 92 Propeamussium XV(4), 92, 107, 108 101 Protocardiinae XI(3), 60 protractus, Donax roemeri XII(3), 83, 85 proxima, Nucula XVI(3), 71 Psammacoma XII(2), 45, 49 Psammobiidae XII(3), 81 Psammobiinae XII(3), 81 Psammotella XII(3), 82 Psammotreta XII(1), 213; XII(2), 45, 50 Psammotreta xp. A XII(2), 50 Pseudochama XIV(2), 48, 49, 52; XIV(3), 65 Pseudochama XIV(3), 65, 66 Pseudocyrena XII(3), 90, 92; XVII(2), 51 pseudomera, Macoma (Macoma) XII(2), 45 Pseudomiltha XIII(4), 117, 119 pseudotulipus, Modiolus XV(2), 50 Prerianskd 17(2) 5) 688 7XV(3) £277 Pteriacea XV(3), 77 Pteriid XV(3), 80 Pteriidae XV(3), 77 PEeromeris X1I(3), 52, 54 Pteropsellinae XII(1), 11 pubera, Chione (Chioniopsis) XIII(1), 19 pulleyi, Macoma (Psammacoma) XII(2), 46, 47 punctata, Amphidesma XIV(2), 44 punctata, Diplodonta XIV(2), 44, 45 purpurascens, Semele XII(2), 51, 52 purpurascens, Venus XII(2), 52 purpurea, Cyrena XIII(1), 18 purpurea, Gemma X1I(3), 55; XIII(1), 18 pusilla, Martesia XIII(2), 60, 61 pusio, Leda XVI(4), 102 Pycnodonte XVI(2), 49 Pyenodonten spt: Ac KVL.(2)4::50, 952 Pycnodonteinae XVI(2), 49 pygmaea, Chione XIII(1), 19 pygmaeus, Axinulus c.f. XIV(1), 22 Pythinella XVII(1), 17 quadrangularis, Yoldiella XVI(4), 101 quadrisulcata, Divaricella(Divalinga) XIV(1), 20 Quebdreda XV(2), 54 quillingi, Jouannetia (Pholadopsis) XIII(2), 59 radians, Chama XIV(3), 65 radians, Pseudochama XIV(3), 65, 66 radiata, Margaritiphora XV(3), 78 radiata, Pandora (Pandorella) XIII(3), 78 radiata, Perna XV(3), 79 GFadzata,. Pinctada xXV(3), 78 radiata, Tellina (Tellina) XII(1), 26 radiatus, Isognomon XV(3), 79 Raeta- X11 (4)4) 11,18 ramosa,e Plicatala’ XVI(1) 44 19 Rawedat X11 (295i 2d) 03,7 14,5 17 102 Rangianella X1(Z), 305 XIL(1), It, “Is deba seas be raveneli, Pecten (Euvola) XV(4), 92, 93 raveneli, Spisula solidissima XII(1), 13 reclusa, Téellina. (Merisca) “X1II(1),°25 recognitus, Isognomon XV(3), 79 recurvum, Ischadium XV(2), 50 reeveana, Barbatia, XIV(3), 72 refescens, Soletellina XII(3), 83 rehderi, Timothymus XIV(2), 47 reticulata, Acar XIV@3);,°70 reticulata, Semele XII(2), 51 reticulata, Tellina XEP(2)}2\51 reversa, Noetia XV(1), 15 rhizophorae, Crassostrea XVI(2), 49 Rhomboidella XV(2), 56 tleida, Atrina- FVILisy, 77. 7a rigida, Ventricolaria Zf1 (3), 93, 94 rigida, Venus XII(3), 93 robusta, Rupellaria XIII(1), 22 robustum, Cardium XI(4), 92 robustum, Dinocardium XI(2), 30, 31; (X1(3)3;/62:.XE(4)es8hya9e robustum, Laevicardium (Dinocardium) XI(4), 91 Rocellaria KITTI(2Z)£355 roemeri, Donax XII(3), 83, 84 roemeri, Donax roemeri XII(3), 83, 85, 86 rombergi, Strigilla XII(2), 45 rosea, Sanquinolaria XII(3), 82 rostrata, Anomalocardia XII(4), 180 rostrata, Poromya (Poromya) XIII(3), 85 rostrata, Venus (Anomalocardia) XII(4), 111 rubra,, Lasaea ZVIT(2Z). 90, ol rubricara,,leLlana, AIT(2Z), 4) rudis, FP. xVilta). 76 rudis, Placunanomia XVI(1), 21 rudis, Pododesmus KVI(1), 21,°22,°23'3, KVI(2)% 47 refipunctatus, Malleus (Malvufundus) XV(3), 80 rugatina, Ventricolaria XII(3), 93, 94 rugatina, Venus XII(3), 93 rugosa, Pinna XVII(3), 76 rugulosa, ?Gastrochaena XIII(2), 56 Rupellaria Xi UiA1)7," 20,7 21 Ryenella Xv(3), 72 Saccella AVIC3), 7a. 76 sagittatum, Amygdalum XV(2), 46 sagittatus, Modiolus (Amygdalum) XV(2), 46 sagrinata, Bentharca XV(1), 15 sagrinata, Lucina XIII(4), 119 sagrinata, Myrtea (Myrtea) XIII(4), 119 sagrinata, Saxicavella XIII(1), 23 sallei, Congeria XII(3), 86 sallei, Mytilopsis XII(3), 86 salvadoricus, Lioberus XV(2), 55 sanctaemarthae, Solecurtus XII(3), 80 103 sanctaemarthae, Solen XII(3), 80 Sanguinolaria XI1(3), 81, 82 Sanguinolariinae XII(3), 81 sanguinolenta, Sanguinolaria XII(3), 82 sanguinolenta, Solen XII(3), 82 Saturnia XVEP@), LOY 102 Saxicavel@ XIITQ), 22, ‘23 sayi; Tellina XIT(2), 41, 42 scaber, Plectodon XIII(3), 84 seabra’, “Ctenoides XVI(1T); 31,° 32 scabra, Ostrea XVI(1), 31 scalaris, Spheniopsis XIII(1), 26 Scambulinae XI(3), 56 schrammi, Anodontia XIV(1), 18 schrammi, Loripinus XIV(1), 19 schrammi, Lucina XIV(1), 18 beassula’ RIP), 22: KIVCL), 40 sechura, Orobitella XVI1(1y; 23 Seeétiarca’ XTV(3), 75 Seneve’ X11 (2), 52, 53 Semelidae: XI(2), 30; XI1I{2), 51 seme lina’ X11(2),° 51, 53 semen, Nuculana XVI(4), 101 semiaspera, Diplodonta XIV(2), 46 semiasperum, Phlyctiderma XIV(2), 46 semicostata, Modiola plicatula XV(2), 48 seminuday-~Atrina xXV1I1(3) , 77% 78,° 79, -60 seminuda, Atrina (Servatrina) XVII(3), 76 semi-nuda, Pinna XVII(3), 77 semireticulata, Lucina XIV(2), 46 semirugosa, Cyathodonta XIII(3), 81 semisulcatum, Cardium X1I(4), 88 semisulcatum, Papyridea c.f. XI(4), 88 senticosum, Trachycardium (Dallocardia) XI(3), 62 sentis, Chlamys XV(4), 95, 109 eericata,’ ?Felaniella’ XIV(2), 45 serracorbula* XIi1(G1),+ 31 pereato, Atrina’ KIV(4)>' 1O02- XVI1(3), 77, 79 serrata, Atrina (Servatrina) XV11(3) 5°77 serrata, Pinna XVii (3); +77 serratum, Cardium X1I(4), 97 serratum, Laevicardium XI(4), 96 serrei, Nucinella XV(1), 19 Servattina-XV1I1I(3); 76 setifera,'Limatula XVI(1), 29 Sheldonella XV(1), 14 siliqua, Macoma (Psammacoma) siliqua XII(2), 48 similis, Maetra XI1(1), 13 similis, Spisula (Hemimactra) solidissima) XII(1), 13 similis, Spisula solidissima XII(1), 13 simplex, Anomia XVI(1), 19, 21, 23 simponsi, Pitarella XII(4), 120 singleyi, Cyclinella XIII(1), 16 104 sinuosa, Chama XIV(2), 50, 52 smithii,.€arditelia Z1(3)3; 754 smithii, Diplothyra XIII(2), 61, 62 Solamen XV(2),.455 49; 556 Solamen (Rhomboidella) sp. A XV(2), 56 Solecurtidae KI(2)6430; *811(3) 37979 Solecurtus XL1(€3)..79y)80 Solemya XVI(4), 103 Soleyma sp. A XVI(4), 103 Solemyacea XVI(4), 103 Solemycidae XVI(4), 103 Solen XII(1), 20 Solenacea XII(1), 20 Solenidae XII(1), 20 soleniforme, Cardium XI(3), 62 soleniformis, Adula soleniformis XV(3), 76 soleniformis, Papyridea X1(3), 62; X1(4), 87, 88, 89 solenoides, Yoldia (Orthoyoldia) XVI(3), 73 solida, Arcopsis XV(1), 13 selidiesimay.MactragXti(i);\13 solidula, Leda XV1I(4), 100 solidula, Nuculana (Sacella?) XVI(4), 100 sombrerensis, Lucina XIV(1), 11 sombrerensis, Pleurolucina XIV(1), 11, 16 soror, Diplodonta XIV(2), 44, 45; XVII(2), 49 soror, Felaniella (Zemysia?) XIV(2), 44, 45 sorer, -Lucina, XIV(2), 45 soror, Phlyctiderma XIV(2), 45 souleyetiana, Macoma XII(2), 47 sparsilineata, Semele XII(2), 52 spathuliferus, Spondylus XV(4), 111 speciosa, Crassatella XI(3), 59 speciosa, Eucrassatella (Hybolophus) XI(3), 59 speciosa, Varicorbula XIII(1), 29 spectralis, Glycymeris (Glycymeris) XV(1), 19, 21 Sphenia XIII(1), 24, 25 Spheniodsid XIII(1), 27 Spheniopid XIII(1), 26 Spheniopsidae XIII(1), 26 Spheniopsis XI(2), 30; XI1(4), 111; XIII(1), 26 Spheniopsis sp. A. XIII(1), 27 spherica, Anodontia (Pegophysema) XIV(1), 19 Spinosipella XIII(4), 115 Spisubaikliti) s\iiyei3 Spondylidae XV(4), 110 Spondylids XV(4), 110 Spondylus XIV(3).;.65; .XV(4),,,,110, 111; XV1(2), 51.52: eee ee springeri, Anadara XIV(4), 95, 98 squamifera, Phylloda XII(1), 24 squamifera, Tellina (Phyllodina) XII(1), 24 squamosa, Chione (Timoclea) XII(4), 117 squamosissima, Pinna XVII(3), 77 105 squamosus, Modiolus modiolus XV(2), 49 stimpsoni, Gastrochaena XIII(2), 55, 56 stimpsoni, Thracia XIII(3), 80 Striarcinae XIV(3), 68 striata, Cardiomya XIII(4), 114 striata, Martesia (Martesia) XIII(2), 60 striata, Neaera XIII(4), 114 striata, Pholas XIIT(2), 60 Bericilia X10), 213. XIL@), Aa strigillina, Cytherea (Ventricola) XII(3), 94 eecteriiinus, Circomphalus, XII(3), 93,..94 subauriculata, Limatula XVI(1), 31 subdola, Nucinella XV(1), 19 sublaevis, Pythinella XVII(1), 17 subnodosus, Lyropecten (Nodipecten) XV(4), 95 suboricularis, Kellia var. gouldii XVII(1), 24 suborbicularis, Kellia XVII(1), 24; XVII(2),, 48 subovata, Myalina XIII(1), 25 a subovata, Paramya XIII(1), 25 subquadrata, Diplodonta XIV(2), 44 subquadrata, Semelina XII(2), 53 subtilis, Glycymeris (Tucetona) XV(1), 20 subtumida, Nuculana XVI(4), 99 subtrigona, Halodakra XII(3), 88 subtruncata, Barnea (Anchomesa) XIII(2), 59 subviridis, Lasaea XVII(2), 51 suffusa, Tellina (Angulus) XII(2), 43 moeata, Limopsis, (Limopsis). -2V(1),:16..,16,, 17. 21 suprema, ? Diplodonta XIV(2), 47 martian ALLLC1).. 315 XErICl). 32 icrcaans, GCoriuia Ait. 1) SD 43h, S2ee RL Lit 2) 225 33,94 Eyparitica, Tellina XII(2), 41, 42,.43 sybariticum, Laevicardium XI(4), 96 sybariticum, Laevicardium serratum XI(4), 96 sybariticus, Angulus (Angulus) XII(2), 41 tageliformis, Macoma (Psammacoma) XI(2), 30; XII(1), 26; XII(2), mc 47, OO. XILSa). iT Tagelus XII(3), 79, 80; XV(2), 48 tampaensis, Angulus (Angulus) XII(2), 42 tampaensis, Macoma XII(2), 42 tampaensis, Tellina XII(2), 42, 50 Eavroriana, Tellina (Eurytel lina). XIi(1).,.22,,23;,X%11(2), 41 Tedinia XVI(1), 21 gettsaora KIiT(1), 20 Kitt2), 43 Peniaed Sitti), 21, 22, 235 202, R11 ie) 7 AOD Tellina (Arcopella) sp. A XII(2), 40 fertanacea ALICI), 213 ‘Xii(2), 40; XII@)., 79 hHetiinad xXVTitl), 15 Per eiiieae 12), 305° ELIt1), 21, 22, 253, dtl (2), 40 Tellinids XIV(3), 68 Tellininae XII(1), 21 tellinoides, Cumingia XII(2), 55 teilinoides, Mactra XII(2), 55 106 tellinoides, sanquinolaria XII(3), 82 tenellus, Angulus (Angulus) XII(20, 42 tenera, Arca XIV(3), 72 tenera, Batbatia KIV(3) J25, 13 fenera, Lima, XVI(1).” 42 tenera, Tellina XII(2), 50 tenius, Mysella XVII(1), 12 tenta, Macoma (Psammacoma) XII(2), 45, 47, 48 tenta,. tellina KTT(2),. 47 Tenuicorbula XITI(1), 32 tenuis, Cyclinella XIII(1), 16 tenuis, Dosina (Artemis) XIII(1), 16 tenuis, Lucinopsis XIII(1), 16 tenuisculpta, Parvilucina XIII(4), 122 tepocana, Abra XII(2), 54 Teredinid XV(3), 76 Teredinidae XIII(2), 62 Teredinids XTIi(2), 62, ©3.,,.65 Teredininae XIII(2), 62 Teredo XITI(2), 62. 63. 64.65. SVLECLy. 24 Teredothyra XIII(2), 63; XV(3), 76 texana, Mercenaria campechiensis XII(4), 108, 109 texana, Mercenaria mercenaria XII(4), 109, 110 texana, Tellina (Angulus) XII(2), 41 texana, Venus campechiensis XII(4), 109 texanus, Angulus (Angulus) XII(2), 41; XV(4), 112 texasiana, Agriopoma XII(4), 117 texasiana, Aligena XVII(1), 20 texasiana, Callocardia XII(4), 119 texasiana, Cytherea XII(4), 118 texasiana, Donax XII(3), 84 texasiana, Donax variabilis XII1(3), 84 texasiana, Pitar (Agriopoma) XI(2), 29 texasianus, Donax XII(3), 83, 84, 85 texasianus, Donax variabilis XII(3), 84 texasianus, Pitar (Agriopoma) XII(4), 118 texta, Atrina KVII(3)... 78 Thais XIV(3),. 67 thalassinum, Cyclopecten XV(4), 107 thomasi, Ostrea XVI(2), 49 thompsoni, Teredo XIII(2), 66 Tittacia MITr(ly, 30. iti). 79, co.cc Thracia sp. A. KLILG).. 80 Thtacia sp. B. KITT), set Thracitid, ATU (2), Gos, Xtit (395 60, OL Thraciidae XIII(3), 79 Thyasira ZIV(l). 20, 22 Thyasita Sp. 2. Aivttl, eb, 23 Tiyasira Sp. B...kbvil), 21 107 Tmimasitra ep. C. XIV(L), 21, 22 Thyasira sp. D. XIV(1), 22 Thyasina: spr. Fey KLV(1)s» 22 mivyasira: sp’... G.., XLV (1),, 28 Tagasirid XIV(1)4; 21 Thyasiridae XIV(1), 20 tigrina, Dimya XVI(1), 24 Pterina,, Lucina XLIL(G4)s; 121 Timocilea- X1T (3)... 938; KLIC4 ys) 416 Timothynus XIV(1), 23, 24; XIV(2), 46 Timothymus sp. A. XIV(2), 47 tinctum, Microcardium X1(4), 98 Eanctus, Cantharus X1L(2), 30 Tindaria XVI(4), 101 Tindaria XVI(4), 102 Tindariopsis XVI(4), 101 Trachycardiinae XI(3), 60 Trachycardium X1I(3), 60, 61 Meenssenella XT1(3), 923 XIEG), 117 Eemeversa, Anadara KIV(3), 72,75; XIVAA),, 94... 95, t00, 102, 103, m4: XVCL), 10 transversum, Microcardium XI(4), 98; XII(1), 1l Trapeziidae XII(3), 87 Trapezoides, Periploma XIII(3), 76 tridentata, Pleuromeris X1I(3), 53, 54 tridentata, Venericardia XI(3), 53 Trigoniocardia XI(4), 88 magonulina XITI(4), 115, 116 Erilineata, Pandora (Clidiophora) XIlI(3);-7?, “768 Erinsinuata, Thyasira XIV(1L), 20, 21 triquetra, Parastarte XIII(1), 19 triquetra, Astarte XIII(1), 19 Eriquetra, Montacuta XIII(1), 26, 27 Eersinuata, Lucina XIV(1), 20 erisulcata, Parvilucina *KIV (1), 16 truncata, Barnea (Anchomasa) XIII(2), 58 truncata, Pholas XIIT(€2),.°58 Tucetona XV(1), 19, 20 tumida, Donax XII(3Y; 85 tumida, Sphenia XIII(1), 25 bumidus, Donax X11(3), 83, 84, 85 turgida, Diplodonta XIV(2), 46 typica, Rupellaria KXITI@G:), 21 typicum, Choristodon XIII(1)$ 21 Waponata, Arca XII1(1), 20; KIV€3) 5 +69 umbonata, Mysella XVII(1), 12, 14 unca, Leda XVI(3), 74 unca, Nuculana MV1 (394) V4, 73,077 undulata, Cymatoica XII(2), 49 undulata, Raeta XII(1), 19 108 Unknown genus XVI(4), 102 Uperotus XI(2), 30; XIII(2) 62, 64 ursipes, Spondylus XV(4), 110, 111 vanhyningi, Cumingia XII(2), 55 vanhyningi, Dinocardium robustum XI(4), 92 variabilis,. Donax XII (3), 83, 84, 85 roemeri, Donax variabilis XII(3), 84 varians, Crassinella XI(3), 59 Varicorbula XiTTPCLY, 26, 30 venada, ? Bornia XVII(2), 49 varicosa, Venus XII(4), 115 Veneracea XII(3), 92; XII(4), 110 Veneridae XI €2), 30; XII(1L), 22; ‘XIT(3), 923 XiDG4), 09, Gee XILEC), 10 Venerids XF(3), 575 "RE1t4) 5 24 Veneriglossa XII(3), 89; XII(4), 121 Venerinae XII(3), 92 Veneroid XII(4), 121 Ventricolaria 311(3). "$2, 93.. 94 ventricosum, Cardium XI(4), 92 veroensis, Noetia XV(1), 15 versicolor, Angulus (Angulus) XII(2), 40, 41 Vericorbyla SLL). 27 verrillii, Brevinucula XVI(3), 72 vesica, Cytherea (Veneriglossa) XII(3), 90 vesica, Veneriglossa c.f. XII(3), 90 verrilli, Diplodonta XIV(2), 46 verrilli, Timothynus. c.f... XIV(2),, .46 versicolor, Tellina.ZtL(2).4,.40, 50 Vertambitus XIII(4), 115 Verticordia, XTI1 (4)... 115 Verticordiidae XIII(4), 115 Verticordia sp. A. XIII(4), 116 Vesicomya sp. indetXI1I(3), 90 Vesicomya XE1(3) ,{:89.,- 90:5; XLI (4), b2134kV1i (2)... 44 Vesicomyidae XII(3), 89 vespuciana, Tellina (Eurytellina) XII(2), 51 villosior, Asthenothaerus XIII(3), 81 virginica, Crassostrea XVI(2), 44, 45, 47, 48 virginica, Ostrea XVI(2), 47 virgularia, Eugorgia XV(3), 77 virgulata, Liptogorgia XV(3), 77 viridis; Sellen’ XEVGCL)>) 20) 121 virgo’;* Tellina (Sc¥ssula) XBE(2) 7843 vitellinum, Laevicardium XI(4), 97 Vokesula XIII(1), 28 vulgaris, Octopus XIV(3), 68, 69, 72 waccamawensis, Linga (Bellucina) c.f. XIV(1), 15 waccamawensis, Phacoides (Bellucina) XIV(1), 15 wagnerianum, Laevicardium laevigatum XI(4), 97 109 Yoldia XV1I(3). 73 Yoldiella XVI(4), 99 Yeldiella sp. A. XIV(4);, 100 gepra, Arca XIV(3),- 68; 69; KV(1L).. 23 zebra, Nayvicula XIV(3), 68 Zemysia XIV(2), 45 zeteki, Mytilopsis XII(3), 87 Bonatus, Pitar XIE4)., 120 110 FERRERS ee Te a eee ee eae ee Copies of the issues of Texas Conchologist containing the Odé Monograph may be obtained from our Circulation Chairman Grytch Williams, We remind you that the beginning of reports on Gastropoda of the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico Survey material by Dr. Helmer 0dé was printed in Texas Conchologist in our April, 1982, issue. New members should be interested in purchasing this issue. We also remind you to send dues for the 1982-83 year to Treasurer Jim Sartor, 5606 Duxbury, Houston, Texas 77035. We need new members to help promote our projects and to keep Texas Conchologist going. Printing, mailing, etc. costs are up. HKHHIH HHH HH HH IIE IE HHI IIE HEHEHE IE FE HEE HE HAE HEHEHE HEHEHE HE FEE FE FES HEIL AE EK a 2 2K 24 2K 2 I EK 2 2 IE OK 2 CC BR 2 2 aK 2g 6 2k 2 2 2k 2 2 aK 2c FE 2 2K KKK 2 2K i i aK 2 2K 6 ak 2 ale 2 > 2k 2 a a 2 2 i 2K 2 2k pee! HOUSTON CONCHOLOGY SOCIETY, INC. Officers 1982-1983 President Program Vice-President Field Trip Vice-President Treasurer Recording Secretary Corresponding Secretary Directors Mary Ann Curtis Ruth Finer Charles Glover Editor, Texas Conchologist Immediate Past President Lucy Clampit Curtis Fleming Al Mohle Jim Sartor Mimi Miller Betty Genusa Lloyd Meister Fannie Miron Bob Sappington Constance E. Boone David B. Green Honorary Life Members De. T.-K. Pulley Dr. Helmer Odé