.CD

AND

PHARMACY

A TEXT-BOOK

OF

MATERIA MEDICA AND
PHARMACY

FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS

BY

V:E. ^HENDERSON, M.A., M.B.

Associate Professor of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

IN THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

UNIVERSITY PRESS
TORONTO

/

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

It was with the greatest reluctance that the authors of
the first edition undertook in 1908 the preparation of another
medical text-book. They found however that none of the
books on Pharmacy and Materia Medica were at all suitable
for use in their classes in the University of Toronto. Most of
the books on these subjects contain also sections dealing with
Pharmacology and Therapeutics. These sections are rarely
accurate. Changes in the official Pharmacopoeia occur
much more slowly than does our knowledge of Pharmaco-
logy. Several of the better books on Pharmacy and Materia
Medica are intended for students in the United States and
deal largely with the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. As there are several
good books on Pharmacology on the market which undergo
frequent revision, the authors did not include any material
relating to this subject.

The classification of drugs according to their botanical,
mineral or animal origin is no longer of importance, nor does
a pharmacological classification furnish an arrangement
useful for reference purposes. A use of one of these types of
classification greatly mars some otherwise useful books.
These considerations forced the authors to compile this
text-book and they hope that they have succeeded in placing
before the student a book which will aid him in writing pre-
scriptions.

Dr. C. P. Lusk then Lecturer in Pharmacy was associated
with the author in the preparation of the first edition and in
spite of the fact that the book has been almost completely
rewritten many traces of his practical knowledge and scholar-
ship are to be found in the present edition. The stress of
work which necessitated his retirement from the Department
has led to his not taking the same part in the preparation of
the second edition, that he did in the first. The author wishes
to thank him for his great kindness in reading the copy of this
edition and for his valuable criticisms and suggestions and
regrets that Dr. Lusk felt constrained to withdraw his name
from the title page.

The following works have been frequently consulted :-
The British Pharmacopoeia; The British Pharmaceutical
Codex; Squire's Companion to the British Pharmacopoeia;
Ruddiman, Incompatibilities in Prescriptions; Elborne, The
Elements of Practical Pharmacy and Dispensing; The Art
of Dispensing, (published by the Chemist and
Fantus Prescription Writing and Pharmacy; Bennett, Medical
and Pharmaceutical Latin; The United States

University of Toronto, V. E. HENDERSON.

October 23, 1911.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I. Definitions, Weights and Measures.

CHAPTER II. The Methods and Definitions of Galenical Pharmacy.

CHAPTER III. Posology.

CHAPTER IV. Incompatibility.

CHAPTER V. The Official Materia Medica.

CHAPTER VI. The Non-official Materia Medica.

CHAPTER VII. Notes on Prescribing.

CHAPTER VIII. Notes on Prescription- Writing.

CHAPTER IX. Notes on Magistral Pharmacy.

CHAPTER I.
DEFINITIONS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES.

For the purpose of curing disease the medical practitioner makes use
of many substances of animal, vegetable and mineral origin, as well as an
increasing number of substances prepared by the chemist synthetically.
The substances that are so used are known inclusively and collectively as
the "MATERIA MEDICA. " Any substance administered to a patient for
the purpose of curing or alleviating disease may be termed a "DRUG."
But not all substances that have been used by man as medicines are still
in common use in civilized lands to-day, and many of the newer remedies,
though highly lauded by their discoverers have not, and in many cases
will not prove to be of sufficient merit to come into common favour. In
consequence of this and as a guide to the physician and especially as an
aid to his allies the pharmacists, most modern governments have caused
to be prepared and published, books known as ' ' PHARMACOPOEIAS . " Such
a pharmacopoeia contains the correct legal or "official" names both in
Latin and in the vulgar tongue of such substances of the materia medica as
are judged by those who compile the pharmacopoeia to be in common use
in the country and to be of value to the physician. Further for the guid-
ance of those who purchase crude drugs and prepare them for the patient's
use the pharmacopoeia contains accurate descriptions of the physical and
chemical characteristics of the drugs and of the methods by which they are
prepared for administration. The term "official" may be applied only to
such drugs, preparations, methods and doses as are included in the British
Pharmacopoeia. This term must be carefully distinguished from the
more inclusive term "officinal" which may be applied to any drug, etc.,
whether included in the Pharmacopoeia or not, so long as it is in common
use.

" PHARMACOGNOSY " is the science of the source and characteristics of
the substances of the materia medica. This includes a knowledge of the
natural history of all the plant, animal, and mineral products in the materia
medica, as well as a knowledge of the methods of chemical preparation of
those drugs that are produced synthetically, and a knowledge of the chem-
ical and physical characteristics of all drugs. Some of the more important
facts of the pharmacognosy of the drugs reviewed in this book will be re-
ferred to when they are individually considered.

"PHARMACY" is the art of the proper preparation of the substances of
the materia medica for use (exhibition) and administration as medicines.
This science may be divided into three branches. Firstly, Chemical

5

Pharmacy, or the preparation of substances of definite chemical compo-
sition, such as salts, acids, alkaloids, etc. This branch has now passed
entirely out of the hands of the practising physician and almost entirely
out of those of the practising pharmacist. Secondly, Galenical Pharmacy,
or the preparation for administration in the form of medicine of drugs of
indefinite chemical composition, which are, as a rule, products of plant or
animal life and usually intimate mixtures of many chemical substances.
Galenical pharmacy has now been almost entirely abandoned by the
physician and only some of the simplest procedures are now carried out
by him. The practising pharmacist as a rule no longer carries out the
more complex galenical procedures but purchases many of his stock of
galenicals from the larger pharmaceutical houses. Thirdly, Dispensing,
Magistral Pharmacy, or the preparing and putting up in suitable form for
the patient the drugs or their galenical preparations ordered by the
physician.

"POSOLOGY" is the branch of medical science that deals with the doses
of drugs and their preparations. The knowledge of this subject is of the
utmcst importance for the physician.

"PHARMACOLOGY" is the science that deals with the action of drugs
upon the animal body. This science is often termed "PHARMACODY-
NAMICS"; the term "Pharmacology" being then used in a broader sense to
include pharmacy, pharmacology, pharmacognosy, and posology. ' ' THER-
APEUTICS" is the art of applying the knowledge of these four sciences to
the treatment of disease.

The Pharmacopoeia also prescribes the systems of weights and measures,
which are to be used in the operations of pharmacy. The older system,
the IMPERIAL SYSTEM, is still almost exclusively used for Magistral Phar-
macy, in spite of its obvious disadvantages, and in it alone the doses are
given in the Pharmacopoeia Britannica.

MEASURES OF MASS OF THE IMPERIAL SYSTEM.

Metric
Equivalent.

1 grain abbreviated gr 64.7987 mgms.

437.5 grs. — 1 ounce.abbreviated Oz. or 5 28.349 gms.v'

7,000 grs. 16 oz. 1 pound, abbreviated Ib 453.59 gms.

Very commonly a weight known as a drachm (dr. or 3) equivalent to
60 grains (3.8879 gms.) is employed in prescribing and dispensing and
more rarely the scruple 9 equivalent to 20 grains. Both these weights are
survivals of the Troy system and it is the common practice of pharma-
cists in spite of the ruling of the Pharmacopoeia to use in dispensing the
Troy ounce of 480 grains, unless there is some indication that the Imperial
ounce is intended. (If the sign § be used it is customary to dispense 480
grains, while if the word ounce be written the Imperial ounce would be
dispensed).

MEASURES OF CAPACITY OF THE IMPERIAL SYSTEM.

Metric
Equivalent.

1 minim abbreviated min. or m 0.0592 c.c.

60 min. 1 fluid drachm abbreviated fl. dr. or fl. 3 (often 3) . . 3.5515 c.c.

8 fl. dr. 1 fluid ounce abbreviated fl.oz. or fl 5 (often 5) .... 28.4123 c.c.

20 fl. oz. 1 pint abbreviated pt. or O 568.2454 c.c.

8 pints 1 gallon abbreviated gal. or C 4.5459 L.

RELATION OF VOLUME TO MASS IN THE IMPERIAL SYSTEM.

1 minin is the volume at 62°F. of 0.9114 grains of distilled water.

1 fluid drachm is the volume at 62° F.of 54.6875 grains of distilled water.

1 fluid ounce is the volume at 62° F. of 1 oz. or 437.5 grains of distilled * .
water.

1 pint is the volume at 62°F. of 1.25 Ib. or 8,750 grains of distilled water.

1 gallon is the volume at 62° F. of 10 Ib or 70,000 grains of distilled
water.

109.71 min. (approximately 110 min.) is the volume at 62 F. of 100
grains of water.

The more modern and convenient system adopted as an alternative
system in galenical operations by the Pharmacopoeia and as the preferred
system in the British Pharmaceutical Codex, and in the Pharmacopoeia of
the United States of America, is the Metric System. It is the sole system
in use throughout Europe, and will doubtless be adopted as the preferred
system in the next revision of the British Pharmacopoeia.

METRIC SYSTEM MEASURES OF MASS.

Imperial
Equivalent.

1 milligramme abbreviated mgm. 0.001 gramme . . 0.015 gr.

1 centigramme abbreviated cgm. 0.01 gramme

1 decigramme abbreviated dgm. 0.1 gramme. . 1.543 grs.

1 gramme (The weight of 1 Millilitre of distilled water at 4°C.)

abbreviated gm I «•' - ^432 *••"

1 decagramme abbreviated dkgm. 10 grammes. .153.4 grs

1 hectogramme abbreviated hgm. 100 grammes. .

1 kilogramme abbreviated kgm, or kilo, 1000 grammes, 2.20461b., 35.2

oz.
oz.

nectogramnit: a.uuicvian~«_i "g»"-

kilogramme abbreviated kgm, or kilo, 1000 grammes, 2.20461b., 35.27

MEASURERS OF CAPACITY.

1 millilitre usually spoken of as a cubic centimetre and

consequently abbreviated c.c. 0.001 litre 16.89 min.

1 centilitre abbreviated CL 0.01 litre 0.352 fl.oz.

1 decilitre abbreviated DL 0.1 litre 0.1759 pint

1 litre (the volume at 4°C of 1,000 grammes of distilled water),
abbreviated L 35.196 fl. oz., 1.7598 pints

The cubic centimetre that is a cube each of whose sides is a square cen-
timetre is the unit of cubic capacity; it is usually considered to be of such
a volume as to contain exactly one millilitre of distilled water at 4°C. It
is according to the Pharmacopoeia equivalent to 0.99984 millilitre. The
term cubic centimetre is, however, used in place of millilitre throughout
the Pharmacopoeia and this book. The British Pharmaceutical Codex
has introduced a new term intended to supersede this use of cubic centimetre
The term introduced is "mil" an obvious abbreviation of millilitre. It
has the added advantage that using the plan of the metric system, dimin-
utives may readily be constructed to express quantities smaller than one
cubic centimetre; ; this using this term 0.12 c.c. may be read twelve
centimils, or 0.7 c.c. seven decimils.

Domestic Measures. A teaspoonful is a convenient but inaccurate
measure and is considered as roughly equivalent to I fluid drachm (or
3.5 c.c.) a dessertspoonful is similarly considered to be equal to 2 fluid
drachms (7c.c.) and a tablespoonful equivalent to a half fluid ounce (or
14 c.c.). A wineglassful though, too inaccurate for use in medicine is
usually stated to be equal to 1^-2 fluid ounces, similarly a teacupful
is estimated as 5 fluid ounces and a tumblerful as one half pint or 10 fluid
ounces. A minim is considered to be equal to one drop but as the size
of a drop varies with the viscosity of the fluid and the point from which it
is dropped it is not to be considered an at all accurate measure. Graduated
measures may now be obtained so cheaply that every physician should
insist upon their use.

CHAPTER II.
THE METHODS AND DEFINITIONS OF GALENICAL PHARMACY

Drugs may be broadly classified as of (1) inorganic origin, (2) organic
origin. They may also be divided into two classes, (1) pure chemicals,
(2) galenicals. The pure chemicals are now prepared by neither pharma-
cist nor physician and in consequence the latter ordinarily needs to know
nothing more about the methods of their preparation than what he has
acquired as a student of chemistry. In regard to the methods of galenical
pharmacy he must be better informed, as a knowledge of some of the
methods and terms are essential in order that he may write prescriptions
intelligently. In consequence some of the terms and methods are defined
below.

Fixed oils. — (e.g. Castor Oil,*Olive Oil), — fluid esters of the higher
fatty acids with glycerol (glycerin C3H5(OH)3) obtained by expression from
fruits, seeds, etc. They cannot be distilled without decomposition.
They are freely soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon bi-sulphide, and ben-
zene, slightly soluble in alcohol, but insoluble in water.

Fats, (e.g. Lard) — are solid esters of higher fatty acids and glycerol
and are soluble in the same reagents as the oils. They are usually mixtures.

Waxes, (e.g. cera flava) — are usually mixtures of higher fatty acids
and glycerol and higher alcohols.

Volatile or Essential Oils, (e.g. Oil of Cloves, Turpentine) — are usually
mixtures of hydro-carbons chiefly fluids terpenes associated with more
highly oxidized members stearoptenes which may be obtained in a solid
state, (e.g. Camphor). They are usually isolated from plants by dis-
tillation. They are all soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon bi-sulphide,
and benzene, fairly soluble in alcohol, slightly in water.

Resins, (e.g. Scammony Resin)— solid preparations obtained from
oils by oxidation. The pharmacopoeial resins are usually mixtures of
resins as defined above and other bodies many of which are weakly acid.
They are insoluble in water but soluble in alkaline solutions, alcohol, and
ether.

Oleo-resins, (e.g. Copaiba) natural mixtures of volatile oils and resins
semi-liquid in consistency.

Balsams, (e.g. Benzoin, Balsam of Tolu) resins or oleo-resins either
liquid or solid which contain benzoic or cinnamic acids or both.

Gums, (e.g. Acacia and Tragacanth) solid or semi-solid exudations of
plants which dissolve either partially or completely in water, forming a
mucilage or an adhesive jelly, and are precipitated by alcohol. They are
complex hydro-carbons yielding pentoses on hydrolysis.

Gum-resins, (e.g. Myrrh) mixtures of gums and resins.

*N.B. Students are strongly advised, when reading over this chapter, to look up
in Chap. V the examples cited.

9

Glucosides, (the important pharmacopoeial examples are, — Digitalin,
Salicin, Santonin) active principles which may be readily broken up by
acids or alkalies in the presence of water setting free glucose.

Alkaloids, (e.g. Morphine and Strychnine) nitrogenous organic bases
usually pyridine derivatives which are generally crystalline though some
are liquid. They are usually sparingly soluble in water, but readily in
alcohol, chloroform, benzene, and ether. Like alkalies they form salts
with acids. Those with inorganic acids are usually soluble in water,
those with organic acids much less so.

Tannins or Tannic Acids, — These are weak acids containing a benzene
ring, astringent in taste, freely soluble in alcohol and water. They occur
very commonly in barks and roots and hence in pharmaceutical prepara-
tions of these they give precipitates with iron salts and some alkaloids.
Their presence must be remembered when such preparations are prescribed.

In the following paragraphs the methods of preparation employed in
galenical pharmacy are denned.

Solution, — the physico-chemical process by which a solid or fluid (the
solute) disappears in a liquid (the solvent). The solute can usually be
re-obtained chemically unchanged by any process which will remove the
solvent.

There are a few solutions in the pharmacopoeia in which a solid under-
goes a chemical change by the action of the solvent during the process of
solution, e.g. iron wire is dissolved in dilute acid to produce the Solution of
the Perchloride of Iron.

Extraction, — the process by which a solvent (or menstruum) removes
from a drug one or more of its soluble constituents. Four types of ex-
traction are made use of by the pharmacist.

(i) Infusion — In this process a suitably finally divided drug is treated
with either hot or cold water for a certain length of time, after which the
fluid portion is strained off and retained and the solid portion rejected.

(ii) Decoction. — In this process the active principle is extracted by boiling
in water.

(iii) Maceration. — In this process the drug is placed in a vessel, the sol-
vent poured upon it, and left to stand for a suitable length of time with
occasional agitation. The fluid is then filtered off; the marc or solid por-
tion pressed out, the fluid thus obtained being added to the filtrate and
the marc rejected.

(iv) Percolation. — In this process the drug is packed in a conical vessel
(a percolator) with a small outlet at its lower end and moistened with the
solvent which is added from time to time, and allowed to run off slowly
from the lower outlet until a certain quantity of solvent has passed through.
The marc is usually pressed out and the fluid obtained added to the per-
colate.

Expression. — In this process the drug is subjected to pressure and thus
its juices are obtained.

10

Filtration. — In this process solids are separated from fluids by allowing
the latter to pass out through a porous diaphragm.

Dessication. — In this process the watery constituents of drugs are
got rid of by the aid of currents of either hot or cold air.

Distillation. — In this process volatile substances are separated from
non-volatile or less volatile by the aid of heat. The volatile substances
are passed over a cooled surface on which they condense and are collected.

Pulverization. By this process the drug is reduced to a very finely
divided condition (or powder). The degree of fineness is determined by
the number of meshes to the linear inch of the finest sieve through which
the powder can pass. The sieves used contain 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 meshes
to an inch. The simplest method of pulverizing the drug is by means of a
mortar and pestle but in large pharmaceutical houses this end is usually
obtained by means of a mill.

Trituration. — This term may be used as synonymous with pulveri"
zation, but more commonly refers to an intimate mixing and powdering o^
two drugs by means of a mortar and pestle or of a spatula.

GALENICAL PREPARATIONS.

The crude drugs are rarely suitable for administration to the patient
and in consequence are prepared by the pharmacist in various ways before
being dispensed. The methods by which they are prepared have been
defined above, but the forms in which they are dispensed are known by
various names descriptive of the form in which they are dispensed or of the
methods and solvents by which they are prepared and which must be known
by the physician. The less important terms are printed in italics.

Official Preparations.

Acetum, (Vinegar, e.g. Acetum Scillae) — A solution of active principle
made by solution or maceration with acetic acid.

Aqua, (Water) — A solution of volatile substances in water, — some are
simple solutions, such as Aqua Chloroformi, while others (Aqua Cinnamomi)
are prepared by distillation if made in accordance with the British Phar-
maccepia. In the colonies a pharmacist is allowed to make a Water con-
taining a volatile oil by first triturating the oil with calcium phosphate
and then suspending the triturate in water. The oil being very finely
divided remains suspended in the water. The Waters are very commonly
used in mixtures as flavoring vehicles for the administration of less pleasant
drugs. They are in some cases of value on account of their own phar-
macological action.

Charta, (Paper, e.g. Charta Sinapis)— A strip of cartridge paper smeared
with a preparation of an active drug. They are applied to the surface
of the body.

Collodium, (Collodion, e.g. Collodium Flexile).— A solution of Pyroxylin
in Ether and Alcohol, either alone or containing also some other drug in

11

solution. It is applied to the skin and when the ether or alcohol has eva-
porated it leaves a thin film upon the surface.

Confectio, (Confection, e.g. Confectio Sennse) — A soft sticky mixture
of sugar or syrup with some active drug. These preparations are very
little used at the present day.

Decoctum, (Decoction, e.g. Decoctum Haematoxyli) — There are only
three official decoctions and it is rarely that they are used .

Emplastrum, (Plaster, e.g., Emplastrum Plumbi) — A preparation
composed of some active drug incorporated with an adhesive and per-
manent base such as lead oleate, soap, or resin, and of such consistence
that they can be spread upon linen, muslin, or leather and will remain
adherent if applied to the skin.

Extractum, (Extract) — An extract which has been evaporated to a
solid or semi-solid consistence. If the extract has been made with water
it is known as an Aqueous Extract, if with alcohol, as an Alcoholic Extract.
As in proportion to their bulk they contain 2-6 times as much of the active
constituents as the crude drug, they have a much smaller dose and are of
especial value in the preparation of pills.

Extractum Liquidum, (Liquid or Fluid Extract, e.g., Extractum
Filicis Liquidum.) — A concentrated extract of such strength that each fluid
ounce of the product of the extract represents the active principles of an
ounce by weight of the drug. They may be made with alcohol, water, or
ether. They are very convenient preparations for incorporating in a
mixture, but as they may contain substances which are soluble in the sol-
vent with which they are made, but not soluble in other solvents they may
give rise, if mixed with other solvents, to precipitates of inactive ingredients
which may be filtered off.

Extractum Viride, (Green Extract, e.g. Extractum Hyoscyami Viride) —
These are the partially or completely dried juices of plants obtained by
expression. As they contain the active constituents in a concentrated
form and are usually adhesive, especially if a little water is added, they
may frequently be used for the preparation of pills.

Glycerinum, (Glycerin, e.g. Glycerinum Tragacanthae).^A solution of
a drug in glycerin. They are useful on account of the special solvent or
preservative properties of glycerin.

Infusum, (Infusion, e.g. Infusum Digitalis) — an extract prepared by
infusion.

Injectio Hypodermica, (Hypodermic Injection, e.g. Injectio Morphinae
Hypodermica) — A solution of a potent drug in water. They are adminis-
tered by means of a syringe underneath the skin. Great care must be
taken that they are sterile. This is obtained by boiling or by care in pre-
paration or by the addition of an antiseptic.

12

Lamella, (Disc, e.g. Lamella Atropinae)— a thin transparent plate of
gelatin and glycerin containing a small quantity of an alkaloid. It is
placed in the conjunctival sac and allowed to dissolve . In this way a purely
local effect of the drug stuff may be obtained.

Linimentum, (Liniment, e.g. Linimentum Camphors)— A liquid pre-
paration dissolved in a menstrum of alcohol, water, or oil, with soap, cam-
phor, or glycerin. They are intended to produce a local action of the
drugs they contain by being rubbed into the skin.

Liquor, (Liquor or Solution, e.g. Liquor Arsenicalis) — Solutions of
definite chemical substances in water. They are suitable preparations for
dispensing in mixtures.

Liquor Concentrates, (Concentrated Solution, e.g. Liquor Calumbse Con-
centratus) — Weak extracts of such a strength that two parts represent one
of the crude drug. They are intended to facilitate the making of infusions,
for which purpose they need only be diluted with water.

Lotio, (Lotion, e.g. Lotto Hydrargyri Flava) — A suspension of a drug
in water. It is applied to the skin as a wash or in lint saturated with it.

Mel, (Honey, e.g. Mel. Boracis) — Syrupy liquids containing honey.

Mistura, (Mixture, e.g. Mistura Ferri) — A preparation containing
drugs dissolved or suspended in water.

Mucilago, (Mucilage, e.g. Mucilago Acaciae) — A viscid solution of
gums or starch. Used for the making of pills or the suspension of insoluble
powders in mixtures.

Oxymel, (Acidulated Honey, e.g. Oxymel Scillae) — A preparation con-
taining honey and acetic acid.

Pilula, (Pill, e.g. Pilula Ferri). A spherical or spheroidal mass which
contains one or more potent drugs held together by some adhesive sub-
stance known as the excipient. In this way a disagreeable drug-stuff of
small bulk may readily be administered to a patient.

Pulvis, (Powder, e.g. Pulvis Ipecacuanha? Composita) — A mixture of
drugs reduced to a fine powder. When two or more unimportant drugs are
included in a powder it is usually known as a compound powder, Pulvis
Composita. Usually only insoluble drug-stuffs are administered in this
form. They are given by the mouth.

Spiritus, (Spirit, e.g. Spiritus Camphorae) — Solutions of volatile sub-
stances prepared by either simple solution in Rectified Spirit or by distil-
lation. They are frequently ingredients of mixtures.

Succus, (Juice, e.g. Succus Conii — )The juices of fresh plants obtained
by expresssion and preserved by the addition of Alcohol. Unimportant.

13

Suppositorium, (Suppository, e.g. Suppositoria Morphina?) — Conica
masses usually made by incorporating some drug with Oil of Theobrcmal
(This is a solid). They are made to weigh about fifteen grains each and
are used by inserting them into the rectum. ' Suppositories made for use
in the vagina are made to weigh about a drachm and are called pessaries,
while those used for the urethra are elongated rods, made with Cocoa
Butter or gelatin, and are called Bougies.

Syrups, (Syrup, e.g. Syrupus Tolutanus) — Viscid liquids prepared by
dissolving active medicines in a syrup made from cane-sugar and water.
Used as flavouring vehicles and to suspend insoluble powders in mixtures.

Tabella, (Tablet) — The only official tablet is that of Nitro-glycerin
which is composed of nitroglycerin incorporated with Chocolate and mould-
ed to a flat ,circular shape.

Tinctura, (Tincture) — Fluid preparations of drugs prepared by so-
lution, maceration or percolation with alcohol. That of Lobelia alone is
prepared with ether. Those containing more than one active principle
are known as Compound Tinctures. They are weaker in pharmacological
action than the Liquid Extracts and are the most suitable form in which
drugs soluble in alcohol may be incorporated in mixtures which contain
alcohol as the main solvent. (If much water is present ingredients not
of pharmacological importance which are present in the tincture may be
precipitated).

Standardized Tinctures are such as must show by assay a certain quantity
of certain of its constituents. The term standardized may also be applied
to Extracts.

Trochiscus, (Lozenge, e.g. Trochisci Potassii Chloratis) — A large dry
tablet prepared by mixing an active drug or drugs with Refined Sugar and
Powdered Acacia forming a mass by the aid of one of four bases, Fruit
Basis (Black Current Paste), Rose Basis (Rose Water), Tolu Basis (Tinc-
ture of Tolu) or Simple Basis (Water) and then dividing the resulting mass
with a suitable mould into lozenges of definite weight, which are then dried
Unguentum, (Ointment, e.g. Unguentum Hydrargyri) — A prepara-
tion made by incorporating solutions or finely divided drugs with a fatty
base. This is commonly Wool-fat, Lard, or a Paraffin. They are smeared
or rubbed into the skin.

Vinum, (Wine, e.g. Vinum Ipecacuanhae) — Solutions of drugs in either
Sherry (Vinum Xericum) or Orange Wine (Vinum Aurantium). They are
but little used.

Non-Official Preparations.

Cachet, (Cachet or Konseal). — A cachet is made of two concave plates
of rice paper within which the medicament is enclosed and which is then
sealed by moistening the contiguous borders of the plates with water.
They offer an elegant method for completely covering nauseous and in-
soluble powders which are too bulky to be made into pills.

14

Capsula, (Gelatine Capsule).— Capsules are made in hard and soft
varieties. The first are hollow receptacles, covered by a lid made of the
same shape and accurately closing it, and composed of gelatine, acacia
and sugar The soft variety made by substiting Glycerin for the sugar,
are ovoid in shape and are closed, after being filled, simply by placing a
drop of the gelatine solution over the open end. The substances intro-
duced may be bulky powders, semi-solid pill masses, and such fluids as will
not dissolve the gelatine, as the Oils. Watery solutions may be administer-
ed by this means if given immediately but this method is not recommended.

Cataplasma, (Poultice). — A poultice is a means of applying moist
heat to the surface of the body. It may be made of Linseed Meal, Bran,
or any other bland substance capable of retaining heat and moisture.
Sometimes they contain also more active substances such as Mustard,
small quantities of Laudanum, or some of the antiseptics as Boric Acid
and the Volatile Oils. In the latter case a base of Kaolin is used as in the
Cataplasma Kaolini of the United States Pharmacopoeia.

Ceratum, (Cerate). — These are fatty mixtures made as ointments but
containing wax which gives then a firmer consistence. They are therefore
valuable as local applications.

Collyrium, (Eye-wash). — A solution of a drug or drugs dissolved in
water. They are dropped into the conjunctiva.

Elixir, (Elixir). — A solution of active remedies in a mixture of
Syrup and Alcohol which has been made aromatic by the addition of some
of the Essential Oils. As a class they are related to both the Tinctures
and the Spirits but are usually of feeble strength. Some are used simply
as flavourings or as vehicles for less pleasant drugs.

Emulsio, (Emulsion). — A mixture of oil and water in which the oil is
suspended by the use of a mucilage or in which it has been partially saponi-
fied by the action of an alkali.

Enema, (Enema or Clyster). — A liquid preparation for injection into
the rectum. These may be medicated or nutrient in character. In the
first any drug capable of acting upon the mucous membrane of the rectum
or which can be absorbed, and thus permitted to exercise its general effect
may be used. The latter usually consist of easily absorbed food such as pre-
digested milk or eggs.

Fumigatio (Fumigation). — Fumigation is the act of subjecting the body
or any object to the action of fumes or vapors, as in the burning of sulphur
for its disinfecting properties, or as in the fumigation of calomel in the
treatment of Syphilis.

Serum, (Serum). — The purified serum obtained under the most rigid
aseptic precautions from animals which have been inoculated with living
bacteria or their products. The Antidiphtheritic Serum is the best known
and understood.

I.')

Tabella, (Tablet). — Tablets are of three kinds (1) those made by com-
pression called Compressed Tablets and for the making of which the
drug used must be in the form of a granular powder, and which may be
coated with sugar or gelatine, if desired; (2) those made by moulding with-
out compression, for which drugs of small bulk are essential, incorporated
with milk-sugar as a base, and which are not coated, called Tablet Tritur-
ates; and Hypodermic Tablet Triturates which are prepared from potent
drugs under aseptic precautions with a base of Milk-sugar or better of
Granulated Sodium Sulphate.

The official Chocolate tablet will be found grouped with the official
preparations.

Tampon. — Is a plug of medicated absorbent Cotton or Lamb's
Wool used in a natural or in an artificial cavity of the body for the purpose
of arresting haemorrhage or for correcting the secretions.

16

CHAPTER III.
POSOLOGY.

The British Pharmacopoeia makes the following statement in regard
to the doses as given in it. "The doses mentioned in the pharmacopoeia
are intended to represent the average range in ordinary cases, for adults.
They are meant for general guidance, but are not authoratively enjoined
by the council. The medical practitioner must act upon his own respon-
sibility as to the doses of any therapeutic agents he may administer."
This statement is a very important one and one that should be thoroughly
understood by every medical practitioner. Firstly, the official doses repre-
sent the average range in ordinary cases. The deviations from the ordinary
that are most likely to be met with must be considered. Weight. Roughly
the larger and more robust the individual the larger the dose of most
drugs that my be given to him. Small and weakly individuals should al-
ways receive small doses of any remedy at first. Sex. Women are often said
to be less resistant to the action of drugs than men are but as a rule little
distinction is made between the sexes. It must however be born in mind
that at the time of pregnancy or menstruation any drugs that bring about
changes in the blood-supply to the uterus or that would set up movements
in its musculature should be either entirely avoided or given in very small
doses and with caution. Also it must be remembered that many drugs are
excreted in the milk and may readily make the milk unpalatable or even
dangerous to a suckling child. Amongst the drugs excreted by the mam-
mary glands are the oils of anise and dill, turpentine, copaiba, the purgative
principles of rhubarb, senna, and castor oil, opium, iodine, also some of
the metals antimony, arsenic, iron, lead, mercury and zinc. Idiosyncrasy.
Every person differs from all others more or less. Each person is not
only physically but also chemically a distinct individual. These personal
differences are usually quantitively so small as to occasion little or no
difficulty but occasional individuals are met with who deviate very widely
from the normal in respect to some one or more drugs. Such individuals
as are abnormally affected by any drug are said to have an idiosyncrasy
for the drug. Drugs in regard to which idiosyncrasy is likely to be en-
countered are morphine, and its allies, mercury, bromides, copaiba, arsenic,
iodides, quinine, etc. Idiosyncrasy is often an inherited characteristic.
Tolerance. The continued use of a drug is very apt to make any individual
less susceptible to its pharmacological action and to necessitate the ad-
ministration of larger doses, this is known as tolerance. Tolerance often
occurs with alcohol, morphine, arsenic, vegetable purgatives, cocaine.

17

Increased susceptibility to the action of the drug due to its continued ad-
ministration also occurs. It rarely gives trouble except with those drugs
such as Digitalis which can be more readily absorbed by the normal body
than they can be excreted by it. Disease may readily influence the ab-
sorption of a drug on the one hand or interfere with its excretion on the
other. For example a large skin-wound may readily absorb a poisonous
dose of carbolic acid or iodoform. Or increased acidity in the stomach may
lead to a larger absorption of bismuth salts than is normally the case.
Diminished excretion by the kidney will lead to a more prolonged action
of strychnine.

Secondly, the doses of the pharmacopoeia are doses for adults. For
children much smaller doses must be given. The rule suggested by
Young is perhaps the best for calculating the dose for a child. Multi-
ply the adult dose by the age of the child and divide by the age of the child
plus 12. Thus for a child of three, the dose would be -^j^ or 1 /5th; for

i *} X ^

an adult dose of 15 min. it would be 3+12 or 3 min. Another rule sug-
gested by Brunton is to multiply the age at the next birthday by the dose
and divide by 25 (the assumed- adult age), or perhaps better multiply the
dose by four times the age at the next birthday and divided by 100: for
the example stated above that would be — j-^p or 2.4 min. roughly 2>^
min. Young children are particularly prone to be affected by morphine
and its allied drugs, but are proportionately little influenced by strychnine,,
and alcohol.

Persons above the age of sixty are proportionately more affected by
drugs than are younger persons, so that by adults must be understood
persons between 20-60 years of age. Persons over 60 should receive
roughly $4 and persons over 85 roughly }4 of the adult dose, save in the
case of purgatives to which the aged are often very refractory.

Thirdly, the frequency of repetition makes a great difference in the size
of dose to be administered. The more frequently the drug is to be ad-
ministered the smaller the dose should be.

Fourthly, the time of day makes as a rule but little difference; except
with the case of drugs meant to bring on or increase a normal daily con-
dition. For example a larger dose of a hypnotic such as chloral would be
necessary to produce sleep during the day than at night. Also purgatives
can best be given at such an hour that they will take effect at the hour of
the patient's daily defecation. For this purpose calomel and aloes must
be given some eight hours in advance, while purgative salts act within an
hour or so.

The presence or absence of food in the stomach makes a great difference
in the rapidity with which drugs are absorbed and in the quantity coming
in contact with the wall of the stomach and so irritating it, and as a con-
sequence of this larger quantities of any drug irritant to the stomach may
be given immediately after than before meals.

18

Fifthly, Synergists are drugs having the same pharmacological final
effects though the manner of action may be slightly different. For ex-
ample, colocynth, aloes and potassium sulphate are synergists, as they are
all purgatives. All of these occur in the Compound Pill of Colocynth. It
is often an advantage, and this is especially the case in the administration
of purgatives to include in a prescription two or more synergists. As in
the instance mentioned above, when synergists are administered together
it is necessary to give any one drug in only a fraction of its full dose.

Finally, the pharmacopoeial doses are not enjoined and the practitioner
must use his own judgment. In many cases it is quite allowable to ex-
ceed the pharmacopceial dose if the effects wished for are not achieved by
its administration and the physician should carefully watch each and every
patient and convince himself that the drugs given are really producing the
wished for action. In other words he must not take it for granted that
because he gives a pharmacopceial dose of any drug that he must as a
consequence get the described pharmacological action.

The doses of the pharmacopoeia are usually, and unless otharwise is
stated, for administration by the mouth. Many drugs can however
with advantage be administered by hypodermic, intramuscular or even by
intravenous injection. Owing to the more rapid absorption as a rule of
drugs given by these methods and to the certainty that they will be ab-
sorbed in their entirety it is not necessary that such large doses be given. In
those cases in which drugs have given by intravenous injection only a small
fraction of the dose given by the mouth was used. For drugs given sub-
cutaneously (hypodermically) about one half of the dose is given that would
be used if given by the mouth. Drugs given by inunction must be given
in larger doses than would be used if they were given by the mouth. The
same is true as a rule for drugs given by the rectum if they are intended to
have a general action.

19

CHAPTER IV.
INCOMPATIBILITY.

Many of the drugs and preparations of the materia medica may be
and are given alone, but many others only in combination. There are a few
which are never or almost never given in combination with other drugs, but
the majority of drugs and their preparations are at times given in combin-
ations, which are often very complex. The selection of drugs and pre-
parations to be used in combination with each other requires a great deal
of care to avoid unwished for changes being brought about by thier ad-
mixture. Two drugs are said to be "INCOMPATIBLE," when on being
brought into intimate contact with each other unwished for changes either
physical or chemical are brought about or when their pharmacological
actions would so interfere with each other as to be detrimental. It is by
no means an infrequent occurrence for a physician to prescribe together two
medicines which have almost opposite pharmacological actions but he
does so in such proportions that the action of the one serves but to correct
some undesired action of the other.

Incompatibility dependent upon the differing pharmacological actions
of the drugs administered together is known as THERAPEUTICAL or better
PHARMACOLOGICAL INCOMPATIBILITY. An extreme example would be
the administration of atropine and pilocarpine together.

Incompatibility dependent upon chemical and physical changes can
only occur when the drugs are brought into intimate physical contact either
by trituration in a mortar (the cases in which incompatibility is apt to
make be made manifest in this way will be found mentioned in paragraphs
IVd. and V.) or by solution. The incompatibility due to chemical changes
occuring between preparations dispensed together is known as CHEMICAL
INCOMPATIBILITY. The changes may be of several types and may be classi-
fied as follows: —

I. Resulting in chemical change without any visible change.

(a) The neutralization of acids by bases.*

(b) The breaking up of glucosides by acids (sugar is set free and the glu-
coside loses in activity).

(c} The action of acids on the activity of pancreatic ferments and of al-
kali on gastric ferments.

2. Resulting in precipitation of newly formed chemical substances due
to the interaction of two other chemical substances in solution.

* Important cases are printed in italics.

20

(a) Salts of the alkaline earths are precipitated by alkali hydroxides and
carbonates, phosphates, borates, oxalates (the corresponding insoluble
salts of the alkaline earths being formed). The free acids which would
form corresponding salts are also incompatible.

(&) Salts of the metals in solution are incompatible with hydrates, car-
bonates, phosphates, oxalates and the corresponding acids; in many cases
with proteins, tannins, acacia and often alkaloids and phenozone. Silver,
mercurous, lead, and bismuth salts also with bromides and iodides: the same
metals and calcium, barium and strontium, with sulphates and sulphuric
acid.

(c) Hydrates or carbonates of the alkalies, sodium, potassium, and am-
monia with salts of metals and alkaline earths, and with alkaloids and some
glucosides.

(d) Alkaloids form insoluble salts with other organic acids than acetic
and citric; the free alkaloid being very much less soluble than the salts is
precipitated by alkali hydrates and carbonates and by borax. Ammonium
carbonate and the bicarbonates do not so readily cause precipitation.
Iodides, bromides, salicylates, benzoates, usually cause a precipitate tannic
acid, and iodine in a solution of mercuric iodide; precipitation may be pre-
vented in many of these cases by from 15-50% of alcohol. About 15%
suffices to prevent that by bicarbonates and carbonates. Alkaloides
may give a precipitate with many metallic salts especially those of mercury.

(e) Proteins are precipitated by alkaloids, many metal salts, tannin and
alcohol.

3. Resulting in a change of colour owing to the formation of some
soluble but undesired body owing to the interaction of two other sub-
stances in solution.

(a) Giving an objectional appearance tannic and gallic acids and iron
preparations, ammonia and carbolic acid; gallic acid and thymol. Ferric
chloride with salicylates, carbolic acid, creasote, guaiacol, salol, acetanilid,
phenazone, phenacetin, oils of wintergreen, cloves, pimenta, and thyme,
podophyllin, aloin, gamboge, asafetida, storax, myrrh, balsam of Peru,
balsam of Tolu, morphine and apomorphine.

(&) The change in colour is the indication of a chemical change ob-
jectionable from the pharmacological side also. Salicylates, phenozone,
acetanilid, with the free nitrous acid in Spirits of Nitrous Ether (isomtrosc
compounds are formed).

4. Resulting in the chemical splitting of one of the bodies and the for-
mation of an undesired body.

(a) Resulting in the freeing of a volatile body, which may in part or
entirely dependent upon the amount formed, remain in solution,
drochloric acid with nitric acid (nitrous oxides freed); strong acids
alcohol (ethers); acids and carbonates; acids and sulphides; m

21

with iodides, bromides, and chlorates; ammonium salts and hydrates and
carbonates of the alkalies.

(b) Resulting in the freeing of a liquid body, chloral and butylchloral
with alkalies (chloroform freed).

(c) Resulting in the freeing of dextrose or other sugar, glucosides with
acids and alkalies.

(d) Resulting in liberation of so much gas suddenly as to cause an ex-
plosion. Chromic acid, concentrated nitric acid, nitrates, permanganates,
chlorates, with such substances as sulphur and sulphides, sulphites, io-
dides, phosphorus, hypophosphites, reduced iron, and many organic bodies,
sugar, tannin, etc. These reactions only occur when the dry substances
are triturated together or in some cases when mixed in very concentrated
solutions.

5. In some cases when two solids are triturated together a soft sticky
or a damp mass, or a liquid is formed: the reaction is probably always to a
certain extent chemical. Such substances are camphor, carbolic acid,
thymol, phenozone, phenacetin, chloral, sodium phosphate, lead acetate.
Details will be found under the various drugs.

PHARMACEUTICAL OR PHYSICAL INCOMPATIBILITY.

1. Resulting in precipitation of one of the ingredients in solution owing
to its decreased solubility when its solvent is diluted by another liquid;
The dilution of aqueous solutions of acacia, proteins, salts (if strong),
and emulsions with alcohol. Some gums as well as starches and dextrins
are similarly precipitated by alcohol. In some of the cases that will occur
under this rule the precipitate is not an important constituent, for ex-
ample, the Liquid Extract of Cascara Sagrada gives a precipitate with
alcohol, the precipitate consists however of unimportant constituents and
may be filtered off. The dilution of alcoholic solutions of resins, oleo-
resins, oils, etc., by water. In some of these cases also the precipitate is
unimportant, for example, Liquid Extract of Nux Vomica and water.

It must be distinctly understood that at times it is advisable or even
necessary to order incompatibles in a prescription. Attention might be
called to the fact that the Pharmacopoeia contains such formulae, for ex-
ample the Lotio Hydryrgyri Nigra, and the Mistura Ferri Composita.
Whenever the physician orders such a preparation he should warn the
patient that the bottle will contain a deposit. It is only rarely that one
should write such a prescription as will involve an uncorrected incom-
patibility. No prescription should ever be written which if dispensed
would lead to the precipitation of any highly active ingredient, as in the
•cases of such a precipitate the patient might readily be poisoned by getting
an over-dose of the potent precipitate in the last dose. The practitioner

22

should make it the rule to send out preparations free from precipitate and
of an attractive colour. In some cases the incompatibility may be over-
come; for example the carbonates and the bicarbonates, the bromides and
iodides of the alkaloids while less soluble in water than the usual salts, are
comparatively soluble in alcohol, and hence the addition of alcohol will
prevent the precipitation. In other cases it may be possible by increasing
the viscosity of the mixture by the addition of acacia, tragacanth or syrup
to prevent the formation of a precipitate or much more often the addition of
one of these ingredients will so prevent the clotting of the precipitate that
it may be safely dispensed with a "Shake the Bottle" label.

There are some substances such as, the salts of silver, phenacetin,
phenazone, potassium iodide and calomel that react with so many other
drugs that it is preferable to administer them alone, or in simple solutions
with a flavouring reagent or in pills.

23

CHAPTER V.
THE OFFICIAL MATERIA MEDICA.

In this chapter only the drugs of the British Pharmacopoeia are con-
sidered. For the convenience of the student and for the purpose of ref-
erence, the drugs have been arranged in alphabetical order, save that the
preparations of any drug immediately follow it. As preparations of any
drug are considered such galenicals as bear the name of the drug as an im-
portant part of their title, (under this rule Pilula Saponis Composita is
classed as a preparation of Sapo.) or such galenicals as contain the drug
as their important constituent, (under this rule Pipula Saponis Composita
is classed also with Opium). That a galenical is considered as a prepara-
tion of a drug is indicated by its name being set further from the margin
(indented) than is the name of the drug under which it is classed as a pre-
paration. This rule is adhered to for galenicals but certain of the active
principles, such for example as Atropine, though classed with the prepara-
tions of Belladonna, are treated in all other respects as separate drugs.
There are also several galenicals especially among the Liquors, e.g. Liquor
Trinitrini, whose active principle is not official, and these will be found
classed according to their official name. The titles of galenicals are as a
rule placed immediately after the preparation from which they are pre-
pared and their title is again set further from the margin of the page. The
salts of any base appear under the general heading of the base as though
they were preparations of it.

Further for the advantage of the student the drugs have been
divided into four classes, indicating their relative importance. The
names of drugs of the first class, those of pre-eminent importance, are
printed thus OPIUM: these drugs the student must master thoroughly.
The drugs of the second class have their names printed thus, Acetanili-
dum: these drugs should also be thoroughly studied. In the third
group are included many useful and frequently used drugs, and with
them the student should be familiar: their names are printed thus, ACACIA
GUMMI. The drugs of the fourth class are of minor importance in
use or in activity: their names are printed thus, Ammoniacum. Even
important drugs have, however, preparations that vary amongst themselves
in importance from the practical standpoint, and an attempt has been
made to indicate this by placing before their titles a superior numeral,
thus, xTinctura Opii. The superior numeral one will indicate that the
preparation is of importance, the numeral three will indicate that the pre-

*The author thoroughly realizes that any such classification of drugs and of prepara-
tions as has been adopted is open to criticism both in principle and in the details of the
classification itself. Any such classification must be largely a personal one. It has,
however, been resorted to it with the view of aiding the student.

24

paration is relatively of no importance: the numeral two indicates roughly
a preparation of an importance mid-way between the other two. It will
be noted that drugs of the fourth class have as a rule preparations without
a numeral prefix In some cases none of the preparations of a drug seemed
worthy of the numeral one or even of the numeral two, this indicates that
the drug is much more important than any of its preparations.

The official Latin name of the drug is always given; its English equiva-
lent only when difficulty might arise in translating the Latin or where
other considerations seemed to render the giving of it an advantage. Im-
portant synonyms are in many case also given: they are always enclosed
in brackets. The dose is given in both the Imperial and the Metric
systems. The Imperial as being the official dose is given the preference.
The doses in the Metric system are as a rule those of the British Pharmaceu-
tical Codex, though the term "mil" and its diminutives in spite of its
very obvious advantages have not been adopted. Doses enclosed in brackets
are not official.

No attempt is made to give the full Pharmacopreial definition of
any drug or description of its physical or chemical characters, enough only
is given to draw the attention of the student to some of its outstanding
characters a knowledge of which may be of advantage to him. The for-
mulae for the preparation of galenicals are as a rule taken from the British
Pharmaceutical Codex. In this the Pharmacopceial formulae have been
recalculated so that the total of the quantities of the ingredients at the
end of the process of preparation will aggregate 100. The advantages of
this centesimal system are obvious, the principle one, being the ease with
which the percentage strength of any ingredient may be seen. It is an
added advantage in a laboratory where the dispensing is carried out in the
Metric system. No attempt has been made to give a detailed description
of the steps to be pursued in the preparation of any galenical, but only
enough is indicated to aid the student to use them intelligently in dis-
pensing and prescribing. For a knowledge of the steps in preparation of
galenicals the student is referred to the Pharmacopoeia or the Codex.
Where the formula of any preparation is given the first quantity preceeded
by a dash indicates the quantity of the drug or preparation under which
the preparation in question is classed.

The more important solubilities of the drugs are also given and are
stated for room-temperature, 15.5 C, unless the word "hot" is used as
meaning boiling (by cold is meant 15.5 C as opposed to boiling). Solu-
bilities are always expressed in parts by weight. By water, distilled
water is always meant and by alcohol, 90% alcohol (Rectified Spirit).

The important incompatibilities are given with often an indication of
the chemical change occuring. In some cases methods of overcoming or
lessening the incompatibility are also given.

25

ACACI^E GUMMI. GUM ACACIA. — The gum exuded by Acacia
Senegal and other species. In rounded or ovoid brittle tears, either
colourless or of a pale yellowish tinge, often opaque due to numerous small
fissures. Small angular fragments may occur with glistening faces.
Nearly inordorous, taste bland and mucilaginous. Insoluble in alcohol,
soluble 1 in 1 of water forming a viscid, slightly acid solution.

Incompatibles, alcohol and sulphuric acid. Borax, ferric, and lead
salts render it gelatinous.

1Mucilago Acacise. — 40; Water, toioo.

Acetanilidum. Acetanilide. (Antifebrin.) Dose, 1-3 grs; >£-2
dgms.

Phenylacetamide, CHsCONHCeHs. Colourless, inodorous, glistening,
lamellar crystals with a pungent taste. Soluble 1 in 200 of cold, 1 in
18 of hot water; 1 in 4 of alcohol; and in ether and chloroform.

Incompatibles, strong solutions of sodium and potassium hydrate
(anilin formed) ; bromides and iodides, spirits of nitrous ether, amyl nitrite
(diazo compounds formed) ; a red colour is given with tincture of the chloride
of iron: forms liquids if triturated with phenol, resorcin, and thymol, and
a damp powder with chloral.

Aceta (see Cantharis, Ipecacuanha, Squill).

ACIDUM ACETICUM. ACETIC ACID. A colourless, pungent liquid
miscible with alcohol and water. Contains 33% by weight of real acid,
CHS COOH. Sp. Gr. 1.044.

1 Acidum Aceticum Dilutum. — Dose, ^2-2 fl. dr.; 2-8 c.c.
—12.47; Water, to 100. Contains 4.27% of real acid.

2Oxymel. Dose, 1-2 fl. dr.; 4-8 c.c.
—10; clarified Honey, 80; Water to 100.

Acidum Aceticum Glaciate. — A colourless, pungent liquid or crys-
talline mass. Contains 99% by weight of real acid. Sp. Gr. 1.058.

Acidum Arseniosum (see Arsenium).
Acidum Benzoicum (see Benzoinum).
Acidum Boricum (see Boron).

ACIDUM CARBOLICUM. PHENOL. (Carbolic Acid). Dose
1-3 grs.; #-2 dgms.

C6H5. OH. Small, colourless, deliquescent crystals; odour character-
istic; taste sweet and pungent; with a caustic action on the skin and mu-
cous membranes, turning them white. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform
glycerin, fats, oils and solutions of alkalies; liquified by 10% of water,

26

forms a clear liquid with 30-40% of water, and completely dissolves in 12
parts of water.

Incompatibles, ferric and mercuric salts in solution, hydrogen per-
oxide and potassium permanganate, gelatin and albumin: forms liquids
if triturated with chloral, acetanilide, camphor, phenazone, phenacetin,
salol, menthol, thymol, resorcin, and naphthol.

Acidum Carbolicum Liquifactum. — Dose, 1-3 min.- 006-02 cc
—90; Water, 9.

^lycerinum Acidi Carbolici. — 20; Glycerin, to 100.

^uppositoria Acidi Carbolici. — Each suppository contains 1 gr.
—6.70; White Beeswax, 13.40; Oil of Theobroma, to 100.

3Trochiscus Acidi Carbolici. — Each lozenge contains 1 gr. Made
with Tolu Basis.

'Unguentum Acidi Carbolici.— 4; Glycerin, 12; Paraffin Oint-
ment, 84.

Acidum Chromicum. Chromic Anhydride (Chromic Acid.) — CrO3.
Crimson, odourless crystals, deliquescent, caustic to skin and mucous
membranes.

2Liquor Acidi Chromici. Solution of Chromic Acid. — An aqueous
solution containing 25% CrO3.

Acidum Citricum. Citric Acid. Dose, 5- 20 grs; 3-12 dgms.
C3H4 OH. (COOH)3. H2O. Large, colourless crystals. Soluble 1 in K of
cold, 1 in ^ of hot water; 1 in 1 of alcohol. 17 gr. neutralizes 24 gr.
KHCO3)- 20 gr. K2CO3)- 20 gr. NaHCO3,- 34 gr. Na2CO3,- 12 gr. (NH4)2CO3-
11 gr. MgCO3.

Citrates are incompatible with lead and silver salts in solution, and with
quinine (quinine citrate is soluble 1 in 800 of water).

Acidum Gallicum. Gallic Acid. — Dose, 5-15 grs.; 3-10 dgms.
C6H2 (OH3) COOH, H2O. Acicular, slightly brownish crystals, odourless,
faintly acid taste. Soluble 1 in 100 of water; 1 in 5 of alcohol.

Incompatibles, alkali hydrates, ammonia, lime water, lead and iron
salts, oxidizing agents.

ACIDUM HYDROBROMICUM DILUTUM. — Dose, 15-00 min.; 1-4 cc..
A colourless, odourless liquid, containing 10% by weight of hydrogen
bromide, Roughly 7 c.c. (2 dr.) contain as much bromine as 1 gm. (15 gr.)
potassium bromide.

Incompatibles, alkalies and their carbonates, metallic oxides, silver
and lead.

Acidum Hydrochloricum. A watery solution, containing 31.79%
hydrogen chloride, HC18 by weight. Sp. Gr. 1.16.

Hydrochloricum Dilutum. Dose, 5-20 min.; 0.3-1.2. c.c.
— 30.18; Water, to 100. Contains 10.58% by weight of hydrogen chloride.
Incompatibles, alkalies and their carbonates, metallic oxides, salts
of silver, lead, and antimony.

Acidum Hydrocyanicum Dilutum. Dose, 2-6 min.; 0.1-0.4 c.c.
A colourless liquid with a characteristic odour, containing 2% of hydrogen
cyanide, HCN, volatile and very poisonous.

Incompatibles, copper, iron and silver salts, mercuric oxide, sulphides,
morphine.

Acidum Lacticum. Lactic Acid. — A colourless, odourless, slightly
hydroscopic liquid, containing 75% of real acid CH3 CHOH. COOH.
Mixes freely with alcohol, water, and ether.

Incompatibles, albumin, most metallic salts in solution, nitric acid and
potassium permanganate.

Acidum Nitricum. A clear, colourless liquid emitting corrosive
fumes, containing 70% by weight of hydrogen nitrate, HNO3, Sp. Gr. 1.42.
Acidum Nitricum Dilutum. Dose, 5-20 min.; 0.3-1.2 cc..
—19.32; Water, to 100. Contains 17.44% by weight of real acid.

Incompatibles, readily oxidisable substances, alkalies, carbonates,
iodides, bromides, chlorates, sulphides.

2Acidum Nitro-hydrochloricum Dilutum (Aqua Regia). Dose,
5-20 min.; 0.3-1.2 c.c.

—9.38; Hydrochloric acid, 12.5; Water, 78.12. A solution containing
chlorine, hydrochloric, nitric and nitrous acids.

Incompatibles, alkalies, carbonates, iodides, bromides, chlorates, sul-
phides, lead and silver salts.

Acidum Oleicum. Oleic Acid. — A straw-coloured liquid, with a
faint smell, and a weak acid reaction. Insoluble in water, soluble in al-
cohol, ether, chloroform, fats and oils.

ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM CONCENTRATUM. A colourless, syrupy
liquid with an acid taste and reaction. Contains 66.3% of hydrogen
orthophosphate, H3PO4. Sp. Gr. 1.5.

Acidum Phosphoricum Dilutum. — Dose, 5-20 min.; 0.3-1.2 c.c.
— 15; Water, to 100. Contains 13.8% of real acid.

Incompatibles, alkalies, carbonates, lead, silver and calcium salts.

Acidum Salicylicum (see Salicin).
23

Acidum Sulphuricum. A colourless, corrosive, intensely acid
liquid containing 98% by weight of hydrogen sulphate H2SO4 So
Gr. 1.843.

Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum.— Dose, 5-20 min.; 0.3-1.2 c.c.
—8.27 ; Water, to 100. Contains 13.65% of real acid.

Incompatiblies, salts of lead, barium, calcium (sulphates precipi-
tated); bromides, iodides, chlorates.

Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum. — Dose, 5-20 min.; 0.3-1.2 c.c.
— 6.98; Tincture of Ginger, 23.25; Spirit of Cinnamon, 1.18; Alcohol
68.59. The acid should be added slowly to the alcohol and the other
ingredients added subsequently.

Incompatibles as for the dilute acid and also water which in large
proportion precipitates the aromatics.

Acidum Sulphur osum. Sulphurous Acid. — Dose, 30-60 min. ; 2-4 c.c.
A colourless liquid with a pungent sulphurous odour, containing 6.4% of
hydrogen sulphite, H2 SO3.

Incompatibles, reduces chlorates, permanganates, chromates, and
arsenates; silver, mercuric, and mercurous nitrates; iodides, bromides,
chlorates.

Acidum Tannicum. Tannic Acid. (Tannin). Dose, 2-5 grs.;
1-3 dgms.

Ci-jHioOg. A light brownish powder consisting of thin, glistening scales,
with a characteristic odour, and an astringent taste. Soluble 2 in 1 of water
10 in 6 of alcohol, and slowly 1 in 3 of glycerin.

Incompatibles, albumin, gelatin, alkaloids, alkalies, chlorates, salts
of iron, lead, antimony, silver, mineral acids and lime water.

1Glycerinum Acidi Tannici. — 20; Glycerin, to 106.

^uppositoria Acidi Tannici. — Each suppository contains 3 grs.
of Tannic Acid. — 20; Oil of Theobroma, to 100.

3Trochiscus Acidi Tannici. — Each lozenge contains # gr. Made
with the Fruit Basis.

ACIDUM TARTARICUM.— Dose, 5-20 grs.; 3-12 dgms.
(CHOH.COOH)2. Colourless crystals with a strongly acid taste. Soluble
1 in 1 of water, 1 in 3 of alcohol.

Incompatibles, alkaline carbonates, salts of mercury, lead, and calcium.

Aconiti Radix. Aconite Root. The root of Aconitum Napellus,
usually 2-4 inches long, from 1# to 3 inches in diameter above, taper-

29

ing below; dark brown in colour without; white and starchy within: odour,
slight: taste, at first slight, but followed by a sensation of numbness and
tingling in the mouth. The important active constituent is the alkaloid
aconitine.

^inctura Aconiti. Dose, if repeated 2-5 min.; 0.1-0.3 c.c.:
for a single administration, 5-15 min.; 0.3-1 c.c.
—5; alcohol 70% 100: by percolation.

^inimentum Aconiti. — 66.6; Camphor, 3.33; Alcohol, to 100.

^conitina. Aconitine. — (Dose, 1/600-1/300 gr.; 1/10-1/5 mgm).
An alkaloid, rarely pure. Colourless crystals with the taste of the root.

2Unguentum Aconitinse. — 2; Oleic Acid, 16; Lard, 82.

ADEPS. LARD. — The purified fat of the hog. A soft white fatty
solid, soluble in ether, with a melting point of about 100° F. (38°-40° C).

xAdeps Benzoatus. Benzoated Lard. — to 100; Benzoin, 3.

ADEPS LAN^E. WOOL FAT. A purified cholesterine-fat obtained
from sheep's wool. A yellow, tenacious, unctuous substance, almost in-
odorous. Soluble in ether and chloroform, sparingly so in alcohol. Melt-
ing point 104°-112° F. (40°-44.4° C.).

^deps Lanae Hydrosus. Hydrous Wool Fat (Lanolin.) — 70;
Water, 30.

AETHER, ETHER. (Sulphuric Ether). Dose, if repeated 10-30
min.; 0.6-2 c.c.: for a single administration, 46-60 min.; 2.5-4 c.c.
A colourless, very volatile, inflammable liquid, with a heavy, highly in-
flammable vapour, which forms an explosive mixture with air. Boiling-
point lower than 105° F. (40.5° C.). Entirely miscible with alcohol,
chloroform and oils. Should contain 92% of ethyl oxide (C2Ho)2O, the
remainder being water and ethyl alcohol.

:^Ether Purificatus. Purified Ether. Ether from which the
water and alcohol have been removed. Used for producing anaesthesia.

^piritus Athens. — Dose, if repeated, 20-40 min.; l#-2# c.c.:
for a single administration, 60-90 min.; 4-6 c.c.
—35; Alcohol, 70.

^piritus yEtheris Compositus (Hoffmann's Anodyne). Dose,
if repeated, 20-40 min.; 1^4 — 2j^ c.c.: for a single administration, 60-{Kl|
min.; 4-6 c.c.

—13.75; Alcohol, 195; Sulphuric Acid, 90; Distilled Water, 3.75; Sodium
Bicarbonate, sufficient to almost neutralize the acid.

30

Aether Aceticus. Acetic Ether. Dose, if repeated, 20-40 min.;
\y2 to 2>£ c.c.: for a single administration, 60-90 min.; 4-6 c.c.
An ethereal liquid consisting of ethyl acetate, C2H6COO. CH3, together
with small amounts of ethyl alcohol. A colourless liquid with a fragrant
odour. Soluble, 1 in 10 of cold water, and in alcohol.

Aetheris Nitrosi (See Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi, p. 96).

ALCOHOL ABSOLUTUM. ALCOHOL ABSOLUTE. (Ethyl Alcohol.)
C2H5OH. A very volatile and hydroscopic liquid, containing not more
than 1% of water.

SPIRITUS RECTIFICATUS. ALCOHOL (96%). Rectified Spirit.) A
colourless, volatile liquid with an agreeable odour and a burning taste.
Contains 90% by volume, 85.65% by weight, of ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH,
the remiander being water.

The official dilutions are,— 70% Alcohol.— 77.77; Water, 24.16.
—60% Alcohol.— 66.66; Water, 35.78.
—45% Alcohol.— 50; Water, 52.66.
—20% Alcohol —22.22; Water, 79.10.
(In all cases 100 volumes will be produced.)

SPIRITUS VINI GALLICI. BRANDY. A spirituous liquid distilled
from wine and matured by age, containing not less than 36.5% by weight of
ethyl alcohol.

3Mistura Spiritus Vini Gallici. Dose, 1-2 fl. oz.; 30-50 c.c.
— 40; Cinnamon Water, 40; Sugar, 5; Yolks of Eggs, 10, by volume.

VINUM XERICUM. Sherry. A Spanish wine containing not less
than 13.5% of ethyl alcohol.

Vinum Aurantii (see Aurantium, p. 39).

Aloe Barbadenis, Barbadoes Aloes. Dose, 2-5 grs.; 1-3 dgms.
The juice that flows from the transversely cut leaves of Aloe vera, Aloe
Chinensis and probably other species, dried into hard masses, which are
yellowish, reddish-brown, chocolate-brown or black; odour disagreeable,
taste nauseous and bitter. Almost entirely soluble in a mixture of water
and alcohol in equal parts, about 30% insoluble in cold water.
Incompatibles, see Aloin.

^xtractum Aloes Barbadensis. Dose, 1-4 grs.; ^-2>£dgms.
A dried aqueous extract; 3 of the extract is equivalent to about 4 of the
drug.

3Decoctum Aloes Compositum. Dose >^-2 fl. oz.; 15-60 c.c.
—1; Myrrh, Saffron, Potassium Carbonate, of each 0.5; Extract of Liq-
uorice, 4; Compound Tincture of Cardamons, .30; Water, to 100.

31

3Tinctura Aloes. Dose, if repeated, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.:
for a single administration, l,K-2 fl. dr.; 6-8 c.c.
—2.5; Liquid Extract of Liquorice, 15; Alcohol 45%, to 100.

*Pilula Aloes Barbadensis. Dose, 4-8 grs.; 2>£-5 dgms. (in 1
or 2 pills).

— 48; Hard Soap, 24; Oil of Caraway, 3; Confection of Roses, q.s. to 100
(about 24). In each pill 2 gr. of the Extract.

xPilula Aloes et Ferri.— Dose, 4-8 grs. ; 2^-5 dgms. (in 1 or 2 pills) .
— 22; Exsiccated Ferrous Sulphate, 11; Compound Powder of Cinnamon,
33; Syrup of Glucose, q.s. to 100 (about 33). Each pill contains Y2 gr. of
iron salt, 1 gr. of aloes.

Aloe Socotrina. Socotrine Aloes. Dose, 2-5 grs.; 1-3 dgms.
The juice from the transversely cut leaves of Aloe Perryi and probably
other species; dried to form either viscid or hard, dark-brown masses: odour
strong, not disagreeable; taste nauseous and bitter. Almost entirely
soluble in 60% alcohol: about one half is soluble in water.
Incompatibles, see Aloin.

^ilula Aloes Socotrinae. Dose, 4-8 grs.; 2>^-5 dgms. (in 1 or 2
pills).

— 48; Hard Soap, 24; Oil of Nutmeg, 3; Confection of Roses, q.s. to 100
(about 24). Each pill contains 2 grs. of aloes.

2Pilula Aloes et Asafetidae. Dose, 4-8 grs. ; 2>£-5 dgms. (in 1 or 2
pills).

Aloes, Asafetida, Hard Soap, Confection of Roses, of each 25.
Each pill contains 1 gr. of both the aloes and the asafetida.

2Pilula Aloes et Myrrhae. Dose, 4-8 grs.; 2^-5 dgms. (in 1 or
2 pills).

-^4; Myrrh, 22; Syrup of Glucose, to 100 (about 34).
Each pill contains about 2 grs. of aloes.

Aloinum. Aloin. Dose, K"-2 grs.; 3-12 cgms.

A crystalline active principle contained in Aloes, yellow, odourless; taste,
nauseous and bitter. Slightly soluble in water, more so in alcohol, soluble
in glycerin.

Incompatibles, alkaline hydrates (which decompose it); nitric acid,
ferric chloride, spirits of nitrous ether (colour change occurs).

ALUMEX. ALUM. — Dose, 5-10 grs.; 3-6 dgms.

Aluminium and potassium sulphate, (A12(SO4)3, K2SO4, 24 H2O, or
aluminium and ammonium sulphate, A12(SO4)3, (NH4)2 SO4, 24 H2O.
Colourless, transparent crystals having a sweetish, astringent taste.

32

Soluble 1 in 10 of cold, 1 in 1/3 of hot water; soluble in glycerin; insoluble
in alcohol.

Incompatibles, alkali hydrates, or carbonates, borax and lime water
(citrates, tartrates, glycerin, sugar, acacia, in part prevent precipitation);
phosphates, tannic acid, tartaric acid; lead, barium, mercury and iron salts.

2Alumen Exsiccatum. — Potassium alum from which the water
of crystallization has been driven off by heat.

2Glycerinum Aluminis.— 16.66 Water, 6.25; Glycerin, to 100.
2Kaolinum (See p. 69.)

Ammoniacum. Ammoniacum. — Dose, 5-15 grs. ; 3-10 dgms.
A gum-resin exuded from the flowering and fruiting stem of Dorema
Ammoniacum. It forms small pale yellowish or brownish tears or masses,
hard and brittle when cold, softening when warmed. Odour, faint; taste
acrid and bitter. Triturated with water forms a white emulsion ; about 60%
is soluble in alcohol.

Emplastrum Ammoniaci cum Hydrargyro. — 164; Mercury, 41;
Olive Oil, 1.75; Sublimed Sulphur, 0.25.

Mistura Ammoniaci. — Dose, }4-\ fl. oz. ; 15-30 c.c.
—3; Syrup of Balsam of Tolu, 6; Water, to 100.

AMMONIUM. AMMONIUM. NH3.

Liquor Ammoniae Fortis. Strong Solution of Ammonia. — An
aqueous solution containing 33% of ammonium, NH3. A colourless liquid
with a pungent, suffocating odour.

xLiquor Ammoniae. — Contains 10% of Ammonium. — 33.33;
Water, 66.66.

2Linimentum Ammoniae, — 25; Almond Oil, 25; Olive Oil, 50.

1Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus. Dose 20-40 min.; \]/2-ellA c.c.
repeated; for a single administration, 60-90 min., 4-6 c.c.
—4; Ammonium Carbonate, 2; Oil of Nutmeg, 0.28; Oil of Lemon, 0.40;
Alcohol, 60; Water, 30. A transparent nearly colourless liquid with a
pungent taste and odour. Contains the equivalent of about 2.4',', of am-
monium (partly as carbonate).

Incompatibles, solutions of salts of lead, silver, mercury, bismuth,
antimony, copper, iron, aluminium, and zinc (precipitation prevented or
hindered by the presence of sugar, acacia, glycerine, citrates and tartrates);
alkaloids; chloral, and thymol.

3Spiritus Ammoniae Fetidus. Fetid Spirit of Ammonia. Dose,
if repeated, 20-40 min.; l#-2# c.c.; for a single administration, 60-90 min.;
4-6 c.c.
—10; Asafetida, 7.5; Alcohol, to 100.

33

3Ammonii Benzoas. — Dose, 5-15 grs. ; 3-10 dgms.

Colourless crystals. Soluble, 1 in 6 of water; 1 in 30 of alcohol; 1 in 8 of
glycerin.

^Ammonii Bromidum. — Dose, 5-30 grs.; 3-20 dgms.

Small colourless crystals, with a somewhat pungent taste. Soluble 2 in 3
of water; 1 in 15 of alcohol.

Ammonii Carbonas.^-Dose, 3-10 grs.; 2-6 dgms.

A mixture of ammonium hydrogen carbonate NHsHCOs, and ammonium
carbamate, NH4 NH2 CO2. Hard translucent crystalline masses, with an
ammoniacal odour and an alkaline reaction. Soluble, 1 in 4 of water.

Incompatibles, alkali hydrates and carbonates, salts of all metals
in solution, many alkaloids, and resorcin.

^Ammonii Chloridum. — Dose, 5-20 grs.; 3-12 dgms.

Colourless, inordorous crystals, with a pungent saline taste. Soluble 1-3
of water 1 in 60 of alcohol.

Incompatibles, lead, silver, mercurous salts; alkaline hydrates.

3Ammonii Phosphas. — Dose, 5-20 grs.; 3-12 dgms.

Di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate, (NH^ HPCX. Transparent crystals.
Soluble 1 in 4 of water, insoluble in alcohol.

Incompatibles, salts of metals; alkali hydrates.

:Liquor Ammonii Acetatis. (Mindererus* Spirit). — Dose, 2-6 fl. dr.;
8-23 c.c.

Ammonium Carbonate, 5; Acetic Acid sufficient to neutralise the carbonate;
Water to 100. A clear colourless liquid with an acetous odour and a sharp,
saline taste.

liquor Ammonii Citratis. — Dose, 2-6 fl. dr.; 8-23 c.c.
Citric Acid, 12.5; Ammonium Carbonate, sufficient to neutralise the acid
in solution, about 8.75; Water, to 100. A colourless, odourless liquid with
a saline taste.

Amygdala Amara. Bitter Almond. The ripe seed of Prunus
Amygdalus var. amara. Resembles the sweet almond but is shorter and
bitter.

Amygdala Dulcis. Sweet Almond. The ripe seed of Prunus Amyg-
dalus var. dulcis.

Pulvis Amygdalae Compositus. — 62; Sugar, 31; Gum Acacia, 7.75.

Mistura Amygdalae. Dose, >£-2 fl. dr.; 2-8 c.c.
—12.5; Water, to 100.

Oleum Amygdalae. A bland, almost odourless oil prepared
from either the sweet or the bitter almond. Makes a whiter ointment
than olive oil.

34

Amyl Nitris. Amyl Nitrite. Dose, by inhalation, 2-5 min.;
0.1-0.3 c.c.: (K-l min.; 0.03-0.06 c.c.).

Yellow, fragrant liquid, slightly acid, consisting chiefly of iso-amyl nitrite.
Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, but in time forms amyl alcohol
(poisonous) and ethyl nitrite.

Amylum. Starch. Starch of wheat, maize, or rice. Soluble in
hot water; insoluble in alcohol.

Incompatibles, strong alcohol, tannic acid, lead subacetate.
Glycerinum Amyli. — 11; Water, 16.5; Glycerin, 71.5.

Anethi Fructus. Dill Fruit. The dried ripe fruit of Pucedanum
Graveolens.

Aqua Anethi.— 10; Water, 200; distill over 100.
Oleum Anethi. Dose, >^-3 min.; 0.03-0.2 c.c.
A pale yellow oil, taste sweet and aromatic, odour characteristic.

Anisi Fructus. Anise Fruit. The dried ripe fruit of Pimpinella
Anisum.

Aqua Anisi.— 10; Water 200; distill over 100.

KMeum Anisi. Dose, #-3 min.; 0.03-0.2 c.c.
A pale yellow oil, with an aromatic taste and a characteristic odour.

^piritus Anisi. Dose, 5-20 min.; 0.3-1.2 c.c.
—10; Alcohol, 90.

Anthemidis Flores. Chamomile Flowers. The dried flower-heads of
Anthemis nobilis; odour strong and aromatic, taste bitter.

Extractum Anthemidis. Dose, 2-8 grains.; 1-5 dgms.
—10; Oil of Chamomile, 0.02; Water, 100; evaporated to a soft extract.

Oleum Anthemidis. Dose >£-3 min. ; 0.03-0.2c.c.
A pale bluish oil (becoming yellow on keeping), with an aromatic odour.

Antimonium. Antimony.

3Antimonium Nigrum Purification!. Antimeuious Sulphide. A
purified native sulphide, Sb2 S3; a greyish black powder. From it are
made the other preparations.

3Antimonii Oxidum. Antimonious Oxide. Dose, 1-2 grs.;
6-12 cgms. Sb4 OG, a greyish white powder; insoluble in water.

3Pulvis Antimonialis (James' Powder.). Dose, 3-6 grs.; 2-4
dgms.
—33.3; Calcium Phosphate, 66.6.

35

3Antimonium Sulphuratum. Sulphurated Antimony. Dose, 1-2
grs. ; 6-12 cgms.

A mixture of sulphides and oxides, forming a dull red powder. Insoluble
in water.

2Antimonium Tartaratum. Tartarated Antimony (Tartar Eme-
tic). Dose, as a diaphoretic, 1/24-1/8 gr.; 3-8 mgms.: as an emetic, 1-2
grs.; 6-12 cgms.

A double salt of Antimony and Potassium Tartrate, [K(SbO)C4H4 O2],
HiO. Colourless, transparent crystals, with a sweet metallic taste.
Soluble 1 in 17 of cold, 1 in 3 of hot water; insoluble in alcohol but moderate-
ly so in weak alcohol. Soluble in a solution of the alkaline chlorides.

Incompatibles, hydrochloric, nitric, and sulphuric acids; alkali hy-
drates and carbonates (prevented by citrates, tartrates, glycerin, sugar and
acacia) ; lime water; salts of most metals; tannic acid, albumin ,soap.

^inum Antimoniale. Antimonial Wine. Dose, as a dia-
phoretic, 10-30 min.; ^2-2 c.c.: as an emetic 2-4 fl. dr.; 8-15 c.c.
—0.457; boiling Water, 5.028; Sherry, to 100. 2 gr. in 1 fl. oz.

Apomorphinse Hydrochloridum. Dose,i/io-i/4gr.; 6-i6mgms.
hypodermically 1/20-1/10 gr. ; 3-6 mgms.

An alkaloid derived synthetically from morphine. Small whitish crystals,
turning green on exposure to light and air. Soluble, 1 in 60 of water, 1
in 50 of alcohol. The solutions are decomposed on boiling.

^njectio Apomorphinae Hypodermica. Dose, 5-10 min.; 0.3-
0.6 c.c.

— 1; Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 1; Water, recently boiled 100. 1 gr. in
110 min.

AQUA DESTILLATA. DISTILLED WATER. (Referred to throughout
this book simply as Water).

Aqua. (See Anethum, Anisum, Aurantium, Camphora, Caruum,
Chloroformum, Cinnamomum, Foeniculum, Laurocerasus, Mentha Piper-
ita, Mentha Viridis, Pimenta, Rosa, Sambucus.)

Araroba. Araroba. (Goa Powder.) A brownish powder found in
the trunks of Andira Araroba.

^hrysarobin. Chrysarobin. A crystalline, inodorous, taste-
less, yellow powder, containing varying proportions of chrysophanic
acid. Soluble slightly in water, almost entirely so in hot alcohol, com-
pletely so in hot chloroform.

2Unguentum Chrysarobini. — 4; Benzoated Lard, 96.
36

Argentum. Silver.

^rgenti Nitras. Dose, 1/4- K gr.; 15-30 _„_ .
Colourless crystals. Soluble 1 in less than 1 of water; slightly soluble
in alcohol; soluble in ether and glycerin.

Incompatibles, most inorganic salts and many organic preparations,
^rgenti Nitras Induratus. Toughened Caustic. Opaque
white cylindrical bars.— 95; Potassium Nitrate, 5. Fused and poured
into moulds.

'Argenti Nitras Mitigatus. Mitigated Caustic. Resembles
the above— 33; Potassium Nitrate, 66. Fused and poured into moulds.

3Argenti Oxidum. Dose, ^-2 grs. ; 3-12 cgms.
A brown powder insoluble in water and alcohol.

Incompatibles, forms explosive mixtures with sulphur, sulphides.,
phosphorus, tannic acid, creosote, and many other organic substances.

ArmoracicB Radix. Horse-radish Root. The root of Cochlearia
Armoracia: nearly cylindrical, 24 inches or more in length, >£-! inch
in diameter, externally pale yellow, internally white, odour pungent
when bruised or scraped, taste pungent.

Spiritus Armoraciae Compositus. Dose, 1-2 fl. drs. ; 4-8 c.c.
The root macerated with water, to which Bitter Orange Peel, Nutmeg, and
Alcohol are added; and distilled.

Arnica Rhizoma. Arnica Rhizome. The dried rhizome and roots
of Arnica montana. The horizontal, cylindrical, dark-brown rhizome
(rootstock) is 1-2 inches long, 1/6-1/4 inches in diameter, curved and rough
with leaf scars above and roots or their scars below; odour faintly aromatic,
taste bitter and acrid.

Tinctura Arnicae. — 20; alcohol 70%, 100: by percolation. Used
externally.

ARSENIUM, ARSENIC.

Arseniosum. Arsenious Anhydride. (Arsenicums. Ar-
senic. White Arsenic. Arsenious Acid.) Dose, 1/60-1/15 gr.; 1-4 mgms.
Arsenious anhydride, As4 Oe, occurs as a heavy white powder, or as strati-
fied partially crystalline masses; tasteless, odourless, in aqueous solution
slightly acid in reaction. Soluble 1 in 20 of hot water, 1 in 60 of cold; 1
in 8 of glycerin; moderately soluble in solutions of the hydrates and car-
bonates of the alkalies and in solutions of hydrochloric acid.

Incompatibles of arsenious anhydride and of arsenites, most metallic
salts in solution, potassium iodide (1 dr. of potassium iodide in 1 dr. of

37

Arsenical Solution gives but a slight precipitate), mercuric chloride, tannic
acid, hypophosphites in acid mixture.

xLiquor Arsenicalis. Arsenical Solution (Fowler's Solution).
Dose, 2-8 min.; 0.1-0.5. c.c.

— 1; Potassium Carbonate, 1; Compound Tincture of Lavender, 3.125;
Water, to 100
A reddish liquid alkaline to litmus. 1 gr. in 110 min.

Incompatibles, as an alkaline solution with acid solutions (Liquor
Strychninae, Liquor, and Tinctura Ferri Perchloridi, etc.) alkaloids and
most metals; see also above under Acidum Arseniosum.

liquor Arsenici Hydrochloricus. Hydrochloric Solution of
Arsenic. Dose, 2-8 min.; 0.1-0.5 c.c.

— 1; Hydrochloric Acid, 1.25; Water to 100. A colourless liquid with an
acid reaction. 1 gr. in 110 min.

Incompatibles, as for arsenious and hydrochloric acids.

3Arsenii lodidum. Arsenious Iodide. Dose, 1/20-1/5 gr.;
3-12 mgms.

Small orange crystals or crystalline masses. Soluble in water and in al-
cohol.

Incompatibles, see above and as for any soluble iodide.

xLiquor Arseniitt Hydrargyri lodidi. Solution of Arsenious and
Mercuric Iodides. (Donovan's Solution.) Dose, 5-20 min.; 0.3-1.2 c.c.
— 1; Mercuric Iodide, 1; Water, to 100. A clear, pale yellow liquid with
a metallic taste. 1 gr. of each in 110 min. Incompatible with all alkaloids.

3Ferri Arsenas. Dose 1/16-^gr.: 4-6 mgms (See p. 59).

3Sodii Arsenas. Dose 1/40-1/10 gr. : 1-6 mgms. (See p. 94).

3Liquor Sodii Arsenatis. Dose 2-8 min.: 0.1-0.8 c.c. (see p. 94)

ASAFETIDA. ASAFETIDA. Dose, 5-15 grs. ; 3-10 dgms.
A gum resin obtained from the root of Ferula fetida. Flattened tears
or masses of tears, dull yellow in colour, darkening on keeping,but yellowish
or milky white within; odour strong alliaceous and persistent; taste bitter,
acrid and alliaceous. Forms a white emulsion when triturated with water;
injpart soluble in alcohol.

3Tinctura Asafetidae. Dose, 30-60 min. ; 2-4 c.c.
—20; Alcohol ;70% to 100: by maceration.
Pilula Aloes et Asafetidae, see Aloe.

Atropina, see Belladonna, (p. 40).

AURANTII CORTEX RECENS. Fresh Bitter Orange Peel. The fresh
outer part of Citrus Aurantium var. Bigaradia.

:Tinctura Aurantii. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
—25; Alcohol, to 100.

^yrupus Aurantii. Dose, 30-60 min. ; 2-4 c.c.
—12.5; Syrup, 87.5.

38

3Syrupus Aromaticus. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
— 25; Cinnamon Water, 25: Syrup, 50.

3Vinum Aurantii. Made by fermenting a saccharine solution
to which Bitter Orange Peel has been added. Contains 10% of ethyl
alcohol.

A urantii Cortex Siccatus. Dried Bitter Orange Peel. The above dride

2Infusum Aurantii. Dose, X-l fl- oz.; 15-30 c.c.
—5; boiling Water, to 100.

3Infusum Aurantii Compositum. Dose, %-\ fl. oz.; 15-30 c.c.
—2.5; Fresh Peel, 1.25; Cloves, 0.63; boiling Water, to 100.

Aqua Aurantii Floris. Orange-flower Water. Obtained by dis-
tilling the flowers of Citrus aurantium var. Bigaradia with water.

Syrupus Aurantii Floris. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
—11.12; Sugar, 66.67; Water, to 100.

BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM. BALSAM OF PERU. Dose, 5-15 min.;
0.3-1 c.c.

A balsam exuded from the trunk of Myroxylon Pereirae, after the bark has
been beaten and scorched. A viscid liquid, in bulk black, but in thin
layers deep orange-brown or reddish-brown, and transparent; odour
agreeable and balsamic; taste, acrid and leaving a burning in the throat
if swallowed.

Insoluble in water; soluble 1 in 1 of alcohol but made turbid by two
volumes.

Important active constituents, benzyl benzoate and cinnamate.

Balsamum Tolutanum. Balsam of Tolu. Dose 5-15grs.; 3-10
dgms. A balsam exuded from the trunk of Myroxylon toluifera, when
incised. At first a soft and tenaceous solid, it becomes hard and brittle
when dried: in thin films it is transparent and yellowish-brown in colour:
odour fragrant; taste aromatic and slightly acid. Important active con-
stituents, free cinnamic acid, benzyl cinnamate and benzoate. Insoluble
in water soluble in alcohol.

Syrupus Tolutanus. Dose 30-60 min. ; 2-4 c.c.
Contains 2.62% of balsam and 66.5% of sugar by weight.

iTinctura Tolutana. Dose, 30-60 min. ; 2-4 c.c.
— 10; Alcohol 100: by maceration.

BELLADONNA FOLIA. The fresh leaves and branches of
Atropa Belladonna. The leaves are 3-8 inches long; broadly ovate,

39

acute, entire, nearly glabrous. Important constituent, the alkaloid
atropine.

^xtractum Belladonnae Viride. Green Extract of Belladonna.
Dose. 1/4-1 gr. ; 15-60 mgms.

The juice expressed from the fresh leaves, filtered and concentrated at a
low heat. (A frequent ingredient of pills.)

3Succus Belladonnae. Juice of Belladonna. Dose, 5-16 min.;
0.3-1 c.c.
To three parts of the fresh juice one part of alcohol is added.

BELLADONNA RADIX. The root of Vtropa belladonna. Cyl-
indrical pieces, entire or longitudinally split, ^-1 foot in length, 3/8-3/4
inch in diameter, externally longitudinally wrinkled, and greyish-brown
in colour, internally whitish and starchy. Important active constituent,
the alkaloid, atropine.

^xtractum Belladonnse Liquidum. An alcoholic extract stan-
dardized to contain 0.75% of alkaloids. 3/4 gr. in 110 min.

^xtractum Belladonnae Alcoholicum. Dose, 1/4-1 gr. ;
15-60 mgms.

The above evaporated and milk sugar added to form a slightly coherent
powder. Standardized to contain 1% of alkaloids.

2Suppositoria Belladonnae. 1/60 gr. of alkaloids in
each.— 10; Oil of Theobroma to 100.

2Emplastrum Belladonnae. Base, Resin Plaster. Contains
0.5% of alkaloids.

2Linimentum Belladonnae — 50; Camphor, 5; Water, 10;
Alcohol, to 100.

xTinctura Belladonnae. Dose, 5-15 min.; 0.5-1 c.c.

— 6.26; Alcohol, to 100. Standardized to contain about 0.05% of alka-
loids.

ATROPINA. ATROPINE. Dose, 1/200-1/100 gr. ; 0.3-0.6 mgms
Colourless crystals, in solution with a bitter taste. Soluble 1 in 300 of
water; readily in alcohol, chloroform, and ether.

Incompatibles of atropine and its salts, as for alkaloids; sodium and
potassium hydrates and carbonates (not bicarbonates) ; decomposed by
heating in acid, alkaline or neutral aqueous solution.

2Unguentum Atropinae.— 2 ; Oleic Acid, 8; Lard, 90.

^tropinee Sulphas. Dose, 1/200-1/100 gr.; 1/3-2/3 mgms.
Nearly colourless crystals. Soluble, 1 in 1 of water; 1 in 10 of alcohol; in-
soluble in ether and chloroform.

40

'Liquor Atropinae Sulphatis. Dose, tf-l min.; 0.03-6.06 c.c.
—1 ;Salicylic Acid, 1.12; Water, to 100. 1 gr. in 110 min.

lamellae Atropinae. Gelatin disks each containing 1/5000 gr.

Benzoinum. Benzoin. A balsamic resin obtained from Styrax
Benzoin, and probably other species. Flat or curved tears varying in
size but seldom exceeding two inches in length and half an inch in thickness,
yellowish or reddish-brown in colour externally, milky white internally,
brittle when cold, softens when warmed and when heated emits fumes of
benzoic acid: the tears may occur in agglutinated masses. Insoluble in
water; soluble in alcohol .

Important active constituent, benzoic acid.

:Adeps Benzoatus. Benzoated Lard. — 3r Lard, 100.

:Tinctura Benzoini Composita. (Friar's Balsam.) Dose, 30-
60 min.; 2-4 c.c.

—10; Storax, 7.5; Balsam of Tolu, 2.5; Socotrine Aloes, 1.83; Alcohol, to
100.

ACIDUM BENZOICUM. Dose, 5-15 grs.; 3-10 dgms.

Light colourless, crystalline scales or needles; odourless, or with a slight
balsamic odour. Soluble, 1 in 390 of cold, 1 in 17 of boiling water; 1 in
3 of alcohol; and in ether, chloroform, fixed and volatile oils.

Incompatibles of benzoic acid and benzoates, silver, mercury, lead,
and ferric salts in solution, quinine bisulphate; strong acids (free benzoic
acid from benzoates leading to a precipitate if in strong solution) ; benzoic
acid frees carbonic acid from carbonates.

3Trochiscus Acidi Benzoici. Y-I gr. in lozenge made with the
Fruit Basis.

Ammonii Benzoas (see Ammonium, p. 34).
Sodii Benzoas (see Sodium, p. 94.)

Benzol. A mixture of hydrocarbons containing about 70% of
benzene, and 20-30% of toluene. A colourless, volatile, inflammable
liquid, with a characteristic odour.

Bismuthum. Bismuth.

^ismuthi Carbonas. Bismuth Oxycarbonate. Dose, 5-20 grs.;
3-12 dgms.

(Bi2O2CO3)2 H2O. A heavy white crystalline powder, faintly acid. In-
soluble in water.

3Trochiscus Bismuthi Compositus.— 2 jgr.; Precipitated Cal-
cium Carbonate, 4 gr.; Heavy Magnesium Carbonate, 2 gr.; with the Ros-
Basis.

41

1Bismuthi Subnitras. Bismuth Oxynitrate. Dose, 5-20 grs.;
3-12 dgms.

BiONO3, H2 O. A heavy white crystalline powder, faintly acid. In-
soluble in water, somewhat soluble in glycerin.

Incompatibles, carbonates and bicarbonates, iodides, hypophosphites,
tannic acid.

2Bismuthi Oxidum. Bismuth Oxide. Dose, 5-20 grs.; 3-12
dgms.
Bia Os. A heavy brownish-yellow powder. Insoluble in water.

2Bismuthi Salicylas. Bismuth Oxysalicylate. Dose, 5-20 grs.;
3-12 dgms.

A nearly white powder. Insoluble in water.
Like all salicylates gives a violet colour with ferric salts.

2Liquor Bismuthi et Ammonii Citratis. (Liquor Bismuthi.)
Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.

A colourless, slightly alkaline solution, containing 3 grs. of Bismuth Oxide
in 60 min.

Incompatibles, most mineral acids and the stronger organic acids pre-
cipitate bismuth citrate.

Boron. Boron.

^Acidum Boricum. Boric Acid. (Boracic Acid.) Dose, 5-15
grs.; 3-10 dgms.

H3BO3. Colourless, pearly lamellar crystals, odourless, unctuous to the
touch, slightly bitter and acrid in taste. Soluble, 1 in 30 of cold, 1 in 3
of boiling water, 1 in 4 of glycerin, 1 in 30 of alcohol.

Incompatibles, carbonates, mercuric chloride (a basic chloride is formed)
silver nitrate, lead acetate, barium chloride, calcium chloride, (borates
formed) alum, zinc sulphate, and ferric chloride.

^lycerinum Acidi Borici. — 6; Glycerin by weight to 100, heated
to 302° F.

2Unguentum Acidi Borici. — 10; White Paraffin Ointment, 90.

Borax. Borax. (Sodium Biborate or Pyroborate.) Dose, 5-20
grs.; 3-12 dgms.

Na2B4O7, 10H2O. Colourless, transparent crystals, sometimes slightly
effloresced, with a weakly alkaline reaction in solution. Soluble 1 in 25 of
cold, 2 in 1 of boiling water; 1 in 1 of glycerin; insoluble in alcohol. In-
compatibles, as an alkali, alkaloids and chloral; acacia and the metals
mentioned above under boric acid.

^lycerinum Boracis. — 14.25; Glycerin, 85.5. (Contains some
free acid.)

2Mel Boracis.— 10.5; Glycerin, 5.25; Clarified Honey. 84.
42

BUCHU FOLIA. BUCHU LEAVES. The dried leaves of Barosm*
Betulina. Rhomboid ovate, yellowish-green leaves, with a denticulate
margin, almost glabrous surface, with many oil glands upon it; odour and
taste strong and characteristic, especially when crushed.

^nfusum Buchu. 1-2 fl. oz.; 30-60 c.c.
—5; boiling Water, 100.

2Tinctura Buchu. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c. (Contains alcohol
60%.)

Butyl-Moral Hydras, Butyl-chloral. Dose, 5-20 grs.; 3-12 dgms.
Trichlorbutylidine-glycol, CH3CHC1.CC12CH (OH)2. Pearly white lam-
inar crystals, with a pungent odour and an acrid nauseous taste. Solu-
ble 1 in 50 of water; 1 in 1 of glycerine; 1 in 1 of alcohol.

Incompatibles, water (decomposes if kept in aqueous solution for a
long time), alkalies (freeing chloroform); if triturated with acetamide,
carbolic acid, menthol and urethane it liquifies.

CAFFEINA. CAFFEINE. (Theine). Dose, 1-5 grs.; #-3 dgms.
An alkaloid obtained from the leaves of Camellia Thea (the tea plant)
and from beans of Coffea Arabica (coffee). Colourless inodorous acicu-
lar silky crystals. Soluble, 1 in 80 of cold, readily in boiling water; 1 in
40 of alcohol.

Incompatibles, tannic acid, mercuric salts. (Compatible with other
alkaloidal precipitants.)

1Caffeina3 Citras. Dose, 2-10 grs.; 1-6 dgms.

A white odourless powder, with an acid faintly bitter taste, and an acid
reaction when in solution. Solubility, 1 in 32 of water, with 3 parts of
water gives a syrupy solution, 1 in 22 of alcohol.

^affeinae Citras Effervescens. Dose, 60-120 grs.; 4-8 gms.
— 4; Sodium Bicarbonate, 51; Citric acid, 18; Tartaric Acid, 27; Sugar, 14.

Calcium. Calcium.

Incompatibles, the hydrate, carbonate, sulphate, phosphate, oxalate,
and tartrate are insoluble and in consequence soluble calcium salts are in-
compatible with the acids of these salts or with soluble salts of the same.

iCalcii Carbonas Praecipitatus. Precipitated Calcium Car-
bonate. (Precipitated Chalk.) Dose, 10-60 grs.; #-4 gms.
A white microcrystalline powder. Insoluble in water.

^alcii Chloridum. Dose, 5-15 grs. ; 3-10 dgms.

CaCl2, 2H2O. White very deliquescent masses, with a bitter acrid taste.
Soluble 1 in 1 of water; 1 in 3 of alcohol.

43

2Calcii Hydras. Calcium Hydrate. (Slaked Lime.) Ca(OH)2.
Must be freshly prepared by the action of calcium oxide and water. Sol-
uble 1 in 900 of water.

liquor Calcis (Lime Water). Dose, 1-4 fl. oz.; 30-120 c.c.
Made by shaking calcium hydroxide with water and decanting. % gr.
of lime in 1 fl. oz.

^inimentum Calcis. (Caron Oil.) Equal parts of Lime
Water and Olive Oil shaken together.

2Liquor Calcis Saccharatus. Saccharated Solution of Lime.
Dose, 20-60 min.; 1-4 c.c.

— 5; Sugar, 10; Water to 100. Shake and decant the clear fluid. 8
grs. in 1 fl. oz.

2Calcii Hypophosphis. Dose, 3-10 grs.; 2-6 dgms.

Ca(PH2O2)2. A white powder or lustrous crystals, odourless and having
a nauseous taste. Soluble 1 in 8 of water; insoluble in alcohol.

Incompatibles, as for calcium, and also chlorates, mercuric salts, bis-
muth subnitrate, ferric salts, quinine, strong acids, (the acid solution of
arsenic) ; explodes if triturated with oxidizing agents.

3Calcii Phosphas. Dose, 5-15 grs.; 3-10 dgms.

A light white amorphous powder. Insoluble in water; soluble in acetic,
hydrochloric or nitric acids.

2Calx. Lime. (Burnt Lime. Calcium Oxide.) CaO. Com-
pact whitish masses.

2Calx Chlorinata. Chlorinated Lime. A mixture containing the
hydrate, chloride, and hypochlorite of calcium. A dull whitish powder
with a characteristic smell. Decomposes on exposure to the air. Partially
soluble in water.

3Liquor Calcis Chlorinatse. (Bleaching Liquid.) — 10; Water
to 100.

3Calx Sulphurata. Sulphurated Lime- Dose, 1/4-1 gr.; 15-60
mgms.

A mixture containing about 50 % of calcium sulphide with calcium sul-
phate and carbon. A greyish wrhite powder with a smell of hydrogen sul-
phide.

:Creta Preparata. Dose, 10-60 grs.; >^-4 gms.

Native calcium carbonate, freed from most of its impurities by elutri-
ation. White friable masses or white powder.

xMistura Cretae. Chalk Mixture. Dose l/i-\ fl. oz.; 15-30 c.c.
—3.125; Tragacanth, 0.44.; Sugar, 6.25; Cinnamon Water to 100. In
1 fl. oz. 14 grs. of chalk.

iPulvis Cretae Aromaticus. Dose, 10-60 grs.; ^-4 gms.
—24.2; Cinnamon Bark, 8.8; Nutmeg, 6.6; Cloves, 3.3; Cardamons, 2.2;
Sugar, 55.

44

^ulvis Cretae Aromaticus cum Opio. Dose 10-40 crs •
6-25 dgms.
— 97.5; Opium, 2.5. 1 gr. of Opium in 40 grs.

3Syrupus Calcii Lactophosphatis. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate, 2.5; Lactic Acid, 6.0; Phosphoric Acid
Concentrated, 4.6; Sugar, 70.0; Orange-flower Water, 2.5; Water to 100.

Calumbae Radix. Calumba Root. The dried transversely cut
slices of the root of Jateorhiza Calumba. In irregular flattish, roughly
circular, yellowish slices, about 1-2 or more inches in diameter, and 1/8- #
or more of an inch thick, odour feeble, taste bitter. As this bitter contains
no tannin it may be given with iron, acids, or alkalies.

^nfusum Calumbae. Dose, Y2-\ fl. oz.; 15-30 cc
—5; Water, 20.

3Liquor Calumbae Concentratus. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
—50; Alcohol, 22.5; Water to 100: by maceration.

:Tinctura Calumbae. Dose, 30-60 min. ; 2-4 c.c.
—10; Alcohol 60% to 100: by maceration.

Cambogia. Gamboge. Dose, %-?> grs.; 3-12 cgms.

A gum-resin obtained from Garcinia Hamburii. Cylindrical, longitudin-
ally striated rolls, often agglutinated into masses; colour reddish-yellow;
odourless; taste acrid. Insoluble in water but forms with it an emulsion;
soluble in weak alcohol.

Pilula Cambogiae Composita. Dose, 4-8 grs.; 2>^-5 gms. (in 1 or
2 pills).

—16.5; Barbadoes Aloes, 16.5; Compound Cinnamon Powder, 16.5; Hard
Soap, 33.0; Syrup of Glucose, q.s. (about 16). Each pill contains about
2/3 gr. of aloes and of gamboge.

Camphora. Camphor. Dose, 2-5 grs.; 1-3 dgms.

A white crystalline substance obtained from Cinnamomum Camphora,
purified by sublimation. Solid, colourless, transparent, crystalline,
pieces of tough consistence; with a powerful penetrating odour, and a
bitter pungent taste, followed by a sensation of coldness, inflammable,
burning with a smoky flame, and volatile. Soluble 1 in 700 of water,
1 in 1 of alcohol, 1 in 4 of olive oil.

Incompatibles, forms a liquid, if triturated, with phenol, chloral,
menthol, thymol, salol.

:Aqua Camphora. (Dose, 30-60 c.c.)— 0.1 dissolved in a little
alcohol and slowly added to 100 of water.

^inimentum Camphorae. (Camphorated Oil.) — 20; Olive Oil,
SO.

^inimentum Camphorae Ammoniatum. — 12.5; Oil of Lavender,
0.625; Strong Solution of Ammonia, 25; Alcohol to 100.

^piritus Camphorae. Dose, 5-20 min.; 0.3-1.2 c.c.
—10; Alcohol to 100.

^Tinctura Camphorae Composita. (Paregoric Elixer, Paregoric.)
Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.

— 0.34; Tincture of Opium, 6.09; Benzoic Acid, 0.46; Oil of Anise, 0.31; Al-
cohol to 100. 1 fl. dr. contains 1/4 gr. of Opium or 1/30 gr. of morphine.

CANNABIS INDICA. INDIAN HEMP. The dried flowering or fruiting
tops of the female plant of Cannabis sativa. Usually compressed masses
of leaves, stems, and flowers. The leaves bear numerous oil glands and
curved hairs. The active constituent seems to be cannabinnol contained
in the resin.

1Extractum Cannabis Indicae. Dose, ^-1 gr. ; 15-60 mgms.
An alcoholic extract of a soft consistence.

xTinctura Cannabis Indicae. Dose, 5-15 min.; 0.3-1 c.c.
— 5; Alcohol to 100.

Cantharis. Cantharides. The dried beetle Cantharis vesica-
toria. About 3/4 to 1 inch long and a 1/4 inch broad, with two long wing-
sheaths of a coppery-green colour; odour strong and disagreeable. The
active principle is cantharidin, an acid anhydride, which is volatile; soluble
slightly in water, less so in alcohol (1 in 1150) and in ether (1 in 700), more
so in chloroform (1 in 65) and in acetone (1 in 40) and in glacial acetic acid;
incompatible, with alkalies (forming salts which are active) and lead,
silver, copper and mercuric salts in solution.

3Acetum Cantharidis. Vinegar of Cantharides. — 10; a mixture
of Glacial Acetic Acid and Water in equal parts to 100.

iEmplastrum Cantharidis.— 35; Yellow Beeswax, 20; Lard, 20;
Resin, 20; Soap Plaster, 5.

2Emplastrum Calefaciens. Warming Plaster. — 4; Yellow Bees-
wax, 4; Resin, 4; Resin Plaster, 52; Soap Plaster, 32; Water, boiling, 20.

xLiquor Epispasticus. Blistering Liquid. — 50; Acetic Ether
100: by percolation.

^ollodium Vesicans. Blistering Collodium.— to 100; Py-
roxylin, 2.5.

2Tinctura Cantharidis . Dose, if repeated, 2-5 min.; 0.1-0.3 c.c.:
for a single administration, 5-15 min.; 0.3-1 c.c.
— 1.25. Alcohol, 100: by maceration.

^nguentum Cantharidis. — 10; Benzoated Lard 90.
46

Caoutchouc, India-Rubber. (Para Rubber.) The prepared milk-
juice of Hevea brasiliensis and probably other species. Brownish-black,
elastic masses. Insoluble in water and alcohol; soluble in chloroform,'
carbon bisulphide, turpentine, benzol and petroleum.

Liquor Caoutchouc.— 5; Benzol,, 50; Carbon Bisulphide, 50.

CAPSICI FRUCTUS. CAPSICUM. The dried ripe fruit of Capsicum
minimum. Dull orange-red, oblong fruits, about K-^4 of an inch in length
and X inch in diameter; odour characteristic, taste intensely pungent.

xTinctura Capsici. Dose, 5-15 min.; 0.3-1 c.c.
— 5; Alcohol 70% to 100 by maceration.

3Unguentum Capsici.— 24; Spermaceti, 12; Olive Oil by weight, 88.

Carbo Ligni. Wood Charcoal. . Dose, 60-120 grs.; 4-8 gms.
The carbonaceous residue of wood charred by exposure to red heat without
access of air.

Carbonis Bisulphidum. Carbon Bisulphide. C 8%. A clear colourless
liquid with a characteristic but not fetid odour. Very slightly soluble in
water, soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, and in fixed and volatile
oils.

Cardamom! Semina. Cardamon Seeds. The dried ripe seed:
of Elettaria Cardamomum. Usually kept in their pericarps until wanteds
these are ovoid or oblong, bluntly triangular in section, longitudinally
striated, pale buff in colour. The seeds are brown, about 1/8 inch in
length, breadth and thickness, irregularly angular, and wrinkled. Odour
and taste warm and aromatic.

nTinctura Cardamomi Composita. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
—1.25 Caraway Fruit, 1.25; Raisins, 10; Cinnamon Bark, 2.5 ; Cochineal
Bark, 0.63; Alcohol 60% 100: by maceration.

Carui Fructus. Caraway Fruit. The dried fruit of Caruum Carvi.
The active constituent is the oil.

Aqua Carui. (Dose, 30-60 c.c.)
—10; Water, 200; distil over 100.

HDleum Carui. Dose >^-3 min.; 0.03-0.2 c.c.

A colourless or pale yellow oil with a characteristic odour and spicy, pung-
ent taste.

47

CMj-yopJiyllnw. . Cloves. The dried flower buds of Eugenia caryo-
phyllata. The principle active constituent is the oil.

Infusum Caryophylli. Dose, >2-l fl. oz.; 15-30 c.c.
— 2.5 in 100 of water. Contains some tannin.

KMeum Caryophylli. Dose, K-3 min.; 0.03-0.2 c.c.

A colourless or pale yellow oil becoming reddish on standing; odour and
taste of cloves. Incompatibles, ferric chloride, lime water, strong alkaline
or mineral acid solutions.

Cascara Sagrada. Cascara Sagrada. (Rhamni Purshiani Cortex'
Sacred Bark.) The dried bark of Rhamnus Purshianus. Quilled, chan-
nelled or curved pieces, frequently 4 inches long, ^ of an inch wide, and
about 1/16 inch thick, the outer surface is smooth, dark purplish-brown in
colour but often covered with a whitish coat of lichens ; odour characteristic ;
taste nauseous and persistently bitter.

^xtractum Cascarae Sagradae. Dose, 2-8 grs.; 1-5 dgms.
A dried aqueous extract.

^xtractum Cascarae Sagradae Liquidum. Dose, 30-60 min.;
2-4 c.c.

An aqueous extract. Incompatibles, gives a precipitate with alcohol (of
unimportant constituents), acids and strong solutions of mineral salts.

3Syrupus Cascarae Aromaticus. Dose, >2-2 fl. dr.; 2-8 c,c.
— 40; Tincture of Orange, 10; Alcohol, 5; Cinnamon Water, 15; Syrup,
30.

Cascarilla. Cascarilla. The dried bark of Croton Eluteria. In
quills from 1-3 inches long, 1/6- # inch in diameter, or curved pieces.
The outer layer is wrinkled longitudinally with transverse cracks; dull
brown or dark gray in colour but frequently covered with silver gray
patches containing black spots: odour, aromatic and agreeable, especially
when burned; taste, aromatic and bitter.

Infusum Cascarillae. Dose, ^2-1 fl. oz.; 15-30 c.c.
— 5 in 100 of boiling water.

Tinctura Cascarillae. Dose, 30-60 min. ; 2-4 c.c.
—20; Alcohol 70 % to 100 :by percolation.

Cassice Pulpa. Cassia Pulp. The pulp obtained from the pods of
Cassia Fistula. The pods are blackish brown in colour, very hard, and
from 1^2-2 feet long. The pulp is viscid and nearly black, with a faint
odour and a sweet taste. It is a constituent of Confection of Senna.

48

Catechu. Catechu. Dose, 5-15 grs.; 3-10 dgms.

An extract obtained from the leaves and young shoots of Uncaria Gambier.
In cubes, about an inch on the side, often agglutinated, deep reddish-
brown externally, porous and friable, consisting largely of minute crystals;
taste, at first bitter and astringent, subsequently sweetish; odourless!
Active principles catechin and catechu-tannic acid.

Incompatibles, gelatin, albumin, sulphuric acid and ferric salts.

^ulvis Catechu Compositus. Dose, 10-40 grs.; K-2K gms.
— 40; Kino, 20; Krameria Root, 20; Cinnamon Bark, 10; Nutmeg, 10.

2Tinctura Catechu. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
— 20; Cinnamon Bark, 5; Alcohol 60%, 100: by maceration.

3Trochiscus Catechu. 1 gr. in a lozenge made with the Simple
Basis.

Cera Alba. White Beeswax. Yellow Beeswax bleached. Hard,
nearly white, translucent masses.

Cera Flava. Yellow Beeswax. Prepared from the comb of the bee,
Apis mellifica. Insoluble in water, 3% soluble in alcohol, 50% soluble in
ether, completely soluble in oil of turpentine.

CERIUM. CERIUM.

Oxalas. Cerium oxalate. Dose, 2-10 grs.; 1-6 dgms.
Ce2 (C2O4)3, 9H2O. A nearly white, granular powder, odourless, tasteless.
Insoluble in water and other ordinary solvents, soluble in dilute sulphuric
and hydrochloric acids. Incompatibles, alkali hydrates.

Cetaceum. Spermaceti. A concerte fatty substance obtained from
the head of the Sperm Whale, Physeter macrocephalus, and subsequently
purified. Crystalline, pearly white, glistening, translucent masses, unc-
tuous to the touch, odourless, and flavourless, Insoluble in water, almost
so in alcohol, soluble in ether, chloroform, and boiling alcohol.

Unguentum Cetacei. — 20; White Beeswax, 8 Almond Oil by
weight, 72; Benzoin, 2.

Charta (see Sinapis p. 93).

Chirata. Chiretta. The dried plant Swertia Chirata, collected
when in flower. Stem 3 feet or more in length, purplish externally, with
a pith within; branches, slender: leaves glabrous and entire; flowers small,
numerous and in panicles: odourless; taste extremely bitter. Contains a
bitter but no tannic acid.

49

Infusum Chiratae. Dose, y£-l fl. oz. ; 15-30 c.c.
—5; boiling Water, 100.

Liquor Chiratae Concentratus. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
Alcoholic; by percolation.

Tinctura Chiratae. 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
— 10; Alcohol 60% to 100: by percolation.

CHLORAL HYDRAS. CHLORAL HYDRATE. (Chloral.) Dose,
5-20 grs. 3-12 dgms.

CC13.CH(OH)2. Colourless, nondeliquescent plates; pungent odour;
pungent, bitter taste. Soluble 5 in 1 of alcohol, 4 in 1 of water; or 2 in 1
of ether, soluble 1 in 4 of chloroform.

Incompatibles, alkaline hydrates, carbonates, borates, ammonia, mer-
curic oxide, potassium permanganate and iodide; gives a stiff mass or a
liquid when triturated with phenol, lead acetate, phenacetin, salol, sodium
phosphate, thymol, trional, urethane, or quinine sulphate: gives a damp
powder with acetanelid or phenazone.

^yrupus Chloral. Dose, #-2 fl. dr. ; 2-8 c.c.
—18.29; Water, 18.75; Syrup to 100. 10 grs. of chloral in 1 fl. dr.

CHLOROFORMUM. CHLOROFORM. Dose, 1-5 min.;0.05-0.3 c.c.
Chloroform is trichlormethane, CHCls, to which about 1% of absolute
alcohol has been added. A heavy, colourless liquid, with a characteristic
odour and a sweetish burning taste. Soluble 1 in 200 of water, miscible in
all proportions with alcohol, ether, and oils.

JAqua Chloroformi. — 1; W7ater, to 400.

1Linimentum Chloroformi. — 50; Camphor Liniment, 50.

iSpiritus Chloroformi. Dose, if repeated, 5-20 min.; 0.3-1.2 c.c.:
for a single administration, 30-40 min. ; 2-3 c.c.
—5; Alcohol, to 100.

xTinctura Chloroformi et Morphinae Composita. Dose, 5-15
min.: 0.3-1 c.c.

— 7.5; Morphine Hydrochloride, 1.0; Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid, 5.0;
Tincture of Capsicum, 2.5; Tincture of Indian Hemp, 10.0; Oil of Pepper-
mint, 0.15; Glycerin, 25.0; Alcohol to 100. In 10 min. there are ^ min.
of Chloroform, 1/11 gr. of Morphine, y£ min. of Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid.

Chrysarobinum. (See Araroba p. 36).

Cimicifugce Rhizoma. Cimicifuga. The dried rhizome and roots
of Cimicifuga racemosa. A hard roughly cylindrical rhizome bearing
numerous remains of branches encircled by leaf-scars, and the remains
of brittle roots; odour faint, taste bitter and acrid. It contains tannic
acid.

50

Extractum Cimifugae Liquidum. Dose, 5-30 min.; 0.3-2 c.c.
— Alcoholic.

Tinctura Cimicifugae. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
—10; Alcohol 60%, 100: by percolation.

CINCHONA RUBR^l CORTEX. RED CINCHONA BARK.

The dried bark of the stem and branches of Cinchona succiruba. Quilled
more or less incurved pieces, from 2-12 inches in length and 1/10 to %
inch thick; the outer surface brownish, roughened by numerous ridges,
warts and cracks; the inner surface striated, brick-red or reddish-brown:
taste bitter and somewhat astringent, no marked odour. The most im-
portant ingredient is the alkaloid quinine, other alkaloids are cinchonidine,
cinchonine, and quinidine. It also contains a tannic acid.

Incompatibles, alkalies and their carbonates, tannin, ammonia, lime
water, gelatin, many metallic salts (especially ferric salts).

Extractum Cinchonae Liquidum. Dose, 5-15 min.; 0.3-1 c.c.
An acid alcoholic extract standardized to contain 5% of alkaloids.

2Infusum Cinchonae Acidum. Dose, >£-! fl. oz.; 15-30 c.c.

— 5; boiling Water, 100; Aromatic Sulphuric Acid, 1.25.

2Tinctura Cinchona;. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.

— 20; Alcohol, 70%, 100: by percolation. Standardised to contain 1%
of alkaloids.

xTinctura Cinchonae Composita. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.

— 50; Bitter Orange Peel, 5; Serpentary Rhizome, 2.5; Saffron, 0.63;
Cochineal, 0.32; Alcohol 70% to 100: by maceration. Standardised to
contain $4% of alkaloids.

QUININE SULPHAS. QUININE SULPHATE. Dose, 1-10 grs.;
X-6 dgms.

Filiform, silky crystals, with an intensely bitter taste. Soluble 1 in 800
of water, 1 in 65 of alcohol. The addition of roughly 1 min. per gr. of a
diluted mineral acid will convert it into the acid sulphate (or bisulphate),
which is soluble 1 in 10 of water.

Incompatibles, acetates, citrates, benzoates, salicylates, tartarates»
alkali hydrates or carbonates, borax, tannic acid, mercuric chloride.
potassium and mercuric iodides: gives a soft mass with thymol, and a
stiff mass or damp powder with chloral.

^ilula Quininai Sulphatis. Dose, 2-8 grs.; 2^-5 dgms. (in
lor 2 pills).
—82.5; Tartaric Acid, 2.75; Glycerin, 11; Tragacanth, 2.75.

3Tinctura Quininse Ammoniata. Dose, 30-60 min. ; 2-4 c.c.
— 2; Solution of Ammonia, 10: Alcohol 60%, 90.

51

QUININE HYDROCHLORIDUM. Dose, 1-10 grs.; #-6 dgms.
Silky filiform crystals, larger than those of the sulphate. Soluble, 1 in
35 of water, 1 in 3 of alcohol. Incompatibles, as for the sulphate.

2Tinctura Quininae. Dose, 30-60 min. ; 2-4 c.c.
— 2; Tincture of Orange, 100: by solution.

2Vinum Quininae. Dose, J>4-\ fl. oz.; 15-30 c.c.
—0.228; Orange Wine, 100.

QUININE HYDROCHLORIDUM ACIDUM. Dose, 1-10 grs.;
X-6 dgms.

A white crystalline powder. Soluble, 1 in less than 1 of water giving
a slightly acid liquid. Incompatibles, as for the sulphate.

CINNAMOMI CORTEX. CINNAMON BARK. The dried inner bark of
shoots from the truncated stocks of Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Closely
rolled quills about 3/8 of an inch in diameter; thin splintery, light yellow-
brown externally, darker brown internally; odour fragrant and character-
istic, taste warm, sweet and aromatic. Contains a volatile oil and tannic
acid.

xAqua Cinnamomi. 10 in 100 of water by distillation.

1Oleum Cinnamomi. Dose, ^-3 min.; 0.06-0.2 c.c.

A pale yellow oil becoming reddish on standing, odour and taste of cinna-
mon.

1Spiritus Cinnamomi. Dose, 5-20 min.; 0.3-1.2 c.c.
—10; Alcohol, 90.

1Pulvis Cinnamomi Compositus. (Pulvis Aromaticus.) Dose,
10-40 grs.; ^-2^ gms.
— 33.3; Cardamon Seeds, 33.3; Ginger, 33.3.

2Tinctura Cinnamomi. Dose, 30-60 min. ; 2-4 c.c.
— 20; Alcohol 70% 100: by percolation.

Cocse Folia. Coca Leaves. The dried leaves of Erythroxy
lum Coca. Brownish-green leaves, l>^-3 inches long, entire, oval and
glabrous; the mid-rib projects as a rib from the dorsal surface, and ends
in a spine; on the under surface a curved line may usually be seen on either
side of the mid-rib. The leaves have a faint odour and a bitter taste suc-
ceeded by a sensation of numbness. The important active principle is
the alkaloid cocaine.

2Extractum Cocae Liquidum. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
An alcoholic extract.

COCAINA. COCAINE. (Dose, l/2O-# gr.; 3-30 mgms.)
Colourless prismatic crystals, with a bitter taste followed by a sensa-

52

tion of numbness. Almost insoluble in water, soluble 1 in 10 alcohol.
1 in 12 of olive oil, insoluble in glycerin.

3Unguentum Cocainse.— 4; Oleic Acid (by weight) 16; Lard, 80.

COCAINE HYDROCHLORIDUM. Dose, i/5-Kgr.; 12-30 mgms
Colourless crystals, taste bitter, followed by a sensation of numbness.
Soluble, 2 in 1 of water, 1 in 4 of alcohol, 1 in 4 of glycerin, insoluble in
olive oil or ether. Incompatibles, as for alkaloids; and strong solutions of
acids, or alkalies; calomel.

^njectio Cocainae Hypodermica. Dose, 2-5 min.; 0.12-0.3 c.c.
—10; Salicylic Acid, 1.5; Water, recently boiled, 100. 1. gr. in 11 min.

lamellae Cocainae. Gelatine, disks each containing 1/50 gr.
of cocaine.

Trochiscus Kramerise et Cocainae. — 1/20 gr.; Krameria, 1 gr.;
with the Fruit Basis.

Coccus. Cochineal. The dried fecundated female insect, Coccus
Cacti. About 1/5 of an inch long; roughly oval in outline, transversely
wrinkled, concave beneath, convex above, purplish-gray in colour; when
powdered, dark red. Contains a colouring principle, carmine.

Tinctura Cocci. Dose, 5-15 min.; 0.3-1 c.c.
— 10; Alcohol 45%, 100: by maceration.

Codeina (see Opium p. 80).

COLCHICI CORMUS. CoLCHicuM CoRM. Dose, 2-5 grs. ; 1-3 dgms.
The fresh corm is stripped of its coats, sliced transversely and dried.
The dried slices are about 1/10 of an inch thick and about 1 broad, some-
what reniform in shape, whitish in colour; taste bitter; without odour;
contains an alkaloid, colchicine, which is incompatible with iodides, guaia-
cum, and all astringent preparations.

3Extractum Colchici. Dose, 1/4-1 gr.; 15-60 mgms.
The juice of the fresh corms, expressed and dried to a soft consistence.

iVinum Colchici. Dose, 10-30 min.; ^-2 c.c.
Dried Corm, 20; Sherry, 100: by maceration.

COLCHICI SEMINA. COLCHICUM SEEDS. The dried ripe seeds of
Colchicum autumnale. About 1/10 inch in diameter, reddish-brown,
rough, minutely pitted; very hard and tough; odourless, taste acrid and
bitter. Contains the alkaloid, colchicine. Incompatibles, as above.

2Tinctura Colchici Seminum. Dose, 5-15 min.; 0.3-1 c.c.
—20; Alcohol 45%, 100: by percolation.

Collodium (see Pyroxylin p. 87).

53

Colocynthidis Pulpa. Colocynth Pulp. The dried pulp of the
fruit of Citrullus Colocynthis, freed from its seeds. The pulp is light,
spongy, whitish, odourless, intensely bitter.

^xtractum Colocynthidis Compositum. Dose, 2-8 grs.; 1-5
dgms.

A tincture of colcynth is made; the alcohol is evaporated off, the Extract
of Barbadoes Aloes, Scammony Resin, Curd Soap and Cardamom Seeds
are added and the whole evaporated to a firm extract.

^ilula Colocynthidis Composita. Dose, 4-8 grs.; 2>£-5 dgms.
(in 1 or 2 pills) — 18; Barbadoes Aloes, 36; Scammony Resin, 36; Potassium
Sulphate, 4.5; Oil of Cloves, 4.5; Water, q.s. Each pill contains 3/4 gr.
of Colocynth, and 1>£ grs. of both Scammony and Aloes.

^ilula Colocynthidis et Hyoscyami. Dose, 4-8 grs.; 2>£-5
dgms (in 1 or 2 pills).
— 66; Green Extract of Hyoscyamus, 33.

Confectiones. (See Piper, Rosa, Senna, Sulphur). Dose, 60-120
grs. ; 4-8 gms.

Conii Folia. Conium Leaves. The fresh leaves and young branches
of Conium maculatum, collected when the fruit begins to form. Stem
smooth marked with dark purple spots, leaves large, pinnately divided,
the lower decompound and at times 2 feet long; odour strong and mouse-
like, especially if rubbed with potassium hydrate. The chief active prin-
ciple is the alkaloid, coniine.

Succus Conii. Dose, 1-2 fl. dr.; 4-8 c.c.

— 66 of Juice expressed from the fresh leaves and branches with 33 of
alcohol.

Unguentum Conii. — 200 evaporated to 25; Hydrous Wool
Fat, 75.

Conii Fructus. Conium Fruit. (Hemlock Fruit.) The dried
full-grown unripe fruit of Conium maculatum. Broadly ovoid, greenish-
gray, about 1/8 inch long and broad; odour not marked unless rubbed
with potassium hydrate, when strong and mouse-like. Active principle
the alkaloid coniine.

Tinctura Conii. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
—20; Alcohol 70%, 100 by percolation.

Copaiba. Copaiba. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.

The oleo-resin obtained from the trunk of Copaifera Lansdorfii and prob-
ably other species. A more or less viscid liquid, generally transparent,
light yellow to pale yellow-brown in colour; odour aromatic and peculiar;

54

taste persistent, acrid and somewhat bitter. Soluble in absolute
alcohol.

Incompatibles, hydrates of the alkalies and alkaline earths.

KDleum Copaibae. Dose, 5-20 min.; 0.3-1.2 c.c.
A colourless or pale yellow oil, with the odour and taste of copaiba.
Soluble 1 in 1 of absolute alcohol.

Coriandri Fructus. Coriander Fruit. Dose 30-60 gr: 2-4 gms. The
dried ripe fruit of Coriandrum sativum. Nearly globular, about 1/5 inch
in diameter, brownish-yellow in colour and glabrous; odour aromatic; taste
agreeable.

Oleum Coriandri. Dose >^-3 min.; 0.03-0.2 c.c.
A pale yellow or colourless oil, with the taste and odour of the fruit.

Creta (See Calcium, p. 44).

Creosotum, Creosote. Dose, 1-5 min.; 0.05-0.3 c.c.

A mixture of guaiacol, cresol and other phenols. A colourless or yellow-
ish liquid, with an empyreumatic odour and acrid taste. Soluble 1 in
150 of cold water, more soluble in hot, readily soluble in alcohol, ether,
chloroform and glycerin.

Incompatibles, many metal salts, such as those of silver and copper,
albumin, ferric salts, nitric acid; explodes if triturated with oxidising
agents.

3Mistura Creosoti. Dose, l/4-l fl. oz.; 15-30 c.c.
— 0.2; Spirit of Juniper, 0.2; Syrup, 6; Water to 100.

3Unguentum Creosoti.— 10; Hard Paraffin 40; Soft White Para-
ffin 50.

Crocus. Saffron. The dried stigmas and tops of the styles of
Crocus sativus. The flower parts have an aromatic odour and a bitter
taste; they leave, if moistened and rubbed on the finger, an intense yellow
stain.

Tinctura Croci. Dose, 5-15 min.; 0.3-1 c.c.
— 5; Alcohol 60%, 100 by maceration.

Croton (see Oleum p. 76).

CUBBED FRUCTUS. CUBEBS. Dose, 30-60 grs.; 2-4 gms.
The dried full-grown unripe fruits of Piper Cubeba. Nearly globular,
about 1/6 inch in diameter, greyish-brown or nearly black in colour;
odour strong, aromatic and characteristic; taste warm, somewhat bitter
and aromatic.

iQleum Cubebee. Dose, 5-20 min.; 0.3-1.2 c.c.
A colourless or pale greenish oil, with the odour and taste of cubebs.

2Tinctura Cubebee. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
— 20; Alcohol 100: by percolation.

55

CUPRUM. COPPER.

xCupri Sulphas. Copper Sulphate. Dose, as an astringent,
1 /4-2 grs. ; 15-120 mgms. : as an emetic, 5-10 grs. ; 3-6 dgms.
CuSO4, 5H2O. Blue crystals. Soluble 1 in 3.5 of water (giving an acid
solution), very soluble in glycerin, insoluble in alcohol.

Incompatibles, alkaline hydrates and carbonates, ammonia, phos-
phates, arsenites, iodides, tannic acid, albumins; in the presence of alka-
lies arsenious acid, glucose and acacia.

Cusparia Cortex. Cusparia Bark. The . dried bark of Cusparia
febrifuga. Flattened or curved pieces or quills, 4 or 5 inches long, an inch
wide and a twelfth thick; the outer layer grey or yellowish, easily removed
exposing the inner layer which is hard and dark brown: odour musty;
taste bitter.

Infusum Cusparice. Dose, 1-2 fl. oz. ; 30-60 c.c.

— 5; boiling Water, 100.

Liquor Cusparise Concentratus. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.

— 50; Alcohol 20% to 100; by percolation.

Cusso. Kousso. Dose, %-Yz oz.; 7-14 gms.

The dried panicles of pistolate flowers of Brayera anthelmintica. Usually
in more or less cylindrical rolls, 1-2 feet long, composed of reddish panicles
of numerous small flowers: odour not marked; taste bitter and acrid.

DECOCTA (see Aloe, Grenatum, Haematoxylum). Dose, >£-2 fl. oz. ;
15-30 c.c.

DIGITALIS FOLIA. DIGITALIS LEAVES. Dose, #-2 grs.;
3-12 cgms.

The dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea. From 4-12 inches or more in
length, and at times 5-6 inches broad; upper surface, rugose, dull green
and slightly hairy, under surface paler and densely pubescent; no marked
odour; taste very bitter. The chief active principles are the glucosides,
digitalin, digitoxin, and digitalein.

Incompatibles, strong alkalies, acids, (e.g. in Tinct. Ferri Perchloridi)
lead acetate, ammonia.

Unfusum Digitalis. Dose, 2-4 fl. dr. ; 8-16 c.c.
—0.68; boiling Water, 100.

:Tinctura Digitalis, Dose, 5-15 min.; 0.3-1 c.c.
—12.5; Alcohol 60%, 100: by percolation.

Elaterium. Elaterium. Dose, i/io-^ gr.; 6-30 mgms. .
A sediment from the juice of the fruit of Ecballium Elaterium. Light
friable, greenish cakes, about 1/10 inch thick; odour faint, tea-like; taste
bitter and acrid.

56

^laterinum. Elaterin. Dose, 1/40-1/10 gr.; 2-6 mgms.
The active principle of elaterium. Small scales, with a bitter taste In-
soluble in water, or glycerin, soluble 1 in 160 of cold alcohol, readliy in
hot; or in chloroform or solutions of the alkalies.

2Pulvis Elaterini Compositus. Dose, 1-4 grs.; X~2>£ dgms.
—2.5; Milk Sugar, 97.5.

Emplastra. (see Ammoniacum, Belladonna, Cantharis, Hydrar-
gyrum, Menthol, Opium, Fix, Plumbum, Resina, Sapo).

ERGOTA. ERGOT. Dose, 20-60 grs.; 12-40 dgms.

The dried sclerotium of the fungus, Claviceps purpurea, originating in
the ovary of Secale cereale, the rye. Roughly cylindrical, dark, violet-
black grains, with tapering ends, from 1/3- 1>£ inch in length; pinky white
within ; odour peculiar; taste disagreeable. Deteriorates rapidly on keeping
especially if not kept absolutely dry. Active principles are the alkaloid
ergotoxine and certain amido-acids e. g. parahydroxyphenylethylamin-
(see p. 106).

^xtractum Ergotae. (Ergotin.) Dose, 2-8 grs.; 1-5 dgms.
A soft alcoholic extract.

xlnjectio Ergotse Hypodermica. Dose, 3-10 min.; 0.2-0.6 c.c.
—30; Phenol, 0.9; Water to 100. 3 grs. in 10 min.

^xtractum Ergotse Liquidum. Dose, 10-30 min.; 0.6-2 c.c.
An aqueous extract with alcohol added.

3Infusum Ergotae. Dose, 1-2 fl. oz.; 30-60 c.c.
—5; boiling Water 100.

3Tinctura Ergotae Ammoniata. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
—25; Solution of Ammonia, 10; Alcohol 60% to 100: by percolation.

EUCALYPTI GUMMI. Dose, 2-5 grs.; 1-3 dgms.

A ruby-coloured exudation from the bark of Eucalyptus rostrata, and
probably other species. In grains or small masses; thin fragments are
transparent and of a ruby or garnet-red colour; taste astringent, and tinges
the saliva red. About 80-90% soluble in water, almost entirely soluble
in alcohol.

3Trochiscus Eucalypti Gummi. 1 gr. with the Fruit Basis.

OLEUM EUCALYPTI. Dose, >^-3 min.; 0.03-0.2 c.c.

The oil distilled from the fresh leaves of Eucalyptus Globulus, and other
species. Colourless or pale yellow, with an aromatic camphoraceous
odour, and a pungent taste, leaving a sensation of coldness in the mouth.

2Unguentum Eucalypti.— 10 by weight; Hard Paraffin, 40; Soft
Paraffin, 50.

57

Euonymi Cortex. Euonymus Bark. The dried root bark of Eu-
onymus atropurpureus. In quilled or curved pieces, 1/12-1/6 inch thick;
the outer layer, light ash-grey in colour, soft and friable; the inner surface
tawny white and smooth; odour faint but characteristic, taste mucilagin-
ous, slightly acid and bitter.

^xtractum Euonymi Siccum. Dose, 1-2 grs.; 6-12 cgms.
An alcoholic extract dried and mixed with calcium phosphate.

Extracta (the following; with a dose of %-\ gr. Belladonnae Viride,
Belladonnas Ale., Cannabis Indicae, Colchici, Nucis Vomicae, Opii, Phy-
sostigmatis, Strammonii, Strophanthi: with a dose of 2-8 grs. Anthe-
midis, Cascarae Sagradae, Colocynthidis Comp., Ergotae, Gentianae, Hy-
oscyami Viride, Jalapae, Rhei: with a dose of 1-2 grs. Euonymi Siccum:
with a dose of 1-4 grs. Aloes Barbadensis; with a dose of 5-15 grs.Krameriae,
Taraxaci: in any quantity Glycyrrhizae).

Extracta Liquida (the following; with a dose of ^2-2-20 min-
Ipecacuanhas; with dose 1-3 min. Nucis Vomicae; with dose 5-15 min.
Cinchonae, Hamamelidis, Hydrastis, Jaborandi; with dose, 5-30 min.
Cimicifugae, Opii; with dose, 10-30 min. Ergotae; with dose, 45-90 min.
Filicis; with dose, 30-60 min. Cascarae Sagradae, Cocae, Glycyrrhizae;
with dose ^-2 fl. dr. Pareirae, Taraxaci; with dose, 2-4 fl. dr. Sarsae; without
dose, Belladonnae).

Pel Bovinum Purificatum. Purified Ox Bile. Dose, 5-15 grs.; 3-10
dgms.

Evaporated ox bile purified by precipitation with alcohol. A yellowish-
green, hydroscopic substance, with a bitter-sweet taste. Soluble in water
and in alcohol.

FERRUM. IRON. Annealed iron wire or wrought iron nails.
Incompatibles of ferric salts, in general, alkali hydrates and carbonates,
(precipitate ferric hydrate, in part prevented by sugar, glycerin, citrates,
and tartrates) ; carbonates of the alkaline earths, borax, alkali phosphates
and sulphides; alkali hypophosphites in a neutral solution; iodides in an
acid solution; arsenites, tannic acid, benzoates; a change in colour is given
with tannic and gallic acids, acetates, salicylates, phenol, acetanilid, anti-
pyrine, phenacetin, many oils, oleoresins, and balsams, morphine. (These
colour reactions in some cases occur with the chloride only, and are in all
cases more marked with it.) Acacia is gelatinised and albumin precipitated

Incompatibles of ferrous salts, readily oxidised by air, alkali hydrates
and carbonates, phosphates, borax, tannic and gallic acids, oxidising
reagents.

58

3Ferri Arsenas. Dose, 1/16-1/4 grs.; 4-16 mgms.

Ferrous Arsenate, Fe3(AsO4)2, 6H2O. mixed with some ferric arsenate
and oxide. An amorphous, tasteless, greenish powder. Insoluble in
water, readily in hydrochloric acid.

3Ferric Carbonas Saccharatus. Dose, 10-30 grs.; K-2 gms.
Ferrous Oxycarbonate, xFeCo3, yFe (OH)2, more or less oxidised and mixed
with sugar. Brownish-grey lumps or powder, with a sweetish chalybeate
taste, of which Iron Carbonate forms about 1/3. Only partly soluble in
water, soluble in hydrochloric acid.

3Ferri Phosphas. Dose, 5-10 grs. 3-6 dgms.

Ferrous phosphate Fe3(PO4)2, 8H2O, (47%) mixed with ferric phosphate
and oxide. A slate-blue amorphous powder. Insoluble in water, soluble
in hydrochloric acid.

1Ferri Sulphas. Dose, 1-5 grs.; ^2-3 dgms.

Ferrous sulphate, FeSO4, 7H2O. Pale blue-green crystals with an astrin-
gent taste. Soluble 1 in 1>£ of water, insoluble in alcohol.

xMistura Ferri Composita. (Griffith's Mixture.) Dose, l/4-l
fl.oz. 15-30 c.c.

—0.57; Potassium Carbonate, 0.686; Myrrh, 1.37; Sugar, 1.37; Spirit of
Nutmeg, 1.04; Rose Water, to 100. A dark-green mixture containing
a precipitate of ferrous carbonate.

1Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus. Dose, ^-3 grs.; 1/4-2 dgms.
Ferrous sulphate from which six molecules of water have been removed
by heat. A white powder slowly soluble in a little more than 2 parts of
water.

iPilula Ferri. (Blaud's Pill.) Dose, 5-15 grs.; 3-10 dgms.
(In 1-3 pills).

— 30; Exsiccated Sodium Carbonate, 19; Gum Acacia, 10; Tragacanth, 3?
Syrup, 30; Glycerin, 2; Water q.s. Each pill contains about 1 gr. of Fer-
rous Carbonate.

2Ferrum Redactum. Reduced Iron. Dose, 1-5 grs.; >2-3 dgms.
A fine greyish-powder, strongly attracted by the magnet, producing black
streaks if rubbed in the mortar. Contains at least 75% of iron, the rest being
oxide. Incompatibles, salts of lead, silver, copper, bismuth, mercury and
antimony: may explode if rubbed with potassium permanganate and chlo-
rate.

3Trochiscus Ferri Redacti. 1 gr. with the Simple Basis.

iFerrum Tartaratum. Dose, 5-10 grs.; 3-6 dgms.

Garnet scales sweetish and astringent. Slowly soluble 1 in 1 of water,
sparingly in alcohol.

^erri et Ammonii Citras. Dose, 5-10 grs.; 3-6 dgms.
A mixture of ferric citrate and ammonium citrate. Deep red, trans-

59

parent scales, slightly sweetish and astringent in taste. Soluble 2 in 1
of water, giving a slightly acid solution; almost insoluble in alcohol.

2Vinum Ferri Citratis. Dose, 1-4 fl. dr.; 4-16 c.c.
—1.83; Orange Wine, 100. 8 grs. in 1 fl. oz.

^erri et Quininse Citras. Dose, 5-10 grs.; 3-6 dgrs.

Contains ferric and quinine citrate. Greenish-golden scales, somewhat
deliquescent, bitter and chalybeate in taste. Soluble, 1 in 2 of water,
the solution being very slightly acid. Contains 1 of quinine in 6.66.

2Liquor Ferri Acetatis. Dose, 5-15 min.; 0.3-1 c.c.

A solution containing ferric acetate. Deep red, with a sour, astringent
taste, and an acetous odour. Miscible with water and alcohol in all pro-
portions.

2Liquor Ferri Perchloridi Fortis. Made by dissolving Iron Wire
in acids. An orange-brown liquid with a strong astringent taste, acid in
reaction. Miscible with water and alcohol in all proportions. 22.5 grs.
of Ferric Chloride in 110 min.

*Liquor Ferri Perchloridi. Dose, 5-15 min.; 0.3-1 c.c.
— 25; Water, 75. 5.5 grs. Ferric Chloride in 110 min.

xTinctura Ferri Perchloridi. Dose, 5-15 min.; 0.3-1 c.c.
—25; Alcohol, 25; Water, 50.

3Liquor Ferri Pernitratis. Dose, 5-15 min.; 0.3-1 c.c.

An acid solution containing ferric nitrate. Reddish-brown, acid and as-
tringent in taste. Contains 3.3 grs. Ferric Nitrate in 110 min.

3Liquor Ferri Persulphatis. A solution of ferric sulphate. Dark
red in colour.

^yrupus Ferri Phosphatis. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.

Contains 1 gr. of anhydrous ferrous phosphate in 1 fl. dr. Acid in re-
action.

:Syrupus Ferri Phosphatis cum Quinina et Strychnina. Dose,
30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.

Acid in reaction. 1 fl. dr. contains 1 gr. of anhydrous ferrous phosphate,
4/5 gr. of quinine sulphate, and 1/32 gr. of strychnine.

1Syrupus Ferri lodidi. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
Contains 1 gr. of ferrous iodide in 11 min.

2Vinum Ferri. Dose, 1-4 fl. dr. ; 4-16 c.c.
Iron Wire digested in Sherry for 30 days.

Vinum Ferri Citratis (see Ferri et Ammonii Citratis).

Ficus. Figs. The dried fleshy receptacles of Ficus Carica.

Filix Mas. Male Fern. The dried rhizome of Aspidium Filix-mas.
3-6 inches long, 3/4-1 inch in diameter, entirely covered with the hard,

60

persistent, curved, angular, dark-brown bases of the petioles; brown ex-
ternally, green internally: odour feeble but disagreeable; taste at first
sweetish and astringent, but later bitter and nauseous.

^xtractum Filicis Liquidum. Dose, 45-90 min. ; 3-6 c.c.
An ethereal extract containing much oil from which the ether has been
evaporated.

Foeniculi Fructus. Fennel Fruit. The dried ripe fruit of Fceni-
culum capillaceum. Oblong, more or less curved, 1/5-2/5 inch long
and 1/10 inch in diameter; odour aromatic; taste aromatic, agreeable,
and sweet. Contains an oil.

Aqua Fceniculi. — 10; Water 100: by distillation.

Galbanum. Galbanum. Dose, 5-15 gr. ; 3-10 dgms.

A gum resin obtained from Ferula galbaniflua. In tears or masses of
tears, which are rounded or irregular in form, larger or smaller in size than
a pea, yellowish-brown in colour and often dirty, internally opaque and
yellowish-white: hard and brittle if cold, becoming sticky and ductile if
held in the hand : taste bitter and unpleasant, odour characteristic.

Pilula Galbani Composita. Dose, 4-8 grs. ; 2>£-5 dgms. (In
1 or 2 pills).
Asafetida, Galbanum and Myrrh, of each 28.5; Syrup of Glucose, q.s.

GALLA. GALLS. Excresences on Quercus infectoria resulting from
the puncture and deposit of eggs by Cynips Gallae tinctoriae.
^nguentum Gallae. — 20; Benzoated Lard, 80.
2Unguentum Gallae cum Opio — 92.5; Opium, 7.5.

Gelatinum. Gelatin. The air-dried product of the action of boil-
ing water on such animal products as skin, tendons, ligaments, and bones.
Insoluble in alcohol and ether, soluble in acetic acid. A 2% solution in
water should gelatinise on cooling.

GELSEMII RADIX. GELSEMIUM ROOT. The dried rhizome and
roots of Gelsemium nitidum. Nearly cylindrical pieces 6 inches or more
in length. 1/4-3/4 inches in diameter, brown or dark violet -brown exter-
nally: taste bitter, odour slightly aromatic. Active principle gelseminine,
an alkaloid.

^inctura Gelsemii. Dose, 5-15 min. ; 0.3-1 c.c.
— 10; Alcohol 100: by percolation.

Gentianae Radix. Gentian Root. The dried rhizome and roots
of Gentiana lutea. Cylindrical pieces, often longitudinally split, varying
in length, but seldom more than an inch in thickness, yellowish-brown

61

externally, reddish-yellow internally: rough from longitudinal wrinkles,
and closely approximated, encircling leaf-scars: odour characteristic,
taste at first slightly sweet, but afterwards bitter.

1Extractum Gencianae. Dose, 2-8 grs.; 1-5 dgms.

An extract made with hot water and evaporated to the consistence of a
soft extract.

1Infusum Gentianae Compositum. Dose, ~$4-\ fl. oz.; 15-30 c.c.
—1.25; Dried Bitter Orange Peel, 1.25; Fresh Lemon Peel, 2.5; boiling
Water, 100.

xTinctura Gentianae Composita. 30-60 min. ; 2-4 c.c.

—10: Dried Bitter Orange Peel, 3.75; Cardamom Seeds, 1.25; Alcohol
45%, 100; by maceration.

Glucose (See Syrupus Glucosi, p. 89).

Glusidum. Gluside. (Saccharin.} Benzoyl sulphonimide,

/co\

C6H4 NH.

\0/

a light, white, crystalline powder, with an intensely sweet taste
in dilute solutions.

GLYCERINUM. GLYCERIN. Dose, 1-2 fl. dr.; 4-8 c.c.

C3H5(OH)3. Glycerol with a small percentage of water. A clear, colour-
less syrupy liquid, with a sweet taste; inodorous. Miscible with water
and alcohol in all proportions, insoluble in ether, chloroform, and fixed oils,
^uppositoria Glycerini. — 70; Gelatin, 14; Water, q.s.

Glycerina. (see Boron, Acidum Carbolicum, Acidum Tannicum,
Alumen, Amylum, Pepsin, Plumbum, Tragacantha.)

GLYCYRRHIZ.E RADIX. LIQUORICE ROOT. The peeled root and
subterranean stem of Glycyrrhiza glabra. In long cylindrical pieces,
when peeled, yellow, with a nearly smooth, fibrous surface; odour faint;
taste sweet and characteristic. It contains a glucoside, glycyrrhizin,
which is its chief sweet principle and is present as a calcium salt. The acid
glucoside is insoluble in water and hence is precipitated by acids.
iExtractum Glycyrrhizae. A soft aqueous extract.
iExtractum Glycyrrhizse Liquidum. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
An aqueous extract to which alcohol is added.

3Pulvis Glycyrrhizse Compositus. Dose, 60-120 grs.; 4-8 gms.
—16; Senna 16; Fennel 8; Sublimed Sulphur, 8; Sugar, 48. 10 grs. Senna
and 5 grs. Sulphur in 60 grs. powder.

62

Gossypium. Cotton. The hairs of the seeds of Gossypium Bar-
badense.

GRANATI CORTEX. POMEGRANATE BARK. The dried bark of the
stem and root of Punica Granatum. Usually in curved irregular or
channeled pieces, 2-4 inches long, #-1 inch wide: the outer surface of the
root bark rough yellowish-grey, the stem bark smoother, the inner surface
is yellow tinged with brown: odourless: taste astringent and bitter. The
important active principle is the alkaloid, pelletierine.

Decoctum Granati Corticis. Dose, #-2 fl. oz.; 15-30 c.c.
—20; boiled in 100 of Water.

Guaiaci Lignum. Guaiacum Wood. The heart wood of Guaiacum
officinale or sanctum. Dark greenish-brown, dense, heavier than water;
odour when heated aromatic; taste acrid.

GUAIACI RESINA. GUAIACUM RESIN. Dose, 5-15 grs.; 3-10 dgms.
The resin obtained from the bark of Guaiacum officinale. Usually in
arge masses but sometimes in tears; brittle in thin splinters transparent,
varying in colour from yellowish-green to reddish-brown; odour, more ap-
parent when warmed, balsamic; taste slightly acrid.

Incompatibles, a change in colour to blue is induced in alcoholic so-
lutions by nitric acid, potassium permanganate, ferric chloride, spirit of
nitrous ether, and other oxidizing agents; sulphuric acid turns it reddish,
and mucilage of acacia blue.

3Mistura Guaiaci. Dose, y2-\ fl. oz.; 15-30 c.c.
—2.5; Sugar, 2.5; Tragacanth, 0.4; Cinnamon Water, 100.

:Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
— 20; Oil of Nutmeg, 0.31 ; Oil of Lemon, 0.21 ; Strong Solution of Ammonia,
7.5; Alcohol to 100.

2Trochiscus Guaiaci Resinae. 3 grs. with the Fruit Basis.

Haematoxyli Lignum. Logwood. The heart wood of Haematoxy-
lon campechianum. Hard, heavy, dull orange to purplish-red externally,
internally reddish-brown; odour slight and agreeable; taste sweetish and as
tringent. Contains tannic acid and a colouring matter, haematoxylin
Incompatibles, mineral acids, metallic salts, especially ferric, lead and anti-
mony, lime-water.

Decoctum Haematoxyli. Dose, ]^-\ fl. oz. ; 15-30 c.c.
— 5; Cinnamon Bark, 0.8; boiled with water, and made up to 100.

Hamamelidis Cortex. Hamamelis Bark. (Witch Hazel Bark.)
The dried bark of Hamamelis virginiana. Usually in curved pieces 28-
inches long, 1/16 inch thick; outer surface silvery-grey if covered with
the cork, but if freed from it nearly smooth and reddish-brown, the inner

63

surface pale pink, with fine longitudinal striae: no marked odour; astrin-
gent taste.

Tinctura Hamamelidis. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
—10; Alcohol 45%, 100: by percolation.

Hamamelidis Folia. The leaves fresh and dried of Hamamelis
virginiana. Broadly oval in outline, 3-6 inches long; upper surface dark-
green to brownish, the lower paler in colour; no marked odour; an astrin-
gent, slightly bitter taste.

Extractum Hamamelidis Liquidum. Dose, 5-15 min.; 0.3-1 c.c.
An alcohol extract.

Unguentum Hamamelidis. — 10; Hydrous Wool Fat, 90.

Liquor Hamamelidis. An alcoholic solution made from the fresh
leaves by maceration in alcohol and distillation.

Hemidesmi Radix. Hemidesmus Root. The dried root of Hemidesi
mus Indicus. The root is long, nearly cylindrical, tortuous, and long-
tudinally furrowed; about 1/4 inch thick; brownish in colour: odour
fragrant; taste sweet.

Syrupus Hemidesmi. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
—10; Sugar, 70; Water, 50.

HIRUDO. LEECHES. Sanguisuga medicinalis and S officinalis.

Homatropinse Hydrobromidum. Homatropine Hydrobro-
mide. Dose, 1/80-1/20 gr.; 3/4-3 mgms.

A white crystalline powder or aggregation of crystals. Soluble 1 in 6 of
water, 1 in 18 of alcohol. I ncompatibles, as for alkaloids.

lamellae Homatropinae. Gelatin disks each containing 1/100

HYDRARGYRUM. MERCURY.

Incompatibility, most salts of mercury are insoluble and hence the
range of incompatibility of the soluble salts is a wide one: amongst the
substances producing precipitation in solution of mercuric salts are al-
kali hydrates or carbonates including ammonium, lime-water, borax,
soluble iodides and bromides (precipitate soluble in excess), phosphates.
hypophosphites, and sulphites, arsenites, ferrous salts, tartarated anti-
mony, tannic acid, albumin, gelatin, some bitter principles, and gluco-
sides. With mercurous salts the reactions are similar with the addition
that iodides lead to the formation of metallic mercury and mercuric iodide,
the same is true of chlorides; oxidising reagents lead to the formation of
mercuric salts; cane-sugar, milk-sugar, acacia and tragacanth reduce mer-
>curous salts.

1Hydrargyrum. A silvery white metal. Volatilises with heat.

64

hydrargyrum cum Creta. (Grey Powder.) Dose, 1-5 grs •
X-3 dgms.
—33; Prepared Chalk, 66.

3Emplastrum Hydrargyri. Mercurial Plaster.— 32.8; Olive Oil,
1.4; Sublimed Sulphur, 0.2; Lead Plaster, 65.6

'Pilula Hydrargyri. (Blue Pill.) Dose, 4-8 grs.; 2^-5 dgms
(in 1 or 2 pills).

— 33; Confection of Roses, 49.5; Liquorice Root, 16.5. 1 gr. mercury in
3 grs.

3Emplastrum Ammoniaci cum Hydrargyro
—41. Ammoniacum 164, Olive Oil 1.75, Sublimed Sulphur 0.25.

Hnguentum Hydrargyri.— 48; Lard, 48; Prepared Suet, 3.
3Linimentum Hydrargyri.— 33; Strong Solution of Ammonia,
11; Liniment of Camphor q.s. (about 55).

3Unguentum Hydrargyri Compositum. (Scott's Dressing.)
—40: Yellow Beeswax, 24; Olive Oil (by weight), 24; Camphor, 12.

Hydrargyri lodidum Rubrum. Dose, 1/32-1/16 gr.; 2-4 mgms,
Mercuric iodide (biniodide). A vermillion crystalline powder. Almost
insoluble in water, sparingly in alcohol, freely in ether, and in solutions of
potassium iodide.

3Unguentum Hydrargyri lodidi Rubri.— 4; Benzoated Lard, 96.

3Hydrargyri Oleas. Mercuric Oleate. An unctuous substance
of a light greyish yellow colour, liable to darken on keeping.

3Unguentum Hydrargyri Oleatis.— 25; Benzoated Lard, 75*

2Hydrargyri Oxidum Flavum. Yellow Mercuric Oxide. A yel-
low non-crystalline powder, insoluble in water.

2Unguentum Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi. — 2; Soft Paraffin, yellow,
98.

Hydrargyri Oxidum. Red Mercuric Oxide. Orange-red cry-
stalline scales or powder.

^nguentum Hydrargyri Oxidi Rubri. — 10;Paraffin Ointment,
yellow, 90.

Hydrargyri Perchloridum. Mercuric Chloride. (Bichloride,
Perchloride, Corrosive Sublimate.) Dose, 1/32-1/16 trr.; 2-4 mgms.
HgCl2. Heavy colourless crystalline masses, with a highly acrid metallic
taste. Soluble 1 in 19 of cold, 1 in 2 of boiling water; 1 in 5 of alcohol; 1
in 4 of ether; 1 in 2 of glycerin with trituration.

liquor Hydrargyri Perchloridi. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
—0.114; Water, 100.

Hydrargyri Subchloridum. Mercurous Chloride. (Subchlor-
ide, Calomel.) Dose, .K-5 grs.; 1/4-3 dgms.

65

Hg2Cl2. A dull white, heavy, nearly tasteless powder. Insoluble in water,
alcohol or ether.

2Pilula Hydrargyri Subchloridi Composita. (Compound Cal-
omel Pill, Plummer's Pill.) Dose, 4-8 grs.; 2^-4 dgms. (In 1 or 2 pills).
— 22.5; Sulphurated Antimony, 22.5; Guaiacum Resin, 45. Castor Oil
(by weight), 9.27; Alcohol, q.s. Almost 1 gr. calomel in 4 grs.

2Unguentum Hydrargyri Subchloridi. — 10; Benzoated
Lard, 90.

2Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum. Ammoniated Mercury. A white
powder, but little acted upon by water.

2Unguentum Hydrargyri Ammoniati. — 10; White Paraffin Oint-
ment, 90

3Liquor Hydrargyri Nitratis Acidus. Mercuric nitrate in so-
lution in nitric acid.

1Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis. (Citrine Ointment.) Mer-
cury, 4; in Nitric Acid, 12. Cooled and added to a mixture of Lard, 16
in Olive Oil, 28.

2Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis Dilutum. — 25; Soft Par-
affin, 75.

Hydrargyri Nigra. Black Mercurial Solution. (Black
Wash.) Mercurous Chloride, 0.685 ; Glycerin, 5 ; Mucilage of Traga-
canth. 12.5; Solution of Lime, to 100. The Black oxide is formed Hg2Cl2 +
Ca (OH)2 = Hg.,O + CaCl2 + H2O.

xLotio Hydrargyri Flava. Yellow Mercurial Lotion. (Yellow
Wash.) Mercuric Chloride, 0.46; Solution of Lime to 100. The yellow
oxide is formed. HgCl2 + Ca (OH)2 = HgO + CaCl2 + H2O.

xLiquor Arsenii et Hydrargyri lodidi. Dose, 5-20 min.; 0.3-1.2
c.c. 1 of Arsenious Iodide and 1 of Mercuric Iodide in 100 of Water.

HYDRASTIS RHIZOMA. HYDRASTIS RHIZOME. (Golden Seal.) The
dried rhizome and roots of Hydrastis Canadensis. The rhizome is tor-
tuous, often branched, >^-l>£ inch long, 1/8-J^ inch thick; yellowish-
brown, on the upper surface ascending branches and on the lower num-
erous thin brittle roots : slight but characteristic odour ; taste bitter. Active
principles the alkaloids, hydrastine and berberine.

1Extractum Hydrastis Liquidum. Dose, 5-15 min.; 0.3-1 c.c.
An alcoholic extract.

2Tinctura Hydrastis. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
—10; Alcohol 60%, 100: by percolation.

Hydrogenii Peroxidi (See Liquor Hydrogenii Peroxidi, p. 71. )
66

Hyoscyami Folia. Hyoscyamus (Henbane) Leaves. The fresh
leaves, flowers, and branches of Hyoscyamus niger, also the same dried.
The leaves vary in length but are seldom more than 10 inches long; oblong,
with a conspicuous mid-rib, pale green, with hairs especially along the veins
and on the under surface. The flower yellowish, with purplish veins.
The herb has a strong characteristic odour, and a bitter slightly acrid
taste. Active principles the alkaloids hyoscine and hyoscyamine.

^xtractum Hyoscyami Viride. Dose, 2-8 grs. ; 1-5 dgms.
The juice expressed from the fresh herb evaporated to a soft extract.

^ilula Colocynthidis et Hyoscyami (see Colocynthis, 54).

3Succus Hyoscyami. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
Fresh expressed juice, 75; Alcohol, 25.

iTinctura Hyoscyami. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
Dried leaves and tops, 10; Alcohol, 45%, 100: by percolation.

Hyoscinae Hydrobromidum. (Scopolamine Hydrobromide.) Dose
1/200-1/100 gr.; 1/3-2/3 mgms.

This alkaloid is also obtained from Datura alba and Scopola. Colourless,
transparent crystals, odourless,; taste acrid and slightly bitter. Soluble
1 in 2 of water, 1 in 13 of alcohol. Incompatibles, as for alkaloids but is
not precipitated by bicarbonates or ammonium carbonate; decomposed by
alkalies or water if warmed.

Hyoscyaminae Sulphas. Dose, 1/200-1/100 gr.; 1/3-2/3 mgms.
A crystalline powder, odourless, deliquescent, with a bitter, acrid taste.
Soluble 1 in % of water, 1 in 4.5 of alcohol, very slightly in ether or chlor-
oform. Incompatibles as for hyoscine.

Infusa. (The following with a dose of >^-l fl. oz. Aurantii,
Aurantii Comp., Calumbse, Caryophylli, Cascarillae, Chiratae, Cinchona
Acidum, Gentianae Comp., Quassiae, Rhei, Rosse Acidum, Scoparii, Senega,
Serpentariae, Uvae Ursi; with a dose of >^-2 fl. oz. Sennae; with a dose of
1-2 fl. oz. Buchu, Cuspariae, Ergotae, Krameriae, Lupuli; with a dose of 2-4
fl. dr. only, Digitalis.)

Injectiones Hypodermics. (The following with a dose of 2-5 min.
Cocainae, Morphinae; with a dose of 3-10 min. Ergots; with a dose of 5-10
min. Apomorphinae.)

lodoformum. lodoform. Dose, #-3 grs.; l/^-2 dgms.
Tri-iodomethane, CHI3. Shining lemon-yellow crystals, somewhat un-
ctous to the touch, with a persistent characteristic and disagreeable odour
and taste. Very sparingly soluble in water or benzol, more soluble in
alcohol 1 in 120, ether 1 in 7, chloroform 1 in 14, glycerin 1 in 100, olive
oil 1 in 30, and in other fixed oils and lanolin.

67

2Suppositoria lodoformi. Each suppository contains 3 gr.
—20; Oil of Theobroma, to 100.

2Unguentum lodoformi. — 10; Paraffin Ointment, to 100.

lodum. Iodine. In crystals, of a dark colour and metallic lustre,
yielding if heated, violet fumes. Soluble 1 in 5,000 of water, readily in
ether, alcohol, chloroform, or a solution of potassium iodide.

Incompatibles, alkali hydrates or carbonates, ammonia, nitric acid,
hypophosphites, sulphites, chlorates, mercurous salts, ; in the presence of
alkalies, metallic iron, ferrous and arsenous salts; lime-water, tannic acid,
fixed oils, volatile oils especially turpentine, alkaloids.

xLiquor lodi Fortis. (Linimentum lodi.) — 12; Potassium
Iodide, 7.2; Water, 12; Alcohol, 86.4. Approximately 1 in 10.

^inctura lodi. Dose, 2-5 min.; 0.1-0.3 c.c.

— 2.5 Potassium Iodide, 2.5; Water, 2.5; Alcohol to 100, approximately
equal to 4.4 I or 5.8 KI.

^Tnguentum lodi. — 4; Potassium Iodide, 4; Glycerin, 12; Lard,
80.

Ipecacuanhas Radix. Ipecacuanha Root. Dose, as an ex-
pectorant, 1/4-2 grs.; 15-120 mgms.: as an emetic, 15-30 grs.; 1-2 gms.
The dried root of Psychotria Ipecacuanha. Somewhat tortuous pieces,
rarely longer than 6 inches, or thinner than 1/4 inch, in colour varying
from dark-red to dark red-brown; odour slight, taste bitter. Active
principle the alkaloid, emetine.

2Extractum Ipecacuanhas Liquidum. Dose, as an expectorant,
^4-2 min. ; 0.03-0.12 c.c. ; as an emetic, 15-20 min. ; 1-12 c.c.
An alcoholic extract containing calcium hydroxide, and standardised to
contain 2-2.25% of alkaloids.

3Acetum Ipecacuanhse. Dose, 10-30 min.; 0.6-2 c.c.
— 5; Diluted Acetic Acid, 85; Alcohol, 10. Contains 1/10% of alkaloids.

Winum Ipecacuanhse. Dose, as an expectorant, 10-30
min.; 0.6-2 c.c.: as an emetic,4-6 fl. dr.: 16-24 c.c. — 5,Vinum Xericum, 100.

^ulvis Ipecacuanhse Compositus. (Dover's Powder.) Dose,
5-15 grs.; 3-10 dgms.

—10; Opium, 10; Potassium Sulphate, 80. 1 gr. of Opium and 1 of Ipe-
cacuanha in 10 grs.

3Pilula Ipecacuanhse cum Scilla. Dose, 4-8 grs.; 2>£-5 dgms.
(in 1 or 2 pills).

—60; Squill, 20; Ammoniacum, 20; Syrup of Glucose, q.s. In each pill
about 1/4 gr. of opium.

3Trochiscus Ipecacuanhse. 1/4 gr. with the Fruit Basis.

3Trochiscus Morphinse et Ipecacuanhse. — 1/12 gr.; Morphine
Hydrochloride, 1/36 gr., with the Tolu Basis.

68

JABORANDI FOLIA. JABORANDI LEAVES. The dried leaflets of
Pilocarpus Jaborandi. Dull green oblong, 2>^-4 inches long, glabrous or
almost so, showing oil-glands if held up to the light, odour aromatic when
bruised, taste at first bitter and aromatic afterwards pungent and increasing
the flow of saliva. The active principle is the alkaloid pilocarpine.

2Extractum Jaborandi Liquidum. Dose, 5-15 min.; 0.3-1 c.c.
Alcoholic.

3Tinctura Jaborandi. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
—20; Alcohol 45%, 100: by percolation.

PILOCARPIN^E NITRAS. Dose, 1/20- K gr.; 3-3° mgms.
A white crystalline powder. Soluble 1 in 8-9 of water, slightly in cold,
freely in hot alcohol.

Jalapa. Jalap. Dose, 5-20 grs.; 3-12 dgms.

The dried tubercules of Ipomoea purga. Dark brown, irregularly oblong,
ovoid, napiform or fusiform roots, from 1-3 inches long, hard, compact
and heavy; externally wrinkled and furrowed and marked with small
transverse scars. Internally varying in colour from yellowish-grey to
dingy brown. Odour characteristic, taste at first sweet but afterwards
acrid and disagreeable. The resin contains the active principles, which
are two glucosides, jalapin and scammonin.

2Extractum Jalapae. Dose, 2-8 grs.; 1-5 dgms.

A dried product obtained by evaporation of an alcoholic and an aqueous
extract.

^ulvis Jalapse Compositus. Dose, 20-60 grs. ; 1.2-4 gms.
— 33.3; Acid Potassium Tartrate, 60; Ginger, 6.6.

ijalapse Resina. Dose, 2-5 grs.; 1-3 dgms.

Dark brown opaque fragments translucent at the edges, brittle; odour
sweetish; taste acrid. Soluble, readily in alcohol, insoluble in water.

3Tinctura Jalaps. Dose, 30-60 min. ; 2-4 c.c.
Standardised to contain 1.5% of Jalap Resin.

Juniper (see Oleum Juniperi p. 76).

KAOLINUM. KAOLIN. A native aluminium silicate, powdered and
freed from gritty particles by elutriation. A soft whitish powder. In-
soluble in water.

KINO. KINO. Dose, in powder, 5-20 grs. ; 3-12 dgms.

The juice obtained from the incisions in the bark of Pterocarpus mar-
supium. In small, angular, brittle, reddish-black fragments; inodourous,
very astringent and tinges the saliva red if chewed. Partially soluble in
water, almost entirely soluble in alcohol. Contains a tannic acid.

69

rPulvis Kino Compositus. Dose, 5-20 grs.; 3-12 dgms.
— 75; Opium, 5; Cinnamon Bark, 20. 1 gr. Opium in 20 grs.

2Tinctura Kino. Dose, 30-60 min.: 2-4 c.c.
—10; Glycerin, 15; Water, 25; Alcohol, to 100: by maceration.

KRAMERI.E RADIX. KRAMERIA ROOT. (Rhatany.) The dried
root of Krameria triandra and K. argentea. Both kinds of root have
an astringent taste and tinge the saliva red if chewed.

3Extractum Krameriae. Dose, 5-15 grs. ; 3-10 dgms.
A dried aqueous extract.

2Trochiscus Krameriae. 1 gr. in each with the Fruit Basis.
2Trochiscus Krameriae et Cocainae. 1 gr.; Cocaine Hydro-
chloride, 1/20 gr. with the Fruit Basis.

3Infusum Krameriae. Dose, ^4-1 fl. oz.; 15-30 c.c.
—5; boiling Water, 100.

3Liquor Krameriae Concentratus. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
—50; Alcohol 20% to 100: by percolation.

2Tinctura Krameriae. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
—20; Alcohol 60%, 100 by percolation.

Lamella (see Atropina, Cocaina, Homatropina, Physostigmina).

LAUROCERASI FOLIA. CHERRY-LAUREL LEAVES. The fresh leaves
of Prunus Laurocerasus. Thick, somewhat oblong, leaves 5-7 inches long,
dark-green, smooth and shining above, much paler beneath; inodourous,
but emitting when bruised an odour like bitter almonds. Contain a small
amount of hydrocyanic acid.

*Aqua Laurocerasi. Dose, >a-2 fl. dr.; 2-8 c.c.
Standardized to contain 0.1% of hydrocyanic acid.

Lavandula (see Oleum Lavandulae p. 76).

LIMONIS CORTEX. LEMON PEEL. The fresh outer part of the
pericarp of the fruit of Citrus Medica, var. Limonum.

1Syrupus Limonis. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
— 2; Alcohol, q.s.; Lemon Juice, 50; Sugar, 76.

3Tinctura Limonis. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
— 25; Alcohol, 100: by maceration.

KDleum Limonis. Dose, #-3 min. ; 0.05-0.2 c.c.
A pale yellow, fragrant oil; taste warm, bitter and aromatic.

Succus Limonis. Lemon Juice. The freshly expressed juice of
the ripe fruit of Citrus Medica.

70

LINIMENTI. (Aconiti, Ammoniac, Belladonna, Calcis, Camphorae,
Ammoniatum, Chloroformi, Crotonis, Hydrargyri, Opii, Potassii lodidi
cum Sapone, Saponis, Sinapis, Terebinthinae. Terebinthinae Aceticum.)

LINUM. LINSEED. The dried ripe seeds of Linum usitatissumum.
Small brown glassy, nearly flat seeds, about 1/6-1/4 inch long; odourless;
taste oily and mucilaginous.

^inum Contusum. Crushed Linseed. The above powdered.
It should not be rancid.

2Oleum Lini. Made by expressing the seeds. Viscid yellow,
with a faint odour and a bland taste. Soluble 1 in 10 of alcohol, and in
oil of turpentine.

Liquores. (With a dose of >£-! min. Atropinae Sulphatis,; >^-2
min. Trinitrini; 2-8 min. Arsenicalis, Arsenici Hydrochloricus, Sodii Arsena-
tis, Strychninae Hydrochloridi; 5-15 min. Ferri Arsenatis, Ferri Perchloridi,
Ferri Persulphatis, Thyroidei; 5-20 min. Arsenii et Hydrargyri lodidi;
10-20 min. Sodae Chlorinatae; 10-30 min. Potassae; 10-60 min. Morphinae
Acetatis, Morphinae Hydrochloridi, Morphinae Tartratis; 20-60 min.
Calcis Saccharatus, Ethyl Nitritis; 30-60 min. Bismuthi et Ammonii Cit-
ratis, Hydrargyri Perchloridi; >^-2 fl. dr. Hydrogeni Peroxidi; 2-4 fl. dr.
Potassii Permanganatis ; 2-6 fl. dr. Ammonii Acetatis, Ammonii Citratis;
1-2 fl. oz. Magnesii Carbonatis 1-4 fl. oz. Liquor Calcis; without stated
dose, either stock solutions or for external use, Acidi Chromici, Ammoniae,
Ammonias Fortis, Calcis Chlorinatae, Caoutchouc, Epispasticus, Ferri
Perchloridi Fortis, Ferri Persulphatis, Hamamelidis, lodi Fortis, Picis
Carbonis, Plumbi Subacetatis Dilutus, Plumbi Subacetatis Fortis, Sodii
Ethylatis, Zinci Chloridi.)

Liquores Concentrate. (With dose of 30-60 min. Calumbae, Chiratae,
Cuspariae, Krameriae, Quassiae, Rhei, Senegae, Sennae; with dose, y*-1 fl.
dr. Serpentariae; dose, 2-8 fl. dr. Sarsae Comp.)

Liquor Ethyl Nitris. Solution of Ethyl Nitrite. Dose, 20-60 min.;
1.2-4 c.c.

A mixture of 95 parts by weight of absolute alcohol and 5 parts of glycerin,
containing between 2^ and 3% of ethyl nitrite. A highly inflammable,
limpid, colourless liquid with a characteristic apple-like odour.

LIQUOR HYDROGENII PEROXIDI. SOLUTION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE.
Dose, X-2 fl. dr. 2-8 c.c.

An aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide. A colourless, odourless liquid
with a slightly acid taste; renders saliva frothy.

71

LIQUOR PANCREATIS. PANCREATIC SOLUTION. An alcoholic pre-
paration containing the digestive principles of the pig's pancreas.

Liquor Sodii Ethylatis. Solution of Sodium Ethylate. A colourless
liquid of syrupy consistence, becoming brown on keeping. Made by dis-
solving sodium in absolute alcohol.

Liquor Trinitrini. Solution of Trinitrin. (Nitroglycerine
Glonoin.) Dose, tf-2 min.; 0.03-0.12 c.c.

Trinitroglycerine of commerce, 1; Alcohol, 100. A clear and colourless
liquid.

LITHIUM. LITHIUM.

Incompatible with lithium salts in solution are carbonates and phos-
phates.

JLithii Carbonas. Dose, 2-5 grs. ; >^-3 dgms.

A white powder or minute crystalline grains; in solution has an alkaline
reaction. Soluble 1 in 70 of water, insoluble in alcohol.

:Lithii Citras. Dose, 5-10 grs.; 3-6 dgms.
A white crystalline deliquescent salt. Soluble 1 in 2 of water.

xLithii Citras Effervescens. Dose, 60-120 grs.; 4-8 gms.
— 5; Sodium Bicarbonate, 58; Tartaric Acid, 31; Citric Acid, 21. A gran-
ular powder.

LOBELIA. LOBELIA. The dried flowering herb of Lobelia inflata.
Stems are angular, channelled, and furnished with narrow wings, pur-
plish in colour, hairy. The leaves are irregularly toothed and hairy.
Odour somewhat irritant. Taste at first not marked but subsequently
burning and acrid.

Tinctura Lobeliae ^therea. Dose, 5-15 min.; 0.3-1 c.c.
— 20; Spirit of Ether, 100: by percolation.

Lotiones (see Hydrargyrum p. 66).

Lupulus. Hops. (Humulus.}. The dried fruits (strobiles) of
Humulus Lupulus. The fruits are about 1^ inches long, and consist of a
number of imbricated bracts and stipules. The odour is aromatic and
characteristic; taste bitter, aromatic, and somewhat astringent.

3Tinctura Lupuli. Dose, 30-60 min. ; 2-4 c.c.
—20; Alcohol 60% 100: by maceration.

3Infusum Lupuli. Dose, 1-2 fl. oz. ; 15-30 c.c.
—5; boiling Water, 100.

2Lupulinum. Lupulin. Dose, 2-5 gr.; 1-3 dgms.

Glands obtained from the fruits of Humulus Lupulus. A granular yellow
brown powder, consisting of the minute glands, odour strong and hop-like,
taste bitter and aromatic.

72

Magnesium. Magnesium.

Incompatibility, soluble salts of magnesium in strong solutions are pre-
cipitated by the hydrates of the alkalies and the alkaline earths; alkali car-
bonates, phosphates, arsenates; sulphides, oxalatcs, tartrates.

2Magnesia Levis. Light Magnesia. (Light Calcined Magnesia,
Light Magnesium Oxide.) Dose, if repeated, 5-30 grs.; 3-20 dgms.:
for a single administration, 30-60 grs.; 2-4 gms.
A bulky white powder. Insoluble in water.

2Magnesia Ponderosa. Heavy Magnesia. (Heavy Calcined
Magnesia, Heavy Magnesium Oxide.) Dose, as above for the Light Mag-
nesia.

A white powder insoluble in water. Differs in weight only from the
Light Magnesia, the same weight having only 2/7 of the volume of that
of the Light.

^agnesii Carbonas Levis. Light Magnesium Carbonate. Dose
as for Light Magnesia.
A very light powder. Insoluble in water.

^agnesii Carbonas Ponderosus. Dose, as for Light Mag-
nesia.
A heavy white powder. Insoluble in water.

^agnesii Sulphas (Epsom Salt). Dose, if repeated, 30-120
grs.; 2-8 gms.: for a single administration 1/4-^ oz.; 8-15 gms.
Small, colourless crystals, with a bitter taste. Soluble, 10 in 13 of wafer,
insoluble in acohol.

2Magnesii Sulphas Eflervescens. Dose, if repeated, 60-240
grs.; 4-16 gms.: for a single administration, I/L-\ oz.; 15-30 gms.
— 50; Sodium Bicarbonate, 36; Tartaric Acid, 19; Citric Acid, 12.5; Sugar,
10.5.

3Liquor Magnesii Carbonatis. Dose, 1-2 fl. oz.; 30-60 c.c.
Magnesium Sulphate, 10; Sodium Carbonate, 12.5; Water to 100.

Mel Depuratum. Clarified Honey. The honey of commerce melted
and strained through flannel.

2Oxymel. Oxymel. Dose, 1-2 fl. dr.; 4-8 c.c.
—80; Acetic Acid, 10; Water to 100.

Mellita (see Boron p. 42).

Menthol. Menthol. Dose, lA-2 grs.; 3-12 cgms.

HCHs.CsHT. A saturated secondary alcohol obtained from vari-
ous species of Mentha. Colourless, brittle crystals, with a strong odour
of peppermint, and a warm aromatic taste followed by a sensation of cold
on drawing air into the mouth. Almost insoluble in water and glycerin,

73

soluble 5 in 1 of alcohol, 8 in 3 of ether, 4 in 1 of chloroform, 1 in 4 of olive
oil, and in other oils.

Incompatibility, when triturated gives a liquid or soft mass with but-
ylchloral, camphor, phenol, chloral, resin, resorcin, thymol.

Emplastrum Menthol. — 15; Yellow Wax, 10; Resin, 75.

Mezerei Cortex. Mezereon Bark. The dried bark of Daphne Me-
zereum, D. Laureola, or D. Gnidium. In long thin, more or less flattened
strips, or quills of various lengths, flexible, very tough and fibrous; outer
surface brown, inner white and silky; no marked odour but an acrid burning
taste.

(see Ammoniacum, Amygdala, Creosotum, Creta, Fer-
rum, Guaiacum, Oleum Ricini, Senna, Vinum Gallicum). Dose. y*-\
fl. oz.; save that the last three have a dose of 1-2 fl. oz.

Morphina (see Opium p. 79).

Moschus. Musk. Dose, 5-10 gr.; 3-6 dgms.
The dried secretions from the preputial follicles of Moschus moschiferus.

Mucilagines (see Acacia, Tragacanth).

Myristica. Nutmeg. The dried seeds of Myristica fragrans.
Oval or rounded seeds rarely exceeding an inch in length; odour strong
and agreeably aromatic; taste aromatic, warm and slightly bitter.

Oleum Myristicae. Dose >^-3 min.; 0.03-0.2 c.c.

A colourless or pale yellow oil having the taste of nutmeg. Soluble 1 in
4^ of alcohol, in all proportions in absolute alcohol.

Spiritus Myristicae. Dose, 5-20 min.; 0.3-1.2 c.c.
—10; Alcohol, to 100.

MYRRHA. MYRRH. A gum resin obtained from the stem of Bal-
samodendron Myrrha. Rounded or irregular tears or masses of tears,
reddish externally, dry and brittle and more or less covered with a fine
powder: odour aromatic, taste aromatic, acrid and bitter: contains 40-
60% of gum soluble in water; remainder is largely resin and is soluble
in alcohol.

^ilula Aloes et Myrrhae (see Aloe p. 32).

iTinctura Myrrhae. Dose, 30-60 min. ; 2-4 c.c.
— 20; Alcohol, 100: by maceration.

NAPHTHOL BETA-NAPHTHOL. Dose, 3-10 grs.; 2-6 dgms.
Betamonohydroxynaphthalene, CioHvOH. White or nearly white cry-
stalline laminae or in powder; taste sharp and pungent; odour resembling
phenol. Soluble 1 in 1,000 of water, 1 in less than 2 of alcohol.

74

NUX VOMICA. NUX VOMICA. Dose, in powder, 1-4 grs.; 6-25
cgms.

The dried ripe seeds of Strychnos Nux-vomica. Nearly disc-shaped,
greyish in colour, ^"-1 inch in diameter.and YA, inch thick; concavoconvex
nearly flat, but sometimes irregularly bent; taste bitter.

1Extractum Nucis Vomicae Liquidum. Dose, 1-3 min.; 0.06-
0.2 c.c.

An alcoholic extract standardised to contain 1.5 gr. of strychnine in 110
min.

^xtractum Nucis Vomicse. Dose ><-! gr.; 15-60 mgms.
The liquid extract evaporated and Milk-sugar added, and standardised
to contain 5% of strychnine.

xTinctura Nucis Vomicae. Dose, 5-15 min.; 0.3-1 c.c.
— 16.6; Water, 25; Alcohol to 100. Contains Y± gr. strychnine in 110
min.

STRYCHNINA. STRYCHNINE. Dose, 1/60-1/15 gr.; 1-4
mgms. Colourless, inodorous crystals. Soluble 1 in 7,000 of cold, 1 in
2,500 of hot water, 1 in 170 of alcohol, 1 in 6 of chloroform.
Incompatibles as for alkaloids.

JSyrupus Ferri Phosphatis cum Quinina et Strychnina. (see p. 60.)

STRYCHNINE HYDROCHLORIDUM. Dose, 1/60-1/15 gr.;
1-4 mgms. Small colourless crystals, which readily effloresce in the air.
Soluble, 1 in 35 of water, 1 in 60 of alcohol.

xLiquor Strychninae Hydrochloridi. Dose, 2-8 min.; 0.1-0.5
c.c.
—1; Alcohol, 25; Water to 100. 1 gr. strychnine in 110 min.

Olea (see Amygdala, Anethum, Anisum, Anthemis, Caruum, Car-
yophyllum, Cinnamomum, Copiaba, Coriandrum, Cubeba, Limon, Linum,
Myristica, Phosphorus, Pimenta, Rosa, Sinapis, and the following).

Oleum Cadinum. Oil of Cade. (Juniper Tar Oil.) An empyreu-
matic oily liquid obtained by the destructive distillation of the woody
portions of Juniperus Oxycedrus. A dark reddish-brown, almost black,
more or less viscid oily liquid, with a not unpleasant empyreumatic odour
and an aromatic, bitter and acrid taste. Slightly soluble in water, partially
soluble in alcohol.

Oleum Cajuputi. Oil of Cajuput. Dose, ^-3 min.; 0.03-0.2 c.c.
The oil distilled from the leaves of Melaleuca Leucadendron. Blueish-
green, with a penetrating camphoraceous odour, and an aromatic, bitterish

taste.

Spiritus Cajuputi. Dose, 5-20 min.; 0.3-1.2 c.c.
—10; Alcohol to 100.

75

OLEUM CROTONIS. CROTON OIL. Dose, #-i min.; 0.03-
0.06 c.c. The oil expressed from the seeds of Croton Tiglium. Brownish-
yellow to dark reddish-brown, viscid, with a disagreeable odour, and an
acrid, burning taste. Entirely soluble in absolute alcohol, freely soluble in
ether and chloroform.

3Linimentum Crotonis. — 12.5; Oil of Cajuput, 43.75; Alcohol,
43.75.

OLEUM EUCALYPTI. OIL OF EUCALYPTUS. Dose, K-3 min.; 0.03-
0.2 c.c.

The oil distilled from the fresh leaves of Eucalyptus globulus and other
species. Colourless or pale yellow oil, with an aromatic, camphoraceous
odour, and a pungent taste; leaves a sensation of coldness in the mouth.
Unguentum Eucalypti. — 10 by weight; Hard Paraffin, 40; Soft
Paraffin, 50.

Oleum Juniperi. Oil of Juniper. Dose, J^-3 min.; 0.03-0.2 c.c-
The oil distilled from the full-grown, unripe, green fruit of Juniperus
communis. Colourless or pale green-yellow with the characteristic
odour of the fruit and an aromatic, warm, bitterish taste.

Spiritus Juniperi. Dose 20-60 min.; 1.2-4 c.c.
—5; Alcohol, 100.

Oleum LavandulcB. Oil of Lavender. Dose, yZ-3 min.; 0.03- 0.2
c.c.

The oil distilled from the flowers of Lavandula vera. Pale yellow or nearly
colourless, with the fragrant odour of the flowers, and a pungent, bitter
taste. Soluble 1 in 3 of alcohol 70%.

3Spiritus Lavandulae. Dose, 5-20 min.; 0.3-1.2 c.c.
—10; Alcohol, 90.

xTinctura Lavandulae Composita. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
—0.47; Oil of Rosemary, 0.05; Cinnamon Bark, 0.85; Nutmeg, 0.85; Red
Sanders Wood, 1.7; Alcohol, to 100: by maceration and solution.

Oleum Menthae Piperitse. Oil of Peppermint. Dose ^-3 min;
0.03-0.2 c.c.

The oil distilled from fresh flowering peppermint, Mentha piperita.
Colourless, or pale yellowish, when fresh but darkening with age; odour
of peppermint and a strong, aromatic taste, followed by a sensation of
coldness in the mouth.

*Aqua Menthae Piperitae. 1 in about 1,000 by distillation.

Spiritus Menthae Piperitae. Dose, 5-20 min.; 0.3-1.2 c.c.
—10; Alcohol, 90.

76

Oleum Menthse Viridis. Oil of Spearmint. Dose, K-3 min.;
0.03-0.2 c.c.

The oil distilled from the fresh flowering spearmint, Mentha viridis. Colour-
less, or pale yellowish, when fresh but darkening with age;odour and taste
of the herb. Soluble about 1 in 1 of alcohol; soluble in alcohol absolute.
:Aqua Menthae Viridis. 1 in about 1,000, by distillation.

Oleum Morrhuse. Cod-liver Oil. Dose, 1-4 fl. dr.; 4-16 c.c.
The oil extracted from the fresh liver of the cod, Gadus Morrhua. Pale
yellow, with a slight fishy, but not rancid, odour. Readily soluble in
ether or chloroform and slightly soluble in alcohol.

OLEUM OLIV.E. Olive Oil. The oil expressed from the ripe fruit
of Olea Europaea. A pale yellow oil with a faint odour and a bland taste.

OLEUM PINI. OIL OF PINE. The oil distilled from the fresh
leaves of Pinus Pumilio. Colourless or nearly so with a pleasant aromatic
odour and pungent taste.

Oleum Ricini. Castor Oil. Dose, 1-8 fl. dr.; 4-32 c.c.
The oil expressed from the seeds of Ricinus communis. Viscid almost
colourless, almost odourless and a bland taste at first, but afterwards acrid
and unpleasant. Soluble 1 in 1 of absolute alcohol, 1 in 5 of alcohol.

2Mistura Olei Ricini. Dose, 1-2 fl. oz.; 30-60 c.c.

— 37.5; Mucilage of Acacia, 18.75; Orange-flower Water, 12.5 Cinnamon
Water, 31.25.

Oleum Rosmarini. Oil of Rosemary. Dose, >4-3 min.; 0.03-0.2 c.c.
The oil distilled from the flowering tops of Rosmarinus oflicinalis. Col-
ourless or pale yellow, with the odour of rosemary, and a warm, camp-
horaceous taste.

^piritus Rosmarini. — 10; Alcohol to 100.

Oleum Santali. Oil of Sandal Wood. Dose , 5-30 min.; 0.3-2
c.c. The oil distilled from the wood of Santalum album. Somewhat
viscid, pale yellow oil with a strongly aromatic odour and a pungent, spicy
taste.

Oleum Terebinthinae. Oil of Turpentine. Dose, 2-10 min.;
0.1-0.6 c.c. : as an anthelmintic, 3-4 fl. dr. ; 12-16 c.c.
The oil distilled, usually with the aid of steam, from the oleo-resin (tur-

77

pentine) obtained from Pinus sylvestris and other species. Limpid,
colourless, with a strong odour, and a pungent and somewhat bitter taste.

1Linimentum Terebinthinae. — 65; Soft Soap, 7.5; Camphor,
5.0; Water to 100.

2Linimentum Terebinthinae Aceticum. — 44; Glacial Acetic Acid,
by weight, 11; Liniment of Camphor, 44.

OLEUM THEOBROMATIS. OIL OF THEOBROMA. (Cacao Butter.) A
concrete oil obtained by pressing the warm, crushed seeds of Theobroma
Cacao. A yellowish-white solid, with an odour resembling cacao, taste
bland and agreeable, free from rancidity. It softens at 80°F. (26.6°C.)
and melts between 88°-93° F. (31.1°-33.9° C). Contained in all sup-
positories except that of Glycerin.

OPIUM. OPIUM. Dose, #-2 grs., 3-12 cgms.

The juice obtained by incision from the unripe capsules of Papaver somni-
ferum, inspissated by spontaneous evaporation. Usually in rounded
or more or less irregular large masses, when dry, hard and a dark brown-
black colour; odour strong and characteristic, taste bitter. For the use in
the preparation of standardised galenical preparations any suitable variety
may be used, provided that it contain not less than 7.5% of anhydrous
morphine when dry. For all other purposes opium must contain of its
dry weight 9.5-10.5% of anhydrous morphine. The chief alkaloidal con-
stituent is morphine, the alkaloids codeine, thebaine, narcotine, are the
chief of the other alkaloids that occur. Opium also contains meconic
acid, free and in combination. Incompatibles, alkaline carbonates, salts
of mercury, and preparations containing tannin; and due to meconic acid,
ferric salts (red colour), lead acetate, silver nitrate, barium chloride, cal-
cium chloride, nitric acid.

3Emplastrum Opii.— 10; Resin Plaster, 80.

2Extractum Opii. 1/4-1 gr.; 15-60 mgms.

A partially dried aqueous extract, standardised to contain 20% of mor-
phine.

1Extractum Opii Liquidum. Dose, 5-30 min.; 0.3-2 c.c.
Of the extract, 3.75; Alcohol, 20; Water, 80. Contains about 3/4 gr.
morphine in 110 min.

^ilula Plumbi cum Opio. Dose, 2-4 grs.; 12-24 cgms. (In
1 or 2 pills).

— 12.5; Lead Acetate, 75; Syrup of Glucose, q.s. Each pill contains 1/4
gr. of opium.

2Pilula Saponis Composita. Dose, 2-4 grs.; 12-24 cgms. (In
1 or 2 pills.)

— 20; Hard Soap, 60; Syrup of Glucose, 20. Each pill contains 2/5 gr.
of opium.

78

2Pulvis Opii Compositus. Dose, 2-10 grs.; 1-6 dgms.
—10.5; Black Pepper, 14; Ginger, 35; Caraway Fruit, 42; Tragacanth, 3.5.
Contains roughly 1 gr. opium in 10 grs. of powder.

^ulvis Ipecacuanha Compositus. (Dover's Powder.) Dose,
5-15 grs.; 3-10 dgms.

—10; Ipecacuanha Root, 10; Potassium Sulphate, 80. 1 gr. opium in
10 grs.

2Pilula Ipecacuanha cum Scilla. (See Ipecacuanha.) Con-
tains 1 gr. of opium in 20 grs.

2Pulvis Kino Compositus. Dose, 5-20 grs.; 3-12 dgms.
— 5; Kino, 75; Cinnamon Bark, 20. Contains 1 gr. opium in 20 grs.

^ulvis Cretae Aromaticus cum Opio. Dose, 10-40 grs.; 6-24
dgms.
— 2.5; Aromatic Powder of Chalk, 97.5. Contains 1 gr. of opium in 40 grs.

3Suppositoria Plumbi Composita. (See Plumbum.) Contains
1 gr. in each.

xTinctura Opii. (Laudanum.) Dose, if repeated, 5-15 min.;
0.3-1 c.c.: for a single administration, 20-30 min.; 1.2-2 c.c.
A tincture standardised to contain 1 gr. opium in 15 min., or 0.7-0.8% of
anhydrous morphine.

2Linimentum Opii. — 50; Liniment of Soap, 50.

2Tinctura Opii Ammoniata. (Scotch Paregoric.) Dose, 30-60
min.; 2-4 c.c.

—15; Benzoic Acid, 2.06; Oil of Anise, 0.625; Solution of Ammonia, 20;
Alcohol, to 100. Contains about 0.62 gr. of opium in 1 fl. dr.

n^inctura Camphorae Composita. (Paregoric, Paregoric Elixir)
Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.

— 6.09; Benzoic Acid, 0.46; Camphor, 0.34; Oil of Anise, 0.31; Alcohol
60% to 100. Contains 0.25 gr. opium, or 1/30 morphine hydrochloride,
in 1 fl. dr.

2Unguentum Gallae cum Opio. Opium, 7.5; Gall Ointment,
92.5.

MORPHIN-ffi HYDROCHLORIDUM. Dose, i/8-K gr.; 8-30
mgms.

White acicular, silky crystals or a white crystalline powder. Solubility,
1 in 24 of cold, 1 in 1 of boiling water; 1 in 50 of alcohol.

JLiquor Morphinse Hydrochloridi. Dose, 10-60 min.; K-4 c.c.
—1; Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 2; Alcohol, 25; Water, to 100. 1 gr.
in 110 min.

2Suppositoria Morphinae. 1/4 gr. in each; Oil of Theobroma,
14.75.

79

^inctura Chloroformi et Morphinae Composita. Dose, 5-15
min.; 0.3-1 c.c.
1/11 gr. of morphine in 10 min. (see Chloroform p. 50).

2Trochiscus Morphinae. 1/36 gr. with the Tolu Basis.

2Trochiscus Morphinae et Ipecuanchae. 1/36 gr. with 1/12
gr. of Ipecacuanha and the Tolu Basis.

MORPHINE ACETAS. Dose, i/8-# gr.; 8-30 mgms.
A white crystalline or amorphous powder. Soluble 1 in 2^2 of water, 1 in
100 of alcohol.

2Liquor Morphinse Acetatis. Dose, 10-60 min.; J^-4 c.c.
—1; Diluted Acetic Acid, 2; Alcohol, 25; Water, to 100.

MORPHINE TARTRAS. Dose, i/8-X gr-5 8-3° mgms.
A white crystalline powder. Soluble, 1 in 11 of water, almost insoluble
in alcohol.

^njecto Morphinae Hypodermica. Dose, 2-5 min.; 0.1 — 0.3
c.c.
— 5; Water 100. 5 gr. of the tartrate in 110 min.

2Liquor Morphinae Tartratis. Dose, 10-60 min.; ^-4 c.c.
— 1; Alcohol, 25; Water, to 100.

Codeina. Codeine. Dose, 1/4-2 grs.; 15-120 mgms.
An alkaloid obtained from Opium or from morphine. Nearly colourless
crystals. Soluble, 1 in 80 of water, 1 in 2 of alcohol.

Codeinse Phosphas. Dose, 1/4-2 grs.; 15-120 mgms.
White bitter crystals. Soluble 1 in 4 of water, 1 in 200 of alcohol.

2Syrupus Codeinae, Dose, #-2 fl. dr.; 2-8 c.c.

— 0.46; Water, 1.25; Syrup, 98.75. 1/4 gr. of codeine phosphate in 1
fl.dr.

Oxymel (see Mel and Scilla).

Papaveris Capsula. Poppy Capsules. The nearly ripe dried fruits
of Papaver somniferum.

Paraffinum Durum. Hard Paraffin. A mixture of several of
the harder paraffins. Colourless, semi-transparent, crystalline, inodourous
and tasteless. Melting-point 130°-135° F. (54.4°-57.2° C). Insoluble in
water, slightly soluble in alcohol, readily soluble in ether,
^nguentum Paraffini. — 30; Soft Paraffin, 70.

Paraffinum Liquidum. Liquid Paraffin. A clear, colourless, odour-
less, tasteless liquid, obtained from petroleum.

80

Paraffinum Molle. Soft Paraffin. (Vaseline). A white or yellow,
translucent, soft, unctuous, mixture of the softer members of the paraffin
series. Melts at 96°-102° F. (35.5°-38.9° C.). Insoluble in water,
slightly soluble in absolute alcohol, readily soluble in ether, chloroform and
benzol.

Paraldehydum. Paraldehyde. Dose, #-2 fl. dr.; 2-8 c.c.
A clear colourless liquid, with a characteristic odour and an ethereal,
acrid and afterwards cool, taste. Soluble 1 in 10 of water, miscible in
alcohol and ether.

Pareira Radix. Pareira. Root. The dried root of Chondrodendron
tomentosum. In long nearly cylindrical and somewhat twisted pieces,
from 3/4-2 inches or more in diameter; covered with a thin black bark
with numerous furrows, ridges and fissures; internally greyish: no odour,
taste bitter.

Extractum Pareirae Liquidum. Dose, *4-2 fl. dr.; 2-8 c.c.
Aqueous and alcoholic.

Pepsinum. Pepsin. Dose, 5-10 gr.; 3-6 dgms.

The enzyme obtained from the stomach of the pig, sheep or calf. It
should be capable of dissolving 2,500 times its weight of hard-boiled white
of egg.

1Glycerini Pepsini. Dose, 1-2 fl. dr.; 4-8 c.c.
—9.15; Hydrochloric Acid, 1.15; Glycerin, 60; Water, to 100.

Phenacetinum. Phenacetin. Dose, 5-10 grs. 3-6 dgms.
Paraacet-phenetidin. C2H5O.C6H4.NHCOCH3. White tasteless, inordor-
ous, crystals, neutral to litmus. Soluble, 1 in 1,700 of water, 1 in 21 of
alcohol.

Phenazonum. Phenazone. (Antipyrine.) Dose, 5-20 grs.; 3-12
dgms.

Phenyldimethyl-iso-pyrazolone. Colourless, inodorous, scaly crystals,
with a bitter taste. Soluble, 1 in 1 of water, 1 in a little more than 1 of
alcohol. Incompatibles, ferric chloride (gives a red colour), syrup of fer-
rous iodide, calomel, mercuric chloride, solution of arsenic and mercuric
iodides, iodine, potassium permanganate, tannic acid, spirits of nitrous
ether and other solutions containing nitrites (a green colour being produced),
chloral (in strong solutions) ; triturated with sodium salicylate a mass or
liquid is formed; with thymol, acetananilid, and resorcin a liquid is formed.

Phosphorus. Phosphorus. Dose, in pill or solution, 1/100-1/20
gr.; K-3 mgms.

81

A semi-transparent, wax-like solid. Insoluble in water, but soluble 1 in
350 of alcohol absolute, 1 in 80 of ether, 1 in 25 of chloroform, 1 in % of
carbon bisulphide, 1 in 80 of olive oil.

Incompatibles oxidising agents, explodes if triturated with them.

2Oleum Phosphoratum. Dose, 1-5 min. 0.06-0.3 c.c.
— 1; dissolved at 180° F. in 99 of Almond Oil.

^ilula Phosphori. Dose, 1-2 grs.; 6-12 cgms.

— 2; White Beeswax, 25; Lard, 25; Kaolin, 23; Carbon Bisulphide, q.s.;
Gum Acacia, q.s. To this mass is to be added 1/3 of its weight of Gum
Acacia before dispensing. The pills should be varnished.

Physostigmatis Semina. Calabar Bean. The ripe seeds of
Physostigma venenosum. Large brownish reniform seeds, usually an
inch long by % of an inch wide and ^ inch thick. The active principle is
the alkaloid physostigmine.

3Extractum Physostigmatis. Dose, ^-1 gr. ; 15-60 mgms.
An evaporated alcoholic extract to which three times its weight of Milk-
sugar has been added.

Physostigminae Sulphas. (Eserine Sulphate.) Dose, 1/60-1/20
gr. ; 1-3 mgms.

Yellowish-white, minute crystals, which turn red on exposure to air and
light. Soluble 1 in 4 of water', 2^ in 1 of alcohol.

lamellae Physostigminae. 1/1,000 in gelatin discs.

Picrotoxinum. Picrotoxin. Dose, 1/100-1/25 gr.; l/4-<2l/4 mgms.
Colourless, inodorous, crystals, with a bitter taste. Soluble 1 in 330 of
water, 1 in 13 of alcohol.

Pilocarpina (see Jaborandi p. 69).

PILULE. (The following with a dose of 1-2 grs. Phosphori;
with a dose of 2-4 grs. Plumbi cum Opio, Saponis Comp.; with a dose
of 2-8 grs., Quininae Sulphatis; with a dose of 4-8 grs., Aloes Barbadensis,
Aloes et Asafetida, Aloes et Ferri, Aloes et Myrrhae, Aloes Socotrinae,
Cambogiae Comp., Colocynthidis Comp., Colocynthidis et Hyoscyami,
Galbani Comp., Hydrargyri, Hydrargyri Subchloridi Comp., Ipecacuanhas
cum Scilla, Rhei Comp., Scammonii Comp., Scillae Comp.; with a dose
of 5-15 grs. Ferri.)

Pimenta. Pimento. The dried full-grown fruit of Pimenta of-
ficinalis. Dark reddish-brown, nearly globular, two-celled, fruits, about
1/5-1/3 inches in diameter; odour and taste characteristic, somewhat like
cloves.

Aqua Pimento.— 5; Water 200: distill off 100.

82

Oleum Pimentae. Dose, >^-3 min.; 0.03-0.2 c.c.

Yellowish or yellowish-red oil becoming darker on keeping; odour and taste
of pimento.

Piper Nigrum. Black Pepper. The dried unripe fruit of Piper
nigrum. Almost globular, one-celled fruits, about 1/5 of an inch in di-
ameter; odour aromatic and taste pungent.

Confectio Piperis. Dose, 60-120 grs.; 4-8 gms.
— 10; Caraway Fruit 15; Clarified Honey, 75.

Fix Burgundica. Burgundy Pitch. The resinous exudation ob-
tained from the stem of Picea excelsa. Hard and brittle yet slowly flowing
dull red or yellow-brown; odour aromatic, taste sweet and aromatic.

Emplastrum Picis. — 52; Frankincense, 26; Resin, 9; Yellow Bees-
wax, 9; Olive Oil, 4; Water, 4.

Fix Carbonis Preparata. Prepared Coal Tar.

Liquor Picis Carbonatis. — 20; Quillaia Bark, 10; Alcohol to
100: by percolation and digestion.

Fix Liquida. Tar. A bituminous liquid prepared from the wood
of Pinus sylvestris and other species of Pinus, by destructive distillation.
A dark brown or blackish semi-liquid substance, of a peculiar aromatic
odour.
Soluble 1 in 10 of alcohol.

2Unguentum Picis Liquidum. — 71.5; Yellow Beeswax, 28.5.

Plumbum. Lead.

Incompatibles of soluble lead salts, alkali hydrates, carbonates, borax.sul-
phates, bromides, iodides, phosphates, cyanides, alkali sulphites, benzoates,
citrates, tartrates, salicylates, meconates, many colouring matters, resins,
glucosides, neutral principles, and alkaloids, in strong solution chlorides.

iPlumbi Acetas. (Sugar of Lead). Dose 1-5 grs.; ^-3 dgms.
Pb (C2H3O2)2, 3H2O. Small white crystals, slightly efflorescent, with an
acetous odour and a sweet astringent taste. Soluble 1 in less than 2 of
water, 1 in 20 of alcohol.

Incompatibles, other than the above, with phenol, chloral, salicylic
acid, sodium phosphate, gives when triturated a liquid or soft mass with
resorcin, and with sodium salicylate a stiff mass.

iPilula Plumbi cum Opio. Dose, 2-4 grs.; 12-24 cgms. (In 1 or
2 pills).
—75; Opium, 12.5; Syrup of Glucose, q.s. % gr. of Opium in each 2 gr. pill.

3Suppositoria Plumbi Composita. 1 gr. of opium and 3 grs.
of lead acetate in each suppository with Oil of Theobroma.

83

3Unguentum Plumbi Acetatis. — 4; Paraffin Ointment, white,
96.

aLiquor Plumbi Subacetatis Fortis. (Goulard's Extract). A
clear colourless liquid with a sweet astringent taste and an alkaline re-
action.

liquor Plumbi Subacetatis Dilutis. (Goulard's Lotion
or Water.)— 1.25; Alcohol, 1.25; Water to 100.

2Glycerinum Plumbi Subacetatis. — 15; Lead Oxide, 10.5; Gly-
cerin, 50; Water, 36: boiled together and partly evaporated.

3Unguentum Glycerini Plumbi Subacetatis. — 16.5; Paraffin
Ointment, white, 82.5.

2Plumbi Carbonas. A hydroxycarbonate, 2(PbCO3), Pb(OH)2.
A soft heavy white powder, insoluble in water.

3Unguentum Plumbi Carbonatis. — 10; Paraffin Ointment-
white, 90.

3Plumbi lodidum. Lead Iodide, Pbh- A heavy bright yellow>
tasteless and odourless powder. Soluble 1 in 200 of boiling water.

3Emplastrum Plumbi lodidi. — 10; Lead Plaster, 80; Resin.
2.

3Unguentum Plumbi lodidi. — 10; Paraffin Ointment, yellow,
90.

Plumbi Oxidum. Lead Oxide (Litharge). Heavy pale yellow-
ish-red scales. Insoluble in water.

iEmplastrum Plumbi. Lead Plaster. — 25; Olive Oil, 50;
Water, 25; boiled gently for several hours. An oleate of lead is formed.

Podophylli Rhizoma. Podophyllum Rhizome. The dried
rhizome and roots of Podophyllum peltatum. Dark reddish-brown, smooth
or slightly wrinkled, nearly cylindrical pieces, several inches in length and
about 1/3 inch in diameter, with enlargements about 2 inches apart, which
bear on their upper surface the scar of an ascending stem and on the lower
surface numerous roots. Odour, characteristic, taste slightly acrid and
bitter.

1Podophylli Resina. Dose, %-\ gr. ; 15-60 mgms.

The resinous precipitate formed by pouring a partially evaporated alco-
holic extract into acidified water. An amorphous yellow or orange-brown
powder, with a bitter taste. Insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, and in
ammonia solution.

xTinctura Podophylli. Dose, 5-15 min.; 0.3-1 c.c.
— 3.65; Alcohol to 100: by maceration.

POTASSIUM. POTASSIUM.

The incompatibles of the salts of potassium do not depend upon the

84

potassium, but upon the other radicals present and may hence be best
found by looking up the incompatibilities of those radicles.

^otassa Caustica. Potassium Hydroxide. (Hydrate, Caustic
Potash.) Hard, white pencils or cakes, very deliquescent. Soluble, 2
in 1 of water, 1 in 2 of alcohol.

xLiquor Potassae. Dose, 10-30 min.; 06-2 c.c., freely diluted.
— 6.19; Water, 100. A colourless odourless alkaline liquid.

3Potassa Sulphurata. Sulphurated Potash. (Liver of Sulphur.)

A mixture of the Salts of Sulphur, but chiefly Sulphides.

Potassii Acetas. Dose, 10-60 grs.; 6-40 dgms.

Either in white foliaceous satiny masses or in granular particles, very
deliquescent, alkaline in reaction. Soluble 1 in ]/2 of water, 1 in 2 of al-
cohol.

Potassii Bicarbonas. Dose, 5-30 grs. ; 3-20 dgms.

KHCO3. Colourless crystals, with a feebly alkaline, saline taste. Solu-
ble, 1 in 4 of water, insoluble in alcohol. 20 grs. neutralise 14 grs. of
citric or 15 grs. of tartaric acid.

3Potassii Bichromas. Dose, 1/10-1/5 gr.; 6-12 mgms.

K2CrO3, CrO3. Large orange-red transparent crystals. Soluble 1 in
10 of water.

Potassii Bromidum. Dose, 5-30 grs.; 1/3-2 gms.

KBr. Colourless, crystals; odourless, with a pungent saline taste. Soluble,
1 in 2 of water, 1 in 200 of alcohol.

ipotasssii Carbonas. Dose, 5-20 grs.; 3-12 dgms.

K2CO3. A white crystalline powder, alkaline and caustic to the taste,
very deliquescent. Soluble 1 in 1 of water, insoluble in alcohol.

Potassii Chloras. Dose, 5-15 grs. ; 3-10 dgms.

KC1O3. Colourless crystals with a cool saline taste. Soluble 1 in 16 of
cold, 1 in 3 of hot water, 1 in 1,700 of alcohol.

2Trochiscus Potassii Chloratis. — 3 grs. with the Rose Basis.

Potassii Citras. Dose, 10-40 grs.; >£-2^ gms.

C3H4.OH.(COOK)3. A white powder of a feebly acid saline taste, deli-
quescent. Soluble 1 in 0.6 of water, 1 in 2 of glycerin, 1 in 9 of alcohol
60%.

Potassii lodidum. Dose, 5-20 grs. ; 3-12 dgms.

KI. Colourless crystals with a pungent saline and subsequently bitter
taste. Soluble, 1 in less than 1 of water, 1 in 10 of alcohol, 1 in 3 of gly-
cerin.

3Linimentum Potassii lodidi cum Sapone.— 10.125; Curd
Soap, 13.5; Glycerin, 6.75; Oil of Lemon, 0.844; Water, 67.5.

3Unguentum Potassii lodidi.— 10; Potassium Carbonate,
0.6; WTater, 9.4; Benzoated Lard, 80

85

^otassii Nitras. (Nitre, Saltpetre.) Dose, 5-20 grs.; 3-12
dgms.

KNOs. White crystalline masses, colourless with a cool, saline taste.
Soluble 1 in 4 of cold, 1 in X °f hot water, sparingly soluble in alcohol.

^otassii Permanganas. Dose, 1-3 grs.; X~2 dgms.

Dark purple slender iridescent crystals, with sweet astringent taste.
Soluble 1 in 20 of cold, 1 in 3 of hot water.

3Liquor Potassii Permanganatis. Dose, 2-4 fl. dr.; 8-16 c.c.
—1; Water, 100.

3Potassii Sulphas. Dose, 10-40 grs.; ^-2>^ gms.

Colourless, hard crystals. Soluble 1 in 10 of cold, 1 in 4 of hot water,
insoluble in alcohol.

3Potassii Tartras. Dose, 30-240 grs. ; 2-16 gms.

Normal potassium tartrate, (CHOH);;.(COOK)2, H2O. Small, colourless
crystals. Soluble 1 in 0.6 of water, insoluble in alcohol.

Potassii Tartras Acidus. (Bitartrate, Purified Cream of Tar-
tar.) Dose, 20-60 grs.; l#-4 gms.

A white gritty powder, or fragments of cakes crystallised on one surface,
with an acid taste. Soluble 1 in 200 of water, insoluble in alcohol.

PRUNI VIRGINIANS CORTEX. The bark of Prunus serotina. In
curved pieces or irregular fragments about 1/12 inch thick. Taste as-
tringent aromatic, and bitter; when macerated an odour of bitter almonds,
due to the formation of hydrocyanic acid from the amygdalin under the
action of the ferment, emulsin.

xSyrupus Pruni Virginianse. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
A macerate and percolate of the bark in water to which sugar and glycerin
are added.

3Tinctura Pruni Virginianae. Dose, 30-60 min. ; 2-4 c.c.
— 20; Alcohol, 62.5; Water, 37.5: by maceration.

Prunum. Prunes. The dried ripe fruit of Prunus domestica.
Contained in Confectio Sennae.

Pterocarpi Lignum. Red Sanders Wood. (Red Sandal Wood.)
The heart wood of Pterocarpus santalinus. Usually imported in logs.
In chips it varies in colour from blood-red with lighter zones to a very dark
brown; a slight astringent taste and a faint odour when warmed. The
colouring matter is soluble in alcohol, and to a very slight extent in water.
Used in the Compound Tincture of Lavender.

PUL VERES. (The following, with a dose of 1-4 grs. Elaterini Comp.;
dose 1-5 grs. Hydrargyrum cum Creta; with dose, 3-6 grs. Antimonialis;
dose, 2-10 grs. Opii Comp.; dose 5-15 grs. Ipecacuanhas Comp.; dose,

86

5-20 grs. Kino Comp.; dose, 10-20 grs. Scammonii Comp.; dose, 10-40
grs. Cretae Aromaticus cum Opio, Cinnamomi Comp.; dose, 10,60 grs.
Cretae Aromaticus; dose, 20-40 grs. Catechu Comp.; dose, 20-60 grs.
Jalapae Comp., Rhei Comp., Tragacanthae Comp.; dose, 60-120 grs. Gly-
cyrrhizae Comp.; dose, (60-120 grs.). Amygdalae Comp.; Sodae Tar-
taratae Effervescens, q.v.)

Pyrethri Radix. The dried root of Anacyclus Pyrethrum. Pieces
2-4 inches in length, % inch or more in diameter, nearly cylindrical or
tapering towards each end: outer surface brown and wrinkled; odour
characteristic, taste pungent and exciting a copious flow of saliva.

Tinctura Pyrethri.— 20; Alcohol 70% 100: by percolation.

Pyroxylinum. Pyroxylin. % (Di-nitro-cellulose). Soluble readily
in equal parts of ether and alcohol.

Collodium. Collodion.— 2; Ether, 72; Alcohol, 24.

^ollodium Flexile. — 96; Canada Turpentine, 4; Castor Oil, 2-
Collodium Vesicans. Blistering Collodion. — 2.5; Blistering
liquid, 100.

Quassise Lignum. The wood of the trunk and branches of
Picreena excelsa. Imported in logs. Retailed in chips of a yellowish-
white colour, very light and with a persistently bitter taste. As this bitter
contains no tannin it may be prescribed with iron.

^nfusum Quassiae. Dose, #-1 fl. oz. ; 15-30 c.c.-l ; Water, 100.

3Liquor Quassiae Concentratus. Dose, >£-! fl. dr.; 2-4 c.c.
— 10; Alcohol, 100; an alcoholic extract.

Tinctura Quassiae. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
—10; Alcohol 45%, 100: by maceration.

Quillaia Cortex. Quillaia Bark. (Panama Bark). The inner
bark of Quillaja Saponaria. In large flat pieces, 1/6 inch thick and 2
feet or more long, the outer surface is brownish; the inner, smooth and
white or yellowish-white: the taste is astringent and acrid, the powder
irritating to the nostrils.

Tinctura Quillaise. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 o.c.
— 5; Alcohol, 100; by percolation.

Quinina (see Cinchona p. 51).

RESINA. RESIN. The residue left after the distillation of the oil
of turpentine from the crude oleo-resin of various species of Pinus. Trans-
lucent, of a light amber colour, compact, brittle, pulverisable. Soluble in
alcohol, ether, benzol, and carbon disulphide.

87

^mplastrum Resinse. — 10 Lead Plaster, 80; Hard Soap, 5.
3Unguentum Resinae. — 28; Yellow Beeswax, 28; Olive Oil by
weight, 28; Lard, 21.

Rhei Radix. Rhubarb Root. Dose, if repeated 3-10 grs.; 2-6
dgms.: for a single administration 15-30 grs.; 1-2 gms.

The erect rhizome or so-called root of Rheum palmatum, R. officinale
and probably other species, deprived of more or less of their cortex and
dried. In hard, compact, more or less irregular pieces, smooth, usually
reddish-brown or greyish, marked with darker lines and with small scattered
star-like marks; odour characteristic somewhat aromatic; taste bitter and
feebly astringent. The important pharmacological constituents are the
tannoid bodies, of which there are several and the purgative principle,
rheopurgarin.

2Extractum Rhei. Dose, 2-8 grs.; 1-5 dgms.
An alcoholic percolate evaporated.

3Infusum Rhei. Dose, tf-1 fl. oz.; 15-30 c.c.
—5; boiling Water, 100.

3Liquor Rhei Concentratus. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
— 50; Alcohol, 20% to 100 :by percolation.

^ilula Rhei Composita. Dose, 4-8 grs.; 2^-5 dgms. (In 1 or
2 pills).

—27; Socotrine Aloes, 20.25; Myrrh, 13.5; Hard Soap, 13.5; Oil of Pep-
permint, 1.69; Syrup of Glucose, q.s.

^ulvis Rhei Compositus. (Gregory's Powder.) Dose, 20-60
grs.; 1.2-4 gms.
— 22; Light Magnesia, 66; Ginger, 11.

xSyrupus Rhei. Dose, #-2 fl. dr. ; 2-8 c.c.
—5; Coriander Fruit, 5; Sugar, 60; Alcohol, 20; Water, 60.

xTinctura Rhei Composita. Dose, if repeated, }^-\ fl. dr.; 2-4
c.c.: for a single administration, 2-4 fl. drs.; 8-15 c.c.

—10; Cardamon Seeds, 1.23; Coriander Fruit, 1.25; Glycerin, 10; Al-
cohol 60% to 100.

Rhosados Petala. Red-poppy Petals. The fresh petals of Papaver
Rhceas. The fresh petals are bright scarlet, with a characteristic some-
what unpleasant odour, and a slightly bitter taste.

Syrupus Rhceados. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
—22.75; Sugar, 63; Alcohol, 4.375; Water to 100.

Rosce Gallicce Petala. The dried and fresh unexpanded petals of
Rosa gallica. The fresh petals are purplish-red; occur in little cone-
shaped masses; odour fragrant; taste somewhat bitter, feebly acid and
astringent. Contains a small quantity of tannic acid.

88

Confectio Rosae Gallicae. Fresh Petals, 25; Sugar, 75.

Infusum Rosae Acidum. Dose, %-\ fl. oz.; 15-30 c.c.
—2.5; Diluted Sulphuric Acid, 1.25; Water, boiling, 100.

Syrupus Rosae. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
—4; Sugar, 60; boiling Water, 40.

Oleum ROSCB. (Otto of Rose.) The oil distilled from the fresh
flowers of Rosa damascena. A pale yellow crystalline semi-solid with the
strong fragrant odour of rose and a sweet taste.

Aqua ROSCB. Prepared by the distillation from the flowers of Rosa
damascena.

3Unguentum Aquae Rosae. — 42; Beeswax, white, 9; Spermaceti,
9; Almond Oil by weight, 54; Oil of Rose, 0.1.

Rosmarinus (See Oleum Rosmarani p. 77).

Saccharum Lactis. Milk Sugar. (Lactose.) In crystalline masses,
with a sweet taste.

Saccharum Purificatum. Refined Sugar. (Succrose.) Referred
to through this book as sugar. Obtained from the Sugar-cane, sweet,
crystals. Soluble 2 in 1 of water.

Syrupus. Syrup. — 66.6; boiling Water, to produce 100 by
weight.

3Syrupus Aromaticus. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
— 50: Cinnamon Water, 25; Tincture of Orange, 25.

2Syrupus Glucosi. Syrup of Glucose. — 66.6; Liquid com-
mercial glucose. 33.3.

Salicinum. Salicin. Dose, 5-20 grs.; 3-12 dgms.

A crystalline glucoside obtained from the bark of various species of Salix
and Populus. Colourless, shining crystals with a bitter taste; soluble 1 in
28 of water, 1 in 60 of alcohol.

Salol. Salol. Dose, 5-15 grs.; 3-10 dgms.

Phenyl salicylate. C6H4OH.COOC6H5. Colourless crystals, with a faint
aromatic odour and a slight taste. Almost quite insoluble in water, sol-
uble 1 in 12 of alcohol, 1 in 10 of liquid paraffin, and in fixed and volatile
oils, very slightly soluble in glycerin

Acidum Salicylicum. Dose, 5-20 grs.; 3-12 dgms.

Oxybenzoic acid, C6H4.OH.COOH. Colourless crystals, taste at first
sweetish then acid and leaving a burning sensation in the mouth. Sol-
uble 1 in about 500 of cold, 1 in 15 of hot water, 1 in 3 of alcohol, 1 in 2(
of glycerin. Incompatibles, carbonates (CO2 freed), lead acetate,
nitrate, ferric salts (violet colour produced), potassium iodide, and chlorate
spirits of nitrous ether, quinine sulphate; damp powders or liquids are

89

formed when triturated with lead acetate, sodium phosphate and anti-
pyrine.

3Unguentum Acidi Salicylici. — 2; Paraffin Ointment, white, 98.

Sodii Salicylas (see p. 95).

Sambuci Flores. Elder Flowers. The flowers of Sambucus nigra.
Small, flowers, with a slightly bitter taste, and a sweet faint and not al-
together agreeable odour.

Aqua Sambuci. — 100; Water, 500; distil over 100.

Santal (see Oleum Santali p. 77).

Santoninum. Santonin. Dose, 2-5 grs.; 1-3 dgms.
A bitter principle prepared from the flowers of Artemesia maritima, var.
Stechmanniana. Colourless, flat crystals, bitter. Scarcely soluble in
cold water, sparingly in boiling ,1 in 40 of alcohol.

2Trochiscus Santonini. 1 gr. with the Simple Basis.

SAPO ANIMALIS. CURD SOAP. A soap made with sodium hy-
droxide and a purified animal fat consisting principally of stearin; con-
tains about 30% of water. White, or almost so, dry, nearly inodorous;
becomes horny and pulverisable when dried.

SAPO DURUS. HARD SOAP. Soap made with sodium hydroxide
and olive oil; contains about 30% of water. Sodium oleate, greyish-
white, dry inodorous; becomes horny and pulverisable when dry.

2Pilula Saponis Composita. Dose, 2-4 grs.; 12-25 dgms. (In
lor 2 pills).
— 60; Opium, 20; Syrup of Glucose, 20. About 2/5 gr. opium in each pill.

2Emplastrum Saponis.— 15; Lead Plaster, 90; Resin, 2.5.
SAPO MOLLIS. SOFT SOAP. Made with potassium hydrate and
olive oil. Yellowish-white or green, almost inodourous, and of an unctu-
ous consistence.

1Linimentum Saponis. — 9; Camphor, 4.5; Oil of Rosemary, 1.69;
Alcohol, 72; Water, 18.

SARS^E RADIX. SARSAPARILLA. The dried root of Smilax ornata.
Very tough, long flexible roots, brownish in colour, odourless, taste slight
and bitter.

2Extractum Sarsse Liquidum. Dose, 2-4 fl. dr.; 8-15 c.c.
— 100; Glycerin, 10; Alcohol, 20% sufficient to produce 100: by repeated
percolation.

3Liquor Sarsae Compositus Concentratus. Dose 2-8 fl. dr.; 8-30 c.c.
— 100 ; Sassafras Root, 10 ; Guaiacum Wood, 10; Dried Liquorice Root, 10;

90

Mezereon Bark, 5; Alcohol, 22.5; Water, q.s.; by repeated infusion, ex-
traction and evaporation.

Sassafras Radix. The dried root of Sassafras officinale. In large
branched pieces more or less covered with a rough brownish bark: odour
agreeable; peculiar, aromatic, astringent taste.

SCAMMONLE RADIX. ScAMMONY ROOT. The dried root of Con-
volvulus Scammonia. Greyish tapering or nearly cylindrical roots, often
contorted and longitudinally furrowed: enlarged at the crown and bears the
remains of slender aerial stems; odour characteristic, taste, at first some-
what sweet, afterwards acrid.

SCAMMONLE RESINA. SCAMMONY RESIN. Dose, 3-8 grs.; 2-5 dgms.
Prepared by extracting the root with alcohol and precipitating the resin
with water. Brownish translucent pieces, brittle, with a sweet odour.

?Pilula Scammonii Composita. Dose, 4-8 grs.; 2>£-5 dgms.
(In 1 or 2 pills.)
— 32; Jalap, Resin, 32; Curd Soap, 32; Tincture of Ginger, 96.

3Pulvis Scammonii Compositus. Dose, 10-20 grs.; 6-12 dgms.
—50; Jalap, 37.5; Ginger, 12.5.

SCAMMONIUM. SCAMMONY. Dose, 5-10 grs.; 3-6 dgms.
A gum resin obtained by the incision of the living root of Convolvulus
Scammonia, often called Virgin Scammony. In flattened cakes or irregu-
lar pieces, dark grey to black externally and covered with a greyish powder,
very brittle and the resin within is more or less porous, glossy, and nearly
black: odour characteristic; taste, acrid.

Scilla. Squill. Dose, 1-3 grs.; 6-18 cgms.

The bulb of Urginea Scilla, divested of its dry membranous outer scales
and dried. The slices of the inner scales usually present the form of curved
strips frequently tapering towards the ends, yellowish or pinkish, some-
what translucent; inodorous, disagreeably bitter.

2Acetum Scilla. Dose, 10-30 min.; 0.6-2 c.c.
—12.5; Diluted Acetic Acid, 100: by maceration.

iSyrupus Scilla. Dose, 30-60 min. ; 2-4 c.c.
— 34.5; Sugar, 65.5: product should weigh 100.

3Oxymel Scilla. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
—6.75; Acetic Acid, 6.75; Water, 21.6; Clarified Honey to 100.

3Pilula Scilla Composita. Dose, 4-8 grs.; 2^-5 dgms. (In 1
or 2 pills.)

—25; Ginger, 20; Ammoniacum, 20; Hard Soap, 20; Syrup of Glucose,
q.s.

91

3Pilula Ipecacuanhas cum Scilla (see Ipecacuanha).
2Tinctura Scillae. Dose, 5-15 min.; 0.3-0.6 c.c.
—20; Alcohol, 60%, 100: by maceration.

SCOPARII CACUMINA. BROOM TOPS. The fresh and dried tops of
Cytisus scoparius.

^nfusum Scoparii. Dose, 1-2 fl. oz.; 30-60 c.c.
—10; boiling Water, 100.

3Succus Scoparii. Dose, 1-2 fl. dr.; 4-8 c.c.
75 of juice of fresh tops; Alcohol, 25.

SENEGA RADIX. SENEGA ROOT. The dried root of Polygala
Senega. Greyish or yellowish slender roots, 2-4 inches long, enlarged at
the top into a crown bearing the basis of numerous slender aerial stems:
odour distinctive; taste at first sweet, subsequently acrid.

^nfusum Senegae. Dose, %-\ fl. oz.; 15-30 c.c.
—5; boiling Water, 100.

3Liquor Senegae Concentratus. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
The extract of 50 in 100 of diluted alcohol.

3Tinctura Senegae. Dose, 30-60 min. ; 2-4 c.c.
— 20; Alcohol 60%, 100: by percolation.

Senna Alexandrina. Alexandrine Senna. The dried leaflets of
Cassia acutifolia. Pale, greyish-green, brittle leaflets, $4-1*4 inch in
length, unequal at the base: odour, faint, peculiar; taste mucilaginous and
unpleasant.

Senna Indica. East Indian Senna. (Tinnivelly Senna.) The
dried leaflets of Cassia angustifolia. Pale yellowish-green leaflets un-
equal at the base; odour and taste similar to the above. The following
preparations may be made from either of these two drugs.

3Confectio Sennae. Dose, 60-120 grs. ; 4-8 gms.

— 9.33; Coriander Fruit, 4; Figs, 3.16; Tamarinds, 12; Cassia Pulp, 12;
Prunes, 8; Extract of Liquorice, 1.33; Sugar, 40; Water sufficient to pro-
duce 100 by weight.

xlnfusum Sennae. Dose, $4-1 fl. oz.; 15-30 c.c.: as a draught,
2 fl. oz.; 60 c.c.
—10; Ginger, 0.63; boiling Water, 100.

2Mistura Sennae Composita. (Black Draught.) Dose, 1-2
fl. oz.; 30-60 c.c.

Magnesium Sulphate, 25; Liquid Extract of Liquorice, 5; Compound
Tincture of Cardamons, 10; Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, 5; Infusum
of Senna to 100.

92

3Liquor Sennae Concentratus. Dose, 30-60 min. ; 2-4 c.c.
—100; Tincture of Ginger, 12.5 ; Alcohol, 10 ; Water, to 100: by
repeated percolation.

JSyrupus Sennae. Dose, #-2 fl. dr.; 2-8 c.c.

—40; Oil of Coriander, 0.02; Alcohol, 0.08; Sugar, 50; Alcohol, 20%, 70;
Water, q.s. : by repeated maceration, evaporation, and solution.

2Tinctura Sennae Composita. Dose, if repeated, 30-60 min.;
2-4 c.c.: for a single administration 2-4 fl. dr.: 8-16 c.c.
—20; Raisins, 10; Caraway Fruit, 2.5; Coriander Fruit, 2.5; Alcohol 45%,
100: by maceration.

Serpentaria Rhizoma. Serpentary Rhizome. The dried rhizome
and roots of Aristolochia Serpentaria or of A. reticulata. The rhizome
of A. Serpentaria is tortuous and slender about 1 inch long and 1/8 in
diameter, bears on its upper surface remains of aerial stems and on the
lower numerous wiry roots. A. reticulata is similar but the rhizome is
larger. Odour camphoraceous, taste strong, bitter, and aromatic.

Infusum Serpentariae. Dose, l/2-\ fl. oz.; 15-30 c.c.
—5; boiling Water, 100.

Liquor Serpentariae Concentratus. Dose, #-2 fl. dr.; 2-8 c.c.
—50; Alcohol, 20%, 100: by percolation.

Tinctura Serpentariae. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
—20; Alcohol, 70% 100: by percolation.

Sevum PrcBparatum. Prepared Suet. The internal fat of the ab-
domen of the sheep, Ovis aries, prepared by melting and straining.

Sinapis. Mustard. The dried ripe seeds of Brassica nigra and
B. alba powdered and mixed. A greenish yellow powder, with a bitter
pungent taste, and a pungent odour when moist.

lCharta Sinapis. Mustard Paper. The bruised seeds are per
colated with benzol to remove the fixed oil. The residue is dried, powder-
ed, mixed with the solution of India rubber and spread upon cartridge
paper and dried.

Sinapis Alba Semina. White Mustard Seed. The dried ripe seeds
of Brassica alba. Very small, pale yellow seeds, in taste less pungent than
the black mustrad. •

Sinapis Nigra Semina. Black Mustard Seed. The dried ripe
seeds of Brassica nigra. Very small, dark brown, spherical seeds: taste
bitter and pungent: odourless until ground with water, when the sini-
grin is broken up by the ferment myrosin, and the pungent volatile oil,
allylisothiocyanate is produced.

93

2Oleum Sinapis Volatile. Distilled from the seeds after macer-
ation with water. Colourless or pale yellow oil, with an intensely pene-
trating odour and an acrid taste; almost immediately vesicates the skin.

3Linimentum Sinapis. — 4; Camphor, 6; Castor Oil, 14; Al-
cohol, 86.

SODIUM. SODIUM. The metal of commerce.

The incompatibles of the salts of sodium do not depend upon the sodium
but upon the other radicles present and may be found by looking up these.

*Soda Tartarata. Sodium Potassium Tartarate. (Rochelle Salt.)
Dose, .120-240 grs.; 8-16 gms.

(CHOH)2COONa.COOK, 4H2O. Crystals, colourless, with a saline
taste. Soluble 1 in 1^ of water, insoluble in alcohol.

1Pulvis Sodae Tartaratae Effervescens. (Seidlitz Powder.)
Dose, the two powders mixed in water. (1)-120; Sodium Bicarbonate,
40 grs. (in blue paper). (2) Tartaric Acid, dried, 38grs. (in white paper).

2Sodii Arsenas. Sodium Arsenate. Dose, 1/40-1/10 gr.; 1.5-6
mgms.

An anhydrous disodium hydrogen arsenate, Na2HAsO4. A white powder.
Soluble 1 in 6 of water, (solution has an alkaline reaction). Slightly
soluble in alcohol.

3Liquor Sodii Arsenatis. Dose, 2-8 min.; 0.1-0.8 c.c.
— 1; Water, 100. An alkaline solution,

2Sodii Benzoas. Sodium Benzoate. Dose, 5-30 grs.; ^-2 gms.
A white, crystalline or amorphous powder, inodorous, or with a faint
odour of benzoin, and an unpleasant sweetish saline taste. Soluble 1
in 2 of water, 1 in 24 of alcohol.

aSodii Bicarbonas. (Baking Soda). Dose, 5-30 grs.; X-2 gms.
NaHCOs. In powder or small, white crystals, with a saline taste. Soluble
1 in 11 of water, insoluble in alcohol.

3Trochiscus Sodii Bicarbonatis. 3 grs. with the Rose Basis.

^odii Bromidum. Sodium Bromide. Dose, 5-30 grs.; J^-2
gms.

NaBr. Small, white crystals somewhat deliquescent, inodorous, with a
saline taste. Soluble 1 in 1.2 of water, 1 in 16 of alcohol.

aSodii Carbonas. (Washing Soda). Dose, 5-30 grs.; J^-2 gms.
Na2COs,10H2O. Transparent, colourless crystals, efflorescent, with a
harsh taste, and a strongly alkaline reaction. Soluble 1 in 2 of water.
10 parts neutralise 4.9 parts of citric acid or 5.75 parts of tartaric
acid.

94

Carbonas Exsiccatus. Dose, 3-10 grs.; 2-6 dgms.
Sodium carbonate freed from its water of crystallization by heat. A white
powder. 53 gr. equivalent to 14.3 gr. of crystallized salt.

^odii Chloridum. Purified common salt.

2Sodii Citro-tartras Effervescens. Dose, 60-120 grs.; 4-8 gms.
Sodium Bicarbonate, 51; Tartaric Acid, 27; Citric Acid, 18; Sugar, 15.

2Sodii Hypophosphis. Dose, 3-10 grs.; 2-6 dgms.

NaPH2O2. A white deliquescent granular salt, with a bitter nauseous
taste. Soluble, 1 in 1 of water, 1 in 20 of alcohol.

^odii lodidum. Dose, 5-20 grs.; 3-12 dgms. Nal. A dry
white crystalline powder, with a saline and somewhat bitter taste.
Soluble 1 in 0.55 of water, 1 in 3 of Alcohol, 1 in 1 of glycerin.

^odii Nitris. Dose, 1-2 grs.; 6-30 cgms.

A white deliquescent crystalline powder. Soluble 1 in 1.2 of water, 1 in 50
of alcohol.

xSodii Phosphas. Dose, if repeated, 30-120 grs. 2-8 gms.; for
a single administration, ^-y* oz.; 7-14 gms.

Di-sodium-hydrogen-phosphate, Na2HPO4, 12H2O. Transparent, colour-
less crystals, efflorescent, with an alkaline reaction and a saline taste.
Soluble 1 in 6 of water, insoluble in alcohol.

2Sodii Phosphas Effervescens. Dose, if repeated 60-120 grs.'
4-8 gms.: for a single administration, ^-^2 oz.; 7-14 gms.
— 50; Sodium Bicarbonate, 50; Tartaric Acid, 27; Citric Acid, 18. The
sodium phosphate should be dessicated before using.

ii Salicylas. Dose, 10-30 grs.; >^-2 gms.
In small, colourless scales or crystals, with a pearly lustre; taste sweetish,
but unpleasantly saline, odourless. Soluble 1 in 1 of water, 1 in 5 of alcohol.

Sulphas. Dose, if repeated, 30-120 grs.; 2-8 gms.: for a
single administration, }/$-}/2 oz.; 7-14 gms.

Transparent crystalline, efflorescent salt, with a bitter saline taste. Soluble
1 in 2.8 of water at 15°C. ; 1 in 0.3 at 33° C. ; insoluble in alcohol.

2Sodii Sulphas Effervescens. Dose, if repeated, 60-120 grs.;
4-8 gms.: for a single administration, Y^/T. oz.; 7-14 jru.s.
—50; Sodium Bicarbonate, 50; Tartaric Acid, 27; Citric Acid, 18. The
sodium sulphate should be dessicated before using.

2Sodii Sulphis. Dose, 5-20 grs.; 3-12 dgms. Na2SO3, 7H2O.
Colourless, transparent, efflorescent crystals, inodorous, with a saline
and sulphurous taste. Soluble 3 in 4 of water, insoluble in alcohol.

2Sodii Sulphocarbolas. Sodium Sulphocarbolate. Dose, 5-15-
grs.; 3-10 dgms.

95

Sodium phenol-para-sulphonate, CeH4OH.SO2ONa,2H2O. Colourless,
transparent crystals, with a saline and somewhat bitter taste. Soluble
1 in 6 of water.

Liquor Sodii Ethylatis. Contains 18% of sodium ethylate,
NaC2H5O. A colourless syrupy liquid made by cautiously dissolving
sodium in absolute alcohol. Incompatible with water.

SPIRITUS. (With a dose of 5-20 min. Anisi, Cajuputi, Cam-
phorae, Cinnamomi, Lavandulse. Menthae Piperitae, Myristicae; dose of
5-20 or 30-40 min. Chloroformi; dose, 20-60 min. Juniperi; dose, 20-40
or 60-90 min. ^Etheris, ^Etheris Comp., Athens Nitrosi, Ammonias
Aromaticus, Ammoniae Fetidus; dose, 1-2 fl. dr. Armoraciae Comp.;
without stated dose, Rosmarini (5-30 min.), Rectificatus, Vini Gallici.)

Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi. Spirit of Nitrous Ether. (Sweet
Spirit of Nitre). Dose, if repeated, 20-40 min.; 1^-2^ c.c.: for a single
administration, 60-90 min.; 4-6 c.c.

An alcoholic solution containing ethyl nitrite, aldehyde and other sub-
stances. An inflammable limpid liquid, of a faint yellow colour, and
with a peculiar, penetrating apple-like odour, and a characteristic taste.
Often slightly acid in reaction due to free nitrous acid.

Incompatibles, alkali hydrates; if acid hypophosphites, sulphites*
chlorates, iodides, ammonium bromide, mercurous salts, permanganates*
antipyrine, acetanilid, salicylates, tannic acid, thymol, morphine guaiacum,
acetates.

Spiritus Rectificatus. (See Alcohol p. 31).

StaphisagricB Semina. Stavesacre Seeds. The dried ripe seeds of
Delphinium Staphisagria. Irregularly triangular or quadrangular,
brownish seeds, with no marked odour and a nauseous, bitter acrid taste.

Unguentum Staphisagriae. — 20; Yellow Beeswax, 10; Benzoated
Lard, 85.

STRAMMONII FOLIA. The dried leaves of Datura Strammomium.
Dark greyish-green, wrinkled leaves, 4-6 inches long, with a characteristic
odour, and an unpleasant bitter taste.

xTinctura Strammonii. Dose, 5-15 min.; 0.3-1 c.c.
—20; Alcohol 45% to 100.

STRAMMONII SEMINA. The dried ripe seeds of Datura Strammonium
Dark brown or nearly black, flattened, reniform seeds about 1/6 of an inch
long; surface is pitted; no marked odour, but a slightly bitter taste.

^xtractum Strammonii. Dose, Y^-\ gr.: 15-60 mgms.
An evaporated alcoholic percolate.

96

Strophanthi Semina. Strophanthus Seeds. The dried ripe
seeds of Strophanthus Kombe. Oval acuminate, flattened seeds about 3/5
inch long, covered with silky hairs, greenish-fawn in colour: odour charac-
teristic, taste very bitter. The active principle is the glucoside strophan-
thin.

2Extractum Strophanthi. Dose, l/^-\ gr.; 15-60 mgms.
An alcoholic percolate evaporated and to which milk-sugar has been added.

xTinctura Strophanthi. Dose, 5-15 min.; 0.3-1 c.c.
—2.5; Alcohol 70% 100: by percolation.

Strychnina (see Nux Vomica p. 75).

Styrax Prceparatus. Prepared Storax. A balsam obtained from
the trunk of Liquidambar orientalis purified. A semi-transparent,
brownish-yellow, semi-liquid balsam, with a strong agreeable odour and
balsamic taste.

Sued. (With dose, 5-15 min. Belladonnae; dose, 30-60 min.
Hyoscyami; 1-2 fl. dr. Conii, Scoparii, Taraxaci; (1-2 fl. oz.), Limonis.)

SULPHONAL. SULPHONAL. Dose, 10-30 grs.; J^-2 gms.
Dimethyl-methane-diethylsulphone, (CH3)2C(SO2C2H5)2. Colourless, in-
odorous, nearly tasteless crystals. Soluble, 1 in 450 of cold, 1 in 15 of
boiling water, 1 in 50 of alcohol.

Sulphur. Sulphur.

Incompatibles, triturated with strong oxidising agents, such as potassium
permanganate or chlorate, an explosion is apt to occur.

Sulphur Prsecipitatum. Precipitated Sulphur. (Milk of Sul-
phur.) Dose, 20-60 grs.; 1.2-4 gms.

A greyish-yellow soft powder, free from grittiness and from the smell of
hydrogen sulphide.

2Trochiscus Sulphuris.— 32.4; Acid Potassium Tartrate, 6.481
Sugar, 51.84; Gum Acacia, 6.48; Tincture of Orange, 5.9; Mucilage of
Acacia, 5.9; 100 Trochisci, the quantities of the solids in grammes, those oj
the liquids in cubic centimetres; 5 gr. in each lozenge.

Sulphur Sublimatum. Sublimed Sulphur. (Flowers of Sul-
phur.) Dose, 20-60 grs.; 1.2-4 gms.
A bright greenish yellow slightly gritty powder, without taste or odour.

3Confectio Sulphuris. Dose, 60-120 grs.; 4-8 gms.

—40; Acid Potassium Tartrate, 10; Tragacanth, 0.4; Syrup, 20; Tincture of
Orange, 5; Glycerin sufficient to produce 100 by weight.

2Unguentum Sulphuris.— 10; Benzoated Lard, 90.

3Sulphuris lodidum. Sulphur Iodide. A greyish-black, solid
substance, with the odour of iodine.

97

3Unguentum Sulphuris lodidi. — 4; Glycerin, 4; Benzoated
Lard, 92.

Sumbul Radix. Sumbul Root. The dried transverse slices of the
root of Ferula Sumbul. Pieces varying much in size, covered on the outer
surface with a brown, papery, wrinkled cork, often beset with short hairs;
internally, spongy, dry, fibrous and yellowish-brown; odour strong and
musk-like; taste bitter and aromatic.

Tinctura Sumbul. 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
—10; Alcohol 70%, 100.

Suppositoria (see Acidum Carbolicum, Acidum Tannicum, Bella-
donna, Glycerinum, lodoformum, Morphina, Plumbum.)

SYRUPI. (Without stated dose Syrupus and Syrupus Glucosi;
with a dose of ^-1 fl. dr. Aromaticus, Aurantii, Aurantii Floris, Calcii
Lactophosphatis, Ferri lodidi, Ferri Phosphatis, Ferri Phosphatis cum
Quinina et Strychnina, Hemidesmi, Limonis, Pruni Virginianae, Rhceados,
Rosae, Tolutanus, Zingiberis; with dose, ^-2 fl. dr. Cascarae Aromaticus,
Chloral, Codeinae, Rhei, Sennae.)

TABELL^E TRINITRINI. TRINITRIN TABLETS. Dose, 1-2 tablets.
Tablets of chocolate weighing 5 grs. each containing 1/100 gr. of Nitro-
glycerine.

Tamarindus. Tamarinds. The fruits of Tamarindus indica,
freed from the brittle outer part and preserved in sugar.

Taraxaci Radix. Taraxacum Root. The fresh and dried roots
of Taraxacum officinale. The fresh roots are frequently more than a
foot in length, break readily and from the broken surface a milk exudes.
The dried root is shrivelled and wrinkled, dark brown in colour. In-
odorous, taste bitter.

2Extractum Taraxaci. Dose, 5-15 grs.; 3-10 dgms.
The juice of the fresh root dried to a soft consistence.

^xtractum Taraxaci Liquidum. Dose, J^-2 fl. dr., 2-8 c.c.
An extract in diluted alcohol made by maceration and partial evapor-
ation.

3Succus Taraxaci. Dose, 1-2 fl. dr.; 4-8 c.c.
Fresh juice, 75; Alcohol, 25.

Terebenum. Terebene. Dose, 5-15 min.; 0.3-1 c.c.

A mixture of hydrocarbons. A colourless liquid, with an agreeable odour
and an aromatic taste.

Terebinthina Canadensis. Canada Turpentine. (Canada Balsam.)
The oleo-resin obtained from Abies balsamea. Pale yellow and faintly
greenish, transparent oleo-resin of the consistence of thin honey.

98

Thus Americanum. Frankincense. The concrete oleo-resin scraped
off the trunks of Pinus palustris and P. Taeda.

THYMOL. THYMOL. Dose, K-2 grs.; 3-12 cgms.

A crystalline substance obtained from the volatile oils of Thymus vul-
garis, Monarda punctata, and Carum copticum. Large, colourless
crystals with the odour of thyme and a pungent aromatic taste. Almost
insoluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol.

Incompatibles, spirit of nitrous ether; gives a soft or liquid mass when
triturated with, acetanelid, antipyrine, camphor, phenol, chloral, menthol,
quinine sulphate, resin, salol.

Thyroideum Siccum. Dry Thyroid. Dose, 3-10 grs. ; 2-6 dgms.
A powder prepared from the fresh and healthy thyroid of the sheep.

LIQUOR THYROIDEI. THYROID SOLUTION. Dose, 5-15 min.;
0.3-1 c.c. A watery extract of the fresh and healthy thyroid glands of the
sheep, containing 0.5% of phenol as a preservative. A pinkish, turbid
liquid, entirely free from any odour of putrescence.

TINCTURE (see Aconitum, Aloe, Arnica, Asafetida, Aurantium»
Belladonna, Benzoinum, Buchu, Calumba, Camphora, Cannabis Indica,
Cantharis, Capsicum, Cardamomum, Cascarilla, Catechu, Chirata, Chloro-
formum, Cimicifuga, Cinchona, Cinnamomum, Coccus, Colchicum,
Conium, Crocus, Cubeba, Digitalis, Ergota, Ferrum, Gelsemium, Gentiana,
Guaiacum, Hamamelis, Hydrastis, Hyoscyarhus, lodum, Jaborandi
Jalapa, Kino, Krameria, Lavandula, Limon, Lobelia (etherial), Lupulus,
Myrrha, Nux Vomica, Opium, Podophyllum, Prunus Virginiana, Pyre-
thrum, Quassia, Quillaia, Quinina, Rheum, Scilla, Senega, Senna, Ser-
pentaria, Strammonium, Strophanthus, Sumbul, Balsamum Tolutanum,
Valeriana, Zingiber). 30-60 min. is the dose of all tinctures except the
following: (1) having a dose of 5-15 min. Belladonna, Cannabis Indica,
Capsicum, Chloroform and Morphine, Coccus, Colchicum, Digitalis, Iron
Perchloride, Lobelia, Nux Vomica, Opium, Podophyllum, Squills, Stram-
monium, Strophanthus; (2) Having a dose of 2-5 min. lodum, Aconite,
and Cantharides, the two latter may for a single administration be given
in 5-15 min. doses.

TRAGACANTHA. A gummy exudation obtained from the stem of
Astragulus gummifer, and other species, white or pale yellowish flakes,
flattened, thin, irregular and marked on the surface by concentric rings;
somewhat translucent, horny, inodorous and almost tasteless. Sparingly
soluble in water, but swells into a mass with it.

^lycerinum Tragacanthae.— 20; Glycerin, 60; Water, 20: by
trituration.

99

^ucilago Tragacanthse. — 1.38; Alcohol, 2.25; suspend the
former in the alcohol ; and add Water to 100.

1Pulvis Tragacanthae Compositus. Dose, 20-60 grs.; 1.2-4 c.c.
—16.5; Gum Acacia, 16.5; Starch, 16.5; Sugar, 49.5.

Trinitrin (see Tabellae Trinitrini p. 98. Liquor p. 72)

Trochisci (see Acidum Benzoicum, Acidum Carbolicum, Acidum
Tannicum, Bismuthum, Catechu, Eucalyptus, Ferrum, Guaiacum. Ipec-
acuanha, Krameria, Morphina, Potassii Chloras, Santoninum, Sodii
Bicarbonas, Sulphur.)

The Trochisci, Lozenges, are made with three bases of which the chief
constituents are Gum Acacia, Mucilage of Acacia and Sugar. The Simple
Basis consists of these ingredients alone, the Fruit Basis contains black
current paste as flavouring: the Rose Basis contains Rose Water, and the
Tolu Basis, Tincture of Tolu.

Unguenti (see Acidum Boricum, Acidum Carbolicum, Acidum
Salicylicum, Aconitina, Rosa, Atropina, Belladonna, Cantharis, Capsi-
cum, Cetaceum, Chrysarobinum, Cocaina, Conium, Creosotum, Euca-
lyptus, Galla, Plumbum, Hamamelis, Hydrargyrum, lodum, lodoformum,
Paraffinum, Pix, Plumbum, Potassium, Resina, Staphisagria, Sulphur.
Veratrina, Zincum.)

\JVJE URSI FOLIA. BEARBERRY LEAVES. The dried leaves o*
Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi. Yellowish-green coriaceous leaves, about 3/4
inch long, the upper surface glabrous, shining and reticulate, with depressed
veinlets, no definite odour but a very astringent taste. The active princi-
ple, is a glucoside, arbutin.

Infusum Uvae Ursi. Dose, l/2-\ fl. oz. : 15-30 c.c.
—5; boiling Water, 100.

Valerianae Rhizoma. Valerian Rhizome. (Root.) The dried
erect Rhizome and roots of Valeriana officinale. A short erect rhizome
often sliced, yellowish-brown externally, with numerous slender roots:
odour strong characteristic and disagreeable; taste, unpleasant cam-
phoraceous, and slightly bitter.

xTinctura Valerianae Ammoniata. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
— 20: Oil of Nutmeg, 0.31; Oil of Lemon, 0.21; Solution of Ammonia,
10; Alcohol 60%, 90.

Veratrina. Veratrine. An alkaloid prepared from the dried ripe
seeds of Schcenocaulon officinale. Pale grey, amorphous, odourless but
powerfully irritant to the nose, strongly and persistently bitter and in-
tensely acrid.

Unguentum Veratrinae. — 2; Oleic Acid, 8; Lard, 90.

100

VINI. (With a dose of 10-30 min. or 2-4 fl. dr. Antimoniale. Dose
10-30 min. or 4-6 fl. dr. Ipecacuanhas; dose, 10-30 min. Colchici: dose, 1-4
fl. dr. Ferri Citratis; #-1 fl. oz. Quininae; without stated dose. Aurantii,
Xericum.)

Zincum. Zinc.

Incompatibles of soluble salts in solution, hydrates, carbonates, phosphates
arsenates, borax, tannic acid, albumin.

:Zinci Acetas. Zinc acetate. Dose, 1-2 grs. ; 6-12 cgms.
Translucent, colourless, crystals with a pearly lustre, and a sharp un-
pleasant taste. Soluble 1 in 2 1/2 of water.

2Zinci Carbonas (Calamine). A hydroxycarbonate, ZnCO3)
(ZnH2O2)2, H2O. A white tasteless, odourless powder. Insoluble in water.

xZinc Chloridum. ZnCl2. Colourless, opaque rods or tablets
very deliquescent and caustic. Soluble 10 in 4 of water and in alcohol.

3Liquor Zinci Chloridi. Colourless liquid with a sweetish
astringent taste.

1Zinci Oxidum. Dose, 3-10 grs.; 2-6 dgms.
A soft, nearly white, tasteless and inodourous powder.

^nguentum Zinci. — 15; Benzoated Lard, 85.

xZinci Sulphas. White Vitriol. Dose, as a tonic, 1-3 grs.; K-2
dgms: as an emetic, 10-30 grs.; 6-20 dgms.

ZnSO4, 7H2O. Colourless, transparent crystals, with a strong metallic
styptic taste. Soluble, 1 in less than 1 of water.

2Zinci Sulphocarbolas. Zinc Sulphocarbolate. Zinc phenol-
parasulphonate. Colourless, transparent, efflorescent crystals. Soluble
1 in 2 of water, 1 in 2 ^ of alcohol.

3Zinci Valerianas. Dose, 1-3 grs.; y^-l dgms.

Pearly white tabular crystals with a disagreeable odour and a metallic
taste, very slightly soluble in cold water, soluble in hot water and alcohol.

2Unguentum Zinci Oleatis. A precipitate due to the mixture of
solutions of Zinc Sulphate and Hard Soap, washed and dried and then
mixed with Soft Paraffin.

ZUSGIBER. GINGER. The dried and scraped rhizome of Zingiber
officinale. Flat, irregular branched pieces, varying in length: odour
agreeable aromatic, taste hot and pungent.

^yrupus Zingiberis. Dose, 30-60 min. ; 2-4 c.c.
A strong tincture, 5; Syrup to 100.

xTinctura Zingiberis. Dose, 30-60 min.; 2-4 c.c.
— 10; Alcohol, 100: by percolation.

101

CHAPTER VI.
NON-OFFICIAL MATERIA MEDICA.

The author has selected a few of the newer remedies as illustra
tions of the non-official materia medica. In his selection he has
been guided by two considerations, the degree of popularity that the
drugs enjoy and the likelihood of their proving to be permanently use-
ful. Examples of some of the non-official methods of galenical prepara-
tion such as the elixers have also been included as it was considered that
they would be of use to the student. The arrangement of these drugs is
the same as in the proceeding chapter and the source for them has largely
been the British Pharmaceutical Codex.

ACETOMORPHIN^: HYDROCHLORIDUM. ACETOMORPHINE HYDROCH-

LORIDE. Dose, 1/40-1/6 gr.; 2-10 mgms.

An alkaloid obtained from morphine by the substitution of two H. groups
by acetyl groups, diacetyl-morphine-hydrochloride. White crystals, sol-
uble in water, 1 in 2, in alcohol 1 in 9. (Trade-name, Heroin.)

ACIDUM CRESYLICUM. CRESYLIC ACID. (Cresol.) Dose, 1-3 min.;
0.05-0.2 c.c.

A mixture of ortho-, meta-, and para-cresols. Crude cresol is a yellowish
liquid, darkening on keeping, with a characteristic odour resembling
phenol. Soluble 1 in 80 of water, readily in alcohol, ether, chloroform,
glycerin, olive oil. Pure ortho-cresol is a colourless, deliquescent, cry-
stalline solid.

ACIDUM ACETYL-SALICYLICUM. ACETYL-SALICYLIC ACID. Dose,
8-15 grs.; tf-1 gm. (Salacetic Acid). C6H4(COOH)OCOCH3. A white
crystalline powder, or colourless crystals. Soluble 1 in 400 of water.
Soluble 1 in 5 of alcohol. Both aqueous and alcoholic solutions do not
keep on standing. (Trade names, Acetysal, Aletodin, Aspirin, Saletin,
etc.)

ADRENINA. (Epinephrine. Nephridine.) Dioxy-phenyl-ethanol-
methylamine, C6H3(OH)2CHOHCH2NHCH3. The active principle of
the suprarenal gland (nephridium, adrenal, epirenal); it may also be pro-
duced synthetically. A drab or buff coloured, minutely crystalline powder.
Decomposes in the presence of water, and especially in the weak alkalies.
Soluble 1 in 5000 of ether or alcohol, readily soluble in water acidulated
with hydrochloric acid. (Trade names for the active principle of the
suprarenal, Adrenalin, Adrenin, Epirenan, Haemostasin, Hemisine,
Suprarenin,etc.).

102

Ammonium Bromidum. Ammonium Bromide. Dose, 5-30 grs.;
3-20 dgms.

Colourless crystals or a white crystalline powder. Soluble 2 in 3 of water
1 in 15 of alcohol.

Argyrol. (Silver Vitellin.) A compound of silver and a vege-
table protein containing about 30% of silver. Readily soluble in water
(the solution decomposes on keeping).

Boroglycerinum. Boric Acid, 47; Glycerin by weight, 64. Dif-
fers from the official Glycerin of Boric Acid in the proportions and the
method of making. It contains glyeryl borate, which readily breaks down
in the presence of water. A white viscid opaque liquid of a honey-like con-
sistence. Readily soluble in water and alcohol.

JCalcii Lactas. Calcium Lactate. Dose, 10-60 grs.; >^-4 gms.
White granular masses, or powder, or in crystals, odourless and with
scarcely any taste. Soluble 1 in 15 of water, scarcely soluble in alcohol.

CARBASUS ABSORBENS. Absorbent Cotton. Open-wove cotton
gauze or mulls prepared from cotton freed from its natural oil.

2Carbasus Acidi Borici. Boric Acid Gauze. — 100; Saturated
Solution of Boric Acid tinted with aniline red a sufficient quantity. The
gauze is immersed in the boiling solution and subsequently dried. It
should contain 40-50% of boric acid.

2Carbasus lodoformi. A gauze impregnated with 10% of iodo-
form.

2Cataplasma Kaolini. Kaolin Poultice. Kaolin, 52.7; Boric
Acid, 4.5; Thymol, 0.05; Methyl Salicylate, by weight, 0.2; Oil of
Peppermint, by weight, 0.05; Glycerin, by weight, 42.5. Heat the kaolin
to 100°C. and maintain at that temperature for one hour, occasionally
stirring, add the boric acid, mix intimately, incorporate the glycerin,
finally add the thymol dissolved in the methyl-salicylate and the oil of
peppermint. The mixture should be kept warm for four hours with oc-
casional stirring, and preserved in air-tight vessels.

^ataplasma Lini. Linseed Poultice. Linseed, crushed, 28;
boiling water, 100. Add the linseed gradually to the boiling water stirring
constantly.

^ataplasma Sinapis. Mustard Poultice. Linseed, crushed, 28;
Mustard, powdered, 2; Water to produce 100. Add the linseed to about
70 of water, then add the mustard, previously rubbed to a paste with water.

2Ceratum Galeni. Galen's Cerate. (Cold Cream.) Soft Paraffin,
white, 12; White Beeswax, 12; Almond Oil, 50; Borax, 1; Oil of Rose,
0.10; Rose Water, 25.

L03

DIOXYDIAMINO-ARSENOBENZOL HYDRO CHLORIDUM

(Ehrlich-Hata). Dose 0.2-0.7 gm.f HC1.NH2OH.C6H3: As.C6H3.OH.NH2-
HC1 is a yellowish powder which dissolves slowly in water giving a
clear acid solution. Neutralized with normal solution of caustic soda a
precipitate occurs which again dissolves on the addition of more alkali
when the sodium salt of dioxydiamino-arsenobenzol NaO.NHaCeHgAs:
CeHs.NF^ONa has been formed. This salt is used for both intravenous
and intramuscular injection. It is not stable and must be prepared fresh
as required. For intravenous infusion the slight excess of alkali formed,
is neutralized with 1% acetic acid and diluted with normal saline. (Trade
name Salvarsan; "606").

2Elixer Aromaticum. Aromatic Elixer. Dose, X-2 fl. dr.; 2-8
c.c. Compound Spirit of Orange, 2.5; Syrup, 37.5; Purified Talc, 3; Al-
cohol, a sufficient quantity; Water to 100. Filtered.

2Elixer Aurantii. Elixer of Orange, 15-60 min.; 1-4 c.c.
Oil of Bitter Orange, 0.3; Alcohol, 30; Syrup. 35; Cinnamon Water to
100.

2Elixer Bismuthii. Elixer of Bismuth. Dose, yZ-\ fl. dr.; 2-4 c.c.
Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate, 3.3; Distilled Water, hot, 6; Solution
of Ammonia a quantity sufficient (to keep the mixture clear); Aromatic
Elixer to 100.

io Olei Morrhuae. Emulsion of Cod-liver Oil. Dose, %-\
fl. oz.; 8-30 c.c.

Cod-liver Oil, 50; Gum Acacia, 12.5; Syrup, 6.25; Oil of Bitter Almonds,
0.1; Water to 100.

Enema Aloes. Aloes, 0.75; Potassium Carbonate, 0.25; Glycerin 10;
Mucilage of Starch to 100. 10 fluid ounces are used.

Enema Opii. Tincture Opium 3. Mucilage of Starch to 100.
2 ounces are used.

Enema Terebinthinae. Oil of Turpentine, 2; Mucilage of Starch
to 100. 16 fluid ounces are used.

Ergotoxina. Ergotoxine. Dose, 1/12-1/6 gr. ; 5-10 mgms.
An alkaloid, an active principle of ergot. A light, white, amor-
phous powder. Practically insoluble in water. Its salts are, however,
soluble.

Ethylis Chloridum. Ethyl Chloride. C2H6C1. A colourless,
mobile liquid, with a sweetish burning taste, and an agreeable odour.
Boiling-point 12.5°C.

ETHYLMORPHIN^E HYDROCHLORIDUM. ETHYLMORPHINE HYDROCH-
LORIDE. Dose, 1/10-X gi". 6-30 mgms.

A white minutely crystalline powder, odourless with a bitter taste. Sol-
uble 1 in 7 of water, 1 in 5 of alcohol. (Trade name, Dionin.)

104

Eucalyptol. Eucalyptol. Dose, 1-5 min.; 0.06-0.30.0.
A purified substance prepared from the oil of eucalyptus and other sources.
A colourless liquid, with a characteristic aromatic camphoraceous odour
and a spicy pungent taste, leaving a cool sensation in the mouth. Mis-
cible in all proportions with alcohol, but not with water.

2Gargarisma Acidi Tannici. Tannic Acid Gargle. Glycerin of
Tannic Acid. 10; Water to 100.

2Gargarisma Aluminis. Alum Gargle. Alum, 2; Acid Infusion
of Roses to 100.

2Gargarisma Boracis. Borax, 4; Water to 100.

2Gargarisma Potassii Chloratis. Potassium Chlorate, 2; Diluted
Hydrochloric Acid, 1; Water to 100.

2Gossipium Acidi Borici. Boric Acid Wool. Cotton Wool im-
mersed in a saturated solution of boric acid tinged with aniline red and
removed and dried. Contains 40-50% of boric acid.

Guaiacol. Guaiacol. Dose, 1-5 min.; 0.06-03 c.c.

Cet^OCHsOH. Obtained either synthetically or by the fractional dis-
tillation of wood creosote. An oily colourless liquid, with a penetrating,
smoky odour and a caustic taste. Soluble 1 in 80 of water, miscible with
alcohol ether and oils.

2Guaiacolis Carbonas. Guaiacol Carbonate. Dose, 5-15 grs.;
3-10 dgms. May be gradually increased to 30 grs.; 2 gms.
The carbonic ester of guaiacol. A white crystalline powder almost with-
out taste or odour. Soluble 1 in 70 of alcohol, insoluble in water.

LIQUOR FORMALDEHYDI. A solution of formaldehyde obtained by
dissolving in water formic aldehyde. A colourless transparent liquid
with a pungent odour and a caustic taste. Miscible with water and al-
cohol. Should contain 38-39 % of aldehyde.

Hexamethylenamina. Hexamethylene-tetramine. (Hexa-
methylenamine, Formamine.) Dose, 5-15 grs. ; 3-10 dgms.
(CH2)eN4. A white crystalline powder, odourless; in solution has an al-
kaline reaction. Soluble 1 in 1# of water, 1 in 8 of alcohol (Urotropin).

METHYL SALICYLICUM. METHYL SALICYLIC ESTER (Oil of Winter-
green). Dose 5—7 min. 0.3—0.5 c.c.

A light yellow oily fluid, soluble in fats, alcohol, and ether.

Methylthioninae Hydrochloricum. (Methylene Blue.) Dose,
1-5 grs.; ^-3 dgms.

A dull dark-green crystalline powder. Soluble 1 in 50 of water, less sol-
uble in alcohol.

105

2Mucilago Amyli. Mucilage of Starch, Starch 1.5; Water, to 100.

Parahydroxyphenylethylamine. (Dose 20 mgms.) soluble in
water, probably an important active constituent of preparation of ergot.
(Trade name Tyramine.)

PELLETIERIN.E TANNAS. PELLETIERINE TANNATE. Dose, 5-8 grs. .
3-5 dgms.

The tannate of an alkaloid obtained from the root-bark of pomegranate,
Punica Granatum. A light yellow amorphous powder, greyish-white,
odourless, with an astringent taste and an acid reaction. Soluble 1 in 700
of water, 1 in 80 of alcohol.

Phenolphthaleinum. Phenolphthalein. Dose, 1-8 grs.; ^-5
dgms.

A white or almost white amorphous or crystalline powder, odourless.
Soluble 1 in 800 of water, 1 in 10 of alcohol. Trade names are many
e.g. Laxans, Laxoin, Laxophen, Probilin, Purgen, etc.

STRONTII BROMIDUM. STRONTIUM BROMIDE. Dose, 5-30 grs.;
X-2 gms.

SrBr2, 6H2O. Colourless transparent odourless crystals, deliquescent,
and with a strong bitter saline metallic taste. Soluble 2 in 1 of water,
1 in 3 of alcohol.

SERUM ANTIDIPHTHERICUM. ANTIDIPHTHERIC SER-
UM. (Diphtheria Antitoxine.) Dose, as a prophylactic, 500 units; as a
curative agent, 2,000-4,000 units or more.

A unit is the quantity of antitoxine necessary to prevent the death of a
guinea-pig weighing 250 grammes when injected with 100 lethal doses
of diphtheria toxin. The serum is the blood-serum of horses immunised
by the injection at stated intervals with diphtheria toxin in amounts at
first sublethal but finally many times the lethal dose. The blood is drawn
from the horse under the most careful aseptic precautions, is allowed to
clot, the serum removed and set aside for several weeks during which time a
precipitate forms which is filtered off. The serum is now put up in suitable
containers, usually with the addition of some antiseptic, such as phenol or
cresol. Its antitoxic power is tested previous to its being placed in the
containers and into each of these latter is put a definite number of units.
The number of units and the date of the preparation of the serum must be
placed on a label upon each container. The serum decreases in activity
with age, losing 10-30% per annum. A dried serum is also prepared.

SERUM ANTITETANICUM. ANTITETANIC SERUM. (Teta-
nus Antitoxin.) This is similarly prepared to the antidiphtheric serum,
the horses being injected with tetanus toxin.

106

SERUM ANTISTREPTOCOCCICUM. ANTISTREPTICOCCIC SERUM. Dose
30 c.c. daily subcutaneously.

The serum obtained from the blood of a horse immunised by repeated
injections of at first killed cultures of Streoptococcis pyogenes or S. ery-
sipelatus of many different stems, and later of virulent living culture.

SERUM ANTIMENINGOCOCCICUM. A serum prepared in an analogous
manner by injections of the Diplococcus intracellularis, and used in the
treatment of Cerebro-spinal Meningitis.

Theobromina. Theobromine. Dose, 5-10 grs.; 3-6 dgms.
A dimethylxanthin obtained from the seeds of Theobroma Cacao. A
white crystalline powder odourless with a bitter taste. Soluble 1 in 1,700
of water, 1 in 1,400 of alcohol. A compound with sodium and sodium
salicylate, Theobromine Sodio-salicylate, has a sweetish taste and is more
soluble, 1 in 1 of water, and is hence used in place of the alkaloid alone.
(It is sold under the trade name of Diuretin.)

TERPINI HYDRAS. TERPIN HYDRATE. (Terpene Hydrate.) Dose,
3-10 grs.; 3-6 dgms.

An alcoholic hydrate prepared from oil of turpentine. Colourless, glis-
tening crystals or a crystalline powder, with a slight aromatic odour and
a bitter taste. Soluble 1 in 280 of water, 1 in 14 of alcohol.

Tuberculinum. Tuberculin. (Old.) Three months old gly-
cerine— veal broth cultures of the Bacillus tuberculosis are concentrated
over a water-bath and filtered through a porcelain filter to remove the
bacilli. For treatment New Tuberculin or other similar preparations are
more largely used.

TUBERCULINUM NOVUM. NEW TUBERCULIN. (Tuberculin
R.) The Bacillus tuberculosis is grown on glycerine-serum and the re-
sulting cultures scraped off and heated to 60° C. to kill the bacteria, dried
in vacuo and triturated. The resulting mass is emulsified and centrifuged,
the upper layer rejected and the lower again dried, triturated and again
emulsified and centrifuged, the upper layer is set aside and the residue
subjected to the same process. The resulting layers are preserved with
glycerine and standardised to contain 10 milligrammes of solids, in 1 c.c.
It may be used thus as a liquid or may be dried. The dose is calculated
as 1/6,000-1/1,000 mgms. of solid substance.

107

CHAPTER VII.
NOTES ON PRESCRIBING.

As each patient must be considered as an individual and given separate
care and thought, it is impossible in such a book as this, which does not
treat of therapeutics, to do more than indicate some of the points which
must be understood and borne in mind when about to write a prescription.

Drugs are administered by the physician either for a local effect, that
is, produced in the immediate neighborhood of the point of application,
or for their remote effect, that is, produced generally on various organs
throughout the body, or on some special organ remote from the point of
application for which they have a special affinity.

It is consequently essential for the prescriber to decide in the first
place what organs he wishes to influence and whether they are such as he
can reach by local application or not. Then in the second place, he must
decide what drugs he desires to use to affect these organs.

For Application to the Skin. Very few drugs can be absorbed into
the system through the skin with such rapidity that they accumulate
within the body sufficiently to be used by the physician for their remote
pharmacological action. The outstanding example of those that do so is
mercury. Most other drugs are excreted by the kidney and bowels so
much more readily than they are absorbed from the skin that no remote
action can be expected.

The rapidity with which drugs may penetrate the skin can be greatly
increased by dissolving them in some solvent which penetrates more
readily than they do themselves. Such solvents are used as the bases of
those ointments from which we wish a'n action after absorption. Alcohol,
to a slight extent, olive-oil, wool-fat, and lard, are all absorbed by the skin.
Olive-oil is perhaps the best base to aid absorption. Wool-fat is very
nearly as good, while lard is not very efficient. The paraffins, resins,
and soaps, are scarcely absorbed at all, and solution in them rather delays
than furthers the absorption of substances made into ointments or plasters
with them.

A local effect, but one produced in the skin after absorption, is naturally
more easily obtained. Oil of Mustard developed in a mustard poultice or
plaster, — Cantharidin from its Collodion, Liquor, Emplastrum,Unguentum,
or Tincture, — Croton Oil, Turpentine, Ammonia and Chloroform, readily
pass through the skin and by reflex stimulation set up a more or less marked
local inflammation and possibly a remote reflex effect. The student will
note that the bases of Unguentum Cantharidis are more soluble in the skin
than those of the Emplastrum and consequently contain a lower percen-
tage of Cantharis. Atropine, morphine, cocaine, camphor, potassium

108

iodide and salicylates all pass through the skin in quantities sufficient to
produce local deep effects if they are combined with suitable bases such as
the oils, wool-fat, and alcohol, and especially if they are aided by heat or
rubbing or both. Such bodies as ammonia, chloroform, camphor, and tur-
pentine, which by a local action after absorption lead to a dilatation of the
vessels of the skin, aid in the more rapid absorption of such other bodies
as can penetrate the skin, and this forms one reason for their inclusion in
ointments, liniments, plasters. If the student, with these ideas in mind,
will examine the pharmacopceial liniments and ointments he will gain a
good idea of how he may perscribe for local and reflex effects by way of the
skin.

Lead Plaster is largely used for mechanical and supporting purposes,
but none of the other pharmacopoeial plasters save those of Cantharis and
possibly Belladonna are frequently employed.

An antiseptic in the form of boracic acid 5%, salicylic acid l/^%, or
benzoic acid 1%, is frequently added to dusting powders consisting of
talc, starch, or zinc oxide, or to ointments containing some such inert pro-
tective powder, (e.g. Unguentum Zinci Oxidi).

In many cases a purely superficial effect on the skin is desired. Anti-
septics must often be applied to the skin in order to kill pediculi or disease
germs which are lying upon it. For this purpose phenol in ^-2% watery
solution, mercuric chloride 1-500-2000, boracic acid in a saturated solution,
are amongst the common drugs used. If the skin be abraded, very much
weaker solutions of phenol or mercury must be applied, otherwise sufficient
antiseptic would be absorbed to produce a remote effect, or they may be
replaced by less readily absorbed antiseptics such as iodoform, ichthyol,
thymol, or re^orsin. In any such case, one of the above drugs may be applied
in the form of an ointment whose base is not readily absorbed by the skin.

A very considerable insight into the character of preparations intended
for external use may be gained by the examination of the examples of
liniments and ointments and of the preparations of mercury. If the con-
stituents and bases of the following preparations of mercury are examined
it may be seen that the Emplastrum Hydrargyri, Emplastrum Ammoniaci
cum Hydrargyro, Unguentum Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi, Unguentum Hyd-
rargyri Oxidi Rubri, Unguentum Hydrargyri Ammoniati, and the Lotio
Hydrargyri Flava vel Nigra would be relatively slowly absorbed; the Un-
guentum Hydrargyri Compositum, Unguentum Hydrargyri lodidi Rubri,
Unguentum Hydrargyri Oleatis, Unguentum Hydrargyri Subchloridi,
more readily; while the Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis and Linimentum
Hydrargyri will be still more readily taken up. The first group of these
would therefore be more generally used for purely external and local
purposes where they would act as antiseptics. The last group might readily
be used for remote and specific effects.

From the inlets of the body covered with mucous membranes, drug-
stuffs are much more readily absorbed than from the skin. Drugs applied
to them can readily be made to exert a remote action.

109

For application to the rectum. Enemata are sometimes used to
produce remote action. This method is only resorted to when the drugs
to be given are either too unpalatable to be taken per as or when they would
irritate the mouth or stomach of the patient. Drugs given per rectum are
usually administered in, roughly, twice the dose in which they would be
taken by the mouth. If the drug-stuffs contained in an enema are to ab-
sorbed it is necessary that they should not be irritant to the mucous mem-
brane nor should its bulk be so large as to mechanically set up movements.
Hence watery or weak alcoholic mixtures 1-2 ounces in bulk are usually
used. Medicaments which are very readily absorbed may be given in the
form of a suppository. Three of the pharmacopceial suppositories con-
tain drugs which exert remote actions. These are, Suppositoria Bella-
donnae, Morphinse, Plumbi.

By means of an enema antiseptics may be applied to the surface of the
rectum and a part of the colon. If the antiseptic is readily absorbed or
powerful in its action on mucous membranes, e.g. Acidum Carbolicum,
only a small quantity of it may be prescribed in a large bulk of water.
If relatively insoluble, e.g. Argyrol, or Boracic Acid, a much stronger so-
lution may be used. Enemata containing bitters and astringents, — Quas-
sia, Tannic Acid, Kino, are sometimes applied to drive out pin-worms and
to act as mild astringents.

An enema is frequently employed to soften hardened faeces or to bring
about defalcation. For these purposes either some bland fluid, e.g.
Olive Oil, Normal Saline, or Mucilage of Starch is used in large quantities
(2-3 pints) as these mechanically dilate the bowel and set up reflex move-
ments. In order to produce defsecation alone a much smaller quantity of
fluid may be used if it contains some drug which acts as a local irritant to
the sensory nerve endings, e.g. Turpentine, Mustard, Aloes.

Nourishment is often given to those whose stomach is deranged, by
means of an enema. In this case a bulk of more than three or four ounces
can rarely be given. The food must be fluid, nonirritant, and highly nu-
tritous. Eggs, milk, oil, alcohol, or mixtures of these with water, -are
common ingredients of this type of enema. In order to aid in their reten-
tion the fluid should be warmed to the temperature of the body, should be
given slowly, and the patient kept in a prone position.

Some of the pharmacopceial suppositories are intended to produce local
antiseptic or astringent actions in the bowel, e.g. those of Phenol, lodoform,
Tannic Acid, and Lead; that of Glycerin to aid in defaecation.

For application to the Vagina. Drugs are only given by the Vagina
for their local effect. Suppositories for this purpose are usually known as
Pessaries, — fluid washes as Douches. The most frequently employed
vaginal antiseptics are Mercuric Perchloride 1-2000-5000, Silver Nitrate
2-1000-500, Argyrol, and Cresylic Acid, Potassium Permanganate 1-1000-
5000. Vaginal Tampons impregnated with active drugs in glycerin are
sometines employed.

For application to the Urethra and Bladder. Here also a purely

110

local effect is the only one ever sought. Astringents and antiseptics are
administered to the urethra and bladder in the form of douches whose
solvent 'is some bland fluid, usually water or Oil. Suppositories for the
urethra are known as Bougies. The antiseptics mentioned above for the
vagina are very commonly employed here also.

As the bulk of fluid necessary for a douche is very often a large one it is
a common expedient of prescribers to order for their patient either powders
or concentrated solutions to which large quantities of water such as can be
readily measured in the household, pints or quarts, are to be added as
needed.

For application to the Conjunctiva. This is the most delicate of
all the mucous surfaces and in consequence as Collyria only weak solutions
of astringents and antiseptics may be employed and usually the weaker
members of these series are chosen, — Sulphate of Zinc 1-250, Silver Ni-
trate 1-200-500, Argyrol and other colloidal preparations of Silver may be
used in stronger solutions up to 5%, Boracic Acid and Borax in 2% so-
lutions. Solutions of these salts are frequently made with Camphor
Water as a vehicle.

In order to produce their local effects after absorption, the Mydriatics
and Miotics may be prescribed, as the Lamellae or more usually in solution,
Atropine in 1%, Cocaine in 5%, Physostigmine in K%. Homatropine
in 2%, Pilocarpine in ^2-1%, Ethylmorphine in 1%.

All solutions especially if they contain inorganic salts should be care-
fully filtered so as to make certain that they are free from gritty particles
of dirt, which would irritate the sensitive mucous surface.

Drugs may also be applied to the Conjunctiva in solution in oil or in
the form of an ointment; such bases must be bland, free from fatty acids
and from insoluble particles. Liquid and yellow (not white) Soft Paraffin,
conform best to these requirements.

For application to the mouth and Respiratory Passages. Anti-
septic and astringent solutions are frequently given in the form of douches,
gargles (Gargarismata), mouth washes (Collutoria). The chief anti-
septics used are Boracic Acid, Borax, Potassium Chlorate, all in about 4%
solution, — Eucalyptol and Thymol. Of the astringents the Liquor or
Tincture of Ferric Chloride 2-3%, Tannic Acid 1-2%, Tincture of Kino 2%
Alum 1%, Potassium Permanganate 1-1000, are frequently used prepar-
ations. Antiseptics or astringents are often applied by means of a swab
and in this case stronger solutions may be used, e.g. Silver Nitrate >£-l-2%.

The Larynx and upper parts of the Nose can also be reached by means
of douches. For the nose the solution should be a bland one if a thorough
application is to be hoped for. A saline solution of the concentration of
normal saline which contains as well mild antiseptics such as Thymol and
Eucalyptol or a solution of one of the colloidal silver preparations are very-
popular. Such solutions may be very well applied by means of an ato-
mizer. Solutions for use in an atomizer are very frequently made with
Liquid Paraffin as a solvent.

Ill

The trachea, bronchioles, and alveoli, can only be reached by a very
fine spray or by volatile substances which can be inhaled. Most of the
antiseptics which on account of their volatility could be applied in this way,
are either too irritant or so readily absorbed that they would produce un-
wished-for remote actions. And though good may be done in some cases
by applying the weaker antiseptics it is rarely that they can be brought to
the diseased area in sufficient concentration or for sufficient duration of
time, to produce any marked effect. The antiseptics that may be used in
this way include Benzoin, Thymol, Eucalyptol, Creosote. The Com-
pound Tincture of Benzoin is a favorite preparation. Volatization is
usually brought about by pouring a strong alcoholic solution of the anti-
septic upon the surface of boiling water and inhaling the fumes which
arise. In this way, not only the antiseptic, but also water vapour which
serves to allay the feeling of dryness of the inflamed mucous membrane, is
inhaled. Volatile substances such as Ether, Chloroform, and Amyl nitrite
readily produce a remote action when inhaled.

Administration by the mouth. For remote action drugs are most
commonly given by the mouth though as pointed out above they may be
administered by the rectum, the skin, or the lungs. The use of hypodermic
intramuscular and intravenous injections is increasing. When the phy-
sician has decided to give the drugs required by the mouth, several phar-
maceutical forms may be used; mixtures are still the most commonly em-
ployed, though pills are extensively used when the drugs are unpleasant
and the dose is small; powders are used only when one wishes to administer
larger doses of tasteless or not markedly unpleasant drugs in quantities
larger than can be given in pill form; caches and capsules are forms steadily
gaining in vogue especially for the administration of drugs having an un
pleasant flavor.

MIXTURES. It is good practice for the physicain when he writes a
prescription for a mixture to use only such drugs as will dissolve and pro-
duce a clear solution. This is a good but by no means an absolute rule and
indeed we find in the pharmacopoeia very striking deviations from it,e.g.
Mistura Ferri. This intentionally contains the incompatibles Iron Sul-
phate and Potassium Carbonate resulting in the formation of an insoluble
precipitate and a murky solution. The Iron Carbonate formed is, how-
ever, less irritant to the stomach than the Sulphate. Mixtures containing
a precipitate were very commonly prescribed in the past, but today a
physician is compelled to pay more attention to the likes and whims of
his patients, all of whom have seen and tasted attractive and pleasant
patented preparations. In writing a prescription for a mixture the phy-
sician should, as a rule, use fluid preparations of the drug selected if such
are contained in the Pharmacopoeia. The reasons for this are easily seen
if one considers the matter from the view-point of the dispenser. Sup-
pose that thirty doses of Strychnine 1/60 of a grain and Arsenious Anhydride
1/40 gr. are to be given. This would force the dispenser, if the solids were
prescribed, to weigh out >£ and 30/40 gr. of the two drugs respectively,

112

while if Liquor Arsenicalis 80 min. and Liquor Strychnine Hydrochloridi
110 min. were prescribed the same amount of each drug would have been
given and the dispenser's work made easy and more rapid as Arsenious
Anhydride is difficult to get into solution. The Liquors, Spirits, Tinctures,
Liquid Extracts, Waters, Syrups, are the important fluid preparations in-
tended for administration in mixtures. When there is a choice of salts the
more soluble one should be used.

The physician must take every possible care that his mixtures are as
palatable and as pleasant to the eye as possible. The only colorings pro-
vided in the Pharmacopoeia are Crocus, Cochineal, and Red Sanders Wood,
and the Compound Tincture of Cardamons Neither Crocus nor Cochineal
should be used in an acid medium. All of the above produce shades of red.
Sweetening may be provided in the form of Simple Syrup or even better as
one of the flavored syrups e.g. Aromatic Syrup, Syrup of Orange, of Ginger
or of Tolu. Liquorice contains a particularly sweet flavoring principle and
is very greatly used. Amongst the Waters and Spirits the attention of the
student may be drawn to the usefulness of Chloroform, Cinnamon, Orange,
and Peppermint. Rose flavors are more usually used today for lotions
and ointments than for mixtures. Acids and Bitters are also in many
cases useful flavors. General rules for flavoring are extremely difficult
to give and since the taste of each physician and indeed of each of his
patient will vary, it is difficult even to give useful hints. For such vege-
table drugs as Digitalis, Ergot, Ipecac, Krameria, and the bitter of most
alkaloids Syrup of Orange is one of the best flavors, aided perhaps by
some water such as that of Cinnamon or Peppermint; for Opium, Ginges
forms a good covering: for the salts of Potassium, such flavoring Waters ar
Chloroform or Peppermint with Aromatic Syrup may be used; Potassium
Iodide and Quinine may be covered with Extract of Liquorice; Sodium
Salicylate by Cinnamon Water, and Syrup; Copaiba by Peppermint.

PILLS form perhaps the best method of administering unpleasant
drugs whose dose is small. As many people find pills difficult to swallow,
they must be made as small as possible, and should never exceed 5 grains
in weight and rarely should exceed 3 grains. In consequence of this the
student should examine with care the preparations of any drug which he
intends to give in pill form and choose the one with the smallest dose. The
only exception to this rule should be made when one of the preparations
has physical properties which would be of value in forming a pill mass.
The prescriber must also bear in mind the fact that unless amongst the
drugs that he wishes to prescribe there is one whose physical properties are
such as to bind the others together some adhesive substance or excipient
must be added by the dispenser and that this will necessarily increase the
bulk of these pills to a certain extent. The best excipient for general use is
probably Tragacanth either in the form of its Glycerin or CompoundPowder,
as very small quantities of these are needed. Powdered Hard Soap may
be used with powdered vegetable drugs and gum resins, and Curd Soap with
essential oils and creosote. As each pharmacist is apt to become familiar

113

with one particular type of excipient and prefer it to all others it is often
well to omit the excipient from his prescription, but he must not fail to
remember that it must be added and will increase its bulk.

The student will notice that the solid Extracts are in many cases the
most compact form in which vegetable drugs can be given and they and the
Green Extracts, which are very sticky and form good pill bases, are intro-
duced into the Pharmacopoeia as ingredients of pills. It is rarely that
aqueous or alcoholic solutions can be incorporated in pills.

POWDERS. A physician, when considering the administration of drugs in
powder form, must always carefully consider the flavor of the principal
drug and whether if it is unpleasant or even tasteless, its palatibility can be
increased by adding some flavoring. It is rarely that the taste of a dis-
agreeable powder can be successfully covered. If a disguising flavor is
wanted, Sugar, Liquorice and Cinnamon are perhaps amongst the best.
The physician must remember that deliquescent salts cannot be given in
powder form.

CACHETS AND CAPSULES. These are much used in modern dispensing
as they enable the physician to administer disagreeable and bulky powders
and also oils in an elegant manner. Roughly speaking one may order up to
10 grains of a drug in capsule form, and up to 20 in a cachet. If the drugs are
very heavy these quantities may be readily increased. Fluids, with the
exception of oils, should not as a rule be given in capsules.

Administration of drugs by hypodermic, intramuscular, and in-
travenous injections. These methods of administration make certain
the complete absorption of the drugs given if they are soluble in the fluids
of the body. And in consequence of this much smaller quantities are used
than for administration per os. Drugs given by hypodermic injection
should be non-irritant to the sensory nerve-endings of the part. They
should in consequence be neither acid nor alkaline. When given intra-
muscularly this point should also be observed, but when given intraven-
ously it becomes of very little importance as the drug does not come in con-
tact with the sensory endings. If drugs are given hypodermically, roughly
one half the dose that would be given per os may be used. If given in-
tramuscularly, a slightly smaller quantity is usually given and if given in-
travenously, owing to the rapidity with which it reaches the point of attack,
approximately one-tenth that would be given per os is administered.
These rules are by no means absolute as drugs differ so greatly in their
physical and pharmacological properties. In the case of all these methods
of administration the very greatest care must be taken that the solutions
are strictly aseptic and that the patient's skin is carefully sterilized before
the administration is undertaken.

114

CHAPTER VIII.
PRESCRIPTION-WRITING

When the physician has decided upon the drugs which he wishes to
administer to a patient, the form, pill, powder mixture, etc., in which he
wishes to administer them, and the preparations that are best suited to
the form chosen, he has still to write a prescription which will convey his
wishes clearly and concisely to the pharmacist. Even if the physician
does his own dispensing the writing of a careful prescription is not to be
omitted, as it is essential that he have for the purpose of consultation in
the future a statement in writing of the treatment adopted, also the writing
of a prescription will save many errors in dispensing. The question of the
ownership of the prescription is a doubtful one some claiming chat it is
simply an order by the physician to the pharmacist, who should keep it as
a record of the orders given him. On the other hand very many persons
hold that the prescription is the property of the patient to whom it is
given. The pharmacist can hardly refuse to give the original holder of
the prescription a copy thereof, unless he has distinct orders not to do so
from the physician. In view of this when the physician writes a pre-
scription which he does not want repeated he should not only mark it "ne
repetatur" but should also inform the patient that this prescription is
one in which he has no proprietory interest but is only the physician's in-
structions to the pharmacist. This precaution should always be taken
when prescribing morphine in any form. The pharmacist is expected, not
only to refuse a copy of any prescription to any person other than the one
to whom the physician gave it, but also not to make any further use
of it.

The prescription was formerly written entirely in Latin, and even today
the great majority of prescriptions are written largely in that language.
This custom possesses some distinct advantages. The official Latin
names are concise and distinctive so that there is little danger of error.
Formerly when Latin was the universal language of science and medicine,
it ensured that the prescription could be universally read and understood,
this still to a certain extent holds good as most civilised governments have
adopted official Latin names in their pharmacopoeias, though unfortunately
the Latin names adopted differ slightly in different countries.

It is a good rule to write the names of the drugs and the directions to
the pharmacist if they be simple and well understood in Latin while the
directions to the patient which are to be inscribed by the pharmacist upon
the label should be written in English as this ensures that no error will
arise in translation. The directions to the dispenser may of course be

115

given in English and indeed it is well to do so if they are at all unusual.
Directions to the patient should as a rule be written in English, but there
are a few simple directions which have been so much used that the abbrevi-
ations of their Latin translation are very commonly employed. The stu-
dent will often find in older books prescriptions with Latin directions.
For these reasons he should make himself familiar with the phrases given
in the vocabulary.

In writing a prescription always write legibly. Do not endanger the
success of your treatment or possibly even the patient's life by careless,
illegible hand-writing. Whenever large quantities of any powerful drug
are ordered, and especially if they surpass the pharmacopoeial dose, the
quantities should be not written in numerals but should also be written out
in full in words.

The following is a typical prescription: —

Vlufc-

V\.

Superscription ^

Inscription

Subscription
Signature

The words to the left, inscription, superscription, subscription and
signature, are the names applied to those parts of the prescription opposite
which they are set. The signature includes the directions to the patient.
The other three parts are for the pharmacist. The subscription includes the
compounding directions to the pharmacist.

The following is a transcription in unabbreviated Latin of the above
prescription with an interlinear translation.
For Arthur H.

Recipe

Take thou

Potassii Acetatis ................................... unciam unam-

Of Acetate of Potassium ............................. one dtadtm. 0

Liquoris Ammonii Acetatis .............. drachmas tres cum semisse.

Of Solution of Acetate of Ammonium ........ three and a half drachms.

Spiritus Athens Nitrosi ........................... drachmas duas.

Of Spirits of Nitrous Ether ........................... two drachms.

Infusi Buchu .......... (quantum, sufficiat usque) ad uncias quattuor.

Of Infusion of Buchu (a quantity sufficient) up to four ounces .........

116

Misce. Fiat mistura. Signa: —
Mix. Let a mixture be made. Label: —

Drachmam unam ter in die post cibos.

One drachm three times a day after meals.

The grammatical form proves on examination not to be a difficult one.
The verb "recipe" which is invariably used, governs the accusative. It
is clear that the pharmacist is not to take all of his stock of any ingredient
but only a part thereof. Hence the nouns expressing the quantity, "un-
ciam" "drachmas" are in the accusative governed by "recipe." The
names of the ingredients of which the stated quantities are to be taken
are in the partitive genitive. Adjectives must agree with the noun that
they modify in gender, number, and case; so "duas" and "tres" agree with
"drachmas," "unam" with "unciam," and "quattuor" though inde-
clinable with "uncias. " "Nitrosi" also agrees with ^Etheris. Potassii
is again in the partitive genitive as are both " Ammonii" and ' ' Acetatis"
in the following line.

The last line of the inscription gives slightly more trouble. As usually
written the words included within brackets are omitted, yet the clause
beginning with "quantum" is the object of the sentence and is governed
by the verb "recipe." "Infusi" is again in the partitive genitive. "Qu-
antum" is in the accustive for the reason given; "sufficiat" is the third
person singular of the present subjunctive owing to the clause being a
subordinate one; "usque" is an adverb meaning "upto" "until"; "ad"
a preposition governing the noun "uncias." There is a slightly different
form in which this line is occasionally written in which in place of ' ' Infusi "
"Infusum" would be written; this is the partitive use of the accusative.

"Misce" like "Recipe" is the second person singular form of the im-
perative mood of a verb of the second conjugation, while "signa" is the
form of the same tense, number, person, and mood of a verb of the first.
"Mistura" is the nominative of a noun of the first declension. "Fiat"
is the third person singular of the present subjunctive and is an example of
the jussive use of that tense as a mild imperative. "Drachmam unam"
is the accusative governed by some such verb understood as "capiat" an
other example of the jussive use of the subjunctive. "Ter" is a numeral
adverb. " Die " the ablative of the noun ' ' dies " after the preposition ' ' in."
"Cibos" is the accusative plural of "Cibus." Several other similar
stereotyped forms are in use in the signature of which the following is
one of the more common ' ' Drachma una ter in die sumenda. " The trans-
lation would be the same. "Drachma" is in the nominative singular
and has agreeing with it the gerundive of the transitive verb "sumo."
This use of the gerundive signifies duty or necessity and hence an order in
a mild form.

The following points in regard to the manner of writing should be noted.
The custom has been adopted of writing the numeral expressing the
quantity after the abbreviation for the measure. The numeral is written
in small Roman numerals except in the case of fractions, or where one

117

wishes to draw special attention to the quantity; in both these cases the
Arabic numerals are used. Further the "i's" in the Roman numerals
should have a dash above the letter and the dot should be carefully and
distinctly written above the dash, so that they may be counted in con-
firmation of the number of strokes below the dash, should any question
arise.

Abbreviations should be used with the greatest care and only such as
are certain to be understood. For example such abbreviations, as "chlor''
which might mean chloral, chloroform, chloridum, or as "hyd" which
might stand for hydrargyrum, hydras, or hydrochloridum, are not per-
misssible. The usual abbreviations for common words will be found in
the vocabulary.

Were the above prescription written in the metric system it would be
as follows (in order to fill a standard bottle of 150 c.c. it has been recal-
culated and now contains 42 doses).

!$ Gm. vel. c.c.

Potassii Acet 41.5gms. ^j ( 41

Liq. Ammon. Acet 17.5 c.c. 17

Spt. .Eth. Nit 10. 25 c.c. f 1 10

Infus. Buchu ad 150.00 c.c. [ 150

.50
50
25
00

The quantities are as a rule written in Arabic numerals, and the measure
if the prescription be not written on paper with a heading as shown on
the right follows the numerals as is shown on the left. Fractions are
always written as decimals and again paper as printed on the right with a
perpendicular line to distinctly mark the decimal point is a great advantage
and a great safe-guard. Such prescriptions when read are commonly
read in English and not in Latin.

The mathematics involved in prescription writing is not more difficult
than is the grammar. Two points must first be decided, (1) For how
many days and how many doses a day are you going to give the medicine?
Taking the case used above as an illustration, we will suppose that you
have decided to give three doses a day for a period of ten days, in all thirty
doses. (2) How much of each ingredient do you wish to give at each
dose? We will suppose that you intend to give 15 grs. of Potassium Ace-
tate, 7 min. of Solution of Ammonium Acetate, 4 min. of the Spirit of
Nitrous Ether, and some of the Infusion of Buchu (the latter is a compara-
tively inactive flavouring ingredient and may be given in considerable
doses). You have already only 11 mins. of fluid; the acetate is very soluble
and would readily dissolve in 30 min. therefore there is no need to give a
larger dose than 1 fl. dr. The total quantity that you will want is 30 fl. dr.
:32 fl. dr. make 4 fl. oz., which is the size of a standard bottle. The pre-
scription will then be written for 32 doses, or of Acetate of Potassium 32 x
15 grs. = 480 grs. one Troy ounce; of Solution of Ammonium Acetate,
32 x 7 = 224 min. or approximately 3>^ fl. dr. (210 min.); of Spirits of

118

Nitrous Ether 4 x 32 = 128 min. approximately 2 fl. dr. Similar calcu-
lations may readily be made for any other prescription. It is customary to
round off the amounts to make even numbers in drachms or ounces if the
drugs be not very potent but if potent this practice should never be follow-
ed. The amount prescribed should suffice to fill a standard bottle. The
standard bottle sizes are K, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 oz.

PHARMACOPCEIAL NOMENCLATURE.— The principles of the pharmaco-
pceial nomenclature are very simple. As far as possible the Latin names
are direct equivalents of the English names. . . . The names 01 acids
may be considered as direct translations of the English names. For ex-
ample ' 'Hydrochloric Acid, becomes "Acidum Hydrochloricum. " "Acid-
urn" is a neuter noun of the second declension with a genitive "Acidi."
"Hydrochloricum" is an adjective (termination -us, -a, -um) agreeing
with "Acidum" in gender, number and case. There may even, as in
English, be a second adjective in the title, for example ' 'Acidum Hydrochl-
oricum Dilutum," or "Acidum Aceticum Glaciale" ("Glacialis" is an

adjective of the third declension nom. -is, -e, gen. -is.)

The names of salts may again be looked upon as the Latin form of their
English names, though not their official English names, for example
"Potassium Bromide," "Bromide of Potassium," becomes " Potassii
Bromidum." Bromidum the name of the acid constituent is a noun of
the second declension as is Potassium but the latter appears in the parti-
tive genitive in the official name. . . . All salts whose names end
in -"ide" have names in Latin ending -idum. The names of salts ending
in "-ate" have Latin names in a "-as" (gen. -atis) and are masculine
nouns of the third declension, example ' ' Sodium Citrate " is ' ' Sodii Citras."
Those salt names ending in "-ite" have Latin names masculine and of the
third declension in "-is" (gen. -itis), example "Sodium Sulphite, Sodii
Sulphis. "

The names of alkaloids become in Latin feminine substantives of the
first declension with a termination "-ina" (gen. -inae), example Strychnina.
Those of glucosides, bitters and neutral principles are neuter substantitives
of the second declension with a termination "-inum" (gen. -ini), example
Aloin, Aloinum.

The names of parts of plants may be looked upon also as direct trans-
lations, example ' ' Belladonna Leaves, Leaves of Belladonna, Belladonna
Folia," Folia being a neuter noun in the plural (nom. sing, folium gen.
folii pi. folia, gen. foliorum). ' ' Belladonnse" is the genitive of the feminine
noun of the first declension, "Belladonna."

The names of preparations are again similarly formed "Tincture of
Opium, Tinctura Opii " ; Tinctura " is a feminine noun of the first declension
1 ' Opii " the genitive of the neuter noun of the second declension ' ' Opium. "

Some of the cases where the student may find it difficult to understand
the Pharmacopceial nomenclature are noted in this paragraph :— Liquor

119

Ammoniac, Solution of Ammonia (the hydrate) and hence Spiritus Anv
monise Aromaticus, Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, but Liquor Ammonii
Acetatis, Solution of the Acetate of Ammonium (NH3) ; Vinum Antimoniale,
Antimonial (adj.) Wine; Liquor Arsenicalis, Arsenical (adj.) Solution; but
Liquor Arsenici Hydrochloricus, Hydrochloric (adj) solution of Arsenicum
(an old word for Acidum Arseniosum) and Liquor Arsenii Hydrargyri
Iodide, solution of the Iodide of Arsenium (the metal) and of Mercury.

The formation of the genitive and plural should as a rule give no trouble
but the following nouns have somewhat irregular genitives. Adeps,
Adipis, Mel, Mellis; Fel, Fellis; Mas, Maris; Rhizoma, Theobroma, Physos-
tigma, enema, gargarisima, make the genitive in -atis; Aloe, Aloes; Can-
tharis, Cantharidis; Rhoeas, Rhoeados; Colocynthis, Colocynthidis; Flos.
Floris; Digitialis, Hydrastis, Sinapis do not change in the genitive; Jabor-
andi, Kino, Catechu, Buchu, Kousso, Peru, Tolu, and most names ending
in "1" are indeclinable. Spiritus, Fructus, Cornus, haustus are nouns of
the fourth declension with genitives in -as.

The gender of Latin substantives may usually be judged by their term-
ination, substantitives in -us and -or being usually masculine (exceptions
names of plants in -us, Prunus Virginiana), those in -a are feminine; those
in -um and -on and indeclinable nouns neuter.

VOCABULARY of words commonly occuring in the INSCRIPTION. The
parts of speech are indicated by the usual abbreviations, as is the gender of
the nouns, the case governed by prepositions; the genitive, singular (or
plural in the case of plural nouns) and the plural will also be given for sub-
stantives and the terminations of the nominative for adjectives, also the
accepted abbreviations.

LATIN. ABBREVIATION ENGLISH.

Acetum — s. neut.-i. -a vineger.

Acidum — s. neut. -i. -a acid, or ac acid.

Ad — prep, ace to.

Ana — indecl aa of each.

Aromaticus — adj. -us. -a. -um. .aromat aromatic.

Balsamum — s. neut. -i. -a balsam balsam.

Centimetrum (Cubicum) -i. -a. . .c. (c.) centimetre (cubic)

Compositus — adj. -us. -a. -um. .comp compound.

Congius — s. masc. -i. -i C a gallon.

Cum — prep. ;abl c or cum with.

cum sernissee ss and a half.

Collyrium — U^neut. -i. -a collyr. an eye-lotion.

Destillatus — adj. -us. -a. -um. .dest distilled.

Dilutis — adj. -us. -a. um dil dilute

Dimidus— adj.-us. -a. -um used

thus "unciam dimidiam". . ss a half ounce.

Drachma — s. fem.-ae.-ae dr. or 5 a drachm.

Extractum — s. neut. -i. -a extr an extract

120

Flavus — adj. -us. a. -um yellow.

Flexile — adj. -e. -is flexible. .

Fluidus — adjs.-us. -a. -um fid (fluid) liquid.

Flos — s. masc.-floris.-flores a flower.

Folium — s. neut. -i. -a. (gen. pi. -orum) fol a leaf.

Gramma — s. -atis, -ata g. or gm a gramme..

Granum — s. neut. -i. -a gr a grain.

Gummi — s. neut. indecl a gum.

Libra — s. fern. -ae. ae Ib a pound

Lignum — s. neut. -i. -a wood.

Liquidus — adj. -us. -a. -um liquid liquid.

Liquor — s. masc. -oris. -ores. . . .liq a fluid, a solution.

Minimum — s. neut. -i. -a min. or m a minim.

Mollis — adj. -is. -e soft.

Mel— s. Mellis pi. Mellita (Mella) a honey.

Mucilago — s. fern. inis. -ines. . .mucilag a mucilage.

Niger — adj. nigra.-um black.

Nux — s. fern, -nucis. -nuces a nut.

Octarius — s. masc. -i. -i O a pint.

Oleum — s. neut. -i. -a ol an oil.

Preparatus — adj. -us. -a. -um prepared.

Quantum — sumciat (satis) q.s as much as may be required

Radix — s. fern, -icis.-ices a root. . .

Recipe— v 1$ take.

Rectificatus — adj. -us.- a. .um. .rect rectified.

Resina — s. fern. -as. -ae a resin.

Scrupulus — s. masc. -i. -i scr. 9 a scruple.

Semen — s. neut. -inis. -ina (gen. pi. inum) a seed.

Semis ss a half.

Spiritus — s. masc. -us. -us spt a spirit.—

Succus— s. masc. -i. -i a juice

Syrupus — s. masc. -i. -i syr a syrup.

Tinctura — s. fern. -ae. -se tinct a tincture.

Uncia — s. fern. -ae. -ae oz. or 5 an ounce.

Viridis— adj. -is. -e • -green.

Words and phrases commonly occuring in the subscription :—

Capsula— s. fern, ae caps a capsule.

Cataplasma— s. fern, -atis, pi. -ata a poultice.

Ceratum— s. neut. -i,-a a wax ointment, a cerate.

Charta— s. fern. -se. -ae chart. . . .a paper, (a powder).

Collutorium— s. neut. -i. -a an eye-wash.

Confectio— s. fern, -onis, ones - .a confection.

Coque ••bo[l

Cujus ..of which.

121

Detur clet let be given.

detur tales doses let such doses be given.

Divide divide.

divide in partes aequales divide into equal parts.

divide in pulveres viginti divide into 20 powders.

Dosis — s. fern. -is. -es a dose.

Emplastrum — s. neut. -i, -a . . . .empl a plaster.

Emulsio — s. fern.- onis. -ones an emulsion.

Enema — s. neut. -atis, -ata an enema or clyster.

Fiat ft let be made.

fiat mistura ft. mist let a mixture be made.

Fiant pulveres viginti let 20 powders be made.

Haustus — s. masc. -us. -us a draught. (The entire

quantity prescribed to
be taken at one dose.)

Lege artis .' l.g according to rule.

Linimentum — s. neut. -i, -a a liniment.

Lotio — s. fern, onis, -ones lot a lotion (skin wash).

Massa — s. fern, -ae, -ae mass a mass.

fiat massa et divide in pilulas triginti Make a mass and divide

it into 20 pills.

Misce M mix.

Mitte send.

mitte doses tales 48 send 48 doses.

Ne repetatur n. rep do not repeat.

Numerus— s. masc. -i. -i a number.

fiant pilulae in numero viginti to make 20 pills.

Pilula — s. fern. -ae. -ae pil a pill.

ft. pilula et mitte tales 20 make a pill and send 20

of them.

Pulvis s. fern. -eris. -eres pulv a powder.

ft. pulvis et divide in partes aequales decem. Make a powder and divide

it into 10 equal parts.

Signa sig. or " s " label.

Signa nomine proprio sig. n. p label with its common

name.

Words and phrases occuring frequently in the signature.

Ad libitum ad lib as much as may be de-
sired.

Alternis diebus alt. dieb every other day.

Alternis horis, alterna hora alt hor every other hour.

Bini — adj. -ae. -a. . . .- two at a time..

Bis in dies twice daily.

Capiat take (or let him take).

122

| at bedtime, on retiring.

Cibus. s masc. -i. -i food.

post vel ante cibos p. vel. a.c after or before meak.

post cibum vespere after the evening neal

Cochleare — s. neut. -is, -ia., . . .coch a spoonful.

Cochleare Parvum (vel infantis) a teaspoonful.

Cochleare medium (vel mcdicum) a dessertspoonful.

Cochleare amplum (vel magnum) a tablespoonful.

Cyanthus — s. masc. -i. -i wine-glass.

Diebus tertiis vel quartis every third or fourth day

Ex aqua ex. aq in water.

Febri durante during the fever.

Hora — s. fem. -ae. -ae h. or hor an hour.

hora decubitus hor. decub. ..

hora somni h.s

hora secunda at two o'clock.

quaque secunda hora ^

secundis horis /

Indies daily.

Mane in the morning.

primo mane on rising.

mane sequente the following morning.

mane nocteque night and morning.

Omni hora omn. hor every hour.

Omni quadrante hora every quarter hour.

Per — prep, ace by.

per os by the mouth.

Prandium — s. neut. -i, a- dinner.

Pro re nata p.r.n as required.

Post — prep, ace after.

Quaque quarta hora q. q. h every fourth hour.

Quaque sexta hora Every sixth hour

Quotidie daily.

Sumat let him take.

Sumendus — gerundive of sumo take.

Ter in die t.i.d three times a day.

Vespere m the evening.

123

NUMERALS.

30. triginta
40. quadraginta.

1.

unus-a-um.

50. quinquaginta

2.

duo-ae-o.

60. sexaginta.

3.

tres, tria.

70. septuaginta.

4.

quattuor.

80. octoginta.

5.

quinque

90. nonaginta.

6.

sex

100. centum-i.

7.

septem

200. ducenti-ae-a.

8.

octo

1000. mille

9.

novem

10.

decem

ORDINALS.

11.

undecim

1st. primus.

12.

duodecim.

2nd. secundus.

13.

tredecim

3rd. tertius.

14.

quattuordecim.

4th. quartus.

15.

quindecim.

5th. quintus.

16.

sedecim

6th. sextus.

17.

18.
19.

septemdecim
duodeviginti
undeviginti

10th. decimus.
12th. duodecimus.

20.

viginti

ADVERBS.

21.

unus et viginti or vigmti

1. semel (once)

unus.

2. bis (twice)

24.

viginti quat.ubr.

3. ter (thrice).

4. quater.

124

CHAPTER IX.
NOTES ON MAGISTRAL PHARMACY.

To Magistral or Extemporaneous Pharmacy belongs the compounding
and dispensing of drugs. Its successful performance naturally has to be
preceded by a knowledge of their physical and chemical characters. Dex-
terity in the art can only be secured by long practice, something for which
the medical student has no opportunity. The dispenser stands between
the prescriber and the patient and only a very intimate acquaintance with
the characters and doses of medicines will enable him to successfully per-
form his duty to each. The physician who dispenses his own remedies
assumes a double liability in that he becomes sponsor for the proper se-
lection of the remedy as well as its preparation so that the patient may
take the prescribed quantity without danger to himself.

Carelessness in weighing and measuring medicines should not be toler-
ated on any account. Guessing at the weight or volume of ingredients
is criminal.

On the Dispensing of Mixtures. In this procedure as in every other
the dispenser must take the greatest care that all the apparatus used must
be scrupulously clean. The bottle selected must be of such capacity as to
be filled by the ingredients. Sick persons are often so full of fear and doubt
that the slightest unusual feature, -insufficient bulk, change in colour,
flavour or clearness of a mixture, at once awakens suspicion.

If the prescription presents no incompatibles and the dispenser knows
that it will be and remain clear when filled, it may be dispensed directly
into the bottle. Or if it is intended that a precipitate is to be produced, the
same procedure may usually be followed. It is a good rule to introduce
all fluids through a funnel as this serves to keep the neck and sides of the
bottle clean and dry. Solutions of common salts and any other solution
that is not quite as clear as it ought to be should always be passed through
a filter; a little absorbent cotton in the neck of the funnel often serves very
well. The fluids of least bulk should as a rule be first dispensed unless
there is some special reason for deviating from this, for example very vo-
latile fluids should be dispensed last.

Separate the soluble solids and dissolve them in a portion of the men-
struum by trituration in a mortar before placing them in the bottle. Never
permit solids that are completely soluble in the vehicle to leave the dis-
pensary undissolved. The method of adding soluble salts directly to the
mixture while it may save some time is not to be commended because of

125

the frequency with which their solutions contain foreign matter which re-
quires filtering out. Insoluble dry drugs if prescribed should be reduced
to a fine powder,mixed with some of the menstruum and added to the rest.
In many instances it is well to suspend insoluble drugs by the addition of
gum, mucilage or a viscid fluid such as syrup or glycerin. If the vehicle be
water or an aqueous fluid and there are oils, balsams or oleo-resins ordered
these should be emulsified before being added to the bottle. The remainder
of the menstruum is now added and the bottle corked.

The dispensing of fluid medicines necessitates a more complete acquain-
tance with the subject of incompatibliity than is the case with any of the
other forms of extemporaneous prescriptions.

All solids should be weighed and all fluids measured.

Fluids must be poured from the back of the dispensing bottles so as
^0 save the labels.

Powders must be taken from their bottles with a long spatula.

The physician dispensing his own prescriptions may facilitate his office
work by keeping many of the frequently used drugs prepared in concen-
trated solution. These are made by dissolving a known weight of the drug
in a sufficient quantity of the solvent to make a definite volume of the final
solution. For instance if eight drachms of Bromide of Potassium are
dissolved in the quantity of water required to make a solution measuring
four fluid ounces, each four fluid drachms of the latter will then contain
one drachm by weight of the Bromide. These are called dispensing
solutions and are quite different to the percentage solutions of the chemical
laboratory and to those of the Pharmacopoeia. Such salts as the Bromides,
Iron Tartarate, Magnesium Sulphate, Potassium Iodide, Chlorate and
Nitrate, may readily be kept in this form; Bicarbonates in solution are
liable to change as do many of the organic preparations such as Chloral.
Dispensing solutions should always be kept in the dark. Though the re-
sult is hardly so good as when the Pharmacopceial method is used, flavoured
syrups may often be prepared by adding to a Simple Syrup a liquor of the
flavour required. In many other cases concentrated liquors or extracts may
be obtained from the pharmaceutical houses which may be diluted so as
to approximate the official preparations. In some cases it is of advantage
to keep weighed out and wrapped as powders, the insoluble drugs in powder
form needed for such a mixture as Mistura Cretae. Infusions especially of
digitalis should always be freshly made.

Percentage Solutions. The disadvantages of the Imperial System
are most clearly seen when dispensing this class of solutions. Absolute ex-
actitude cannot be attained. For dilute solutions (1-3%) of highly active
drugs, e.g. Strychnine, Atropin?, the following method is to be recom-
mended;— 110 minims of water weigh 100 grains; therefore if a 2% so-
lution be required 2 grains are dissolved in 110 minims. The bulk of the
resulting solution is slightly greater than 110 min. and its weight exceeds

126

100 grains, but for all practical purposes 1 min. will contain 2/100 grain.
If one ounce were required, the simplest procedure is to make 4*4 x 110 or
495 min. and throw away 15. When a more concentrated solution e.g.
an ounce of a 10% solution of a salt, is prescribed a somewhat more com-
plex procedure may best be followed, as it is impossible to estimate what
the specific gravity of the resulting fluid will be. The following
procedure is often pursued: — There are 437 grains to the fluid ounce, 10%
of this is 43. If 43 gr. salt were dissolved in 394 min. the bulk would not
be 1 fl. oz., but it 50 gr salt were dissolved in 450 of water the bulk would
obviously exceed a fluid ounce and in consequence such a solution might
be made and the excess thrown away. Very frequently and with sufficient
accuracy for many physician's purposes, percentage solutions are not
made as above by weight but by weighing the solids and measuring the
liquids, one minim being then considered as weighing one grain; one ounce,
one fluid ounce.

Emulsions. These are mixtures of resinous or oily substances with
water. They consist of minute particles of the active substance surrounded
with, kept apart, and in suspension by means of mucilage made from one of
the gums. Acacia or Tragacanth are commonly selected in the dispensary.
Perfect natural emulsions are to be seen in milk and in the yolk of egg.

Of the resinous drugs Asafetida, Myrrh, Copaiba, Extract of Male
Fern, the Tinctures of Cannabis Indica, Tolu, the Compound Tinctures of
Guaiacum, and Benzoin, frequently require treatment, as do Cod-Liver
and Castor Oils, Turpentine and Camphor. In the case of the gum-resins
such as Asafetida which contains a good deal of gummy matter it is not ne-
cessary to add extraneous gum to obtain an emulsion, that which is part of
the drug being sufficient on trituration with water.

Emulsions are prepared with the aid of a mortar and flat pestle. A
thick mucilage is first made and with constant stirring a portion of the drug
is added in small quantities until the emulsion is obtained, when the balance
is added alternately with the remaining water in successive portions until
the whole is emulsified.

With oils a second method may be adopted, called the English Method.
Two or three parts by weight of Gum Acacia are triturated in a mortar
with eight parts of Oil until the gum is completely suspended. Then one and
a half parts of Water are added at once when a few revolutions of the pestle
will secure an emulsion. The balance of the Water is now to be added in
successive quantities until the whole is used. If the emulsion is not com-
pleted in the first stage of the process or the water is added too freely
the oil separates and the emulsion is said to ' ' crack " and cannot be restored.

On the Dispensing of Pills. The prerequisite of a properly made

pill is a proper pill mass. This should possess the following characters,
consistence, cohesiveness, and plasticity. Proper consistence is es-

127

sential for if too hard the ma js may not be divided into pills while if too
soft the pills made will not retain their shape and will tend to run together.

In dispensing a pill, the ingredient present in smallest amount and es-
pecially if it is very potent, is first tritrated in the mortar with a gradually
increasing quantity of one of the other ingredients. All the other ingre-
dients are ground together to a thoroughly smooth impalpable powder be-
fore the excipient is added. After the excipient has been thoroughly
ground up and mixed with other ingredients (the mortar and pestle should
be scraped down several times with a stiff-bladed metal spatula during the
process) the mass is scraped together and transferred to the pill machine or
is rolled in the hands into a smooth ball, then on the pill tile into a pipe,
which must be kept of the same bore throughout its length. By constant
rolling the pipe (after its ends have been squared by pressure) is made to
reach thr length indicated on the tile for the required number of pills.
It is then cut into pill lengths as shown on the tile and each length carefully
rounded on the hand or tile with the finger tips. When all the pills are
rounded they may be finished by placing them under the pill finisher with
a little dusting powder. The finisher is made to describe a figure-of-eight
movement until the pills are round.

Pills must be round, not cracked, and not sticky. If stickiness develop8
during rolling, a dusting powder, starch, talc, or powdered liquorice*
may be used on hands and tile.

Excipients must be added slowly and only as much as is needed. Fluid
excipients should be dropped first on the spatula and added only one drop
at a time.

The following are some of the most useful excipients: —

WATER. — Of use where there are considerable proportions of aqueous
extracts as those of Aloes, or Cascara; where there is a gummy substance
as Asafetida, or with those holding Hard Soap.

GLYCERINE OF TRAGACANTH. — One of the best for general use, being
powerfully adhesive, at the same time preserving the consistence of the
pill and promoting its solution. Tragacanth has large powers for ab-
sorbing water.

SYRUP OF GLUCOSE. — Much used in the official pills and particularly
where it is not necessary to confer much adhesiveness to the mass.

EXTRACT OF MALT. — Makes a good excipient for general use, not being
eligible of course in those pills where vegetable substances are to be avoided
as with pills of Silver Nitrate.

POWDERED LICORICE ROOT AND POWDERED EXTRACT OF LICORICE. —
These possess mild adhesiveness. The former because of its absorbent power

128

is useful with very soft masses, it also makes an excellent dusting powder for
the finished pills.

POWDERED HARD AND CURD SOAP.— The former is of use in making
those pills containing vegetable substances as powdered crude drugs,
the extracts, and the gum resins such as Myrrh or Asafetida. The latter
is especially helpful with pills of Creosote or the Essential Oils. Avoid using
soap for massing metallic salts, acids, or compounds of Tannin.

KOALIN. — Of use in massing easily combustible substances such as
Permanganate of Potassium. Nitrate of Silver and Phosphorus. Co-
hesion is secured by the addition of a fatty substance such as Resin Oint-
ment.

POWDERED ACACIA. — Is mentioned only that it may be avoided unless
combined with some fibrous powder as Licorice or Althaea Powder. Pills
made with Acacia are apt to become extremely hard and have been known
to pass through the bowel undissolved.

COATING OF PILLS. — For the physician to attempt anything more
than a simple dusting of new made pills with some inert dry powder such
as Licorice would be to tempt disaster as the process of coating with sugar,
silver, or gelatin, other than using a gelatin capsule, belongs to the expert
dispenser. Pills intended for solution in the bowel may be coated with a
preparation of Keratin in which case they must be made with a fatty exci-
pient, and are difficult to make. They also may be coated with melted
Salol which is placed in a shallow container and the pills rotated in it un-
til covered. If Salol is used the excipient must not be made of fat.

On the Dispensing of Capsules.— For this purpose the drugs used are
powdered finely and placed in the capsule by the aid of a spatula or of
a patent capsule filler after being accurately subdivided. The patent filler
consists of a stand which supports the capsules in an upright position and
a sliding funnel, riding over the base, through which the powder is poured
into each capsule. Capsules are made of several sizes, holding from one to
ten grains of powdered quinine and more of the denser drugs. All drugs
should be reduced to powder before being dispensed in this way.

A second method is to proceed in the same manner as in the making
of pills up to the point of the division of the mass when the sections instead
of being moulded into pills are inserted into the capsule after being rolled
to the proper diameter.

Oils, Balsams, and Alcoholic Solutions may be dispensed in this way
but care must be taken to seal the cover on by moistening the base of the
capsule with a brush dipped in water at the part which is covered by the
lid before this is placed in position. This effectually prevents the contents
finding their way out and air from entering. Aqueous fluids may not be

129

given in this manner unless administered at once. Soft capsules are made
and filled by the large manufacturers and are not readily dispensed .by
hand unless special apparatus is available.

In dispensing capsules by hand the skin must be perfectly dry other-
wise the fingers will soften the outside of the capsule to which any powders
will adhere, making an unsightly product and giving their unpleasant
taste to the gelatin. The filled capsule should still possess its lustre and
be quite free of the taste of the enclosed medicine.

On the Dispensing of Cachets. — This is perhaps the most elegants
way of administering powders of moderate bulk, it being possible to enclose
about double as much as by capsule. As in the dispensing of dry powders
by capsule it is first necessary to convert everything to powder form. To
turn out cachets properly requires the use of a cachet machine though a
serviceable substitute may be made by using two bottles having wide
mouths of sufficient inside diameter to hold a half-cachet. The powder is
placed in one half being careful not to allow any to fall upon the projecting
edge. The edge of the other half is now moistened with a brush dipped
in water ,and a very little having been applied the empty half is inverted
over theother and with the application of slight pressure becomes adherent.
The use of the machine permits the same procedure to be accomplished
much more rapidly. Fluids and deliquescent drugs may not be dispensed
in this manner. As there are several sizes of cachets available that best
suited to the bulk of the medicine should be selected.

On the Dispensing of Powders. — Drugs selected for dispensing in
powders are commonly those with little unpleasant taste. As we have
seen nauseous powders are best given in capsules or cachets. Deliques-
cent drugs or those affected deleteriously by the atmosphere should not
be dispensed unless wrapped in oiled paper.

Every remedy should be reduced to fine powder, and if several are
to be mixed this is to be done in the usual order, beginning with those
of smallest bulk and gradually adding those which are larger. Powders
may be triturated in a mortar with the pestle if light trituration is used: —
hard pressure is apt to cause caking making the resulting powder difficult
to swallow.

A very useful way to obtain the thorough admixture of powders is to
pass them repeatedly through a fine sieve. If the total quantity is small,
powders may be^readily and well mixed by triturating them together upon a
piece of paper with a spatula and then passing them once through a sieve.
The division of powders may be done with the spatula, equality in size being
determined by the aid of the eye, or more exactly each powder may be
weighed.

Powder papers should be of equal size and when folded of the same
width and length, this being determined by the size of the box in which they

130

are to be placed. The folding over of the ends should be the same in each
so as to secure absolute uniformity.

On Suppositories, Bougies, Pessaries.— The active agent is re-
duced to a powder or to a paste and incorporated with the Cocoa Butter
which has been melted at a low temperature (preferably on a water bath).
When at the point of congealing and while still possible to pour the mixture
it is run into metal moulds which have been previously cooled on ice and
moistened with Soap Liniment, or a fixed oil such as Almond or Olive Oil.
The mould is again placed on the ice until the product has become solid
when the suppositories are removed and may then be placed in impervious
boxes or those lined with either tin foil or paraffined paper.

Suppositories may likewise be made by hand, by allowing the mix-
ture to become cooled to that point where it is plastic but not hard, when
the mass is rapidly moulded on a pill tile into conical shapes of definite
weight. A third method is to make paper cones which having been oiled
are placed, open end up, in sand or linseed meal. The melted mass is
now poured into the cones and the vessel containing them is set aside in a
cool place. When solid the suppositories are removed from the paper
holders and boxed.

In a large way they are manufactured by a special machine which by
pressure forces the mixed ingredients, prepared in the cold, into moulds
of such shape as may suit the need of the prescriber. This is called the
"Cold Method."

Pessaries, Bougies and some Rectal Suppositories are best made with
a gelatin base, from a mixture of gelatin and glycerin. This is not useful
in the case of Tannic and Carbolic Acids nor with Ichthyol.

Essential Oils, as Oil of Eucalyptus, are best made up with the addition
of a small quantity of white wax to the Cacao Butter. About the same weight
of wax as of the oil is necessry to make a firm suppository. Wax may be
added also in very warm weather.

Heavy Salts such as Acetate of Lead tend when the suppository is
made by heat to gravitate during the cooling to the apex where it forms
a hard brittle mass. For these the method of making by hand is
perhaps the most useful.

On the Dispensing of Ointments. — With no otner group of prepar-
ations is it so essential to have all solids reduced to a fine powder as with
ointments, unless perchance they are readily soluble in fats. The sub-
division should be so fine that when incorporated with the base no grittiness
is evident to either the eye or the finger.

Ointments may be made upon an ointment slab, (the reverse ot a pill
tile may be used or a square of ground glass), or with mortar and pestle.
The active drug is first made into a paste with a few drops of water, spirit or
glycerin. It is then triturated with a small quantity of the base until

131

thoroughly mixed. The rest of the base is then added and the trituration
continued until the whole is incorporated. When completed the ointment
is to be dispensed in a box or jar. This should be done cautiously so as not
to smear the outside of the container and so as to leave a smooth finished
surface to the ointment itself. The spatula aided by the flame of a gas
or alcohol lamp over which the inverted jar is held for a moment will
suffice for this.

The base selected for any ointment should be such as will fulfil the
purpose of the prescription, some fats being absorbed by the skin, others not.
It should be chosen with a view to avoiding chemical reaction between it
and the active constituent. As already stated the chief bases are Wool
Fat, Lard, and Paraffin. Their absorption by the skin and their power of
absorbing liquids is in the order of mention. For extemporaneous pre-
scriptions Wool-Fat is much more used than in the making of the official
ointments.

For impressing the general system then the base should be Wool-Fat
or Lard, preferably the former. This used alone makes a rather stiff
ointment which is difficult to prepare and to apply. This may be avoided
by the addition of a small proportion of Lard or Olive Oil.

For those to be used purely for their local effect, Soft Paraffin or a
mixture of Hard and Soft, depending upon the climate, makes the ideal
preparation; in cold weather less, in warm more of the Hard Paraffin is
used.

The Pharmacopoeia directs the dispenser to use Yellow Paraffin if
colored drugs are to be dispensed and the White for those that are colour-
less. This is a good rule for all but those ointments to be applied to the
eye. White Paraffin is made by bleaching the Yellow with the aid of the
mineral acids and there is likely to be a trace of acid present which makes it
unsuited for application to the conjunctiva. For these unguents use the
Yellow Paraffins. The greatest precaution to obtain ointments absolutely
free of grit should be taken when for use in the eye.

On the Dispensing of Plasters. — The making of plasters has been so
completely passed ovei to the manufacturing pharmacist that it seems need-
less to discuss the subject. Almost any formula can be had already spread
by machinery with such art that the unskilled hand may not hope to obtain
such perfect results from a pharmaceutical, let alone from the thera-
peutical, standpoint.

BOTTLES. — Those used for dispensing may be had in plain or variously
coloured glass and of oval, round, or square shape. Medicines for in-
ternal use are commonly dispensed in flint or colourless bottles which are
somewhat more expensive than bottles made of green glass but the better
appearance makes ample return for the additional cost. Amber and blue
glass bottles are in frequent use for sending out poisons and also for storing
solutions which may be affected deleteriously by actinic light. Vials, for

poisons.of unusual shape and studded with raised points of glass so that they
may be instantly recognized, even in the dark, are advised. Prescription
bottles vary in size from those containing a drachm to those holding as
much as a pint or more. Cylindrical flint glass bottles holding one, two and
four fluid drachms are known as homeopathic vials, and are of use in the
dispensing of small quantities of eye lotions and other remedies to be ad-
ministered in minute doses. For ordinary prescriptions bottles are made
to contain X» 1» 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 16 ounces. After the three ounce
there are no odd sizes made for dispensing so that prescriptions calling for
more than that quantity of fluid should be written for even numbers of

LABELS. — These should be of a style and shape to suit the special
package to which they are attached. It is well to have two sizes for bottles.
They should bear the physician's name and address, and if desired his
office hours and telephone number. These items should be printed or
lithographed plainly but unobtrusively, so as to leave ample space for di-
rections to the patient. They may be already gummed if that is wished,
though labels so prepared are apt to adhere in warm weather and thus be-
come spoiled.

Labels ought to be attached so as to make the most symmetrical parcel
possible, neither close to the top nor to the bottom of a bottle, but rather
over the middle third of its face.

CORKS for dispensing bottles should be of the longer cuts, should be
kept in a moist atmosphere to prevent their becoming friable and the one
used should be of such size as not to require insertion for more than half
its length.

BOXES FOR POWDERS. — These are made of paper and are oblong, or
square in shape. They may be of the well-known telescope design or
have the lid lift from the base, these being the more costly. The upper
surface of the cover is reserved for the label.

BOXES FOR PILLS. — Made of paper and ordinarily flat and circular in
shape.

BOXES AND JARS FOR OINTMENTS. — These may be of wood, paper, tin or
glass. The two former kinds are made impervious by preparatory treat-
ment with a solution of silica. Glass jars may have covers of the same
material, or of metal which ought to be non-corrosive. These containers
are spoken of as being of #, 1,2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 ounce in size, as determined by
the capacity of each. Those made of glass are preferable but are the most
expensive. Labels are commonly applied to the upper surface of the lids
but in the case of those having metal covers it may be found difficult without
a special mucilage to keep them adherent. With the glass jars having
metal covers this may be obviated by placing the label either upon the side
or the bottom.

133

ADDENDUM.

Extract from the Report of the Council of the British Medical Asso-
ciation on the Adoption of the Metric System of Weights and Measures
by Medical Practitioners in Dispensing and Prescribing.

British Medical Journal Suppl. . 1911, 1 p. 205

A. — TRANSITIONAL PROCEDURE SUGGESTED FOR ADOPTION BY MEDICAL

PRACTITIONERS.

(5) To practitioners who have been trained according to the present
system, the Council recommends the adoption of transitional procedure,
which would enable them at once to adapt their prescriptions to the meas-
ures of the Metric System, and so avoid the drawbacks that would arise from
a divergence in practice between junior and senior practitioners, and would
also at once secure for senior practitioners the advantages which make
the general adoption of the Metric System desirable.

(6) The difficulty before the practitioner who has been trained to think
in terms of grains and minims is to translate his quantities readily into
grams and cubic centimetres, and if absolute exactitude were necessary he
would require the constant use of tables of equivalents. In practice, how-
ever, the most common mode of administering medicines is by spoonfulls,
and even when these are poured carefully into a medicine glass the range
of variation is relatively wide and the dosage must be such as to make this
variation entirely safe. The Council, therefore, feels justified in recom-
mending to the profession, as a transitional measure the following methods
which are based on the actual conditions of British practice, and for the
suggestion of which the Council is indebted to Dr. R. C. Buist. These
will be found to give automatically the conversion of a dosage in grains
and minims into a prescription which the dispenser can measure in grams
and cubic centimetres with an approximate exactitude well within the
range of variation of spoon measures.

Mixtures.

(7) In the prescription of an 8 oz. mixture, of which each tablespoonful
is to contain

(a) Tr. Belladonnae, m V.
Spt. ^Etheris, m X.
Vin. Ipecac., m XV.
Syr. Scillae, m XX.

Inf. Senegse ad ^ oz. (i.e., m CCXL).
The Metric prescription for the mixture would be

(b) Tr. Belladonnae, 5.
Spt. Athens, 10
Vin. Ipecac., 15.
Syr. Scillae, 20.
Inf. Senegse ad 240.

134

On comparing (a) and (6) it is evident that the numbers are the same in
both.

(8) The prescriber intends a mixture to contain certain substances in
fixed portions, which will be the same in the single dose and in the bulk,
and will not be affected, whether the measures be stated in minims or in
cubic centimetres ;the numbers of minims will be larger, but the proportions
will be the same. The exact factors for the conversion of grams into grains
and of cubic centimetres into minims are 15,4324 and 16,906, respectively.
The procedure used in the above example is to take 16 as a near approxi-
mation to each of these numbers. (The extent to which this is inexact may
be stated as 4 drops in a teaspoonful.) Now, in ordinary prescribing, 16
doses is the most common of all orders, as represented by tablespoonful
doses of an 8-oz. mixture. If, therefore ,in such a mixture the prescriber
orders the numbers of minims of the drugs A, B, C, D, E in each table-
spoonful which he would order in a prescription in English measures, but
omits the symbols, and if the dispenser measures in each case the same
numbers of cubic centimetres into the bottle, the conversion from English
into Metric measures will be automatically completed. Thus it is recom-
mended that the practitioner who wishes to write a prescription for Metric
measures should simply write without symbols the drugs with the number
of grains or minims he intends to give in each spoonful, and that the dis-
penser be instructed that each prescription where no symbols are written
are to be dispensed in Metric measures.

For teaspoonful doses the bulk would be 2 ozs. or 60 c.c. and for des-
sertspoonful doses, 4 ozs. or 120 c.c.

(9) The following prescriptions are given in illustration:

(a) Recipe —

Tr. Nucis Vom., 5.
Inf. Quass. cone, ad 60.
Sig. Teaspoonful in water before each meal.

(&) Recipe—

Tr. Digitalis, 7.5.

Spt. yEtheris, 10.

Dec. Scoparii ad 120.

Sig. Dessertspoonful morn, and night.

(c) Recipe —

Ac. Hydrocyan, dil., 3.

Liq. Morph. Mur., 10.

Syr. Tolut., 30.

Inf. Rosa Acid, ad 240.

Sig. Tablespoonful thrice daily.

135

v

Solutions.

(10) In ordering solutions for various purposes the proportions are so
evident that no difficulty arises, and the only point to be borne in mind
is the total quantity desired. Thus —

(a) Cocain Hydrochlor., 3
Aq. ad 60.
Sig 5 % Cocain Hydrochlor.

(6)°Argent. Nitrat., 1.
Aq. destil, 50.
Sig. 2% Silver Nitrate.

Pills and Powders.

(11) The procedure in ordering pills and powders must be somewhat
different from that hitherto described. The order for a pill or powder is
based on fractions or small multiples of the grain. The prescriber should
therefore become familiar with the: equivalence 1 grain =0.06 gram, which
is sufficiently exact for practical purposes. To facilitate the work of the
dispenser the number of pills or of powders ordered should be a multiple of
ten. Thus—

Recipe —

Aloin.

Podophylli Resinae.

Jalapae Resina?.

Ext. Hyoscyami aa 0.015. M. ft, pil.
M. 10.
Sig. One after each meal

For his pill mass the dispenser simply shifts the, decimal point of tht-
prescription.

Linear Measures.

(12) The equivalence 1 inch =2.5 c.m is used in practice.

SUMMARY.

(13) The procedure here recommended for the use of medical prac-
titioners may thus be summarized: ...

(t/.) The prescription is still to be based on the single dose
136

(b) In the case of mixtures 16 doses are to be ordered by writing
with figures only the number of grains or minims of each ingredient in
one spoonful.

(c) In the case of pills and powders 10 are to be ordered and the
prescription is to give jn figures only the metric equivalent of the
grains of each ingredient in the single dose.

(d) The dispenser is to be informed that every prescription written
without symbols is to be dispensed in Metric measures.

(14) The adoption of the foregoing suggestions would overcome the
difficulty of introduction of the new system by a medical practitioner
who does his own dispensing, or by one whose dispensing is usually done
by the same chemist. For such cases no intervention by the Divisions
will be necessary beyond that of bringing this Report under the notice of
the local profession. It can be left to each practitioner to take hi? own
course.

137

INDEX.

The official Latin names of the drugs of the materia meclica are not
included in the index as they can readily be found in Chapters V and VI.

Acacia 26

Aceta 11

Acetic Acids 26

Acetanilide 26

Acetic Ether 31

Acetomorphine Hydrochloride 102

Acids 26

Aconite 29

Adrenine 102

Adrenalin 102

Alcohol 31

Alkaloids 10

Almonds 34

/Uoes 31

Moin 32

Aluminium 32

Alum 32

Ammonia 33

Ammoniacum

Ammonium 33

Ammonium Bromide 103

Amyl Nitrite 35

Anise 35

Antifebrin 26

Antimony 35

Antipyrine 81

Antitoxines 106, 107

Aquae 11

Arbutin 100

Argyrol 103

Arnica 37

Arsenic 37

Asafetida 38

Aspirin, see Acetyl Salicylicum 102

Atropine 40

Balsams 9

Balsam of Peru 39

Balsam of Tolu 39

Bases for Lozenges 100

Bases for Pills 128

Bearberry 100

Beeswax

Belladonna 39

Benzoic Acid 41

Benzoin 41

Benzol

Beta-naphthol 74

Bile 58

Bismuth 41

Black Draught 92

Black Wa-h 66

Blaud's Pills 59

Blistering Liquid 46

Blue Pill 65

Boracic Acid 42

Borax 42

Boric Acid 42

Boroglycerine 103

Bougies 14, 111, 131

Brandy 31

Bromides 85, 94, 103

Broom 92

Buchu 43

Burgundy Pitch 83

Butyl-chloral 43

Cacao Butter 78

Cachets 14,114, 130

Cade, Oil of 75

Caffeine 43

Cajuput 75

Calabar Bean 82

Calcium 43

Calcium Lactate 103

Calomel 65

Calumba 45

Calx 44

Camphor 45

Canada Balsam

Canada Turpentine 98

Cantharides 46

Caoutchouc 47

Capsicum 47

Capsules 15, 114, 129

Caraway 47

Carbon 47

Carbon Bisulphide 47

Carbolic Acid 26

Cardamons 47

Caron Oil

Cascara

Cascarilla

Cassia

Castor Oil "

Cataplasmata 15, 103

Catechu 49

Caustic, Lunar 37

Caustic, Potash 85

Cereates 15, 103

Cerium 49

Chalk 43

Charcoal 47

Charta 11, 49

Cherry-laurel 70

Chiretta 49

Chloral 50

Chloroform 50

Chromic Acid 27

Chromic Anhydride 27

Chrysarobin 36

Cimicifuga 50

Cinchona 51

Cinchonidine 51

Cinchonine 51

Citric Acid 27

Citrine Ointment 66

Cloves 48

Clysters 15, 110

Coal Tar 83

Coca 52

Cocaine 52

Cochineal 53

Codeine 80

Cad-liver Oil 77

Colchicum 53

Colchicine 53

Cold Cream 103

Collodia 11, 87

Collodion 11, 87

Collodium 87

Collyria . . .111, 15

Colocynth 54

Compound Spirit of Ether. ... 30

Confections 12, 54

Coniine ' 54

Conium 54

Copaiba 54

Copper 56

Coriander 55

Corrosive Sublimate 65

Cotton 63

Cotton, Absorbent 103

Cream of Tartar 86

Creosote 55

Cresol 102

Cresylic Acid 102

Croton Oil 76

Cubebs 55

Curd Soap, see Sapo Animalis. 90

Cusparia 56

Cusso . . 56

Dandelion Root . . .
Decoctions . .

. 12, 56

Dessication 11

Digitalis 56

Dill 35

Dionin, see Ethyl morphine. .. 104

Discs 13

Distillation 11

Diuretin, see Theobromina. . . . 106

Domestic Measures 8

Dosage for Children and the

Aged 18

Donovan's Solution 38

Dover'sPowders 79

Elaterin 56

Elder Flowers 90

Elixers 15, 104

Emplastra 12, 57, 132

Emulsions 15, 104, 127

Enemata 15, 110

Epsom Salts 73

Ergot 57

Ergotoxine 57, 104

Eserine 82

Ether 30

Ethyl Chloride 104

Ethylmorphine Hydrochloride 104

Ethyl Nitrite 71

Ethylate of Sodium 72

Eucalyptus 57

Eucalyptus, Oil of 76

Euonymus 58

Eucalyptol 105

Expression 10

Extraction 10

Extracts 12, 58

Eye-washes 15, 111

Fennel 61

Figs 60

Filtration 11

Formaldehyde 105

Fowler's Solution 38

Frankincense 99

Friar's Balsam 41

Fumigations 15

Galbanum 61

Galenical Pharmacy 6

Gallic Acid 27

Galls 61

Gamboge 45

Gargles 105, 111

Gargarismata 105

Gelatine 61

Gelsemium 61

Gentian 61

Ginger 101

Gloniin 72

Glucosides 10

Gluside.. ... 62

Glycerin 62

Goa Powder 36

Goulard's Extract 84

Goulard's Water 84

Gregory's Powder 88

Grey Powder 65

Griffith's Mixture 59

Guaiacol 105

Guaiacol Carbonate 105

Guaiacum 63

Gums 9

Guy's Pill 91

Hamamelis 63

Hemidesmus 64

Hemp, Indian 46

Henbane 67

Heroin, see Aceto morphine. .. 102

Hexamethylene-tetramine 105

Hoffman's Anodyne 30

Honey 13, 73

Honey; acidulated 13, 73

Homatropine 64

Hops 72

Horse-radish 37

Hydrobromic Acid 27

Hydrochloric Acid 27

Hydrocyanic Acid 28

Hydrogen Peroxide 71

Hydrous Wool Fat 30

Hyoscine 67

Hyoscyamine 67

Hyoscyamus 67

Hypodermic Injections 12, 67

Humulus 72

Idiosyncrasy 17

Imperial System 6, 7

Incompatibility 20

Incompatibility Chemical 20

Incompatiblilty Pharmaceutical 22
Incompatibility Pharmacologi-
cal 20

Incompatibility Therapeutical 20

Indian Hemp 46

India Rubber 47

Infusion 10; Infusions 12, 67

Injections, Hypodermic. . . .12, 67

Inscription 116

Iodine 68

lodoform 67

Ipecacuanha 68

po

Iron . . OQ

Jaborandi

Jalap

James' Powder. . . .

Juices

Juniper, Oil of

Juniper Tar Oil.. . .

. . . . 69
69

. 35
.13, 97

. . 76
75

Kaolin 69

Kino 69

Konseals 14, 114, 130

Kousso 56

Krameria 70

Lactic Acid 28

Lactose 89

Lamellae 13

Lanolin 30

Lard 30

Laudanum 79

Lavender, Oil of 76

Lead 83

Leeches 64

Lemon 70

Lime 44

Liniments 71

Linseed 71

Liquors 13, 71

Liquors Concentrated 13, 71

Liquorice 62

Lithium 72

Litharge 84

Liver of Sulphur 85

Lobelia 72

Logwood 63

Lotions 13, 72

Lozenges 14, 100

Lupulin 72

Lupulus 72

Maceration 10

Magistral Pharmacy 6

Magnesium 73

Male Fern 60

Marc 10

Materia Medica 5

Measures, 5; Imperial, 6; Me-
tric, 7; Domestic 8

Meconic Acid 78

Mel 73

Menthol 73

Mercury 64

Methylene Blue, see Methyl-

thionina 105

Metric System 7. 8

Mezereon .... 74

Minderus' Spirit 34

Milk Sugar 89

Mitigated Caustic 37

Mixtures 13, 74, 112, 125

Morphine 79

Mucilages 13, 74

Musk 74

Mustard 93

Myrrh " l

Naphthol .' 74

Nitre 86

Nitrites, see Amyl, Ethyl, Sodium

Nitrous Ether 96

Nitroglycerine 72, 98

Nitric Acid 28

Nitro-hydrochloric Acid 28

Nutmeg 74

Official 5

Officinal 5

Oils, fixed 9; Volatile, 9; Es-
sential, 9; see also Olea.

Ointments 14, 100, 109, 131

Oleo-resins 9

Oleic Acid 28

Olive Oil 77

Opium 78

Orange Peel 38, 39

Orange-flower Water 39

Otto of Roses 89

Ox Bile 58

Oxymel 73

Panama Bark 87

Pancreatic Solution 72

Papers 11, 49

Paraffin 80

Paraldehyde 81

Paregoric 79

Pareira 81

Pelletierine 63, 106

Pepper 83

Peppermint, Oil of 76

Pepsin 81

Percolation 10

Peru Balsam 39

Pessaries 14, 110

Pharmacology 6

Pharmacodynamics 6

Pharmacognosy 5

Pharmacy 5

Pharmacopoeia 5

Phenacetin 81

Phenozone 81

Phenol 26

Phenolphthalein 105

Phosphoric Acid 28

Phosphorus 81

Physostigma 82

Physostigmine 82

Picrotoxine 82

Pilocarpine 69

Pills 13,82, 113, 127

Pimento 82

Plasters 12; 57, 132

Plummer's Pill 66

Podophyllin 84

Pomegranate 63

Poppy 80

Posology 6,17

Potassium 85

Poultices.. 15, 103

Powders 13, 86, 114, 130

Prepared Coal Tar 83

Prescribing 108

Prescription- writing 115

Prunes 86

Pulverisation 11

Pyrethrum 87

Pyroxylin 87

uassia. . 87

uillaia.. 87

Rectified Spirit 31

Red Sanders Wood 86

Red Poppy Petals 88

Resin 87

Rhatany Root 70

Rhubarb 88

RochelleSalt 94

Roses 88

Rosemary, Oil of 77

Saccharin 62

Saffron 55

Salacetic Acid 102

Salicin 89

Salol 89

Salicylic Acid 89

Saltpetre 86

Salvarsan 104

Sandal Wood, Oil of 77

Santoin 90

Sarsaparilla 90

Sassafras 91

Scammony 91

Scotch Paregoric 79

Scott's Dressing 65

Seidlitz Powders 94

Senega 92

Senna 92

Sera 15, 106

Serpentary 93

Sherry 31

Signature 116

Silver 37

Soap 90

Sodium 94

Sodium Ethylate 72

Solution, 10, 13; Solutions 71

Solutions Percentage 126

Spearmint, Oil of

Spermaceti 49

Spirits of Nitre 96

Spirits 13, 96

Squill

Stavesacre 96

Starch.... 35

Strammonium 96

Storax 97

Strophanthin 97

Strychnine 75

Subscription 116

Suet 93

Sugar 89

Sulphonal 97

Sulphur 97

Sulphur Iodide 97

Sulphuric Acid 29

Sulphuric Ether 30

Sulphurous Acid 29

Sumbul 98

Superscription 116

Suppositories 14, 98, 110, 131

Sweet Spirit of Nitre 96

Synergists 19

Syrups 14, 98

Tabellse 16

Tablets... 14, 16, 98

Tamarinds 98

Tampons 16

Tannic Acid 29

Tannin 29

Tar 83

Tartar Emetic 36

Tartaric Acid 29

Terebene 98

Terpine Hydrate 107

Theobroma, Oil of 78

Theobromine 107

Therapeutics 6

Thymol 99

Thyroid 99

Tinctures 14, 99

Tolerance 17

Toughened Caustic :>7

Tragacanth 99

Trinitrin 72, 98

Trituration 11

Trochiscus 100

Tuberculin... 107

Turpentine, Oil of 77

Turpentine, Canada 98

Urotropin, see Hexamethylenamina

Valerian 100

Vaseline, see Paraffinum Molle 81

Veratrine 100

Vinegars 11

Virginian Prune Bark 86

Vocabulary 120

Warming Plaster 46

Water, 36; Waters 11, 36

Weights and Measures 6

White Precipitate 65

Wines 14, 101

Wintergreen, Oil of; see Methyl

Salicylicum 105

Witch-hazel 63

Wool Fat 30

Yellow Wash 66

Zinc. . . 101

1

University of Toronto

£

!

Library

g

O

DO NOT </f

1

REMOVE /

cd

«H

THE j

S*» 0>
^ ^J

rH W <

CARD

« 0

0)

FROM \

rH O •

THIS V

«S!

O 43 ••

01 '

POCKET \

\

0) <

g

w <

e I ihnry Curd Pocket

Under Pat. "Ref. Index File-

s rt

Made by LIBRARY BUREAU