I

6i

The Thelephoraceae of North <

America. I

EDWABD A. BtTBT

Reprinted from Annals op the Missouri Botanical
Garden 1 : 185-228. May, 1914

/

\^'

THE THELEPHORACEiE OF NORTH AMERICA. I^

EDWARD ANGUS BURT

Mycologist and Librarian to the Missouri Botanical Garden

Associate Professor in the Henry Shaic School of Botany of

Washington University

Introduction

This monographic study of the North American ThelepJioracece
was begun in 1894 as the author's contribution towards a greatly
needed manual of the Basidiomycetes of the United States, — a
need that still confronts us. It has been necessary to carry on
these investigations in connection with college and other work
which required most of my time, but the long period covered
has been an advantage; for during these two decades there has
been such widespread interest in the Thelephoracece on the part
of American students of fungi that it has been possible to study
this family and its distribution from extensive series of freshly
collected specimens from all the important regions of North
America with the exception of Alaska, Mexico, and the Colorado-
New Mexico region of the United States, from which but
small collections have been received. These specimens have
been preserved unpoisoned in my herbarium in insect-proof
tin boxes which receive herbarium sheets, and each will be
cited by the number or other designation adopted by my cor-
respondents in order that their specimens may be as useful for
future reference as my own. The quantity of material always
awaiting examination has confined my work to a systematic
treatment of this family.

Except in the case of types of species, specimens of published
exsiccati, and the specimens of Schweinitz's herbarium, I cite
but few specimens from the large herbaria. This is done on
account of the difficulty and large amount of time involved in
making a study of the material contained in them. Serious
changes in the condition of the specimens in these herbaria have
been occasioned partly by time but more largely by the poison-
ous solutions with which the specimens were soaked for preser-
vation under old-fashioned methods of herbarium procedure, —

1 Issued July 1, 1914. (185)

Ann. Mo. Bot. Gaed., Vol. 1, 1914

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186 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

methods well enough adapted for flowering plants but not for
fungi.

Early in the work it became apparent that the diagnoses of
known species of resupinate Thelephoracece had failed utterly to
enable the leading working mycologists of any country to recog-
nize with certainty in the species about them those described in
other countries, or those described for their own country by
earlier students. The truth of this statement is shown by the
errors and confusion in names of the common species which
have been distributed in exsiccati, by the fact that in the large
herbaria several different species are likely to bear the same
specific name on the same or successive sheets, and by the
vastly more important fact that the masters of mycology of each
age, when relying wholly on the diagnoses published by their
contemporaries or predecessors, have described as new species
common and conspicuous resupinate fungi which had been
accm-ately described by immediate contemporaries or prede-
cessors, and in very many cases just as accurately by still earlier
students. All the mycologists concerned in these redescriptions
have been earnest strivers after truth, I am convinced, and
would have preferred to employ the earlier names for their plants,
could they have known that those earlier names referred with
certainty to their specimens. All these people were relying,
as was the usage of their time, on a few words of published
description in some other than their mother tongue.

It is time to recognize generally that the resupinate Hymeno-
mycetes, and especially the Thelephoracece, are extremely diffi-
cult taxonomic problems. Descriptions must include more
than a rather vague and generalized characterization of the
mere superficial appearance and habit of the specimen with
possibly a reference to spores which some one recorded for what
was perhaps this species. The fungus itself is an individual of
the species; the description in words and by illustration has
merit in proportion to the success it has in producing in the
mind of any educated stranger exactly the ideas which he could
derive from the study in detail of the specimen itself. From
the specimen, exact ideas may be had of coloration, of form,
of dimensions, of texture, of consistency, of internal structure,
of organs of minute size, of place of growth, and of host and

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACEiE OF NORTH AMERICA. I 187

substratum. If the description fails to give the color as exactly
as if it had been noted by comparison with such a standard
work as Ridgway's 'Color Standards' or Saccardo's 'Chromo-
taxia/ then it is inferior to the specimen; if the description con-
tains no information as to whether the basidia are simple or
cruciate, making up the whole hymenium or arranged side by
side with other organs of characteristic form, standing directly
on the substratum or separated from it by densely or loosely
interwoven hyphse or other form of subhy menial layer; — if it
does not contain all this information in exact terms and as much
in addition as the specimen itself could afford, then it is an im-
perfect description of the species. It may be so imperfect that
a dozen different species of fungi could be assembled, to any
one of which it would apply as well as to any other, as is the
case with the supposedly common and cosmopohtan Corticium
lacteum and C. calceum. Pubhshed exsiccati probably contain
the full dozen under each of these names.

In the case of resupinate Hymenomycetes, types and authentic
specimens of the species are of the highest importance to supple-
ment the prevailingly imperfect descriptions with full and
exact data. Hence, the types of fungi on which the descriptions
are based and the authentic specimens from the authors of the
species are of importance in proportion to the degree in which
these plants may yield data not afforded by the descriptions and
existing illustrations of the species. In the case of the resupi-
nate Hymenomycetes, the early descriptions are of slight prac-
tical value except as they are backed up by types and specimens
from their authors. For this reason, if there had been no
other, the International Botanical Congress, at Brussels, acted
for the best interests of mycology in fixing the beginning of the
naming of Hymenomycetes with the pubhcation of Fries' 'Sys-
tema Mycologicum,' — the time when the preservation of types
and authentic specimens of such fungi in herbaria became so
prevalent that it was possible for later mycologists to distin-
guish the resupinate species by taking the trouble to study the
types, if authentic specimens could not be obtained.

My method of becoming acquainted with our described
species of Thelephoracece has been to study and arrange by
species in my herbarium the specimens as they have accumu-

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188 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

lated. In this arrangement due regard has been given to origi-
nal descriptions of species and to all details of internal structure.
Spore collections on glass slides have been made for each species
whenever possible, and about five thousand mounts of sectional
preparations in glycerin have been made from collections and
preserved for reference in connection with internal structure of
the specimens. From time to time I have taken my Thele-
phoracece to herbaria where the types of our American species
are stored and have there painstakingly matched them with
the types. I have made sectional preparations from a frag-
ment of each of these types in order to make sure that my
specimens match the types not only in external characters but
also in all details of internal structure. The sectional prepara-
tions of type specimens have been preserved in glycerin. Speci-
mens from my herbarium which have been so matched with type
specimens have been used by me later for the determinations
of subsequent collections. Such methods of investigation are
probably too laborious and require too much time to become
popular and they afford little opportunity for the inspirational
flights attributed to genius, but they do afford a means of deter-
mining within very narrow limits the species of North American
Thelephoracece.

I am under especial obligation to Dr. W. G. Farlow for sug-
gesting this work, for interest in its progress, and for frequent
access to the Curtis Herbarium for comparisons with types. I
am indebted also to Dr. C. H. Peck for opportunity to study
his types in the New York State Herbarium, to the late Dr.
L. M. Underwood for similar opportunity w^th the Ellis tj^pes
in the Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, to Dr.
S. W. Dixon and Professor S. Brown, of the Philadelphia Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences, for the privilege of studying in the
Schweinitz Herbarium, to Sir W. T. Thistleton-Dyer and Mr.
G. Massee for access to types and authentic specimens in Kew
Herbarium, to the late Dr. T. M. Fries for the privilege of
studying in the Herbarium of Elias Fries, at Upsala, and to Mr.
Lars Romell, of Stockholm, Dr. P. A. Karsten, of Mustiala,
and Abate G. Bresadola, of Trient, for many authentic speci-
mens of their own species and for specimens which they had
compared with types of early authors of Thelephoracece of

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACEiE OF NORTH AMERICA. I 189

Europe. In the later pages names of the many botanists who
have participated in this work by the contribution of speci-
mens from their respective regions are given in connection
with the specimens. I feel my obligation to each of these cor-
respondents.

Having become thoroughly familiar with the species of a
family of fungi, one then faces the task of deciding under what
genera they shall be grouped in order that others may more
easily recognize them. Our studies in systematic botany and
the accumulations of plants in herbaria are primarily for the
purpose of enabling those who wish to obtain information about
any particular plant, however obscure, to determine its name
accurately and so be in a position to get at the world's literature
and knowledge concerning that species; and also to enable
botanists so to entitle and index their researches that the
results will be more available to the world at large. Stability
in the nomenclature of plants is therefore important, and revo-
lutionary changes in generic conceptions should not be lightly
and frequently made. Whenever one proposes new genera to
supersede a well-established genus which has satisfactorily
embraced the related species of the world, the burden of proof
should be on the one who makes the change to demonstrate
that the advantages from the innovation will more than com-
pensate for the confusion which would result as well as for the
loss of knowledge indexed under the superseded name.

Many new genera of fungi have been proposed during recent
years. These have frequently come from students with a
limited knowledge of the species of the world. It is not sur-
prising that a botanist working on the few species of a limited
region should be led to the establishment of new genera on the
basis of what seem to be sharp differences in his species or groups
of species. When, however, his knowledge encompasses just
as definitely the structure of the many species of some large
portion of the world, his perspective changes, and he may now
find that the species which he formerly regarded as generically
distinct are so closely connected by intermediate species that
the contemplated generic separation would be unnatural and a
hindrance to botanical progress. It is fundamental that genera
be so sharply defined that any accurate observer who will make

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190 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GAUDEN

the study necessary for the application of the generic definition
may be sure ninety-nine times out of a hundred that the fungus
on which he is working is a Siereum, for example, and not a
Thelephora, nor a Cratcrcllus, nor a Cladoderris, nor a Corticium,
nor a Pcniophora, nor a Sehacina. It is an obligation on authors
to group their species so accurately under genera that Stereum,
for example, shall comprise all the species of this genus known to
science, and no others. The synonomy of species in later pages
will show how vaguely the genera of Thelephoracece have been
comprehended.

It is desirable that a genus should consist of but few^ species
in those cases where the group is sharply and naturallj^ set off
from others, that is, w'here no intermediate species connect the
genus with other groups. While such small genera are desir-
able, if wholly natural, it is in the highest degree objectionable to
create small artificial genera by arbitrarily segregating the
species of a natural genus and so establishing indefinite lines
of demarkation between genera. Under such a procedure the
generic location of certain species becomes W'holly arbitrary
and always continues as a stumbhng block for new students
and this leads to the loading of our literature wdth so-called new
species. A case in point is Saccardo's scheme in the 'Sylloge
Fungorum' in which he separates Hypochnus from Corticium
and Peniophora without any natural generic planes of cleavage.
In practical work one needs to know exactly what the generic
limits of Corticium, Peniophora, and Hypochnus are. The
question naturally arises as to just how^ loose and open the
structure of the fructification must be to be included in the
genus Hypochnus rather than in Corticium or Peniophora.
Henning's violation of the principle involved is still more fla-
grant, for he separated the Hypochnacece as a new family from
the ThelephoraceoB^ and placed Hypochnus of Saccardo in the
Hypochnacece, and Corticium and Peniophora in the Thelephora-
cece. As all students of the Thelephoracece have found Hypoch-
nus, as understood by Saccardo, wholly unw^orkable, it would
increase the usefulness of the 'Sylloge Fungorum' if Saccardo w^re
to distribute among Corticium and Peniophora, the species
which he now includes under Hypochnus.

»Englcr unci Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (I. 1**): 114. 1898.

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. I 191

Probably all species of Corticimn, as originally understood,
have an hymenium composed of basidia arranged side by side
between non-sporebearing organs termed paraphyses. In many
species, it is difficult to distinguish between the basidia and
the paraphyses except by prolonged study of special prepa-
rations or by observations made at the time the basidia bear
spores. In other species the sterile organs are conspicuous and
distinct from the basidia either by their larger size, different
form, or thicker or incrusted walls. Such conspicuous bodies
are called cystidia, but if the paraphyses are merely finely but
characteristically branched near their tips, they are not called
cystidia. Such branched paraphyses occur in the hymenium
of occasional species of several genera of the Thelephoracece and
are valuable characters for specific diagnosis.

In 1880, Cooke proposed, from Kew Herbarium, to divide
the old genus Corticium into two genera, — the name Corticium
to be retained for those species having the non-sporebearing
organs of the hymenium not distinguishable from the basidia,
and the generic name Peniophora to be given to those species
having cystidia. As the species of Corticium were very num-
erous and extremely difficult taxonomically, this proposal was
hopefully received, and for more than thirty years the transfer
of species from Corticium to Peniophora has been going on and
the end has not been reached yet. During this long period
there has been confusion as to which species of the old genus
Corticium belong in the emended Corticium and which in the
genus Peniophora.

Peniophora is an artificial rather than a natural genus, how-
ever, and its adoption has given to many species a position
intermediate between this genus and Corticium. These inter-
mediate species have to be classed with the one genus or the
other according to personal judgment, for no one can state just
how conspicuous the sterile organs must be, nor of how constant
occurrence, to merit the name cystidia. In Corticium Sambuci
Ft., for example, cystidia are readily found in preparations from
some collections, but several preparations may have to be made
to demonstrate them in other collections. In the same species
and in different parts of the same section, cystidia may some-
times be sparingly and sometimes not at all incrusted. Some

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192 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GAKDEN

species whieli I have placeil in tlie genus Peniophora because
of the presence of cystidia students may look for wndcT C orticium
when, l>y a more hasty study of tlieir collections, they fail to
detect these organs. On the other hand, students using more
discriminating methods than mine may detect cystidia in species
in which I have overlooked them, and such students will search
in rniiophora for species which I have placed under Corticium.
Species intermetliate lietween genera always cause such trouble.
There are many intermediates between Peniophora and Cortic-
unn, yet in this particular case the advantage from the separa-
tion undoubtedly more than compensates for the disadvantages
occasioned by the intermediate species.

The case of Peniophora has been considered at length, be-
cause this genus is being regarded as a precedent for subdividing
Stereum and grouping under Lloydella all those species which
have conspicuous non-sporebearing organs betw^een the basidia.
Such a separation, however, would be artificial and give rise to
a troublesome series of intermediate species, without the com-
pensating advantage which accrued in the case of Peniophora
and Coriicinm. Stereum is not a genus of difficult species nor does
it comprise an immense number of species. It is just a fine, nat-
ural group of species capable of being more sharply defined
than it was by Fries, so as to receive some species from The-
lephora of Fries and to part with some toCorticium. So defined,
even beginners will have no trouble in recognizing species of
Stereum. Systematic work in mj'cology should strive to estab-
lish and maintain just such natural, clean-cut genera as Stereum.

It seems to me best to w^ork along constructive rather than
destructive lines. Fries had a wonderful ability for the per-
ception of the natural grouping of fungi on the basis of gross
morphology and habit. Since his time, research has greatly
enlaiged the knowledge of the internal structure of fungi and of
the organs of propagation. The value of such organs in the
classification of seed plants is well known. It is feasible to
modify somewhat the genera of Thelephoraceoe as defined by
Fries, in accordance with the true relationships and differences
shown by the present knowledge of internal structure, basidia,
and spores, and a system results which is the natural evolution
of taxonomic and morphologic study of Thelephoraceoe. This

1914J

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. I 193

system has been communicated to my correspondents in con-
nection with specimens. Its principal featm-es are:

1. To restrict Thelephora to pileate species with simple basi-

dia and colored spores.

2. To follow Karsten and Bresadola in placing under Hypoch-

nus only resupinate species with colored echinulate spores.

3. To restrict Stereurn to pileate species which have simple

basidia and colorless spores and lack setse in the
hymenium.

4. To include in Hymenochoete all species having setae.

5. To include in Corticium species always resupinate, which

have colorless spores and lack cystidia, excepting those
species which for other reasons are placed in Exohasidium.
Include in Corticium hypochnoid as well as compact
species.

6. To include in Peniophora all species which differ from

Corticium merely by the presence of cystidia.

I find this system workable and very satisfactory for the
accurate location of species in genera, except in the case of the
species intermediate between Peniophora and Corticium. The
proposals to subdivide Peniophora into Glceocystidium, Penio-
phorella, Gloeopeniophora, etc., would create large numbers of
species intermediate between the new genera, without compen-
sating advantages.

I have studied the species of my predecessors and co-workers
sympathetically and have endeavored to find real differences
between their species and those previously known so that the
validity of theirs might be confirmed. The great area of land
covered by the present work, the differences in climate and
substratum, and the keen search by my correspondents have
brought to hand a very large number of specimens. I have
earnestly striven to place them under species already known,
but it has been necessary to describe many as new. I regret
that there are so many of these. Should any one have reason
to believe that in any case I have described as new a species
already known, I shall esteem it a favor to receive an authentic
specimen of the older species or to be informed where such a
specimen can be consulted.

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194 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Colors of specimens were noted and recorded during the first
years of my work by comparison with Saccardo's 'Chromo-
taxia' in accordance with liis descriptive terms. Recently I
have been using Ridgway's 'Color Standards and Nomen-
clature/ 1912, which has a greater variety of colors useful in
the characterization of the species of Thelephoracece.

In my own work with collections of living fungi I am endeav-
oring to gather for each species a spore collection on a glass
slip. The spores adhere well so that they may be covered by
paper and preserved in the envelope with the dried specimens
from which the spores were obtained. Such collections give
the exact color and dimensions of mature spores. These dimen-
sions are generally rather larger than those obtained from spores
of sectional preparations of dried herbarium specimens. The
spores of dried specimens, i. e., those remaining attached to the
specimens, are probably too immature to be of normal size, and
sometimes there are so few of them that one must exercise
caution to avoid errors due to the study of spores foreign to the
fungus.

Latex exists in many species of several of the genera and is
more abundant and conspicuous in some species than in others,
and its containing elements often extend to the hymenial surface.
When specimens are in the vegetative condition, injury to the
hymenium may liberate the fluid contents of the latex bodies
so that this fluid exudes in colored drops at the edges of the
wound, or discolors the bruised surface. For many of our species
there is a lack of data concerning the color of this fluid or
the discoloration. The latex bodies are pale brown in micro-
scopic preparations made by my methods and must not be con-
fused with setse or cj^stidia. Latex is well shown in Stereum
spadiceum, S. sanguinolentum, and Corticium lactescens.

There has been a disposition on the part of some authors to
regard the Thelephoracece as not sharply separated from the
Hyphomycetes. The specimens which I have collected, in striv-
ing to find all the Thelephoracece of my collecting region, and the
specimens received from my correspondents afl'ord no embar-
rassment in recognizing the most hypochnoid species of Thele-
phoracece by the basidia which characterize the families of
Hymenomycetes in general.

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA, I 195

The microscopical technique has been simphfied as much as
possible. Usually dried herbarium material had to be used for
study and proved very satisfactory except in the case of speci-
mens which had been subjected to poisoning processes for pres-
ervation in herbaria. A small bit of the fructification having
a promising hymenial surface 2 or 3mm. square — but smaller if
the specimen is a valuable type — is first moistened with alcohol,
then wet with water and cut out from the rest of the specimen
and from the substratum. This bit is then placed in a holder
of elder pith and oriented so that the sections may be cut per-
pendicular to the surface of the hymenium and also contain as
long hyphse as possible. The sections are cut as thin as possible,
free hand, with a very keen section razor flooded with alcohol.
The thinnest sections are placed on a slide in a drop of water
and then a drop of seven per cent aqueous solution of potassium
hydrate is added.

Close observation of the sections should be made when the
potassium hydrate solution comes in contact with them. For
most species, the sections are merely cleared and the hyphse
swelled to the normal size of vegetative hyphse. In a few species,
the alkaline solution may dissolve out the color of the section
on coming in contact with it, or it may change this color to a
violet, which finally disappears, or it may cause disorganization
changes in certain structures leading to their disappearance or
destruction. Such changes should be observed and noted, for
they are of help in the determination of the species. In the
cases in which potassium hydrate solution exerts a destructive
action, lactic acid should be employed with other sections in
the manner described for potassium hydrate. Lactic acid
clears and swells sections well, but so much more slowly than
potassium hydrate that I have used it only where the latter is
not satisfactory. After the sections have been cleared, the
potassium hydrate should be drained off, the sections Hghtly
stained on the slide with alcoholic solution of eosin (but not
overstained), mounted in water, and studied at once.

For a thorough study of the species of the family at least one
permanent preparation of each species should be retained for
future comparisons. Permanent preparations may be made
from the temporary water mounts by adding dilute glycerin —

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196 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

two-thirds glj'cerin and one-third water — at the edge of the
cover glass and allowing the gl3Terin to run under the latter as
the water evaporates. When concentration of the glycerin is
adequate, the excess should be wiped away with moist filter
paper and the resulting smear removed to the very edge of the
cover glass with a soft cloth moistened with 95 per cent alcohol.
The preparations may then be sealed from the atmosphere by
painting a ring of microscopical cement about the edge of the
cover glass. At least two coats should be used for this ring, a
light and very narrow one, and, after this dries, a very heavy,
broad one. I have used Bell's Microscopical Cement, made in
London, and Brunswick Black Cement. A variable percentage
of the rings crack in the course of a few years and allow the
glycerin to escape from under the cover glass, but the sections in
such preparations can be remounted. Dr. Thaxter has very
recently informed me that he has been using King's Transparent
White Cement and King's Amber Cement for fifteen years and
that none of the rings made with these cements have cracked.
By the use of circular cover glasses rather than square ones,
a microscopist's turn table may be used, thereby materially
lessening the labor of preparing the rings.

Systematic Account

thelephoraceae

Thelephorew Persoon, Myc. Eur. i: 109. 1822; Fries,
Hym. Eur. 629. 1872; Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 6:513. 1888.

Hymenomycetes with the hymenium inferior or amphigenous
(on the lower surface or surrounding the fructification), cori-
aceous or waxy, even, rarely ribbed or papillate.

Through several of the genera the Thelephoraceoe connect
closely with all the other famihes of the Hymenomycetes.
Hypochnus approaches Grandinia of the Hydnacece in the gran-
ular hj^menial surface of many of the species, but can be sepa-
rated from this hydnaceous genus by the spore characters.
Lachnocladium, with coriaceous structure, hairy stem, and
colorless spores, is an intermediate genus between Clavaria, of
the Clavariacece, and Thelephora but can be separated from the
latter by the spore characters. Craterellus connects with

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. I 197

Cantharellus, of the Agaricacece. Some species of Corticium must
be cautiously separated from Merulius, of the Polyporacece.
The species of Tremellodendron, Hirneolina, and Selacina were
formerly distributed among Thelephora, Stereum, and Corti-
cium respectively, but are now separated from these genera by
the cruciate character of the basidia, — such basidia as are pres-
ent in many Tremellacece. All these connecting genera will
be included in the present monograph.

Michenera and Heterohasidium are excluded genera. Lyman
has shown^ that Michenera artocreas B. & C. is only a stage in
the life history of Corticium suhgiganteum B. & C, and that the
genus Michenera has ceased to be a genus of the Basidiomycetes.
My own study of the type of Heterohasidium chlorascens Massee,
which is the type species of the genus, failed to locate any
basidia whatever.

Very many Thelephoracece are of great economic importance
on account of the dry rot induced by the growth of the mycelium
in sills, floors, mine, bridge, and dock timbers, and other wooden
structures located in moist, poorly ventilated places. Conio-
phora puteana is a common species which rots coniferous wood.
Only a very few Thelephoracece are classed as serious plant
parasites. Of these the rhizoctonial stage of Corticium vagum
is the most important.

Key to the Genera

I. EU-THELEPHORE^:

Fructification not containing green lichen gonidia.

Fructification fleshy or membranaceous, often infundibuliform, with the
hymenium distinct, continuous, even, ribbed or at length rugose; ba-
sidia simple Craterellus

Fructification submembranaceous, cup-shaped, often pendulous; hymenium

typically concave, discoid; basidia simple Cyphella

Fructification consisting of only a fleshy hymenium on the surface of living

leaves and shoots; basidia simple Exobasidium

Fructification coriaceous or hard 1

1. Basidia globose or pyriform, longitudinally cruciately 4-septate or divided

when mature; fructification erect, clavariform, more or less branched

Tremellodendron

' Cultural studies on the polymorphism of Hymenomycetes. Proc. Boston See. Nat. Hist. 33 :
151-60. 1907.

I Vol. 1
198 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

1. Basidia cruciate as in Tremellodendron; fructification efTuso-reflexed or cup-
shaped with tlie margin free Hirneolina

1. Basidia cruciate as in Trtnuilodendron; fructification always resupinate. Se?>acma
1. Basidia simple but with such large sterigmata as to resemble longitudinally

divided basidia* Tulasnella

1. Basidia at first globose and simple, at length elongated and transversely sep-
tate, straight or curved, bearing sterigmata on the convex side; fructification

resupinate Septobasidium

1. Basidia simple, usuallj- 4-spored 2

2. Spores colored; fructification pileate Thelephora

2. Spores colored, rough-walled to echinulate; fructification resupinate

Hypochnus
2. Spores ochraceous, ferruginous or fuscous, even; fructification resupinate . .

Coniophora

2. Spores white or rarely bright colored, even or rarely uneven 3

3. Setae (brown, cylindric, rigid, even-walled bodies) present in the hjTnenium;

fructifications range from pileate to resupinate H ymenochaele

3. Cylindiic teeth composed of many consohdated hypha; protrude from the
hj-menium but are not covered by it. Our southern species was originally

described as a Hydnum Mycohonia

3. Neither setae nor teeth present in the hj-menium 4

4. Fructification coriaceous, erect, clavariform; stem often hairy . . Lachnodadium
4. Fructification cup-shaped, resupinate with free margin or simply resupi-
nate; hymenium pulverulent; with some two or tliree of the following
characters: (1) large white spores ranging from 14-34 x 12-20 m; (2)much
granular matter in the fructification; (3) prominent moniliform or
branched paraphyses; (4) racemose organs in the hjonenium which pro-
duce a crop of conidia before basidiospores develop Aleurodiscus

4. Fructification pileate ranging from infundibuliform and flabelliform to
very narrowly reflexed forms; hymenium even. Some reflexed species

may occur resupinate Stereum

4. Fructification like that of an urn-shaped Stereum but hard and stuffed.

One tropical species Hypolyssus

4. Fructification like that of Stereum but with the hymenium hardened and

with radiating branched ribs. Species tropical Cladoderris

4. Fructification always resupinate; structure not as in Aleurodiscus 5

5. 2^Subhy menial tissue contains conspicuous brown stellate organs composed of

several radiating arms Asterostroma

5. Such brown stellate organs not present 6

6. Cj^stidia present in hymenium, or in subhymenial tissue, or in both;

structure may be compact or hj-pochnoid Peniophora

6. Cj'stidia not present; structure compact or hypochnoid Corticium

? > With regard to the nature of these bodies see H. O. Juel, Bihang till K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl.
23": Afd. III. 3-27. 1897.

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACE.E OF NORTH AMERICA. I 199

II. HYMENO-LICHEXS:

Fructification regularly containing green lichen gonidia.

Species tropical.

Fructification pileate, coriaceous-membranaceous, with Iij^menium on the
lower surface and somewhat waxy; gonidial la}-er composed of some-
what cubical masses of algal cells Cora

Fructification like Cora in most respects but with the hymenium somewhat
gelatinous and the gonidial layer composed of algal cells arranged in
rows (cateniform) Rhipidonema

THELEPHORA

Thelephora Ehrhart [Crypt. Exsic. No. 178. 1785] Fries,
Syst. Myc. i: 428. 1821 (in part).-Persoon, Myc. Eur. i:
110. 1822 (in part).-Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 6: 521. 1888 (in
part).-Hennings, in Engl. &. Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (i. 1**):
125. 1898 (in part).

The type species of the genus is Thelephora terrestris Ehrh.
ex Fries.

Fructifications pileate or clavate, coriaceous; hymenium con-
tinuous with the hymenophore and similar to it, inferior, or
amphigenous in a few species, even or faintly ribbed or papillose;
basidia simple, 4-spored; spores colored, typically muricate but
even, or rough-walled in a few species.

As more broadly defined by Fries and the other authors cited,
Thelephora has been heterogeneous, consisting chiefly of the
natural and homogeneous group of species defined above but
also of some pileate species with simple basidia and hyaline
spores, transferred to Stereum; also of some species with globose,
longitudinally septate basidia, transferred to Tremellodendron,
if with erect fructifications, or to Sehacina, if resupinate; and
also of some resupinate species having simple basidia, of which
those with muricate and colored spores may be found in Hypoch-
nus, those with colored and even spores, in Coniophora, and
those with hyaline spores, in Corticium and Peniophora. It is
probable that the species of Patouillard's section Dendrocladium
of the genus Lachnocladium as understood by Patouillard '
might be transferred to Thelephora with advantage both to
Thelephora and Lachnocladium, but these species are not within
the geographical limits of my work,

1 Fragments Mycologiques (suite). Jour, de Bot. 3:33-37. 1889.

[Vol. 1
200 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Key to the Species

Erect six'ciej!, usually with central stem and pilous divided into very narrow,
branching, flattened or cylindric divisions; hynieniuni inferior or ani-

phigenous 1

Erect species, usually with central stem and more or less infundihuliform,
cup-shape<l or (labelliform pileus, which may be radially split into

lobes and divisions 2

Species of incrusting, effuso-reflexed, dimidiate, or applanate habit 5

1. 2-<j cm. high, much branched, glabrous, with fetid odor when growing,

perhaps rarely odorless 1. T. palmala

1. 3-0 cm. high, much branched, minutely pubescent; stem villose, without fetid

odor. Compare T. mnUipartiia 2. T. anthocephala

1. Less than 2 J cm. high, branching at or below surface of ground, dusky drab

except at base 3. T. cocspitulans

1. Less than 2 cm. high, very slender and fragile, cinereous. Known only from

State of Washington 4- T. scissilis

1. Large species, highly branched, with body of spore of regular obovoid form.

Known only from Central America 5. T. anguslata

2. Hymenium dark colored, i. e., brown to fuscous 3

2. Hymenium hght colored, i. e., pallid to gray 4

3. Small species, lJ-3 cm. high, upper surface usually drying palUd, usually

deeph- cleft or many-parted into narrow divisions; stem \-illose.^. T . multipartita
3. Small species, 6 mm.-2j cm. higli, infundibuliform or deeplj' divided into
two or three triangular divisions, or flabelliform ; stem villose. Closely related

to T. multipartita 7. T. regularis

3. Fructification 1 cm. high, white; stem white, glabrous. Known only from

Guadaloupe S. T. pusiola

3. 1^-5 cm. high, larger species than the three preceding but with thinner pileus,
fuscous purple (Rood's brown) throughout, often with the thin lobes imbri-
cate like the petals of a carnation; stem villose 9. T. caryophyUea

3. 2-4 cm. high, somewhat tubular, hymenium vinaceous brown to drab; stem
sulcate and pitted but not villose; spores 10-14 m in diameter. Known only

from Jamaica 10. T. magnispora

3. Large species, 2^-7 cm. in diameter, with upper surface pallid except at the

center and with the hymenium dark 13. T. vialis

4. Small species, less than 2 cm. in height and in diameter, somewhat pallid

to brick-red 7. T. regularis

4. Pileus with outer lobes forming a cup and with inner lobes distinct,
crowded, erect, cinereo-fuscous. Known from Costa Rica and Brazil.

11. T. corbiformis
4. Large species, 5-7 cm. broad, deeply infundibuliform, habit and color of

Craterellus cornucopioides. Costa Rica and Jamaica. .12. T. cornucopioides

5. Growing in applanate clusters, efTuso-reflexed, or dimidiate 6

5. Always incrusting {T. albido-brunnea is sometimes incrusting) 8

6. Hymenium pale and colored like the pileus, cinnamon-buff; pileus

spongj-, more than 2 nrni. thick; spores 8-10 x 6-8 /x . . .14.T. albido-brunnea
6. HjTnenium and pileus j-ellowish, less than 2 mm. thick; spores 5-6 x 4 m

16. T. lutosa

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. I 201

6. Hymenium drab, becoming sage-green when crushed in 7 per cent potas-
sium hydrate solution; pileus pinkish buff to cinnamon-brown with a

broad pale margin 16. T. cuticularis

6. Hymenium ferruginous brown (Rood's brown) to fuscous 7

7. Pileus, when squamulose, with the fibers matted and agglutinated into ap-
pressed and wholly adnate squamules, margin dilated and whitish fimbriate

becoming entire and concolorous 17. T. intybacea

7. Pileus not zonate, fibrous-squamulose and usually strigose, margin fibrous-

fimbriate 18. T. terrestris

7. Pileus zonate, in other respects resembling the preceding species

19. T. griseozonata
8. Incrusting and ascending small plants, free branches somewhat terete but

flattened towards the tips; spores umbrinous SO. T.fimbriata

8. Resupinate on leaves and twigson the ground and sending up free, simple

or branching trunks; spores fuscous. Known from Cuba only 21 . T. perplexa
8. Incrusting leaves, etc., on the ground and ascending as sessile flabelliform
pilei which are dentate at the upper end or deeply divided, honey-
yellow to tawny oUvaceous throughout. Known from Cuba only. . . .

22. T. dentosa
8. Typically effused, rising obliquely upward from the support as a cluster of

small trunks which branch and terminate in spiculous tips . 23. T. spiculosa

I. Thelephora palmata Scop, ex Fries, Syst. Myc. i:432.
1821. Plate 4. fig. 4.

Clavaria palmata Scop. Fl. Carn. 2 : 483. 17 QO.-Ramaria
palmata Holmsk. Fun. Dan. i: 106. pi. — .1799. -Merisma
foetidum Pers. Syn. Fung. 584. 1801.-M. palmata Pers. Myc.
Eur. i:113. 1^22. -Thelephora palmata americana Peck, Rep.
N. Y. State Mus. 53 : 857. 1900.

Illustrations: Greville, Crypt. Fl. i: pi. ^^.-Holmskiold,
Fun. Dan. i : pi. of Ramaria palmata. -J^rombholz, Abbild. und
Beschr. pi. 54. f. 24, ^5.-Nees, System pL 16. f. 151 B.-Baillon,
Dictionn. de Botan. i : 737. /. 7.-Loudon, Encyc. of Plants
/. 16131.-WmiQV, Crypt. Flora i: 321.

Fructification coriaceous-soft, fuscous purple, drying cinna-
bar-brown or chestnut-brown, erect, very much branched, with
very fetid odor; pileus with numerous somewhat fastigiate,
palmate divisions which are even, flattened, dilated above, and
with fimbriate and whitish tips; stem simple or soon branched;
hymenium amphigenous; spores pale umbrinous under the
microscope, sparingly echinulate,10 x 7-8 /x.

Fructification of American specimens 2-6 cm. high, 1-3 cm.
broad; stem 1-1^ cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick.

[Vol. 1
202 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

On moist ground in coniferous woods and also in grassy fields.
Prince Edward Island to North Carolina and west to Illinois.
June to October.

In the American collections of this species the divisions of the
pilous are narrow and a short stem is present. The habit is so
similar to that of Thelephora anthocephala that record of the
fetid odor should always be made if observed. The ultimate
branches may be more or less terete, leading to the variety
amcricana Pk.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Ell. & Ev., N. Am. Fungi, 1937.
Austria: G. Bresadola.^
Sweden: L. Fomell, 53.

Canada: Rustico Bay, Prince Edward Island, J. Macoun, 324-
New Hampshire: Chocorua, W. G. Farlow.
? Vermont: no locality data for specimen in Frost Herb., Univ.

of Vermont.
Connecticut: Manchester, C. C. Hanmer, 1398.
New York: Fischer's Island, C. C. Hanmer, 196.
New Jersey: C. G. Lloyd, 4612.
Pennsylvania: Bethlehem, Schweinitz, Syn. N. Am. Fungi, 612

(in Herb. Schw\) ; Trexlertown, Dr. W. Herhst; Kitanning,

D. R. Sumstine, 2; West Chester, B. M. Everhart, Ell. &

Ev., N. Am. Fungi, 1937.
Delaware: Newark, H. S. Jackson.
Dist. of Columbia: Washington, 0. F. Cook, comm. by P. L.

Ricker, 1, 3.
N. Carolina: Asheville, H. C. Beardslee, 924-
Ohio: Connecticut, C. G. Lloyd, 4493.
Illinois: Glencoe, E. T. and S. A. Harper, 664, 665.
Missouri: St. Louis, N. M. Glatfelter (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.,

42560).

1 With regard to the citation of specimens all except those of "Exsiccati" are
in Burt Herb, which are cited without explicit reference to place in other herbaria.
For example, the specimen cited, "Connecticut: Manchester, C. C. Hanmer, 196,"
is in Burt Herb. The data given is that received with the specimen and may identify
a duplicate in another herbarium. The location of all specimens in herbaria other
than my own is designated by the name of the herbarium in parenthesis with the
prefix "in." For example, the specimen cited, "Louisiana: St. Martinville, A.B.
Langlois (in Lloyd Herb., 3000)," is in Lloyd Herb., but not in Burt Herb.

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. I 203

2. T. anthocephala Bull, ex Fries, Syst. Myc. i : 433. 1821.

Plate 4. fig. 1.

Clavaria anthocephala Bull. Herb, de la France 2 : 197. pi. 1^52.
/. 1. 1789.

Illustrations: Bulliard, Ihid. pi. 1^52. f. L-Sowerby, Col.
Figs. Eng. Fun. pi. i^^.-Berkeley, Outlines Brit. Fung. pi.
17. f. ^.-Dufour, Atlas des Champ, pi. 70.

Fructification coriaceous-soft, somewhat ferruginous, drying
fawn-color or cinnamon-brown, inodorous; pileus pubescent,
divided to the stem into flaps which are dilated upwards and
fimbriate and whitish at the apex or divided into irregular,
branched, erect branches; stem simple, equal, villose; hymenium
even; spores pale umbrinous under the microscope, ranging from
angular-tuberculate to tuberculate-echinulate, 8-10 x 7-8ai.

Fructifications 3-5 cm. high, 1-3 cm. broad; stem 1-1| cm.
long, 1-2 mm. thick.

On the ground in woods. Massachusetts and Ohio to Louisi-
ana. June to August. Rare.

Our specimens of T. anthocephala and T. palmata have the
same habit but may be separated, even when dried, by the fine
pubescence of the pileus visible with a lens, and by the villose-
tomentose stem of the former. The spores of T. anthocephala
are further slightly paler and have shorter spines with broader
bases than those of T. palmata.

Specimens examined:
Austria: G. Bresadola.

Massachusetts: Newton, W. G. Farlow (in Farlow Herb.).
New York: Van Cortlandt Park, N. Y. City, L. 0. Overholts

(in Overholts Herb., 688).
Pennsylvania: Kitanning, D. R. Sumstine, 10; Bethlehem,
Schweinitz (in Herb. Schw.), the 614 of Syn. N. A. Fungi
under the name T. flabellaris.
North Carolina: Asheville, H. C. Beardslee, 0268.
Louisiana: St. Martinville, A.B. Langlois, unnumbered specimen y
and 1971, and by the same collector (in Lloyd Herb., 3000).
Ohio: Norwood and Linwood, C. G. Lloyd, 1472 and 02164 re-
spectively.
Kentucky: C. G. Lloyd, 1395.

[Vol. 1
204 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Missouri: St. Louis, N. M. Glatfelter (in Mo. Bot. Card. Herb.,
42559).

3. T. caespitulans Schw. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. N. S. 4: 166.
1831.1

Type: in Herb. Schweinitz.

Fructification erect, coriaceous, dusky drab to olive-brown
below, paler above, very much branched, forming clusters 2^
cm. liigh bj' 2§ cm. broad; pileus with numerous divisions joined
together into a solid base but assurgent above and pressed to-
gether closely, compressed, subcanaliculate, frequently obtuse
and whitish at the apex; hymenium amphigenous; spores um-
brinous under the microscope, sparingly tuberculate, 7-8 x
5-6/i.

On the ground in mixed woods, Vermont to South Carolina,
and in dense coniferous woods, Washington. September. Rare.

This species is related to T. palmaia but is more olivaceous,
and it is probably inodorous, — at least no odor has been noted.
The dimensions for the clusters given above, as stated by
Schweinitz, are probably maximum dimensions, for the speci-
mens recently collected have been rather smaller. My Vermont
specimens were growing with the thick, solid base buried in
sandy ground in a wood road; they have dried pallid except at
the base and are slightly pubescent. The general habit of
this species is somewhat suggested by a small cluster of Tremel-
lodendron 'pallidum (Schw.) Atk.

Specimens examined:
Vermont: Lake Dunmore, E. A. Burt.
Pennsjdvania : Bethlehem, Schweinitz, type (in Herb. Schw.,

Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.).
South Carolina: Santee Canal, Ravenel, 1660 (in Curtis Herb.

under name T. vialis).
Washington: Chebalis, C. J. Hu7nj)krey, 1287; Bingen, W. N.
Suksdorf, 689.

4. T. scissilis Burt, n. sp. Plate 4. fig. 8.
Tj'pe: in Burt Herb.

Fructifications gregarious, coriaceous, erect, clavariform,
branched, longitudinally ridged b}^ the bases of numerous,

1 A figure will be given in Part II.

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACEiE OF NORTH AMERICA. I 205

small, appressed, acicular branches, the larger of which are at
the apex of the fructification and spread slightly outward in
fan-shaped manner; stem glabrous, castaneous; hymenium am-
phigenous, on upper half of the fructification, avellaneo-ciner-
eous; basidia simple, hyaline, 4-spored; spores pale umbrinous
under the microscope, angular, 6-8 x 5-6iu.

Fructifications 1^-2 cm. high; spread of branches at the top
2-6 mm. ; stem 7-10 mm. long, 1 mm. thick.

On the ground. Washington. January.

This species is very distinct by its slender erect habit, cinereous
color, and only slightly spreading branches.

Specimens examined:
Washington: Bingen, Klickitat Co., W. N. Suksdorf, 716, type.

5. T. angustata Fries, (Nov. Symb. Myc. 92.) Actis R. Soc.
Sc. Upsal. III. i: 108. 1851.

Type: in Herb. Fries.

Fructification erect, cinereo-fuscous, pliant, becoming rigid
and somewhat woody; stem elongated, radicated, rugose, gla-
brous, compressed, irregularly divided at the upper end into
unequal, fastigiate, compressed branches, which are clothed on
the whole outer surface with the hymenium; hymenium amphi-
genous, subrugose, gray; basidia simple; spores umbrinous under
the microscope, obovoid, apiculate at base, flattened on one
side, echinulate, 14 x 7-9a«.

On decaying wood. Central America.

Substance, color, and hymenium exactly as in T. cornuco-
pioides, but of the very different form of Clavaria rugosa and
having highly branched forms; stem 5 cm. long; color fuliginous.
The fructification is fleshy-pliant when fresh, but on drying
hardens much more than species of Stereum.

Specimens examined:
Costa Rica: Oersted (in Herb. Fries), type.

6. T. multipartita Schw. in Fries, Elenchus Fung, i : 166.
1828. Plate 4. fig. 7a.

Type: in Herb. Schweinitz.

Fructifications gregarious, erect, coriaceous, fusco-cinereous,
usually drying pallid; pileus infundibuliform, sometimes cleft

[Vol. 1
2()() ANNALS OF THK MIS80UIU BOTANICAL GARDEN

more (»r loss dcej)!}' and unequally into a few lobes, sometimes
divided to the stem and spreading so as to appear dimidiate,
very often deeply divided and su])divided into many narrow
and spreading ilivisions more or less dilated and whitish at the
apex; stem erect or incurved, equal or tapering upward, some-
times branched above, drying walnut-brown or paUid, villose;
hymenium inferior, glabrous, even, fawn-color or vinaceous
drab; spores unbrinous under the microscope, tuberculate, 7-9
X 5-6ai.

Fructification 1^-3^ cm. high, 1-3 cm. broad; stem 1-2 cm.
long, 1-3 mm. thick.

On ground in groves of broad-leaved trees, especially under
oak. New York and Pennsylvania to Illinois. July to Sep-
tember.

The upper surface of the pileus was originally described as
glabrous, but it is minutely pubescent under a lens, or sometimes
fibrillose. This species is very perplexing by its close relation-
ship to T. regularis. The multipartite pileus is the only char-
acter which seems available to separate collections of the former
from the latter species. If a given collection consists wholly
of specimens with pileus many-parted and subdivided into nar-
row divisions, or if it contains some such specimens in addition
to others with more regular infundibuliform pileus, I refer the
collection to T. multipartita, as in the cases of the collections
cited below from C. O. Smith and Dr. C. H. Peck respectively.
As yet, I know of no characters by which to assort and separate
into their respective species specimens mixed together of typical
T. regularis and those specimens of T. multipartita which have
the pileus infundibuliform or merely cleft more or less deeply
and unequally into a few lobes. Therefore it is my opinion
that T. multipartita is a variety of T. regularis, but the collec-
tions which have so far been submitted to me, have been com-
posed of too few fructifications to assure me that this opinion
is correct.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Ell. & Ev., N. Am. Fungi, 2806, under the name T.
caryophyllea.

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. I 207

New York: Bolton, C. H. Peck, 3, 4, 5; Ithaca, C. 0. Smith,

Cornell Univ. Herb., 13359, and C. 0. Smith and W. H.

Long, Cornell Univ. Herb., 7743.
New Jersey: Newfield, J. B. Ellis, Ell. & Ev., N. Am. Fungi,

2806.
Pennsylvania: on island in Lehigh River, Schweinitz, type (in

Herb. Schw.); Bethlehem, Schweinitz (in Herb. Schw.),

the T. tuberosa of Syn. N. Am. Fungi, 613; Trexlertown,

W. Herhst, 22, 36.
Ohio: A. P. Morgan, Lloyd Herb., 2581, 2647; Oxford, L. 0.

Overholts (in Overholts Herb., 1685).
Illinois: River Forest, E. T. and S. A. Harper, 666.

7. T. regularis Schw. Schrift. d. Naturforsch. Gesell., Leipzig,
1 : 105. 1822. Plate 4. figs. 6, 7b.

Thelephora Ravenelii Berk. Grevillea i : 148. 1873.-T'. hiscens
Berk. & Rav. Grevillea i : 148. 1873.

Type: in Herb. Schweinitz, Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.

Pileus coriaceous, solitary, infundibuliform or divided to the
stem into triangular divisions or flabelliform, fibrillose, drying
pallid or tawny-olive, darker at center of the cup or at base of
the divisions, margin lacerate; hymenium usually hair-brown,
sometimes pallid ; spores melleus to umbrinous under the micro-
scope, angular-tuberculate, 6-7 x 4|-5ai.

Fructification 6 mm.-2| cm. high; pileus 5 mm.-2^ cm. broad;
stem 3-15 mm. long, 1-1| mm. thick.

In moss in wet places and on humus. Ontario to Alabama
and westward to Kansas.

The differences in form of the pileus of T. regidaris are well
shown by the type in Herb. Schweinitz; this type consists of
three fructifications, two of which are infundibuliform, the
third and largest, flabelliform. The hymenium is sometimes
merely pallid, as in the case of the specimen which is the T.
pannosa of Schweinitz, Syn. N. Am. Fungi, No. 606, but is not
T. pannosa Fr. The cotypes of T. Ravenelii and T. hiscens
agree in all respects with the authentic specimen of T. regularis
in Curtis Herb. Specimens of T. regularis which have the pileus
infundibuhform and little cleft are suggestive of small specimens
of T. caryophyllea but differ from the latter by the thicker pileus

[Vol. I
208 ANNALB OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

and paler coloration of T. multipartita wliich is wholly lacking
in the rufescent coloration of T. caryopfujllea. There is a diffe-
rence of form between specimens of these two species which is
brought out well by the figures in pi. 4.

Specimens examined :
Canada: Shannonville, Ontario, J. Macoun, 330.
Maine: Portage, L. W. Riddle, 4-

New Hampshire: Chocorua, W. G. Farlow (in Farlow Herb.).
Massachusetts: near Boston, Sprague, 2^6 (in Curtis Herb.

under the name T. anthocephala) ; Newton, W. G. Farlow

(in Farlow Herb.).
Pennsylvania: Bethlehem, Schweinitz, station cited by Schwei-

nitz; also the specimen (in Herb. Schw.) under the name

T. pannosa of Syn. N. Am. Fungi, No. 606; Trexlertown,

C. G. Lloyd; Kitanning, D. R. Sumstine.
Delaware: Clayton, H. S. Jackson.
North Carohna: Salem, Schweinitz, type (in Herb. Schw.);

G. F. Atkinson, Cornell Univ. Herb., 23254.
South Carohna: Greenville, Ravenel, 1498, type and cotype (in

Kew Herb, and in Curtis Herb, respectively) of T. Rav-

enelii Berk.; Santee Canal, Ravenel, type and cotype (in

Kew Herb, and in Curtis Herb, respectively) of T. hiscens

Berk. & Rav.
Alabama: Peters, 676 bis (in Curtis Herb, under the name

T. anthocephala).
Wisconsin: Madison, W. Trelease (in Farlow Herb.); Lake

Geneva, E. T. and S. A. Harper, 882, and (in Harper Herb.,

883).
IlUnois: East St. Louis, A''. M. Glatfelter (in Mo. Bot. Card.

Herb., 42563).
Iowa: Johnson County, T. J. Fitzpatrick, 39.
Missouri: St. Louis, A''. M. Glatfelter (in AIo. Bot. Gard. Herb.,

42564).
Kansas: Bourbon County, A. 0. Garrett, 80.

8. T. pusiola Pat. in Duss, Champ. Guad. & Alartinique 12.
1903.

Pileus with divisions triangular, white, hard, thin, entire or
cut-lobed, glabrous, even or rugose, sometimes zonate, atten-

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. I 209

uated into a slender stem; stem colored like the pileus, glabrous,
cylindric, woody; hymenium inferior, even, brown; basidia clav-
ate, 25 x IOij., four-spored; spores globose-angular, colorless or
somewhat fuliginous, 6/z in diameter; no cystidia.

Fructification 1 cm. high, divisions 5 mm. broad.

Solitary or in clusters on dead wood. Guadaloupe. Forest
of Bains-Jaune, Duss, 589.

Var. terrestris Pat. Ibid, has the divisions of the pileus nar-
rower, laciniate, divergent, rigid.

On the ground, Matouba, Guadaloupe, Duss.

I have seen no specimens of either this species or its variety,
neither of which have been reported since their original dis-
covery.

g. T. caryophyllea Schaeffer ex Fries, Syst. Myc. i : 430.
1821. Plate 4. fig. 9.

Elvella caryophyllea Schaeffer, Icon. Fung. 3: ll5.pl. 325.
17Q2-1774.-Craterella ambigua Pers. Obs. Myc. i: 36. pi. 6.
f. 8-10. 17 9Q.-Thelephor a caryophyllea 7 ambigua Pers. Myc.
Eur. i: 112. 1822.

Illustrations: Schaeffer, Icon. Fung. pi. S25.-Persoon, Obs.
Myc. i: pi. 6.f. 8-1 0.-Schnizlem, in Sturm, Deutsch. Flora 3:
fasc. 31. pi. ^.-Lanzi, Fungi di Roma pi. 11. f. ^.-Saunders
and Smith, ]%c. 111. pi. 41.f. 7-12.-Simth, W. G. Brit. Basid.
399. /. 96 a, b.

Fructifications solitary or cespitose, coriaceous, fuscous purple
but drying wood-brown; pileus infundibuliform, simple, or
doubled by proliferous growth of smaller pilei from the disk of
the principal pileus or of wedge-shaped lobes rising from its
upper surface, upper surface radiately ridged or striate with
masses of agglutinated fibers which are often dark colored, ob-
scurely zonate when moist, margin incised; stem usually central,
cylindric, villose, simple or branched ; hymenium inferior, even,
grayish olive to light yellowish olive; spores pale umbrinous,
tuberculate, 7-8 x G/x.

Fructification 1^-5 cm. high, l|-5 cm. broad; stem 1 cm. long,
2-3 mm. thick.

On the ground under pines. Canada to South Carolina and
west to Ohio, also in the Pacific states. August to November.
Abundant locally.

[Vol. 1
210 ANNALS OK THE MISSOUKI BOTAJ^ICAL GARDEN

T. caryupfiyllea may be distinguished from our other northern
species which have a central stem and dark hymenium, by the
thin lobes of the pileus which dry paler than the hymenium,
and l)y the fretiuent occurrence of specimens with the pileus
consisting of many lobes and pilei imbricately arranged in a
manner suggestive of a double pink or carnation, as shown by
JSchaefTer's fig. 5, and Persoon's fig. 10 of the illustrations cited.
Our specimens agree well with the figures of Schaeffer and Per-
soon — those of Persoon are especially good but unfortunately
occur in a work which is very rare.

We find occasionally specimens which agree well with T.
radiata (Holmsk.) Fr., but these specimens are connected so
closely by intermediate forms— often in the same collection —
with others which are undoubtedly T. caryophyllea that I refer
them to the latter species.

Specimens examined :
Sweden: A'. Siarback, in Romell, Fun. Scand., 121.
Canada: /. Macoun, 54 and 75 of 1903.
Quebec: Hull, J. Macoun, 190.
Ontario: London, J. Dearness (in Lloyd Herb.).
New Brunswick: Restigouche River, T. F. Allen, comm. by

Dr. Farlow.
Maine: Orono, L. W. Riddle, 9.
New Hampshire: Shelburne, W. G. Farlow.
Vermont: Newfane, C. D. Howe; Middlebury, E. A. Burt, four

collections.
Massachusetts: Sprague, 47, Russell, 131, and D. Murray, 545

(all in Curtis Herb.); Worcester, G. E. Francis, 105.
Connecticut: East Hartford, C. C. Hanmer, i>^4^; Central Vil-
lage, J. L. Sheldon, 68, comm. by New York Bot. Card.
New York: Bolton, C. H. Peck; Ithaca, G. F. Atkinson, 9993,

9994; Saranac Lake, E. A. Burt; East Galway, E. A. Burt.
Pennsylvania: Bethlehem, Schweinitz (in Herb. Schw.), the 608

of Syn. N. Am. Fungi.
Dist. of Columbia: Zoological Park, Coville and Cook, No. A,

comm. by P. L. Ricker.
North Carolina: Schweinitz (in Herb. Schw^).

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. I 211

Michigan: C. G. Lloyd, 4^47; Sailor's Encampment, E. T. and
S. A. Harper, 4^9, and Univ. of Wis. Herb., 2.

Ohio: C. G. Lloyd, 1422, 2720; Cincinnati, A. P. Morgan, Lloyd
Herb., 2641, and (in Lloyd Herb., 1152); Loveland, D. L.
James (in Herb. U. S. Dept. Ag.).

Kentucky: C. G. Lloyd, 1152.

Washington: Bingen, W. N. Suksdorf, 717, 690.

California: Jackson, J. H. Barber, comm. by W. A. Setchell;
Stanford University, C. F. Baker, 255, distributed by Baker,
Pacific Slope Fungi, 3743, under the name T. radiata
(Holmsk.) Fr.

10. T. magnispora Burt, n. sp. Plate 4. fig. 5.
Type: in Burt Herb.

Fructifications solitary or gregarious, coriaceous, stipitate;
pileus irregularly infundibuliform, somewhat tubular, with
ascending recurved lobes, drying avellaneous, becoming fuscous
at the center with age, fibrous torn becoming radiately striate,
margin incised ; stem equal, solid, drying hard, irregularly angled,
sulcate and pitted, vinaceous brown to drab ; hymenium inferior,
even, vinaceous brown; basidia simple; spores pale cinnamon,
subglobose, echinulate, 10-14 n in diameter.

Fructification 2-4 cm. high; pileus 1-2 cm. in diameter; stem
7-12 mm. long, 2-5 mm. thick.

On mossy ground. Chester Vale, Jamaica. December.

In some of the specimens the pileus is decidedly eccentric
through greater growth on one side than on the other, and it is
not always lobed. The offensive odor of the dried specimens
and the color of the hymenium are suggestive of T. cuticularis.

Specimens examined:
Jamaica: Chester Vale, W. A. and Edna L. Murrill, type. New
York Bot. Gard., Fungi of Jamaica, 295.

11. T. corbiformis Fries, (Nov. Symb. Myc. 92.) Actis. R.
Soc. Sc. Upsal. III. i: 108. 1851.-Romell, Hymenomycetes
Austro-Americani. Bihang till K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 26^^:
Afd. III. 44. 1901.

Type: in Herb. Fries.

Fructification sessile, rigid, cinereo-fuscous, with cespitose
lobes of which the outer ascend and coalesce into a rounded

[Vol. 1
212 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

cupulate pik'iis licro and tliorc lacunose-pervious, and the inner
are distinct, crowded, erect, narrow; hynienium inferior, uneven,
whitisli ; l^asidia simple; spores slightly colored, becoming uneven,
ovoid, 5-0 X 4-5 m.

On the ground. Costa Rica and Brazil. January.

"In substance, texture, color, etc., this species agrees exactly
with Thcl. cornucopioides and Thel. angustaia but in form it ex-
hibits a type unicjue in the Hymenomycetes. The clusters are
regularly rounded, very dense, divided all the way to the base
into innumerable lobes, of which the interior are free and erect,
the exterior regularly ascendant, broader, compressed, clothed
underneath by the hymeninm and grown together into a cup
here and there lacunose-pervious, undulate-crisped at the apex
and fimbriate." — Translation of the original comment on this
species.

In 1899, I found the type in Herb. Fries to be cinereo-pallid
with a slight fuscous tinge and with basidia and spores as stated
above but many of the spores even. Romell describes the spores
of his specimens from Brazil as "hyalinse, laeves, ellips., 5-7
X 3-4 mmm.," and as agreeing with the type. I have reexam-
ined my sections from the type ; the spores are certainly colored
and many of them rough-walled.

Specimens examined:
Costa Rica: San Jos^, Oersted (in Herb. Fries, Univ. Upsal.),
type.

12. T. cornucopioides Fries, (Nov. Symb. Myc. 91.) Actis
R. Soc. Sc. Upsal. III. i: 107. 1851. ^

Type: not known to be in existence; not in Herb. Fries, at
Upsala, nor in Kew Herb.

Pileus pliant becoming rigid, deeply infundibuUform, 5-7^
cm. broad, radiately rugose, glabrous, fuscous; stem solid,
rather glabrous, pallid; hymenium inferior, somewhat rugose,
gray.

On the ground. Near San Jos4, Costa Rica.

This species bears so singular a resemblance to Craterellus
cornucopioides that from pictures they are scarcely to be dis-
tinguished. The present species has the stem truly solid and
the substance fleshy pliant when living, nearly stony-woody
when dry; stem 5-7| cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, equal or attenu-

* A figure will be given in Part II.

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. I 213

ated at the base, compressed, rather glabrous, very tough, paUid ;
pileus membranaceous-cartilaginous, when dry quite rigid,
radiately rugose, with the ridges elevated towards the undulate
and at first fimbriate margin, not zonate after the manner of
species of Stereum; hymenium inferior, hardened. Related to
Cladoderris.

I refer to T. cornucopioides a collection made in Jamaica by
Prof. F. S. Earle, in 1902, the specimens of which agree well
with the original description, as translated above, except in size.
They are 3-3^ cm. high and 2 cm. broad with stem about 1 cm.
long by 2-4 mm. thick. The dried fructification is very hard
and stony and softens so little with water that the edge of the
razor is turned in sectioning. The spores are colorless and even
at first and become slightly colored and angular, 9-10 x 6m.

Specimens examined:
Jamaica: Castleton Gardens, F. S. Earle, New York Bot. Gard.,
Plants of Jamaica, 238.

13. T. vialis Schw. (Syn. N. Am. Fungi) Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. N. S. 4: 165. 1834. Plate 5. fig. 15.

T. tephroleuca B. & C. Grevillea i :149. 1873.

Type: in Herb. Schweinitz.

Fructification coriaceous, dirty whitish or pallid, sometimes
wood-brown at the center, upper surface usually radiately pli-
cate or rough with masses of agglutinated fibers; pileus polymor-
phic, sometimes composed of ascending lobes or small pilei which
arise from a common base and grow together above to form'a
broad cup, or sometimes with the whole interior of the cup filled
with small pilei and lobes many of which arise proliferously
from the upper surface of the outer lobes; stem central when
present; hymenium inferior, rugose, somewhat papillose, yel-
lowish pallid becoming avellaneous or somewhat fuscous;
spores olive-buff under the microscope, bluntly angular (i. e.,
tips of the angles obtuse), 4^-7 x 4|-5At.

Fructification 2§-5 or 6 cm. high, 2f-7 cm. broad.

On ground in frondose woods. Vermont to South Carolina
and west to Illinois. September.

This is a fine, large species well marked by the dirty whitish or
yellowish, fibrillose upper surface of the pileus, thick substance
of the same color unless the specimen is old, and the brown,

[Vol. 1
214 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

sli^litly wrinkled hymenium. As in the otherwise very different
T. caryophylhci, hirj^e specimens sometimes resemble a double
flower from the great number of small pileoli and lobes present
in the center. Schweinitz described the species as sometimes
having; dimidiate pilei, but I have seen no such specimens. My
collection assumed a disagreeable odor in drying but no such
odor has been noted by others.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Ell. tt Ev., N. Am. Fungi, 1110, and Fun. Col., 1593,

in both under the name T. caespitulans.
Vermont: Lake Dunmore, E. A. Burt.
New Jersey: Newfield, J. B. Ellis (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.,

5155), also in the exsiccati cited.
Pennsylvania: Bethlehem, Schweinitz, type (in Herb. Schw.);
Micheiier, 1604 (in Curtis Herb, and in Kew Herb.), the
cotype and type respectively of T. tephroleuca; Trexlertown,
W. Herbst, 43, C. G. Lloyd and W. Herbst, 2866, 3088
(both in Lloyd Herb.) ; A^. M. Glatfelter (in Mo. Bot. Gard.
Herb., 425G1).
Dist. of Columbia: Washington, F. J. Braendle, comm. by C. H.

Peck.
North Carolina: G. F. Atkinson (in Cornell Univ. Herb., 23253);
Asheville, H. C. Beardslee; Schweinitz cited North Caro-
lina as a station.
South Carolina: Caesar's Head, Ravenel, one of the types (in

Curtis Herb, and Kew Herb.) of T. tephroleuca.
Ohio : C. G. Lloijd, 4000.
Illinois: Glen Ellen, E. T. and S. A. Harper, 669.

14. T. albido-bruimea Schw. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. N. S.
4:166. 1834. Plate 5. fig. 13.

Siereuni Micheneri B. & C. Grevillea i: 162. 1873 (in part).-
Stereum spongiosum Massee, Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 27: 172.
lSS9.-Thelephora odorifera Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 44:
132 (22). 1891.
Type: in Herb. Schweinitz.

Pileus sessile or with very short stem, coriaceous, spongy when
dry, uniformly cinnamon-buff or with the older portions chest-
nut-brown, sometimes assuming mesopod form when encircling
small twigs or shrubs, sometimes effuso-reflexed, usually dimidi-

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACEiE OF NORTH AMERICA. I 215

ate and somewhat imbricated, fibrous-tomentose, margin thick
and entire; substance concolorous with the upper surface,
spongy, more than 2 mm. thick, with hyphae 4^-5m in diam-
eter; hymenium inferior, even, not polished, cinnamon-buff;
basidia simple; spores deep olive-buff under the microscope,
echinulate, 8-10 x 6-8)U.

Pileus 2-4 cm. in diameter when circular, or 1-2| cm. long,
2-4 cm. broad, often 1 cm. thick at base when dimidiate.

Running up and encircling twigs on the ground and against
the base of shrubs. Canada to Louisiana and west to Wiscon-
sin. August.

Peck describes the odor as quite fragrant at first but states
that it is lost after a few weeks; I did not notice any especial
odor for my collection. T. albido-hrunnea may be distinguished
from our other dimidiate and reflexed species of Thelephora by
its even and pale hymenium and thick spongy pileus. Schwei-
nitz confused one collection of this species with T. biennis Fr.,
from the specimen of which in the Fries Herbarium, at Upsala,
it is clearly distinct. The types of Stereum spongiosum Massee,
viz., Curtis, 8582, and Ravenel, 1732, in Kew Herbarium, have
colored echinulate spores 8-10 x 6-7^, although described by
Massee as "eUipsoidese 6-7 x 4m" without mention of color and
projections of the wall. The type of Thelephora odorifera Peck,
in Coll. N. Y. State, is somewhat bleached or faded but quite
typical.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Ravenel, Fun. Car. IV, 12, the type distribution of T.
Micheneri B. & C; Ell. & Ev., N. Am. Fungi, 1599, and
Fun. Col., 1209, under the name T. Micheneri in both.
Canada: Toronto, /. Dearness (in Lloyd Herb.).
Vermont: Lake Dunmore, E. A. Burt.

New York: Selkirk, C. H. Peck (in Coll. N. Y. State), the
type of T. odorifera Pk.; Alcove, C. L. Shear, 1010, 1163,
1184,' Jamesville, L. M. Underwood.
Pennsylvania: Bethlehem, Schweinitz (in Herb. Schw.), the
type, and also the Nos. 627 and 625 of Syn. N. Am. Fungi
under the names respectively of T. biennis and T. laciniata;
Michener (in Curtis Herb., 3582, and also in Kew Herb.,
same number), type of Stereum spongiosum Massee; Trex-
lertown, W. Herbst, 18, and (in Lloyd Herb., 3052).

[Vol. 1
216 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

North Carolina: Blowing Rock, G. F. Atkinsori, 4S22.
South Carolina: Ravenel, 790 (in Curtis Herb, and in Kew
Herb.), under the name Thelephora biennis; Santee Canal,
Ravaiel, 1732 (in Curtis Herb, and in Kew Herb.), type of
Stereum spongiosu7n Massee.
Tx)uisiana: Bogalusa, C. J. Humphrey, 4(>6.
Ohio: Cincinnati, ^4. P. Morgan, Lloyd Herb., 2627.
Michigan: Saugatuck, E. A. and S. A. Harper, 654-
Wisconsin: Milwaukee Co., comm. by Mrs. F. W. Patterson.
15. T. lutosa Schw. Trans. Am.Phil.Soc.N.S.4: 166. 1834.*
Type: in Herb. Schweinitz.

Pilei cespitose, densely imbricated, at first somew^hat fleshy
but at length hard, undulate-plicate, yellowish, almost sub-
tomentose with pulverulence, somewhat horizontally attenu-
ated behind, margin sublobate, at length inflexed; pileus less
than 2 mm. thick, with hyphae 3m in diameter; hymenium be-
coming yellowish, even; spores olive-buff under the microscope,
angular, 5-6 x 3^-4m.

Cluster about 1^ cm. high and broad.
On the ground in roads and in woods. North Carolina.
The type is distinct from T. alhido-brunnea, having thinner
pileus, finer hyphae, and smaller and paler spores. The pilei
were crowded together into a small buff-colored cluster about
1| cm. high and broad, somewhat as in Tremellodendron palli-
dum (Schw.); I failed to find stems at their bases.

Specimens examined:
North Carolina: Salem, Schweinitz (in Herb. Schw\), type.

16. T. cuticularis Berk. Hooker's Lond. Jour. Bot. 6: 324.

1847. Republished in Lea, Catalogue of Plants in Vicinity of

Cincinnati 66. d. 1849. Plate 5. fig. 14.

Type: in Kew Herb., and a portion of it from Berkeley in

Curtis Herb.

Pilei coriaceous-soft, effuso-refiexed or dimidiate, imbricate,
sometimes laterally confluent, drying pinkish buff to cinnamon-
brown, with a broad, pale margin, surface radiately rugose,
soft, silky fibrillose; substance of the same color as pileus; hy-
menium inferior, concave, even, drab to brownish drab; spores
umbrinous under the microscope, flattened on one side or some-
what kidney-shaped, not angular, echinulate, 8-9 x 6-7//-

* A figure will be given in Part II.

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACEiE OF NORTH AMERICA. I 217

Pileus 1-1^ cm. long, 2-4 cm. broad, 1 mm. thick.
On mossy bark at the base of trees and on fallen twigs in
groves. Vermont to Texas and west to Missouri. June to
August.

In his description Berkeley noted that the odor of this species
is strong and unpleasant; my specimens retained such an odor
for several years but I did not notice it before they were dried.
T. cuticularis may be distinguished from our other species by
its drab hymenium, portions of which become sage-green when
crushed under a cover glass in a 7 per cent solution of potassium
hydrate, and by its spores, which are not at all angular or irreg-
ular as regards the main body of the spore, but ovoid and flat-
tened on one side or slightly kidney-shaped and sparingly studded
with slender spines.

Specimens examined:
Vermont: Middlebury, E. A. Burt.

Rhode Island: Olney, 1851 (in Kew Herb, and in Curtis Herb.).
Pennsylvania: Bethlehem, Schweinitz (in Herb. Schw.), the Nos.
628 and 629 of Syn. N. Am. Fungi, under the names respec-
tively of T. fuscocinerea, and T. gausapata; Kitanning, D.
R. Sumstine, 1.
Delaware: Newark, H. S. Jackson.
North Carolina: Asheville, H. C. Beardslee, 03196.
Florida: Mrs. Sams, comm. by C. G. Lloyd.
Texas: W. H. Long, Jr., 351, 387 (in Cornell Univ. Herb.).
Ohio : Waynesville, T. G. Lea (in Kew Herb.), type ; Preston, A.P.
and L. V. Morgan, comm. by C. G. Lloyd, also C. G. Lloyd,
specimen dated July 26, 1896; Cincinnati, C. G. Lloyd, 1^492.
Wisconsin: Blue Mounds, E. T. and S. A. Harper, 861.
Missouri: Columbia, B. M. Duggar, 289.

17. T. intybacea Pers. ex Fries, Syst. Myc. i : 43L 1821.

Plate 5. fig. 11.

T. intyhacea Pers. Syn. Fung. 567. 1801-1807; Myc. Eur.
i:110. 1822.

Illustrations : BuUiard, Champ, de la France pi. 278.-BigesbTd
et Guillemin, Champ. Super. France 436. pi. 44- f- !•

Fructifications cespitose, soft, whitish, then rufous-ferru-
ginous, drying chestnut-brown to Rood's brown, with stems

[Vol. 1
218 ANNAL8 OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

somewhat lateral and growing into one another; pilei imbricated,
fibrous, usually with the fibers matted and agglutinated into
appressed and wholly adnate squamules, margin dilated and
whitish-fimbriate at first, at length becoming entire and colored
like the rest of the pileus; hymenium inferior, concolorous with
the upper surface, papillose; spores concolorous wdth hyme-
nium, snuff-brown under the microscope, angular-tuberculate,

7-9 X 6-8/i.

Clusters often 5-8 cm. in diameter; individual pileus 2-3 cm.
long, 2-4 cm. broad, 1 mm. thick.

On the ground in pine w^oods, growing up from the layer of
fallen leaves. Ontario to North Carolina and westward to
Ohio and Michigan. August to October.

The clusters are sometimes central but more often wdth the
pilei lateral and triangular; sometimes the mass ascends small
sticks and then extends out from this support in reflexed forms;
the upper surface is usually uneven and dries somewhat depressed
between the adnate squamules. This species is distinguished
from ferruginous specimens of T. terrestris by the thicker and
entire margin of the pileus and by the absence of free squamules.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Ell. & Ev., Fun. Col., 1410.
Austria: G. Bresadola.
Ontario: Toronto, J. Dearness, comm. by C. G. Lloyd; Harraby,

Lake Rosseau, E. T. and S. A. Harper, 682.
Maine: Portage, L. W. Riddle, 3.
New Hampshire: Shelburne, W. G. Farlow.
Vermont: Middlebury, Sudbury, Grand View Alt., E. A. Burt.
Massachusetts: A. P. D. Piguet, comm. by Dr. Farlow; Natick,

G. E. Morris, No. E.
Connecticut: East Hartford, C. C. Hanmer, 1434-
New York: Alcove, C. L. Shear, 1009; East Galway, E. A. Burt;

Ithaca, G. F. Atkinson, Cornell Univ. Herb., 3050, 19652.
Dist. of Columbia: Takoma Park, C. L. Shear, 799, 796; Wash-
ington, 0. F. Cook, 4, comm. by P. L. Ricker.
North Carohna: Asheville, H. C. Beardslee, 0341-
Ohio: A. P. Morgan (in Lloyd Herb.).

Michigan: C. G. Lloyd, 4546; Lawton, L. A. Hawkins; Sailor's
Encampment, Allen and Stuntz, 1, Univ. of Wis. Herb.

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. I 219

i8. T. terrestris Ehrh. ex Fries, Syst. Myc. i : 431. 1822.

Plate 5. fig. 10.

T. terrestris Ehrh. Crypt. Exsicc. No. 178. 1785.-Persoon,
Syn. Fung. 566. 1801; Myc. Eur. i: 113. lS22.-Stereum lacin-
iatum Pers. Obs. Myc. i : 36. 17 QQ.-Thelephor a laciniata Pers.
Syn. Fung. 567. 1801. -7^. caryophyllea & laciniata Pers. Myc.
Eur. 1 : 112. 1822.- T. laciniata Fries, Syst. Myc. i : 431. 1821.

Illustrations: Batsch, Elenchus Fung. pi. 21^. /. i;^i.-Nees,
System der Pilze pi. 34. f. ^5i .-Bolton, Hist. Fung. pi. 173.-
Sowerby, Col. Fig. of Eng. Fungi pi. 213.-QookQ, Handbook
i: 310.-Stevenson, Brit. Hym. 2: 261. -Smith, Brit. Basid.
399. /. 96 C-E.

Fructifications dark fuscous to fawn-color, coriaceous-soft,
cespitose, obconic, with a short stem-like base, or dimidiate and
sessile, or incrusting and effuso-reflexed ; pileoli more or less
imbricated, sometimes laterally confluent, fibrous-squamulose
and usually strigose, thin, margin fibrous-fimbriate and lacin-
iate ; hymenium inferior, papillose, fuscous to fawn-color ; spores
pale fuscous, irregular, angular, sometimes slightly tuberculate,
6-9 x Q/i.

Clusters 5-8 cm. in diameter, with single pileolus about 3 cm.
long and broad; obconic pileus 2-3 cm. in diameter; dimidiate
pileolus 1^-2 cm. long, 2-3 cm. broad, about 1 mm. thick.

On sandy ground in bare fields and at base of trunks and
from fallen twigs and leaves in pine woods. Canada to South
Carolina, and in Michigan, Jamaica, and Alaska. July to De-
cember.

My observations of this species acquired from specimens
received and from seeing it growing abundantly near Middle
Grove, N. Y., seem to show that the medium from which this
fungus derives its food produces an interesting effect on the
fructification. Growing from bare, sandy ground the fructifica-
tions are dark fuscous in color, and may be flattened clusters of
imbricated pileoli, or of the obconic-pileus type composed of
ascending pileoli confluent laterally, or dimidiate, sessile pileoli.
When growing on abundant woody matter, as is the case in the
specimen in Sowerby's illustration already cited, the fructifica-
tion assumes a redder color and replaces its dimidiate, sessile
pileus on earth by a reflexed one on the wood. With regard to

[Vol. 1
220 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

other forms of the clusters and pileoH, the covering of the upper
surface, and the spore characters there is no difference between
those fructifications produced without woody food and those
having it. There is no sharp color separation between these
color extremes.

Specimens growing on the ground usually have a short stem-
like base, while those growing on wood are reflexed; the same col-
lection may show both these conditions, as, for example, that
from Skagway, Alaska, if some of the fructifications start from
sticks and others directly from the ground. Persoon regarded
the stem in T. terrestris as the chief character separating that
species from his T. laciniata, as may be seen from his own de-
scriptions contrasting the two in his 'Synopsis Fungorum,' pp.
506 and 567, as follows :

"3. Thel. terrestris: subimbricata obscure fusca, pileo applanato
fibroso-strigoso."

"Hab. in arenosis ad terram. Stipes breuis, lateralis omnino adest.
Substantia submoUis, non ita coriacea sicca, vti in ceteris speciebus."

"4. Thel. laciniata: inibricata obscure fusca, pileo tenui laciniato
crispo subtus papillis congestis scabro."

"Hab. ad radices truncorum. Cespitem difformem efformat, 2 vnc.
lata, tenuis. Stip. vix adest distinctus."

These descriptions supplement each other as a description
for one species; each has special application to fructifications
growing side by side under such conditions as to show that they
are from a common mycelium. Persoon never claimed that his
species differed from T. terrestris in color. Fries gave a difi'erent
description of T. laciniata in his works cited — to the injury of
T. intyhacea — , but the characters he gives are not satisfactory.
European mycologists with a wide knowledge of the Thele-
phoraceoB as they grow are unable to distinguish these two species.
In letters to me, Bresadola regards T. laciniata as a synonym
of T. terrestris; and Romell does not know T. terrestris if it is
distinct from T. laciniata.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 511; Ell. & Ev., N. Am. Fungi,

2732, under the name T. intyhacea.
Austria: G. Bresadola.
Sweden: G. Romell, 52, 55, 56, 57.
Newfoundland: A. C. Waghorne, 276 (in Mo. Bot. Card. Herb.).

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. I 221

Quebec: Gaspe, /. Macoun, 229.

Ontario: Ottawa and Belleville, J. Macoun.

Maine: Wells, /. Blake, comm. by P. L. Ricker.

New Hampshire : Chocorua, W. G. Farlow.

Massachusetts : Magnolia and Woods Hole, W. G. Farlow; Ips-
wich, G. E. Morris, No. F.

Connecticut: South Windsor, East Hartford, and Rockville,
C. C. Hanmer, 1227-29, 9U, 1057.

New York: East Galway and Middle Grove, E. A. Burt, three
collections from the latter station; Ithaca, G. F. Atkinson,
Cornell Univ. Herb., 22976.

New Jersey: Belleplain, C. L. Shear, 1246; Newfield, J. B. Ellis,
Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 511.

Pennsylvania: Schweinitz (in Herb. Schw.), the 624 of Syn.
N. Am. Fungi.

North Carolina: Asheville, H. C. Beardslee, 02280; Salem, Schwei-
nitz (in Herb. Schw.), the 624 of Syn. N. Am. Fungi.

Alabama: Tuskegee, Beaumont, 199 (in Curtis Herb.).

South Carolina: Society Hill, M. A. Curtis, 2693 (in Curtis
Herb.).

Michigan: Agricultural College, G. H. Hicks, Ell. & Ev., Fun.
Col., 2732.

Alaska: Skagway, J. Macoun, 47; Evans, 4iO (in Mo. Bot.
Gard. Herb.).

Jamaica: Cinchona, W. A. and E. L. Murrill, New York Bot.
Gard., Fun. of Jamaica, 451.

19. T. griseozonata Cooke, Grevillea 19: 104. 1891.

Plate 5. fig. 12.

Type: in Ravenel, Fun. Amer., 444.

Fructifications cespitose, coriaceous-soft ; pileoli extended into
a short sublateral stem, imbricate, applanate, silky-strigose,
zonate with alternating cervine (Rood's brown) and light buff
zones, margin subfimbriate; hymenium inferior, castaneous
when fresh, drying Rood's brown, rugose, somewhat papillose;
spores pale fuscous, angular, 6-9 x 6-7^.

Cluster 3-6 cm. in diameter; obconic pileus and single pileo-
lus each 2-3 cm. in diameter.

[Vol. 1
222 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

On sandy ground in pine woods. New Jersey to Louisiana.
August to November.

Tills species is closely related to T. terrestris and has the same
habitat, habit of growth, and spore characters, but is distin-
guished from that species by its zonate pileus. The fructifica-
tions usually occur in flattened clusters with spreading pileoli;
sometimes the individual pileoU acquire an infundibuliform
appearance by the growing together for part of their length of
opposite edges of individual pileoli; sometimes a small obconic
pileus occurs composed of two or more pileoli with adjacent
edges confluent. In the collection cited below from Mississippi,
small lobes are present in the cavity of the cup, as in T. vialis
and T. caryophyllea.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Ravenel, Fungi Am., 444, type distribution; Ravenel,
Fun. Car. II, 28, under the name T. caryophyllea; ElUs, N.
Am. Fungi, 714; Ell. & Ev., Fun. Col., 1305.
New Jersey: Newfield, J. B. Ellis, in his exsiccati cited.
South Carolina: Aiken, H. W. Ravenel, Fungi Am., 444, type

collection.
Alabama: Auburn, C. F. Baker, Lloyd Herb., 3462.
Mississippi: Biloxi, Mrs. E. S. Earle, 32.
Louisiana: St. Martinville, A. B. Langlois, by.

20. T. fimbriata Schw. ex Schweinitz, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
N. S. 4: 106. 1834. Plate 4. fig. 3.

Merisma fimbriatum Schw. (Syn. Fung. Car., No. 1067)
Schrift. d. Naturforsch. Gesell., Leipzig, i: 110. lS22.-Thele-
phora scoparia Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 42: 123 (27). pi.
2. J. 20, 21. 1889.

Illustrations: Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 42: pi. 2. /. 20,
21.

Type: in Herb. Schweinitz.

Fructification coriaceous-soft, incrusting and ascending small
plants (mosses, etc.), here and there emitting fascicles of
branches united below, subterete, acuminate or fimbriately
incised, at first pale or whitish, soon ferruginous brown, dry-
ing Rood's brown; hymenium even, pruinose-pubescent; spores
umbrinous, tuberculate, 7-11 x 6-9 m.

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACEiE OF NORTH AMERICA. I 223

Incrusting and ascending upward 1-3 cm. ; free branches 5-10
mm. long, 1 mm. thick, sweep of fascicle about 5-10 mm.

In moist places. New York to South Carolina, and west to
Illinois. July and August.

The type is an incrusting specimen, covering as its main axis
a small twig in one specimen and a moss in the other, and send-
ing out a few lateral branches which are flattened towards the
free ends and subfimbriate ; main trunk is cylindric, latericius
(of 'Chromotaxia'), ends of branches paler; spores umbrinous
under the microscope, tuberculate, 7-8 x 6 m. Schweinitz de-
scribed the species as becoming hard and cartilaginous, but
this is an error probably due to the foreign matter surrounded
by the main trunk. Several other specimens are present in
his herbarium under various names.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 512, under the name T. cristata.
Massachusetts: Weston, A. B. Seymour, T 1 (in Mo. Bot.

Gard. Herb., 45573).
New York: Bethlehem and Selku-k, C. H. Peck (in Coll. N. Y.

State), type of T. scoparia; Syracuse, from Herb. Cornell

Univ., 19474.
New Jersey: Newfield, J. B. Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 512.
Pennsylvania: Bethlehem, Schweinitz (in Herb. Schw.), the 615

of Syn. N. Am. Fungi, under the name T. stabularis.
North Carolina: Salem, Schweinitz (in Herb. Schw.), type, and

also the 1063 of Syn. Fung. Car., under the name Merisma

fuscescens.
Indiana: Millers, E. T. and S. A. Harper, 670.
Illinois: Havana, H. C. Beardslee; Riverside, E. T. and S. A,

Harper, 668.

21. T. perplexa Burt, n. sp.^

Type: in Curtis Herb.

Fructification incrusting, coriaceous, consisting of a resupinate

membrane from the central portion of which arise cylindric

trunks either simple or digitately branched; resupinate portion

" spongy, firm, separable, fuscous at the center, margin thin,

determinate, pinkish buff; ascending portions spongy, firm,,

^ A figure will be given in Part II.

[Vol. 1
224 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

fuscous, simple and tapering upward or soon branching and
terminating in paler either subulate tips or somewhat flattened
ends; spores fuscous, subglobose, echinulate, 8-10 x 8-9m-

The resupinate membrane may be 3 cm. in diameter; ascending
portion of fructification 2-3 cm. high, l|-2 mm. thick.

On decaying leaves and sticks on the ground. Cuba.

Berkeley & Curtis based their description of Thelephora den-
tosa on two collections made in Cuba by C. Wright in different
years; these collections are different specifically. The original
description applies chiefly to the earlier collection, made in
1857, which is unnumbered. I take my type of T. perplexa
from the later collection, C. Wright, 238.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Fungi Cubenses Wrightiani, C. Wright, 238, under

the name Thelephora dentosa B. & C.
Cuba: C. Wright, 238, type (in Curtis Herb.).

22. T. dentosa Berk. & Curtis emend Burt.^

T. dentosa B. & C. (Fungi Cubenses) Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot.
id: 329. 1867.

Type: type and cotype in Kew Herb, and Curtis Herb, re-
spectively.

Fructification coriaceous-soft, incrusting leaves and small
twigs on the ground and ascending as free, sessile, dilated, tri-
angular, flabelliform pilei which are dentate at the upper end
or deeply divided into a few finger-shaped divisions, honey-
yellow to tawny olivaceous throughout, minutely hairy under
a lens ; spores honey-yellow, globose to ovoid, weakly echinulate,
6-10 X 6-8 /x.

Pileus 1 cm. high, 5 mm.-l cm. broad.

On rotten vegetation. Cuba. June.

As already stated in connection with T. perplexa, Berkeley
& Curtis cited for types of their T. dentosa specimens from two
collections made in Cuba by C. Wright. These collections were
made wdth an interval of several years between the collections,
which differ specifically. As noted by Berkeley & Curtis, their
description applies better to the earlier collection, to which I now

^ A figure will be given in Part II.

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. I 225

restrict their species. This earUer collection was distributed
by C. Wright, unnumbered, under the name Thelephora dentosa

B. & C. before the publication of the description of this species,
and the cotype in Curtis Herb, is unnumbered also. By what
was apparently a slip of the pen, Berkeley cited this type as

C. Wright, 507. By the kindness of Dr. Farlow I have been
permitted to examine the manuscript records which show that
Wright collected only one No. 507, which was determined by
Berkeley as Xylaria ohovata Berk, and is cited under this species
by Berk. & Curtis, Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. lo: 380. 1867. I
find in Curtis Herb, such a specimen labelled Xylaria ohovata
Berk., Cuba, C. Wright, 507. I conclude that the type and
cotype of T. dentosa B. & C, first cited in their description,
are from the collection distributed by C. Wright, unnumbered,
under the name Thelephora dentosa B. & C.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Plantae Cubenses Wrightianae, unnumbered, under

the name Thelephora dentosa B. & C.
Cuba: C. Wright, cotype (in Curtis Herb.).

23. T. spiculosa Fries, Syst. Myc. i: 434. 1821; Epicr. Syst.
Myc. 539. 1836-38. Plate 4. fig. 2.

Illustrations: Persoon, Syn. Fung. pi. 3. f. 16.

Type: an authentic specimen from Fries, in Kew Herb.

Fructifications cespitose, from byssoid becoming fleshy, vari-
able by incrusting habit, pale buff at first, main portions
becoming purplish-fuscous (Rood's brown) with age, ramose-
spiculous, tips penicillate and whitish; spores umbrinous under
the microscope, irregular, echinulate, 8-9 x 6-7 /i.

Clusters 1-2 cm. high, 2-4 cm. in diameter, single fructifica-
tion 1-2 cm. high, about 1 mm. in diameter, with branches
spreading 4-6 mm.

On leaves on ground in moist groves. Ohio to Wisconsin.
July. Rare.

The best specimens which I have seen have main trunks of
the fructifications running side by side over partially decayed
beech leaves and confluent into an effused mass. These trunks
ascend obliquely from the leaves to a height of 1-2 cm., branch
sparingly, and terminate in spiculous tips. The fructification

[Vol. 1. 1914]
226 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

must be inconspicuous in the woods since the general color of
the mass is the same as that of the leaves on which it is effused,
although the main trunks may be darker.

Specimens examined :
Exsiccati: Kunze, Fun. Sel. Exsic, 560.
Sweden: specimen from Fries (in Kew Herb.).
Austria: G. Bresadola.
Ohio: Preston, C. G. Lloyd.
Michigan: Glen Lake, C. G. Lloyd, 02471.
Wisconsin: Lake Geneva, E. T. and S. A. Harper, 883.

(To be continued.)
Explanation of Plate

PLATE 4

All figures of plates 4 and 5 have been reproduced natural size from
photographs of dried herbarium specimens of species of Thelephora.

Fig. 1. Thelephora anthocephala. From specimen collected at Lin wood, Ohio, by
C. G. Lloyd, No. 02164.

Fig. 2. T. spiculosa. a, from specimen on leaves of Fagus collected in Europe by
Bresadola, which I compared with the specimen from Fries in Kew Herbarium;
b, from specimen collected at Glen Lake, Mich., by C. G. Lloyd, No. 02471.

Fig. 3. T. fimhriala. From specimen incrusting living strawberry {Fragaria)
plant, collected at Riverside, 111., by E. T. and S. A. Harper, No. 668.

Fig. 4. T. palmata. From specimen from New Jersey, from C. G. Lloyd, No.
4612.

Fig. 5. T. magnispora. From tjT^e specimens collected at Chester Vale, Jamaica,
by W. A. and Edna L. Murrill, No. 295. a shows upper surface and side of
pileus, and b, the hymenium.

Fig. 6. T. regularis. From a sketch of the type in Herb. Schweinitz.

Fig. 7 a. T. multipartita. From specimens collected at Trexlertown, Pa., by Dr.
W. Herbst.

Fig. 7 b. T. regularis. From specimens collected at Clayton, Del., by H. S. Jack-
son.

Fig. 8. T. scissilis. From type specimens collected at Bingen, Wash., by W. N.
Suksdorf, No. 716.

Fig. 9. T. caryophyllea. From specimens collected in Michigan, by C. G. Lloyd,
No. 4547.

BURT— THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA

1. THELEPHORA ANTHOCEPHALA.— 2. T. SPICULOSA — 3. T. FIMBRIATA.—
4.T. PALMATA. — 5. T. MAGNISPORA.— 6 and 7 b. T. REGULARIS.— 7 a. T. MULTIPARTITA.
—8. T. SCISSILIS.— 9. T. CARYOPHYLLEA.

[Vol. 1, 1914
228 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Explanation of Plate

PLATE 5.

Fig. 10. T. terrestris. From specimens collected on ground in open fields at
Middle Grove, N. Y. a shows the fibrose-etrigose upper surface and fimbriate
margin of the pileus, and h, the hymenium of lower surface.

Fig. 11. T. intybacea. From specimens collected in pine woods incrusting fallen
pine leaves and twigs at Middlebury, Vt. a shows upper surface with matted,
adnate squamules and whitish, thick, entire margin; b, the h3Tiienium of lower
Burface.

Fig. 12. T. griseozonaia. From specimen of type collection, distributed in Ravenel,
Fun. Amer., No. 444.

Fig. 13. T. alindo-brunnea. a, upper side of specimen collected at Saugatuck,
Mich., by E. T. and S. A. Harper, No. 654. The specimen is about 2 cm. thick;
b, hymenium of specimen collected at Lake Dunmore, Vt.

Fig. 14. T. cuiicularis. From specimens collected at Blue Mounds, Wis., by
E. T. and S. A. Harper, No. 861. a, viewed obhquely from above; b, viewed from
imder side to show hymenium.

Fig. 15. T. vialis. From specimen collected at Lake Dunmore, Vt.

. .vX^infMfth'nn!lr^.<»>

^. '^te^.-.v

^!i:

)

t

-f

12

r ■•

BURT— THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA

10. THELEPHORA TERRESTRIS. — 1 1. T. INTYBACEA. — 12. T. GRISEO-ZONATA.-
13. T. ALBIDO-BRUNNEA.— 14. T. CUTICULARIS. — 15. T. VIALIS.

The Thelephoraceae of North
America. II

Craterellus

EDWAKD ANGTTS BUKT

Reprinted from Annals of the Missodki Botanical
Garden 1: 327-350. September, 1914

THE THELEPHORACEiE OF NORTH AMERICA. II^

Ckatekellus

edward angus burt

Mycologist and Librarian to the Missouri Botanical Garden

Associate Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of

Washington University

CRATERELLUS

Craterellus Pers. Myc. Eur. 2:4. 1825. — Fries, Epicr. 531.
1838; Hym. Eur. 630. 1874. — Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 6:514.
1888.— Hennings, in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (i. 1**):
127. 1898.

The type species of the genus is Craterellus cornucopioides
L. ex Pers.

Fructifications fleshy or membranaceous, pileate, often tubi-
form, infundibuliform, or flabelliform, sometimes clavate;
hymenium waxy-membranous, distinct, continuous, adnate to
the hymenophore, even or rugose; basidia simple; spores usually
white.

Craterellus is closely related by its fleshy C. Cantharellus,

C. odoratus, C. lutescens, etc., with the genus Cantharellus.
These species resemble so closely in coloration and habit species
of the latter genus that careful examination of the hymenium

H should be made for generic determination. Craterellus has

f^ its hymenium even or slightly rugose. In exceptional con-

"^ necting species, such as C. clavatus, it is somewhat lamelliform

^ for a part of the distance from margin of the pileus to the stem.

^ The clavate C. pistillaris and C. unicolor connect Craterellus

-c*5 closely with Clavaria.

Ti"' Craterellus cornucopioides, C. ochrosporus, C. clavatus, C.

ifi Cantharellus, and C. odoratus are edible species, which are often

*"* abundant locally.

1 , 1 Issued September 30, 1914.

(5 Note. — Explanation in regard to the citation of specimens studied is given in

i3 Part I, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. i : 202, footnote. The technical color terms used in
' this work are those of Ridgway, Color Standards and Nomenclature. Washington,

D. C, 1912.

Ann. Mo. Bot. Gaed., Vol. 1, 1914 (327)

[Vol. 1
328 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Key to the Species

Hymenium eomewhat radiately lamelliform — at least near the margin j

etom solid 1

Hymenium plane, rugose-WTinkled, or ribbed and rugose-wrinkled 2

1. Fructification large, 4-10 cm. high; stem about 1 cm. thick; spores 10-13 x

4-4 J ^ I.e. clavatus

1. Fructification small, 1-1 J cm. high; stem 1 mm. thick; pileus umbilicate;

spores 9x7m 11. C. delitescens

2. Fructification with pileus infundibuliform and pallid rose; hymenium

and stem white. In X. Carolina in moss near Kalmia bushes .... 4- C roseus
2. Fructification entirely egg-yellow, about 3-9 cm. high, 2J-9 cm. broad. . . 3
2. Fructification neither entirely egg-yellow nor with pileus pallid rose and

hymenium and stem white 4

3. Pileus convex, then depressed or infundibuliform; stem solid. . .2. C. Cantharellus
3. Pileus convex, then depressed or cyathiform; stem hollow or cavernous;

fructification sometimes branched S. C. odoiatus

4. Pileus tubiform with cavity extending nearly or quite to the base of

the stem 5

4. Pileus not tubiform, but instead infundibuliform, depressed, truncate,

convex, or flabelliform 6

5. Pileus and stem smoky brown to blackish; hymenium cinereous drab; spores

12-16 X 6-10 M S. C. cornucopioides

5. Pileus drying avellaneous to snuff-brown; stem black with chamois-colored
pubescence at its base; hymenium chamois-colored or colored like the pileus;

spores 12-15 x 7-8 m 6. C. ochrosporus

5. Pileus somewhat tubiform; hymenium dark cinereous; spores 6-7? x 4^5 m

7. C. dubius
5. Pileus somewhat tubiform or umbilicate, yellowish brown to fuscous; hjone-

nium and stem yellow; spores 10-12 x 6-8 m 8. C. lutescens

6. Pileus infundibuliform, 2-3 cm. broad; hjTQenium pallid cinereous;

spores 10-12 x 6-7 n 9. C. sirmosus

6. Pileus deeply cup-shaped, 4-8 mm. broad; hymenium cream-buff;

spores 8 x 6 n 10. C. calyculus

6. Pileus convex, then umbihcate, 5 mm. broad; hjonenium sometimes
obscurely lamelliform, chamois-colored; stem chamois-colored; spores

9 X 7 fi 11. C. delitescens

6. Pileus merely depressed, truncate, convex, or clavate 7

6. Pileus flabelliform 8

7. Fructification small, 1-3 cm. high, 4r-9 mm. broad, narrowly obconic, white;

spores 3-4 n in diameter IB. C. taxophilus

7. Fructification 2-5 cm. high, from obconic often becoming abruptly enlarged
and somewhat cerebriform at the upper end but with the stem remaining

comparatively slender 13. C. unicolor

7. Fructification large, 6-15 cm. high, clavate or obconic and truncate, tapering
downward; stem often bulbous at the base. Fructification dries sorghum-
brown to fuscous 14. C. piatillarit

8. Pileus hgulate at first, then spreading laterally and becoming somewhat
palmately cleft into a few branches, fawn-color shading into bone-
brown. Known from Ohio IS. C. palmatia

10141

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. II 329

8. Pileus somewhat triangular, drying a dirty pinkish buff; hymenium

drying Isabella-color to clay-color. Known only from Florida . . 16. C. dilatiis

8. Fructification entirely white; pileus reniform, dimidiate, attached
laterally to a slender erect stem. Known only from Washington

17. C. Humphrey i

I. Craterellus clavatus Pers. ex Fries, Epicr. 533. 1836-
1838. Plate 15. fig. 6.

Merulius clavatus Pers. Obs. Mye. i: 21. 1896. — Cantharellus
clavatus Fries, Syst. Myc. i: 322. 1821. — Nevrophyllum clava-
tum Fries ex Patouillard, Tab. Anal. Fung, i : 193. /. 434- 1883-
1886. — Cantharellus brevipes Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus.
33: 21. pi. l.f. 18-20. 1879.

Illustrations: Schseffer, Icon. Fung. pi. 164, 276. — Kromb-
holz, Abbild. und Beschr. pi. 45. /• 13-17. — Fries, Sverig. Atl.
Svamp. pi. 91. — Richon et Roze, Atlas Champ, pi. 50. f. 10-1 4. —
Bresadola, Funghi Manger, pi. 82. — Peck, Rep. N. Y. State
Mus. 33: pi. l.f. 15-^0.— Harper, Mycologia 5: pi. 93, 94.

Fructifications solitary or cespitose, fleshy, flesh whitish;
pileus narrowly obconic, turbinate, truncate or depressed, gla-
brous, ochraceous buff, attenuated into the stem, the margin
thin and erect; stem short, solid, tomentose at the base; hyme-
nium lamelliform near the margin, rugose-wrinkled elsewhere,
becoming pruinose with the spores, light vinaceous drab, drying
drab; spores pale ochraceous in the mass, 10-13 x 4-4^ m.

Fructifications 4-10 cm. high; pileus 3-8 cm. broad; stem 1-2
cm. long, 8-15 mm. thick.

On the ground in coniferous woods. Maine to Connecticut
and west to Minnesota, and in Montana. July to September.

This species is intermediate between Craterellus and Cantharel-
lus. The marginal portion of the hymenium is hke that of a
Ca7itharellus, and the remainder of the hymenium, like that of a
Craterellus. There is good authority for including this species
in Cantharellus and there is the authority of Fries and herbarium
usage for classing it in Craterellus. C. clavatus is edible but too
rare, at least in the east, to be common in herbaria.

Specimens examined :
Exsiccati: De Thuemen, Myc. Univ., 1807.
Austria: G. Bresadola.
Maine: Sprague (in Curtis Herb., 5786).

[Vol. 1
330 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

New Hampshire: Shelbunie, W. G. Farlow (in IMo. Bot.

Card. Herb, 48G8).
Vermont: Lake Diinmore, E. A. Burt.

Connecticut: Rainbow, C. C. Hanmer, 1464 (in Hanmer Herb.).
New York: Ballston, C. H. Peck, the type of Cantharellus
brevipes (in Coll. N. Y. State).

2. C. Cantharellus Schw. ex Fries, Epicr. 534. 1836-1838.

Plate 15. fig. 7.

Thelephora Cantharella Schw. Schrift. d. Naturforsch. Gesell.,
Leipzig, i: 105. 1822. — Craterellus lateritius Berk. Grevillea
i: 147. 1873.

Illustrations: Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 49: pi 44-
f. 1-5; Mem. N. Y. State Mus. 3*: pi 56. /. i7-^^.— Hard,
Mushrooms /. 378. — Marshall, Mushroom Book 73. /.

Type: in Herb. Schweinitz.

Fructifications single or cespitose, fleshy, firm, egg-yellow;
pileus convex, becoming depressed or infundibuliform, glabrous,
yellow, the margin often lobed or irregular; stem solid, cylindric
or tapering downward, glabrous, yellow; hymenium nearly
even or rugose \mnkled, yellow, or with a reddish salmon tinge
and drying ochre-red; spores 7-10 x 3|-5| m-

Fructifications 4-9 cm. high; pileus 2^-8 cm. broad; stem
2§-5 cm. long, 5-10 mm. thick.

On the ground in open woods. Massachusetts to Alabama
and westward to Ohio; also in Mexico. June to September.
Abundant locally.

This species is so similar to Cantharellus cibarius in habit,
coloration, size and form — differing from the latter only in the
more even hymenium, that figures of C. cibarius will serve very
well for Craterellus Cantharellus, if allowance is made for the
different hymenium. The fii^m and solid stem of C. Cantharellus
distinguishes this species from C. odoratus easily. The latter
species sometimes has its pileus greatly branched. My illus-
tration of this species is photographed from the dried herbarium
specimen of the cotype of C. lateritius Berk. In this specimen
the lobes of the pileus were pressed together above before drying.
The hymenium of this specimen is now ochre-red and agrees
in color with that of the authentic specimen of C. Cantharellus
in Curtis Herb.; both these specimens have been poisoned. I

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACEiE OF NORTH AMERICA. II 331

found the spores of the type in Herb. Schw. 8-9 x 3|-4 n, or
a little slenderer than in northern specimens. Hard states
that the spores are yellowish or salmon colored in the mass
when collected. This species is edible.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Ell. & Ev., N. Am. Fungi, 1921.
Massachusetts: Sprague (in Curtis Herb.); Milton, H. Webster.
Connecticut: East Hartford, C. C. Hanmer, 2391, 2468 (both

in Hanmer Herb.).
Pennsylvania: West Chester, B. M. Everhart, Ell. & Ev., N.

Am. Fungi, 1921.
West Virginia: Eglon, C. G. Lloyd, 02292.
North Carolina: Schweinitz, type (in Herb. Schweinitz);

Blowing Rock, G. F. Atkinson, 4318.
South Carolina: Clemson College, P. H. Rolfs, 1830.
Alabama: Peters (in Curtis Herb., 4539, and in Kew Herb.),

the ootype and type respectively of C. lateritius; Auburn,

F. S. Earle (in Mo. Bot. Card. Herb., 4928).
Ohio: A. P. Morgan (in Lloyd Herb.).
Kentucky: C. G. Lloyd (in Lloyd Herb.).
Mexico (?) : Botteri, 27 (in Curtis Herb.). If the stem is hollow

this specimen is C. odoratus.
3. C. odoratus Schw. ex Fries, Epicr. 532. 1836-1838.

Plates 15, 16. figs. 8-10.

Merulius odoratus Schw. Schrift. d. Naturforsch. Gesell.,

Leipzig, i: 91. 1822. — Cantharellus odoratus Fries, Elenchus

Fung, i: 51. 1828. — C. confluens Berk. & Curtis, Jour. Linn.

Soc. Bot. 9: 423. 1867.

Type: in Herb. Schweinitz.

Fructifications gregarious, sometimes cespitose, simple or
branched, egg-yellow; pileus thin, convex, then depressed and
somewhat cyathiform, sometimes pervious, yellow, the margin
deflexed, often lobed or irregular; stem cylindric or somewhat
tapering towards the base, concolorous with the pileus, hollow
or cavernous; hymenium even or somewhat rugose-wrinkled,
ochraceous orange or with a reddish tinge approaching San-
ford's brown; spores even, 7-9 x 4-5 m.

Fructifications 3-7 cm. high; pileus 2-9 cm. broad; stem 2-4
cm. long, 3-8 mm. thick.

[Vol. 1
332 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

111 moL^t places in woods. North Carolina and Georgia to
Ohio and Missouri. June to October.

Specimens of this species have sometimes been confused in
recent years with the better known C. Cantharellus, which ranges
farther north. The color and general habit of these species is
the same ; both have the egg-yellow color and the characteristic
fragrance of Cantharellus cibai'ius when moistened after drying,
and all three are edible. Craterellus odoratus is more membra-
naceous than C. Cantharellus and it differs from both this species
and Cantharellus cibarius in having a hollow or cavernous stem
whose pliant walls may be pinched together, like those of a
rubber tube, before the specimens are dried. Highly branched
forms may occur as shown in pi. 16 fig. 10a; this character was
unduly emphasized in the original description. The ample
collections in the Glatfelter Herbarium seem to show that Cra-
terellus odoratus is the most frequent Craterellus in the vicinity
of St. Louis. Dr. Glatfelter notes on his collection that he has
eaten this species and found it quite good. In pi. 15 fig. 8, I
give a figure, natural size, from a photograph of the dried her-
barium cotype of C. confluens B. & C., to show how close the
resemblance is to the specimens of C. odoratus, collected at St.
Louis and figured in the following plate. The type of C con-
fluens has the hymenium rugose-wrinkled, as is often the case
in specimens of C. odoratus; its habit, dimensions, structure,
coloration, and spores are quite those of C. odoratus.

Specimens examined:
North Carolina: Salem, Schweinitz, type (in Herb. Schweinitz).
South Carolina: Society Hill, Ravenel, 192 (in Curtis Herb.).
Georgia: Station cited by Schweinitz.
Alabama : Auburn, L. M. Underwood.
Ohio: Oxford, L. 0. Overholts, 1721 (in Overholts Herb.).
Missouri: near St. Louis, N. M. Glatfelter, 348 (in Mo. Bot.
Card. Herb., 42590), and J. B. S. Norton (in Mo. Bot. Card.
Herb., 4926).
Mexico: near Orizaba, Botteri, 6 (type and cotype in Kew
Herb, and Curtis Herb., respectively, of C. confluens).

4. C. roseus Schw. ex Fries, Epicr. 533. 1836-1838.

Merulius roseus Schw. Schrift. d. Naturforsch. Gesell., Leip-

1914}

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. II 333

zig, i: 91. 1822. — Cantharellus roseus Fries, Elenchus Fung.
53. 1828.

Fructifications solitary, somewhat fleshy; pileus infundibuli-
form, somewhat strigose, pallid rose, the margin lobed and
inflexed; stem apparently stuffed, attenuated downward, white;
hymenium somewhat rugose, white.

In mosses, especially in proximity to Kalmia. North Carolina.

Specimens of this species have the habit of Cantharellus
ciharius but are thinner. Fries received a specimen of Craterel-
lus roseus from Schweinitz and expressed the opinion in 'Elen-
chus' that the species is good. I have seen no specimens of C.
roseus and base the above on the original description and the
comments by Schweinitz and Fries.

5. C. cornucopioides L. ex Pers. Myc. Eur. 2: 5. 1825.

Plate 17. fig. 17.

Peziza cornucopioides L. Sp. PI. 1181. 1753. [1st ed.] —
Elvella cornucopioides Scop. Fl. Carn. 2 : 476. 1760. — Merulius
cornucopioides Pers. Syn. Fung. 491. ISOl. — Cantharellus
cornucopioides Fries, Syst. Myc. i: 321. 1821.

Illustrations: Vaillant, Botan. Paris, pi. 13. f. 2, 3. — Bolton,
Hist. Fung. pi. 103.—F\oY. Dan. pi. 384, 1260.— Bolmskiold,
Fung. Dan. 2. pi. 5. — Sowerby, Brit. Fung. pi. 7^. — Schseffer,
Icon. Fung. pi. 165. — Bulliard, Herb, de la France pi. 150. —
Schnizlein, in Sturm, Deutsch. Flora 3: fasc. 31. pi. 5. — Bresa-
dola, Funghi Manger. 75. pi. 83. — Cooke, Brit. Edible Fung.
pi. 11. f. 39.— Buiour, Atlas Champ, pi. 70. f. ^57.— Hard,
Mushrooms 451. /. 575.— Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 48: pi.
24. j. 7-10. — cf. Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 19: 478, for other refer-
ences to illustrations.

Fructifications gregarious or somewhat cespitose; pileus thin,
somewhat membranaceous, tubseform, pervious, sometimes
granular or minutely squamulose, smoky brown to blackish,
usually drying Front's brown, with the erect, spreading, or de-
curved margin generally lobed, wavy, or irregular; stem short,
hollow, even, blackish brown; hymenium even or rugose-
wrinkled, cinereous drab; spores hyaline, even, 12-16x6-10/1.

Fructification 5-8 cm. high; pileus 2|-5 cm. broad; stem 1-3
cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick.

[Vol. 1
334 ANKALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

On earth in mixed woods. Canada to South Carolina and
westward to Missouri. June to vSeptember.

The cornucopia craterellus is well characterized by its cornu-
copia-shaped or narrowly trumpet-shaped pileus ashy to sooty
brown in color, by thin flesh which is somewhat tough and
flexile, cinereous drab hj'menium which sometimes has a brown-
ish tinge, and black stem. This species is too infrequent to
afford more than a few herbarium specimens in the regions where
I have collected fungi, but it is reported so plentiful in some
states as to be highly regarded as an edible species.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Ravenel, Fung. Car. II. 27; Ellis, N. Am. Fungi,

321; Ell. & Ev., Fung. Col., 1723; Shear, N. Y. Fungi, 49;

Rabenhorst-Winter, Fung. Eur., 3640.
Sweden: L. Romell, Jj.8.
Canada: J. Macoun, 72, 73.
Ontario: Casselman, J. Macoun, 347.
Vermont: Grand View Mt., E. A. Burt.
Massachusetts: Sprague, 211 (in Curtis Herb.).
Connecticut: W. A. Setchell.
New York: Sand Lake, C. H. Peck (in Coll. N. Y. State);

Alcove, C. L. Shear, Shear's N. Y. Fungi, 49; Ithaca, H. von

Schrenk (in Mo. Bot. Card. Herb., 4763, 42584), W. H.

Long, Jr., Ell. & Ev., Fung. Col., 1723.
New Jersey: Newfield, H. Leahy, Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 321.
Pennsylvania: locality cited by Schweinitz, Syn. N. Am.

Fungi; W. Herbst (in Lloyd Herb.).
North Carolina: (in Curtis Herb., 502); locality cited by

Schweinitz, Syn. Fung. Car. Sup,
South Carohna: M. A. Curtis (in Curtis Herb.).
Ohio: Loveland, D. L. James, comm. by U. S. Dept. Agr.
Kentucky: Mammoth Cave, C. G. Lloyd.
Missouri: Perryville, C. H. Demetrio, Rabenhorst-Winter, Fung.

Eur., 3640; Meramec Highlands, P. Spaulding (in Mo.

Bot. Card. Herb., 4869).

6. C. ochrosporus Burt, n. sp. Plate 17. fig. 15.

An C. ocreatus Pers. ]Myc. Eur. 2 : 5. pi 13. f. 2. 1825?
Type: in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 42585.
Fructifications gregarious or cespitose; pileus thin, somewhat

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACE.E OF NORTH AMERICA. II 335

membranaceous, tubseform, pervious, minutely floccose-squam-
ulose, drying avellaneous to snuff-brown, the margin erect or
decurved; stem short, hollow, black, with chamois-colored
pubescence at the base; hymenium even or somewhat rugose,
sometimes colored hke the pileus but in the type chamois-
colored; spores straw-yellow in the mass, even, obtuse, 12-15
X 7-8 M.

Fructifications 4-7 cm. high; pileus 1-3^ cm. broad, 1-2^
cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick.

On the ground among mosses in woods. New York and
Missouri. June to September. Probably abundant in Missouri.

Dr. Glatfelter noted a pleasant minty odor for the specimens.
This species closely resembles C. cornucopioides in form, but
differs from that species in having hymenium, spores, and base
of stem yellow. A collection from the same spot from which
the type collection came, but made in June two years later,
has the hymenium snuff-brown and approaches C. cornucopioides
in this respect. I am not aware of any data on C. ocreatus Pers.
except that based on the original description which is cited
above. That species has presumably not been collected by
European mycologists since the original collection from the
environs of Paris a century ago. Our specimens differ from
that description in having the stem yellow pubescent at the
base and the hymenium somewhat rugose, and they may differ
in other characters, e. g., spore colors, etc., not given in the
brief description of C ocreatus. Hence I give to our American
specimens a distinct name.

Specimens examined:
New York: East Galway, E. A. Burt.

Missouri: Meramec Highlands, A^. M. Glatfelter (in Mo. Bot.
Gard. Herb., 42585, type, and 42586-87); Columbia, B. M.
Duggar, 134.

7. C. dubius Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 31 : 38. 1879.

Illustrations : Hard, Mushrooms /. 380.

Type : in Coll. New York State.

Fructifications solitary or cespitose; pileus thin, infundi-
buliform or subtubiform, subfibrillose, dark brown or lurid
brown, pervious, the margin generally wavy and lobed; stem
short, hollow, colored like the hymenium; hymenium dark

[Vol. 1
336 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

ciiioreous and rugose when moist, the obscure crowded irregular
wrinkles abundantly anastomosing, nearly even and paler when
dry; spores broadly elliptical or subglobose, 6-7 1 x 4^-5 ix.

Fructification 5-72 <^ii^- high; pileus 2\-b cm. broad, 4 mm.
thick.

On ground in woods. Ontario and New York to Illinois.
August to October. Rare.

The specimens of this species have the same coloration as
those of C. cornucopioides but differ from the latter in having a
shorter and more funnel-shaped pileus, and smaller spores.
Moffatt reported C. duhius as abundant at Glencoe, Illinois.

Specimens examined:
Ontario: Belleville, J. Macoun, 228 (in Coll. N. Y. State).
New York: Adirondack Mts., C. H. Peck, type (in Coll. N.

Y. State).
Michigan: Sailor's Encampment, Univ. of Wis. Herb., 46.

8. C. lutescens Pers. ex Fries, Epicr. 532. 1838.

Plate 17. fig. 20.

Merulins lutescens Pers. Syn. Fung. 489. 1801; Albertini
& Schweinitz, Consp. Fung. 234. 1805. — Cantharellus lutescens
Fries, Sj^st. Myc. i: 320. 1821. — Merulius xanthopus Pers.
Myc. Eur. 2: 19. pi. 13. f. 1. 1825.

Illustrations: Vaillant, Botan. Paris, pi. 11. f. 9, 10. —
Schseffer, Icon. Fung. pi. 157. — Bolton, Hist. Fung. pi. 105. f. 2.
— Persoon, Myc. Eur. 2: pi. 13. f. 1. — Hennings, in Engl. &
Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (i.l**): 129. /. 70 ^.—Stevenson,
Brit. Hym. 2 : 259.

Fructifications solitary to cespitose; pileus thin, somewhat
membranaceous, varying from convex and umbihcate to tubi-
form or funnel-shaped, often pervious, yellowish brown to
fuscous, with margin often lobed or irregular; stem fiexuous,
cylindric, hollow, yellow, drying ochraceous buff, often hairy at
the base; hymenium remotely ribbed, even or rugose-wi'inkled,
yellow, drying cadmium-yellow to ochraceous buff; spores
even, 10-12 x 6-8 ju.

Fructifications 2^-5 cm. high; pileus 1^-3 cm. broad, stem
I5-4 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick.

On moist ground in woods and swamps. Newfoundland to
North Carolina and westward to Michigan. August to October.

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACEiE OF NORTH AMERICA. II 337

This species probably ranks next to C. cornucopioides in
frequency in the United States. The long and yellow stem
readily distinguishes this species from C. ochrosporus. Speci-
mens of Cantharellus infundihuliformis resemble those of Craterel-
lus lutescens in form, size, and color, but those of the former
species have true lamellae.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 1302; De Thuemen, Myc.

Univ., 404.
Sweden: Stockholm, L. Romell, 49; Femsjo, L. Romell.
Newfoundland: Bay of Islands, A. C. Waghorne, 34 (in Mo. Bot.

Gard. Herb.).
New Hampshire: Shelburne, W. G. Farlow, Ellis, N. Am. Fungi,

1302, and (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 4932).
Vermont: Lake Dunmore, E. A. Burt.
Massachusetts: Worcester, G. E. Francis, 100.
New England: Sprague, 1689 (in Curtis Herb.).
New York: Sand Lake and Helderberg Mts., C. H. Peck (in

Coll. N. Y. State); East Galway, E. A. Burt.
Pennsylvania: locality cited by Schweinitz, Syn. N. Am. Fungi.
North Carolina: locahty cited by Schweinitz, Syn. Fung. Car.

Sup.
Michigan: Glen Lake, C. G. Lloyd, 02462.

9. C. sinuosus Fries ex Fries, Epicr. 533. 1836-1838.

Cantharellus sinuosus Fries, Syst. Myc. i : 319. 1821.

Illustrations: Vaillant, Botan. Paris, pi. 11. f. 11-23. — Fries,
Icon. Hym. 2 : pi. 196. f. 2. — Dangeard, Le Botaniste 4: 147./. —
Gillet, Champ. France Hym. pi.

Fructifications cespitose, slightly fleshy; pileus infundibuli-
form, undulate and floccose, light drab; stem cylindric, stuffed,
pallid cinereous; hymenium at length with interwoven wrinkles,
pallid cinereous; spores 10-12 x 6-7 ix.

Fructifications 2-3 cm. high; pileus 2-3 cm. broad; stem 1^-2
cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick.

On ground in mixed woods. South Carolina. Rare.

I have seen only dried herbarium specimens of Craterellus
shiuosus. The spore measurements are those of a specimen
from Sweden received from Romell. In this specimen the
hymenium has dried somewhat chamois-colored.

[Vol. 1
338 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Specimens examined :
Exsiccati: Rabenhorst, Fung. Eur., 208 (in Kew Herb.).
Sweden: L. Rofucll, 50.
South Carolina: Ravenel (in Curtis Herb., 2982).

C. crispus Ft., sometimes regarded as a variety of C. sinu-
osus, was reported from New England, Sprague, by Berkeley &
Curtis, Grevillea i : 147, but the specimen is not satisfactory
for study. I do not, therefore, like to include C. crispus as
one of our species.

10. C. calyculus (B. & C.) Burt, n. comb.

Stereum calyculus Berk. & Curtis, Hooker's Jour. Bot. and
Kew Card. Misc. i: 238. 1849; Grevillea i: 161. 1873.

Type: type and cotype in Kew Herb, and Curtis Herb,
respectively.

Fructifications somewhat fleshy-membranaceous; pileus thin,
deeply cup-shaped, minutely tomentose, drying Saccardo's
umber, opaque; stem apparentlj^ hollow, cream buff, attenuated
below, tomentose at the base; hj-menium even or slightly venose,
cream buff; spores slightly yellowish under the microscope,
even, 8 x 6 /x-

Fructifications 2-3 cm. high; pileus 4-8 mm. broad; stem
1 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick.

On ground in damp shady woods. North and South Caro-
lina. August and September.

Upon moistening, the type in Kew Herbarium proved too
soft and fleshy and the hymenium too waxy for a Stereum. The
sections have the structure of Craterellus. The species is near
C. sinuosus and may prove to be a small form of this when
ample material gives more complete knowledge of the species,
but, for the present, I regard C. calyculus as a distinct species.
I refer to C. calyculus a collection made by Professor Atkinson
at Blowing Rock, North Carolina, the rough-dried and cespitose
specimens of which show a somewhat tubiform pileus and
spores 7-8 x 4| /x.

Specimens examined :
North Carolina: Blowing Rock, G. F. Atkinson, ^200.
South Carolina: Santee River, Ravenel, Curtis Herb., 1716
(the type and cotype in Kew Herb, and Curtis Herb,
respectively) .

1914)

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. II 339

11. C. delitescens Burt, n. sp. Plate 17. fig. 18.
Type: in Burt Herb.

Fructifications gregarious, cespitose, somewhat fleshy; pileus
thin, convex, then umbilicate, dry, fibrillose, sepia-colored, the
margin inrolled; stem equal, solid, glabrous, chamois-colored;
hymenium even or sometimes obscurely lamelliform, chamois-
colored; spores white, even, broadly ovoid, 9 x 7 m, borne four
to a basidium.

Fructification 10-15 mm. high; pileus 5 mm. broad; stem
10-15 m.m. long, 1 mm. thick.

Growing among mos^s on vfery thin soil on rocks by water-
fall. Vermont. August.

This species is intermediate between Cantharellus and Craterel-
lus in its hymenial structure, but, as some of the specimens have
the hymenium even and bearing mature spores, I include the
species in Craterellus. The specimens are much smaller than
those of C. calyculus and have the pileus becoming merely
umbilicate. The little fructifications were well concealed
among the mosses; I have found them but once.

Specimens examined:
Vermont: Falls of Lana, Lake Dunmore, E. A. Burt, type.

12. C. taxophilus Thom, Bot. Gaz. 37: 215-19./. 1-8. 1904.

Plate 17. fig. 21.

Illustrations: Thom, ibid. f. 1-8.

Type: in Cornell Univ. Herb., 15445.

Fructifications single, rarely gregarious, fleshy- membra-
naceous, entirely white when young, becoming pallid to ochra-
ceous buff with age, drying cinnamon buff; pileus narrowly
obconic, slightly viscid, the apex truncate, plane, or depressed
and with a thin margin which is erect or expanded; stem solid,
equal or tapering downward, flexuous, pruinose, with scattered
white hairs at the base; hymenium even, becoming longitudi-
nally rugose- wrinkled with age or upon drying; spores white,
even, subglobose, 3-4 m in diameter, borne four to a basidium.

Fructifications 1-3 cm. high; pileus 4-9 mm. broad; stem f-2
cm. long, ^-1 mm. thick.

On rotten twigs and leaves under prostrate branches of Taxus
canadensis. New York. October and November.

This delicate fungus was under observation by Dr. Thom

[Vol. 1
340 ANNAL8 OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

for a month and is described in detail and beautifully illustrated
in connection with his original description in the work cited
above. I reproduce merely some simple outline sketches of
C. taxophilus; this is a very distinct species. The specimens
were found in Fall Creek Gorge and nowhere except under
prostrate branches of Taxus, yet they grew on rotting twigs
and leaves of other species as well as on pieces of Taxus.

Specimens examined:
New York: Ithaca, C. Thorn, Cornell Univ. Herb., 15445.

13. C. unicolor Rav. Grevillea i: 148. 1873.

Plate 16. fig. 11, 12.

C. corrugis Peck, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 26: 69. 1899.

Type: in Ravenel, Fung. Car. II. 26.

Fructifications solitary or cespitose, fleshy, with the flesh
white, soft, soon shrinking and leaving the pileus hollow;
pileus at first clavate, obtuse, flesh-colored tinted with violet,
soon obconic or turbinate, broadl}^ convex or truncate, and
often abruptly cerebriform at the upper end, glabrous, ochra-
ceous buff, drj'ing Rood's brown to Natal-brown, the margin
obtuse, corrugated by the hymenial \\Tinkles; stem short, equal
or tapering downwards, colored like or a little paler than the
pileus; hymenium \M'inkled or corrugated, colored like the
pileus; spores white, 8-12 x 4-6 /x.

Fructifications 2-5 cm. high; pileus l|-5 cm. broad; stem 1-2|
cm. long, 5-8 mm. thick.

On ground in thin w^oods. Massachusetts, Pennsylvania,
and South CaroUna. October to January.

This fungus presents strikingly the vagaries in the distri-
bution of fungi. It was originally collected at Black Oak,
South Carolina, in 1850, by Ravenel, in sufficient quantity so
that he distributed the type collection in his exsiccati. Appar-
ently, this fungus, whenever collected, was referred to other
species until 1898, when members of the Boston Mycological
Club found it in several localities in Massachusetts and it was
adequately described by Peck, as C. corrugis, from specimens
received from Dr. Francis. I have received no specimens of
this species since that season; I searched for it in vain for several
years in the adjoining state, Vermont. I have compared the
specimens of C. corrugis, received from Dr. Francis, with Peck's

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. II 341

type and with the specimens of C. unicolor in five different
copies of Ravenel's Tungi Caroliniani.' C. corrugis is certainly
the same species as C. unicolor. It is very strange that in the
interval of nearly half a century from the time of the original
collection, C. unicolor did not attract attention from an inter-
mediate station.

Specimens examined :
Exsiccati: Ravenel, Fung. Car. II. 26; Ell. & Ev., N. Am.

Fungi, 1922a under the name C. pistillaris.
Massachusetts: Worcester, G. E. Francis, 61, 84, and col-
lection dated Nov. 2, also the type (in Coll. N. Y. State)
of C. corrugis; Lynn, H. Webster; Medford, Mrs. Page and
Mrs. De Long, ex Herb. Boston Mycological Club, 420;
Arhngton Heights, E. A. Burt.
Pennsylvania: Trexlertown, W. Herhst, the C. clavatus of his
'Fungal Flora'; West Chester, B. M. Everhart, Ell. & Ev.,
N. Am. Fungi, 1922a.
South Carolina: Black Oak, Ravenel, I4O6 (in Curtis Herb, and
in Kew Herb.), and type, Ravenel, Fung, Car. II. 26.

14. C. pistillaris Fries, Epicr. 534. 1836-1838.

Plates 16, 17. figs. 13, 14.

Illustrations: Schseffer, Icon. Fung. pi. 169. — Harper, Myco-
logia 5:263. pi. 95.

Fructifications gregarious, fleshy-spongy, drying sorghum-
brown to fuscous; pileus somewhat clavate to turbinate or
narrowly obconic, truncate, or somewhat convex, at first yel-
lowish cinnamon, then becoming tinged with fuscous, the edge
obtuse; stem solid, paler than the pileus, often bulbous at the
base; hymenium corrugated and rugose-wrinkled, colored like
the pileus, drying sorghum-brown to fuscous; spores even, 10-12
X 6-8 M.

Fructifications 6-12 cm. high; pileus 2-3^ cm. broad; stem
3-6 cm. long, 4-12 mm. thick.

On ground in woods under coniferous trees. New Hampshire,
Vermont, and Michigan. August to October.

Specimens of this species have so nearly the coloration of C.
unicolor that those, small and undeveloped, in a collection of
C pistillaris cannot readily be distinguished from partially
developed specimens of C. unicolor; but with age, those of C.

[Vol. 1
342 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

unicolor — or at least some of them — have the pileus enlarge
al)ruptly in diameter near the upper end and become abruptly
globose-cerebriform on a slender stem, as shown in figs. 1 1 and
12, while ('. j)i.stiUans increases in length as well as in diameter,
tapers downward more uniformly from the truncate upper end,
and may have the stem bulbous at the base.

It is a vexed question with mycologists whether Craterellus
pistillaris Fr. is Clavaria pistillaris L. The specimens which I
refer to Craterellus pistillaris agree well with specimens of this
species in Curtis Herbarium, collected at Upsala, Sweden, in
1853, and communicated by E. P. Fries. PL 16 fig. 13 is from a
photograph, natural size, of these specimens. Their spores are
9 X G M- The Friesian specimens have the same dark color as
our American specimens. Only one of the former shows a
bulbous tendency at the base of the stem; in this respect our
specimens are more like the illustration of Schseffer, cited above.
I believe, therefore, that we have Craterellus pistillaris Fr. in
oiu" flora. I have collected in mixed frondose woods in Mis-
souri what I refer to Clavaria pistillaris as understood by Euro-
pean mycologists. As compared with the former species it is
of softer structure, much paler in color, more regularly clavate
in form, sometimes splitting at the apex. The illustrations of
most European authors agree well in regard to Clavaria pis-
tillaris. The colored figures of this species in Batsch, Bulhard,
Sturm, Dufour, Flora Danica, Hussey, Krombholz, Quelet,
and Sowerby present fructifications of the same habit and
bright coloration which we have by Peck, Bull. N. Y. State
Mus. 94: pi. 93. f. 1-4. and Mem. N. Y. State Mus. 4: pi 66.
f. 15-17.

Specimens examined:
Sweden: Upsala, E. P. Fries (in Curtis Herb.).
Austria: G. Bresadola.
New Hampshire: Shelburne, TF. G. Farlow (in Mo. Bot. Gard.

Herb., 4933).
Vermont: Middlebury, E. A. Burt.

13. C. palmatus Burt & Overholts, n. sp. Plate 17. fig. 19.
Type: in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb, and in Overholts Herb.
Fructifications gregarious or perhaps cespitose, fleshy-soft;
pileus fawn-color shading into bone-brown towards the stem,

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. II 343

glabrous, flattened and ligulate at first, then spreading out
laterally at the apex, and at length somewhat palmately cleft
into 2-12 unequal, obtuse, finger-shaped branches; stem curved,
solid, equal or somewhat tapering towards the base, bone-
brown, sometimes swollen where attached to the substratum;
hymenium even or but slightly venose, inferior, colored like
the pileus; spores white, even, pjTiform, tapering to the base,
6-8 X 3-4 IX.

Fructifications 1-2| cm. high; pileus 3-15 mm. broad, 1
mm. thick; stem 8-15 mm. long, 1-1^ mm. thick.

On rotten chunks of wood in frondose woods. Ohio. June.

All specimens of the collection except one have the pileus
flabelliform; in this exceptional specimen, the pileus is narrowly
turbinate, depressed, and with the finger-shaped branches
arranged in a circle on the margin, pi. 17 fig. 19b. This species
makes for Craterellus the same connection between the central-
stemmed, cup-shaped type of pileus and the flabelliform type
that Thelephora multipartita shows in Thelephora, and that is
common in Steremn. The hymenium of the flabeUiform speci-
mens of Craterellus palmatus is so similar to the upper surface
of the pileus in color and consistency that one cannot readily
distinguish between these surfaces in the dried specimens.
For these reasons, the present species cannot be referred to
either Skepperia or Friesula, and it is of especial interest in
showing that Craterellus has a natural section of species with
flabelliform pileus. The spores of C. pahnatus are noteworthy.

Specimens examined:
Ohio: Oxford, L. 0. Overholts, 1649, type (in Mo. Bot. Card.
Herb, and in Overholts Herb.).

i6. C. dilatus Burt, n. sp. Plate 17. fig. 16.

Type: in Farlow Herb.

Fructifications single, fleshy; pileus flabelliform, somewhat
triangular, glabrous, drying a dirty pinkish buff, the margin
somewhat irregularly lobed, crisped, and curving upward; stem
solid, equal, flexuous, drying Natal-brown, with white myce-
lium at the base; hymenium even, drying Isabella-color to clay-
color; spores white, even, broadly ovoid, obtuse, 8-10 x 6-7 n.

Dried fructification 4 cm. long; pileus 15 mm. long, 15 mm.
broad, ^ mm. thick; stem 2| cm. long, hardly 1 mm. thick.

[Vol. 1
344 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

On sanely ground in swamp. Florida. September.

Only a single fructification was collected; the description is
based upon this dried specimen. The species is distinguished
by its fan-shaped, triangular pileus and the comparatively long
and slender stem. Its characters are those of a true Craterellus
and 3'et such that we cannot regard it as a flabellate form of any
other species.

Specimens examined:
Florida: Sorrento Swamp, R. Thaxter, type (in Farlow Herb.).

17. C. Humphrey! Burt, n. sp. Plate 17. fig. 22.

Type: in Burt Herb, and in Humphrey Herb.

Fructifications gregarious, fleshy, moderately tough and
flexible, entirely white, usually with the pileus standing out
horizontally at the apex of the erect stem; pileus reniform,
dimidiate, sometimes clasping behind, convex, becoming plane
or somewhat depressed, usually even, drj'-, minutely pubescent,
the margin entire, even or slightly crisped; stem lateral, erect,
often bent at right angles just before joining the pileus, cylindric
below, equal, solid, pubescent; hymenium nearly even, some-
times radiately venose near the stem, brittle when fresh;
spores white, even, subglobose, 3§-4| x 3| m-

Fructifications 3-7 cm. high; pileus 6 mm. - 2 cm. long, 1-3^
cm. broad, f mm. thick; stem 2^-6 cm. long, 2 mm. thick.

On humus and among mosses in low swampy thicket. Wash-
ington. October.

The habit of this curious species is very suggestive of Hydnum
auriscalpium; many of the specimens have the erect stem bent
at right angles near the apex so that the pileus extends out in a
horizontal plane. Sometimes the stem branches at its upper
end and bears two pilei. The pubescence on the stem is rather
coarse and is most abundant towards the base. All parts of
the fructification were rather brittle in vegetative condition,
and broke when bent too far. It is a connecting species be-
tween Craterellus and Arrhenia, but with the hymenium rather
too even for Arrhenia, in my opinion.

Specimens examined:
Washington: Hoquiam, C. J. Humphrey, 1386, type.

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. II 345

Berkeley & Curtis, Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. lo: 328, described
three species of Craterellus from Cuba, which have been trans-
ferred to other genera by Patouillard, Bull. Soc. Myc. France
15: 193-94. pi. 9, as follows: C. spathularius to Skepperia
and C. marasmioides and C. pulverulentus to Cymatella. I have
received no collections referable to these genera and defer
their consideration to the final part of my monograph in the
hope that some specimens may be received in the meantime.

Craterellus canadensis Kl. ex Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 6: 519.
1888, was published by Berkeley, Ann. Nat. Hist. 3:380. 1839,
under the name Caniharellus canadensis Kl. from a specimen in
Hooker Herb, bearing manuscript notes by Klotzsch. The
specimen was collected in Canada by Richardson. In connec-
tion with the original description, Berkeley noted that the
nearest affinities of C. canadensis are with C. clavatus. In 1856,
after studying the specimens in Herb. Schweinitz, Berkeley &
Curtis, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. N. S. 3: 206. 1856, note
that Caniharellus canadensis Kl. is apparently the same species
as Caniharellus floccosus Schw. I have seen no specimens of
C. canadensis and follow Berkeley's final disposition of the
species.

(To be continued.)

[Vol. 1, 19141
346 ANNALS OF THE MISSOI'RI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Explanation of Plate

PLATE 15

All figures of this plato have been reproduced natural size from photo-
graphs of dried herbarium specimens.

Fig. 1. Thelephora ccespitulajis. From authentic specimen in Curtis Herb., col-
lected by Schweinitz in North Carolina.

Fig. 2. T.lutosa. From authentic specimen in Curtis Herb., collected by Schwei-
nitz in North Carohna.

Fig. 3. T. dentosa. From cotype in Curtis Herb., collected in Cuba by C.
Wright.

Fig. 4. T. perplexa. From tj'pe in Curtis Herb., collected in Cuba by C. Wright,
238. a shows a resupinate portion, and b, an ascending portion of the specimen.

Fig. 5. T. comucojyioides. From specimen collected in Castleton Gardens,
Jamaica, by F. S. Earle, 238.

Fig. 6. Craterellus clavalus. From specimen collected at Lake Dunmore, Vt.

Fig. 7. C. Cantharellus. From the cotype in Curtis Herb., 4539, of C. lateritius,
collected in Alabama, by Peters.

Fig. 8. C. odoratus. From the cotype in Curtis Herb, of C. confluens, collected
near Orizaba, Mexico, by Botteri, 6.

Fig. 9. C. odoratus. From the specimens in Curtis Herb., collected at Society
Hill, S. Carolina, by Ravenel, 192.

><i3^

'■m

BURT — THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA

1. THELEPHORA CAESPITULANS. — 2. T. LUTOSA. — 3. T. DENTOSA.— 4. T. PERPLEXA
— 5. T. CORNUCOPIOIDES. — 6. CRATERELLUS CLAVATUS. — 7. C. CANTHARELLUS. —
8 AND 9. C. ODORATUS.

[Vol. 1, 1914]
348 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Explanation of Plate

PLATE 16

All figures of this plate have been reproduced natural size from photo-
graphs of dried herbarium specimens, but in the case of fig. 10 the
specimens were moistened.

Fig. 10. C. odoratus. From specimens collected near St. Louis, Mo., by N. M.
Glatfelter, 348. The rough dried specimens were moistened before being photo-
graphed, a shows a branched specimen; b, a fructification spht longitudinally to
show extent of depression of the pileus and the hollow stem; c, view of hymenium.

Fig. 11. C. unicolor. From authentic specimen in Curtis Herb., collected at
Black Oak, S. CaroUna, by Ravenel, 1406.

Fig. 12. C. unicolor. From specimen of C. corrugis collected at Medford, Mass.,
by Mrs. Page and Mrs. DeLong.

Fig. 13. C. pistillaris. From specimen in Curtis Herb., collected at L^psala,
Sweden, by E. P. Fries.

BURT — THELEPHORACr:AK OF NORTH AMERICA
10. CllATERELLUS ODORATUS. — 11 and 12. C. UNICOLOR. — 13. C. PISTILLARIS.

[Vol. 1, 19141
350 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Explanation of Plate

PLATE 17

All figures are natural size. Figures 14-20 are from photographs of
dried herbarium specimens, but which were moistened before being
photographed in case of specimens used for figs. 15 and 17.

Fig. 14. C. pistillaris. From specimen collected under hemlock (Tsuga) tree, at
Middlebury, Vt.

Fig. 15. C. ochrosponis. From type specimens in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., col-
lected near St. Louis, Mo., by N. M. Glatfelter, 1253. a is spht longitudinally to
show the depth of depression of the pileus; b, side view.

Fig. 16. C. dilatus. From type in Farlow Herb., collected at Sorrento Swamp,
Florida, by R. Thaxter. a shows upper surface of pileus, and b, the hjTnenium.

Fig. 17. C. comucopioides. From specimen collected in Canada, by J. Macoun,
72.

Fig. 18. C. delitescens. From type specimens collected at Lake Dunmore, Vt.

Fig. 19. C. palniatus. From type specimens in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb, and Over-
holts Herb., collected at Oxford, Ohio, by L. O. Overholts, 1649. a shows specimens
having flabelliform pUeus, and h, a specimen with turbinate pileus.

Fig. 20. C. lutescens. a shows hymenium of specimen collected at Shelburne,
New Hampshire, by W. G. Farlow, and b, upper surface of specimen collected at
Lake Dunmore, Vt.

Fig. 21. C. taxophilus. From sketches of photographs of type specimens when
in vegetative condition, collected at Ithaca, New York, by C. Thorn.

Fig. 22. C. Humphreyi. From sketches of the tj-pe specimens when in vegetatire
condition, collected at Hoquiam, Wash., by C. J. Humphrey, 1386.

BURT — THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA

14. CRATERELLUS PISTIELARIS. - 15. C. OCHROSPORUS. — IS. C. DILATUS. —
17. C. CORNUCOPIOIDES. — 18. C. DELITESCENR. - 19. C. PALMATUS. ~ 20. C. LUTESCENS.
— 21. C. TAXOPHILUS. — 22. C. HUMPHREYI.

The THelephoraceae of North
America. III.

Craterellus borealis and Cyphella

EDWARD ANGUS BURT

Reprinted from Annals op the Missouri Botanical
Garden 1:357-382. November, 1914

c/^

THE THELEPHORACEiE OF NORTH AMERICA IIIi
Ceaterellus borealis and Cyphella

EDWARD ANGUS BURT

Mycologist and Librarian to the Missouri Botanical Garden

Associate Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of

Washington University

Since the publication of Part II, on Craterellus, Dr. Farlow
has very kindly called my attention to, and permitted me to
study, a specimen of a rare species from Labrador which was
not included in my account of our North American species.
This species is now described here so as to bring its description
and illustration continuous with those of our other species of
Craterellus.

The following is suggested for insertion in ''Key to the
Species," on page 328 (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. i: 328. 1914).

6. Pileus membranaceous, infundibuliform, pale buff; hymenium pale buff; spores
5-7 X 4-5| fi] from Labrador. See page 357 (Aim. Mo. Bot. Gard. i: 357,
1914) C. borealis

Craterellus borealis Burt, n. sp. Plate 19. fig. 1.

Type: in Farlow Herb.

Fructifications sohtary, small; pileus infundibuliform, taper-
ing uniformly to the stem, glabrous, drying between cartridge
buff and cream-buff, the margin entire; stem nearly equal,

Note. — Explanation in regard to the citation of specimens studied is given in Part
I, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. i : 202. 1914, footnote. The technical color terms used in
this work are those of Ridgway, Color Standards and Nomenclature. Washington,
D.C., 1912.

1 Issued January 30, 1915.

Ann. Mo. Bot. Gaed., Vol. 1, 1914 (357)

[Vol. 1
358 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

slender, minutely downy, pale mouse-gray; hymenium colored
like the pileus, remotely ribbed, with the ribs radiating from
the stem, thin, branching; spores colorless, even, 5-7 x 4-5^ m.

Fructification 2 cm. high; pileus 1 cm. broad, 13 mm. long;
stem 7 mm. long, | mm. thick, enlarging to 1 mm. where joining
the pileus.

In moss. Labrador. August 8, 1908.

The above description is based on the single dried specimen
collected by the Bryant Labrador Expedition. The small size,
regular obconic form, and very pale color of the membranaceous
pileus and the slender stem are characters making C. borealis
clearly distinct from other species of Craterellus.

Specimens examined:
Labrador: Gready Harbor, Gready Island, Owen Bryant, type
(in Farlow Herb.)

CYPHELLA

Cyphella Fries, Syst. Myc. 2: 201. 1823.

Fructifications somewhat membranaceous, cup-shaped, rarely
plane, adnate behind, commonly extended in stem-like form,
pendulous; hymenium typically concave or disk-shaped, defi-
nitely inferior in the pendulous species, even or at length rugu-
lose; basidia typically four-spored; spores subovate or globose,
hyaline, rarely colored.

C. digitalis Fries is the type species of this genus.

The fructifications of all our North American species are com-
paratively small, ranging in diameter from a fraction of a milli-
meter for some species to five to fifteen millimeters for those
of the largest species. The fructifications are produced on
the bark of small rotting twigs on the ground and on d?ad herb-
age, and can only be distinguished from small Pezizce by dem-
onstrating basidia rather than asci in the hymenium. This
demonstration is simply made by crushing under a cover glass
a portion of a fructification in water containing a little seven
per cent solution of potassium hydrate, and then examining
the preparation with the compound microscope. The basidia
are usually four-spored; in a few species I have as yet been able
to detect only two-spored basidia.

Cyphella is closely related to Solenia by such species as C.
fasciculata and C. mellea, but is separated from it in such cases

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACEiE OF NORTH AMERICA. Ill 359

by the absence of a hyphal subiculum over the area on which
the fructifications are distributed, and by the less cyhndric
form of fructifications of Cyphella. Cyphella is allied to Mem-
lius by C. muscigena and also to Craterellus by this species, speci-
mens of which were described as a Craterellus.

A few species of Cyphella are common and widely distributed,
but most of our North American species are apparently ex-
tremely local and are known only from their respective type
collections. The lack of specimens available for carrying
about to compare with types has been a serious disadvantage
in my study of this genus. Basidia and basidiospores have not
as yet been found for some species which, although originally
referred to Cyphella, have to be regarded as even doubtful Basi-
diomycetes. I have supplemented the original descriptions with
measurements of dried fructifications and with such data in
regard to basidia and spores as the specimens afford. In the
case of very scanty types, the few fructifications are too precious
for gross comparison to be used for microscopic study. For
such species, it seems to me that the descriptions should stand
on the original data, without prejudice, until new collections
become available. Such imperfectly known and partially de-
scribed species are grouped together under the heading ''Species
Imperfectly Known." Cyphella convoluta Cke., C Cupressi
(Schw.) Fries and C. subcyanea Ell. & Ev. are excluded species.

Key to the Species

Fructifications sulphur-colored; hymenium even; spores 45x25-8 n l.C. sulphurea
Fructifications sulphur-colored; hymenium minutely pitted; spores 6-8 x

3-4 M 2. C. loeta

Fructifications white or whitish; on mosses 1

Fructifications white; not on mosses 2

Fructifications neither white nor sulphur-colored 3

1. Fructifications helmet-shaped; hymenium shghtly wrinkled; spores 10 x

8 /i S. C. galeata

1, Fructifications flattened, irregular in form, sometimes stipitate; spores 3-5

X 2-3 n 4- C- muscigena

1. Fructifications seated upon or developing from webby strings of mycehum

5. C. arachnoidea
2. Fructifications villose, not easily crushed, with a firm base or a short

stem; spores 12-18 x 6-6| tx 6. C. Tilioe

2. Fructifications villose, easily crushed, sessile; spores 10-12 x 5-7 n

7. C. villosa
2. Fructifications whitish, minutely webby-hairy, easily crushed, sessile;

spores 8-13 x 4 /i 8. C. caricina

[Vol. 1
360 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

2. Fructifications glabrous, with an oblique stem; spores 4^-6 x S-Sj n

9. C. copula
2. Fructifications villose, snow-white, sessile, very minute and delicate;

spores 5-6 x 4-4} n; from New England 10. C. minutissima

2. Compare with C. cinereo-fusca, C. Pabnarum, C. Peckii, C. perexigua, C. pezi-
zoides and C. IrachycJmla of "Species Imperfectly Known."
3. Fructifications whoUj' pale ivory-yellow, downy-pubescent, cup-shaped, ses-
sile; spores 4-7 x 3-4 yu 11. C. Langloisii

3. Fructifications wholly cream-color, not hairy, helmet-shaped, sessile, re-
supinate-reflexed; hymenium wrinkled; spores 7^x4^ m; on prickle-bear-
ing stems, Jamaica 13. C. porrigens

3. Fructifications mineral-gray, tomentose, cup-shaped, sessile; hymenium fus-
cous; spores angular, 4|-6 x 4^ ju; on Juniperus 13. C. cupulceformis

3. Fructifications wholly gray-palUd, flocculose, sessile; spores 4x3m

14- C. griseo-pallida
3. Fructifications externally cinereous, farinaceous, flattened, sessile; hymen-
ium convex, brown; spores 8 x 3j m; on Alnus 15. C. subgelatinosa

3. Fructifications darker colored than the above 4

4. Fructifications vinaceous-buff, hairy, sessile, f mm. broad; spores 10-12

X 6-8 n; on bark of Carya 16. C. Ravenelii

4. Fructifications drying Isabella-color, hairy, sessile, 1-1 1 mm. broad;

spores 13 X 8 m; on Quercus 17. C. texensis

4. Fructifications Isabella-color, hairy, sessile, i-^ mm. broad; some spores

colored, 5-6 x 4-4| n] on Salix 18. C. mellea

4. Fructifications tawny-olive, tomentose, stipitate; often cespitose; spores

7-9 X 2-2} n] usually on Alnus 19. C. fcisciculata

4. Fructifications fuscous when moist, drying mouse-gray, cespitose and ses-
sile on a common short trunk, glabrous, structure gelatinous 20. C. conglobata
4. Fructifications sepia or oUve-brown, cup-shaped, probably glabrous, ses-
sile or with a very short stem; spores 6-8 x 3|-4 n] on rotting leaves of

Gladiolus 21. C. fumosa

4. Compare C. Bananae, C. filicicola and C. musoBCola in "Species Imperfectly
Known."

I. C. sulphurea Batsch ex Fries, Hym. Eur. 665. 1874.

Peziza sulphurea Batsch, Elenchus Fung. Contin. i: 209.
pi. 27. f. 146. 1786. — P. campanula Nees, System d. Pilze 268.
/. 295. 1816. — Cyphella sulphurea Batsch, in Patouillard, Tab.
Anal. Fung. 114. /. 256. 1883; Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus.
31: 38. 1879.

Illustrations: Batsch, Elenchus Fung. Contin. pi. 27. f. I46.
— Nees, System d. Pilze /. 295. — Patouillard, Tab. Anal. Fung.
/. ^5^.— Oudeman^!, Ned. Kruidk. Archief III. 2: pi. 3. f. 1-5.

Fructifications scattered or gregarious, membranaceous,
broadly campanulate, somewhat irregular, extended into a short
stem, even, glabrous, sulphur-yellow, the margin somewhat re-
pand; hymenium even; basidia cylindric, 16 x 4^ /x, 4-spored;

1014]

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. Ill 361

spores colorless, even, broadly ovoid, somewhat flattened on
one side, 4^ x 2|-3 ju-

Fructifications about 2-3 mm. high; pileus 1-2 mm. broad;
stem 1 mm. long, | mm. thick.

On living stems of herbs in damp places. New York. Sep-
tember. Rare.

The minimum dimensions given above for the fructifications
are about those of European specimens of this species as figured;
the American specimens run rather larger in Peck's collection.
Peck noted that some of his specimens were white when col-
lected, but that they dried yellow like the others of the collec-
tion. In other respects our American specimens agree closely
with the figures and description of European specimens. Oude-
mans gives the spore dimensions as 10-12 x 4-5 m, but Patouil-
lard gives them as they are in American specimens.

Specimens examined:
New York: Griflfins, Delaware Co., C. H. Peck (in Coll. N. Y.
State).

2. C. laeta Fries, Epicr. 568. 1836-1838.

Illustrations: Patouillard, Tab. Anal. Fung./. 362.

Fructifications membranaceous, obliquely cup-shaped, ex-
tended at the vertex into a stem, pendulous, entire, everywhere
glabrous and sulphur-colored ; stem straight or somewhat flexu-
ous, hymenium minutely pitted; spores colorless, even, 6-8 x
3-4 n, borne four to a basidium.

Fructifications 3-5 mm. high, 2-4 mm. broad; stem 1-2 mm.
long, about | mm. thick.

On dead stems of large herbs lying on the ground. New York.
August.

Fries described the fructifications as 6-8 mm. broad; the
dimensions given above are those of Patouillard's figures
and of the specimens collected by Peck. Patouillard notes
that the specimens blacken when old; Peck states, ''The
beautiful sulphur-color is lost in drying." The pitted
surface of the hymenium is a noteworthy character of C. Iceta
and this and the larger spores of C. Iceta distinguish it from C.
sulphurea.

Specimens examined:
New York: East Berne, C. H, Peck (in Coll. N. Y. State).

(Vol. 1

3G2 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

3. C. galeata Schum. ex Fries, Epicr. 567. 1836-1838.

Plate 19. fig. 2.

Merulius galcatus Schum. Plant. Ssellandiaj 2: 371. 1803. —
CanthareUus galeatus Fries, Syst. Myc. i : 524. 1821; Flor. Dan.
12: fasc. 34. 11. pi 2027. f. 1. 1830.

Illustrations: Flor. Dan. pi. 2027. f. 1.

Fructifications membranaceous-soft, somewhat sessile, ob-
versely cup-shaped and then dimidiate, helmet-shaped, even,
whitish, the margin entire; hymenium at length rufescent,
slightly wTinkled; spores ovate or obovate, 10 x 8 m-

Fructifications 4-15 mm. in diameter.

On mosses. Ohio.

When young entire, cup-shaped; gray when moist, snow-
white when dry, then rufescent. The above description is that
given in European works. The species has been reported from
Ohio by Morgan but I have not studied his specimens nor any
European specimens of this species. The form and coloration
of the pileus and the large spores should distinguish C. galeata
from the other species which occur on mosses in North America.

4. C. muscigena Pers. ex Fries, Epicr. 567. 1836-1838.

Plate 19. fig. 3.

Thelephora muscigena Pers. Syn. Fung. 572. 1801; Fries, Syst.
Myc. 1 :524. 1821. — T. vulgaris a Candida Pers. Myc. Eur. i :115.
pi 7.f. 6. 1^22.— CanthareUus Ixvis Fries, Syst. Myc. i :524. 1821 ;
Elenchus Fung. 55. 1828. — Craterellus Pogonati Peck, Bull. Torr.
Bot. Club 33:218. 1906.

Illustrations: Persoon, Myc. Eur. i : pi 7.f. 6. — Patouillard,
Tab. Anal. Fung. /. 465. — Oudemans, Ned. Kruidk. Archief
III. 2: pi 11. f. 2.

Pileus membranaceous-soft, sessile, stipitate or attached by
upper surface, irregular, flattened, white, externally minutely
tomentulose or silky under a lens; stem when present lateral
or eccentric, slender, white; hymenium even or sometimes
rugulose, drying pinkish buff; spores white in collection on slide,
even, apiculate at base, flattened on one side, 4|-5 x 2^-3 n but
only 3-4 1 x 2-3 m in preparations of the hymenium, borne four
to a basidium.

Pileus 2-6 mm. in diameter; stem when present 3-5 mm.
long, ^ mm. thick.

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACEiE OF NORTH AMERICA. Ill 363

On Polytrichum and other mosses. New England and New
York. August and September.

The fructifications are very variable in form and they are
attached in various ways to the moss plants ; they may be some-
what incrusting but at some distance above the ground. The
substance of the pileus is very soft and its upper surface is some-
what bibulous and shows its interwoven fibers under a lens.
The spores of this species are given in Saccardo's 'Sylloge' as
8-10 X 5 ju, but the European specimens of exsiccati cited below
have small spores of the dimensions which I give for American
specimens, and Bresadola, Ann. Myc. i: 111. 1903, gives the
spore dimensions as 3-4 x 3 /x- The specimens of C. Pogonati
were described as sterile by Peck; I find them to be rather im-
mature but bearing spores 3 x 2 ju.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Karsten, Fung. Fenn., 441; Krieger, Fung. Sax., 1564.
Finland: Karsten (in Herb. Fries), and Fung. Fenn., 441.
Germany: Saxony, W. Krieger, Krieger, Fung. Sax., 1564.
Vermont: near Falls of Lana, Salisbury, E. A. Burt.
Connecticut: South Windsor, C. C. Hanmer, 1956, the type

collection of Craterellus Pogonati Pk.
New York: Floodwood, E. A. Burt.

5. C. arachnoidea Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 44: 134
(22). 1891.

Type : in Collection New York State.

Fructifications membranaceous, very thin, tender, white,
externally downy, irregularly cup-shaped; hymenium some-
what uneven in large specimens; spores colorless, even, some-
what flattened on one side, 4-5 x 3^-4 n, borne at least two to a
basidium.

Fructifications 2-4 mm. in diameter.

On bark and mosses. Vermont and New York. September.

The cups are seated upon or developing from fine, white,
loosely branching, webby strings of mycelium. This is a marked
character in the type and is the chief character for separating
this species from C. muscigena. The spores are slightly more
globose than in the latter and it may be that the hymenium of
C arachnoidea is superior; in C. muscigena it is inferior. The
hyphse are about 2 ^ in diameter in each species.

[Vol. X
364 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Specimens examined :
Vermont: South Lincoln Notch, near Middlebury, E. A. Burt.
New York: Carrollton, C. H. Peck, type (in Coll. N. Y. State).

6. C. Tiliae Peck ex Cooke, Grevillea 20: 9. 1891.

Plate 19. fig. 16.

Peziza Tilice Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 24: 96. 1872.—
Trichopeziza Tilice (Peck) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 8: 428. 1889;
Seaver, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 12: 116. 1905; Mycologia i:
110. 1909.

Type : in Collection New York State and a portion from it in
Kew Herbarium.

Fructifications gregarious, rather fleshy, minute, sessile or
nearly so but with firm base, white, globose, then expanded and
concave, drying cup-shaped, densely white villose; hairs straight,
cylindric, granular incrusted, 200x6)u; hymenium concave,
even, ivory-yellow to vinaceous buff; spores white in a collec-
tion on a slide, simple, even, ovate, somewhat curved, 12-18 x
6-6^ n, borne four to a basidium.

Fructifications ^-1 mm. high, ^-1 mm. broad; stem, when
present, about one-half the height of the whole fructification.

On bark of dead branches of Tilia Americana and Ulmus on
the ground. Canada and Vermont westward to Missouri.
March to October. Probably common.

C. Tilioe has somewhat the habit of C. alho-violascens but
differs from the latter in having no violaceous tints, in being
more hairy, in having slenderer spores, and in having at the
base a very firm tubercle which offers considerable resistance
when the fructification is crushed under a cover glass or sec-
tioned. "While not cespitose the fructifications of C. Tilice are
often so near together that seven or eight have been counted on
an area a centimeter square. I refer to C. TilicE many American
specimens which have been distributed under the name C. pezi-
zoides Zopf. The European specimens which Sydow has dis-
tributed under the latter name seem to me from the studies and
comparisons which I made in Kew Herbarium to be C. Curreyi
B. & Br. rather than C. Tilice.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Shear, N. Y. Fungi, 55; Ell. & Ev., N. Am. Fungi,
2316a, under the name C. pezizoides; Ell. & Ev., Fung.

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. Ill 365

Col., 5, under the name C. pezizoides; Rabenhorst, Fung.
Eur., 3942, under the name C. pezizoides.
Quebec: Hull, /. Macoun, 672.
Ontario: Ottawa, J. Macoun, 318, 430; London, J. Dearness,

Ell. & Ev., N. Am. Fungi, 2316a, and Fung. Col., 5.
Vermont: Middlebury, C. 0. Smith, and also E. A. Burt.
New York: Knowersville (Altamont), C. H. Peck, type (portion
in Kew Herb.) ; Alcove, C. L. Shear, Shear, N. Y. Fungi, 55.
Ohio: Oberlin, F. D. Kelsey (in Mo. Bot. Card. Herb., 4942).
Michigan: Agricultural College, G. H. Hicks, comm. by W. G.

Farlow, 6 (in Mo. Bot. Card. Herb., 43807).
Wisconsin: Blue Mounds, /. E. Melhus, comm. by C. J. Hum-
phrey, 2410 (in Mo. Bot. Card. Herb.).
Missouri: C. H. Demetrio, Rabenhorst, Fung. Eur., 3942.

7. C. villosa Pers. ex Karsten, (Mycol. Fenn. 3) Bidrag Finska
Vet.-Soc. 25: 325. 1876. Plate 19. fig. 13.

Peziza villosa Pers. Syn. Fung. 655. 1801; Fries, Syst. Myc.
2: 104, pr. p. 1823. — An Cyphella pezizoides Zopf, in Morgan,
(Myc. Fl. Miami Val.) Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. 10 ?
202. 1888?

Illustrations: Patouillard, Tab. Anal. Fung./. 257.
Fructifications gregarious, membranaceous, sessile, drying
globose or obconic and with the pore nearly closed by the hairs,
white, externally white- villose; the hairs granular incrusted,
cylindric, 200x5-6 n; hymenium even, concave; spores hya-
hne, even, ovoid, flattened on one side, broadest near the base,
10-12 X 5-7 fi.
Fructifications about I mm. high, |-| mm. broad.
On dead stems of Artemisia, Helianthus, and Solidago. South
Carolina, Missouri and California. June and July.

The fructifications of C. villosa resemble those of C. Tilice in
form, color, and hairiness but are much smaller than those of
C. Tilice, more membranaceous and easily crushed under a cover
glass, and have smaller spores. The hymenium is very pale
with not more than a very slight yellowish tint.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Krieger, Fung. Sax., 1457; Ravenel, Fung. Am.,
459; Ell. & Ev., N. Am. Fungi, 2316b, under the name
Cyphella pezizoides Zopf.

[Vol. 1
366 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

South Carolina: Aiken, Ravenel, Ravenel, Fung. Am., 459.
Missouri: Emma, C. H. Demetrio, Ell. & Ev., N. Am. Fungi,

2316b.
California: Half-moon Bay, San Mateo Co., E. B. Copeland,

Baker, Pacific Coast Fungi, 3611 (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.,

4944).

8. C. caricina Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 33 : 22. 1880.

Plate 19. fig. 8.

Type: in Collection New York State.

Fructifications scattered, membranaceous, sessile, wholly
white, externally minutely webby-hairy; hymenium glabrous,
uneven in large specimens; basidia cylindric, 20 x 5 m> 4-spored;
spores colorless, even, lanceolate or subclavate, pointed at base,
8-13 X 4 M.

Fructifications 1-2 mm. broad.

On culms and leaves of carices. New York. August.

The spores of the type are noteworthy by their tapering base.

Specimens examined:
New York: Verona, C. H. Peck, type (in Coll. N. Y. State).

9. C. capula Holmsk. ex Fries, Epicr. 568. 1836-1838.

Plate 19. fig. 4.

Peziza Capula Holmsk. Nov. Act. Havn. i : 286. /. 7; Fung.
Dan. 2:41. pi. 22. 1899.

Illustrations: Holmskiold, Nov. Act. Havn. i : 286./. 7; Fung.
Dan. 2: pL ^^.— Flor. Dan. z^: pi. 1970. J. 5.— Patouillard, Tab.
Anal. Fung, i : /. 35.

Fructifications membranaceous, obliquely campanulate, ex-
tended into an oblique stem, glabrous, whitish, the margin sin-
uate, irregularly shaped; hymenium even. ... On dead
stems of herbaceous plants.

— Translation of description in Fries' 'Epicrisis.'

Fructifications in the figures of Holmskiold 4-9 mm. high;
pileus 2-7 mm. long, 2-4 mm. broad; stem 1-2 mm. long.

On dead stems of Fceniculum and other herbs. New York
and South Carolina.

I have not been able to study any European specimens of
this species. In the copy of Cooke's 'Fungi Britannici' in the
herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden the packet labeled
C. capula, 112, contains only some pieces of stubble. The Amer-

1014]

BURT — THELEPHORACEiE OF NORTH AMERICA. Ill 367

ican specimens distributed in Ravenel's 'Fungi Americani/
458, were determined by Cooke. In their present dried condi-
tion these specimens agree well with Holmskiold's illustrations
in form; the stem of these specimens is now hair-brown and the
pileus pale olive-buff; their dimensions are: fructifications 1-3
mm. long, pileus §-2 mm. long and broad; stem ^-1 mm. long
X 100 IX thick. The basidia are 16-20 x 3|-4| )u; spores color-
less, even, flattened on one side, 4^-6 x 3-3 1 n.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Ravenel, Fung. Am., 458.
South Carolina: Aiken, Ravenel, Ravenel, Fung. Am., 458.

10. C. minutissima Burt, n. sp. Plate 19. fig. 5.

Type: in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb, and in Farlow Herb.

Fructifications gregarious, very minute, membranaceous and
very delicate, sessile, globose, snow-white, externally villose,
often with mouth oblique, margin inrolled; hairs white, in-
crusted, 75-90x4 ii] hymenium concave, white; basidia cla-
vate, 16 X 4 y.) spores colorless, even, 5-6 x 4-4|/x.

Fructifications 200-500 ^ broad, about 200-500 n high.

On inner bark of Populus. New Hampshire.- August.

The characters of this species agree in some details with those
in the incomplete description of C. globosa Pat., the specimens
of which were collected on the under side of leaves of ferns in
Ecuador by von Lagerheim, but as no mention is made of spore
characters for C. globosa and as other species of Cyphella have
not been found to vary widely with regard to kind of substra-
tum, it seems best to regard our New England species as proba-
bly distinct. C. punctiformis (Fries) Karst. is a small white
Cyphella, described by Karsten as having spores 5-8 x 2-4 n ;
I have not been able to study authentic specimens of C punc-
tiformis, but comparison of C. minutissima with this species of
northern Europe should be made.

I refer to C. minutissima a collection made by myself in Ver-
mont on bark of rotting locust limbs. The fructifications of this
collection lack spores but agree in all other respects with the
type.

Specimens examined:
New Hampshire: Chocorua, W. G. Farlow, 3, type (in Mo.

Bot. Gard. Herb., 43803, and in Farlow Herb.).
Vermont: Middlebury, E. A. Burt.

[Vol. 1
368 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

11. C. Largloisii Burt, n. sp. Plate 19. fig. 6.

Type: in Farlow Herb, and Burt Herb.

Fructifications gregarious, membranaceous, cup-shaped, ses-
sile, drying pale ivory-yellow, externally downy pubescent, the
margin inrolled; hairs colorless, somewhat crinkled together,
granular incrusted, 100-150 x 3^-4^ /x; hymenium concave, even,
pale ivory-yellow to cream color; spores colorless, even, pointed
at the base, 4-7 x 3-4 /x; basidia clavate, 20 x 5ijl, 2-spored.

Fructifications about l mm. high; j-^ mm. broad.

On dead stems of Arundinaria and on decajdng pieces of wood
lying on the ground. Louisiana. September and April.

The fructifications of C. Langloisii are about as small as those
of C. minutissima but differ from them in being somewhat ex-
tended laterally and occasionally somewhat laterally confluent
rather than always globose, in having an ivory-yellow rather
than snow-white color, and in having the hymenium colored
and the hairs longer than in C. minutissima. Comparison should
be made with C . fraxinicola B. & Br., of which I have studied no
specimens but which seems distinct by some characters of the
incomplete published description.

Specimens examined :
Louisiana: St. Martinville, A. B. Langlois, 1802, type (in Farlow
Herb.), and cz, type, in Burt Herb., and cy, and from the
same collector but comm. by W. G. Farlow, 5 (in Mo.
Bot. Gard. Herb., 43791).

12. C. porrigens Burt, n. sp. Plate 19. fig. 7.

Type: in Burt Herb, and New York Bot. Gard. Herb.

Fructifications scattered, membranaceous, thin, wholly cream-
color, sessile, obversely cup-shaped or helmet-shaped, resupinate
by the upper surface of one side but wdth the greater portion of
the pileus extended and reflexed; hymenium inferior, somewhat
■^Tinkled when moistened, concave, basidia clavate, 20-25 x
4-4^ n, with four sterigmata; spores colorless, even, flattened on
one side, obovate, 7| x 4^ /x.

Fructifications ^-1 mm. broad.

On dead prickle-bearing stems, possibly Ruhus sp. Wet
mountainous region at altitude 4500-5200 feet. Cinchona,
Jamaica. About January 1.

This species does not appear closely related to any other

1014]

BURT — ^THELEPHORACE^ OP NORTH AMERICA. Ill 369

species; it is marked by the resupinate-reflexed habit of most
fructifications; only rarely is a fructification attached by its
vertex. The dried specimens are externally minutely fibrillose
under a lens but do not show hairs in microscopic preparations.
When the fructifications are moistened the hymenium shows
two or three minute wrinkles radiating from an eccentric point.

Specimens examined:
Jamaica: Cinchona, W. A. and Edna L. Murrill, N. Y. Bot.
Gard., Fungi of Jamaica, 607, type.

13. C. cupulaeformis Berk. & Rav. Grevillea 2: 5. 1873.

Plate 19. fig. 9.

Type: type and cotype in Kew Herb, and in Curtis Herb.
respectively.

Fructifications scattered, rarely in clusters of two or three,
sessile, cup-shaped, somewhat globose, externally mineral gray
and obscurely tomentose, the margin incurved; hymenium
concave, even, fuscous; basidia clavate, 20-25 x 4-6 ju, having
2-4 sterigmata which become finely attenuated ; spores colorless,
angular, 4^-6 x 4| m-

Fructifications | mm. high, |-1 mm. broad.

On bark of Juniperus virginiana. South Carolina and Georgia.

The hairiness of the exterior of the pileus is due to the irregu-
larly curved and interwoven hyphse which form the surface
layer of the pileus ; these hyphse are colorless and about 3 m in
diameter, and they bear scattered but large incrusting granules.
The angular spores of this species are often octahedral in form
and are noteworthy for Cyphella; at maturity, they are attached
to the basidium by sterigmata becoming 6 ij. long and so finely
attenuated that the attachment of the spores to the basidia is
made out with difficulty. This species may be readily known
by its occurrence on bark of Juniperus virginiana and by its
angular spores.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Ravenel, Fung. Am., 224.
South Carolina: Ravenel, 1403, type (in Kew. Herb.).
Georgia: Darien, Ravenel, Ravenel, Fung. Am., 224.

14. C. griseo-pallida Weinm. Hymeno- et Gastero-mycetes in
Rossico. 522. 1836.

Illustrations: Patouillard, Tab. Anal. Fung./. 255.

[Vol. 1
370 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Fructifications gregarious, adnate-sessile, membranaceous,
wholly gray-pallid, externally flocculose; hymenium glabrous,
even.

At first having the form of globose, closed granules, soon
open, campanulate or crateriform, often dimidiate in old stages.

Fructifications | mm. high, ^-2 mm. broad.

On moist ground and on pine wood thinly covered with earth
and on old cracked trunks of Lonicera tartarica (in Europe).

— Translation of original description.

On bark, twigs and leaves lying on the ground. New York
and Ohio. November.

I have not seen the type of C. griseo-pallida nor any European
specimens which have been compared with it, but Peck, Rep.
N. Y. State Mus. 30: 48. 1879, has referred to this species a
collection which he made at Sand Lake, New York. Peck notes
that his specimens sometimes have a very short stem. I found
the spores of these specimens hyaline, even, somewhat flattened
on one side, 4 x 3 m; basidia 12 x 4 /x.

Specimens examined:
New York: Sand Lake, C. H. Peck (in Coll. N. Y. State).

15. C. subgelatinosa Berk. & Rav. Grevillea 2: 5. 1873.

Type: in Kew Herb.

Fructifications scattered, somewhat gelatinous, sessile, flat-
tened, externally cinereous and farinaceous, the thin margin
inflexed; hymenium shghtly convex, even, brown; basidia cla-
vate, about 25 x 5-6 //, probably 2-spored; spores colorless, even,
ellipsoidal, 8 x 3| /x.

Fructifications about 1^ mm. broad.

On Alnus serrulata. South Carolina.

The fructifications of the type have dried with the slightly
convex hymenium so prominently visible that they resemble
brown apothecia of lichens with a pale margin (exciple). The
most of the basidia are immature ; I found one showing two sterig-
mata distinctly. No spores were found attached to basidia;
the spore characters, which are given above, are those of loose
spores in the preparation. C. subgelatinosa is so very distinct
from our other species of Cyphella that it will probably be over-
looked by botanists collecting Basidiomycetes only, unless es-
pecially kept in mind.

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. Ill 371

Specimens examined:
South Carolina: Aiken, Ravenel, 1714, type (in Kew Herb.).

i6. C. Ravenelii Berk. Grevillea 2: 5. 1873. Plate 19. fig. 14.

Type: type and cotype in Kew Herb, and in Curtis Herb,
respectively.

Fructifications single or gregarious, sessile, subglobose, some-
what flattened, depressed at the pore, minutely hairy under a
lens, vinaceous buff; hairs minutely rough, about 300 ju long,
4 n thick, tapering towards the free end, olive-yellow under the
microscope; spores hyaline, or perhaps very slightly colored,
even, broadly ellipsoidal, 10-12 x 6-8 /x.

Fructifications 0.6 mm. high, 0.8 mm. broad; pore 0.15 mm.
in diameter.

On bark of Carya. South Carolina.

The specimens of this species which I have seen have been on
thick and cracked portions of bark apparently from large
branches or the main trunk of the tree. Sometimes only one
fructification occurs on a piece of bark a centimeter square;
sometimes such a piece bears from 3 to 6 fructifications with
some of them barely in contact with one another. The type
specimen contains so few fructifications that I made a micro-
scopic preparation at Kew Herbarium from the specimen dis-
tributed by Ravenel in Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 721, which seems
to me to be certainly the same species as the type. Berkeley
described the spores in his original description as ''elliptic,
.00025 (in.) long"; I found them about twice this length in my
preparation referred to and also in a preparation recently made
from the specimen in Ravenel, Fung. Am., 130, in the Mo. Bot.
Gard. Herb.

Specimens examined:

Exsiccati: Ravenel, Fung. Am., 130; Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 721.

South Carolina: Aiken, Ravenel, 1755, the type and cotype (in

Kew Herb, and in Curtis Herb, respectively); and also

Aiken, Ravenel, Ravenel, Fung. Am., 130, and Ellis, N. Am.

Fungi, 721.

17. C. texensis Berk. & Curtis, Grevillea 20: 9. 1891.

Plate 19. fig. 10.
Type: in Kew Herb.
Fructifications scattered, sessile, pallid but at present time

[Vol.. 1
372 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Isabella-color (melleus of 'Chromotaxia'), cup-shaped, at length
flattened and disk-shaped, externally hairy; hairs olive-ocher
under the microscope, granular incrusted, cylindric, 300-400
X 4^-6 fjL] basidia clavate, 25-30 x 6-8 /x, 4-spored ; spores hyaline,
even, broadly ellipsoidal, 13 x 8 /x.

Fructifications 1-1 ^ m^i- broad.

On Quercus. Texas.

The type is scanty, consisting of three fructifications, but
these fructifications are in fine condition and present well the
characters of the species. C. texensis now impresses me as more
closely related to C. Ravenelii than I observed when studying
the specimens of both in Kew Herbarium. The fructifications
of C. texensis are the melleus of Saccardo's 'Chromotaxia' and
the hairs are of a little greater diameter and have larger incrust-
ing granules than those of C. Ravenelii, but the spores and
basidia are very similar in form and dimensions in both species.

Specimens examined:
Texas: Wright, 3779, type (in Kew Herb.).

i8. C. mellea Burt, n. sp. Plate 19. fig. 12.

Type: in Burt Herb, and in U. S. Dept. Ag. Herb.

Fructifications closely gregarious, sessile, Isabella-color, spher-
ical and with margin inrolled in the dried state, sometimes
obconic, externally hairy; hairs granular incrusted, baryta-
yellow under the microscope, cylindric, 80-100 x 3|-4 n; hy-
menium even, whitish or pale olive-buff; basidia clavate, 12-16
X 6 m; spores mostly colorless but some pale baryta-yellow, even,
broadly ellipsoidal, 5-6 x 4-4| fx.

Fructifications about |-| mm. high and broad.

On rotten wood of Salix nigra. Louisiana. December.

In the specimen upon which the description is based, the most
of the fructifications are about I mm. high and broad and are
distributed on the rotten wood at the rate of about 200 per
square centimeter. Rarely a short stem-like base is visible when
the fructifications emerge from the bottom of small crevices
between the fibers of the wood, but the fructifications are gen-
erally sessile. The species is intermediate between Cyphella
and Solenia but is included in the former genus because the fruc-
tifications do not arise from a common subiculum and are more
globose than in Solenia. The description of C. mellea suggests

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OP NORTH AMERICA. Ill 373

those of C. Ravenelii and C. texensis in many respects, but the
fructifications are much smaller and more numerous than in
either of these species, and their various parts are also much
smaller and some of the spores are colored.

Specimens examined:
Louisiana: Bohemia, Plaquemines Co., A. B. Langlois, 864(1,
type, in Burt Herb, and also (in U. S. Dept. Ag. Herb.);
A. B. Langlois, 864 (in U. S. Dept. Ag. Herb.).

19. C. fasciculata Schw. ex Berk. & Curtis, Jour. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila. 3 : 207. 1856. Plate 19. fig. 17.

Cantharellus fasciculatus Schw. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. N. S.
4: 153. 1831. — C . fasciculatus Schw. in Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 5:
495. 1887. — Cyphella fasciculata Berk. & Curtis, Grevillea 2:
6. 1873. — Solenia anomala Pers. var. orbicularis Peck, Rep. N.Y.
State Mus. 47: 168 (42). l^M.— Cyphella fulva Berk. & Rav.
Grevillea 2: 5. 1873. — C. Ravenelii Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 6: 672.
1888. — C. Saccardoi Sydow, in Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 14: 233.
1900. — C.furcata Berk. & Curtis, Grevillea 2: 5. 1873.

Type: in Herb. Schweinitz.

Fructifications gregarious, sometimes fascicled, pezizoid,
tawny olive; pileus stipitate, cup-shaped, extended vertically or
pendulous, tomentose with tawny-olive, even-walled hairs
which are flexuous or somewhat spirally curved towards the
tips, the margin strongly inrolled ; stem short, variable in length,
cylindric, tomentose, colored like the pileus; hymenium concave,
even, drying olive-buff; spores hyaline, even, cylindric, slightly
curved, 7-9 x 2-2 1 /x, borne four to a basidium.

Fasciculate clusters about 2 mm. in diameter, 1 mm. high;
fructifications |-1 mm. in diameter, 1-2 mm. high; stem |-1
mm. long, ^-| mm. thick.

On bark of twigs of Alnus in swamps and rarely on Prunus
virginiana and Pyrus Malus. Canada and Newfoundland to
South Carolina and westward to Wisconsin. Throughout the
year, more highly fasciculate from autumn to spring. Common.

This fungus is very common on dead twigs of Alnus in swamps.
The color is similar to that of Solenia anomala but the fructifi-
cations are rather larger and more cup-shaped than those of the
latter and have the hymenium merely concave rather than lining
a tube. The fructifications burst out through the outer bark

[Vol. 1
374 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

either singly or in clusters of from two to twenty individuals
more or less connected together at the base. The differences in
habit between the extremes of highly fascicled forms and those
with fructifications gregarious and largely single, impress one
as of specific weight at first and I should like to recognize these
extremes as two species but they intergrade too completely.
The dated collections which I have seen, indicate that the speci-
mens become highly fasciculate in autumn and winter.

I do not understand why Berkeley attempted authorship for
this species. The C. fasciculata B. & C. is certainly that of
Schweinitz both in description and in fascicled form of types;
and as for C. fulva B. & Rav., it is noted in the original descrip-
tion that it is the same as Cantharellus fasciculatus Schw.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 936, fascicled form; Ell. & Ev.,
Fung. Col., 1818, fascicled form under the name C. Ravenelii
Berk.; Shear, N. Y. Fungi, 308, fascicled form under the
name Solenia anomala (Pers.) Fr. var. orbicularis. Pk.
Peck det.; Ravenel, Fung. Car. IV., 16, the type distribu-
tion of C. fulva B. & Rav.; Ravenel, Fung. Am., 129 (bear-
ing spores in abundance) ; Shear, N. Y. Fungi, 56.
Newfoundland: Headquarters, B. L. Robinson & H. von Schrenk
(in Mo. Bot. Card. Herb., 4764 and 43789, the latter com-
municated by W. G. Farlow); Bay of Islands, A. C. Wag-
home, 127 (in Mo. Bot. Card. Herb., 42593).
Quebec: Hull, J. Macoun, 365.
Ontario: Ottawa, J. Macoun, 23.

Maine: J. Blake (in Curtis Herb., 6926, and in Kew Herb.).
New Hampshire: Conway, W. G. Farlow; North Conway, W.
G. Farlow (in Mo. Bot. Card. Herb., 43786); Shelburne,
H. von Schrenk (in Mo. Bot. Card. Herb., 4765), W. G.
Farlow (in Mo. Bot. Card. Herb., 43787); Franklin Falls,
Mrs. J. B. Harrison, Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 936.
Vermont: Middlebury, on Alnus and on Prunus virginiana,

E. A. Burt.
Massachusetts: Newton, W. G. Farlow (in Mo. Bot. Card.

Herb., 42591, 42592 and 43788).
New York: Torrey, type (in Herb. Schw.) ; >Sar^w;e?Z, cotype and
type of C./asacwZa^aB. & C. (in Curtis Herb., 2659, and in

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. Ill 375

Kew Herb, respectively) and specimen (in Mo. Bot. Gard.

Herb., 4937); Ithaca, G. F. Atkinson; East Galway, E. A.

Burt; Keeseville, C. 0. Smith, Ell. & Ev., Fung. Col., 1818;

Alcove, C. L. Shear, Shear, N. Y. Fungi, 56 and 308; Albany,

C. H. Peck, comm. by H. D. House (in Mo. Bot. Gard.

Herb., 43821); Karner, C. H. Peck, comm. by H. D. House

(in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 43820).
South Carolina: Ravenel, 1683 (in Curtis Herb, and in Kew

Herb.), and in Ravenel, Fung. Car. IV., 16; Aiken, Ravenel,

Ravenel, Fung. Am., 129.
Alabama: Beaumont, the cotype and type of C. furcata (in Curtis

Herb., 4022, and in Kew Herb, respectively).
Wisconsin: Madison, W. Trelease (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.,

42594).

20. C. conglobata Burt, n. sp. Plate 19. fig. 15.

Type: in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb, and in Farlow Herb.

Fructifications cespitose, 10-30 together, sessile on a common
short trunk which is erumpent through the bark; individual
fructifications subglobose, fuscous and glabrous when moist,
drying mouse-gray and with the margin inrolled; hymenium
concave, black or nearly black; basidia simple, with four sterig-
mata; spores colorless, even, cylindric, slightly curved, 8-10
X 2i-3M.

Cluster 1-2 mm. in diameter, emerging about | mm. from the
bark; cups 400-500 m broad, nearly as high.

Clusters scattered on small limbs of Alnus. New Hampshire
and New York. July and September.

The clusters of this curious fungus are distributed at the rate
of about 5 or 6 clusters to the square centimeter on what I con-
clude to have been the under side of a horizontal limb — perhaps
a limb prostrate on the ground; for cups in clusters exactly on
this presumably under side have the pore central while in the
clusters which emerged more obliquely from the limb the cups
are somewhat auriform with oblique pore and are arranged in
imbricated manner. The outer surface of the cups is composed
of irregularly branched and interwoven pale brownish hyphse
about 2 ;u in diameter. The substance of the fructifications
and common trunk-like base is composed of colorless hyphse
with walls gelatinously modified.

[Vol. 1
376 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

One might regard this fungus as the type species of a new
genus distinct from Cyphella or Solenia by the common central
mass on which the individual cups are borne, but in Cyphella
fasciculata the cups sometimes occur singly and sometimes
branching from a common central or basal mass. For this reason
it seems best to include the present species in Cyphella through
its relationship in plan of structure to C. fasciculata, from which
it is specifically distinct in other respects, however. Both these
species are excluded from Solenia by their short and globose
fructifications and by the absence of a subiculum on the general
area over which the clustered fructifications are distributed.

Specimens examined:
New Hampshire: Lower Bartlett, R. Thaxter, comm. by W. G.
Farlow, 4, type (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 43806, and in
Farlow Herb.).
New York: Adirondack Mts., C. H. Peck, comm. by H. D. House
(in Coll. N. Y. State and in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 43818);
North Elba, C. H. Peck, comm. by H. D. House (in Mo.
Bot. Gard. Herb., 43819).

21. C. fumosa Cooke, Grevillea 20 : 9. 1891. Plate 19. fig. 11.

Type: in Kew Herb.

Fructifications gregarious, membranaceous, cup-shaped,
flexuous, sepia or olive-brown and blackening, even, attenuated
below into a very short stipe, or sessile; hymenium even; basidia
cylindric-clavate, 20 x 4-5 m; spores colorless, even, somewhat
flattened on one side, 6-8 x 3|-4 tx.

Fructifications 1-2 mm. broad.

On rotting leaves of Gladiolus. South Carolina.

Cooke described the spores of this species as globose, 4 m in
diameter, but I found no such spores in my preparation from
the type. Spores 6-8 x 3^-4 m are abundant and are probably
the spores of this species, although I could not find any spores
still attached to the basidia. I conclude from my microscopical
preparations that the fructifications are glabrous.

Specimens examined:
South Carolina: Aiken, Ravenel, 3071, type (in Kew Herb.).

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. Ill 377

SPECIES IMPERFECTLY KNOWN

C. cinereo-fusca Schw. ex Saccardo, Michelia 2: 303. 1881.

Peziza cinereo-fusca Schw. Schrift. d. Naturforsch. Gesell.,
Leipzig, i: 119. 1822; Fries, Syst. Myc. 2: 97. 1823.— Ci/-
phella cinereo-fusca (Schw.) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 5: 674. 1888.
— Lachnella cinereo-fusca (Schw.) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 8: 399.
1889.

Fructifications minute, gregarious, sessile, externally fari-
naceous-hirsute and ash-green, the margin incurved; hymenium
fuscous-bay.

On decorticated branches of Cercis. [North Carolina.]
3 mm. broad. Cups often closed.

— Translation of original description.

I have not seen an authentic specimen of this species nor any-
thing on Cercis which seems referable to it. The species is
given here on the authority of Saccardo, I. c, who refers to this
species a Cyphella collected on Vitis vinifera near Toulouse,
France, by Roumeguere. Saccardo does not state that he
made comparison with an authentic specimen from Schweinitz,
and he has entered the species in the 'Sylloge Fungorum' in
both the Basidiomycetes and the Discomycetes.

C. Palmarum Berk. & Curtis, (Fung. Cub.) Jour. Linn. Soc.
Bot. 10: 337. 1867.

Type: type and cotype probably in Kew Herb, and Curtis
Herb, respectively.

White, pileus cyathiform, externally obscurely pruinose; stem
short, tomentose, rather thick.

Scarcely 2 mm. high; stem rather thick for the size of the
pileus, often oblique.

On petioles of palms. Cuba. June. C. Wright, 753.

— Arranged from original description.

C. Peckii Sacc. Syll. Fung. 6: 684. 1888.

C: Candida Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 27: 99. 1875.

Type: in Coll. N. Y. State.

Fructifications scattered or gregarious, membranaceous, soft,
obconic, nearly or quite sessile, sometimes deflexed, wholly
white, externally tomentose; hairs tapering to a sharp point,
rough-walled, 60-70 x 3| m.

[Vol. 1
378 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Fructifications about 1 mm. broad.

On dead stems of ferns, Osmunda cinnamomea. New York.
September.

The type specimens of this species are immature. I could
make out neither distinct asci nor basidia in the hymenium.
In a crushed preparation I found one spore, colorless, even,
pointed at one end, 6 x 2| /x. It may have been a basidiospore
of this species or it may have been a foreign spore.

Specimens examined :
New York: Forestburgh, C. H. Peck, type (in Coll. N. Y.
State).

C. perexigua Sacc. Michelia 2: 136. 1880.

Cups bell-shaped, very short and obliquely stipitate, small,
|-f mm. long, thin-membranaceous, internally and externally
whitish cinereous, externally minutely puberulent; spores not
seen. Appears related to C. erucoejormis and cupuliformis but
is one-third as large. . . On decorticated branches.

South Carolina. Ravenel. — Translation of original description.

I have not seen the type of C. perexigua, which is probably in
Saccardo Herb. As basidia and basidiospores have not been
found for American specimens, it is uncertain whether this
species is a Cyphella. Patouillard, Tab. Anal. Fung. 19. /. 34-
1883, referred to C. perexigua a species of Cyphella which he
collected at Poligny, France, but that reference is doubtful in
the absence of knowledge in regard to basidia and basidiospores
for American specimens.

C. pezizoides Zopf, in Morgan, {^lyc. Fl. Miami Val.) Jour.
Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. 10: 202. 1888.

Type: probably in the State Univ. of Iowa Herb.

"Fructifications membranaceous, nearly sessile, globose then
cup-shaped, clothed externally with long erect white hairs.
Hymenium even, brownish; spores obovate, .012-.013 mm. in
length.

''On old herbaceous stems; not common, cupule pezizoid,
scarcely pedicillate, about half a line in diameter. The long
hairs are erect and connivent over the hymenium; they are hya-
line and incrusted with crystals of calcium oxalate."

— Original description.

The type is not accessible at present.

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACEiE OP NORTH AMERICA. IH 379

C. trachychaeta Ell. & Ev. Jour. Myc. 4:73. 1888.

Type: in New York Bot. Gard. Herb.

Fructifications gregarious, sessile by a narrow base, white,
cup-shaped, clothed outside with appressed hairs; hairs subhy-
aline, very rough, with a smooth tapering tip 12-15 n long; hairs
paler around the base of the fructification and coarsely roughened
by irregularly shaped tubercles, some of which are prolonged
into short spines; hymenium nearly white with a slight tinge of
slate color; basidia and spores could not be well made out, but
the latter are apparently very minute.

Fructifications 300-400ai high and broad, occasionally 1 mm.
broad and with the margin distinctly lobed.

On fallen leaves of Quercus. Louisiana. July.

The above description is arranged from that originally pub-
lished. I am under obligation to Dr. Murrill for recently send-
ing to me a portion of the type for study, but the specimen
proves too immature to show whether this species is a basidio-
mycete. The hymenium of this specimen is now pale olive-
buff; the hairs are 50-75 x 6 Mj heavily encrusted except near the
tips, but I failed to find any hairs roughened by tubercles or
bearing spines.

Specimens examined:
Louisiana: A. B. Langlois, 1424, type (in N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.).

C. Bananae Cooke, Grevillea 6: 132. 1878.

Type : probably in Kew Herb.

Fructifications fuliginous or wood-brown, finger-shaped,
pendulous-extended behind, glabrous, the margin entire; hy-
menium white, rugose; spores linear, obtuse, curved, 10-12 x
2 1 At. — Translation of original description.

On dead leaves of Musa. Gainesville, Florida. Ravenel.

C. filicicola Berk. & Curtis, Grevillea 2: 5. 1873.

Type: type and cotype probably in Kew Herb, and Curtis
Herb, respectively.

Stem very short ; cups irregular, sometimes oblique, externally
very obscurely tomentose, umber.

On dead fern. North Carolina. Curtis Herb., 4934, type.

The above contains all the items of the original description; I
overlooked this species when studying in Curtis Herb, and in
Kew Herb.

[Vol. 1
380 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

C. musaecola Berk. & Curtis, Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. lo: 337.
1867.

Type: type and cotype in Kew Herb, and Curtis Herb,
respectively.

Pileus crucible-form, pallid purple, with very short stem or
sessile, externally tomentose; hymenium luteus (cadmium-
yellow). — Translation of original description.

About 2 mm. across.

On sheaths of plantain leaves. Cuba. C. Wright, 751.

By the kindness of Dr. Farlow I have been permitted to
examine a specimen from the type collection. I fail to find any
fructifications of a Cyphella present. A leaf-spot fungus has
caused some dark purple discolorations 1-2 mm. in diameter at
various points in the surface of the leaf.

Specimens examined:
Cuba: C. Wright, 751, comm. by W. G. Farlow (in Mo. Bot.
Card. Herb., 43790).

EXCLUDED SPECIES

C. convoluta Cooke, (Fungi of Texas) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
i: 179. 1878.

Type: In Kew Herb.

"Scattered, cup-shaped, then flattened, 1 to 2 mm. wide,
margin membranaceous, involute, externally white, internally
fleshy-red; spores oblong (.007 mm. long).

"On trunks. Ravenel (295)." — The original description.

I examined the type of this fungus, which was collected at
Houston, Texas, and do not regard it as a Cyphella. The
"basidia" are filiform and only 1-spored; spores are abundant,
hyahne, even, 4-5 x 2-2 1 fx.

C. Cupressi Schw. ex Fries, Epicr. 567. 1836-1838.

Merulius Cupressi Schweinitz, Schrift d. Naturforsch. Gesell.,
Leipzig, 1 : 92. 1822.

This species is an insect gall, not a Basidiomycete. Its true
nature seems to have been first pointed out by Berkeley &
Curtis, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 3: 207. 1856.

C. subcyanea Ell. & Ev. Jour. Myc. 2 : 37. 1885.

As this species is not mentioned in Saccardo's 'Sylloge Fun-
gorum' and as the early numbers of the Journal of Mycology are
rare, I quote the original description as follows:

1914]

BURT — THELEPHORACE^ OF NORTH AMERICA. Ill 381

''On living leaves of Sabal Palmetto, Louisiana, Nov. 1885.
Rev. A. B. Langlois, No. 57. Shallow cup-shaped, thin, substi-
pitate, oblique, less than 1 mm. across, whitish and nearly
smooth outside, hymenium bluish or lead colored. Spores
filiform multinucleate, upper end thickened, curved into a
semicircle, 40-60 ju long by 1| m thick, on short (11-12 x 1^-2 n)
subcylindrical sporophores, which are a little thickened below."

This species was distributed in 1891 in Ell. & Ev., N. Am.
Fungi, 2602, the specimens having been collected on living
stems of Smilax in Louisiana by Mr. Langlois. Mr. Langlois
communicated to me still better specimens on dead canes of
Arundinaria. The fructifications occur scattered here and there
in grayish areas 2-4 mm. long by ^-1 mm. broad on the surface
of the stems. Dr. Farlow informs me in a letter as the proofs
are at hand that the above species is the lichen Heterothecium
Augustinii Tuckm.

(To be continued.)

[Vol. 1, 1914

382 annals of the missouri botanical garden

Explanation of Plate

PLATE 19

The figures of this plate have been reproduced natural size from photo-
graphs of dried herbarium specimens except in the cases noted otherwise.

Fig. 1. Craterellusborealis. From the type specimen collected at Gready Island,
Labrador, by Owen Bryant.

Fig. 2. Cyphella galeata. From photograph, natural size, of the figure in Flor.
Dan. pi. 2027. f. 1.

Fig. 3. C. mu&dgena. The two figures on the left are from specimens collected
at Floodwood, New York, by E. A. Burt; the two on the right are from the type
collection of Craterellus Pogonati collected at South Windsor, Connecticut, by C. C.
Hanmer, 1956.

Fig. 4. C. copula. From photograph, natural size, of the figure in Fung. Dan.
2 : pi. 22.

Fig. 5. C. minutissima. From the type specimens collected at Chocorua, New
Hampshire, by W. G. Farlow, 3. Drawings of, a, two fructifications, xl4; b, spores,
x510; c, a hair from outer wall of fructification, xolO.

Fig. 6. C. Langloisii. From the type specimens collected at St. Martinville,
Louisiana, by A. B. Langlois, cz. Drawings of, a, two fructifications, xl7; h, spores,
x510; c, a hair from outer wall of fructification, x510.

Fig. 7. C. porrigens. From the type specimens collected at Cinchona, Jamaica,
by W. A. and Edna L. IMurrill, 607. Drawings greatly enlarged of, a, a fructification
showing attachment to a piece of woody stem; b, diagrammatic section of the same
fructification; c, two spores, x510.

Fig. 8. C. caricina. Three spores, xolO, from the type specimen collected at
Verona, New York, by C. H. Peck.

Fig. 9. C. cupulceformis. From the specimens in Ravenel, Fung. Am., 224,
collected at Darien, Georgia, by Ravenel. Drawings of, a, two fructifications, x6; h,
a basidium, xolO; c, four spores, x510.

Fig. 10. C. texensis. Three spores, x510, from the type specimens collected in
Texas, by C. Wright, 3779.

Fig. 11. C. fiunosa. Three spores, x510, from the type specimens collected at
Aiken, South Carolina, by Ravenel, 3071.

Fig. 12. C. mellea. From the type specimens collected at Bohemia, Louisiana,
by A. B. Langlois, 864a. Photograph, a, of a piece of wood bearing many fructi-
fications, and drawings of, b, median longitudinal section of a fructification, x60; c,
three spores, x510; d, a hair from outer wall of fructification, x510.

Fig. 13. C. villosa. Three spores, x510, from the specimens in Krieger, Fung.
Sax., 1457, collected at Konigstein, Germany, by W. Krieger.

Fig. 14. C. Ravenelii. From the specimens in Ravenel, Fung. Am., 130, collected
at Aiken, South Carolina, by Ravenel. Drawings of, a, a fructification on a piece of
bark, x6; b, two spores, x510.

Fig. 15. C. conglobata. From the type specimens collected at Lower Bartlett,
New Hampshire, by R. Thaxter. Photograph, a, of a portion of a branch bearing
many clusters of fructifications, and drawings of, b, a median vertical section through
one cluster of fructifications, x6; c, two spores, x510.

Fig. 16. C. Tilioe. From specimens collected at Middlebury, Vermont, by E. A.
Burt. Photograph of, a, a piece of limb bearing many fructifications, and drawing
of, b, three spores, xolO.

Fig. 17. C. fasciculata. From specimens collected at Ottawa, Canada, by J.
Macoun, 23. Photograph of, a, a piece of bark bearing many fructifications, and
drawings of, b, a cluster of fructifications, x6; c, three fructifications, xlO; d, two
spores, x510.

d^

15

0=^

b ;

16 a,

17

.;^b»/

BURT — THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA

1. CRATERELLUS BOREALIS.— 2. CYPHELLA GALEATA — 3. C. MUSCIGENA.— 4. C. CAPULA.—
5. C. MINUTISvSIMA.— 6. C. LANGLOISIL— 7. C. PORRIGENS — 8. C. CARICINA.— 9. C. CUPULAEFORMIS.

The Thelephoraceae of North
America. IV

Exobasidium

EDWABD ANGUS BURT

Reprinted from Annals of the Missoubi Botanical
Garden 2:627-658. September, 1915

NEW vu^K

THE THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. IV^

EXOBASIDIUM

EDWARD ANGUS BURT

Mycologist and Librarian to the Missouri Botanical Garden

Associate Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of

Washington University

EXOBASIDIUM

Exohasidium Woronin, Naturforsch. Ges. Freiburg Ver-
handl. 4: 397-416. pi 1-3. 1867.— Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 6: 664.
1888.— Hennings, in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (I.l**) :
103. 1897.

The type species of the genus is Exohasidium Vaccinii Fuck,
ex Wor.

Fungi parasitic in leaves, shoots, and flowers, which they
deform more or less, producing on the surface of these organs
an effused hymenium, rarely composed of basidia alone and
more usually felt-like and composed chiefly of interwoven
hyphae bearing basidia and conidiophores ; basidia simple;
spores white, simple or septate.

Exohasidium resembles so closely in the thinness of its

fructifications such species of Corticium and Peniophora as

Corticium hyssinum, Peniophora asperipilata, P. pilosa, and

P. suhalutacea that I follow Saccardo and include it with the

above genera in the Thelephoraceae. Hennings in Engler &

f^ Prantl 's 'Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenf amilien, ' has raised Ex-

,S ohasidium to ordinal rank but this is not justified by the

"^ structure of the many fructifications of Exohasidium which I

;^ have sectioned ; the illustrations in text-books of the structure

in section of the fructification are decidedly diagrammatic and

^ simplified.

^ In his work already cited, Woronin gives a detailed account
of the morphology and life history of Exohasidium Vaccinii
and illustrates this account with three double plates. The
interest in this fungus which Woronin 's work aroused has

1 Issued October 8, 1915.

Note. — Explanation in regard to the citation of specimens studied is given
in Part I, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 1 : 202, footnote.

Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., Vol. 2, 1915 (627)

<e

[Vol. 2
628 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

resulted in the publication of other species by various authors,
whose descriptions contrast sharply with that of Woronin in
giving- little weight to the morphological characters of the
fungus under consideration, but extended description of the
form and color of the gall of a particular collection, with pass-
ing reference to the occurrence of the fungus upon a hitherto
unpublished host. In case of the galls, the descriptions usually
fail to state what other forms besides the one mentioned the
galls may have on other organs of the new host and likewise
omit mention of the different forms they may have at other
times in the year than the particular tune at which the type
collection was made. Woronin 's description of E. Vaccinii
was based upon field observations extended through two sea-
sons, during which more than a thousand specimens were col-
lected. He gives one double page colored plate to show the
various types of galls produced by the different organs of
Vaccinium vitis-idaea.

Plate 21 is a photographic reproduction, reduced one-fifth,
of Woronin 's colored plate; it shows the forms of galls as
determined by the particular organ of the host, Vaccinium
vitis-idaea, which makes hypertrophic response to local stimu-
lation by the parasitic fungus. A local change of color from
green to some shade of red is common in plant portions in-
fested with Exohasidium. In the photographic reproduction
of Woronin 's plate the reddened areas of the original appear
light colored. In fig. 1, the left side of the uppermost leaf
was attacked by the fungus, producing what I term a leaf
spot gall. The affected region of the leaf is reddened on the
upper side and bears the fructification which may be felty or
scurfy on the under side ; this leaf is not distorted much in
form and thickness.

Figures 2-9 present leaf galls, reddened on the upper side
of the leaf and distorted and thickened by hypertrophic
growth so as to become more or less concave with respect to
the upper surface. I designate this form of gall as leaf
concavity.

Figures 10-17 illustrate shoot galls, in the production of
which, stems of the current season's growth have been greatly

1915]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. IV 629

enlarged and have turned pale and slightly pink under the
stimulus of the infecting fungus. In figs. 10-15 the lateral
axillary buds along the infected stem have abnormally en-
larged by the stimulation of the fungus and have developed
in several instances short, delicate, wax-like or coralloid
branchlets of carmine color. Such branchlet shoot galls are
beautiful objects in their vegetative condition; they consti-
tute a noteworthy type of gall which is quite different in ap-
pearance from the more common leaf galls, produced in re-
sponse to local infection of leaves. Nevertheless, the common
cause of these different gall forms is well brought out by
Woronin's illustrations, especially by figs. 11, 12, 13, and 15.
Upon shoot galls similar to the above, there have been pub-
lished Exohasidium Andromedae Karst. non Peck for the
shoot galls of Andromeda polifolia, E. cassiopes Peck for the
shoot gall of Cassiope Mertensiana, and E. Oxycocci Rostrup
for that of Oxycoccus palustris.

Figures 16-18 show the flower type of gall of Vaccinium
vitis-idaea, that is, the abnormal growth form made by indi-
vidual flowers in response to the stimulation of their tissues
by the fungus. That both the flower gall and the leaf gall
have a common cause has been brought out well by the selec-
tion of the specimens used for figs. 16 and 17. In fig. 18 there
is presented local infection of a single flower. This is import-
ant because isolated flower galls upon a new host have in some
cases been regarded as prima facie evidence that they have
been caused by a new species of Exohasidium.

Other host plants produce some types of galls, when in-
fected with Exohasidium, which were not figured by Woronin
for Vaccinium vitis-idaea but which are more or less common.
Such gall types are :

(a) Leaf type in which scattered whole leaves of the host
are infected. These leaves redden more or less on the upper
side and bear on the whole under side the scurfy or felty
fructification but are not notably thickened or deformed.
This gall differs from the leaf spot gall of Woronin 's fig. 1
merely in having the whole of the leaf infected.

(b) Shoot gall with all the leaves toward the tip of the

rvoL. 2

630 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

shoot infected but not deformed. These leaves may be almost
normally green on the upper side or they may be more or
less reddened, sometimes to carmine red; on the under side
they become clothed with the felty fructification of the fungus
but the leaves are not deformed. This is merely a more gen-
eral infection than the leaf type a, described above, and is
often associated with it on the same plant as well as with the
leaf spot and leaf concavity forms.

(c) Bag gall of Andromeda lignstrina. This is the ex-
treme in gall production. This gall finally becomes a hol-
low bag which attains a maximum size of 10-15 cm. in length
by 5-10 cm. in diameter. These bag galls are either terminal
or lateral on leafy shoots of the current season's growth.
When lateral, such a gall has the morphological position of
a leaf.

(d) Bud gall of Symplocos tinctoria. The expanding leaf
buds are deformed into a subglobose mass which may be 3-3|
cm. in diameter. In this gall, the undeveloped stem of the
bud is greatly enlarged and the individual leaves of the bud
are greatly thickened and deformed.

In North America, we have a large number of species of
Ericaceae which produce galls when infected by Exohasidium.
The specimens w^hich have accumulated under Exobasidimn
in herbaria show that none of the gall forms which I have
designated under distinctive names in the preceding para-
graph are isolated forms. Favorable hosts show a connection
and gradation between the various gall forms as intimate as
that presented by Woronin for Vaccinium vitis-idaea. How-
ever, the terms which I employ are useful for contrasting and
comparing the data presented by the specimens which I have
studied. These data are later given in tabular form.

The microscopic examination of an Exobasidium gall shows
that it is composed principally of the tissues of the host plant.
Hyphae of the fungus ramify about between the cells of the
host and, in the galls in which deformation has taken place,
the presence of the fungous hyphae has caused the host both
to multiply and enlarge its cells in the infected region. The
gall is, therefore, a direct product of the host plant, which

1915]

BURT THELErHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. IV 631

is stimulated to growth by the presence of the parasitic vegeta-
tive hyphae, by absorption of organic products from the host,
and, undoubtedly, by excreta from the hyphae. We may see
from Woronin's figures that the various organs of a given
host produce different galls when infected by the same
fungus ; from which we may conclude that the several organs
of the host make different growth responses to the same
stimulating cause. We have in the host itself, in its several
organs, and also in the age of tissues of these organs, as I
shall point out later, factors not only able to produce, but
actually producing, diversity in gall form even though but a
single species of Exohasidium is the parasitic stimulant. Of
what value, then, is the form of the gall as a taxonomic char-
acter for species of Exohasidium?

The different organs of the host differ in the resistance
which they offer to infection by Exohasidium. Woronin notes
in his work cited that out of more than a thousand specimens
of Exohasidium Vaccinii, only twelve showed flower galls.
Hence the flowers of Vaccinium vitis-idaea are much less sub-
ject to infection than the leaves. In only the one case, which
he illustrates by fig. 18, did he observe local infection of a
flower. In figs. 16 and 17, the infected flowers are borne on
infected shoots and may have become infected through these
shoots. We may therefore conclude that in a given host a
high resistance of certain organs to infection by Exohasidium
restricts the galls for that host to fewer organs and to a
smaller number of forms than in some other host with a lesser
resistance.

That the age of the organs, or their cells, of a host is an
important factor in the determination of gall form is appar-
ent if one observes throughout a season the succession of galls
produced by a favorable host. In this connection Richards^
has stated, ^'and also on Gaylussacia resinosa in the earliest
formed distortions, whole shoots are transformed. Later in
the season the Exohasidium forms only slight local distortions
on the leaves, and still later one finds forms which do not dis-
tort the tissues of the host plant at all, but simply form a

iBot. Gaz. 21 : 107. 1896.

[Vol. 2
632 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

scurf on the lower side of the leaves. The same succession is
found in the forms on Andromeda down to the last men-
tioned." Richards determined by culture experiments that
the remarkable bag galls of Andromeda ligustrina are merely
early (June in Massachusetts) productions under the same
specific fungous stimulus which later in the season induces
leaf concavities on this host. The account of his experiments^
may be summarized as follows : During July, Exobasidium
spores were removed with suitable precautions from fresh
mature bag galls of Andromeda ligustrina and were im-
mediately transferred to buds and young leaves of experi-
mental plants of the same species, w^hich were isolated in a
moist chamber. In about ten days faint discolorations of the
leaves were noticed, at first yellowish and then pink. About
five days later, the spots which had considerably enlarged,
began to show unmistakable signs of thickening, forming the
peculiar concavities in the leaves seen in other Exobasidia.
In external form, and also in the matter of basidia and spores,
this distortion resembled precisely the leaf form on Andro-
meda ligustrina, and indicates that the Exobasidium which
produces the bag galls of the young buds is identical with the
fungus which produces the leaf form found later in the
season.

The foregoing presentation of the Exobasidium gall as a
growth response of the host under stimulation by the fungus
shows that very different forms of galls and differences in
regard to abundance of each form on a host may result —

(a) From the different organs making the response.

(b) From differences in resistance of the several organs,
which, in many cases, may undoubtedly be so great as to give
complete immunity for certain organs.

(c) From the age of the organ attacked.

Since the host produces a great variety of gall forms as
growth responses to attack by a single species of Exobasidium^
how are we to decide whether a given gall form is ever suffi-
ciently distinct to entitle its causative organism to separate
specific rank? Gall forms are host products to so large an

^ loc. cit., p. 105.

1915]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. IV 633

extent that they can have little, if any, value for discrimin-
ating between species of Exohasidium. Into the formation of
such galls so many other factors besides the Exobasidium
hyphae enter that it is impossible to consider galls as homol-
ogous with the fructification of an ascomycete or that of a
toadstool, and they should not be used therefore in the way
these true fungous fructifications are used for affording in
their form specific characters. As a matter of fact, the layer
of basidia and conidia-bearing hyphae at the outside of the
gall comprise the whole fructification of the parasitic fungus ;
this layer alone is morphologous with a toadstool. The mere
form of the foreign substratum covered by the resupinate
fructification of Exobasidium should have no greater tax-
onomic weight than it has in the closely related genus
Corticium.

We should now consider the distribution of Exobasidium
Vaccina as a parasite upon various genera and species of the
Ericaceae. Woronin limited his investigation of E. Vaccinii
to what he observed on Vaccinium vitis-idaea and left the
matter there for other investigators to go on with, if they
were so disposed. As the collections which are made on this
host nearly always show the fungus occurring in leaf spot galls
and leaf concavity galls, and since these forms of galls are
the only ones on this host common enough for distribution in
published exsiccati, the species Exobasidium Vaccinii seems
to have become altogether too closely associated with, and
limited in mycological practice to, merely the very com-
monest gall forms which are produced under stimulation by
E. Vaccinii. For example, Shear^ states, ''The typical
form of Exobasidium Vaccinii occurs on Vaccinium vitis-
idaea, producing hypertrophied spots on the leaves. No
record has been found of the occurrence of hypertrophied
shoots on this host similar to those found on cranberry plants.
Rostrup^i seems to have been the first to describe this form.
In 1883 he reported it as occurring on Oxycoccus palustris in
Denmark. ' '

1 Cranberry Diseases. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. PI. Ind., Bui. 110:36. 1907.

[Vol. 2
634 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

"Without doubt, this misapprehension of the galls produced
by Vaccinium vitis-idaea is due to the scarcity of copies of
Woronin's original account of Exohasidium Vaccinii, for
Woronin is at great pains to show that to E. Vaccinii are due
both shoot galls and flower galls.

That the erroneous tendency of limiting to E. Vaccinii the
production of only the commonest leaf galls is potent, is ap-
parent from inspection of the table towards the close of this
paper where under the heading, ''Exohasidium Vaccinii
(Fuck.) Wor. The following have been referred here invari-
ably" there are grouped all Exobasidium galls produced by
Vaccinium vitis-idaea, V. vacillans, V. arbor eum, V. penn-
sylvanicum, V. stamineum, Gaylussacia frondosa, G. resinosa,
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, A. nevadensis, Arbutus Menziesii,
Rhododendron canadense, R. maximum, and Lyonia jamai-
censis.

Our Gaylussacia frondosa and G. resinosa of this list merit
some detailed consideration for they compare very favorably
with Vaccinium vitis-idaea as hosts for Exobasidium Vaccinii.
The galls of these two species of Gaylussacia include during
the season two shoot forms, leaf concavity type, leaf spot type,
and the flower type. The flower type of gall is probably very
rare ; I have seen a dried herbarium specimen of it collected
by Dr. Farlow, at Brewster, Massachusetts, and two others,
preserved in alcohol in Seymour Herbarium, one of which was
collected by A. B. Seymour, at Woods Hole, Massachusetts,
and the other by Mrs. Pier, at Biddeford, Maine. These
flower galls have a diameter of 10-12 mm.; all the floral
organs are enlarged as in case of the flower galls illustrated
by Woronin. Bartholomew collected and distributed in his
'Fungi Columbiani,' 3429, the shoot gall of the wax-like or
coralloid type such as is produced by Vaccinium vitis-idaea.
Gaylussacia resinosa very frequently produces as its earliest
galls the other form of shoot gall with all the leaves felty on
the whole under surface, more or less reddened above, and not
deformed. Such a shoot gall is produced by Vaccinium
Myrtillus in Europe; it has usually been regarded by Euro-
pean mycologists as due to Exobasidium Vaccinii. Its regular

1915]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. IV 635

occurrence in North America in a series of E. Vaccinii forms
confirms the correctness of the reference.

As we take up the consideration of North American species
of Exohasidium which have been published since 1867, we find
that in nearly all cases peculiarities of galls have furnished
the distinctive portion of the description. These odd or strik-
ing forms of galls have been discovered upon new hosts, as
was to be expected, for a new host species would without doubt
have composition and properties at least slightly different
from those of Vaccinium vitis-idaea — so different that the
growth response, i. e., the gall of this new host, might differ
somewhat, perhaps differ notably, from that of V. vitis-idaea,
even though the stimulus should be given by the same fungus.
Two of the specific names to be considered are based entirely
upon the occurrence of Exohasidium on a new host, and the
other eight are founded upon more or less noteworthy galls.
Reference to the second division of my table shows that gall
form rather than host has caused the publication of specific
names in Exohasidium.

Exohasidium Peckii, for example, was published as the
cause of flower galls produced by Andromeda Mariana. Its
flower galls are produced so frequently that they attracted
attention; leaf concavity galls are common here also. The
morphological characters of the fungous cause of these galls
agree closely with those of Exohasidium Vaccinii, and the
galls themselves are of types that Vaccinium vitis-idaea pro-
duces under stimulation by Exohasidium Vaccinii. No evi-
dence of any nature has been offered tending to show that E.
Peckii is not E. Vaccinii in all respects. The frequent pro-
duction of flower galls by Andromeda Mariana can be simply
accounted for as due to the susceptibility of the young flower
to infection by the fungus, that is, to a special property of
this host. I regard Exohasidium Peckii as a synonym of E.
Vaccinii.

In connection with the discussion of E. Peckii, attention
should be called to occasional flower galls produced by Lyonia
{Andromeda) ferruginea. I have seen only four specimens
of these galls, two from Georgia and two from Florida. All

[Vol. 2
636 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

resemble monstrous flowers — up to 5 cm. long in the dried
state — with all floral organs enlarged proportionally, as in
the flower galls of Andromeda Mariana, Gaylussacia resinosa,
and Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Only flower galls are as yet known
to me for Lyonia ferruginea, but as the morphological char-
acters of the fungus found on the galls are those of Exo-
basidium Vaccinii, I regard these galls as similar to those of
Andromeda Mariana but much larger and due to Exobasidium
Vaccina. The large size of these Lyonia galls is the expres-
sion of the growth response of the flower tissue of this host.
It will be interesting if further collections of this host show
that only the flowers are susceptible to infection by Exo-
basidium.

Exobasidium Oxycocci was proposed as a name for the
fungus causing the shoot galls of wax-like or coralloid habit
which are produced by Oxycoccus palustris. Similar galls are
produced in the United States by Vaccinium macrocarpon
and V. intermedium. Shoot galls of V. macrocarpon are illus-
trated in color by Shear^ and also the leaf spot and leaf con-
cavity galls which this host produces. The morphological
characters of the fungus producing the shoot galls on the
cranberry species of Vaccinium are the same as those of
Exobasidium Vaccinii; the galls produced by cranberry
plants are such as E. Vaccinii produces. As there is no evi-
dence of any kind that E. Vaccinii, common throughout the
same region, does not cause the cranberry galls, the name E.
Oxycocci seems quite unnecessary.

Exobasidium Cassiopes and E. Karstenii have been pub-
lished as causes of the shoot galls produced by Cassiope Mer-
tensiana and Andromeda polifolia respectively. These shoot
galls are of the wax-like or coralloid type such as Vaccinium
vitis-idaea produces under stimulation by Exobasidium Vac-
cinii. As the morphological characters of the so-called E.
Cassiopes and E. Karstenii are those of E. Vaccinii, and as
no evidence has ever been presented that E. Vaccinii does not
cause the galls referred to, E. Cassiopes and E. Karstenii
should also be regarded as synonyms of E. Vaccinii.

^ loc. cit., pi. 8.

1915]

BURT TIIELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. IV 637

Exohasidium Andromedae Peck is based on the bag gall
produced by Andromeda ligustrina. This gall described in
detail on a preceding page, is so very large and remarkable in
structure that it did seem that here, if anywhere, must be the
anomaly for higher fungi of a fungous cause, specifically dif-
ferent from Exohasidium Vaccinii, yet having the same mor-
phological characters. From this point of view, Richards'
experiment,^ already described, of growing on the leaves of
Andromeda ligustrina a July crop of leaf concavity galls from
spores produced by a bag gall which had matured at the be-
ginning of July, was very illuminating. It showed that such
a bag gall is noteworthy only because it shows peculiar prop-
erties inherent early in the season in shoots and leaves of
Andromeda ligustrina, that this bag gall belongs in the series
with, and is caused by, the same fungus as the leaf concavity
galls such as Exohasidium Vaccinii produces.

Richards made other experiments tending to show that E.
Vaccinii produces the bag galls on Andromeda ligustrina.
He demonstrated that the latter species is not immune to un-
doubted Exohasidium Vaccinii, that it is as susceptible to such
spores as to those produced by its own bag galls. In July,
spores of E. Vaccinii gathered from leaf concavity galls of
Gaylussacia resinosa were transferred to buds and young
leaves of Andromeda ligustrina. After about the same lapse
of time as when spores from the bag galls were used, there
appeared on the Andromeda leaves infected with Exohasidium
Vaccinii distortions very similar to those produced by spores
from the bag galls. As the large bag gall was the only occa-
sion for the name E. Andromedae Peck, I agree with Richards
that this name is a synomym of E. Vaccinii.

In confirmation from the herbarium side of the correctness
of the above conclusion, I have a specimen collected in Idaho
by Professor Piper, 772, on Menziesia glahella, which has a
small terminal bag gall such as is produced by Andromeda
ligustrina, and also a leaf concavity gall.

In the light of what we now know about bag galls the names
Exohasidium Azaleae, E. discoideum, and E. Rhododendri

^ loc. cit.

[Vol. 2
638 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

appear superfluous, for their galls pass through the concavity
stage and the morphological characters of the fungi concerned
differ in no respect from those of E. Vaccinii.

Exohasidium Cassandrae was based on a leaf concavity of
Cassandra calyculata. The new host was the sole basis for
this new name and its author closed his description with the
comment, '* perhaps this is only a form of E. Vaccinii. " Since
we now regard E. Vaccinii as able to infect many species of
the Ericaceae, the host alone in this case (with the morpho-
logical characters of the fungus agreeing with those of E.
Vaccinii) does not afford sufficient justification for regarding
E. Cassandrae as distinct from E. Vaccinii.

Exohasidium Arctostaphyli was founded on a leaf spot on
Arctostaphylos pungens. As in the case of Exohasidium Cas-
sandrae, there is no e^ddence whatever that the fungus con-
cerned is not E. Vaccinii, the characters of the fungus and its
work being quite those of the latter species.

The usual errors in connection with the preceding series of
sjTionyms which are grouped together in the second division
of my table are due, it seems to me, to attaching to a strange
gall form — a host product — the same weight which one would
give to a toadstool, and to ignoring the true fructifications of
the Exohasidium concerned. In the taxonomy of the Hy-
menomycetes, species are based upon differences in morpho-
logical characters. It is so remarkable an innovation in our
taxonomic usage in this group of plants to propose a new
species which has precisely the same morphological characters
as a well-known and established one that it makes it incum-
bent upon, and an unusual ojDportunity for, an author so
establishing a species to show conclusively the truth of the
paradox that actually good and distinct species of Hymenomy-
cetes have the same morphological characters. In all the
cases which have been considered, no evidence tending toward
such proof has been offered. In the above, I but express the
views of many of the best mycologists, who have consistently
regarded the above-mentioned Exohasidium names as
.synonyms of E. Vaccinii.

1915]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OP NORTH AMERICA. IV 639

"Winter^ wrote of Exohasidium Vaccinii in Europe wliere
there is a similar confusion as to species, ''der Pilz erzeugt
ausnahmslos Formanderungen der verschiedensten Art an

den von ihm bewohnten Pflanzentheilen Ich finde

zwischen den einzelnen verschiedene Nahrpflanzen bewohnen-
den Formen keine wesentliclien Unterschiede. ' '

The specimens which I have studied show that we have in
North America perhaps three species of Exohasidium, two of
which are rare and are present in herbaria in so few speci-
mens that present conclusions concerning them are somewhat
tentative. These species are as follows :

1. E. Vaccinii (Fuck.) Wor.

This species is common and wide-spread and is parasitic
on many ericaceous host plants. There is as yet no evidence
of which I am aware tending to show that so-called physio-
logical races or forms with parasitism limited to a particular
host exist in this species. This fungus attacks leaves develop-
ing leafy shoots, and flowers of susceptible plants, making its
most successful infections when these organs are very young.
The vegetative hyphae live in the infected organs between
the cells, which are stimulated by the presence and activities
of the parasitic hyphae to make a more or less marked hyper-
trophic growth response, termed a gall. The galls are of
varied and sometimes strange form according to the host, the
organ, and its age. The distribution of the galls upon the
host is dependent upon the susceptibility of its various organs
to infection.

In fruiting, the hyphae push through the epidermis to the
surface and produce there a resupinate fructification which is
amphigenous in the case of galls from tissues so young that
they form galls of wax-like or coralloid structure, and
hypophyllous on the more common leaf galls. The fructification
is variable in thickness, consisting sometimes of scattered
clusters of basidia but usually with hyphae present in vari-
able quantity between the basidia so that the fructification may
attain a maximum thickness of 60-70 /x, as in the case of col-

^In Rabenhorst, Krypt. Flora r:322. 1884.

[Vol. 2
640 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

lections on Vaccinium vitis-idaea. As shown by Richards,^
these hyphae bear simple, acicular, conidia about 6-9x1-1 2 /*•
Conidia are nearly always present in the preparations but
have been entered only occasionally in my table. The basidia
are generally 4-spored. The basidiospores from herbarium
specimens are colorless, simple or with some uniseptate,
10-20x2^5 IX, but are usually about 12-18X3-3J- n. They are
sometimes a little shorter, or a little longer, or a little thinner,
or a little thicker, but are so variable within the extremes
stated for different collections on the same host within the
same regions or distant regions — as will be seen by reference
to my table — that a moderate latitude in spore dimensions
seems evident.

2. E, Vaccina uliginosi Bond.

The European specimen of this species distributed from
Norway in Briosi and Cavara, 'Funghi Paras.,' 261, has a
resupinate, hypophyllous felty fructification, 30-45 /x thick,
which is composed almost wholly of large basidia, standing
close together and presenting in sections the appearance of
a distinct palisade layer. This fructification begins below the
epidermis and tears the cells of the latter loose and apart
from each other and carries them outward between the
basidia. The hymenium is abundantly fruited with basidio-
spores, borne two to a basidium. The spores are simple,
colorless, even, curved towards the base, 18-20x6-7 n. No
conidial hyphae could be found between the basidia in this
specimen.

The specimen distributed in Eriksson, 'Fungi Par. Scand.,'
286a, has similar spores 16-20x8 ix. This specimen is in
poorer condition and does not show basidia clearly. In some
places the fructification is composed of very fine, short-celled
hyphae, which are not bearing conidia. Both the above speci-
mens are shoot galls with leaves felty below and reddened
above.

Professor Piper, 443, collected on Vaccinium memhran-
aceum, sit Mt. Ranier, Washington, in August, a shoot gall
similar to the European specimens and having a well fruited

^ loc. cit.

1915]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. IV 641

Exohasidium with 2-spored basidia and spores 16-20x8 p-
The fungus agrees in all respects with the specimen in Briosi
and Cavara, 261. Several other collections on Vaccinium
memhranaceum of buff colored leaf concavity and leaf spot
galls appear to bear Exohasidium Vaccinii. The very thick
spores, borne two to a basidium, distinguish E. Vaccinii
uliginosi from E. Vaccinii.

3. E. Symploci Ell. & Mart.

This fungus attacks the developing leaf buds of Symplocos
tinctoria and deforms them into a lobed mass. In fruiting,
the hyphae protrude on the surface of the mass and bear
acicular, simple, colorless, slightly curved conidia, ranging
from about 7x1 /* upward. The largest spores are 24x2 /x,
acicular, curved, and of the same form as those of inter-
mediate size and so on down to attached conidia. I have not
found any of the largest spores attached, nor have I found
basidia. In the original description the reference to spore
characters is '' conidia hyaline, cylindric, nearly straight,
15-21x2 /x."

I conclude that basidia have yet to be demonstrated for this
fungus.

As I have had an opportunity to examine a large number
of Exohasidium specimens, collected in widely separated
localities, on many hosts and at various times in the growing
season, it has seemed that a concise summary of the data ob-
tained in regard to each specimen might prove useful for
comparison purposes to others who study our specimens of
this genus in the future. Pains have been taken to give the
hosts accurately. I am indebted to Dr. J. M. Greenman for
aid in host determinations in several cases.

In the matter of spores the stated dimensions are those of
the preparations which were studied. No effort was made
to study preparation after preparation from the same collec-
tion in order to find spores possibly larger or smaller than
those of the first preparation which showed the spores well.
The dimensions stated are those obtained by treating all speci-
mens in exactly the same way and give such results as her-
barium specimens afford.

642

ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

[Vol. 2

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BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. IV 649

Systematic Summary

1. Exobasidium Vaccinii Fuck. ex. Wor. Naturforsch. Ges.
Freiburg Verliandl. 4: 397-416. pi. 1-3. 1867. Plate 21.

Fusidium Vaccinii Fuck. Bot. Zeit. 19: 251. 1861. — Exo-
basidium Andromedae Peck, Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. Bui.
1: 63. 1873; N. Y. State Mus. Eept. 26: 73. 1874.—^. Azaleae
Peck, Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. Bui. 1:63. 1873; N. Y. State
Mus. Bui. 26: 72. 1874.— J^J. discoideum Ellis, Torr. Bot. Club
Bui. 5: 46. 1874.—^. Rhododendri Cramer in Rabenh. Fung.
Eur. 1910. 1875.— E. Andromedae Karst. in De Thuemen,
Myc. Univ. 1110. 1878; Finland Natur och Folk Bidrag 37:
153. 1882.— E. Karstenii Sacc. & Trott. in Sacc. Syll. Fung.
21:420. 1912.—^. Cassandrae Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bui.
29: 46. 1874:.— E. Arctostaphyli Harkn. Calif. Acad. Sci. Bui.
1: 30. 1884.— J^. Myrtilli (Thuem.) Karst. Finlands Natur och
Folk Bidrag 37: 152. 1882.— E. Vaccinii Myrtilli (Fuck.) Juel,
Svensk. Bot. Tids. 6:364. 1912.— E. Oxycocci Rostr. Bot.
Tidsskr. 14: 243. 1885.—^. Cassiopes Peck, N. Y. State Mus.
Kept. 45: 24. 1893.—^. Peckii Halst. Torr. Bot. Club Bui. 20:
437. 1893.

Illustrations: Woronin. loc. cit. — Richards, Bot. Gaz. 21:
pi. 6. f. i-50.— Petri, Ann. Myc. 5: 342-346.— Brefeld, Unter-
such. Myk. S: pi. 1. f. 17-22.— BnggSiY, Fung. Dis. /. 215, 216.—
Shear, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. PL Ind. Bui. 110 : pi. 7. f. A-D.—
Juel, Svensk. Bot. Tids. 6: 353-372. /. ^-C— Engl. & Prantl,
Nat. Pflanzenfam. (I. 1**) : 104. /. ^5.— Other illustrations in
many text-books. References to other illustrations in Sacc.
Syll. Fung. 19: 694.

Fructifications hypophyllous or amphigenous, resupinate,
effused, scurfy or felty and compact, grayish, consisting of
somewhat scattered clusters of basidia or of basidia and fine,
suberect, more or less interwoven and branched hyphae which
bear conidia and give to the fructification a maximum thick-
ness ranging up to 60-70 ii ; basidia with 4 sterigmata usually ;
basidiospores colorless, simple or with some 1-septate,
10-20x2^5 At, but usually about 12-18 X3-3| ju, becoming
3-septate in germinating; conidia simple, 6-9x1-11 M-

[Vol. 2
650 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Parasitic in leaves, young shoots, and flowers of various
ericaceous hosts, and stimulating the infected parts to the
production of leaf, shoot, or flower galls which bear the
fructifications on their surface. Leaf galls are usually some-
what reddish on the upper side and bear the fructification on
the lower side.

From Newfoundland to Florida and westward to California
and Washington, also in Jamaica.

I have referred here, with some doubt, the Exobasidium
causing yellow-buff leaf spot galls on Rhododendron albi-
florum, collected on mountains in Washington by W. N. Suks-
dorf. The basidia are 20-30x6 n, with 4 prominent sterig-
mata; the basidiospores are mostly 18-21 X 4 1-6 n, and are
nearly all 3-septate. Some of these spores are germinating,
hence the septation of the spores may possibly be due to their
over maturity when collected, combined mth weather condi-
tions at that time favorable to germination. Other collections
which show the full series of gall forms on this host are desir-
able and should give the needed information in regard to sep-
tation of the spores.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Ellis, N. Am. Fung., 107, 722; Ell. & Ev., N. Am.
Fung., 1586a, 1586b, 1718, 2312a, 2312b; Ell. & Ev., Fung.
Col., 220, 1210; Bartholomew, Fung. Col., 1728, 2729, 3231,
3232, 3323, 3324, 3429, 3430, 3523; Seymour & Earle, Econ.
Fung., 137a, 137b, 137c, 487, 488, 489; Shear, N. Y. Fung.,
117; De Thuemen, Myc. Univ., 115, 210, 1110, 1808;
Eriksson, Fung. Par., 286b ; Jaczewski, Komarov & Tranz-
schel, Fung. Rossiae Ex., 72; Kunze, Fung. Sel. Ex., 302;
Krieger, Fung. Sax., 62, 665, 768; Rabenhorst, Fung. Eur.,
1910 ; Romell, Fung. Scand., 38.

Austria: On Rhododendron ferrugineum, Tyrol, P. Magnus
(in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 4988).

Germany: On Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Konigstein, Krieger,
Krieger, Fung. Sax., 62 ; Bavaria, De Thuemen, Myc. Univ.,
910; on Rhododendron ferrugineum, P. Magnus; on Vac-
ciyiium Myrtillus, Leipzig, G. Winter, De Thuemen, Myc.

1915]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. IV 651

Univ., 115; Konigstein, Krieger, Fung. Sax., 665; on

V. uliginosum, Altenberg, Krieger, Fung. Sax., 768.
Russia: On Cassandra calyculata, Novgorod, Jaczewski,

Fung. Rossiae Ex., 72.
Finland: On Vaccinium uliginosum, Mustiala, P. A. Karsten;

on Andromeda polifolia, Mustiala, P. A. Karsten; and also

in De Thuemen, Myc. Univ., 1110.
Sweden: On Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Femsjo, L. Romell; Up-

sala, E. A. Burt; on Andromeda polifolia, L. Romell,

Romell, Fung. Scand., 38; on Vaccinium uliginosum,

Eriksson, Fung. Par. Scand, 286b.
Switzerland: On RJiododendron ferrugineum, Luzern, G.

Winter in Kunze, Fung. Sel. Ex., 302; same host, Mader-

aner Thai, Cramer, Rabenhorst, Fung. Eur., 1910.
Canada : on Cassandra calyculata, London, J. Dearness, Ell.

& Ev., N. Am. Fung., 2312a.
Newfoundland: on Cassandra calyculata, Pennie's River, B.

L. Robinson S H. von Schrenk (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.,

4779) ; on RJiododendron canadense. Bluff Head, A. C.

Waghorne, 940 (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 42608) ; Virginia

Water, B. L. Robinson S H. von Schrenk (in Mo. Bot.

Gard. Herb., 4981).
New Brunswick : on Vaccinium pennsylvanicum. Hays, 16 (in

Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 44415).
Maine: on Gaylussacia baccata, Biddeford, Mrs. A. M. Pier

(in Seymour Herb., T55).
New Hampshire : on Andromeda polifolia, Shelburne, H. von

Schrenk (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 4778).
Massachusetts : on Vaccinium vacillans, Arlington, Magnolia,

and Medford, A. B. Seymour, Sey. & Earle, Econ. Fung.,

137a, 137b, 137c respectively; Plymouth, E. Bartholomew,

Fung. Col., 3324; Weston, A. B. Seymour, T56 (in Seymour

Herb.) ; Rafes Chasm, A. B. Seymour, T58 (in Seymour

Herb.) ; Middlesex Falls, J. G. Jack (in Seymour Herb.) ;

on V. macrocarpon. Woods Hole, W. Trelease (in Mo. Bot.

Gard. Herb., 4982) ; Chatham, ilfi55 Minns, and also (in U. S.

Dept. Agr. Herb.) ; Harwich, B.D.Halsted, E11.& Ev.,N.Am.

Fung., 2312b; Waverly, A. B. Seymour, T60 (in Seymour

[Vol. 2
652 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Herb.); on V. pennsylvanicum, Rafes Chasm, A. B. Sey-
mour T59 (in Seymour Herb.) ; on Gaylussacia frondosa,
Woods Hole, W. Trelease (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 4948) ;
Pl}Tnouth, E. Bartholoiuew, Fung. Col., 3323; on G. resi-
nosa, Manchester, W. C. Sturgis, Sey. & Earle, Econ. Fung.,
488; Falmouth, A. B. Seymour, T53 (in Seymour Herb.) ;
Woods Hole, A. B. Seymour, T54 (in Seymour Herb.) ;
Dartmouth, W. G. Farloiv (in Seymour Herb.) ; Brewster,
W. G. Farlow (in Seymour Herb.) ; on Andromeda lig-
ustrina, Cambridge, Mr. Rush; Dedham, H. L. Jones, and
also B. M. Dug gar (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 44411) ; Woods
Hole, W. Trelease (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 44410) ; Hamp-
den, A. B. Seymour, T51 (in Seymour Herb.); Granville,
A. B. Seymour (in Seymour Herb.) ; on Rhododendron
cult, sp., Brookline, A. B. Seymour, Sey. & Earle, Econ.
Fung., 489; on R. nudijlorum, Granville, A. B. Seymour
(in Seymour Herb.) ; on R. viscosum. Woods Hole, W. Tre-
lease (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 44405, 44408).

New York : on Vaccinium stamineum, Ithaca, W. Trelease (in
Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 4991) ; on Gaylussacia frondosa,
Eastport, J. Schrenk (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 4953) ; East-
port, H. von Schrenk (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb. 4957) ; on
G. resinosa. Deer Park, H. von Schrenk (in Mo. Bot. Gard.
Herb., 4781) ; on Andromeda ligustrina. Alcove, C. L.
Shear, N. Y. Fung., 117 ; on A. Mariana, Westbury, F. C.
Stewart, Sey. & Earle, Econ. Fung., 487; on Cassandra
calycidata, Adirondack Mts., G. E. Peck, Ellis, N. Am.
Fung., 722; Buffalo, G. W. Clinton.

New Jersey : on Andromeda ligustrina, Ellis, N. Am. Fung.,
107; on A. Mariana, Newfield, Ellis, Ell. & Ev., Fung. Col.,
1210; on Rhododendron viscosum, Newfield, Ellis, Ell. &
Ev., N. Am. Fung., 1718; and (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.,
4959).

Maryland : on Vaccinium vacillans, Eosecraft, Bartholomew,
Fung. Col., 3231; on Gaylussacia resinosa, Lanham, E.
Bartholomew, Fung. Col., 3429, 3430; Bartholomew d
Swingle, Fung. Col., 3523.

1915]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. IV 653

District of Columbia : on Vaccinium vacillans, Takoma Park,
C. L. Shear, Fung. Col., 1728.

Virginia : on Gaylussacia resinosa, Vienna, E. Bartholomew,
Fung. Col., 3232.

North Carolina : on Rhododendron maximum, E. von Schrenk
(in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 4951) ; on R. nudiflorum, H. von
Schrenk (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 4950).

Georgia: on Lyonia ferruginea, Brunswick, comm. by U. S.
Dept. Agr. Herb. ; W. Trelease (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.,
4955).

Florida: on Gaylussacia frondosa, Dunedin, S. M. Tracy,
6649 (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 44404) ; on Andromeda
ligustrina, St. Leo, Rev. Jerome (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.,
44326) ; on ^. Mariana, White Springs, E. E. Eume, 88
(in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 4966), and also (in Seymour
Herb.) ; Chapman (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 4954) ; on
Lyonia ferruginea. Chapman (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.,
44409).

Alabama: on Vaccinium arhoreum. Auburn, Ala. Biol. Surv.,
and also (in Mo. Bot. Gard Herb., 4975) ; on V. stamineum.
Auburn, Ala. Biol. Surv., and also (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.,
4976) ; Auburn, F. S. Earle S L. M. Underwood (in Mo.
Bot. Gard. Herb., 4971) ; on Rhododendron nudiflorum,
Auburn, Ala. Biol. Surv., and also (in Mo. Bot. Gard.
Herb., 4964, 4963).

Mississippi: on Rhododendron viscosum. Ocean Springs, F.
S. Earle (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 4970) ; and S. M. Tracy
(in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 4960).

Michigan: on Galylussacia frondosa, Lansing, M. B. Waite,
118 (in TJ. S. Dept. Agr. Herb.) ; on G. resinosa. Agricul-
tural College, G. E. Eicks (in Seymour Herb.) ; on Cas-
sandra calyculata. Republic, W. Trelease (in Mo. Bot.
Gard. Herb., 4983) ; Agricultural College, G. E. Eicks (in
Seymour Herb.).

Minnesota: on Vaccinium pennsylvanicum, Hokal, L. E.
Pammel (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 44416).

"Wisconsin : on V. pennsylvanicum. La Crosse, L. E. Pammel
(in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 44414) ; Kirtland, (in Mo. Bot.

[Vol. 2
654 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Gard. Herb., 4985) ; on Gaylussacia resinosa, Kirkland (in
Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 4961).

Missouri: on Vaccinium vacillans, Crystal City, (in Mo. Bot.
Gard. Herb., 4949).

Wyoming: on V. memhranaceum, Teton Mts., A. Nelson,
E. Nelson, 6525 (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 44413).

Idaho: on V. memhranaceum, Forest, Nez Perces Co., A, A.
& E. G. Heller, 3465 (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 4989) ; on
Menziesia glabella. Bitter Root Mt., C. V. Piper, 772.

Colorado : on Arctostaphi/lous uva ursi. Glacier Lake, Bar-
tholomew (& Bethel, Fung. Col., 2729.

Washington: on Vaccinium deliciosum, Mt. Rainier, C. V.
Piper, 842; on V. memhranaceum, Mt. Paddo, W. N. Suks-
dorf, 448; Chiquash Mts., W. N. Suksdorf, 504; on Vac-
cinium sp., probably V. memhranaceum, Mt. Paddo, W. N.
Suksdorf, 447; on V. intermedium, Seattle, C. V. Piper, 39;
on Arctostaphylos uva ursi. Orchard Point, C. V. Piper,
434; on A. nevadensis, Mt. Paddo, W. N. Suksdorf, 840;
Longwire Springs, C. V. Piper, 428; on Cassiope Merten-
siana, Chiquash Mts., Skamania Co., W. N. Suksdorf, 501;
Olympic Mts., C. V. Piper, 771; on Bhododendron alhi-
florum, Chiquash Mts., Skamania Co., W. N. Suksdorf, 841;
Mt. Paddo, W. N. Suksdorf, 449.

California : on Arctostaphylos pungens, H. W. Earkness (in
Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 4972) ; and also Ell. & Ev., N. Am.
Fung., 1586a; on A. manganita, Sisson's, Siskiyou Co., W.
C. Blasdale (in Seymour Herb.) ; on Arhutus Menziesii, H.
W. Earkness, Ell. & Ev., N. Am. Fung., 1586b.

Jamaica : on Lyonia jamaicensis. Cinchona, E. von Schrenk
(in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 44403).

2. E. Vaccinii uliginosi Boud. Soc. Bot. Fr. Bui.
41:CCXLIV. 1894.

Illustrations : Juel, Svensk. Bot. Tids. 6: 353-372. pi. 7. f. 5.
text. f. D.

Fructification hypophyllous, resupinate on the whole lower
surface of the leaves, felty, 30-45 /x thick, composed of large
basidia arranged side by side in a compact hymenium ; basidia

1915]

BURT TIIELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA, IV 655

with 2 sterigmata ; spores colorless, even, curved towards the
base, 16-20 X 7-8 /x.

Parasitic on Vaccinium membranaceum, which produces
shoot galls with all the later leaves of the gall red on the
upper side, felty below, and but slightly, if at all, deformed.

Mt. Rainier, Washington. August.

In the original description of this species, the spore dimen-
sions are stated as 25-32 X 8-12 ix. The European specimens
in the exsiccati cited below, which European authors refer
here, have spores of the dimensions of the American collection.
Shoot galls of the type stated are the only form known to be
caused by this species, but other forms may yet be found.

Specimens examined :
Exsiccati : Briosi & Cavara, Fung. Par., 261 ; Eriksson, Fung.

Par. Scand., 286a under the name Exohasidium Vaccinii.
Norway: on Vaccinium Myrtillus, Eriksson, Fung. Par.

Scand., 286a; on V. uliginosum, G. von. Lagerheim, Briosi

& Cavara, Fung. Par., 261.
Washington: on Vaccinium membranaceum, Mt. Rainier, C.

V. Piper, 443.

3. E. Symploci Ell. & Mart. Am. Nat. 18: 1147. 1884.

Fructification amphigenous, resupinate, effused, consisting
of lax, slender, colorless hyphae which bear solitary conidia
at the tips of very short, lateral, ascending branches ; conidia
colorless, even slightly curved, acicular, 7-24x1-2 ft; basidia
and basidiospores unknown.

Parasitic on Symplocos tinctoria which produces bud galls
3-3| cm. in diameter, lemon yellow, subglobose and sublobate.

Florida, Alabama, and Indiana. March and April.

In the original description it is stated that the galls are dis-
torted flower buds. In a specimen collected in Indiana, the gall
is a partially developed leaf bud.

Specimens examined :
Exsiccati: Ell. & Ev., N. Am. Fung., 1696.
Florida: on Symplocos tinctoria, Green Cove Springs, G.
Martin (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 4968) ; and in Ell. & Ev.,
N. Am. Fung., 1696.

[Vol. 2, 1916]
656 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Alabama : on Symplocos tinctoria, Auburn, Ala. Biol. Surv.

(in. Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 4969).
Indiana : on Syttiplocos tinctoria, Robertsdale, A. M. Rhodes

(in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 741178).

SPECIES IMPERFECTLY KNOWN

E. decolorans Harkness, Cal. Acad. Sci. Bui. 1: 31. 1884.

''Eeceptaculum effused, producing conspicuous yellowish-
white, orbicular spots, 1-2 cm. in diameter, not at all distort-
ing the leaf ; spores appearing upon the under surface, hyaline,
straight, /x 7-8 X 4-5.

' * On living leaves of Rhododendron occidentale. Tamalpais
[Cal.]. Autumn. 2887."

The above is the original description. I have seen no speci-
mens referable here nor on the host stated.

EXCLUDED SPECIES

E. mycetophilum Peck ex Burt, Torr. Bot. Club Bui.
28: 285-287. pi. 23. 1901.

Tremella mycetophila Peck, N. Y. State Mus., Bui. 28: 53.
pl.l.f.4. 1879.

This curious structure on Collyhia dryopliila, I no longer
regard as parasitic but, rather, as a teratological production
of C. dryopliila, induced by protracted wet weather during
development of the fructification.

(To be continued.)

[Vol. 2, 1915]
658 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Explanation of Plate

PLATE 21.

This plate is a photographic reproduction, X%, of Plate 1 by
Woroninl of the various galls produced by Vaccinium vitis-idaea
when parasitized by Exobasidium Vaccinii. The original plate is
colored and with all figures natural size; red colors of the orig-
inal have photographed light colored.

Fig. 1. Leaf spot gall, on left side of uppermost leaf; the leaf is reddish on
the upper side in the infested area, not deformed, and was felty or scurfy on the
lower side.

Figs. 2-9. Leaf concavity galls. More or less deformation of the infected
region is present here.

Figs. 10-15. Shoot galls of the wax-like or coralloid type. Extended por-
tions of leafy shoots are infected. Figure 11 shows whole branchlets completely
hypertrophied.

Figs. 16-17. Flower galls borne on, and a part of, shoot galls.

Fig. 18. Flower gall. Local infection of a single flower, noted as the only
such instance observed.

* loc. cit.

The Thelephoraceae of North
America. V

Tremellodendron, Eichleriella, and Sebacina

KDWARD ANGUS BURT

Reprinted from Annals of tue Missoxtei BotanicaI;
Gabdrn 2: 731-770. November, 1015

jfiSW YORK

jBOTANJCAt.

THE THELEPHORACEAE OP NOETH AMERICA V^

Tremellodendron, Eichleriella, and Sebacina
edward angus burt

Mycologist and Librarian to the Missouri Botanical Garden

Associate Professor in the Henry ShoAJO School of Botany of

Washington University

The group of fungi comprising the present part probably
attains its greatest development both in form and numbers
in the western continent where it culminates in the erect
Tremellodendron, apparently confined to North America.
This continent has five of the seven species of Eichleriella;
it has twenty-six species of Sebacina against fifteen for the
Old World.

The better-known species of these genera were originally
described in Thelephora, Stereum, and Corticium, with which
they conform so closely in general habit of growth and con-
sistency of the fructification that it is impossible to separate
them from the latter except by microscopic examination of
preparations which show the mature basidia to be longitudin-
ally cruciately septate. Collectors invariably roughly grade
"tjj^ their findings of Sebacina as Corticium. The recognition of
^^ longitudinally septate basidia is not always easy with the aid
^ of the microscope; for example, the fungus originally de-
^ scribed as Stereum Leveillianum B. & C. has been studied
critically at several times by experts without their observing
the true structure of the basidia.

I regret that the present account of our species and their

range in North America does not include all the material at

^ hand. The Missouri Botanical Garden herbarium contains

several hundred undetermined specimens of possible Cor-

ticiums which have been received during the last two years.

Note. — Explanation in regard to the citation of specimens studied is given
in Part I, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 1 : 202. 1914, footnote. The technical color terms
used in this work are those of Ridgway, Color Standards and Nomenclature.
Washington, D. C., 1912.

^ Issued December 20, 1915

Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., Vol. 2, 1915 (731)

[Vol. 2
732 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

I have looked through these collections very carefully to sort
out, without examination now of everything by microscopic
methods, just those specimens which ought to be studied at
once for citation in this part, but some of the specimens most
desirable for citation have undoubtedly been deferred for the
present as probable Corticiums.

As it is really a nice microscopical task to recognize longi-
tudinally septate basidia when they are not at their best,
some notes, based on my experience, may be helpful. Species
of Tremellodendron are the most easily recognized, for a
little of the moistened and softened hjTiienium may be picked
out with a scalpel, placed in a drop of water, stained with
aqueous solution of eosin, 7 per cent potassium hydrate solu-
tion added, and then crushed do^vn by pressure on the cover
glass. In the detection of species of Eichleriella and Sebacina,
thin vertical sections of the fructification are necessary. After
the sections have been made turgid and clear by potassium
hydrate solution, the latter should be drained off and the sec-
tions stained by merely a sufficient amount of solution of
Gruebler's eosin soluble in alcohol, and mounted in water for
temporary examination. It may be necessary to spread apart
the tissues of the preparation somewhat by pressure upon
the cover glass. If the preparation is to be preserved per-
manently in glycerin, a drop of dilute solution of sodium
chloride should be run under the cover glass before the
glycerin is added to insure a permanent stain by the Gruebler
eosin.

Longitudinally cruciately septate basidia are simple and
pyriform or subglobose when young, but so are the pro-
basidia of Septohasidium, the possible storage organs of
Corticium polygonium, and the basidia of some species of
Corticium. The basidia of the latter are likely to form a
layer at the surface of the fructification and are certainly
simple if any can be detected bearing sterigmata and perhaps
spores while still non-septate. In a fructification having longi-
tudinally septate basidia, the hymenial surface is usually com-
posed of paraphyses and of long, slender sterigmata arranged
side by side; in this surface layer — but sometimes at a con-

1915]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. V 733

siderable distance from the surface, as in Thelephora Helvel-
loides Schw. — is situated the layer of basidia. Only very
rarely do the basidia of Sehacina or Eichleriella constitute
the surface of the fructification.

If a fructification contains a palisade layer of deeply stain-
ing, pyriform bodies among or underneath the paraphyses
and with no simple basidia in the surface layer, more or less
prolonged examination of the pyriform bodies is likely to
show longitudinal septa in some of them.

The three genera which comprise the present part of this
monograph, are treated here by the writer, because their gen-
eral habit and consistency conform so closely with Thele-
pJioraceae having simple basidia, that they may be regarded
as a connecting group, although belonging with the Tremel-
laceae by the structure of their basidia. Such of the species
as were described in the past were described as Thele-
phoraceae or by authors with special knowledge of the Thele-
phoraceae; the taxonomic recognition of fungi of these genera
seems likely to continue to fall in the future to students of
the Thelephoraceae, for other mycologists will hardly care to
glean for material of so few species among the many Thele-
phoraceae of similar aspect.

TREMELLODENDRON

Tremellodendron Atkinson, Jour. Myc. 8: 106. 1902; Sac-
cardo, Syll. Fung. 17: 208. 1905.

The type species is Merisma candidum Schw.

Fructifications coriaceous, erect, pileate, branched or rarely
simple; hymenium amphigenous or inferior; basidia longi-
tudinally cruciately septate ; spores white, even.

The species of Tremellodendron are indigenous to North
America; none have been reported for other regions, so far
as I am aware. The fructifications spring up on the ground
in deep woods during wet weather in summer and early
autumn, and have the general habit of Thelephora vialis, of
branched Clavarias, or, very rarely, of simple clubs. In active
vegetative condition the fructifications may be distinguished
from species of Clavaria of similar habit by coriaceous and

[Vol. 2
734 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

tough consistency and by lack of brittleness. The longitudin-
ally septate basidia afford a decisive character in all doubtful
cases.

The specific distinctions between the more common species
of this genus are based largely upon the form of mature and
well-developed fructifications ; very young, deformed, or frag-
mentary specimens can not be referred very confidently to
their species.

Key to the Species

Fructifications branched when well developed. Simple forms may be
present when very young or in the same colony with normal branched
forms 1

Fructifications simple 4

1. Fructific;\tions normally cespitose, more or less gro-mi together 2

1. Fructifications solitary or scattered 3

2. With pileate divisions flattened, grown together at many points of

contact, forming rosett€-like masses 2-15 cm. in diameter. .1. T . pallidum

2. With the stems grown together into a main stem 2-10 mm. thick;
pileate divisions cylindric, spreading, grown together at only few

points of contact; the smaller divisions about 1^ mm. thick

2. T. candidum

2. Sometimes with both stems and pileate divisions grown together into
compact bundles, usually merely closely cespitose and with the
branches intricately intertangled; much slenderer than preceding

species and with the habit of Pterula 5. T. merismatoides

3. Stem about 1% mm. thick, palmately few-branched; branches once or twice

similarly branched, cylindric or subcylindric, often channelled on the

upper side; basidia 15X9 fi; spores 9-15X4^-6 n, pointed at the base

only 3. T. Cladonia

3. Stem about i^-l mm. thick, sometimes with occasional, scattered, divergent

branches from its side, dilated at the upper end, divided into a few, short,

finger-shaped branches; basidia 20-24X12-14 fi; spores 14-16X6-7 m.

pointed at both ends, Known from Jamaica only 4- T. tenue

4. Fructification dark orange, probably with medullary tissue pale as in
all the preceding species; basidia subglobose, 10-12 fi in diameter
6. T. aurantium

4. Fructification black with the exception of the hymenium; hymenium
olive-ocher, amphigenous on the lower third of the fructification;
basidia 11X7 /*• Known from Porto Rico only 7. T. simplex

1. Tremellodendron pallidum (Schw.) Burt, n. comb.

Plate 26, fig. 6.

Thelephora (Merisma) pallida Schw. Am. Phil. Soc. Trans.
N. S. 4: 166. 1834.— T. Schweinitzii Peck, N. Y. State Mus.
Kept. 29: 67. 1878; Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 6: 534. 1888.—
Tremellodendron Schweinitzii (Peck) Atk. Jour. Myc. 8:106.
1902.

Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms /. 361. — Moffatt, Chicago
Acad. Sci. Bui. 7 : pi. 22. f. 1. 1909.

1915]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. V 735

Type: in Herb. Schweinitz and a portion in Curtis Herb.

Fructification cespitose, erect, white or pallid, drying warm
buff, stipitate by one to several or many stems which may be
distinct below or arise from a common, swollen, basal mass;
above, the stems branch into flattened, more or less furrowed,
pileate divisions which grow together at surfaces of contact
to form a somewhat cup-shaped or rosette-like mass ; divisions
in center of mass somewhat subulate at the apex, those at
margin dilated and sometimes fimbriate, splitting when dry
into sharp fibers or spicules ; hymenium inferior, warm buff,
best developed towards the base of the pileate divisions;
basidia pyriform, longitudinally cruciately septate, 12-15 X 9
H ; spores from a spore collection, white, simple, 10-12 X 4|-
5^ /x, and 9-12 X 4^ /x from an herbarium specimen.

Fructifications 2-10 cm. high, 2-15 cm. broad.

On the ground in deep woods. Canada to South Carolina
and westward to Missouri. June to October. Common.

Full-grown and well-developed specimens are rosette-like
and resemble ThelepJiora vialis when viewed from above but
may have the pileate mass supported by many stems ; small
specimens with only a single stem do occur. The large speci-
mens are apparently due to the concrescence of many small
fructifications. In the large specimens the pileate divisions on
the outside of the mass become broader and more flattened
than those in the interior. The flattened form of the divisions
of the pileus and their growing together at numerous points
of contact are characters separating Tremellodendron palli-
dum from T. candidum. The small specimens, distributed as
T. pallidum in published exsiccati, are often so immature and
fragmentary that they cannot be distinguished from T.
candidum.

Forms of T. pallidum which have the tips of pileate divi-
sions split into sharp fibers or spicules are the ThelepJiora
cristata and T. serrata of Schweinitz, *Syn. N. Am. Fungi,'
Nos. 621 and 623.

Specimens examined :
Exsiccati: Ravenel, Fungi Car. II, 29; Ellis, N. Am. Fungi,

510; Ell. & Ev., Fungi Col., 1208; Shear, N. Y. Fungi, 50.

[Vol. 2
736 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Canada, Ontario : London, J. Dearness, and also in Ell. & Ev.,

Fungi Col., 1208; Belleville, J. Macoun, 174, 230 (both in

Can. Geol. Surv. Herb.).
Maine : N. Parsonfield, R. G. Leavitt.
Vermont: near Burlington, L. R. Jones, two collections;

Middlebury, E. A. Burt, two collections.
Massachusetts: Sprague, 773 (in Curtis Herb, under the

name Thelephora vialis) ; Brookline, S. Davis.
Connecticut : East Hartford, C. C. Hanmer; and also No. 1567

(in Hanmer Herb.).
New York : Alcove, C. L. Shear, N. Y. Fungi, 50 ; Floodwood,

E. A. Burt; Taughannock, H. H. Whetzel, Cornell Univ.

Herb., 13600; Buffalo, G. W. Clinton (in U. S. Dept. Agr.

Herb.) ; Tarrytown, H. von Schrenk (in Mo. Bot. Gard.

Herb., 42800).
New Jersey: Laning (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 701330, 701331,

701333) ; Newfield, J. B. Ellis (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.,

5162), and also N. Am. Fungi, 510.
Pennsylvania: Bethlehem, Schweinitz, type (in Herb.

Schweinitz, and a portion in Curtis Herb, and also the Nos.

621 and 623 of Schweinitz, ' Syn. N. Am. Fungi, ' under the

names Thelephora cristata and T. serrata, respectively) ;

Trexlertown, W. Herbst (in Lloyd Herb.) ; Kittanning, D.

R. Sumstine.
Delaware : Newark, H. S. Jackson, BlO.
District of Columbia: Washington, 0. F. Cook, 2, comm. by

P. L. Bicker.
Virginia : Great Falls, C. L. Shear, 1044.
North Carolina: Blowing Rock, G. F. Atkinson, Cornell Univ.

Herb., 10666, 10667, 10669, 10664 (of which the first two

numbers and part of the third are in Cornell Univ. Herb.

and part of the third and the last in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.).
South Carolina : Ravenel, Fungi Car. II, 29.
Ohio: C. G. Lloyd, 2346 (in Lloyd Herb.); Loveland, D. L.

James (in U. S. Dept. Agr. Herb.).
West Virginia: Eglon, C. G. Lloyd, 02601.
Kentucky: S. M. Price (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 5141, 5144,

701332, 712372) ; Mammoth Cave, C. G. Lloyd, 1071.

1915]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OP NORTH AMERICA. V 737

Illinois: H. C. Beardslee (in Lloyd Herb., 2175); Newton's
Ferry, E. T. & 8. A. Harper, 441; Riverside, E. T. & S. A.
Harper, 696.

Wisconsin : Blancliardville, Univ. of Wis. Herb., 52 ; Madison,
E. T. & 8. A. Harper, 881; C. J. Humphrey, 948 (in Mo.
Bot. Gard. Herb., 44783).

Iowa: T. J. Fitzpatrick (in Lloyd Herb.).

Missouri: St. Louis, N. M. Glatfelter (in Mo. Bot. Gard.
Herb., 701335, 701370, 701371) ; Cliff Cave, J. B. 8. Norton
(in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 5126) ; Columbia, B. M. Duggar,
140; Creve Coeur, Miss E. M. Briggs (in Mo. Bot. Gard.
Herb., 44756).

2. T. candidum Schw. ex Atkinson, Jour. Myc. 8 : 106. 1902.

Plate 26, fig. 3.

Merisma candidum Schweinitz, Naturforsch. Ges. Leipzig
Schrift. 1 : 110. 1822. — Thelephora Candida Fries, Elenchus
Fung. 168. 1828; Schweinitz, Am. Phil. Soc. Trans. N. S. 4:
166. 1834.

Type : in Herb. Schweinitz, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

Fructifications cespitose, erect, coriaceous-soft, white, dry-
ing warm buff, stipitate ; stem thick, palmately branched, with
branches spreading, branching, cylindric or subcylindric ;
hymenium inferior on the main branches, often amphigenous
on secondary branches; basidia longitudinally septate, 10-
12 X 7^9 ji ; spores colorless, simple, even, 7|-10 X 4^-5^ /x.

Fructifications 2|-5 cm. high, 2-5 cm. broad ; stem 2-10 mm.
thick ; smaller pileate branches about 1| mm. thick.

On ground in open woods. Vermont to North Carolina and
westward to Missouri. July to September. Infrequent.

The type of T. candidum has the dimensions given above
for recent collections. In the original description Schweinitz
noted that fructifications may attain a breadth of 15 cm. ; at
that time he had not given specific recognition to the large
and common T. pallidum and it may be that the large speci-
mens to which he referred were of the latter species. T. candi-
dum is closely related to T. pallidum but contrasts with the
latter in having consolidation between adjacent fructifications

[Vol. 2
738 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

confined to the main stems from the base upward to about the
region of branching; from here the branches spread so that
they grow together only rarely; furthermore, the branches
are distinctly cylindric or subcylindric. The spores average
a little shorter than those of related species.

Specimens examined :
Vermont: Lake Dunmore, E. A. Burt; Newfane, C. D. Howe.
Massachusetts : Woods Hole, G. T. Moore.
New York: Alcove, C. L. Shear, 1218; Fishers Island, C. C.

Eanmer, 192, 193, 194 (all in Hanmer Herb.).
North Carolina: Schweinitz, type (in Herb. Schweinitz) ;

Blowing Eock, G. F. Atkinson, Cornell Univ. Herb., 10662,

10668 (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 44775, 44776) and (in

Cornell Univ. Herb., 10663).
Ohio : Granville, H. L. Jones.
Missouri: near St. Louis, N. M. Glatfelter (in Mo. Bot. Gard.

Herb., 701336).

3. T. Cladonia (Schw.) Burt, n. comb. Plate 26, figs. 1, 2.

Merisma Cladonia Schweinitz, Naturforsch. Ges. Leipzig
Schrift. 1 : 110. 1822. — Thelephora Cladonia Fries, Elenchus
Fung. 168. 1828; Epicr. 537. 1836-1838; Schweinitz, Am. Phil.
Soc. Trans. N. S. 4:166. 1834; Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 6:535.
1888.— Thelephora gracilis Peck, Torr. Bot. Club Bui. 25 : 371.
1898.

Type : in Herb. Schweinitz.

Fructifications solitary or gregarious, erect, coriaceous-soft,
pallid, drying warm buff, sometimes with the older portions
pale olive-gray, stipitate; stem cylindric, palmately branched
into a few — often three — cylindric branches, each or some of
which occasionally branch again in similar manner; branches
arranged in a plane from flattened end of stem or branch or
in a circle about the cylindric end of the stem which is then
sometimes perforate and the branches often channelled;
hymenium amphigenous, or inferior when the branch is chan-
nelled ; basidia longitudinally septate, pyrif orm, 15 X 9 a* ;
spores colorless, simple, even, curved, 9-15 X 4|-6 /i.

1915]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OP NORTH AMERICA. V 739

Fructifications 2^-5 cm. high, 7 inm.-2 cm. broad; stem
about 1| mm. thick.

On ground in woods. Canada to Mississippi and westward
to Missouri. August and September.

The fructification of this species is smaller than that of T.
candidum and has but few branches, which are often arranged
in a circle about the end of the stem so as to appear some-
what proliferous on the margin of an imperfect cup as in some
species of the lichen, Cladonia — hence the specific name — or
with the branches standing up side by side from the com-
pressed apex of the main stem. Both forms of branching have
been found so associated in the same collection as to preclude
the possibility of regarding this difference as a basis for two
species. The branches are so frequently in threes that ' * tri-
faria" was contemplated as a name for the species by one
author.

Specimens examined:
Canada : J. Macoun, 78.

Vermont: Smugglers Notch, L. R. Jones; Middlebury, E. A.
Burt; Brattleboro, C. C. Frost (in Univ. Vermont Herb.).
Massachusetts: Sprague, 871 (in Curtis Herb., 5762).
New York: Hague, C. H. Peck, 7; Ithaca, G. F. Atkinson,

Cornell Univ. Herb., 7708.
Pennsylvania: Trexlertown, W. Herhst (in Lloyd Herb.).
District of Columbia: Takoma Park, P. L. Bicker, 822 (in

Ricker Herb.).
North Carolina: Schweinitz, type (Herb. Schweinitz and a
portion in Curtis Herb.) ; Blowing Eock, G. F. Atkinson (in
Cornell Univ. Herb., 10665, 10008. A part of the latter num-
ber is in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 44774).
Georgia: Tallulah Falls, A. B. Seymour, Farlow Herb., 0, P,
Q, R, U, W (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 44619, 44623-44625,
44628, 44630).
Alabama : F. S. Earle, 13, type of Thelephora gracilis (in Coll.

N. Y. State).
Mississippi : Biloxi, Mrs. F. S. Earle, 32 A.
Ohio : Cincinnati, A. P. Morgan (in Lloyd Herb., 32) ; Love-
land, D. L. James.

[Vol. 2
740 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

West Virginia : Eglon, C. G. Lloyd, 02634.
Missouri: Creve Coeur, E. A. Burt (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.,
44755).

4. T. tenue Burt, n. sp. Plate 26, fig. 7.

Type: in Burt Herb, and in N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.

Fructifications scattered, erect, very slender, coriaceous-
soft, drying warm buff, stipitate ; stem equal, flexuous, drying
somewhat twisted and flattened, becoming fibrillose, some-
times giving off two or three scattered, divergent, small
branches, dilated above and divided in a few palmately ar-
ranged, finger-shaped branches; hymenium inferior on the
dilated portion and branches ; basidia longitudinally septate,
20-24 X 12-14 n ; spores colorless, simple, even, curved,
pointed at both ends, 14-16 X 6-7 /i.

Fructifications 2-3^ cm. high, 3 mm. broad ; stem 1^2^ cm.
long, about ^1 mm. thick.

On the ground in wet mountainous region, altitude 3000-
5200 ft. Jamaica. December and January.

This species is characterized by its long and slender stem,
few branches, and the largest basidia and spores of any
species of the genus. The spores differ from those of the other
species in being pointed at the apex.

Specimens examined:
Jamaica: Chester Vale, W. A. & E. L. Murrill, N. Y. Bot.

Gard., Fungi of Jamaica, 400, type; Cinchona, W. A. d

E. L. Murrill, N. Y. Bot. Gard., Fungi of Jamaica, 614.

5. T. merismatoides (Schw.) Burt, n. comb. Plate 26, fig. 4.
Clavaria merismatoides Schweinitz, Am. Phil. Soc. Trans.

N. S. 4 : 182. 1834. — Merisma Schweinitzii Leveille, Ann. Sci.
Nat. Bot. IV. 5 : 157. 1846. — LacJinocladium merismatoides
(Schw.) Morgan, Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour. 10:193.
1888. — Pterula merismatoides (Schw.) Saccardo, Syll. Fung.
6 : 742. 1888. — Thelephora merismatoides Lloyd, Letter No. 26 :
2. 1909. Nomen nudum. — Tremellodendron merismatoides
Lloyd, Letter No. 40 : 2. 1912. Nomen nudum. — Thelephora
ptendoides Berk. & Curt., Hooker's Jour. Bot. 1:238. 1849;
Grevillea 1 : 148. 1873.

1915]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. V 741

Type : In Herb. Schweinitz, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

Fructifications erect, cespitose or fasciculate, and sometimes
with stems grown together, coriaceous, branched, pallid, dry-
ing with stems warm buff and branches tawny ; branches few,
rather straight, filiform, angular-terete; branchlets many,
dilated and fimbriate at the apex, then splitting into spreading
branchlets ; hymenium glabrous, amphigenous ; basidia longi-
tudinally septate, pyrif orm, 12-15 X 8-9 /x ; spores in prepara-
tions from herbarium specimens hyaline, even, simple, 8-
10 X 41-5 II.

Cluster of fructifications 2-5 cm. high, 2-3 cm. broad. In-
dividual from cluster has stem 5-10 mm. long, |-1 mm. thick ;
branches about :|-^ mm. thick.

On the ground in open woods. Massachusetts and New York
to South Carolina and westward to Missouri. June to August.

This is a small species with the habit of a Pterula but with
coriaceous structure and longitudinally septate basidia. The
fructifications of a cluster may have their stems distant from
one another by spaces equal to the diameter of the stems, but
the branches interlock above ; in other cases the fructifications
are crowded closely together and united throughout their
whole length. T. merismatoides may be distinguished from
the preceding species by the smaller diameter of the stems and
branches and from all the following species by its cespitose
to fasciculate habit.

The collection from West Virginia, distributed as Thele-
phora pteruloides in Ell. & Ev., 'N. Am. Fungi,' 3415 and
'Fungi Col.,' 1117, has the hymenium composed of basidia
standing side by side in a distinct palisade layer and the
basidia not longitudinally septate in my opinion.

Specimens examined:
Massachusetts : near Boston, Murray, comm. by Sprague, 250

(in Curtis Herb, under the name ThelepJiora pteruloides

B. & C.) ; Woods Hole, G. T. Moore, 58.
New York: Ithaca, G. F. Atkinson, 37; Fishers Island, C. C.

Hanmer, 1478 (in Hanmer Herb.).
New Jersey : Haddonfield, T. J. Collins comm. by C. G. Lloyd.
Pennsylvania: Bethlehem, Schweinitz, type (in Herb.

[Vol. 2
742 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Schweinitz) ; York County, N. M. Glatfelter (in Mo. Bot.
Gard. Herb., 44742) ; Kittanning, D. G. Swnstine.

South Carolina : M. A. Curtis, 1745 (the type and cotype of
Thelephora pteruloides in Kew Herb, and Curtis Herb,
respectively).

Ohio: Cincinnati, A. P. Morgan, Lloyd Herb., 2589 (deter-
mined by Morgan as Thelephora filament os a).

Wisconsin: Lake Geneva, E. T. <& 8. A. Harper, 842.

Missouri: Meramec Highlands, N. M. Glatfelter (in Mo. Bot.
Gard. Herb., 44743).

6. T. aurantium Atkinson, Ann. Myc. 6 : 59. 1908.
Type: in Cornell Univ. Herb, but cannot be found at

present.

''Plants simple, slender, 1-3 cm. long, 2-3 mm. stout, dark
orange, tough. Basidia subglobose, 10-12 /x, longitudinally
divided ; sterigmata 4, long, slender, flexuous. Spores oboval-
subelliptical, granular, then with an oil drop, 7-10 X 5-6 /x,
white, hyaline. — C. U. herb., No. 10684, ground, woods, along
small stream crossing Boone Road, Blowing Rock, Blue Ridge
Mts., N. C. G. F. Atkinson, Aug. 19-Sept. 22, 1901. ' '

— Original description.

T. aurantium differs from the preceding species of Tre-
mellodendron by its simple fructifications. I have seen no
specimens referable here. Professor Atkinson had intended
to make a negative from his type so that I could include a
figure of the species, but, upon going to the envelopes labelled
T. aurantium, he found that they contained — by error of a
helper — T. merismatoides instead. The specimens of T.
aurantium have not been found.

7. T. simplex Burt, n. sp. Plate 26, fig. 5.
Type : in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb, and in Farlow Herb.
Fructifications scattered, erect or suberect, drying hard,

brittle, somewhat longitudinally wrinkled and sometimes com-
pressed, black above, olive-ocher with the hymenium towards
the base; hymenium amphigenous on the lower third of the
fructification, olive-ocher, hyaline under the microscope, with
surface consisting of colorless clavate paraphyses 5 /z thick,

(

1915]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. V 743

and with basidia and spores at base of the paraphyses ; basidia
longitudinally septate ; 11 X 7 /i ; spores colorless, even, 7^
9 X 5-6 M.

Fructifications about 2 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick.

In cane field. Porto Rico.

T. simplex is noteworthy by the column composed of longi-
tudinally arranged, black hyphae, which extends the whole
length of fructification and constitutes the whole, upper,
sterile two-thirds of the fructification and is clothed by the
ochraceous hymenium on the lower third. The specimens are
broken off at the base, hence I cannot be sure that a stem was
not originally present, but if present it would doubtless have
been included in the packet. The general habit is that of a
small Geoglossum or cylindric Xylaria.

Specimens examined:
Porto Rico : J. R. Johnston, comm. by W. G. Farlow, type (in

Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 5119).

EICHLERIELLA

Eichleriella Bresadola, Ann. Myc. 1 :115. 1903. — Hirneolina
as a section of Sehacina Patouillard, Essai Taxon. 24. 1900. —
Hirneolina (Pat.) Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 17:208. 1905.

Fructifications coriaceous, waxy or membranaceous, sub-
gelatinous, cup-shaped or plano-concave, rarely pendulous,
hymenium typically superior, discoid, inferior in pendulous
forms, even or somewhat rugulose; basidia globose-ovoid,
cruciately divided, with 2-4 sterigmata; spores hyaline,
cylindric, somewhat curved. It is a Stereum or Cyphella with
tremellaceous hymenium.

The type species of the genus is Eichleriella incarnata Bres.

The original definition of Eichleriella, which is translated
above, should be broadened to accurately describe our North
American species, which are as coriaceous as Stereum
spadiceum. All have the hymenium inferior. Eichleriella
gelatinosa is our only species with subgelatinous hymenium.

But few species of this genus are known. Five species of
Eichleriella have been recognized up to the present time in
North America, three in Europe, and two in South America;

[Vol. 2
744 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

of our five, only one species, Eichleriella Leveilliana, ranges
through the eastern United States; E. spinulosa occurs in
both Europe and North America.

Key to the Species

Fructifications gray, small, 1/^-2 mm. long, Vg-l mm. broad, with habit of

Cyphella 1 i- E. Schrenkii

Fructifications the color of raspberries and cream, and peltate at first, 1-5

cm. long, Va-lV-' cm. broad 2. E. Leveilliana

Fructifications ochraceous buS", 200-300 n thick ; hymenium even ; knowTi from

Cuba and Brazil 3. E. alliciens

Fructifications wood-brown, with whitish margin; hymenium dry, with

tubercules like Radulum ^f- E. spinulosa

Fructification white at first, then clay-color, tomentose, soft and spongy,

14 cm. thick; hymenium gelatinous; known from Jamaica only

5. E. gelatinosa

1. Eichleriella Schrenkii Burt, n. sp. Plate 27, fig. 8.
Type : in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb, and in Farlow Herb.
Fructifications gregarious, coriaceous, sessile, pezizoid,

oblong or rotund, margin free and strongly inrolled, pubes-
cent, smoke-gray; hymenium concave, pale smoke-gray to
pallid neutral gray ; basidia longitudinally septate, pyrif orm,
22 X 11 M ; spores white in collection on slide, simple, curved,
pointed at base, 12-19 X 6-7^ n.

Fructifications ^-2 mm. long, ^-1 mm. broad, ^ mm. thick.

On bark of dead limbs of Prosopis (mesquite). San
Antonio, Texas. February.

The general habit of this fungus resembles that of very
small specimens of Corticium Oahesii, of large species of Cen-
angium, or of a sessile Cyphella; from all of which Eichleri-
ella Schrenkii is easily separated by its longitudinally septate
basidia which show clearly in sectional preparations. The
fructifications are much smaller than those of any other
species of this genus heretofore described.

Specimens examined:
Texas: San Antonio, E. von Schrenk, type (in Mo. Bot. G-ard.

Herb., 42579), and also (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 42580).

2. E. Leveilliana (Berk. «& Curtis) Burt, n. comb.

Plate 27, fig. 9.
Corticium Leveillianum Berk. & Curtis, Hooker's Jour.

1915]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OP NORTH AMERICA. V 745

Bot. 1 : 238. 1849. — Stereum Leveillianum Berk. & Curtis,
Grevillea 1:163. 1873.

Type : type and cotype in Kew Herb, and in Curtis Herb.,
respectively.

Fructification coriaceous, soft, dry, rather thick, vinaceous
fawn at first, whitening with age, resupinate-effused, with the
margin free, sometimes narrowly reflexed, concolorous,
minutely tomentose; hymenium composed of a surface layer
about 30 n thick of paraphyses l|-2 ju in diameter and of a
layer of basidia under this; basidia longitudinally septate,
10-18 X 6-12 n; spores in spore collection, white, simple,
curved, pointed at base, 12-16 X 5-6 /x.

Fructifications often 5 mm. in diameter at first, finally up
to 1-5 cm. long, ^1^ cm. broad, about | mm. thick.

On dead limbs of several species. New York to Texas,
Cuba, Jamaica, Central America, and Brazil. November to
May.

This is a well-marked species upon which Berkeley made the
following excellent graphic comment :

''At first forming little peltate orbicular spots, which, as
they dilate, become closely attached to the matrix, with the
exception of the margin, which is often free, soon confluent,
soft, rather thick; of the colour of raspberries and cream.
Hymenium often minutely pitted. Old specimens lose in great
measure their ruddy hue, and are of a dead white. ' '

I have seen no specimens having the hymenium minutely
pitted.

Specimens examined.
Exsiccati : Eavenel, Fungi Car. II, 35.
New York: Hudson Falls, S. H. Burnham (in Mo. Bot. Gard.

Herb., 44009, 44170, 44194) ; Buffalo, G. W. Clinton.
South Carolina: M. A. Curtis, 1220, 92 (types and cotypes

in Kew Herb, and Curtis Herb., respectively) ; Ravenel,

Eavenel, Fungi Car. II, 35.
Georgia: Tallulah Falls, A. B. Seymour, Farlow Herb., C (in

Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 44608).
Texas : Austin, W. H. Long, 570, Cornell Univ. Herb. ; San

[Vol. 2
746 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Antonio, A. B. Langlois, hd; same locality, H, von Schrenk
(in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 42576).

Cuba : San Diego de los Baiios, Earle S Murrill, 296, 356 in

'part, N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.
Jamaica: Cinchona, W. A. S E. L. Murrill, N. Y. Bot. Gard.,

Fungi of Jamaica, 493.
Brazil: Blumenau, A. Moller, comm. by G. Bresadola; Matto

Grosso Cuyaba, G. Malnie, 599, comm. by L. Romell.

3. E. alliciens (Berk. & Cooke) Burt, n. comb.

Plate 27, fig. 10.

Stereum alliciens Berk. & Cooke, Linn. Soc. Bot. Jour. 15:
389. 1876; Massee, Linn. Soc. Bot. Jour. 17:201. 1891.

Type : in Kew Herb.

Fructification coriaceous, resupinate, sometimes narrowly
reflexed, separable, ochraceous buff, the margin slightly paler,
the reflexed portion tomentose; structure in section, 200-300
H thick, (1) with hyphae next to substratum ochraceous,
loosely interwoven and protruded, 3 /i in diameter, similar to
those on outer surface of reflexed portion, (2) with inter-
mediate layer 100-180 n thick, composed of longitudinally
arranged hyphae 2 /i in diameter, (3) with hymenium com-
posed of basidia 10 /x below the surface, imbedded in jelly
through which rise a few filiform paraphyses or hyphae to
the surface; hymenium even, ochraceous buif ; basidia longi-
tudinally cruciately septate, pyrif orm, 12-15 X 9-10 n ; spores
colorless, simple, even, curved, 10-13 X 3^-5 ii.

Fructifications of type described as several inches long,
originally orbicular; Cuban specimen 1 cm. long, 1 cm. broad,
reflexed side 1-2 mm. long, 1 cm. broad.

On dead wood in virgin forest. Cuba and Brazil. March.

The fructification resembles in habit and coloration that of
a resupinate specimen of Stereum hirsutum with a very nar-
rowly reflexed margin. The Cuban collection, of which but a
single fructification was communicated to me, is much smaller
than the Brazilian type and has the hyphae of the intermediate
layer with gelatinously modified wall.

Specimens examined:

1915]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OP NORTH AMERICA. V 747

Brazil : San Antonio da boa vista, Rio Javary, Traill, 1, type

(in Kew Herb.).
Cuba : San Diego de los Bafios, Pinar del Rio Province, Earle

& Murrill, 405, N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.

4. E. spinulosa (Berk. & Curtis) Burt, n. comb.

Plate 27, fig. 11.

Radulum spinulosum Berk. & Curtis, Grevillea 1 : 146. 1873.
— Radulum degluhens Berk. & Broome, Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. IV. 15:32. 1875.— Eichleriella degluhens (Berk. & Br.)
Lloyd, Letter No. 45:7. 1893; Wakefield, Brit. Myc. Soc.
Trans. 4 : 305. 1914. — Stereum rufum of English authors but
not 8. rufum Fries. — Radulum Kmetii Bresadola, I. R.
Accad. degli Agiati Rovereto Atti III. 3 : 102. 1897. — Eichleri-
ella Kmetii Bresadola, Soc. Myc. France 25 : 30. 1910.

Type: in Kew Herb.

Fructifications longitudinally and broadly effused, wood-
brown, coriaceous-soft, separable, with the margin whitish,
finally narrowly reflexed on the upper side and tomentose, or
with margin everywhere free and curved outward ; hymenium
wood-brown, dry, usually bearing tubercules singly or in
small clusters, with pale tips; basidia longitudinally septate,
clavate, 25-36x9 /i, arranged between paraphyses with brown
tips ; spores simple, colorless, cylindric, curved, 15-16 X 6 /i.

Fructifications range up to 6 cm. long by 1-2 cm. wide and
may be larger by confluence, about 700 /x thick; tubercules
about |-1 mm. long.

Alabama. On bark of dead Populus trichocarpa, Idaho,
and Oregon. July to September.

This species is distinguished by having a hymenium with
configuration of a Radidum and cruciate basidia. The tuber-
cules are often simple and cylindric, sometimes deformed
and multifid. The wide distribution and yet the extremely
local occurrence of this species together with the absence,
until recently, of observations on its basidia have resulted in
a very interesting synonymy. It is remarkable that this
species, which occurs on Fraxinus, Populus, etc., in several
countries of Europe, should have been collected in the United

[\^0L. 2

748 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

States in Alabama, Idaho, and Oregon only. I am greatly in-
debted to Mr. L. Romell for a preparation from the type of
Radidum spinulosum which makes possible the reference to
this species.

Specimens examined :
Sweden : Stockholm, L. Romell, 327, and three unnumbered

collections.
Alabama : Peters, Curtis Herb., 4543, preparation from type

(in Kew Herb.).

Idaho: Kaniksu National Forest, Priest River, J. R. Weir,
55.

Oregon : Eugene, C. J. Humphrey, 1103.

5. E. gelatinosa Murrill, n. sp. Plate 27, fig. 12.

Type : in N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb, and in Burt Herb.

Fructification coriaceous, effuso-reflexed, white when young,
finally clay-colored, tomentose, soft to the touch, margin
obtuse; context soft, spongy, zonate; hymenium tough, gela-
tinous, drying Hay's bro^vn, even; basidia longitudinally
septate, 13 X H m; spores simple, colorless, even, flattened
on one side, 8-10 X 6 /x.

Eeflexed portion of fructification 1^2 cm. long, 2^ cm. wide,
^ cm. thick.

On rotting wood in wet, wooded regions. Jamaica. Decem-
ber and January.

Only two collections of one fructification each were made.
That of December 17 is a w^hite, young specimen, with no
basidia developed, which shows the general habit and early
characters of the species, but would not have been determin-
able except for the later collection of January 12-14, which
shows the darker coloration assumed at maturity. The thick,
spongy, soft pileus of the mature fructification distinguishes
this species from others known at present.

Specimens examined:
Jamaica : Troy and Tyre, Cockpit country, W. A. Murrill S

W. Harris, N. Y. Bot. Gard., Fungi of Jamaica, 1087, type

(in N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.), a portion in Burt Herb.; Blue

1915]

BURT THELEPHORA.CEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. V 749

Hole, Priestman 's River region, W A. Murrill, N. Y. Bot.
Gard., Fungi of Jamaica, 180, immature specimen.

SEBACINA

Sehacina Tulasne, L. R. and C, Ann, Sci. Nat. V. 15 : 223-
226. pi. 10. f. 6-10. 1872; Linn. Soc. Bot. Jour. 13:35. 1873;
Brefeld, Untersuch. Myk. 7:102-106. pi. 6. f. 22-26. 1888;
Patouillard, Essai Taxon. Hym. 24, 25. 1900 (with the exclu-
sion of section Hirneolina). — Exidiopsis Brefeld, Untersuch.
Myk. 7 : 94. pi. 5. f. 20-22. 188S.—Stypella Moller, A., Bot.
Mitth. a. d. Tropfen. 8, Protobasidiomyceten 166. pi. 4. f. 6, 7.
1895.

Fructification coriaceous, membranaceous or floccose, gela-
tinous, waxy or pulverulent, resupinate, with habit of Corti-
cium; basidia longitudinally septate, close together or scat-
tered, sometimes between bushy conidiophores ; spores color-
less, producing in germination a similar spore or a cluster of
conidia.

The type species of the genus is Corticium incrustans Pers.

Sehacina incrustans occurs sometimes on the ground and
incrusting herbaceous stems and various erect objects but is
often on decaying wood ; ^S^. Eelvelloides occurs on the ground
and incrusting erect objects ; S. chlorascens has been observed
incrusting the mossy bases of living trees ; the other species
have been recorded only on dead wood and bark. A few mem-
bers of this genus are thick and spongy and were originally
included in Thelephora; usually the species are thin and
Corticium-like in general habit and were in several instances
published under Corticium. In the dried conditions some
species of Sehacina may be tentatively recognized as such by
having the hymenial surface glassy or resembling dried carti-
lage ; but such a separation from Corticium is very uncertain,
for some species of Sehacina dry with a dull, soft surface and
some true Corticiums assume the appearance of dried carti-
lage in drying.

It seems probable that it will always be difficult to deter-
mine resupinate species of Hymenomycetes ; it is not possible
to do so from the descriptions alone of the earlier botanists.
European authors have recently been enlarging such descrip-

[Vol. 2
750 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

tions by giving spore characters, dimensions of basidia,
cystidia, and hyphae, and the presence or absence of clamp
connections. Such additional characters may often be ob-
tained quickly by microscopic examination of a portion of the
fructijQcation which has been teased out and crushed down
in dilute potassium hydrate solution; by these helpful addi-
tional characters, some species may be recognized with reason-
able accuracy, but there are comparatively few such species.
Structure in section of the fructification affords important
characters for the identification of resupinate species. In
practical work with these species, a microscopical mount of
a sectional preparation of a type specimen is the next best
thing for purposes of comparison to having the type itself.

My method of determining a resupinate specimen is to ob-
serve closely its general habit and characters, such as con-
sistency, adnation, thickness, surface, margin, substratum,
and color. Color is an important character when given in
terms of an adequate color standard. The color which the
specimens retain in drying is often the only color character
available; it is more constant, fortunately, than is com-
monly appreciated, for it has to be the color factor in the
comparison of herbarium specimens. The preliminary ob-
servation may suggest that the species is one of several of
somewhat similar habit which may be of the same genus or
of various genera. The sectional preparations, w^hich are
now made, may present {a) a uniform, homogeneous arrange-
ment of similar hyphae from substratum to hymenium, (b)
dissimilar hyphae or organs distributed uniformly through-
out the whole fructification, (c) a layered, heterogeneous ar-
rangement of various types with the layers more or less
sharply differentiated from one another, (d) a stratose ar-
rangement having the first stratum extend from the sub-
stratum to the upper surface of the first hymenium, the
second stratum a repetition of the first and borne on the first,
and so on. Under a there are characteristic varieties of struc-
ture, constant for each species, such as all the hyphae in erect
position extending from substratum to hjTiienial surface, or
all interwoven, or all procumbent, and there are also constant

1915]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. V 751

differences in regard to whether the hyphae are crowded close
together or are loosely arranged. Under c, a conspicuous
example would be one in which the layer next to the sub-
stratum is composed of longitudinally arranged hyphae (that
is, parallel with the substratum) crowded closely together;
from this layer, a few branches might extend outward at right
angles to the first layer and form a layer of loosely arranged,
erect hyphae — the second layer; the hyphae of the second
layer might branch abruptly at its outer surface and bear a
compact hymenial layer. Some species invariably form a
loosely interwoven layer next to the substratum, and on the
surface of this layer form a dense hymenial layer, as, for ex-
ample, Sehacina incrustans, S. chlorascens, and 8. Helvel-
loides. Sterile fructifications may frequently be determined
by their general characters and structure in section.

The preparations which reveal structure in section, give also
spores, basidia, paraphyses, and other organs. From the
combination of general characters, structure in section, and
details of spores and noteworthy organs, the species becomes
manifest. Our species of Sehacina are described in accord-
ance with this method in the following pages.

Key to the Species

Fructifications on the earth, running up and incrusting the bases of living

stems and trunks as well as dead objects 1

Fructifications confined to bark and wood of dead branches and trunks ... 2

1. Sometimes passing into branches or ascending flaps; hymenial layer drying
warm buff, 60-150 (i thick; paraphyses densely crowded and somewhat
interwoven or adglutinated 1. 8. incrustans

1. Pileate branches drying cream-color with a glaucous tint, imbricated, the
apices spiculose or fimbriate; hymenial layer drying vinaceous brown,
140-240 n thick 3. S. chlorascens

1. Not forming free branches or flaps; hymenial layer 200-300 im thick;

paraphyses straight and rod-like; basidia 20-25X15 fi Jf. 8, Helvelloides

2. Fructifications white or whitish when dry 3

2. Fructifications not white 4

3. Hymenium composed of unbranched, flexuous, even-walled, deeply staining,
clavate organs 40-45X6 m, in addition to few-branched paraphyses and
basidia 5. 8. Shearii

3. Hymenium composed of paraphyses and basidia; fructification 300-400 ju

thick ; margin thick, not closely adnate to substratum 6. 8. macrospora

3. Hymenium composed of basidia and paraphyses; fructification 50-150 fi

thick, shining white at first; margin very thin and closely adnate. .7. 8. calcea

3. Hymenium composed of basidia and paraphyses; fructification 200-300 n
thick, dirty whitish; hyphae incrusted in upper two- thirds of fructifica-
tion; margin thin and closely adnate 8. 8. monticola

[Vol. 2
752 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

4. Drying ochroleucous, basidia at or near the surface in tissue not
sharply differentiated as a layer from tissue near substratum; much
crystalline matter about 100 n below surface. On Alnus, South

Carolina 9. 8. scariosa

4. Drying some variety of brown 5

4. Drying fuscous to black 6

5. Drying cacao-brown (testaceous of Saccardo's 'Chromotjixia') ; separable
from substratum; resembling 8. inoustans but with margin soon de-
tached and spores 6-7X4i/.-5 fi. On juniper, Alabama 2. 8. deglubens

5. Blue-purple when fresh, drying tawny olive to Saccardo's umber where
directly on the wood; adnate to substratum; 30-45 /m thick; basidia

7-10X6-8 n; spores 6-7X3-5 fi 10. 8. podlachica

5. Drying cinnamon-brown; adnate to substratum; 100-140 fi thick; scattered
paraphyses with bushy-branched, brown tops rise 45-00 /x above the

basidia. On Magnolia, Delaware 11. 8. cinnamomca

6. Hay's brown when moist, drying fuscous, the margin pale cartridge-
buff; separable from substratum; 500-GOO /i thick. On Populus,

Idaho 12. 8. adusta

6. Drying blackish plumbeous; adnate to substratum; 150-200 n thick,

the margin indeterminate. On Populus, Washington IS. S.plumbea

6. Grayish when moist, drying dark mouse-gray and shining; adnate to
substratum; 50-160 fi thick, the margin indeterminate. On very
rotten wood. New England 14-8. atrata

1. Sebacina incrustans Pers. ex Tulasne, Ann. Sci. Nat.
Bot. V. 15: 225. pi. 10. f. 6-10. 1872; Linn. Soc. Bot. Jour. 13:
36. 1873. Plate 27, fig. 13.

Corticium incrustans Persoon, Obs. Myc. 1 : 39. 1796. —
Thelephora mcrustatis Persoon, Syn. Fung. 573. 1801 ; Fries,
Syst. Myc. 1 : 448. 1821. — Thelephora sehacea Persoon, Myc.
Eur. 1:155. 1822; Fries, Elench. Fung. 1:214. 1828; Hym.
Eur. 637. 1874; Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 6: 540. 18SS.— Corticium
sebaceum Massee, Linn. Soc. Bot. Jour. 27:127. 1891. —
Merisma cristatum Persoon, Syn. Fung. 583. 1801. — Thele-
phora cristata Fries, Syst. Myc. 1 : 434. 1821 ; Hym. Eur. 637.
1874; Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 6: 539. 1888. — Sebacina incrustans
Tul. ex Bresadola, in part (Hym. Hung. Kmet.), I. R. Acad.
Sci. Agiati XXL 3:117. 1897.

Illustrations : Tulasne, loc. cit. — Persoon, Com. Fung. Clav.
pi. 4. f. 4; Berkeley, Outlines Brit. Fung. pi. 17. f. 6; Brefeld,
Untersuch. Myk. l:pl. 6. f. 22-26. Hennings in Engl. &
Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (I. 1 **) : 91. /. 59 C, D; Nees,
System pi. 34. f. 256 B; Patouillard, Tab. Anal. Fung. /. 155;
and Essai Tax. Hym. 25. /. 17 a, b; Soc. Myc. Fr. Bui. f>'.pl.
7. f. 11. — See Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 20 : 945 for references to
some additional illustrations which X have not seen.

1915]

BURT THELEPHOBACEAE OP NORTH AMERICA. V 753

Type: authentic specimens of ThelepJiora incrustans and
Merisma cristatum from Persoon in Kew Herb.

Fructifications coriaceous-fleshy, varied in form, creeping
on the ground and ascending and incrusting small erect
objects and forming little columns and free branches, the
apices somewhat awl-shaped or fringed, or effused and resup-
inate on bark, whitish, drying warm buff ; structure in section,
250-400 {I thick, (1) with a broad layer of very loosely inter-
woven rather stiff hyphae, 2-2^ /x in diameter, which divide
above into fine branches and form (2) a densely interwoven
layer about 60-150 /* thick with the basidia in the upper 40-90
H among the very fine (1^ ix in diameter), densely crowded,
somewhat interwoven filaments from the subhymenium;
basidia longitudinally septate, ovoid or pyrif orm, 12-20 X 9-
14 n ; spores colorless, simple, even, flattened on one side or
curved, 12-14 X 6-8 n.

Fructifications 5-6 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, ascending ob-
jects 2-5 cm. ; pileate flaps, when present, ^1 cm. long.

On the ground in woods and incrusting objects, and resup-
inate on logs. Canada to Louisiana and westward to Mis-
souri. June to October. Common.

S. incrustans is the common incrusting Sehacina of Eastern
North America. It may usually be recognized at sight by
coriaceous-fleshy consistency, occurrence on earth and run-
ning up and incrusting living objects, and pallid color. The
thinner hymenial layer, paraphyses less rod-like in form, and
finer and thinner-walled hyphae of layer next to the sub-
stratum afford structural characters separating specimens of
this species from those of 8. chlorascens and S. Helvelloides.

I exclude from the synonymy of S. cristata, Clavaria
laciniata of BuUiard's 'Hist. Champ.' 1:208. pi. 415. f. 1,
because in the absence of authentic specimens and observa-
tions in regard to spores and basidia, it is not certain that C.
laciniata Bull, is Merisma cristatum. Bulliard 's figures repre-
sent quite as well an incrusting European fungus communi-
cated to me by Bresadola under the name Thelephora fas-
tidiosa (Pers.) Fr., which has simple basidia and colorless
echinulate spores. This species is the Thelephora cristata

[Vol. 2
754 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

of Patouillard's 'Tab. Anal. Fung.' No. 559, and Cristella
cristata of his 'Essai Tax on. Hym. ' /. 28. Patouillard notes
that Clavaria laciniata is a synonjTn of the species which
he figures. Because of the uncertainty as to whether figures
of Thelephora cristata by European authors represent the
true Merisma [Sehacina'\ cristatum Pers. or the echinulate-
spored T. fastidiosa (Pers.), I have refrained from citing any
illustrations except that of Persoon, of whose species I have
studied an authentic specimen.

Specimens examined :
Exsiccati: Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 513.

The specimen in Thuemen, Myc. Univ. 2009, under the name

Thelephora sehacea, collected in France, is Thelephora

mollissima Pers.
Europe: authentic specimens of Thelephora incrustans and

Merisma cristatum from Persoon in Kew Herb.
Sweden: sterile specimen determined as Thelephora cristata

by E. Fries (in Fries Herb.) ; Stockholm, L. Romell, 54.
Canada: J. Macoun, 5, 10.
Quebec : Hull, J. Macoun, 203, 313.
Ontario: near Ottawa, J. Macoun, 40 (in Can. Geol. Surv.

Herb.) ; London, J. Dearness.
Maine: Portage, L. W. Riddle.

New Hampshire : Shelburne, W. G. Farlow (in Farlow Herb.).
Vermont: Middlebury, E. A. Burt, two collections.
Massachusetts: Williamstown, W. G. Farlow (in Farlow

Herb.).
New York: Hudson Falls, S. H. Burnham, 2 (in Mo. Bot.

Gard. Herb., 43995).
Pennsylvania: Michener, 5821 (in Curtis Herb.); Trexler-

town, W. Herhst.
District of Columbia : Rock Creek, C. L. Shear, 793.
North Carolina : Asheville, E. C. Beardslee, 03126.
South Carolina: Ravenel, 1619 (in Curtis Herb.).
Louisiana: St. Martinville, A. B. Langlois, F, 2015; the same

locality and collector, (3022 in Lloyd Herb.) ; Baton Rouge,

Edgerton d Humphrey, 667.
Ohio : A. P. Morgcm (in Lloyd Herb., 2655, 2656) ; Cincinnati,

1915]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. V 755

C. G. Lloyd, 4198; Loveland, D. L. James (in U. S. Dept.
Agr. Herb.).
Wisconsin : Blue Mounds, E. T. and S. A. Harper, 864, 879,
880; Madison, W. Trelease (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 5145,
44779) ; C. J. Humphrey, 2146 (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.,
44784).

Illinois: Riverside, E. T. and S. A. Harper, 698.
Missouri : Creve Coeur, E. A. Burt (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.,
44763).

2. S. deglubens (Berk. & Curtis) Burt, n. comb.

Corticium deglubens Berk. & Curtis, Grevillea 1 : 166. 1873.

Type ; type and cotype in Kew Herb, and Curtis Herb.

Fructification resupinate, effused, coriaceous, separable,
white beneath, drying about cacao-brown, the margin very
narrow^ white, byssoid, soon detached; structure in section
250-300 li thick, (1) with a very loosely interwoven layer 180-
200 /i thick, having hyphae l|-2 n in diameter which branch
and form (2) a very densely interwoven layer 80 /x thick with
the basidia in the upper 30 /x, not quite reaching to the sur-
face, among the very fine, densely interwoven filaments from
the subhymenium ; basidia longitudinally septate, 15 X 10-12
/i; spores colorless, simple, even, flattened on one side,
6-7 X 4i-5 II.

On juniper, Alabama.

This fungus has the same type of structure which is found
in resupinate specimens of Sebacina incrustans. It differs
from the latter in having the hymenium darker, all the spores
found in a sectional preparation a little smaller, and the
hyphae of the layer next to the substratum a little smaller
and more flaccid than those of S. incrustans, and the margin
was described as soon detached. These differences may be
merely the variation from specific type of a single collection,
or they may be those of a subspecies of S. incrustans which
has taken on the saprophytic life on dead wood, prevalent for
most species of Sebacina. Until other collections, referable to
S. deglubens are made, the former view appears the more
probable.

[Vol. 2

756

ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Specimens examined:
Alabama: Peters, Curtis Herb., 4557, type (in Kew Herb.).

3. S. chlorascens Burt, n. sp. Plate 27, fig. 15.
Type : in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb, and in Farlow Herb.
Fructification coriaceous, drying cream-color with glaucous

tint, effused, ascending and incnisting the mossy bases of
trees and forming imbricated, free, pileate,
sterile branches, the apices spiculose or fim-
briate ; hymenium gelatinous, drying vinaceous
brown, occurring in somewhat scattered spots
on the lower portions of the fructification;
structure in section 800 n thick, with (1) a
broad, spongy layer next to the substratum of
loosely interwoven, rather rigid, even-walled
hyphae 2^-3 /x in diameter, which bear (2) a
sharply differentiated hymenial layer 140-240 n
thick, composed of rod-like paraphyses 2 n in
diameter, between which occur basidia through-
out the outer 60 y. of the layer; basidia longi-
tudinally septate, pyriform, 15-18x12 n; spores
simple, colorless, flattened on one side, 10-10^ X
6-7 /z.
Ascending objects 2-4 cm., 1-2 cm. broad;
free branches up to 5 mm. long.

On mossy bases of living trees. Florida. Autumn.
As shown by the figures in pi. 27, the pileate branches of
S. chlorascens do not resemble those of ;S'. incrustans. The
structure in section is different in every detail from that of
specimens of the latter species and approaches more closely
that of S. Eelvelloides, but the fructification is thinner than
that of the latter, has smaller basidia and spores, and the
basidia distributed from the surface to about 60 /i below the
surface, and forms free pileate branches.

Specimens examined :
Florida: Cocoanut Grove, R. Thaxter, 98, type (in Mo. Bot.
Gard. Herb., 43923, and in Farlow Herb.).

4. S. Helvelloides (Schw.) Burt, n. comb. Plate 27, fig. 14.

Fig. 1

S. chlorascens

Paraphyses,

basidiumX540

1915]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OP NORTH AMERICA. V 757

Thelephora Helvelloides Schweinitz, Naturforsch. Ges.
Leipzig Schrift. 1:108. 1822; Am. Phil. Soc. Trans. N. S. 4:
168. 1834; Fries, Elenchus Fung. 1:193. 1828; Epicr. 541.
1836-1838. — Corticium Helvelloides Massee, Linn. Soc. Bot.
Jour. 27 : 153. 1891. — Corticium hasale Peck, N. Y. State Mus.
Eept. 43:69 (23). 1890.

Type : in Herb. Schw. and portions in Curtis Herb, and in
Kew Herb.

Fructification coriaceous, spongy, effused, convex, closely
adnate and incrusting, on ground in mosses and on bark at
bases of living trees, at first whitish, drying honey-color to
warm buff; structure in section, with (1) a very thick spongy
layer next the substratum, of loosely interwoven, branched,
rather rigid, even-walled, brownish hyphae, 3-3^ /x in
diameter, which bear (2) a fertile layer 200-300 ii thick made
up of great numbers of erect, straight, cylindric paraphyses
2 /i in diameter, between which occur the basidia at about
40-50 n below the surface; basidia longitudinally septate,
pyrif orm, 20-25 X 15 a* ; spores colorless, simple, flattened or
slightly curved on one side, 12-13 X 6 p.

Fructifications 3-15 cm. long and wide, drying about |-2
mm. thick to 9 nmi. thick in type which covers a cushion of
moss plants.

On ground and bark at bases of living trees. New York to
North Carolina. July and August.

Specimens of this species have somewhat the habit of thick
specimens of Coniophora puteana but are of very different
structure. The abundant, erect, unbranched, cylindric para-
physes often 200 n long which compose the greater part of
the hymenium, and the large basidia are reliable characters
for identifying Sebacina Helvelloides when sections are
studied; the coarser and colored hyphae of the species give
an additional character separating it from S. incrustans when
the latter occurs strictly resupinate.

The type specimen is abnormal in thickness and ridged
surface by running over and incrusting a bed of moss. The
hanging rootlets referred to in the original description are

[Vol. 2
758 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

moss stems. The specific name is rather fanciful and mis-
leading.

Specimens examined:
New York : Whitehall, C. II. Peck, type of Corticium hasale

(in Coll. N. Y. State) ; Alcove, C. L. Shear, 1221.
North Carolina: Salem, Schweinitz, type (in Herb. Schw., in

Curtis Herb., and in Kew Herb.).

5. S. Shearii Burt, n. sp. Plate 27, fig. 16.

Type : in Burt. Herb., and in Shear Herb.
Fructification coriaceous, effused, dull white, drying pale
olive-buff, cracked, the margin determinate, entire ; structure
in section, 140-200 n thick, with (1) a broad and
dense layer next to the substratum of longitudin-
ally arranged, slightly brownish, even-walled
hyphae 1^-2 n in diameter, which branch and
curve outward at a right angle and form (2) a
fertile, less compact layer 60-75 ii thick of sub-
erect, few-branched paraphyses 3 /x in diameter,
of basidia at about 15-20 n below the surface, and
of scattered, even-walled, flexuous, cylindric-
clavate organs — perhaps gloeocystidia — 40-45 X
6 /i, not emergent above the surface; basidia longi-
Paraphysis tudiually septatc, pyriform, 15 X 9 m? with sterig-
organx^MO. Hiata 18 X 3 /i ; spores colorless, simple, curved,
9-15 X 4^-6 n.
Fructifications in crevices of bark at first, 2x1 mm., at
length, by confluence, 7 cm. long, 1 cm. broad.

On dead Berheris vulgaris. District of Columbia. October.
This species is well characterized by the presence in the
hymenial layer of flexuous, even-walled organs, which are
either latex or gloeocystidia, and by the broad layer of longi-
tudinally arranged hyphae which shows relationship to
Eichleriella, although the margin is not distinctly free. A
few small granules are present on the hymenial surface but I
do not know that they are a constant character.

Specimens examined :
District of Columbia : grounds U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington,
C. L. Shear, 1238, type.

Fig. 2

1915]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OP NORTH AMERICA. V 759

6. S. macrospora (E. & E.) Burt, n. comb.

Corticium macro sporum Ell. & Ev., Torr. Bot. Club Bui.
27:49. 1900.

Type : in N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb. ; specimens from type col-
lection in Lloyd Herb., and in Burt Herb.

Fructification coriaceous, appressed, thin, dull white,
cracked, the narrow, white, cottony margin sometimes nar-
rowly involute; structure in section, 300-400 n thick, with (1)
a very broad layer of longitudinally arranged and somewhat
obliquely ascending crowded hyphae 1^ n in diameter, color-
less next to substratum but brownish in upper part of layer,
which pass into (2) the hymenial layer 60-100 n thick, con-
sisting of erect, bushy paraphyses and of basidia; basidia
longitudinally septate, pyriform to subglobose, 15 X 9-12 /z;
spores colorless, simple, flattened on one side or curved,
10^ X 4i-6 /z.

Appearing at first in orbicular patches 3-5 mm. in diameter,
at length confluent and up to 4 cm. long, 1^ cm. broad.

On pine {Pinus Strohus) limbs. Ohio. September.

This species is near Sebacina calcea, but the single collec-
tion which has been studied seems distinct from the latter by
the thick, determinate margin, sometimes free and slightly
upturned, by the greater thickness of the fructifications, by
the brown hyphae of the middle region, and by walls of
hyphae not gelatinously modified as in 8. calcea. A relation-
ship to Eichleriella is manifest in the broad layer of longi-
tudinally arranged hyphae and in the tendency of the margin
to be slightly free. The original description gives this species
as on "Fraxinusf", but the limbs are Pinus strohus. The
spores are not exceptionally large; the specific name was
probably based on immature basidia.

Specimens examined.
Ohio : Linwood, C. G. Lloyd, 3113, type collection.

7. S. calcea (Pers.) Bresadola, Fungi Tridentini 2:64. pi.
175. 1892. Plate 27, fig. 17.

Thelephora calcea Persoon, Syn. Fung. 581. 1801; Myc.
Eur. 1 : 153. 1822. — Thelephora calcea c. albido-fuscescens

[Vol. 2
760 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Fries, Elenclius Fung. 1 : 215. 1828. — Thelephora acerina
forma Ahietis Fries, Syst. Myc. 1:453. 1821. — Corticium
Abietis {Ft.) Romell, Bot. Not. 1895:72. 189^.— Xero car pus
farineUus Karsten, Finska Vet.-Soc. Bidrag 37: 139. 1882.
Illustrations: Bresadola, loc. cit.; Patouillard, Essai
Taxon. Hym. 25. /. 17h.

Fructification effused, closely adnate, crustaceous, slightly
pulverulent, shining white at first, at length darkening in
the central portion from cartridge-buff to pale drab-gray,
cracked, the margin much thinner and farinaceous ; structure

in section, 50-150 /i thick, (1) with hyphae
next the substratum interwoven, 2 ju thick,
the wall gelatinously modified, (2) hy-
menial layer 40-60 n thick, composed of
basidia and of paraphyses branched at the
apex into very fine branches loaded with
Fig. 3 minute granules; basidia more abundant in

Paraphyles''x540. ^^^ lower portion of the hymenial layer,

longitudinally septate, 14 X 9 n\ spores
colorless, simple, cylindric, curved, 8-12 X 4-5 ix.
Fructifications 3-9 cm. long, 1-3 cm. broad.
On bark and wood of dead branches of spruce, pine, hem-
lock, white cedar, oak, ash, elm, maple, and elder. Canada,
northern New England, and New York to Georgia, and in
Washington. March to January — perhaps throughout the year.
As good distinctive macroscopic characters this species has :
chalky white color with central portions ashy; powdery sur-
face under a lens ; thinness on drying and margin still thinner,
so that it appears mealy under a lens rather than mem-
branous. The fine branches and granules at the tips of the
paraphyses show best in lactic acid preparations ; potassium
hydrate solution has a solvent action here. I have not been
able to study an authentic specimen of ThelepJiora calcea Pers.
and accept Bresadola 's conclusion on this point.

Specimens examined :
Exsiccati: Romell, Fungi Exs. Scand. 129.
Austria : G. Bresadola.
Sweden: L. Romell, 58, 59; Stockholm, L. Romell, Fungi Exs.

1915]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. V 761

Scand. These specimens are under the name Corticium
Abietis.

Norway: Christiania, M. N. Blytt (in Herb. Fries and deter-
mined by Fries as Corticium calceum).

Finland: Mustiala, P. A. Karsten, under the name Xero-
carpus farinellus.

Canada: J. Macoun, 30, 33.

New Hampshire : Chocorua, W. G. Farlow, two collections.

Vermont: Middlebury, E. A. Burt, two collections; Eipton,
E. A. Burt; Little Notch, Bristol, E. A. Burt.

New York: Alcove, C. L. Shear, 1134, 1208; Hague, C. H.
Peck, 10; Clear Water, G. F. Atkinson, Cornell Univ. Herb.,
5049.

Georgia: Tipton, C. J. Humphrey, 177; Savannah, C. J.
Humphrey, 5106 (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 15081).

Washington : Bingen, W. N, Suksdorf, 695, 711, 763, 765, 864.

8. S. monticola Burt, n. sp.

Type: in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.

Fructification coriaceous, resupinate, cracked, dirty whitish
approaching pale smoke-gray, the margin closely adnate;
structure in section 200-300 n thick, with hyphae colorless,
3-4 /x in diameter, ascending obliquely from substratum to
surface, densely crowded together, more interwoven and little
incrusted in the lower third of the fructification, but more
loosely arranged and heavily incrusted in the whole upper
two-thirds, terminating in incrusted paraphyses which are
either simple or 2-4-branched and with the hyphal body about
2| IX in diameter under the incrustation; basidia about 40 fi
below the surface of the hymenium, longitudinally septate,
15-20 X 9-12 IX ; spores simple, colorless, even, cylindric,
straight or curved, 9-10^ X 5-5^ /x.

The portion of the fructification described is 5 cm. long,
about 1| cm. wide.

On bark of log of Picea Engelmanni, altitude 8,500 ft..
Pike's Peak, Colorado. August.

This species belongs in the group with Sehacina calcea and
S. macrospora; it is distinguished from both of these by the

[Vol. 2
762 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

incrustation of its hyphae and by simpler parapliyses, which
are either unbranched or with only about 2-4 branches not
branching repeatedly and becoming so attenuated as to be
nearly invisible except for the granules which they bear.

Specimens examined:
Colorado: Pike's Peak, G. G. Hedgcock, comm. by C. J.

Humphrey, 2571, type (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 15157).

9. S. scariosa (Berk. & Curtis) Burt, n. comb.

Corticium scariosum Berk. & Curtis, Grevillea 2 : 3. July,
1873. — Corticium secedens Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 6:635. 1888.

Type: type and cotype in Kew Herb, and Curtis Herb.,
respectively.

"Forming a thin, oblong, membranous stratum, w^ithout
any distinct border; hymenium pulverulent ochroleucous."

— Original description.

Structure in section 300-600 /x thick, ^\^th hyphae 2 /i in
diameter, branched, very loosely interwoven, extending from
substratum to basidia, with walls gelatinously modified, im-
bedded in jelly, much crystalline matter about 90-120 /x below
the hymenial surface; basidia at or near the surface, longi-
tudinally septate, pyrif orm to subglobose, 12-15 X 9-12 /x ; no
spores found.

On alder, South Carolina.

The type specimens of this species have the general habit
of Peniophora gig ant ea, which they also resemble in being
separable and in cracking and peeling up from the substratum,
but they are more lemon-yellow in color than specimens of
the latter species. The structure in section is distinctive and
suggestive of that of Eichleriella alliciens. Authors have
sometimes confused Corticium scariosum B. & C. with Cor-
ticium scariosum B. and Br., published from Ceylon a few
months later in the same year. The types of these fungi are
not of the same genus, the American specimens ha\dng longi-
tudinally septate basidia.

Specimens examined:
South Carolina: Society Hill, M. A. Curtis, 4916 (type and

cotype in Kew Herb, and Curtis Herb.).

1915]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OP NORTH AMERICA. V 763

10. S. podlachica Bresadola, Ann. Myc. 1 : 117. 1903.
Type : in Bresadola Herb, and a portion in Burt Herb.
Fructification effused, closely adnate, described as ''e

pallido-caerulea caesio-hyalina," drying tawny olive to Sac-
cardo's umber where directly on the wood; structure in sec-
tion 30-45 /i thick, with hyphae 2 /x in diameter closely crowded
together and rising obliquely from substratum to the surface ;
basidia in upper 15 /x of fructification among the hyphal fila-
ments, longitudinally septate, pyrif orm, 7-10 X 6-8 /x ; spores
colorless, simple, even, curved, 6-7 X 3-5 jx.

Covering areas 5 cm. long, 2 cm. broad.

On decaying coniferous wood, Massachusetts ; on decaying
beech wood, Russian Poland.

The Massachusetts collection was noted as blue-purple
when fresh ; in some places algae coating the wood have been
covered by the fructification and the modified color of this
algal layer is seen through the dried fructification ; where the
fungus coats the wood directly, the color of specimens which
have been several years in the herbarium is the tawny olive.
The American collection agrees closely with that communi-
cated by Bresadola.

Specimens examined:
Eussian Poland : on beech wood, Eichler, comm. by Bresadola,

part of type.
Massachusetts : on coniferous wood, W. G. Farlow.

11. S. cinnamomea Burt, n. sp. Plate 27, fig. 18.
Type: in Burt Herb.

Fructification effused, coriaceous, dry, close-
ly adnate, drying cinnamon-brown, the margin
determinate, thick, entire ; structure in section
100-140 II thick, with (1) a layer 10-30 /x thick
next to the substratum of longitudinally ar-
ranged, densely interwoven hyphae 2-2^ /x in
diameter, which bear (2) the hymenial layer ^ • ^^*

' \ / J •' S. cinnamomea.

composed of basidia at the lower side of Paraphysisx540.
the layer, and of loosely arranged, highly branched, bush-

[Vol. 2
764 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

shaped paraj^hyses with brown branches of zigzag form, which
rise 45-60 n above the basidia and give the characteristic color
of the hymeiiiiim ; basidia 15-20 X 9-11 M, longitudinal septa-
tion not positively made out ; no spores found ; paraphyses 75
n long, trunlt 1-^-2 n in diameter, sweep of branched top about
20/1.

Fructification 4 cm. long, 1 cm. broad.

On limbs of dead Magnolia glauca. Maryland. December.

It is not certain that this fungus is a Sebacina, for none of
its basidium-like organs show longitudinal septa, although in
a very few there is arrangement of the protoplasm suggestive
of such septation. The specimen is a little too immature for
generic reference but is probably a young Sehacina in my
opinion. The species is distinct from others in possible
genera by cinnamon-brown color, paraphyses scattered as to
trunks but with such brown, bushy-branched tops as to form
a compact surface of the color stated.

Specimens examined:
Maryland : Takoma Park, C. L. Shear, 1339, type.

12. S. adusta Burt, n. sp. Plate 27, fig. 19.

Type: in Burt Herb.

Fructification broadly effused, coriaceous, separable from
the substratum, Hay's brown when moist,
drying fuscous, the margin pale cartridge-
buff, fibrillose-fimbriate ; structure in section,
500-600 ji thick, composed of densely inter-
woven and obliquely ascending hyphae 3 /i in
diameter, the walls not gelatinously modified,
which bear the basidia at the surface of the
hymenium; basidia longitudinally septate, ^ ^f' \

pyriform, 12-16 X 8-10 /*; spores colorless, Basidia and

simple, curved, 10-12 X 4-5 /x. hyphae x540.

Fructification 12 cm. long, 4 cm. broad.

On decorticated trunk of Populus trichocarpa. Idaho. July
to September.

In the single collection of this species which has been re-
ceived the margin is everywhere closely applied to the sub-
stratum and shows no tendency towards becoming free or

1915]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. V 765

reflexed, hence the species must be included in Sebacina. The
distinguishing specific characters are easy separation as an
unbroken membrane of the moist fructification from the sub-
stratum, thickness of fructification, and position of the basidia
at the surface of the hymenium.

Specimens examined:
Idaho: Kaniksu National Forest, Priest River, J. R. Weir,

12. type.

13. S. plumbea Burt, n. sp. Plate 27, fig. 20.
Type : in Burt Herb.

Fructification effused, closely adnate, drying blackish

plumbeous, pruinose, the margin indeterminate; structure in

section, 150-200 /x thick, with (1) a broad layer

next to the substratum containing much

crystalline matter in the interspaces between

the interwoven suberect hyphae 1^-2 /x in

diameter, the wall gelatinously modified, and

(2) a hymenial layer about 60 ii thick consist-

s lumbe ^^^ ^^ basidia, and of hyphae which branch and

Basidia and form a densely interwoven hymenial surface ;

yp aex54 . basidia about 30 /x below the surface of

hymenium, longitudinally septate, pyrif orm, 15-18 X 10-13 /x ;

spores colorless, simple, even, curved, 13-15 X 4|-6 /x.

Fructification 4-8 cm. long, ^1 cm. broad.

On blackened wood of Populus trichocarpa. "Washington.

November.

The coloration and habit of specimens of this species agree
closely with those of the European Corticium plumbeum Fr.
which have been received from Karsten, but the internal struc-
ture is wholly different from that of the latter.

Specimens examined :
Washington : Bingen, W. N. Suksdorf, 862, type.

14. S. atrata Burt, n. sp. Plate 27, fig. 21.
Type : in Burt Herb, and in Farlow Herb.
Fructification effused, somewhat gelatinous, closely adnate,

grayish when moist, drying dark mouse-gray and shining, the
margin thinning out and indeterminate; structure in section.

[Vol. 2, 1915]

766

ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

50-160 /i thick, with even-walled hyphae 3 /x in diameter,
densely interwoven next to the substratum, then curving out-
ward to form a hymenial layer 50-90 /x thick, consisting of
erect, parallel, rod-like paraphyses 2 /t in diam-
eter and of basidia about 30 /x below the surface
of the hjTnenium; basidia longitudinally septate,
pyrif orm, about 18 X 12 /x ; spores colorless,
simple, somewhat flattened on one side, 8-10 X
6-7 PL.

Fructifications 2^ cm. long, 1^ cm. broad.
On very rotten coniferous and frondose wood.
New Hampshire and Massachusetts. May.

AMien bits of dried specimens of this species
are moistened, they become softer and more gela-
tinous than is usual with those of other species
of the genus, but walls of the hyphae do not show
gelatinous modification in sectional preparations.
The paraphyses are as noteworthy as those of
Sehacina Helvelloides, being arranged close to-
gether side by side in a palisade layer. They are
sometimes simple rods, sometimes divided into equal branches
which rise side by side to the surface of the hymenium.

Specimens examined:
New Hampshire: Chocorua, W. G. Farlow, two collections (of

which No. a is in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 44782).
Massachusetts : Magnolia, W. G. Farloiv, type.

I

Fig. 7

S. atrata.

Paraphysis,

basidia X 540.

(To be continued.)

[Vol. 2, 1915]
768 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Explanation of Plate

PLATE 26

The figures of this plate have been reproduced
natural size from photographs of dried her-
barium specimens.

Fig. 1. Tremellodendron Cladonia. a, from specimen collected in
Canada by J. Macoun, 78 ; b, collected at Hague, New York, by C. H.
Peck, 7; c, collected at Cincinnati, Ohio, by A. P. Morgan, Lloyd
Herb., 32.

Fig. 2. T. Cladonia, from the type of Thelephora gracilis, collected
in Alabama by F. S. Earle, 13.

Fig. 3. T. candidum. Collected at Newfane, Vermont, by C. D.
Howe, a agrees closely with the type and is my standard for com-
parison; h could be separated without fracture into three portions,
each having form of a.

Fig. 4. T. merismatoides. a, from specimen collected at York
County, Pennsylvania, by N. M. Glatfelter; 6, single fructification
from the cluster a ; c, from a very fasciculate specimen having stems
grown together and branches still fimbriate at apex, collected at Had-
donfield, New Jersey, by T. J. Collins.

Fig. 5. T. simplex. From type collected in Porto Rico, by J. R.
Johnston. The fructification on the right is inverted.

Fig. 6. T. pallidum, a, from specimen collected at Middlebury,
Vermont, by E. A. Burt; b, from specimen in Mo. Bot. Card. Herb.,
712370, collected at St. Louis, Missouri, by N. M. Glatfelter. Both
show the growth together of the flattened pileate divisions.

Fig. 7. T. tenue. a, from type, collected at Chester Vale, Jamaica,
by W. A. and E. L. Murrill, 400; b, from specimens collected at
Cinchona, Jamaica, by the same collectors, 614.

a 3

BURT— THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA

1 AND 2. TREMELLODENDRON CLADONIA.— 3. T. CANDIDUM.— 4. T. MERISMATOIDES.
5. T. SIMPLEX.— 6. T. PALLIDUM.— 7. T. TENUE.

[Vol. 2, 1915]
770 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Explanation of Plate

PLATE 27

The figures of this plate have been reproduced
natural size from photographs of dried her-
barium specimens, except in the cases noted
otherwise.

Fig. 8. Eichleriella Schrenkii. From the type collected at San
Antonio, Texas, by H. von Schrcnk. a, photograph of a piece of limb
bearing many fructifications, and b, drawing of median longitudinal
section of single fructification, X 16.

Fig. 9. E. Leveilliana. From specimens collected at San Antonio,
Texas, by II. von Schrenk.

Fig. 10. E. alliciens. From specimen collected at San Diego de
los Bauos, Cuba, by Earle and Murrill, 405, in part.

Fig. 11. E. spinulosa. From specimen collected at Priest River,
Idaho, by J. R. Weir, 55.

Fig. 12. E. gclatinosa. From specimens collected in Jamaica by
W. A. Murrill and W. Harris, a, upper surface of No. 180; b, type
specimen, 1087, split longitudinally to show thickness of pileus and
structure.

Fig. 13. Sebacina incrustcms. a, from specimen collected at
Middlebury, Vermont, by E. A. Burt; b, from specimen with pileate
flaps, collected at Asheville, North Carolina, by H. C. Beardslee,
03126.

Fig. 14. 8. Helvelloides. From specimen collected at Alcove,
New York, by C. L. Shear, 1221. a shows upper surface; 6 is a
vertical section from the same fructification to show thickness.

Fig. 15. 8. chlorascens. From type specimen collected at Cocoa-
nut Grove, Florida, by R. Thaxter, 98.

Fig. 16. 8. Shearii. From type specimens collected at Washing-
ton, District of Columbia, by C. L. Shear, 1238.

Fig. 17. 8. calcea. From specimen on white cedar bark, collected
at Middlebury, Vermont, by E. A. Burt.

Fig. 18. 8. cinnamomea. From type specimen collected at Takoma
Park, Maryland, by C. L. Shear, 1339.

Fig. 19. 8. adust a. From type specimen collected at Priest River,
Idaho, by J. R. Weir, 12.

Fig. 20. 8. plumbea. From type specimen collected at Bingen,
Washington, by W. N. Suksdorf, 862.

Fig. 21. 8. atrata. From specimen collected at Chocorua, New
Hampshire, by W. G. Farlow.

.-^■",

BURT— THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA

8. EICHLERIELLA SCHRENKII.— 9. E. LEVEILLIANA.— 10. E. ALLICIENS.— 11. E. SPINULOSA.
12. E. GELATINOSA.-13. SEBACINA INCRUSTANS.— 14. S. HELVELLOIDES.—
15. S. CHLORASCENS. — 16. S. SHEARII.-ir. S. CALCEA.—
18. S. CINNAMOMEA.-19. S. ADUSTA — 20. S. PLUMBEA.— 21. S. ATRATA.

The Thelephoraceae of North
America. VI

Hypochnus

liDWAKO ANGUS BURT

Reprinted from Annals of the Missouri BotanicaIj
Garden 3:203-241. April, 1916

THE THELEPHORACEAE OF NOETH AMERICA VI^

Hypochnus
edward angus burt

Mycologist and Librarian to the Missouri Botanical Garden

Associate Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of

Washington TJniversity

HYPOCHNUS

Hypochnus Fries emend. Karsten, Rev. Myc. Z^ :23. 1881 ;
Finska Vetenskaps-Soc. Bidrag Natur och Folk 37:162.
1882 ; Finl. Basidsv. 438. 1889 ; Fries, Obs. Myc. 2 :278. 1818
and 1824, (in part) ; Syst. Myc. 3:289. 1829, (in part) ; Gen.
Hym. 16. 1836, (in part) ; Epicr. 569. 1838, (in part) ; Sacc.
Syll. Fung. 6:653. 1888, (in part) ; R. Fries, R. Sci. Soc. Goth-
oburgens Actis IV. 3 :37. 1900. — Hypochnus as a subgenus
of Corticium Fries, Hym. Eur. 659. 1874, (in part). — To-
mentella Persoon ex Patouillard,^ Hym. Eur. 154. 1887;
Schroeter,2 Krj^pt.-Fl. Schlesien 3:419. 1888; Engl. & Prantl,
Nat. Pflanzenfam. (1:1**) :117. 1898.— Tomentellina v. Hoh-
nel & Litschauer, K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber. 115:
1604. 1906.

Fructifications resupinate, effused, dry, coriaceous, felt-
like or hypoclmoid, usually composed of loosely interwoven
hypliae which bear basidia sometimes in scattered clusters
but more usually in a compact hymenium; hymenium even
or papillose; basidia simple, bearing two or more spores,
rough-walled to echinulate, distinctly colored in most species,
pale-colored in a few, and hyaline in one or possibly more
species.

^Issued September 30, 1916.

"Patouillard and Sehroeter, in the works cited above, attributed Tomen-
tella to Persoon, because he used this word in parenthesis in the names of two
species in his published note-book, Obs. Myc. 2:18 and 19, 1799, as follows:

"27. Corticium (Tomentella) ferrugineum.

"28. Corticium (Tomentella) chalibeum."

This is not generic publication of Tomentella. Why Persoon used the
word is not evident; he did not adopt it as a genus in his following formal
taxonomic works: 'Synopsis Fungorum' published in 1801, and 'Mycologia
Europaea,' in 1822. Generic publication of Tomentella was not made until 1887
by Patouillard six years after Karsten's emendation of Hypochnus; hence
Tomentella is a synonym of Hypochnus.
Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard.. Vol. 3. 1916 (203)

[Vol. 3
20-1 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Hijpoclinus is sei)arated from Thelephora, as I have limited
the latter, by strictly resupinate halnt ; from Corticium and
Peniopliora by rough-walled to echinnlate spores which are
usually, but not always, distinctly colored ; from Zygodesmus
of the Ilyphomycetes by true basidia which bear two or more
spores; and from Grandinia and Odontia of the Hydnaceae
by loosely interwoven, hypochnoid structure and more or
less colored, rough-walled to echinulate spores.

As here treated, the species of Ilypochnus form a natural,
compact group at the foot of Hymenomycetes, with simple
basidia, and closely resembling Zygodesmus in general habit
and also in form and color of spores. Hypochnus is so
closely related to Thelephora and Grandinia that many of
its species have been published in those genera, as will
be seen by the synonymy of species, or occur in those genera
under manuscript names in the large herbaria.

The species of Hypochnus are apparently humus formers,
for the fructifications are found under very rotten wood and
other organic matter rather than on nearly sound wood.
Hence they probably follow other fungi in wood destruc-
tion.

This is the first presentation of the North American species
of Hypochnus. It shows the geographical distribution of
the genus localized in the northeastern United States and
along our Atlantic coast and ranging westward across the
northern United States. Not an Hypochnus has been found
in a series of 175 numbers of Thelephoraceae, mostly re-
supinate, collected by Dr. and Mrs. Murrill in Mexico.

The sketches of microscopic details of the species in this
part were made by the aid of a camera lucida from prepara-
tions of such type or authentic specimens as are referred to
in the accompanying text.

The development of the present conception of Hypochnus
is of historical interest. When first published, Hypochnus
comprised species which I refer to Hypochnus and Corticium;
then tropical lichens predominated; in his last work Fries
excluded the lichens, recognized the close relationship to
Corticium and placed both Coniophora and Hypochnus as

1916]

BUKT THELEPHOEACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA VI 205

subgenera of Corticium. As several species of Corticium
were still included in Hypochnus, Fries liad good reason for
regarding Hypochnus in liis sense as closely related to Cor-
ticium. Karsten's emendation of Hypochnus a few years
later was logical, and in sympathy with the work of Fries,
for it retained this name for the greatest number of co-
generic species both originally published in the genus and
retained in the final work of Fries. These species are fur-
thermore the only species for which the generic name Hy-
pochnus can be retained, for the other species of the sub-
genus in Fries' ' Hymenomycetes Europeae' revert to Cor-
ticium under modern study.

Hypochnus, as presented in Saccardo's 'Sylloge Fungo-
rum,' is an aggregation of species of several genera and
includes also the tropical lichens which Fries excluded from
the genus in 1874. Hypochnus as given in Engler & Prantl's
'Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenf amilien, ' is the presentation of a
purely academic scheme of Schroeter's as to how the lower
Hymenomycetes ought to be classified to have a family
Hypochnacei, but the fungi do not fall in with the scheme.
They cannot be separated from Corticium and Peniophora.
Von Hohnel and P. Sydow have pointed out ^ that Hypochnus
in the sense of Schroeter must be abandoned as a genus and
its species take their proper places in other genera. It is to
be regretted that Saccardo's 'Sylloge Fungorum' and Engler
& Prantl's 'Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenf amilien' give a false
lead with regard to Hypochnus, for these works are the main
reliance of plant pathologists in the matter of genera.

Key to the Species

Spores distinctly colored as seen with the microscope 1

Spores so pale yellowish or hyaline as to appear hyaline or nearly

so under the microscope 16

1. Fructification "ferruginous," i. e., Sudan-brown,* Brussels-brown, and
hazel of Eidgway; spores concolorous with the fructification, but wax-
yellow under the microscope 2

*Ann. Myc. 4:551. 1906. See also von Hohnel & Litschauer, Ann. Myc.
4:288. 1906.

*The technical color terms used in this work are those of Eidgway, Color
Standards and Nomenclature. Washington, D. C, 1912.

[Vol. 3
206 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

I. Fructification not "ferruginous"; spores not wax-yellow under the

microscope 4

2. Without cystidia 3

2. With cystidia consisting of non-incrusted, cyliudric organs protrud-
ing from the hymenium 4. H. canadensis

3. Fructification adnate; all hyphae colored like the spores; spores echin-

ulate 1. R. ferrugineus

3. Fructification separable from substratum ; all hyphae colored like the

spores ; spores aculeate S. H. rubiginosus

3. Fructification separable; hyphae dark-colored next to substratum; subhy-

uienial hyphae colored like the spores; spores echinulate 3. H. suh ferrugineus

4. Hyphae not nodose-septate, i. e., not having clamp connections 5

4. Hyphae nodose-septate, i. e., with clamp connections 6

5. Fructification ranging from drat? to fuscous and Chaetura-drab, sepa-
rable; spores and hyphae concolorous, dark olive-buff to buffy brown
under the microscope; hyphae 4— o/i in diameter; spores aculeate or

coarsely tubereulate 5. 13.. umbrinus

5. Fructification vinaceous-brown becoming Kood's brown, adnate; hyphae
colored next to substratum, hyaline in subhymenium, 4-5|U in diameter;

spores umber, aculeate, the body 5-Qii in diameter or 5-6x4-5ya

21. E. subvinosus

5. Fructification deep olive-buff to dark olive-buff, adnate; spores and hyphae
concolorous; hyphae near the substratum 8-lOyu, or more, in diameter;

spores echinulate, the body 7-9ij. in diameter 12. H. isabellinus

6. Without cystidia 7

6. With cystidia consisting of non-incrusted cylindric organs protrud-
ing from the hymenium 11. H. pilosus

7. Margin of the same color as the hymenial surface 8

7. Margin of different color from the hymenial surface 12

8. Fructification dark-colored — cinnamon-drab, umber, sepia, fuscous —

and the hyphae concolorous 9

8. Fructification sepia or citrine, and the hyphae yellowis'n or hyaline

under the microscope after treatment with KHO solution 10

8. Fructification varying in brown from Saccardo's umber and snuff-
brown to cinnamon-brown ; hyphae and spores concolorous with

the fructification; spores echinulate, the body 6-8x5-7^c

13. H. pannosus

8. Fructification between cartridge-buff and olive-buff; hyphae and
spores snuff-brown under the microscope; known from Washing-
ton only 14. H. avellaneus

8. Fructification drab or gray, and the hyphae hyaline under the mi-
croscope 11

9. Fructification with a distinct vinaceous tinge, 250-350/i thick ; hyphae
suberect, not rough-walled, often collapsed, rather paler than the spores

under the microscope; spores aculeate or echinulate 6. H. fxiscus

9. Fructification varying from Saccardo's umber to bister, rarely fuscous,
200-1200/i thick; hyphae thick -walled, not rough-walled, extending in
all directions in the subiculum and loosely interwoven; spores echin-
ulate 7. E. spongiosus

9. Eesembling H. spongiosus but many hyphae have the wall minutely spinu-

lose or rough; known, from New Hampshire and Massachusetts

8. E. spiniferus

10. Fructification sepia, separable, 200-400/i thick; hyphae thin-walled,
loosely interwoven, 2%-4;a in diameter, with some rope-like strands
next to substratum ; no noteworthy color change caused in sec-
tions by KHO solution 9. E. granulosus

10. Fructification citrine, adnate, the color destroyed and dissolved by
KHO solution which becomes colored brownish; hyphae thin-walled,
5-6/^ in diameter 10. E. olivascens

II. Fructification byssoid, drab, adnate, 60-75At thick; hyphae short-celled,

irregular in form and diameter, 4-6/li in diameter; spores grayish olive

under the microscope, echinulate ; known from New Hampshire

15. E. sparsus

1916]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA VI 207

11. Fructification felty-membranaceous, light mineral-gray, 400/* thick, two-
layered; hyphae 4fi in diameter; spores deep olive-buff to hyaline under
the microscope, rough-walled or aculeate with very short points; on

ground in Massachusetts 16. H. epigaeus

12. Fructification separable from substratum when moistened 13

12. Fructification aduate, fawn-color, under side and margin whitish;
hyphae suberect, thin-walled, 2i/^-3ytt in diameter, hyaline under the

microscope ; known from Washington S3. H. cervinus

13. KHO solution causes a color change when added to sections immersed in a

drop of water in making preparations 14

13. KHO solution causes no noteworthy color change 15

14. A change of color to between blue-green and sage-green is caused
in the granules; fructification Chaetura-drab to fuscous, gran-
ular, the margin much paler, brownish and floccose; hyphae some-
what colored, 3-4/* in diameter 17. E. botryoides

14. A change of color to sage-green is caused in the hymenium; fructifi-
cation brownish olive, granular, the margin ochraceous-tawny ; hy-
phae somewhat colored, only occasionally nodose-septate, 2i^-3i/2/t in
diameter, forming occasional rope-like strands next to substratum.

18. H. coriarius

14. Original colors are destroyed and the hyphae become sage-green;
fructification olive-ocher at surface, with under side and margin
brownish drab; hyphae 3/i in diameter, with some rope-like hyphal

strands next to substratum 19. H. Mcolor

15. Fructification between walnut-brown and Vandyke-brown (a "dark red")
and the margin Isabella-color or melleus; hyphae colored, 5-6/t in di-
ameter, with rope-like strands next the substratum 30. H. atroruber

15. Fructification with upper side pinkish buff to Isabella-color, the under
side and margin bister; hyphae, 5-7/* in diameter, run along the sub-
stratum and give off suberect, interwoven, colored branches 3i/^-4%/t in

diameter — no rope-like strands 33. H. fuligineus

15. Fructification drab-gray, the margin whitish; hyphae hyaline under the

microscope ^^- S. cinerascens

16. Hyphae not nodose-septate, i. e., not having clamp connections 17

16. Hyphae nodose-septate 18

17. With cystidia; fructification pinkish buff, adnate 35. H. peniophoroides

17. Without cystidia; fructification becoming warm buff, thick, and firm,
like Corticium portentosum ; hyphae 2/(, in diameter, terminating in the
hymenium in dichotomously branched, antler-shaped organs; basidio-
spores hyaline or nearly so; even spores, colored like the hyphae, abun-
dant between the hyphae 36. H. thelephoroides

17. Without cystidia; fructification pinkish buff to cinnamon-buff and avel-
laneous; hyphae 3%-5/* in diameter, forming some rope-like strands next
to substratum; spores with a slight tinge of buff in collection on
slide but hyaline under the microscope, echinulate, the body 5-6x4-4l^/*.

37. H. zygodesmoides

17. Without cystidia; fructification Naples-yellow to deep colonial buff;
hyphae 3-4/* in diameter, not forming rope-like strands; spores con-
colorous but sometimes hyaline under the microscope, echinulate, the

body 4-5/t in diameter 38. E. echinosporus

18. Fructification between olive-buff and deep olive-buff; spores con-

eolorous, very pale under the microscope 39. H. fibrillosus

18. Fructification honey-yellow to drab and fuscous, the margin whitish
or yellowish, flaxy-fibrillose, radiating; spores white in collection
on slide, minutely echinulate with short, crowded spiBes, body
3-5x21^-3%/* SO. H. fumosus

1. Hypochnus femigineus Pers. ex Fries, Obs. Myc. 2:280.
1818 and 1824; Karsten, Finska Vetenskaps-Soc. Bidrag
Natur och Folk 37:162. 1882; Finl. Basidsv. 440. 1889;

[Vol. 3
208 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 6:660. 1888; Bresadola, (Hym. Hung.
Kmet.), I. R. AceacL Agiati Atti III. 3:114. 1897.

Corticium (Tomentella) ferrugineum Persoon, Obs. Myc.
2:18. 1799. — Thelephora fermginea Persoon, Syn. Fung.
2:578. 1801 ; Myc. Eur. 1 :141. 1822 ; Fries, Elencbus Fung.
1 :198. 1828 ; Epicr. 543. 1838. — Corticium ferrugineum sub-
genus Hypoclinus Fries, Hym. Eur, 661. 1874. — Hypoclmus
ferruginosus (Fr.) Patouillard, Tab. Anal. Fung. 17. /. 26.
1883. — Tomentella ferruginea Pers. ex Scbroeter, Krypt.-Fl.
Scblesien 3:419. 1888.
Illustrations : Patouillard, Tab. Anal. Fung. /. 26.
Fructification effused, adnate, often suborbicular, tliin, dry,
tomentose, hypoelinoid, drying Sudan-bro^\^l ;
structure in section about 300ju, tbick, composed of
loosely interwoven, even-walled byj)bae 4V>-5/a
in diameter, nodose-septate, concolorous through
the whole fructification with the hymenium; no
H ferrif ineus cystidia ; basidia 4-spored; spores subglobose,
Hypha, spore coiicolorous witli the fructificatiou, echinulate,
^ ' body of spore about 7-8jLt in diameter.

Fructifications 2-4 cm. in diameter or 3-6 cm. long, about
2-3 cm. broad.

Under side decaying limbs and logs of various frondose
species. Canada and New Brunswick to Georgia and west-
ward to Michigan. July to October. Occasional.

This species is well marked by its very constant color,
common to both hyphae and spores, and its occurrence in ad-
nate, small, and very thin, hypochnoid areas of the form and
dimensions given. American collections agree closely in
above respects with the European specimens received from
Bresadola which he has noted as surely H. ferrugineus.

Specimens examined:^
Sweden: Femsjo, L. Romell, 225, 227.
Austria-Hungary: Trentino, G. Bresadola; Tatra Magna,

^With regard to the citation of specimens, all except those of "Exsiccati"
are in Burt Herbarium, which are cited without explicit reference to place in
other herbaria. For example, the specimens cited "Sweden: Femsjo, L. Eomell,
225, 227," are in Burt Herbarium. The data given is that received with the

1916]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA VI 209

Locse, V. Greschik, comm. by G. Bresadola.
New Brunswick: Campobello, W. G. Farloiv.
New Hampsliire : Cliocoriia, W. G. FarloW'.
Massachusetts : Belmont Spring, C. Bidlard, comm. by W. G.

Farlow; Sharon, A. P. D. Piguet, comm. by W. G. Farlow.
New York : Alcove, C. L. Shear, 1316, in part ; East Galway,

E. A. Burt, two collections.
Georgia: Tallulah Falls, A. B. Seymour, comm. by W. G.

Farlow (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 43911).
Wisconsin: Blue Mounds, E. T. S S. A. Harper, 876.

2. H. rubiginosus Bresadola, (Hym. Hung. Kmet.), I. R.
Accad. Agiati Atti HI. 3 :114. 1897.

Zygodesmus riihiginosus Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Eept.
30:58. 1879. — Tomentella rubiginosa (Bres.) R. Maire, Ann.
Myc. 4:335. 1906.

Type : in Bresadola Herb. ; probably a portion in Burt
Herb.

Fructifications effused, membranaceous, somewhat separa-
ble from the substratum, dry, tomentose, drying Brussels-
brown; hymenium even or granular; structure
in section about 200-300/^ thick, with all the hy-
phae bright-colored and giving their color to
the fructification, about 3/^ in diameter, nodose-
septate, thin-walled, lax, loosely interwoven
towards the hymenium, longitudinally arranged jj rubiginosus.
next to the substratum, and occasionally con- Hyphai strand,
solidated there in rope-like, branching strands
up to 15/A in diameter; no cystidia; spores concolorous with
the fructification or more intensely colored, subglobose-angu-
lar, aculeate, body about 6-7 fi in diameter, or 7-8x6/*.

Fructifications about 1^/^-3 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad.

On decaying leaves and decaying wood. Canada, New York,
Louisiana, and British Columbia. October. Rare.

specimens and may identify duplicates in another herbarium. The location of
all specimens in herbaria other than my own is designated by giving in paren-
thesis the name of the herbarium preceded by * ' in. " For example, the specimen
cited "Georgia: Tallulah Falls, A. B. Seymour, comm. by W. G. Farlow (in Mo.
Bot. Gard. Herb., 43911)," is in Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium, but not
in Burt Herbarium.

[Vol. 3
210 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

H. ruhiginosu^ is very similar in color throughout to H.
ferrngineus but differs in being membranaceous, in having
spores aculeate rather than spinulose, and in having some
hyphae parallel with substratum and occasionally forming
rope-like strands. These strands are not mentioned by
Bresadola in his description, but they are present in prepara-
tions from the specimen received from him and also in those
from the few American collections referable to this species.

Specimens examined :
Hungary: on leaves of Juniperus and Quercus, Oct., 1888,

Kmet, comm. by G. Bresadola, apparently part of type.
Canada: Lower St. Lawrence Valley, J. Macoun, 77.
New York: Greenbush, C. H. Peck, type of Zygodesm\is

ruhiginosus (in Coll. N. Y. State) ; Alcove, C. L. Shear,

1329; Syracuse, L. M. Underwood, 36, 41 (both in Coll. N.

Y. State).
Louisiana: St. Martinville, A. B. Langlois, ct.
British Columbia: Sidney, J. Macoun, 80, in part (in Mo.

Bot. Gard. Herb., 8935).

3. H. subferrugineus Burt, n. sp.

Type : in Burt Herb.

Fructification effused, dry, membranaceous, separable from

the substratum as a thin membrane, tomentose, drying Sudan-
brown, with surface often granular in the
center; structure in section 300-400iLt thick,
composed of (1) a few dark-colored, nodose-
septate hyphae 5-6^1 in diameter, running
parallel with the substratum, loosely inter-
woven or sometimes in rope-like strands

IT u/^' • which give off (2) suberect, bright-colored,

H. subferrugineus. ° ^ ' . ,

Hypha, sporex640. intcrwoveu branches, concolorous with the

hymenium, bearing the basidia; basidia 4-
spored; spores concolorous with the hymenium, subglobose,
echinulate, with spore body 7-9 X 6-8iu, ; some color is dissolved
from the sections when they are treated with KHO solution.
Fructifications 2-5 cm. long, about 2-3 cm. broad.

lOlG]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA VI 211

Under side of decaying limbs and logs of both coniferous
and frondose species. Canada and New England to Michigan,
and in British Columbia; also in Sweden. August to Octo-
ber. Occasional.

This species has the same color externally as H. ferrugi-
neus, from which it differs in being more compact, so that
it is membranaceous and may be cautiously peeled up from
the substratum. Dried specimens often have their central
portion cracked and curled away from the substratum, while
H. ferruginens is adnate. Furthermore, R. subferrugineus
has hyphae next to the substratum dark-colored and ar-
ranged longitudinally along the surface of the substratum,
which is not the case in H. ferrugineus.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati : Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 421, under the name Zygo-

desmus rubiginosus.
Sweden: Femsjo, L. Romell, 233.
Canada: definite locality not stated, J. Maooun, 11; St.

Lawrence Valley, J. Macoun, 20.
New Hampshire : Chocorua, W. G. Farloio, 1, 3, a collection

dated Sept., 1903, and a collection dated 1915 — the last (in

Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.).
Vermont: Middlebury, E. A. Burt, two collections.
New York: Sylvan Beach, Oneida Co., H. D. House (in N.

Y. State Mus. Herb, and in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 5893).
New Jersey: Newfield, J. B. Ellis, in Ellis, N. Am. Fungi,

421.
Michigan: Ann Arbor, A. H. W. Povah, 4 (in Mo. Bot.

Gard. Herb., 11774).
British Columbia: Sidney, J. Macoun, 26, in part (in Mo.

Bot. Gard. Herb., 8933).

4. H. canadensis Burt, n. sp.

Type: in Burt Herb.

Fructifications small, effused, membranaceous, easily sep-
arable from the substratum, dry, tomentose, drying between
Brussels-brown and hazel, the margin very thin, fibrous;

010

[Vol. 3

AXNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Fig. 4
H. canaden-
sis. Cystid-
ium, spore

X640.

hymeninm even or granular ; in structure 400-500;^ thick, com-
posed (1) next to the substratum of a few dark-colored,
longitudinally arranged, nodose-septate hyphae
4-41/2/^ ill diameter, and (2) towards the hymen-
ium of pale, thin and even-walled hj^^hae about
21/2-3/t in diameter, suberect, very loosely inter-
woven, which arise as lateral branches from the
dark basal hyphae and bear basidia and cystidia ;
cystidia septate, cylindric, obtuse, even-walled,
Saccardo's umber in color under the microscope,
4^^-5/^ in diameter, emerging up to 80-100//. ; basi-
dia 4-spored with the sjDores on slender sterig-
mata about 6/n long; spores Saccardo's umber un-
der the microscope, globose, tuberculate, spore
body 6-7 /i in diameter.

Fructijfication usually 1-2 cm. long, %-l cm.
broad, one specimen 4 cm. long.

On wood and bark of conifers decaying on the
forest floor. Canada and New Hampshire to Ida-
ho and British Columbia. August to November.
H. canadensis is a little darker in color than H. ferrugineus
and is smaller and less conspicuous in the few collections
which have been made. It differs from our other rust-
colored species of Hypoclmus in having cystidia. It is re-
lated to the European H3rpochnus ferruginosus (v. Hohn.
& Litsch.) Burt, n. comb., = Tomentellina ferruginosa v.
Hohn. & Litsch, by the colored, cylindric cystidia, but the
cystidia of our species are shorter and its hyphae finer,
darker, and nodose-septate next to the substratum.

Specimens examined:
Canada: locality not stated, J. Macoun, 11.
Quebec: Ironsides, J. Macoun, 277}).
New Hampshire: Chocorua, W. G. Farlow, 2, and c4 (the

latter in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 44039).
Vermont: Middlebury, E. A. Burt, type.
Michigan: Ann Arbor, C. H. Kauffman, 36.
Idaho : Priest Elver, J. R. Weir, 1.

British Columbia: Kootenai Mountains, near Salmo, J. R.
Weir, 504 (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.).

BUKT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA VI Zl6

5. H. umbrinus (Fries) Burt, n. comb.

ThelepJwra umhrina Fries, Elenchus Fimg. 1:199. 1828,
but not T. umhrina Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fuug. 281. 1805. —
Corticium umhrinum Fries, Hym. Eur. 658. 1874. — Thele-
phora biennis Fries, Hym. Eur. 636. 1874, but not T. biennis
Fries, Syst. Myc. 1:449. 1821. — T. arachnoidea Berk. &
Broome, Linn. Soc. Bot. Jour. 14 :64. 1873, but not T. arach-
noidea as understood by Bresadola, Ann. Myc. 1 :108. 1903. —
Hypochnus tristis Karsten, Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica
Meddel. 9 :71. 1883 ; Bresadola, Ann. Myc. 1 :107. 1903. —
Hypochnopsis fuscata Karsten, Finl. Basidsv. 443. 1889. —
Hypochnus fuscatus Karsten in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 9:244.
1891. — Tomentella tristis (Karst.) v. Hobnel & Litscliauer,
K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber. 115 :1572. 1906. — Hypoch-
nus sitnensis Bresadola, I. E. Accad. Agiati Atti III. 3:115.
1897.

Type: in Herb. Fries, and an authentic specimen from
Fries in Kew Herb.

Fructification effused, soft, separable, with the bymenial
surface compact and membranaceous, varying from drab to
fuscous and Cliaetura-drab, underneath vil-
lose ; structure in section 400-600/.1 thick, with
some hyphae running along the substratum
and ascending so as to form a loosely ar-
ranged layer near the substratum and then
branching repeatedly to form a compact hy-
menium; hyphae concolorous with the fruc-
tification, thick-walled, not nodose-septate, not pj„ g"
rough-walled, 4-5)u. in diameter ; basidia with h. umbrinus.
4 sterigmata ; spores concolorous, globose or Hyphax640.
subglobose, aculeate or coarsely tuberculate,
6-7 IX in diameter or 6-8 X 4i/2-7/>i; KHO solution dissolves
some pigment from the sections and becomes dark-colored
in their vicinity.

Fructifications 6-10 cm. long, 3-5 cm. broad.

On rotting coniferous and frondose wood. New England
to British Columbia. September to October. Common and
cosmopolitan.

[Vol. 3
214 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Hypochnus umhrimis (Fr.) is noteworthy among the dark
species by its hyphae not being nodose-septate, i. e., not hav-
ing clamp connections. Its tuberculate or aculeate spores and
compact hymenium afford additional distinctive characters.

Tkelephora iimbrina Alb. & Schw. is regarded now by
European botanists as a Coniophora, of which I have a speci-
men from Bresadola; what Fries understood by T. umhrina
is exactly shown by an authentic specimen in Kew Herba-
rium. This specimen is a true Hypochnus in fine condition,
dark-colored, with compact hymenium separated from the
substratum by a thick layer of loosely arranged, suberect,
thick-walled, colored hyphae, which do not have clamp con-
nections. T. biennis, as used by Fries in 1821, is a descrip-
tion of the illustration in Bulliard's 'Herb, de la France'
2:286. pi. 436. f. 2. Fries stated that he had seen no speci-
mens at that time. In ' HjTnenomycetes Europaei,' published
in 1874, he changed the description of T. hiennis materially
to adapt it to living specimens which he had seen. The re-
supinate specimen of this later period in Herb. Fries is not
distinct from Hypochnus umhrinus. Authentic specimens of
H. tristis and Hypochnopsis fuscata received from Karsten,
and of Hypochnus sitnensis from Bresadola are the same
species as already pointed out by Bresadola;^ still earlier,
Romell stated in letters his belief that H. tristis is a synonym
of H. umhrinus. My studies lead to the same conclusion.
The type specimen of Thelephora arachnoidea Berk. &
Broome agrees closely with the Friesian specimen of H. um-
hrinus. Bresadola 2 has described hyphae of T. arachnoidea
as "punctato-scabrae vel tunica granoso-aculeolata primitus
inductae, usque ad 9/x crassae," but in my preparation of the
type of T. arachnoidea the walls of the hyphae are even and
not more than 4i/^/i in diameter.^

>Ann. Myc. 1:107. 1903.
'/bid., p. 108.

*In the same connection Bresadola places Thelephora floridana Ell. & Ev. as
a synonym of T. arachnoidea, and he has been followed in this by von Hohnel.
My preparations of the type of T. fioridana in N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb, show
that this species is not a basidiomycete, and that its hyphae are nodose-septate.

1916]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA VI 215

Specimens examined:
Sweden: Smolandia, from E. Fries (in Kew Herb.);

Ferns jo, L. Romell, 234, 235, and E. A. Burt; Stockholm,

L. Romell, 229-232.
Finland: Mustiala, P. Karsten, authentic specimen of H.

tristis; Messuby, P. Karsten, authentic specimen of Hy-

pochfiopsis fuscata.
Hungary: A. Kmet, comm. by G. Bresadola, authentic speci-
men of Hypoclmus sitnensis.
Ceylon: Habgalla, No. 539, Feb., 1868, the type of Thele-

phora aracJinoidea Berk. & Broome (in Kew Herb.).
Canada: J. Macoiin, 64.

Ontario: Harraby, E. T. S S. A. Harper, 593.
New Hampshire: Chocorua, W. G. Farlow, 9, 13, 14, 15, 22.
Vermont: Middlebury, E. A. Burt.
Massachusetts: Sharon, A. P. D. Piguet, comm. by W. G.

Farlow.
New York: Lake Placid, C. H. Peck; Floodwood, E. A. Burt.
Wisconsin : Blue Mounds, E. T. S S. A. Harper, 860.
British Columbia: Kootenai Mountains, near Salmo, J. R.

Weir, 441, 487 (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 8227, and 20225

respectively).

6. H. fuscus Pers. ex Fries, Obs. Myc. 2:280. 1818 and
1824; Karsten, Finska Vetenskaps-Soc. Bidrag Natur och
Folk 37:163. 1882.

Corticium fuscum Persoon, Obs. Myc. 1:38. 1796; Fries,
Hym. Eur. 651. 1874. — Thelephora fusca Fries, Syst. Myc.
1 :451. 1821. — Thelephora vinosa Persoon, Syn. Fung. 2 :578.
1801. — Tomentella fusca (Pers.) Schroeter, Krypt.-Fl. Schle-
sien 3:419. 1888.

Type : existence of an authentic specimen unknown to me.

Fructification effused, membranaceous, separa-
ble, cinnamon-drab, darkening to Benzo-brown and
Natal-brown; structure in section 200-350/* thick,
with a few hyphae running along the substratum ^^^- ^
and ascending and branching or giving off suberect. Spores
loosely interwoven branches; hyphae concolorous ^^*^'
with the fructification but rather pale under the microscope,

[Vol. 3
216 AXNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

nodose-septate, 4—6/i. in diameter, sometimes collapsed; ba-
sidia with 4 sterisrmata; spores darker than the hyphae,
snbglobose, sometimes flattened on one side, the spore body
6-7(1 in diameter and short-aculeate in European and occa-
sional American specimens, but more commonly 6-8 X 6/u.
and echinulate in American specimens.

Fructifications 2-10 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad.

On rotten coniferous and frondose wood of several species.
Canada and New Brunswick to New Jersey and in Montana.
July to October.

In the color of H. fuscus, there is a perceptible vinaceous
component by which the species may be approximately rec-
ognized at sight. Confirmatory characters are the separable
fructification and microscopical details of sections. The
spores of most American specimens have slenderer and
longer spines than those of European collections. H. fuscus
is presented here as understood by Bresadola.

Specimens examined :
Sweden: Stockholm, L. Romell, 224.
Hungary: A. Kmet, comm. by Gr. Bresadola.
Canada : locality not given, J. Macoiin, 14; Ottawa, J. Ma-

coun, 28.
New Brunswick: Campobello, W. G. Farloiv, 4.
Massachusetts: Magnolia, W. G. Farloiv, two collections.
New York: Albany, H. D. House S Jos. Rubinger (in Mo.

Bot. Gard. Herb., 8736) ; East Galway, E. A. Burt; Pots-
dam, J. B. Ellis (in Farlow Herb.).
New Jersey: Newfield, J. B. Ellis (in N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.,

under the name Tlielepliora floridana) .
Montana: Missoula, J. R. Weir, 400 (in Mo. Bot. Gard.

Herb., 22161).

7. H. spongiosus (Schw.) Burt, n. comb.

Tlielepliora spongiosa Schweinitz, Xaturforsch. Ges. Leip-
zig Schrift. 1:109. 1822; Am. Phil. Soc. Trans. N. S. 4:168.
1834; Fries, Elenchus Fung. 1:193. 1828; Sacc. Syll. Fung.
6:545. 1888. — Eypoclinns ohscuratus Karsten, Hedwigia
35:46. 1896; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 14:226. 1900.

lOlG]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA VI 217

Type: in Herb. Scliweinitz.

Fructification effused, soft, felty-membranaceous, separa-
ble, in color varying from Saccardo 's umber to bister, rarely
fuscous, the margin thinning out and barely
determinate; in structure 200-1200;a thick,
with hyphae concolorous with the fructifica-
tion, thick-walled, even, loosely interwoven,
branching at a wide angle, abundantly no-
dose-septate, 41/2-5)". in diameter or rarely
6/i.; basidia with 4 sterigmata; spores con- Fig. 7

colorous, globose, or subglobose and flattened ^yp?aa"^spore'
on one side, echinulate, about 6//, in diameter, x640.

or 6-9 X 6-7/x.

Fructifications 4-10 cm., and more, long, 2-5 cm. broad.

On rotten wood and bark of both frondose and coniferous
species. Canada to North Carolina and westward to Mon-
tana, and in Bahama Islands. July to November. Probably
common.

H. spongioses belongs in the group with H. fuscus, H. um-
brinus, and H. spiniferus. The absence of a vinaceous com-
ponent in its color is a useful character for separation at a
glance from H. fuscus. If the surface of H. spongiosus is
viewed with a lens, the component fibers are seen running
in all directions, as in felt or blotting paper. H. umhrinus
has its hyphae lacking clamp connections, i. e., not nodose-
septate, and its basidia form a compact hymenium. E. spin-
iferus differs by having its hyphae spiny.

Specimens examined:
Finland: Mustiala, P. A. Karsten, authentic specimen of

Hypochnus ohscuratiis.
Canada : Quebec, Ironsides, J. Macoun, 255.
New Hampshire: Chocorua, W. G. Farlow, 14.
Vermont: Middlebury, E. A. Burt, three collections; Lake

Dunmore, E. A. Burt.
New York: Albany, H. D. Eouse (in N. Y. State Mus. Herb.

and in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 15833).
North Carolina: Sdiweinitz, type (in Herb. Schweinitz).
Indiana: Miller, E. T. & S. A. Harper, 758.

[Vol. 3
218 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Wisconsin: Lake Geneva, E. T. S S. A. Harper, 950.
Montana: Evaro, J. R. Weir, 436, 438 (in Mo. Bot. Gard.

Herb., 19515 and 19597 respectively).
Bahama Islands: A. E. Wight (in Farlow Herb.).

8. H. spiniferus Burt, n. sp.

Type : in Farlow Herb, and in Burt Herb.
Fructification effused, membranaceous, separable, tomen-
tose, varying from sepia to fuscous ; in structure about 1000/x

thick, with the hyphae loosely interwoven,
nodose-septate, thick-walled, concolorous
with the fructification but darker near the
substratum and spinulose, the paler hy-
phae rough-walled or even, body of largest
Fig. 8 hyphae 4-5/x in diameter, the spines about

H. spiniferus i/x long, colored like the dark wall ; basidia

yp a, sporex . ^^^^^ ^ stcrigmata ; spores concolorous,

globose, sometimes flattened on one side, echinulate, the body
6-8/i in diameter, or 6 X 41/2-6^.

Fructifications about 5 cm. long, 3 cm. broad.
On rotten wood. New Hampshire and Massachusetts. Au-
gust. Rare.

H. spiniferus is so similar to H. spongiosiis in habit and
coloration that it can be separated from the latter only by
the distinctly spiny-walled and rough-walled hyphae of the
former species. This character is as marked as in the capil-
litium of some Myxomycetes. The New Hampshire collec-
tions which I have included under H. spiniferus have rough-
walled hyphae and no spines.

Sjoecimens examined:
New Hampshire: Chocorua, W. G. Farlow, 11, and an un-
numbered specimen collected in 1904.
Massachusetts: Magnolia, W. G. Farlow, type.

9. H. granulosus (Peck) Burt, n. comb.

Grandinia tabacina Cooke & Ellis, Grevillea 9 :103. March,
1881, but not Hypochnu^ tahacinus Bresadola. — Zygodesmus
granulosus Peck, Bot. Gaz. 6:277. 1881. — Hypochnus elae-
odes Bresadola, I. R. Accad. Agiati III. 3 :115. 1897.

1916]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA VI

219

Fig. 9
H. granulosus.
Spore, hyphal
strandxeiO.

Type : in Coll. N. Y. State.

Fructification effused, thin, membranaceous, separable
from the substratum, granular, sepia, the margin somewhat
radiate, concolorous or nearly so ; in struc-
ture 200-400/u. thick, composed of very loosely
interwoven, thin-walled, occasionally nodose-
septate, hyphae 2i/^-4)u. in diameter, yellow-
ish under the microscope, forming near the
substratum some rope-like mycelial strands
up to 15|ti in diameter; spores concolorous
with the hyphae, angular-subglobose, acule-
ate, the body about 6fi in diameter; KHO solution produces
no noteworthy color change in sections.

Fructifications 2-4 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad.

On rotten bark and wood of frondose species. Massachu-
setts to New Jersey and Ohio. September to November.
Eare.

H. granulosus is very closely related to H. coriarius and
is distinguished from it by uniform color of the whole sur-
face, while H. coriarius has the margin ochraceous-tawny.
The lack of noteworthy color change by KHO solution is the
only additional feature of difference for separating H. gran-
ulosus from H. coriarius. The specific name tabacina of
Cooke and Ellis has priority, but is not now available be-
cause Bresadola has already used the name Hypochnus ta-
hacinus for a valid species.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati : Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 421, under the name Zygo-

desmus chlorochaites.
Hungary: A. Kmet, authentic specimen of H. elaeodes from

Bresadola, probably a portion of the type.
Massachusetts: Newton, W. G. Farlow; Mt. Tom, H. W.

Harhness, type (in Coll. N. Y. State).
New York: Albany, H. D. House S J. Ruhinger (in Mo.

Bot. Gard. Herb., 8733) ; Karner, H. D. House (in Mo.

Bot. Gard. Herb., 44731) ; Alcove, C. L. Shear, 1316, in

part.

[Vol. 3
220 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

New Jersey: Newfield, J. B. Ellis, in Ellis, N. Am. Fmi^,
421, and also the cot5'pe of Grandinia tabacina (in N. Y.
Bot. Gard. Herb.).

Ohio: A. P. Morgan, 525 (in N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb., under
the manuscript name Odontia olivacea).

10. H. olivascens (Berk. & Curtis) Burt, n. comb.

Zygodesmus olivascens Berk. & Curtis, Grevillea 3:145.
1875.

Type: type and cotype in Kew Herb, and in Curtis Herb.

Fructification effused, thin, not separable, tomentose, ci-
trine, yellowish citrine or buffy citrine, the margin thinning
out; KHO solution dissolves some of the color
/>% upon coming in contact with the sections and

•'■^ becomes somewhat brownish in their vicinity;

Fig. 10 in structure 150-200)u, thick, with now and then

H. olivascens. ^ ijyplia running along the substratum and
sending out suberect branches which branch re-
peatedly, become loosely interwoven, and are somewhat clus-
tered; basal hyphae slightly colored, nodose-septate, thin-
walled, 5-6)1* in diameter; basidia with 4 sterigmata; spores
subglobose, concolorous with the basal hyphae, aculeate-echin-
ulate, the body about 6/t in diameter or Si/o-Ti/o X 51/2-7/*.

Fructifications sometimes in little patches 1-2 cm. long,
11/2-1 cm. broad, sometimes growing more or less interrupt-
edly over areas up to 15 cm. long, 3 cm. broad.

On very rotten wood and on bark of fallen branches of
both coniferous and frondose species. New Brunswick to
South Carolina. September to November. Probably com-
mon.

H. olivascens is readily distingTiished from other species
of Hypoclinus by its conspicuous citrine color of some kind
(flavo\T.rens of Saccardo's 'Chromotaxia') which has been
retained well by the original collection for more than sixty
years. From the description, Tomentella favovirens v.
Hohn. & Litsch. is but slightly, if at all, different from H.
olivascens.

1916]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA VI 221

Specimens examined :
Exsiccati : Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 422, under the name Zygo-

des77ius olivascens.
New Brunswick: Campobello, W. G. Farloiu, 5.
New Hampshire : Chocorua, W. G. Farloiv, 5, 6, 18.
Vermont: Weybridge, E. A. Burt.
Massachusetts: Magnolia, W. G. Farlow; Hyde Park, C.

Billiard, comm. by W. G. Farlow; Sharon, A. P. D. Piguet

(in Farlow Herb.) ; Stony Brook, G. R. Lyman, 167; Wil-

liamstown, W. G. Farloiv, 7.
New York: North Greenbush, H. D. House, two collections

(in N. Y. State Mus. Herb, and in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.,

14852, 20191) ; Karner, H. D. House (in N. Y. State Mus.

Herb, and in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 44719); Ithaca, C.

Thorn, Cornell Univ. Herb., 13582.
New Jersey: Newfield, J. B. Ellis, in Ellis, N. Am. Fungi,

422.
Pennsylvania: Kittanning, D. R. Sumstine.
Maryland: Takoma Park, C. L. Shear, 1064, 1082, 1092.
South Carolina: Society Hill, M. A. Curtis,

CO type (in Curtis Herb., 3204).

11. H. pilosus Burt, n. sp.

Type: in Burt Herb.

Fructification effused, byssoid, membrana-
ceous, separable from substratum, dry, tomen-
tose, drying Sayal-brown, the margin slightly
paler, thin, narrow; hymenium even in places,
somewhat granular and pitted elsewhere ; struc-
ture in section 200-300/x thick, composed of hy- r)
phae about 4— 41/21^^ in diameter, branching at {^
right angles, of the same color as the fructifica-
tion, nodose-septate, rather rigid, very loosely
interwoven, somewhat longitudinally interwov-
en next to the substratum; cystidia septate. Fig. 11
sometimes granular incrusted, with the emer- H- piiosus
gent portion colorless, thin-walled, cylindric, iimx640.
5y2-6;tt in diameter, emerging 40-90/t, tips ob-
tuse or clavate ; spores 4 to a basidium, slightly darker than

[Vol. 3
222 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

the hyphae, siibglobose-angiilar, aculeate, the spore body
7-9 X 6/x.

Fructification 8 cm. long, 2-3 cm. broad — broken off at one
end.

On bark of decaying Quercus alba, Lake Geneva, AViscon-
sin, July.

This fungus suggests Coniophora arida and C. puteana by
its umber color and broadly effused fructifications, but it is a
true Hypochnus, which is readily distinguished from other
species of this genus by its color, hair-like cystidia, and
the spores.

Specimens examined:
"Wisconsin: Lake Geneva, E. T. & S. A. Harper, 877.

12. H. isabellinus Fries, Obs. Myc. 2 :281. pi. 6. f. 3. 1818
and 1824; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 6:657. 1888; Bresadola, Ann.
Myc. 1 :106. 1903.

Corticiut)i isahelliniim (in section Hypochnus) Fries, Hym.
Eur. 660. 1874. — H. argillaceus Karsten, Soc. pro Fauna et
Flora Fennica Meddel. 6:13. 1881; Sacc. SylL Fung. 6: 661.
1888.

Type: there is a specimen from E. P. Fries in Curtis Herb.

Fructification effused, tomentose, thin, adnate, varying

from deep olive-buff to dark olive-buff, the margin thinner,

concolorous; in structure 60-200/x,
rarely SOO^t, thick, with a few hy-
phae 8-10/x, or more, in diameter,
running along the substratum and
sending out suberect, loosely inter-
woven branches; hyphae concolor-
Fiff 12 ^^^ with the fructification, branch-

H. isabellinus. ing at right angles, thick-walled.

Spore, hyphax 640. not nodose-septatc ; basidia with 4

sterigmata ; spores concolorous, globose, echinulate, the spore
body 7-9/i. in diameter.

Fructification 5-10 cm. long, 1^-3 cm. broad, and probably
larger.

1916]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA VI 223

On rotten wood and bark of both coniferous and frondose
species. Canada to Florida, in Wisconsin and in Jamaica.
May to January. Probably common.

H. isahellinus is a little thinner and a little paler than
H. pannosus, and not sejjarable from the substratum in the
collections which I have studied. It is best distinguished
from the latter species by the larger hyphae of H. isahellinus
and lack of clamp connections.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Eavenel, Fungi Am., 57b, under the name Zygo-

desmus pannosus; Thiimen, Myc. Univ., 2275, under the

name Zygodesmus pannosus.
Sweden: Upsala, Halmbyboda, from E. P. Fries (in Curtis

Herb.) ; Stockholm, L. Romell, 219-222; Femsjo, L. Romell,

223, and E. Fries (in Herb. Fries under the manuscript

name Hypochnus leprosus).
Canada : Rockcliffe Park, J. Macoun, 144; St. Lawrence Val-
ley, J. Macoun, 2.
New Hampshire: Chocorua, W. G. Farloiv, two collections.
New Jersey: Ne^vfield, J. B. Ellis, in Thiimen, Myc. Univ.,

2275.
Florida: Gainesville, H. W. Raven el, in Eavenel, Fungi Am.,

57b.
Wisconsin: New London, E. T. S S. A. Harper, 949; Stevens

Point, C. J. Humphrey, 1948 (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.,

4748).
Jamaica: Cinchona, W. A. S Edna L. Murrill, N. Y. Bot.

Gard., Fungi of Jamaica, 630.

13. H. pannosus (Berk. & Curtis) Burt, n. comb.

Zygodesmus pannosus Berk. & Curtis, Grevillea 3:112.
1875.

Type: cotype in Curtis Herb.

Fructification effused, byssoid-membranaceous, separable
when well developed, tomentose, varying in brown from Sac-
cardo's umber and snuff -brown to cinnamon-brown, the mar-
gin concolorous and thinning out; in structure 120-350/-t
thick, with an occasional hypha running along the substratum

[Vol. 3
224 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

but composed for the most part of siiberect, brancliing,

loosely interwoven, nodose-septate, tliick-
Avalled liypliae concolorous with tlie fruc-
tification, 4—6ix in diameter; basidia with
4 sterigmata; spores concolorous with the
fructification, subglobose, sometimes flat-
tened on one side, echinulate, the body

H. plnnosus. ^-8 X 5-7/x. ^

Spore, hypha x640. Fructification 3-6 cm. long, 1^/^-3 cm.

broad.

On rotten wood and bark, usually of frondose species, and
on the ground in woods. Canada to Louisiana; occurs in
Europe also. September to December. Probably common.

H. pannosus and H. isahellinus are species of brown color
approaching clay-color, and of cottony surface, which cannot
be distinguished from each other with certainty except by
microscopic characters. Well-developed fructifications of H.
pannosus are thicker than those of H. isahellinus but thin
fructifications of the former are frequently collected. H.
pannosus has nodose-septate hyphae 4— 6/^ in diameter, while
the hyphae of H. isahellinus are not nodose-septate and next
to the substratum are 8-10/a, or more, in diameter, and occa-
sionally 15^1 in diameter. KHO solution produces no note-
worthy color change. The collection from Washington, re-
ferred with doubt to this species, has the spores with body
6 X 4V2M, aculeate with scattered, very short points.

Specimens examined:

Sweden: Stockholm, L. Romell, 225; Femsjo, L. Romell, 228.

Canada : Quebec, Ironsides, J. Macoun, 277a.

New HamiDshire: Chocorua, W. G. Farloiv, 7, 8, and an

unnumbered specimen; Shelburne, W. G. Farloiv, 1.
Vermont: Middleburv, E. A. Burt.
Massachusetts: Magnolia, W. G. Farloiv; c; Williamstown,

W. G. Farlow, 5.
South Carolina: Santee Canal, Bavenel, 1117, cotype (in

Curtis Herb., 3007).
Louisiana: St. Martinville, A. B. Langlois, cs.

1016]

BUET THELEPHORACEAE OF NOETH AMERICA VI 225

^Washington : Bingen, on Pinus ponderosa, W. N. Suksdorf,
860.

14. H. avellaneus Burt, n. sp.
Type : in Burt Herb.

Fructification etfused, soft, membranaceous,
separable, upper side between cartridge-buif
and olive-buff and under side fuscous, the mar-
gin narrow, radiate, colored like the upper sur-
face or whitish; in structure 300-400iU. thick,
with the hyphae snuff-brown under the micro- p^ ^4

scope, thick-walled, nodose-septate, rather com- h. aveiianeus.
pactly interwoven; basidia 4-spored; spores ^ff^^^' sporex
concolorous with the hyphae, angular-subglo-
bose, aculeate, the body Q-lVz X 6/a.

Fructification 5 cm. long, 1 cm. broad.

On wood of red fir in woods. Washington. October.

This species is marked by the pale color (nearly avellaneus
of Saccardo's ^CHromotaxia') of the upper surface and mar-
gin and the fuscous subiculum.

Specimens examined:
Washington: Olympia, C. J. Humphrey, 6305, type.

15. H. sparsus Burt, n. sp.

Type : in Farlow Herb, and in Burt Herb.

Fructification effused, very thin, byssoid, not
forming a membrane, adnate, drab, the margin of
the same color, indeterminate; in structure 60-
75ja thick, with the hyphae hyaline under the mi-
croscope, short-celled, irregular in form and di-
Fig. 15 ameter, nodose-septate; basidia 4-spored; spores
s^ore^^h^^ha 8^i"^yish olivc undcr the microscope, echinulate,
X640.' 6-7 X 6/a; no noteworthy color change by KHO

solution.
Fructification 2-3 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad.
On bark of fallen frondose limbs. New Hampshire. Au-
gust.

When better known from other collections, H. sparsus may
prove to be H. parmosus very sparsely developed. At pres-

[Vol. 3
226 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

ent it appears distinct from tlie latter by its adnate, very
thin fructification and short-celled, hyaline hyphae of irregu-
lar form and mode of branching.

Specimens examined:
New Hampshire: Madison, W. G. Farlow, 15, type; Cho-

corua, W. G. Farlow, 16.

16. H. epigaeus Burt, n. sp.

Type : in Farlow Herb, and in Burt Herb.
Fructification effused, soft, felty-membranaceous, tomen-
tose, light mineral-gray, the margin thinning out and inde-
terminate; in structure 400/x thick, with hy-
phae hyaline, 4/* in diameter, thick-walled, no-
Q Q dose-septate, densely interwoven for 100/a next

the substratum and then suberect and ascend-
Fig. 16 jjjg gj(j(3 ]3y gj(-]g ^Q ^}^g hymenium ; basidia with

SporesSTo^.' 4 stcrigmata; spores hyaline to deep olive-butf
under the microscope, angular-globose, rough-
walled or aculeate with very short points; spore body 6-7/*
in diameter.

Fructification about 2 cm. in diameter.

Running over ground among small mosses. Massachusetts.
August.

This species is marked by its color, two-layered fructifica-
tion, thick-walled and hyaline hyphae, and spores hardly
more than rough-walled. H. cinerascens occurs on wood,
is drab-gray, and has very thin-walled and delicate, loosely
arranged hyphae 2-3/". in diameter, and smaller spores than
H. epigaeus. H. clialyheus, as received from Bresadola, is
pale at the surface only and has colored hyphae constituting
the greater jDart of the fructification.

Specimens examined:
Massachusetts : Manchester, W. G. Farlow, 2, type.

17. H. botryoides (Schw.) Burt, n. comb.

ThelepJiora hotryoides Schweinitz, Naturforsch. Ges. Leip-
zig Schrift. 1:109. 1822. — T. olivacea [3 T. botryoides Fries,
Elenchus Fung. 1:198. 1828; Schweinitz, Am. Phil. Soc.
Trans. N. S. 4:168. 1834; Fries, Epicr. 543. 1838. — T.

1916]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA VI 227

granosa Berk. & Curtis, Grevillea 1:149. 1873; Sacc. Syll.
Fung. 6:546. 1888. — Hypochnus granosus (Berk, & Curtis)
Bresadola, Ann. Myc. 1:108. 1903. — Zygodesmus bicolor
Cooke & Ellis, Grevillea 7:6. 1878.

Type: in Herb. Scliweinitz.

Fructification effused, membranaceous, separable, drying
Chaetura-drab to fuscous, the margin much paler, brownish
and floccose ; hymenium distinctly and close-
ly granular; in section 300-400ju. thick, with
hyphae 3-4/* in diameter, nodose-septate,
somewhat colored, thin-walled, a few running
along the substratum, or forming rope-like
strands, and sending out suberect, loosely ^^s- ^^

. , 1 1 T • 1 _£» J_^ 1 H. botryoides.

interwoven branches which lorm the greater Spore, hyphai
part of the fructification ; KHO solution cans- stran<ix64o.
es an immediate change of color in the tissue
of the granules to between blue-green and sage-green when
added to bits of the fructification in microscopic prepara-
tions; spores concolorous with the fructification, angular-
subglobose, aculeate, the spore body 5-6 X 4-5/*.
Fructifications 1-5 cm. long, 1-4 cm. broad.
On rotten wood, both coniferous and frondose. New Hamp-
shire to South Carolina and Alabama. August to January.
The fuscous color of the central portion of the fructifica-
tion, paler margin, and occurrence of granules about 4 to the
mm. afford a good combination of characters for the recog-
nition of H. botryoides by microscopic characters. Occasion-
ally a fructification may vary towards Mars-brown. The
blue-green color produced in the granules in microscopic
preparations by adding KHO solution is a good positive char-
acter for this species, but is merely temporary.

Specimens examined :
Exsiccati: Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 420, under the name Zygo-
desmus bicolor C. & E.
New Hampshire : Chocorua, W. G. Farloiv, 12, and also a col-
lection of Sept., 1915 (in Farlow Herb, and in Mo. Bot. Gard.
Herb., 8930).
Vermont: Middlebury, E. A. Burt, two collections.

[Vol. 3
228 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

New York: Iloldorberg Mountains, C. H. Peck (in Coll. N. Y.

State, under the name Zygodesnmis hicolor C. & E.).
New Jersey: Belleplain, C. L. Shear, 1253; Newfield, J. B.

Ellis, in Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 420.
Pennsylvania: Bethlehem, Schtveinitz (in Herb. Schweinitz,

as the Thelepliora umbrina of Schweinitz, Syn. N. Am.

Fungi, No. 578).
Maryland : Takoma Park, C. L. Shear, 1061, 1085.
North Carolina: Schweinitz, type (in Herb. Schweinitz).
South Carolina: M. A. Curtis, 2485, 3700, types of Thele-

phora granosa (in Kew Herb.).
Alabama: Peters, type of T. granosa (in Kew Herb.).

18. H. coriaiius (Peck) Burt, n. comb.
Grandinia coriaria Peck, Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. Bui. 1 :61.
1873; N. Y. State Mus. Eept. 26:71. 1874. — Eijpochnus
fulvo-cinctus Bresadola, I. R. Accad. Agiati Atti III. 3:116.
1897; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 14:227. 1900.
Type: in Coll. N. Y. State.

Fructification etfused, tomentose, membranaceous, separa-
ble from the substratum, under side and margin ochraceous-

tawny, upper side and minute crowded gran-
ules brownish olive; in structure 200-350/t
thick, composed of closely arranged, some-
what interwoven, colored, thin-walled, occa-
j,. jg sionally nodose-septate, hyphae 2Y2P- in diam-

H. eoriarius. etcr, forming occasional rope-like strands
^^'''■^5 ^^^^^ next to the substratum ; basidia with 4 ster-

strandx640. -, -, i i ;i J.^ ^

IgTtiata; spores darker colored than the ny-
phae, subglobose-angular, aculeate, the body 5-6/^ in diame-
ter ; KHO solution usually becomes dark colored next to the
sections and changes the hymenial layer to sage-gTeen.

Fructifications about 3-10 cm. long, iy2-4 cm. broad.

On rotten wood, noted also on old leather and thallus of
Peltigera aphthosa. Vermont to South Carolina and west-
ward to Wisconsin. August to November.

This species is related to H. hotryoides but may be dis-
tinguished from it by the more olivaceous color of the granu-

1916]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA VI 229

lar region and brighter and more intensely colored margin
and side next to substratum, and the rope-like hyphal strands
next to substratum. The sage-green color given to hymenial
tissue by KHO solution is a helpful determinative character
in most cases; however, I have two collections which fail
to give it, H. coriariiis occurs in Herb. Schweinitz under
the name Thelephora punicea Alb. & Schw. The specimen
is the No. 676 of Schweinitz, 'Syn. N. Am. Fungi'; it does
not agree well with the original description of Albertini and
Schweinitz and is not what European mycologists now imder-
stand as Thelephora {Hypochnus) punicea.

Specimens examined:
Hungary: A. Kmet, type of H. fidvo-cinctus (in Bresadola

Herb.).
Vermont: Lake Dunmore, W. G. Farlow (in Farlow Herb.) ;

Middlebury, E. A. Burt, three collections.
New York: Greenbush, C. H. Peck, type (in Coll. N. Y.

State).
Pennsylvania: Kittanning, D. R. Sumstine; Bethlehem,

Schweinitz (in Herb. Schweinitz, under the name Thele-
phora punicea).
South Carolina: Gourdin, C. J. Humphrey, 3281 (in Mo. Bot.

Gard. Herb., 43118).
Ohio : C. G. Lloyd, 3882, 4199.
Wisconsin: Blue Mounds, E. T. S 8. A. Harper, 870.

19. H. bicolor Atkinson & Burt, n. sp.

Type : in Burt Herb, and in Cornell Univ. Herb.

Fructification effused, membrana-
ceous, separable, dry, central portion at
the surface olive-ocher, underneath
brownish drab and extended laterally as
a brownish drab margin 1-5 mm. broad ;
structure in section about 400/a thick, ^^- ^^

(1) with the hyphae next the substra- Spore,' hyp°hax640.
tum slightly colored, thin-walled, lax,
long-celled, nodose-septate, 3//. in diameter, either loosely
interwoven or with some hyphae consolidated together into

[Vol. 3
230 ANNALS OF THE MISSOUKI BOTANICAL GARDEN

strands 6-15/ti in diameter, and (2) with liypliae in the sub-
hymenial region densely interwoven; no cystidia; basidia
with spores on 4 slender sterigmata; spores olive-ocher,
angular-subglobose, aculeate, the spore body 5-6 X ^Vi-^p-'j
KHO solution changes the color of both the olive-ocher and
the brownish drab hyphae to sage-green, later olive-graj^

Fructification 2 cm. long, 1^^ cm. broad, with the fertile,
olive-ocher portion 5-10 mm. in diameter.

On dead wood in w^oods. New York. August.

The single collection of this species which has been found
is conspicuous by its bright olive-ocher hymenial portion
surrounded by a brownish drab margin. Both of these colors
are destroyed when potassium hydrate solution is brought in
contact with sections of the fructification in making micro-
scopic preparations, and the hyphae become at once sage-
green, later olive-gray.

Specimens examined:
New York : Cascadilla Wood, Ithaca, C. J. Humphrey, comm.

by G. F. Atkinson, Cornell Univ. Herb., 22571.

20. H. atroruber (Peck) Burt, n. comb.
Zygodesmus atroruher Peck, Bot. Gaz. 6:277. 1881.
Type: in Coll. N. Y. State.

Fructification effused, membranaceous, separable, tomen-
tose, with central portion granular and between walnut-
brown and Vandyke-brown, the margin
often conspicuously umber or Isabella-
color (melleus of Saccardo's 'Chromo-
taxia') ; structure in section 300-500/x
thick, composed of loosely interwoven

— -^ — thick-walled, nodose-septate hyphae 5-6/*

Fig. 20 in diameter, concolorous with the fruc-

H. atroruber. Spore, tificatiou and comiectcd with a few rope-

hyphai strandx640. ^.^^ mycelial strauds 12-20,x in diameter,

which run along the substratum ; basidia with 4 sterigmata ;
spores concolorous with the darker hyphae, subglobose, often
flattened on one side, echinulate, the body 6-7 X 5-6/t.
Fructifications 3-6 cm. long, 1-3 cm. broad.

1916]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA VI 231

On decaying wood. New Hampshire to Maryland. Sep-
tember to January. Probably frequent.

H. atroruher is one of our finest species of the genus. It
is conspicuous by the dark red central region bordered by
a melleus (in the sense of 'Chromotaxia') margin. This
margin was not noticed by Peck in the original description
but is present on one side of his type. Specimens of H.
atroruher lacking the characteristic melleus margin may be
distinguished from H. riihiginosus by the coarser, darker-
colored, thicker-walled hyphae of the former species.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 1390, under the name Zy-

godesmus atroruher Pk.
New Hampshire : Chocorua, W. G. Farlow, 10, and collection

of Sept., 1915 (in Farlow Herb, and in Mo. Bot. Gard.

Herb., 8931).
Massachusetts: Mt. Tom, H. W. Harhness, type of Zygodes-

mus atroruher Pk. (in Coll. N. Y. State) ; Magnolia, W. G.

Farlou>, h; Sharon, A. P. D. Piguet, comm. by W. G. Far-
low, 21.
New Jersey: Newfield, J. B. Ellis, in Ellis, N. Am. Fungi,

1390.
Maryland: Takoma Park, C. L. Shear, 902, 1086.

21. H. subvinosus Burt, n. sp.

Type: in Burt Herb.

Fructification effused, thin, adnate, becom-
ing granular, tomentose, vinaceous-brown,
but becoming Eood's brown in the herba-
rium; in structure 250-300/x thick, composed
of suberect, branching, loosely interwoven,
thin-walled hyphae 4-5/x in diameter, not no- Fig. 21

dose-septate, colored near the substratum SporWphax640.
and hyaline near the basidia ; basidia with 4
sessile spores; spores umber, angular-subglobose, aculeate,
the body 5-6/* in diameter, or 5-6 X 4-5/*; no noteworthy
color change by KHO solution.

Fructification 4 cm. long, 2I/2 cm. broad.

ZdJ AXNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

On bark of rotting frondose wood and on ground. New
Hampshire to New Jersey. November. Rare.

The adnate habit, vinaceous-brown color of the fructifica-
tions, and the colored hyphae which are not nodose-septate,
are the distinctive characters of H. suhvinosus.

Specimens examined :
New Hampshire: Chocorua, TF. G. Farloiv, 3; Intervale, R.

Thaxter, ll (in Farlow Herb, and in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.,

43930).
Massachusetts: Sharon, A. P. D. Piguet, comm. by W. G.

Farlow (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 43914).
New Jersey: Belleplain, C. L. Shear, 1251, type.

22. H. cervinus Burt, n. sp.
Type: in Burt Herb.

F 'uctifications in very small, interrupted, cir-
cular patches, becoming sometimes confluent and
effused, byssoid, thin, not separable, fawn-color,
with the under side and margin whitish ; in struc-
ture 75-100/u. thick, consisting of loosely inter-
woven, rather suberect, thin-walled hyphae 21/2-
Fie 22^ ^^ ^^ diameter, nodose-septate, hyaline under the
H. cervinus. microscope ; basidia with 4 sterigmata; spores
^■640^' ^^^^^ slightly colored, subgiobose, short aculeate, the
body 5-6/^ in diameter, or 6 X 5^.
Fructifications 2-5 mm. in diameter, more or less con-
fluent over an area 2 cm. long, 1 cm. broad.

On bark of dead Acer macropliyllum lying on the ground.
Washington. November 1.

In the only collection which has been made, H. cerviniis
is characterized by its occurrence in very small, thin fructi-
fications, not separable from substratum, fawn-color at the
center with a whitish margin, and by having hyaline, nodose-
septate hyphae. H. cinerascens is of different color, thicker,
and separable from the substratum.

Specimens examined:
Washington : W. Klickitat County, TF. N. Suksdorf, 847, type.

23. H. fuligineus Burt, n. sp.

Type: in Burt Herb, and in Farlow Herb.

1916]

BUKT THELEPHOKACEAE OF NOKTH AMEKICA VI 233

Fructification effused, soft, felty-membranaceous, separable,
upper surface pinkish buff to Isabella-color, under side and
margin bister; in structure 200-1200/u. thick,
with hyphae bister under the microscope,
thick-walled, nodose-septate, 5-7/a in diame-
ter, a few running next to and parallel with
the substratum and giving off suberect,
loosely interwoven branches of the same
color, 31/2-4^2/* in diameter; basidia with 4 Fig. 23

sterigmata; spores bister under the micro- h. fuUgineus,
scope, globose or subglobose, echinulate, the '

body 6-7 fi in diameter, or 6-9 X 6-7ai; no color change by
KHO solution.

Fructification 4-10 cm. long, 2-4 cm. broad.
On rotten frondose wood. New England and Wisconsin.
August and September.

H. fuligineus is much thicker, firmer, and more spongy than
H. atroruher and H. cinerascens, and differs from them
further in coloration and in liyphal characters. In its thick
spongy structure and microscopic details it suggests H. spon-
giosus to such a degree that I have been disposed to regard
H. fuligineus as a subspecies of H. spongiosus but this seems
precluded by the importance of color characters in Hypoch-
nU'S.

Specimens examined:
New Hampshire: Chocorua, W. G. Fatiow, 4, type.
Vermont: Middlebury, E. A. Burt.

Massachusetts: Magnolia, W, G. Farlow, d, and an unnum-
bered collection of 1903.
Wisconsin: Blue Mounds, E. T. S S. A. Harper, 878.

24:. H. cinerascens Karsten, Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fen-
nica Meddel. 16 :2. 1888 ; Finl. Basidsv. 441. 1889 ; Sacc. Syll.
Fung. 9:244. 1891; Bresadola, Ann. Myc. 1:108. 1903.

Tomentella cinerascens (Karst.) v. Hohnel & Litschauer,
K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber. 115 :1570. 1906.

Type: authentic specimen in Burt Herb.

234

[Vol. 3

ANNALS OF THE MISSOUEI BOTANICAL, GARDEN

Fig. 24

H. cinerascens.

Hyphae, spore x 640.

Fructification effused, byssoid, membranaceous, separable,
drab-gray, the margin the same color or whitish ; in structure

200-350/1 thick, with the hyphae hyaline un-
der the microscope, thin-walled, nodose-
septate, loosely interwoven ; basidia with 4
sterigmata; spores drab-gray in a spore
collection, globose, echinulate, the body
41/4-5 ly-oM in diameter.

Fructification 2-3 cm, long, l-l^A cm.
broad.

On bark of Alnus. New Hampshire and
Montana. September.

This species is distinguished from H.
epigaeus by drab-gray color, fructification
easily separable from substratum, occurrence on wood, small-
er and echinulate spores, and hyphae of smaller diameter and
more uniformly interwoven.

Specimens examined:
Finland: Mustiala, P. A. Karsten.
New Hampshire : Chocorua, W. G. Farlow, 17.
Montana : Missoula, J. R. Weir, 440 (in
Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 22144).

25. H. peniophoroides Burt, n. sp.

Type: in Burt Herb, and in N. Y.
Bot. Gard. Herb.

Fructification long and widely ef-
fused, coriaceous, compact, adnate, gla-
brous, pinkish buff, the margin entire,
determinate; in structure 300-400/^
thick, stratose, composed of fine inter-
woven hyphae and numerous cystidia;
hyphae concolorous with the fructifica-
tion, ly^/A in diameter, not nodose-sep-
tate, densely interwoven, dichotomously
branched, and with antler-shaped hyphal
branches especially noticeable at the
surface of the hjTuenium ; cystidia very
numerous in all regions of fructification, cylindric, acute, 36-

Fig. 25

H. peniophoroides.

Cystidium, antler-shape<J

organ, spores X 640.

1916]

BUET THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA VI 235

60 X 12^1, emerging up to 25/*; basidia with 4 sterigmata;
spores globose, becoming pinkish buti' and tuberculate, the
body 6/x in diameter.

Fructification more than 7 cm. long, more than 4 cm.
broad.

On bark of rotten frondose wood in woods. Louisiana
and Jamaica. September to November.

This species is included in HypocJinus on account of its
mature spores, whose tubercules are short and small. The
immature spores are hyaline and even; hence immature
specimens of this species are likely to be referred to Penio-
phora. The presence in the hymenium of dichotomously
branched, antler-shaped, liyphal branches such as are present
in Corticium investiens and Grandinia granulosa is a unique
character which I have not observed in any species of
Peniophora and which should make possible identification of
immature specimens. In habit, H. peniopJioroides resembles
Corticium portentosum and Thelephora pallescens Schw.

Specimens examined:
Louisiana: St, Martinville, A. B. Langlois, v.
Jamaica: Mooretown, F. 8. Earle, type, N. Y. Bot. Gard.,

Plants of Jamaica, 540.

26. H. thelephoroides (Ell. & Ev.) Burt, n. comb.

Corticium thelephoroides Ellis & Everhart, Jour. Myc.
1 :88. 1885 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 6 :630. 1888.

Type: in N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb., and portions in Kew
Herb., Farlow Herb., and Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.

Fructification effused, adnate, thick, com-
pact, at first pale olive-buff, becoming warm
buff in the herbarium, the under side and
very narrow margin Saccardo's umber; in
structure 150-1200/* thick, with (1) a densely
interwoven layer about GO/u, thick next to sub-
stratum and (2) with a hymenial layer com- h. thelephoroides.
posed of hyphae, antler-shaped hyphal Antier-shaped or-

X. , /^ . - ^/^ -^^ gan, si3oreXG40.

branches, and numerous imbedded, concolor-

ous spores; hyphae thick-walled, not nodose-septate, 11/2-2/^

[Vol. 3
236 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

in diameter, lioney-yellow under the microscope, forming in
the interior of the layer and at the surface of the hymeninm
numerous dichotomoiisly branched branches with sul)ulate
tips which resemble the antlers of a stag; basidia bearing 4
spores on sterigmata; basidiospores hyaline, or very nearly
so, under the microscope, rough-walled or aculeate with very
short points, globose, body 5-5y2/i in diameter; imbedded
spores honey-yellow under the microscope, even or rarely
rough, 5-6)M in diameter.

Fructification 1-4 cm. long, i/^-2 cm. broad, often in lobate,
connected masses.

On fir logs. Washington and British Columbia. July.

The basidia of this species show best in the recent col-
lection 120/x thick, from which the illustration has been made.
The stage of the type is much thicker apparently by gro^^i:h
of great numbers of the antler-like hyphal branches which
conceal the basidia. This species resembles closely in habit,
structure, and spore characters Thelephora pallescens Schw.
of eastern North America, except that the spores of T.
pallescens show by magnification with a IVj-inch ol^jective
only rarely a minutely rough wall. H. peniophoroides dif-
fers by having cystidia.

Specimens examined:
Washington : Carpenter, 90, type (in N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.,

Kew Herb., and in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb,).
British Columbia: Vancouver, J. Maconn, v. 178, comm. by

J. Dearness, (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 8938).

27. H. zygodesmoides (Ellis) Burt, n. comb.

Thelephora zygodesmoides Ellis, N. Am. Fungi (Exsic),
715. 1882; Cooke, Grevillea 20:34. 1891; Sacc. SylL Fung.
11:117. 1895.

Type : Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 715.

Fructification effused, thin, arachnoid-membranaceous,
separable from the substratum, pinkish buff to cinnamon-
buff and avellaneous, the margin of the same color, narrow,
byssoid; in structure 200-400 /^ thick, with some rope-like
strands up to 15/x in diameter next to the substratum;

1916]

BUET TIIELEPHOKACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA VI

237

Fig. 27

hyphae pinkish buff under the microscope, tliin-

walled, collapsing, not nodose-septate, very

loosely interwoven, Syo-dfi in diameter; basidia

clavate, 28 X 5fi, with 4 short sterigmata;

spores with a slight tinge of buff in collection

on slide but hyaline under the microscope,

ovoid, uneven to echinulate, the bodv 5-6 X Spor^^hyphaxero'

4-41^,^.

Fructifications 2-3 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad.

Under side of decaying pine logs. Quebec to New Jersey.
August to January. Rare.

In this species a loose subiculum is present next to the
wood and bears on its surface a delicate hymenium, sug-
gesting in habit Corticimn arachnoideum but colored. Hy-
pochnus zygodesmoides is not as bright yellow as H. echinos-
porus and has paler spores than the latter and not globose.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Ellis, N". Am. Fungi, 715, under the name Thele-

phora zygodesmoides.
Quebec: Ironsides, J. Macoun, 266.
Vermont: Middlebury, E. A. Burt.
New Jersey: Newfield, J. B. Ellis, type, in Ellis, N. Am.

Fungi, 715.

28. H. echinosporus (Ellis) Burt, n. comb.
Corticium echinosporum Ellis, Torr. Bot. Club Bui. 8 :64.
1881; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 6:633. 1888; Wakefield,
Brit. Myc. Soc. Trans. 5 :129. 1915.
Type : in N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.
Fructification effused, membranaceous, separa-
ble, Naples-yellow to deep colonial buff, the mar-
gin concolorous, scanty, indeterminate; in struc-
ture 200/j. thick, consisting of a thin, soft, hyme-
nial membrane upon the loosely interwoven
threads of the subiculum; hyphae concolorous
(sometimes hyaline under the microscope), thin-
walled, not nodose-septate, 3-4/* in diameter, lax,
very loosely interwoven, suberect, branching towards the

Fig, 28.

H. echino-
sporus. Hy-
pha, spore
X640.

[Vol. 3
238 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

outer end to form a membranous hymenium; no cystidia;
basidia with 4 steriginata; spores concoloroiis (sometimes
hyaline under the microscope), globose, echinulate, the body
4-5/x in diameter.

Fructification 2-4 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad.

On rotting pine wood and bark. Canada to Louisiana and
in Oregon; occurs in Sweden also. August to December.

The distinguisliing characters of H. echinosportis are its
bright yellow fructifications of somewhat a straw-colored
yellow, with hyi^hae and globose echinulate spores of the
same color. Under the microscope this tint of yellow is
not very intense and may be unnoticed, and regarded as
hyaline. Bresadola^ regards Corticium ecJiinosporum as a
synonym of H. pellicula Fr. {=Corticium mollis var pel-
licula Fr.). The specimen which Karsten has communicated
to me as Corticium pellicula Fr. has even spores and in-
crusted liyphae and is a true Corticium. It seems best to
regard H. echinosporiis as valid until there is found an
earlier name supported by an authentic specimen. It is only
rarely possible to recognize resupinate species of the higher
fungi from the descriptions alone of the earlier mycologists.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 608, under the name Corti-

ciwm echinosporum'.
Sweden: Stockholm, L. Romell, 154.
Quebec: Hull, J. Macoun, 385.
Ontario : Ottawa, J. Macoim, 668.
New York: Freeville, G. F. Atkinson, Bot. Dept. Cornell

Univ., 3277; Ithaca, G. F. Atkinson, 22762.
New Jersey: Newfield, J. B. Ellis, in Ellis, N. Am. Fungi,

608.
Louisiana: Abita Springs, A. B. Langlois, 2638.
Oregon: Corvallis, TF. A. Murrill, N. Y. Bot. Gard., Fungi

of Oregon, 921, 922 (in N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb, and in

Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 5690 and 8937).

29. H. fibrillosus, Burt, n. sp.
Type: in Burt Herb.

'Ann. Myc. 1:107. 1903.

1916]

BUET THELEPHOKACEAE OF NOETH AMEEICA VI 239

Fructification widely effused, thin, with surface a reticu-
late, felty web, perforate, not separable, between olive-buff
and deep olive-buff; in structure 100-150/*
thick, with hyphae thick-walled, nodose-septate, ..:,yi.Mi.,>,rrrrr^-^-

giving their color to the fructification but '''" ||=*^^'^''''-^

nearly hyaline under the microscope, 3-3^2/* in Tj /\0

diameter, minutelv rough-walled near the sub- '

stratum and sending out loosely interwoven -^ fibriiiosus
branches which bear clusters of basidia ; ba- Spores, hypha
sidia 18 X 5m, bearing 4 spores on short sterig-
mata; spores concolorous with the hyphae, angular, the
body 3-3^ /x in diameter.

The specimen, 6 cm. in diameter, is a portion of a large
specimen and does not show the natural margin.

On very rotten coniferous wood. Canada. September.

This species has the general habit and color of Corticium
vagum and is well characterized by its general habit, pale
color, and small angular spores.

Specimens examined:
Canada: locality not stated, J. Macoun, 25, Sept. 29, 1892.

30. H. fumosus Fries, Obs. Myc. 2:279. 1818 and 1824.
Corticium fumosum Fries, Epicr. 562. 1838 ; Hym. Eur. 651.
1874; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 6:613. 1888. — Phlebia vaga Fries,
Syst. Myc. 1 :428. 1821 ; Elenchus Fung. 1 :155. 1828; Epicr.
527. 1838; Hym. Eur. 625. 1874; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 6:498.
1888 ; Bresadola, I. E. Accad. Agiati Atti III. 3 :105. 1897.—
Corticium sulphiireum Pers. Obs. Myc. 1:38. 1796, but not
Corticium sulphureum Fries. — Odontia fusca Cooke & Ellis,
Grevillea 9:103. 1881; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 6:509. 1888.

Fructification effused, membranaceous, separa-
ble, with the outer surface more or less overrun
^ with intricate, branching, anastomosing threads.

Fig. 30 then granular, honey-yellow to drab and fuscous,
H. fumosus. the margin whitish or yellowish, flaxy-fibrillose,
^^^®^ ' radiating; in structure about 200/*, rarely up to
SOO/A, thick, with hyphae longitudinally interwoven, occasion-
ally nodose-septate, 2i/^-3y2/x in diameter, thin-walled, hya-
line, or slightly smoky if the fructification is dark colored ; no

[Vol. 3
240 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

cystidia; basidia with 4 sterigmata ; spores white in collection
on slide, ovoid, minutely echiuulate with short crowded spines,
spore body 3-5x21/2-31/2^.

Fructifications 3-10 cm. long, 11/^-4 cm. broad.

On rotten wood and bark of both coniferous and frondose
species. Canada to North Carolina and westward to Wash-
ington, and in Jamaica. April to January. Common.

Collections of this species have been placed by recent
authors in the genera Corticium, Phlehia, and Oclontia, as an
anomalous species which has no relationship to the species
proper of these genera. The affinities of this fungus are
with the species of Hypoclinus by habit, dry hypochnoid
structure, form of hymenial surface, and form of spore. The
species is best regarded as a hyaline-spored Hypochnus,
which is naturally connected with the dark-spored members
of this genus by the pale-spored H. echinosporns, H. zygodes-
moides, etc. The existence of an authentic specimen of Hy-
pochnus fumosns is unknown to the writer, but this fungus
is so distinguished among the species of Thelephoraceae that
the lack of such a specimen is not serious in this case. Eomell
and Bresadola regard this fungus as the H. fumosus of Fries.
My own study of the large series of Scandinavian TJiele-
plwraceae received from Romell and Karsten leads me to
the same conclusion.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 509; Ell. & Ev., Fungi Col.,

1018, in both under the name Odontia fiisca.
Sweden: Stockholm, L. Romell, 96.
Austria-Hungary : Tatra Magna, V. Greschik, two collections,

comm. by G. Bresadola.
Canada: locality not stated, J. Macoun, 27-, Lower St. Law-
rence Valley, J. Macoun, 23.
New Bruns^vick: Campobello, W. G. Farloiv, 6.
Ontario: Ottawa, J. Macoun, 24; Harraby, Lake Eosseau,

E. T. & S. A. Harper, 744.
British Columbia: near Salmo, J. R. Weir, 460, 528 (in Mo.

Bot. Gard. Herb., 9207 and 22647 respectively).

1916]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA VI 241

New Hampshire: Cliocoriia, W. G. Farloiu, 3.

Vermont: Middlebury, E. A. Burt, three collections.

Massachusetts: W. G. Farlow (in Farlow Herb.).

New York: Albany, H. D. House & J. Rubinger (in Mo.
Bot. Gard. Herb., 6327) ; Alcove, C. L. Shear, 1330; Flood-
wood, E. A. Burt, four collections; Sylvan Beach, Oneida
Co., H. D. House (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 7664) ; Karner,
H. D. House, 166, 168, 204 (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 44716,
44717, and 44725 respectively).

New Jersey: BelleiDlain, C. L. Shear, 1252; Newfield, J. B.
Ellis, and also two specimens distributed in his exsiccati.

Maryland: Takoma Park, C. L. Shear, 966.

North Carolina: Blowing Eock, G. F. Atkinson, Bot. Dept.
Cornell Univ., 4197.

Wisconsin : Lake Geneva, E. T. S S. A. Harper, 898.

Colorado : Portland Mine, Cripple Creek, C. J. Humphrey,
7729.

Montana: Evaro, J. R. Weir, 423 (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.,
13273).

Idaho : Priest Eiver, J. R. Weir, 16, 22, 43.

Washington: Bingen, W. N. Suksdorf, 853.

Jamaica: Monkey Hill, W. A. Murrill, N. Y. Bot. Gard.,
Fungi of Jamaica, 806.

31. H. aurantiacus (Pat.) Burt, n. comb.

Tomentella aurantiaca Patouillard, Soc. Myc. Fr. Bui. 24:3.
1908.

Fructification obscure, aurantiacus; hyphae fuscous under
the microscope, nodose-septate, 2-3/i, in diameter ; spores an-
gular-globose, fuscous, 5-8/u, in diameter.

On bark of trees. Guadeloupe. — Description overlooked
until too late for insertion near H. bicolor, with which speci-
mens should be compared.

Change op Name

Sebacina plumbea Burt, Mo. Bot. Gard. Ann. 2.765. 1915,
should be changed to Sebacina plumbescens Burt, for the
former name is preoccupied by Sebacina plumbea Bres.,
which is not the same species.

(To be continued.)

16

The Thelephoraceae of North
America. VII

Septobasidium

KDWARD ANGUS BURT

Reprinted from Annals ot' the Missouri Botanical
Garden 3:319-343. September, 1916

T~

a

New YO.VK
^Or APICAL

THE THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. VII ^

Septobasidium
edward angus burt

Mycologist and Librarian to the Missouri Botanical Garden
Associate Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of

Washington University

SEPTOBASIDIUM

Septobasidium Patouillard, Jour, de Bot. 6 :61. textf. 1892 ;
Essai Taxoii. Hym. 7. 1900; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 11:118. 1895;
ibid. 14:215. 1900; ibid. 16:184. 1902; ibid. 17:203. 1905; ibid.
21:445. 1913. — Jola Moller, A., Bot. Mitth. a. d. Tropfen 8,
Protobasidiomyceten 22-29. /;?. 4. f. 4. 1895 ; Engl. & Prantl,
Nat. Pflanzenfam. I.l** :84. 1897; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 14:245.
1900.

The genus was founded upon Septobasidium pedicellatiwi
Pat. and Septobasidium velutinum Pat.

Fructifications resupinate, effused, coriaceous, producing
probasidia upon the hyphae at or near the hymenial surface ;
the probasidia remain attached to the hyphae and either pro-
duce at the apex a few-celled, hyaline, spore-bearing filament,
or elongate, become septate, and differentiate into such a
filament, usually termed a transversely septate basidium;
spores simple, hyaline, even, borne one to each cell by the
terminal cell and next lower cells.

Jj The spores are apparently produced in succession upon
Q the spore-bearing organ rather than simultaneously, for in
only two instances have I observed two spores present at the
same time upon the same organ; in these the two spores
were very unequal in size. One sees a spore attached to the

-|; terminal cell more frequently than to lower cells but perhaps

"Y-b Note. — Explanation in regard to the citation of specimens studied is given

in Part VI, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 3:208, footnote. The technical color terms
used in this work are those of Rldgway, Color Standards and Nomenclature.
Washington, D. C, 1912.

iJssued November 4, 1916.

Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., Vol. 3, 1916 (319)

[Vol. 3
320 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

because of the more favorable position of the terminal cell.
I have frequently observed a spore attached to some one or
other of the upper three cells of the spore-bearing organ but
have seen such attachment to the fourth cell only in S. cas-
taneum, although often noting on the fourth cell in some spe-
cies a lateral protuberance similar to those to which spores
were attached in the upper cells. The spore-bearing stage is
apparently of very brief duration, judging by the few collec-
tions which show this stage well. Specimens are usually col-
lected sterile or with probasidia. It is hoped that the record
given as to the month when each of our species has been col-
lected in spore-bearing condition may aid in securing more
valuable specimens for study in the future.

Septobasidium is not one of the genera of the ThelepJwra-
ceae, for its spore-producing organs are not simple basidia.
The genus is treated here merely for the convenience of
students of the Theleplioraceae, as in the case of Tremel-
Jodendroti, Eichleriella, and Sebaciiia. The coriaceous struc-
ture and resupinate habit of the species of Septobasidium
are so similar to those of Corticium and other resupinate
genera of the Thelephoraceae that examination by the micro-
scope of sections of the fructification is necessary to distin-
guish an unfamiliar species of Septobasidium from Corti-
cium, etc. Many of the known species of Septobasidium were
originally published as Corticiums and Thelephoras, and it
is probable that careful study of authentic specimens of the
earlier species of these genera will lead to the transfer of
additional species to Septobasidium. It is possible that some
authors may have mistaken the pyriform to globose pro-
basidia of species of Septobasidium for conidia and have
published such species as Hyplxomycetes. The probasidia
may be distinguished from hyphomycetous spores by the
former bodies remaining attached to the hyphae; the pro-
basidia do not float about loose in preparations.

I am indebted to Dr. E. P. Burke for transmitting to me
in fresh condition spore-bearing material of three species
of Septobasidium. Spore falls were obtained from this ma-
terial for germination experiments and some material was

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. VII 6Z1

fixed and preserved for a cytological study of Septobasidium
during spore production. Discussion of the systematic rela-
tionships of Septobasidium may well await the completion
of such study.

The species of Septobasidium are tropical or subtropical.
Extreme northern stations, based on specimens examined
by the writer, are London, Ontario, Canada, and Madison,
Wisconsin — both are stations for S. pseudopedicellatum,
which is the most frequent species of the United States.

With regard to the biology of Septobasidium, several speci-
mens of this genus — usually of ^S'. pseudopedicellatum — have
been noted by their respective collectors as occurring espe-
cially on plants badly affected by scale insects. Other speci-
mens show scale insects numerous about the fructification
and overrun by it. Fetch ^ in a note on the biology of Sep-
tobasidium states that from examination of a long series of
specimens, it has been determined that these fungi are par-
asitic on colonies of scale insects which they overgrow and
destroy completely, and that these fungi live, not on secre-
tions of the insects, but upon the insects themselves.

In addition to independent observations on the association
of Septobasidium with scale insects, other facts tending to
show an entomogenous adaptation of Septobasidium are the
following :

(1) All species of Septobasidium known to the writer
occur only on living branches or leaves, and in no instance
has there been penetration by the fungus through the epi-
dermis or bark into the living tissues of the substratum,
or any injury or deformation or gall response by the branch
or leaf.

(2) Spores are produced by S. pseudopedicellatum , in the
region from North Carolina and Alabama to Porto Rico, in
May when young colonies of the scale insects are forming.
Mr. Seagle wrote to me that the old fructifications of S.
pseudopedicellatum disappear from his apple trees in North
Carolina in late spring and in early summer, and new fruc-

^Ann. Bot. 25:843. 1911.

[Vol.. 3
322 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

tifications grow which become hirge by early winter. The
collections which I have studied, made during fall and early
winter, have been in vegetative rather than in fruiting stage.
On the other hand, some specimens of Septohasidium in
herbaria have no scale insects on the portions of twigs bear-
ing the fructifications of Septohasidium, but I can not say
as to whether these fructifications made their start on clean
twigs or on scattered scale insects which they have com-
pletely overgrown and destroyed.

Key to the Species

Fructification having the hynieuial layer or membrane raised above the
substratum and supported on scattered pillars composed of parallel
hyphae close together side by side 1

Fructification having the hymenial layer supported on pillars but with the
pillars less regular in form than in the above and composed of loosely
interwoven and curving hyphae. Known from Cuba 10. S. cirratum

Fructification lacking supporting hyphal pillars, with hyphae extending
from substratum to the hymenial region without noteworthy consoli-
dation 5

1. With erect or suberect paraphyses or hyphal branches at the surface of the
hymenium 2

1. With surface of hymenium composed of longitudinally arranged and inter-
woven paraphyses or hyphal branches 3

1. Structure of surface of hymenium not published; probasidia 20x15-20^,
persistent at the base of the spore-bearing organs; spore-bearing organs

horseshoe-shaped, 35x10^. In Cuba 1. S. pedicellatum

1. Structure of surface of hymenium not published; fructification black, shin-
ing, very thin. In Guadeloupe 9. S. atratum

2. Fructification %-% mm. thick; probasidia 12x7-9^; spore-bearing

organs 20-25 Xi^^-S^i 2. S. Schweinitzii

2. Fructification 1-1% mm. thick; probasidia 26xll/t; spore-bearing

organs hook-shaped, up to 50x8ai. In Mexico 3. S. tropicals

2. Fructification l-iy2 mm. thick; probasidia 13-25 Xl0-13/,t; spore-bear-
ing organs straight, up to 60x11m; spores 13x5%m. In Jamaica....
8. S. jamaicaense

2. Fructification not shining, velutinous, aniline-black, becoming fuscous

in the herbarium ; probasidia 15-20ytt in diameter 7. S. Patouillardii

3. Fructification glabrous, shining 4

4. Varying from avellaneous and wood-brown to cinnamon-brown; proba-
sidia 12-20 x8-15/ii; spores 17-22x4-5/^ -'^ S. pseudopedicellatum

4. Vandyke brown when in vegetative condition, olive-brown when fertile;

probasidia 11-15x9-10^; spores 12x3-31^ fi 5. S. castaneum

4. Olive-brown darkening to dark neutral gray; probasidia and spores

unknown. In Nicaragua 6. S. suUilacinum

5. Fructification divided into many narrow, sinuous divisions, better shown

toward the margin "

5. Fructification not divided but with surface reticulated with obtuse veins;

at first drab or Front's brown then Chaetura-drab 13. S. retiforme

5. Fructification neither divided nor veined 7

1916]

BURT THELEPHOEACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. VII 323

6. Plumbeous when bright colored, often smoke-gray or pallid mouse-gray,
velutinous 11. S. Langloisii

6. Honey-yellow to old gold, velutinous 12. S. frustulosum

7. Hymenial crust glabrous, between mouse-gray and hair-brown ; middle

region spongy, lacunose; fructification lV^-2 mm. thick. In Cuba

Ui. S. Spongia

7. Fructification tomentose, between mouse-gray and hair-brown; probasidia

12-15/u. in diameter; spores 12-15 x5-6/i 15, S. fumigatum

7. Fructification pubescent, white at first, pale olive-buff in the herbarium;
probasidia 15-17^ in diameter; spores 15-20x5i4-6ja. In California....
16. S. canescens

7. Fructification velutinous, between lilac-gray and pallid smoke-gray; pro-
basidia up to 9^1 in diameter; spores ll-13x3%-4%ja. In Trinidad

17. S. lilacinum

1. Septobasidium pedicellatum Patoiiillard, Jour, de Bot.

6:61. text/. 1892.

Thelephora pedicellata of C. Wright's Cuban Exsiccati,
but not of Scliweinitz.

Type: in Museum of Paris.

Fructification with pillars or pedicels composed of hyphae
which branch towards the upper end and pass into and sup-
port the hymenial crust ; probasidia subglobose, 20 X 15-20/^,
arising as lateral outgrowths near the ends of the final
branches of the hyphae, producing from the apex a hyaline,
cylindric, spore-bearing organ, 35 X 10m, 2-3-septate, which
becomes horseshoe-shaped, slightly constricted at the septa,
and has a small protruberance on the convex side of each
cell; no spores seen.

The above is a summary of the account by Patouillard,^
of the structure of the specimen in the Museum of Paris,
collected in Cuba by C. Wright and distributed by him in
his Cuban exsiccati under the name Thelephora pedicellata.
Wright made two collections in Cuba which were determined
by Berkeley and Curtis^ as Thelephora pedicellata. Since
Patouillard omitted the data on the label of the specimen
which he studied, I do not know now which of Wright's
numbers is the type collection and have to defer a fuller
consideration of this species to the supplement to my mono-
graph.

^Loc. cit.

•Linn. Soc. Bot. Jour. 10:329. 1868.

324

[Vol. 3

ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

"Wj/

2. S. Schweinitzii Burt, n. sp.

Thelepliora ped'icellata Schwoinitz, Natiirforscli. Ges. Leip-
zig Schrift. 1:108. p]. 2. f. 3. 1822; Fries, Elenclms Fung.
1:200. 1828; Epicr. 544. 1838; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 6:544. 1888.
Not Septohasidium pedicellatum Pat.
Illustrations: Scliweinitz, loc. cit.
Type: in Herb. Scliweinitz.

Fructification resupinate, coriaceous, dry, not separable
from the substratum, varying from drab and cinnamon-dral)

to wood-brown, the margin undulate,
whitish; in structure 3-layered, with
( 1 ) a layer next to the substratum of
densely interwoven, colored hyphae
3-31/2/* in diameter, which form (2) a
layer of erect hyphal pillars or pedi-
cels each about 200-300/* long, 40-75/*
in diameter, about 2 to a millimeter,
and pass into and support at the outer
end (3) the hymenial layer 120-200/*
thick, composed of densely inter-
woven, colored hyphae S-Sy^fi in di-
ameter, of erect, flexuous, filiform,
sparingly branched, hyaline paraphy-
ses or hyphal branches about 11/2/* in
diameter, and, when in fertile stage,
of hyaline, thin-walled, erect probasi-
dia, pyriform to subglobose, 12 X
7-9/* in the type, borne on the colored hyphae ; spores simple,
hyaline, even, curved, 5 X 21^/* (as seen attached in the
type but perhaps immature), borne singly at the apex of
the terminal cell of a short filament 20-25 X 41/9-5/*, about
4 cells long, curved to fish-hook-shaped in form, which de-
velops from the probasidium.

Fructifications 2 - several cm. long, 1 - several cm. broad,
1/3-I/2 mm. thick.

On living branches. North Carolina to Louisiana. Fre-
quent in winter.

Fig. 1
S. Schweinitzii.
a, portion of hymeni-
um showing paraphyses
and two probasidia; h,
spore-bearing organ and
spore; p, paraphysis. X
640.

lOlG]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. VII 325

The above description is based on the Schweinitzian type
and presents the characters of a rare species which has not
been distinguished heretofore from the following S. pseudo-
pedicellatum, a thicker, larger, common, and widely distri-
buted species. S. Schiueinitzii is characterized by its erect
filiform paraphyses, curved to hook-shaped, spore-bearing
organs, and small spores, although it is not certain that full-
sized mature spores have yet been seen.

I refer to ^S*. Schweinitzii a collection made by P. L. Ricker
on Persea, in Georgia, during August, because this specimen
has small probasidia, hook-shaped, few-celled, hyaline, spore-
bearing organs, and spores 7 X ^Vzf^'j but in this specimen
only a few paraphyses are present, the probasidia and hook-
shaped organs are at the very surface of the hymenium, and
small, globose organs 5/* in diameter are occasionally pres-
ent, borne laterally on the hyphae in the lower part of the
hymenial layer. I have not studied with the microscope the
Cuban specimen of S. pedicellatiim, collected by C. Wright,
one of the species upon the structure of which Patouillard
founded the genus Septobasidium. He found this specimen
to have probasidia and hook-shaped organs. Both proba-
sidia and the hyaline organs are described as larger than
they measure in the Schweinitzian type. In the Cuban sj^eci-
men the probasidia are stated to be 20/* in diameter or 20
X 15iu, and the hook-shaped organs as 35 X 10m, and the
former persist full size, with the septate hook-shaped organs
connected with them like a promycelium with its teleutospore.
These differences indicate that the Cuban specimen belongs
to a species distinct from TJielephora pedicellata Schw. It is
necessary to substitute a new specific name for ''pedicellata"
in making the transfer of Thelephora pedicellata Schw. to
Septobasidium, because there is already a valid Septobasi-
dium pedicellatum.

Specimens examined:
North Carolina: Schweinitz, type (in Herb. Schw.).
Georgia : Bugaboo Island, Okeef enokee Swamp, P. L. Ricker,

921.

32G

[Voi,. 3

ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Ijouisiana: Gibson, F. T. McLean, coiniii. by P. Spaulding.

3. S. tropicale Burt, n. sp.

Type: in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb, and in Fallow Herb.
Fructification rosnpinate, effused, coriaceous, dry, not sep-
arable from substratum, glabrous, not shining, avellaneous,
the margin concolorous, squamulose-fimbriate, not closely ad-

nate; in structure 3-layered,
with (1) a layer next to
the substratum of dense-
ly interwoven, concolorous,
thick- walled hyphae 3-3 Vl;/*
in diameter, which pass into
and form (2) a layer of nu-
merous erect, slender pillars
about 40/A in diameter, 5 or
6 to the millimeter, whose
hyphae spread apart at the
^^^'. ^ outer end, branch, and form

a, probasidium; h, two spore-bearing and SUpport (3) the liymC-
organs; s, spore; p, paraphysis. X j^^^j ^^.^^^^ ^^3^^^ 200/^ thick,

densely interwoven through-
out, with the even, thick-walled, colored hyphae up to 6/x in
diameter on the under side, more erect, paler, and about 2/1
in diameter at the surface; probasidia terminal on the hy-
phae, hyaline or but slightly colored, pyriform, 26 X H/*, at
the surface of the hymenium; a spore partially imbedded
in the hymenium is hyaline, simple, even, curved, 19 X 6/x,
no others seen; tish-hook-shaped organs, such as probably
bear the spores, are present in the surface of the hymenium,
several-celled, up to 50 X Sft, with prominent protuberances
from cells on the convex side of the organ.

Fructification 4 cm. long, about 2 cm. broad, l-iy^ mm.
thick.

On bark of living branches of Quercus. Mexico.

The distinctive characters of this species are avellaneous
color, surface not shining, margin squamulose-lBmbriate, not
closely adnate as in the preceding species, and thicker hy-

IDIG]

BURT THELEPHOEACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. VII

327

menial crust not loosely interwoven on its under sides, pro-
basidia terminal on tlie liypliae, and the large hook-shaped,
presumably spore-bearing, organs of the upper surface. If
these organs grow out from the probasidia, the probasidium
must differentiate into the organ, for I have traced the
curved organ back to the colored h5q)hal cells.

Specimens examined:
Mexico: locality not stated, C. G. Pringle, comm. by W. G.

Farlow, 5 (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 44590).

4. S. pseudopedicellatum Burt, n. sp.

Thelephora pedicellata of most American authors but not
of Schweinitz.

Type: in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.

Fructification resupinate, effused, coriaceous, dry, not sep-
arable from the substratum, varying from avellaneous and

Fig. 3

S. pseudopedicellatum.
/(, portion of hymenium showing the longitudinally inter-
woven hyphal ends or paraphyses and some probasidia; h,
three spore-bearing organs; s, spores. X 640.

wood-brown to cinnamon-brown, the margin undulate, whit-
ish; in structure three-layered, with (1) a layer next to the
substratum of densely interwoven, thick-walled, slightly col-
ored hyphae 3/a in diameter, which form (2) a layer of
erect, hyphal pillars, or pedicels, each about 500^^, long, 20-
40^ in diameter, about 3-5 to a millimeter, whose hyphae
spread apart at the upper end of the pillars, branch, and
form and support (3) the hymenial crust about 300/m thick,
with hyphae loosely interwoven near the pillars, S-Syofj- in

[Vol,. 8
328 ANNALS OF THE MISSOUEI BOTANICAL GARDEN

diameter, very dense at the outer surface witli tlio hyplial
branches or i3ara]:)liyses 2ti in diameter, curved longitudinally
along the surface and densely interwoven; erect probasidia
nearly hyaline, rich in jn-otoplasm, deeply staining, pyriform,
12-20 X 8-15/i., are borne laterally on the hyphae about 15/x
below the surface of the hymenium ; spores white in a spore
collection, simple, even, curved, 17-22 X 4-5/a, are borne
singly from each of the upper three cells (so far as observed)
of a straight or fiexuous, few-celled, liyaline organ up to
60 X 5-5i/2Mj which grows from the probasidium and pro-
trudes above the surface of the hymenium.

Fructifications 2-15 cm. long, 1-8 cm. broad, 1-1^/^ mm.
thick.

On small, living branches of apple, orange, oak, Nyssa,
Cornus, Liquidambar, and also on orange leaves in one col-
lection; sometimes, perhaps always, associated with scale
insects. Canada to Florida and Louisiana and westward to
Wisconsin; also in Cuba and Porto Eico. December to Au-
gust ; spores produced in the last of May.

S. yseudopedicellatum is the common Septohasidium of
southeastern United States. It may be recognized by its
brown, glabrous, shining, foliaceous crust which is raised
and supported about a millimeter above the substratum on
perpendicular, hyphal pillars which are as conspicuous as the
rhizoids of a lichen. Old specimens may crack, break the
hyphal pillars, and the hymenial crust curl outward so as
to show the broken pillars attached to the under side. Sterile
specimens of this species have been heretofore referred to
8. pedicellaium, but a collection of fertile sj^ecimens received
from Dr. R. P. Burke in May of the jjresent year shows that
our common species differs from 8. pedicellatuni by having
large spores produced on a straight or but slightly curved,
much larger, spore-bearing organ, paraphyses or hyphal
branches at the surface of the hymenium curved and densely
longitudinally interwoven, larger probasidia, and larger and
thicker fructifications. Even in sterile condition the longitu-
dinally interwoven paraphyses are sufficiently distinctive.

1916]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. VII 329

Specimens examined:

Exsiccati: Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 12, under the name Thele-
pliora pediceUata.

Canada: Ontario, London, J. Dearness, 3396 (in Mo. Bot.
Gard. Herb., 43802).

New Jersey: Newfield, J. B. Ellis; also from same locality
in Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 12.

Pennsylvania: Trexlertown, W. Herhst, comm. by Lloyd
Herb., 2232.

North Carolina: Reepsville, J. P. Seagle, two collections,
one of which was communicated by F. L. Stevens.

Florida: W. W. Calkins; Daytona, R. Thaxter, 75a (in Far-
low Herb, and in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 43894) ; Kissim-
mee, comm. by F. C. Wolf (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.,
44205) ; same locality, B. E. Evans (in Mo. Bot. Gard.
Herb., 44403); Ft. Myers, H. 8. Fawcett (in Fawcett
Herb.) ; Gainesville, H. E. Stevens, comm. by E. Bartholo-
mew, 40b (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 44212).

Alabama: Peters, 75 (in Curtis Herb.); F. 8. Earle & C.
F. Baker (in Lloyd Herb., 3454) ; Auburn, Alabama Bio-
logical Survey; Montgomery, R. P. Burke, 49, and the
type collection (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 10979, and 20659,
type).

Louisiana: Gibson, F. T. McLean, comm. by P. Spaulding;
St. Martinville, A. B. Langlois, three collections, two of
which are (in Lloyd Herb., 2411, 3533).

Kentucky: comm. by A. H. Gilbert (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.,
44323); ''in mountains," P. Garman (in Mo. Bot. Gard.
Herb., 44302).

Wisconsin: Madison, W. Trelease (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.,
5164).

Cuba: Ceballos, H. 8. Fawcett, 10, 39 (in Mo. Bot. Gard.
Herb., 15005, 15018) ; Isle of Pines, //. 8. Faivcett, 15 (in
Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 15094).

Porto Rico: Mayaguez, F. 8. Earle, 79, N. Y. Bot. Gard.
Herb.

[Vol. 3

330

ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

5. S. castaneum Burt, n. sp.
Type: in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.

Fructification resupinate, effused, coriaceous, dry, not sep-
arable from tlie substratum, glabrous, cracking in drying
into pieces about 10 X 5 mm., olive-brown when fertile, Van-
dyke brown wlien in vegetative condition, the margin con-
colorous; in structure 3-layered, with (1) a layer next to
substratum of opaque, concolorous hyphae 4/i in diameter,
which form (2) a layer of pillared or spongy structure, in
some places wdth pillars up to 150/x in diameter, about 1 mm.
apart, and in other places with a spongy mass of obliquely
ascending, interwoven liyphae similar to those of the pillars.

This layer supports (3) the
hymenial crust, sometimes
stratose, with hyphae loosely
interwoven on the under
side, 3-4)u, in diameter, very
dense at the outer surface,
with the hyphal branches or
i:)araphyses 2fi in diameter,
curved longitudinally along
the surface and densely in-
terwoven ; erect probasidia
slightly colored, rich in pro-
toplasm, deeply staining,
pyriform, 11-15 X 9-10/x,
are borne laterally on the hyphae about 15/* below the surface
of the hymenium ; spores hyaline, simple, even, curved, 12 X
3-3i/2iu., borne singly from each of the upper four cells of a
straight, few-celled, even-walled, clavate, hyaline organ 30-40
X 6/t, which grows from the probasidium and protrudes above
the surface of the hymenium.

Fructification 8-15 cm. long, wholly surrounding limbs
21/2 cm. in diameter, I-I14 mm. thick.

On living bark in swamp, Montgomery, Alabama. May
and August — fertile in May.

S. castaneum.
a, two probasidia, one persistent at
base of the spore-bearing organ -which
grows from it; b, six spore-bearing or-
gans; s, spores. X 640.

10101

BUKT THELEPHOEACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. VII 331

This species is closely related to S. pseudopedicellatum
but is more deeply colored, lias more opaque hypliae, and
smaller spores and spore-bearing organs. No lateral pro-
tuberances or papillae have been observed on the latter.

Specimens examined:
Alabama: Montgomery, R. P. Burke, two collections (in

Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 20421, type, and 20693).

6. S. sublilacinum (Ellis & Ev.) Burt, n. comb.

Thelephora sublilacina Ellis & Ev. State Univ. Iowa, Lab.
Nat. Sei. Bui. 13:67. 1896; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 14:214. 1900.

Type : in N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.

Fructification resupinate, effused, coriaceous, dry, not sep-
arable from the substratum, glabrous, shining, olive-brown,
darkening to dark neutral gray ; in structure 3-layered, with
(1) a layer next to the substratum, 40-60^ thick, of closely
crowded, longitudinally arranged liyphae concolorous with
the fructification, 4-4i/^/i in diameter, which form (2) a layer
of pillars 40-60/i in diameter, about 2-4 to a millimeter, whose
hyphae spread apart at the outer end and form and support
(3) the hymenial crust about 60/x thick, densely interwoven
throughout, with even, thick-walled, concolorous hyphae 3-
31/2/t* in diameter on the under side, 2/^ in diameter, nearly
hyaline, and densely, longitudinally interwoven at the sur-
face; probasidia, spores or other organs not present in the
type.

Fructification about i/o cm. in diameter, % ^^- thick.

On living branches. Nicaragua.

The type specimen of this species, when viewed from above,
agrees so closely with the cotype of 8. Spongia in color and
habit that one is strongly disposed to regard the two speci-
mens as of the same species. S. sublilacinum has, however,
the coarser hyphae, a three-layered structure, and distinct
pillars. It seems best to regard it as a distinct species, at
least until fertile specimens define the species more definitely.

Specimens examined:
Nicaragua: C. L. Smith, 108, type (in N. Y. Bot. Gard.

Herb.).

[Vol. 3
332 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

7. S. Patouillardii Burt, n. sp.

S. (very near) Lcprieurii (Mont.) Patouillard, Soc. Myc.
Fr. Bui. 16:55. 1900.
Type : in ]3urt Herb.

Fructification resupinate, effused, coriaceous, dry, velu-
tinous, aniline-black at first, becoming fuscous in the her-
))arium, the margin rather thick and determinate; in struc-
ture 200-400^ thick, with (1) next to the
substratum a thin layer of loosely inter-
woven hyphae 3/t in diameter, buffy brown
under the microscope, which form (2) a
layer of hyphal pillars each about 30-50ai
in diameter, 100-200ai long, about 3-4 to a
millimeter, whose hyphae spread apart
above and form (3) the interwoven hyme-
^ig- 5 nial layer containing some probasidia and

a^twopTobSa;b, ^^'i^^i the surfacc composed of numerous
spore-bearing organ; ercct, nearly straight, fuscous hyphal

p, four paraphyses or , , , n • t j

hyphal ends, x 640. branches or paraphyses 2/x m diameter;

probasidia hyaline, subglobose, 15-20/i. in
diameter, erect on short branches of the colored hyphae;
no spores found; the only possible spore-bearing organ seen
is 46 X ^i^/M, acuminate at the apex.

Fructifications 2-31^ cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, 200-400 mm.
thick.

On living branches of ash, Liquidanibar, and Nyssa. Flor-
ida to Louisiana. Xovember to March ; a January collection
has a few probasidia.

This species may be recognized by its thin fructification
resembling a piece of black velvet, slightly raised from the
substratum on such short and slender pillars as to be barely
visible without the aid of a lens. Patouillard determined
this species for Mr. Langlois as very near to S. Leprieurii.
Since Corticimn Leprieurii was originally described as gla-
brous, shining, and chocolate-colored, and since no specimens
like ours have yet been collected in the re,gion between Guiana
and the United States, our specimens are probably a distinct
species which should have a definite name.

19161

BURT THELEPHOKACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. VII

333

Specimens examined:
Florida: Daj^tona, R. Thaxter, 75h (in Farlow Herb, and

Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 43895).
Alabama: Aubnrn, F. S. Earle S C. F. Baker, also (in Mo.

Bot. Gard. Herb., 5165).
Louisiana: St. Martinville, A. B. Langlois, 3005, determined

by Patouillard as S. (very near) Leprieurii; Gibson, F. T.

McLean, comm. by P. Spaulding, type — some fragments

near a specimen of another species, but having probasidia,

etc., as drawn, taken as the type because more mature

than other collections cited.

8. S. jamaicaense Burt, n. sp.

Type: in Burt Herb, and N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.

Fructification resupinate, effused, coriaceous, spongy, dry,
thick, bister, with the subiculum bone-brown; in structure
with (1) next to the substratum a
thin layer of interwoven hyphae
which form (2) a layer of probably
oblique, weak, very slender,
crowded, hyphal pillars 12-20/x in
diameter, up to 2000/* long, with hy-
phae even, 4— 5iu. in diameter, buffy
brown under the microscope, di-
verging above to form (3) a spongy
hymenial layer 300-400^ thick, with
hyphae which rise obliquely, are
loosely interw^oven, and bear proba-
sidia laterally at the outer surface
of the layer and terminate in hya-
line or subhvaline, curved branches
or tips ; probasidia hyaline, subglobose or pyrif orm, 13-25 X
10-13/i, quickly developing into hyaline, straight, few-celled,
spore-bearing organs up to 60 X Hm ; spores simple, hyaline,
slightly curved, 13 X 51/2/*.

Fructification larger than 6 cm. long, 2 cm. broad, I-IMj
mm. thick — fractured on all sides and not showing natural
margin.

Fig. 6

S. jamaicaense.
h, hyphal end bearing two
probasidia in the surface of the
hymenium; a, probasidium; h,
spore-bearing organ; s, spore.
X640.

[Vol. J
334 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL, GARDEN

On bark. Base of John Crow Peak, altitude 5500 feet.
.Taniaica. April.

The type of this species has so thick and spongy a hyme-
nial layer that I have tried to regard this specimen as the
fertile stage of S. Spongia, but the well-developed layer of
pillars is in the way of such reference and the hyphac are
rather coarser than in S. Spongia.

Specimens examined :
Jamaica: John Crow Peak, L. M. Underwood, 2439.

9. S. atratum Patouillard, Soc. Myc. Fr. Bui. 16:181. 1900.
Type: location unknown.

Fructification resupinate, greatly extended, glabrous, shin-
ing, thin, with the margin fimbriate and incrusting; subicu-
lum black, formed of rigid, erect, short bundles composed of
hyphae but little branched, 4r-bfi in diameter, with the wall
thick and brown under the microscope; hymenial crust thin,
fragile, continuous, glabrous, ombre noir, paler at the per-
iphery; probasidia at first globose, 10-12/i. in diameter,
growing on the sides of erect hyphae of the hymenial crust
a little below their ends; spores and spore-bearing organs
not present.

On living trunk of Eugenia Jamhos. Morne Gommier, near
Gallon, Guadeloupe. P. Buss.

In comiection with the original description, Patouillard
stated that S. Spongia is ''epais, roux, spongieux, lacuneux,"
and that 8. atratum is "tres mince, et noir." I have seen
no specimens of S. atratum and base the above account of
this species wholly on the original description.

10. S. cirratum Burt, n. sp.

Type: in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb, and Humphrey Herb.

Fructification resupinate, effused, coriaceous, spongy, dry,
cracked, velutinous, between Benzo-brown and brownish
drab, with fuscous subiculum, the margin divided into nar-
row, sinuous divisions; in structure up to 700/t thick, with
(1) next to the substratum a layer of interwoven hyphae,
which form (2) a layer of pillars not uniform in diameter,
composed of hyphae loosely interwoven, curled together.

1916]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. VII

335

Fig. 7

S. cirratum.
h, portion of hymenium show-
ing hypha bearing paraphysea
and a probasidium ; ft, spore-
bearing organs; n, colored body
from deeper portion of hymenial
layer; p, two paraphyses; s,
spore. X 640.

suggestive of ringlets in sectional preparations, which sup-
port (3) the hymenial layer 200-300/x thick, with hyi^hae
2-2 1/2/^. in diameter, notably
curved, branched, and loosely
interwoven, olive-brown under
the microscope, bearing in the
lower part of the layer numerous
concolorous, globose bodies 11^*
in diameter, and toward the
outer surface hyaline probasidia
ll/A in diameter also, and termi-
nating at the surface in fine, hya-
line branches 1/a in diameter, with
recurved or coiled tips; spores
simj^le, hyaline, even, curved, 18
X 6^1; spore-bearing organs few-
celled, straight, cylindric, about 35-40 X 7yoju, differentiating
from the probasidia.

Fructifications 5 cm. long, li/o cm. broad.

On trunk of living hardwood tree near the base. Cuba.
December. Seen but once by the collector.

8. cirratum has so nearly the color and habit of Hypoclinus
fuscus that it was a surprise to find the specimen a Septo-
hasidium. The color and sinuously divided margin suggest
8. Langloisii. The pillars composed of looselj' interwoven
and curving hyphae are unique and separate this species
sharply from all our species of the 8. pedicellatum group.
The hyphae are too fine and too curving for 8. 8pongia.

Specimens examined:
Cuba: Omaja, C. J. Humphrey, 2773 (in Mo. Bot. Gard.

Herb., 15836).

11. S. Langloisii Patouillard, Soc. Myc. Fr. Bui. 16:54.
1900.

Type: a portion in Burt Herb.

Fructification resupinate, effused, dry, velutinous, plum-
beous when bright colored, but often smoke-gray or pallid
mouse-gray, repeatedly divided into many narrow, sinuous

336

[Vol. 3

ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Fig. 8

S. Langloisii.

a, probasidium forming a

sjjore-bearing organ ; b, two

Fpore-bearing organs; p, para-

physes; s, spores. X 640.

divisions which are more distinct towards the margin; in
structure 200-25(V thick, witli hyphae fuscous under the micro-
scope, thick-walled, even, loosely
interwoven from substratum to
hymenium, densely interwoven in
the hjTnenium and bearing hya-
line, flexuous, suberect terminal
branches or paraphyses and hya-
line jDrobasidia which are ex-
ceeded by the paraphyses ; spores
hyaline, simple, even, slightly
curved, 15-21 X 5-7 V^f^, appar-
ently produced singly at the
apex of a nearly straight, 2-3-celled, spore-bearing organ
into which the probasidium develops.

Fructification up to 5 cm. long, 2 14 cm. broad, 14 ^^^
thick.

On bark of living branches of Crataegus, Carpinus, and
water oak. Florida to Louisiana and in Grenada. Novem-
ber to May.

This species resembles 8. frustulosum in having the fruc-
tification divided into narrow sinuous divisions and differs
from that species in being blue colored, verging into smoke-
gray or paler in some specimens, instead of honey-yellow.
The specimen from Grenada is thinner than those from
other localities.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Ravenel, Fungi Am., 450, under the name Ste-

reum pruinatum.
Florida: Gainesville, H. E. Stevens, comm. by E. Bartholo-
mew, 40a (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 44211) ; same locality,
Ravenel, in Ravenel, Fungi Am., 450.
Alabama: Montgomery, B. P. Burke, 52 (in Mo. Bot. Gard.

Herb., 9558).
Louisiana: St. Martinville, A. B. Langlois, 2995, type.

1916]

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. VII

337

Grenada: Grand Etang, R. Thaxter, comm. by W. G. Far-
low, a (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 43912).

12. S. fmstulosum (Berk. & Curtis) Patouillard, Soc. Myc.
Fr. Bill. 10:79. pi. 3. /. 4. 1894.

Hyfnenochaete frustulosa Berk. & Curtis, Linn. Soc. Bot.
Jour. 10 :334. 1868 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 6 :601. 1888.

Illustrations: Patouillard, loc. cit.

Type: type and cotype in Kew Herb, and Curtis Herb.

Fructification resupinate, effused, coriaceous, dry, velutin-
ous, honey-yellow to old gold, repeatedly divided into many
narrow, sinuous, reticulate di-
visions which are more dis-
tinct towards the margin; in
structure about 600-700/x thick,
3-layered, with next to the
substratum a broad layer, up
to 200/x thick, with hyphae
densely longitudinally ar-
ranged, 2/i. in diameter, concol-
orous with the fructification,
which ascend, without forming
pillars, as (2) the loosely ar-
ranged middle layer, whose hy-
phae pass into and form (3)
the hymenial crust which is finally very dense and compact in
fully developed specimens, about 200m thick, with hyphae
concolorous, even, 11/^-2^ in diameter, branching towards
the surface into flexuous branches, or paraphyses, about 1m
in diameter, once or twice dichotomously branched and with
tips curved or spirally coiled; probasidia borne laterally on
the hyphae, hyaline, pyriform, 9 X 5^/4m, becoming elongated
and septate as a few-celled, spore-bearing organ, or producing
directly a sterigma bearing one spore ; spores hyaline, even,
cylindric, nearly straight, 13-17 X 4r-5M.

Fructifications up to 10 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, less than
1 mm. thick.

22

Fig. 9
S. frustulosum.
a, probasidia; h, three spore-bear-
ing organs; n, septate colored or-
gan; p, paraphyses; r, probasidium
bearing a spore; s, spores. X 640.

[Vol. 3
338 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

On bark of living limbs of f rondose species. Mexico, West
Indies, and Venezuela. February, March, November; spore-
bearing in November.

This species is highly distinguished by honey-yellow color
and the division of its fructification into narrow, sinuous,
branched divisions, resembling those of the thallus of the
lichens, Physcia stellaris and P. obsciira. Spore-bear-
ing organs are not abundant in the only fertile specimen
which I have seen. They appear to become somewhat cork-
screw-shaped, with no indication of bearing spores except on
the terminal cell, but I was not certain on this point because
the occasional attached spores were along the edge of thick
sections where only the apex of the organ extended beyond
the paraphyses. In two cases probasidia were bearing at
the apex, each a body of the form and dimensions of a spore
of this species. In the deeper portions of the fructifications
brown, pyriform bodies of the same size and form as the
probasidia are borne by the hyphae in the same location
as the jorobasidia. These brown organs are often of the same
dimensions as the spore-bearing organs, septate, and gorged
with brown contents.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Smith, Cent. Am. Fungi, 100, under the name

Thelephora retiformis.
Mexico: Sanborn, Oaxaca, C. R. Orcutt, 3334 (in Mo. Bot.

Gard. Herb.).
Nicaragua: Castillo Viejo, C. L. Smith, in Smith, Cent. Am.

Fungi, 100.
Cuba: C. Wright, 244, cotype (in Curtis Herb.).
Grenada: Grand Etang, R. Thaxter, comm. by W. G. Far-
low, 11.
Venezuela: Fendler, 279 (in Farlow Herb, and in Mo. Bot.

Gard. Herb., 20411).

13. S. retiforme (Berk. & Curtis) Patouillard, Soc. Myc.
Fr. Bui. 16: 55. 1900.

Thelephora retiformis Berk. & Curtis, Linn. Soc. Bot. Jour.
10:330. 1868; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 6:544. 1888.

lOtO]

BUET THELEPHOEAGEAE OF NOETH AMEEICA. VII 339

Type: type and cotype in Kew Herb, and Curtis Herb.

Fructification resupinate, effused, coriaceous, at first drab
or Prout's brown, then Cliaetura-drab, the hymenial surface
reticulated with obtuse veins, pulverulent; in
structure lOOfi thick, with the hyphae colored, 3-4/^
in diameter, sliort-celled, loosely interwoven or
rising obliquely from substratum to hymenial sur-
face and there densely interwoven longitudinally
and bearing laterally brown, globose or pyriform
bodies 13-15 X 10-13/x, and slightly colored i:>roba- Fig. lo
sidia of the same size and form ; a single spore in ®^ ^^*^robasi-
the hymenial surface is hyaline, even, curved, 15 dium; w, coi-
X 4|ii; no spore-bearing organs found. 5,^^^813016^^ x'

Fructification 1-4 cm. long, about TOO/x thick. ^'^^•

On living branches of apple, pear, peach, Garya. District
of Columbia to Louisiana and Cuba. November to February,
producing probasidia in February.

8. retiforme resembles a small foliaceous lichen in habit.
It may be distinguished from our other species by its drab to
brown color and reticulately veined hymenial surface. The
spore characters stated are uncertain for only one spore
was seen.

Specimens examined:
Exsiccati: Ellis & Ev., N. Am. Fungi, 2604.
District of Columbia : Washington, comm. by Mrs. F. W.

Patterson.
Georgia: Fort Valley, comm. by Mrs. F. W. Patterson.
Alabama: Forestdale, C. C. Woodward, comm. by J. B.

Eorer; Abbeville, S. T. Slaton (also in Lloyd Herb., 3460,

and in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 5166).
Louisiana: St. Martinville, A. B. Langlois, 2233.
Cuba: C. Wright, 288, cotype (in Curtis Herb.).

14. S. Spongia (Berk. & Curtis) Patouillard, Soc. Myc.
Fr. Bui. 16:181. 1900.

Thelephora Spongia Berk. & Curtis, Linn. Soc. Bot. Jour.
10:330. 1868; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 6:542. 1888.

Type: type and cotype in Kew Herb, and Curtis Herb.

[Vol. 3
340 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Fructification rosiipinate, effused, not separable from the
substratum, dry, glabrous, shining, between mouse-gray and
hair-brown, the margin strigose; in structure lacunosc,
spongy, about 1 mm. thick when dry, distending
to IV2-2 mm. when moistened, with hyphae
3-31/2M in diameter, fuscous to clove-brown un-
der the microscope, densely longitudinally ar-

s. Spongia. ranged in masses along the substratum and ris-

Verticai sec- jjjg obliquely SO as to form a spongy structure

fication show- with vacant spaces up to 800 X ^OO/j., united
structure "x 9 ^^0^'^ ^"^0 ^ coutinuous hymcnial crust 40-80/u
thick; probasidia, spores, and spore-bearing
organs not present.

Fructification ''spreading for many inches," 1^2-2 mm.
thick.

On bark of cacao trees. Cuba.

S. Spongia is distinguished from our other species in the
group having a glabrous hymenial crust by the spon.gy,
rather than pillared, structure of the middle region of the
fructification. The surface of the cotype is infested with
a colorless hyphomycete whose hyphae are densely crowded
together and agglutinated; hence fertile specimens of this
species will probably be browner than the original sterile,
infested specimen.

Specimens examined:
Cuba: C. Wright, 566, cotype (in Curtis Herb., and a por-
tion in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 44592, by kindness of Dr.

Farlow).
? Mexico : Monterey, Sierra Madre, C. G. Pringle, comm. by

W. G. Farlow, 6 '(in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 44591).

15. S. fumigatum Burt, n. sp.

Type: in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb, and Humphrey Herb.

Fructification resupinate, long and broadly effused, not
separable from substratum, coriaceous, tomentose, between
mouse-gray and hair-brown, rarely with surface pale, the
margin thinning out and concolorous ; in structure 800-1500/*
thick, with hyphae huffy brown under the microscope, even,
thick-walled, 4ij. in diameter, loosely interwoven and ascend-

19161

BURT THELEPHORACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. VII

341

Fig. 12
S. fumigatum.
h, portion of hymenium showing hy-
phae bearing probasidia and terminat-
ing in curved and coiled ends; b, three
spore-bearing organs; s, spores. X 640.

ing from substratum to liymenial region; in the hymenial
region the hyphae become more densely interwoven and
bear laterally numerous hya-
line, subglobose probasidia
12-15/t in diameter, and
terminate in small, curved
or loosely coiled, colored
branches — hardly paraphy-
ses — 2(1 in diameter, which
form the surface of the hy-
menium ; spores simple, hya-
line, even, slightly curved,
12-15 X 5-6/x, borne on the
upper three cells of a few-
celled, nearly straight, hya-
line, spore-bearing organ 40-
50 X 6-71/2/") into which the
probasidium develops.

Up to 5 m. long, several cm. broad, %-iy2 nim. thick.

On trunks of living sajDling of Acer ruhrum and probably
other species. South Carolina, Alabama, and Cuba. Novem-
ber to May; spores most numerous in May.

S. fumigatum has the general habit and color of Hypoch-
nus spongiosus and is readily distinguishable among the
North American species of Septobasidium by its mouse-
gray color, tomentose surface, and felty structure of loosely
interwoven hyphae which do not form pillars. It is only
rarely that I have seen spores or evidences of spore produc-
tion upon other than the terminal cell in this species.

Specimens examined:
South Carolina: Gourdin, C. J. Humphrey, 2588, type (in

Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 43822).
Alabama : Montgomery, R. P. Burke, 50, and an unnumbered

collection (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 11382, 20068).
Cuba: C. Wright, Fungi Cubenses Wrightiani, 838, comm.

by W. G. Farlow (in Farlow Herb, and Mo. Bot. Gard.

Herb., 43907).

342

[Vol. 3

ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Fig. 13
S. caneseens.
p, hypha in hymenial
surface bearing probasi-
dia; b, two spore-bearing
organs; s, spores. X
640.

16. S. caneseens Biut, ii. sp.
Type: in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb.

Fructilication resupinate, effused,
coriaceous, cottony, pubescent, wliite
at first, pale olive-buff in the herbar-
ium, the margin thinning out; in
structure 500-900;^ thick, with the hy-
phae hyaline, even, 4yo)ti in diameter,
denselv interwoven next to the sub-
stratum, suberect, or ascending
obliquely and loosely interwoven to
the hymenial surface and there bear-
ing probasidia laterally among slight-
ly curved hyphal branches about 2/i in
diameter ; probasidia hyalinCj^ subglo-
bose, lo-llfx in diameter, producing a
few-celled organ TVqm in diameter, up
to 60/ii long, which bears spores on its
upper three cells ; spores simple, hyaline, even, curved, 15-20
X 51/2-6/t.

Fructifications about 2-4 cm. long, 1-1 1/2 cm. broad, some-
times arranged more or less interruptedly for up to 25 cm.
along the under side of limbs.

Associated fairly constantly with scale insects on small
living branches of Quercns on a residence street, Pasadena,
California. November to March.

S. caneseens is characterized bv its white to whitish color,
cottony structure, and pubescent surface. Spores were ob-
served attached to one or more of the upper three cells of
the spore-bearing organ but with the terminal cell giving the
most indication of spore production. I am indebted to Prof.
H. S. Fawcett for the collection made in March to show this
species in best fruiting condition.

Specimens examined:
California: Pasadena, H, S. Faw€ett, comm. by W. A.
Setchell (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 44037) ; same locality,
A. G. Smith, comm. by H. S. Fawcett (in Mo. Bot. Gard.
Herb., 44246).

liUfiJ

BURT THELEPHOKACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA. VII 343

17. S. lilacinum Burt, n. sp.

Type : in Farlow Herb, and Burt Herb.

Fructification resupinate, effused, coriaceous, dry, adnate,
velutinous, between lilac-gray and pallid smoke-gray, the
margin adnate, fimbriate; in structure
80-200/A thick, with hyphae thin-walled,
2-214/x in diameter, somewhat colored
near the substratum, ascending and in-
terwoven and becoming hyaline towards
the hymenium, finer, II/^/a in diameter,
and bearing laterally probasidia, and
extending beyond the probasidia and ^'^g- 14

branching, with tips curved to form the ^^ hyanoe''portion of
velvety surface of the hymenium ; proba- hypha in hymeniai sur-

. T 1 T 11 J. n • ^^^^ bearing a probasidi-

sidia hyaline, even, globose, up to 9/x m um; a, mature probasidi-
diameter: spores simple, hyaline, even, "™' «» probasidium with

' ^ . , young spore-bearmg or-

Slightly curved, 11-13 X 31/2-41/21"., borne gan; b, spore-bearing or-

011 a few-celled, spore-bearing organ ^^^ ' *' ^p*^^^^- ^ ^*^-
about 20-30 X 4-5/x, slightly curved at first.

Fructifications more than 6 cm. long, more than li/o cm.
wide.

On bark, Maravals, Trinidad, West Indies.

This species is characterized by its very thin, velvety fruc-
tification, pallid smoke-gray with a slight lilac tint, fine
hyphae, and small probasidia, spore-bearing organs, and
spores. The spore-bearing organs were slightly curved in
all cases where sjDores were attached to them; in the sec-
tions some of these organs appeared strongly curved or hook-
shaped but my preparations did not demonstrate this point
positively, for the numerous curved hyplial branches were
confusing.

Specimens examined:
Trinidad: Maravals, R. Thaxter, comm. by W. G. Farlow,

28, type.

(To be continued.)

'<l !

'T