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o
THEORY AND PRACTICE
OF
VETERINARY
MEDICINE
NOTES TAKEN FROM
LECTURES.
DELIVERED BY
AU BAKER. VS.
PROFESSOR OF THEORY AND PRACTICE AT THE CHICAGO VETERINARY COLLRGE
THIRD EDITION, REVISED
CHICAGO
ALEXANDER EGER
PUBLISHER
1912
COPYRIGHTED
AT WASHINGTON, D. C..
AOA
BY ALEXANDER EGER
]Go1A300348
PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION.
Owing to the rapid exhaustion of the second edition, a
third edition of this book has been published.
While the style of arrangement has not been changed and
additions are but few, still the book has been thoroughly
revised and brought up to date.
The liberal patronage of the profession is herewith grate-
fully acknowledged. AE.
PREFAGE TO SECOND EDITION.
The frequently expressed desire of Veterinary Students and
Practitioners for a small and concise work on Veterinary Theory.
and Practice has prompted me to publish this little book of Stu-
dent’s notes.
The similar edition issued several years ago was much appre-
ciated by both students and practitioners to whom also I believe
this new issue will be as welcome.
This being merely a book of student’s notes the language used
is somewhat free and non-technical, a fact that will, I hope, be
excused by the critical reader. jake Lp
CONTENTS.
IENAOROO CIO 2 so dvicn oe bee oa oenonnootn gi heee sree eye A A
‘DEE VEINS RERUTESWOR ONIBDICINE sence. ss ele). EWS ee hdres inert kis 13
ELACSIFIGCATION FOR) DISEASE... 04521 -)-- Ws eee rah gees 15
SEE BEOOD waracrei A Tig ALI let aa al Pc Nene Pet OS re NS)
[PAOD SID ity ewe PES Se Gare Ok aE ge Ur ee .
MIME ED RUACNUR Mais re eer ree eee ace Pee cias Sus ole forlal eer a! Vets call 5 AY)
GONGES ELON eh EN OP eer toliatis ar sotbe halisiinv ee 21
Results ot eN Chives CONSeStION |. cane. 2s eae te 24
ABETRONGBOSTS AND ESMUBOLISM = hoe waste so oes se toysveyetcuateyes 26
GNU ESTEAUN TE NIAC TIN tes oe Seu sponte ees he ec ests ev ei eigetions Siege Gorn craee 28
TD IBVAGRISTY Rate UR SR ESR dee ge re Uae EPR EGLO oc seco 30
EO Warch@ullle Am IORSEM Pei eesan tints ec cier ve os. Gac icles este) fais 35
INOS OG Nae re ee Mig ii hang seas fate aie (ov astetiode | 35
RATIONAL TREATMENT OF DISEASE IN GENERAL.......... 36
RIATTON AT CRREATITENTHOR A MEVERS cc. ei c.ccerse «stew « « enerene o7,
iRperamenitonay DIS BASISS a yls/ss ah cule Wiens on the nome eo 4]
TES ai bis Sh eee baie ee aie thee Aa a ce ern een
LEK SRIBIS ois 4.45 daliold cae ots adic owe ManeBuino0 abcr 48
Chromicwearyneiwis css e027... FAIRE os aia Ue aos 52
@ininsyee es ere Seep clerna ate 54
Deli), Go oy ad odo oees do neo oo) GoUneon Tobe 56
TEX HOVRYSI abRENG)* 4 du’) ats ue oto os ee raioto cine DiSieigioycenO Cra Bi
Heaves or Pulmonary Emphysema................ 63
PRC tiiatas ees fn ome see Sate nael cas deine alatee ol ah oie 0s ee LOS
Pulmonary Congestion ........- eee e eee ee eee 69
Pneumonia, 28 fac seo eee eer PRL UE AN Fores cts ie,
IPISEUCISK?? oy oa a here gO oan recat Lo earls i rane 81
Recordvorsay Gaserot memeumoniac.... 4. sss + ei - 88
8 CONTENTS.
DISEASES) OF DHE, DIGHS TIVE OYSDE Min seme ere ae aie ee)
Anatomy sand: Rhysiolocis sane snes eee eg)
Phenomena OF the, Digestive Oncads. 5: ee 91
Diseases-of the AMlouthiin ue yh ia cee eee 92
Congestion of the muccal membrane......... 92
SEOMAEIEIS “Sh aa ee a rec eee 93
Glossitis: 3% De eae ae ae Gee aie 94
Parotidttis 20% sie ee ee eee eee 95
Ptyalisiak 23 cu eine ic. ae ee eae eee era 96
Salivaty, Fistulay: \00e ve. ee) ug ae eee nee Q/
Salivary (Caleuli W029i 0s co. eae eee 98
Diseases oF the Whroata. Wace aie pie, ee ce ear 99
Pharyneitis: toscana: ss arene een agen ae Wy)
Diseases ot the Oesophacichnee se sees eee ae 100
Oesoplagitisi sews cme see cents ere Bae 100
Ocsophagismas Aes sae aes reece 101
Chocking 2.5 22208 2 Pare Ueto eg eae O)L
Organic Diseases of the Oesophagus......... 104
Diseases of theeStomiachne is arse arena 105
Vomition: i seen ei ee ee ee 105
Indigestion sess ree oe eee 106
Achite (Gastric aindigestommee cs eee 109
Chronic) /Gastric indigestion yess] cee 110
GaASELTTIS (ac) iia te eee een creek toca nace ese start ells
Chromite: (Gastritis ivi ei tem ng. ee eee WS
Rupture, of the Stomachiynen see: sige 116
Constipation. 4 na ie ee eee ee oe 118
Diaerhoea sei'.8/9i tee e)ifele
ooh eo wial veh eiy Fe einehtey le\ ie ol jesie7\e)
oivagie! ere \,0:-\6)| 0; (01
.) ,o.8,.0... Gnge ea ea oe eee 205
10 CONTENTS.
Roly pio, sumone: ot) thecal tenet seen eee 206
FRU ptUne oie oc his 5 sian foe Se oe cree oO oer 206
DISEASES OF. ‘THE BLOOD VIESSPESH 2a) ae = 2 sen rane earn: 206
ABtEr itis Von PAS Oe Ra are Deine ent ee 206
/NTEUTISHIG (5c au te ae eee Ra ee eee eR i her oe 207
Phlebitis gs i255 ico ete torte lee ene ee een 207
RYE > mettre Stree een ee men ae a oe a a ma niihe a 208
DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEMUH I ere sees ener 208
Albuminuria) 2.05050 «he ene t Heese eee ce ann ae 210
Hlematuria i. 205.552 so Ge ee eee Zi
Diabetes Tnasipidts 225 3 yee cee Ganie i ae ae Ze
Diabetes Miclkitis sie ened kon es wrt ae ne aks)
Omalat tay 55 Seca cca ee een ener ee rehome 213
Renal (Conugestione. 4.5 ec uaa een eee eee 214
INephritiss 54455: PRR Ee pe Aner es Gs N65
Renal ;Caleulacy oo ao ri 2 AG ne eee eae ONY),
Cystitis. Vie oe Oe oats Rig ayes eee es ot 217
Dysurtia, cue fea co ia cin eee ee 218
Psehitiraa: ee Soe ia iie ee ah eae cate en oe ve 219
Enuresiseys i oiN 6 Us oo ee ek ee 220
Dir et lr its) sec ssccciees ie ci ee ue de a 221
TMMOFS eS Eales on 2 sk eh ete a OE Pe eo eee 22K
CYSTS 5 SUS ie dea Ts eee ore rete aoc en eee eS
DISEASES OF THE BONES A: ine ccce enn eee one Seen 228
Atrophy: ‘Of “Bone: Joc saws 24 one ae ee ieee 231
Constitutionals Osteoporosis asses ae eee eee Zoi
Ostéomalacia’ cic AU irate eanctl ain ne eee eNO
Rachitisy nace a (Ast sca i ae ee IU ele eR ean ee ela 233
Healing: of (Bome), ccc hits vie etcetera nee 235
DISEASES (OF BEE» NERVOUS SYSHEMa (phy ae 236
Cerebral (Congestion: iver hee een ae 236
Cerebral Anemia, Embolus, Apoplexy and Meningitis 237
Cerebral (Sottening: 220.1: eee rae 239
Niyelitis and wParesisn cn ey mc teie errs ey yeies ee eis cees 240
Piydrocephalus: Gi uvea ie ices un en cece yers cr csciapincens 241
Pabes. Dorsali'sijtsvcc chet lee ee ee ee ae 242
CONTENTS. ett
USE DWTS ues yet le fact ee A eR at 243
Choreaey re ce ee Fc raise BARNS Cane ee Coa 246
IDISHASESHORS EEE: WEPRODUGEIVETOVS@PM. 2.00.5. 0 00560 247
Silom oO xarae ewe on mesa Mya loeb came i ROAM 247
Vitalie pox sue eee ree a Na cmae tee re 1s 248
Sipe thao Gie meme ayn ce ead paw fa CS Sh chiro error im 249
AIM OSISeretnerY rene aI e ea coknniar mine apenas a Ache ae 250
IP AeA OSES sae ener anne ees ele wuiee ny con Teena oe Siereliae Aes cn 250
Dropsy not the @vanies: Seas hace yest Caeser Zoi
iy dnometiaurss ye. 2.4. Fee eek see ae Met 251
Njmphomaniaallysteniaaey yen fen ioe ele el sree OZ
eucOnRMGca magi roles Wie eae en ent ye Ha Rr ay UN ut 252
G@ anisiny et pak Nee eee cae rs sane i eh. 259
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE... 01.2.6 os wie 253
Simple. @plthalimiag...%. oacenes- Seon Oia ict Streets 253
Fizeiatoides, HUN SUS swsicaG siees uals aarti seeendea ls os 254
Sino PME eye ae a hess Rick eset eers ven ah, Wonton anes 254
Metropnumn glen COma ca cee ceive cule ee eect sane 250,
Wiceration- op the: Cornea. 09 505s. oe ee eae ok 255
Ger ARIPISe etre ia eae eh Dan Rati oly Mia nian Lin 256
Erileni tere) Celt si whe a eel etree ete li gh ge ge gue 256
TANSGUTTERE BLO AS woo et PPIs ee ke aia oie A ee OD rere ne 207;
Wetachinenteotuthe, Retinal we ia) sous yh Gets 258
Staplylomam sii ce Mime tee ere suai Laue, mul wey: 258
periodic Ophthalmiant es ae ye Pe oe ee 259
SIONS DR OKs een eC are Naied a oir i ins Gece De nar 4 261
DEATH BY, LIGHTNING... .<. SD enh ie Vase crete te nn ARO nal is 264
INTRODUCTION.
HE PRACTICE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE is
both a science and an art. As a science it inquires into
OSS the existence, conditions, nature and causes of disease.
A science relates to facts; it is not theory, it can be demonstrated.
The existence, conditions, and nature of the case, the location of
the disease, the causes of it,—these are all facts.
As an art Veterinary Medicine directs its efforts toward the
prevention, treatment, and recognition of disease. It used to be
considered as an art only; but now, the world over, it is regarded
as a scientific profession.
What is disease? Disease is any deviation from the normal
condition i. e., from health. Health is best and most concisely
defined as the condition in which all the vital organs perform
their functions rhythmically. A disorder in one organ upsets
the others. Health implies that all are working in harmony.
THE INSTITUTES OF MEDICINE.
The Institutes of Medicine are necessary in order to facilitate
the study of disease.
Disease is either functional or organic. A functional disease
is one in which the physiological action is disturbed, but does
not show pathological lesions or morbid anatomy. A disease 1s
organic when it gives indication of morbid anatomy. (6y/
The treatment should follow along the line of a tonic for
the nerves.
BOSH AEO NICHES weet nants ee etek hee eae Gente arsenic
BESteStimll amt iy. reliant See's Sidi ats strychnine
IBeStessedativiecme. ce eaer eon Nn ered eaten ws lobelia
Bear in mind that the horse will eat anything—in fact is in-
clined to be gluttonous. Therefore give his medicine in powders.
In order to insure that the horse gets the powder, put a
double handful of bran in with the oats, dampen it, and mix
well. This is the only medicine the horse will require.
R
BATES OTT Chess stes so satraa carafe oe ranean eieyetere eens «.. 2 drams
IDOLS Kaine NNR okaakcacusoouocKGDanG 8 ounces
INGER EVO A ots e eisai ose ala eee Breese tecerais 4 ounces
Gentian VR veto ciate Sains Weretaia Sale tee etanets 4 ounces
Gian co aie esos ter sess reesei stan see ete loeire eee iavovels 1 ounce
Ft. 60 powders—these will last a month.
M. Sig.—l powder night and morning in the feed.
Hygiene.—Regulate feed. Give horse a change of hay—
limit the amount to 10-14 lbs. a day. After he has eaten up his
hay put on a muzzle. This is absolutely indispensable. It is a
good plan to divide the feed into 2 feeds. If the horse is on the
track, take him away and let him rest a month—this gives the
air cells time to rest. Give the same amount of grain as usual.
The stomach in this case is distended from bulky food, and not
from the grain. There is a lot of virtue in bran—not from its
nutritive qualities but from its indigestibility.
In 3 or 4 weeks the congh will disappear if the hygiene is
regarded. After having one attack, the horse is predisposed to
another. This hygiene must be carried out as long as he lives.
Three points I wish to emphasize.
1. That the nature of case is neurosis starting in the
stomach and we must treat the pneumogastric.
2. Give a sedative, then a tonic.
3. Then comes the muzzle. Do not forget the hy-
giene.
Don’t imagine that rapid breathing indicates thoracic trouble,
and that breathing 30 times a minute and dilated nostrils are
diagnostic of acute bronchitis. Do not diagnose a case from the
first symptoms or one symptom. In incipient heaves you have
68 THEORY AND PRACTICE
dilated nostrils without dropping of the flanks. Just as soon
as you get morbid anatomy, then you have confirmed heaves.
Incipient heaves is curable; confirmed heaves is not—it all hangs
on the morbid anatomy.
Confirmed Heaves.—The treatment practically is the same
except you may have to give more of the nerve sedatives and
treat the stomach, for it is always in a state of chronic indiges-
tion. Do not give too much arsenic. You can relieve the dis-
tress in the breathing in confirmed heaves, but can’t cure it. If
you have to give Timothy hay, let it be cut early, when it is
full in bloom. If you wait until the bloom (2nd bloom) is off,
the lower half of the stalk is of no use.
In examining horses for soundness, you must watch closely
for the wind of the horse, for dealers have means of covering
up the wind by giving alleviating remedies. Watch the action of
the flanks; notice how long it takes the horse to recover after
being jumped. Normal horse recovers his wind in two or three
breaths; a horse may take an half hour—then be suspicious.
Catch the horse by the bit and shake him up! Slap him on the
ribs, and if he has confirmed heaves he will grunt—then turn him
down.
You can’t cover’up a roarer with dope so that if he is a
whistler, a roarer, etc., the quick jump will bring it out, but the
grunt indicates heaves.
If a bovine has heaves, it is no great matter; we are never
called to treat it—it is simply a scientific pathological curiosity.
ASTHMA.
There is a great difference of opinion as to whether horses
have asthma or not, but the best authorities recognize it. It is
so closely related to heaves that the two are identical with a
little difference in symptoms.
Symptoms,—These are as follows:
1. Asthma never arises as an original
lesion—animal has heaves in the in- —
cipient or confirmed form.
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 69
2. Marked dyspnoea—equally so in in-
spiration and expiration.
3. Wheezing both in inspiration and
expiration. The air goes in and out
with difficulty but in heaves the ex-
piration only is accompanied by
strong breathing.
4. Symptoms suddenly developed.
5. Anxious countenance.
6. Flanks heaving.
7. Wheezing.
8 Memperatire;: 102-5;
9. Pulse 60, or thereabouts.
Diagnosis—How shall we differentiate asthma from acute
bronchitis? The wheeze we never get in acute bronchitis; it is
produced by spasmodic contraction of the non-striated muscles
in the bronchioles, and this contraction is caused by the sud-
dently increased irritability of the pneumogastric nerve. The
pulse and temperature are incidental—not diagnostic, probably
due to the dyspnoea.
Treatment.—Nerve sedative is indicated. The sedatives are:
1. Gelsemium.
2. Lobelia.
3. Chloral Hydrate.
4. Belladonna.
Give liberal doses every hour until horse is relieved. Also
you can give a hypodermic dose of morphine (4 gr) and atro-
pine (1-2 grain) and repeat after 3 or 4 hours.
PULMONARY CONGESTION.
In its severe form pulmonary congestion is known as pul-
monary apoplexy, mechanical engorgement, hemorrhagic infarc-
tion (impaction means the same), etc.
Nature.—lIt is a passive congestion of the lungs—the capillar-
ies and veins are involved. Suppose the capillaries become
plugged and the outlet is dammed and the arterioles become in-
volved, as a result we get:
70 THEORY AND PRACTICE
1. Interrupted nutrition.
2. Dilatation of the blood vessels.
3. More or less extravasation.
4, Sometimes hemorrhage by rhexis.
In case of hemorrhagic infarction, it is never general
throughout the lungs, but in patches, which are black and solid.
Etiology—The most common cause of a typical case is se-
vere exertion when the animal is not in a condition to take it.
This applies to horses. .A horse “out of condition” is gross—
has not had sufficient work. The animal is plethoric and there
is an excess of fat in and around the muscles and kidneys, which
weakens the muscles, and that around the heart weakens the
heart. The bowels are larger and more vascular; the blood
vessels are larger and the walls are weaker.
A horse “‘in condition” to take fast work is in just the reverse
condition.
1. Muscles are clearly delineated and
hard.
2. Walls of vessels are strong.
3. Contractility of the lung tissue is
strong—weak in horse “out of condi-
tion.”
A horse “out of condition” has a weak heart; a horse “in
condition” has a strong heart. The conditioning of a horse to
do fast work is a slow process, but he must have regular work—
work off the surplus water and fat. Let the horse stand in the
stable 10 days, well fed, and not exercised, and then be taken out.
Then if he starts out at 12 miles an hour the following symp-
toms will show up:
1. Horse begins to blow.
2. Slows up in his gait.
3. Short in his wind.
If the driver has any sense, he will let him slow up, but sup-
pose he hits him a crack, and the horse jumps into a quick pace
again, then
4. He breaks out into sweat.
5. Slows up again.
6. Looks around—eyes blood-shot.
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 7A
. Anxious countenance.
. Elbows turned out.
. Panting 100 a minute.
Expired air is cold—air does not reach
the capillaries so as to get warm.
11. Ears and extremities cold.
2. Hemoptysis (in bad cases )—bleeding
from lungs.
13. Blood coming from the nostrils is
frothy.
14. Action of heart is tumultuous—the
beats come piling in one after an-
other.
15. Pulse irregular in every respect—fre-
quency, force and rhythm.
OOON
In an aggravated case—we do not see it in this country—
the horse dies right away. Such can happen with young bloods,
in fox hunts, etc. The horses are at the mercy of the hunters.
So far as other causes are concerned, impure air may cause
passive congestion of the lungs—the imperfectly «rated blood
would not nourish the tissues properly. This occurs in cold sta-
bles which are shut up tight, and the air becomes poor in quality.
Morbid Anatomy.—tThere is no free arterial anastomosis in
the lungs, and the consequences are grave on account of this
fact. The infarction occurs in patches, and the circulation
there is arrested. If the impacted portion is large enough, the
animal will die of asphyxia, but in any case the impacted portion
dies, and moist gangrene results: the animal dies in 3 or 4 days.
In case the congestion is not severe enough to cause gangrene,
then it probably will produce inflammation and end in pneu-
monia.
These are the four results of pulmonary congestion:
1. Resolution—congestion products _ be-
come absorbed.
2. Moist gangrene of certain portions.
3. Pneumonia.
4. Asphyxia.
UL, THEORY AND PRACTICE
Post Mortem.—The lesions depend upon the immediate cause
of death:
1. Asphyxia—lungs black.
2. Gangrene—lungs green—mortified.
3. Pneumonia (always limited to certain
parts) portions of lung will be red or
gray.
4. In case of impaction there will be more
or less bloody froth in the tubes.
Microscopically there is more or less
extravasation of blood into the vesi-
cles.
Hypostatic congestion of the lungs occurs sometimes. The
lung is not as severely congested; no bloody froth in the
bronchioles; normal crepitation and normal specific gravity of
the lung; blood is not forced in—simply due to gravitation; no
exudation, no extravasation, no hemorrhage by rhexis or diape-
desis. This kind of congestion plays a very important part in
diagnosis for forensic purposes.
Treatment—Give plenty of fresh air; keep him quiet—do
not let the horse be ridden or driven home; take him to the near-
est stable and leave him there until he recovers. Clothe him
warmly. Give him stimulants—alcohol, strychnine, atropine,
aromatic spirits of ammonia, digitalis, strophanthus.
Bear in mind that the congestion is due to diminished cardiac
power. It used to be practiced to bleed horses in this con-
dition, but we do not do it any more. The weak heart dictates
the rationality of the treatment. Keep the animal quiet for sev-
eral days and watch for pneumonic symptoms. Clothe warmly,
bandage legs, and keep him on light diet. If gangrene develops,
great and sudden weakness comes on, loss of appetite and death.
PNEUMONIA.
Definition.—Pneumonia is an inflammation of the parenchyma
of the lungs, i. e., the air vesicles, It is divided into several dif-
ferent classes:
NI
&o
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Location.—
1. Lobar—when a whole lobe is affected.
2. Lobular—when it is limited to lobules.
Character—
1. Fibrinous or Croupous.
2. Catarrhal—usually complicated with
bronchitis—broncho-pneumonia.
3. Caseous Pneumonia—tuberculosis.
4. Interstitial Pneumonia—when the in-
flammation is located in interstitial
tissue.
We also have (1) Contagious and (2) Non-Contagious
(sporadic) pneumonia. Pleurisy is sometimes combined with
pneumonia and we get pleuro-pneumonia. The horse practically
always has the lobar pneumonia and it is always fibrinous. He
has both the contagious and the non-contagious and has the inter-
stitial as a complication in glanders. Occasionally he has the
catarrhal form as far as the complication of bronchitis with it is
concerned, constituting broncho-pneumonia, but the pneumonia
is fibrinous.
The catarrhal form is seen most often in children; fibrinous
in horses and men. The catarrhal is usually the form seen in
dogs and cats. Caseous is seen in cattle, men and swine.
Characteristics of cut surface of consolidated lung:
1. Fibrinous—glistening, rough, dry, 1. e,
comparatively.
2. Catarrhal—smooth and moist.
3. Caseous—opaque, cheesy, smooth and
lustreless.
4. Interstitial—this is more the inflamma-
tion of the interlobular connective
tissue, and extends to the vesicles
only secondarily. This is the pneu-
monia which complicates glanders,
seen also in. coal miners.
Fibrinous pneumonia is usually lobar, while the catarrhal is
frequently lobular. Pneumonia may be single or double—right
or left lateral. It runs through four well defined stages. As-
74 THEORY AND PRACTICE
suming now that preceding the pneumonia there must be active
congestion of the lungs, the various stages are:
1. Dry hot stage of inflammation in which
the function is suspended. Walls of
the vesicles are dry, and during respi-
ration they crackle and the sound can
be heard by auscultation instead of
the normal respiratory murmur.
Stage lasts 6-10 hours.
2. Stage of effusion—the lung becomes
cedematous and will pit on pressure.
In the contagious pleuro-pneumonia
of cattle the cut lung will drip with
serum—never so oedematous in horses.
Stage lasts 3-4 days and gradually
drifts into the 3rd stage.
3. Red hepatization—so-called because the
lung resembles liver in consistency.
The third stage is long or short ac-
cording to the severity of it. Stage
lasts 1-2 weeks and drifts into the
fourth.
4, Gray hepatization—this is practically
the same as the 3rd stage except
that the tissue loses its color—the
hematin fades out.
The time of crisis comes at the height of the 3rd stage.
This is followed by a progressive softening which runs through
the 4th. In recovery the inflammatory deposits soften, liquefy
and become absorbed, terminating in resolution in the large ma-
jority of horses. More horses recover from pneumonia than
any other species of animal. It is marvelous to what extent
they recover.
Pneumonia may occur in either one side or the other, either
the right or left lateral or both lungs, in which case it is double.
We find by experience that it occurs most often on the right
side. Right lateral pneumonia is more common than left lateral
or double. I think that in this respect it will correspond to the
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 75
observations in the human subject. A German authority gives
the following statistics of 6666 cases of pneumonia in the human:
53.70 per cent were right lateral.
38.23 per cent were left lateral.
8.07 per cent were double.
These will run about the same in the horse.
Semeiology.—First Stage—Breathing is accelerated, nostrils
dilated slightly, temperature probably 106, pulse 50, full, round
and strong. Auscultation reveals a faint crackling sound in the
lungs; respiration probably 20.
Second stage—By auscultation you hear some crackling and
a good deal of dullness; respiration a little faster, probably 24;
nostrils a little more dilated; visible mucous membranes highly
injected and about the 3rd day they begin to become icteric (yel-
low). The secretions become-altered, namely, the urine gets
scanty and high colored; feces are scanty; what pellets are
passed are coated with slime; thirst increases; expired air hot;
tubular breathing increased. In normal respiration you do not
hear any tubular breathing; the air passes in and out without
any perceptible sound. But in case of rapid breathing, as the
vesicles begin to fill, we can hear the air rushing in and out
through the bronchioles. This is called “tubular breathing.” In
normal breathing the only sound we hear is the quiet respiratory
murmur.
The symptoms run along from day to day gradually grow-
ing worse: temperature always about 106; pulse getting more
rapid—3rd day about 60; 4th, 64; 5th, 70; 6th, 75; and 7th, 80.
The strength of the pulse will depend upon the extent of the
lungs involved. If both lungs are involved, the case is usually
fatal. A case of double pneumonia that is fatal generally dies on
the 5th day. The animal may live to the 6th, and if he lives to
the 7th, there is hope that the crisis will be passed with safety
and he will recover.
Suppose that a fatal case with extensive consolidation has
been running for 5 days: on the morning of the 5th day you find
the nostrils intensely dilated, respirations probably 40-50 per
minute, and there is an impulse given to the body by the respira-
tion, You will detect that impulse by placing your hand on
70 THEORY AND PRACTICE
the hip of the animal. This impulse is in direct proportion to the
amount of dyspnoea present. This is a valuable point in making
your prognosis. In other words, the greater the impulse, the
greater the labor in breathing with disastrous consequences.
The mucous membranes begin to get cyanotic by about the
end of the 3rd day. This increases until time of death, when
they are livid with an orange tinge. As death approaches, the
horse sweats in patches, his extremities get cold, and exhaustion
develops rapidly. He persistently stands all through the course
of the disease until he drops and dies from asphyxia.
After the lungs have become solid, under percussion you get
a solid dense sound,—no sound except the tubular breathing.
Note particularly that there is a difference between pneumonia
and hydrothorax. In pneumonia you hear the tubular breathing
to the very bottom; in hydrothorax you hear no sound below the
water line. This tubular breathing is a very important symptom
in pneumonia, in which it is a diagnostic symptom. No respir-
atory murmur can be heard for the air vesicles are full. In
such a condition the expired air is usually cold, for it does not.
stay in the lungs long enough to get warmed up.
Etiology.—A _ specific pneumococcus causes an ordinary case
in croupous pneumonia. In other cases a bacillus is found, which
some bacteriologists consider pathogenic for this disease. But
these germs are usually found in the mouth of the healthy ani-
mal so that it yields to the action of germs which are constantly
present in his mouth.
A lowered resistence on the part of the animal will allow the
bacteria to grow and multiply. Those exciting causes are as
follows:
1. Exposure to cold and wet. If the cold
is damp, this aggravates the case.
2. Insufficient ventilation.
3. Defective cardiac power as seen in pas-
sive congestion of the lungs.
4. Inhalation of smoke and irrespirable
gases,
5. Foreign bodies taken in through the
trachea and bronchi.
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE.
N
N
6. Gastric flatulence and eructations.
. Paulty mechanism of deglutition,—epi-
glottis does not close over the rima
glottis properly, and eructated matter
from the stomach falls into the
larynx. This occurs in severe nervous
prostration in gastric flatulence.
8. Traumatisms.
9. Broken rib—end jammed into the lung.
10. Old age—senile pneumonia.
Pneumonia is a peculiar disease especially as it is seen in
oid age. In this condition probably the nervous system is worn
out, and we get a weak heart—diminished cardiac power, there-
fore, being the cause of the congestion and the pneumonia.
Contagious Pneumoma.—We do not know much about its
cause. Horses affected with influenza, known as “shipping fe-
ver,’ “sales stable fever,” etc., have this pneumonia. This form
of pneumonia arising as an incidental feature of influenza is spe-
cific—it is contagious. Upon physical examination we find no
difference from the ordinary form of pneumonia, but the his-
tory is different. I consider that this pneumonia is a local man-
ifestation of a constitutional disease.
Symptoms.—There are two marked symptoms which occur
in the contagious penumonia:
1. Great nervous prostration.
2. Marked icterus.
These symptoms are not so marked in sporadic pneumonia.
In the contagious the prostrated nerves fail to act in the liver and
we get biliary congestion, the bile becomes absorbed and the
mucous membranes become yellow. It takes three or four days
for this symptom to appear.
Interstitial Pneumonia of Glanders.—This is an incidenial lo-
calization of the virus of the disease. It attacks the interstitial
tissue primarily, and extends to the parenchymatous tissue sec-
ondarily.
Contagious Pleuro-pneumonia of Cattle. — This is specific,
usually lobular, but in severe cases may be lobar. In all cases
pneumonia in the horse produces a localization of the virus. It 1s
78 THEORY AND PRACTICE
fibrinous. When localized, it becomes encapsulated, indicating
that the penumonia is sharply circumscribed. Its definite local-
ization is a marked characteristic of the disease. This pneu-
monia becomes chronic; it never terminates by resolution. In
87-88 two-thirds of the Cook County cattle died from con-
tagious pleuro-pneumonia. :
Symptomatology.—Contagious pneumonia in the horse is
usually preceded by a rigor. There is high fever on the first day;
temperature 106; pulse full, round, strong and about 50; fine
crackling sounds in the lungs; breathing about 22. The second
day the temperature is still 106; respirations about 26; not so
much crackling; lessened respiratory murmur; increased tubular
sounds; part is dull under percussion; expired air is hot; urine
is scanty and high-colored; feces scanty; usually complete anor-
exia. On the third day the temperature is still the same—106;
pulse 66; respirations 30; mucous membranes yellowish; nostrils
dilated; considerable impulse to the body by respiration; thirst
increased; elbows turned out; pellets of feces coated with slime:
by auscultation the lung substance is dull, by percussion less
resonance. The fourth day (now in the third stage), tem-
perature 106.5; mucous membranes cyanotic; body impulse in-
creased; tubular breathing only (can be heard to the very bot-
tom). Fifth day—temperature lowered, 104.5; pulse 80; res-
pirations 30; heaving of the flanks; increased cyanosis; extrem-
ities cold; rusty discharge from the nose (not always present) ;
sometimes actual hemoptysis; ears drooped; haggard counte-
nance; expired air cold; pulse growing imperceptible. The an-
imal dies usually on the 5th day. But if he recovers, the crisis
is reached on the 7th day. As the lung clears up you will hear
a little respiratory murmur here and there.
Most horses recover quickly from pneumonia, but there will
be an occasional one that will linger along for 4-6 months and
than die. In such a case the consolidation was excessively hard,
so that when it ran into the stage of gray hepatization, instead
of resolution, the material broke down and formed abscesses.
The products become absorbed and the horse dies from. septi-
czemia.
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 79
Treatment—There is no specific treatment for pneumonia.
Inasmuch as the pneumococcus is recognized as a specific cause,
there will probably sometimes be found a serum which will coun-
teract the disease. Now we must treat the symptoms. With
the pathology in mind we come to the conclusion that we must
stimulate the heart. A strong heart tends to prevent consolida-
tion; a weak heart encourages it. Therefore if you let the heart
get weak, the horse will run down rapidly.
Strychnine comes at the head of the list of stimulants. You
cannot treat penumonia successfully without it. [I have not
much use for digitalis—we do not get satisfactory results from
using it in treating the horse. It is all right in the disease of the
dog and man. As regards alcohol we get good results from its
use.
Let us suppose a case in the ‘first stage, the short stage. Heroic
treatment may abort the disease. I would recommend either lib-
eral blood-letting or a fever mixture such as acetanilid, aconite,
belladonna and spirits of nitrous ether. The acetanilid will act
the same as blood-letting, 1. e., lower the temperature. Apply
stimulants externally, say a liniment. The ammoniacal liniment
is too strong to spread over the broad side of a horse; the or-
dinary white liniment which we use as a sprain liniment is good
here. Apply a pint over the surface and then cover it immedi-
ately. This warms the animal and seems to act as a special
stimulant to the vaso-motor system. Bandage the animal’s legs,
put him off by himself where he will not have to breathe the air
of other animals,—where the air is not impoverished by the
fumes of urine and feces.
With this treatment for 24 hours, if you have been successful
in aborting the disease, the temperature will have come down
to normal, the pulse 50, though soft and perhaps a little weak.
If the case comes to you in the second stage, pulse 60-70,
mucous membranes yellow, etc., the case is serious. Pulse at
60 is the danger point—you cannot abort the disease. With a
view to eliminating the consolidation, carry the horse to the crisis.
Cut out the aconite on the second day and potash on the third. .
Give stimulants.
80 THEORY AND PRACTICE
The following is a prescription for a serious case in the sec-
ond stage:
BR
Quminew Sulphaber rcs rere ieee 1 ounce
Spots. se Vay eRe Cheeni sctecuenoee toueuan enoee 8 ounces
Gry Ceri ie Be sie ale yeie en ttenateceneh cle tonetcanlale 6 ounces
INL abc NMC NOUNS oaocohdocooaouKod OS 2 ounces |
EO Db: cav Gren ealano Meroe miata pea cea s Gao aoe 2 ounces
WA GUL AS GS) Palle recon s eshte hoists eval etiove co olellcyedoreasite 1 quart
M. Sig.—Give 2 ounces every 2 hours Also give
a dram of acetanilid every 2 hours. until the
temperature is lowered.
If the horse weighs 1800 lbs. increase the dose. Repeat the
stimulating liniment night and morning until he begins to get a
little sore. Push this mixture until you get the heart to pound-
ing like a hammer. | |
External treatment in the form of ice packs over the lungs
is good for pneumonia. A linseed poultice with mustard mixed
in is preferred by some. Woolen blankets wet with cold water
can be applied to the chest and covered with warm dry blankets.
This abstracts heat and lowers the temperature, alleviating the
congestion.
In regard to hygiene avoid drafts, give good bedding, keep
cold water before the animal and change often. In lieu of good
grass, give scalded oats and bran with a pinch of salt. Give
the horse anything that he will eat so as to keep up his appetite.
Sometimes a horse will eat corn off the cob when he will not eat
anything else. Keep the bowels open,—soap and water enema
once. or twice a day if necessary. Keep the temperature at
102-4, but the main thing is the pulse. Keep it at 60 and below
and the horse is safe. Watch the action of the kidneys; do not
let the diuresis go too far. When sufficient, drop out the potash,
the alcohol will maintain sufficient diuresis through the rest of
the course. If necessary give a little Tr. Iron and lessen the al-
cohol. Bear in mind that strychnine is the sheet anchor and
hygiene comes next.
If your case is one of broncho-pneumonia, add chloride of
ammonia to the fever mixture. This is a special stimulant for
bronchial diseases.
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. sl
REE URISY.
Definition —Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura, a
serous covering to the inside of the chest cavity (parietal) and
to the outside of the lung (pulmonary). Between the two sides
is a partition called the mediastinum. In the horse cribriform
openings are in it making a communication between the right and
left pleural cavities. The pleura normally secretes serum,
which, however, is different from the serum of inflammation.
In the horse pleurisy frequently exists as a separate and un-
complicated disease, but in man and cattle, it often exists in
combination with pnemonia. Pleurisy may affect either side
(right or left lateral) and it may be on both sides (general). It
may originate on either the costal or pulmonary pleura and ex-
tend to the other parts by contiguity. In most cases in the
horse the costal pleura is the one most usually affected.
Etiology.—There are several causes which come into play:
1. Extension of inflammation to the
pleura from contiguous tissues.
2. Direct irritation from local injury: or
from adventitious growths.
3. Exposure to cold and dampness.
4. Blood contamination. Pleurisy in
this case is the localization of a spe-
cific disease, e. g., the contagious
pleuro-pneumonia of cattle. In horses
we find an equally typical case in
this localization of influenza.
Extension.—The pulmonary pleura can easily be affected by
an inflammation in the adjacent lung tissue, such as we find in
pneumonia.
Direct Irrifation.—Suppose a broken rib juts into the costal
pleura, though not puncturing it. This irritation will set up an
inflammation. ‘A shaft thrust into the chest of a horse will
always cause pleurisy; grapy tumors so common in cattle and
hogs will cause it.
Exposure-—Meteorological conditions will cause pleurisy. It
82 THEORY AND PRACTICE
an animal has a long wet coat and stands for some time, he may
come down with an attack of pleurisy in a few hours.
Blood Contamination.—The so-called “sale stable fever” or
influenza, may cause pleurisy, but it is general while that due
to the other three causes is localized.
Pleurisy may develop from intrinsic conditions within the
body, as from anzmia or pyemia. Hereditary conditions, acute
rheumatism or typhoid fever may cause it. It may be incidental
to old age. In these latter conditions the pleurisy develops as a
complication.
Course.—Pleurisy runs through four well-defined stages:
1. Stage of active congestion.
2. Dry hot stage of inflammation (first)
3. Oedematous stage of inflammation
(second).
4. Absorption (if horse does not die).
Special Pathology.—In the first stage of pleurisy, the pleura
becomes congested in streaks, spots or patches. These by ex-
tension become confluent until the whole pleural surface is bright
red. This condition is accompanied by definite symptoms on the
part of the animal. These symptoms are very marked and they
do not occur in the congestive stage of any other inflammation.
The second stage of pleurisy (the first or dry hot stage of in-
flammation) is characterized by a dry hot pleural membrane
whose function is suspended. The costal and pulmonary pleura
are both dry rubbing on each other, and by auscultation friction
sounds can be detected. The second stage is short, 6-8 hours.
The third stage is the second or cedematous one of inflammation
and is divided into two parts: A plastic exudation upon the
pleural surface (the pleura is so dense that it cannot easily be-
come infiltrated),—a coagulated mass forming a false mem-
brane. In this first part of the third stage pleurisy may termi-
nate by resolution, a sort of fatty degeneration of the false mem-
brane; or if both pleurae are involved, they may adhere and
grow together, forming a perfect adhesion, common in cattle and
in people, but not often in horses. Recovery may take place
after adhesions have formed, but the adhesions remain perma-
nent. The second half of the third stage is characterized by an
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 83
effusion into the pleural cavity, i. e., providing adhesions do not
form. This effusion is called hydrothorax—water in the chest.
The lungs float up until the animal cannot breathe and he dies
from asphyxia. If the extent of cedematous pleura is not too
big, and the inflammation subsides before the chest is more than
one-third full, absorption will take place and the animal will re-
cover.
The special pathology of pleurisy is just as typical as in any
other inflammation. All fatal cases of pleurisy die in the second
half of the third stage. If the animal goes on to the fourth
stage, the stage of absorption, he recovers.
Hydrothorax is dangerous or not according to the amount
of serum in the chest. Its quantity depends upon the extent of
the inflammation and its severity. In most cases the liquid in
the cavity is serum, but it may be purulent and the condition
is called empyema. Empyema is much more serious than hydro-
thorax.
Symptomatology.—Pleurisy is ushered in with rigor which
is more or less severe. As a rule it is less severe than the chill
of bronchitis or pneumonia. The coat of the animal is staring
and he has a rise of temperature. The congestion of the first
stage is painful; the horse is restless, he paws, gets up and down,
and sweats. These symptoms are often mistaken for those of
colic. This mistake does no harm except that it delays the
proper treatment. This stage lasts a few hours when the horse
becomes more quiet, he is disinclined to move and breathes with
care. His pulse is increased and begins to get hard; ribs are
fixed; abdominal muscles contracted, producing a line to the
point of the elbow. This depression is called the pleuritic line,
which as a rule we do not get in any other disease.
As further symptoms we find the elbows turned out; ears
drooping and cold; legs cold and the expired air cold. The horse
breathes as little as he can because it is painful, and the air does
not reach the vesicles. Auscultation reveals friction sounds over
the affected part, like two dry surfaces rubbing together. If you
force the fingers between the ribs, it will cause pain and the
horse will flinch and grunt. If you move him he will grunt. This
grunt in acute diseases always indicates pleurisy in the horse;
84 THEORY AND PRACTICE
cattle, dogs and men grunt in other conditions. Also in chronic
respiratory diseases in the horse we may have a grunt. When
pleurisy is complicated with other diseases we can always detect
it by the grunt.
The second stage of pleurisy runs along for 24 hours and
we ‘ind the pulse increased in frequency and hardness. In the
first half of the third stage the horse persistently stands; pleuritic
line is well marked; breathing increased to 30; temperature 104;
urine scanty and high-colored; bowels inactive; friction sounds
can still be heard but less on account of the plastic exudate,
which lessens the pain as well. Up to this time the animal has
eaten practically nothing, but now he begins to eat because the
pain is diminished. The inflammation may subside right here
and the horse go on to rapid recovery—in 4-5 days. But if the
case runs through the third stage, then we get an effusion of se-
rum into the thorax. The pain grows less and the animal will ~
probably lie down and eat a little. The owner thinks that the
horse is getting better, but you can see that the eyes are brighter
and his nostrils dilated, and the flanks begin to heave. The
pleuritic line is lessened, and auscultation reveals increased
respiratory sounds above the water line, and a total absence of
sound below. The lung floats up on the surface of the water
and works harder than usual. As the serum in the chest in-
creases, and as the case has been running 3 or 4 days, cedema
can be noticed on the legs as high up as the elbow. Oedematous
thickening in the lower part of the chest between the skin and
the ribs can be detected. This is a very valuable corroborative
symptom. If the pleurisy is complicated with pneumonia, it is
not easy to make a diagnosis, for tubular breathing can be heard.
If the lungs are consolidated, they cannot float on the surface of
the water and it is difficult to diagnose the condition.
Some horses seem to be stronger than others and the cedema
does not take place, but as a rule some is present. Also we get
cedema as the result of local treatment and this must be differ-
entiated from the pathological lesion.
As the thoracic cavity of the animal fills up with water, no-
tice that the nostrils are dilated, that the eyes bulge; the back
arched; horse breathes more slowly; the expired air is cold in
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, 85
most cases; with the ear at the nostrils a metallic tinkle can be
heard, although this tinkle is not diagnostic. But it is not heard
in pneumonia nor in bronchitis. It is a mucous rattle in the
bronchi, and is very pronounced. .
As the dyspnoea increases the mucous membranes get darker
—become cyanotic. The horse dies from asphyxia.
Hydrothorax may be single or double the same as pleurisy.
In the mediastinum are cribiform openings through which the
fluid can pass from one side to the other. In many cases these
openings become plugged up. In such a case the hydrothorax
is confined to one side. If the water does not fill the chest more
than one-third full, the fluid can become absorbed and the animal
recover. If the inflammation subsides during the first half of
the third stage the horse makes a rapid and complete recovery,
but if the plastic exudate instead of softening forms adhesions,
the lungs grow to the ribs.
Symptoms of Pleural Adhesions —After a horse has made an
apparently good recovery and is put to work again, say he goes
out driving, when he feels the sudden pain, stops, puts his nose
to one side—and forgets all else. He may turn into the ditch,
and then go on. This act is due to a stitch in his side, a dis-
turbance of the circulation around the adhesion, and it produces
sharp, lancinating pain. The animal does this once and then
again. He is a good horse to get rid of.
Treatment of Pleurisy—Ilf the doctor is called during the
chill, he must treat that symptom until he can make a diagnosis
as to whether the case is one of pneumonia, pleurisy, etc. Sup-
pose now you have a carriage horse which has had to stad some
time after a long drive and upon returning home and going to
the stable he soon begins to hang his head, paws around, gets
up and down, etc. The coachman gives him colic medicine but
it does no good. Upon observing the respirations, you see that
they are made with care; the animal has a temperature of 105-6;
his pulse is 50. He has pleurisy. Adopt heroic measures to
abort the trouble; and pleurisy is easily aborted. Put the horse
on acetanilid and a fever mixture containing aconite. Apply
local stimulants—the jammoniacal Jiniment, the white sprain
Jiniment, or a sinapism. The value of the external stimulation
86 THEORY AND PRACTICE
cannot be over estimated—it’s ability to abort disease. The
liniment must be prompt in its action. By next morning the
animal will be all right if you have aborted the case, which can
be done 99 times out of a hundred.
If you get a case in the second or third stage, or if your
first case does not recover, apply a counter-irritant night and
morning. Keep up the fever mixture with aconite to the middle
of the third stage. Repeat the acetanilid every four hours in
moderate doses. Keep the temperature around 102 if possible,
but do not dose too much with acetanilid. Keep the animal
warm, feed light, and 90 per cent of the cases will yield to this
treatment, and recover by resolution in the first half of the third
stage. The other per cent will go on to hydrothorax.
In case of generalized pleurisy “sale stable fever,’ you may
get a horse with hydrothorax after a three days’ sickness, while
it ordinarily takes 10-20 days for this condition to develop.
Pleurisy runs into the third stage very rapidly, but the chest does
not fill up with water so quickly. Do not carry the stimulation
so far as to blemish the side of the horse, but if you do make
this blunder, you can tell the owner that it is better to have a scar
on the side than to have a dead horse. You can tell a blister
by pinching the skin. If it wrinkles, a blister is there. Open
it and liberate any pus that is present, for blemishing is always
brought about by leaving the pus and serum there.
While the sides of the animal are soiled with liniment, put
a cloth over your face when you wish to auscultate.
Suppose now that you have a case of hydrothorax. Discon-
tinue the counter irritant and the aconite. Give stimulants—
strychnine, alcohol, etc., alternating with tincture of iron. The
temperature in hydrothorax stays about 104. If the chest fills
more than one-third full of water you must tap it. This opera-
tion is called “‘paracentesis thoracis.”
With trocar and canula evacuate the serum. Some prefer to
aspirate the serum, some draw it off with a rubber tube, empty-
ing the fluid under water. Some think that it is not safe to
draw off the water rapidly but this is a fallacy. As a conse-
quence none of the trocars are big enough. This one that I use
is three-eighths of an inch in diameter and has a short point,
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 87
which is valuable in a case of pleuro-pneumonia. The short
point will not be so liable to puncture a solid lung (one such as
is characteristic of pneumonia). If the lung is not involved, it
will be floated so high in the thoracic cavity that it will be out
of the way of the trocar. In the majority of cases tap on the
right side between the eighth and ninth ribs. Give the animal
one-half pint of whiskey twenty minutes before beginning to
operate. This will prevent syncope. Never neglect this stimu-
lant.
Push the fingers down deep between the eighth and ninth ribs
and in the pit that forms insert the scalpel, making an incision
three-fourths of an inch long. After cutting through the skin,
then go through the chest wall—go in slow. The incision should
be made close to the anterior border of the rib. Insert the trocar
and cannula and withdraw the trocar and the water begins to
flow out. While it is running, if the horse shows any resistance,
tighten the twitch on his nose—this is all the restraint that is
necessary. If the operation is done between the seventh and
eighth ribs, the elbow is apt to interfere, if the animal is in pain
and restless. Remove the twitch as soon as the flow is estab-
lished. If there is any coagulum in the fluid, keep the cannula
pervious with a small blunt instrument. The horse will improve
at once with this operation.
If the cribriform openings of the mediastinum are plugged,
you may have to tap the other side. Wait a day or two before
performing a second operation. Do up the wound with a dry
dressing and keep on for a few days.
In some cases you may have to tap again, but do not operate
in the same place; make a fresh opening. Never open up the
old sore.
Prognosis.—This is according to the color of the serum; if
amber colored, it is favorable; if red, unfavorable.
In case of a purulent liquid, clean out the chest cavity with
2-3 gallons of tincture of iodine—1 per cent solution. Attach a
rubber hose to the cannula, and run the solution (temperature
102) into the chest from a fountain syringe. Hold there for
10-15 minutes and then let it run out again. In the human two
88 THEORY AND PRACTICE
or three openings are made and the cavity is flushed out with a
solution of bichloride of mercury.
Pneumothorax.—In case of puncture or wounding of the
thoracic wall, air may get into the chest. This is dangerous and
will kill the animal if the pressure is sufficient to interfere with
the action of the lungs. In such a case stop up the opening as
quickly as possible.
RECORD OF A CASE OF PNEUMONIA.
HISTORY.—Case of a bay horse, 8 years old. He was
taken sick one forenoon while standing in the railroad yard
waiting for the milk train to come in. He came down with a
chill soon after reaching home. Dr. Baker was called to see
him the next day (13th).
The following is the record of his pulse, temperature and res-
piration for the two weeks of his sickness:
Date: alvemp.: ay Eulises Resp.
13 End of Ist stage 104.8 60 24
14 106.2 66 30
15 2nd andysnd) .alOa'4. He a2
16 stages 105.6 70 36 Crisis
17 4th stage begins 104.4 68 48 passed.
18 Gray hepatization 102.6 50° heart be= 32
Us) gins to pound32
20 102.8 56 32
21 103.5 Do 20 Nervous
22 102 50 3 32 system
23 101.6 47 33 only mod-
24 1022 48 30 erately
25 101.6 48 22 Sexcived
100 37
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 89
TREATMENT.—The following was the dosage:
R
Qian OP IREepepse lore ec Sie) Sieicean'o @ Perales aretean ations Y% ounce
INGUSSVVIOMITS pen at aererncc orassie cuclfeveycvoralatecaversare mie 1 ounce
ER DROH Xenvs Coe MiG heerarslersusretse sven ners e ereeien kote 1 ounce
Giliy, COTM Re reaicrotst o's aie eees nim evsienerersiecenaeuciene 3 ounces
PANG OL/O peirar estes s coke ois ucreretetel anece eye terra eetce tats 4 ounces
INU R OSS at dares otic esc lated Soe ate sai deve toratonel 1 pint
M. Sig.—One dose, 2 ounces every 2 hours. Also
give 1 dram of acetanilid every 4 hours.
On the 23rd day the quinine was stopped and ammonium car-
bonate (1-2 dram) was substituted for it in the mixture, the
alcohol being lessened to 3 ounces. The acetanilid was discon-
tinued after the fifth day.
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
ANATOMY TAN DE PEVSIOLOGY.
( Horse. )
The lips are the prehensile organs, the incisor teeth are the
nippers. The food passes back on the tongue, and while the ani-
mal is chewing, the salivary glands are stimulated to secrete
enormous quantities of saliva, which is poured out partly to
moisten the food and partly to digest it. Its digestive action is
amylolytic, i. e., digests starch. It takes about 15 minutes for
the saliva to act. The food is then formed into a bolus, which
passes down the cesophagus to the stomach.
In all monogastric animals the stomach is in a collapsed con-
dition before eating begins; in ruminants some food is always
present in the stomach. In monogastrics the stomach is no
larger than the amount of food put into it. After the food en-
ters the stomach, the starch digestion goes on for a little time,
and some lactic acid is formed. The presence of the food stim-
ulates the gastric juice to flow; this juice contains hydrochloric
acid, and when its secretion is fully established, the starch di-
gestion ceases. As soon as the acidulation comes up to a cer-
tain point, the pylorus opens and the products of digestion
(now called chyme) pass out into the duodenum, where the bile
90 THEORY AND PRACTICE
and pancreatic ferments act upon it. The action of the bile is
three-fold: i
1. Changes the acid reaction to alkaline.
2. Emulsifies the fat.
3. Acts asa laxative.
The pancreatic juice contains four ferments:
1. Amylopsin—to digest starch,
2. Steapsin—to digest fat.
3. Rennin—to digest milk.
4. Trypsin—to digest proteids.
In the duodenum the chyme is changed to chyle.
In the intestine the food meets with succus intericus, which
Pawlow calls the “juice of juices.” The food is absorbed by
the villi of the small intestine. In the villi are the small lym-
phatics which take in the chyle, carrying it to the receptaculum
chyli and from there on through the thoracic duct to the heart;
the villus capillaries absorb the other products of digestion and
carry them to the liver.
The stomach is the fountain of health; if in good condition
the animal is well. In man indigestion is the main factor caus-
ing disease and this is also true in the other animals. The food
is either too bulky, or too concentrated ; too rich or too poor ; too
wet or too dry; contains too much indigestible matter or not
enough of it; the animal is either over-fed or not fed enough;
he is fed at too long intervals or irregularly.
As regards the tendency of digestive organs to develop dis-
ease, this depends largely upon the parts of the digestive system
most often in use: such parts will be most abused. In the horse
the food is a short time in the stomach and a long time in the
bowels. Consequently the horse has less disturbance in the stom-
ach than in the bowels—diseases of the bowels are common. In
ruminants the reverse conditions attain diseases of the stom-
ach are common and rare in the bowels.
The horse, not being a ruminant, should eat slowly and mas-
ticate his food thoroughly. It is important that the amylopsis
in the mouth should be complete. Many diseases come from
bolting the food. Sometimes it is difficult to prevent bolting.
Too concentrated food produces diseases of the stomach; too
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 91
bulky food, diseases of the bowels. It is a recognized fact that
wholly digestible food produces paralysis of the stomach. For
this reason it is not a good plan to feed a horse on flour: the
stomach requires the cellulose covering of the grain to irritate
its glands. Nature provides this indigestible matter for an ir-
ritating factor and consequently the stomach will not work on
too concentrated food. If such is given, the germs present in
the stomach take advantage of its inertia and set up a fermenta-
tion which leads to gastric flatulence and possibly rupture. On
this account some object to cooking the food, but this does no
harm if plenty of indigestible stuff is given too. Suppose you
scald the oats, this makes them easier to digest and also renders
part of the cellulose digestible as well; but you cannot feed the
horse the rolled oats which people eat, for it is too concentrated.
Do not clip the oats for the horse, he needs the hull as an
irritant. Clipped oats make work for the veterinarian.
Barley, wheat or other heavy grain is too concentrated food
—it has not enough indigestible cellulose. The horse needs hay.
Without it the stomach will not work.
PHENOMENA OF THE DIGESTIVE DISEASES.
The phenomena of Digestive Diseases are fewer than those
of the respiratory system but these phenomena are well marked,
They are as follows:
1. Flatulence.
2. Colicky pains.
3. Turning up of the upper lip—expres-
sion of nausea. The horse stands
still, suddenly stops eating and then
turns up his upper lip. The only ex-
ception to this being an evidence of
nausea is in the case of a stallion
teasing a mare.
4. Constipation — pellets hard, small,
scanty, or wholly absent.
5, Diarrhcea,
92 THEORY AND PRACTICE
DISEASES OF THE MOUTH.
CONGESTION OF THE BUCCAL MEMBRANE.
Definition.—This condition is a congestion of the mucous lin-
ing of the mouth. It occurs in young animals during teething.
When a temporary tooth drops out and a permanent one comes
in its place, this produces a circulatory disturbance. The buccal
membrane may also become congested as the result of gastric in-
digestion. .
“Lampas” is really an imaginary disease. It is nothing but
the congestion of the bars of the mouth. The bars hang down
usually on a level with the upper incisors, sometimes below in
old horses. Disease of the bars never occurs except in punct-
ure or injury. If a horse does not eat, a quack may be called to
look into his mouth; he sees the bars projecting down, and as a
bluff he says its the “lampas.”’ Or the horse falls into the hands
of some horse-shoer, who says that the bars must be turned out.
This is cruelty to animals. The bars in a horse’s mouth are for
the purpose of keeping the oats inside the mouth while being
chewed.
You cannot ignore the owner’s diagnosis of “lampas.” Take
your knife and scarify the first bar about 1-3 of an inch deep.
Then give the animal a mouth lotion, bicarbonate of soda, or
borax and charge your client $2.00! If your client will permit
you, examine the animal further to find the reason of his not
eating.
Dentition and indigestion are the two main causes of sore
mouth. In children, puppies and pigs, convulsions may occur
as a result of the nervous disturbance accompanying the erup-
tion of a tooth. This can be relieved by scarifying the gum.
Hemorrhage of the Palatine Artery—The palatine artery is
often wounded by empirics who try to scarify the bars in case of
the so-called lampas. The tissues around the artery are very
firm and do not contract down upon it when wounded as with
other vessels. When such a condition falls into your hands, put
on your overalls and gown, for the blood will spurt and pour out
profusely. Take a tightly rolled wad of a substance like oak-
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 93
um or cotton (about the size of a goose egg); dip the end of the
wad in Munsen’s solution of iron and apply it to the roof of the
mouth. Holding up the upper lip, wind the oakum tightly to the
incisors 6 or 8 times, and then leave it alone. It will be all right
the next day. Give the owner a lotion to wash out this horse’s
mouth and charge him a good fee!
Do not embarrass the horseshoer by running down his work
before the owner. As far as possible protect the horseshoers.
SLOMATIMIS:
Stomatitis runs a course through three kinds of inflammation:
(1) Catarrhal (2) Vesicular and (3) Pustular. Further we
recognize two kinds, the contagious and non-contagious.
Etiology.—The contagious form of stomatitis is produced by
some specific germ, which as yet we do not know. The non-
contagious is often due to indigestion; it sometimes occurs
through local injuries and infection of wounds. Very fortu-
nately for all animals the infection of the mouth wounds is not
common. The wounds are common but their infection is not.
The salivary wash of the mouth is one continual disinfectant ; the
saliva washes the germs away and bathes the wounds.
Semciology.—We see stomatitis in foals and in calves from
too much nursing. The foam at the side of the mouth of a lit-
tle calf, when in excess, produces sore mouth. This is “baby’s
thrush.” A little gastric indigestion may accentuate it. Acari
may infect these sore places. The form seen in foals is the ca-
tarrhal form. It will show itself in deep red patches, on which
a bran-life scurf will form. This is coagulated mucous, a plastic
exudate, and it soon gets fetid. The feter is due to the degen-
erated mucous. In a bad case these patches extend and coal-
esce so that the whole lining of the cheek may be involved, even
that of the lips and the frenum lingui. The roof is not often af-
fected. The catarrhal form occurs later in the fall—the lips
of the horse get chilled when he is grazing on the frozen grass
in the late fall much worse than in winter.
In the vesicular form of stomatitis the patches are covered
with little vesicles. These vesicles are probably due to indiges-
94 THEORY AND PRACTICE
tion; they are little cankers, coming up first as vesicles then dis-
charging and ulcerating. The pustular form may follow the
vesicular. —
The technical name of the pustular form of stomatitis has
been given by Prof. Williams as Stomatitis pustulosa contagiosa.
It has an incubation of about 3 days. It will likely show as a
profuse eruption on the lower lip, sometimes extending around
on the outside of the lips even to the outside of the cheeks, down
the shoulders and breast to the hoofs. The specific germ has
never been found. The course and termination are the same as
equine variola, which in my opinion is the same disease. Horse
pox is very contagious to other animals and to people. Never
give a horse a ball or do dentistry on him without examining his
mouth for contagious stomatitis. If the saliva from such a case
drys on your hands, they will become inoculated with infection.
If this does occur, soak the hands in a 5 per cent solution of
formaldehyde.
Treatment.—In the non-contagious form the first thing to do
is to remove the cause. Change the diet of the animal if neces-
sary. If the disease occurs in a nursing animal, do not let him
nurse continually. Separate him from his mother. Wash the
udder and teats with borax and also the mouth of the foal. In
adult horses nothing is better than borax.
As to the contagious form isolate the animal. It is no use
to take him out of the stall, you must isolate the stall. If the
partitions are board, they are all right, but if wire, board ones
must be put up. Put ropes or chains behind the horse to keep
him in. However, he can be used in single harness if he is not
tied to a post or watered at a public watering trough. If his
bit is used for other horses it must be disinfected. The inflam-
mation must run its course but chlorate of potash, a saturated
solution, will help.
GLOSSITIS.
Definition —This is an inflammation of the muscular sub-
stance of the tongue. It is usually due to local injury. It may be
produced by scalding doses. A puncture produces an inflamma-
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 95
tion of the intimate lingual structure, but the scalding dose pro-
duces also a catarrhal inflammation of the mucosa.
Cause.—The cause is invariably due to local injury. In cat-
tle it may take on the form of actinomycosis, tuberculosis, etc.
The horse is not often affected with actinomycosis and tubercu-
losis is rare.
In glossitis the tongue swells and protrudes between the in-
cisor teeth. The mouth hangs open and the tongue hangs out.
Deglutition is difficult; the horse is unable to eat and he may be
unable to drink. Constitutional disturbances may occur.
Treatment.—Ascertain the cause and remove any foreign
body. If a puncture is present, follow it to the bottom with a
probe-pointed bistury and enlarge the opening. Irrigate well
with an antiseptic; if a large wound, bathe with an antiseptic so-
lution. Use water as warm as the horse can stand, carbolized 1
per cent or a 10 per cent solution of boracic acid or a saturated
solution of chlorate of potash. If the swelling does not yield
promptly, scarify the tongue on the side an inch long and 1-4 inch
deep. Bathe the tongue with water 102-3 degrees F. to promote
bleeding and then go on using the antiseptic solution. If the
mouth gets foul, sponge out twice daily with permanganate of
potash.
If the tongue is injured by getting caught in a halter chain,
and is torn, say three-fourths off, amputate the balance. You can-
not get union between incised or lacerated surfaces in the mouth.
In examining a horse for soundness, always examine the tongue.
A horse with a short tongue is damaged and he cannot feed so
well.
PAR OMI DIMAS:
Parotiditis is the inflammation of the parotid gland. It is
usually acute and it usually goes on to suppuration, forming one
large abscess or two or more small ones. The cause may be
influenza or strangles, or some other blood contamination. It
may be due to local injury. In my experience the disease oc-
curs without any ascertainable cause.
Symptoms.—The parotid gland swells and is very sore; the
96 THEORY AND PRACTICE
nose is poked out; deglutition is difficult; neck stiff; and it is
hard for the animal to eat. The abscess is likely to. be deep-
seated, and will take a long time to rupture spontaneously. Con-
sequently we do not wait but open it up. Small superficial ab-
scesses may rupture of their own accord.
Treatment.—Hot poultices are easier than applications of hot
water. If you set a man to bathing a part with hot water, he
in inclined to get tired and stop before he has accomplished any
good results. A hot linseed poultice will soften the abscesses
and about the fifth day it can be opened and the pus let out.
Into the cavity inject an antiseptic solution, then insert a little
pledget of gauze and poultice some more to soften the inflamed
swelling. If a poultice is properly made with boiling water, it
must be pretty nearly sterile. You never get any infection from
a poultice, if properly made.
Usually the salivary discharge from the plana is increased and
a salivary fistula will follow. This discharge is clear and odor-
less. Insert a probe-pointed bistury into the fistula, enlarge the
opening slightly—to about 1-4 inch in diameter—and inject
tincture of iodine full strength. A single dose ought to cure.
If not, repeat about once in every ten days.
Pa VAIS
Ptyalism is an increased flow of saliva. This cannot be
considered a disease but is a symptom of some other trouble.
Ptyalism accompanies many diseases, such as sore throat, te-
tanus, sore mouth, etc. As a rule it may be said that any in-
flammation near the salivary gland will increase the secretion of
saliva.
Treatment.—The most effectual treatment is to remove the
cause. When the horse slobbers too freely while in harness or
while eating, there is something wrong with his mouth—either
the bit irritates him and causes soreness or his teeth are too
sharp and the bit pulls the cheek against the sharp corners of thle
upper molars. It is not at all uncommon for a horse to foam at
the mouth a good deal while driving. This, of course, is disa-
greeable and looks bad. When the veterinarian is consulted he
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 97
naturally expects to find something wrong with the mouth. We
usually find that the bar of the curb bit (the usual bit for coach
horses in order to give them proud carriage) does not fit the
mouth or jaw; and for that very purpose, to make the horse
prance and make him showy, the coachman has the lines buckled
down in the curb and touches him up with the whip. Occasion-
ally the horse gets crazy, especially a young horse, under such
irritating conditions. The horse pulls hard on the bit, and the
bar bit with the chain underneath is brought back against the
sharp edge of the jaw, it cuts through the tissues, and injures the
bone. The contused bone dies and sloughs off. This condition
makes a very sore mouth, therefore always look for the cause.
The horse that slobbers too freely while eating cannot be
cured unless you can find some mechanical cause, as the sharp
molars. If you do, round them off, especially the front molars
where the bit pulls against them. It may be necessary to change
the bit for a time; get a bit that will bring pressure on the sides
of the bone instead of on the bar. Recommend a chain bit cov-
ered with leather or rubber. A straight bar bit is an abomina-
tion in a horse’s mouth, such a bit should never be used.
SALIVARY FISTULA:
The duct of Steno carries the saliva from the parotid gland to
the mouth, passing down on the inside of the lower jaw, round-
ing the bone to the outside of it and passes upward on the edge
of the masseter muscle and empties into the mouth opposite the
third upper molar. In a fistula this duct becomes opened—it is
difficult to say exactly what does open it, but it is so exposed to
injury by blows of various kinds—from kicks, from rubbing on
the manger, etc., that it is probably opened in this way.
Treatment.—Establish an opening between the fistula and the
mouth through the natural passage. To do this pass a stiff
silver-plated probe, a small one first to establish the opening
into the mouth, then use a larger one. By increasing the size
of the probe in the course of four or ‘five days you will be able
to pass a sound which is at least a quarter of an inch in diameter.
Then put a speculum into the mouth, but do not open too wide;
98 THEORY AND PRACTICE
pass the hand into the mouth with the front of the hand against
the cheek and feel the probe as it comes up. ©
Suppose the accident came from the kick of another horse on
the cheek. The main damage, was a bruise on the jaw bone.
This resulted in inflammation, exudation, organization and final-
ly complete obliteration of the duct. This is frequently the case.
We find that the organized lymph is not as tough as the wall of
the tube and with pressure you can work an opening through
into the mouth, a small one anyway. Take a brass or silver
probe and run a piece of tape through the eye of it, drawing it
into the mouth from the outside. Leave it there three days, then
remove it and syringe it out. Clean the outer surface around
the opening, scarify the edges of the fistula freely and trim it
out to make a raw edge. Put a continuous suture around the
opening and draw it up like a draw-string, using a solution of
collodion to wash it. Do not give the horse anything to eat; tie
his head up for about three days and give him plenty of water.
This reduces to the maximum the secretion of saliva. After
three days give him a little fine hay, letting him eat it off the
floor. While he is eating the saliva will run out through the
mouth. If this treatment does not succeed, then put on a fly
blister. This stimulation will produce a local inflammation and
increase the repairing process. Repeat if not successful the first
time. Some surgeons recommend to destroy the parotid gland
in bad cases, but this cannot be condemned too strongly. It is
very painful and produces very unsatisfactory results.
SALIVARY CAc@UETE
Salivary calculi are calcareous concretions which are found
usually in the duct of Steno on the broad side of the cheek about
opposite the lower molars. Probably every calculus has a nucle-
us, some foreign body which has worked itself into the duct of
Steno through the mouth. It may be a little piece of barley or
a wheat beard, hull of oats, buckwheat, etc. If this happens it
seems never to get out and produces a little local irritation,
enough to change the character of the secretion in the duct. The
salivary salts accummulate around and on the body and finally
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 99
the calculus is formed. These calculi are heavier than those
ef any other part of the body. Their increased density is due
to phosphate of lime. Also they are slow-forming calculi. They
often obstruct the duct to a considerable degree and the part of
it nearest the gland becomes distended.
Treatment.—Remove the calculus by the aid of the knife,
always operating through the mouth, never through the skin.
Probably no after-treatment will be required. Sponge the
wound three or four times a day with a solution of borax and
impress upon the owner that it is a serious case; it is, however,
a simple one!
DISEASES OF THE THROAT.
PHARYNGITIS:
Pharyngitis is an acute inflammation of the pharynx. It is
a catarrhal inflammation. Many cases of sore throat are cases
of pharyngitis. Usually a combination of laryngitis exists with
the pharyngeal inflammation, but either may exist alone.
Etiology.—Pharyngitis may come on with sudden exposure to
cold and dampness. It may be caused by foreign bodies, acrid
substances in the food or medicine, ete. Sometimes the inflam-
mation is so severe as to produce a post-pharyngeal abscess.
Semetology.—The symptoms run as follows:
1. Difficult swallowing.
2. Possibly a little fever.
3. Respirations normal.
The symptoms in pharyngitis are much the same as those of
laryngopharyngitis.
Treatment.—In this condition counter-irritation is indicated.
Give anodine or a stringent medicine with a syringe. Either
give an electuary on wooden spatula or the iron gargle with a
syringe. Never drench a horse in case of pharyngitis. The iron
gargle is good. It consists of tincture of iron one ounce and
chlorate of potash 14 ounce to the pint of water. The dose is
2 ounces.
100 THEORY AND PRACTICE
DISEASES OF THE OESOPHAGUS.
OESOPHAGITIS.
Oesophagitis is the inflammation of the oesophagus.
Etiology.—This condition is caused-by an extension of in-
flammation from other parts; by the scalding of the mucosa
with caustic drenches; by external injury, kicks, etc.
Semeiology.—The symptoms may show a rise of tempera-
ture; difficulty in swallowing is present; disinclination to eat.
Treatment.—In an ordinary simple case if you remove the
cause, the animal will recover. Give a little antiseptic medicine.
A solution of borax, bicarbonate of soda, a mild dose of per-
manganate of potash, etc., are good antiseptics.
Sequelae.—Stricture of the oesophagus may follow its in-
flammation. The result is a thickening of the wall with a lessen-
ing of the lumen, which in bad cases may amount to stenosis.
The wall may be thickened 3-5 times and the lumen not more
than 14 inch in diameter. The animal cannot swallow. Even
if the lumen is an inch in diameter, the food will go down with
difficulty, although water may be swallowed easily. The food
accumulates above the stricture and this occasions frequent chok-
ing.
Treatment—Sloppy food or milk is indicated. Take away
the solid food. The stricture and dilatation are incurable, and
they occur oftener than we imagine.
In case of oesophagitis from local injury, there is more or
less enlargement in the outside tissues and this causes choke.
If the tissues of the oesophageal wall are not destroyed, the
case will reeover. Injuries from a kick may press the oesophagus
against the vertebrae and actually destroy the tissues of the wall
without even wounding the overlying skin. Eventually an ellip-
tical slough may occur ; the surrounding tissues swell and become
doughy. Open up the tissues over the wound and if such is the
case, destroy the animal. But if the wall of the oesophagus is
only wounded, sew up the lacerated edges, turning them in to-
ward the lumen of the oesophagus. If they are left out, they
will not adhere. Openings into the oesophagus are usually fatal.
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 101
Following the operation, keep the animal’s head up for a time
and feed him on milk and water.
OESOPHAGISMUS.
Oesophagismus is a spasmodic condition of the oescphagus.
It is a functional condition purely nervous. You can see the
effects, but you cannot foresee the condition. Usually the spasms
subside after a few minutes.
It is caused by something being swallowed that irritates the
nerves, and produces spasmodic contraction upon the bolus. In
view of this never give a dry ball, always wet it. : 7
In order to remove the obstruction put the fingers at the bot-
tom below it and move it up towards the mouth. If the obstruc-
tion will not dislodge, you may have a case of choke.
Sometimes coachmen get the idea that raw eggs will make
the horse’s coat glossy. They even send them down whole, shell
and all. This frequently causes choke. Oesophagismus is a
symptom of choke. But if the cause of the irritation is in the
thorax, there will be little eating and then vomition. The food
may be streaked with blood.
Treatment.—Give a liberal dose of morphine. This blunts
the nerves. When the animal is thoroughly under the influence
of the drug, then give two or three doses of cottonseed oil. If
the oesophagus does not relax, the animal will regurgitate the
contents of the oesophagus. Then pass a probe and push the
obstruction on into the stomach. Do not wait until the inflam-
mation starts up before doing this.
CHOKING.
Definition —Choking is obstructed deglutition by the inter-
rupted passage of any substance from the mouth to the stomach.
The regions of choke are divided into three sections, cervical,
thoracic and cardiac.
Etiology.—Horses may choke on dry feed. They are raven-
ous eaters—they bolt their food without proper insalivation.
Cows usually choke on pieces of apples, potatoes, carrots, sec-
102 THEORY AND PRACTICE |
tions of turnips, etc. If the cutter is out of order, the food will
be imperfectly cut up and the large pieces will cause choke.
Cows will choke on apples which they have picked up from the
ground. Cows which are giving milk are inclined to chew bones
and linen garments,—I have known them to chew up a whole
washing and get choked! Dogs usually choke on spools, needles,
hatpins, etc. Cats the same. Sheep and pigs seldom choke—
they are not so ravenous. Poultry fed once a day and then given
meal will eat too fast and choke. Horses occasionally choke on
solid substances.
Semeiology—The horse quits eating and makes spasmodic
but ineffectual efforts to swallow. He becomes restless, moves
back and forth; has an anxious countenance, etc. Nothing can
produce more nervous excitement than a choke. In the course
of a few hours the obstructed cesophagus produces nausea—
animal will stretch his neck and he gets spasmodic cramps of the
cervical and pectoral muscles. These draw their heads toward
their knees. This is seen also in gastric indigestion. It is simply
a diagnostic symptom of nausea, and may be so severe as to
cause the horse to shriek with pain. These cramps are called
retching or ineffectual attempts to vomit.
If the choke is a cervical one there will be an enlargement
along the course of the cesophagus on the left side of the neck +
about the first rib. In dogs, cats and chickens the choke is cer-
vical; in cattle the choke is often thoracic; in the horse and in
cattle the choke may be at the cardiac opening. The symptoms
of thoracic choke are much the same as in the cervical but the
nausea is more marked. The horse fills up his cesophagus to the
obstruction and then throws out the food again. He throws it
out through the nose. This is an act of vomition and there is
also reverse peristalsis. In cardiac choke the obstruction cannot
be seen until the cesophagus becomes filled, and then the obstruc-
tion is seen in the cervical region.
In cattle any choke leads to tympanitis of the rumen. There
is a great slavering of the mouth, present in all animals, however.
Dogs, cats and people have violent fits of coughing, but not the
horse, If the choke is not removed, it acts as an irritant and
produces inflammation running through the ‘first and second
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 103
courses and terminates in gangrene. The animal dies from sep-:
ticeemia.
As regards the horse the conditions producing choke are as
follows :
1. Oesophagismus.
2. Oesophagitis — especially a _ factor
when the inflammation runs to ulcera-
tion.
3. Organic diseases of’ the gullet in the
form of a stricture, frequently fol-
lowing oesophagitis.
4. Diseases of the salivary glands, by
which the quantity of saliva is dimin-
ished. It is impossible for the food
to go down the oesophagus without
being thoroughly insalivated.
5. Voracious appetite—the horse bolts his
food and it enters the oesophagus dry.
Deranged or decayed teeth interfere
with mastication.
Treatment.—The first thing to do is to give a hypodermic in-
jection of morphine—4 grains. As a rule it is impossible to
move obstructions downward, but they can be moved upward.
Give an internal dose of cotton seed oil (about 2 ounces) with a
syringe. Then manipulate the obstruction rubbing toward the
throat. The animal will throw out the oil, and then give another
dose and repeat. You can put a hose through the nose of the
horse and turn the water on, thus washing out the obstruction at
times. This surgical operation includes exposing the oesophagus
and passing a ligature around it with the stomach tube inserted
to prevent the ingesta from falling into the larynx. Before at-
tempting this operation read up on it.
Cattle often choke in the cardiac region. The proper thing
to do is to place a speculum in the mouth (in case the choke is
in the cervical region) and let some one press upwards beneath
the obstruction, while a small hand goes in and gets it. Or a
probe can be passed and push it down into the stomach,
104 THEORY AND PRACTICE
In severe cases of tympanitis accompanying choke in cattle
you may have to tap the rumen.
In choke in dogs and cats, hold the mouth open and go after
the obstruction with a pair of forceps.
In the chicken give them a dish of water and they will help
themselves.
ORGANIC DISHASHES VO Dae OUS@OREWA GUS:
An organic disease of the oesophagus is the change in struct-
ure of the wall caused by a stricture. The causes of a stricture
are:
1. Irritation.
2. Congestion.
3. Inflammation.
4. Organization.
These changes occurring in the wall lessens its tube lumen,
thickens the wall, and destroys its dilatibility. Immediately an-
terior to the stricture there will be a dilatation; the older the case
the larger this will be. In connection with the stricture is more
or less degeneration of tissue.
Symptoms.—There are frequent choking, slow deglutition,
contents of the dilatation frequently thrown out and occasionally
streaked with blood.
Prognosis——The prognosis is unfavorable because you can-
not dilate the stricture nor reduce the dilatation. The ultimate
end is oesophagitis with a choke that cannot be removed.
Treatment.—Drench the animal with small doses of some-
thing that will tend to cure the inflammation—saturated solution
of borax, chlorate of potash or sodium bicarbonate. These
should be given several times a day. Give the animal sloppy
food and compel him to eat slowly.
In order to make a horse eat slowly put stones in his feed
box, and these will hinder him from getting his food so fast. If
this fails there are patent boxes which can be used for this pur-
pose.
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 105
DISEASES OF THE STOMACH.
VOMITION.
Vomition is called emesis or vomiting. The emetic center is
in the medulla. Something disturbs this center, and the reflex
action of the disturbance is transmitted to the stomach. The
symptoms of vomiting are:
1. Depression.
2. Turning up of the upper lip.
3. Abhorrence of food. The nausea in-
creases until we get a reflex peris-
talsis of the stomach, duodenum and
sometimes of more of the small in-
testines.
The act of vomiting is as follows:
Deep inspiration.
Glottis fixed.
Spasmodic forcible contraction of the
abdominal muscles.
Food thrown out through the nose.
Mouth in all animals except the horse
wide open.
The stomach cannot empty itself without the aid of the
abdominal muscles.
Horses do not vomit except under peculiar conditions: carn-
ivora vomit easily; omnivora comparatively so; and herbivora
with great difficulty. Cattle do not vomit because the rumen is
large and comparatively insensible. As a whole the ox is phleg-
matic. Horses vomit with difficulty on account of the shape of
their stomach. At the cesophageal entrance there is a fold of
mucous membrane which acts as a valve and serves to keep the
food from going back toward the mouth. except in: case ofa
distended stomach vomition cannot occur. It is usually accom-
panied with gas. There are four conditions under which a horse
vomits :
wd re
aaa
1. Stomach distended with gas and food
mostly liquid.
106 THEORY AND PRACTICE
2. Organic disease of the cesophagus with
a dilatation of the cardiac opening.
3. Rupture either partial or complete of
the walls of the stomach. The rupt-
ure may be 2-4 inches long; if it is
very long, the horse cannot vomit.
4. Closure of the pyloric orifice by a
plug of indigestible food which pre-
vents the food from passing out into
the duodenum.
In case of distention the greater curvature will be the most
distended and rupture will occur here. ;
INDIGESTION.
Indigestion occurs in all animals. It is a functional disturb-
ance. It is named gastric or intestinal according to its location.
The gastric form occurs in three degrees of severity:
Loe Ncute:
2. Subacute.
3. Chronic.
Under the head of acute indigestion we have two or three
different conditions :
1. Engorgement of the stomach.
2. Stomach staggers.
3. Gastric flatulence.
Acute gastric indigestion usually comes on suddenly. It 1s
always a serious affection, often producing death either by (1)
exhaustion or collapse, (2) asphyxia, (3) rupture of the stom-
ach, or (4) gastritis.
Etiology—The chief causes are overloading the stomach,
eating too fast, insufficient mastication, insufficient insalivation,
eating when physically exhausted, and improper food, especially
that not assimilable by the animal. The insalivation is very
important because it produces amylopsis. Eating when physically
exhausted is probably the main cause of indigestion—the horse
will eat too fast and the stomach, being depressed, will not act.
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. ~ 107
Do not give a tired horse oats. Let him eat hay for a half hour
and then give him the oats. Too much bulk (if very indigestible
or too concentrated) will cause gastric flatulence.
Symptoms.—Suppose we have a case of gastric flatulence
from bolting the food. The following are the symptoms:
1. Restlessness—the horse lies down, gets
up soon, turns around; the worse he
gets, the shorter time he lies down.
When tympanitis is present, he can-
not lie down.
. Mild colicky pains.
3. Animal looks around, most often to the
left.
4. Trunk more or less distended. Flanks
fuller. than normal, but not very
tympanitic. The distension is more
under the ribs. In intestinal flatu-
lence the distension is more in the
flanks.
Horse sweats.
6. Eructations—positive evidence of gas-
tric flatulence. It is accompanied by
more or less sound, which may be so
slight that you cannot hear it without
putting the ear to the neck. These
bo
On
eructations give the animal great re-
lief, but all cases do not eructate.
7. Nausea—retching and painful vomition,
especially in the horse. As a symp-
tom of the retching we get a spas-
modic contraction of the muscles of
the neck and breast the same as in
choke. Retching is a painful effort
to vomit without succeeding.
. Rapidly developing pervous prostration,
9. Rapid breathing.
10. Expired air cold,
ie)
108 THEORY AND PRACTICE
11. Nostrils dilated.
12. Mucous membranes cyanotic.
13. Pulse rapid, small, weak and hard.
In a mild case that recovers the fermentation will stop. In
fatal cases the horse most commonly dies from syncope—a result’
of the great nervous prostration, which is produced largely by
the pressure upon the diaphragm, and the animal finally dies from
collapse. Death occurs usually from 10-30 hours. The next
most common cause of death is asphyxia. The tympanitis is so
great and the gas cannot escape because of the cardiac fold of
the stomach or of the pyloric end folding upon the duodenum.
In such a case the pressure upon the diaphragm is so severe that
it interferes with the action of the heart and lungs. The animal
may die in 20 minutes, usually, however, in one or two hours.
The third cause of death may be rupture of the stomach, which
may take place in 4-5 hours. If the case runs on for 3-4 days,
and the horse does not die from any of the causes just men-
tioned, congestion and inflammation may result and the case
turn into one of gastritis. Death from gastritis can occur in 1-6
days.
Great flatulence produces anzemia of the walls of the stomach
and prostration of the vaso-motor system, and as the flatulence
subsides, the atonic blood vessels fill with blood and become con-
gested. Then inflammation follows.
14. The appetite is suspended.
15. Temperature not so much affected until
gastritis sets in. Then there will be
an elevation of temperature.
Treatment.—This must be directed toward the arrest of the
fermentation, which is always present. The cases are always
urgent. Give drugs that will arrest the fermentation without
producing more gas. The acid to be combated is acetic acid,
not hydrochloric. Neutral salts are indicated,—hyposulphite of
soda—the sulphate is most popular and very effectual. Others
are sulphite of lime, magnesium sulphate. Such antiseptics as
turpentine, boracic acid, salicylic acid, cresylic acid, coal tar
emulsion, etc., are good. Carbolic acid also.
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 109
The contra-indications are these:
1. The antacids.
2. Carbonates and bicarbonates.
If the carbonates are used in this condition, more gas is pro-
duced by the chemical action of the combination of the drugs in
the stomach, and therefore those who recommend them are
wrong. On the other hand, the neutral salts tend to liquefy the
gas already there.
In every bad case of gastric flatulence it is a good plan to
pass a stomach tube. This opens the cardiac orifice and gives
relief. The antiseptics can be pumped through the tube and
then syphoned out again—this empties the stomach. After
emptying the stomach, pump into it a couple of gallons of water
with a little common salt dissolved in it, then syphon it out and
repeat if necessary. Turpentine is usually given in capsules,
may be given with oil. If the mouth is dry, the pure turpentine
will scald it. When mixing the turpentine with oil, use
equal parts. Bear in mind the nervous prostration and give
a stimulant, such as sulphuric ether, alcohol, capsicum, ginger,
strychnine, etc. In order to relieve the pain give an anodine—
fluid extract cannabis indica, chloral hydrate, and sulphuric ether.
Do not give opium, but a hypodermic of morphine, 4-5 grains
may be given.
When the horse is relieved, feed on very light sloppy food
to avoid gastritis, for this is usually fatal in the horse. Find
out the cause if possible, make him eat slower, file his teeth,
give feeding of hay before the oats.
ACUTE GASTRIC IMPACTION.
‘his condition is an impaction of the stomach, producing
stupor; it is ordinarily known as stomach staggers. In such
a case the horse gets loose in the night and gets at the grain or
bags of flour and loads his stomach with solid food. When the
stomach becomes filled in this way, it becomes paralyzed. The
horse is in a stupor, he hangs his head, doops his ears, partly
closes his eyes, stands with his face against the wall, and in-
clines his body forward. If the condition comes on when the
110 THEORY AND PRACTICE
horse is out doors, he will probably stagger along. This usually
lasts several hours, or until fermentation of the mass in the stom-
ach takes place, with evolution of gas. Then the animal wakes,
bloats, and unless he gets prompt relief, will die. It then turns
into gastric flatulence.
Treatment.—The doctor will probably be called during the
stage of stupor, as that is the main evidence to the owner that
his animal is sick. Bear in mind that the horse is loaded with
grain sufficient to kill him. Drench him carefully with quanti-
ties of saturated solution of sodium sulphate, magnesium sul-
phate, or good liberal doses of turpentine. Give two ounces of
turpentine every hour, until you have given two or three doses.
A little renal congestion may follow so much turpentine, or poly-
uria, and possibly strangury, but these symptoms are harmless.
The purpose of this treatment is to prevent fermentation and to
dilute the contents of the stomach. After the danger is passed,
give the horse a dose of aloes in solution. A case of this kind is
always serious and sometimes fatal. Prevent if possible fer-
mentation. Give liberal doses of antiferments, and then pro-
duce purgation. If this line of treatment fails to cure, use the
stomach tube as directed for gastric flatulence.
CHRONIC GASTRIC INDIGESTION.
This corresponds to dyspepsia in the human. It is funda-
mentally a derangement of the stomach in which digestion is im-
perfectly performed. It is not dangerous nor even serious but
it takes a long time to cure.
Etiology.—Chronic gastric indigestion is usually caused by:
1. Errors in diet.
2. Faulty gastric secretions.
3. Abnormalities affecting the movements
of the stomach.
The errors in diet include irregular feeding, too long contin-
uation of one kind of food, bad quality of food, like musty oats,
over-ripe hay or moldy grain.
Faulty secretions are usually seen in case of deficiency in se-
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 111
cretion of the hyrochloric acid, or a deficiency of the gastric juice,
in which case the quantity of pepsin will be diminished also.
The abnormalities are the chronic thickening of a portion or
portions of the stomach wall; chronic thickening of the pylorus, or
chronic dilatation of the cardiac orifice of the cesophagus.
Semeiology—The symptoms consist of the following:
1. Capricious appetite—animal sometimes
very hungry and at other times will
not eat at all.
2. Horse inclined to lick the wall for the
lime and other alkalies; will eat dirt,
especially clay, sometimes eats the
bedding that has been urinated upon
in preference to good hay. Young —
stallions will sometimes defecate and
turn around and eat it.
3. Occasional mild attacks of gastric flat-
ulence, the only evidence of which
are sour eructations.
4. Excessive thirst—quite common, ani-
mal will drink a great deal of water
will try to empty the trough.
5. Polyuria, a result of so much drinking.
Often this is the symptom noticed by
the owner which induces him to call
the doctor. When he arrives, he is
told that the horse is flooding the
barn. The urine is clear, and there
is much of it.
6. Unthriftiness, staring coat, thinness of
flesh, pot belly, debility, ete. Animal
may become hide bound.
7. Feces usually dry.
8. Pulse, temperature and_ respirations
unchanged.
Treatment.—Give the animal a complete change if food if
possible—grass in season, and change the hay from timothy to
prairie. If this is not possible, use any mixed hay containing
I, THEORY AND PRACTICE
timothy, clover and red-top. Early cut timothy will do. Crush
the grain for a change and add at least 25 per cent bran to the
mass. Salt the feed with common salt.
Give antacids and an occasional laxative such as a pint of raw
linseed oil. The best antacid is bicarbonate of soda. For the
digestive apparatus prescribe arsenic, gentian, nux vomica, gin-
ger, charcoal, etc. The antacids have a peculiar physiological in-
fluence upon the hydrochloric acid secretion of the stomach
glands.
If the flatulence occurs within two hours after eating, there
is a deficiency of the hydrochloric acid, and in this case give the
hydrochloric acid instead of the soda, or alternate the two. Do
not give the two together. Alternate them for a week at a time.
A dose of strong hydrochloric acid is about 7 drops of the pure
acid (freely diluted). Make up a pint of water and a dram
of the acid—add any other drug that you wish.
If the flatulence occurs about five hours after eating, that
is indicative of an excess of hydrochloric acid. In such a case
give anticids four hours after eating. This will intercept the se-
cretions of gastric juice and limit the quantity, or at any rate
will prevent any injurious effects from the excess. If the
horse has a fair appetite and will eat powders, give him ordinary
white arsenic in his feed along with the anticid; but if his ap-
petite is poor, in addition to the mixture of the tinctures give
him Fowler’s solution. Calculate to give him arsenic three times
a day and it should always be given after eating. Do not allow
the arsenic to go into an empty stomach. Never put a strong
solution into the mouth in concentrated form—small doses will
produce poisonous results. Do not give Fowler’s solution clear
—it is too strong; it will arrest the appetite and loosen the bow-
els. Dilute it freely.
In cases of this kind you will have to make many changes in
the hygiene usually. You will find, for instance, that. young
stallions, between one and two years old, and older ones if they
belong to the draft class, suffer from confinement. You will
frequently find over acute, subacute or chronic indigestion in
stallions, especially in young ones. Often the main symptom
noticed by the owner is the refusal of the animal to eat, and this
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 1S
induces the owner to call the doctor. For this lack of appetite
give a mild purgative and follow it with antacids. Let the horse
fast for two or three days. .
In older horses with this trouble always examine the teeth.
You will find that deranged teeth are often the cause of indiges-
tion.
In case you have a young stallion to treat for indigestion,
always prescribe exercise, the lack of which is one of the causes
of his trouble.
GASTRITIS:
Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach mucous membrane.
This disease goes through the same course as any other inflam-
mation. It frequently runs to the third stage of inflammation
and may terminate in ulceration. It is not very common in
horses but is common in dogs and cats. .
Etiology.—In the horse gastritis usually follows a long con-
tinued course of gastric flatulence. It is sometimes caused by
traumatism, by foreign bodies—by anything that can wound the
mucous membrane. In this case infection often follows. The
gastric mucous membrane is frequently involved in a general in-
flammation along with a similar condition in the whole alimentary
track, as seen in influenza. Poisons, such as caustic potash, any
of the three vitriols (blue, white and green), arsenic (common
form eaten is Paris green), etc., are some of the causes of gas-
tritis. Others are mercury, lead, and vegetable poisons, such as
the yew, rhododendron, etc.
Semeiology.—The symptoms consist of colicky pains, not un-
like those of colic. The animal turns his head around to one
side, has a depressed and haggard appearance; he sweats more '
or less; respirations quickened ; pulse rapid, hard and small, and
gets more so as the disease progresses. There is complete anor-
exia. In the very acute cases the thirst is not increased, but in
subacute cases the thirst is greatly increased. The saliva is
usually ropy. There may be frequent eructations; flanks tucked
up; purgations; constipation. The animal dies in a stupor, and
the form of death is syncope.
114 ; THEORY AND PRACTICE
In the dog the symptoms are as follows: vomiting—a dog will
drink large quantities of water and will go right off and throw
it up again, then come back and drink some more. This is one
of the most prominent symptoms of gastritis in the early stages.
Upon pressing on the stomach, pain is produced; the dog lies
flat on his chest. The other symptoms are much the same as in
the horse. '
Post mortem.—The mucous membrane of the stomach will
show inflammation. If caused by long continued gastric flatu-
lence, the villus lining (near the pylorus) will be dark red and
swollen. If the inflammation is caused by caustic poisons, there
will be deep erosions. In some cases you will be puzzled to
account for the death, the lesions not seeming sufficient. In
case of lead poisoning the stomach at post should show redness
without erosion—this poison produces general collapse. If the
stomach has arsenic in it the mucous membranes will be dark.
If death from poison is sudden, there will be no change in
the fecal matter, i. e. in arsenic poisoning; but if the case is
one of 24 hours standing, the fecal matter will be black; if 3-4
days, there will be black diarrhcea.
Treatment.—First ascertain the cause. If gastritis occurs
from poisons give the proper antidote. If it occurs from a caus-
tic, give oil—the oil and the alkali will form soap. Give moderate
doses of the oil and then repeat. A pint of the oil would be
sufficient. Repeat in half pint doses three times a day. Toa
large horse give a pint at the time. Apply a mustard plaster over
the belly. Give aconite, alcohol and an anodyne such as fluid
extract canabis indica. Give a bland fluid to drink like linseed
tea. If the thirst is intense, restrict the water supply—put a
little bicarbonate of soda in the drinking water. As a special
regulator give subnitrate of bismuth, combining it with salol.
During convalescence give lime water, fluid extract gentian,
strychnine.
As regards the poisons which case gastritis, it is essential
for a doctor to keep posted on the various antidotes. It is a
good plan to carry a.dose book in one’s pocket all the time.
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 105
CHRONIC GASTRITIS.
Horses are affected occasionally with chronic gastritis. It
does not occur often, but when it does, it does not yield to treat-
ment readily. It is associated with the following conditions:
1. Continual errors in diet.
2. Frequent recurring fits of acute indiges-
tion.
3. Textural changes in the glandular tis-
sues of the stomach wall, such as
seen occasionally in heaves. The
secretions are deficient in both quan-
tity and quality.
4, Cribbing and long-continued wind
sucking.
5. Diseases of the liver interfering with
the secretion of the bile.
6. Malignant disease of the stomach.
7. Mechanical injury to the mucous mem-
brane produced by bots. These hang
to the mucous membrane with little
hooklets, and if there are very many,
they irritate the mucous lining.
Semeiology.—The symptoms are long continued and not very
expressive. A very capricious appetite will be present; greatly
increased thirst; general unthrifty condition; pot belly, hide
bound, long staring coat, debility, etc. The termination may be
favorable if the cause can be removed, but it may develop into
the acute form at any time.
Treatment.—Look at the molar teeth and attend to them if
need be. Attend to the hygiene; give antacids such as bicar-
bonate of soda, lime water, prepared chalk, subnitrate of bis-
muth, etc. Put them in the drinking water or feed. A horse
with this trouble will drink all that he can hold. Other drugs
are gentian, ginger, mux vomica, tonic doses of quinine, arsenic,
etc. Give him a run at grass if nossible. See the Hygiene for
Chronic Gastric Indigestion.
116 THEORY AND PRACTICE
RUPTURE OF THE STOMACH.
Rupture of the stomach may be partial or complete. Remem-
ber that the stomach wall consists of three coats, the middle
layer of non-striated muscle, covered with a serous coat, the peri-
toneum, and an inner mucous coat which lines the stomach, In
partial rupture the serous coat gives away first, then the mus-
cular.
Etiology.—Rupture may occur in gastric flatulence, repeated
attacks of which will terminate in rupture. The rupture will
probably occur in a much milder attack of flatulence than he
may have recovered from many times before. Every attack of
flatulence weakens the stomach wall. In posting a case of
rupture, the tear may be a foot long—this probably took place
when the horse fell. That which occurs in case of distension is
usually 2-4 inches Jong. And the post will reveal something
about the time of the rupture; if it has taken place 6-8 hours be-
fore death, the edges of the laceration will show congestion or
even inflammation; if the tear took place when the animal fell,
the edges will not be congested.
Semeiology—The symptoms of rupture are not diagnostic.
Never state the diagnosis positively, to be contradicted after-
ward by a post. The following symptoms are usually confirmed
by post mortem in case of rupture but they are present tn other
diseases too:
1. Vomition is a usual symptom. There
is not necessarily an actual expulsion
of food and injecta, but there may
be retching. In some cases there will
be no vomiting at all. In rupture
of the diaphragm and in gut-tie we get
vomition also. Horses have vomited
2-10 hours after rupture as proven by
the congestion and in some cases in-
flammation of the edges of the rup-
ture. We may find an extensive peri-
tonitis in case of rupture, this show-
ing that time may elapse and the ani-
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 117
mal live after the rupture has taken
place. The peritoneum may show
exudation and effusion as the result
of the contact with the injecta from
the stomach.
. Great nervous prostration.
3. Increase in frequency and decrease in
size and strength of the pulse.
4. Sweating in patches.
5. Anxious countenance.
iS)
6. Animal lies down and then rises up on
his forward feet, sitting on his
haunches like a dog.
. Hurried respiration.
8. Mucous membranes cyanotic—the cyan-
osis is due to the nervous prostra-
tion, which lessens the heart’s action
and thus induces the cyanosis.
As death approaches, the ears, extremities and nose get cold;
the perspiration is cold; there is trembling of the muscles, more
particularly the caput muscles. Death may take place anywhere
from 144-20 hours. In the majority of cases it occurs in 2-6
hours. The nervous prostration and death from syncope may
occur at any time. A sensitive nervous system will collapse
quickly from an attack of rupture and the animal will die in
half an hour, while a phlegmatic temperament will not show so
quick a reaction. One case is recorded as living 50 hours after
rupture.
The symptoms after the rupture has taken place are as fol-
lows:
N
1. Pain ceases.
2. Tympanitis ceases.
3. Sudden cessation of the flatulence.
In a case where rupture occurs say 18 inches long without
any congestion of the lacerated edges, we must conclude that the
rupture took place when he fell, and that he died from asphyxia.
In such a case you could not say that the rupture killed him, it
was the dropping. On the other hand if you find a partial
118 THEORY AND PRACTICE
rupture and the mucosa bulging outside the wall, then the rupture
causes the death.
Treatment.—To begin with all cases of rupture are fatal—
whether the rupture is partial or complete. But seeing that the
symptoms of rupture are not very diagnostic, the doctor must
continue the case right up to the end. Treat the case for acute
gastric indigestion.
Occasionally at post mortem, holes will be found in the wall
of the stomach, varying from the size of a dime to a dollar. A
horse dying in the city which recently has come in from the
country will always have bots. To these some attribute the
cause of the holes, and it is also common to refer the cause of
colic to bots—men say that the horse has the “bots.” This is
wrong; the bots are not the cause of colic, or of the perforated
condition of the stomach as found post mortem. The bots may
cause gastritis by irritating the stomach mucosa or they may
become so numerous as to make an obstruction when they let go,
the only two conditions in which they can be responsible for any
lesion. The real cause of the holes in the stomach is this: They
occur in a digested condition of the wall. In such a case the
animal has probably been in a clover patch where in half an
hour he can eat enough clover to blow himself up like a balloon!
He dies, and if the post mortem is delayed 4 or 5 hours, the
stomach will become digested in spots and patches, and warm
weather will aggravate the condition. The abundance of the gas-
tric juice which was present at the time of death digests the
stomach wall in patches. This is known as post mortem diges-
tion.
CONSTIPATION:
Definition—Constipation is a condition of the bowels in
which the feces are unnaturally retained, or if ejected, are scanty,
hard and dry. It is not usually a serious matter, but it occa-
sionally leads to death through other developments. The large
intestine is the part involved; constipation usually occurs in the
floating colon or rectum.
Etiology.—The causal factors are three:
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 119
1. Feeding on bulky, innutritious food
with too little water.
2. Defective peristalsis; amounting in
some cases to paralysis of the large
bowel.
3. Deficient secretion of the succus en-
tericus or excessive absorption of
the fluid portion of the food.
4, Intestinal obstructions.
Pathogenesis —In regard to the first cause, bulky food will
not cause constipation if the horse gets plenty of water; defi-
ciency of water, however, will of itself cause constipation
whether the food is bulky or not. But suppose the horses are
wintering in the barnyard on straw, and have to go a long way to
get water. If the weather is cold, they will not go so often, and
furthermore they will not drink much when they do go. This
causes constipation. Or it may be mid-summer when the grass
is dry and short. The animals have to go into the bottoms to
get the grass and the streams are dried up. They get bulky, in-
nutritious, dry hay and little or no water. These are two con-
ditions to cause constipation.
In cases of constipation from the second cause, we shall find
that the horses are over-fed, perhaps kept for a long time on one
kind of feed. As a result the secretions are defective, the nerv-
ous system is tired, and this fatigue reacts causing paralysis of
the bowels. The third cause, a deficient secretion of the succus
entericus, is a peculiar condition, and may be due to inactivity of
the glands, or to excessive absorption of the fluids of the bowel.
The features peculiar to the fourth cause will be given under the
head of Intestinal Obstructions.
Semeiology.—The symptoms of constipation depend upon the
cause. In case the first cause is operating to produce the disease,
there will be a general unthrifty condition. The horse will be
thin, more or less hide-bound, his coat will be long and staring
and the feces scanty and dry. If the constipation is caused by
the second factor, we shall get inactivity of the bowels due to
nervous depression, which, in many cases, means paralysis of the
colon. In the morning you may find an absence of fecal mat-
120 THEORY AND PRACTICE
ter, the horse perhaps will not eat his breakfast, and is inclined
to lie down a good deal. If you drive him out, he will paw, and
if loose in the box stall he will turn around and lie down again.
This condition continues, gradually growing worse in the way of
pawing more, getting up and down at shorter intervals, switch-
ing the tail, etc. At the end of the third day or the beginning
of the third, the temperature rises. It may be 102°, and the
pulse is increased in frequency about 50. By the end of the
third day the temperature will be 103°, pulse 55; fourth day,
temperature 105°, pulse 60 and getting small and hard. By the
morning of the fifth day the animal is in bad condition—tem-
perature 105° or more, pulse 60 to 70, respirations 25 or 30,
haggard countenance, injected mucous membrane, etc. He be-
gins to tramp,—to walk round and round the stall. If he does
not get relief before night, he will die from enteritis.
If the constipation is caused by a deficient water supply, the
rectum is apt to be everted to the extent of two or three inches.
This is caused by straining. The everted rectum is very dark
red, and if it stays out very long it becomes nearly purple.
If the third cause is the factor producing the condition, the
pellets will be small, hard and dry, sometimes falling on to the
floor like marbles. In aggravated cases of this kind there will be
an inclination to lie down more than usual and mild colicy pains
when standing. This form of constipation occurs in driving
horses that are highly fed on hay and oats and are overworked,
keeping them thin in flesh.
In constipation from the first and third causes 5-15 days may
elapse before enteritis develops, but in all cases, if the horse is
not relieved, the enteritis will eventually kill him.
When a foal cannot have its first passage on account of the
dryness of the meconium, you will find that the mare has been
worked too hard and kept on dry feed so that there is not
enough water in her system and the young foal partook of the
same dryness from which the mother suffered. If the mother
is kept on soft feed for a month before the birth, this is not
likely to occur. In case the foal does not have a passage by the
end of 10-12 hours, he must be relieved.
If the constipation is due to the second cause, the contents of
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 121
the bowel in this case are not hard and dry; there is no impac-
tion nor disturbance, simply paralysis of the bowel. The normal
motion of the fecal matter has ceased, and the contents are lying
persistently in one place. This acts as an irritant but not enough
to stimulate the bowel to functional activity, enough, however, to
produce congestion and eventually inflammation. The paralysis
of the bowel is probably caused by too long continuation of one
kind of food; the bowel gets tired, and this tired feeling may be
due to a loss of irritability in the peripheral terminations of the
sympathetic nerves, which supply the bowel with motor power.
Treatment.—Naturally constipation would indicate the use of
a purgative, but much judgment needs to be used in treating a
case of this kind. As a rule, the drastic purgatives are contra-
indicated. The oleaginous, lubricating purgatives are better.
Consequently we give raw linseed oil instead of aloes, sulphate
of magnesia, or sulphate of soda. Sometimes these saline laxa-
tives work fairly well when the case is due to the second cause,
but otherwise they are not useful in equine practice. The lin-
seed oil stimulates the bowel sufficiently and it also lubricates it.
It can be repeated with safety, but not so with the other purga-
tives. In cases of severe constipation, aloes will not work; if
you repeat the dose even after a reasonable length of time, and
the bowels do finally get started, super-purgation and death will
probably follow. In addition to the oil, the horse needs a stimu-
lant, which in this case should be strychnine. I think that
strychnine in constipation is indispensable; it will do more to
cure the trouble than any other drug. You can use other stimu-
lants right along too, such as ginger, capsicum, and carbonate of
ammonia. Further, give enemata (soap and water); these are
indispensable, too. They should be warm, about 100 degrees.
As a rule, in treating constipation, anodynes are not’ neces-
sary until the case gets along into a late stage, when the pain
may be so severe as to require an anodyne on humane principles.
We are inclined to think that they tend to decrease peristalsis,
which you want to increase, and therefore they must be such
as will not interfere with the very thing you are trying to bring
about. Chloral hydrate and chloroform can be given if neces-
sary.
122 THEORY AND PRACTICE
To an average sized horse we usually give a quart of linseed
oil. Combine with this an ounce of fluid extract of nux vom-
ica and a dram of the fluid extract of ginger, or half a dram of
fluid extract of capsicum. In giving a soap and water rectal in-
jection, do this by gravitation. You can use a pump, but gravi-
tation is better. Hang a bucket on the wall and let the solution
run in through a hose, which should be inserted in the rectum
anywhere from 2-6 feet. In this way more can be introduced
than with the pump. The pump forces the water in, but the
bowel resists it and will throw it out quicker. Consequently
the water does not stay in long enough to soften the fecal mat-
ter. The injection should be repeated every 3-4 hours. The oil
should be repeated night and morning in pint doses, but with
each repetition, lessen the quantity of nux vomica. Give an
ounce the first dose and half an ounce every subsequent dose.”’
Suppose the trouble runs on and does not yield to this treat-
ment, give stronger remedies, such as eserine, arecolin and
barium chloride. You can give a grain and a half of eserine
with a half grain of strychnine dissolved in a dram of water—
give hypodermically. Fifteen or twenty minutes before giving
these doses, give half an ounce of cannabis indica. Or give
him morphine, but cannabis is better than morphine. If this
does not work, in the course of two hours give a grain of
arecolin and a half grain of strychnine. Dissolve in water and
give hypodermically. Some add to either or both of these from
¥Y% to 1% grains of pilocarpine.
If the horse gets no relief by the fourth day, and the fever
begins, the pulse begins to climb up, his countenance is dis-
tressed, etc., the doctor begins to get worried. If warm enemas
have been given, change them to cold—this will help very much.
Run the hose in slowly five or six feet and use plenty of water.
The cold water will reduce the temperature, which by this time
may be 106 degrees. In half an hour the temperature will come
down perhaps two degrees. It will allay the pain and stimulate
the sympathetic system. This cold injection often saves a horse.
This is especially true if the case does not yield to eserine or to
arecolin.
Never repeat eserine or arecolin oftener than three hours
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 123
apart. If you repeat them alternate them, and do not forget
that the stimulants are as useful as any other part of the treat-
ment. In case of an infant suffering from constipation, give a
soap and water injection, inserting the finger, and let him have
an ounce of New Orleans molasses, or a half ounce of linseed
oil, or an ounce of castor oil.
If in 6-10 hours very urgent symptoms come on, do not
wait for the action of oil, but resort to eserine or arecolin. Dr.
Quitman cuts out the eserine in case of complete paralysis of
the bowel, but if the strychnine is given first to stimulate, then
the eserine will work all right in most cases. Eserine should
not be repeated under 3 hours. The dose is 1% grains.
Horses afflicted with any kind of paralysis in any part of the
body will take large doses of strychnine.
Counter irritation is good in cases of constipation. I[f mus-
tard does not seem strong enough, then take croton oil. Mix
croton oil (1 part) with linseed oil (8 parts). © The doctor
should apply this externally himself, and be careful not to
blemish. The irritant acts as a purgative as the result of absorp-
tion.
In obstinate constipation we ‘ind that massage of the bowels
is very practical, especially for dogs, cats and the human. It
cannot be applied to the horse. In treating the dog, lay him on
the left side, fill him up with soap and water and firmly work the
water out of the colon. Begin on the right side and work along
the colon and then on the left.
DIARRHOEA,
Definition.—Diarrhoea is an unnaturally fluid condition of the
feces. It is a peculiar functional disturbance in which there is
an excessive secretion of the succus entericus with increased
peristalsis. This additional intestinal juice helps to produce
the fluidity of the feces. Accompanying the diarrhoea are in-
creased peristalsis and increased amount of mucous and gela-
tinous exudate accumulating on the mucous membrane of the
bowel. This is a catarrhal condition,
124 THEORY AND PRACTICE
In superpurgation we have diarrhcea, but it is not functional ;
it is the result of the action of the dose.
Etiology.—Diarrhcea is caused by the action of some irritant
in the bowels. This irritant acts as a stimulant. Undue fermen-
tation may be present, brought about by specific germs, espe-
cially fungi and molds. Or there may be inactivity of the liver
in which there is a defective secretion of bile,—there is not bile
enough to change the acid chyme to the alkaline chyle. If the
contents of the bowel are not alkaline, then diarrhoea takes place.
This is the cause of 95 per cent of all the cases that occur. Par-
asites, various intestinal worms, especially the ascaris megaloce-
phala, tape worms, mechanical and chemical irritants, local irri-
tants such as would produce a local inflammation with alteration
of structure, excess of bile which is of itself a laxative ‘(ox gall
was the old standard family laxative), bad hygiene (poor food,
such as hay cut from the bottoms which overflowed the previous
spring, the action of the sand that sticks to the grass and is eaten
with the hay being the cause of the diarrhoea; foul water con-
taining wigglers and parasites, and irregular and overfeeding),
exposure to cold and dampness, overheating especially on a hot
day and some forms of indigestion—these are the principal fac-
tors producing diarrhoea. Diarrhoea is also a symptom of in-
fluenza.
Semeiology.—In diarrhoea there is usually a watery discharge
from the bowels, often spoken of as alvine discharges. The
color is dirty brown or it may be clay or yellow. The dirty
brown is the usual color when the liver is not affected: The
lighter color indicates a deficiency of bile, a yellow color an ex-
cess of bile. In case of an excessive secretion of bile there will
be a switching of the tail prompted by the irritating action of the
bile, which scalds the anus. This is bilious diarrhcea.
In all cases of diarrhcea evacuations are frequent; in mild
cases the discharge may be frequent too, but it is not so fluid.
There is more or less pain present, and in bad cases actual
cramps. If the case is acute the animal may lose a day or two
from his work. Increased secretion and increased peristalsis
are nature’s remedies to get rid of irritants. Consequently in
diarrhcea we find the mouth pasty, like the coated tongue in the
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 125
human. The mouth smells sour. As a result there will be a
iowering of temperature, 1. e., subnormal. The amount of the
fall of temperature depends upon the nervous prostration which
results from the evacuations. The mucous membranes become
blanched and they become paler as death approaches; the pulse
gets small, weak and hard; animal has a dejected appearance ;
he sometimes sweats in patches, as death approaches; ultimately
he dies from syncope, or collapse.
Diarrhcea runs a very rapid course; in young animals 6-10
hours may be fatal. In case of superpurgation (an overdose or
injudicious repetition) the course is very rapid. Do not repeat
a dose of aloes under seven days, for you are liable to get serious
results. Be very careful about repeating purgative doses. Some
say that oil will kill a horse. “I know better.” You can give
him a gallon in some cases when needed. It is better to let the
horse die from other trouble than from superpurgation.
The bowels of the horse are very sensitive; I do not believe
in severe purgation for it is weakening. The danger lies in
injudicial repetition of the dose. }
The strongylus tetracanthus sometimes sets up an enteritis
rather than a diarrhcea.
In all cases where the temperature runs down, the surface
gets cold, especially in young animals. Foals shut up from their
mothers should not be separated for more than four hours, for
the milk will spoil and produce diarrhcea in the foal. Let the
colt suck some every four hours. Never overheat a mare
suckling a colt; for this produces an unthrifty condition of the
colt.
Post mortem.—General pallor ; the mucous lining of the bow-
els is pale; intestinal epithelium eroded in places over extensive
areas; may find inflammation; peritoneal coat spotted; ecchy-
mosis; contents of the rectum more or less bloody, called by
some dysentery, but it is really bloody diarrhoea. In dysentery
we have a rise of temperature; in diarrhoea, a lowering.
Treatment—Remove the cause. For the excessive peris-
‘talsis opium is the only remedy; for the acid condition of the
bowels give antacids. If the fermentation is microbic, give anti-
septics. Salol is the best; it is effectual and harmless. Opium
126 THEORY AND PRACTICE
is best given in powder by the mouth. To prevent nervous
prostration, give a stimulant—zingiber or capsicum, or if the
case 1s serious, ammonium carbonate or alcohol. Strychnine is
contraindicated. The object is to tide nature over while the
other drugs get to work. In acute cases astringents are useless ;
in chronic they are indispensable. In cases of bloody feces,
give an injection of starch gruel with laudanum. When the
bowels are running it is unsafe to stop them too quickly for you
are apt to get enteritis. For dogs, cats and people give sub-
nitrate bismuth (10 grains) and salol (5 grains) every four
hours.
ACUTE DIARRHOEAUIN THE HUMAN:
Treatment.—This consists of antacids and antiseptics, the
antacids to neutralize the contents of the stomach and bowels
and the antiseptics to arrest the fermentation in them.
Prescription—
Salol tities Pe rane eee see ene 5 grains
Bismaith Gy Peo Ny ees ieee eee 10 grains
Take every four hours.
Both these drugs are harmless and two or three doses usually
produce the desired result. This prescription is good for man
as well as for animals. In grown people diarrhoea does not al-
ways yield to the antacids and it is necessary to change to acids,
in which case use sulphuric acid.
Usually excessive thirst is a symptom of diarrhcea; sulphuric
acid cures this and stimulates healthy secretions when the anta-
cids fail.
CHRONIC DIARRHOEA.
Chronic diarrhcea is exceedingly disagreeable. The horse
comes out of the barn in a normal condition so far as the bowels
are concerned, drives a mile or two, when he begins to empty
himself and keeps on getting looser as he travels. This is par-
ticularly true of driving horses.
The cause of this trouble lies in over-heating the horse when
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 127
he is in a plethoric condition. This purges him and he never
gets over it. The mucous membranes become excessively irri-
tated and this excites the sympathetic nerves which control the
bowel. The result is chronic looseness. Chronic diarrhoea can
be controlled to a certain extent but it cannot be cured.
Treatment.—Give antacids and astringents. Hygiene will do
more for the animal than any other measure. Give the best
quality of food in rather limited quantities, especially hay. The
army allowance for a horse is fourteen pounds a day, this for an
average sized horse; in this condition give 10-12 pounds. Add
dry bran to the oats to make him chew slowly and he will masti-
cate better. If he is inclined to drink too much water measure
the water for him; give it to him in a pail, 1% gallons four
times a day, six hours apart. If the thirst is excessive put a
little bicarbonate of soda or hydrochloric acid in the water. Do
not give any corn. Keep him on oats and bran.
R
Prescription
NOCMIM-AMBICATDONALG setters stetansiae/edels o1e.s 4 ounces
Gentian de Pilverneaeycniecisics steers ve 3 ounces
Quercus] Rd- Alba: Bulyvcd jo. 2c sc aces cl 16 ounces
LAT LUD CLiaMete, sceers cousbatiiecn lene agen atiersl oder ers 1 ounce
@hiarcOalligaeg ce secur terotetorsteeeraral erates baie vs 3 ounces
Make into 60 powders and give one night and
morning.
Recommend the driver of the horse to start out slowly, and
go that way for an hour, increasing the pace of the animal grad-
ually. Especially is this necessary in hot weather. In bad cases
it is necessary to give this treatment continually, and the horse
will keep in a very comfortable condition. After a month’s treat-
ment leave it off for a week or two then repeat periodically.
The main treatment is the hygiene. Use soft diet such as
scalded oats for horses. If you give ground feed a little bran
should be added; pour hot water on it and steam well, adding
a little salt. For horses that scour from indigestion stir up a
little wheat flour and cold water (a pound of flour to a gallon of
water) and give that. This will often be effectual.
The following is the classification and description of the three
principal worms associated with colic:
1. Ascaris megalocephala, inhabiting small
intestines,
128 THEORY AND PRACTICE
2. Strongylus armatus (sclerostoma equi-
num), found in the large intestines
of the horse.
3. Oxyuris curvula (commonly called pin
worms), found in the intestines and
rectum of the horse.
The ascaris megalocephala belongs to the family ascarides
of the order of nematodes. It is the largest species of its kind.
It is a large, round, yellowish white worm from 10-14 inches
long. It is oviparous and common in the small intestine of the
horse, ass and mule. When these worms are numerous enough
to cause an obstruction they may cause colic.
The strongylus armatus is a blood sucking worm found in the
large intestine of the horse. It is from 1 to 2 inches long; body
gray or reddish brown and broad in its anterior part. The mouti:
is provided with a ring of fine teeth by which it holds to the
mucous membrane. The larve of the worm may be found m
aneurisms and may produce tumors as large as a hazel nut in
the wall of the intestine (verminous cyst).
The oxyuris curvula is the ordinary pin worm and is most
common in the rectum. It measures from 1 to 3 inches long;
curved in the anterior part of the body; the posterior half is
attenuated. Its mouth presents three great rounded lips. It be-
longs to the family oxyuridz of the order of nematodes.
Ascaridae (family).
Ascaris megalocephala (species ). |
Large round worm (common).
Strongylidae (family).
[ro cases armatus (sclerostoma
equinum ).
| The armed worm.
(Jap1o) epoyeulsaN
Oxyuridae (family ).
Oxyuris curvula (species).
Common pin worm.
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 129
(COILAKC,
Colic in the abstract, of course, relates to the colon; but as
a disease we apply the word to peculiar abdominal pain. Colic
is divided into two classes, spasmodic and flatulent.
Spasmodic colic is a painful affection of the bowels without
fever or inflammation. The pain is intermittent and is pro-
duced by irritation of the mucous lining of the bowels. This ir-
ritation extends to the muscular coat, which contracts spasmod-
ically through the stimulation of the sympathetic nerves. This
contraction is usually violent and painful. It is the effort of
nature to increase peristalsis to push the irritant along. If
nature is successful in doing this, the trouble ends; but if not,
then the action is repeated. Therefore the pain is intermittent.
If nature fails entirely, the irritation will later produce conges-
tion and inflammation, and eventually death by enteritis.
In such a case the spasms increase in violence as the case
runs along. In a favorable case they may stop altogether, but if
they do recur, it is with decreased violence until they stop.
Etiology.—As to the causes of colic, first comes errors in diet,
producing indigestion. This covers overeating, poor food, heavy
drinking soon after eating, frozen food—this chills the mucous
lining and the reaction from the chill is accompanied by cranips,
eating when physically exhausted, drinking large draughts of cold
water especially when warm, and still more so if the horse is
tired, intestinal concretions,—usually the calcareous ones (a cal-
culus in the bowel does not cause pain until it rolls out of its
pocket, then it acts as an irritant, but the pocket in which it
grows has become accustomed to its weight gradually), para-
sites such as ascarides, strongylus armatus and strongylus tetra-
canthus. Of these three worms the last two mentioned are more
likely to produce calic, the first to produce diarrhcea. The young
embryos of these worms sometimes work their way into the colic
artery, start a colony and eventually cause an aneurism, which is
more or less obstructed by worms. Any alteration or disturbance
of the circulation in the bowels produces violent pain the same as
congestion in pleurisy causes pain. This pressure in the colic
artery produces pain sufficiently to ultimately kill the animal.
130 THEORY AND PRACTICE
The strongylus tetracanthus usually exists in large numbers
and produces extreme pain, for which we use irritating poisons
such as arsenic, sulphate of copper, sulphate of zinc, or sulphate
of iron in large quantities.
Another cause of colic is exposure to cold and dampness. If
a horse falls down or lies down on the ice or snow, exposure to
the cold is likely to produce colic. Colic may be produced by
violence in the form of kicks, severe accidents, etc.
Semetology.—Colic usually comes on suddenly. The irritant,
whatever it is, irritates the lining of the bowel and nature will
submit to this disturbance only up to a certain point. Then she
gives away suddenly. The irritation sufficient to produce colic
may be accumulating for several days or it may do its work in a
few hours, but when the colic begins, it runs a rapid course. If
the horse is watched prior to the development of the disease, it
will be noticed that he gets uneasy first, may lie down and kick
his hind feet up, turn around, switch his tail, lie down and roll
and get up again. He may be quite comfortable for a few
minutes, then another cramp comes on a little more severe than
the preceding one. As a result he lies down and may attempt to
remain on his back, then goes through the same restless motions
again until he exercises himself enough to sweat. He rolls and
kicks and switches his tail until he feels easier.
In the majority of cases nature cures the trouble. These vio-
lent contractions succeed in moving the obstruction along. Sev-
enty-five per cent of these cases will be well when the doctor
arrives. The pulse is increased in frequency due to the violent
exertion, but it is not altered in character until the trouble has
been running a considerable length of time with the possible
danger of enteritis. The exercise may also cause an elevation of
temperature.
Pressure on the belly may give relief, while in enteritis or
peritonitis, it increases the pain; this is a means of diagnosis.
According to the idea of the laity retaining the urine causes
colic, but this does not occur except when the horse has a habit
of urinating under certain favorable conditions and holds the
urine too long, thus causing a spasmodic contraction of the neck
of the bladder. This is painful in itself and of course he is un-
>
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 131
able to void his urine. Overdistension of the bladder also causes
pain. Some horses refuse to urinate while in harness; others
will not urinate on the bare floor.
Most all cases of colic are due to the first cause—errors in
diet. The effect of this is indigestion, and we can say that sev-
enty-five per cent of the colic cases are due to indigestion.
The feces in most cases are hard and dry. If the trouble
is in the large bowel, the horse will stand stretched out as though
he wanted to micturate. This action on his part is usually looked
upon as a symptom of the disturbance being in the large bowel,
but the owner gets the idea that the irritation is in the bladder.
Again, when the large bowel is involved in colic, the horse will
usually resist the entrance of the hand into the rectum, but wiil
not if the trouble is in the small bowel.
Occasionally we find that indigestion produces diarrhcea,—
quite an extensive loosening of the bowels with severe cramps in
connection with it.
Treatment.—Bear in mind that the trouble is always urgent,
therefore be quick. If you delay, he will get well without your
help! On the other hand he may develop enteritis. Stimula-
tion 1s the main point as regards curing the horse. The object
of this is to assist nature in forcing the irritant, whatever it is,
along through the bowels. Of course these stimulants naturally
increase the pain, but by so doing you are assisting nature to
overcome the trouble. If the contents of the bowels lie along in
one place, this will produce inflammation and death. The stimu-
lants usually given are the more active ones such as sulphuric
ether, liberal doses of nux vomica, strychnine, ginger, small
doses of eserin or arecolin, barium chloride, aromatic spirits of
ammonia.
Give anodynes freely, such as chloral hydrate, tincture of
aconite (freely dilute it in small doses and repeat often), can-
nabis and in exceedingly violent cases hypodermic injections of
morphine, not desirable but allowable. Friction on the belly
gives relief. To overcome the indigestion use some neutral salt
to act as an antiseptic. Give sodium theosulphate in 2-ounce
doses. Turpentine is an excellent remedy, being an antiseptic
and a stimulant. Ginger and capsicum are also good remedies.
132 THEORY AND PRACTICE.
Watch the case closely; stay with it for a time. Colic doses
are usually repeated in half hours but sometimes they must be
repeated every 15:minutes. For violent colic away from home,
at a funeral for instance, tie a small piece of tobacco to the bit,
and the horse will swallow enough of it to give him relief.
IMU/AVIEOUIBINGIE (COLIC
Flatulent colic is similar in many respects to spasmodic colic,
but instead of the cramp we have tympanitis. This, whether of
the bowels or the stomach, is always due to the fermentation of
food. In case of impaction of the colon, when there is paralysis
of the bowel, there is sometimes a little flatulence, but it 1s never
a distressing symptom. In that case the flatulence as it occurs
passes off naturally.
In flatulent colic the tympanitis distends the bowels and
presses strongly forward against the diaphragm. This disturbs
the breathing, making the horse breathe faster and more shallow,
producing rapid nervous prostration or asphyxia. Rupture of
the bowels occasionally takes place, the symptoms are _ self-
evident. The body is distended, the flanks tympanic or drum-
like, and the rectum sometimes everted more or less.
Pathogenesis —There is indigestion. The undigested food fer-
ments; the flatulence starting in one portion of the bowel pro-
duces a fold on itself so that the gas as it forms, cannot escape
and the more gas that forms the greater is the pressure upon the
fold. Then it presses forward upon the diaphragm and causes
asphyxia, or nervous prostraticn. Naturally as a result of this,
the mucous membrane becomes greatly cyanotic; breathing is
more rapid and shallow; the ears droop; the head hangs and in
the course of 2-4 hours the horse in many cases is ready to
topple over.
Treatment.—In a very bad case, when the doctor arrives, he
has not time to wait for medicine to act; you cannot relieve the
case with the hose and the disturbance being in the bowels, it
takes the medicine a long time to reach that place. In the mean-
time the animal is likely to die. Consequently you must tap the
distended bowel with a trocar. This is considered by some a
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, 133
radical operation, but with horses it seems quite necessary. Keep
the trocar with you all the time. Keep it well cleaned. Boil it
after each operation.
We usually tap on the right side for that is the most promi-
nent point of the distension. Clip the hair off from a small
place, scratch it with the finger nail and then wash the part with
an antiseptic solution. Make a puncture about 5-8 to 1-2 inch
deep and then insert the trocar downward, inward and forward,
at least six inches, especially in a fat horse. If you strike the
bowel, gas will escape. We find two kinds of gas in these cases,
sulphuretted hydrogen and carbon-dioxide. The first is the one
usually found. Touch a match to the escaping gas and it will
burn with a blue flame, if it is hydrogen gas, but if it is carbon-
dioxide the flame will be put out. If the force is great, it may
make a flame a yard long. Just as soon as all the gas has es-
caped, reinsert the trocar into the cannula and pull the two out
together slowly. This will prevent the fecal matter from coming
out into the peritoneal cavity. Put some vaseline on the opening
to keep the dirt out. If possible keep the horse standing during
the operation. Occasionally he will lie down and you cannot get
him up. Tap on the right side if possible, but either side will do.
After the gas has escaped the horse can get up. Then dose
him. The best remedy we have is turpentine. It is quick to
act—it will act in ten minutes. No other drug will act so quickly.
In addition to the turpentine it is a good plan to give a liberal
dose of theosulphate of sodium—4-6 ounces. After the flatu-
lence has been relieved, give an injection of soap and water. In
case of considerable pain, give an anodyne; the best one is prob-
ably chloral hydrate. Give a 1200-lb. horse about two ounces,
either in a capsule or in tissue paper. Give liberal doses of lin-
seed oil.
Occasionally when tapping a horse a stream of blood will
come out through the cannula, but I have never known this to be
serious. In case you do not get the gas the first time you insert
the trocar, keep on trying until you do strike the bowel, always
inserting it in a new place each time. In searching in this way
for the bowel do not pull the trocar out through the skin, but to
it only, then change the direction a little and push it forcibly
134 THEORY AND PRACTICE
down again. Sometimes the owner will not let you tap his horse,
which may be an especially valuable one. Assure him that the
operation is a perfectly safe one—that it is absolutely harmless.
If he still refuses, you can resort to eserin or arecolin, which
should be given hypodermically. When using these violent rem-
edies, give the animal an anodyne so as to blunt the sensibilities ;
for these drugs will increase the pain. In a moderately bad case,
give the eserin, or arecolin, or barium chloride—one dram in a
pint of water by the mouth.
There is little use to give injections while the abdomen is dis-
tended. Bear in mind that getting the gas out does not cure the
trouble; this does not remove the cause. You must introduce
an anti-ferment through the mouth.
In tapping for this trouble there are only two organs to avoid,
the bladder and the kidney. If you puncture straight down,
you are likely to strike the bladder. Tap downward, inward -
and forward and you will go in front of the bladder. To avoid
the kidney dip downward.
Some unfavorable results occur from tapping. These may be
enumerated as follows: Peritonitis; tetanus; abscess; intestinal
fistula. Peritonitis and tetanus do not occur very often, tetanus
probably the more frequently of the two. The germ producing
it is introduced with the trocar. Peritoneal abscess is the most
common result. It is located between the parietal peritoneum
and the skin. This abscess is very serious if neglected. The pus.
that forms in it will extend to the flank and break out there.
If this occurs, open the abscess and let out the pus, then syringe
it out thoroughly, and it will heal very soon. This condition is
no reflection upon the doctor, such abscesses will occur in spite
of good technique in operating. Exercise all possible precaution
against dirt to reduce the danger. Sometimes you will get a
mesenteric abscess on the inside. The resisting power of horses
is strong except in the peritoneum. In case of intestinal fistula,
there is a chronic discharge from the bowel through the punc-
ture. The liquid portion of the bowel contents comes out through
the puncture and it does not take long for this to become a fistula.
The best treatment is to cauterize it. Inject into the opening a
solution of sulphate of copper the strength of an ounce to a pint
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 135
of water—that is a little less than 8 per cent solution. Shoot
down through the fistula about two drams of the solution and
smear the external opening with vaseline. This injection will
produce a sloughing and inflammation and the debris will empty
into the bowel. Usually one injection will cure the trouble in
the course of a week.
In using the trocar and canula, do not leave the canula in the
tissues more than two or three minutes. Congestion may gather
around it and fix the tissues so that when you take it out an
opening remains. Two or three minutes is long enough.
In all bad cases there is great nervous prostration. For this
give alcohol, strychnine, ginger, capsicum, and oil of turpentine.
In close ribbed horses you will find that the flank does not
distend much and is not so drum like as in a long flanked horse.
These cases require more prompt attention than long flanked
horses. Watch the mucous membranes for cyanosis indicating
the necessity for tapping.
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTIONS.
The intestinal obstructions consist—of calculi, dust balls, bots
or any other foreign object that might get into the bowels. As
applied to horses these will probably cover all that you will ever
find. Milch cows are inclined to eat all kinds of stuff, such as
table cloths, etc., dogs are inclined to swallow marbles, spools of
thread, and in fact any hard substance.
Other obstructions of the intestines are caused by:
2. Hernia and strangulation.
3. Stricture.
4, Volvulus.
5. Intussusception.
Calculi are composed of carbonate of lime and usually some
carbonate of magnesia with it. They also contain more or less
of the phosphates of lime and magnesia. These salts accumulate
on the outside of a small stone, nail head or other foreign body
in thin layers and they always begin to form around a nucleus.
This is usually a piece of a nail, a screw, any foreign object such
as a little pebble, etc. It must be something that does not dis-
136 THEORY AND PRACTICE
solve so that the salts of the intestinal juices will form around
it until it grows to a very large size, and attains a great weight.
Starting small in this way, the calculus forms a pocket, the lining
of which becomes irritated, not enough to do any harm but
enough to set up a sub-acute inflammation that runs into a
chronic. The result is cell proliferation of connective tissue
which forms a fibrous pocket which gradually becomes accus-
tomed to the growing calculus. The calculus does no particular
harm unless it rolls out of the pocket.
The “dust balls” usually form in animals feeding on mill
cleanings from which they get dust and chaff of various kinds.
These balls are light and usually round and of a black color,—
most always black. Sometimes these balls form in considerable
numbers, a half dozen in one animal.
Stricture—In this condition you must bear in mind that there
is likely to be cell proliferation and inflammation. The forma-
tion of fibrous tissue thickens the wall of the intestines and de-
stroys its dilatability, producing more or less stenosis. Some do
not reduce the size of the tube while others reduce it to almost
nothing. Strictures of this kind might produce a fatal obstruc-
tion in the bowels.
V olvulus—This is sometimes called gut-tie or gut-twist.
The word means a turning around. There are two ways in which
the volvulus occurs: 1. In one case a portion of the intestine
seems to turn. right around on itself, making from one to four
turns; this is fatal by strangulation. 2. In the second we have
a rupture of the mesentery as a result of more or less degenera-
tion, and in this degenerated condition if the horse rolls, a por-
tion of the bowel passes through the rupture making a twist on
each side of the hernia. This causes strangulation. This is
fatal.
Intussusception—This is an invagination of a portion of a
bowel into another portion of itself. This apparently should
occur often, yet it does not, much to our surprise. It never oc-
curs under normal conditions. In order to bring it about there
must be a dilatation of a part, which is probably due to a minor
amount of degeneration with relaxation, naturally causing the
wall to dilate. When this takes place, the motion of the intes-
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 137,
tinal wall forces it right into the expanded part. It is seen most
often in the ileum, a portion of which slips into itself or passes
out through the ilio-cecal valve into the colon. The ccecum
sometimes becomes inverted into the colon. The result is ob-
struction of the bowel, and usually strangulation of both ends
of the fold. This causes death through gangrene of the invag-
inated part.
Horses never recover from intussusception, but cattle some-
times do. Other animals do not recover. It is always fatal in
‘dogs. People sometimes recover in the same way as cattle do.
This condition is comparatively common in babies but rare in
adults.
Semeiology of Intestinal Obstruction—There are violent
colicky pains and the case grows worse in spite of treatment.
You may blunt the sensibilities with drugs but the disease grows
steadily worse. Death usually takes place in 10-20 hours. There
is a profuse perspiration; haggard countenance; occasional at-
tempts to vomit; animal is inclined to sit on his haunches;
strains as if trying to defecate; apt to stretch a good deal; al-
ways some flatulence; before death he becomes quite stupid.
Treatment.—We can only recommend general principles and
the first is a careful examination of the animal in hand, espe-
cially in case of entire males. Stallions have been treated for
colic when their trouble was hernia. When a stallion has colic
always examine him carefully for inguinal hernia. Give oil
ad libatum, a quart to start with and repeat in pint doses once or
twice a day. Give rectal injections, cannabis indica, choral hy-
drate, and morphia and counter-irritation to the abdomen. Give
eserine, arecolin or barium chloride.
Never neglect making a post-mortem examination on all ob-
scure intestinal affections.
EVERSION OF THE RECIUM.
Definition—tThis is a protrusion of the rectum through the
anus. The mucous membrane may extend out from the size of a
grape to. several feet. It occurs in all animals. In parturient
138 THEORY AND PRACTICE
paresis in cows the rectum has been known to extend out 6 feet;
in dogs I have seen it protrude 114 feet.
Etiology.—Constipation is the main cause. A dry season in
pasture with the streams dried up, dry feed, etc., too little water
—these conditions cause constipation and they are responsible
for the results of it. Diarrhoea will sometimes cause a prolapsed
rectum. Empirical treatment of colic such as a piece of soap
inserted in the anus, cauterizing it and thickening it, may bring
above this cnoidition.
Treatment.—The tail must be bandaged and the protruding
part be washed with warm water and milk, to which has been
added laudanum 14 ounce to the pint. Give the horse a liberal
dose of chloral hydrate, 2 ounces for a 1,200 pound horse. This
treatment will not paralyze but will blunt the sensibilities and
relax the muscles (sphincter). Then try to replace the pro-
truding part, using especial care not to wound the tissues. Use
the palm of the hand. If the protruding portion is returned, in-
ject more of the solution (milk and water). There are various
means employed to keep the rectum in place, such as a rope
twisted in the form of a truss; some take two crucial stitches in
the anus, but if the animal strains at all these will burst. The
best way is to keep a man with his hand upon the part until it
stays in place. This is expensive but it is the only practical way.
The congestion will subside in 3-4 hours, although it may take
10. The laudanum per rectum relieves the pain. You can use
an ointment composed of petrolatum 8 parts and opium 1 part.
The opium will overcome the peristalsis. In cows and dogs,
when the bowels have been exposed for some time, the parts
usually become gangrenous. In this case do not replace the gut,
but excise the protruded part. Cut off the part 1% inches out-
side the anus and then pull out the gut to get at the normal
part. Cut off the remaining part so that the edges are normal
tissue and suture the coats together, making the ridge on the
inside, being careful to get the peritoneal coats in a position. Use
the interrupted stitch. Before sewing sterilize the parts. After
replacing pack with oakum. Give the animal sufficient opium to
prevent defecation for three days. Then give a dose of oil and
enemata,
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 139
HEMORRHOIDS.
A hemorrhoid or bleeding pile is a little tumor of the muc-
ous membrane due to interrupted circulation by pressure from
fecal matter. The fecal matter pressing upon the gut produces
passive congestion in a localized part of the mucous membrane.
Constipation is always the cause of piles. A portion of the anal
rose is sometimes caught in the sphincter and pinched. This
interrupts the circulation and forms external piles. If the piles
are on the inside they are produced by the hard fecal pellets.
Internal piles become chronic. The feces rub them and make
them bleed, hence the hemorrhage.
Semeiology.—The symptoms are bleeding and painful defeca-
tion. The horse will switch his tail and the fecal matter is cov-
ered with blood. In the human sometimes a severe hemorrhage
occurs. The anus may be too small and contracted, making de-
fecation difficult. If the feces are hard great harm may be
done.
When internal piles become chronic there is so much irrita-
tion that it leads to a local inflammation of the rectal follicles an1
runs through the first, second and third stages. If the abscess
is not treated and cured it will ulcerate and perforate the bowel.
In the horse the abscess is about two feet deep; in the hog 3-5
inches. It is not uncommon in hogs and in the human to see an
opening on each side of the anus. In the horse the abscess may
contain 3-4 quarts of pus. If the abscess is not opened it will
rupture in from 10-30 days and become chronic. This is called
an anal fistula.
Treatment.—First overcome the constipation. This is often
very difficult, especially in the human. In the domestic animals,
loosen the bowels with oil and then diet. Give dose (big) of
chloral hydrate; after a half hour dilate the anus with a specu-
lum and explore. If hemorrhoids are found, remove. Use anti-
septic solutions for 10 days and keep the bowels open. Give
salol. In case of external piles, remove in the same way, put-
ting back only as a last resort. Sulphur ointments should be
applied after each defecation. In the human astringents are re-
lied upon but they are not much good,
140 THEORY AND PRACTICE
Imperforated anus sometimes occurs. The foetus may be born
with the skin closed over the anus. In such case cut through
and open up the rectum. Sometimes the rectum has to be sewed
to the anus.
RUPTURE OF (Ei INS @ EN we Vee:
Rupture of the intestinal wall occurs occasionally but not
as often as rupture of the stomach. It is usually caused by flat-
ulence. The first attack very seldom ruptures a bowel and not
very often the stomach, but repeated attacks lead to degeneration
of some part which finally ruptures with much less provocation
than may have existed some time before. The rectum is some-
times ruptured by reckless force used in back-raking.
Semetology.—There are no diagnostic symptoms of this
trouble but there will be pretty nearly the same symptoms as
occur in case of rupture of the stomach. These are great nerv-
ous prostration; a small weak, rapid, hard pulse which finally
gets wiry and imperceptible; animal sweats in patches; sits on
his haunches. When the rupture is in the rectum there is usu-
ally violent straining and the animal dies from syncope. Death
usually occurs in from 2-10 or even 20 hours.
The only positive proof of rupture of the bowel is the post
mortem. i
Naturally there is no special treatment but since there are no
diagnostic symptoms you have to treat the case until the animal
dies.
ENTERITIS.
Enteritis is an inflammation of either the small or large bowel.
We consider enteritis as a true inflammation but there are author-
ities, writers and text-books that consider it more in the light of |
apoplexy. It usually comes on suddenly, runs a rapid course
and terminates fatally. We do not believe that any cases of this
disease ever recover but there are practitioners who claim to
have cured many cases of it. Probably their cases were pro-
ionged cases of colic, perhaps with local irritation just develop-
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 141
ing prior to the removal of the cause. It often affects primarily
the mucous coat and extends outward to the muscular coat and
then the serous. The ordinary case runs it course in 6-20 hours
and dies. The inflammation is so violent and severely acute as
to produce rupture of the capillaries with more or less hemor-
rhage by rhexis. This results in extensive extravasations and
great tumefaction. In the sheep, cow, and human cases of en-
teritis may recover, but in the horse I think never.
Semciology.—At first there is dullness and slight uneasiness ;
the horse hangs his head, refuses his food, turns his head and
looks around to one side; he soon develops fever; breathing ac-
celerated; pulse increases in frequency and hardness ; abdominal
muscles are more or less contracted, for which reason the breath-
ing will be more or less shallow; pain upon pressing the belly.
The horse will lie down, roll, kick and sweat, but in lying down
he usually goes down very carefully,—unlike a horse with colic.
Fever runs up to 104 or 105. The mucous membranes get very
much injected and cyanotic.
When the horse passes feces, which may be in the rectum, at
the time of defecation, you will notice that the lining is very
dark red. The animal develops a haggard, anxious countenance.
After a severe case has been in progress for 4-5 hours, the pulse
becomes rapid, small and hard, running somewhere between 70
and 100. The horse ceases to lie down and walks continually
if he is loose, with head elevated, eyes dazed, and stopping occa-
sionally and sighing. When a horse sighs, it 1s almost a sure
sign of a fatal termination. Horses never sigh except in the
late stages of disease. The extremities get cold, horse gets stupid
and loses sensibility to great extent. If the enteritis is in the
small bowel the animal will sometimes vomit or try to; as death
approaches, the mucous membranes get livid; he finally stops,
stands quietly, pain seems to cease; pulse 100-120, probably
imperceptible at the jaw; breathing rapid, shallow, and the ex-
pired air cold; he sweats in patches and the muscles tremble.
We presume that gangrene has set in and the horse is only wait-
ing to die from nervous prostration. I do not think that such
a case lives long enough to die from septicemia. The horse
stands as long as he can until weakness overcomes him and then
142 THEORY AND PRACTICE
he drops and soon dies. He may live 48-60 hours with this
disease but an ordinary case will run its course and terminate
in 6 hours after the first symptoms are visible.
Post Mortem.—Upon opening the bowel there is found
patches of ecchymosis on the serous covering. The wall is
greatly thickened in the average case % to 34 inches. The
contents of the bowel are semi-fluid and bloody. This blood is
from hemorrhage by rhexis. The thickened bowel wall will be
infiltrated with serum and lymph. On the surface of the mucous
membrane there will be a gelatinous coat of more or less coagu-
lated lymph. The general appearance of the mucous membrane
is very dark red, almost black. Other animals suffering from
enteritis are usually very quiet, semi-stupid as it were. Pulse
and temperature run about the same as in the horse.
- Treatment.—It is difficult to prescribe rationally for enter-
itis for there are antagonizing conditions. Our best efforts, how-
ever, should be directed toward removing the cause in the hope
that if we succeed the effects will cease. As a logical reasoning
for this conclusion, we will say that whatever the cause of enter-
itis is if it is not removed, the horse will die. Consequently we
want to get a free evacuation of the bowels and we treat as for
constipation. Give oil in liberal quantities and eserine and are-
colin. Give rectal injections, itberal counter-irritation, alcoholic
stimulants, give anodynes liberally, such as chloral hydrate, can-
nabis indica, etc., morphia not being so much indicated. In other
animals besides the horse, opium is used freely, to quiet the
bowel and suspend peristalsis aid then give attention to reducing
the fever. Such antipyretics as acetanilid are good, but in the
horse the disease runs such a rapid course that we have not time
for the drugs to act. We rely chiefly upon removing the cause
and evacuating the bowels. It is always advisable to make a
post mortem in a case of enteritis, especially so as to convince
the owner that it was impossible to save the animal.
In mild cases such remedies as camphor, aconite and bella-
donna are indicated. Bleeding has been resorted to and has
been found useless.
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 143
PERITONITIS.
Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum, the lining
membrane of the abdominal cavity. It covers the mesentery and
is reflected over the intestines. This serous membrane becomes
inflamed and the inflammation runs close to pleurisy. The stages
are the same. Two forms of peritonitis exist, acute and
chronic. The acute form runs its course in about 10 days, the
chronic may run along for months,
Etiology—The most common cause is traumatism with in-
fection. External violence, kicks from other horses for in-
stance, especially those severe enough to produce ventral hernia ;
exposure to cold and dampness; strongylus armatus; starvation ;
old age (no appreciable cause known),—these are the main
causes of peritonitis. In the third stage of peritonitis the effu-
sion accumulates in the abdominal cavity and this condition is
called ascites. Ascites may be due to chronic kidney and liver
diseases without peritonitis, it being a dropsy from obstruction
of the portal circulation or from defective secretion of the urine.
It is sometimes tuberculous in cattle, and often follows castra-
tions and abdominal operations.
Semeiology.—Pain is severe but the animal is comparatively
quiet. Motion aggravates the pain so that instead of rolling and
tossing and kicking, the horse is quiet. His back is more or less
arched; abdominal muscles fixed; pulse and temperature up,
temperature about 104, pulse 60-100; pulse hard and small; pres-
sure upon the belly causes pain. In the third stage the exudate
is profuse. This is difficult to recognize as the distension of the
belly is not marked. The legs swell; dropsical enlargement under
the belly is usually seen but not always. The mucous mem-
branes are first injected and later get pale; emaciation is rapid.
The prognosis is usually unfavorable when the disease is exten-
sive enough to be appreciable.
Post Mortem.—Fatal cases of peritonitis have ascites so that
the post mortem will show much serum in the abdominal cavity.
This varies in color from amber to red, depending upon the
acuteness of the attack. The peritoneum is generally red over
most of the surface, is softened and easily torn or punctured.
144 THEORY AND PRACTICE
In a chronic case you will usually find the heart, liver or kidney
diseased.
Treatment—We can prescribe for this condition in a ration-
al manner. Control the fever with acetanilid, keep it down be-
low two. Apply counter-irritants freely and repeat. A sina-
pism 2 or 3 times a day is the best local application. Give mor-
phine hypodermically and give a stimulant with liberal doses of
aconite, quinine and belladonna. Keep the animal quiet; bear in
mind that motion aggravates the trouble as well as increases the
pain.
Death from castration is usually due to septic peritonitis.
Following a case of this kind you will usually have a swelling of
the sheath and extreme redness of the wound. In addition to
internal treatment and mustard on the belly, bathe the swollen
parts freely and insert a disinfected hand up into the inguinal
canal twice a day or so to make sure it is kept open.
DYSENTE RYE
Dysentery is known as bloody flux. It is an inflammatory
disease affecting the intestines and floating colon. The fever is
of the same character as typhoid—a low prostrating form of
fever. The discharges from the bowels are fluid, and contain
an excess of mucous with some blood and pus and much fetor.
These evacuations are accompanied by tenesmus of the rectum.
Etiology.—The animal has a predisposition, i. e., is weak con-
stitutionally. The cause is probably specific. Some think that
malaria is a cause. Dysentery 1s most commonly seen in cattle
which are pastured on land overflowed with water or on hay cut
from such land. The hay contains much sand and no doubt
many germs, some of a specific character and these may be the
cause of the dysentery. The feed should be examined for
molds, animal parasites, and bacteria.
Semeiology.—Dysentery starts as a diarrhoea, but with a
temperature of about 2 degrees. The prostration is greater than
in diarrhoea. The coat is staring; almost complete loss of ap-
petite; excessive thirst; tenesmus of the rectum; back arched,
all four feet brought nearer each other; tail cocked, head low-
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 145
ered; involuntary cramps and straining; fecal matter is largely a
jelly-like substance streaked with blood and has a fetid odor.
This is due to the degeneration of the mucous follicles in the rec-
tum which are ulcerated. The molecular death (decomposition )
causes the stench; sulphuretted hydrogen gas is formed. The
tissues blacken a silver probe.
Prognosis.—There is a tendency to a fatal termination. The
diagnosis should be guarded. If the disease lasts a week or ten
days marasmus takes place, emaciation and nervous prostration
develop very rapidly and death results from collapse.
Post Mortem.—The lining of the rectum is of a purple color
and very much swollen; it shows numerous little elevations which
upon closer examination prove to be ulcers. They look like
papules. In young stock there would be general pallor of all
the membranes.
Treatment.—Prescribe a complete change of food. This is
all important. Give the best obtainable food and see that the
water is pure. Give linseed tea with a little bicarbonate of soda.
Laxatives are not indicated. Quiet the rectum by starch and
laudanum injections with a 10 per cent solution of boracic acid
added. Give opium internally by mouth and tonic doses of
quinine. Salol and bismuth are good remedies. Allay cramps
by hypodermic injections of morphine. Chloroform combined
with opium and camphor are indicated.
It is all important to give attention to hygiene.
DISEASES OF THE ABDOMINAL GLANDS.
LIVER-SPLEEN-PANCREAS.
Diseases of the liver in the lower animals are less common
than in the human, but when they do exist they are probably just
as serious. The lower animals lead more natural lives and are
less given to dissipation and therefore they are less given to dis-
ease. They are accustomed to eat what is given them and drink
what is provided them and keep more natural hours. In the
human this is very different. Many of the liver diseases in the
hufnan arise from alcoholic drinks in excess.
146 THEORY AND PRACTICE
The phenomena of the liver diseases are as follows:
1. Jaundice or icterus. This is a general
yellowness of all parts of the body.
It shows in the visible mucous mem-
branes and in the skin, i. e., in the hu-
man.
2. Lameness—in very serious acute dis-
eases of the liver the horse oftentimes
is lame in his right forward quarter,
Occasionally he has colicky pains.
3. Bilious diarrhoea, if the liver is work-
ing excessively.
4. Feces gray, in case of torpidity of the
liver.
5. General listlessness.
6. Diarrhcea.
CONGESTION: OhGiEE Teva:
We recognize three congestions of the liver:
1. Active congestion, involving the hepatic
arterial system,—the nutrient system.
2. Passive congestion, involving the venous
or portal system.
3. Biliary congestion.
Bear in mind that there are two distinct circulations in the
liver, the arterial and the portal or biliary.
In the hepatic arterial system we find that there is an in-
creased flow of blood to the normal liver during the active stage
of digestion. This is normal of course, but in disease there is
an excess of blood at other times than that of digestion.
Etiology of Active Congestion.—Over-feeding on nitrogenous
food is a principle cause. This makes an animal plethoric. This
alone without any exciting cause is liable to develop hepatic ar-
terial congestion at any time. Exercise, especially when an ani-
mal is in a gross condition during hot weather excites a condition
of congestion. It is seen in horses that are pampered and very
liberally fed and more or less idle. Over-feeding with too little
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 147
work results in rupture of some of the smaller blood vessels of
the liver and as a consequence hemorrhage. This hemorrhage
is not sufficient to do any harm with a first or second attack, for
the ruptured vessels heal and the clot becomes absorbed, leaving
an anemic patch, usually white. These patches can be seen on
the surface of the liver under the capsule. These may vary in
size from %4 inch to % inch in diameter. They are old chronic
infarcts. These are common in old cattle and occasionally in
horses.
In amore severe case rupture of the larger blood vessels oc-
curs; the hemorrhage is greater, and if it is a third or subsequent
attack, degeneration takes place to a greater or less extent. Con-
sequently the infarction and hemorrhage are greater. Sometimes
rupture of the capsule takes place with a fatal internal hemorr-
hage.
Etiology of Passive Congestion (Portal).—This depends
mostly upon enervation, that is, nervous prostration of the
animal. This is the principal cause of portal congestion. General
enervation is seen in influenza, pneumonia and in other affections.
The liver gets torpid and does not work as actively as it should.
The bile is not secreted in proper quantity and biliary capillaries
become congested, probably as a result of defective cardiac power.
The congestion produces pressure upon the liver lobules, inter-
fering with the outward flow of the bile through the minute bile
ducts.
In case of pneumonia there is a different pathogenesis.
There is a defective cardiac power. In all bad cases of pneumonia
there is more or less obstruction of the arterial circulation in the
lungs. This is especially so in the third stage, and the obstructed
circulation dams up the outlet and leads to dilatation of the right
ventricle, which in turn prevents the blood from leaving the liver.
Consequently in most cases of pneumonia on about the fourth day
we get considerable jaundice.
In chronic diseases of the kidneys there is an insufficiency of
secreting substance, and consequently an insufficient secretion of
the urine. This leads to ascites.
Biliary Congestion.—Biliary congestion occurs secondary to
the active or the passive. It is a direct result of pressure upon
148 THEORY AND PRACTICE
the lobules and bile ducts. Then absorption of the bile takes place
and we get a jaundiced condition.
Post Mortem.—In passive and biliary congestions the liver
is darker than normal,—in streaks or in spots, usually in streaks.
There are fine yellow markings. These are the surcharged_bil-
iary ducts.
Semeiology.—Listlessness is an important symptom. In ac-
tive congestion pressure over the region of the liver will often
cause pain. The horse or other animal will try to get away from
one. Jaundiced mucous membranes are a sign; feces are usually
dry, or after a period of constipation there may be a slight diar-
rhoea ; mouth coated and has a soapy feel and a sour smell. In
bad cases the animal grinds his teeth. In chronic cases the ani-
mal is hungry for salines. He will eat dirt, lick the wall, and
chew the manger. Pulse and temperature will not vary much
from the normal, unless the trouble is secondary to some other
disease. In bad cases the appetite is poor and the animal gets
unthrifty.
Treatment.—Treat according to the cause. If the hepatic
disturbance is secondary to some other disease, treat the original
disease. If the original trouble is in the liver, let the treatment
center there. In case of a fat horse, let him fast. Give him a
purgative, calomel and bicarbonate of soda. When you get re-
sults from these begin on some acid mixture, nitric acid. If
there is no anzmia, give sulphate of soda night and morning for
a week or two and regulate the diet and exercise.
JeHeEAVIDIEINUS,
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. It runs through the
three stages of inflammation and goes on to suppuration in the
form of liver abscesses. This condition cannot be diagnosed dur-
ing life.
Semeiology—The symptoms are general unthriftiness; lan-
guor, animal unable to do much; the disease does not usually kill
unless the abscess is large and ruptures internally. If the inter-
nal rupture takes place, the disease will terminate in pyemia in
fifty to a hundred days. -
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 149
Post Mortem.—tThe capsule of the liver is thickened due to
cell proliferation. The interlobular connective tissues is also
thickened. Liver abscesses are usually associated with some
other disease as glanders, strangles, etc.
CHRONIC Abe AT TEES:
This is seen in one or two degenerations of the organ, viz.
cirrhosis and fatty degeneration. Cirrhosis of the liver is the
result of a subacute running into a chronic inflammation of the
liver, affecting the interlobular fibrous connective tissue. The
liver is large and hardened and the edges are rounded and thick-
ened. The color is lighter than normal, more of a bluish color
than the usual brick red. This condition is found in old animals
which are starving because their teeth are too poor to grind the
food given them.
Special Pathology.—Hypertrophy of the connective tissue pro-
duces pressure upon the biliary ducts and lobules and as a result
we find yellow markings through the liver. The liver is brown
in patches and the lobules are anemic. The capsule is as hard
as cartilage. This produces pressure upon the veins and portal
circulation causing ascites. The word cirrhosis comes from the
Greek kirros, meaning orange-yellow and refers to the yellow
condition of the liver which is the result of the fibrous condition.
This hardening may be applied to any organ but it more properly
belongs to the liver. The hypertrophy of the connective tissue
may produce atrophy of the parenchyma, that is, the epithelial
cells which make up the lobules. It is often the primary lesion
of ascites of old dogs.
Treatment.—This should be directed toward putting the ani-
mal in a better condition. Attend to its teeth, give him better
and more easily digested food; give him potassium acid tartrate
in his feed,
150 THEORY AND PRACTICE
FATTY DEGENERATION.
Fatty degeneration of the liver occurs in fat-pampered horses
and dogs. The liver of a dog with ascites may be five times the
natural size. In such a case the liver is large, soft and yellow
and there is jaundice. The dog is fat and weak.
Treatment.—Reduce the artificial heat; decrease the amount
of food and increase the work gradually. Sheep develop fatty
degeneration if fed on non-nitrogenous food, such as white tur-
nips. In such a case prescribe pea-meal and oats. The liver is
large and yellow; miscropical examination shows fat globules
in the liver cells; many of the lobules are transformed into fat.
The animal may die from fatty degeneration of the liver at-
tended by a rapid loss of flesh and strength following a prior
period of thriftiness.
LCRERWS:
Icterus is a yellow condition of the whole system. This is
caused by two factors: 1. Suppression (non-secretion of the
bile) ; 2. Reabsorption of the bile. These two conditions may be
differentiated by the presence or absence of biliary acids in the
urine. These are glycocholic and taurocholic acids. When these
acids are found in the urine they are a sure sign of reabsorption
of the bile; when they are absent from the urine, it means that no
bile has been secreted by the liver, that is, suppression.
Test for Biliary Acids in the Urine—Put a dram of urine in
a test-tube and in it dissolve a little cane sugar. To this add
carefully so as not to mix a dram of sulphuric acid, holding the
tube slanting so that the acid passes down under the urine. If
biliary acids are present, a deep purple band will form between
the urine and the sulphuric acid; if not, a brown band will form.
In case the acids are present it is a sure indication of obstructed
bile ducts and a consequent reabsorption. If the brown band is
the reaction, then this is a sign of suppression.
Etiology of Suppression.—Enervation is an important factor.
It occurs in the disordered hepatic circulation of cirrhosis, in
tuberculosis, actinomycosis, fatty degeneration, etc,
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 151
Etiology of Reabsorption—tThis condition is due to obstruc-
tion of the bile channels. The obstruction may be:
1. Ductus choledochous—biliary calculus.
2. Tumefaction of the mucous membrane
of the duodenum, probably from local
inflammation, obstructing the outlet
of the duct.
3. Stenosis—stricture and obliteration of
the duct.
4. Tumors in the duct.
5. Pressure upon the duct from without.
6. Parasites. The ones most commonly
found are the ascaris megalocephalus
and the fasciola heptaica. The first
is found in the horse, ox and sheep;
the other found in any animal.
Semeiology.—In absorption of the bile there is general yel-
lowness of all parts of the body. The icterus is much greater
than when due to suppression. The urine is high-colored; feces
gray and offensive; mouth feels pasty and soapy; smells sour;
usually a loss of appetite, not always, in bad cases the tem-
perature rises on the 3rd day; by the 5th day the temperature
will be up to 106; pulse increasing slowly, 60 by the 5th day;
itching of the skin, horse rubs himself raw in patches; skin gets
thick and wrinkly; scurfy with desquamation of the epidermis.
On the neck the skin lies in rolls size of finger. There is a dis-
tinct labored action of the right shoulder. There is constipation
and the urine is scanty, syrupy and golden colored. The animal
becomes emaciated, anemic and finally dies from blood poison-
ing.
In suppression there is a less yellowness of the mucous mem-
branes, and even this is pretty much the only symptom except in
chronic cases due to absence of secreting substance, then there is
general unthriftiness.
Treatment.—In reabsorption get rid of the obstruction. Pur-
gation is indicated ; for a horse of 1,600 prescribe six powders of
calomel (1 dram) and bicarbonate soda (1 dram), one powder
every two hours. Give these powders while the horse is fasting,
52. THEORY AND PRACTICE
then two hours after the last powder give 1 ounce of aloes. Let
the horse have plenty of water, but nothing to eat. Twenty
hours after giving the ball let him have soft feed and hay. When
the purgation ceases give alterative doses of magnesia sulphate,
or soda sulphate, night and morning for two weeks and then start
in on quinine and nitro-muriatic acid with nux vomica.
Quminew Sulphate ae oe ae ose 214 drams
Ac sNitro- Minin. evn cracienouneusiceeeas ie dina
FOE) Obes ROMO CIGD A OWA Gowo SOM oo 1 pint
M. Sig—Give 1 ounce two or three times a day
one-half hour before feeding, with the object of
dissolving any biliary calculi.
Do something for the itching. Acetic acid dilute (1 ounce)
to a pint of water will make a good lotion. When applying,
leave wet. In hot weather put on a sheet; in cold, a blanket.
Tie the animal so that he cannot rub. The absorption of the bile
into the blood poisons it and causes the itching. f
In case sheep suffer from flukes, change to a higher better
drained pasture.
SPLEEN.
The spleen is subject to the various organic changes which
take place in other tissues, such as congestion, inflammation,
atrophy, hypertrophy, thrombosis, tuberculosis, carcinoma, mela-
nosis, etc. The symptoms of disease of the spleen are negative.
Case of Lymphadenoma in a Horse.—The case was a draft
stallion weighing 2,200 pounds, aged 5 years. He was sold in
February and began serving in April and did good service up to
June. The animal began getting languid and listless and in a
month’s time would not serve at all. He got cross and irritable,
lazy, and emaciation set in. He ran down rapidly. He died the
last of July a mere skeleton. The post mortem revealed a spleen
weighing about 60 pounds. The organ was 6 inches thick and ~
the surface was studded with numerous little tumors which ap-
peared to be fibrous tissue. The horse was sold as a sound ani-
mal; suit was instigated to recover, but the owner lost,
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 153
PANCREAS.
The pancreas is most commonly affected with fatty degenera-
tion, but that is very seldom. One of the evidences is fat in the
feces, probably due to faulty action of the pancreatic juice.
The symptoms are indefinite and are not diagnostic. The
animal is anemic and shows irritability and dies much emaciated
from collapse.
CONSTITUTIONAL OR BLOOD DISEASES.
A constitutional disease is one in which the whole system or
blood is affected primarily, and if the disease localizes itself it
does so secondarily. The exogenous diseases are contagious; the
endogenous are non-contagious.
The word “contagious” refers to a disease that is due to a
specific virus peculiar to the disease itself. The agent of the
disease is called the contagium.
If an animal is affected with a contagious disease, the spe-
cif virus of that disease inoculated into another susceptible ani-
mal will produce the disease. There are different means of in-
oculation:
1. Artificial—scarify the skin and intro-
duce the virus.
2. Natural—exposure through the alimen-
tary tract, respiratory, or through any
mucous membrane or abraided sur-
face, or accidental wound.
The contagium or specific virus in most contagious diseases
is a known micro-organism—an animal parasite (protozoon) or a
vegetable parasite (bacterium). In not all contagious diseases
has the specific virus been found. In such cases we cannot call
the causal agent a micro-organism, and yet we can reasonably
presume it to be one or else the disease would not be specific.
As regards the difference between bacteria and protozooa,
Sternberg gives a concise definition: The animal organism, that
is a protozoon, receives food particles into the interior of the
body assimilating the nutritious portion, and subsequently ex-
154 THEORY AND PRACTICE
truding the non-nutritious residue. A vegetable organism is —
nourished through the cell wall, which encloses the protoplasm,
by organic or inorganic substances held in solution. This defi-
nition allows the vegetable organism both organic and inorganic
food.
The discovery of the various agents of contagious diseases has
produced the germ theory. This is as follows:
When a specific germ of a specific disease is inoculated into a
healthy animal, it will produce that same specific disease and no
other. The period of incubation is the time elapsing between the
inoculation and the first physical signs of the disease. This may
be called the incubative stage.
VARIOLA.
Variola is a specific disease affecting all higher animal life, but
each species of animal has its own kind of variola and this is
communicable to all other species. The human variola is the
small pox; equine is the horse pox; bovine, cow pox or vaccina ;
then we have goat pox, pig pox, chicken pox, etc., but every pox
is contagious.
Course—Variola runs through four definite stages; viz. 1.
Pimple; 2. Vesicle; 3. Pustule; and 4. Scab. Prior to the phys-
ical manifestations of the pox, there is probably a little fever, es-
pecially in the lower animals. In the human the pox is fre-
quently fatal as is the case in black pox. In the lower animals
the pox is mild. This disease is non-recurrent; one attack rend-
ers an animal permanently immune. Chicken pox may render
some little degree of immunity in the human, and cow pox most
certainly does. Vaccination is based upon the
1. Intercommunicability of the disease.
2. Non-recurrence of the disease.
History of Vaccination—Dr. Edward Jenner, an English
country practitioner, discovered the principles of vaccination. He
was the first to notice that the milkmaids did not take the small
pox, that they were practically immune. In 1768 he discovered
the reason why. He examined cows and people and found that
the cows frequently had kine pox. He began inoculating people
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 155
with the serum of the kine vesicles in 1796. He met with such
success that he announced his discovery to the world in 1798.
Vaccination was introduced into America in 1800. It has proved
so successful that the adoption of it has become world wide.
The specific cause of variola has never been found.
_ Etiology—tThere is nothing known about the cause of pox.
The disease has proved to be of a specific nature, and is more
than likely due to some germ, but the causal agent has not yet
been demonstrated.
Course—Variola equina runs through four well defined
stages, pimple, vesicle, pustule and scab. The pimple stage is
short, about 24 hours. The vesicles contain serum which is thin,
clear and transparent. About the second day it begins to get
cloudy and the fourth day pustules form. Coagulation of the
lymph and drying of the skin make the scab. This desquamates
about the 21st day, leaving an oval shallow circular red pit.
Equine variola usually attacks the mouth first, then spreads over
the lips, cheeks, neck and shoulders and continues down the legs.
Contagious stomatitis may be a form of variola. In case of in-
fection from stomatitis use continuous applications of a 2 per
cent solution of formaldehyde.
Treatment.—Wash the mouth with potassium chlorate, or so-
dium biborate solution. Keep a special watering bucket for the
animal and keep him separate from the other animals. Thor-
oughly disinfect the stable after recovery.
Sheep sometimes die from variola.
Occasionally equine variola is enzootic. In such a case horses
become infected after being fed or watered from contaminated
food or water. In 1877 an outbreak occurred in Montreal and
the stable men in several places contracted the disease.
INGREREAS,
Anthrax has various different names. The French call it
Charbon; the Germans, Milzbrand ; other names are Splenic fever,
Woolsorter’s disease, Putrid fever, Petaechial typhus; in East
India it is called Loodiana disease, in South Africa, Horse sick-
ness, in the Highlands of Scotland it is called Brary. Some
writers call it contagious carbuncle. In the human subject, when
156 THEORY AND PRACTICE
anthrax is due to inoculation through a wound, it is called malig-
nant pustule.
Anthrax is essentially malignant. As a rule it develops
without any swellings or external manifestations, although there
may be swelling. All warm blooded animals are subject to it.
At one time it was thought that the birds and fowls did not have
it, but this is erroneous. The disease usually runs a rapid fatal
course, sometimes killing in 12-24 hours. In the horse many
mild cases recover, but the recovery is slow. -Some never fully
get over the disease. A notable case of anthrax among fast
horses, pacers and trotters was related by Dr. Baker. They may
recover, but they never recover their former usefulness. They
may have a wabbly gait.
Anthrax has been known from time immemorial. In the
siege of Troy, animals are recorded as having died of anthrax.
The people ate the animals and 60,000 of them died. It occurs
epizootically and enzootically.
Etiology—The cause of anthrax is the bacillus anthracis. It
was discovered by two Frenchmen in 1850—Rayer and Davaine.
The disease is communicable from animal to animal and from
animal to people. The germs may be taken in through any
channel, but most often by the mouth through food. The germs
can enter any abraided surface, wounded skin, etc. In case of a
skin wound the part should be excised. People can get malig-
nant pustule through handling dirty rags, etc. Whether the
animal dies from the disease or not depends upon the conditions
of immunity. The course of the disease depends upon:
1. The natural immunity of the animal.
2. Strength of the culture, that is thie
amount of attenuation of the germs.
3. Number of germs inoculated.
The period of incubation is short—may be four hours. The
disease is non-recurrent.. One attack renders immunity to an
animal. Pasteur proved this to be true and because of his in-
vestigations we now practice vaccination against it. He used
broth as a culture medium and kept it at a temperature of 42
degrees C. He found tnat the germs died in a month. When he
introduced the broth into a healthy animal, it produced a consti-
N
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 15
tutional fever. Pasteur experimented upon sheep, using two
or three inoculations a week apart, and after the reaction of the
fever, he found that the sheep were immune. This immunity
usually developed after the second inoculation. Koch claimed
that a hypodermic inoculation of anthrax would not immunize an
animal from the natural infection; he further claimed that the
germs were dead in a degenerated carcass, but he was not cor-
rect. There is no doubt that germs have infected people in car-
casses two or three years old. Koch has immortalized himself,
but he has made so many ridiculous announcements that he has
lost caste amongst modern pathologists.
Horses get anthrax by grazing on lands flooded the previous
spring. The streams are liable to contain a decomposing carcass
which carries the germs. The disease may come through the
food, through the flies, stings, ete.
Semeiology.—Some cases of anthrax develop external tumors.
When the disease takes the form of apoplexy there is no swelling.
In case of splenic apoplexy the animal dies suddenly.
The first thing noticeable is a high temperature, which in 3-4
days runs up to 106. The visible mucous membranes become
cyanotic, due to the disorganization of the blood. Weakness is
progressive and rapid. A few hours before death the animal
staggers, then goes down, dying from syncope.
Post Mortem.—The tissues show petechiz or ecchymoses.
The blood spots are local hemorrhages. The spleen is large and
black, and full of coagulated blood. If the spleen is suspended
the contents will gravitate, this is diagnostic of anthrax. Upon
opening the heart the blood will be found to be black, thick, and
non-coagulated. The liver will be congested, also the kidneys, and
the fat around them will be ecchymotic. These are the only
lesions found post mortem. Anthrax is wholly a blood disease
and it is a good plan to corroborate the diagnosis by a blood ex-
amination. Inoculate a small laboratory animal with some of
the blood, spleen, kidney, etc., to see if anthrax develops. In
making a post mortem, always remember that the disease will
attack the doctor as well as any one else. Use rubber gloves,
keep the flies away. Do not allow the carcass to be skinned,
burn it. If it must be buried, cover it with unslaked lime and
158 THEORY AND PRACTICE
5 feet deep. Otherwise the earth worms will bring the germs
to the surface and infect the animals grazing near by.
Treatment.—lf the case is the first one diagnosed, then treat
the fever and when the animal dies, as he surely will, hold a post
mortem. If the post mortem confirms the diagnosis, then quar-
antine against the source of infection. No medical treatment will
touch anthrax. You can vaccinate, however. Get the printed
directions which come with the virus and follow them carefully.
Make sure of your diagnosis before saying anything. Inoculate
laboratory animals, and if they die examine their blood micro-
scopically. If it is anthrax you will find the bacilli in large
numbers. The fat around the kidneys is the same as in Texas
fever. The blood of anthrax is not like that of any other disease ;
it is like tar
RABIES.
The name rabies is derived from the Latin rabere, to rave.
In the human subject it is called hydrophobia. This word means
dread of water, but the disease is the same as in any other ani-
mal. Water sets the human patient into paroxysms, but so would
anything else. Rabies is a peculiar contagious disease. It pre-
sents its symptoms through the nervous system in the form of
paroxysms which are invariably fatal. All warm blooded ani-
mals are subject to it. The virus seems to live in the saliva, but
an emulsion of brain or spinal cord of a rabid animal will produce
the disease when inoculated into another animal. Other parts,
such as the blood, feces, etc., when inoculated, give negative re-
sults. The rabid virus may be absorbed through a wound. It is
usually easy to trace the origin of the disease. We regard the
history of every case important.
Etiology—It was formerly supposed that dogs go mad by
reason of a spontaneous development of certain conditions, such
as deprivation of water, confinement, ungratified passion, etc.,
but recent investigations show that rabies may occur in any dog
and in any place, the one thing needful being a bite from a rabid
animal. Bites around the head are much more dangerous than
when located in other places. Pasteur states that only one out
Or
\O
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. ]
of five bitten by rabid animals develops the disease. So far as
the specific virus is concerned, we do not know much about it,
but the agent must be large for it can be filtered out from the
saliva. The so-called Negri bodies are a phenomenon of this
disease. In 1903 Negri discovered the small bodies in the nervous
tissues of rabid animals. They can be seen under the scope in
the form of little granular oval or round masses which stain red.
They are found in the substance of the brain, especially in the
horn of Ammon. Investigation of these bodies is being con-
ducted in many laboratories and all reports do not agree as to
the importance of these bodies from a diagnostic standpoint.
They have been found in animals not diagnosed as having rabies,
but such diagnosis was not positive.
Prof. Negri, Dr. Lagorio (Chicago), and Dr. Frothingham
(Boston) have done much work on the subject of rabies. Dr.
Frothingham claims that these bodies are a positive evidence of
rabies.
So far as the deprivation of water is concerned, any animal
will develop a fever when deprived of water. Statistics prove
that we have more rabies in the fall and winter than in the
summer and the temperature has nothing to do with it.
The period of incubation may be as short as a week, and it
runs an indefinite length of time. Rabies may be traced to a
bite 6 months past. The incubation period averages 28-35 days.
The periods are the same in all animals.
‘ Semeiology.—Horse. The first thing noticed is nervousness.
There is an unnatural twitching of the muscles of the face and
the patient is irritable, inclined to bite his attendant. He drinks
slowly and on the second day cannot drink at all. He shakes his
head, breaks the bucket, etc., and does not eat because of the par-
alysis of the muscles of deglutition. The horse grows constantly
more restless and has spasmodic fits of kicking; makes attempts
to bite, but does not really do so.
According to the severity of the attack paralysis sets in
sooner or later and the animal staggers until he goes down in a
fit of unconsciousness.
The bitten part seems to itch and the horse rubs his wound
against the stall. If the wound is on a leg, the animal nibbles the
160 THEORY AND PRACTICE
part, bites it, tears it, wounding himself severely. There is no
fever, the animal dies comatose. Death occurs about the fifth
day. The course and termination of this disease indicates that
it is specific. The symptoms in other animals will be taken up
by Dr. White and Dr. Wright.
Differential Diagnosis ——There is no danger in making a mis-
taken diagnosis for no other disease resembles it. In the horse
cerebro-spinal meningitis has some similar symptoms. In the
dog acute indigestion must be differentiated. Dogs vomit in
indigestion, but not. in rabies. Because a dog bites, he is not
necessarily mad. He will bite in case of worms, brain trouble,
etc. In dog practice it is sometimes difficult to make a diagnosis
between the diseases of the brain and those of the stomach.
Treatment.—Rabies is always fatal, consequently medicinal
treatment is useless and the only thing is preventive treatment.
Pasteur discovered the efficacy of inoculating an animal with
attenuated virus. He inoculated chicken broth with attenuated
saliva of a rabid dog (saliva was old) and it gave no results.
Then he inoculated a rabbit with an emulsion of the brain of a
rabid dog; then he used the inoculated animal to inoculate the
next and so on until he had inoculated 50. He found that the
50th attenuation was very mild in action, and when an emulsion
from such an animal was used, it was slower to act. He used
attenuations of the 50th degree up to the 12th, making the inocu-
lations 3 or 4 days apart, and this course of treatment produced
immunity.
The Pasteur treatment as carried out today is practically
the same. An emulsion of spinal cord of a rabbit is used and
kept in the incubator for 3 days at 70° F when it is sufficiently
attenuated. This attenuated virus is used for the inoculation.
Dr. Lagoria inoculates for 21 days, using a 3rd day attenuation
for 3 days, 2nd day attenuation for 5 days, etc. If the bite oc-
curs on the face or neck, the treatment should be given immedi-
ately. In all cases it should begin by the 3rd day.
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 161
GLANDERS.
Glanders or farcy (French, La Morve; German, Rotzkrank-
heit) is a specific inflammation especially characteristic of the
equine species, horses and asses. It is communicable to the
human, dogs and cats. It has recently been found that it could
be inoculated into the bovine species. Bovines are generally con-
sidered to be immune. Glanders is considered a fatal disease.
Some mild cases can possibly be cured, but these are infrequent.
External glanders refers to the specific eruption of the
Schneiderian membrane; internal glanders attacks the invisible
mucous membranes such as those of the larynx, trachea, bronchi,
etc., and the lungs in the form of interstitial Pneumonia, the
liver and internal lymphatic. glands.
Farcy is an eruption of the external lymphatics and ducts. It
is spoken of as cutaneous glanders. In all fatal cases of either
glanders or farcy the one runs into the other. -A horse seldom
dies from the one form of lesion without the other appearing.
The disease runs two courses, acute, and chronic (subacute).
The acute form kills in 3-6 weeks, although the horse might run
along for a longer time; the chronic form lasts indefinitely.
The disease is as old as anthrax. It was described under the
head of malleus in the fourth century. The French wrote about
it in 1618. LaFosse, in 1749 said it was a spontaneous disease
and described it as ulceration of the mucous membranes. It ex-
ists quite generally in the uncivilized world as well as the civ-
ilized.
Etiology.—The specific germ of glanders called the bacillus
malleus was discovered by Loeffler and Schultz in 1882. These
men were members of the German board of health. The germs
are found in the discharges of glanders and farcy. With them
are also found many other bacteria.
Semeiology—The earliest symptoms are fever and diabetes
insipidus. These symptoms are not usually noticed unless the
horse is a valuable one and is observed to miss a meal or two.
The horse may show so marked polyuria as to partially flood the
stable. He has a good appetite, but in spite of it he loses flesh
rapidly. He is not sick long before a nasal discharge begins in
162 THEORY AND PRACTICE
_the form of a red limpid serum mixed with mucus. After a few
days this becomes muco-purulent and streaked with blood. If
you look into his nose you will notice a red local swelling elevated
at least % inch. This is the pustule of glanders, and when it
ruptures the hemorrhage causes the pus to be bloody. The
mucus from the nose is of a catarrhal nature, coagulated and
starchy. It has no actual diagnostic appearance, but it is sus-
picious because of its resemblance to melted butter. This sticky
discharge accumulates around the rim of the nostrils and dries
there more or less. This interferes with the respiration. The
horse blows his nose and a stringy discharge flips up and lodges
on the side of the face where it attracts dust and dirt. The
glandered horse always has a dirty face. The stall also will
be just as dirty. You can always tell a glandered horse’s stall.
In the course of a week the submaxillary lymphatics will
swell. They catch the debris and germs. As a rule they do
not suppurate. This symptom is not diagnostic, for you get the
same in chronic catarrh.
The pustule in the nostril ruptures, eventually ulcerates. The
ulcer has an elevated, ridged edge with a depressed center. Ulti-
mately the whole mucous membrane of the nose has a mouse
eaten appearance. Ina mild case, especially if the pustules form
high up in the nostril, the air passages become constricted and
we get wheezy breathing, but this is not diagnostic.
Cough, accelerated breathing and pneumonia are the next
symptoms. The pneumonia is interstitial because it involves the
interlobular connective tissue. The lining of the bronchi becomes
ulcerated. In the course of a week we get cuticular manifesta-
tions, particularly in the inguinal region and at times in the pec-
toral. The legs are doughy and the nodular swellings discharge
and ulcerate. These ulcers do not heal, but remain in a state of
continual discharge until death.
In such a condition the horse is dejected, hangs his head and
looks miserable. The discharge from the nose may become some-
what offensive in a late stage. The animal dies from collapse.
During the whole course of the disease the fever stays up to 102°
to 104° or even more. The pulse is increased in frequency and
decreased in size and strength. |
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, 163
In subacute glanders a chronic discharge from the nose is
usually the first thing noticed. It is of the same character as
that in the acute only not so exaggerated. The case runs along
with no other symptoms except the discharge and the enlarge-
ment of the submaxillary lymphatics. Such a case may keep up
indefinitely if well cared for. But during all this time the horse
is sowing the germs of the disease everywhere he goes. The
termination of a chronic case is a sudden development of the
acute form. This comes from exposure such as an animal would
get on board ship or in the army, or even poorly ventilated stables
may be a cause or hardship of any kind, exposure to a cold storm,
etc.
Acute Farcy.—This form of glanders starts with abscesses
in the lymphatics. They begin as small nodules about the size
of a hazel nut and suppurate, rupture, discharge and ulcerate.
The legs swell and eventually the eruption involves the greater
portion of the body. The condition grows worse rapidly and after
2-4 weeks the case runs its course and acute glanders develops.
Chromc Farcy—In a mild form the inflammatory areas on
the leg become indurated while small nodules spring up in other
parts. The course is slow. Many of the ulcers heal, leaving
hairless scars. Sometimes the farcy buds come up on the head
and neck pretty thick; they heal and leave scars. Such a case
may continue for years until some unfavorable condition develops
to produce a severe exacerbation.
Besides the conditions previously mentioned, severe purgation
may bring on a sudden development of acute glanders. In this
climate chronic glanders runs its course in about 3 years, but in
North Dakota and Montana it may run along for 10 years or
more.
How is the disease carried? The usual port of entrance is
thought to be the alimentary tract. The virus may be absorbed
from any mucous surface or through any abrasion of the skin.
Feed boxes, drinking places and hitching posts are sources of in-
fection. A glandered horse is prone to rub his nose and the
sticky discharge therefrom contaminates everything it comes in
contact with. Dogs discharge much more freely than the horse.
They carry the glanders germs from one place to another.
164 THEORY AND PRACTICE
The period of incubation of glanders may be as short as a
week. This is difficult to estimate for we do not know what time
the case was infected.
Treatment.—All kinds of treatment have been tried but they
are all a failure. It is useless to attempt to give medicine and
it only endangers the life of the attendant. Destroy all glandered
herses. In order to do this you must get the consent of the
owner or else fall back upon the state. The state law must be
given liberal consideration. You cannot take a man’s property
from him without due process of law. In case the owner objects,
go to the state’s attorney and find out what action to take. Quar-
antine the premises in the interest of the public health if the
owner is obstinate The quarantine can be maintained indefi-
nitely.
The main trouble in glanders comes with the handling of sus-
picious horses. In a stable where one or two animals have the
disease and the rest are exposed how will you protect the public?
The first thing to do, if the doctor is working under the state
law and has the power, is to quarantine the place: If the doctor
has not this power, then let him report it to the state officer. In
most of the states there are laws regulating the disposition of
animals affected with contagious diseases and glanders is one
of these diseases. Glanders, foot and mouth disease and Texas
fever are recognized and handled officially. Most states require
practitioners to report all cases of contagious diseases. In IIli-
nois there is a $500.00 fine for failing to report to the state
veterinarian any contagious case.
After the stable has been quarantined then test the animals
with mallein.
Mallein is an albuminous serum. It varies in strength but
that prepared by the United States Bureau of Animal Industry is
taken as a standard. A dose of that which is made in Wash-
ington is 1 cubic centimeter, about 16. drops. This comes in
bottles ready for use and is injected under the skin in the side
of the neck. The object of making the injection in this place is
to select a place where the swelling will be visible. The hair
should be clipped off.and the skin washed before the injection is
made. This should be done about ten o’clock at night. The
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 165
temperature of the horse prior to the injection should be taken
three times, morning, noon and night. The horse should be in
good condition and the temperature should be taken under favor-
able circumstances. Do not take the temperature soon after
drinking cold water but before eating or drinking and at a time
when he is not warm from exercise or work. He should not
come from an over-crowded or ill-ventilated stable in such a
case if ever you want a normal temperature. After making
the injection take the temperature the next morning at
7 o'clock, then every two hours during that day and if necessary
through the night. If the horse has glanders you will get an
elevation of temperature from 3-6 degrees. The maximum
temperature will usually be found about 14 hours after the in-
jection. The temperature, as a rule, in these cases rises slowly
but persistently. It keeps rising for 24-30 hours. It will then
fall within 2 or 3 degrees of normal and stay there, forming
what is called the rainbow curve.
_ At the point of injection there will be a swelling varying in
size from 3-9 inches in diameter. It is usually about % inch
thick. Radiating, swollen lines will be seen running from it.
These are sometimes 3 or 4 inches long, may be a foot and they
are apt to run downward toward the point of the shoulder. This
swelling is intensely painful.
The constitutional effects of the mallein test are as follows:
The horse hangs his head, loses his appetite and is disin-
clined to move and sometimes has minor chills. This depression
is so well marked that it is an important symptom. It indicates
that the diagnosis of glanders is unquestionable. A great many
cases have been tested, destroyed and posted and I have never
heard of a case with these symptoms of depression with the
febrile reaction and local swelling at the point of injection proving
to be anything else but glanders.
Of course there will be varying degrees of severity of reac-
tion from the test. The temperature may run along to 105 or
106, and there be present swelling, soreness and depression, and
there would be no question of its being glanders. But suppose
the maximum temperature is 103, swelling is 3 inches in diameter,
no soreness, no radiating lines, no depression,—then this is a
166 THEORY AND PRACTICE
suspicious case. You cannot say that he has or has not glanders,
Every animal should either be named or marked on the tempera-
ture blank. Mark the last case as suspicious and test him again
after 30 days.
In case the horse has not glanders the mallein test will give
no results at all, there will be no elevation of temperature. How-
ever there may cases come up that will give a little tempera-
ture, possibly a degree or two. There will be a slight local
swelling, but no radiating lines. Before night these symptoms
will be gone. You would declare such a case sound.
Disposition of the Animals—The strong reactors should be
destroyed, the mild ones quarantined and tested again at the end
of one or two months. The non-reactors should be taken out to
a clean fresh place and be kept separate from the others. When
the tests are made again at the end of the month you may find
some that give a marked reaction showing that the disease has
developed in that time. On the other hand some will react sus-
piciously at the first test and then when tested again show clearly
that they were not infected. Such cases should be tested several
times. It is important to protect a man’s horses as far as possi-
ble. Do not kill any more horses than is absolutely necessary.
The failure to react on the part of some of these animals that
are tested two or three times creates the impression in the minds
of many that the mallein test immunizes the animal. In some
mild cases the mallein seems to act as a curative and the animals
become sound again, living along indefinitely, while in others
the addition of a little more poison than they already have in
their system precipitates the disease to sudden termination. This
point is being debated throughout the world today by prominent
veterinarians, but we aim to be conservative and protect the
public. If you are acting under a state veterinarian who is in-
clined to be radical, argue the point with him and if you feel
that he is unreasonable, more so than you can endorse you better
resign than be caught by his mistake.
Thorough disinfection must be given a stable where a glan-
dered horse has been found and destroyed. This is much easier
done where the barn has a good floor. Clean out the stable thor-
oughly, wash the stall, etc. Fill a large bucket with boiling
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 167
water, put in three or four ounces of carbolic acid, one-half ounce
of bichloride of mercury to three gallons of water. Then with
an old broom scrub the stall. Wet it good and let it soak a while
then scrape out. Do this two or three times. If the stable is
tight enough to use formaldehyde and fumigate, do so. Shut the
stable up tight, suspend a number of sheets in it and spray the
formaldehyde over the sheets, starting at the far side from the
door. Do the work very rapidly and back out toward the door
as you work. Let it stand five or six hours in this condition,
then open the windows and doors letting in all the fresh air pos-
sible until it is thoroughly ventilated. Then whitewash exten-
sively with fresh slacked lime and sprinkle the floor liberally
with a ten per cent solution of coal tar emulsion. Where the
glandered horse has stood take out the manger and burn it.
Some think that the life of the germ is only a few months,
that it will die with time. This is recognized as correct for out-
doors—for water troughs, fence posts, hitching posts, specially it
exposed to winter weather with alternating thawing and freez.
ing, etc. But inside this is not so.
The harness used on glandered horses should be cleaned very
thoroughly and the bits boiled.
Mallein Test—We have occasion to have great confidence in
the Mallein Test. If the horse has an elevation of temperature
to begin with we may get a reading of thermometer that will
not tell us much as regards the diagnosis. But if the temperature
is normal and the reaction is definite, say 3 or 4 degrees above
normal then the case is one of glanders. If the temperature rises
3 degrees and depression is slight then do not kill the animal but
~ test again a month later. Suspicious cases should be retested.
If thought advisable, confirm the mallein test with some other
such as the Strauss test or the agglutination test.
Strauss Test—Inoculate under the skin or into the peritoneal
cavity of the male pig some glander’s pus. In three days the pig
will show swelling of the testicles which are sore under pressure
if the pus is specific of glanders. In thus inoculating the pig
other germs will no doubt be introduced into his system so that
the pig will die probably anyway from an infection but the swell-
ing of the testicles is the diagnostic point.
168 THEORY AND PRACTICE
Agglutination Test—This test is a new iaboratory method.
It is based upon the theory of the agglutination of germs by an
infected serum. The serum is first diluted and then inoculated
with a suspension of the dead glander’s germ and after a definite
length of time agglutination of the germs takes place. This
reaction can be seen in a test tube, in the test tube the germs
make a floculant white precipitate at the bottom of the tube.
Post Mortem.—Suppose we have a case which shows no evi-
dence of the glander’s lesion. At post you will probably find an
interstitial pneumonia or glanders abscesses in the liver or lym-
phatic glands. Many cases will show internal evidence of glan-
ders which were wrongly diagnosed during life.
Order the animals which react strongly, killed, that is, those
that have a marked temperature or swelling. Mild cases usually
react less and less to each test. They should be held over and
tested again. Never inject mallein into an animal when there
is fever present from some other cause than the glanders infec-
tion. All suspicious cases should be quarantined and tested
again. The mallein test will hurry the termination of an acute
case.
In Montana glanders is mild; horses live for years with the
disease and scatter the germs everywhere. Canada gets her
glanders cases from Montana and this has compelled her to re-
fuse to admit any reactor into her boundaries. Reactors should
be kept in continuous quarantine. The owners can put them to
work, but they must be kept out of the way of other animals.
The Board of Live Stock Commission of Illinois can make
rules that are just as binding as laws. The old laws put the
quarantined cases in the barn and kept them there but according
to the present regulations the horses can go on the public high-
ways providing they are inspected every week at the owner’s ex-
pense. The veterinarian can charge $2.00 for every 10 horses
or fraction of ten. The object of these inspections is to catch the
cases that develop early. If the owner works his horse after he
has been ordered to hold his animal in he can be arrested. The
time limit of quarantine is usually 90 days if nothing develops,
but the quarantine runs indefinitely.
The law says that the owner must carry his own waterpail;
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 169
that he cannot water his horses at public watering places; that
he cannot use other stables or tie to hitching posts, ete.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS BETWEEN
GLANDERS and 7) CHRONIC: €ARARRE,
Ulceration of Schneiderian No ulceration at all.
Membrane. Discharge intermittent.
Discharge continuous. Discharge usually unilateral.
Discharge usually bilateral. Coagulated in chunks, not
Discharge resembles melted gluey.
butter. Discharge always fetid.
Doscharge odorless unless there
is extensivet necrosis of
the turbinate bones.
RECORD OF Hive CASES TESTED: WItheMALLEIN,
The first three cases occurred in Dr. Vernon’s practice.
M.
Case No. 1. Case No. 2. Case No. 3.
Temperature before
injection...... 10:00 p. m. 5 LO! 100 101
Temperature after
injection’. .....'.. 6:00 a. m. 102:5 100 102:5
a 8:00 a. m. 103:6 102 104
os 10:00 a. m. 103 :4 102:4 103:6
ne 12:00 m. 103:4 102 103 :4
WY 2:00 p. m. 103:2 101:8 101:8
a 4:00 p. m, 102 101:2
us 6:00 p. m., 101:6 101.2
The first case developed a swelling at the seat of injection 8
by 10 inches. There was no swelling the next morning and the
horse showed no depression.
In the second case the swelling was slight and there was no
depression.
In the third case was a swelling 5 by 10 inches with no de-
pression.
The question arose what to do with these animals. As the
temperature and swellings were not typical it was decided that
they should be liberated.
170 THEORY AND PRACTICE
The next two cases were under Dr. Schreider’s observaticn.
Case No. 1—Gray. Case No. 2—Roan.
Temperature before
IMy CCHIOM ey: 3:30 p. 99E9 100:6
re 7:00 p. m 101:6 101:5
$38 10:00 p. 101:4 100:8
Temperature after
injection...... 6:00 a. m. 104:1 100:3
Re 8:00 a. m. 105:8 102:6
as 10:00 a. m. 105:8 104
GG 12:00\, mm: 105:9 103:3
GG 2:00 p. m. 105:3 102:4
OY 4:00 p. m. 105:7 104:2
GG 6:00 p. m. 105:2 104:2
sé 8:00 p. m. 105. 103:3
oe 10:00 p. m. 104 104
ee 7:00 a. m, 105:1 103:8
The first case developed a swelling 4 by 5.
Second case developed a swelling 3 by 4.
Botk of these cases showed great depression the day follow-
ing the injection and the next day also. It was decided that
they had the disease and they were destroyed.
STRANGLES.
Strangles, Gourme (French), Druse (German), is a con-
tagious disease peculiar to the horse. Sorne writers describe it
under the name of Coryza Contagiosa Equorum. The soecific
germ was described by Schultz in 1888 and he called it strepto-
coccus equi. Horses of all ages may contract the disease but it
is generally known as a colt disease. It is non-recurrent, but
possibly in rare cases it may attack an animal the second time.
Strangles runs two courses, the regular and the irregular.
The irregular course used to be a disease called Bastard Strangles,
but this name has become obsolete.
In its nature strangles is a pyogenic fever. No other species
of animal is ever attacked. The regular form manifests itself in
abscesses about the throat, in the submaxillary space, in the
glands and lymphatic vessels about the head. It runs a course
of about a week or two when the abscesses will have ruptured
spontaneously and healed benignly. The abscesses usuaily dis-
charge for about a week.
Inoculation with pus from these abscesses will not always
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. al
produce the disease, but cohabitation of the diseased and healthy
animals seems to transmit the infection. It cannot really be ex-
plained how the infection is carried. It may be from the pus or
it may be from the expired air or discharges of the diseased
animal.
Etiology.—The streptococcus equi is the cause. The period
of incubation is from one to two weeks.
Semeiology—Vhere is at first a high fever which is soon fo!-
lowed by loss of appetite and swellings around the throat and
branches of the lower jaw. The abscesses may be numerous or
few, large or small. Regularly they occur around the head and
throat. If the retropharyngeal glands are involved the dyspncea
may be dangerous and death from asphyxiation occur. The
mortality is not high. About 99 out of a 100 recover, but occa-
sionally one will die. The death depends a great deal upon the
environment and the weather. Wet and cold are unfavorable to
the sick animal.
Strangles usually starts with fever and a discharge from the
nose, and there may be some cough. At first the pulse is rapid
and in a few days it becomes weak. The mucous membranes
become injected, and if the abscesses occur around the throat
and maxillary glands, the deglutition is apt to be interfered with.
In a few days they will rupture spontaneously unless they are
too deep-seated. Then the fever subsides, the appetite returns
and rapid recovery takes place. The temperature may start out
at 106 but in 4 days go down to 104, at which place it stays until
the abscess ruptures, when it returns to normal.
In the irregular form the character of the fever is the same
but the abscesses form somewhere else than around the throat,
either internally or externally. They are often seen in the liver,
spleen and lymph glands and the pectoral and inguinal branches
of the lymphatic ducts. They may break out about the legs. If
the abscesses are superficial and can be opened or ruptured the
animal will make a good recovery, but if the abscesses follow one
another then the animal may not get well for six or eight months.
If they rupture internally the case may be fatal. The pericardium
and occasionally the heart itself is often the site of these ab-
AZ THEORY AND PRACTICE
scesses. They sometimes occur on the pleura and rupture into
the pleural cavity.
Treatment.—Strangles must run its course—it cannot be
aborted. Rational treatment will help to produce a favorable ter-
mination. In this and every other febrile disease the patient
should be housed and kept warm. Let the food be laxative.
Crushed scalded oats and bran are good. Apply linseed poultices
to the abscesses to soften them and repeat the application night
and morning. Open the abscesses, do not let them rupture. They
should be opened 3 or 4 days after they start. Syringe them out
and still keep on the poultice. This will hasten the recovery.
After 2 or 3 days stop the poulticing but cover the sore part if
the weather necessitates it. If dyspnoea is accentuated, perform
tracheotomy.
As to medicine, give quinine and whisky every 4 hours. If
the temperature is around 104 or 105 give small doses of aceta-
nilid. Keep the temperature at 104 or less. As soon as the
abscess has been opened or has ruptured put the patient on
tincture of iron. For the irregular case, if you can make a posi-
tive diagnosis, give quinine and whisky, but if the case runs for
a long time use anti-streptococcus serum. This may effect a
recovery. It would be a good plan to give all suspected cases a
prophylactic dose of the serum.
Post mortem reveals nothing more than the abscesses.
-BURSATTL
Bursatti is the name of a disease which produces inflamma-
tory swellings in the skin with raw suppurating surfaces. These
are called kunkurs.. The name “bursatti’ is derived from the
East Indian word burus, meaning rain, and the disease is spoken
of. as rain sores. Up to the present time it has proven to be
incurable. It may yield for a time but the kunkurs will return.
The disease is found mostly in the South and the outbreaks occur
in the summer. It is not considered contagious from horse to
horse, but rather infectious, two or more getting it from a com-
mon source. The inflammation is located in the subcutaneous
tissue, and the tumors may be found in the internal organs, In-
io)
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 17
oculation with the serum from the ulcers does not seem to pro-
duce the disease. The cause of it is not really known. It is be-
lieved to arise from filth. It seems to occur in horses which have
iot been kept clean and whose harnesses have never been cleaned.
The harness rubs against the skin until the surface is raw and an
ulcer forms. If the ulcer heals it will eventually return. This
condition interferes with the welfare of the animal and he runs
down in flesh, getting thin and worthless. In India it is con-
sidered a hereditary disease and animals so affected are con-
demned for breeding purposes. The raw surfaces of these ulcers
itch a great deal and the itching seems to be mainly around the
outside of the ulcer, which is slightly raised. Two or three of
these ulcers may start in the same region and by spreading they
will become confluent.
Treatment.—The hygiene is considered important. See that
everything is cleaned up and prevent the harness from rubbing
the sores. The horse should have a liberal diet and be fed on
good nutritious food. Prevent the horse from scratching or bit-
ing the raw surfaces if possible. If called early extirpate the
inflammatory area if it is not too large. In addition to this give
rational treatment. The sores of bursatti are similar to the so-
called summer sores although there is a distinction. Neither will
endure winter.
The following is a summer sore lotion which seems to be
effectual in some cases:
R
SptsyeVani eR eGtives sec enetisccs etic ae cues drams xiss
ENCE DIC RUACIOG Meiers cotati, eaeuonnte uote: thaveaseer drams iss
Eyre noi (Gag aids) s aici nares ecole es eteisia onaitoese drams ivss
IDIEOE Nb A OKO) Le wlcencrs, bien NeRBIy BIB minds Coop M ij
Carr ame lie aanstaes 1 hetes ores ehe a niaersentaclc eae grains iss
BANGED Ci Se casespeesyar ener at le wen nuomeen sister a apaae ale eh ounces iv
M. Sig.—Apply to sore 3 times daily with soft
brush or swab.
To prepare dissolve the eucalyptol in the alcohol; dissolve the
caramel in H, O, then add the acetic acid and phenol and shake.
174 THEORY AND PRACTICE
BOTRYOMYCOSIS.
Closely related to bursatti is the disease called botryomycosis
and it is often difficult to differentiate them. In botryomycosis
the tumors which go on to ulceration are due to the invasion of a
microorganism called the botroyomyces. The tumors which are
formed are inflammatory growths, often of very large size.
Scirrhous cord may be caused by this microbe. The tumors
should be removed with a knife and all the parts of the growth
thoroughly cut out as the botryomyces invade the outer zone of
the tissue. In the discharge from the abscess colonies of the
microbe may be found but these are the older organisms and are
not as active as those in the outer parts of the tumor. The knife
seems to be the only treatment, although the summer sore lotion
has been tried with some results. The knife should always be
applied to scirrhous cord.
CORNGST AE DISD ASE:
Horses and cattle die from a disease known as corn stalk
disease when turned into a stalk field in December and January.
In these months the disease seems to be prevalent. The animals
eat the nubbins and stalks and suddenly they come down with
an affliction and next morning are found dead. It is supposed
that they get the disease from the corn stalks. Animals that get
a mild attack do not die so early but become delirious or at other
times may become stupid and finally die in a comatose condition.
This shows that the disease is due to some toxin. All animals
which contract the disease die from it sooner or later.
Prevention is better than cure. Remedial treatment seems to
be useless. Prevent by keeping the stock out of the fields. Cut
the stalks early enough to make good fodder and there will be
no corn stalk disease.
SURRA.
Surra is a constitutional disease of the infectious type. The
infection is not carried from animal to animal but is due to the
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 175
introduction into the animal of a hematozoon known as the try-
panosoma Evansi. This parasite has a long whip-like body with
a tail something like a flagellum. The parasite was discovered
by Evans. The organisms may be taken into the body through
the medium of the food and water, but it is believed now that
they are inoculated into the host by some certain insect, such as a -
certain kind of fly or mosquito. The disease affects the horses
usually in the low, swampy regions. It is called trypanosomiasis.
From the alimentary tract the parasite enters the blood and more
or less disorganizes it, producing great debility, emaciation, fever,
capricious appetite and finally death through syncope and col-
lapse in from 6 weeks to 6 months.
Post Mortem.—There are no post mortem lesions found.
There is a disease found in the northwestern part of this country
and in Canada and Montreal called Swamp fever or Swamp dis-
ease. It has the symptoms of surra but the trypanosome has
not been found in the blood nor are the lesions at post specffic.
Surra is very prevalent in the Philippine Islands.
Treatment.—No known therapeutic treatment has had any
effect so that preventive measures are the only ones which can
be counted on. Keep the horses on high land or drain the low
swampy places. If the horse takes the disease this can be rec-
ognized by the peculiar symptoms. The animal will run down
rapidly and in a few weeks generally dies. It is presumed that
the trypanosomata are excreted in the feces and urine and these
products should therefore be taken care of as far as possible or
else the animal killed.
INFLUENZA.
The word influenza comes from the Latin word meaning “in-
fluence.” The disease was so named in human medicine on ac-
count of the influence the planets are supposed to have upon the
atmospheric conditions and the resultant changes upon the ani-
mal life on the earth. No disease spreads so rapidly as in-
fluenza. The especial cause has been attributed to several differ-
ent micro-organisms. Pfeiffer isolated a bacillus which he
thought was the specific cause and called it by his own name.
176 THEORY AND PRACTICE
Kitasato and Canon corroborated Pfeiffer’s discovery. Ehrlich
claimed that the germ was a streptococcus. Influenza is recog-
nized today as a contagious disease but the means of communi-
cation are not known, probably it is through the alimentary tract.
The germs may be taken into the respiratory tract first and then
when expelled, lodge in the pharynx and are swallowed. It is
thought that horses get the disease from eating and drinking
from common receptacles. It is a good plan to have their drink-
ing water constantly running and this will carry away any foreign
matter that may accumulate. The disease is not atmospheric but
it travels along the lines of commerce. The atmosphere may in-
fluence it to the extent that a decrease in ozone will produce de-
pression while an increase in the ozone stimulates the animal.
Influenza is a blood disease and it produces catarrhal dis-
charges from all the mucous membranes.
Semeiology.—The disease presents different symptoms ac-
cording to whether it is involved with complications or not. The
symptoms of the uncomplicated form of the disease are as fol-
lows: Great nervous depression and languor with high fever.
During the first twenty-four hours the fever is about 106 and
then it falls to 105 or 103. The animal is inclined to lie down
more or less, his legs swell, the swellings are sore under palpa-
tion, and he generally loses his appetite. After twenty-four
hours there is a profuse discharge from the nose and after forty-
eight hours a marked loosening of the bowels, and the mucous
membranes are usually icteric. The inflammation sometimes at-
tacks the urinary apparatus and produces profuse micturition.
If the animal is not well blanketed his coat stares, breathing is
accelerated and the mucous membranes are injected. The head.
hangs, the ears and the eyelids droop. In the corners of the eye
is coagulated mucous. Often the throat is sore and there is a
troublesome cough. This cough is inclined to remain with the
animal and become chronic. It is thought by some that this dis-
ease produces roaring and this cannot be disputed. _
In the uncomplicated case the fever generally goes down to
normal in three or four days and the appetite is regained and
the animal makes a good recovery in from five to ten days. The
discharge subsides and the animal seems to be none the worse
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 177
for the attack. It is thought that one attack renders the animal
immune for at least six months.
The complications of influenza involve the lungs in the form
of broncho-pneumonia, which is always of the contagious va-
riety and the symptoms are those of a grave pneumonia; the
symptoms being rapid exhaustion, loss of appetite and exacer-
bation of fever—animal dies in 5-10 days if recovery does not
take place.
Diagnosis —The diagnosis of influenza is based upon the con-
tinued fever, with great depression and symptoms of rapidly de-
veloping icteric, dark colored mucous membranes and swelling
of the legs. The evidence of colic and congestion which is fol-
lowed by diarrhoea indicates a complication of enteritis. The
diagnosis of brain trouble is based upon the excessive violence
which interrupts the otherwise continual stupor of the animal.
Prognosis.—Influenza is a serious disease principally on ac-
count of the complications. Uncomplicated influenza is only
fatal in 1-5 per cent of the cases. ;
Treatment—While the appetite remains the patient should
have a moderate quantity of hay, good oats and bran; or even
a little fresh clover, if obtainable, can be given in small quan-
tities. The sick horse should be placed in a well-ventilated stall.
To reduce the temperature give one dram of acetanilid every
two to four hours. The acetanilid may be used with alcohol
and strychnine. The patient must be blanketed. Never give a
laxative of any sort, for the enteric mucosa is in so sensitive a
state that half a pint of raw oil, or one ounce of sulphate of soda
might precipitate enteritis and cause death. If founder occurs,
it is difficult to treat. When recognized, hot or cold applica-
tions are useful.
PURPURA HAEMORRHAGICA.
Purpura hemorrhagica (French, anasarca) is frequently one
of the sequele of influenza. It is an infectious disease though
not contagious. There is a difference of opinion as to the spe-
cific germ of this disease. Tizzoni, in 1889, found a bacillus
which he considered the specific germ. Babes corroborated it
178 THEORY AND PRACTICE
in 1890 and Kolb in 1891. After this Marmorek of the Pasteur
Institute claimed that the streptococcus was the cause. Although
the disease may follow influenza yet it may often develop and
run its course as an original disease.
This disease is characterized by the destruction of the blood
elements on a large scale. The blood becomes thin and oozes
out through the pores into dependent parts by diapedesis; it may
be circumscribed or diffused when it produces purple spots or
patches (ecchymoses ).
It occurs as an original disease in badly ventilated and badly
drained stables or as a sequel to debilitating fevers.
Symptoms.—The fever is regular and quite persistent at 104.
The legs swell and when the swelling gets above the knees and
hocks it terminates abruptly. The swelling creeps higher and
higher and in three or four days the lips begin to swell and the
eyelids become bloated. There is also a pendulous swelling un-
der the abdomen. Early in the disease the mucous membranes
are ecchymotic, the spots varying in size from “% to % inch in
diameter. They may be seen on all the mucous membranes.
In some severe cases there is a fetid discharge from the nose.
The mouth fills with a ropy saliva. A yellowish, gummy liquid
comes out through the skin on the legs and trickles down the
hair. The swelling is so great as to prevent the horse from eat-
ing and it diminishes the caliber of the air passage and causes
wheezy breathing.
When the symptoms develop as above described the horse
usually dies within 5-15 days. The five-day course accompanies
the disease of an original lesion; the fifteen days course is the
result of some other previous disease. The kidneys are usually
inactive sometimes to the extent of complete ischuria, and toward
the latter end of the disease the horse may have bloody diarrhoea
and colics. Sometimes more or less extensive sloughing of the
skin takes place. This is an indication of a very severe case.
Post Mortem.—Upon opening the body we find ecchymotic
extravasations everywhere, especially on the mucous membranes.
In addition there is more or less general infiltration. Aji parts
are cedematous. The large bowels will show quite a liquid con-
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. NS)
dition of the contents, which are bloody. The blood itself is thin
and coagulates very slowly.
Treatment—The serum treatment would be the best for its
action upon the blood would kill the germs. Marmorek man-
ufactured a serum which has been used with good results in some
cases and in others not. Use antiseptics and stimulants inter- >
nally. Bichromate of potassium in one to three grain doses in
one or two ounces of water given 2-3 times a day will tend to
destroy the germs in the blood. In connection with this use
tincture of iron and sweet spirits nitre in liberal doses. Some
add a little quinine. The prescription is as follows:
BR
ALTE OTe, © hil Ona Mie tpereave vaste oloredells lor cu etal or ounce ij
Aunts Sb Sa aw eo ook OOS OCoOO Hos dram iv
SpishoNats eet he ney. c sro Moke are) lefcceloneyensroevese ounce iv
PANG UT erste ie tai cccs anche tA creloteel'stdie Moatleensverers pint j
M. Sig.—Give 2 ounces every 4 hours in a moderate
case, but if the case is bad give it every 2 hours.
In addition to this give the bichromate. Do not give a febri-
fuge.
The iron has double action as it helps make the red blood
corpuscles regenerate and tends to limit the hemorrhage by its
astringent action upon the blood vessels.
If the muzzle begins to swell bathe it with warm water. In
a bad case keep a man at this treatment all the time, night and
day. The warm water drives the cedema to some other part
where it is not so dangerous. Never tap the swellings as slough-
ing will follow. The fluid will not flow out. Incase the dyspnoea
interferes with the respiration perform tracheotomy, but an
operation upon a horse with purpura is apt to be dangerous and
fatal. Keep the horse quiet and feed him generously with oats,
corn, bran, etc. All mild cases recover, but 40-60 per cent of
the cases are fatal.
SCAREATINA:
Scarlatina is a very infectious disease, closely related to pur-
pura, but it has some prominent differentiating features. Some
have thought it a milder form of purpura but they have over-
looked important features. Scarlatina comes on oftener as an
180 THEORY AND PRACTICE
original disease than purpura. In scarlatina the hemorrhage is
in the form of petechiz and the blood spots are scarlet, while in
purpura they are purple. In scarlatina there is always some sore
throat, in purpura never. The swellings in scarlatina are usually
in patches and lumps usually on the trunk, while in purpura the
legs swell and also the abdomen. The swellings are smooth while
in scarlatina they are lumpy. In scarlatina the lymphatic glands
suppurate, while in purpura they never do. In both diseases the
fever and pulse are about the same. Animals usually recover
from scarlatina while in purpura many die.
Treatment.—A case of scarlatina is apt to hang on for two
or three weeks without any change, while a case of purpura gets
better or worse within a week. In scarlatina we have to treat
the sore throat. Put counter-irritants and bandages on the throat
and use such antiseptics as guaiacol. Give quinine in larger
doses than for purpura. Give iron gargle for the throat and
keep the horse mildly stimulated with nitrous ether. In some
bad cases the throat ulcerates and then it is a good plan to swab
the throat with nitrate of silver. Use the swab on the end of a
long stick.
Scarlatina in the horse seems to conform with scarlet fever
in the human but purpura has no similarity whatever. So far as
the relationship between scarlatina and purpura is concerned
it is found that scarlatina runs into purpura before death, but
this does not necessarily mean that the two diseases are the same.
It is seldom that animals die from scarlatina.
Post Mortem.—In scarlatina there is an absence of the gen-
eral infiltration that is seen in purpura. There is difference
enough to warrant us in saying that the two diseases are not the
same.
INFECTIOUS ANEMIA.
This disease, known also by other names, such as Pernicious
Anemia, Swamp Fever, Mountain Fever, American Surra, Ma-
larial Fever, Typhoid Fever of Horses, the Unknown Disease, No
Name Disease and Plains Paralysis, is more or less prevalent in
Texas, Nevada, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Mon-
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 181
tana, North and South Dakota, Illinois, Iowa, Manitoba and
several countries in Europe.
It has been under investigation for the last three years by
Drs. John R. Mohler, M. Francis, R. P. Marsteller, Winfred B.
Mack, A. T. Kinsley, L. Van Es, and others.
It is a distinctly infectious disease affecting horses, mules and
asses. It used to be supposed to be, confined to swampy regions,
but within the last three years has been found in altitudes as
great as 7,500 feet.
Etiology—The specific virus has not yet been isolated, but it
is known to be specific by inoculation with the blood and blood
serum producing the disease, even after the serum has been fil-
tered through a fine Pasteur ‘filter, consequently the virus must
be infinitesimally small, or a toxine.
Dr. Van Es has recently, 1911, found that the urine and feces
contain the virus, and that horses eating the litter soiled by
horses with this disease develop it. The Pasteur filter would
remove all known bacteria and protozoa.
Semeiology.—lt is characterized by progressive anemia and
remittent fever. The horses become dull, listless, weak and
finally stagger; the temperature may run as high as 106 for a
few days, then gradually fall to 102 and stay around that point
for two or three weeks, and then rise again for a week; the pulse
becomes rapid, small, hard and thready, and jugular pulse is seen
after a few weeks. The mucus membranes gradually become
paler and paler; sometimes they develop a yellowish or even a
mahogany color in some cases. They also occasionally present
hemorrhage spots (petechiz). edematous enlargements on the
under side of the belly, sheath, mamme and legs. There are pro-
found changes in the blood. The red corpuscles from a normal
of seven million per cubic millimeter sometimes drop as low as
two millions. There is little or no change in the number of white
corpuscles. The blood becomes thin and watery. The appetite
usually remains good throughout the course of the disease.
Post Mortem.—Great emaciation and loss of fat are seen, all
parts are extremely pale. Local hemorrhages may be seen, espe-
cially in and around the heart, which is generally enlarged. The
lungs are studded with petechiz, and there is besides a little
182 THEORY AND PRACTICE
serum in the plural cavity, also in the pericardium. The liver is
usually sound, with the exception of possibly slight areas of de-
generation. The spleen is somewhat enlarged and covered with
petechiz. The kidneys are anemic and flaccid and usually show,
microscopically, a chronic parenchymatous degeneration. The
lymph glands are usually enlarged and hemorrhagic.
Prognosis.—Prognosis is very unfavorable. They practically
all die, although a few, perhaps 15% or 20%, may yield more or
less to treatment, and live along for two or three years, but
finally succumb. No horse was ever known to fully recover.
Treatment.—The treatment is very disappointing, but systemic
treatment would be as follows: In the earlier stages reduce the
fever with actetanilid and cold sponge baths. Stimulants, such
as nux vomica and alcohol, are indicated for the pulse. For the
blood give tincture of iron and Fowler’s solution of arsenic in
liberal doses. In all probability the arsenic is the only remedy
that has much, if any, effect. Isolate the affected horse from the
healthy ones and burn all of his litter and disinfect the stable
daily with a 5% solution of U. S. P. Liquor Cresolis, or any
other coal tar emulsion, and sprinkle the floor occasionally with
air slacked lime, or chloride of lime. Investigations are in
progress with a view of producing a vaccine or serum that will
protect the healthy horses where the disease is prevalent.
RHEUMATISM.
Rheumatism is a non-contagious disease that arises in the
body and it is not specific. It is a very peculiar constitutional
disease. Its real character is not known, but old theories at-
tribute it to an excess of some natural acid in the blood, such as
lactic acid, uric acid, etc. This is evidence of indigestion and
in every case of rheumatism we can trace the condition back to
some form of stomach disturbance. In herbivora we have more
hippuric acid than in other animals and if this runs to excess we
are apt to get rheumatism.
Rheumatism is divided into various classes according to the
part affected. For instance, we have rheumatic fever. In such
a case the whole system is affected and there is no localization of
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 183
the affection. It is generally fatal if the animal is not very
strong. Death comes either from endocarditis or from valvulitis
or both. Occasionally death is due to pericarditis. Another
form of the disease is found in the localization of the trouble in
the loin and it is then called lumbago. When it attacks the nerves
it is called neuralgia. The nerve usually affected is the trifacial
nerve. If the disease locates in the muscles it is called muscular
rheumatism. Sometimes it attacks the sciatic nerve and then it
is sciatica. When it attacks the joints it is called articular rheu-
matism. The disease is inclined to attack the synoval mem-
branes of the joints and tendons and it frequently jumps about
from one place to another and is called flying rheumatism or
metastatic rheumatism. It then seems to leave the part of the
body first affected.
Rheumatism may be either acute or chronic.
There are some who do not consider rheumatism to be a
specific disease, but claim that it is only a shield for ignorance.
Sir Richard Christison found that by injecting a dog with lactic
acid he could produce rheumatism. Many are now looking for
the specific germ of rheumatism. The disease is, probably,
largely hereditary. The exciting cause may be due to faulty
assimilation as is seen in dogs fed on meat only. In some cases
it occurs without any apparent exciting cause but there is usually
exposure to cold and dampness. Animals that are left out in
bad weather are apt to get rheumatism.
Semeiology.—Rheumatic fever usually starts with a tempera-
ture of 104 or more but sometimes not over 103. A rheumatic
animal is more or less stiff and not inclined to move. The ap-
petite is good and does not vary much. The animal may or may
not lie down. The pulse is increased in frequency and hardness.
It runs about 45 to 60.
The fever can be reduced with acetanilid but as soon as the
drug is stopped the fever will come back again. If a little of the
blood is drawn it will coagulate very quickly. After the disease
has been running for ten days or a few weeks the animal may die
suddenly. Or if he lingers along he loses flesh. His legs swell
and you get a jugular pulse. He may live in this condition for
several weeks.
184 THEORY AND PRACTICE
Post Mortem.—Post mortem shows that the trouble is in the
heart, which may give evidence of endocarditis, valvulitis or
pericarditis. In all cases the animal is liable to die suddenly
from syncope. In inflammatory rheumatism the joints swell but
never run to suppuration unless bruised. The parts are sore and
produce great lameness. If left to run its own course the in-
‘flammation is apt to run five or six weeks. It usually leaves the
joints permanently enlarged, especially if in the hock. Metastatic —
or flying rheumatism is inclined to attack the sheaths of the
tendons in the legs. The disease migrates from one leg to an-
other but is usually constant. The horse never recovers from
rheumatic arthritis after ossification of the exudates takes place
and has what is called chronic rheumatism.
Sciatica comes on suddenly. The horse steps short with: the
affected leg and does not want to be backed up; the act of backing
up seems to cause muscular pressure and it consequently causes
pain. If he is made to back up he will carry the leg that is
affected with rheumatism. Upon manipulating the sciatic region
you can detect the soreness. In neuralgia rheumatism attacks
the fifth nerve. The horse will hold his head tipped more or
less and there is twitching of the facial muscles and partial clos-
ing of the eye. The horse is disinclined to move and shows many
evidences of distress. Pressure upon the part will cause him to
wince. Neuralgia is not very common in the horse.
Lumbago.—When this condition attacks a horse he will show
stiffness, will turn with difficulty and will not move readily. His
back will be arched. In bad cases he is likely to lie down and
then is unable to rise, perhaps for a week or two.
Semeiology.—The symptoms of lumbago are well marked in
the dog. The subacute form sometimes attacks the intercostal
muscles and is called pleurodymia. It closely resembles pleurisy
but in pleurodynia there is no fever and auscultation reveals no
friction sound. It resembles pleurisy in its fixed condition of
the ribs, soreness of the intercostal muscles, careful breathing,
turning out of the elbows, etc.
A subacute attack in the muscles of the neck seems to cause
contraction of the neck muscles so that the head is turned to
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 185
one side. On the concave side of the neck the muscles stand
out prominent and are called the cords of “torti colis.”
In muscular rheumatism the horse has a stiff action and is dis-
inclined to move. He has probably been exposed to cold drafts
and consequently caught cold in his muscles.
Rheumatism is not fatal unless it attacks the heart, which
it does in two forms. When the spasmodic pain attacks the
heart it is called angina pectoris. In the human there is the sen-
sation of suffocation. The presumption is that if the heart is |
interfered with it may produce death by spasm of the heart but
this cannot be detected in the horse.
Acute rheumatism in the form of rheumatic fever is never
fatal unless it attacks the heart. In this case only a few cases
recover.
Subacute or Chronic—From what is known we find that this
form of rheumatism generally attacks.older animals. When it
attacks older animals it is more mild. The attacks are painful,
but not dangerous. The synovial membranes may become af-
fected but when the disease locates in the muscles it often be-
comes chronic. In old horses it may cause sudden and severe
lameness which may leave in a few minutes, or it may last for
hours. In dissecting a case like this you will find calcareous de-
posits in the synovial fringes. It is supposed that this calcified
fringe gets in between the two bearing surfaces and causes the
lameness. If the horse is compelled to proceed the deposit is
pushed back in place and the lameness ceases.
Torti colis may be caused by violence and rupture of the lig-
amentous attachment to cervical vertebra on one side of the
neck and this makes the head turn in the opposite direction. In
the very young animals this can be cured by means of splints
on the neck. This form of torti colis is not rheumatic in its
nature.
Treatment of the Acute—lIn rheumatism there is an un-
healthy condition of the blood. Therefore antiseptics are indi-
cated with the general idea of increasing the alkalinity of the
blood and of changing the urine from acid to alkaline. Particu-
lar attention should be paid to the digestion. Salines are
effectual. Salicylate of soda should be given in liberal doses.
186 THEORY AND PRACTICE
Give three dram doses every hour night and day for ten to fifteen
days in order to get the desired effect. The best treatment known
is salicylate alkaloid of oil of wintergreen (aspirin), but this is
very expensive. The human dose is ‘five grains every four hours.
Other salines are nitrate of potash, one dram three times a
day, sulphate of magnesium and all of the laxative salts, iodide
of potash, vegetable alteratives, etc. }
The following is good treatment:
Sodio Salicyl ye vetae ahve keine cere rere ounce vi
BS Wx: (COlehiciy yok. nv eee nee Tait ounce ij
Aqua QS adis.c cee eet acces eee ene pint ij
M. Sig.—2 ounces ever 4 hours night and day.
&: y &
The first remedy you adopt should be used for about ten
days and then switch to some other. An acute case seems to run
a course of about six weeks. If you have been using the pre-
scription given above then change to sulphate of magnesium.
It is useless to apply stimulating liniments. An application
of chloroform for a few minutes, which is allowed to evaporate,
will allay the pain. The following is a good liniment:
BR
Tr. Arnica
Tr. Aconite
Ute OM Ses onondooodoohosb.5 5800 9 aa ounce j
Cinll@roit@nin ssocodcnacceobonpa00KNK6 dram j
ANGIE) GEG BGloscoodcccooosdonouseboas ounce Vili
In all acute cases of rheumatic lameness and swelling a fly
blister is very beneficial.
NAV EV AING nS:
This is an inflammation of the lymphatic ducts. Lymphadenitis
is inflammation of the lymphatic glands.. There are four forms
of lymphangitis, plethoric, anemic, mycotic or epizootic and
septic. The acute plethoric form, develops suddenly in horses
that are plethoric and working every day, but laid off for a
holiday or a Sunday. The plethoric condition of the horse
while at rest is the etiological factor in the case. It may attack
any part of the body but generally one of the hind legs. It is ©
usually found in the morning after a day of rest, such as Mon-
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 187
day, for instance. This disease is called by some Monday
morning sickness. In Scotland it is called the “weed.” In
England it is called the “shot of grease” or the “shakes.” The
affected lymphatics swell and become inflamed.
Pathogenesis —The blood is plethoric and the lymphatic ducts
become congested on account of overwork. We presume that
in such a case the metabolism during the forty-eight hours previ-
ous to the attack has been slight and the nutrition great enough to
clog the lymphatic ducts. This seems to act much the same as
active congestion in altering the nutrition of the part. The in-
flammation may be so severe as to run into the third stage and
may result in an abscess.
Symptoms.—lIf the horse is in a warm stable he will be found
in the morning with a chill, which is sometimes very severe. The
severity of the attack depends upon the severity of this chill. In
the course of a couple of hours the doctor will be called and when
he arrives he will find the horse lame in a hind leg. The tempera-
ture will be about 106. The swelling increases rapidly and runs
down the inside of the leg in the inguinal chain of lymphatics
and varies in size from the size of a finger to that of a wrist.
By the end of the first day the whole leg becomes involved from
the foot to the stifle. When the inflammation subsidés it will
leave the leg large for at least ten days and sometimes perma-
nently. An abscess may form as large as a fist or it may hold a
quart or two of pus. During all this time the animal is off his
feed. His appetite returns as the fever subsides. One attack
predisposes an animal to another, and each time the affected leg
is left a little larger until the horse gets the chronic big leg,
called Elephantiasis. This enlargement is fibroid all the way up
the leg and it is incurable. If the enlargement is not fibroid in
nature then being oedematous, exercise will help drive it out.
Treatment.—lf called to an acute case during the chill, treat
it vigorously. Give aconite and alcohol or spirits of nitrous
ether every fifteen minutes until the horse begins to sweat and
keep him well blanketed. Drop off the frequency of the dose as
soon as the chill subsides. Give him aconite, spirits of nitrous
ether, nitrate of potash and water after the chill has subsided.
Give these every hour or two and take off some of the blankets.
188 THEORY AND PRACTICE
In addition to this give a full purgative dose of aloes and dose
with acetanilid every hour for four hours. The dose should be
governed by the weight of the horse and the height of the fever.
Keep up the fever mixture until diuresis is produced and then
drop off to every four hours and then to three times a day. As
soon as the treatment has been started, have a man bathe the leg
of the animal with warm water. Take care that the water is not
too hot, for it will scald the leg. The water should be 115 de-
grees. The bathing should be done three times a day, about
an hour at each time. It is very important to have the affected
leg warm and well wrapped. If this treatment is persisted in
the swelling will go down and the fever will subside. Continue
until the leg is reduced one-half. The animal should not be fed
for forty-eight hours. After the leg begins to get better, exercise
should begin. Walk him around in a warm place, eachi time in-
creasing the exercise, commencing with about ten minutes. If
the case comes to you neglected, then the treatment is different.
Give him purgatives but do not bathe. Leave out the ether and
acetanilid. Give him potash and exercise him. If the swelling
can be driven out the case is curable, otherwise not.
Stallions and jacks have sores in the form of eczema which
come from lymphangitis. The sore starts with a small pimple
which itches. The horse either bites or scratches the place until
it becomes raw and granulates and has a tendency to spread.
The treatment consists in removing the cause. If feeding is the
cause, lessen it and substitute bran. Give a mild purgative. A
large stallion should not get more than seven drams for a pur-
gative dose. Stallions cannot stand as much as.a working horse.
Give a purgative once a month and between the purgations give
sulphate of sodium night and morning. .For local treatment mild
applications are the best. If much granulation tissue forms
around the sore it must be removed with the knife and then ap-
ply the white lotion three or four times a day. Rub the sore
gently to remove the loose scabs. Jack sores are more difficult to —
heal. ;
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 189
EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS:
This is a new disease in some parts of the world and old in
others. It is caused by a fungus called the saccharomyces far-
ciminosus. The disease is also called ulcerative or mycotic
lymphangitis It is communicable to other horses by contact
with anything that carries the fungus.
The fungus can grow on the horse and mule. After it enters
the wound it begins to grow slowly and soon starts up an inflam-
mation (in three weeks to three months) and a nodule forms
under the skin with hardening and thickening of the surrounding
lymphatic ducts. The nodule softens, ruptures and discharges
pus and an indolent ulcer forms. It usually occurs on one leg,
may be on two and it may occur on any part of the body. The
poison 1s carried from this point and it may break out anywhere.
When it attacks the leg it involves the whole leg from the foot to
the body. A few cases recover spontaneously and many are cura-
ble by proper treatment if applied early. The rest continue to
grow worse. Inasmuch as the pus carries the germ the disease
is liable to spread to other animals. It is fatal in ten to fifteen
per cent of cases. The pus is yellow or grayish yellow and is
often mixed with blood. Sometimes it contains flakes.
The first symptom is an indolent sore covered with pus and
a scab surrounded by a slightly swollen area with radiating
lines running from it. The ulcers may heal slowly and recur and
the skin becomes thickened. The affected horse does not show any
constitutional disturbance unless the case is very advanced. This
disease may be mistaken for farcy. In farcy the mallein test is
positive, and the pus is oily or glutinous and the ulcers are cup-
shaped. In lymphangitis the mallein test is negative, likewise
the Strauss test and the agglutination test, the pus is thick and
creamy, the ulcers are flat and show more granulations, and the
nodules are less firmly attached to the skin and more movable
than in farcy. There is an absence of the bacillus malleus and
the presence of the specific fungus, the saccharomyces farci-
minosus.
Treatment.—lf the case is gotten early enough remove all the
tissue involved with the knife. If removal is impracticable open
190 THEORY AND PRACTICE
the abscesses and treat antiseptically. Bichloride 1-250 or Lugol’s
solution or a solution of formaldehyde 1-200 are appropriate anti-
septics. tae
All advanced cases should be destroyed.
Anaemic lymphangitis is not seen in the horse. Septic lym-
phangitis is seen as a result of sepsis in wounds of any kind. The
parts around the wound swell, become painful and the wound
suppurates, and sometimes small abscesses form in the ducts lead-
ing from the wound. ;
Treatment.—A fter opening the abscesses, local antiseptic wet
packs continuously applied, with thorough antiseptic treatment of
the original wound, and stimulants internally will control it.
VOM OIE,
Azoturia is a non-contagious blood disease of the plethoric
type. It is almost if not entirely peculiar to horses. It may ex-
ist in the human. The disease is characterized by sudden pros-
tration and if the animal is down he is usually unable to rise.
Azoturia invariably follows exercise after a period of enforced
idleness and continued high feeding on such food as oats. In
such a case an excess of nitrogen is probably developed in the
system and the excretory organs cannot take care of all the ex-
tra waste material. It occurs in all ages and breeds, in both
sexes. We find it more common in half bred draft horses than
in full blooded animals, probably because the half bred is more
common, more numerous.
Etiology.—Azoturia is due to idleness, high feeding and then
exercise. The resulting condition is one of plethora. The ani-
mal sometimes gets down and becomes cast in some way of other
and in his efforts to get up he exercises so violently as to bring
on the disease. In case of indigestion from idleness if colic
pains arise, the struggles of the animal may bring on an attack of
azoturia. If a horse is to be cast for an operation and has not
been prepared by dieting, his struggles in the apparatus may
bring on an attack of azoturia. Ifa highly fed animal is idle he
will become plethoric. All of the organs become sluggish in ac-
tion and the blood becomes rich in solids at the expense of the
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 191
watery constituents. The animal becomes indolent and his cir-
culation is slowed. When he begins to exercise again the circu-
lation increases, the pulse in some cases running up to 60; he
feels good and takes very active exercise, and as a resv!t of this
exercise there is tissue metamorphosis. The waste material pro-
duced in the system is nitrogen. Every contraction of the
muscles separates the nitrogen from the tissues. The muscles
get their nitrogen from certaii kinds of food. The surplus
nitrogen must be eliminated from the system by the kidneys or it
will poison the blood. The kidneys excrete it in the form of
urea. The surplus water and salts in the blood of a plethoric
animal can be gotten rid of through other channels but the kid-
neys must take care of the excess of nitrogen. The thick blood
cannot circulate so freely through the organs and we get a
capillary stasis, the kidneys become congested and there is an
impaction of the capillaries with blood. This interferes with the
action of the kidneys and the coloring matter of the blood is
forced out into the urine, giving it the dark color which we see
in the urine of azoturia.
The action of the kidneys may be so disturbed that there is
total suppression of the urine and the horse may die in two
hours; but if the kidneys are partially active then the life of the
animal is prolonged. When he recovers, it is because the kid-
neys are restored to their normal activity, but if he dies it is
because the kidneys cannot eliminate the urea and uremic poi-
soning takes place. Uremic blood poisoning is the immediate
cause of death. Other organs are congested as well as the kid-
neys, the lungs especially. As the animal goes down he gives
way to a peculiar motor paralysis of the muscles, due to mus-
cular congestion. This congestion causes pressure upon the
trunk nerves and the muscles become paralyzed. The muscles
most often affected ere the gluteal, posterior portion of ike dorsal
and the anterior crural region. The congestion of these muscles
is often so severe as to interrupt the circulation and a cessation
of the muscle activity takes place, leading to atrophy. When
the congestion is very tense with little swelling, the muscles get
hard and the pressure upon the nerves is severe and often
fatal. Usually, but not always, the hind parts are affected, more
192 THEORY AND PRACTICE
often the right hind quarter. A rather plausible theory has re-
cently been advanced that the disease is due to autointoxication
by the product of fermentation of the mass of food in the colon.
The disease develops only in heavy feeders and during idleness
the bowels get torpid, giving the ingesta ample opportunity to
ferment, producing some subtle poison that does the mischief.
Post Mortem.—Where death sets in soon after congestion,
we shall find the muscles, particularly the affected ones, darker
colored than normal. The heart is filled with black clots of
blood; the kidney and liver are soft and the kidneys may be
gangrenous. There may be abscesses in the kidneys. The cere-
bral meninges will be more or less congested with some. effusion
in the arachnoid space. The animal will be fat on the inside
even if lean on the outside. If the blood is plethoric, the animal
does not need to be fat in order to be predisposed to this disease.
Animals that are hard worked usually get an abundance of oats
and they are the ones most apt to take the disease though the
work may keep down the fat.
Semeiology.—When the horse is taken out after a period of
idleness he feels good and dances around full of life. The dis-
tance he will then be able to go depends upon the amount of ni-
trogen set free by the muscular exertion. He may go one-
fourth of a mile, he may go twenty miles, but he soon begins to
sweat and blow. The blowing is due to congestion of the lungs,
the sweating to congestion of the skin. He begins to look
around, has an anxious countenance and gets lame in the hind
quarter. The fetlock knuckles—that is the first symptom of the
paralysis. The affected leg drags, he cannot bear any weight on
it, then the other fetlock knuckles and that leg becomes helpless
and all at once the horse is down. During this time the muscles
of the back often swell hard as a board. The horse lies quiet for
a time but colicky pains come on, he gets restless, the nerves
become intensely excited, pulse tumultuous, weak, uneven, and
finally dicrotic, and there is a convulsive motion of the limb. In
the early stage you will not find any abnormal condition of the
urine, but within an hour or two you will find it thick, and a
dark coffee color. The color is due to the pigment set free from
the blood; the thickness is due to mucous. Sometimes it is so
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 193
thick that it will not flow through the catheter, and you have to
assist it by putting the hand in the rectum and giving the bladder
gentle pressure. The fever rises to 103 or 104. Pain and
nervousness cause him to make attempts to get up and he can
get up upon his fore feet but his hind parts are helpless. He
may walk on his front feet and drag his hind parts along for
some distance.
As the disease progresses and uremic poisoning sets in the
animal becomes delirious (the first effect of ureemia) and runs
on to a comatose condition and finally death. Death usually oc-
curs in convulsions. The mortality in the city is about 60 or 70
per cent. Death occurs in about 48 to 72 hours, though the
disease often runs on to five or six weeks. Sometimes the
urine contains tube casts, hematin and hemoglobin. The tube
casts indicate nephritis and in case of abscess there will be pus
in it. In case of gangrene gas will bubble out through the
catheter. |
In mild cases the symptoms are only partially developed. He
may go down and get up again but there will be pain and lame-
ness in one quarter, in that respect different from colic. The
animal often gets well after lying down an hour or two. It seems
that a three days’ stay in the stable is worse than a three weeks’
period of idleness, for in the longer time of rest the animal
gradually loses the good appetite he had at first and consequently
eats less and the system becomés used to the change. The cap-
illaries become enlarged and can accommodate the larger amount
of blood. ; |
Tréatment—Wherever you find the animal, draw off the
urine to relieve the distress of an overfilled bladder. If he is
nervous give him an ounce of fluid extract Gelsemium for the
first dose and if a second is needed, a half ounce. It is doubtful
if a purgative is needed, as there is already a lack of water in
the system and a purgative would further reduce it. I never
found much benefit in purgatives, though I usually give an aver-
age dose of aloes. Diuretics are dangerous; if the congestion is
severe the diuretic will surely kill. The potassium diuretics are
especially dangerous. Give a mild stimulant.
194 THEORY AND PRACTICE
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M. Sig.—Give a 2-ounce dose about every three or
four hours.
In addition to this Dr. Ellingwood suggests lithium citrate (1
dram in water) every two or three hours for the first 50 or 60
hours, then three times a day.
For local treatment use hot fomentations. Wring out a rug
in hot water and apply over the loins. Cover with water proof
and then dry blankets. This keeps the steam in. During con-
valescence give nux vomica. Remember that a horse’s chances
are much better for recovery if he is able to remain in the stand-
ing position. If he can bear about two-thirds of his own weight
slings may be tried, but they usually aggravate the symptoms.
If the muscles waste in the hind quarter, treat by stimulating
with setons. Put in three setons about two inches apart and
leave them in about six weeks. Send the animal to pasture and
give a good long rest. It may take six months for the muscles to
redevelop. If necessary you can medicate the setons with canth-
arides, turpentine, etc. Be sure to give gentle exercise, but give
all he can take. If the wasting is extensive and severe get him
up for exercise every two or three hours.
Although the urine is so dark colored and full of the coloring
matters of the blood, yet a microscopical examination of a por-
tion of it under the high power lens does not show any pigment
crystals. Also an examination of the blood does not reveal any
diagnostic features. The red blood corpuscles are normal in
color and size and do not give evidence of having lost their con-
stituents. In fact some authorities consider the pigment body
which colors the urine to be directly a muscle element and not
a blood. Muscle hemoglobin, however, has the same composi-
tion as blood hemoglobin.
Friedberger and Froehner say that the blood in azoturia
will show the hemoglobin crystals.
Azoturia is a complex affection. It is rather a disease of the
liver and blood forming functions than of the kidneys, although
the vulgar idea is that the disorder is one of the urinary tract.
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 195
It is directly connected with a plethora in the blood of nitro-
genized constituents with extreme nervous and muscular dis-
order. The poisoning is seemingly not present when the animal
is taken from the stable, yet some cases develop a fatal attack
while being harnessed and hooked up, before leaving the wagon
floor. It would seem as if the aspiratory power of the chest
under the sudden exertion of the over-fed animal speedily drew
from the liver and abdominal veins (portal system) the accumu-
lated store of nitrogenous matter in an imperfectly oxidized or
elaborated condition, and as if the blood surcharged with these
materials was unable to maintain the healthy functions of the
nerves and muscles. The pathology, however, is little under-
stood. We must content ourselves for the present with theories.
DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
There are three means of determining the diseases of the
heart and blood vessels ;—inspection, palpation and auscultation.
By inspection you detect any change in the position of the heart
and the force of the heart beat can be determined. The character
and rhythm of the pulse you get by palpation. Auscultation
reveals the sounds of the heart. The heart has a normal sound
and any deviation from this can be detected by auscultation.
The various phenomena of the heart diseases are (1) Lan-
guor; (2) Impeded respiration during the exercise, often
amounting to distressing dyspncea; and (3) Condition of the
visible mucous membranes.
The diseases of the heart are divided into two classes,—func-
tional and organic. The functional are acute and are three in
number, palpitation (thumping), cyanosis (blue disease) and
syncope (faiting fit). Spasm of the diaphragm, sometimes
spoken of as thumps, is often mistaken for palpitation. The
organic diseases of the heart are chronic or structural diseases.
PAP PEEATION ZN b>: SINGUERUS:
Palpitation (thumps) is a tumultuous action of the heart. It
is a disturbance of the rhythmic action of the heart and is some-
196 THEORY AND PRACTICE
times seen as a symptom of some other disease, for instance
anemia. Hard work often brings it on, especially on a hot day.
It occurs through a disturbance of the equilibrium of the nervous
system (sympathetic). When the condition comes through exer-
tion, the animal is exhausted and the heart is over-taxed. The
action of the nerves may be direct or reflex. Acute indigestion
may cause thumps. This form of the disease may come on
while the animal is standing quietly in the stable.
Singultus or spasm of the diaphragm (hiccough) is caused
by excitation of the phrenic nerve center and it is thought that
this excitement is due to some form of indigestion. Too hard or
too fast work after a full meal is apt to cause hiccough and it may
be mistaken for palpitation. It may sometimes develop without
any apparent cause. The condition is seen most frequently in
fast horses. Ifa horse comes in from a run with hiccoughi and
in great distress, he may recover in twenty minutes, but if it
is thumps he may be laid up for several days.
Semeiology.—There-is increased effort with decreased power
of the heart. The pulse is irregular in every way. It is gen-
erally very rapid, say at seventy-five, but it is up and down and
the force of the beat is irregular. The result is passive conges-
tion of the lungs and there is rapid breathing with considerable
dyspnoea in a bad case. No signs of pain especially, but the
distress of the animal is great. There is a jugular pulse, disten-
sion of the veins of the head and neck and the palpitation of the
organ itself is sometimes so great as to shake the whole body.
In hiccough there is sudden contraction of the diaphragm, in
spasms, which also gives an impulse to the body, but you cannot
see the pounding of the heart on the ribs. Hiccough is not as fre-
quent as palpitation. You may get several hiccoughs in a minute
and on the other hand only one in the course of three minutes. In
palpitation there is apt to be two or three a second. Hiccough
may stop any time, while in palpitation the thumps keeps up for
one to two hours to a day or two. In palpitation the blood ves-
sels will be greatly dilated, while in hiccough they will not.
Treatment.—In all cases there should be perfect quiet. If
the palpitation is due to organic disturbance of the heart’s action
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 197
then strong stimulants are indicated, such as alcohol, whisky, dig-
italis (most important of all) and nitro-glycerine is often resorted
to when the others fail. Tincture of cactus is good in the human
when the palpitation is due to indigestion. If the palpitation is
due to the disturbance of some other organ then the condition
is reflex and it is necessary to treat the organ disturbed. In case
of anemia treat the blood; in plethora and too much fat, give
a purgative, reduce the feed and give move exercise. The excited
condition of the heart should also be treated. For this aconite is
the best for it slows the heart without depressing it. Give about
ten drops of the tincture of aconite or about seven drops of the
-extract. Give whisky also, a half pint for the first dose and then,
if necessary, repeat in two ounce doses every fifteen minutes
until the animal is relieved. After the attack is over then remove
the cause. If the horse is suffering from nervous exhaustion
then give cardiac stimulants, such as digitalis. Powdered digi-
talis and solid extract of belladonna are prescribed, twenty
grains each, night and morning. If the blood is faulty give iron.
Treatment of singultus depends upon its severity and dura-
tion. It usually disappears as the horse cools and after drinking
a few swallows of cold water. If not give half a grain of strych-
nia hypodermatically. If this does not stop it give four grains
of morphia in the same way.
CYAN@SIS:
Cyanosis is known as the blue disease. This occurs only
in young animals,—those newly born. It is sometimes found in
foals immediately after birth and is due to the non-closure of
the foramen ovale betwéen the two auricles. This allows a mix-
ture of the venous with the arterial blood in the left cavities of
the heart. It is characterized by a dark purple or bluish color
of the visible mucous membranes, shortness of breath and general
coldness and feebleness. Foals thus affected generally live only
a few hours. If the young animal should live it would grow
up very weak. This condition is often seen in babies—blue baby
it is called—and they may recover by good nursing. If they can
be kept alive for eight or ten days they will get well.
198 THEORY AND PRACTICE
SYNCORE:
Syncope is fainting and when applied to the heart it means
a fainting fit. The heart fails and loses its irritability and will
not respond to the nerves. This causes the nerve centers to be
anzmic and a consequent lack of blood to the brain. It rarely
occurs among horses. The condition could be induced by a rapid
and great loss of blood or by intense pain or by mechanical
interference with the circulation of the brain.
Uterine hemorrhage is a common cause of syncope in the
human. Rapid bleeding from the jugular produces it. You
should be able to differentiate between syncope and apoplexy.
Apoplexy is caused by hemorrhage into the brain while syncope
is caused by a lack of blood, or anemia of the brain. In
apoplexy there is a purple appearance; in syncope pallor.
Semeiology—There may be a partial or total loss of con-
sciousness; the pulse sinks rapidly and the animal drops to the
ground. The surface of the body turns cold, the breathing is
scarcely to be perceived, but the state lasts usually only a few
minutes. If the case is attended with much hemorrhage it may
be fatal. In paralysis of the heart the symptoms may be similar
to those of fainting. In apoplexy there is stertorous breathing.
Treatment.—Dash cold water on the head. Lay the animal
flat with his head as low as possible in order that the blood may
flow into the brain with the least resistance. Do not let the
animal get up too soon or else the attack may return. As soon
as the consciousness returns give whisky or carbonate of am-
monia. Then afterwards general tonics, rest, and nourishing
foods are indicated. Remove the cause.
ACUTE INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.
This will embrace myocarditis, endocarditis and pericarditis.
Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, the serous
sack surrounding the heart; endocarditis is the inflammation of
the serous lining of the heart, the endocardium; myocarditis is
the inflammation of the muscle.
Pericarditis runs about the same course as pleurisy (acute,
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 199
with which it is often associated) and terminates in the same
way with serous effusion into the pericardium, constituting hy-
dropericardium, the same as hydrothorax.
Etiology.—Pericarditis may be induced by cold, damp stabling,
exposure and fatigue, wounds caused by broken ribs and blood
contamination. Diseases that usually exist as complications are
influenza, strangles, purpura hemorrhagica, pyemia, rheumatism
and probably most common of all is rheumatic fever. These
diseases may cause the inflammation of the pericardium through
the blood, but the inflammation can also extend to the heart sac by
the inflamed adjacent tissues.
Semeiology.—When arising as it usually does from some
previously existing fever, the symptoms of the original disease
will be the most prominent. As the pericarditis develops you
will notice that the heart gets weaker and becomes irregular in
rhythm and strength; the heart then becomes so weak as to bring
on distressing dyspnoea, such as seen in influenza and rheumatic
fever. If the inflammation is not severe the effusion that follows
will be small. The various stages will be like those of pleurisy,—
first, congestion; second, inflammation; third, effusion. In case
of extensive effusion the fluid often coagulates and coats the
heart and the inside of the pericardium, the layer may be a
half inch thick. This causes the muscles of the heart to soften
and weaken. The pulse gets weak, soft and fluttering and there
is always considerable fever usually about 104° F. This condition
tends to dyspncea and consequently a watery effusion increases
in the sack. The dyspnoea is due entirely to the faulty thoracic
circulation. In consequence of the altered circulation and passive
congestion there is more or less exudation and the lungs become
sufficiently involved to get a cough associated with the disease.
With the increased weakness of the heart there will be coldness
of the extremities, cedematous enlargements, loss of strength,
finally collapse and death. Even where the trouble is moderately
severe it usually leaves a chronic lesion and affects the horse
afterward. Ante mortem clots may form in the posterior aorta
and cause sudden death.
Treatment.—If the condition can be diagnosed in the first
stage depletion is indicated. You can give diuretics and quinine.
200° THEORY AND PRACTICE
Then after the first stage is passed stimulants are indicated,
mild at first but increased as the weakness develops. If you let
the heart get weak then the effusion will be greater, so you must
keep up the heart. The heart in this condition is very suscepti-
ble and digitalis cannot be used in a mixture but must be given
otice every three hours alone, as the case requires. Counter-
irritants to the left chest or hot fomentations are good for the
heat allays the pain; cold will aggravate it. In the third stage
cantharides to the left side can be applied as a vesicant. Give
iron and stimulants to maintain a strong heart. Salol and
quinine are also indicated. The salol is usually given in dram
doses every three to six hours. Acetanilid can be given with it.
But in spite of all you can do the animal as a rule dies and
the autopsy shows serum in the pericardial sack and accumula-
tions of coagula around the heart. Following some other disease,
as it often does, treat the original condition as its nature seems
to indicate.
ENDOCARDITIS. ©
This is inflammation of the endocardial lining of the heart.
Associated with it is valvulitis, inflammation of the valves of
the heart. Endocarditis frequently occurs as a complication of
rheumatism. It is a more frequent disease of horses than is
generally known and often gives rise to symptoms that are first
obscure and unnoticed. In influenza we ‘find the heart becoming
involved in consequence of the morbid material conveyed through
the heart by the blood stream. Septic diseases in any form may
produce their evil effects upon the heart through the channel of
the blood.
In acute endocarditis we find the delicate, sensitive lining of
the cavities roughened. Coagulation of fibrin may follow upon
the inflamed surface and becomes deposited in shreddy-like gran-
ular elevations. Fibrinous clots may form and early death
result.
The subacute endocarditis is the most common form of the
disease and it may not become appreciable for several days. It
is usually confined to one or more anatomical divisions of the
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 201
heart and all the successive morbid changes follow each other
in comparatively slow processes.
When vegetations form upon the inflamed membrane, por-
tions are liable to break off and be carried elsewhere by the
blood, thus constituting emboli, which are capable of. suddenly
plugging certain vessels and thereby interrupting important
functions. In most cases of either acute or subacute cases of
endocarditis the most alarming symptoms disappear in a week
or ten days but they usually leave the heart in such an impaired
condition that the circulation is abnormal for a long time after-
ward. These changes usually consist of thickening or induration
of the membrane lining the cavities of the heart. Especially do
these changes persist if the valves of the heart have been in-
volved in the inflammation. Even a slight attack of inflammation
will render them less flexible than normal so that the free
passage of the blood is interfered with and furthermore they
cannot close up tightly so that some blood escapes at each con-
traction. The resultant efforts of the heart to compensate this
condition leads to hypertrophy of its walls, more particularly of
the left wall, thereby producing fullness of the capillaries in
the lungs, pressure upon the air cells, difficult or asthmatic
breathing and in a few months complete disability. The weak
heart and inability to work finally results in a dropsical condition
of the extremities and passive congestion of the kidneys may
follow. Valvular disease follows a large per cent of cases of
acute. endocarditis, which is of itself seldom fatal in its early
stages.
Semeiology.—There may be a chill with a sudden rise of tem-
perature. The heart beats hard and the pulse is irregular. If
the animal is compelled to trot there is evidence of great pain,
difficulty in breathing and shortness of breath. If the valves of
the right side are affected we shall find a jugular pulse. The
pulse is always fast. The animal is not disposed to eat much,
the surface of his body is cold, mucous membranes may _ be
cyanotic and in nearly all cases there is suppression of the urinary
secretion. In fatal cases death occurs about the fourth day.
Endocarditis may be suspected in all cases where the symp-
202 THEORY AND PRACTICE
toms of cardiac affection are associated with rheumatism, in-
fluenza or any septic condition.
Endocarditis may be distinguished from pleuritis by the ab-
sence of any friction murmur, absence of pain when the chest
wall is percussed and the absence of effusion in the cavity of
the chest. It may be differentiated from pericarditis by the ab-
sence of friction sounds and want of an enlarged area of dull-
ness on percussion.
Treatment.—Blood-letting is contra-indicated. If you can
purify the blood the heart may recover. Give antiseptics, such
as salol, hyposulphite of soda, bicarbonate of soda, etc. To
guard against the chronic induration of the valves give iodide
of potash. This should be given in 1 to 2 dram doses early in~
the disease and may be repeated two or three times a day for
several weeks. In all cases see to the hygiene—good nourishing
food and warm quarters. Absolute rest is necessary.
Endocarditis is usually fatal. In the autopsy there are black
patches on the lining of the heart. These may extend around
the valves.
Acute valvular disease cannot be distinguished from endocar-
ditis, and chronic valvular affections are generally the result of
endocardial inflammation. The valves of the left side are the
ones most often affected,—the mitral and the aortic semilunar.
The lesion may be mere inflammation and swelling or it may con-
sist of organized vegetations upon the surface of the valve. Ad-
hesions may occur and the chordz tendinz may be shortened or
lengthened. The fibrous tissue may become changed into carti-
lage or bone or it may become the seat of lime deposits, resulting
in ulceration, ruptures and fissures. If the heart dilates too much
there may be atrophy and shrinking of the valves.
Symptoms.—Valvular disease may be indicated by a venous
pulse, by a jerking, irregular and intermittent pulse, by palpita-
tion and dyspneea, attacks of vertigo, congestion of the brain and
dropsical swelling of the limbs. Simple dilatation of the heart
usually accompanies the valvular disease.
Treatment.—When the pulse is irregular or irritable, iron,
gentian and ginger may be given. For the jerky violent action of
the heart give 20 to 30 drop doses of digitalis or of veratrum
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 203
viride. The potassium iodide and general tonics are of tempo-
rary benefit and stimulants should be given when the animal is
weak. Very few animals recover and remain useful for any
length of time when the valves of the heart have once been in-
volved in organic disease.
MYOCARDITIS.
Myocarditis is the inflammation of the heart muscle. This
disease sometimes accompanies pyzemia and septicemia. It can
be traced to foreign bodies, especially in cattle. Foreign bodies
may be swallowed and passed through the walls of the stomach
into the muscle of the heart and there set up an inflammation.
Strangles may cause this inflammation in the horse. It usually
terminates fatally and at autopsy we find abscesses in different
parts of the body.
The myositis is shown by the inability of the heart muscle to
contract forcibly and it results in a weak, rapid, soft pulse with
irregular heart sounds. The course of the disease is very rapid
and terminates suddenly from paralysis or rupture of the heart.
The heart muscle at post has a yellowish, boiled appearance
and is so friable that it tears easily. Small abscesses may be
scattered through it. If the disease is of long duration and be-
comes chronic, the fibrous tissue may increase to great extent,
extending through the muscle in every direction and largely re-
placing it. This makes the wall of the heart very hard.
Treatment.—Quiet is of the greatest importance. The animal
should be kept in an airy stall, his legs should be well rubbed
and bandaged with flannel. Aid the heart by the use of tonics
and stimulants. Strychnine in one grain doses twice daily,
whisky in 4-ounce doses every two to four hours and digitalis
in 1-dram doses every three to six hours are indicated remedies.
FV eRe ROPER. ND) Ah ROE ERY:
Hypertrophy of the heart means enlargement and it occurs
with er without dilatation of the cavities. This unnatural con-
ditign may be general or loeal, over one ventricle or both or in-
204 THEORY AND PRACTICE
volving only part of one. It alters the shape of the heart, which
has a more nearly round appearance when hypertrophied. The
left ventricle is the most likely to be involved, probably on ac-
count of the larger amount of work it has to do. The enlarge-
ment may be due to the dilatation of the cavities or it may be due
to increased thickness of the walls. In draft horses both are
likely to occur together. Ossification of the valves may occur.
Simple dilatation is dilatation of the cavities, principally the
right ventricle, without thickening of the walls. Sometimes even
a thinning of the wall of the right ventricle is seen.
Simple hypertrophy is the condition in which the ventricular
walls are thickened but the cavities are normal in size.
Eccentric hypertrophy implies both the thickened walls and
the dilated cavities.
Concentric hypertrophy implies the thickened walls and the
contraction of the cavities.
Hypertrophy with dilatation is by far the most frequent form
of cardiac enlargement. The heart may be three or four times
its natural size.
Etiology.—Long-continued, severe exertion always causes car-
diac enlargement. It is seen in fast horses, especially trotters
and pacers that have done hard campaigning for three or four
years, and aged hard worked draft horses. This hypertrophy
gives little or no inconvenience unless the animal is attacked by
some other disease, then he is more liable to succumb than if
he had a normal heart. Inflammatory diseases with high fever,
especially pneumonia, is liable to produce simple dilatation. The
concentric hypertrophy follows long continued over-exertion. The
horse usually dies from some disease aggravated by the weak
condition of the heart.
Semeiology.—The heart in simple, eccentric and concentric
hypertrophy gives a powerful impulse at each beat; pulse full
and strong. In simple dilatation it gets weaker and weaker until
severe dyspnoea results. If the pulse is small and feeble at the
jaw we may conclude that there is. some cardiac weakness,
probably simple dilatation.
Treatment,—In simple dilatation and other cardiac weak-
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 205
nesses give the animal rest and keep from excitement. Digitalis,
strychnine and other stimulants are indicated.
Atrophy is the contracting and wasting of the muscular sub-
stance of the heart. The heart grows smaller and harder and
the muscle fibers lose their striations. In the muscle protoplasm
are to be found around the nuclei brown pigment granules and
in severe cases the pigments may lie loose between the fibers.
This condition is called brown atrophy of the heart. '
The chief symptom is weakness of the pulse. In the horse
the pulse could not be taken at the jaw and as the consequence
changes are apt to occur in any part of the body.
PATIY DEGENERATION.
This form of degeneration may involve the whole organ or it
may be limited to patches, which would give the heart a mottled
appearance. When the condition is general the heart is flabby
and in extreme cases collapses when cut. Fatty infiltration de-
posits fat between the fibres while in degeneration the muscle
protoplasm itself is changed into fat. Fatty degeneration is often
associated with other morbid conditions such as obesity, dilata-
tion, rupture, aneurism, etc. When it exists alone its presence
is seldom suspected previous to death. It may be due to de-
teriorated conditions of the blood in wasting diseases, excessive
hemorrhages, or to poisoning with arsenic and phosphorus. Fatty
infiltration co-exists with obesity.
Symptoms.—The most prominent symptoms of fatty degener-
ation are a feeble action of the heart, a remarkably slow pulse,
general debility and attacks of vertigo. It may involve a lia-
bility to sudden death from rupture of the walls.
Obesity of the heart is the deposit of immense quantities of
fat around the heart. The result of this is a very weak heart,
shortness of breath, which runs into dyspnoea. The animal may
be all right when standing still but as soon as exercised the
trouble shows.
206 THEORY AND PRACTICE
POEVELORVRUMORS? © Fm tists sek Aah
_ Tumors may develop on the inside or outside of the heart. On
the inside they are more likely to take the form of polypi. They
are usually orginated from vegetations attached to the base of
the valves. These polypi may become regular fibrous growths
such as are seen following an inflammation. They are more
often found upon the lining of the auricle than upon the ventricle.
Fragments of these vegetations often float off as emboli and
lodge in some other part of the body, as the brain, where they
produce degeneration, or coma and finally death. :
When these tumors form in the heart they can be diagnosed
by auscultation; a rasping sound reveals their presence.
Vascular tumors are frequently found on the outside of the
heart at the apex. Sometimes they contain hydatids.
ROLE IONS,
Rupture of the heart may occur as the result of some previous
disease, such as fatty degeneration, dilatation with weakness of
the walls, etc. It may be caused by external violence, a crushing
fall, pressure from some great weight, etc. Jumping sometimes
causes it.
The rupture more frequently occurs in the left ventricle, al-
though it may occur in the auricles. Death quickly follows a
rupture.
Sometimes the heart is found congenitally misplaced. It is
sometimes on the right side and sometimes in the front outside of
the chest cavity, or in the abdomen. This condition of the heart
is called Ectopia Cordis.
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD VESSELS.
PUR AM SIRES).
Inflammation of the lining of an artery is called arteritis.
This inflammation sometimes spreads to the media and adventitia
and it is hard to find what causes it. The strongylus armatus is
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 207
often found right under the coat of the vessel where it sets up
an inflammation. Other worms,may cause this condition. The
iliac artery in females is sometimes injured in parturition, set-
ting up ill results.
The most common result is the formation of a thrombus at
the point of inflammation. It may grow so as to obstruct the ves-
sel and it is then spoken of as thrombosis of the artery. The par-
tially organized lymph may become detached and float off to some
other part, as an embolus. When an embolus reaches a vessel
too small for it to pass, it becomes lodged and plugs the vessel,
producing embolism.
Treatment.—Embolism is incurable and thrombosis may pro-
duce serious results. Thrombosis must be treated with hot or
cold applications externally and internally—acetanilid, quinine
and belladonna. In case of arteritis of the iliacs give a laxative
and cold rectal injections (60 degrees F.) with a little belladonna
in it. Keep the animal warm in cold weather.
ANEURISM.
Aneurism is a dilatation of an artery and it is sometimes
called a pulsating tumor. This may be the result of one or two
causes. First may be mentioned weakness of the arterial walls,
which the pressure dilates. The walls may get very thin and
sometimes rupture and the animal bleeds to death. This condi-
tion usually occurs in the posterior aorta. Worms may cause
aneurism, especially in the colic artery.
If the aneurism is external, apply pressure in the form of a
truss. If it is in a vessel that can be dispensed with, ligate it.
It may occur from stricture caused by arteritis, the dilatation be-
ing anterior to it.
Pier nls:
Inflammation of the veins, is called phlebitis and it is either
traumatic or idiopathic—idiopathic as regards its origin. In the
horse it is usually traumatic. As the result of the inflammation
there is extensive exudation into the vein, which finally becomes
208 THEORY AND PRACTICE
obliterated at the point of injury. More or less pus is discharged.
The idiopathic form is seen in the human, but seldom or never
in the horse. In the human it is associated with milk leg at
times. . .
Symptoms.—Local heat and swelling. If the vein is obliter-
ated, it-is like a cord.
Treatment.—Ordinary antiseptic treatment. If there is a
suppurating wound present, it must be curetted and treated freely
with antiseptics.
VARIX.
.Varix is a-dilated vein, sometimes called waricose veins. It
is due to obstruction or weakness of the venous walls. Vari-
cosity of the jugular is sometimes met with, especially where the
two jugulars meet. A varix of the jugular is sometimes seen in
the cite of a goitre. It may be mistaken for a goitre, but it 1s
softer and is quite compressible. A varix of the saphena major
is often seen in connection with a bog or bone spavin.
Treatment.—Pressure is about the only treatment. In the
human, elastic stockings and bands are used on the legs. In the
case of bone spavin you will find the saphena major enlarged.
In firing, be careful not to press the iron too heavily when over
the part. In case of bog spavin it is sometimes ligated.
DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM.
The chief function of the kidneys is the removal of the sur-
plus nitrogen of the body in the form of urea, and the surplus
water. Most of the poisons of the body-also those of disease are
thrown off through the kidneys. The kidneys, therefore, are the
sanitary scavengers and purifiers of the system, and when their
functions are impaired or arrested, the retained poisons quickly
show their presence in the resulting disorder of the skin, nervous
system, and in fact all the other organs. On the other hand,
scarcely an important organ of the body can suffer derangement
without a corresponding disorder of the urinary system.
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 209
The prominent causes of urinary diseases may be summed up
as follows:
All extensive inflammations and acute diseases attended by
fever diminish the liquids of the urine and increase the solids—
waste products—resulting in the irritation of the urinary organs
or the poisoning of the system at large by the retention of the
surplus waste.
Diseases of the heart and lungs, by interfering with the free
onward flow of the blood from the right side of the heart, tend
to throw that liquid back upon the veins, and this backward
pressure of venous blood reacts upon the kidneys.
Poisons in the food and water (such as irritant diuretic
plants, musty hay or oats), green vegetables covered with hoar
frost, excess of phosphates in such food as bran, peas, lentils,
vetches, rape cake, cotton-seed cake, etc., deprivation of water,
producing too great concentration of the body tissues,—these
are direct causes of disturbance in the kidneys.
A disordered liver producing an excess of bile will color the
urine; an excess of hippuric acid and its allied products favor
the formation of calcareous deposits; of taurocholic acid, the
destruction of the blood elements and consequent irritation of the
kidneys ; of glycogen, the production of saccharine urine.
Any disorder leading to impaired function of the stomach is
causative of an excess of hippuric acid, of bile, of oxalic acid, of
sugar, etc., in the urine, resulting in irritation of the urinary
passages.
Diseases of the brain and nervous system, notably of the base
of the brain and the spinal cord, induce various urinary disorders,
such as chylous urine, diabetes, and albuminuria.
In some cases the changes in the urine are the sole sign of
disease. In health the horse’s urine is of a deep amber color
and has a strong odor. Ona feed of grass it may show uniform
transparency, while on a grain and hay ration there is an abundant
white deposit of carbonate of lime. Of the morbid changes the
following are to be looked for: (1) Color; white from deposited
salts of lime; brown or red from blood clots or coloring matter ;
yellow or orange from bile or from blood pigment; pale from
excess of water; or variously from vegetable ingredients
BO THEORY AND PRACTICE
(santonin makes it red; rhubarb or senna, brown; methylene
blues) tar. or carbolic) acid’) excen) 1) 12) eWensiteyemauc
horse’s urine may be 1.030 to 1.050, but the specific gravity may
exceed this, as in diabetes, or it may sink to 1.007, as in diuresis.
(3) Chemical reaction: The horse on a vegetable diet has alkaline
urine, while in the sucking colt or in a horse fed on flesh or on
his own tissues, as in starvation or abstinence during disease, the
urine is acid. (4) Organic constituents: Albumen, mucous shreds,
casts, worms, etc. (5) Salts: These crystalize out spontaneously
as the result of excess of some acid or base in the urine. Pus
and an excess of mucous are frequently found in the urine .
ALBUMINURIA.
In the horse this can be safely called equine Bright’s. It
occurs in two forms, acute and chronic. It is mostly due to indi-
gestion. The chief symptom is the presence of albumin in the
urine, but sometimes none may be present. Accordingly, several
tests should be made for the determination of the albumin. You
cannot rely on a single sample. Tube casts are also present.
These are cylinders of fibrous coagulum, the coagulation having
taken place in the uriniferous tubules to which the casts conform
in shape. In the case of fatty degeneration the casts will have
a waxy appearance, due to the presence of fat and oil in them.
Tests for Albumin in the Urine-—Put some of the urine in a
test-tube and boil it: if any albumin is present, a white coagulum
will form. Heating the urine will also precipitate phosphates if
in excess, but nitric acid will dissolve them. If the urine is
strongly alkaline, neutralize it with a little acetic acid, for alka-
line urine may coagulate when heated even though albumin is
not present. Another test consists in placing a little urine in a
test-tube and carefully pouring down the side of the tube a little
strong nitric acid—pour it in such a way that it goes to the
bottom of the tube underneath the urine and a white line of coag-
ulation will form between the acid and the urine.
Semeiology.—The first indication of equine Bright’s is stiff-
ness in the gait of the horse—of the hind parts. In old con-
firmed cases they step about eight or ten inches to a step, are stiff
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. VAN
in turning and inclined to stretch. Ultimately the horse will
suffer constitutionally,—animal will become hide-bound, coat
long, becomes weaker and weaker in the hind parts, finally gets
down and is unable to get up, delirium follows, then uric acid
poisoning and death.
Treatment—The treatment is usually not applied early
enough for the disease is not then diagnosed. But if it can be
detected in its early stages, the stomach should be given a com-
plete change of food. If possible the animal should be put on
grass. Give him stomachics and saline laxatives. Exercise
regularly. Give gentian, nux vomica, arsenic, zingiber, with a
little charcoal. Diuretics in any form are not indicated. Give
plenty of bran and sloppy food. After a few weeks’ time change
to a sour tonic. |
BR
Eich Crembarhudsy Plz one. atc rlerei siete dere oe ounce j
Ey doch lorice Aciduteraesa cree 2 fap pele tele) fel c dram j
INCONON eo nia aa OAS DOOR CRIB OIC Dinan ounce iv
FACTUAL. (EXON Aros Ge elelom emai Race neete ios Aue eee pint 4
M. Sig.—1 ounce 3 times a day before eating.
After using this treatment for a week or ten days go back to
the other treatment.
HEMATURIA.
Hematuria is bloody urine but not a high-colored urine ne-
cessarily. The blood is usually passed in clots and they can be
seen on the floor.
Etiology.—Severe strain of the loins, cystic calculus, strong
diuretics, various parasites in the kidneys, especially the strongy-
lus gigas, congestion and degeneration of the kidney and can-
cers, especially melanosis, and blows across the loins, are the
principal causes of this disease. The strongylus gigas seems to be
partial to the kidney and develops enormously there. A male
10 inches long and a female 14 inches long were taken from the
kidney of a dog that died in the Chicago Veterinary College.
Treatment.—Treat as the symptoms indicate. If the disease
is caused by strain, apply cold applications and keep up for two
or three hours. If this fails to do any good, give the horse a
212 THEORY AND PRACTICE
cold water injection and run the hose in three or four feet. Ifa
calculus is found in the bladder it must be removed. If the
hemorrhage continues and no calculus in the bladder has been
found nor any bruise, the cause may be a renal calculus. Hy-
drochloric acid internally will reduce the alkalinity of the urine.
In case of parasites nothing can be done.
DIABETES INSIPIDUS.
Diabetes insipidus or polyuria is profuse micturition and as-
sociated with it is great thirst. The urine is clear as water and
horse passes it every fifteen to thirty minutes. Stable men call
the condition flooding. The specific gravity of the urine is about
the same as water—1.002 or 1.003. In horses clear urine is fre-
quently a sign of blood poisoning, as in glanders.
Etiology.—tThe chief cause is indigestion, or mal-assimilation
of the food. Improper food, such as musty oats or hay or kiln-
dried oats, or too free use of diuretics may be the cause of the
trouble.
The horse will run down in flesh, he develops a long staring
coat, gets wabbly behind and finally dies from collapse. The ap-
petite usually remains good.
Horses generally recover but mules do not. Post mortem
shows a general pallor of all the parts; the kidney, especially the
cortical portion, is soft.
Treatment.—lodine is the best remedy and should be given
in large doses. To a 1,200 pound horse give a dram of the iodine
crystals in a linseed bolus. This quenches the thirst and inci-
dentally reduces the flow of urine. In the horse one dose is
usually sufficient; if not, repeat in three or four days. Follow-
ing the dose of iodine, treat the indigestion. Give bicarbonate
of sodium,—a dram three times a day for a week and then
change to hydrochloric acid for a week. Then go back to soda.
Give vegetable bitters and feed on grass or bran. Do not let the
horse bolt his food.
‘A mild form of polyuria is seen in horses fed continuously
on hay and oats without any change. The common remedy is a
tablespoonful of starch in the food three times a day, for a day
WwW
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 21
or two. Give bran with the oats and a mild purgative if the
animal is not working.
DIABETES MELEITUS:
Diabetes mellitus (glycosuria) is a condition where sugar is
found in the urine. It is comparatively common in the human
but it is seldom found among the other animals. Dogs fed ex-
clusively on liver develop fatty degeneration of the liver and it is
suspected that they die from glycosuria. Professor Williams
says that he never saw this disease in the horse or in herbivorous
animals.
Etiology.—The predisposing cause is continuous over-eating.
The disease is a result of indigestion.
Semeiology.—The urine is excessive in amount and of high
specific gravity. Next symptom is lassitude. Then follows
swelling of the feet and red spots on the skin of the legs. These
spots become larger and finally break out in raw sores.
Treatment.—All starch and sugar should be withheld from
the food and the diet should consist of meat and nitrogenous
foods. Give plenty of water. Avoid irritating substances.
Besides sugar in the urine, pus may appear, also mucus in
increased amount. The mucus may be seen as a floculent cloud
which is easily shaken up when the urine is in a bottle. It never
settles. Pus settles to the bottom of the vessel in a whitish yel-
low deposit, which is easily shaken up. Unless the pus is very
abundant it need give no alarm. It may be caused by calculi or
some irritating substance in the food or medicine. The urine
must be examined microscopically to determine its presence. In
order to clear up the urine, remove the cause of the irritation.
Give the animal something to allay it and also give him a lax-
ative. Give the horse fluid extract Saw Palmetto in ounce doses
three times a day.
OXALURIA.
Oxaluria is a disease seen in horses oftener than in any other
animal, It is a condition in which the oxalic acid if formed in
214 THEORY AND PRACTICE
4
the body crystallizes out in the urine in the form of oxalate of
lime. Ovxalic acid itself is a product of imperfect combustion of
the nitrogenous and amyloidal substances of the body. This
condition is found to be comparatively common in animals which
are overfed and are given irregular work. Fatiguing labor after
a period of idleness and high feeding will cause it. The most
aggravated cases are found in trotting stallions.
Symptoms.—Great dullness and languor are marked symp-
toms. In severe cases there is rapid loss of flesh,—a difference
in flesh can be seen in a horse within a week. He has a capricious
appetite. On examination nothing can be found. The anima!
runs from bad to worse and gets stiff in the loins. In from
ten to ‘fifteen days a bran-like scurf appears on the skin. This
is a prominent symptom. In four or five weeks, if the disease
runs that long, he becomes hide bound and emaciated. He passes
water oftener than normal and the urine is of pale amber color.
The urethra becomes scalded by the urine and he dreads to mic-
turate. The mouth is furred, has a sour smell and a soapy feel.
The bowels are irregular. Upon testing the urine the reaction
will be neutral, but after standing a little while it will be alka-
line. Examined microscopically oxalates of lime will be found,
—octahedral crystals in the horse and dumb-bell shaped in the
dog and human. These crystals are soluble in nitric acid with-
out effervescence, but not in water and are not affected by boil-
ing in acetic acid or by potassium hydroxide.
Treatment.—Indigestion being the cause of* the condition,
give the animal a complete change of diet and withhold all sac-
charines. Give him bran, grass, etc., and gentle and regular ex-
ercise. Drinking water should be pure, rain water is the best.
In addition to this give mineral acids, hydrochloric acid. Give
Saw Palmetto. If he is in much pain, give a little morphine or
codine and combine a little belladonna with the palmetto.
RENAL CONGESTION.
Renal congestion is hyperemia of the kidneys. It may occur
as a sequel of any debilitating disease. It may be the result of
irritating substances applied to the skin or being present in the
wu
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. ~ ZN
food. Absorption of cantharides, which has been spread over a
large surface, or too much turpentine administered internally,
exposure to cold and dampness, accidental injuries or violence,
blood contamination,—these are the principal causes of renal
congestion and in all cases the Malpighian tufts of the kidney
are congested. In Azoturia passive congestion occurs.
Post Mortem.—tThe kidneys are very large and red; there
will be ecchymoses corresponding to the Malpighian tufts
sometimes on the surface.
Treatment.—Ascertain the cause if possible and remove it.
If too much turpentine has been given, give the horse a small
dose of oil and saw palmetto. Belladonna is indicated inter-
nally. Apply hot rugs to the loins and give perfect rest for a
few days and a light diet. Nephritis usually follows.
NEPHRITIS.
Nephritis is inflammation of the kidneys. There are two
forms. The first form is the mild or subacute. It follows some
debilitating disease such as influenza,—in fact any weakening
disease in which the fever has been high for some time, say a
week. Congestion occurs around the loops of Henle and the
Malphighian tufts and is due to the accumulation of debris in
the system resulting from the previous fever, during whigh the
kidneys were inactive. : ;
Pathogenesis—High fever lasting for about a week without
diuresis being produced. The kidneys fail to remove the accu-
mulating debris and become congested to the extent of inflamma-
tion as a result. This is Bright’s disease of the kidneys. It is
seen most often in the dog, cat and human, but seldom in the
horse.
Post Mortem.—The kidneys are found congested.
Symptoms.—The animal seems to be convalescent from the
fever which first attacked him when suddenly the appetite fails,
the urine becomes scanty and high-colored, in some cases quite
red. Upon testing it albumin is present. Emaciation takes
place and general debility comes on rapidly. There is a staring
coat, oedema of the legs and stiffness of gait.
216 THEORY AND PRACTICE
Treatment.—Hygiene should be good; give scalded oats and
bran, equal parts. The kidneys must be made to work or the
horse will die. Diuretics are strongly indicated; at the same time
keep the bowels slightly relaxed with sulphate of sodium. When
the disease becomes chronic the animal will die but he may live
for two or three years.
The second form of nephritis is the acute parenchymatous.
This form come on suddenly with a tendency to kill in about
five days or produces one or more abscesses, later. If it attacks
both kidneys it will kill in five days, but if only one is affected
the horse may live for some time and possibly recover.
Etiology.—Anything that causes renal congestion may cause
acute parenchymatous nephritis. Sometimes severe strains of
the psoas muscles cause inflammation which extends to the kid-
neys. The most typical cases come from cold and dampness.
Symptoms.—The horse is in great pain and has an anxious
countenance, glistening eyes, and although restless is disinclined
to move and yet may sweat. His temperature may run up four
to six degrees. He does not seem to wish: to move his hind legs
and stands persistently. He passes only a small quantity of urine
and it is hot and high-colored. If pressure is put against the af-
fected part there is pain. If the horse is forced to move he has
a straddling gait. There is great loss of appetite. He grows
rapidly worse and may die in the course of three days, but the
general average is five. The urine is entirely suppressed before
death. The form of death is syncope.
Post Mortem.—In a very acute case without pus the kidneys
will be swollen and dark red. Occasionally you will find part
of one or both gangrenous.
Treatment—This form of acute nephritis requires prompt
treatment. Put hot wet rugs over the loins and change them
every half hour. Keep the animal where he is warm and com-
fortable. Give rectal injections of warm water with a little bella-
donna in it,—Fl. Ext. Bella, half ounce to water four pints.
Give horse linseed tea to drink, acetanilid in moderate doses as
often as he can stand it and aconite in small repeated doses. No
matter what the treatment, however, the animal very seldom, if
ever, recovers,
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 217
RENAL ‘CALCULUS:
A renal calculus is a calcareous secretion which is usually
found in the pelvis of the kidney. It may be in the form of
stone of considerable size or it may be in the form of gravel,
which floats down through the ureters with the urine into the
bladder. The calcareous material may lodge in the ureters or
may remain in the bladder to form large stones. In case the
ureter becomes obstructed the pelvis of the kidneys will become
distended, local inflammation will -follow with more or less sup-
puration. Suppurative nephritis will be the ultimate result un-
less the stone is dislodged. A horse in this condition would die
from a combination of pyeemia and uremia and coma would be
the form of death. The stone is composed of carbonate and
phosphate of lime, the carbonates predominating.
Symptoms.—Colicky pains at irregular intervals are present,
especially after severe exercise. The urine is exceedingly heavy,
being charged with earthy salts. Occasionally there is some blood
in the urine and it will clot on the floor. Upon examination of
the ureter through the rectum you can detect the distension and
will feel the soft, fluctuating enlargement which can be traced
to the kidney.
Treatment.—Give the horse pure water to drink (rain water
is the best). Give plenty of bran and grass in season and hydro-
chloric acid in dram doses once a day in a pint of water.
CVSiiiis:
Cystitis is inflammation of the lining of the bladder.
Etiology—The inflammation may result from calculi or from
gravel. The most common cause is irritation of the mucosa or
irritating substances in the food or water. In the human it is
often caused by gonorrheea.
Semeiology.—Nervous excitement is marked at first and then
depression comes on. Elevation of temperature may or may not
be present. Micturition is very painful with spasms of the
bladder (tenesmus). The horse urinates frequently and the
urine is in. small quantities, hot and high-colored, sometimes
218 THEORY AND PRACTICE
streaked with blood, especially if the condition is caused by cal-
culi, or gravel. The bowels are apt to be congested and the
stools coated with slime. If the cause of irritation is in the
alimentary tract, then its mucous membrane will be congested
and catarrhal. The disease may run a rapid course and termi-
nate fatally in three or four days But in a mild case it may
run three or four weeks.
Treatment.—General anodyne course should be followed. If
the inflammation is caused by a calculus, remove it if possible.
The anodyne course is to give him linseed tea with rain water.
To keep up the strength of the horse, give him raw eggs and
milk and if he will eat it, grass. If the cause of the irritation
can be removed, then put the animal on stimulants such as
strychnine, nitro-glycerine, etc. Flush the bladder with a sat-
urated solution of boracic acid two or three times a day. The
catheter should be sterilized and the solution should be run in
from a fountain syringe. Cramps may occur, but when they
cease, go on with the treatment. Keep the bowels open with
a laxative and give rather liberally saw palmetto or san metto.
DYSURIA.
Dysuria is the painful passage of urine. This may be caused
by the partial obstruction or irritation of the mucous lining of
the urethra. The most aggravated cases of this is seen from
gravel in the form of cystic calculi or smaller grains floating
down the urethra. In males the next most common cause is en-
largement of the prostrate glands. It generally comes in old
age, and is attributed to too much stud work. Occasionally, but
rarely, it is seen in geldings. Dysuria is sometimes caused by a
sabulous concretion in the fossa navicularis, called by horsemen
the “bean.” It is sometimes so great as to press upon the
urethra. Other causes of dysuria are thickening of the neck of
the bladder from cystitis of the bulbous portion of the urethra,
cancer of the penis, tumor of the glands penis, foulness of the
sheath from the accumulation of sebaceous material, producing
swelling and pressure. Another cause is the horse urinating in
his sheath either from habit or malformation. In the female,
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, 219
at the opening in the vagina there is often found a small tumor,
called a caruncle, which extends sometimes into the urethra and
makes micturition slow and painful. Prolapsus of the uterus
may be a cause; hardened feces may press down upon the vagina
and urethra. In the male stings of bees may cause swelling of
the sheath.
Treatment.—lf possible locate the cause. This is sometimes
very difficult. In case of enlargement of the prostrate in the
dog or stallion the old treatment consisted in applying tincture of
- iodine to the perineum and giving idodide of potash internally
for a long time. But this is more or less injurious to the re-
- productive power of the animal. Pass the catheter occasionally:
in bad cases it may be passed two or three times a day. In the
human the prostrate gland may have to be removed in part, but
this is a very dangerous operation. In case of thickening of
the neck of the bladder give external treatment that will allay
the irritation of the mucous membrane of the bladder, which is
often due to the acid condition of the urine caused by eating too
much meat. In such a case alkalies will overcome the acidity
and relieve it. Retire the animal from stud work according to
the severity of the case. In foulness of the sheath, wash the
parts with soap and water and introduce a wad of absorbent cot-
ton dipped in carbolized oil. Swab out once a day and at each
dressing bring the penis down, pulling gently and slowly.
ISCHURIA.
Ischuria is suppression of the urine. There may be none se-
creted or there may be inability to pass it if it is present. When
the latter is the case it is usually from paralysis of the muscular
coat of the bladder.
This condition usually exists when the horse is kept too long
without giving him a chance to urinate. Some horses are pe-
culiar as to when and how they do this, so never fail to humor
them in their peculiarities in this respect. Therefore, when you
notice colicky pains, switching of the tail, and restlessness you
can suspect the cause. Many horses dislike to urinate while
down; therefore in azoturia the water should be drawn from
220 THEORY AND PRACTICE
them. When a horse is to be raised with slings, never fail to
draw the water from him before raising him or rupture of the
bladder may occur. When no urine is secreted as in purpura
hemorrhagica, then the kidneys are at fault. 7
Treatment.——When the urine is not secreted diuretics and
diffusible stimulants are indicated. If there is spasmodic con-
traction of the neck of the bladder, then anodynes should be
given,—as hot water and belladonna. Try passing the catheter
smeared with solid extract of belladonna. This will often relieve
the constriction. If you are sure of paralysis being present,
give one dram of powdered nux vomica in the feed night and
morning for a few days.
The condition should be treated promptly and the animal not
neglected. Otherwise the case may become serious.
ENURESIS.
Enuresis is incontinuence of the urine. When the animal can-
not retain the urine in the bladder it dribbles away as it forms.
The condition is usually due to paralysis of the neck of the
bladder ; the muscles fail to contract and the urine dribbles down
the legs, scalding them. It is sometimes very painful. In the -
male the penis becomes paralyzed and hangs down.
Treatment.—Nerve tonics are indicated, with local shocking
such as dashing cold water on the perineum. This often resus-
citates the waning power. A gallon of water given per rectum
produces a shock and this comes in good in this condition. Nux
vomica taken continuously for a month will promote the general
health.
Strangury is the passage of the urine in drops on account of
severe irritability of the mucous lining of the bladder or of the
muscularis. The urine comes away every few minutes in drops
or in small quantities. Apparently there is hyperzsthesia of the
bladder mucosa. The retention of the urine causes inflammation
of the bladder.
The treatment must be toward allaying the irritability.
Therefore give anodynes such as opium, belladonna, etc., and
laxatives,—oil and linseed tea to drink,
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 221
URETHRITIS.
Inflammation of the lining of the urethra is called urethritis.
Any of the causes producing inflammation in the bladder may
cause urethritis. If a stallion copulates with a mare suffering
from leucorrhcea, urethritis is apt to follow.
Treatment.—Mild soothing diuretics and stimulants in the
form of copaiba, 1 dram dose three times a day, or oii of sandal-
wood are good remedies. Suspend the horse’s stud work. Be
careful about using local injection. A solution of bichloride of
mercury 1 to 2000 can be used and twenty-four hours after an-
other solution 1 to 6000. Do this twice a day for two or three
days. In all these cases relax the bowels with the salines. As
a rule the inflammation does not extend further up than three to
six inches, but if it does, it is due to the irritation of gravel in
the bladder. If the condition arises in a stallion, retire for a
week or two. Clean the parts with soap and water three times
a day and at the same time syringe mild antiseptics into the
urethra. Solution of sulphate of zinc two grains to an ounce
of water is the best. Do not manipulate the penis after injection.
Rupture of the bladder may occur occasionally but it is very
rare. It is more likely to occur in the human than in the other
animals. It may be seen in cases of azoturia or in cases of long
rentention of the urine, or it may be ruptured by raising a re-
cumbent horse with slings without first emptying the bladder.
It is always fatal.
Eversion of the bladder often occurs. The bladder protrudes
through the vulva, appearing like a case of prolapsus or a poly-
pus. Examination will tell the difference. The lining of the
bladder is velvety and soft and the openings of the ureters can
be found. Return the bladder to its proper position with a
probang and give anodynes and oil.
TUMORS.
A tumor may be defined as any prominence or growth, un-
natural, on the body or in any organ or gland. It may be com-
posed of the same tissue as where it grows, or it may be en-
222 THEORY AND PRACTICE
tirely dissimilar. A tumor grows by cell-proliferation, the same
as other parts of the body; new blood vessels and lymphatics ex-
tend into the growth and furnish it nutriment. These nutrient
vessels are usually much enlarged. As a rule nerve fibers ex-
tend into a tumor. Tumors are subject to all the changes which
occur in any other tissue, such as fatty degeneration, suppuration,
ulceration, gangrene, pigmentation, calcification, etc. Necrosis
sometimes takes place, often to such an extent as to entirely
destroy the tumor.
Tumors are of various shapes and forms: nodular, when re-
sembling nodules; tuberous, when like a tuber; fungoid, when
cauliflower shaped; polypoid, when like a polypus pear shaped;
papillary, when they are shaped like a papula; dentritic, when
they have roots or branches. Tumors may be single or multi-
ple; this is particularly seen in black cancer, such as is seen
around the tails of white horses—the melanotic tumors.
Tumors are either malignant or benign. A malignant tumor
has the following characteristics: (1) It invades the surround-
ing tissues by peripheral or eccentric growth; (2) it has a ten-
dency to recur locally after removal, (3) it will spread to other
parts of the body, by metastasis; (4) it has a tendency to inter-
fere with the nutrition and well being of the body and results
in cachexia.
The real cause of tumors is not known. Predisposing causes
are such as heredity, mechanical injuries, parasitic invasion,—in
fact anything that will lower the resistance of the animal. Con-
heim developed the theory that tumors are due to embryonal
displacement,—either to misplaced cells or to superfluous cells.
Tumors do not develop in young animals so much as in old.
The melanotic tumors in horses do not develop usually until the
age of ten or fifteen years.
Tumors ‘may be divided into six large classes:
1. Connective tissue tumors (histioid).
a. Fibroma.
b. Myxoma.
c. Sarcoma—round, spindle-celled, mixed, Gand
giant-celled.
d. Endothelioma.
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 223
e. Lipoma.
f. Chondroma.
g. Osteoma.
h. Glioma.
Myomata.
. Neuromata.
Angiomata.
Epitheliomata.
. Teratomata. These are mixed tumors, which are
composed of all kinds of tissue. They are con-
genital. Teeth and hair may be found in them.
Tumors of the first and fifth classes are most likely to be-
come malignant. A malignant tumor is called a cancer, and
there are several different kinds, such as hard, soft, pigmented,
etc. A hard cancer is called a scirrhus cancer, especially by the
old writers. A scirrhus cancer is very hard and dense and con-
sists of white tissue. It is sometimes of uneven hardness ; other
times it has hard projections extending from it into the tissue to
which it is attached. The tumor cuts like cartilage and from the
cut surface a persistent hemorrhage is prone to occur. When
operating it is difficult to arrest the hemorrhage. The scirrhus
has a special liking for the lymphatic glands. Unless such a
growth interferes with mastication or some other functional ac-
tivity it will produce little or no harm until it begins to break
down, when ulceration may take place and eventually the tissue
refuses to heal. Early removal with the knife is the only
treatment.
As examples of the soft cancers may be mentioned the en-
cephaloma, fungus hematoid, seen growing in the eyes of cat-
tle, medullary fungus, etc. The soft cancerous fungi may be
found in any of the tissues, but mostly in the glands. In the
horse it is often found on the penis and may extend to the testi-
cles; also on the vulva in the mare. It may affect bones and may
arise in the periosteum. To the touch the tumor has a soft
fluctuating feel, but there is no pus in it. Upon cutting into it a
profuse hemorrhage will take place. Around such tumors is a
network of veins which have increased in size greatly and this
Huh wh
224 THEORY AND PRACTICE
feature makes it difficult to operate. These tumors often break
down and granulate, going on to ulceration.
Colloid degeneration frequently takes place in tumors, espe-
cially in epithelial tumors. The colloid material is amber-colored
and resembles half melted glue in consistency. Other forms of
degeneration are the mucoid and the contents may become very
fluid, forming a cyst.
Of the connective tissue tumors which become malignant the
sarcoma is the most common type. The tumor cell is a round
cell or spindle shaped. The round celled sarcomata are the
most malignant. These tumors are very prone to metastasis. The
so-called melanotic cancer is a type of sarcoma. Each cell con-
tains an abundance of pigment, which is often of so great amount
that the form of the cell, its nucleus, etc., cannot be made out.
The pigment may invade the intercellular substance as well.
These black tumors have every feature of malignancy. Some-
times they develop very suddenly, producing great lameness. No
tissue in the body is exempt from them, but their favorite sites
are the vulva, the anus, and the bare part under the tail. When
removed, they come back in some other part. They are found
most frequently in old white horses.
The epithelial cancer is common. This tumor 1s composed
of epithelial cells, which can be of any type. The tumors may
grow and develop in the skin and mucous membrane or in the
glands. Metastasis usually follows and even though the tumor
be removed, it will most always recur.
A benign tumor usually is surrounded by a capsule. It may
consist of fat, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue or bone.
The fibrous connective tissue tumor is called a fibroma. It
may be soft or hard. The polypus is a form of soft fibroma
which is usually found in the nose. It is attached by a pedicle
and in the horse it may be so long as to interfere with the epi-
glottis. It produces a difficulty in breathing, a sort of snoring
or snuffling, the same as heard in the pug dog. The best way to
remove a polypus is with a wire ecraseur. If the neck of the
polypus is small, it can be twisted off with a pair of forceps.
After removing, wash out with perchloride of iron—1 dram to
the pint of water—twice a day. Another kind of fibroma is the
bo
ut
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE.
wart. The eyelids and the legs are the usual places for warts.
Not only is the connective tissue increased to form the bulk of
the wart, but the surface epithelium is increased also and they
may become malignant.
An interesting polypus 1s sometimes found in the vagina of
the mare and may grow to a large size. It could be confused
with an everted bladder or with an impervious hymen in fillies.
The condroma or cartilaginous tumor develops commonly
on the sternum of the horse or ox, following injury. In the
horses we may find one growing in the trachea, following trach-
eotomy or from kicks and wounds. If they are limited in size,
they can be removed with the knife, but when large, removal
is impracticable. In the early stage of their growth they are
largely made up of fibrous connective tissue.
The so-called osteoma or bone tumor is usually an inflam-
matory growth and it is not a true tumor.
The lipoma or fatty tumor consists of fat and it is liable to
grow in any animal and in any part. Such a tumor is easily re-
moved; it is non-vascular. Apply a little cocaine when operating.
The neuroma is a nerve tumor and it is most commonly seen
as a sequel of neurotomy. In this operation the nerve should
be drawn down and cut off so that the end will draw up into the
wound. Then it will not grow out into the granulations which
form during the healing of the wound. You will find that when
the horse is not benefited by the operation of neurotomy, it is
usually due to the formation of one of these tumors.
CYSnts
Cysts are very common and they are important. Examples
are Capped Hock, Capped Knee, Wind Galls, etc. They may
grow of any part of the body, inside or outside. They may
contain hair and they are lined with skin as well as being cov-
ered with it. They usually follow an injury. When produced
they rapidly fill with serum and an acute inflammation takes
place in from 12 to 48 hours.
Treatment—For cystic tumors on a horse’s legs the first
thing to do, especially if they are of large size, is to open them.
226 THEORY AND PRACTICE
In capped hock it has been proven that an incission can be made
with safety and it is the only satisfactory treatment. If the
tumor is not tapped, eventually a fibrous growth will form, which
may prove difficult to remove.
Operation.—First find where the point of injury is and lo-
cate the size and position of the cyst by palpation. Open it with
a sharp pointed bistoury, never a scalpel, as near the bottom as
possible. Manipulate the tumor so as to make it bulge at the
point to be incised and insert the knife slowly at the bottom,
pointing it inward, upward and outward, till the point of the
knife is about an inch from the insertion and then cut through.
Sometimes you will not cut deep enough and the serum will not
flow, then cut again a little deeper in a similar manner. Do not
be afraid if the blood flows freely, for the hemorrhage can be
stopped. Syringe out the cyst with an iodine solution. This
will prevent reforming. Tincture of iodine, full strength, can
be used. Never syringe after the first time. Dip a wad of
oakum in some antiseptic solution and insert in the sack. Bathe
the wound with hot water an hour at a time and insert a fresh
piece of oakum after each bathing. Keep up this treatment for
10 to 20 days, by which time the place will usually become
healed. A hard fibrous swelling will usually form in the place
of the cyst and the parts should be bathed with witch hazel,
added to the same amount of water. Wrap the parts in flannel
and give a little walking exercise. Animal will be all right in
about six weeks.
If an old case is brought to you, open and make a new wound
of it, poultice and after about a month put on a mild blister. If
the wound tends to heal with the formation of much fibrous tis-
sue, hand rubbing will help it very much.
Serous cysts on the knees of cattle can be opened and treated
all right if they are young in growth, but if old chronic cases,
the doctor would better let them alone. Where they form in
other parts of the body, from kicks and injuries, etc., they can
be opened at the bottom and some antiseptic be injected. Use
hot applications an hour at a time and regulate the diet. In
capped elbow, where the tumor is small and bagging, it can be
removed by ligating. Tie a cord around it tightly and after two
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 227
or three days another a little tighter for a day and then cut off
and sear with a hot iron. Considerable inflammation is apt to
accompany this method, but it is the best way.
The ovarian cyst is common.in women, cows and cats. It is
a dropsical condition of the ovary and it does not always involve
the whole of the organ. In the human these cysts may become
malignant by the growth of the epithelium lining the cavity.
Sometimes these cysts can be treated heroically by inserting
the hand in the vagina and another hand in the anus and crush-
ing the cyst between the two. The serum escapes into the ab-
dominal cavity and does no harm. Give soft feed and rest and
the animal will recover in a day or two.
Mucous cysts develop in the mucous membrane and fill with
mucus instead of serum. In the mouth they are called Ranula,
and they grow into long, tuberous forms. Slit them up full
length and wash out with boracic acid solution.
Cysts in the thyroid gland are called bronchocele when they
are filled with water, and goitre when they fill with the solid
colloid substance. Goitre is very common in dogs and they fre-
quently develop into malignant growths of the sarcomatous type.
Treatment.—In new growths, paint the parts with iodine once
a day and give iodide of potash internally. If the skin gets
sore, cease the treatment for a time and then continue again. It
is a dangerous operation to attempt to dissect such a tumor out.
It is, however, an operation that is becoming more common
every day, especially in the human. Goitre is also very common
in the stallion. Thyroid extract is used in the treatment of goi-
ters in dogs with much success.
Dentigerous or teeth-bearing cysts are often found. Tumor
teeth may be found most anywhere, but frequently at the base
of the ear, sometimes in the maxillary sinuses or the frontal and
also in the testicles or ovaries. When they develop at the base
of the ear, there will first be seen a little swelling, which will
grow suddenly and finally rupture. Upon cutting it through a
molar tooth may be found which seems to grow without a matrix.
Certain inflammations may result in hard fibrous swellings
which become more or less permanent. The so-called scirrhous
cord is one example. It is not a true tumor, but is the result of
228 THEORY AND PRACTICE
inflammation following castration and the botryomyces is sup-
posed to play a role. Some part of the fibrous mass will usually
give evidence of an abscess in the wall of which the fungus can
be found. Several different kinds of these botryomyces have
been described and probably no particular kind is specific. The
fungus seems to be a very large sized coccus, which is found in
masses mucli like the zoogloea.
Muscle tumors or myomata, are not very common. If a
proliferation of the non-striated muscle they are called leiomy-_
oma; if of the striated, rhabdomyoma. Leiomyoma is the most
common. In the horse leiomyoma of the kidney has been re-
ported and in the sheep, of the liver. In the human a common
tumor is the uterine ‘fibroid, which is a mixture of non-striated
muscle and fibrous connective tissue. Leiomyoma of the ovary
is rare.
DISEASES OF THE BONES.
‘All of the lower animals are subject to diseases of the bones.
The horse especially is more prone to bone disease because of
high feeding and rapidity of gait. In health bone is insensible,
but in disease it is very sensitive.
-- Inflammation of the bone substance is called osteitis; of the
periosteum, periostitis; of the marrow, osteomyelitis. The
three forms of inflammation are difficult to separate. They are
usually the result of external injury.
Inflammation of the bone has the same phenomena as in-
flammation occurring in soft tissue. It is attended by very
many of the same changes, but on account of the dense substance
making up the bone tissue somewhat different results come about.
Serum, fibrin and pus may be found but they will be less in
amount. The hard substance of the bone will be absorbed to
greater or less extent and become replaced by animal matter, and
there results a deficiency in the earthy or mineral matter. The
newly formed tissue is the so-called granulation tissue of bone,
which after.a time becomes ossified. This tissue may be very
vascular before ossification takes place. Although the bone is
much enlarged as the result of the inflammation, yet it is much
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 229
lighter. This condition is a rarifying process and it is called
osteoporosis. The Haversian spaces are much.increased in size
and the bone is made porous. Osteoporosis may be observed
both in spongy and compact bone.
Osteosclerosis is analogous to cicatricial formation of the
fibrous connective tissue and is a result of inflammation of bone.
It may occur without any apparent cause in senility in the diploe
of the skull, causing it to become dense. It always occurs about
carious and necrotic areas, constituting one of the chief means by
which the sequestrum is surrounded. by new dense bony tissue.
Osteosclerotic exostoses of ivory-like hardness are called ebur
nations. Such bone is much heavier than normal.
Periosititis may be acute or chronic. In the acute form the
morbid changes are found first in the periosteum itself, which
becomes swollen, hyperemic and more or less infiltrated with
serum. In some cases infection takes place and suppuration oc-
curs. The pus collects between the periosteum and the bone,
elevating the membrane—(subperiosteal abscess). This fre-
quently brings about a molecular destruction of the surface of
the bone, causing the mineral structure to crumble away, and
leaving softened and excavated areas, while particles of the dis-
integrated bone lie free in the surrounding tissue. To this mole-
cular death and destruction of bone the name caries is given.
Caries usually occurs in cancellated bone. It is often seen in
fistulous withers, caused by the pus burroughing down to the
bone. The depressed surface has a peculiar velvety feel. It is
also seen in poll-evil and may involve the axis or even the den-
tata in poll-evil. Foot Rot in sheep is often followed by caries
of the digits. In treating such a condition, open up the sinuses
or diseased parts and scrape out all the diseased portions and a
little of the healthy part as well. Treat antiseptically and the
bone will granulate the same as other tissues.
The acute forms terminate either in recovery without dam-
age to the bone, when the abscesses are absorbed or rupture ex-
ternally; or in caries or necrosis, with subsequent chronic. dis-
turbances induced by the process of bone-destruction, that may
continue during the entire life of the animal or require surgical
interference.
230 THEORY AND PRACTICE
Chronic periostitis is divided into fibrous and ossifying forms.
In fibrous periostitis the characteristic feature is the transforma-
tion of the periosteum into a dense fibrous tissue, which closely
adheres to the bone and later ossifies. '
Osteitis and osteomyelitis are almost invariably associated.
It is almost impossible to find the bone inflamed without the in-
volvement of the marrow. This inflammation is infectious and
seems to depend upon the bacteria which are disseminated by
the blood and lodge in the vessels of the bone. The disease
usually begins in the marrow cavities of the long bones, but may
occur in the short bones, or even in the flat bones of the skull.
The marrow is first found to be deeply congested and of dark-
red color. When the bone is sawed through the congested mar-
row bulges outward. In the majority of cases there is more or
less suppuration and the pus collects in small cavities, forming
abscesses in the bone. In severe cases extensive necrosis may
result.
The greater number of cases heal by resolution, some in
erosion of the bone, external evacuation of the pus, necrosis and
then a chronic inflammation set up by the sequestrum. Some
cases are fatal in consequence of pyemia. The extent of the
necrosis that may follow osteomyelitis and periostitis is variable
according to the severity of the case. In severe cases the entire
shaft may die. The dead bone is known as a sequestrum.
Chronic osteomyelitis results from the acute chiefly by the con-
tinued irritation by the sequestrum.
Necrosis of bone is death of the part, due to the nutrition
being shut off. This is usually caused by injury to the peri-
osteum. We see necrosis sometimes suddenly develop from ex-
ternal injuries, such as occur in the bars of the mouth from the
bit. The bone dies and large pieces slough off—the sequestra.
When the shaft of the large bone dies this way, it usually softens
and liquifies and flows out through a fistulous opening. The
discharge is ichorous. In the meantime new bone is forming
under the periosteum. It is lacking in the characteristics of
normal bone but it does very well.
The treatment for necrosis consists first in using slings un-
less the horse shows inclination to lie down. Soon as the pus
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, 251
can be located, open up and let it escape. If practical, remove
all the dead bone. In necrosis of the bars of the mouth (the
lower jaw, it is not always necessary to operate except where the
parts are very sore and swollen. Then with a scalpel cut down
to the bone and this will allow the escape of the pus, if any, and
quicken the separation of the part if necrosed, and if not, it may
prevent it. Always cut down through the periosteum; then let
alone until the pieces come out. Do not force them out or use
forceps. After they are removed, wash out with an antiseptic
solution three or four times a day. The patients usually make a
nice recovery. If the lesion is in the lower bars of the mouth,
when the patient is getting well, use the common jointed bit or
rubber covered chain. If the shafts of the long bones are af-
fected, make a large independent opening by trephining; remove
the sequestrum and wash out the cavity twice a day with anti-
septics.
LEMMON (Ole 1xXOINNTs
Atrophy of bone is an interstitial absorption of the bony
substance. This usually takes place in the cancellated portion
of the bone, but it may occur in the compact bone, which then
becomes softened and wastes away. It is not an inflammatory
process although it may start as such because of some injury.
In this condition the bone becomes diminished in size and weight
and if it happens in the bicipital groove, it allows the patella to
become dislocated very easily.
This condition is incurable, though rational internal treat-
ment is in order,—such as iron, arsenic, etc. The disease usually
occurs in old animals.
CONSHIDURIONAL OSTE@ROROSIS:
Constitutional osteoporosis, or the big head, is a very pe-
culiar dis€ase because it is little understood. The pathological
changes seem to be identical with those of localized osteo-
porosis. Some think that it is rheumatic, others that it is due
to a parasite and consequently infectious. It is often found in
232 THEORY AND PRACTICE
breeding farms and affects large numbers of horses. The
horse seems to be the only animal that is affected. It is more
common in driving horses than in the running. It is thought
to be due to a fungus on the grass or fodder. —
In this condition we usually find the urine thick and mucil-
aginous; the horse tucked up in the flanks and inclined to lie
down a good deal; back is arched; horse grows thin in flesh;
but the appetite keeps good. The affected bone is probably
painful and often the first sign is a peculiar lameness, which is
intermitting and frequently locates across the loins. It cannot
always be located and is often mistaken for rheumatism. The
disease is not confined to the head alone, all the bones are af-
fected, in fact if the bones of the head become affected, the rest
of the body is usually affected also and the horse may break
down all at once. This disease is much more common in the
south than in the north.
Some claim to get good results by using iodide of potash and
trephining into the enlargement and injecting antiseptics. This
treatment does not seem to bring good results. Hyposulphite of
soda and calcium phosphate in equal parts three times a day is
good. Give a complete change of diet and a change of location.
In acute cases death may take place in two or three months.
In autopsy we find the face bones so soft that you can sometimes
run. a probe through them. They are red and vascular, like
granulating tissue.
OSTEOMALACIA.
Osteomalacia is an acquired disease of the bones of unknown
origin. It is rather common in the human and bovines, but not
so in other animals. In the human it usually affects adult indi-
viduals of the female sex, though it is often seen in males. It is
thought to be caused by an innutritious diet, especially such as
would occur among the poorer classes. Pregnancy, rheumatism,
infection, intoxication, etc., have been blamed for its develop-
ment. (See Merillat’s, Vol. II.)
The disease is characterized by a.soft, plastic condition of
the bones, which depends upon the replacement of the original
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. ZS
calcified osseous tissue with a new uncalcified osteoid tissue. The
bones become. subject to frequent fracture and increasing de-
formity, while the patient becomes more and more feeble and a
profound cachexia comes on. Patient may die of exhaustion,
but much more commonly succumbs to pneumonia or to some
other intercurrent affection.
The bones usually retain their lamellar arrangement and their
external and internal construction are alike histologically un-
changed, except that the great mass of bone is decalcified and
the altered bone appears homogeneous, sometimes fibrous. The
decalcification usually begins at the periphery and extends in
toward the center. Some of the lacunar cells remain after de-
calcification but many die. As the disease progresses, the os-
teoid substance melts away and increases the spaces between the
columns of bony tissue.
The marrow is frequently congested and may be hemorrha-
gic or pigmented, from previous hemorrhages. The bones are
so soft that they can be easily broken in two. Frequent frac-
tures occur and serve to deform the bone. The ordinary form
of the disease attacks the spinal column and thorax and spreads
to the limbs and head. The most interesting and important
changes occur in the pelvis, which yields to the pressure of the
spinal column and the thighs, It becomes wholly transformed,
making the bearing of young almost impossible.
Fragilitis ossium is a hardening of. the bones to the extent
of brittleness and usually occurs in old animals.. It is due to the
absorption of the animal matter and inflammation is usually the
cause. In this condition fractures are very easy to occur.
TRAN IsUMPIS,
Rachitis or rickets is a degenerate softening of the bones
that occurs only in the young. It is due.to. some disturbance
that prevents the ossification of the bone. It is really a. con-
stitutional disease and nutritional disorder. The lesion is char-.
acterized by deficient calcification and increased absorption of
the bones, which in consequence are permanently altered in size
and shape. All the parts of the skeleton are affected. The
234 THEORY AND PRACTICE
bones are usually shortened, thickened, rarified, curved, and
twisted. The rarifed condition is most frequently seen in the
epiphyseal ends of the long bones, which become considerably
enlarged.
This disease is not infrequently congenital, and seems at
times to be hereditary. Bad hygiene, malnutrition, and certain
inflammatory diseases seem to be exciting causes. In the con-
genital form the causes mentioned probably operate upon the
young through the mother. The disease usually manifests itself
in the first and second year of life. In cases that live beyond
puberty the disease recovers but the deformities persist. Den-
tition is irregular and delayed. The animal, however, may be
well up to two to six years and then be affected. It is com-
mon in puppies that are fed on starchy food. Foals, too, are
apt to have it.
The first intimation of the disease is a peculiar lassitude and
the play is not so lively; the long bones of the legs begin to bow,
especially in the front legs, the convexity being outward. The
femur is usually curved anteriorly as well as externally.
At the articular ends of the bones, where the diaphysis joins
the epiphysis, instead of a narrow distinct white. line, one finds
an enlargement consisting of porous, irregularly formed bone
in which there is a widely separated plexiform or fibrillar ar-
rangement of osteoid substance deficient in lime-salts. These
areas alternate with others of irregular ossification. The mar-
row is much like that found in the fetus. Next to the growing
cartilage of the epiphysis is a zone of osteoid tissue in which
the bony partitions inclose patches of cartilage.
The irregular growth and rarefaction of the bones give them
a pronounced predisposition toward bending and fracture, es-
pecially of the green-stick variety, while the continued pressure
produced by the weight of the body results in permanent de-
formities.
Treatment—There should be a complete change of food.
In the foal, wean him and feed on cow’s milk liberally, say a
gallon three times a day, and more as he grows older. Skim
milk even if it is sour is better than fresh milk, because it con-
tains less fatty matter; in addition give bone dust, oatmeal, etc.,
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 235
but leave out corn and everything that tends to fat. In puppies
change the food; give boiled meat with oatmeal, make a strong
stew of it. If the legs in the foal do not get strong, apply
splints and bandages. Lime water is good for rickets. Cod
liver oil is good for puppies.
HEALING OF BONE (REPAIR).
When a bone breaks, either completeiy or incompletely, there
results more or less hemorrhage; the surrounding tissues are
torn and infiltrated with blood; a moderate degree of inflam-
matory exudation and cellular migration takes place, but in the
absence of infection the inflammation subsides after a few days,
soon to be followed by regeneration. As early as the second day
the cells of the periosteum begin to grow and proliferate and
show many karyokinetic figures. In two or three days a vascular
formative tissue has developed which is rapidly developed and
differentiated into osteoid and chondroid tissue. This formative
tissue produced by the peristeum is known as the external callus ;
that which extends in between the fragments is known as the
intermediary callus. The tissue regenerating from the medulla
is called the myelogenic callus.
The periosteal callus extends around the fragments like a
capsule for some little distance on each side of the break. At
the end of the ‘first week the inner layers of the newly formed
tissue have become differentiated into osteoid tissue and hyaline
cartilage especially so in young. and in animals like the dog, and
then calcification sets in and porous bone develops—the bony
callus. During the succeeding two or three weeks the amount
of bony callus constantly increases.
The myelogenic callus is formed by the proliferation of the
osteoblasts; it is not of so much importance as the periosteal
callus. At about the end of the seventh week the periosteal
callus is totally ossified, consisting of a porous, rather soft, os-
seous tissue, which gradually becomes substituted by new bone
of considerable density by means of lacunar resorption and the
formation of medullary spaces on the one hand (osteoclasts
break down bone) and the production of new lamelle or growth
236 THEORY AND PRACTICE
by apposition on the part of the osteoblasts on the other hand.
In this way is produced a more solid dense bone—the definitive
callus.
When great dislocation of the fragments has occurred, it may
take several months or even years before the reparative pro-
cesses are fully complete. In case of great dislocation the me-
dullary canal is usually not restored.
Bones unite all right if given a chance. They are stronger
at the point of fracture after healing than before. It is a pop-
ular idea that horse’s bones will not unite well. Dogs, sheep
and young steers take care of themselves and assist us but the
horse never does, that is why we have such poor success in the
healing of a horse’s fracture. When the bones fail to keep in
position they become intensely inflamed and this is kept up until
gangrene sets in and ends the life of the animal.
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Diseases of the brain and nervous system. are not as com-
mon in the lower animals as in the human. The lower animals
are less liable to fatal results from shocks, as from fright or
operations. These diseases are divided into three classes—(1)
cerebral, when applied to the brain; (2) spinal, to the cord;
(3) peripheral, to the nerves.
On account of the decussation of the nerves in the medulla,
and. in fact all along the spinal cord, injuries on one side of the
brain produce paralysis on the other side of the body. The ef-—
fects of sudden injuries to the brain are very noticeable, but
slowly encroaching injuries are very puzzling in the effects which
they produce. Any derangement of the nervous system has a
tendency to produce either an increased functional activity ¢ Or a
depression, that is, hyperzesthesia or paralysis.
CEREBRAL CONGESTION. — This disease is called vertigo,
megrims, and sometimes blind staggers. It is due to a disturb-
ance of the circulation resulting in a hyperemic condition of the
brain. It is more or less sudden in its attacks and it is usually
due to pressure on the large veins of the neck by ill-fitting har-
ness. It may be due to a plethoric condition of the animal and is
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 237
associated with torpidity of the liver and indigestion, which re-
sults in paralysis of the pneumogastric nerve.
The horse will often stop, shake his head and let his ears
droop; the muscles of the head and neck twitch, the eyes pro-
trude, and he may become blind; his nostrils will be dilated and
his breathing stertorous. He rears and plunges, loses co-ordina-
tion and goes down in a heap. The shock to the nervous sys-
tem causes him to sweat, and while down he will often froth at
the mouth.
While the animal is down dash cold water on his head and
face. Take off his harness and give him plenty of air. As soon
as the fit is over learn the causes of it and remove them if pos-
sible. If plethora is at the bottom of it, lessen his feed and give
purgatives. These attacks often come from stomach and liver
troubles. Bleeding is useless.
CEREBRAL ANAEMIA.—This is a bloodless condition of the
brain. There results a loss of motor and sensory power and
the mucous membranes are pale. It may be due to rapid
hemorrhage. There will be great nervous prostration from
weakness and debility. The treatment should be rational; treat
the general symptoms to supply the body with nutrition.
CEREBRAL Empotus.—In this condition some of the blood
vessels of the brain become plugged by a clot and embolism
results. Paralysis of all parts of the brain supplied by these
occurs. The clot is usually formed by reason of weak cardiac
power or valvular insufficiency. The embolism causes soften-
ing of the brain. The symptoms are stupor, weak mindedness
and pale mucous membranes.
“APOPLExY.—AS applied to the brain this disease means cere-
bral hemorrhage. It is characterized by a sudden loss of both
motor and sensory power. The hemorrhage may occur in one
of three ways: first, in rupture of the blood vessels of the brain ;
second, from the filling of the ventricles with blood; and third,
from a hemorrhage into the arachnoid space. The first and
third ways usually prevail in the horse.
The disease comes on suddenly always: the horse falls to the
ground, froths at the mouth and the special senses are sus-
pended,—he cannot hear, taste, smell or see. The mucous mem-
238 THEORY AND PRACTICE
branes are livid and the breathing more or less stertorous. If
the case is severe death will result in from a few hours to
eight or ten days. If not severe, the clot may become absorbed.
The horse seldom fully recovers.
It is not considered safe to bleed an animal in this condition.
Elevate the head, pack it in ice and keep the rest of the body
warm by clothing and friction. Give an enema and inhalations
of ammonia, hypodermic injections of alcohol,. atropine, etc.
Never give medicine by the mouth in such a case, because the
function of deglutition is suspended.
CEREBRAL MENINGITIS.—This disease is inflammation of the
coverings of the brain. Cerebritis is inflammation of the brain
substance. It is not possible to draw the line between the two
as in the human. The condition exists in two forms, acute and
chronic. The meningitis is usually due to idiopathic or traumatic
influences. The idiopathic influences are exposure, exhaustion,
sunstroke, etc. The traumatic include wounds, concussions, etc.,
from violence.
Semetology.—There is marked congestion of the visible mu-
cous membranes, especially those of the eye. There is muscular
twitching and excitement of the animal; the twitching sometimes
amounts to spasm of the limb or of two limbs. These spasms
sometimes involve the whole body, producing cerebral convul-
sions. The period of excitement is usually followed by one of
depression, and then an abnormal activity. In some cases it
amounts to stupor or coma; but in meningitis this stupor period
is comparatively short and the excitement severe. There is
a well-marked constitutional disturbance until the animal be-
comes delirious and he tries to climb over the manger. This
desire to climb comes on during the first twenty-four hours.
Convulsions may come on at the same time and throw him down,
but he gets up and goes on climbing again. During the stupor
he will hang his head and seems almost inclined to fall.
The symptoms of meningitis are more violent than those of
cerebritis. In cerebritis there is less fever and less excitement
and the periods of stupor are more complete and longer con-
tinued. In cerebritis the animal will stand a great part of his
time with his head against the wall or manger; his appetite is
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 239
usually lost, partly due to fever and partly due to the loss of
sense. After a time, both in cerebritis and meningitis, the ani-
mal will lose his power of co-ordination, does down and is un-
able to get up again; he will lie prone and keep his legs going.
Put your finger in the eye or ear and no resistance is offered.
Death usually takes place in two or three days.
Cerebral meningitis runs a very rapid course compared with
the human, terminating in the lower animals sometimes as
quickly as the end of the first day. The differential diagnosis
between it and blind staggers is quite simple: in blind staggers
there is no fever, no congestion of the mucous membranes and
the eyes are not bloodshot, while the very opposite occurs in
mad staggers or cerebral meningitis, the bloodshot eyes being
a special characteristic. Blind staggers usually yields to treat-
ment while mad staggers does not.
Treatment.—Purge the animal with aloes and give diuretics
—potassium salts: Allay the nervous irritability with gelsemium,
aconite, belladonna or acetanilid. Belladonna is particularly in-
dicated on account of its contracting the arterioles. An ice
poultice to the head is good, but the horse is dangerous to
handle so do not get caught in the stall in trying to apply the ice.
It is very difficult to do much for the horse in this disease and
recoveries are rare. In case of recovery give the animal three or
four months’ rest at pasture.
It is difficult to diagnose this disease with any degree of cer-
tainty. At autopsy the meninges are thickened, with adhesions
here and there. You will find coagulated lymph in the ventricles,
also in the sulci and other parts of the brain.
Cerebral softening—lIn this disease there is a softening of
the brain substance, which is altered in color. It is sometimes
quite liquid and is softened always, especially in spots. It looks
like abscesses and the color varies from dirty pink to white.
Many cases have been seen where the cerebrum looked like pus.
Cerebral softening is known among horsemen as a “dummy.”
Such cases are quite common. It is hard to say what is the
cause, but we think that the condition comes from acute or sub-
acute attacks of cerebritis or from interrupted circulation in the
brain. In the human it is caused by long-continued use of alco-
240 THEORY AND PRACTICE
holic drinks. The disease is in reality nothing more than cere-
bral degeneration.
The symptoms are very marked but require close observation
to detect them. The horse is more or less stupid and seems to
lack ambition and often staggers. Mild excitement will arouse
him for-a time and you must look out for this in examining a
horse for soundness. The animal looks stupid, will stub his toes —
after being backed out of the stall. His ears may be moving back
and forth and his face lacks expression. To tell a dummy just
observe him as he backs out of a-stall or turns around in it.
He lacks complete power of co-ordination. Staggers and wab-
bles a little. Cross his feet and they will stay there. Put your
finger in his ear and he will not resist. The treatment is useless.
The real “dummy,” is due to cerebral softening or chronic dropsy
of the lateral ventricles.
Myetitis.—This disease is inflammation or the spinal cord.
The’ meninges are usually involved. The causes are violence in
the form of external injuries, disease of the bones of the verte-
bre, and exposure to dampness and extremes of temperature.
It- often comes on without any appreciable cause.
Semeiology—When the meninges of the cord are first af-
fected, the first symptoms will be tonic spasms of the limbs,
usually the hind ones. This is probably because it affects the
loins first and then extends forward. The spasms are often so
severe as to jerk the horse off his feet and throw him down.
He: stamps spasmodically and involuntarily. If the cord itself
is first affected there is an absence of these spasms and instead
there is a loss of motor power. You will notice that the hocks
dip into each other, the toes will turn out, the gait will be wab-
bly,—no. spasm and no delirium. The motor paralysis increases
so that finally the animal cannot move without falling; if he
does not move, he will stand braced from twenty-four to forty-
eight hours. While lying his expression is haggard and he looks
in great distress. :
In chronic spinal meningitis the animal is very excitable, the
least bit of excitement affecting him. He will also manifest
nervous twitching.
Paresis.—This disease is ordinarily spoken of as paralysis
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 241
or it may be called palsy. It is a loss of the motor power as
concerning the voluntary movements of the body. It is a symp-
tom of other diseases. Paraplegia is the most common form of
the paralysis,—meaning paralysis of the body transversely.
The causes are centric or reflex. Centric is due to external
violence, perhaps severing of the cord, or anything that will pro-
duce pressure on the cord, as fracture of the vertebra. Reflex
causes must be referred to the periphery of the body, from
whence a disturbance is carried to the nerve centers. We see this
in canine distemper and in metritis in all females. The reflex
form of paraplegia resists treatment very much. It is likely to
occur from indigestion; impaction of the rumen in cattle may
cause it.
The symptoms show a partial or complete loss of power,
first the motor. If the cause is reflex, there is a loss also of
the sensory. Constipation is usually present; the muscles around
the neck of the bladder are relaxed and the urine dribbles away.
Prick the hind parts of the horse and he will not show any pain.
If this is done in the dog he will cry out. This shows that the
motor nerves are affected before the sensory.
Hemiplegia is paralysis of one whole side of the body. The
cerebrum is usually affected. A ruptured blood vessel may be
the cause. Recovery is rare and also the disease itself in the
lower animals. :
Treatment.—Remove the cause. If impaction is at the bot-
tom, then give such drugs that will loosen the bowels. Dogs
usually recover from paraplegia. Bitches usually die. Give
the animal rectal injections. Give diuretics and stimulants such
as potassium, iodide and nux vomica.
HyprocePHALUS.—This is rare, especially in the adult. It is
seen in the fetus and renders parturition difficult. The symp-
toms are very similar to those of cerebritis, but more mild in
character. The animal is stupid, keeps getting more so until
coma sets in and he dies. The effusion is usually in the sub-
arachnoid space or in the lateral ventricles.
In the early stages of hydrocephalus there is fever and a lit-
tle irritability. The stupor and insensibility keep on increasing
— 242 THEORY AND PRACTICE
with occasional epileptic fits until the disease terminates in coma,
then convulsions and death. .
Pathology.—In autopsy, on opening the cranial cavity we no-
tice that the brain is altered in form; the fissure between the
hemispheres is almost obliterated. In cutting down through the
corpus callosum you find water in the ventricles, varying in
quantity from 1 to 8 ounces. Upon emptying the water out we
find the septum lucidum broken down, making one cavity. The
arachnoid is thickened and opaque, particularly over the cere-
bellum and it is often studded with spots of inflammation. The
fluid in the ventricles is usually pale, thin and watery, but some-
times quite turbid. Effusion may take place into the lateral ven-
tricles, or into the subarachnoid space. A horse so affected in
the chronic form is a dummy.
The treatment is not very satisfactory. In mild cases the
disease may give way to iodide of potash, iron, vegetable bitters,
and mild counter-irritants externally. Keep the animal quiet;
give soft diet and rest.
TABES DORSALIS.
Tabes dorsalis or locomotor ataxia, is the same as sclerosis
of the cord. It is sometimes called “crick back.” In the do-
mestic animals the disease affects the white matter of the cord.
In the human the gray matter may also become involved. This
condition is a contraction and hardening of the columns of the
cord. In the horse it is usually the supralateral columns. The
inferolateral may also become affected. The loins are about the
first to become affected, but the disease may start in the cere-
bellum and travel down the cord. The motor columns are
affected more than the sensory.
Etiology.—The disease usually develops as the result of ex-
posure to cold and storms, especially if the horse is not in
good condition. It may occur in old horses and debilitated
_ ones. The minute vessels of the cord are diminished in size and
- the gray matter can be easily ruptured. In cases of syphilis in
horses this condition is always present.
Semeiology.—Tabes dorsalis comes on slowly. We notice
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 243
first an unsteady gait behind, especially if the animal turns
quickly. If the disease originates in the cord, then the lesion
seems to be confined to the hind limbs; if in the cerebellum, then
the animal is wabbly both before and behind. The eyes squint,
which is particular evidence of sclerosis of the cerebellum. If
the lesion is in the cerebellum the animal will walk in a circle
and the more severe the lesion, the smaller the circle he will
walk in. The paralysis increases continually and usually the
symptoms are increased also. In an acute case the muscles of
the hind parts waste. The inclination to throw the weight upon
the fore limbs on account of the increasing paralysis causes the
muscles of the hind limbs to be inactive and therefore to waste
away.
In the horse we have no evidence of acute pain; in the hu-
man it is said that there are pains in the legs at times.
Treatment.—There is no treatment that will cure the dis-
ease and the prognosis must therefore be unfavorable. If you
give strychnine, electricity, bromine, iodine, iron or arsenic and
liberal diet with gentle exercise, this course of treatment will
prolong life.
IBAA INIOTS:
Tetanus is a continuous tonic spasm of the muscles of the
body. Usually the voluntary muscles are the ones involved, but
the involuntary muscles may be involved also.
Etiology.—The bacillus Nicolaier is the specific cause. This
germ was discovered in 1884. Nicolaier found the germ in the
earth and introduced it into animals and produced tetanus. The
germ is drumstick-shaped carrying its spore in the big end. It
lives in the dirt everywhere and it is anerobic. [For this reason
the disease will result from small wounds which easily close up
more readily than large wounds that are open and exposed to
the air. The germ will not grow where there is free access of
oxygen. More than one-half of the tetanus cases come from
small nail pricks that hardly lame the animal. All an-:mals are
subject to it but the horse, perhaps more than others. Different
parts of the body are affected. When the whole body is affected
244 THEORY AND PRACTICE
it is called OrtTHoTONOS. When the masseter muscles are af-
fected it is called Trismus. Both forms are common. The
tetanus germ must be associated with other germs in order to
set up its infection; it cannot work alone.
Semeiology.—The symptoms are clearly diagnostic usually.
The first thing you will notice is a contraction of the masseter
muscles. The muscles will be drawn around the mouth. The
animal seems to have difficulty in eating and he secretes an enot-
mous amount of saliva. After a few hours he becoiries excitahle,
the nose is extended, the facial muscles twitch and any little dis-
turbance excites the animal. The eyeballs are retracted in the
orbit and look small. The membrana nictitans is liable to be
raised constantly over more or less of the eyeball, and when the
head is raised will cover it. An intelligent horseman will no-
tice the beginning stiffness of gait. Trismus is usually well
marked; after twenty-four or forty-eight hours the development
seems to be quite gradual, other times violent, in which case the
animal will soon die. The spasms which were at first in the
masseters finally affect the whole body. The dorsal, cervical and
gluteal muscles are the most affected. The tail is elevated and
it maintains that position and trembles. The respiration is ac-
celerated and the nostrils are dilated; the ears stand like sticks,
the limbs are stiff and are straddled ; locomotion is very difficult ;
flanks are tucked up; ribs are tightly drawn, due to contraction
of the intercostals. As the pain becomes intense, the animal
sweats profusely and is very excitable. The spasms come on
from time to time and between times the muscles relax a little,
but not enough to cause much hope. The action is spasmodic.
During a spasm the gluteal muscles often shoot out behind like
a goose in flight, and the action throws the animal to the floor
and he cannot rise until the muscles relax. An animal usually
does not rise after going down on account of the stiffness of the
legs; he is unable to get them under him enough to get up. The
recumbent position and being unable to rise increase the fre-
quency and severity of the spasms. The spasms are easily
brought on,—a rat or loud talking or the presence of a stranger
may be the cause. The saliva is ropy, the pulse grows hard; the
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 245
appetite remains good but the bowels are inactive. The peristal-
tic action is interfered with. ;
As a rule the horse persistently stands and if he can get up
after being down, it is a favorable sign. Death comes from two
causes,—syncope and asphyxia. The muscles of the throat con-
tract and cause the asphyxia. Death occurs in from two to
ten days.
Prognosis—When a spasm throws a horse down, there is
little hope. If the animal can eat and the trismus is slight and
the respiration is not affected then the results may not be so
bad. We find by experience that the mortality runs from 75%
to 80%. If the animal lives thirteen days he has 50% of the
chances to recover. If he lives eighteen days he has 75% in his
favor. If he lives twenty-one days he has 95% in his favor.
Dr. Baker says one of his cases died on the twenty-eighth day.
Treatment.—There is no specific treatment. Give a rational
course toward allaying the symptoms, bearing in mind that if
the animal lives two weeks he will probably recover. Pay at-
tention to the hygiene. If it is cold, clothe him warmly; if it is
hot, keep the animal cool. Keep away exciting conditions. Give
linseed gruel—about two gallons, and keep this before him all
the time. Give him nothing else to drink. Let the horse have
as much of the gruel as he will drink. The gruel tends to loosen
the bowels. Purgatives are useless. It is a good plan to put the
horse in a sling. Bear in mind that he cannot recover on his
side.
Give drugs that will quiet the nervous system, such as bel-
ladonna, prussic acid, morphine, ether, chloral hydrate, lobelia
and gelsemium. If the tetanus antitoxin can be given in time it
will cure the disease, but it must be given early. Some claim
that this is useless, but it has not proven so in my experience.
Give about 40 cc for the first day than 20 cc the second; the
third day the same. If on the fourth day the animal is hold-
ing his own, then give another dose of 20 cc. Keep this up for
ten days. If however the animal begins to grow worse, then ~
drop the serum treatment,
246 THEORY AND PRACTICE
The following is a good prescription:
Gelkrmiinn IM Ibo saccdousiococeoboocede 1 ounce
ioloyslbiey UM Abo 6 Ge Ganadaonaddc00s0G0 Beran 1 ounce
‘Belladonna shixen sees eee eiieieneee 1 ounce
INGWES BIG) Chios cocoons asodz0bns00pado0NN 8 ounces
Give one ounce every 3-4 hours.
If possible give per mouth; but if there is much trismus,
dilute it and give per rectum. If administered this way let it
be about blood heat. A hypodermic of 4 grains of morphine
three or four times a day is good with this prescription.
The post mortem shows very few lesions.
CHORE
Chorea is convulsions of the voluntary muscles and it is most
common in dogs. In the dog it occurs oftener in the legs while
in the horse it is seen most often in the neck and hind quarters.
In the horse it seems to arise as an original lesion while in the
dog and in the human it usually follows some other disease. In
the horse it may come on suddenly from indigestion, particularly
that which arises from over-feeding. In dogs and children it
may occur from worms in the intestines. In all these cases there
is an increased irritability of the nerves. In the dog it is often
seen in a fatal form as a complication in distemper.
Semeiology.—The disease comes on suddenly, especially in a
case of distemper in the dog. The disease often attacks a fore-
leg which will be lame for a day or two before any jerking be-
gins. If you make the animal step on the affected leg by taking
the other up, he will go down and when there is jerking in it he
cannot bear any weight upon it at all. The condition rapidly
spreads to the whole body and the animal finally dies from ex-
haustion. During these attacks the dog will whine, particularly
if alone. There probably is not much acute pain, only general
distress. The jerking may be continuous night and day. Event-
ually the animal becomes emaciated, especially the dog.
Some think that the disease is transmissible, so much so that
animals thus affected are condemned for breeding purposes. At
any rate the offspring of choreic stallions are liable to have the
disease. Horsemen call it shivers. In the stall the horse will
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 247
show his trouble by putting his leg out to one side in a peculiar
manner when stepping over. In backing out of the stall, he may
take a few steps all right and then be unable to go further. The
tail may shiver as well as other parts. In severe cases in horses
spasms severe enough to throw them to the floor come on occa-
sionally. Some horses with this disease are unable to back at
all, but can go ahead. Chorea is liable to become chronic and
all chronic cases of this disease are without exception incurable.
There is no special lesion revealed by the post mortem, ex-
cept that in long-standing cases we find thickening of the arach-
noid, effusion into the arachnoid space and hardening of the
outer layer of the cord. In acute cases in the dog the medulla
show softening.
Treatment.—Chorea is very unsatisfactory to treat. In severe
cases it is incurable. Constitutional tonic treatment is. about all
that can be done for the animal. Give a liberal diet, correct the
hygiene and avoid fatigue. For drugs give iron, zinc, copper and
in some cases small doses of strychnine. You can combine with
these cinchona and gentian. In case of whining dogs you can
relieve the distress by giving valerian fluid extract with a min-
eral tonic.
Give Fowler’s solution in gradually increasing doses till the
maximum dose is reached, then reduce the dose gradually to the
minimum, then up again, and so on for two to four weeks.
Nitrate of silver in bread pills is very good; give for a week
and alternate with sulphate of copper. Recoveries are rare.
DISHASES Ob tie REPRODUGII VE. SYSTEM:
The diseases of the reproductive system are not so common
in the lower animals as in the human. There are only two speci-
fic diseases, the malignant and simple pox.
SINMPEE POX:
In its nature simply pox is a phlyctenoid eruption. . The
eruptions occur on the vulva and extend into the vagina. It is
never seen in the sheep, pig or dog. It is common in the human
248 THEORY AND PRACTICE
and in the mare. The eruption is a simple blister called a
phlyctena. This occurs in the male sometimes on the body of
the penis. The period of inoculation is from 24 hours to 3 days.
The lips of the vulva swell as large as the wrist. In the stallion
the sheath swells. The disease is transmissible from one animal
to another by coition. No special constitutional disturbance is
produced. The disease is self-limiting and if cee ceases
recovery will take place in 5 to 10 days.
Treatment.—Give cool laxatives and mild cine Por a
local application use sulphate of zine (5 grains) to the ounce of
water. Bathe the parts three times a aay This disease is also
known as coital exanthema.
MALIGNANT POX.
Malignant pox is known as dourine or equine syphilis. The
disease was brought to this country from France. In 1817 it was
known in Prussia; in 1821 in Hungary; in 1836 in Italy. It has
never been known in Belgium or England. The special pathology
of this disease was gotten from Tanhoffer.
Etiology—The trypanosoma equiperdum is the specific para-
site causing’ the disease. It is a single-celled animal parasite.
This parasite was discovered in South Africa in connection with
the tsetse fly disease and sleeping sickness. The lesions resemble
syphilis in the human, but the two are different. Syphilis is
transmissible from parent to off-spring in the human but dourine
is not in the horse. A syphilitic stallion cannot impregnate a
mare. If a syphilitic mare should conceive she will abort or
else the foal will be born dead.
Semeiology.—The elevated plaques on the body and pustules
on the penis and vulva are the first noticeable indications of the
disease. These ulcerate. They may occur on the glans penis
and are accompanied by the swelling of the sheath. In the mare
the vulva swells, and turns out, exposing the clitoris to view.
The appetite is poor and the animal becomes lazy. If the disease
occurs in an acute form, it will kill; if it is chronic, in the course
of a month or so the animal begins to be wabbly in his hind parts.
Sometimes the ulcers heal and are replaced by others. After a
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 249
month or so depigmentation takes place in the skin,—on the in-
side of the thighs, scrotum, vulva, and elbow. The depigmented
patches are about the size of a quarter to the size of a man’s hand
and turn white. The depigmentation is a progressive process.
The hair gets shabby and the animal wabbles more and more.
As weakness develops the legs swell and in 12 to 16 weeks a
profuse muco-purulent discharge takes place from the nose. The
scrotum and testicles may be very large.
In the mare the mammary glands swell and the clitoris and
mucous tissue are protruded. The mucous membrane of the
clitoris is of yellowish color. The subacute runs into the chronic.
Although some animals appear to recover they should be re-
tired from breeding, because it always revives the disease.
The only peculiar morbid anatomy is in the spinal cord, the
locomotor ataxia is the same as that of other diseases.
Treatment.—Dourine is a contagious disease; therefore de-
stroy all the animals that are affected. If necessary quarantine
them. The old quarantine laws allowed the animals to go back
into the stud after three years, but 1t was found that they gained
no results, for stud work revived the disease.
WRU IPSN INES:
In stallions this condition comes always from serving mares
that are affected with leucorrhoea. It is characterized by pus,
but no germ has been isolated as has been done in the human.
‘Micturition is painful.
Retire the animal for a few days. Give a purgative and saw
palmetto. Use the zinc sulphate solution two grains to an ounce
of water as an injection twice a day.
Butt Burnt is similar to urethritis but it affects the covering
cf the penis rather than the uretha. It is usually the result of
too frequent copulation. Inject into the sheath a solution of ace-
tate of lead—half an ounce to the pint of water. Manipulate
the part and repeat night and morning.
Burnt Doc is a foulness of the sheath from the accumula-
tion of natural secretion in the sheath, which produces a catarrhal
discharge. Use the same treatment as for the preceding.
250 THEORY AND PRACTICE
PHIMOSIS.
Phimosis is the inability of the animal to extend the penis.
This may be due to congenital malformation. It may be due to
ulcer or to some other interference, as edema of the sheath.
This condition can be recognized by the foulness of the
sheath in which the animal urinates. .
Treatment.—In congenital cases cast the animal if necessary
and insert a probe-pointed bistoury and cut down the prepuse
about half an inch to one inch. Bring the organ down and wash
off the parts. The sheath should be cleaned out night and
morning until the wound has begun to granulate. Then use the
white solution.
Horses may get the notion that they cannot let the penis
down and consequently urinate in the sheath. Put a twitch on
the animal and bring the penis down once a day for three or
four days.
PARAPHIMOSIS.
Paraphimosis is the inability on the part of an animal to re-
tract the penis. There may be a swelling of the sheath and the
penis itself may be swollen. Following castration we find a typi-
cal example of this disease, probably on account of the swelling
of the penis and sheath. The penis swells mostly on the dorsal
side and the covering becomes tense and glistening. Such a
severe case is usttally due to local irritation. Paralysis of the
penis may be the cause. In the dog sometimes following copula-
tion the erection cannot subside and the organ becomes gangren-
ous in the course of three or four days.
Treatment.—lf the condition comes from castration, you will
have to reduce the swelling. _ Give diuretics internally and plenty
of exercise and fresh water. If it comes from injury and in-
flammation has set in, put on ice pack tight upon the horse’s
body near the penis. Keep this up until the swelling goes down.
Give diuretics and laxatives. Sometimes we find that the penis
is cold and cyanotic; scarify it from six to a dozen cuts and
foment it with tepid water, This will produce a dilation of the
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 251
vessels and consequent hemorrhage. In case of paralysis try the
cold water treatment by throwing very cold water upon the re-
tractor muscles. Do this twice a day. The electric battery can
be applied here and strychnine internally. After putting the
penis in place, then put a bandage around the body to hold the
wet packs ‘n place. Keep the penis suspended tightly up against
the belly with a broad bandage passed around the horse’s body.
In the dog you will find that the penis is purple and con-
gested. Scarify it and bathe the parts with water. If it cannot
be replaced in the sheath cut down the prepuce a little. If
you cannot do better, amputate.
DROESY Oh tHE OVARIES:
Dropsy of the ovaries follows congestion and large cysts
sometimes result. The condition is common in old cows and in
the human, but not in the other animals. When a chronic con-
gestion occurs as in this condition, the animal is always in heat.
But it is an unnatural condition, and the animal will not breed.
Such animals seem to change their form in time and become
more masculine in looks. They do not make good breeders or
good feeders and the best thing is to spay them. The cystic
ovary can be crushed and the fluid allowed to escape into the
abdominal cavity.
HYDROMETRA.
Hydrometra is dropsy of the womb. The mixture that fills
the womb is a mixture of serum and pus. It is the result of
long-continued inflammation. It may follow parturition and it
may occur without any assignable cause.
If you are sure of your diagnosis open the os uteri with
the hand and empty the womb. Wash out with boracic acid, or
dilute coal tar emulsion. After a week or two, change to sul-
phate of zinc, Give a tonic of iron and alcohol,
D2 THEORY AND PRACTICE
NYMPHOMANIA.
This is a condition where the mare is always in heat. The
clitoris is in a state of chronic congestion. Excess of passion in
the male is called satyriasis, but the disease is more common in
the human than among the lower animals. Females in this con-
dition are in heat all the time, but as a rule they do not breed.
The disease is more common in the cow than in other females
and it is due to luxurious living. Sometimes it may be caused
by cancer of the clitoris and in such cases it should be ampu-
tated. Males should be put to harder work and the hygiene at-
tended to. Females should be spayed.
IED SIMS.
Hysteria is an excessive nervous condition seen in females
only. The whole body is in a hyperesthetic condition. It usu-
ally comes on with the period of cestrum. The genital organs
are congested and in the attacks that follow the symptoms are
similar to those of tetanus. The spasms may throw the animal
off her feet and are manifested by kicking, biting, etc. The tem-
perature runs high, sometimes to 112° F. Try bleeding the ani-
mal. If this does not work give gelsemium and bromide of
potash. Give a purgative and keep the animal quiet.
LEUCORRHOEA.
Leucorrhoea, is a muco-purulent discharge from the vagina
and uterus. The discharge is whitish in color and in most cases
it is caused by a retained placenta. The mare is usually un-
thrifty, becomes thin in flesh, has a staring coat and a more or
less purulent discharge. The trouble may run on for years if
not arrested.
Wash out the uterus with half of one per cent of liquor
cresolis compositus U. S. P. once a day for a week, then twice
a week for a week or two. If ulceration is present treat the
sore places with pure boracic acid in the powdered state, and
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE,
bho
U1
WwW
keep this up for about two weeks. Give iron, arsenic and vege-
table bitters.
ONANISM.
The word “onanism” mean alone. It is masturbation on the
part of the animal.. The act becomes a habit and leads to gen-
eral debility. It produces softening of the brain and will eventu-
ally cause death. Horses are very subject to it and the habit
ruins young studs. The offspring of such an animal will be
weak and inferior. The horse should be watched and exercised.
Attend to the hygiene. Various mechanical appliances are used
to prevent the acts of self abuse, and when these fail castration
is the only remedy.
DISLASS +O Et ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE.
SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA.
Simple ophthalmia is inflammation of the conjunctiva. It is
usually the result of some foreign body being introduced into the
eye or the extension of. some inflammation through the lach-
rymal ducts in catarrh or glanders. It is often caused by facing
a cold wind in long drives or from caustic substances getting into
the eye.
The eyelids are more or less swollen and the extreme sensi-
tiveness of the eye causes the animal to keep the eyelids shut.
There is more or less pain and a copious discharge of tears.
The cornea becomes inflamed if the condition lasts long and it
becomes opaque.
Examine the eye for a foreign body and if found remove it.
This is best done with a pair of curved forceps holding the
curved side toward the eye so as not to injure it. Foreign bodies
become embedded in the mucous membrane, which closes around
them, so look carefully. You will recognize the presence of one
by the local swelling where the body is and you can often as it
were break down the mucous membrane and get at it by curret-
ting the most prominent point.
254 THEORY AND PRACTICE
After removing the object, treat with anodyne and mucilag-
inous substances. Common salt and distilled water are good
to allay the inflammation. Use one-half dram to the pint of
water. The white of an egg introduced into the eye is also
good—it lubricates the surface and relieves the irritation. Lin-
seed tea or a grain of linseed introduced into the eye is good.
In a very bad case keep the animal in the dark and apply cocaine
occasionally.
FUNGUS HAEMATOIDES.
This is a bleeding fungus. It is a medullary soft cancer often |
seen in cattle. It usually starts in small purplish spots on the
conjunctiva. It is malignant and spreads through the eye, often
working back to and through the bone. The putrefactive matter
of the ulceration causes cachexia and the animal may die from
the absorption of the products of cytolysis.
The only hope is to remove the growth in the early stage.
If the eye is involved remove it and cauterize. When the granu-
lations fill up the eye about one-half, use the white lotion to pre-
vent further growth. The animal should be sent to the abbatoir
on account of the liability of recurrence.
ENTROPIUM.
Entropium is the turning in of one eyelid or both. They
bring the eyelashes in contact with the eye and irritate it. The
cornea is more or less cloudy and there is a discharge of muco-
purulent matter from the eye, giving the animal a disagreeable
appearance.
The treatment is surgical and involves the removal of an
eliptical section from the eyelids, thus shortening them up. The
result of the operation as a rule is pleasing. The condition is
very common in dogs.
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 255
ECTROPIUM.
In this condition the eyelids are too short; they turn the
lashes out and expose the conjunctiva. This is not so painful as
in entropium, but it is unsightly.
In mild cases we may use astringents such as sulphate of zinc
(2 grains to the ounce), or a saturate solution of borax, or cold
tea. Apply the solution two or three times a day. If this fails
we sometimes sew the lids together the same as in dislocation of
the eye. We may be required to cut out an eliptical portion,
but this is rare. If the zinc lotion proves too weak, then in-
crease its strength to 5 grains to the ounce.
LEUCOMA.
Leucoma is an opaque cornea. The cornea is cloudy. This
condition may be produced by blows, which however, are not se-
vere enough to break the cornea, but which often produce a per-
manent cloudiness. The more dense and organized the exudate,
the more permanent will be the opacity; and the whiter it is, the.
more likely is it to be incurable. While it is blue (pale blue)
there is hope of recovery; but as it becomes white, the chance
diminishes. Sometimes there is a white patch on the cornea at
the point of injury. This will remain permanent, but if the
contusion is mild, the exudate will become absorbed. For local
treatment apply warm fomentations to the eye and give ano-
dynes. Later use local applications of saline or borated water.
Give stimulants. In three or four days change to distilled or
fluid extract of witch hazel—the distilled can be used clear, while
the extract should be diluted 75 per cent. Follow this with sul-
phate of zinc or silver nitrate—5 grains to the ounce. In old
cases use stronger solutions—say 10 grains to the ounce. Always
use distilled water when treating the eye.
ULCERATION OF THE CORNEA.
This is liable to occur in connection with any wound, but it
is often found in distemper in dogs. The eyelids become glued
256 THEORY AND PRACTICE
together and pus accumulates inside them and irritates the cor-
nea. The ulceration may occur in two or three places in the
cornea, and then the sores become confluent. Unless the lids
are softened and the pus let out, the cornea may be eaten
through and the aqueous humor escape.
Remove the cause; reduce the conjunctivitis andl touch the
ulcer lightly with later caustic once a day. In case the cornea
is not ruptured, granulations may form in patches on its surface
and these will be red as beefsteak. In such cases cauterize every
three days with lunar caustic. 5
INFECTIOUS KERATITIS OF: CATTLE.
Keratitis is inflammation of the cornea. It is a constitutional
disease and one especially peculiar to cattle. It is very common
and often runs through a whole herd. This would indicate that
we have to. deal with a specific germ but as yet none has been
found. The disease runs a regular course and it is usually be-
nign.
Semeiology—Tears runs down the cheek. The eyelids are
more or less swollen and the cornea is often ulcerated: Acute
cellulitis is also. present. . The cornea is opaque. Recovery may
take place in 4-12 days, but in some cases the cornea may be-
come ruptured, the aqueous humor escape and the eye becomes
destroyed,
Treatment.—Keep the patient in the dark. Apply warm fo-
mentations with salt water. Do not let the iris remain in one
position too long a time. Inject a little atropine to dilate the
pupil. and if it does not contract in a few days then use calabar
bean. After the inflammation has run its course use sulphate of
zine lotion. Give laxatives and soft food.
TUL AUREU, (OXVCIUILAL,
The filaria is a little thread-like worm which is sometimes
found in the anterior chamber of the eye. This is especially
seen in Canada. It is not known how the parasite gets into the
eye, but- probably through smaller worms which develop in the
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 257
blood. The worm is 14-1 inch long and is as slender as 60 cotton
thread. Sometimes it lies quietly and sometimes it flashes about
in the humor. This movement stimulates the glands to secrete
more humor and the eye bulges out, causing great distress.
Treatment.—In case of the horse, lay the animal on his back,
turn the head on the poll and fasten the upper eyelid back with
a few stitches. Do not use a speculum to hold the lids in place.
First apply a little cocaine; some use chloroform, but I do not
think that this is necessary. With an ordinary scalpel cut into
the cornea on the upper side of the eye. Make an incision about
an eighth of an inch long and then press out the humor. The
parasite will usually come out with the humor, but if not, press
it out. You may have to take it out with a pair of forceps.
This operation is called the Sclero-corneal operation. The wound
will heal by first intention, the humor will be renewed and the
eye will be all right in a few days. Never make the incision on
the lower side of the eye, else the humor will run out as fast as
secreted and form a fistula. Before operating pass the blade of
the scalpel through a flame to insure that it is sterile.
AMAUROSIS.
This condition is paralysis of the optic nerve. It is some-
times called Gutta Serena or Glass Eye. The eye is insensible
and there is total blindness. It is common in people and horses
and rare in cattle and dogs. The causes of the affection con-
sist of tumors and other diseases of the brain implicating the
optic nerve. Injury to the nerve between the brain and the eye
and inflammation of the roots and also the endings of the nerve
or undue pressure upon the same from inflammatory effusion are
etiological factors. Optic palsy may also occur from an over-
loaded stomach, from a profuse hemorrhage, and even from pres-
sure of the gravid womb in gestation.
Semeiology.—Wide dilatation of the pupis is a marked symp-
tom. The whole interior of the eyeball is exposed and the ex-
pansion remains the same in light and darkness. The horse does
not swerve when a feint to strike 1s made unless the hand causes
a current of air to come against the face. The ears are held
258 THEORY AND PRACTICE
erect and turn quickly at any noise. The animal steps high to
avoid stumbling.
Treatment.—Treatment is only useful when the disease is
symptomatic of some removable cause, such for instance as con-
gested brain, an overloaded stomach or gravid womb. When re-
covery does not follow the termination of these conditions, ap-
ply a blister behind the ear and give dram doses of nux vomica
three times daily.
DETACHMENT: OF TEMS Ria inca:
This occurs in case of hemorrhage between the chorid and
the retina. It produces a loss of functional activity of the retina
and may run into amaurosis. The cause of this condition may
be a severe blow on the head, a fit of coughing, or rapid, ex-
cessive hemorrhage. It is common in people and horses and dogs
but is never seen in cattle. It frequently occurs in horses in con-
nection with castration, cuts from barbed wire fences, etc. This
affection can sometimes be cured; amaurosis seldom.
In treating such cases give tincture of iron and nux vomica
internally. Inject a few drops of witch hazel (distilled extract)
irito the eye three times a day.
STAPHYLOMA.
This consists of a bulging forward of the cornea at a given
point by the sacular yielding and distention of its coats. The
tumor may be transparent or opaque. The disease is common
in the human and dogs but rare in horses and cattle. In the
transparent form the tumor is bulging, distended and cyst-like;
but in the opaque the tumor is thick and is formed like a grape.
The bulging kind is more common and it grows larger than the
solid tumor.
If the bulging kind is detected soon enough, puncture it and
liberate some of the aqueous humor. This may save the eye.
If the condition becomes chronic and a thickened mass is found
on the outside of the cornea, it must be removed. This operation
destroys the sight and the cornea cannot be replaced. A glass
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 259
or rubber eye can be inserted for the sake of appearance. The
wound should heal with little difficulty. Be sure that the instru-
ments are sterile before operating.
PERIODIC OPHTHALMIA.
Other names for this condition are Specific Ophthalmia, Re-
current Ophthalmia or Moonblindness. It is an inflammatory af-
fection of the interior of the eye, intimately related to certain
soils, climates and systems, showing a strong tendency to recur
again and again, and usually ending in blindness from cataract
or other serious injury. It is peculiar to the horse.
Semeiology——tThe local symptoms are in the main those of
external ophthalmia, with, in many cases an increased hardness
of the eyeball from effusion into its cavity. The contracted pupil
does not contract much in darkness nor even under the action of
belladonna. The opacity advances from the margin of the cor-
nea over its whole surface. So long as it is transparent
there can be seen a turbid aqueous humor. This may or may
not contain floculi. The dingy iris is robbed of its clear black
aspect, the lens is cloudy and there is a greenish yellow reflec-
tion from the interior of the eye. From the fifth to the seventh
day there is a floculent precipitate which forms in the lower
part of the anterior chamber, exposing more clearly the iris and
the leas and absoption commences. The eye will clear up in
10 or 15 days.
The striking characteristic of the disease, however, is its re-
currence again and again until blindness results. The attacks
may follow each other at intervals of a month, more or less, but
they show no relation to any particular phase of the moon as the
name “moonblindness” would lead one to think. The attacks
are rather determined by the weather, the health or the food, or
some periodicity of the system. From five to seven attacks
usually result in blindness in one eye and then the other runs
through the same course. In the intervals between the attacks
some symptoms remain which usually betray the condition.
Even after the first attacks there can usually be seen a bluish
ring around the margin of the cornea. The affected eye seems
260 THEORY AND PRACTICE
smaller than the other, at first from retraction in its socket and
later from atrophy. The upper eyelid will have an abrupt bend
toward its inner angle from the contraction of the levator muscle.
The front of the eye has lost its lustre and the depths are green-
ish yellow. The ears are alert to compensate for the waning
vision.
There is no doubt that some specific germ is responsible for
periodic ophthalmia, but it has not been demonstrated. The
periodicity of the disease is probably due to the manner of de-
velopment of the micro-organism, whatever it 1s, whose genera-
tions die out from lack of food in the anterior chamber of the
eye and the symptoms subside until the spores develop into viru-
lent organisms again.
Etiology.—The causes may be iadonena attributed to
the soil. Damp clays, marshes and bottoms which have fre-
quently been overflowed are potent causative factors. The damp
air and wet climate react upon the animal to produce a lym-
phatic constitution with an excess of connective tissue, bones and
muscle of coarse, open texture, thick skins and gummy legs with
profuse long hair. The rank fodders grown on such soils are
other causes. Foods act by leading to constipation and under-
mining the constitution of the animal, giving it a predisposition
to any infection. The period of denition and training is a
fertile exciting cause. The great majority of victims are from
2-6 years old. If a horse escapes the infection until after he
is six years old, he will probably never get it. The irritation
about the head during the eruption of teeth, the unwonted bridle
and collar, the stimulating grain diet and the close air. of the
stable all combine to arouse the latent tendency of the disease
in the eye. No one of these conditions would cause the attack,
but all together have great bearing as predisposing factors at
least. It has been alleged that the specific factor is a germ
which is harbored in the marshy district, but it has never been
found.
Heredity is accepted by horsemen as a most potent factor,—
ene so strong that intelligent horsemen everywhere refuse to
breed from either horse or mare that has once suffered from re-
current ophthalmia. The French Government even refuses ser-
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 261
vice to any mare that has once suffered with her eyes. A consid-
eration of the future of our horses would demand the disuse of
all sires that are unlicensed and the refusal of a license to any
sire that has suffered from periodic ophthalmia or any other com-
municable disease.
Treatment.—Treatment is not satisfactory, but the same
measures as are useful in external ophthalmia he!p some in the
periodic form. The affection should be treated with purgatives,
followed by diuretics and cold applications to the eye. To cause
dilatation of the pupil inject a solution of atropin (24 grains to
the ounce) three or four times a day. If the pupil does not con-
tract after a few days, then use calabar bean. Give soft food,
keep the animal in a cool place and let him rest. This will ward
off the opacity for a time. During the convalescence iodide of
potash will help to absorb the deposits, but the animal will go
blind in time. Some doctors say that surgical treatment is the
right thing and recommend tapping the eye with a fine-bladed
knife and squeezing out twenty-five per cent of the aqueous hu-.
mor. This, at least, would relieve the intraorbital pressure.|
Following the operation give a dram of iodide of potash three
times a day for a month or six weeks.
The prevention of the disease is the great object to be aimed
at and this demands. the most careful breeding, feeding and
housing. The animals should be placed in a high and dry loca-
tion and kept off the lowlands. The improvement of the land by
drainage and cultivation, however, should be the final aim.
SUN STROKE, INSOLATION, COUP DE SOLEIL, THER-'
MIC FEVER HEAT STROKE, COUP DE CHALEUR,
HITZSCHLAG, SONNENSTICH, ICTUS SOLIS,
HEAT PROSTRATION, SIRIASIS, OVER-
HEATING. |
Defimtion—Under these various names the diseased condi-
tion, in which an excessively high temperature, nervous prostra-
tion, insensibility, coma and death are the prominent features, |
occurs.
262 THEORY AND PRACTICE
Nature.—It is an auto-intoxication with fatigue toxines and
toxic decomposition products due to overwork in hot weather.
The heat of warm blooded animals is produced by chemic
metabolism, and is regulated by the thermal center in the medulla
oblongata. The natural channels through which heat is lost
are, according to Helmholtz, 214% by the solid and fluid egesta,
5%% by warming inspired air, 1434% by evaporation of the
water carried out by the expired air, and 7714% by radiation.
Alexander Lambert gives the normal loss of animal heat as
follows: 2.6% by warming food and drink, 2.6% by warming in-
spired air, 14.7% by evaporation and 80.1% by radiation. These
losses are affected by meteorological conditions. In very hot
weather the loss caused by warming the food, drink and inspired
air is almost nil, and in hot, humid weather, with low baromet-
ric pressure, especially if there is no breeze, evaporation and
radiation are reduced to a minimum. When the barometer is
high the neve tonus is good, the animal feels well and evapora-
tion keeps pace with the perspiration. Then there are no sun-
strokes, but when the barometer is low, the weather hot and
humid, the animal feels languid, perspiration is profuse, and
evaporation is nil sunstrokes are common. Consequently sun-
strokes are common on the Atlantic coast, in the region of the
great lakes and in tropical climates, but in the Northwestern
States they are rare.
Etiology.—A condition of cerebral hyperaemia may come on
from excessively active exercise in hot weather, attended by
convulsions, syncope, coma and death. This is most often seen
in dogs.
In the horse the predisposing causes are old age, overwork
or indigestion. The exciting causes are hard work in hot, humid
weather with low barometer, insufficient water supply over-
heating in horses working between other horses in three horse —
teams or gangs.
Symptomuatology.—At first there is profuse perspiration, then
the horse begins to pant and the sweat dries up; he now begins
to stagger, becomes insensible, goes down, is unable to rise, soon
becomes comatose, the surface of the body is dry and hot, the
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 263
temperature is 109° to 112° F., the mucous membranes get livid,
the pulse rapid and weak, the respirations at first are rapid, and
as coma develops they get slower and finally stertorous. Death
in bad cases follows in half an hour to four or five hours.
Prognosis—With a temperature of 109° a horse will usually
recover if he receives prompt and proper treatment. 110° or
higher will usually prove fatal, unless the treatment is very
prompt and the horse is strong.
Special Pathology—There is a condition of anhydrzmia.
The blood is thick, slightly if any coagulated, nearly black, with
extensive destruction of red corpuscles. The lungs are con-
gested, the rjght side of the heart is nearly empty, the left side
is full of black nearly fluid blood, the brain is congested and the
chromophylic plagues or Nissl’s bodies are broken up, the liver
and kidneys are congested, and the spleen is somewhat enlarged.
Sequelae.—Supersensitiveness to heat that lasts the balance
of the season, and sometimes for ever after. This is manifested
by panting on slight exertion in hot weather, and staggering from
slight cerebral congestion. Some cases become dummies.
Treatment.—Get the patient into the shade as soon as pos-
sible, if he is not comatose. Give him a half pint of whisky
in as much water or an ounce of aromatic spirits of ammonia in
half a pint of cold water. Give a grain of strychnia hypodermat-
ically, and a dose of nitroglycerine if necessary; dram doses of
acetanilid will assist in reducing the temperature which must be
brought about promptly. To aid in doing this put sacks of ice
on the head and neck, and spray the body with cold water by
pinching the end of a hose pointed upwards so as to let the water
come down on to him like rain. Take his temperature every
fifteen minutes and stop the spraying when it is reduced to 103’.
If kept up longer it is apt to fall below the normal. In addition
to the above, if the initial temperature is 110° or higher, give
rectal injections of cold water with a fountain syringe. During
convalescence give nux, aromatic spirits of ammonia, gentian,
light diet and long rest.
Prevention.—When horses come in from work hot, sponge
them over with cold water and let them dry. Give internally
264 ‘ THEORY AND PRACTICE
aromatic spirits of ammonia and nux and tie the horses outside
in the open air. Do not put them into the stable nor feed them
till they are well cooled out: During this time give them cold
water to drink in small quantities and often. If treated in this.
way they will be ready for work the next day, but if not they will
go out tired next morning and probably collapse before night.
When a horse begins to pant collapse is imminent, consequently
he should be driven into the shade, unharnessed, sponged off,
watered and, when able, driven home.
DEATH BY LIGHTNING.
Post Mortem findings in death from electricity.
First:—Rigor Mortis is always quick, second or third hour,
in ‘fifty minutes in one case.
Second :—Points of Penetration show more or less burns.
Points of exit show less burning than those of entrance.
Third :—If body is opened immediately the heart is lax, both
ventricles full and the auricles pulsating rhythmically. If Post
is delayed fifteen minutes or more the left ventricle is sometimes
found empty and firmly contracted.
Fourth :—The arteries are contracted to the limit, the blood
being forced into the large veins of the trunk and head.
Fifth :—Viscera engorged.
Sixth :—Nervous system presents no change either macrosco-
pical or microscopical. Molecular changes are supposed to occur -
but not proven. Brain is sometimes seen with gross destruction
of peripheral cortex with intracranial hemorrhage.
Cause of Death.—Paralysis of the heart in ventricular tre-
mulation in case of a low pressure current (syncope), and in-
hibition of the respiratory center in high pressure current
(asphyxia). :
Treatment.—Artificial respiration and Faradic current to the
precordium, diaphragm and epigastric region. Also bromides
and strychnine. ;
INDEX.
PAGE : PAGE
Abdominal Glands-Diseases Bastarg) Stran@ies near. 170
spate slacethianeceausonce Caen tr tke LAS CMB eaiipee see oeice cree nates eyo Le
iwcese: Sub-Periosteal ..... 229h Big Hea AAS tess eet cs 231
Abscess-Post Pharyngeal... 55 Bile-Reabsorption of........ 150
Active Congestion ......:.. 21-22 -Suppression of ...... 150
Acute Bronchitis: .. 5.0. <- . 57 Biliary Congestion of Liver. 147
PNCHECHMSAT CYS ates pee cerca 164 Bladder-Eversion of the..... 221
Acute Gastric-Impaction..... 109 SRA LWW Ol mene eter YA
Acute Indigestion ......... 106 e Blinds Staeeaers! )..4505. ae: 236
Acute Inflammatory Diseases 198 Blood-The ................. 15
Acute Parenchymatous Ne- Blood-Composition of the... 16
DHEIIS ACJ. itn eee a eee se 216. Blood: Diseases ........... 36-153
Acute Laryngitis .......... 49 Blood Vessels-Diseases of... 206
PGMESION” 0s. epee Se". teks s 20) Bloody; -Hhiux i255 ssteat sree 144
Agglutination Test ......... 168 “Urine = aiestss ase ree nlO4ahor,
Mialleus-Baceilus) <.- 225. -5.- 161
Massage of the Bowels...... LZ) -
Masturbation ..... 3S
Mechanical Engorgement so OY
NMeconitin-diy, 9: eee oe 120
Mesrims Sucsnccocneeeeecm ane 236
Meningitis-Cerebral ........ 230
Mensuration ..... ere RAO
Metastatic Rheumatism — EH ceases)
Micturntion-Proruse =... +o: Fle,
Malzbrand: 22 iernsee neces 155m
Moist Gangrene .....:-.m <: 24
Monday Morning Sickness.. 187
Moonblindness J. .2...5..%.. 259
Morbid Amatomy\ s..2sccaee 14
Motives: arian Cie Ses i aC 161
INDEX—Continued.
PAGE
Mountain Fever ............ 180
Mascle “tumors; )o8. sede eo
Muscular Rheumatism ...... 183
MRELITISH cesta atmo me aovac a cae 240
Mevocanditis’ H25 02 -imtan co) ate 203
MisOMAatar tis siccoeirsiets AP ole 223-228
IVE ORD = 5 «0 cl ABs cisco Dare «6 222
N
Nasal’ Gleet oc. loa 45
INTE S Cal isles tet ihe cla, cknceege 107
IIECRAGCTINIA hn. hs ohana ele 34
INIGCEOSISH a) cation ny Aa comers crete 25
Ole ONe wa. sas: ae ad)
Necrotic Laryngitis ......... 48
INEM RIP BOGIES: ccc: occ cca tte 159
Nematoda siticcs esc. k kes 128
IN EINGIETS Py ois) 2, lec) coe aac hs) egarere 215
Nervous System-Disease of. 236
Neuralgia ..... . 183-188
IN(GTUE OMIA fie ioe. ee ches eats 225
INetmROneata= 7 cc cee esis aie tere 223;
Nicolaier Bacillus ........... 2483
Noncontagious Pneumonia .. 73
Noname Disease ........... 180
Normal Respiration of Horse 37
INC@SONCEN mS GRo tec a mec 13-35
Nymphomania Se Says
O
Obesity of the Heart....... 205
Obstructions-Intestinal ..... 135
@Ocelasiony esos sic ak tse 60
eer ee oiapeversy'ss Save) vce scans 22
@edenia Glottidis, - 4.4.5... 48.
MesopMaewSiNUSl) 4 yates Gor ae 101
@esonhiaeitisy serectn te ts 100
Oesophagus-Ofganic Diseases
Ole ie isieusihalaieisios women ash seer Ae
@MAMISM ysicre see aes rs se 253
Opague Conneasensss 5. ex 200
Ophthalmia Periodic ....... 259
-Recurrent 259
“Simple? ci sescceucewre sees 253
ESPECHICH ycuae neni 259
Organic Diseases of the Oeso-
PUTAS IM Shacrererssusacs eens case als 104
Organs of Special Sense-Dis-
CASES LOL aa niresre cle tare sttt ss 253
MrSamization emis ctcl< cise. ss 30
@eHhOtanos, a. cacseinsa ees + 244
Ossium-Fragilitis .......... 233
OSterticueassiee ative sce tele rr 228
WStCOCIASES icnc< ces S's clei’ 235
269
PAGE
Osteosclerosis: sii; a2e ce 229
Osteonia ssh ee tee se es 223
@steomalaciateys se. ss sene 232
Osteomyelitis etme esac. 228
OSteopOrosise eas hiss ee 229
-Constitutional ....... 231
Ovaries-Dropsy of the...... 250
@Overheatingls ives ccec: 22.2. 261
Oxalunia ysis ds emg es 6s (Ailes)
Oxyuris. Curvulatyeom 5 oss 128
OZENB i enonrsdtsaay vores nat 45
P
Palatine Artery Hemorrhage 92
Ralpation:) cane ae 40
Pal pitatiOn) yacsawcwe wer kena 105
alll Sytemem tee cevcuin soso tseneitetels 241
Pancreas-Fatty Degeneration 153
Paracentesis Thoracis ...... 86
HaciallaSiaik cyanteis verretctteh akon ae 240
Gir CRORE “cindedecso0 6 54
PAPADINNTOGIS | Yodossoudosaca 250
Pamapleeiarmctws:.eh oe tenis eee or 241
Pane SiSnii ere pnteee eaters 240
Parotid Gland Inflammation. 95
PaArotiditise aan ea 95
TREIGIAP MLO cosaccocccangoc 124
IRathoOe@enesisumas ie aces ac 13
acho Senyiems vader rece acess 13-14
PathOlOocvamee en eeeicne ame 13
=(Greneca lirics ayers 13
IPETEUSEIOM cooccoccecceoorss 40
Penicagditis cee oe oor 198
Periodic Ophthalmia ....... 259
IRETIOStIEIS Wve erste nace miele eteesl ot 229
IPeritOnitish steeaceieeeten ae 143
Pernicious Anemia ......... 180
Petaechial Typhus:.......... 155
iIRPetechiaem eerie n erie act 23
ay Meese. eres actaeel 99 °
Ile bitiswmcnts cre cen terete eee 207
Phliyctena .................- 48
IPRS) Bo oludonvomcoscooue 250
Piles-Bleeding 139
PingaVWionins me eerie: 128
Plainsmearaby.cisie eer ae 180
PICEROTAt tle ae on eee 16
Pleural Adhesions .......... 85
IPIGURERY Ko acbodonoaocdoooKG 81
Pleuro-Pneumonia ......... 73
Pleuro-Pneumonia of Cattle. 77
iPa@breMomte “4508000000 08000C
Pneumonia-Contagious ..... 77
=[BYHGNEING) Gaccoaanudcc 57-73
-of Glanders-Interstitial 77
270 INDEX—Continued.
PAGE PAGE
Prievimothorax ic cierto Soo aivheumatism enya ee eee 182
-Record (Of a Caselof.c co) wo lNhuniitisy yee ee 42-47
Poly pivot thestleantneceseree 2067 Rackets tosemines sane er 233
IRolyaaniayenerer AUS Sava etllctd L121 Roarine vid aan mete men eee 42-52
Post Mortem Digestion..... LS) votzkcranikheit 1 ee eee 161
Post Pharyngeal Abscess... 25 Ruptureyof Heart.s.9. 9: 206
Pox-Simple and Malig- -of Intestinal Wall.... 140
AVAIN CS Tiaras ree acral OE 247-248 -of Stomach.......... 116
ProomOsis: sisi ates s 14
PROLOZOGMmia th eniscotice: See 153 S
IDA Mliguule Gabo mada de udn as oso. 96
Pulmonary Apoplexy ....... 69 Saccharomyces Farciminosus 189
=Congestion \i4....----. 69> Sales Stable Hevers- a 86
simpliysema eeneolee: 63) joalivanyCalculi seer 98
Pulsating Mime cee. 207 SBistula ene eee 97
Pulser nsec ee eee 17 Sancoma yee eee eee 222
SD MGONOS pooseoveos one 19 Satystasisy eer ccs. one eee 252
-Frequent and _ Infre- Scarlatina EtoOO ho Osw ome coo ud 179
Guenter eee 1S) (Seiaticd: ee einer eee ee 183-184
-Hard and Soft....... 19> |Scirrhousy Conde ee eee 227
-Intermittent ......... 19> s ScitrhouseCancenlmnme eee 223
“Irregulan@. ees ee 19) 2isclerosispon thes Corde saseen. 242
-Large and Small .... 18 Sclerostoma Equinum....... 27
-Quick and Slow...... 18) 5 Scouring eae se ee 127
VENOMS | Ssa50005000 5¢ 19 Semeiology ..... eEbooseroos 13
Purpura Hemorrhagica ..... 177. Septic Lymphangitis ....... 190
Pustule-Malignant .......... 156 > Sequestrum: {eee ce 230
itridubie vers eaten 155 Shakes ............--. 0.00 187
Pyogenic even .. ae sete 170° Shipping "ever ¥ <2: see Hef
Shivers. cdesiaia ea siemens 246
Q Shotvot=Greases nesses rts 187
Se 54 Sibilantesounds mae eee 59
LOAN = Gaps Satin cose er oc ont Ginple Pox Gots ee 247
R Singulltuise coer eee 195
SintasiGe> cia ee ee eee ee 261
Rabresi ie Soaeaenn wae 158 > Sithasity ae eee eee 25
Rachitis osc. ieiaeeeee 233 > |SMCEZIN Gr Remon eee: 42
Ralesind saved oman A2 > (SnOringeane casein cee eee 42
Ramla suse scissors 224-5 Sonnenstichy ea) spear ee 261
Rational Treatment of Dis- Sore? @hroatiye csc cd oe 48
egse nim iGeneral eoeee ee 30) SSpasmodicn Colic ates 129
Rational Treatment of Fever 37 Specific Ophthalmia ........ 209
Rectum-Eversion of the..... 137-2 Sphacelation eerie 48
-Tenesmus of ........ 144° Spleen sicher eas ce cee 1522
Recurrent Ophthalmia ...... 259 Splenic Fever ..... a esa 155
Renal Calculisim- sence crs 217 *Staecers-Stomach! soe eene 109
-Congestion .......... 214) )Staphivlomaenee cose seas ee 258
Reproductive System Sthenic Syncope, ea... 200. 31
-Diseases of the....... 247 Stomach-Diseases of ........ 105
Respiratory Diseases ....... 41 -Engorgement ....... 106
Results of Active Congestion 24 SReiptinen Ol yn ceicac 116
Retina-Detachment of the... 258 =Staegpersvucdsic oe 109
Rhabdomyomame cee ores 2282 SEOMALIEISE s eeneaek eae 93
Rhexis-Hemorrhage by ..... 142 Stomatitis Pustulosa Conta-
Rheumaticohevien oem a-eeae 182 GlOSAG aan ee 94-155
INDEx—Continued. 271
PAGE PAGE
SEraisstestiyesh sewer. seine 167. Tympanitis of the Rumen... 102
SEmIOtel ects ceria es stays eles 136 Typhoid Fever ..........144-180
Straneles pci nineniecsic cme es 170
Stranevinya cs sce is Ca@nEDbOUBe: 220 U
Strongylus Armatus ~....... 127 Uleeration of the Cornea... 255
Subacute Indigestion ....... 106 Ulcerative Lymphangitis ... 186
Subacute Rhinitis .......... 45 Unknown Disease-she ..... 180
SGCCHSSIOMy Scenes kG we sree . 4, Unthriftiness .......-...-.. 111
Set LOL ead ey een 261 Uraemia ................... 193
Superpurgation ............ 125 Urethritis ............... 221-249
Suppiicati Oren Mose 59 Urinary System-Diseases of. 208
SURE, ac eee Oona ne 174 Urine-Bloody ..........-++ 211
Suave INGE? “epee oor oes 175-180 -Incontinence ........ 220
Symptomatology .....-2... 13-14 “Sugar im ..........0. 213
SirnSCNSe We coe a Uae One see 198 __ “Suppression of the... 219
SINR Mince aa sees 31 Uterine Haemorrhage ...... 198
SStMemicmryaee commners ae 31
Syphilis Equine .<....2-00:- 248 Vi
T WialCcinabtaatace mcce nee 154
WESSMENHIOY. “Soiggoonaueoceane 154
PeabeswMorsalisie eee. rtir 1. ZAZe eNialviilaty Disease) eis car. cr 202
Aeloy vials Geloo one ocuecuonino od TSS MeNialyUliticme ne ees eae 200
Meeth-bearing Cysts <-....-- Wa SCOR WEBS Shon 605 00808e 208
licmperatune| se... acca) ZOE ATO late tanh eae sotto 154
UGRISSONUS Oo 20 anicace acodder PRI fa Nip eb eo pie acre ies etree OES eae 208
Orr [RYO (be.6 cae ceine 144 Veins-Inflammation of...... 207
MeraAtomlata ieee aialis cet 223 A ilatedum wicca: as cls 208
ARSE NTKLIQ™ ais A aie osm noe 243 SWARICOR®. oosuseeogono 208
CNETNEWS ooo bacobooser lA Nienous me ulse. aaeconmsce cs 19
Thermic Fever ............. 261 Warmanone (GS scoconcuosos 128
Thirst-Excessive —........... Ie Verelo Ours eins ace eerie 236
ihiroat- Diseases Of a... .4-- OOMEN Gly lusmer ersten years cnet: 136
pianalysis WOL ater rr DAS WiOiIMtIOMe Milne a aes nis 105-116
MNTOMDOSISH cea c vee ste ee 26-207
Mhruish= Babys) Viswece cee 93 Ww
pein pst eters ctvirske nts ca ence ors i95
MOmtMCOLliGt wy vee s 2 oc es oe we SSR UNViee dine rie oe as Kee serbon eee 187
Mirachieotommy a) av. sels cn. ye ILE S AINIEVALTIS! ioe ols Sis Boa 6 ban 42-52-69
PUTAS TITUS! Nestle icseeie eons ae AAS Vistlings so eess.cns de a4. 42-02
(ity panosomayequiperdum) .- 248 Wind ‘Galls 5........%...... 225
Trypanosoma Evansi ....... 7? Wirral “Syoie iraes Wo Seg omco od oo 115
AREypPanOsOmiasis: s.adsac-. « 175 Womb-Dropsy of the....... 251
Mabulare Be reatwine esas (Die aNVOOlsonteris) DiSCASe ia...) a« 155
unlor-eulsatinigs © oso os AW) WNiokans Thi (Cokes sob Ge enon ese 128
Simos OL the sEleart.+2 3: 206 S/N HOTNG! Rd EES OOO BodKc 129
MUTTON it anise een lace 5 6 221 “Common lei. - =< 129
evr panitis assis ees ce ese «6 132 =aree ROUNG) .. a... 129
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