THE LIBRARY

OF

THE

UNIVERSITY
CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES

OF

•

FUR, FEATHER, & FIN SERIES

edited l>y
ALFRED E. T. WATSON

THE SALMON

/2_,

THE SALM

N

BY 1IIK

HON. A. E. GATHORNE-HARDY

\VI I H CIIAI'TKKS ON

THE LAW OF SALMOX-FISIIING
BY CLAUD 1)OU(;LAS PENXAXT

COOKERY
BY ALEXANDER IXXES SHAXD

ILLUSTRATED BY DOUGLAS ADAMS AND CHARLES WHYMPER

L O N G M A N S, G R E E N, A N L> C I ».

39 I' AT MR NUSTI-. K ROW, LONDON

NK\V \okK AND liO.MBAY

1898

PREFATORY NOTE

I WISH to express my sincere thanks to the
Marquis of Lansdowne, Lord Kilcoursie, the
Bishop of Bristol, Sir Walter Phillimore, Sir
John Fowler, Mr. Arthur Fowler, Mr. Henry
Graham, Mr. A. M. Naylor, Mr. Craven, Mr.
Henry Ffennell, and others, for information
kindly supplied, and for permission to make
use of their communications.

ALFRED E. GATHORNE-HARDY

CONTENTS

CHAF. PAGE

I. NATURAL HISTORY ...... i

II. Er.os FOR GRANDMOTHERS . . . • • 33

III. TACKLE AND EQUIPMENT . . . . -53

IV. BOAT FISHING . . . . . 68
V. SMALL HIGHLAND STREAMS . . . .96

VI. SOME FISHING RECORDS . . . . . no

VII. THREE FISHERS, AND SOME BIG FISH . .131

VIII. POACHING ........ 157

IX. PlSCATOR AND VENATOR I JO

X. THE COOKERY OK THE SALMON. BY ALEX.

INNES SHAND 190

XI. THE LAW AS TO SALMON-FISHING. BY CLAUD

DOUGLAS PENNANT . 222

ILLUSTRATIONS

4 SLOWLY TO\VED TOWARDS THE GAFF' . Frontispiece

'"WADING UM;ER DIFFICULTIES'. . . To face p. 56

' llARLINC' ON THE TAY .... ,, 7O

A CiAI.E ON THE LOCH, THE C'RAX.Y OAR

SNAITED ., 92

Bi<; DAY ON THE GRIMERSTA . . . ,, 112

A NICHI WITH A SALMON .... ,, 142

POACH i N(; ....... ,, 162

' A Bi. \NK DAY ' ,, 176

THE SALMON

CHAPTER I

NATURAL HISTORY

'THKRK is a river in Macedon,' says Fluellen in
' Henry V.,' ' and there is, moreover, a river in Mon-
mouth : it is called \Yye at Monmouth, but it is out
of my prains what is the name of the other river : hut
'tis all one, and there is salmons in hoth.' I had
intended to introduce this ([notation as a proof that
Shakespeare, or rather Kluellen, did not know every-
thing, hut, curiously enough, the very first page of that
mine of information Day's ' Salmonidre of Great
Britain and Ireland ' mentions that .Klian, who
flourished about 180 A.D., alludes to a spotted fish in
Macedonia that in his days was captured by means
of an artificial fly, the mode of manufacturing which
he details Probably, however, this fish was a trout,

i?

2 7 'HE SALMON

and although Day reports a stray salmon captured
off the coast of Malta, the normal distribution of the
species is confined to the Arctic and temperate
portions of the northern hemisphere, between latitudes

45D and 75°-

It is not my purpose to deal more than very
generally with the natural history of this king of
fishes. An exhaustive and scientific work would
require far more space than a single chapter of a
short treatise — and, I may add, far greater know-
ledge and research than 1 could bring to the subject.
My qualifications for the task I have undertaken, are
derived from a practical acquaintance with the
salmon in Norway, where I caught my first salmon in
1865 ; in Scotland, where I have spent most of my
autumns for thirty years : and to a more limited
extent in England, Ireland, and Wales : many of the
happiest hours of my life have been spent by salmon
rivers, ini/itavi non sine gloria, and if I cannot
boast such a fishing library as the late Alfred
Denison, who collected 2,707 volumes on the subject,
it has also been a pleasure to me to read a good deal
of the literature of the disciples of Izaak Walton.
Next to catching a monster myself, there is nothing
that delights me more than to read of the success of
others, and an armchair and a cigar with Scrope or

NATURAL HISTORY 3

Bromley I )avenport is a delightful finish to a day's
sport. If the supply of fishing books is large, so also
is the demand ; and if I succeed in awaking pleasant
recollections in the minds of experts, and exciting
the tiro to higher ambitions, my aim will be accom-
plished.

British migratory salmonidae may for all practical
purposes be confined to three species : — the salmon,
the bull-trout, and the sea-trout. These three
vary greatly in different localities, in shape, appear-
ance, and size, and other characteristics, and many
naturalists subdivide the genus differently into from
two to seven species. Uay enumerates eighteen
different authorities, ranging over two centuries, from
Willoughby's ' Historia Piscium,' 1686, to Dr.
Gunther's 'Catalogue of Fishesin the British Museum,'
in 1866, no two of whom arrive at precisely identical
conclusions ; however, it matters little to the fisher-
man whether peel and grilse, sewin and sea-trout,
finnock and herling are local varieties, distinct
species, or different names for the same fish. They
are all at certain periods anadromous — that is to say,
they run up rivers to breed and spawn in the late
autumn in redds or beds in the gravel, their young,
the parr, return later to the sea after acquiring the
silvery appearance under which they bear the name of

4 THE SALMON

smolts or samlets, and come hack again enormously
increased in si/e to the same rivers which they left in
their infancy.

The able author of the Badminton volume on
fishing writes of the great progress of our knowledge
on the subject during the last two decades. No
doubt some problems have been solved by experi-
ment and observation, but I incline to rather a
modest view of the advance made, and to dwell upon
the difficulties still unsolved, rather than upon the
additions made to our stock of positive information.
Let me take old Izaak Walton's ' Complete Angler,'
published in 1653, to see what was known at that
time by that not very accurate compiler and observer,
premising that most of his information was what
lawyers would call ' hearsay ' only, and that it is not
certain that he ever saw a live salmon in his life. It
is true that he makes a casual allusion to having
caught them ; but he gives no account of his
adventures with them ; and they did not haunt his
usual hunting grounds.

' The salmon is accounted the king of freshwater
fish, and is ever bred in rivers relating to the sea.
He is said to breed or cast his spawn in most rivers
/;/ the month of August > some say that then they dig a
hole or grave in a safe place in the gravel, and then

NATURAL HISTORY 5

place their eggs or spawn after the melter has done his
natural office, and then hide it most cunningly and cover
it over with gravel and stones, and then leave it to
their Creator's protection, who by a gentle heat which
he infuses into that cold element makes it brood and
beget life in the spawn, and to become samlets early
in the spring next following.'

In this passage the inaccuracies and mistakes are
not very great. The salmon, of course, does not
spawn in the month of August, but from October to
January, or even later. The hen fish does not
deposit her spawn ' after the melter has done his
office,' but the two fish go to the spawning beds
together, where the redd is constructed, and the male
sheds his melt on the eggs and fecundates them after
they are deposited by the female. The process of
making the redd and spawning usually takes from
eight to twelve days ; but is more hurried when the
salmon have been prevented from ascending the river
until late by want of floods, or other causes. The
male fish fight for the possession of the female almost
as stags do for their hinds. It is still a debated ques-
tion whether the redd or trough is made by the male
or female fish, but the better opinion seems to be
that it is mainly the work of the latter. It certainly
cannot be the case that the peculiar hook or beak

6 THE SALMON

that grows upon the male salmon at this period is
used for making the redd. Its position on the lower
jaw of the fish with its immovable neck would render
such a use impossible. It is more probable that, as
has also been suggested, it is provided as an offensive
weapon for fighting like the horns of the stag. The
eggs are ' hidden most cunningly and covered with
gravel ' to some feet in depth — and the young fish is
born after a period varying from 80 to 114 days, or
even longer, according to the temperature of the
water.

The young fish of course in its early stage of exist-
ence is a parr, and not, as Walton says, a samlet or
smolt. This was really settled decisively as long
ago, at any rate, as 1824 by the experiments detailed
by Scrope in his ' Days and Nights of Salmon Fishing."
It is as well to be on sound ground for once, and I
hardly think this point can be contested by any
naturalist or sportsman of ordinary observation
and candour ; but even recently I have heard it
questioned or denied. This, however, only proves
the vitality of error : there are still people who per-
sist in believing the Claimant to be Sir Roger Tich-
borne, in spite of overwhelming evidence to the con-
trary and his own confession, and I have known
keepers who would go to the stake for the faith that

NATURAL HIS 'WRY 7

is in them that cuckoos turn into sparrow-hawks in the
winter, that the hairs of cows' tails are transformed
into eels, and other and even stranger delusions.

Izaak Walton goes on : ' The salmon having
spent their appointed time and done their natural
duty in the fresh waters, they then haste to the sea
before winter, both the melter and spawner ; but if they
be stopped by floodgates and weirs, or lost in the
fresh waters, then those left behind grow sick and
lean and unseasonable, and kipper, that is to say,
have bony gristles grow out of their lower chaps,
not unlike a hawk's beak, which hinders their
feeding ; and in time such fish so left behind pine
away and die. 'Tis observed that he may live thus
one year from the sea ; but he then grows insipid
and tasteless, and loses both his blood and strength,
and pines and dies the second year. And 'tis noted
that those little salmon called skeggers which abound
in many rivers relating to the sea are bred by such
sick salmons that might not go to the sea. and that,
though they abound, yet they never thrive to any
considerable bigness.'

This paragraph is, of course, extremely inaccurate.
Salmon certainly do not go back to the sea before
the winter, merely leaving behind those unfortunate
companions who are stopped on their return by

S THE SALMON

floodgates and weirs, or ' lost in the fresh waters ' !
The bony gristle not unlike a hawk's beak is not a
mark of siekness common to both sexes, but the
ordinary and annual adornment of the male, and
does not ' hinder his feeding,' if indeed he feeds at
all to speak of in fresh water ; and ' skeggers ' — if by
this word Walton means to designate samlets — are
young salmon in their silvery or smolt stage, and
not exclusively or at all the offspring of salmon
which do not go to the sea. I am inclined to
think from the context that the author means to
include sea-trout with smolts under the general
designation of skeggers, as he makes no allusion to
them as a separate species. In the only other refer-
ence to skegger in his work, he is, however, un-
doubtedly referring to smolts : ' In divers rivers, es-
pecially that relate to or be near the sea, as Win-
chester or the Thames about Windsor, there is a little
trout called a samlet or skegger trout, in both which
places I have caught twenty or forty at a standing,
that will bite as fast and freely as minnows : these be
In some taken to be young salmons, but in those
waters they never grow to be bigger than a herring.'

The bony hook which grows on the salmon's lower
jaw is still a pu/,/le to the student. Walton says that
'if the old salmon gets to the sea, then that gristle

NATURAL HISTORY 9

which shows him to be kipper, wears away, or is cast
off as the eagle is said to cast his bill, and he recovers
his strength and comes next summer to the same
river.' This is, after all, a fairly accurate statement,
and although the hook, which is formed of connective
tissue, is absorbed and cannot be shed, much later
observers than the father of angling make mistakes
upon this point. A writer in the 'Field' in 1884,
quoted by Day in a note, states, that ' when the fish has
reached a certain stage in the kelt state, the hook
gradually loosens at what seems, on examination, to
be a kind of joint just where the point of the nose
should be in the fish ; a slight tap when it has arrived
at this stage, or slight pressure on the gravel will dis-
lodge it.' Although this excrescence is usually dis-
tinctive of the male, small knobs frequently, and large
ones occasionally, are found even in gravid females. It
is still a moot point whether salmon breed annually,
or every second or third year — opinions differ —
and no definite conclusion can safely be arrived at.

To revert to our author, he next quaintly observes
that the salmon, having recovered his strength, comes
next summer to the same river, if it be possible, to
enjoy the former pleasures that there possessed him :
' for, as one has wittily observed, he has- like some
persons of honour and riches, which have both their

io 7^HE SALMON

winter and summer houses— the fresh rivers for
summer and the salt water for winter, to spend his life
in ; which is not, as Sir Francis Bacon hath observed
in his " History of Life and Death," above ten years.
And it is to be observed that though salmon do
grow big in the sea, " yet he does not grow fat but in fresh
rivers, and it is to be observed that the farther they get
from the sea they be both the fatter and better." ' This
last statement is indeed a staggerer, and the exact
reverse of the truth. Salmon come up fat from the
salt water, and subsist mainly in the rivers upon the
fat they have accumulated in the sea, where food was
abundant. It has been frequently contended that
they do not feed at all in fresh water, and a recent
author states dogmatically that it is impossible that
they could feed in the rivers, as if they did they
would destroy everything in them. This seems to
me to be an extravagant proposition. It is possible
to feed without making it the main business of life ;
and it would seem that grilse and salmon, during
their fresh-water stage of existence, 'take the goods
that God provides them,' without going out of their
way to search for nourishment. Their digestive
organs dwindle and shrink ; but food is frequently
found in their lower intestines. Setting aside, for the
moment, the well- authenticated instances of food

NATURAL HISTORY u

being discovered in the stomachs of salmon taken in
fresh water, I should have thought that the experience
of the angler was conclusive on this subject ; granting
that some other cause than the gratification of the
appetite may be assigned for Salnw salads predilection
for a ' Jock Scott ' or a ' Blue Doctor,' as to which I
have something to say later on, surely the fact that he is
often caught with worms, minnows, dace, prawns and
such natural baits, is proof positive that he is not averse
to an occasional relish when in his fresh-water
habitation. Some go so far as to advocate the
destruction of kelts on the ground of the mischief
their ravenous appetites do to the young fry, and
although 1 have no desire to keep or eat anything so
nasty, I doubt if much advantage results from rod
fishers being compelled to put them back.

Walton next states quite correctly that ' though
they make very hard shift to get out of fresh water
into the sea, yet they make harder shifts to get out of
the salt into the fresh waters to spawn or possess the
pleasures that they have formerly found in them.'
He describes how they force themselves over flood-
gates, weirs, or stops in the water, to a height above
common belief, and (motes (lunn as speaking of such
places as 'being above eight feet high above water.'
This estimate of eight feet as the extreme height of a

iz THE SALMON

salmon's direct leap is not, I think, far from the mark.
Scrope, whose opportunities of observation were very
great, combats Yarrell's account of their power of
leaping ten or twelve feet perpendicularly, saying that
he has never seen a salmon spring out of the water
more than five feet perpendicularly. He mentions
having measured the fall of the Leader into the Tweed,
which salmon could never surmount, and determined
it to vary from five and a half to six feet, according
to the level of the flood. He adds that large fish can
leap higher than small ones, and that deep water gives
them a better opportunity than shallow. ' They rise
rapidly, from the very bottom to the surface of the
water, by means of rowing and sculling, as it were,
with their fins and tail ; and this powerful impetus
bears them upwards in the air, on the same principle
that a few tugs of the oar make a boat shoot onwards
after one has ceased to row.' This is a better method
of accounting for the height of a salmon leap than old
I/.aak quotes from Michael I )rayton's ' Polyolbion ' : —

'and stems the water)' tract

Where Tivy falling down makes a high cataract
Forc'd by the rising floods that there her course oppose,
As tho' within her bounds they meant her to inclose ;
Here when the labouring fish does at the foot arrive,
And finds that by his strength he does but vainly strive,
His tail takes in his mouth, and bending like a bow

NATURAL HISTORY 13

That's to full compass drawn, aloft himself does throw,
Then springing to his height as doth a little wand
That, bended end to end, and started from man's hand,
Far off itself doth cast ; so doth the salmon vault.'

Mr. Day, in his book already quoted, gives a clear
jump of six feet as probably as much as a salmon
under ordinary conditions could accomplish, but
quotes, in a note, Swift's 'Travels in Iceland,' who
declared, that from personal observation he knew that
they were able to dart themselves nearly fourteen feet
perpendicularly out of the water, and Professor
Landmark, who in 'Nature,' August 16, 1885, stated
that he had witnessed their jumping sixteen feet per-
pendicularly. I have certainly myself never seen a
salmon jump more than six feet direct, if as much.
There are two curious snapshot photographs of
salmon leaping at a fifteen-foot fall, reproduced in
' Scribner's Magaxine ' for September 1897, but it is
obvious these leaps are at the head of a rapid, and
not directly perpendicular.

' His growth is very sudden : it is said that after
he is got into the sea, he becomes, from a samlet not
so big as a gudgeon, to be a salmon in as short a time
as a gosling becomes to be a goose. Much of this
has been observed, by tying some riband or some
known tape or thread, on the tail of some young

i4 THE SALMON

salmon which have been taken in weirs as they have
swarmed towards the salt water, and then, by taking
a part of them with the known mark, at the same
place, at their return from the sea, which is usually
about six months after — which has inclined many to
think that every salmon usually returns to the same
river in which it was bred.'

Here we have an account which could hardly be
improved upon now. The rapid growth of the fish,
the experiment of marking — although I should hardly
think a ' riband or tape ' put on to a samlet's tail would
be likely to be found on a grilse on his return —the six
months' average stay in salt water, and the homing
instinct of the fish which brings him back to the same
river, are all correctly described. The marking of
salmon with disks, rings, branding or cuts on the fins
or tails, is the foundation of most of our knowledge
of their growth and migration. We still wonder at
the marvellous instinct which brings them back to
their native river, like the swallow to its chimney or
the pigeon to its dove-cote, although tacksmen will
tell you that they recognise occasional wanderers
in the wrong river, asserting that they recognise them
as strangers by their shape and appearance ; and
although stray fish are sometimes captured in the
tideways of rivers like the Thames, which cannot have

NATURAL HISTORY 15

bred there, as salmon have long since disappeared
entirely from their main streams.

Walton next tells us that the he-salmon is
' usually bigger than the spawner ; that he is more
kipper and less able to endure a winter in the fresh
water than she is, yet she is, at that time of looking
less kipper and better, as watery and as bad meat.'
All who have caught autumn fish will confirm this
account. The kipper, with his ungainly shape, his
dark red marking, and his great beak, is ugly enough
to frighten his captor when lifted out of the water,
but although he is a bit soft to eat, he does not make
bad cutlets when fried ; while the hen fish, with her
deceptive appearance of being in good condition, for
all her silvery sides and ordinary shape, is far more
watery, tasteless, and insipid.

Walton concludes his observations on salmon by
noticing the variations of seasons in different rivers,
by telling you to observe that he does not stay long
in one place, ' but covets still to go nearer the
spring-head/ that he does not as the trout and many
other fish, lie near the water-side, or bank, or roots
of trees, but swims in the deep or broad parts of the
water, and usually in the middle or near the ground.
And he then proceeds to tell you how to catch him.
Sometimes or seldom he will bite at a minnow, not

1 6 THE SALMON

usually at a fly, hut more usually at a worm, and
then more usually at a loh or garden worm, which
' should be scoured,' and notes that ' many used to
fish for salmon with a ring of iron on the top of their
rod, through which the line may run to as great a
length as is needful when he is hooked. And to that
end some use a wheel about the middle of their rod
or near the hand.' He then imparts the secret of old
Oliver Hanley, 'a noted fisher, now with God,' who
used to put his worms into a box with oil of ivy-
berries, ' and make his worms so irresistibly attractive
that he could catch more fish than I, or anybody
who has ever gone a-fishing with him, could do,
especially salmon.' On the authority of Sir Francis
Bacon he believes that fish can hear, and probably
smell, in the water, and concludes by telling you trout
and salmon in season have their bodies adorned with
red or black spots, ' which gives them such addition
of natural beauty as I think was never given to any
woman by the artificial paint or patches in which
they so much pride themselves in this age.'

For the duration of life of the salmon, which
Walton, on Sir Francis Bacon's authority, fixes at ten
years, I do not think we have, or can have, any data to
go upon, and it must be mainly guess-work. What
with all the enemies that doa; his career from the cradle

NATURAL HISTORY 17

to the fish-kettle : the birds, insects, and fish that feed
upon the spawn, and harry his young fry ; the otters
in the stream and the porpoises and seals in the bay
that hunt him in his maturer days ; and last, not least,
the numerous engines, nets, traps, poisons, prawns,
flies, and minnows devised for his destruction by
mankind, few indeed must be the fish that succumb
to senile decay.

Fate cropped him short, for be it understood,
He would have lived much longer if he could.

Day tells us that it has long been known that fish
possess the sense of smell. Blind salmon are often
captured in good condition, which must have ob-
tained food by the use of this sense. The organs of
smell are situated as in other animals, but do not
communicate with the mouth, and are not related to
the function of breathing, as it would injure their
delicate lining membrane to be in incessant contact
with currents of water. The nostrils are depressions
or cavities, with two external openings situated on
either side of the middle of the snout. He also tells
us that ' hearing is developed in fish, and it is
remarkable how any diversity of opinion can exist as
to their possessing this sense.' _ He quotes Lacepede
for fish which had been kept in the basin of the
Tuileries for upwards of a century, coming when called

c

1 8 THE SALMON

by their names, and carp, tench, and trout in Germany
summoned to their food by the ringing of a bell. I
should be better prepared to credit this latter testi-
mony if Mr. Day had seen it himself, or if I could
cross-examine the witness he cites. If any food was
thrown on the water, or the surface was disturbed, it
would be more likely to account for the assembly
than the calling of the names or the ringing of the
bell, and I am a little sceptical as to whether this
may not have been the case. If fish do hear what
passes on the bank they certainly do not heed it, and,
timid as they are, I have never known them take the
slightest notice of shouting, whistling, or any other
noise ; nor would I hesitate to allow a school-feast, an
Eisteddfod, or a monster concert to take place within
earshot of the pool I was fishing, if I could be certain
that none of the assembled crowds would approach
near enough to cast a shadow on the surface of the
stream, or risk the danger to himself and the incon-
venience to me, of my hook, while I was casting,
lodging itself in some portion of his person or gar-
ments. .

But if a man who stands upon the brink
But lift a shining hand against the sun,
There is not left the twinkle of a fin.

With this corroboration of his views on the sense

NATURAL HISTORY 19

of smell and hearing in fish, I take leave of I/aak
Walton, protesting that Mr. Andrew Lang, in his
preface to the edition of i 896, does scant justice to
his author when lie writes ' that as to salmon Walton
scarcely speaks a true word about their habits, except
by accident.' Mis comments are probably not the
result of original observation, but I should think they
fairly epitomised the contemporary gossip on the
subject. I would rather urge that few treatises on
natural history of so early a date contain so much
that is confirmed by later and more scientific obser-
vation.

Much of the life history of the salmon still
remains obscure, notwithstanding our boasted advance
in knowledge. We know that the smolt goes down
to the sea a few inches long, and returns a grilse
weighing many pounds, but cannot ascertain how far
they go from the estuary or how they contrive to
attain such large dimensions so rapidly. They are
voracious feeders, and consume large quantities of
herrings, pilchards, and other fish and Crustacea when
mature ; but it is not known where or how far they
go in the salt water, nor are they ever captured in the
intermediate stage of their existence, between their
start as smolts and their return to the estuaries as
grilse. Their path on their return journey is unfor-

C 2

20 THE SALMON

tunately too well known, and consequently beset with
dangers. We have seen that it is still uncertain how
often they breed, or how long they live ; and, as
their growth is in the sea, it is curious that some
rivers- are never visited by fish of very large size, and
that, even with long and large rivers like the Tay and
Tweed, monsters are far more often met with in the
former than in the latter. Another puzzle is to
account for the reason for their jumping. I do not
mean at a fall, but when in the pools and heads of
streams. It is not at flies or insects, as in the case of
trout, and they might easily get sufficient exercise in
their native element. Again, why do salmon take
flies ? Some have quaintly suggested that they do so
from irritation ; but if so, how is it that they are ' put
down ' instead of ' up ' when a ' Captain ' or ' Blue
Doctor' has passed over their heads a great number
of times ? I am more anxious to murder an organ-
grinder after two tunes than one, and my wrath
increases in geometrical proportion to the pertinacity
with which he grinds his instrument of torture. I
can well imagine Sal/no salar being bored at seeing a
small object opening and shutting and jumping back-
wards and forwards, as he is vainly endeavouring to
get forty winks at the bottom of the pool, and even
his making up his mind that if it went on any longer

NATURAL HISTORY 21

he would 'go for it' ; but then the secret of success
in salmon-fishing would be a dogged persistency, and
instead of resting a rising fish, it would be advisable
to keep at him until he could bear it no longer. Of
course I do not believe in any such fanciful reason,
and have no doubt that flies are taken for food of
some description. Although they are not like any
inhabitant of the rivers, their appearance and motion
greatly resemble that of the Crustacea, which, like our
trade prosperity in years unhappily passed, advance
by leaps and bounds, and anyone who has seen a
shrimp or prawn shifting his ground in a salt-water
vivarium, and then watches the ' play ' of a salmon-fly
in the stream, cannot fail to be struck by the resem-
blance between the two. The motion of the feathers,
now closing when pulled against the stream, now
opening as the pressure ceases to be felt, is just like
that of the numerous legs and appendages with which
its prototypes in the sea are so bountifully provided.
Salmon doubtless do not feed greedily or regularly in
fresh water, but I feel sure that the reason food is so
seldom found in their stomachs is that they always.
when practicable, eject it as soon as hooked. Mr.
Naylor, in a letter to the ' Field ' newspaper dated July
1897, records the capture of a salmon of twenty-eight
pounds killed on a spoon in Norway. It was hooked

22 THE SALMON

in such a manner that its mouth was completely closed,
the triangles being fixed in the upper and lower jaws.
On cutting out the hooks a partially digested parr fell
from the fish's mouth. It was, no doubt, the peculiar
way it was hooked which prevented it from suppress-
ing the evidence of this meal taken in fresh water.
Mr. Marsham also, in September 1897, killed a 20 Ib.
male fish fresh from the sea in the Teith, inside which
he found a black and white slug ITJ inches long.

I do not believe that salmon or any other fish
feel very acutely, a reassuring theory for the tender-
hearted fisherman. I once caught a sea trout about
a pound and a half in weight which had been
recently completely transfixed by a heron's bill. The
wound was perfectly fresh, and could not, in my
judgment, have been made more than half an hour,
and yet the fish was already feeding and taking the
fly. So, too, the desperate struggle of the fish to get
free confirms the same view. Not all the instinct of
self-preservation would induce a man to put a strain
of even a pound on a fishing-rod if the hook was
attached to some tender part of his flesh.

Scrope, in an amusing passage, quotes Sir
Humphry Davy, ' the eminent author of " Salmonia,"
and Dr. Gillespie, as authorities for the statement
that " fish seldom feel any pain from the hook." '

NATURAL Hf STORY 23

The bit of special pleading which follows is so good
that I am tempted to quote it.

' I take a little wool and feather, and, tying it in
a particular manner upon a hook, make an imitation
of a fly ; then I throw it across the river and let it
sweep round the stream with a lively motion. Up
starts a monster fish with his murderous jaws, and
makes a dash at my little Andromeda. Then he is
the aggressor, not I ; his intention is evidently to
commit murder. He is caught in the act of putting
that intention into execution. Having wantonly
intruded himself upon my hook, which I contend he
had no right to do, he darts about in various direc-
tions, evidently surprised to find that the fly which
he had hoped to make an easy conquest of, is much
stronger than himself — I naturally attempt to regain
this fly unjustly withheld from me. The fish gets
tired and weak in his lawless efforts to deprive me of
it. I take advantage of his weakness, I own, and
drag him somewhat loth to the shore, where one rap
on the back of the head ends him in an instant.'

Let us hope that these eminent authorities are
right. At any rate we may comfort ourselves with
the reflection that salmon have to be caught some-
how, and that a long and fruitless struggle in a net
must be at least as disagreeable as the nobler fate of

24 THE SALMON

a contest in which the fish is matched against the
angler with a fair chance for life and liberty. We
may reverse Macaulay's famous saying about the
Puritans' objection to bear-baiting, and submit with
confidence that we love fishing not because it gives
pain to the salmon, but because it gives pleasure,
health, recreation and excitement to its votaries.

So prolific are the salmon that were it not for the
waste caused by the innumerable enemies of the
eggs, the fry, and the mature fish, the offspring of a
single baggit hen would suffice to stock a good-sized
river.

It is very easy to breed these fish artificially ;
and even to produce hybrids, which are occasionally
fertile, between the various species of salmonidoe ;
even the non-migratory Salmo fario interbreeding
with the anadromous Salmo salar and Salmo trutta,
a fact alluded to by Kingsley in his delightful
' Water-babies,' where the student of fish-lore may
find much keen and shrewd information upon the
subject conveyed in a humorous form. Various
attempts have been made to introduce them into the
Antipodes by sending over the fecundated ova, but
hitherto without success, although the introduction
of the common trout into those regions is a most
successful instance of acclimatisation. All the

NATURAL HISTORY 25

salmon requires in order to increase and multiply to
any reasonable extent is to be left with healthy
surroundings and a longer respite from persecution.
No reasonable man desires that they should be
allowed to multiply to such numbers as swarm in
some rivers in Newfoundland — too great really either
for sport or food — where the water is thick with fish,
and anyone can get as many as he wishes with gaff or
spear ; while the banks are foetid with decaying corpses,
and bears and other animals are sated with the spoil.
But the number of salmon in British and Irish rivers
have diminished, are diminishing, and ought to be
increased. My own experience and communications
from numerous reliable sources assure me of this
fact. It puts me out of patience to see the wasteful
and wanton destruction of a source of national wealth
and enjoyment which could so easily be preserved by
more reasonable treatment. Here is a creature which
does absolutely no damage to man — by consuming
his food or destroying his crops — which grows from
ounces to pounds in a few months, and provides
wholesome food, wealth, or recreation to thousands.
All it asks is fair and sensible treatment. If it
resents the unmeasured and unrestrained pollution of
our rivers, the interest of the tenants of the banks
are in this respect absolutely identical with those of

26 THE SALMON

the inhabitants of the water. It cannot be said that
a fish which manages to survive the passage through
the mouth of the Tyne at Newcastle is unreasonably
exacting in its requirements. Yet one sees from
time to time such paragraphs in the newspapers as
I quote with shame from the Scotsman of August 22,
1897.

There was a wholesale destruction of salmon in
the river Kibble last week. Large numbers of fish
were seen floating down the stream dead, and eight-
een were taken out dead from one pool. These fish
had all been poisoned by foul refuse which had been
flushed into the river by the heavy rain.' This is not
an isolated instance, but the record of an occurrence
only too frequent. Rivers like the Teviot and some
of the Wicklow streams pursue their rocky course
absolutely void of their former denizens, some of
them so poisoned that no living fish can exist in their
polluted waters. The legislature has done something
to check this wanton waste ; perhaps it might do
more, but there is a danger in restrictions in advance
of local opinion, and \vhat is certainly more required
than new Acts of Parliament is the intelligent and
vigilant enforcement of existing laws by the local
authorities. Large powers have been recently con-
ferred upon various areas. County, district, and

NATURAL HISTORY 27

parish councils arc now elected by a democratic
popular vote. It rests with those representative
bodies to justify their existence by a prompt and
resolute interference with the selfishness of such
individuals and corporations as carelessly pursue
their trades and occupations with injury and destruc-
tion to the health and wealth of their neighbours.
In some cases the mischief has already been done
beyond repair, but it is the plain duty of every
Englishman to see that this wanton destruction goes
no further. But it is not enough to provide the
salmon with a suitable environment. The breeding
stock must be protected from excessive and indis-
criminate destruction. Poaching on the spawning
beds, and the massacre of immature fish, do some
mischief, but I have no hesitation in stigmatising the
greed of the net fisher, and the defective laws under
which he plies his trade, as the greatest causes of the
diminution of salmon in British waters. Our ancestors
no doubt used the prototypes of the same engines, with
little care for times and seasons, and also indulged in
cruives, traps and weirs of a very destructive character ;
but side by side with the rise in the value of salmon
as a saleable commodity, and the greatly increased
facilities for its transport by rail and steam, and its
preservation by ice and canning, the human enemies

28 THE SALMON

of the salmon have multiplied twenty-fold, their nets
and engines have developed and improved inefficiency ;
and they have learned to manage them with greater skill
and knowledge of the habits of the fish, and its course
from the sea along the estuary and to the spawning
beds. The old Scandinavian legend ascribes the
invention of salmon-nets to the principle of evil, and
relates that by a just retribution, like Perillus and
other scoundrels, the inventor perished by his own
wicked contrivance —

Infelix imbuit auctor opus.

Loki, the god alluded to, had carried on his
various tricks with impunity for a long time, but at
last his mischievous pranks culminated in the death
of the innocent and beautiful Kaldur, whose virtues
and good qualities made him as obnoxious to his
destroyer as Aristides was to the Athenians. Every-
thing on earth and sea had been sworn to do him no
harm ; but the ingenious Loki fashioned an arrow
out of mistletoe, which, owing to its peculiar habit of
growth, had been omitted from the solemn league
and covenant, and putting it into the hand of the
blind god Hodur, urged him to shoot, which he did,
with fatal effect. This was too much for the for-
bearance of even the most easy-going gods, and they

NATURAL HISTORY 29

went for the murderer in a body. He fled from his
pursuers, invented salmon nets, and subsisted on the
proceeds of his fishing. Tracked at last to his place
of refuge, he burnt his nets to avoid the possibility ot
their being used against him, and, turning himself
into a salmon, plunged into the river. His pre-
cautions were of no avail ; for the fresh ashes of the
twine remained in the shape he had given them, and
the gods easily reconstructed the destroyed nets from
the pattern. The first time they dragged for him,
Loki, who had acquired the instincts with the form
of the fish, put his head under a stone, and the net
passed harmlessly over his back. Before making
their second venture, they added weight in the shape
of a lot of spare shields and bucklers ; but this time
he escaped them by jumping over the middle of the
primaeval seine. But 'there is luck in odd numbers,'
and the third time, Thor wading behind the net,
probably even deeper than the point represented by
Scrope's limit of the fifth button of the waistcoat, an
adornment with which he dispensed, caught him by the
tail as he attempted to repeat his previous method of
escape, and put an end to his mischievous career.1
Of course I do not seriously object to nets or net-

' Sec Forest Scenes in Norway and Sweden, Rev. Henry
Newlaml. — G. Routledge, 1855.

30 THE SALMON

fishing, without which it would be impossible to
catch a tithe of the salmon which the consumer
requires, and which the most greedy rod fisher can
well spare. My real contention is that in this
respect the interests of all classes of fishermen
are identical, and that, if the experiment was fairly
tried, it would soon be discovered that ' the half was
greater than the whole.' We hear some philanthropists
and more politicians advocating a compulsory eight
hours movement, and one argument used by them in
its favour is the increased productiveness which
would result from the better quality of the labour
done during a shorter period than the present
customary working day. I do not desire unneces-
sarily to enter upon a controversial topic which does
not directly bear upon my subject, but I believe that
there can be little doubt, if any, that shorter hours of
labour in the particular trade of which I am writing
would in the long run benefit the salesman, the
consumer, and the humble rod-fisher as well, by
greatly increasing the supply of fish in the river.
The key to the situation, in my deliberate opinion, is
the lengthening of the weekly close time, and the
rigid enforcement of the amended law which I
suggest. Few indeed are the fish which during the
net-fishing season succeed in running the gauntlet

NATURAL HISTORY 31

through all the engines prepared for their destruction
between the estuary and the breeding grounds high
up the river, and the proprietors of the upper reaehes
take little trouble to preserve and protect the
spawning fish, as they complain with some justice
that they never get a chance at a salmon in a clean
condition. Legislation is, of course, essential for any
practical improvement in this direction ; even if one
could meet with a tacksman so far-sighted and
provident as to refrain from killing the ' goose with
the golden eggs,' his self-denial would be unavailing if
his more selfish neighbours were permitted to capture
the fish he had spared. If the present period of
sanctuary was doubled, I believe that in a year or
two at most the nets would be catching far more fish
than they now do in the longer period, and that the
most discontented would acquiesce in restrictions the
wisdom of which would have been demonstrated
beyond cavil. Some such measure is imperative, and
the reward of the intelligent gratitude of all well
wishers to the national prosperity awaits the states-
man who has the firmness and courage to initiate
and carry through the necessary amendment of the
law. However, knowing by experience the great
difficulty of forcing any measure through the Houses
of Parliament which is not of a political nature, I am

32 THE SALMON

glad to hear that Mr. Malloch of Perth is endeavour-
ing to form a syndicate to take all the net fishing on
the Tay and introduce the change I suggest volun-
tarily. Needless to say, I wish all success to the
experiment.

33

CHAPTER II

EGGS FOR GRANDMOTHERS

' MY first salmon ! ' What fisherman is there ' so dead
in memory — so old in heart ' that he does not recall to
mind that eventful landmark in his career ? The girl's
first ball, the blissful day when the Etonian is told he
may get his colours for the eight or the eleven, the
election to a scholarship, or the first class or fellowship,
the barrister's first brief — even if it be ' soup ' at
sessions — the maiden speech : all these are great days
in a career ; but about some of them at least there is a
fearful joy ; and they may be damped by the recollec-
tions of failure. But the fisherman who has worked
his way through minnows, dace, roach, perch, and
gudgeon to pike and trout, from paste and gentles and
worm, to the delight of fly-fishing, must, if he has
the root of the matter in him, have been fired with a
higher ambition and longed for the day when he should
measure his skill with the king of fishes, whose ac-
quaintance he has hitherto m.ide 'beautiful in death '

34 THE SALMON

on the slabs of the fishmonger's shop, or on the table,
only. There is such an appearance of ' power ' in the
small head, broad shoulders and wedge-like shape —
such a glamour in the bright silvery sides — such grada-
tions in the shading — altogether such a fascination
about the glittering prize, that no minor triumph will
satisfy the inward longing ; and the wanderer is driven
forth, like lo by her gadfly, to go, if needs be, to the
uttermost parts of the earth to satisfy his ambition.
And the salmon really sometimes seems to enter into
the spirit of the thing. His prowess is so well known,
his strength so great, his cunning so matchless, that
he can well afford to yield for once to the awkward
blandishments of the tiro. Has he not been known
to tire the arms and defeat the skill of a Lovat, a
Denison or a Bromley Davenport. His moderation
cannot be mistaken for weakness ; if for once he yields
to a Briggs or a , he

Strikes down the lust)' and approved knight,
And lets the younger and unskilled go by.
To win his honour and to make his name.

The eventful day has come and the neophyte is at
last, breathless with excitement, duly equipped with
waders and a long rod, standing by the side of a real
salmon river, in charge of a trustworthy nurse who
selects the right fly for the day and tells him to 'cast

EGGS FOR GRANDMOTHERS 35

there.' The rushing water boils and bubbles over rock
and boulder, dark ; but clearing after the night's flood,
for in this case the predestined captor has found the
river in order — an event which is not always or even
often the case. Perhaps the beginner has served a
long apprenticeship to trout. If so, he has not so
much to learn, although there is a great deal of differ-
ence between the neat turn of the wrist which sends
the fine line and gossamer cast with dry fly attached
to fall just over the rising trout, and the sweep of the
arms which urges the ' Jock Scott ' and treble gut across
the torrent ; but it may be that he has never handled
a fly rod before in his life. Even then he need not
despair. The gillie may be stifling or uttering male-
dictions in a strange tongue, if lie is an Irishman, or
bearing his trial more stolidly if he be an elder of the
kirk. The rod may describe strange curves in the air,
the line may be serpentine in its convolutions, the fly
may bump into the water only a few yards from int-
end of the rod with a splash like a Solan goose coming
down upon a herring : but it is a long line which
knows no straightening, and the kindly stream hangs
the fly at the right angle, and on a taut line for a
portion — although probably only a short portion — of
every cast which has not hitched it in a tree or the
performer's clothes. A few yards down the stream

36 THE SALMON

and there is a boil and a momentary glimpse of a
broad back. Well had it been for the novice had
there been more slack line at the time, or had his eye
been less vigilant, for at the first motion of the water
he strikes with a suddenness which takes the lure
away from the jaws just opening to seize it, and
attaches it firmly to the branch of a birch tree twenty
yards above him. It is a work of time and labour to
dislodge the fly, and there is no need for once to give
the fish a rest. Personally conducted a little distance
above the rise, the novice is suitably admonished not
to be in such a hurry : he had far better not strike at
all in such water, and quivering in every nerve he sees
his fly once more working at or near the same
spot. Again there is a boil — a glint of silver —and
this time an electric shock as the connection is com-
plete, and the first fish is on. A whirr of the reel, and
a singing of the line as the salmon dashes madly down
the stream ; but, alas ! the point of the rod is
instinctively lowered, which is just what it ought not
to be, and the line is going out with fearful rapidity.
k Up with the point of your rod, nion : up with it--
keep a good strain upon him.' No time now for
courtesy or respect ! be he baron, duke or royalty
itself, the words will out without the preface. Fifty
yards of line out — and is that the fish jumping opposite

EGGS FOR GRANDMOTHERS 37

to him ? and yet there is a strain upon the rod which
makes his arms ache. Yes, the fish has got the
advantage of all that slack, and is heading upwards
with all the weight of the water bellying the line. ' He
has drowned it. '

Thrice lucky the sportsman if he has not got it
round a sunken rock, loosened the hold, or broken
off. But Providence is kind, and the tackle strong,
and, under the guidance of his mentor, Mr. Briggs
has managed to reel in a good deal of the slack, and
got his rod in the orthodox curve, and breathes
again. There is an interval of rest — more welcome
to the inexperienced fisherman than to his attendant,
who knows the difficulty and delay caused by the
tactics of a sulky fish ; but it is not for long, for after
two or three shakes of the head, the salmon dashes
down the stream, pursued by the excited sportsman,
and Pat or Donald shouting ' Canny noo,' or ' Be
aisy,' as the case may be. Sometimes the rod point
is dangerously lowered ; but its general tendency is
in the right direction : now all depends on the humour
of the fish. He is within half-a-do/en yards of the
bottom of the pool, and if he takes a fancy to face the
broken water that dashes and eddies through tne
boulders to the next cast it is a guinea to a goose-
berry that he cuts the line, but he turns just at the

38 THE SALMON

nick of time — and soon his runs become shorter and
shorter — there is an occasional slow wave of a broad
tail on the surface, and ' Mentor ' takes his stand on
a large flat rock, where there is a still deep back-
water, and takes the cork off the gaff. A few moments
later the fish turns on his side, apparently almost life-
less, and is slowly towed towards the gaff. The vic-
tory seems won, and the proud and happy sportsman
is already mentally calculating the weight of his
prize at something varying from a half to a third
more than the steelyard will record later — yet if he
knew ! the next few minutes are the most perilous
of the whole contest. There is ' life in the old dog
yet,' the hold is dangerously worn with the long and
not very scientific fight, and that log-like form is good
for at least one more wriggle, dash and jump, if he
catches sight of the gaff and its wielder. But I
cannot find it in my heart to rob my imaginary
sportsman of his success. I like to bring down the
curtain with united hands and ' Bless you, my chil-
dren.' There is a quick stroke of the gaff and the
fish is gasping on the stones. What matter if
he be a trifle red, and only turn the scale at eight
pounds. He is a 'fish,' and the proud and happy
victor is mentally vowing that his first salmon shall
not be his last, while ' Mentor ' shall not lack the re-

EGGS FOR GRANDMOTHERS 39

freshing dram, if he ' tastes,' or at all events the half-
sovereign or more which he has so richly earned.

Who shall say that my picture, if an imaginary
one, does not describe a scene which, with slight
variations of incident, has occurred again and again ?
I shall not, I hope, be accused of depreciating a
sport to which I am devoted, if I express my con-
viction that skill counts for much more in trout fish-
ing, especially with the dry fly, than in salmon fishing.
Take a good day and equal conditions on the Anton
or the Test, the Mimram or the Lea, and match an
unfortunate beginner, with the best professional ad-
vice, against such masters of the art as Lord Granby,
Mr. Croft, or the late Mr. John Day. Not only are
the odds a thousand to one that the expert beats the
tiro, but the latter may consider himself fortunate in-
deed if his basket contains a single fish at the end of
the day. As he pursues his course up-stream the river
is furrowed by departing fish, and if he succeeds in
keeping out of sight long enough to try for a rising-
trout, the flop of his fly upon the water, if it ever gets
there, is the signal for its departure. The slightest
splash, the least drag, is fatal, and the fly refuses to
float, while he finds it much easier to hit the weeds
and cressets which occupy the greater part of the
stream than the narrow belt of water where the gnat

.jo 'J'HE SALMON

or dun disappeared at his approach. So, too, h« is
obliged to cast from his knee, and as he flicks the
line behind him in desperate efforts to dry his fly, it
disappears with an ominous crack, and it is necessary
to go into dock for repairs. The difference between
the two sports is almost like that between chess and
whist. In the one case the professor has the in-
different performer absolutely at his mercy — in the
other, while he is secure of considerable winnings in
the long run, it is possible that luck may from time to
time give the victory to his less skilful adversary.

I hope that no one will infer from these remarks
that it is an easy thing to become a good salmon
fisher. It is beautiful to see a real master at work,
and I would almost as soon watch such a one as
catch fish myself. First, there is the cast. Salmon
do not always obligingly put themselves just where the
stream will bring the fly over them wherever it
may have fallen. Often the place where they lie by
some submerged boulder is a long way off, and can
only be reached by the highest combined strength and
skill. The wind is gusty and squally, there are trees
or high rocks behind, and there is but a narrow and
treacherous ledge to support the feet, and that is often
deep under water in a strong stream. It is no child's
play — a false step might be fatal — yet see, the fisher-

EGGS FOR GRANDMOTHERS 41

man has lifted the point of his rod, keeping all his
line still in front of him, and then with a strong,
resolute swish has brought the part nearest to the top
in contact with the water, and the line, as if by magic,
unrolls itself straight towards the place where the fish
usually rises, the fly alighting last of all, just in such a
position that without loss of time or trouble it will
hang at the right moment in the right position, to
present a temptation to the fish, which ought to be,
and often is, irresistible. This is the ' Spey cast, 'and
when executed by an expert it almost deceives you
into believing it to be easy. If you think so, try it
yourself, and you will soon be undeceived. Only long
practice and great natural aptitude has rendered pos-
sible that brilliant feat. As a rule, the work done
behind you is more important than what you see in
front ; which is in a great measure its result. As in
golf, the swing forward is the reflection of the back
ward movement, and if the line has been corkscrewed
or curved behind your shoulder it will not be straight
when it is brought forward. When the fly has come
round to a point near the bank you are standing on or
under, lift your rod till the fly and gut cast are loose
at the top of the water, then with a strong sweep of
the arm send the line flying straight back over your
shoulder and make a similar movement forward the

42 THE SALMON

moment the fly has reached its furthest limit behind,
neither delaying nor hurrying the motion. But if there
are rocks or overhanging boughs behind you, and you
have not acquired the ' Spey cast,' another method
of overcoming the difficulty is to stand facing directly
down-stream, throw the line straight back over the
shoulder nearest the water, looking round as you do
so to see that your fly keeps over the stream and does
not go back as far as the threatening boughs or rock,
and then with a direct and strong sweep toward the
opposite side you may succeed in throwing a fairly
long and straight line across the stream and a little
down it. This used to be called on the Tay the
' cradle ' cast, from a pool not far from Stanley, which
could only be properly fished from the bank by this
method. There was a long, deep, submerged shelf of
rock some twenty or twenty-five yards from the side,
and the overhanging trees made it impossible to bring
your line behind you. I remember a day — I am
afraid to say how many years ago — when I got three
fish out of that hundred yards of water, each weighing
between eighteen and nineteen pounds. What es-
pecially fixes the incident in my memory is that I
hooked the first fish almost immediately — that he was
a singularly sulky customer, dived deep and hugged
the rock, never at any time running more than ten or

EGGS FOR GRANDMOTHERS 43

a dozen yards, and that it took me three-quarters of
an hour to bring him to the gaff. I hesitated whether
I should have my lunch before or after recommencing
operations, but thought I would 'just try one or two
more casts.' The very first offer was accepted by a
fish, the exact counterpart of the last, only of a more
accommodating disposition, as he ran freely and well,
but speedily exhausted himself by his efforts to escape,
and he was on the bank beside his companion in
less than six minutes. I do not usually time myself,
but I had looked at my watch to see whether it was
lunch-time. I mention this occurrence to illustrate
the great difference in the time which may suffice to
tire two fishes similar in si/e and condition.

I hope I have made myself fairly clear, but if it is
difficult to cast - good line with obstacles behind you,
it is hardly less so to describe the operation in such a
manner as to be intelligible to the reader. The best
description is but a very poor substitute for a
practical demonstration by the river-side, and I have
but one hint to add before I leave the subject of
casting. Whether you be an old hand or a beginner,
examine the point of your hook from time to time.
A sharp rap against the stones behind you may occur
without your being in the least aware of it, and will
often break the best-tempered hook that was ever

44 THE SALMON

made. The feathers and general aspect of the fly
remain the same, and give you a false feeling of
security. Then, when one or more good fish have
risen, and you have just felt them without their taking
hold, and at last you make the examination you ought
not to have delayed so long, all Walton's advice to
anglers, ' to be patient and forbear swearing, lest they
be heard and catch no fish,' is apt to br- thrown away
upon you.

After the cast comes the working the fly. As to
this it is difficult to lay down any definite rules, so
much depends upon the nature of the water, whether
still, rough, or rapid, and on the conditions as to
wind and depth. As a rule, it is a mistake to cast a
long line when the fish are lying near the side from
which you are fishing, but if the stream is very rapid
it is necessary to have a fair length out, or your fly
will dance about too near the surface of the water. A
series of slight lifts of the point of the rod should, of
course, impart to the 'fly' that lifelike appearance
caused by the opening and shutting of the feathers as
it dances up and falls down the stream; but the
action should be varied, as a skilled bowler alters his
pace to overcome the resistance of an obstinate bat.
Generally speaking, the line should be jerked up and
down more in still water than in rapid ; and you

EGGS FOR GRANDMOTHERS 45

should fish deeper for autumn fish that have been in
the river some time than for salmon fresh from the
sea. But there is no rule without an exception, and
if a fish declines your lure or rises short when it is
presented to him in one way, try another method.
Do not, however, go on too long at a time at short
rising fish ; mark the exact place either physically,
mentally, or both, and when you return after fishing
the rest of the pool, your patience will often be
rewarded by a taking rise and a tight line. Next
comes the most debated point on which to give
advice, namely, ' the strike.'

' To strike or not to strike, that is the question.'
Here again it is impossible to lay down a hard and
fast rule. In a strong stream it is better certainly not
to strike at all, unless for some reason a whole suc-
cession of fish have been ' rising short,' in which case
a sharp and decided stroke may hook one foul, when
'look out for squalls,' especially if the fly fixes itself
in the middle of the fish. A foul-hooked fish always
makes a desperate fight, as you have no control over
his movements, and the water does not get into his
gills to exhaust him ; and if he happen to be hooked
in the side he catches the whole weight of the water
even after he is fairly killed, and it is most difficult t<>
bring him to the gaff. 1 once remember severely

46 THE SALMON

straining a strong salmon-rod in landing a little grilse
of eight pounds on the heavy stream known as the
Cat Holes, in the Tay. A fish hooked through the
tail gives you a better chance : as, although he has
the advantage of you at first, and fights like a tiger,
you become master of the situation, and may tow him
safely to harbour if you or.ce succeed in lifting his tail
out of water. His strength is gone, and he is as
powerless as Antaeus when Hercules prevented him
from touching his mother earth. P>ut how often the
hurried strike of a converted trout fisher snatches the
fly from the jaws of a rising fish. Heaven defend
me from the gillie who shouts or whispers ' There it
is.' It is difficult enough to keep cool and check the
instinctive action of the wrists even without such a
temptation, and poor human nature succumbs when
encouraged in vice by another. If the flesh is too
weak it is not a bad plan to try Tom Purdie's dodge
as reported by Scrope. He had risen the same fish
four times, and began to suspect that he had given
him too little law, 'or jerked the heuck away before
he had closed his mouth upon it. ... I keepit my
een hard closed when the heuck was coming owre
the/A?^. Peace be here ! I fand as gif I had catched
the branch o' an aik tree swinging an sabbin in a
storm of wind.'

EGGS FOR GRANDMOTHERS 47

What I recommend, and try to practise myself
in strong water, is a steady pull at the fish, not when
the rise is seen, but when it is first felt. There
is a good chance that the point of the hook will be
thus driven in well over the barb, and if the hold is
so slight that the fly comes away you are saving
time by hastening a catastrophe which would cer-
tainly have occurred later on. But in a lake or the
still part of a sluggish river it is necessary to strike
fairly quick, although hand and eye should not act
together as rapidly as if you were fishing for trout.
Dig it into him just as he turns, and if he has meant
business you are nearly sure to have him fast. Of
course, even in still water, when the fish are taking
low down, you often feel them before seeing the rise
at all, but then the question settles itself, and there
is no need for advice.

Next comes the important operation of playing
the fish, and here there is at one time little or no
difficulty, but at another all the highest qualities of
the sportsman may be brought into play. Know-
ledge, presence of mind, courage, strength, endurance,
activity, readiness of resource and invention may all
be required to meet the cunning and wiles by which
the 'foeman worthy of your steel' endeavours to
overcome you, and too often succeeds. A spring

THE SALMON

fish in a rocky pool is indeed no contemptible
adversary, and a tussle with such a one may be an
experience to last a lifetime. Well for you if you
know the bottom of the water, for, depend upon it,
the fish does, and will be ready to take advantage of
any submerged stump or boulder if you give him
the chance. Nothing, of course, can check his wild
impetuous rushes when the reel screams and the
line hisses through the water, but it is astonishing
how he may be led and directed if you know how to
do it. But such knowledge cannot be communicated
in writing, and comes only by instinct and practice.
A few general rules of universal application are all
that I can offer. Keep a good strain on your fish from
the first moment you hook him, and keep as much
line on the reel as you can. It is better to follow
the fish, if possible, than to let him run out much
of the line, for the weight of the water on a great
length is apt to bring the strain upon the hold in
the wrong angle ; and if the salmon tries the common
manoeuvre of a rapid turn and a dash up-stream,
il is not always easy to reel up so fast as to prevent
him from making the line slack for a moment or
two ; when, of course, he has a good chance of
ridding himself of the fly. Now he leaps high
into the air, and the point of the rod must be

EGGS FOR GRANDMOTHERS 49

momentarily lowered, but recovered as rapidly as it
was lowered. Now he rests, and you may be glad of
the temporary relief, but you should not, if it can be
avoided, allow the rest to degenerate into a sulk.
Perhaps, however, the minutes wear on and he
declines to move, the only sign of life being a
'jigging' at the line as he turns his head from side to
side, either trying to shake the fly loose or rubbing it
against some rock at the bottom, and something
must be done to make him move. Throw a stone
or two in above him, but beware lest you hit the line.
Some desperate individuals have been known to put
their bunch of keys round the line and let it down on
his nose ; but they are of the class who ' burn their
boats and destroy their bridges.' If the fish is lost
after all, the despatch box and cigar cabinet must
visit the locksmith before the contents are available,
or the portmanteaus and bags must make their next
journey open. Personally, I have shrunk from such a
risky proceeding, but if the fish has remained stolid in
spite of my trying him at different angles, and from
down-stream below him, I have often found it effective
to let a few inches of the line out of the reel below the
hand and suddenly let it go, thus giving a little momen-
tary slack as it runs through the rings and a jerk as the
rod tightens it again. Another dodge is a smart rap

50 THE SALMON

\

V on the butt of the rod. If all resources fail, there is

nothing for it but patience ; and I have known the
lish to yield to the strain at last, and come quite
gradually and steadily to the top of the water, just
when I was becoming convinced that the line was
fixed round a rock or stump, or one of those terrible
bits of wire-fencing which are always falling into
some rivers that I know, as the crumbling and over-
hanging banks give way after a spate ; and reluctantly
making up my mind to break and have done with it.

Hut how if a fish seems quite determined to run
out of the pool into broken water, or straight to some
dangerous obstacle, perhaps under the archway of
some bridge, where you cannot follow him ? Well, if
he must, he must, and every fisherman's experience
will tell of salmon lost in spite of all that skill and
patience could do. But usually there is a moment
of hesitation before the desperate passage, as no
salmon likes to leave his pool. At such times do
not reel up line, but, keeping the strain as steady as
possible, walk backwards up the stream. I have
often known a fish under such circumstances to allow
himself to be led for a considerable distance from
the point of danger, when a turn of the handle of the
reel would probably have been the signal for an
onward rush and a broken cast.

EGGS FOR GRANDMOTHERS 51

Lastly comes the process of landing the fish, and r

it is at this supreme moment that a mistake is most
apt to be fatal. When the line is quite short and the
salmon is gasping at the top of the water, floundering
and flapping his broad tail, a well-directed stroke of
that natural weapon may break the cast or release
the fly, and you must keep a vigilant eye and a cool
head. You have steered him clear of the dangerous
rock, coaxed or guided him from the very verge of
the perilous rapids, pursued him over slippery
boulders, perhaps over your middle in the strong
stream — your arms ache with the strain of the long
struggle. A little patience, and he is yours. Do not,
I entreat, spoil all by too impetuous handling. I
grant that the sight of the spent giant makes you
long to have him on the bank, but beware of reeling
up the line too short ; perhaps you may get the knot
which attaches the casting-line through the top ring
of the rod — at all events, you will get a heavy strain
in the wrong place, and there will be danger if he
nerves himself for a final rush. Above all, keep your
gillie cool, if you have one with you, and impress
upon him, if he be inexperienced, that it is not his
business to catch the fish, but to land him, and that
a gaff should not be handled as if it was a hatchet, or
a spear, or a fleshhook dashed into a pan or kettle, or

K 2

52 THE SALMON

cauldron or pot, to impale and bring up some portion
of the contents. I write feelingly, as I have more
than once had my line gaffed by men who ought to
have known better, and I have even seen a salmon
literally knocked off the line by a blow of the cleek
from above. Perhaps it is owing to this disagreeable
experience that I prefer when it is feasible to land or
gaff my own fish ; but of course this is not every-
where practicable. A deep, still place should be
selected to gaff a salmon, and if you prefer to beach
him you should keep some little distance from the
water and rather take advantage of the fish's own
movements than drag him nolens vokns on the shore.
A steady, direct pull, and then, when he is gasping
high and nearly dry, down with your rod and run in
behind him and throw him up upon the shore. A
smart rap above the snout with a stone or stick will
put an end to his floundering, and whatever may be
your fortune for the rest of the day, at least you will
not return empty-handed.

CHAPTER III

TACKLK AND EQUIPMENT

THESE subjects have been so fully and ably treated
in the Badminton volume on fishing and other works
that it is not my purpose to deal with them except in
the most general terms. A few hints derived from
my own experience may not, however, be out of place,
and the experienced sportsman can skip them if he
will.

Gentle reader ! whatever may be your particular
taste or fancy, let me at least entreat you to spare no
reasonable expense to provide yourself with the best
and most reliable tackle of all sorts that can possibly
l>e procured. An expensive article is not necessarily
a dear one. 1 )eal with men who have a reputation
to maintain, and rely upon it that the very dearest
bargain you can possibly acquire is the cheap rod
which snaps at the ferrule like a carrot when you are five
miles from home, and the water in order : the reel which
catches at a critical moment, or the gut which breaks

54 THE SALMON

at the knot as you strike hurriedly at a rising fish, or
wears and gives in the long struggle, just losing you
the prize at the moment he seems to be your own.
Salmon fishing at the best of times must be an
expensive amusement, and you are lucky if in tips,
rent, and travelling expenses, your fish cost you less
than five pounds apiece. It Is indeed ' spoiling the
ship for a halfpennyworth of tar ' to grudge the
necessary cost of thoroughly reliable workmanship
and materials.

The angler must of course be prepared to face all
weathers ; often the most disagreeable day, with a
strong wind and heavy showers, proves the most
productive. Flannel next the skin and a good home-
spun suit will turn a lot of water, or prevent much
risk of chill if you happen to get a clucking, but you
or your attendant, if you have one, should carry also
a good stout mackintosh. Don't have it made too
short ; shopkeepers are very apt, if you do not take
care, to sell you what they call a fishing mackintosh,
which just reaches down to your hips. Remember
the heel of Achilles ; or, if you are a mechanical
engineer, unversed in the classics, that no chain is
stronger than its weakest link. If you have to face
an Argyleshire shower with a practicable breach
between your wading stockings and your coat, or if you

TACKLE AND EQUIPMENT 55

have to sit in a dogcart with the rain pouring off you
and deluging your seat, you might almost as well have
spared'yourself the burden of any protective covering
at all. Of course, if you have wading trousers instead
of stockings my remarks do not apply — but 1 do not
recommend them except for very deep wading in very
still water. My own conviction is that when you are
going into a rapid stream deep enough to feel the
water trickle into your stockings, you have gone deep
enough.1^ Few anglers have waded much without
going through some disagreeable if not dangerous
adventures ; and once at least I can remember being
in serious peril. I had waded down the North Ksk
trying a minnow in a very heavy flood, in what was
ordinarily a shallow. Step by step I advanced, but
keeping within a few yards of the left bank, I
imagined myself secure, and went deeper than I would
otherwise have ventured to do. When I found that I
only stood with difficulty, I thought it time to beat a
retreat ; but when I tried to move I found the water
deepening into a hole, and that escape in that
direction was impossible. A heavy and dangerous
fall was just below, ending in a torrent rushing among
great rocks and boulders, and, good swimmer as 1
am, 1 doubt if I should have ever regained the shore
had 1 once been swept off my feet. There was

56 THE SALMON

nothing for it but to make for the further bank at a
long distance across the raging flood. Leaning the
butt of my rod, reel and all, into the gravel at the
bottom, and supporting myself upon it as best I
could, I crossed sideways with short and laborious
steps. Well' for me that I carried weight, and was
young and strong. More than once I thought that I
could stand no longer.

Vet through good heart, and Our Ladye's grace,
At length he reached the landing place.

1 was fairly exhausted when I emerged, dripping
but safe, on the friendly shore.

Stockings, or wading trousers if preferred, are
always better than any kind of boot. The inside gets
damp with perspiration, but dries easily when turned
outside after the day's work. Boots are very difficult
to dry. Of course, the foot should be protected by a
knitted stocking over the india-rubber, and the brogue
o\vr the whole should be well studded with stout nails
to give a good foothold and prevent slips. Any mackin-
tosh covering is hot and uncomfortable to walk in :
but unless I am obliged to go a long distance on
Shanks's mare I always prefer to wear waders. Even
in small rivers, where the casts can be easily fished
from the banks, it is a great convenience to be able
to cross at any ford or shallow— -or if boat fishing to

TACKLE AND EQUIPMENT 57

be able to step out in a foot of water or thereabouts, to
land a fish and follow him. Some hardy individuals
take to the water in ordinary costume ; but they are
rather beacons to warn than examples to follow.
Such habitual rashness usually ends in rheumatism or
worse evils : and Scrope's advice, I should imagine,
was partly satirical. He considers Mackintosh's
invention wholly ' uncalled for,' 'accounting it an un-
pardonable intrusion to place a solution of india-rubber
between the human body and the refreshing element.
It is like taking a shower bath under the shelter of an
umbrella.' In another passage he advises you ' never
to go into the water deeper than the fifth button of
yotir waistcoat : even this does not always agree with
tender constitutions in frosty weather. As you are
not likely to take a just estimate of the cold in the
excitement of the sport, should you be of a delicate
temperament, and be wading in the month of
February, when it may chance to freeze very hard, pull
clown your stockings and examine your legs. Should
they be black, or even purple, it might, perhaps, be as
well to get on dry land ; but if they are only rubi-
cund, you may continue to enjoy the water if it so
pleases you.'

There were giants in those days ! For my own
part, I have never found it necessary to examine the

58 THE SALMON

colour of my limbs, but when wading in the Tweed or
Deveron in the early spring, have sometimes found it
advisable to come out of the water and dance about
the bank to warm myself, in spite of my having taken
advantage of Mackintosh's obnoxious invention and
being clad in the warmest wool and homespun. But
1- leave my readers to choose between the advice of
my honest friend and his effeminate disciple.

A good form of hat is a cork-lined helmet, similar
to those worn in tropical climates. The shoot at the
back throws off the rain, and it is very handy to stick
flies inside. I tried one of these hats accidentally on
my return from Egypt, and have used one of the same
pattern ever since, except in a strong wind. A good
sized bag with canvas for fish on one side, and an
india-rubber pocket for the reel and boxes on the
other, and a net with a telescope handle with a
knuckle joint at the end, and a clip to hang it by the
bag, is convenient if you are alone and carry your own
things. The gaff can be taken in the pocket and
screwed into the net handle when required, while
the net saves you many a sea trout too small to
gaif, as these tender-mouthed fish often get off if you
have to lift or drag them to land. The gaff, crede
<\v/Vr/V;, can always be screwed on without difficulty
at some period during the playing of the fish.

TACKLE AND EQUIPMENT 59

With regard to the rod, of course much depends

upon the water for which you are bound — much also

upon your individual preference and physique. Some

prefer greenheart, some split cane, others a spliced

and whippy Castle Connell. One man selects a long

heavy rod which will do a good deal of his work for

him, another likes one as light as is consistent with

the possibility of covering the cast. Personally, I

generally use a three-joint fifteen-foot split cane, with

patent fastenings and a cork grip, which is both

pleasant to the hand and comfortable if it happens to

be wet. I like a light weapon, and such a rod, well

balanced and well made, will throw a long line and

kill a heavy fish ; but I am far from saying that for

big rivers, where long casting is required, or for very

rocky ones, where great power of guiding the fish is

wanted, and it is useful to be able to get well above

him, a stouter and longer rod is not preferable. Lord

Lovat used to fish with one twenty foot in length ;

but a grilse or even a salmon had but a short shrift

with him, and not every one has his giant strength.

One advantage of having a light rod is that a sea trout

gives some fun upon it, whereas he affords little sport

upon a heavy one. It is astonishing how light a rod

will kill salmon with patient handling and a stead)

strain. 1 have taken many —the largest over twenty

60 THE SALMON

pounds — with an ordinary single-handed trout rod ;
but most of them in a river where the water was
exceptionally still, and the banks so clear that it was
everywhere easy to follow your fish.

Probably it has fallen to the lot of most fishermen
of any wide experience to capture salmon with trout
tackle on more than one occasion. Kelts, of course,
in the spring area regular nuisance to the trout fisher,
as they take the ordinary March brown or dun
greedily, and generally select the moment when there is
a fine rise of fly upon the water. Probably the wisest
course when one is hooked is to break ; but I hate to
do this on purpose, and have wasted many a half hour
pulling the ugly heavy brutes out of the water.

The best of rods will break sometimes, if the fish
rise at a wrong angle, just as the line is coming out
of the water, or if the fly catches in something behind
you without your knowing it : and it is a most pro-
voking thing to find yourself by the side of a river
sonic miles from home, with fish rising well, and a
rod snapped off short at the ferrule with no sufficient
ends to splice. I now always have my rods made
with a spare second joint as well as three tops. It is
not a great additional expense, and gives a feeling of
security ; besides, even if you are spared the crowning
calamity of an accident by the water side, it is always

TACKLE AND EQUIPMENT Gi

a good thing to be able to send away a joint for
repair or inspection without putting a favourite rod
hors de combat. Of course, necessity is the mother
of invention, and one can generally engineer a rough
splice, even in the case of the most awkward frac-
tures. I have killed fish with a rod with the two
upper joints awkwardly cobbled together round the
ferrule with a piece of luncheon-paper string. My
brother-in-law, Colonel Malcolm, sends me the follow-
ing account of a similar experience of his own in
Canada.

' Once in Canada an unnoticed rootlet caught my
foot on the bank of the St. Anne du Nord, and
brought me down, making four smashes in my top
and second joint, three of which were mended up
with string, roughly but efficiently, and the fourth
somehow did not show till I had hooked a salmon,
and then the way the thing gaped was a caution.
This could only be met by turning the rod round,
and the tenderest care. Thus deprived of strength
the fish led me down the river, and behold ! a small
islet on the wrong side of which he was determined
to pass, but gentleness coupled with firmness brought
him into the right path, and down to a lovely back-
water, where he was more easily managed ; then I dis-
covered that a young Irish officer had left the gaff

62 THE SALMON

behind in the inn where we had put up our trap, so
of course we had to keep the fish on much longer than
would have been otherwise necessary ; but the culprit,
having taken off shoes and stockings, got behind him
as I turned him into a sandy dock, and all was well.'

The reel should be an ordinary check winch,
not too large for the balance of the rod. There
should, of course, be plenty of line, but if the reel be
too small to hold enough taper salmon, a quantity of
thin strong line not taking much room can always
be spliced to the heavier and more expensive portion
used for casting. There are many inventions of
different kinds for 'improving'' reels, but although
their merits may be great, personally I dislike any
sort of complication. The line should be made to
suit the rod, and should not only be always carefully
dried on returning home, but also periodically tested
whenever it has been used. When a fisherman re-
turns with a glum face, and a story that his 'beast
of a line ' broke, and lost him the fish of the
season, you are usually safe in conjecturing that it
is his own fault, but you would not be wise to
tell him so.

Your casting lines should be of the best selected
gut, and a short length of twisted gut next to the
reel line is a good thing, even when you are fishing

TACKLE AND EQUIPMENT 63

with a fine cast, as it tapers the line for casting.
Strong twisted treble gut is desirable for a very rocky
stream, as all is not then lost even if one strand is
cut, but good single gut will bear as great a strain as
twisted. In clear bright water it is wonderful what
can be done with a fine cast, but for such fishing the
rod should be as light as is consistent with the
possibility of killing your fish, as it is very difficult to
acquire the lightness of hand requisite to avoid
breaking fine tackle with a heavy rod. Gut should
be always carefully soaked in cold water before you
attempt to tie any knot in it, as it is extremely brittle
when dry, and every strand and knot should be
invariably tested before use, and not merely periodic-
ally like the line. A kink, a knot, a tangle, or bend,
may crack a cast or tippet of the best material, and
it is better to find out all weak places before and
not after you have risen and hooked your fish. It is
a good plan to soak, prepare, make up, and test at
least one cast before starting in the morning. Such
work is more deliberately and better done at home
than at the river side, where, in spite of all counsels
of perfection, it is hardly in human nature not to
hurry it the water looks grand, and the fish are mov-
ing. 1 must myself confess in sackcloth and ashes
that I have been broken more than once, owing to

64 THE SALMON

the neglect of the obvious precautions I am suggesting
to others, tempted beyond my powers, and sinning
against knowledge.

Coming lastly to the fly, I know that I am on
more delicate and disputable ground. I am inclined
to think that colour matters very little indeed, but
am conscious that, nevertheless, I nearly always take
advice and use the fly that is most in vogue on the
water that I happen to be fishing at the time being.
I have the assurance at any rate that the particular
fly recommended to me has caught fish lately, and
therefore that it will in all probability do so again
under like conditions ; and although I may feel
pretty certain that a different one would meet with
the same success, I am not disposed to try experi-
ments on a strange water. As regards colour alone,
I must express a conviction that as a rule the reason a
particular fly kills most fish on a certain stretch of water
is that it is more used than any other, and faith is
a great element of success. On certain days a salmon
will take almost anything that is offered to him, on
others nothing will stir him. To quote Scrope
again, ' sometimes they will tak' the thoom o' yere
mitten, if you would throw it in, and at ithers they
wadna look at the Lady o' Makerstown and a' her
braws.' I was struck only the other day when fish-

TACKLE AND EQUIPMENT 65

ing in Tweed by my attendant telling me a ' Jock
Scott ' used to be a good fly, but that the fish did not
take it much just now. He was a first-rate fisherman
of great experience, and I hardly dared to tell him
that I thought old ' Jock ' would turn out as useful as
ever if it was given the chance ; but the sequel proved
that I was right, for a few days afterwards I killed
two fish on that fly in that very water. My belief is
that a few patterns, each of different sizes, are a
sufficient equipment. A ' Blue Doctor ' is my
favourite fly, and with that and a ' Silver Doctor,' a
' Butcher,' a ' Black Dog ' — a fly with a black body
with silver twist, a red head and a rather sober wing —
and 'Jock Scott,' I am inclined to think that one can
catch fish anywhere. I like my flies tied upon double
hooks. Apart from the greater likelihood of securing
fish, I think they hang and work better in the water.
In places where the river is clear of obstacles and
weeds I am guilty of the heresy of using a dropper,
a small sea-trout fly, and have often caught salmon
as well as trout upon it. I think there is something
particularly attractive about the play of the dropper,
as on some occasions nearly every fish of the tiny
has risen to it. In illustration of the theory that
numerous changes are not very necessary, I have
often changed the tail fly two or three times to

66 THE SALMON

humour the supposed caprice of a fish I have risen
but not hooked, and have caught him after all on the
dropper which had remained the same all the time.
But while I have no great faith in colour, I attach much
importance to the size of flies, and believe that, as a
rule, sportsmen are apt to use them too large. As I
have said, I do not like experimenting in strange water
where I am a guest, but in the little river which I
fished for many years, I gradually and consistently
reduced the size of my flies with uniform success.
In clear low water it is hardly possible to have
them too small, and I believe that with small flies
and fine tackle one need never despair of success.
On one occasion I killed twelve salmon in a day
in a single small pool after a long drought, all upon
small sea-trout flies, and in the middle of the day I
tried for a short time the experiment of substituting
a little salmon fly, some two sizes larger; but
although the fish rose at it every time, not one of
them took it into his mouth, although with the
smaller flies both before and afterwards nearly every
rising fish was hooked.

For minnow, prawn, and worm fishing, I must
refer my readers to other and more exhaustive
treatises. Whatever merit there may be in these
brief hints is derived from the fact that they are the

TACKLE AND EQUIPMENT 67

result of my own experience, and although I have
caught salmon with minnow and worm, and have seen
them caught with a prawn, I hardly ever use anything
but the fly, and have no claim whatever to be con-
sidered an expert with other lures.

I cannot leave this subject without confessing the
magnetic attraction a tackle maker's window has for
me as I walk the streets of London. We are apt to
jeer at the fair sex when we find it difficult to get them
past a splendid array of new bonnets or the newest
fashionable millinery, but they might justly retaliate if
they saw us with our noses flattened against certain
windows in Pall Mall, the Strand or Temple Bar.
The long array of rods, the display of bronzed winches,
the tempting flies, the appetising prawns in their grave
of glycerine, move one's wonder that any fish can have
self-denial enough to resist such attractions, and turn
our thoughts to Melrose, Abbotsford, and theTay, and
the memories of long past conflicts.

68 THE SALMON

CHAPTER IV

KOAY FISHING

THE most satisfactory method of fishing for salmon
is, no doubt, casting, either from the bank or wading,
as described in the previous chapters — but there are
rivers — and some of the best and most sought after —
where this is often impracticable, owing to the width
of the stream, the nature of the banks, and the posi-
tions of the pools in which the fish rest and take the
fly. I will briefly describe some examples of various
methods of boat fishing, mainly derived from my own
personal recollections.

The first scene is a certain wide stretch of the Tay
not far from Uunkeld ; the time, I am sorry to say,
a good many years ago. A little above us on the hill,
among beautiful woods and grand Scotch firs, stands
an immense modern mansion, which, on close inspec-
tion, turns out to be a shell only, a still existing
example of the folly of beginning to build without
counting the cost ; and close beside it the picturesque

BOAT FISHING 69

old Scotch castle which it was intended to supplant,
well known to the art connoisseur as the subject of Sir
John Millais' fine picture of 'Christmas Eve,' so well
etched by Macbeth. No wonder that the great artist
did justice to his subject, for at the time of which I
write he was a near neighbour, and a frequent guest
within those hospitable walls, and in later years rented
the fishing of the adjoining beat of the Tay, and the
shooting of the surrounding woods, chase and bog.
\Ve are not far from the scenes depicted in ' Chill
October,' ' Murthly Moss,' and ' The Fringe of the
Moor.'

There are two of us sitting in the boat facing the
rectangular stern, and Miller and his man have
selected two good-sized flies, one a ' Butcher,' the
other something like a Popham, and attached them to
the treble gut casting lines of a pair of stout eighteen-
foot rods, which point outwards from the corners
of the stern. A third rod hangs straight between
them, on which is a medium-sized phantom minnow.
Fortune has so far favoured me this morning, for 1
have won the toss, and therefore the first chance with
the minnow. We have just finished such a breakfast
as Queen Elizabeth might have envied, and start from
the bank in high spirits, for the river is in first-rate
order ; it is about a week since a heavy spate substi-

70 THE SALMON

tuted the ' Pleasures of Hope ' for the possibility of
sport for a day or two, and before we can get into the
boat the sight of some magnificent fish splashing
about in the pool in front of us brings our hearts into
our mouths ; for my companion has never before seen
a salmon alive, and I have seldom had a chance of
an encounter with the giants of the Tay, Perhaps
it was not altogether a good sign for the fish to be
taking quite so much air and exercise, but it was
something to be assured that the pool was not empty,
and of that there was ample ocular demonstration.
We let out line as directed, until a bit of silk whipped
round it discloses that the orthodox twenty yards has
passed through the rings, a rather smaller allowance
being considered sufficient for the minnow ; and after
giving each one turn round a fair-sized stone at the
bottom of the boat, plant the butts of our rods against
notches in the plank behind our feet, light our pipes,
and begin to pursue ' the contemplative man's recrea-
tion.' But not for long — for the steady strokes of the
two oarsmen have not propelled the boat to the oppo-
site side before one of the three stones gives a jump
in the air, and my companion has hardly time to seixe
his rod before the line is screaming through the rings
— and seventy yards are out before his rather awkward
movements have brought his rod into position,

no AT FISHING 71

although the two boatmen have backed water rapidly
as the great fish pursued his headlong course down the
stream. In the meanwhile I have rapidly reeled up
the other lines to prevent the entanglement which oc-
casionally at this kind of sport necessitates two men
playing the same fish, both sometimes ignorant till
near the conclusion of the fight to which it really
belongs. Miller has now guided the boat to a con-
venient landing-place, and the excited sportsman is
assisted on to the bank, with many injunctions to be
especially careful as he steps to land. And now the
conditions become the same that I have previously
described, and there is no incident of a particularly
exciting character, till a fine twenty-one pounder is
duly gaffed and weighed, for although the point of the
rod is occasionally dropped too low, and there are
moments of a slack line and awkward strain, the
fish has been firmly hooked, and could only have been
lost by criminal awkwardness or great ill-fortune.
Then we recommence operations — highly elated with
the good beginning — and proceed through the day,
one of us being occasionally landed to cast in any
of the very few places which lend themselves to such
an operation — and if the- performance is one which
does not call for any great physical or intellectual
effort, I can affirm that two very elated individuals

72 THE SALMON

walked up to the Castle in the evening followed by
the bearer of seven salmon — two of these grilse of
eleven or twelve pounds — the others ranging from
seventeen pounds to twenty-three.

It must not be supposed that our host was under
the delusion that this was the highest form of sport
that the river could afford. When it was possible to
give a beat to a single rod, and he was a fisherman of
experience, he was allowed to cast from the boat
instead of occupying the position of a sort of auto-
matic trimmer. But all who remember that delightful
time, those elastic walls, and genial hospitality, will
bear me out in testifying that it was no easy task to
provide sport for the numbers who were welcomed
there ; and that occasionally it could only be secured
by putting the proverbial 'three men in a boat.'
Somehow or other, however, it was contrived that
every guest should go out expectant in the morning
and come back radiant in the evening, for the place
was like the conjurer's magic bottle, and every taste
was provided for.

Sometimes the fish were obstinate, and there was
ample leisure for the passengers in the boat to think
of other things as well as the care of their rods and
lines. Many were the good stories told, and the
songs and parodies composed on such occasions for

BOAT FISHING 73

the evening's consumption, when music and merri-
ment were the order of the day ; and not a few
surprises and jokes, good, bad, and indifferent, were
devised and executed. On my first visit I had come
straight from grouse-shooting with Lord ("aims at his
pleasant autumn quarters in Forfarshire ; and his
servant had presented me with an unexpected gift in
the shape of a gigantic wooden bootjack which he
had placed in my portmanteau on my departure. I
received in the evening a serio-comic letter from my
late hostess reproaching me for repaying her hospi-
tality by annexing her property ; and the sight of some
of the days' catch going off as presents with their tails
protruding from a neat covering of reeds suggested to
me a suitable reprisal. I begged the tail of a fine
twenty -pound fish, and sent off the stolen property
suitably directed, disguised as the counterfeit present-
ment of a large salmon. Lad)1 Cairns was equal
to the occasion ; for when she wrote thanking me for
the fine fish, she mentioned that she was unable to
enjoy it herself, as she was leaving on a visit, but that
she had sent it on direct to her neighbour, Lord
Dulhousie, at Inveimark, a little higher up the glen.
()! course this was an invention, but I could not help
wishing that it had been true, and that 1 could have
seen the face of the old laird when he opened his

74 THE SALMON

parcel and imagined that he was being made a fool of
by the Lord Chancellor.

The honours of the day in harling rest with the
boatmen, who are responsible for bringing the flies
properly over the fish, and I have officiated in that
capacity as well as with the rod. There was a stretch
of water about a mile and a half below the house
where there was one very good cast — Burn bend —
where early birds used often to secure a fish before
breakfast, but where most of the water was considered
useless, and never harled, as the bottom was smooth,
and salmon did not lie there as a rule. Once, how-
ever, when there was an extra large party in the
house, three of us went over there, borrowed a boat,
and tried the water by ourselves. Sir Frederick
Milnerwill doubtless remember the twenty-two pound
fish he got on that occasion ; and I can answer
for it that one at least of his amateur fishermen was
as proud of his success as the captor himself. I
have also with a friend harled in the mouth of the
Rauma in Norway, the two of us managing both the
boat and the rods, and getting fair success with grilse
and sea-trout ; and I do not think the operation at all
a difficult one for anyone with the ordinary proficiency
with the oar acquired at least by every wet bob at
Eton,

BOAT FfSHING 75

Whatever may be thought of harling from a
sportsman's point of view, there can be no doubt that
it is a most deadly method of killing fish. There are
casts which even the most skilful fisherman cannot
negotiate properly, and wind and current sometimes
sweep the fly round tail foremost and loose instead of
with the lifelike motion which attracts the fish and the
taut line which hooks him. But in harling, as the
boat goes from side to side, the oarsman keeping his
eye on a mark on the opposite bank and regulating
his pace by the speed of the current, the line is always
straight, and the flies and minnows visit in turn, and
in correct position, every nook and corner of the
stream. The fish under such circumstances are very
easily caught, and I can remember at least one fisher-
man— my own father — who made his debut as a
salmon fisher at Murthly, and came back from his
first day's apprenticeship the proud captor of no less
than ten salmon.

I have not disguised my opinion that this method
of fishing is a very inferior class of sport to the more
legitimate casting from the bank or wading, but I
agree with Mr. Fraser Sandeman, in whose book —
'Angling Travels in Norway'— a number of valuable
hints on this subject wi'l be found, that it is the only
practical method by which certain pools or even

76 THE SALMON

some entire rivers can be fished; still, I think that he
somewhat exaggerates the difficulty of the operation
and the skill necessary for its performance. To go
slow from side to side, to ' keep at it,' and to drop
four to five feet at each transit, does not seem to me
hard to do except in very rough water ; but it is
certain that there are degrees of proficiency in this, as
in all sports, and that it is a great handicap to have a
fool for a boatman.

It is usually the oarsman's business to land the fish
either with net or gaff, and a bungler who knows little
of the sport and cannot manage a boat properly may
involve you in difficulties and dangers more serious
than the mismanagement of a pool or even the loss
of a good salmon. There are occasions when you
are offered the alternative of a break, or of following
your fish into unknown rapids, or even into similar
perils consciously encountered ; and your life may
depend upon the activity, readiness, and presence of
mind of your boatman, and his proficiency in his
craft, if, as is usually the case, you face the risk in the
excitement of the moment.

To hold a boat properly with the oars for the
fisherman to cast a likely spot in mid-stream or at
some distance from the shore requires far greater
skill than mere barling. Every current and every

BOAT FISHING 77

rock should be known to the oarsman, who should
not merely be able to tell you exactly where you may
expect the fish to rise, but also should avoid un-
necessarily disturbing a likely place with his strokes or
the boat. So, too, the wielder of the rod may have
quite as long and difficult a cast to make as if he was
on the bank, except that he has not got to avoid
overhanging branches or a precipitous bank behind
him. He has also the supreme satisfaction of
knowing either from his own past experience, or from
information received at the time, the precise spots
where he should exercise the greatest caution and
deliberation, and feel the strongest expectation and
hope. Mere ' chuck and chance it ' work is never
very satisfactory, and a long monotonous pool or
stream, though it may be very productive, loses half
its charm if each successive cast is or ought to be a
complete replica of the one before it, and as likely to
be followed by a break in the surface and a tight
line.

A different method of boat-fishing is pursued on
Tweed. There also you have a wide stream, a strong
current, and great depth in many places, and wading
and bank fishing is in most spots quite impossible.
The precipitous sandstone banks and overhanging
trees which give such a charm to the landscape at

78 THE SALMON

Dryburgh, Melrose and St. Eoswell's make the use
of the boat imperative, but I have never seen harling
attempted on that classic ground.

I need not make any serious call upon my
memory to describe a day upon Tweed, for it was
only yesterday (September 13, 1897) that by the
kindness of my friend, Mr. Walter Farquhar, I
enjoyed a pleasant day's sport in the Mertoun
water — a typical stretch of the river, and the scene
of many an episode in Scrope's work. I had been
trouting at Dryburgh just a week before, after a
succession of heavy floods, when the water was
still out of condition for salmon-fishing — so had a
good opportunity of measuring the exact effect of a
week's dry weather upon the stream. 'My letter of
invitation, written on the 9th, told me that the river
was then in line order, and was running down slowly,
and that my friend had got live fish and a sea-trout
the day before — an excellent bag considering that the
nets were still on. I arrived at the stables at Mer-
toun at about twelve o'clock, after a drive of nearly
ten miles and a railway journey of half an hour, and it
was not long before I had commenced operations
at the House stream. Goodfellow, the presiding
genius of the beat, was away for the day on business,
but he had left a worthy substitute in the person of

BOAT FISHING 79

his second in command — one of the numberless
Elliotts who still frequent the Border countie?. I
cannot say that he was sanguine — no fish had been
got on Friday or Saturday, although one had been
lost on the afternoon of the latter day — and the river
had got very low and clear, too much so to be really
in order. Tweed unfortunately does not rise in a
lake, and the days of her perfection are few and far
between, as she is generally too thick immediately
after a flood, and then subsides very rapidly. Still
there was something in my favour. The fish had
enjoyed their Sabbath rest ; there were certainly some
in the pools, and they were settled down and not
knocked about by perpetual floods, and the sky was
slightly overcast instead of the brilliant sunshine
which all, except fishermen, had so much enjoyed
the week before, after a long spell of cloud and storm.
A little wind would have been an advantage, as the
deep, still places were glassy, but we agreed that
there was a chance, although not a first-rate one.

The House stream, as its name implies, is a rapid,
not very deep run just below Mertoun House. Here
the coble was duly launched, and I tried the cast over
with two flies ; first a " Blue 1 )octor " mounted on a
No. 8 hook, and then a " Jock Scott " on a Xo. 5. The
boat was here managed by a simple process : Elliott

8o THE SALMON

waded down the stream holding on to the side of
the bows, and let her down about a yard at a time —
in fact I was to all intents and purposes fishing from
a moving platform a few yards from the side instead
of going into the water, which at its then height could
easily have been fished by a wader, had it been
necessary. No fish moved here or in the willow
bush pool a little lower down, nor indeed did we
linger very long over the latter, as the best part of it
was very still and clear, and did not look at all likely
in its present condition.

Elliott now rowed us across — my Eton boy was
with me fishing for trout — and told us that if we
would go up to the bridge he would wade across the
stream a little above it and join us, and, as we had
our lunch, we watched him attempting to do so, but
the rapid was a little too deep to be negotiated in
ordinary wading stockings, and he had to come round
by the suspension bridge after all. Before he reached
us I met one of the house party who had been fishing
in the beat below mine, and he somewhat revived my
flagging hopes by telling me that a fish had been
risen there that morning. He added that one of the
pools above had been very much disturbed by a
horse which had fallen over the cliff and been
drowned. I imparted the news, not of the horse, but

JiO AT FISHING Si

of the fish to Elliott when he came up, and began to
unlock the next boat, but he did not seem much
impressed by the good augury, merely replying ' that
would be early in the morning.' fiowever, he rowed
me across, and I began to fish the Bridge pool,
commencing about 200 yards higher up.

Here the river is deep under the Mertoun side,
where a long submerged shelf of rock extends along
the bank, ending four or five yards out in a straight
descent into deep water, forming just such a resting-
place as salmon love to frequent. It was obviously
unnecessary to throw a very long line, as it was a
place where fish would be sure to lie close to the
boat. Here again the fisherman waded along the
shelf of rock holding the boat, and although the trees
above would be rather awkward it would have been
perfectly feasible to fish it from the bank. Half-way
down my patience was rewarded by my first rise, a
fair-sized fish came at the ' Jock Scott, ' but did not
touch. We stopped, moved the boat a little higher,
and exchanged the fly for one a trifle smaller, but to
no purpose, as our friend refused to repeat his
attempt, and after finishing the pool we judged it
prudent to leave him for the present and make our
way up to the Craigs pool, which we were agreed was
our best chance for the day.

c;

Sa THE SALMON

The Craigs pool, where another boat awaited us,
is one designated by Scrope as Craigover, and is the
scene of one of those terrible poaching proceedings-
sunning the salmon — which he describes with such
astounding candour ; but for which he ought to have
done at least a month on the treadmill. It is the
very ideal of a salmon pool, and I was not surprised
when my attendant remarked that it always held
some fish at any period of the season. There is a
gravel bank on the Mertoun side, but the Craigs, a
precipitous sandstone rock, rises opposite at an angle
of the stream, which just above descends in a rapid
almost amounting to a small fall. At the bottom of
the rock numerous boulders, the 'tumbled fragments
of the hills,' tell of similar debris beneath the waters,
forming the subaqueous caverns and buttresses which
salmon love to haunt. Two small natural cairns
protrude into the water, one at the lowest corner of
the rock, and the second twenty or thirty yards lower
down : there is sufficient stream to hang the fly
properly, but the black surface denotes great depth,
and altogether it looked an ideal spot at any height
of the river, but especially promising when she was
low and bright. Here a rather long cast is required,
as the deep water extends a long distance from the
rocks, andi the boatman1 cannot wade in far. Here

BOAT FISHING 83

he cannot follow the boat, but has to let her gradually
down by a rope, leaving the outer oar reversed on
the thole pin to steer automatically. Hopefully and
carefully I cast my fly right under the rock, working
it right round until it was opposite the boat, as even
there the water was plenty deep enough for a fish to
rise, and before very long a sudden check of the line
told me that I was into the first fish of the season,
although not even a boil broke the surface of the water.
I cannot, I regret to say, truthfully record any
very exciting incident in the playing of this particular
fish. He behaved in a most gentlemanly manner.
He did not sulk, but his runs were short and demure,
and long before he was the least tired I had guided
him down the stream into the deep still backwater,
where he spent most of the few remaining minutes of
his existence. He did not jump, and my companion
suggested that he was only a small one, but I drew a
different augury from the strain on the rod and the
fact that he never showed himself, and felt sure that
he was at least a moderate sized fish ; and soon his runs
became shorter and shorter, and as he broke the surface
we could see that I was right. And now Elliott put
his large circular landing net into the water ; but
as I guided the fish into it, he made his first really
disagreeable plunge, and shot out into the pool, taking

84 THE SALMON

with him some thirty yards of line ; but it was his last
effort, for in another minute he was scooped up and
deposited on the gravel, a nice clean male fish just under
fourteen pounds. Both the barbs of the double hook
were deeply embedded in his jaw, and it was evident
that nothing short of a break could have given him his
liberty.

While he was still on, I had seen another fish
break the water a little lower down, close into the
second cairn, and without wasting any time we
resumed the offensive, and I recommended casting
just below the place where I had hooked the fish.
The pool had been very little disturbed, and even
if it had been more so, I should not have thought it
necessary to wait, as I have risen fish immediately
after a hooked companion has been jumping and
swaggering about the pool in a manner calculated
to frighten them into fits. They seldom, it seems,
take warning from the misfortunes of others. The
casting now became a little more difficult ; not only
was it necessary to throw a fairly long line, but as the
fly came round below the point of the rod it was
sucked into a sort of eddy or backwater which
drowned the cast and made it very difficult to get the
line clean out of the water for the backward move-
ment. Once at least I succeeded in tying my cast

no AT risniNc ss

into one of those complications of knots \\lrn h would
be impossible if voluntarily attempted, but a little
patience soon got rid of the tangle, and with an
excitement which years of experience have not wholly
abated, I found myself nearing the spot where I had
marked the rise, and at the very first cast over the
place found my fly taken ; again under water. This
time I had no reason to complain of wnnl of excite-
ment, for jusl a second after feeling the hook, a heavy
fish dashed down the stream, taking out line at a pace
which made me hesitate to leave the boat, as I had
rather a small reel and a short allowance of line for
so wide and strong a river as the Tweed is near St.
Boswell's.

However, he turned as rapidly as he had
started, heading up-stream at a pace which made
it impossible to reel up quite sufficiently fast, and
just opposite to me, a really beautiful fish turned
a complete somersault in the air. 'It is another fish,'
said my boatman, but I shook my In ad, although I
could easily see what had deceived him, for the place
where the fish jumped was a gcod deal above that
where the line touched the water. Speedily as 1
reeled up, there was a moment of slack when I was
uncertain whether I had not lost him, but only a
moment, for almost as soon as T felt him auam tht

86 THE SALMON

line fairly whizzed through the water as he dashed to
the opposite side. It was a sharp and exciting
contest, but too sharp to last long, and before many
minutes he was visibly tiring, and his runs became
shorter and slower, and he yielded to pressure. As
he came near the top the fisherman and I both noted
with some surprise that there was a mark on his side ;
and when he also was duly netted, and had received
the coup de grace with a stone, the cause was apparent
in a large still bleeding scar on both sides immediately
above the belly. At first I thought that some
poacher had endeavoured to sniggle him with a triangle
and that he had broken away ; but on investigation it
was plain that the wound was not due to human
agency, as the marks of teeth were clearly visible.
He had indeed had a narrow escape for his life, as
the seal had gripped him right across the middle, but
he had escaped his voracious foe to fall a victim to a
human enemy before many hours had passed. He
was indeed a magnificent specimen, in perfect con-
dition, and I herewith give his portrait, roughly but
accurately drawn to scale, showing the marks of the
seal bite as a further example of the insensibility to
pain before referred to. The scars on the right side
extended four and a half inches in width along the body,
and to a height of two and three-quarter inches from

BOAT FISHING 87

the belly. On the left side was a corresponding half-
moon-shaped gash seven inches long by four high,
with outlying tooth-marks. Though practically

healed and filled up, these marks were nearly half-an-
inch deep in some places. I should think the seal
must have dived under him and gripped him from
below. We fished the pool again, and tried two flies
over the one that had risen above the bridge, before
we left to catch our train. C.oodfellow met us at the
stables, and was much elated by my success. He
constrained us to take our fish with us ; and as we
had no bag or baskets, they created some sensation
among the tourists at St. Boswell's station. I weighed
the biggest at the parcel office, as my little steelyard
only worked up to eighteen pounds, and found him a
few ounces over twenty pounds. Both fish were
much admired by my travelling companion in the
carriage to Hawick — a commercial from Bradford,
who said I had earned a good day's wage — and

88 THE SALMON

' supposed I was going to sell them.' It must not be
thought that what I have described above represents
an extraordinary day's sport on Tweed. I have
purposely selected a moderate one. On November 9,
1885, and the four following days Mr. Farquhar
and Lord Brougham, fishing on alternate days, killed
i 8, 17, ii, 12, and 10 li: h on the same beat, the two
rods in the week securing 95 fish.

Of harling in a loch I have no knowledge, and
from what I have heard I do not feel any great
ambition to tackle the big fish in Loch Tay. The
fishing there is best in the spring, and it must be
desperately cold work trailing the big phantom
minnows after your boat in a north-east wind, or
sometimes in a snowstorm or in frosty air. But I
have had some good days in a certain ' damp climate
contiguous to a melancholy ocean,' and although my
experience is not very recent, bear my testimony to
the excellence of the free fishing at Waterville in the
late ' sixties.'

It was in the height of the Fenian agitation that I
visited that beautiful coast with an Oxford friend : a
large and weight)' box of books testified to our inten-
tion of reading, but served no other purpose beyond
that of trying the temper of the cardrivers and the
strength and pluck of their game little horses. My

BOAT FISHING 89

relationship to the then Home Secretary drew upon
me some attention from the Royal Irish Constabulary,
although I certainly found no necessity for their pro-
tection. Paddy has his faults, but I do not think
he has any inclination to visit the sins of the fathers
upon the children. We secured the services of two
experienced fishermen and their boat for the period of
our stay, and beyond the fact that they loved whisky
' not wisely but too well,' and were quarrelsome in their
cups, we had little fault to find with them. Their
boat was more like a substantial gig than a Tay or
Tweed coble, but a flat-bottomed craft would not have
held the water enough for a drift, and would certainly
not have been safe in the violent squalls and heavy
storms which we occasionally had to encounter. The
favourite fly was a moderate sized sea-trout fly, with a
rough body of fiery brown pigs wool and a plain
wing of native manufacture, and I had not then
sufficient confidence and self-assertion to experiment
with the smarter specimens of the tackle-maker's art
which we had brought with us from the metropolis.
The method of fishing was like that for ordinary loch
trout, rowing tip-wind and drifting sideways along the
likely bays and headlands, casting before you with
the wind with a fourteen-foot rod and a moderate
length of line. The sea-trout, which were numerous

90 THE SALMON

and plucky, but not very large, rose almost anywhere.
The salmon had favourite haunts and lurking places
where submerged rocks rose nearly to the surface in
the deeper water. There was of course some com-
petition to secure the first turn at the favourite places,
and all were eager to come in in the evening with the
best baskets landed. Many a bright sea-trout and
shapely peel of four or five pounds, and occasionally a
brown salmon of from ten to fourteen pounds, roused
the envy of less successful competitors. Luncheon
on one of the islands with a freshly caught fish
broiled in the embers as a piece de resistance was a
delightful meal. Our boatmen were full of stories :
there was of course a ' worm ' in the lake, perhaps
twin-brother to the mysterious monster whose
attempted capture was described in the ' Badminton
Magazine' for July, 1897. ! Then there was also
a horseman, who, at certain periods, rode over the
surface of the lake on a charger shod with silver

1 This creature answers the description of what Newland
(Forest Scenes in Norn-ay and Sweden. Routledge, 1855) calls
' the fictitious mal, a great-headed wide-mouthed monster with
long beard, of the same colour as an eel, slimy and without
perceptible scales. It is said to grow to the length of 12 or 14
feet, and to carry on its back fin a strong sharp lance which it
can elevate or depress at pleasure. It is supposed to lie, seek-
ing whom or what it may devour, in the deepest and muddiest
holes of rivers and lakes. '

BOAT FISHING 91

shoes ; and a disused chapel and burial-ground on
one of the islands contained a stone which no one
could carry away safely. Several had tried it, but
always some misfortune had happened to them to
prevent their success. The last rash accepter of the
challenge had fallen down and broken his leg ! I
particularly remember this legend because an Oxford
undergraduate a year or two after was dared into
undertaking the quest : and, although no physical
misfortune happened to him, was very properly fined
by the magistrates and compelled to take back the
desecrated stone.

The best day we ever had there was one of some
risk. A regular gale was blowing, and none of the
boats started in the morning at the usual hour. The
wiser old stagers never made a start at all, but we
were young and rash, and pressed our boatmen to
brave the elements, being all the more eager from the
certainty that we should have the best places all to
ourselves. Miekie and his colleague shook their
heads, and protested that it was not safe ; but at last
we bribed or cajoled them into consenting to launch
forth and drift down the sheltered side of the loch-
the wind was blowing from the hotel end — on
condition that we took a spare pair of oars with us
and agreed to lend a hand on the return journey.

92 THE SALMON

For a time all went well : the fish rose freely and
greedily, as they often do on a loch in the most
disagreeable weather, and before we had finished
the drift we had secured over two dozen sea-trout, a
big brown fish, and four peel, and were congratulating
ourselves on our pluck and foresight, and thinking
what a laugh we should have at the less venturesome
sportsmen who were cultivating the fireside while we
were enjoying such excellent sport. But the end was
not yet, and the laugh turned out to be not altogether
so entirely on our side as we supposed. In the first
place we had to fulfil our pledge of rowing home in
the teeth of the wind ; but when my companion, a
stalwart and practised oarsman, bent himself to the
job with a vigorous pull, the cra/y oar snapped short
in the middle, and the boat swung round, nearly
capsi/.ing, and shipping a quantity of water. For a time
we tried the three oars, but the balance was so bad
and trimmed the boat so awkwardly, that the attempt
was soon abandoned as hopeless, and we continued
the voyage in our waterlogged craft with two rowers
and two passengers. Our progress was terribly slow,
the wind had increased in violence, and although our
boatmen stuck gallantly to their work, we could
perceive from their faces and their muttered appeals
to the Virgin and the saints that they did not feel at

HO AT FISH INC, <>;,

all confident of ever reaching the shore. Soon the
boat was nearly half full, and we were sitting almost
up to our knees in water, and it was plain that she
would never keep afloat till the end of the journey.
Things looked black indeed, but fortunately the low
shore of one of the islands loomed through the scud
and rain, and we just managed to drag her ashore
and empty her. Thankful for our escape, we held a
council of war, and determined that it was impossible
to make the regular landing-place ; so relieving the
boatmen at the oars and guided by their local know-
ledge, we rowed laboriously to shore at the nearest
available spot, dragged the boat to land, and walked
home, dripping and uncomfortable, not quite so sure
that we had done such a very wise thing after all.

Another description of boat fishing for salmon is
practised in \Vales and its borders, where the coracle
the lineal descendant of the prehistoric British boat —
is employed both for rod and net fishing. These
clumsy-looking contrivances consist of a framework
of laths or basket-work covered with tarpaulin, straight
at one end and spade-shaped at the other, with a
board in the centre to sit upon, supported upon another
set edgeways below it. They are about five feet by
three, and are worked with a single paddle somewhat
of the shape of an elongated cricket-bat, which the

94 THE SALMON

occupant, who is seated facing the broad end with a
foot in each corner, works by making figures of eight
either in front or at the side. Of course it is im-
possible to propel these crafts against the wind or
stream, but they draw little water, and are very easily
carried on the back, a strap running through the seat
being placed round the neck. A gentleman living in
the neighbourhood of Usk used to do great execution
in the Association waters, fishing before him from a
coracle with a short rod made on purpose : as he was
able to avail himself of certain long pools with bushes
on each side which were too deep for wading and
could not be approached from the banks. I
remember being greatly impressed by his success
during a visit to that river, when I was very lucky
myself for the first three days after a flood, after which
the fishermen came down in too great numbers, and
nearly every pool was occupied by an early hour
in the morning. I took one of the coracles home
with me to Kent, and used it for pike fishing in a pond,
finding it by no means so difficult to manage or easy
to capsize as I should have supposed from its
appearance. I sometimes wonder that they are not
used for small reedy hill lochs in Scotland, as they can
be bought for a few shillings, copied by any carpenter
of ordinary intelligence, carried with great ease, and

BOAT FISHING 95

mended without difficulty with patches arid a fresh
coat of tar if they spring a leak. Of course they
would not be safe for large lochs or in rough and
squally weather ; but they will float in a few inches
of water, and can be guided on to a convenient shallow
and left there when a large fish is hooked.

96 THE SALMON

CHAPTER V

SMALT, HIGHLAND STREAMS

I HAVE in a previous passage alluded to the price
which the angler must expect to pay for his sport; and
"it may be taken as an established fact that the rents
of really good stretches of water go on steadily increas-
ing, and that in the rare instances where there is a
fall of price, it is only because for some reason the fish-
ng has greatly deteriorated, and the fact has become
public property. Rivers which used to let for 2oo/. or
3007. a year are now subdivided into numerous beats,
each commanding a similar rent, and well-known
fishings fetch a fancy price, and, like the choicest
grouse moors, seldom get into the agents' hands, but
are eagerly competed for on the death or departure of
an old tenant. It is highly advisable before renting
a salmon river to obtain information from some one
who has previously and recently fished the water.
An experienced sportsman may form a trustworthy
opinion of the merits of a grouse moor by walking on

SMALL HIGHLAND STREAMS 97

the ground, and noting its capabilities as to heather,
water supply, and the like, and the indications of the
presence of birds ; but I defy anyone to tell by the
appearance of a river in June or July what sort of
sport it is likely to afford in August and September.
I have seen streams that looked absolute perfection,
apparently alive with salmon, where it was really
hardly any use to fish during the autumn months ; and
there is nothing so disheartening as going on flogging
such water clay after day without any real hope of
success. 1 dispute the proposition that a blank day
is sheer waste of time ; but I cannot say that it is
amusing to go on fishing pools when once you are
convinced that under no conditions can salmon be
caught in them at the time of year. 1 become filled
with hatred of the fish which jump over my line in
derision, or fling summersaults all round my fly, but
never take it ; and under such circumstances some
misguided men are driven to desperate courses, which
cannot be justified, but are in some measure palliated
by the temptation.

It sounds trite and commonplace to say that those
who rely upon accounts of previous bags should
ascertain the time and method of their capture ; but
1 have so often known people to take an autumn
ri\er in spring or a spring river in autumn, that a

ii

9s

word of warning against such an error is not altogether
out of place. Spring fishing is really the cheapest in
proportion to its merit ; the competition which sends up
rents to famine prices is not so severe then as later.
Comparatively few can get away in the early part of the
year, and even of those who are free to select the period
of their holiday, most for various reasons prefer the
autumn. The greatest drawbacks to early fishing are
kelts, frost, and east wind ; but there can be little
doubt that a real spring salmon gives better sport,
and is altogether a more desirable acquisition, than
two or three fish caught in the late autumn. On the
other hand, the advantage of an autumn river is that
it works in with other sports, and that if a long spell
of dry weather spoils your chance of a salmon, it is
favourable for grouse shooting or stalking. I have
fished in a good many such rivers in August, Septem-
ber and October, and a short account of the sort of
sport to be obtained in some of them may be of
interest.

The little river that I know best, having fished it
regularly for the best part of a quarter of a century, is
the Add, which rises in the hills near Loch Fyne and,
after a short but rapid course through gorges and over
rocks, descends into the plain, and for the last few
miles of its career meanders slowly through the

SMALL HIGHLAND STREAMS 99

partially reclaimed peat moss which fills the valley
opposite Crinan Bay, into which it ultimately dis-
charges its waters close to the western outlet of the
Crinan Canal. The lower part of the river winds
round and round through the soft soil, the curves
being so sharp that a straight line of about a quarter
of a mile in length would cross the river three times.
The stream has cut itself a deep channel through the
peat, and the banks are high above the water, protect-
ing it from the wind, which, as the current is naturally
sluggish, is very necessary for successful fishing, except
immediately after a heavy flood. The river, like all
small West Highland streams, rises and falls with ex-
treme rapidity, and the upper part of the water is only
really in order for one day after a flood, and the lower
for two — the first day being usually the best. By this
I do not mean to imply that fishing is useless except
for these short periods. The lower pools are deep, and
there is always a prospect of getting a fair basket of
sea-trout, and an off-chance of a salmon or two as
well if there is a fairly strong breeze. The run offish
does not begin until nearly the end of July, and the
rod fishing continues until the end of October.
Except in one or two places where there are small fir
plantations on one side of the river, there is hardly a
yard where the banks are not perfect lv clear, and the

THE SALMON

casting can be managed with a light rod. Waders are
not absolutely necessary, but as there is usually a
shallow on one side or the other of a pool, they are a
convenience, especially as they enable one to cross and
recross the numerous fords and take advantage of the
wind, which, when right for one cast, is wrong for
another.

The principal difficulty of fishing is caused by
the wind, which makes the best curl on the water when
it is against the stream, and it is often both strong and
squally. 1 once succeeded in sending the point of
my hook right through the palm of my hand, hooking
myself so firmly that after vainly endeavouring to
break off the barb, 1 had to cut the feathers off the
fly and pass it through the other way. Notwithstand-
ing the deep channel and the high banks, 1 have seen
waves almost breaking on the pools, and, if only the
wind is fairly steady, it is hardly possible to have it too
rough. Usually a perfectly calm day is fatal to all
prospect of sport, but occasionally a sort of tempor-
ary insanity seems to come over fish, and they take
the fly in a manner and under circumstances wholly
unaccountable and incomprehensible. 1 remember
especially one day when, at dead low water and with a
glassy calm, I stood by a still pool, and after watching
for some time a shoal of small salmon and grilse

SMALL HIGHLAND STREAMS 101

swimming round and round, threw my fly over them,
more in idleness and from curiosity than with any
other motive. To my great surprise one fish after
another followed the fly, and more than one took it
under water, and I caught three and hooked and lost
one or two others, although I myself, my rod, and my
cast must have been quite as visible to the fish as they
wi-re to me. It is very seldom indeed that there is
not some curl on the lowest horseshoes, and it very
rarely happens that one cannot at least secure one or
two sea-trout ; but these game little fish have certainly
decreased in numbers during my fishing career. It is
useless to fish for either salmon or sea-trout long after
the flood tide has begun to make. For a few minutes
at ' first of flood ' the fish rise furiously, but generally
short ; but when the sand and gravel off the shallows
begin to float, and the stream to turn, you may as
well put up your rod and walk home.

The part of the river of which I am speaking is
perfectly fresh water long after it has been touched
by the tide ; but there is a stretch lower down, near the
old Crinan ferry, where great sport can sometimes be
had in what is practically part of the estuary at ' first
of flood ' at spring tides. I never myself did very
much there, as it was rather far to go for a very short
bit of sport, but the old laird told me that he once

THE SALMON

caught ninety-nine sea-trout there at a single tide,
and I have no doubt that his account and memory
may be strictly relied upon, although I run the risk of
having a well known 'chestnut ' quoted against myself
and him. Probably it was the fact of the day's catch
being just one short of the ' century ' which fixed the
number in his recollection. I have no doubt that at
that time sea-trout were far more numerous than they
are now ; but over-netting has told greatly upon their
numbers. I fear the countless yachts which frequent
the west coast are not altogether guiltless of this form
of poaching. Some owners regard neither the law of
the land nor the rights of property when anchored in
waters at all out of the way, and make havoc with
scringing and splash nets. The committees of the
various northern yacht clubs are doing something to
discourage the poaching propensities of certain of
their members ; but I am afraid that not unfrequently
out of sight is still out of mind.

The fish in the Add run small, the average weight
working out at about 7^ Ib. The largest I ever
caught there weighed just over twenty pounds, and I
never heard of anything much heavier being taken with
a rod and line. The largest number I ever caught
in a season was forty-nine salmon and 167 sea-trout.
My best day, eliminating the altogether exceptional

SMALL HIGHLAND STREAMS

experience of 1892 before referred to, was seven
salmon, and I have several times caught six.

Sonic unique features are presented by the fishing
at Cambusmore, on the east coast of Scotland— one of
the few places where salmon take the fly actually in
the sea — and Mr. Henry (Iraham, who leased it
from the Duke of Sutherland for several years, has, at
my request, supplied me with the following interesting
account of its peculiarities : —

' The foundation of the fishing was a little stream
absurdly misnamed the " Fleet," which meandered — or
for the most part stood still — over a short course of
seven or eight miles, until it was artificially discharged
into a sea loch of the same name. Most of its passage
was through marshy land which had been, early in the
century, reclaimed from the sea by a high embank-
ment called the " Mound," over which the main road
ran, and in which flood gates, opened twice in the
twenty-four hours, allowed the accumulated fresh
waters to run into the loch. Above the Mound was a
lake of brackish water, in which, as well as on the sea
side, it was possible for a wader to obtain with a fair
breeze a good basket of sea trout. Ikit the salmon
fishing proper of the so-called river was concentrated
in two long pools higher up, which, except under some
exceptional spate, or for the short time during which

104 THE SALMON

the opening of the sluices below set the upper waters
moving, presented the appearance of a sluggish canal,
and would only yield their treasures under very lively
breezes. They did, however, get filled in autumn with
small fish of from 3 Ib. to 17 Ib. in weight, and on
their banks we would sit for hours, hoping for winds
from the right airt which might bring good sport to
our twelve-foot rods with light tackle and small salmon
and sea-trout flies. In the lower of these pools,
called " Torboll ;' from the neighbouring farm, two of
us during a day of equinoctial gale killed eleven fish on
a bank of about forty yards' length ; but this experience
was never quite repeated. Into this pool a little
tributary stream called the " Carnach " ran down from
the moors, upon which a mile further up a most
elaborate and beautiful salmon-ladder was constructed
many years ago in a picturesque spot, and although
the sport above it could not be said to justify the cost
of this structure, yet we did catch a certain number of
fish there — never more than a dozen a year — with
trout flies, among the heather and grouse. By
opening a siuice in a ioch ten miles up this stream we
could create an artificial spate to bring fish up the
ladder ; but I think they generally knew it was not
the real article. Below the Mound we had another
chance of fish, for they, would lie and splash outside

SMAf.L HIGHLAND STREAMS 105

the great doors, waiting for water to get through them ;
and when these were opened and a lively stream
running, they would often take our flies, or at least
get foul hooked in jumping over them, and then run
down the loch and force us to follow in a boat or be
broken. The duration of this fishing depended upon
the amount of water which had to run away, and
sometimes the guardian of the gates would let in
some of the rising tide so as to increase the outflow.
When the gates were finally shut, a shoal of fish
would often lie close under them, and there were
methods — when all others failed — adopted by the less
respectable members of the family for securing one
for dinner, which I only refer to in order to abhor and
condemn.

' But perhaps the most interesting and peculiar
feature of our fishing — for I am not aware of anything
similar elsewhere — was at a place called the " Ferry,"
two miles off, where the two shores of Loch Fleet
(which must be five miles in circumference) converged
into a narrow channel, of eighty or ninety yards in
width, between the Cambusmore side and a series of
sandbanks stretching to the opposite shore. There,
between their frequent pilgrimages to the sluice gates,
the fish would lie, and when for two hours before low
tide the returning salt water was forced with the

106 THE SALMON

current of a rapid river through these straits, they
would rise to bigger flies and give an eighteen-foot rod
as much exercise as on any fresh waters that I know of.
Unluckily our sport was limited by the shortness of
the time before the loch had emptied itself and the
current became slack. I may add that the fresh water
of the Fleet was a mere driblet in this torrent of
ebbing salt. Some years the fish did not frequent
this channel at all, but fixed themselves further up the
bay, where, with the exception of one short place
behind a rock called the " Stone," there was no current
in which a fly could work.'

The more ordinary type of small Highland river is
very interesting to fish, and of course far more beauti-
ful in its surroundings than the sluggish streams above
described ; but an account of fishing in such waters
would present few exceptional features. The sportsman
should 'gang warily,' as there are often dangerous
places and slippery rocks from which the pools and
casts can alone be reached, and an attendant may be
very useful, not only to supply the necessary local
knowledge, which is more constant than in streams
with a soft and shifting bottom, or to land the fish in
difficult places, but sometimes to rescue the fisherman
himself from an awkward predicament. Many of
these rivers unfortunately afford examples of anglers

SMALL HIGHLAND STREAMS 107

having gone out alone and never returned alive. The
rise and fall of the stream is often extraordinarily
rapid, and the force of the rushing water very great :
hut the hills arc now so thoroughly drained that few
rivers, except those which have a large lake near their
source, remain in fishing order for more than a very-
short time. It is curious how seldom salmon take a
fly when such a river is only at its ordinary or normal
height, and there has been no recent flood. The
pools may he full of fish, and the stream may in many
places look just the right depth and strength, but
experience teaches one that there is hardly any chance
of a taking rise. It would seem that the psychological
moment is either when a fish has just shifted his
ground and taken up new quarters, or when he is just
about to do so. When actually running, salmon never
take, and when quite settled in a pool, they become
dour and sulky. It is for this reason that I like to
have some pools occasionally touched by the tide.
The fish in such places are kept moving, and there is
always a chance.

It would be foreign to my subject to describe the
great floods which have from time to time devastated
the Highland straths, although probably the most
singular capture of a fish recorded in all salmon lore
is that narrated by Sir Thomas Dick Lauder in his

io<S THE SALMON

account of the historical flood of the Findhorn in 1829,
when his gardener caught and killed a fine salmon
with his umbrella, at an elevation of fifty feet above the
ordinary level of the river.

An interesting account of the four devastating
Highland deluges of 1829, 1849, 1868, and 1892 was
published by Mr. Nairne at Inverness in 1895, but
from a salmon fisher's point of view the most note-
worthy feature of such destructive natural phenomena
is the way in which they alter pools even in the
most rocky channels, and render futile the most
elaborate attempts made to construct artificial salmon
casts. I remember admiring two beautifully con-
structed artificial pools between the Lynn and
the junction in the Broom at Braemore. Sir John
Fowler had applied his great engineering skill to
the improvement of the river which runs through
his beautiful Highland home ; and by means of
concrete dams and breakwaters consisting of larch
piles in a double row filled up between with stones
and gravel, had turned a long stretch formerly useless
for fishing purposes into excellent and productive
salmon casts. Alas ! the great flood of 1892 washed
these attempts to ' bridle the stream with a curb of
stone ' completely away, and the only traces of the
improvements which remain to tell of what had been

SMALL HIGHLAND STREAMS 109

done, are fragments of the concrete blocks deposited
here and there at the will of the torrent.

vSome salmon rivers run through deep and
picturesque gorges, and it is not always easy to
negotiate the pools. A sportsman not long ago had,
after a long and arduous descent, just begun to wet
his line when a big boulder splashed into the water
at his feet. When a second followed, he and his
gillie abandoned their now useless attempt to fish, and
sheltered as well as they could under the rocks at the
side until the danger was over. When the torrent of
missiles came to an end, an investigation into the
cause of the phenomenon disclosed the fact that the
angler's own manseivanl had been amusing himself
and a companion by rolling stones down the brae, to
see them splash into the water, in ignorance of the
fact that he was endangering the life and spoiling the
sport of a justly incensed master.

no THE SALMON

CHAPTER VI

SOME FISHING RECORDS

PROBABLY the most remarkable fishing, as far as mere
number is concerned, that ever took place in the
United Kingdom, was that enjoyed by Mr. Naylor in
the Grimersta river in the Island of Lewis, in the
year 1888. The numbers caught and the manner of
their capture were so extraordinary that an account
of the circumstances cannot fail to be of interest to
all who care for salmon lore. Mr. Naylor has, at my
request, most kindly furnished me with a narrative of
the details, mainly taken from his Diary. The fishing
consists of a small river which runs out of Loch
Langabhat, a lake ten miles long by one mile wide,
not far from the boundary between Harris and Lewis,
and, after running a distance of nine miles and con-
necting four lakes, discharges into a sea loch. The
Diary runs as follows :- -

Arrived at Grimersta on July 30, 1888. The
river hardly running, and only a couple of inches deep
where it runs into the sea. A few salmon in the

SOME FISHING RECORDS

pools, and thousands leaping in the sea. We got
several to take the fly in salt water, but generally
caught what we required for the table by letting the
fly sink in the middle of a shoal and foul-hooking
one. In the salt-water bay at the mouth of the river
the air seemed full of salmon, hundreds leaping out
of the water at the same time, while shoals of
50 to 2,000 or more kept on swimming slowly round
and round past the mouth of the river close to the
surface, with their dorsal fin appearing above the
water. Towards the middle of August the fish
commenced to die from a disease which attacked
them on the head and gills, and great numbers were
found dead at each low tide. The only chance of
saving the fish was to make an artificial spate, and so
let them up the river. Collecting all the available
men about the place (about fifteen in all) we set to
work, and after about four hours' hard work succeeded
in deepening the outlet from Loch Langabhat about
a foot. We then went down to the lower end of the
first loch, and constructed a strong dam of turfs and
rocks across the river at its exit from the lake. In
five days from that time the water in the first loch
had risen a foot, and on August 21 the dam was
knocked away, and a good spate came down the river.
A small shoal of about thirtv salmon was the first

THE SALMON

to come across the fresh water, which was now
running freely into the sea, and they immediately
turned and rushed up the river. . Presently a larger
shoal came tearing up, and in a few minutes the
fish were crowding into the narrow mouth of the
river in such quantities that many were pushed
out on to the shore among the stones. There
were so many fish that numbers had to get up the
river in quite shallow water, and it was astonishing to
see how they would^ rush up a steep run where the
water was only three inches deep. They appeared to
hold on to the rocks by their pectoral iins, and force
themselves up by a vigorous motion of the tail,
which, being more than half out of water, sent up
showers of spray. We spent several hours in watch-
ing the fish going up ; and the water accumulated in
the first loch was sufficient to keep the river in spate
for forty-eight hours, in which time all the fish went
up the river ; but many of them remained in the
pools between the sea and the first loch (a distance
of little more than a mile) : and on looking down into
these pools from the rocks above, the bed of the
river seemed paved with fish, nearly all of which had
a white fungus spot on their head. For some reason
most of the fish remained for several weeks in the first
loch, instead of running further up as they usually do.

•\v : VM|

^ FS

*• v-'.';-/.-'-1^

SOME FISHING RECORDS 113

T\vo days after we let down the water I got 3 r
in the first loch, but for the next few days the
weather was bright and cairn, and not many fish
were got by any of us ; but on August 27, the rod
which fished the first loch got 36. Next day 1 got
=54. The rod on that beat the following day got 46,
and the next day I had it I got 45. The total take
of the three rods for the six last days of August was
333 salmon, and 71 sea-trout. All the fish were
fairly caught with fly. ^'e might have killed many
more if we had all fished in the first loch each day,
but we did not care to break through the rules as to
the division of the beats (under which the whole of
the first loch formed part of number i beat), con-
sequently only one of the three rods was among the
fish each day, the other two not getting many.

The average weight of the fish caught in each of
these exceptional large takes was 6 11).

The numbers and weights for the six days were as
follows : —

Salmon Weight Se.i-Tr.uit Weight

I

Xaylor 143 856 31 23

Hansard . . 106 6So 26 19

I'rohyn . . 84 490 14 10

333 2,026 71 52

ii4 THE SALMON

Mr. Naylor's individual take for nineteen days'
fishing was 214 salmon weighing 1,307 lb., and 304 sea-
trout weighing 161 lb. On his great day, August 28,
he fished for nine hours, from 9.30 A.M. to 6.30 P.M.
The largest number caught in an hour was ten, and
the smallest two. When he left off there was still
an hour and a half of daylight, and his gillies im-
plored him to continue fishing. To use his own
expression, he ' was tired of the slaughter/ and did
not care to go on, although he has no doubt that
he might have caught eight or ten more fish.

This is indeed a most remarkable record, and I
imagine that while there are few anglers who would not
dearly like to have one or more such experiences, such
extraordinary success would pall if often repeated. Mr.
Naylor assured me that no skill was required to hook
or land the salmon, that three or four rushed at his fly
every time it was cast into the water, and that although
he began with two flies, as was the usual practice in
these waters, he very soon left it off, as it interfered
with landing the fish sufficiently rapidly to catch so
large a number in the time. I have never myself
caught two salmon at one time, although I have often
caught a salmon and a sea-trout, and have had two
salmon on together for an appreciable period on
several occasions during my fishing career. The

SOME PISHING RECORDS 115

critical period is of course when the fish are being
landed, as it is next thing to impossible to prevent a
dead strain upon the second fish when the first is
gaffed and lifted ashore, of which he usually takes
advantage. One of my relations once accomplished
the feat through the quickness of his gillie, who cut
off the dropper, upon which the first salmon was
hooked, at the moment he gaffed him, thus preventing
any pull at the one upon the tail fly. Mr. Naylor tells
me that he has several times succeeded in landing
two salmon together, by the ingenious contrivance of
putting on his dropper by a ring instead of a knot, so
that it can shift freely along the casting line. I do
not, however, think that anything but great good
fortune could enable two fish to be landed together
when the second takes the fly after the first has been
played some time and is nearly tired out. The
difference of pace and movement almost always causes
a break either of the tackle or the hold.

For number of fish taken I have little doubt that
Mr. Naylor's record is and will remain unique. It is
said that the late Lord Lovat once got thirty-six
fish in a day, averaging 14 ll>. each, which, of
course, would make a much larger aggregate weight,
but I have also heard that he had three gillies and
their rods with him. and that althoutih he rose and

Ii6 THE SALMON

hooked all his fish himself, he then immediately
changed rods and left his attendants to land the salmon.
Some such plan must, I think, necessarily have been
adopted in order to get the number in the time, as
although Lord Lovat was notoriously very hard on his
fish, it would have been hardly possible to have
landed such a quantity of good-sized fish in such a
stream in the time.

The marvellous readiness with which the salmon
took the fly as soon as a way was engineered for them
into the river and lakes after their long involuntary
detention at the mouth, seems to throw some additional
light upon the question, before referred to, of their
feeding in fresh water. They are very seldom
captured with any kind of lure in the salt water when
gathered together and waiting for a flood to take them
up the stream, but it would seem that they take the
fly very greedily when from prolonged drought they
have been compulsorily detained in salt water for
an abnormal period. I cannot boast of any such
extraordinary results as I have quoted from Afr.
Xaylor's Diary : but the largest number of salmon I
ever killed with rod and line, in a given time, was also
after a prolonged drought, when, in October 1894,' I

1 Sec ' Nil Despcrandum,' ttadinhitoii Magazine, October
1896.

SOME FISHING RECORDS 117

caught in two or three pools of the Add, to which fish
had access at every high tide, thirty-five salmon of
from 1 7-), to 4!, 11). in five days. There had been no rain
since early in August, and the water was extraordinarily
low, bright, and clear ; nevertheless the lish, which
were swarming in the pools, beyond which they could
not get, rose very readily at a small fly on fine gut, and
I easily beat any record 1 had previously made with
the water in perfect order, getting ten one day and
twelve another. I cannot suggest any satisfactory
explanation of their conduct, except that they were,
remarkably hungry after a long involuntary fast.

The great success attained by Mr. Naylor's
artificial spate invites imitation, and is not an isolated
instance of the regulation of the height of a salmon
river by engineering works. It is obvious, however
that such experiments can only be successfully under-
taken in a limited number of places and under
exceptionally favourable conditions. It is a ticklish
thing to meddle with the free flow of a West Coast
burn, thereby incurring the responsibility for the
destruction caused by floods, which would be almost
sure, rightly or wrongly, to be attributed to the man
who had dammed the stream. A chain of lochs, as at
(irimersta, is almost essential for the conduct of such
engineering works, as otherwise one or more artificial

ii8 THE SALMON

reservoirs would have to be constructed. A very large
supply of water would be needed to materially affect
the volume of a typical Highland stream, and I should
not recommend any one, without considerable en-
gineering skill, to risk attempting to dam, divert, or
lower the lakes and burns furnishing the water supply
of any cultivated or inhabited district, however slight
may be its claims to such a description, without first
squaring every possible dissentient.

For another curious record I am indebted to Mr.
Henry Graham, who has kindly supplied me with the
detailed account of a remarkable day's hajjling enjoyed
by himself and Lord Muncaster in the Cargill water
of the Tay on October 10 (the last day of the season)
in 1872. The river was just in splendid order after a
spate, and no fish had been caught for about a week
before. The two rods were fishing from the same
boat, and one or other of them put down the hour and
minute at which each fish was caught or lost during
the day. I am grateful to them for the opportunity
of laying the time table before my readers, as I think
they will find it in many respects interesting and
suggestive.

Fishing commenced at 10 A.M.

A.M.

10.5 . Salmon, weight 11 Ib. . Muncaster

10. J'O , ]()bt

SOME FISHING RECORDS

119

A.M.

10.30

. Salmon,

weight 22 Ib.

Muncaster

1 I.O

„

„ 20 Ib.

. Graham

11.15

Grilse,

9* Ib-

. Muncaster

11.25

V

„ 5i lb-

• 51

11.30

Salmon,

„ i6i Ib.

Graham

11.45

»

„ I4i Ib.

. Muncaster

"•55

j)

„ i 8 Ib.

• 11

P.M.

12.10

Grilse,

lost

•

12.25 •

Salmon,

„ 26 Ib.

Graham

12.30

• 11

lost

i)

1 2.40

)1

»

11

12.55

' 11

11

Muncaster

1.5 ,

»

„ i;ilb.

>'

1.15 .

,,

lost

(i rah am

1.25 .

,,

11

11

'•45 •

,,

,,

Muncaster

2.0

,,

„ 23 Ib.

Graham

2. 10

„ 14* Ib.

Muncaster i |!ipl1'

laiulol

2.10

Grilse,

„ 7] Ib.

Graham i together

2.20 .

Salmon,

.. 18 Ib.

Muncaster

2JO .

,,

„ 27 Ib.

Graham

2.55 .

„

„ nilb.

Muncaster

3-10 .

,,

„ 12 Ib.

Graham

An interval of forty minutes was then taken for
luncheon, and fishing recommenced at 4.10 P.M.

P.M.

4.45 . Salmon, weight 18 Ib. . Mimcastcr

5-° • 11 lost . Graham

5.30 . Grilse, „ 5 Ib. .

5-»o . s 11,.

120 THE SALMON

Left off at 5.50.

, . i Salmon 1 5
Result of seven hours nsnimf- ,. ..

0 iGnlse 5

20
Weight 304^ lb., or an average of a little over i 5 Ib.

From this it will be seen that in rather heavy
water it took on an average 13}- minutes to hook,
play, and land fish, three-quarters of which averaged
nearly 20 lb. in weight. How many rose without
taking hold is not stated, and probably could not be
ascertained, as in harling many of the fish come at
the fly deep under water, and are felt and not seen.
But the most instructive part of the record is the
manner in which, for a little more than an hour,
from 12.30 to 1.45 fish after fish was hooked and
lost.

During the first hour and fifty minutes eight fish
were brought to the net out of nine hooked ; in the next
period of the same duration seven out of nine were
lost, notwithstanding the fact that the fly was to all
appearances presented to the fish under precisely the
same conditions, there being no such disturbing
element as might possibly be presented by casting or
striking. To an outsider it would hardly seem possible
that such a difference should be caused by the way
in which similar fish took a barbed hook into their
mouths ; but every fisherman must have had seme

SOME FISHING RECORDS 121

very similar experiences, although it is not often that
they are so plainly recorded and contrasted.

Usually there is a time in the day when fish will
not rise at all, and there is another when almost every
fish hooked manages to effect his escape. The same
curious discrepancy occurs in the detailed account of
Mr. Naylor's ten hours' fishing in the Grimersta, when
the number caught in an hour varied from ten to two.
There was no record kept of the fish lost on that
occasion, but I am told that there was the same
example of a series offish escaping at one particular
period of time. It will be observed that if one
sportsman had had the boat to himself, he would in
all probability have got nearly the same number of
fish.

Tay salmon are fine fellows, but there are always
a few grilse caught in that river to reduce the average
weight. I know of no river where the general run of
the fish caught is larger than in the Cascapedia River
in Canada, part of which is fished by the Governor-
General. I am indebted to the Marquis of Lans-
downe for access to his fishing register for the four

O O

years ending 1887, which records a total calculated
to stir up feelings of envy in the breasts of less
fortunate fishermen.

In i 884, between June 14 and August 5 inclusive,

THE SALMON

Lord Lansdowne caught ninety-one fish averaging
23} lb., fourteen of them weighed 30 Ib. and over, the
largest of which was 43 lb. The rest of his party
made up the total to 262 fish ; weight, 6,003^ lb. ; 30 lb.
and over, thirty-six.

In 1885, the fishing season was from June 13 to
July 30. Lord Lansdowne caught eighty-two fish,
weighing 1,973-3- lb. ; average weight, 24 lb. ; over
30 lb., nine ; largest, 39^ lb. Total number caught,
392 ; weight, 9,920] lb. ; average, 23^ lb. ; over
30 lb., fifty-four ; largest, 45 lb.

1886, June 12 to July 24. Lord Lansdowne,
1 01 ; weight, 2,500 lb. ; average, 24:{ lb. ; over 30 lb.,
twenty-four ; largest, 39 lb.

Total for the season, 271 ; weight, 6,687], lb. :
average, 24^ lb. ; over 30 lb., sixty-five ; largest, 41 lb.

1887, June 25 to August 19. Lord Lansdowne,
ninety-four; weight, 2,232 lb. ; average, 23^ lb. ; over
30 lb., seventeen ; largest, 38^ lb. Total for the
season, 320 ; weight, 7,277}, lb. ; average, 22:[ lb. ;
over 30 lb., fifty-five ; largest, 41 lb.

(irand total for the four years: 1,245 salmon,
weighing 29,188 lb. ; average weight, 2 3. 1- lb. ; over
30 lb., 210 ; largest fish, 45 lb.

This record, large as it is, pales before that made
by Mr. Charles Ellis, Mr. Iveson, and Captain Percy

SOME FISHING RECORDS 123

in the same river in 1879, when in fifty-three days
from June 9 to August 15, 640 fish were caught.

Mr. Ellis got 269, weighing 6,7i4lb. ; over 30 lb.,
fifty-three.

Mr. Iveson got 2 1 6, weighing 5,483 lb. ; over 30 lb.,
forty-eight.

Captain Percy got 137, weighing 3,451 lb. : over
30 lb., twenty-seven.

The best day was lime 18, when Mr. Ellis caught
seventeen fish, weighing 465 lb., of which the individual
weights were as follows : 38 lb., 36 lb., 36 lb., 32 lb.,
32 lb., 32 lb., 32 lb., 3 L lb., 30 lb., 24 lb., 24 lb., 22 lb.,
22 lb., 21 lb., 21 lb., 20 lb., 20 lb., and on July u he
caught seventeen, weighing 415 lb.

Lord Kilcoursie, who was on the staff of Lord
Stanley of Preston (now Lord Derby), when Governor-
General in 1891 and 1892, has very kindly supplied
me with the following graphic account of the scenery
and method of fishing.

• From the mouth of the Cascapedia. in the Bay
of ( 'haleurs, for a distance of about twelve miles, the
fishing has been for many years in the hands of an
American syndicate, and it is only from that point
upwards, for about thirty-five to forty miles, that the
Governor-General has the fishing rights. The
scenery is simply magnificent, for. although on the

124 THE SALMON

lower or tidal reaches the banks are low, and the
country " cleared," from a point about six miles
from the mouth to the upper waters runs one un-
broken forest, dense and deserted, except for the
" lumberers," whose timber slides for shooting logs
down into the stream appear at two places. So thick
is the forest growth that the river itself is the sole
route, and the method of climbing up its rapid and
beautiful course is always the same, viz. by canoe,
with a man in bow and stern " poling," as it is called,
up stream, keeping as near either bank as possible to
avoid the stream, and putting the poles in with a
rhythm and a musical twang on the pebbles which, in
the great silence, is weird to a degree, and can be
heard for miles. If out fishing, the fisherman sits in
mid-canoe, and is thus poled up to his beat by two
half-breed Indians. The beats in the last years of
Lord Stanley of Preston's term were as follows : —

' At the twelfth mile from the mouth at a sharp turn
stands " New Dereen," built by Lord Lansdowne, a
rough wooden shanty which will hold four rods
comfortably. From this lodge the fishing during the
first fortnight or three weeks is chiefly carried on. the
rods dividing some ten or more miles of fishing,
all above the lodge itself. As the fish move up so do
some of the party — usually two — who are "poled"' up

SOME FISHING RECORDS

to what is known as " Middle Camp " : two log huts
of the roughest description, swarming with mosquitoes
and undermined by "ground hogs," a sort of cross
between a guinea pig and a hedgehog. From this
camp the two rods work some twelve or fifteen pools
between them : and then, again, comes one more
move upwards to "Lazy Bogan," the best of the
three divisions because the highest, the most deserted,
and the fullest of glorious pools and big fish. To get
to " Lazy Bogan "28 miles above Middle Camp, and so
two days' "pole" — to go out and get five or six fish
between 5 P.M. and 8 P.M., of which the lightest
perhaps is 28 lb., and then to come back to the camp
for tinned soup, trout, and some beef brought up
from below, and to smoke one's pipe in the glow of
the Northern Lights, which simply electrify the sky —is
a joy too great to be put on paper.

1 The method of fishing is the same throughout the
river. On the way up are passes, a few large, dry
beaches which form the bed of the river when in
spate in the spring after the melting of the snows.
Here you halt, and an Indian gets out and selects a
large stone, called on the Caseapedia a " killick."
This acts as an anchor. A knot, also peculiar to the
river, is tied round the stone, and about three fathoms
of rope are sufficient. You then pole or paddle to the

126 THE SALMON

head of your pool ; down goes the " killick," and also
the Indians, glad enough of rest and a smoke. You
then stand up, take the rod, a spliced greenheart
supplied from St. Johns, New Brunswick, which has
been lying along the canoe all ready, and begin to cast.
The moment a fish is hooked, you sit down ; the
bow Indian lifts up the '' killick," and both take the
paddles and work the canoe up and down according
to the run of the fish. As many of the pools are at
the head of a strong rapid, it is furiously exciting
if the fish makes a bolt down stream, as the least
mistake will not only probably lose you your fish, but
possibly your life. Finally, comes the most marvellous
piece of work of all, namely, the gaffing. It is all but
true to say an Indian never misses. 1 have had a
fish gaffed absolutely in the centre of a rapid, if we
managed to get up alongside him in the canoe, and
while fish and canoe were being literally hurled down
stream, only steered by the one Indian with a
paddle !

' The best flies arc the Jock Scott, Durham Ranger,
Silver and Blue Doctors, and Black Fairy. The
average weight of one hundred and forty-four fish
killed in 1891 was 25-05 lb., and of one hundred and
thirty-three fish killed in 1892 was 26'82 lb.'

I may refer those who wish to supplement this

SOME J- 1 SUING RECORDS 127

description of Canadian fishing to an account of sport
in the neighbouring Metapedia river by Sir Henry
Stafford Northcote in ' Blackwood's Magazine ' for
1877, and reprinted in the first volume of their series
entitled ' Travel, Adventure, and Sport.' From this
it will be seen that fifteen years have not materially
altered the method of fishing, and that the most
serious drawback to the sport then, as now, consisted
of the various Hies and mosquitoes which take a
fiendish delight in penetrating an unacclimatiscd
skin.

Mr. Arthur Fowler, who has fished in Canada as
in most other parts of the world, assures me that
Lord Kilcoursie has not in the least exaggerated the
marvellous dexterity displayed by the Indians in the
use of the gaff. It would appear that this is an
attribute of semi-civilised races, for he adds that the
only attendants whom he has known to compare
favourably with the Indians in this respect were the
Lapps on the Tana River, which he visited in 1896.
A greater contrast than this river presents to the
beautiful stream just described, rushing between
virgin forests, can hardly be imagined. There is no
scenery ; the river is from three hundred yards to half
a mile wide, and scrub birch is the only tree. For
thirty miles the land is sand and mud, not a stone in

128 THE SALMON

the river bed. There are very few birds ; the cuckoo
is common. Hours there are not regular, but it
does not matter, as night and day are the same ; in
fact, a bright midnight is lighter than a cloudy mid-
day. Two Lapps navigate each canoe. They are
splendid boatmen, going one hundred and. ten miles
in thirty-six hours against a three-mile-an-hour stream.
They never seem to tire ; all they want is half an
hours rest, and coffee and food every three or four
Uours. They are just like jolly boys, always laughing
and chatting. They vary much in appearance.
Their features are not Tartar. Some are like
American Indians. One would be very like a
Soudanese if he were black. Some you would take
for Scotchmen, or rather Lewis men. They are
cleanly. To give an idea of the size of the river :
seventy miles from the mouth at dead low water the
breadth is two hundred and thirty yards, the average
depth four feet. The current runs about two miles
an hour, which gives 390,000 cubic feet per minute.

It will be readily understood that, in a river of
this description, harling is the only method of fishing
which affords a fair chance of success. It would be
very tedious to cast in such wide and monotonous
water. A pine-built, flat-bottomed canoe is used,
managed by two Lapps, who are splendid boatmen.

SOME FISHING RECORDS 129

but very small in stature. Two rods arc usually
used, one with a fly on the cast, the other with a
spoon, and it is necessary to balance them in the
fork of a birch twig, as there is not a high enough
freeboard for harling in the ordinary way. The
fisherman sits in the centre leaning against a back-
board ; the man in the bow uses a short paddle, the
one in the stern a pole. They do not pole down the
rapids as the Indians do in Canada, but shoot them
paddling, a difficult and dangerous feat. They land
to gaff the fish. They themselves fish with a short
line fastened to a larch pole, with home-made tackle,
and a spoon beaten out of an old brass kettle or
biscuit tin. When a fish runs to the end of their line
they heave the impromptu rod overboard, and pick
it up again when it floats.

The walls of the hut at Levyck on the Tana,
usually occupied by sportsmen for the fishing, are
marked with the records of the bags caught by
various parties from time to time. In 1873, between
June 23 and July 26, three rods got one hundred and
fifty-six fish, weighing 2,676 Ib. On July 6 fifteen fish
were caught, weighing 278 Ib. On July 7 seventeen
fish, weighing 340 Ib. The accounts are irregular
and imperfect, but the best year recorded during
ten following was 1874, when three rods caught two

K

130 THE SALMON

hundred and seventy-four fish, weighing 4,746 lb., in a
month's fishing, from July 9 lo August 10. On July 16
twenty-four fish were caught, of an aggregate weight of
401 lb. Two rods in 1880 caught one hundred and
three fish ; in 1881, seventy-five ; in 1890, one hun-
dred and twenty-nine ; 1893, seventy-nine. The
average weight of the fish caught is about 18 lb.
The heaviest fish recorded 45 lb., but in several years
only the number and aggregate weight are mentioned.
It will be observed that, notwithstanding the large
average size of the fish in these rivers, no capture of
a fish of 50 lb. and upwards is recorded in any of these
years in either the Cascapedia or the Tana. I shall
give one instance of a large fish caught in the former
river in the next chapter, where the subject of monsters
will be dealt with. Some of the best fishing in the
United Kingdom is in the Duke of Richmond's
water near Gordon Castle. Some remarkable records
of sport there may be found in A'ol. CLXIII. of the
' Quarterly Review ' : two hundred and ten salmon
were taken in the first nine days of one October,
and the salmon run large, and are usually in fine
condition.

CHAPTER VII

THREE FISHERS, AND SOME BIT, FISH

I CANNOT better illustrate the charm of salmon-
fishing, and the hold which it keeps upon its votaries,
than by taking as examples three noted fishermen of
different professions and characters, v/ho shared a
common passion for the sport upon which I am writing,
Mr. John Malcolm of Poltalloch, the Hon. and
Rev. Robert Liddell, and Mr. Alfred Denison.
All these three were famous upon many rivers, but
it was on the classic banks of Tweed that they found
their happiest hunting ground. I will first say a
word or two of Mr. Liddell : the other two may be
taken together, as for years they shared a sitting-
room at the Cross Keys, Kelso, from which town they
used to fish adjoining beats of the Tweed.

Robert Liddell was best known to fame as the
earnest and hard-working incumbent of St. Paul's,
Knightsbridge, and the hero of a famous ecclesiastical
suit, but it is only as a devoted follower of the

132 THE SALMON

Apostolical recreation that I venture to allude to him
here. A keener hand on Tay, Spey, and Tweed
never existed, and although he had no river of his
own, he was a deservedly popular guest on many of
the best stretches of water in Scotland, notably at
Gordon Castle and at the celebrated Pavilion beat
near Melrose. He not merely cast a beautiful line,
but knew every trick of the trade, and was an adept
at making his own flies, an accomplishment which is
gradually becoming rarer with the improvement of pro-
fessional work, and the development of the modern
tendency to specialise. He also used to write inter-
minable cantos in the metre of Sir Walter Scott's
narrative poems, describing minutely his day's sport
and recording in verse every change of fly, rise, and
incident of the play till each fish was gaffed or lost.
Some of these verses were privately printed and
given to friends, and I have read them at different
places where I have been a visitor with him, but
cannot remember more than their general nature,
metre, and subject. As might be supposed, they were
more interesting as literary curiosities than as lyrical
effusions : for I doubt whether Tennyson, or Shelley
himself, could have found much inspiration in such a
subject. His generous disposal of his spoils was
once the cause of great expense to his parish. A

THREE FfSHEKS, AND SOME BIG /-7.S77 133

horrible stench pervaded the house which had been
built for the assistant clergy in Wilton Place, close to
his church. Engineers, plumbers, and workmen were
called in. The drains were of course discovered to be
defective, and were relaid at a heavy cost. It was
not till some time after that the real corpus delicti was
discovered in the shape of an r8-lb. fish which the
rector had despatched, carefully packed, as a present
to his senior curate, which in the absence of the
recipient had been left in his room to await his
return. Mr. I.iddell died in 1888 in his 8oth year,
having preserved to the last his keenness for the
sport, which doubtless did much to keep him in
health to such an advanced age, in the intervals of
very hard work cheerfully and conscientiously
performed. On September 28, 1885, three years
before his death, he caught with his own rod no less
than twenty fish at Taymount on the Tay.

Mr. Malcolm, of Poltalloch, although in the last
two or three years of his life he was unable to use his
legs enough to enjoy his favourite pastime, did not
altogether give up the rod and line until nearly eighty
years of age, and continued to lease the celebrated
Makerstoun waters on the Tweed some time after he
had passed his seventieth year. I can well remember
with what deliuht he used to cast off the cares of his

134 THE SALMON

large establishment to go to his October quarters at
Kelso, and take ' his ease at his Inn ' with his old
friend and companion. No school-boy escaping from
Dotheboys Hall could have taken greater pleasure in
the prospect of a holiday, or enjoyed it more when it
came. Pie was an excellent performer on many
streams — the Lochy, the Spean brawling through its
rocky course, the slow Add meandering across Crinan
Moss, were all thoroughly familiar to him ; but in his
eyes no water could compare with Makerstoun, with
the Troughs, the Red Stone, and other famous casts.
There he would fish with his attendant, George Wright ;
and when 'she' was in order, no start was too early
and no day too long for him ; but he never prolonged
his holiday quite to the close of the Tweed season, as
he had an invincible prejudice against catching salmon
which had been any time in the water, and scorned
the red kippers or teeming baggits which were good
enough for less particular sportsmen. I wish I could
have a shorthand note of some of the conversations
between him and Alfred Denison during those nodes
Ainbrosiaiicc, for I am sure many wrinkles worth
recording might have been collected from their expe-
riences as they fought their battles over again. It is
curious that Mr. Denison's best day should have been
upon his companion's water, the Lower Makerstoun

THREE FISHERS, AND SOME BIG FISH 135

beat, where, on October 13, 1873, he caught sixteen
salmon, weighing 22 lb., 18 lb., 9 lb., 20 lb., 27 lb.,
23 lb., 17 lb., 6 lb., 9 lb., 16 lb., 22\ lb., 2\\ lb., 25 lb.,
7 lb., 18 lb., 20 lb., losing four, and having also eleven
' rises ' and ' pulls.' On the three previous fishing days
Mr. Malcolm had caught twelve, fourteen, and fifteen
large salmon, and I think he always a little grudged
the chance that he happened to have given away the
fourth, although he was by no means given to the
failing of jealousy over his sport. I have often heard
him tell the story of the great week, and I think he
would have been just as well pleased if the sixteen
had fallen to his share, and one of the other three good
days to that of his guest upon that occasion. Long
after he was unable to fish himself, he still took a deep
interest in the sport of others, and often made his
way round to the gun room at Poltalloch to look at
the fish that I, Egremont Lascelles, or some other of
his connections or guests, had brought back in the
evening.1 Alfred Denison was an even more constant
and devoted disciple of Izaak Walton ; for as a
bachelor he had more time at his disposal, and in the
autumn of life was able to devote nearly all his

136 THE SALMON

well-earned leisure either to the active enjoyment of the
sport or to the kindred hobby of collecting the litera-
ture of the subject — his fishing library, which is now
an heirloom at Ossington, being the most perfect private
collection in existence. Among his treasures are the
' Hook of Angling,' printed in 1606, of which there are
said to be only three copies known ; a Flemish treatise
by Van der Goes, printed as early as 1492 ; and the*
Book of St. Albans, ascribed to Dame Juliana Berners,
containing the quaint ' Treatyse of Fyshynge with an
Angle.' He was the eighth son of John Denison,
Esq., of Ossington, Notts, born on August 23, 1816,
and was a commoner of Christ Church, Oxford.
After taking his degree, he went out with his brother
Henry to seek his fortune in New South Wales. When
his brother, Sir William Denison, became Governor-
General of Australia, he served as his private secretary.
After many and pressing difficulties, with which he had
to contend single-handed, his sheep-farming proved a
success, and in the year 1857 he was able to return to
his native: country with a modest competence. His
elder brother, the Right Hon. John Evelyn Denison,
afterwards Viscount Ossington, was chosen that year
Speaker of the House of Commons ; and during the
whole period of his tenure of the office which he so
adorned, from 1857 to 1872 inclusive, Alfred was his

THREE FISHERS, AND SOME IUG FISH 137

private secretary, and was most popular in the House,
giving diligent and unwearied attention to his official
duties. It was in that capacity that I first met him ;
when he most courteously found me a seat in a very
crowded house, to hear my father speak in the ..Irish
Church debate. From his return to England until
his death he was a regular visitor to the Scotch
salmon rivers ; the Ness first, and afterwards the
Tweed also.

An entry in his Diary for 1883 records that since
1860 he had caught with his own rod, in the two rivers,
3,795 fish. In the subsequent years, up to the date
of his death, he records further sport to the amount of
806 fish, making the astonishing total of 4,601. As
to the weight of those fish, it may suffice to give as an
example the year 1883, when the fish killed were 235,
and their weight was 2,708 Ib. As a poetical friend
wrote of him, 'he weighed his fish by the ton.' His
best day on the Tweed I have, already mentioned.
His best on the Ness was August 7, 1876, when he
records as follows : 'Regan fishing at ten minutes to
nine. Killed 15 Ib., 10 Ib., S.L Ib., 7 Ib.. 7 Ib., 10 Ib.
9 Ib., i T Ib., 9 Ib., 6 Ib., 1 1 Ib., 9 Ib., 9 11)., 10 Ib., 9 Ib.,
8 Ib , lost two, and had ten rise.s. The first six fish I
killed in an hour and ten minutes. Water rather
falling dark. High S.W. wind.' In 1885, which he

138 THE SALMON

calls ' the good season,' he killed in the Ness 120 fish,
weighing 972^ lb., and in the Tweed 180 fish, weighing
2,651 lb. Besides his salmon-fishing he was well
known as a trout-fisher, and a member of the Stock-
bridge club. He continued to enjoy his favourite
sport until the last. He came down as usual to Ness
House on August T, 1887, although he had suffered
severely from an illness at Stockbridge in the spring
and early summer. Arriving by midday, he fished that
afternoon and caught two fish. During the dry season
that followed there was little opportunity for fishing
but on Friday, Sept. 2, and Saturday, Sept. 3, he
caught nine fish, six of these on Saturday. It was
remarked of him that he never threw a better or
straighter line than on that Saturday ; but the over-
exertion and a chill proved too much for him. On
Sunday morning, Sept. 4, he was taken ill, and died
in twenty-four hours. His body lies in Ossington
churchyard, by the side of his brother Henry.

I have often heard from his old friend the story
of his celebrated encounter with the salmon which
eventually defeated him after ten hours' hard work.
At six in the evening, on a Friday, in the Holm pool
in the Ness he hooked a salmon which he knew to be
of immense size. After one long and violent rush,
during which angler and gillie had the greatest diffi-

THREE I-ISHERS, AND SOME UIG FfSIf 139

culty in keeping up with him, the fish pursued the
usual and more fatal course of sulking. Three
successive attempts were made to gaff him in deep
water, but in vain, as each time he moved on a little,
but could not be persuaded to run. The contest
continued till darkness set in ; reinforcements then
arrived in the shape of refreshments and a brother
angler, but all efforts to bring the fish to the gaff
were frustrated by his weight and strength. Through
the long night Mr. Denison persevered, keeping a
steady strain on the monster and meeting every new
manoeuvre with the patience and skill of a prince
among anglers. At last, about 4 o'clock in the
morning, its matchless strength was nearly exhausted,
and after several short runs the big tail gradually began
to stir the top of the water, and the stubborn resistance
seemed at an end. Slowly the giant bulk was towed
towards the shore, the gaff was stretched out to
secure it, and the prize seemed gained, when the fish
made a last expiring rush — and alas ! the line caught
on the angler's watch-chain. There was a dead pull ;
the line snapped, and the fish floated away, after a
contest of no less than ten hours. A few days before,
Mr. Denison had got the fish of the season in the same
pool, a remarkably handsome fresh-run salmon of
33.7 Ib., but, like Mr. Bromley Davenport's fish in

140 THE SALMON

' Sport,' it only looked like a small hit of the monster
that escaped.

Mr. Bromley Davenport's work is too well known
for anything more than a passing allusion to his
fishing adventure. If any of my readers have not yet
read ' Sport/ they have a treat before them, with which
I should be loth to interfere, and I refer them to its
brilliant pages for particulars of the loss of ' the
biggest fish that ever was seen.'

Another most vivid and picturesque account of
' a night with a salmon ' may be found in a volume
of essays by the Bishop of Bristol, published by
Smith, Elder & Co., 1895, under the title of ' Off the
Mill.' It attracted much attention when first printed
in the ' Cornhill Magazine-' for 1869, and I have the
authority of its author for stating that all the details
are exact in every particular. It is most instructive,
not merely from the dramatic incidents of the
struggle, but also as a record of salmon taking a bait
in salt water, and may be taken as another typical
instance of failure in spite of every possible exercise
of pluck, patience, skill, and resource.

The scene of the adventure is that part of the Tay
where the Earn joins its waters with the larger stream,
and the estuary proper commences. The rise and
fall of the tide amounts to twelve to fourteen feet,

THREE F/SHEKS, AND SOME BIG FISH 141

and as the stretch of the water is three-quarters of a
mile across at high tide, harling is the usual and only
reasonable method of fishing adopted. The fly was
practically abandoned, not rising more than one to six
as compared with the minnow, and that one never
more than a sea-trout.

The 'Night with a Salmon' was the last night but
one of the rod season of 1868, and the fish was
hooked at about half-past twelve in the morning,
high tide having been about ten. The monster took
the minnow on the lightest of the three lines, a mere
makeshift, composed of two trout lines seventy and
fifty yards long, the splice of which had not been
tried. lie first went nearly out to sea, playing the
boat rather than the boat playing him, and having
the full advantage of both tide and current. Many
dangers had to be surmounted : lirst the Sperling
nets with their high poles and ropes, and then the
channel of the South Deep, where Mugdrum Island
divides the Tay into two streams and the bottom is
'gey foul," and the tide runs like a mill race. At half-
past three the boat approached Xe\\ burgh, with its
wild expanse of estuary beyond, and for the lirst and
last time touched the shore for a second, but not
long enough for either passenger to land. The
writer gives a vivid account uf the sorrows of the

142 THE SALMON

unfortunate third man, not an enthusiastic angler, wet,
cold, and hungry, and longing to get ashore — at one
time even threatening to jump overboard and swim.
The change of the tide made the fish frantic, but he
decided on going up with it, and did so at a great
pace, and shortly afterwards showed himself at last,
springing two feet out of the water — a monster as large
as a well-grown boy — and proving that he was not
foul hooked, as had been surmised from his behaviour,
for the line led fair from his snout. Soon afterwards
a strand of the line parted within twenty yards of the
end, through the constant friction of the wet line
running through the rings for so many hours ; and
the problem became complicated by the necessity of
keeping the flaw as far as feasible on the reel. The
necessity of keeping close on the fish led the boat-
man such a life as he will never forget. At last night
came on in earnest ; it was half-past six and all but
dark before the pier was reached from which the
boat had started seven hours before.

Here, after one churlish refusal, a boat was induced
to come alongside, and the unfortunate passenger was
transhipped at about eight o'clock with injunctions to
send off food and a light. It was an hour before the
boat returned with an excellent lantern, a candle and
a half, a bottle of whisky, and cakes and cheese

THREE FISHERS, AND SOME BIG FISH 143

enough for a week. Dr. Browne now put in force
what, in a letter to me, he states that he ' regards as
the most brilliant idea that ever came into his mind.'
A spare rod, short and stiff, was laid across the seats
of the boat, with the reel all clear and a good
salmon line on, with five or six yards drawn through
the rings. They waited until the fish was quiet a
minute or two under the boat, and gently taking hold
of the line he was on, passed a loop of it through that
at the end of the salmon line. After two or three
failures the loop was got through, a good knot tied,
and the old line snapped above the knot. The danger
surmounted might then be properly estimated from the
fact that the flaw when examined turned out to be seven
inches long, and half of one of the remaining strands
was frayed through. The only thing now to be avoided
was coming into close contact with the fish, as the
loop, of course, would not run through the rings.
This was rendered more difficult, as the manoeuvre
of transferring the fish from one rod to another was
facilitated, by his being attracted by the light and
keeping close to the boat. For a few moments it
was proposed to hang the light over the stern and
gaff him when he came up to it, but this method was
rejected as unworthy of so noble a foe. 1 quote the
conclusion of the article.

144 THE SALMON

1 Time passes away as we drift slowly up the
river towards Elcho. Ten o'clock strikes, and we
determine to wait till dawn, and then land and try
conclusions with the monster that has had us fast for
ten hours. The tide begins to turn, and Jimmy
utters gloomy forebodings of our voyage down to the
sea in the dark. The fi^h feels the change of tide,
and becomes more demoniacal than ever. For half
an hour he is in one incessant fury, and at last, for the
first time, except the single occasion when he jumped
and showed himself, he rises to the surface, and
through the dark night we can hear and see the huge
splashes he makes as he rolls and beats the water.
He must be near done, Jimmy thinks. As he is
speaking the line comes slack. He's bolting towards
the boat, and we reel up with the utmost rapidity.
We reel on ; but no sign of resistance. Up comes
the minnow minus the hooks ! Jimmy rows home
without a word ; and neither he nor the fisherman
will ever get over it.'

A large fish was taken in the nets at Newburgh
the next year, which Dr. Browne identified as the
same, by a mark where he had seen the tail hook
of the minnow when the fish showed itself, and a
peculiarity of the form of the shoulder. It was the
largest salmon ever known to be taken, 'weighing

THREE FISHERS, AND SOME BIG FISH 145

74 Ib. as weighed at Newburgh, and 70 Ib. in London
the next day.' Mr. Frank Buckland took a cast of
it, and I believe it may still be seen in his museum
at South Kensington. This evidence of identity is
not conclusive : but very probably it was the very
fish which escaped after so gallant a fight.

The Bishop tells me that he has often discussed
with sportsmen the question of gaffing the fish by
drawing him up to the blaze. ' At the time, I thought
it unfair to the fish to entertain my boatman's sug-
gestion, and I think so still' (December 1897), 'but
I have never yet come across a man of sporting ex-
perience who has not said he would certainly have
gaffed the fish by using the lantern to attract him.'

In my own opinion, the forbearance of the tired
angler was sportsmanlike in the highest degree, but

Video meliora, proboque
Deteriora sequor,

and I do not think that if I had been in his position
I should have resisted the temptation. In another
place a fish, caught after a very prolonged fight, was
taken in the end by a most ingenious contrivance,
which some would consider unfair, but which I think
thoroughly justifiable under the circumstances. Mr.
Frederick Fowler, brother of Sir John Fowler of
Braemore, hooked a fish in the Lynn pool on the

L

146 THE SALMON

Broom at about twelve noon. The ' Lynn ' I must
describe for the benefit of those who have not seen
it, as one of the most extraordinary pools to fish that
I have ever seen. A wild fall dashes into a deep
hole between two high rocks ; and the fisherman
stands high above it on artificial steps cut in the
rock, and has to cast a long line to cover it. The
Braemore visitor's book contains a humorous sketch
by the late Sir John Everett Millais, of himself
fishing this pool, held by a gillie from above by
the gaff through his coat tail, labelled 'A necessary
precaution when fishing the Lynn pool.' At the time
of which I am writing it was possible for a gillie to gaff
a fish at one place in the pool, but since the great
flood of 1892 every fish hooked has to be led down
through the rapids into the pool below, the lower
Lynn ; and a light wooden rail has been fixed
on the rocks beside the rapid to prevent the line
being cut by them, as the fisherman passes above at
a necessarily considerable distance. From this
description it will be seen that, although there are
difficulties in casting and landing the fish, the angler
is high above the pool and has great leverage if
required. Nevertheless, on this occasion referred to,
the fish refused to move far, and no strain was
sufficient to bring him to the surface. Hours passed,

THREE FISHERS, AND SOME /ifG FISH 147

dusk arrived, and with it assistance in the shape of
Mr. Arthur Fowler, but his efforts, like those of his
uncle, failed to bring the fish to the surface. Many
were the conjectures as to the probable sixe of the
monster which had resisted a heavy strain in so
strong a stream for so long a period ; but when dusk
was rapidly changing to darkness desperate remedies
were called for. A lantern was sent for and a second
rod, and Mr. Arthur Fowler, having rigged up an
impromptu triangle of three large: flies and fastened it
to the new line, attached it to a key ring and sent it
down the other line to the fish 'like a kite messenger.'
(letting a second purchase on the salmon, he was
soon brought to the gaff and landed, when, to every
one's surprise and disappointment, he turned out to
be only about 16 lb., but hooked foul 'fair amid-
ships ' in the side, half-way below the dorsal fin,
which accounted for his obstinate resistance. Had
he also escaped, no doubt an addition would have
been made to the legends of lost monsters : but it is
to be observed that in most recorded instances
opportunities are afforded for seeing the fish, which
did not occur here. The contest lasted from noon
till nine o'clock. 1 have endeavoured to obtain
authentic information of the si/e of fish taken with
the rod, but records are so unsatisfactorily kept, and

148 THE S A L.I f ON

oral traditions so unreliable, that but for the kind
assistance of Mr. T'Tennell I could only have given a
few sporadic instances. In small rivers the fish are
usually smaller than in large, but in the Broom above
referred to, narrow, rocky, and short as it is, there
are an unusually large number of heavy fish. The
records have been most accurately kept from 1867 to
1897, during which period of thirty years 1,061
salmon were taken with the rod, and nearly every
year the heaviest fish was considerably over 20 lb.,
while on four occasions the record for the year was
over 30 lb. The heaviest fish recorded was taken- in
1884 and weighed 33 lb., but a much larger fish was
hooked and lost by Sir John Fowler in the Lynn pool
before referred to. It was seen several times during
the struggle sufficiently plainly, and by a sufficiently
accurate observer, to make it certain that it was much
larger than the record fish of the river ; and its fate
may be conjectured from the fact that, after the
spawning time in that same year, a fish was picked
up which had been killed by an otter, which then,
after the ' otter's piece ' had been eaten and the
season's waste had done its work, weighed no less
than 36 lb. On the Add, of which I can speak from
personal knowledge, a river similar in size and length,
but of a much more sluggish character, I can only

THREE FISHERS, AND SOME BIG FISH 149

remember the capture of two fish of about 20 Ib. in a
similar period of thirty years, and the average weight
was about ylj Ib. I should think that this may be
taken as more typical of the normal condition of
things in small Scotch rivers.

Many legends of big fish fail to stand the test of
careful examination ; but there are plenty of authentic
records of fish taken with the rod weighing 50 Ib. and
over. These monsters do not always show such
desperate fight as in the historical encounter recorded
above. A fish of 56 Ib. caught in the Cascapedia by
the Hon. Victor Stanley in 1892 gave very little
sport indeed. The record fish of 1897, a 53-pounder,
caught in the Cordon Castle water in the Spey by
Mr. W. Craven, although he fought gallantly, was
killed in a quarter of an hour. Mr. Craven, who was
fishing the Dallachy pool, not more than a mile from
the sea, with a small No. 4 Carron fly, with lemon body,
silver twist, and black hackle wing, tied on a double
hook, on a double gut cast with four feet of single,
observed the fish rising behind a sunken stone, and
beyond the rapid stream from which he was casting,
the rise, as is frequently the case with very large fish,
being only indicated by the swirl of the water. From
this position he could only reach him by casting his
tly into the comparatively slack water beyond the

150 THE SALMON

stream, and allowing it to be dragged past his nose in
a manner ' quite contrary to the rules of casting.'
Three times this was done without success ; but on
the fourth occasion there was a wave on the water and
a hard pull, and in a second away went 40 yards of
line down stream. Mr. Craven was beginning to
think of the boat 200 yards below, when the fish
suddenly stopped and gave two or three unpleasant
tugs ; but, being very firmly hooked, he allowed him-
self to be reeled slowly up, and enabled his captor
to get ashore. He then made for his old resting-
place and began to sulk, but not for long, for he
quickly went up stream as fast as he had come down
it, and it became a labour of difficulty to keep above
him.

At this point a disagreeable grating feeling in-
dicated that the line was rubbing against the edge of the
shingle between the rod and the deep water, and it
was necessary to take to the water again and get the
line perpendicularly over him as he again stopped.
At this point Mr. Craven first realised what a
monster he had hooked, for although the rod was
apparently pointing directly over the fish, the line
suddenly ran out at full speed. This was because,
having drowned the line under the heavy stream, the
salmon was trying to ascend a small ' draw ' on the

THREE FISHERS, AND SO.'\fE BIG FISH 151

far side of the river, and there he showed himself
struggling in about eight inches of water. The
strong tackle bore the strain well ; the sunken part of
the line was successfully reeled up, and, but for the
bend of the rod, the line was once more horizontal
between fish and angler. Now a slow steady pull
not only cheeked his career, but drew him back with
a splash into the deep, and the line was reeled up
short, so that when he had been carried a little way
down he came into the slack water, where fisherman
and gaffer were waiting him, but just out of reach.
This he repeated twice, but the third time, .with two
or three feet more reeled up, he came well within
reach, and the steel went into him just above the
dorsal fin, the left hand came to the rescue of the
overtaxed right, and W. Davidson, who had not
uttered a syllable during the fifteen minutes' contest,
broke the silence with the exclamation : ' The biggest
fish I have ever taken out of the Spey.' After the
ci»if> de gnice had been administered and the fly cut
out, both hooks of which were firmly fastened round
the lower jawbone, the handle of the gaff was passed
through the steelyard, and the salmon hoisted between
the shoulders of the exultant couple : but the steel-
yard only indicating a maximum of 50 lb., his excess
weight was a matter of conjecture. This proved to be

152 THE SALMON

3 Ib. more. His length was four feet one and a half
inches, and his girth two feet five : a male fish, rather
coloured, but perfect in shape and condition. The
subsequent examination of the tackle showed that
the risk of losing him had been considerable, as the
reel line was cut a quarter through where it had
grated against the shingle, and had to be removed as
untrustworthy, and one strand of the double gut eye
of the fly was severed and standing out at right
angles.

The great authority on the size of salmon is
Mr. Henry Ffennell, who has devoted much time
and trouble to testing the accuracy of the alleged
captures of large fish. Many such legends have been
shattered in the process, but he has kindly supplied
me with the following instances of fish of 50 Ib. and
over, taken with rod and line in the United Kingdom
since 1870, which may be relied upon as strictly
accurate. All of them appeared under Mr. Ffen-
nell's name in the ' Times,' and were verified before
publication.

1870. Mr. Haggard caught a fish of 61 Ib. in the
Stanley waters of the Tay.

1872. An angler landed a salmon of 58 Ib. on the
Shannon, and Dr. A. Peck took one of 51^ Ib. in the
Cumberland Derwent.

THREE MSHERS, AND SOME BIG FISH 153

1873. A salmon of 53!, Ib. was taken in the Tweed,
and one of 57 Ib. on the Suir in Tipperary.

1874. A salmon of 55^ Ib. was caught in the
Cumberland Derwent ; one of 50 Ib. in Loch Tay ;
one of 57 Ib. in the Suir, Tipperary, by a professional
angler. An amusing account of the capture of this
fish, by the late Mr. Richard Bradford, a local inspector
of fisheries, appeared in the ' Field ' of February 9,
1895. I* was to tne following effect :—

The fish was caught on Longfield by Michael
Maher. The river was reported coloured, and Maher
left his flies at home and trusted to baits. When he
reached the river he found the water was too clear
for the Devon, and he was at his wits' end, as he had
no flies. He, however, was a man of resource. He
went into a farmhouse close by ; got some light
orange silk from the farmer's daughter ; some hackles
from a grizzled cock in the yard ; and with these and
a little silver tinsel he formed the body. He could
find nothing suitable for the wing, except some light
orange goose feathers (dyed) in the farmer's daughter's
hat. These made a decidedly clumsy fly ; but he tried
it, and in a very few minutes was fast in the fish, which
he landed in a very short time, and carried in triumph
to Cashel. When asked what fly he used, he answered,
'That's a mystery.' This gave rise to the adoption of

154 THE SALMON

the name, and the combination thus accidentally
arrived at is, with a few alterations, a standard fly on
the Suir.

1877. Mr. T. B. Lawes killed a fish of 54 Ib. on
the Awe, near Dalmally.

1880. An angler killed a fish of 50 Ib. on Loch
Tay.

1884. The keeper on the Ardoe water of the Dee
killed a fish of 57 Ib.

1886. Mr. Pryor killed a salmon of 57^ Ib. on the
Floors water of the Tweed.

1888. The late Mr. E. Frances killed a very
handsome fish of 55),- Ib. on the Corby water of the
Eden.

1889. Mr. Brereton, on Lord Polwarth's Mertoun
water on the Tweed, killed a fish of 55 Ib. on a small
' ^Vilkinson ' with single gut. An angler on the Scotch
Esk caught one of 50 Ib. with a small grilse fly ; and
Mr. Lowther Bridger also got one of 50 Ib. with a
small ' Bull Dog' fly and single gut.

1892. Mr. G. Mackenzie got one of 56 Ib. on the
Warwick Hall water of the Eden, on a small ' Jock
Scott,' landing it in fifteen minutes. Colonel Home
got one of 51-', Ib. on Lord Home's Birgham water
on the Tweed, and Lord Winterton got one of 50 Ib.
on the Gordon Castle water on the Spey.

THREE FISHERS, AND SOME BIG FISH 155

1893. Mr. Peter Loudon got one of 50^ Ib. on the
Annan.

1895. Lord Zetland got one of 55 Ib. on the Tay.

In addition to these, Mr. Malloch, of Perth, men-
tions two caught on the Tay, one of 54 Ib., caught by
Lord Ruthven, and one of 50 Ib. by Mr. Clark
Jervoise. Mr. Ffennell also records a curious inci-
dent connected with a salmon of 51^- Ib. taken in the
nets on the Wye in 1887. A fly with some gut
attached to it was found in his mouth. Dr. Norman
of Ross identified this fly as one he had lost in a big
fish which he had been playing for a long time some
twelve days before. This is a most singular incident,
as salmon usually get rid of flies and hooks very soon
after they have broken them off.

Mr. Ffennell has certainly done great service to
the cause of accuracy by investigating every alleged
instance of exceptional weight at the time, and he
really merits the title of ' giant killer.' As he rightly
states, in a letter to the 'Times,' in April 1887, on a
' bogus ' Shannon salmon of 72 Ib., unless such false
reports are contradicted immediately they appear,
many mythical salmon would be handed down and
placed on record. Some of the cases, exposed after
paragraphs had gone the round of the papers, turned
out to be pure invention : many mou-, hardly less

156 THE SALMON

culpable exaggeration. Thus 52 Ib. dwindles on
examination to 36 Ib., 75 Ib. to 45, and 51 Ib. to 27 Ib.
This last was an Irish salmon, and the additional
weight was tacked on between Banagher and Castle
Connell !

157

CHAPTER VIII

POACHING

THE best friend of the salmon is undoubtedly the
fair rod fisherman. Only a modest gleaning falls to
his lot out of the ample harvest of the stream ; yet he
does far more for the protection of the crop than the
tenant of the net fishing, who, like a thriftless farmer
who exhausts the soil of his fields, too often looks only
to the immediate present, and leaves a wasted heritage
to those who come after him. I have, however, said
ni)' say upon the legal destruction of our salmon
fisheries, and will now devote a few pages to some of
the many illegal methods by which fish are destroyed.
The time-honoured pastime of ' burning the
water ' is, I fear, by no means obsolete, although
the law prevents its being carried on so openly as in
the days of Scrope and Sir Walter Scott. The vivid
description in '(iuy Mannering ' must be familiar to
most of my readers, and doubtless the ' shirra ' had
often taken part in proceedings which his successors

158 THE SALMON

punish with no undue severity. A salmon was a
salmon in those days ; and the object was to get
them quocunque modo. Scrope says, ' A salmon is
a fish of passage, and if you do not get him to-day he
will be gone to-morrow. You may as well think of
preserving herrings or mackerels as these delicious
creatures, and there would be no objection to you
taking 3,378 salmon at one haul if fortune would so
favour you.'

The ' leister ' or ' waster ' is figured in his pages, and
was a formidable weapon resembling a trident, but
with five prongs instead of three, with only one barb
to each prong, as two would tear the fish too much
in extricating them. This weapon was fastened to a
pole usually about sixteen feet long, and was used
for ' canting ' the boat up stream as well as for
striking the fish. It was not grasped firmly, but sent
loosely through the hands, its own weight in falling
being more effective than a strong thrust. The stroke
was aimed at the shoulders of the fish, from a vertical
position, and the grip was then shortened and the
fish lifted head foremost. The boat in use for the
purpose was larger and steadier than a rod-fishing
boat, and in the centre, near the side, was a pole fixed
vertically, with a basket on the top to contain the com-
bustibles, rags steeped in pitch and fragments of tar

POACHING 159

barrels. There were ' three men in a boat ' ; one at
the head and one at the stern as boatmen and
leisterers, and the third in the centre to kill the fish
and trim the fire. A suitable evening was selected
when the water was low : half the country side assisted
as actors or spectators, and carts were brought to take
home the fish — a not unnecessary precaution, as
hundreds were massacred in the course of a single
evening. Ourauthority states, curiously enough, forthe
benefit of the rod fisher, that salmon disturbed in the
night with boats and lights will draw up into the
streams above and take the fly all the better for this
disturbance the following morning. No doubt it must
have been a picturesque sight to see. ' The ruddy light
glared on the rough features and dark dresses of the
leisterers in cutting flames directly met by dark
shadows. Extending itself, it reddened the shelving
rocks above, and glanced upon the blasted arms of
the trees, slowly perishing in their struggle for exist-
ence among the stony crevices ; it glowed upon
the hanging wood, on fir, birch, broom, and
bracken, half veiled or half revealed, as they
were more or less prominent. The form of things
remote from the concentrated light was dark and
dubious; even the trees on the summit of the brae
sank in obscurity.' (Ireat numbers of fish wen-

160 THE SALMON

taken in a night — more than a hundred is the
number given in ' Guy Mannering,' a ' hundred
and twa' in a portion of the evening described by
Scrope ; and in addition to this massacre no doubt
there were many others which got off the leister,
wounded, to perish miserably. The eels used to
follow the blood and eat the flesh out of the skin —
' You will see the eels by dozens hanging thick on him
like sticks in a bundle of faggots ' : and altogether
I sympathise with the feelings of the spectator
described by Scott, who did ' not relish being so
near the agonies of the expiring salmon as they
lay flapping about in the boat, which they mois-
tened with their blood.' It seems to have been
a barbarous performance ; but autres temps, autres
ina'urs, and it is only fair to add that I have heard
that so famous a rod fisher as the late Sir William
Scott of Ancrum said there was no sport like it. In
addition to these gregarious raids, many fish perished
on the spawning beds by the leisters of individual
poachers — such as Tom Purdie, Sir Walters attend-
ant, who was great with the ' clodding ' or throwing
leister, and whose murder of a ' muckle kipper of
40 Ib. on a big redd ' is narrated in detail. All this
is of course unlawful now ; but I am afraid that it is
still a common enough method of poaching on the

POACHING 161

Tweed and its tributaries, although paraffin is sub-
stituted for the tar barrel and ' heather lichts,'and the
' cleik ' or gaff for the leister. Many of the fish which
go up to the spawning beds never return ; and the
gangs who go out to ' burn the water ' are too often
prepared to use violence, and bailiffs and poachers
have met their death, like Grimes in the ' Water
Babies,' in the fierce encounters that have taken place.
Whether from hereditary instinct or traditional in-
struction, the sympathies of the Lowlander are rather
with the poacher than the water bailiff, and the
wanton destruction of fish is not easily punished or
prevented.

Nets of various kinds are used for poaching as
well as for legal fishing, in and out of season : splash
nets, \\hich entangle the fish when they strike them ;
shove nets to take them under the banks or rocks :
nets to catch them at the salmon leaps, and fine seines
to drag the pools at night from the bank, or a light
boat or coracle, often managed by a single skilful
hand. A poacher resident at Crinan was more than
once caught at night taking salmon in this manner
up the river Add, and his boat was for some time up at
the keeper's house at Poltalloch — a flat-bottomed skiff
with outriggers, rather like a duck shooter's punt ;
but although it certainly was never used for any

M

1 62 THE SALMON

legitimate object, the authorities were unable to
condemn it as an implement of poaching, and it had
to be returned to its owner. He was fined rather
heavily more than once ; but a single night's success,
unfortunately, goes a long way towards providing the
means of paying the legal penalties inflicted, and I
hardly think the authorities are sufficiently severe on
professional and systematic river marauders. I was
rather amused at the description of his experience
given me by a keeper in the Border country the other
day. The poachers he had caught had, in his1
opinion, got off too lightly, until one night he came
upon a man burning the water on his beat, who after
a struggle was rescued by a second, who put my
informant into the river. Far from being annoyed,
he said to them, ' Now I know your faces, and I have
got a good case against you.' What amused me
most in his description was his threat to the fiscal.
' I told him that if he did not imprison them this
time, / would never bring a case before him again.''
Whether in consequence of this awful threat, or on
the merits of the case, his assailants on the occasion
referred to got three months' imprisonment.

Otters and cross-lines with a number of flies and
minnows are objectionable, not only for the destruction
they cause but for the number of fish they prick and

POACHING 163

frighten ineffectually. Another, and even worse method
of poaching, is snatching or stroke hauling. This
cruel and barbarous practice of sinking a weighted
triangle or triangles in some place where salmon lie
thick, and jerking it through the water till it catches
in some part of a fish, is, unfortunately, only too
common and well known. Numbers of fish escape,
lacerated and torn, and the tackle is usually so
strong that little play is given by the struggles of
those landed. Yet, in some parts of Ireland
especially, 'sportsmen ' may be seen in rows manipu-
lating a bunch of weighted triangles through a shoal
of salmon — sometimes with a prawn or minnow
attached to them as a colourable pretext for the
proceeding. This is done, not occasionally and to
obtain a fish for the pot in low water, but in the
name of sport, and to provide amusement for the
perpetrators ! I confess I should like to see some of
these 'gentlemen' severely punished, as I sympathise
far more with the poor man who poaches for gain or
food than with such desecrators of the gentle name
of sport.

In Scrope's time these snatching implements were
known as rake-hooks, and he avers that 'most fisher-
men were provided with the tackle.' 'It consists of
two strong hooks about two or three inches long tied

M 2

1 64 THE SALMON

back to back, and fastened to twisted gut, on which
are put five or six large shot at equal distances from
one another The fisherman, with a strong rod,
throws the line with these bare hooks attached to it
about a foot beyond any salmon that he may discover
lying, and then with a sudden jerk draws the hook
into him if he can, and gets him to the land if he is
able.' I fear the ' Rake's progress ' was frequently
over the spawning beds, as he calmly adds : ' Clean
fish are sometimes taken in this manner.' His method
of spearing fish in low water on a bright day is
elaborately described under the title of 'Sunlight ' in
the tenth chapter of his book. Indeed, I hardly
know any sort of poaching which he does not describe
and countenance, except the curious practice of spear-
ing salmon on horseback described in ' Red C.auntlet.'
IK' tells us that 'vast numbers are captured in this
manner, i.e. by "sunning," particularly in the upper part
of the Tweed,' but the scene of the raid which he
describes in detail is, as I have mentioned elsewhere,
the Craigover Boat hole on the Mertoun water, close
to Melrose. With a man clever with the leister standing
in the water at the head of the stream to strike the
fish which endeavour to pass out of it into another
cast, and nets spread about in every direction, just
avoiding the illegality of barring the river by stretch-

rOAClIINC, 165

ing one quite across, they routed about and frightened
the fish till they lay half stupefied under or beside the
rocks and stones. The poor creatures were then
speared from a boat, not worked broadside in front us
in burning the wafer, for ' one artist is sufficient for the
amusement.' Many escaped wounded, for ' if you do
not strike a fish near the centre of his body, you are
never very sure of lifting him.' ' Begin at the lower
part of the river that belongs to you, so that you may
again come across those fish that escape upwards. If
the river continues low for some time, disturbed fish
will be continually coming forward, and you may go
over your water two or three times at different periods,
till you have caught nearly every fish that takes up
his seat in it.'

Here I take leave of Scrope, whom, but for the
allowance necessarily made for the times, I should
regard — much as I do Benvenuto Cellini after reading
his confessions of hardly less heinous iniquities — as a
delightful rogue, but one who richly merited the
gallows. However, as an Eton boy in my school-days
translated the line of Horace ' 1 )elicta majorum
immeritus lues,' 'The delights of our ancestors were
unmitigated filth '—and I do not doubt that he was a
fair and even sportsmanlike product of the early part
of the century now drawing to an end. At the close

1 66 THE SALMON

of the chapter just quoted, he gives the sound advice :
' Keep close time strictly ; kill no spawning fish ;
tamper not with foul ones of any sort ; preserve the
fry.'

A skilful poacher can sometimes gaff numbers of
fish in a narrow passage or by a fall. Many salmon
also fall victims to a variety of implements in the
upper pools of small rivers which speedily run low
even after a heavy spate. They are unable to escape,
and pitchforks, rakes, and even scythes suffice to
destroy them, as well as instruments of destruction
especially manufactured for the purpose. In deep
holes ruffled by the wind, a water telescope is some-
times employed to discover their whereabouts.

I am not concerned to defend any form of poach-
ing, but the most venial form of that offence, in my
opinion, is the occasional capture of a fish with the
fly in low water in a river entirely your own — voknti
no n fit injuria ; but I am here referring to a fly affixed
to the lips of the salmon by other methods than those
of mere coaxing and persuasion. No one is bound
to criminate himself, and I have ' hardly ever ' been
guilty of such an offence. But I have heard of many
parties after a long drought irresistibly attracted to
the water side, and of deeds of doubtful legality
achieved with the luncheon-paper fly, so called

ro AC H INC, 167

because a small piece of paper was attached to the
barb of the ' Captain ' or ' Jock Scott ' to indicate its
whereabouts. Frightened salmon, as Scrope mentions,
take refuge under stones or clods, and I remember
one noted fisherman, who ought to have known better,
promising a certain lady that she should catch a fish,
and actually with his fingers putting the hook
attached to her line into the fish's mouth as it sheltered
close to the bank. Sometimes such crimes were
justly punished : and one leader of society may recall
an occasion when the bank gave way with her, and
she was precipitated into a pool amid shouts of
merriment from the unfeeling spectators, and the
difficulties entailed by the process of drying her drip-
ping garments and providing her with an impromptu
rig-out. But I only mention these shocking occur-
rences in order to stamp them with my condemnation.
We were young then, and the century, alas ! a good
deal younger than it is now, and no doubt such
things are never done by our more enlightened and
respectable children.

A curious collection of salmon-poaching imple-
ments, exhibited at the International Fisheries Ex-
hibition of 18X3 by Mr. Henry Fiennell, was one of
the great attractions of that successful show. Although
it contained no models, all the implements shown

168 THE SALMON

having been taken by water-bailiffs or keepers from
marauders taken red-handed, it numbered several hun-
dred exhibits. Among these were quantities of spears
or leisters, with every number of prongs from nine to
two, some with barbs and some without. But the
favourite poaching weapon was shown to be the gaff or
' cleik,' which is easier to carry and conceal than the
leister, and quite as effective. The collection contained
no less than two hundred and forty of these implements,
all seized along the Usk and Ebbw. Some of these had
as many as eight barbed hooks upon them, and one,
used in the River Cleddy, had a handle 25 feet long.
There were also a large number of snatches, or rake-
hooks, one of which, shown from the Derwent River,
was worked by a rope between two men, and had an
oyster-shell at the end to attract the fish. A number
of lamps, from the most primitive dark lanterns to
an elaborate naphtha torch with a metal case, which
could be flared up, darkened, or extinguished with
great rapidity, formed part of the same interesting
collection. Several of these exhibits were figured and
described in the Illustrated London Neius of Aug. 18,
1883.

A poacher may sometimes be a friend in need.
My brother, Colonel C. Gathorne-Hardy, was once
fishing the Blackwaler from a garden terrace, when he

I'O ACHING 169

hooked a salmon. He had no attendant, and had no
chance to beach his fish, as he was four or five feet
above the water. A man opposite, seeing his difficulty,
shouted to him, 'Will I come across, your honour?'
My brother remarked that it was a long way round,
when the man swam across, dressed as he was, and
producing a gaff from some mysterious recess in his
dripping garments, soon landed the fish. ' Sure, I
could see your honour was a true sportsman,' said
Pat, 'and if it had been fifty thousand fathoms deep,
I would have come across just the same.' He retreated
by the same route, gladdened with a small donation,
and no questions asked ; but I fear that he carried
that pocket gaff for no legitimate purpose, and that it
might well have formed an exhibit in the Ffennell
museum.

170 THE SALMON

CHAPTER IX

P1SCATOR AND VENATOR

LOCHIEL, in the introductory chapter on deer-stalking
of the volume on the Red Deer, which he contributed
to this series, institutes a comparison between the
four pre-eminent British sports — deer-stalking, grouse-
shooting, salmon-fishing, and fox-hunting — naturally
to the advantage of his own favourite pursuit. Small
wonder that the Laird of Achnacarry, bred and nurtured
in the heart of the forest, should firmly hold and
stoutly maintain such an opinion ; but I think that he
hardly does justice to the votaries of the other sports
enumerated, by the arguments he puts into their
mouths. I should perhaps be going outside my subject
if I were to take up the cudgels for the fowler and fox-
hunter ; but it is quite in accordance with the precedent
of the earliest and most famous works on fishing that
Yenator and Piscator should hold a conference on
paper, each commending his own recreation. In the
book of St. Albans, Dame Juliana Berners makes a

riSCATOR A Nit ]-ENATOR 171

comparison of the various sports, giving the reasons for
her preference of angling. ' Huntynge is toe laboryous,
for the hunter must always renne and folowe his
houndes : traueyllynge and swetynge full sore, and
blowynge tyll his lyppes blyster.' ' Hawkynge is
laboryous and noyouse also as me seemeth.' ' Fowl-
ynge is greuous.' But the 'angler mayehaue no cold
nor dysease nor angre, but if he be causer hymself.
For he may not lese at the moost, but a lyne or an
hoke . . . and other greyffes may he not haue, sauynge
but yf ony fysshe breke away after that he is take on
the hoke, or elles that he catc'u nought.' A dialogue
on the same topic forms the opening chapter of the
' Compleat Angler,' and, like my prototype, ' I accuse
nobody ; for, as I would not make a watery discourse,
so 1 would not put too much vinegar into it, nor would
I raise the reputation of my own art, by the diminu-
tion or ruin of another's.'

Lochiel enumerates certain tests by which to try-
each of these sports separately, taking as the first 'the
degree of pleasure derived from success.'

This test no doubt is a fair one, but the human
temperament varies so infinitely that it is not very
easy of application. There are some misguided
individuals who enjoy a public dinner or a charity
bazaar, and who would rather hear the sound ol

172 THE SALMON

their own voices than catch a salmon as big as the one
which got away from Mr. Bromley-Davenport on the
Rauma in Norway. But taking the test to be what
ought to give pleasure to reasonable beings, and
leaving such lost souls as I have referred to out of
the question,. I submit that it is hardly fair to
compare the ' aggregate amount of pleasure derived
from capturing ten or a dozen salmon ' to the
' supreme happiness of standing over a splendid
royal.' If you are going in for numbers, compare
ordinary fish with stags just worth a shot ; if you go
in for quality, balance a record fish with the 'splendid
royal.' There are small stags as well as large ones,
and my limited experience tends to persuade me that
the ordinary stalker as a rule has to put up with
moderate animals. This no doubt enhances the
pleasure of a great and exceptional success in the
forest ; but why should not the fortunate captor of a
monster fish be equally delighted with his triumph ?
I not only admit the existence of the spirit of rivalry
to which Lochiel 'alludes in a wrhisper,' but assert
that it is the salt of sport, adding with diffidence that
it is as present in the forest as by the stream. The
deer-stalker likes to beat the record established by
his predecessors in quantity, weight, size, and quality
of head and number of points. A like ambition,

PISCATOR AND VENATOR 173

mutatis mutandis, actuates the fisherman, and, unless
it leads to any jealous and underhand advantages
taken over a competitor, it is surely justifiable and
even laudable. And it may be noted that it is much
easier to be sure that the conditions of the competi-
tion are fair in fishing than in deer-stalking. Such
salmon as his beat contains are at the disposal of the
angler to catch if he can • but it is by no means so
certain that the stalker will give all visitors a chance
of shooting an exceptionally fine stag, even if he spies
one. Big salmon are ' here to-day and gone to-
morrow,' and an exceptionally large fish is never
specially preserved for a favoured guest or the Laird
himself: but in some places it is not everyone who is
allowed a chance at the modern representatives of
Club-foot or the ' Muekle Hart of Benmore.' Again,
it is usually more difficult to land a very heavy fish
than one of moderate si/e. The mere weight and
bulk tell on the tackle and the hold, and it is not
only on account of the lying propensities of anglers
that the biggest salmon get away : but a monster stag
is no more difficult to approach than a small one,
and presents an even larger mark for the rifle.
Another advantage that I claim for fishing is that,
whereas it is always something gained to catch even
a very small grilse, it may be that when you have

i74 THE SALMON

somewhat doubtfully shot at a stag and killed him,
you may find that he is one that it would have been
better to have allowed to grow for another year or
two on the hill, and you return with your victim
strapped on the pony rather apologetic than
triumphant. Although it is the stalker's business to
settle whether you are to shoot at a stag or not when
you are in a friend's forest, he is generally amiably
anxious to give you a shot ; and instances have been
known where infanticide has been the result of his un-
due confidence in the incapacity of a visitor to hold his
rifle straight. There is a well-known anecdote of a

O

guest at a forest who during his stay was almost daily
given a shot at a small beast which regularly fre-
quented a particular corrie not very far from the
lodge. Later in the season a more skilful professor
had his day in the forest. He watched the stalker
spying the ground, and when the long and deliberate
survey was over and the glass shut up, asked if any
deer had been seen. 'Hoot,' was the answer, 'just
nothing but that wee bit deevil, "Charlie Blake."'
The little beast had acquired the name of the gentle-
man (not the one in the text) to whose inaccuracy
of aim he owed his life— but it might well have
happened that a chance bullet had ended his career.
It is always a pleasure to catch a fish at all ; but

P/SCATOK AND VENATOR 175

the great days arc those on which you catch a larger
number of salmon, a greater aggregate weight, or a
bigger fish than you have ever caught before ; and if
you also have done better in any respect than anyone
has ever been known to do previously on the par-
ticluar water you are fishing, it undeniably adds x.est
to your triumph. The phrase: 'beating the record ' is
of modern origin, and rather jars upon my ear, but
the desire

nlfv (ipicrreveiv K<U vireipo^ns ffifievai a\\u>v

is at least as old as Homer. I have never myself
kept a formal fishing register, although I have from
time to time jotted down the weights and numbers
caught on special occasions, in my pocket Almanack,
and 1 am sorry for my neglect. Such sporting
memoranda are interesting to look back upon, and,
when they relate to the forest or the river, unobjec-
tionable.

' JUit,' says Lochiel, 'take as the next test the
disappointment resulting from a bad day. Here
salmon -fish ing may be put out of court. No one
will deny that an absolutely blank day's fishing is a
disappointment unmitigated by any other circum-
stances attendant on the sport The fisherman has
been engaged in monotonous exertion all day long,
and experiences the sensation ol having wasted his

1 76 THE SALMON

time as completely as if he had been using a pair of
dumb-bells.'

Here I join issue altogether. If it were true that
blank days deserved this sweeping condemnation it
would be almost fatal to the claims of salmon-fishing
as an amusement ; but I utterly deny it. Many a
time have I started for the river, sometimes with high
expectations, sometimes almost on a forlorn hope,
and come back empty-handed indeed, but having
thoroughly enjoyed my outing. Monotonous ! Why ?
All day long the shifting panorama of nature passed
before my eyes ; the birds, the flowers, the ferns, like
living actors, played their parts for my edification ; or
if I must confine my attention to points more strictly
relating to the sport itself, no two pools, no two
motions of the rod — I had almost said, no two
sensations of the six or eight hours spent by the
water side — were the exact counterparts the one of
the other. But let me describe one or two ' blank
days.' I have many to choose from, and the reader
may judge whether it is true that they present no
features of interest, but merely a ' monstrous cantle '
carved from the too brief space of an autumn holiday.

Take first in order the instance which is most
antagonistic to my argument, namely, the day when
all conditions are apparently favourable, and I have

PJSCATOK AND VENATOR 177

started in the morning with the highest hopes ; all
the previous afternoon the rain came down in torrents,
and I could hear the trickle of the water from
the eaves when I went to bed ; but when I rose in
the morning the sky was clear, with a few Hying
clouds and a strong breeze ; the roofs were dry, and
it was evident that the storm moderated long before
the morning, and that by ten o'clock — quite late
enough for a start on such an occasion — the river
would have had seven or eight hours to run down.
Had I been the lessee of a beat on the Tweed, Tay,
or Dee, or any large river, I should have been con-
demned to inaction, 01 some other form of sport, for
a day or two after such a spate ; but the little West
Coast stream by whose banks fate had fixed my
residence for the time being was fed by mountain
torrents and deep sheep drains, and fell as rapidly as
it rose. The upper pools —and these were the most
interesting to fish, and when in order the most pro-
ductive— were sometimes too high to fish one day
and too low the next ; but on this day I was in no
doubt whither to go, and all impatience to make a
start. What a long time the lazy servants seemed
bringing the breakfast ! But if I could not control
their movements, 1 was at all events master of my
own, and I gobbled down my food with a rapidity

N

178 THE SAL. If ON

which would have made my respected medical ad-
viser's hair stand on end, had he been there to see ;
but the next few hours would, at all events, be an
antidote against dyspepsia. Long before the dogcart
drove round I was 'booted and spurred' and cursing
the dilatory groom, although the poor man was not to
blame, as a reference to my watch and the stable
clock convinced me. The two or three miles which
divided me from the nearest point of the river were
finished at last ; and as I passed over the bridge I
saw by the stone on my left, over which the water
just broke, that the height was all right, and the
colour spoke for itself — of course also favourably.
Another mile, a second bridge, and another inspec-
tion, and we pulled up at last at a gate by a field,
opposite to which, about a hundred yards off, the
river took a sharp turn under the wooded brae of
Kirnan. I almost raced across the field — my little
terrier partaking of my eagerness, — and began to put
my rod together, taking rather longer than usual in
consequence of my hurry to commence operations ;
for certainly in fishing the proverb ' More haste, worse
speed,' holds good. At my feet the river ran dark
but clear ; a splash or two broke the surface while
my preparations were completing. I approached the
top of the pool — and now I let the curtain fal on

PlSC A TOR AND VENATOR 179

Act I. The fish might sulk, the sky might alter, the
river might wax, but nothing could deprive me of
those two hours of excitement and pleasant expecta
tion ; nor would they have been any pleasanter if
subsequently I had attained the greatest success. I
was on the brink of the unknown, but the past has
been irrevocably mine.

Act II. — The first few throws are more to wet
the line and straighten the cast than for any other
purpose. Of course, I begin higher up the stream
than any fish would be likely to go; but, in such
high water, they may rise very near the head of the
pool, and, at any rate, I will make sure that I miss no
chance. How well the fly looks as it plays in the
dancing rapids ! Surely no sensible fish can decline
such a temptation. Now I am getting down to a
stone just under an overhanging alder bush, and my
heart beats quicker as I recognise the scene of many
past successes. How often has a salmon taken my
fly within a yard —nay, a foot — of that very spot ! It
is a little far, the wind is wrong, and the bush awk-
ward, and if my hook catches in a bough 1 shall have
to break or go round nearly half a mile ; yet I must
venture all, for I know that the fish rises just under
the opposite bank. My next cast is a failure ; 1 have
miscalculated the distance or not allowed enough for

i8o THE SALMON

the wind ; but I just manage, by a quick movement
of the wrist, to save myself from catching the bush,
and the next time the ' Blue Doctor ' goes straight and
true, as I intended, and falls fairly lightly — not that
that signifies much — almost to an inch on the spot I
aimed at. How carefully I bring the point of the rod
round, how cautiously I work it, how eagerly I watch
the spot where the fly circles across and down the
stream ! The fish does not come this time, nor the
next, nor at all ; but 1 have had the pleasure of my
successful casts. I have overcome difficulties, small
ones it is true, but real for all that ; I have hoped
with good reason, and exercised memory and judg-
ment. Then 1 wander down the stream to the next
cast, noting, as I pass the shallow water, any pools
which seem in process of formation — for the course of
the river is by no means stereotyped — and trying a
cast or two where it looks as if there was a possible
chance. At each regular pool my hopes revive, as I
cannot believe that the salmon will display the dis-
graceful apathy which has marked their conduct
hitherto. Here a rock, there a bush, reminds me of
former successes and inspires me with renewed excite-
ment. At last, as I still fail to stir a fish, I try to
find a reason for their sluggishness. Sky and water
have seemed all that I could desire when I came out ;

PI SC A TOR AND VENATOR 181

hut it is hard if I cannot find something wrong in one
or other, when the event has proved that there must
be. It is too clear overhead, or there is a glare — ni-
tric mist is lower than it ought to be ; but it will be
better presently. At last, when I reach my destination,
and find the dogcart waiting for me at Dunadd Bridge,
I determine that there must be more bad weather
coming, and that I may look forward to a real big
flood and a record day to compensate me for the
blank one, which after all has passed the time
pleasantly enough.

Or take a day not so disappointing as the one
I have just described, because I never expected to
catch anything. There has been no rain, the sun is
shining and there is not even a strong breeze at
present, and the veriest tyro could see that there was
little chance, if any, of catching a salmon. What
then ! there is a magnetic attraction about the run-
ning water which somehow draws me to its banks.
It is so long since I have had a day's fishing that I
must wet a line and look at the pools, although I
know it is not much use. A trout rod will do all the
casting required, so I shall not have to break my back
or strain my arms ; and, with fine gut and small flics,
who knows but that the impossible may happen, as it
has done more than a few times in my experience ?

1 82 THE SALMON

Nothing is more certain than that you will not catch
fish unless you try ; hut there are scarcely any con-
ditions, except a really ' waxing' water after the first half-
hour of the flood, under which an exceptional success
has not occurred to baffle expectation and encourage
perseverance. But I am precluded by the rules of
the argument from catching a salmon on the present
occasion ; I hardly know whether I am justified in
seeing one, but I cannot help it. Here, as I pass the
Herd-boy's pool, the water is like glass and I can see
ten or a dozen shadowy forms flitting like ghosts over
the bottom. One or two of them are of exceptional
size, and I feel a certain amount of complacency at
resisting the temptation to acquire one by illegitimate
means. They will certainly not rise to-day ; but it
would not be beyond the resources of science for an
unconscientious man to get hold of one. So I pass
on. merely noting that the bottom has altered con-
siderably since I fished it twelve months ago. There
is hardly a foot of water where I rose the i4-pounder,
and what was a shallow a little lower down has
deepened and washed out into a promising hole. I
shall not forget this when this part of the river is next
in order, and fill my mental note-book with similar
ground plans of the various pools as |I pass down the
river. Here and there the stream runs fairly strong,

PrSCATOR AND VENATOR 183

or there is a good curl on the water just where the
hreexe catches it, and I try my luck without success ;
hut I am quite at peace with mankind when I return
in the evening, and I have acquired a stock of know-
ledge which I hope will serve me in good stead on
some future and more auspicious occasion. Those
who fish a West Highland river, with crumbling
and undermined banks, cannot rely upon tradition to
tell them where to cast their fly ; the fickle stream
thinks nothing of filling a ten-foot hole with gravel,
or bringing a few tons of peaty bank down with a
splash to turn the current and make new resting-places
for the salmon at the bottom of the water.

I have purposely abstained from any allusion to
scenery or natural history in my brief sketch of two
blank days, because I desired to combat the sugges-
tion that even the most unsuccessful salmon-fishing at
all resembled dumb-bell exercise ; but the true fisher-
man finds many delights in his occupation apart from
the mere capture of fish. Like the deer-stalker, he
takes his exercise 'in the purest of atmospheres, among
the grandest scenery in Britain.'

Not very long ago it was my privilege to be a
fellow guest with Lochiel himself, in perhaps the most
beautiful place in all Scotland, where both pursuits
can be carried out in perfection — Braemore, the

1 84 THE SALMON

Highland home of Sir John Fowler. Certainly the
views from Ben Deo rig l>en Lear, of the exquisitely
shaped Dundonell Hills, Loch Broom, and the
wilderness of fairy islands at its mouth, are a dream
of beauty : but a like charm attaches to the beautiful
river which dashes through gorges and over boulders
at the foot of the biae. How lovely are the slopes
above in all the glory of their autumn clothing of
bracken and birch !

From the beautiful pool where one first casts a
fly, to the place where the river joins the sea, there is
not a spot where it would not be a pleasure to loiter,
even without a rod in hand. There is to me a fasci-
nation in a rushing stream which justifies the old
legend that all evil things are powerless to pass across
running water — the very sight washes the cobwebs
from the brain ; and if one cannot watch the red deer
in a state of nature as one may do in the corries
above, the pugnacious stags and the sentinel hinds,
the eagles soaring round the peaks, and the ptarmigan
crooning among the stones, it is no slight pleasure to
study the habits of the more homely creatures which
haunt the river and its banks. One comes suddenly
right upon an old heron first motionless in a shallow,
then blundering off with hasty flight and discordant
cry when it realises the presence of an intruder : the

PISCATOR AND VENATOR 185

ubiquitous dipper gives his jerky skirt-dancing per-
formance. Occasionally one may still see the king-
fisher, even in the Highlands, dart away like a bar of
living turquoise ; the merganser convoys her numerous
progeny up the pool ; even that inveterate poacher,
the otter, shy though he be, occasionally permits me
to get a glimpse at his movements ; or the roe stands
to stare from some opening among the birches, while
far above tower the mist-capped peaks not less pictur-
esque from below than when distance no longer lends
enchantment to the view.

Taking next the element of weather, Lochiel con-
tends that as regards the comfort or discomfort ot
pursuing any particular form of sport in bad weather,
there is not much to choose. Here I again cannot
agree with him. I do not doubt from his high
authority, confirmed as it is by my own slight experi-
ence, that more deer are likely to be killed on a wet,
stormy day than upon a fine one ; but it requires
youth and enthusiasm to enjoy facing the discomforts
of a Highland storm on an exposed hillside, to crawl
through heather, bog, and grass wringing with mois-
ture, and then wait for the deer to rise, wet to the
skin, and with chattering teeth and fro/en fingers, in a
bleak north-easter. 1 am far from saying that the
final triumph does not fully compensate one lor these

1 86 THE SALMON

drawbacks, but as a mere question of comfort, which
is all with which I am dealing at present, how far
preferable is the state of the salmon-fisher, supposing
him to be pursuing his craft under like conditions of
wind and rain ? With mackintosh and waders he
laughs at the elements. Even on the coldest and
wettest day of early spring fishing he can keep him-
self warm and dry, if he has but taken the common-
sense precaution to suit his clothing to the require-
ments of the season — indeed, I am not sure that
there is not a satisfaction in the sensation that the
tempest is beating upon you in vain. Let me briefly
state a few more points in which Piscator has an
advantage over Venator. He is independent ; he
need not, if he knows his river, take even a. gillie with
him ; at any rate he can pursue his own bent, and does
do so if he has had any considerable experience, with-
out further deference to his attendant than a friendly
consultation as to flies, the best places to fish, and
the like. But in the forest, in ninety-nine cases out
of a hundred, you are a mere automaton in the hands
of a stalker. He it is who conceives the plan of
campaign, and executes it from start to finish, some-
times not even communicating to the novice the
reasons for the movements he has blindly imitated to
the best of his ability, until he withdraws the rifle

rfSCATOK AND VENA70K 187

from its case, points out the stag, and tells him to
' take time.' And then supposing that an easy chance
is missed, or, still worse, that a stag is wounded and
escapes to die a lingering death, what moment is
there in the fisherman's experience to compare with
the utter misery of such a failure ? One may lose a
salmon and possibly suspect that it is one's own fault,
although it is not very often that one can trace one's
loss directly and certainly to any sin of omission or
commission ; but at least one has the assurance that the
fish is none the worse, that if he has taken your fly he
will have soon extracted the hook by a simple surgical
operation with the assistance of some rock at the
bottom of the pool, and will be ready for another
tussle in a day or two if you should have the good
luck to encounter him again. It is a disagreeable
moment, no doubt, when the line comes back slack
after an hour or more with what is, of course, the fish
of the season, but I usually feel that it is kismet, and
recover my equanimity after a very brief interval of
lamentation.

Another advantage I claim for fishing is that
it can be, and is, pursued up to extreme old age. A
few veterans like Horatio Ross have continued to
go deer-stalking very late in life ; but I have myself
known scores once devoted to that sport who have

1 88 THE SALMON

entirely given it up at a comparatively early period.
There are not many in the sixties who can face all
weathers, and crawl among the peat hags and through
burns, regardless of possibilities of gout and rheu-
matism, or press up the brae face without a good
many sobs confessing their toil. An occasional day
on the hill is enough for many for whom the brief
season was all too short a few years ago ; but I hardly
ever knew a true fisherman who did not become, if pos-
sible, more devoted to his sport with advancing years.
The skill and judgment which come with long practice
and ripe experience make up for a considerable
diminution of muscular activity and youthful energy.
The three typical fishermen of my own acquaintance,
whom I have celebrated in an earlier chapter, could
still hold their own on Tweed and Ness with almost
any competitors when the youngest of them was over
seventy, and were never so happy as with a rod in
their hands. Salmon have been caught from a
pony's back or a bath chair ; but although I have
read of a paralysed sportsman who succeeded in killing
deer from a litter carried by two bearers, I have always
thought it rather an example of cheerful perseverance
under difficulties than actually representative of deer-
stalking in any true sense of the word.

But enough of argument, which, like Lochiel, I

PTSC A TOR AND VENATOR 189

have rather used as a means of urging the merits of
one form of sport than with any hope of converting
the devotees of others. There are so many enthu-
siasts already competing for the limited amount of
fishing still to be had for love, money, or trouble, that
I have no desire to dragoon any reluctant sportsman
into their ranks. Nor do I wish to depreciate the
grand sport of deer-stalking, which fully deserves all
the praise bestowed upon it. To be candid, what I
really believe is that the great charm of sport is
variety, and that the ideal place for an autumn
holiday is one where hardly two consecutive days are
spent alike, but where you can go from the river to
the moor, from the moor to the forest, and from the
forest to the yacht, deriving health, distraction, and
recreation from each form of sport in turn.

190 THE SALMON

CHAPTER X

THE COOKERY OF THE SALMON
BY ALEX. INNES SHAND

THE salmon is the king of fresh-water fishes, though
it is run hard by its cousin the sea-trout. Nor are we
concerned to settle the question of precedence with
the turbot, the prince of the pure fishes of the sea,
which Brillat-Savarin has glorified in the memorable
anecdote, when he cooked a monster in a washing-
house boiler, to the delight of a select gathering of
gourmets. It is true that Russians swear by the
sterlet, a miniature edition of the mighty sturgeon, the
piece de predilection of the Nijni Novgorod restaurants,
when the commerce of the East gathers thither for the
Fair. AVe remember how the magnificent Monte
Cristo, with the somewhat vulgar ostentation of a
mntveau riche, showed his guests the tanks in which
his sterlets had travelled from the Volga to the Seine,
at the famous banquet at Auteuil, which was the pre-

THE COOKERY OF THE SALMON 191

lude to the tragedy of revenge. But the sterlet,
though rich, is rare — a local delicacy limited to the
affluents of the Caspian and Black Seas, and all the
Westerns generally know of it is by the periodical
remittances of caviare. As for the salmon, it is to be
found in abundance wherever there are cold waters
and cool climates. Indeed, it is almost as prolific as
the herring ; and though it does not swim about in
shoals, it would multiply so as to become a nuisance
were it not for the hosts of finned and feathered
enemies that prey voraciously on the spawn and the
smolts. As it is, in the lower waters of Alaskan rivers
the banks are malarious through the short, hot summers,
with the piles of decaying salmon cast up by the
floods. Yet the Indians do their utmost to abate the
plague by gorging on them when they come in fresh-
run from the sea and half-starving, on them when
smoked, through the long, dark winters. Canning
factories on the shores of Alaska and Labrador give an
air of busy industry to oases in that bleak desolation ;
and through the provision merchants and co-operative
stores, the salmon of the sub-Arctic floods is made as
cheap and common as the board-like Inicalao which
taxes the dura ilia of the Portuguese.

Yet, though we are glad to think that the salmon
has become a luxury of the poor, he is likewise, and

192 THE SALMON

will always be, a delicacy of the rich. We are far from
saying that size is in itself a recommendation. On
the contrary, in our opinion, he is never in greater
perfection than in 6 Ib. or 8 Ib. grilse. But when-
ever a portentous fish comes to town, he not only
figures on the slabs of some fashionable fishmonger,
but is glorified in special paragraphs in the journals,
as if he were some star of song or a Christianised
heathen potentate. When the papers are chronicling
the events of the past year, the monster salmon have
their obituary memorials with statesmen and the
distinguished lights of science. For the most 'part
the mighty departed have been netted in Tweed or
Tay ; and Scotland, the land of the mountain and the
flood, is/w- excellence among European countries the
home of the salmon. Indeed, Scotland would be the
ideal Paradise of the fish were it not for the cruives,
which blockade the upper waters and deny him fair
play with the angling sportsman. Even the alderman
and gourmand may sympathise with his wrongs, for
the firmness and richness of the flaky flesh comes of
constant exercise and hard condition. Naturally he is
an athlete in highest training, and his vaulting ambi-
tion might take Excelsior for its motto. The most
affectionately domesticated of all living creatures, his
marvellous instincts bring him ever back to his birth-

THE COOKERY OF THE SALMON 193

place. Nothing short of sheer impossibility will bar
the rush of his homely affections. Follow him in his
progress up some rapid Scottish stream. He will wait
in fretted impatience in some stagnant back-water till
the sluices in the cruives are opened of a Sunday.
Then unsabbatically he spends what should be the
day of rest in super-salmonic efforts to make up for
lost time. He splashes up shallows in sun or starlight,
making the water fly behind him in silvery spray. He
faces the foaming and flashing cascades ; and he
climbs artificial ladders, let down to assist him, with
the agility of a monkey. See him in low water below
the half-submerged reef, locally known as the ' Salmon
Leap.' He makes the effort to bound over again and
again, bending himself together tail to head, like a bird
shooting .arrow-like upwards from the bow's elasticity.
Of course, if the efforts are indefinitely baulked by
protracted drought and the shrinking water, he falls
back in the sulks, losing heart and condition. Conse-
quently he is only in prime order when he is coming
in clean-run from the sea, or coasting the stake nets
in his quest for the natal stream, when he is
striving to rid himself of the parasitical sea lice which
are the sure signs of his excellence. Later in the
season, after idling away existence in pools that are
prisons, with no serious pre-occupation but family

194 THE SALMON

cares, the silvery sea rover that shot up beneath the
bridges at Perth or Berwick ; that faced the swift rush
of the Spey or surmounted the raging cataracts of
Findhorn, losing spirit, subsides into a moping kelt,
with scales as ruddy as a fox's fur, and becomes alto-
gether unfit for human food.

England has good rivers as well as Scotland ; and
Ireland would have another undeniable grievance if
the salmon of the Erne, the Shannon, and the Black-
water were ranked beneath the fish from the sister
islands. There are connoisseurs and salesmen who
profess to discriminate ; but we greatly question a
subtlety of palate which reminds one of the rival
wine-tasters in ' Don Quixote.' We understand
drawing the broad and easy distinctions between fish
from the rapid rivers of the North and the clear waters
of West Ireland, and those caught in the streams that
meander through muddy lowlands. But we doubt
whether the finest expert can discriminate between
the salmon of the Severn and that taken in the Avon
at Christchurch. The question is complicated by con-
siderations of season, condition, packing, and keeping.
What we do know is that in England, and even in the
;Tay and Tweed, industry and. commercial activity have
been injurious or fatal to salmon breeding for the
table. The fish that clings to hereditarv haunts must

THE COOKERY OF THE SALMON 195

often pay the inevitable penalty. The pools he must
pass above the harbour mouth have been converted
by sewage and the shipping into cesspools. As he
ascends, he swallows the diluted products of iron-
works, dyeworks, paper mills, and pestilential alkali
factories. In fact, when brought to bank by rod or
net, he is an animated filter, having assimilated,
thanks to a sound constitution, all manner of dele-
terious abominations. Still, like a disreputable pro-
digal, he may keep up a decent appearance, and the
wary buyer may be let in, unless he can trust his fish-
monger ; but happily these medicated fish are much
in the minority, so that there are long odds against
blood-poisoning or unpleasant but less serious con-
sequences.

There is little to be said about foreign salmon,
though not a few are imported from Holland, and
many more from Sweden, Norway, and Russia.
Scandinavian salmon run to a great size and arc
decidedly coarser than our own. The Rhine salmon
are, or used to be, very good, but the Rhine has been
foully polluted, like Thames or Tyne, with the indus-
trial expansion of Imperial Ciermanv. The pools
below the romantic rocks of the legendary Lurlei
used to yield 6,000 Ib. a year to the fishermen of
St. ( ioar and ( 'ronrhau^en. Now, we believe, the annual

196 THE SALMON

produce is barely a third of that. But the so-called
Rhine salmon is greatly appreciated on the Continent ;
the innumerable hotels keep up the price, and it
commands nearly half-a-crown a pound. We confess
to having very pleasant associations with it, enjoying
it on each annual arrival on the Continent, looking out
on the ; exulting and a bounding river : from a window
in the old Englischer Hof or the Hotel de Hollande,
before the great caravanserai of the Nord had en-
gulphed the rush of English. We always associate it
there with the apposite sauce Hollandaise, and with
that queer topa/-coloured vinegar in the cruets which
seems to be a speciality of Germany. Though, by the
way. unless the salmon were somewhat stale, it would
be sacrilege to taint the silky sauce Ilollandaise with
vinegar. We have eaten salmon in Paris often
enough, though never in perfection. Still, the accom-
panying sauce verte at Ledoyen's. in the Champs
Elysees will always linger a haunting memory.

But after all, as good wine needs no bush, so
good salmon should be served sauceless, and only
with the water in which it is boiled. The veritable
sauce piquante is memory and association. The cut
or cutlet sends you back on the old tracks of sport
or touring. To the classic Tweed, from Clovenford,
dear to the Ettrick Shepherd, down to the long bridge

THE COOKER} OF THE SALMON 197

of Berwick, past Ashesliel and Abbotsford, Dryburgh
and Melrose, with all the phantom forms fancy
summons up, from Scott and Scrope down to Tom
Purdie and Rob Kerse. On the Tay from Taymouth,
where Eachin Maclan was inaugurated chief of the
Clan Quhele, when, by the way, the Tay salmon
figured in barbaric profusion, down to the Palace of
Scone, and past Campsie Linn, where Lord Hunting-
don wished himself back when sick of playing the
courtier. To the Spey, that too often flows crystal-
clear, though draining half the watershed of the
Grampians, perpetually shifting pools and gravel-
banks towards the estuary, or to the still swifter
Findhorn with its heronry and single-arched bridges,
a smaller but more unbridled torrent than the Loire,
for its rushes after heavy rainfall would burst any
barrier of cruives. Or to the Aberdeenshire Dee, with
its gravelly bed, sweeping round the royal residence
of Balmoral, and beneath the clean-stemmed giants
skirting the Forest of Ballochbuie. So we might
follow the fancy to Ireland — to Gweedore, beneath
the glistening cone of Errigal and beyond the sugges-
tively named Bloody Foreland ; to famed Ballyshannon
on the beautiful Erne, where Lord Castlereagh was
scared by the spectral apparition : to Galway town,
where the passing pedestrian sees the salmon jostling

ig.8 THE SALMON

each other below the bridge ; to the Shannon at
Castle Connel and Killaloe, the birthplace of Phineas
Phinn ; and by a coincidence Trollope's brilliant
political parvenu bears the name of a celebrated
Edinburgh rod-maker. Nor dare we go on to the
Blackwater or cross over to the Severn, although the
ingredients of that 'memory sauce' are inexhaustible,
and in them is a pronontf flavour of the actual and
prosaic. We recall the simple impromptu menu of
many an unpretentious hostelry in the Highlands.
Salmon, venison or grouse, cranberry tart with ' the
rich plain cream,' so heartily appreciated by Dr.
Redgill when he dined with the Nabob of St.
Ronan's — all corrected by the Glenlivet or Tal-
lisker, undiluted or in tumblers of steaming toddy.
Also 'we have memory,' as M. Beaujeu of the
Ordinary remarked to Lord Glenvarloch, of the crisp,
crimped, curdy slices, which used to be a speciality
of the breakfasts at Perth Railway Station before it
became more bustling than Paddington or King's
Cross, and when the morning express from the South
steamed in about 8.30. We know not if we have ever
enjoyed anything so much, save the matutinal cup
of cafe au lait when the fast night train from Paris to
Neuchatel pulled up on the heights of the Jura beyond
Fontarlier.

THE COOKERY OF THE SALMON 199

The salmon was an inestimable boon to the
Church when pious monks with nothing particular to
do had to reconcile religion with gourmandise. When
their lines had fallen to them in the pleasantest
places on Tay or Tweed, Severn or Thames, there
was small hardship in supping au maigre when
the salmon came swimming to their doors. The
cloistered orders of the Midlands might mortify the
flesh on the pike from their moats and the carp from
their ponds, as the fathers of the Fenland fattened
on their eels. But in all the riverain or seaward
convents, the rights cf net and coble were highly
appreciated and rigidly maintained. We believe the
Venerable Bede gave as little thought to his dinner
as most people, yet perhaps he would never have
accomplished his stupendous historical works had
he not been nourished on the Tynemouth salmon.
For the salmon is remarkable in this respect, that
though full flavoured almost to excessive richness,
the veritable devotee does not easily tire of it.
With eels, for example, it is a different thing : we
have sometimes b_>en inclined to pity the priests of
the Fens, nor have we ever envied the townsfolk of
Biggleswade. We would say, ' Eels in moderation, but
salmon a discretion] and discretion with us runs into
indiscretion. If any gourmand in fiction ever knew

THE SALMON

what was good, it was the kindly Abbot of Kennaqu-
hair. He must have had salmon every day of his
life when Tweed salmon was in season. Yet when
he suddenly taxes the hospitality of Glendearg, the
convent miller undertakes to send back to that tower
in the wilderness a noble fish to furnish out Dame
Elspeth's table. And look at the drawing in Scrope's
' Days and Nights of Salmon-fishing,' by Charles
Landseer, of 'The Pretty Kettle of Fish.' Doubtless
it perpetuates time-honoured tradition. The portly
priest, probably an abbot sitting in the House of
Lords, stands with beaming smiles of sharp-set
expectancy over the caldron, into which the fresh-
caught salmon are being passed. Long use and an
indolent life had never staled his appetite. To come
down to a humbler degree, Scrope tells a capital
story of a water-bailiff whose mouth watered for the
forbidden delicacies he was paid to preserve. When
dinner was served, his wife brought in a platter of
potatoes and a napkin. The napkin was tied over
his eyes. Then came the salmon, nor was the
napkin taken off till all the debris was removed.
It is a good story, and yet we doubt it. Try
sipping Chateau Lafitte in the dark, or smoking
fhe choicest furo of the Yuelta Abajo, and we fancy
most men will sav that thev might as well have

THE COOKERY OF THE SALMON 201

swallowed small beer, or been inhaling bird's-eye or
niggerhead.

But there is no doubt that Scott, the most
trustworthy of social antiquaries, did perpetuate that
tradition of the Tweed kettle. Next to the Abbots-
ford Hunt, which one of the border farmers, wishing
he might sleep on to the next anniversary, declared
was the only thing in life worth living for, came what
Lockhart describes as a solemn bout of salmon-fishing
for the neighbouring gentry and their families. After
the day's sport, ' the whole party assembled to regale
on the newly caught prey, boiled, grilled, and roasted
in every variety of preparation beneath a grand
old ash.' Something of the sort was anticipated in
the picturesque scene of the ' burning the water '
in 'Guy Mannering ' when Dandie was doing the
honours of Charlie's Hope to Captain Brown. ' The
sportsmen returned laden with fish, upwards of one
hundred salmon having been killed. The best were
selected for the use of the principal farmers, the
others divided among their shepherds, cottagers,
dependants, and others of inferior rank. These fish,
dried in the turf smoke of their cabins or shielings,
formed a savoury addition to the mess of potatoes
mixed with onions which were a principal part of
their winter food.'

THE SALMON

That passage suggests the subject of kipper, a
delicacy by no means confined to the cotters or
shepherds, thanks to a process by which the fish is
conserved for use through the close season. In the
introductory epistle to ' The Monastery,' where the
honest landlord of the ' George ' at Kennaquhair
comes to wile Captain Clutterbuck out of his
lodgings late at eve, to sup with the learned Benedic-
tine, David dresses the hook with a lure he knows will
take. ' That's right, Captain ; button weel up, the
night's raw, but the water's clearing for a' that ; we'll
be in't next night wi' my Lord's boats, and we'll hae
ill luck if I dinna send you a kipper to relish your
ale at e'en.' But there is kipper and kipper. The
first thing is to select the best material, and then
there are secrets in the scientific smoking and drying,
only known to the elect. Morell's branch estab-
lishment in Inverness used to be an intelligent and
munificent patron of the local industry. But the
most renowned artist in kippers was a hairdresser of
Dingwall, whose wares always fetched the highest
prices in every shooting-box and forest lodge between
the (larve and Strome Ferry.

We remarked that, rich as it is, and speaking per-
sonally, salmon does not easily pall on one. But
then with the palate, as in graver matters, free will

THE COOKERY OF THE SALMON 203

acts very differently from the sense of constraint.
Ramsay of Ochtertyre, who left interesting social
memoirs, says that a hundred years ago Scottish
servants on the banks of salinreich rivers invariably
stipulated that they should not be compelled to
dine on the fish more than thrice in the week. An
early traveller who visited the North in the middle of
the seventeenth century tells precisely the same story.
Richard Frank writes that ' the Firth of Forth
relieves the country with her plenty of salmon, where
the burgomasters (as in many other parts of Scotland)
are compelled to enforce an ancient statute that
compels all masters not to force any servant or
apprentice to feed upon salmon more than thrice in
the week.' The salmon swarmed. The adventurous
travellers who had preceded Franck tell similar tales.
Don Pedro de Ayala, who got as far as the Beauly
and Spey in 1498, says it is impossible to describe
the immense quantity of fish, which sufficed for
Flanders, France, Italy, and England. He adds
when he had gone back to Dunbar, that nothing
was scarce in the kingdom save money, but that
the salmon was specially abundant. So says Fynes
Morrison, when he entered Scotland at Berwick in
1598. So said Taylor, the water poet, who put up
at the border city just twenty years later, when

204 THE SALMON

starting to seek hospitality and tips among his
generous Scottish patrons. Moreover, he mentions
that the municipality had great difficulty in enforcing
Sabbath observance, and preventing the townsfolk
from fishing for the pot or gridiron on the holy day.
Brereton, who followed closely upon Taylor's heels,
neard of miraculous draughts at a single haul — of as
many salmon as there were days in the year ; and, by
the way, Brereton must have travelled economically
enough, for at the 'Crown' he had 'great entertain-
ment and good lodging, with a respective host,' for
eightpence a day. Well might Evan dhu Macombich
declare to Waverley that no Highlander thought
shame to take a deer from the hill or a salmon from
the stream. The most arbitrary chief never dreamed
of taking action against poachers when there were
more than enough for all. It seems odd that Scott
does not mention salmon at the great banquet of
Glennaquoich ; but we know that Simon Fraser, of
Lovat, when he kept open house for his clan at
Beaufort, relied greatly upon the fish swimming
beneath his fall, where they are said, when they
failed of the leap, to have dropped back into suspended
caldrons. And in England the importance of the
salmon was recognised when the peasants, who did
not follow their lords to the field, lived in chronic

THE COOKERY OF THE SALMON 205

semi-starvation, when agriculture and pasturing were
in their infancy. When the cruel Norman forest
laws were enforced by the Angevin kings, and before
the Barons had compelled John to set his hand to
the Great Charter, the common law prohibited the
monopoly of salmon fishings by the Crown or its
grantees, and ordered the suppression of all weirs or
obstructions. Now, perhaps the nearest locality
where salmon are to be taken in profusion is Iceland.
There the natives hunt them towards the nets or
traps as if they were driving a cover for hares and
pheasants, and you may see some half-hundred fine
fish taken out of a box — the produce of the single
twenty-four hours.

The most distinguished southern anglers who
have visited Scotland in modern days were Scrope
and Sir Humphry Davy. Both were familiar friends
of Scott, and frequent guests at Abbotsford, and
both have been immortalised in the biography. Sir
Humphry, in his old hat, festooned with casting lines,
was a conspicuous figure at the morning meet on the
lawn, which, Lockhart said, should have been painted
by Wilkie. Sir Humphry's ' Salmonia ' was sharply
criticised by Wilson in an essay — perhaps for the reason
that two of a trade can never agree. Vet the personal
fishing feats of the Professor should have made him

206 THE SALMON

superior to jealousy. Possibly the contempt of the
President of the ' Noctes ' was provoked by the
chemist's narrow-minded ideas on dinners and drink.
Rather the drink than the dinners, for Sir Humphry
appreciated a noble grilse, and scientifically super-
vised the preparation. He gives excellent instructions,
for crimping. After landing his fish, he directs
Poietes, whose wits were apt to go a-woolgathering :
' Give him a transverse cut just below the gills, and
crimp him by cutting to the bone on each side, so as
almost to divide him into slices ; and now hold him
by the tail that he may bleed. There is a small
spring, 1 see, which I daresay has the mean tempera-
ture of the atmosphere in this climate, and is much
under 60 degrees — place him there and let him
remain for ten minutes, and then carry him to the
pot, and let the water and salt boil furiously before
you put in a slice, and give time to the water to
recover its heat before you throw in another, and so
on with the whole fish, and throw in che thickest pieces
first.' ^Ye have often practised similar methods in
less philosophical fashion, sending the last grilse of
the clay up to the lodge by a swift-footed gillie to be
crimped in the kitchen, for a brief delay makes but
slight difference, and it is wise not to trench on the
province of the hot-tempereJ cook. But if Sir

THE COOKERY OF THE SALMON 207

Humphry's science made him an intelligent gourmet,
his views on the liquor question were sadly heterodox.
The party of Southerners had gone through a day
of tremendous exertion in the bracing air of Loch
Maree. Honest Ornither, satiated with the salmon
and having neglected to correct it with a quaich of
mountain dew, moves for another bottle of claret,
modestly remarking that a pint a man is not too much.
Whereupon Halieus is down on him like a hammer.
'You have made me president, and I forbid it. A
half-pint of wine for young men in perfect health is
enough.' The force of asceticism could hardly have
gone farther, in such seducing circumstances. A well-
spent day, bodies slightly fagged, sociable company,
and a long evening to kill. So might St. Simeon
Stylites have spoken had he stepped clown from his
column to take a day's fishing in the Nile and then
invited some clerical friends to a frugal supper.

Naturally Wilson's gorge was roused by the pas-
sage. The convives of the imaginary revels at
Ambrose's might have pledged each other in Odin's
bottomless horn, and the salmon at their feasts was
always, in the words of Morris's drinking song, 'a
reason fair ' for a caulker. The Shepherd once de-
clared that, though men of good and even great appe-
tites, they were neither gluttons nor wine-bibbers,

208 THE SALMON

which illustrates the wide diversity of opinion and
the marvellous elasticity of the conscience. They
were no gluttons ; but apropos to salmon, here is the
poet's notion of an insufficient supper. ' Ye dinna
mean to say, Mr. Aumrose, that that's a' ? Only the
roun, the cut o' saumon, beefsteaks and twa broods o'
eisters ! This 'ill never do, Aumrose. Remember
there's a couple o' us, and that a sooper that may be
no; amiss for one may be little better than starvation
to twa.' The Homeric feasting in Gabriel's Road
was play of the fancy, though there was a fair foun-
dation for the romantic superstructures. Neither
Christopher nor the Shepherd could say with the
town clerk in 'The Antiquary,' that they were nae
glass-breakers, and both Wilson and Hogg played a
capital knife and fork. But for actual and authentic
performances we should be inclined to back the
annual salmon dinners which used to celebrate — as
probably they do still — the opening of the fishing
season in some of the Scotch boroughs. When a
party of the town bailies, with their chosen friends,
sit down to solid eating and steady drinking, it was hard
indeed to beat them. We have seen slice upon slice
vanishing like snow-flakes, and cutlet fast following
cutlet, like the cut and carve again at a round of beef
set down before a famishing beggar. The steaks, hot

THE COOKERY OF THE SALMON 209

and hot, dear to the gormandising of the Beef Steak
Club, are undeniably solid, but the devotees of the
salmon, like the Solan geese of the Bass and Ailsa,
have unlimited and well-founded faith in the facility
of digestion. They aver, and we have seen no reason
to doubt it, that the secret of sound slumbers after
a (largantuan repast is the absorption of a super-
sufficiency of strong whisky toddy.

Thanks to the habits of the salmon, some of our
rivers are opened so early that the Metropolitan
market is supplied for the best part of the year.
We believe fishing in the Ness begins in December;
in the Severn in the previous month, and towards
April all the streams are in full swing. Scotch
servants and apprentices have no longer to complain
of being sated with a luxury they seldom taste.
Swift trains, with admirable arrangements for icing
and packing, have brought even the remote Brora
and the Laxford into speedy communication with
Leadenhall. Prices are regulated by the supply, and
to some extent by the rise or fall of the thermometer,
but in the beginning of the salmon season and of
the London season they are always high. For no
London dinner menu is deemed complete without
salmon in one shape or another, till at last the in-
evitable appearance is expected like that of turkey on

P

THE SALMON

Christmas day or pancakes on Shrove Tuesday. And
the salmon has one special recommendation, not
only for the lessees of net fishings, but for the
epicures who regale on him. It is true that to be
eaten in perfection he should be freshly caught,
crimped and cooked. But for the many who must
miss that blissful moment, he rather improves with
a brief delay, unlike the sea fish, who can only have
full justice done them on the day and at the hour
when the boats come in. We do not pretend to
explain the matter philosophically, but Sir Humphry,
speaking as Halieus, concludes ' that the fat of
salmon between the flakes is mixed with much
albumen of gelatine, and extremely liable to decom-
pose/ that by keeping it cool decomposition is re-
tarded, and that by the application of boiling salt and
water at a high heat, the albumen again coagulates,
and the preserved curdiness comes out.

We may be sure that the cooking in semi-barbaric
days was by the boiling or the broiling, and it is
impossible really to improve on those simple methods.
It is noteworthy that the earliest recipe we have
happened upon, which is in the ' Noble Book of
Cookery,' of the sixteenth century, goes as far towards
spoiling the noble fish as perverted ingenuity could
devise. The hot spicing and general bedevilling would

THE COOKERY OF 7 HE SALMON 211

have done injustice to pike or tench. 'To mak
samon rost in sauce ' — ' Tak a samon and cult him in
round (?) peccs and rost him on a gredirne, and tak
wyn and ponder of canelle and draw them through a
stren, and mynce onyans smalle, and do ther to boilen,
then ther tak vergices pouder of peper and guinger
and salt and do ther to the samon in a difshe and
pour on the ceripe and service it.' After that aggrava-
tion of the temper, it is refreshing to turn to the
modern precepts for boiling. There is no great
divergence on the subject, but Megg I )odds, as
an enlightened Scotchwoman, is as safe an authority
as any.

' Scale or clean the fish without unnecessary
washing or handling, and without cutting it too much
open. Have a roomy and well-scoured fish kettle, and
if the salmon be large or thick, when you have placed
it on the strainer or in the kettle, fill up and amply
cover it with cold spring water that it may heat
gradually. Throw in a handful of salt. If a jowl or
quarter is boiled, it may be put in with warm water.
In both cases take off the scum carefully and let the
fish boil slowly, allowing twelve minutes to the
pound. The minute the boiling of any fish is
completed, the fish strainer must be lifted and laid
across the pan to drain the fish. Throw a soft cloth

THE SALMON

or flannel in several folds over it. Dish on a hot
fish plate under a napkin.' Mrs. Dodds remarks,
that it is difficult to estimate the boiling time,
nor can anything but sage experience be trusted.
Twelve minutes to the pound is a rough calculation.
Cre-fydd professes to be more exact. She says, ' A
slice weighing one pound will require a quarter of
an hour ; two pounds, twenty-three minutes, five
pounds for a very large thick fish, thirty minutes ;
the same weight for a small fish twenty-five minutes ;
four pounds of a split fish twenty minutes ; a whole
fish weighing seven to eight pounds, thirty minutes.'
These rules, on the other hand, are rather arbitrary,
and as Mrs. Dodds observes, it is experience that
does it. And when the salmon is sent up, the carving
must be carefully attended to, the thin slices which
have the more delicate lusciousness being duly ap-
portioned to the thicker. Lemons or thinly sliced
cucumbers may be the accompaniments ; personally,
we prefer to dispense with them. As we have said,
with a fresh-killed salmon it is sacrilege to serve any-
thing but the salted water in which it was boiled,
with perhaps a faint addition of Chili, enough to
elicit without deadening the characteristic flavour.
Christopher North never scandalised us more, though
the recent ' Annals of the Blackwoods ' show the

THE COOKERY OF THE SALMON 213

culpable recklessness of his criticism, than when he
called on the waiter Tor the cruets, the mustard, etc.,
when sitting down to a noble Tay salmon. But
when the fish has lost something even of its second
day freshness, we are open to consolation, for it gives
a chance to the sauce Hollandaise or the Tartare.
With salmon cold, whether plain or dressed, the
Tartare comes naturally, and indeed it may be
almost identified with the sauce Mayonnaise.

' Broiling is best,' sings Southey in a Pindaric Ode,
when beef and mutton were looming in the poetic eye.
If he had been singing of the salmon, a good many
connoisseurs would have been inclined to agree with
him. Partly, perhaps, because after coming home
from a long day's sport, or when kindling a camp
fire at the bivouac in the sheltered open, the salmon
sliced and broiled is most quickly served with the
sauce piquante of ravenous appetite. Mrs. 1 )odds
asserts that fresh salmon grilled is ' the way in which
the solitary epicure best relishes this luxury.' 'Split
the salmon and take out the bones ' — they may be
subsequently devilled — ' cut fillets of from three to
four inches in breadth ' — too thick, we think — ' dry
them in the folds of a cloth, but do not beat or press
them. Have a clean fire and a bright, barred
gridiron, rubbed with chalk to prevent the fish from

214 THE SALMON

sticking; turn with steak-tongs, and serve piping
hot.'

Mrs. Margaret Sims, in her clever ' Cookery Book,'
agrees with us as to the thickness. She suggests
cutting the salmon in slices of an inch, rubbing them
with salad oil or fresh butter — so that the chalk may
be dispensed with — and basting frequently with the
butter or oil. As for the thinner slicing, it recom-
mends itself to common sense, for the object is to
cook thoroughly yet quickly.

We can have no great opinion of baked salmon,
though we must confess we never tried it. It is
baked in a deep pan with abundance of butter. But
as it is to be seasoned with sauce or other spices, it
resembles the counsels of adulterating imperfection in
the ' Noble Book,' and suggests that the relics of some
former meal have got beyond a creditable resurrection.

Braising is a more pleasing alternative, for it
gives opportunity for artistic seasoning. This is Cre-
fydd's recipe : ' Spread some strong white paper
thickly with butter : wipe the salmon dry and fold it
in the paper : place it in a drainer over the warm
water and steam for three-quarters of an hour. Take
off the paper, put the fish in a hot dish, and pour the
following sauce over it : mix half a pint of stock, a
table spoonful of capers, a dessert spoonful of soy '-

THE COOKERY OF THE SALMON 215

we should have fancied the sickening soy was a
thing of the past, did it not appear still in the
quadrangular cruets of certain old-fashioned clubs
— 'a teaspoonful of anchovy sauce, a teaspoonful of
fresh-made mustard, and half a grain of cayenne.
Boil ten minutes. Knead together three ounces of
butter and a tablespoonful of baked flour, and stir in
for eight minutes. Add the strained juice of a lemon
and a wineglassful of Marsala or Madeira.'

We like Cre fydd's confident affectation of pre-
cision, as exemplified in her instructions for boiling
and in these eight minutes for stirring the sauce.
Nevertheless, we daresay if she stirred for ten the
sauce would not perceptibly suffer. And as she has
made her mixture somewhat strong, she may be
justified in adding the Marsala or Madeira. But we
take the opportunity of hinting that in nostro arbitrio,
in the words of the Antiquary, the wine to drink with
salmon is sound Rhenish, though champagne will
always serve at a pinch. Even in Rhineland — and
setting questions of cost aside — we have no great
faith in Johannisberg beyond the Metternich cellars.
But Rudesheimer Berg, Rauenthaler, and the Lieb-
fraumilch of Worms are all passable second growths,
and will do well enough.

Fillets are dressed in various ways. To a

216 THE SALMON

FIndientie, as in curry, there is, of course, the objec-
tion that the tropical heat of the ingredients burns
the edge off the flavour, yet somehow the essential
essences struggle through ; they do not when the
fish is smothered in mace and other spices. ' Cut
the fish into neat squares, about a quarter of an inch
thick : dip in beaten eggs and roll in bread crumbs :
fry to a light brown in lard, previously made very hot
for the purpose, and then serve up with Indian sauce,
sprinkling the fillets with shred green gherkins.' The
Indian dressing is made of half a pint of tomato-
sauce, a dessert spoonful of curry paste, with a little
anchovy. The Dutch sauce is simple : ' Make
some butter sauce rather thin : stir in the yolk of an
egg, lemon juice, pepper and salt : add a little
cream : beat all together with a whisk and heat.' It
must not be boiled after the egg is added, as in that
case it would curdle.

This is a good direction for Mayonnaise sauce.
' Boil five eggs for twelve minutes, and when cold
pound the yolks to powder. Mix a saltspoonful of
salt, a teaspoonful of flour of mustard, and a quarter
of a grain of cayenne, beat the yolks of two fresh eggs
and stir in till smooth, then add, drop by drop, seven
spoonfuls of the finest salad oil, three teaspoonfuls
of Tarragon vinegar, and three table spoonfuls of

THE COOKERY OF THE SALMON 217

French vinegar, set the mortar in a cold place or on
ice for an hour, then stir in a teaspoonful of finely
chopped chives or shalot.'

Mayonnaise and other artistic arrangements of
cold salmon are of course in favour for ball suppers,
the wedding breakfasts which are going out of
fashion, and other festivities of the kind. For some
of these plats de luxe we may turn to Urban Dubois,
who supervised for many years the Court banquets at
Berlin. Always an enthusiast in his art, he rises to
raptures over the salmon. 'Among the most dis-
tinguished and delicious fishes, the salmon is one
possessing the most appreciable qualities. From a
gastronomic point of view the salmon is a real
treasure, being always exquisite, whether fried,
smoked, or salted. In whatever way it is dressed, it
will always be tempting.' He adds that in the
benighted south of Europe, from Marseilles to Con-
stantinople, he never saw a fresh salmon in the
market, and says that the salmon most esteemed by
epicures are unquestionably those of Scotland and the
Rhine. He pronounces boiling in a court-bouillon
the most fitting mode of cooking, though in that case
it is to be eaten hot as may be. Briefly, the fish is
boiled in slices as we have described, and then
pieced together in the original form. It is to be

218 THE SALMON

garnished with gratinated lobster-shells and sprigs of
parsley, and served with sauce Espagnole, flavoured
with lemon. We need hardly add that in that dish
of high ceremony, essentials must be somewhat
sacrificed to appearances. Indeed M. Dubois assents
to that when writing of ' slices of salmon with jelly.'
He says, 'It is not generally the custom to serve
salmon in slices on a ball buffet, but experience has
taught that it is a good plan.' He goes on, ' I have
endeavoured to serve the salmon in slices, without
the least detracting from its pleasing appearance.'
This is his recipe for salmon sliced a la Royale, and
he remarks that the piece, simple and easy of execu-
tion, is not without, its attractions as a variation from
the usual masses of fish.

' Two thick slices must be cut from the broadest
part of a large salmon, placed in the drainer of a fish
kettle, just covered with a good cold court-bouillon
with wine, in order to cook them according to the
method applied to salmon, that is to say, at the first
boiling of the liquid the kettle is removed to the side
of the fire, to be kept there for twenty-five or thirty
minutes. When the slices are well-drained and have
become cold, the skin is taken off, then dished on a
pain-vert of a long shape, masked on the top with white
paper, and then fixed on a dish. They are then en-

THE COOKERY OF THE SALMON 219

tirely masked with Parisian butter, very slightly coloured
with green or red, either with spinach green or cray-
fish butter.'

When the slices are placed on the pain-vert they
are decorated with Mayonnaise or with frothy butter
squeezed through a cornet, and with fillets of anchovy,
gherkins, and chervil leaves. Then the plat is
surrounded with halves of hard-boiled eggs, bedecked
with crayfish, skewered and grouped, according to
the artist's fancy, and sent up with Mayonnaise.

Middle-piece (tron^ori] of salmon a la Parisienne
is a pleasing variation. The centre piece is cut out,
boiled, cooled and carefully drained. Then it is
trimmed and 'set on a plateau historic j and
masked with the butter a la Parisienne. For the
butter : ' Six yolks of eggs are put in a stewpan,
mixed with a table spoonful of flour, and a piece of
crayfish butter — then the whole is dissolved with a
gill of fresh mushroom liquor. When on the fire it
is stirred like cream, and when it has got some con-
sistence it is removed and passed through a sieve.
Should it happen not to be quite smooth \vla-n cold,
then a pound of butter in little bits is introduced.
The preparation must be well worked till it is light,
then finished with a few spoonfuls of mustard and
as many of essence of anchovies.' The piece is

THE SALMON

garnished with salad, and the sides are decorated
with bottoms of artichokes filled with vegetables. It
is decorated with skewers of truffles and prawns, and
sauce Mayonnaise may be sent up as well.

To come down from the heights of ostentatious
luxury to frugal housekeeping, there are many
ways of using up salmon for a second dressing. It
may be done in potato paste, with salt, cayenne,
white pepper and three table spoonfuls of shrimp
sauce or melted batter. It may be made into a
pudding. ' Boil three ounces of bread crumbs in a
third of a pint of milk till it becomes smooth, and
turn out to cool. Beat as many ounces of fresh
butter to a cream, pound half-a-pound of boiled
salmon to paste : beat the yolks of four, and the
whites of two, eggs for ten minutes. Mix well
together. Add a clove of garlic, a salt-spoonful of
salt, a salt-spoonful of anchovy sauce, half a salt-
spoonful of white pepper, and half a grain of cayenne.
Pound till the seasoning is well mixed ; roll into
lobster shape, dredge with baked flour, and wrap in
foolscap paper, spread with butter. Roll in a cloth,
and place it in a steamer over fast boiling water for
thirty-five minutes. Turn it out and serve with
sauce.'

Or you may souse the salmon in half a pint of

THE COOKEKY OF THE SALMON

vinegar, with salt, pepper, cayenne, peppercorns, clove,
mace, and a shred or two of garlic. Boil for ten
minutes, then let it cool. Strain the vinegar on it,
leave it in pickle for twelve hours, and serve with
fresh fennel. For salmon an gratin, put the cold
pieces in a flat dish, season with salt and pepper,
and a little ketchup : sprinkle with grated Parmesan.
Take a frying pan, put it on a slow fire ; put a small
piece of butter into it, with fine bread crumbs ; make
them a light brown ; pour a little butter sauce over
the fish and cheese, and sprinkle bread crumbs over
them. Put it into the oven to heat, and brown with
a red-hot salamander. For kedgeree, boil half a
pound of rice : dry before the fire : boil two eggs for
ten minutes, peel and mince them. Heat a stewpan :
with a piece of butter put in the salmon, then the
rice and eggs. Season with salt and pepper : mix
lightly with a fork, and serve as hot as possible.
Tinned salmon comes in usefully for cakes, Mayon-
naise, curries, or kedgeree. And finally we may say a
good word for the lax, a Norwegian variation of Scotch
kipper, sent over in oil and hermetically sealed tins.
With slices of toast split and frizzled before a slow
fire, it makes a capital addition to a light luncheon.

THE SALMON

CHAPTER XI

THE LAW AS TO SALMON-FISHING

BY CLAUD DOUGLAS PENNANT

SINCE the days when Sir John Hawkins, Knight,
wrote his ' short discourse touching the laws of
angling by way of Postscript ' to Walton's ' Compleat
Angler,' many changes have taken place. In com-
piling a statement of the law as to the salmon, as it
at present stands, the chief difficulty of the writer has
been to compress within the space at his disposal all
that might be said upon so wide a subject, and at the
same time to render such statement clear and com-
prehensive— at best it can only be instructive : to
make it light or even interesting reading is beyond
his hope or power. This difficulty is due to the fact
that the law varies in England (which country will be
taken in this chapter to include Wales), in Scotland,
and in Ireland, not to mention the districts of the
Tweed and Solway ; and although the policy of the
legislature, in recent times at any rate, has been to as-
similate the various systems, wide differences still exist.

THE LAW AS TO SA/.MOX-FJSH7NG 223

The treatment of the matter naturally falls under
two heads.

I. The right to fish for sahn on: in whom it vests
and upon what it rests.

II. The legislation in favour of the salmon.

I. The right to fish for salmon is vested through-
out the United Kingdom in the Crown or in subjects
who have acquired that right from the Crown. In
England and Ireland the Crown holds the right,
where it has retained it, on behalf of the public. In
Scotland the Crown holds it for its own benefit and as
a source of revenue. Thus we have in England and
Ireland a division of the right to fish for salmon into
a public and private right.

In those countries there is in ancient navigable
rivers as far as the tide ebbs and flows, in estuaries
and on the sea-coast, a prim a fade public right to fish
for salmon. This right may, however, be overridden
by the existence of some private right which an
individual may enjoy by virtue of grant or charter
from the Crown or by immemorial usage ; the onus
lying on the individual claiming such right to prove
its existence. In rivers made navigable by statute,
the public have no such right, nor have they in
ancient navigable rivers above where the tide ebbs
and flows, although this latter point has only been

224 THE SALMON

decided in recent years. Nor, again, can the public
acquire such right by user during any length of time.

There is a prima fade private right to fish for
salmon in all waters where no public right exists.
Many distinctions have been drawn in English law
between the different kinds of private rights of
fishing, and much confusion has been caused thereby
in the past ; but the better and more recent opinion
as expressed by Willes J. in the case of Malcolmson
v. O'Dea, 10 H. L. C. 593, seems to be that for
practical purposes there are only two kinds of
private rights to be distinguished, viz. (i) a Several,
(2) a Common of Fishery, and of these the former is
by far the more important.

A Several Fishery is an exclusive individual right
of fishing prima facie existing («) in all non-navigable
rivers, (/;) in all non-navigable rivers above the tide-
way, and (c) in rivers made navigable by statute. It
may exist in navigable rivers below the tide-way, in
the sea and in estuaries under a grant or charter,
actual or presumptive, from the Crown made before
Magna Charta. A grant, however, which has been
created before that time, and has been resumed by
the Crown for forfeiture or otherwise, can be re-
granted by the Crown ; and a grant subsequent to
Magna Charta, coupled with proof of long enjoyment,

THE LAW AS '1Q. -SALMON-FISHING 225

is good evidence to prove that the Crown was en-
titled to make such grant to confirm a several fishery
which existed before the time of legal memory. If
the right to a several fishery is once proved, no act on
the part of the public can divest the owner of that right
or transfer it to the public. The right may be shortly
described as riparian, since it attaches to the owners of
the soil adjoining the river on either bank, or to persons
deriving their title from such owners. Where the oppo-
site banks are in different ownership, the right extends
' ad medium filumj i.e. to a line drawn over the centre of
the main channel of the river. This right, as has been
said, attaches to the soil, and so, should the river
change its course, the owner of a several fishery in
the old channel cannot claim a right in the new
channel, if it has left his lands. With regard to the
right extending only ' ad medium Jilumj an obvious
difficulty suggests itself, in cases where the water is at
all narrow and the catch is in a single channel, which
renders it impossible effectively to fish with rod or
net without passing the line in mid-stream. In strict
law, to do so is an encroachment ; but, as a matter of
custom, this difficulty is adjusted in practice by
arrangement between the adverse owners.

In England a several fishery can be granted or
leased only by deed, in order to be effective. This

226 THE SALMON

was formerly the case in Ireland ; but, since the
passing of the Landlord and Tenant Amendment
Act of 1860, a fishery can be let by mere word of
mouth for a year or from year to year, and for a
longer period, by a note in writing without seal.

A grant of a fishery is primct facie a grant of a
several fishery, and an action for trespass will lie for
entering the same.

II. A Common of Fishery is like other rights of
common, e.g. of pasture belonging to tenants of a
particular manor, and can only exist in waters within
the manor. It can only be transferred by deed.

With regard to Scotland, the different position
in which the Crown stands towards the public has
already been noticed. All salmon-fishings in Scot-
land, whether in rivers, estuaries, or in the sea, in so
far as fishing is carried on there in connection with
the land, were of original right vested in the Crown,
and, where not granted away, are under the manage-
ment of the Commissioners of Woods and Forests.
No grant has ever been made to confer upon the
public of any locality a right of salmon-fishing,
though doubtless in many places the public have
enjoyed such right as a privilege ; nor will the duration
of such enjoyment for any length of time confer upon
them such right as against the Crown.

THE LAW AS TO SALMON-FISHING 227

The rights of salmon-fishing which the Crown has
granted away to individuals are separate heritable
estates, distinct from the ownership of the adjoining
lands, and vested in individuals by express grant in
terms of ' salmon-fishing ' (cum piscatione salmonuni]
although, if the words cum piscatione alone are found
in the grant, a long practice and enjoyment of salmon-
fishing may extend them to imply a grant of ' salmon '
fishing. The view once held, that a right to ' angle '
for salmon accompanied the ownership of the soil in
Scotland, despite a grant of salmon-fishing to another,
has, since the case of Anderson v. Anderson, decided
in 1867, perhaps unfortunately been rejected, and so
it happens that while one individual owns the adjoin-
ing lands, another sometimes has the right of fishing
in the river.

LEGISLATION
The Salmon fishery Acts

.From very early times salmon Imve been protected
by various Acts of Parliament, both general and local,
throughout the United Kingdom. It is not, however,
until the present century that we find the subject
generally treated in a practical manner, and attempts
made to check the abuses then existing. We ma}'
take as the foundations of our modern salmon- fishery

228 THE SALMON

laws, the Acts of 1861 for England, 1862 for Scot-
land, 1842 for Ireland, and 1857 for the Tweed,'
which last river has always been the subject of inde-
pendent legislation. From those times onwards, the
legislature has endeavoured to promote the welfare of
the salmon through the various enactments passed,by—

1. Affording him a free and unpolluted course
from the sea to the spawning grounds ;

2. Putting a check on the rapacity of individual
proprietors and illegal capture.

The course pursued to attain these ends has been
practically the same in all the countries mentioned.
Below we have appended a table ' of the more

1 ENGLAND

1 86 1. 24, 25 V. c. 96, ss. 24. 26. Larceny.

1861. 24, 25 V. c. 97, ss. 32, 57-78. Malicious injuries.

1861. 24, 25 V. c. 109 . . Salmon.

1863. 26, 27 V. c. 10 . . . Salmon, export.
1865. 28, 29 V. c. 121 . . Salmon.

1870. 33- 34 V. c. 33 . . Export.

l&73- 36, 37 V- c. 71 . . . Salmon.

1877. 40, 41 V. c. 65 . . . Dynamite.

1878. 4i,42Y. .... Dynamite.
1886. 49, 50 V. c. j<j . . . Salmon.
'892. 55, 56 V. c. 50 . . . Salmon.

SCOTLAND

1828. 9 Geo. IV. c. 39 . . Salmon.

1844. 8, 9 V. c. 95 . . . Salmon.

1862. 25, 26 V. c. 97 . . . Salmon.
1X03. 2(1. 27 V. c. 50 . . . Salmon.

1864. 27, 28 V. c. 118 . . Salmon.

THE LAW AS TO SALMON-FISHING 229

important Acts of Parliament, passed during the pre-
sent century, which affect the question. It would be
SCOTLAND (contiimed}

1865.

28, 29 V.

C. 121, 363.

Salmon, Esk.

1867-8.

31, 32 v.

c. 123

Salmon.

1870.

33. 34 V.

c. 33 •

Export.

1873.

36, 37 V.

C. 71, S. 12

Esk.

1877.

40, 41 V.

c. 65 .

Dynamite.

1878.

41, 42 V.

Dynamite.

1882.

45, 46 V.

c. 78 . . .

Fishery Hoard

1884-5.

48, 49 V.

c. 6, s. 5 .

Secretary for

Scot-

land.

1887.

50, 51 v.

c. 52 .

Secretary for

Scot-

land.

IRELAND

1842.

5, 6 V. c.

106

Salmon.

1844.

7, 8 V. c.

108 .

Salmon.

1845.

8, 9 V. c.

108 .

Salmon.

1846.

9, 10 V. c

. 86, ss. 3, 4

Public works.

1847-8.

II, 12 V.

c. 92 .

Salmon.

1850.

13, 14 V.

c. 88 .

Salmon.

1861.

24, 25 V.

c. 96, ss. 24, 26 .

Larceny.

1861.

24, 25 V.

c. 97, ss. 32, 57-78

Malicious injuries.

1863.

26, 27 V.

C. IO .

Salmon, export.

1863.

26, 27 V.

c. 1 14

Salmon.

1868-9.

32, 33 V.

c. 9 .

Salmon.

1868-9.

32, 33 V.

c. 9 .

Inspector.

1868-9.

32, 33 V.

c. 92 . . .

General.

1870.

33' 34 ^ •

c. 33 •

Export.

1877.

40, 41 V.

c. 68 .

Dynamite.

1895.

58. 59 V.

c. 29 .

Salmon.

Tweed

1857. 2O, 21 V. C.

148.

,,

1859. 22, 23 V. C.

70.

Solway

1804. 44 (ieo. III.

c. 4.v

1877. 40, 41 V. c.

240.

Annan

1841. 4 V. c. iS.

THE SALMON

impossible, within the limits of this chapter, to inquire
at any length into the reason for this mass of legisla-
tion upon this one particular subject. Briefly stated,
it was the decline of the salmon fisheries throughout
the United Kingdom, due to the increase of pollu-
tions and obstructions such as weirs, mill-dams,
or nets ; the abstraction of water for waterworks,
factories, and other purposes ; and the inefficiency
and evasion of the laws then in force. The increase
of rod and line fishing for salmon as a sport during
the present century may also have directed attention
to the subject, and been the cause of a good deal of
legislation which would not otherwise have been
passed had the sport not attained to that prominent
position which it now holds.

The Act of 1 86 1 in England, founded upon the
report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into
the salmon fisheries of England and Wales in 1860,
repealed, in whole or in part, thirty-three Acts of
Parliament then in force, and placed the superinten-
dence of the salmon fisheries in those countries under
the Home Office, with power to appoint two inspec-
tors for a period of three years. This superintendence
is now transferred to the department of the Board of
Trade, in accordance with the report of the select
committee of the House of Commons appointed in

THE LAW AS TO SALMON-FISHING 231

1870 to inquire into the subject. The Board of
Trade now exercises all the powers conferred by the
Salmon Fishery Acts upon the Home Office, and
the appointment of inspectors has been continued
from time to time by various Acts of Parliament.

By the Act of 1861, certain modes of taking fish
were prohibited, and the minimum si/e of the mesh
of nets to be legally used was fixed at two inches
from knot to knot, or eight inches measured all
round, when wet. Fixed engines were prohibited,
close seasons established, fish passes were ordered to
be erected in obstructions, and free gaps in certain
instances made.

Two years later the Act of 1863 made the export
of salmon illegal from any part of the United King-
dom if caught during close time in any district.

The year 1865 saw some very important changes
in the law, not the least of which was the forma-
tion of fishery districts and boards of conservators
for the protection of the fish. These matters
were further dealt with by the Act of 1873, and the
present state of the law with regard to them is as
follows : —

The county council of any county can apply to
the Board of Trade to form into a fishery district or
districts all or any of the salmon rivers lying wholly

232 THE SALMON

or parti)1 within the county, and the Board of Trade
may include in any district so formed any river or
rivers or parts thereof, although not situated in the
county on behalf of which the application is made.
The limits of a river are to be denned and a fishery
district formed by a certificate from the Board of
Trade, and such district may be altered by the Board
of Trade upon the application of the conservators.
Where a fishery district lies wholly within any one
county, the county council elect certain of their
number to act as members of the Board of Conserva-
tors for that district : in addition to these there are
two classes of conservators, (i) c\ ojjlcio, (2) represen-
tative.

T. Everyone conies within the first class who is the
owner or occupier of a fishery in the district which is
assessed to the poor rate on a gross estimated rental
of 3<D/. per annum, or is the owner of lands within the
district of an annual value of not less than ioo/.
having a frontage of not less than a mile to any
salmon river, and has the right to fish there, and has
paid license duty for fishing for salmon within the
district in the preceding year.

2. The second class are the elected representa-
tives of fishermen duly licensed to fish for salmon
(otherwise than with rod and line) during the last

THE LAW AS TO SALMON-PISHING

preceding season in public or common waters — one
member being eligible for every 507. of license duty
paid. That there are defects in the system is ap-
parent. County councillors do not necessarily
possess any knowledge of, or have any interest in,
fishery matters, yet some of their number have seats
on the board, while rod and line fishermen, on the
other hand, are not adequately represented. It would
also be desirable that some change in the law should
be made to prevent anyone who has been convicted
of an offence against the Salmon Fishery Acts from
being eligible as a conservator.

When a fishery district does not lie wholly within
the limits of one county, the county council of any
county within which any part of such district lies may
apply to the county council of every other county in
the district to appoint a fishery committee, consisting
of three of their number to form, with the fishery
committee of the same number to be appointed by
the county council making the application, a joint
fishery committee for the district. Such joint fishery
committee, together with the ex officio and representa-
tive members, form the board of conservators. A
board of conservators thus formed are a body cor-
porate, having perpetual succession and a common
seal, and invested with the following powers : —

234 THE SALMON

1. To make contracts.

2. To issue licenses.

3. To purchase by agreement and compulsorily
(under the Lands Clauses Acts), for the purpose only
of removal, fishing weirs, fishing mill-dams, and
fixed engines.

4. To take legal proceedings against persons
offending against the Salmon Fishery Acts.

5. To make live-laws subject to the approval of
the Board of Trade.

6. To alter the commencement and termination
of the close time, annual and weekly as to the whole
or part of a district (with limitations which will be
noticed).

7. To determine the length and size of nets and
the manner in which they may be used (but no hang
or draft net may be limited by bye-law to less than
two hundred yards).

<S. To determine the size of the mesh of nets
(but the mesh is not to be decreased to less than
one and a half inches from knot to knot, nor ex-
tended to more than two and a half inches all round
when wet).

y. To determine the form of licenses.

10. To vary the rate of license duty in different
parts of the district.

THE LAW AS TO SALMON-FISHING

r r. To determine what marks or labels are to he
fixed to nets or painted on boats used in fishing.

12. To prohibit the use of nets within a certain
distance of a river mouth, and of the confluence of
rivers in any part of the district not being a several
fishery.

13. To determine the time during which it may
!><• lawful to use a gaff in connection with rod and
line.

14. To determine where gratings are to be placed
during certain times of the year across the head
and tail race of mills and across artificial channels
leading into or out of a river.

15. To regulate during the annual and weekly
close times the use within any river of nets for fish
other than salmon.

16. To prohibit the use in any inland water of
any net except a landing net, or a net for taking eels,
between sunset and sunrise.

17. To impose a penalty not exceeding 5/. for an
offence against a bye-law.

(N.B. — No bye-law to come into operation until
confirmed by the Board of Trade.)

1 8. To adopt such means, with the consent of the
Board of Trade, for preventing the ingress of salmon
into streams in which they or their spawning beds

236 THE SALMON

are, from the nature of the channel, liable to be
destroyed.

19. Generally to do everything for the protection
of the salmon fisheries within their district.

Turning now to Scotland, in which country
greater attention seems always to have been given to
the salmon fisheries than in England, due no doubt
to their relatively greater value, the Act of 1862 is
the foundation of modern legislation upon the
subject.

All fishery matters are under the Fishery Board
of Scotland, which is again under the Secretary for
Scotland. The Board consists of seven members,
vix. three members (of whom one is chairman, one a
sheriff of a county, and one a person skilled in the
branches of science concerned with the habits and
food of fishes) and four representative members of the
various sea fishing interests in Scotland. The Board
has the appointment of one inspector of salmon
fisheries.

The Act of 1862, unlike the corresponding English
Act of 1861, is rather a re-enacting than a repealing
statute. The first point we may notice is the forma-
tion of fishery districts. Under section 4, every
river in Scotland flowing into the sea, and every
tributary stream or lake flowing into or connected

THE LAW AS TO SALMON-FISHING 237

with such river and the sea-coast adjoining thereto,
divided into such portions as may be fixed and defined
by the Commissioners under the Act, shall form a
fishery district. For this purpose three Commissioners
were appointed for a period of three years, with further
power to determine the close season and to make
general regulations for its observance and for the
construction and use of cruives, the construction and
alteration of mill-dams, lades, or water-wheels, so as to
afford reasonable means for the passage of salmon ;
for the meshes of nets and obstructions in rivers and
estuaries to the free passage of salmon, with power to
summon witnesses and take evidence upon these
matters.

In accordance with Lhe.se powers the Commis-
sioners, by bye-law made in January 1863, divided
Scotland into districts and settled their annual close
times respectively. By a further bye-law of May

i 864 the size of the mesh of nets was fixed at one
and three-quarters inches from knot to knot, and the

use of two nets, one behind the other, or nets made

of canvas, was prohibited.

Further bye-laws passed in May 1864 and July

] 865 regulate the use of cruives and mill-dams, while

a salmon pass was ordered to be affixed to every

dam, weir, or cauld.

238 THE SALMON

Upon a district being constituted, a list of the
upper and lower proprietors has to be made, the
qualification being the ownership of a fishery entered
in the valuation roll as of the yearly rent or value of
2O/., and in the former case also the ownership of
half a mile frontage to the river with a right of salmon-
fishing. From these two classes the members of the
district board are elected. By a further Act of 1868,
if a district board had not been so constituted in any
district, any two proprietors of salmon-fishings in the
district can petition the sheriff to form one, and the
factor of any proprietor of a fishing can be elected a
member.

A district board continues in office for three
years.

A district board

1. May sue or be sued in the name of its clerk.

2. May appoint constables, water-bailiffs, and
watchers.

3. May impose and has power to collect an
assessment, called the ' fishery assessment,' on the
several fisheries in the district according to their
yearly rent or value as entered in the valuation roll.

4. May petition the Secretary for Scotland to
vary the close seasons, annual or weekly, and to alter
the regulations with regard to them.

THE LAW AS TO SALMON-WISHING 239

5. May petition the Secretary for Scotland to
alter the regulations with respect to the construction
and use of cruives, cruive dykes, or weirs.

6. May purchase by agreement, for the pur-
pose only of removal, any weir, dam, cruive, or other
fixed engine for the benefit of the fisheries in the
district.

7. May remove all natural obstructions to the
passage of fish in the bed of a river.

8. May attach a fish -pass to any waterfall.

9. May generally do all things within their dis-
trict for the protection of salmon.

IRELAND

Modern legislation upon the salmon started in Ire-
land some few years sooner than in other parts of the
L'nited Kingdom, and the Act of 1842 is the founda-
tion of the law as it at present stands. Under that
and the succeeding Acts, all fishery matters arc
placed in the hands of three inspectors of Irish
fisheries, appointed by and under the control of the
Lord-Lieutenant. For the formation of fishery
districts, Special Commissioners were appointed as
in Scotland, and each district so formed was placed
under conservators, of whcm there are two classes,
(i) Ex afflcio, (2) Elected. Class i comprises owners,

240 THE SALMON.

lessees, or occupiers of a several fishery of the yearly
value of ioo/. or upwards; Class 2 are the represen-
tatives of the licensees, elected triennially. No person
is eligible for the office of conservator in any electoral
division in which he does not reside or possess real
property. Certain powers are given to conservators,
but not to the same extent as in England. Such
are

1. To fix the license duty for all methods of
taking salmon, and to fix the rate to be paid (but
subject to the approval of the inspectors of fisheries)
in respect of several fisheries in the district.

2. To appoint water-bailiffs and inspectors.

3. To apply such funds as they possess to make
fish passes over weirs, to remove or make passes over
natural obstructions, and to inspect passes and ladders
at all times.

Close Time. The regulations as to close time,
annual and weekly, vary somewhat in the different
fishery districts throughout the United Kingdom. In
England and Wales the annual close time was fixed
by the Act of 1861 from September i to February i
following, for all methods of fishing other than with
rod and line ; and for rod and line fishing, from
November 2 to February j following ; the weekly
close time, from noon on Saturday to 6 A.M. on

THE LAW AS TO SALMON-FISHING 241

.Monday for all fishing except with rod and line,
for which there is no weekly close time in England.
Power is however given to boards of conservators
under the Act of 1873 to alter both annual and
weekly close times, as to the whole or part of a
district, but so that the former shall not be less than
one hundred and fifty-four days for all modes of
fishing other than with rod and line, and shall not
begin later than November i ; and as regards
rod and line fishing, that the close time shall not be
less than ninety-two days nor commence later than
December i. As to weekly close time boards have
power to alter it, but so that it does not commence
before 6 P.M. on Friday nor terminate' earlier than
midnight on the Sunday following, nor continue
later than twelve o'clock noon on Monday nor
exceed forty-eight hours. In Whitaker's Almanack
may be found the variations in the close times in
the different districts throughout the \ United
Kingdom, it being impossible within this chapter to
set them out.

A close time has been imposed in Scotland for
salmon from a very early date. About the year i >oo
it was ordained that a free passage should be given
to salmon in various rivers from Saturday night to
Monday morning. This was railed ' Satterday's

242 THE SALMON

stoppe.' From 1424 to 1828 the annual close time
for salmon-netting was one hundred and seven days.
In 1828 the Home Drummond Act was passed, the
preamble of which is interesting reading upon this
point, and runs as follows: 'Whereas by an Act
passed in the Parliament of Scotland in the year
1424 it was forbidden that any salmon be slain from
the feast of the Assumption of Our Lady until the
feast of St. Andrew in winter' (i.e. from August 15 to
November 30), ' and whereas sundry other laws and
Acts were made and passed at divers times by the
Parliament of Scotland anent the killing of salmon,
kippers, red and black fish in forbidden times, and
the killing and destroying of the fry and smolts of
salmon, which laws were ratified and confirmed and
approved by an Act passed in the said parliament in
the year 1696 intituled an Act against Killers of Black
Fish and Destroyers of the Fry and Smolts of Salmon,
and whereas it is expedient . . . that sundry other
regulations should be made : be it therefore enacted
by the King's most excellent Majesty that no salmon,
grilse, sea trout, nor other fish of the salmon kind,
shall be taken in or from any river, stream, lake,
water or estuary whatsoever, or on any part of the
sea-coast, between the i4th day of September and the
ist of February following'on'any year by any'person or

THE LAW AS TO SALMON-FISHING 243

persons, any law, statute, or practice to the contrary
notwithstanding . . . '

Such became the law in 1828, and so it remained
until 1862, when the annual close time for every
district was fixed at one hundred and sixty-eight days,
and the weekly (except for rod and line fishing)
from 6 P.M. on Saturday to 6 A.M. on Monday
following, power being given to the Commissioners
(now the Fishery Board of Scotland) to alter the
close times, but so that the annual shall not be less
than one hundred and sixty-eight days nor the weekly
less than thirty-six hours (except for rod and line-
fishing, the weekly close time for which is Sunday).
The Fishery Board have also power to determine at
what periods after the commencement and prior to
the termination of the annual close time it may be
lawful to fish for salmon with rod and line.

In Ireland the duration of the annual close time,
which under the Act of 1842 was fixed as from
August 20 to February 12, and not less than one
hundred and twenty-four days, was extended by the
Act of 1863 to one hundred and sixty-eight days for
all fishing except with rod and line, the close time
for which is from November i to February i, and
may not be less than ninety-two clays. The weekly
close time for all fishing except with rod and line

244 THE SALMON

(for which, as in England, there is no weekly close
time) is from 6 A.M. on Saturday to 6 A.M. on
Monday following. Further regulations in force in
Ireland upon this matter are that no fish of the
salmon kind may be taken on the sea-coast, in any
estuary, in any river, or in the tide-way from Sep-
tember i to January 31, nor in any lake or river
above the tide- way between September 18 and the
last day of February. Owners, however, of fishing
weirs held under grant, charter, prescription, or Act
of Parliament above the tide-way, within two miles
of where the tide ceases to ebb and flow, if no other
fishing weir is interposed between them and the
tide-way, may use them for catching salmon in
February.

The inspectors of Irish fisheries have similar
powers to the Fishery Board of Scotland for the
alteration of the close time in rivers.

fixed. Engines. — The use and abuse of what are
termed fixed engines, i.e. any stationary contrivance
for catching salmon or other fish, seems to be of very
early date, and we find many laws passed for their
suppression. They were in use in the form of
• kicldels and wears ' in the time of King John, for they
are referred to in Magna Charta as then existing in
the Thames ; while in a later statute we are told that

'HIE LAW AS TO SALMON-FISHING 245

the reason for their suppression in that river was not
only on the aecount of the obstructions which they
caused to navigation, but also on account of the
numbers of fry which they were the means of destroy-
ing. It was ordained in a statute passed in the
reign of Henry VI. that ' standing nets and engines
called " trinks," and all other nets which are wont to
be fastened and hanged continually day and night to
great posts, boats, and anchors overthwart the river
Thames and other rivers of the realm, which standing
is a cause of as great and more destruction of the
brood and fry of fish and disturbance of the common
passage of vessels, as be the wears and kyddels'orany
other engines, be wholly defended for ever ; provided
always, that it shall be lawful to the possessors of the
said " trinks " to fish with them, drawing and pulling
them by hand as other fishers do with other nets, and
not fastening or tacking the said nets to posts, boats,
or anchors continually to stand as aforesaid.' Again,
in the reign of Henry VI II., the use of ceitain
engines, composed of 'stakes, piles, and other things,'
was forbidden in the Ouse and Humber ' by persons
studying only for their own private lucre, not regard-
ing the Common weal, by reason whereof not only
ships and boats were daily in jeopard}', but also broode
and fry of fishe in those rivers be commonl) theieby

246 THE SALMON

destroyed and putrified.' We find similar enactments
applying to the rivers of Lancashire and elsewhere,
and Commissioners and Conservators appointed even
in ancient days to put them down, a practice which,
as we shall see, has been followed by modern legis-
lation.

In Scotland, fixed engines have been prohibited
from a very early period, especially in rivers and
estuaries. The old law, and the statutes applicable
to them, was discussed at great length by the Lord
Justice Clerk in the case of Kintore v. Forbes, 48. 641
(1826), the conclusion derived, after a careful examin
ation of the various Acts of Parliament from the time
of Alexander II., being that stake nets (a form of
fixed engine) were not illegal in the sea, but that
it was settled law that if set in rivers <n in estuaries,
to the fullest extent of their limits, they were
illegal.

The first Act of Parliament dealing with the
matter in Ireland is that passed in 28 Henry VIII.,
against the erection of weirs and other engines
for catching fish upon the Barrow and other rivers.

As the law now stands, fixed engines are illegal in
England in inland and tidal waters. The term ' fixed
engine ' has been defined by the Salmon Fishery Acts
to mean ' any net or other instrument for taking fish,

THE LAW AS TO SALMON-FISHING 247

fixed to the soil or made stationary in any way (not being
a fishing weir or fishing mill-dam), or any net placed or
suspended in any inland or tidal waters, unattended
by the owner, used for the purpose of catching or
facilitating the catching of salmon, or detaining or
obstructing the passage of salmon, and all engines,
devices, machines, or contrivances, whether floating or
otherwise, for placing or suspending such nets, or
maintaining them in working order and making
them stationary.' Fishing weirs and fishing mill-
dams are not illegal if lawfully in use at the time
of the passing of the Salmon Fishery Act, 1861,
and if they comply with certain requirements con-
tained in the subsequent Salmon Acts as to free gaps
and fish passes. The legality of all fixed engines
was inquired into by Special Commissioners appointed
for that purpose by the Act of 1865, and power was
given to them by that Act to abate all those found
to be illegal. Their general superintendence is now
placed in the hands of the inspector of salmon fisheries.
In Scotland the old law is not affected by recent
legislation. It should, however, be noticed that
cruives are in a different position from other fixed
engines in that country. The right to fish with
cruives is not carried by a general grant of salmon-
lishing, but is itself the subject of an express grant,

248 THE SALMON

or else requires a prescriptive possession of cruive-
fishing following upon a general grant. The legal
use of cruives by various statutes is permitted in, but
limited to, that part of the river which is above the
tide-way — ' All cruives and yairs (weirs) set in wateris
quhair the sea fillis and ebbis be put away and
destroyed for ever mair.' Cruives had also, from early
days, to comply with certain conditions whereby
smolts and fry should not be taken in them. ' It was
Statute and ordanit be King Alexander at Perth, on
Thursday before the feist of St. Margaret, with consent
of the Krlis, Baronis, and Judges of Scotland, that the
midst of the water should be fre, sa mekill than ane
swine of three zeir auld and well fed is of length and
may turn him within it in sic manner that nather
his grunxie nor his tail tuich any of the sides of the
cruives that are biggit on ' each side of the water.'
The Commissioners for Scotland, in accordance with
their powers, have in more recent times, by a bye-law
dated July 28, 1865, made certain regulations with
regard to cruives.

The law in Ireland has undergone some changes
with regard to fixed engines in tidal waters in modern
times. As defined by the Act of 1850, they are
practically the same as those included in the defini-
tions under the English law. l]y the Act of 184.2 the

7 HE LAW AS TO SALMON-FISHING 249

settlement of this vexed question was attempted by
the bold experiment of permitting owners of several
fisheries in, and lessees of, land adjoining tidal waters
or estuaries to erect fixed engines, subject to certain
restrictions. They were not to impede navigation,
nor were they to be placed in or near the mouths of
narrow rivers, nor might they extend beyond high
or low water mark, nor be capable of taking under-
sized fish. Stake weirs, established for twenty years
before the passing of the Act, and head weirs were
not affected by these provisions. A rapid increase
in the number of bag nets followed upon this, and
a consequent decrease in the number of salmon.
Therefore, in 1863, the Act was amended, and bag
nets rendered illegal in inland and tidal waters and
within three miles of a river's mouth ; other fixed
engines in use in 1862 — and only those — were for
the future to be recognised as legal. Free gaps or
Queen's shares, under the Act of 1842, were made
compulsory in all cases of obstructions extending
more than half-way across a river, while in many
cases, upon the application of a fishery proprietor,
the Commissioners had power to make the same.
Special Commissioners were appointed under the Act
to inquire into the legality of all fixed nets, and to
order the removal of those tound to be illegal or, in

250 THE SALMON

their opinion, injurious to navigation. They were
also empowered to inquire into the legality of all
fishing weirs with regard to which new regulations
were imposed as to free gaps.

OFFENCES AGAINST THE SALMON FISHERY
ACTS

1. Poisoning Fish, — Causing or knowingly per-
mitting any liquid or solid matter to flow into
water containing salmon, or into any tributaries
thereof, to such an extent as to cause the waters to
poison salmon.

In England and Scotland no person is guilt)
of this offence if he proves he has used the best
practical means, within a reasonable cost, to render
such matter harmless. It is a further offence in
Ireland to be found on or near a salmon river in
possession of poisonous matter with intent to use it
for the destruction of fish.

2. Using Illegal Instruments. — Using any light,
leister, spear, otter, stroke-haul, gaff (except as an
auxiliary to rod and line, when not forbidden by bye-
law, or when used for removing fish from boxes or
cribs), or other instrument for the purpose of taking-
salmon.

In England and Scotland it is an offence to be

THE LAW AS TO SALMON-FISHING 251

found, at any time, in possession of these instruments
with intent to kill salmon. In Ireland it is an offence
only to be found in possession of them between
sunset and sunrise.

3. Fishing with Roe. — Using any fish roe for
fishing. Buying, selling, or exposing for sale or
possessing salmon roe. But this does not apply to
any person in England or Scotland who possesses
roe for scientific purposes or for artificial propaga-
tion.

The prohibition in Ireland is limited to possessing
salmon roe.

4. Killing Smolts. — Wilfully taking or destroying
smolts or salmon fry, or buying, selling, exposing for
sale, or possessing the same.

Placing any engine or device for obstructing the
same or wilfully injuring the same.

Wilfully injuring or disturbing any salmon spawn,
or spawning bed on which the salmon may be.

5. Killing Unclean Salmon. — Wilfully taking, fish-
ing for, or attempting to take unclean or unseason-
able salmon. But no person is guilty of an offence
in England and Scotland if he takes the same for
scientific purposes or for artificial propagation. In
England the consent of a conservancy board is
necessary to do this.

252 THE SALMON.

6. Selling Unclean ., Salmon.— Buying, selling, of
exposing for sale unclean or unseasonable salmon.

7. Killing Salmon in Close Time. — Fishing for,
taking, or attempting to take, or aiding or assisting
in fishing for, taking, or attempting to take, salmon
during the close time, annual or weekly, as fixed by
Act of Parliament or bye-la\v.

8. Buying, selling, exposing for sale, or possess-
ing for the purposes of sale, salmon or part of any
salmon in annual close time.

y. Exporting Salmon, — Exporting unclean or un-
seasonable salmon, or salmon caught during the time
at which its sale is prohibited in the district in which
it is caught, from any part of the United Kingdom.
The burden of proving that any salmon entered for
exportation, between the third of September and
the thirtieth of April, is not entered in infringement
of the Act, lies upon the person exporting the
salmon.

10. Sending salmon in England by carrier without
conspicuously marking the package containing the
same between September 3 and February i.

n. Not removing Nets in Close Time. — Neglecting
to remove from a fishery all engines, spears, hand
nets and other nets, planks and temporary obstruc-
tions, inscales, hecks, and rails of cruives, boxes, and

THE LAW AS TO SALMON-FISHING 253

cribs, nil boats and oars (except those used for
angling), within thirty-six hours after the commence-
ment of the annual close time.

i 2. Neglecting to keep open a clear passage for
salmon through nets, cribs, boxes, cruives, and other
engines during weekly close time.

13. Doing any act or using any device for the
purpose of preventing the free passage of salmon
through the same during the close times (annual or
weekly).

14. Fish Passes and Free Gaps. — Neglecting to
erect or maintain, or injuring and thereby rendering
less efficient, when erected, _a free gap, Queen's
share, or fish pass, in dams, dykes, weirs, or other
obstructions, as and where required by law.

15. Doing any act for the purpose of preventing
the free passage of salmon through the same.

1 6. Using Illegal Nets and other Engines. — Using
a net whose mesh in England is less than 2 inches,
measured from knot to knot or 8 inches all round
when wet ; in Scotland and Ireland, whose mesh is
less than one and three-quarter inches from knot to
knot or seven inches all round when wet ; or in the
United Kingdom, a net whose mesh is of a smaller
size than is sanctioned in a particular locality by
bye-law.

254 THE SALMON

17. Using a box, crib, or cruive which does not
comply with the regulations imposed by the Acts in
England and Ireland, or with any bye- law affecting
the same in Scotland.

1 8. Using any fixed engine not privileged, or
declared to be illegal, for the purpose of catching or
facilitating the catching of salmon.

19. Fishingneara Dam. — Fishing, except with rod
and line, near a weir, dam, or artificial obstruction
which is not provided with a fish pass, or in the waters
of a mill. In England the limit is 50 yards above,
and 100 below. In Scotland it is an offence to fish
at a dam, but no limit is fixed. In Ireland the limit-
is 50 yards above and below.

20. Obstructing Water-bailiffs. — Refusing to allow
a water-bailiff, inspector, or person appointed by a
board of conservators or district board to have
access to a weir, dam, fishing weir, fishing mill-dam,
fixed engine, obstruction, or water-course.

21. Refusing to allow water-bailiffs and others to
search, or obstructing them in their search of, any
boat, barge, cot, coracle, or other vessel used in
fishing, or which they may suspect contains
salmon.

22. Refusing to allow water-bailiffs and others
to search, or obstructing them in searching, nets,

THE LAW .IS TO SALMON-PISHING 255

baskets, or instruments used in fishing or carrying
fish.

23. Breach of Bye-laws, — Infringing any bye-
law sanctioned by the Board of Trade, Fishers-
Board of Scotland, or Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland
as the case may be.

24. Gratings and Sluices. — Neglecting to erect or
maintain, or injuring when erected, gratings at the
points of divergence from and return to the main
river of all artificial streams, cuts, or water-courses
used for conveying water to towns, mills, or fac-
tories.

25. Neglecting to keep shut the sluices in mill-
streams during the time prescribed by the Acts or by
bye-law, or when the water is not used for milling
purposes.

26. Fishing for salmon with rod and line without
a license. (This does not apply to Scotland or to
places in England and Ireland where no board of
conservators has been formed.)

27. Fishing for salmon by means of a putt,
putcher, fishing weir, fishing mill-dam, net, instru-
ment or device (not being a rod and line) without a
license. (This does not apply to Scotland or to
England and Ireland as above mentioned.)

2.S. Refusing to produce a license upon the

256 THE SALMON

application of a licensee, conservator, water-bailiff,
constable, or officer of a board.

29. Draft Net across a River. — Shooting draft net
for salmon across the whole width of a river. This
does not apply to Scotland, nor to Ireland in the case
of the owner of a several fishery in the whole of a
river or its tributaries.

30. Using baskets or traps for catching eels in
England between January i and June 24, in Ireland
between January 10 and July i.

31. Trespass. — Trespassing upon lands in Scot-
land or Ireland for the purpose of fishing.

32. Duty of Clerk of Peace. — The clerk of the
peace neglecting to send the names and addresses
of conservators appointed by different counties,
when the district comprises more than one county,
to the clerk of the board within fourteen days
of the appointment. (This only applies to ling-
land.)

33. Duty of Clerk to Justices. — The clerk of the
justices neglecting to send a certificate of a convic-
tion against the Salmon Fishery Acts to the clerk to
the board of conservators within a month. (This
only applies to England.)

34. Placing Device upon Weir. — Placing upon the
apron of a weir any basket or device for taking fish

THE LA IV AS TO SALMON-FISHING 257

except wheels and leaps for taking lamperns between
August i and March i. (This only applies to
England.)

35. Night Poaching. — If three or more persons,
acting in concert, or being together between the
expiration of the first hour after sunset and the be-
ginning of the last hour before sunrise, enter or are
found upon any land adjacent to a river, estuary, or
sea-coast with intent illegally to kill salmon, or in
possession of illegal nets or instruments, they commit
an offence. (This only applies to Scotland.)

36. Salmon Leaping at a Fall. — Setting or using
a net or other engine for the capture of salmon when
leaping at or trying to ascend a fall, or when falling
back from the same. (This only applies to
Scotland.)

37. Pollution. — -Wilfully putting, or neglecting to
take reasonable precautions to prevent the discharge
of, any sawdust, chaff, or shelling com into a river.
(This only applies to Scotland.)

The following do not apply to England or
Scotland : —

38. Obstructing Fishermen. — Obstructing any
fisherman, or persons employed by him, in entering
upon, and using for the purpose of drawing their
nets or landing their fish, any beach, land, or wastes,

258 THE SALMON

except gardens and lands with a growing crop upon
them. ; f

39. Discharging Ballast. — Discharging ballast
from any 'vessel within an estuary harbour, or place
not sanctioned by the Commissioners or local regu-
lations.

40. Netting in Narrow Estuaries. — Shooting or
using a net for salmon at the mouth of a river (the
inland part of which is frequented by salmon), or
within half a mile of the mouth when the breadth of
the mouth is less than a quarter of a mile. This
does not apply to the owner of a several fishery,
except as to bag nets.

41. Netting in Fresh Waters. — Using a haul, draft,
seine, or other net in inland waters. This does not
apply (except as to bag nets) to the owner of a several
fishery, nor to cases where a common of piscary has
been enjoyed for twenty years before 1842.

42. Nets generally. — Using in tidal waters a net
covered with canvas, or in fresh waters a net formed
with a false bottom, or two nets placed one behind
the other.

43. Cross Lines. — Using cross lines in any river.
(This does not apply to the owner of a several
fishery or to any person authorised by him in
writing.)

THE LAW AS TO SALMON-FISHING 259

44. Removing or using any cot or boat without
the owner's permission.

45. Intimidation. — To be found to the number
of three or more together by an officer of the
Navy, coastguard, water-bailiff, or peace officer, by
violence or intimidation obstructing persons lawfully
fishing.

46. Eel Weirs. — Taking salmon in an eel weir.

47. Bag Nets. — Placing or using a bag net in
a river or estuary, or within three miles of a river's
mouth. But this does not apply to the owner of
a several fishery in the whole of a river and its tribu-
taries.

48. Fishing at Night. — Using any net, except a
landing net, for catching salmon in fresh water

O i O

between 8 P.M. and 6 A.M., except so far as the same
has been used within the limits of a several fishery
next above the tidal flow, and held under grant,
charter, or immemorial usage.

This is not a complete list of offences, nor tech-
nically expressed, but it comprises the most impor-
tant under the Salmon Fishery .Vets.

In addition to the above-mentioned offences, by
the Fisheries (Dynamite) Act of 1877 it is an offence
to use dynamite or other explosive to catch or de-
stroy fish in a public fishery in the United Kingdom.

260 THE SALMON

This was extended to private fisheries in England
hy an Act of the following year.

By the Malicious Injuries to Property Act, 1861,
s. 32, it is an offence unlawfully and maliciously to
put any lime or noxious material into any salmon
river with intent to destroy fish therein. This Act
extends to England and Ireland, and by s. 24 of the
Larceny Act, 1861, it is an offence unlawfully and
wilfully to take or destroy any fish in any water,
which shall run through or be in any land adjoining
to or belonging to the dwelling house of any person
being the owner of such water or having a right of
fishery therein, or to destroy or attempt to destroy
fish in a private fishery. This applies to England
and Ireland.

By the Gas Works Clauses Act, 1847, ^ '-s an
offence if the persons authorised to construct gas-
works cause or suffer to be brought or flow into any
stream or place for water, or into any drain com-
municating therewith, any washing or other substance
produced in making or supplying gas, or do any
act whereby the water in such stream or place may
be fouled.

Similar provision is made in the Rivers Pollution
Act, 1878, with regard to the refuse from factories,
quarries, and mines, and to sewage. No one, how-

THE [.AW AS TO SALMON-FISHING 261

ever, will be guilty of an offence under this Act if he
proves that he has taken the best means to render
the refuse or sewage harmless.

LKGAL rROCEDUKK

The legal procedure with regard to the prosecution
of offences against the Salmon Fishery Acts is almost
identical in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Pro-
ceedings are taken in England before two Justices at
Petty Sessions ; in Scotland, before a Sheriff or two
Justices : in Ireland, before one or more Justices.
In England and Ireland there is an appeal to Quarter
Sessions ; in Scotland to the next Circuit Court, or,
where no Circuit Court exists, to the Court of
Justiciary in Edinburgh. No Justice is disqualified
from hearing a case by reason of his being a con-
servator or member of a district board, provided he
deals wit!1, no case arising out of an offence committed
upon his own fishing. A bond fide claim of right
ousts the jurisdiction of Justices. Proceedings are
to be taken within six months of the alleged offence
having been committed. Offences committed upon
the sea-coast, or at sea beyond the ordinary jurisdic-
tion of any Justice, may be tried by a Justice having
jurisdiction on the land abutting on the sea-coast,
and offences committed upon water forming the

262 THE SALMON

boundary between two counties may be prosecuted
in either county.

For the detection and prevention of offences,
water-bailiffs and officers appointed by conservancy
or district boards are invested with special powers.
In England a water-bailiff may

1. Sei/.e without warrant any person putting
noxious matter into a salmon river with intent to
destroy fish, or illegally taking salmon, or found on
or near a salmon river with intent to take salmon
between the expiration of the first hour after sunset
and the beginning of the last hour before sunrise, or
found during those hours in possession of an illegal
instrument.

2. May apply to a Justice for a warrant to remain
on land near a salmon river, and make search if he
has good reason to suspect a breach of the Acts is
about to be or has been committed.

3. May, under a special order in writing from the
chairman of the conservancy board for a period
not exceeding two months, go upon any land (except
a decoy) near any salmon river in the district.

4. May examine weirs, dams, fixed engines, and
obstructions and artificial water-courses.

5. May stop and search boats, coracles, or vessels
used in fishing, or which there is reason to suspect

THE LAW AS TO SALMON-FISHING 263

contain salmon, and all nets and baskets and other
instruments.

6. May seize all salmon illegally caught, and all
instruments illegally used.

In Scotland, any person employed in the execu-
tion of the Salmon Fishery Acts may seize and detain
all fish illegally taken, and all boats, tackle, nets,
and other engines illegally used. Water-bailiffs and
officers of district boards have power, as in England,
to enter upon land if they have reason to suspect a
breach of the Acts to have been or may be com-
mitted. But no special order or warrant is necessary.
Similar powers are also given to them to examine
dams, weirs, cruives, etc., as in England.

The Irish Acts confer upon water-bailiffs almost
identical powers as do the English Acts ; one point
only may be noticed, viz. that under a warrant they
ma)' enter a garden or a dwelling house. For the
further protection of the fisheries in Ireland, officers
and men of the Navy and Coastguard, and the Royal
Irish Constabulary, are empowered to carry out and
enforce the provisions of the Salmon Fishery Acts.

Under the Larceny Act, 1861, above mentioned,
private individuals in England and Ireland may
arrest persons offending against its provisions, except
for angling in the daytime, and if any person is

264 THE SALMON

found unlawfully fishing in a private fishery, the
owner of the ground, water, or fishery, his servant,
or any person authorised by him, may demand
from the offender any rod, line, hook, net, or other
instrument for taking or destroying fish, and in
case such offender shall not immediately deliver up
the same, may seize and take the same. But any
person angling in the daytime, from whom such
implement is taken, is exempted from the payment
of any damages or penalty. This section, it will be
seen, gives no such power to a lessee, nor any power
to seize fish which a poacher may have in his
possession.

By the Irish Act of 1842, any person interested
in a fishery, who finds any person fishing with any
illegal net or engine, may require him to desist, and
give his name and address, and upon refusal to do so
may arrest him.

In Scotland the law is somewhat different. There
any person may seize without warrant, detain, and
give into custody persons committing the following
offences : —

Against the Act 0/1828.

i. Trespassing for salmon or neglecting to observe
the law as to ' Satterday's Stop.'

THE LA W AS TO SALMON-ISSUING 265

Under the Act o

2. Fishing during annual or weekly close time.

3. Fishing with a net contrary to bye-law.

4. Using a net or other engine for catching salmon
leaping at a fall.

5. Preventing salmon passing through a fish
pass.

6. Using a light, spear, leister or other illegal
instrument.

7. Using fish roe.

8. Destroying smolts or fry, or disturbing the
spawning grounds.

9. Taking or selling unseasonable salmon or
salmon caught in close time.

TO. Illegally exporting salmon.

THI-; T\VKKI) AM) SOLWAV
Although it is impossible to enter into the matter
in detail, some reference must now be made to the
Tweed and the rivers flowing into the Solway, with
regard to which special legislation has from time to
time been passed, the reason for which is not far to
seek. The Tweed on the east, the rivers and Firth
of Solway on the west, form the boundary between
England and Scotland, and while the two kingdoms

266 THE SALMON

were in different hands different laws were in force,
and little regard was shown to those existing ex adverse.
Consequently we find certain exemptions in favour of
these rivers, or some of them, in many instances in old
Scottish Acts of Parliament. By the Act of 1424,
a special exemption for Tweed and Solway from the
penalties of killing fish in close time, ' quhilkis sail be
reddie to Scottismen at all times of the zeir als lang
as Berwick and Roxburgh are in English mennis
hands.' Again in 1563 the Solway was exempted
from the prohibition against ' cruives and yairs.'
Again in 1600 killing salmon in forbidden times was
declared to be theft, 'except in Annand and Tweed,
because the said rivers devyded at many parts the
bounds of Scotland and England adjacent to them,
whereby the forbearance upon the Scots' part of the
slauchter of salmon in forbidden time or of kipper,
smolts, and black fish at all times, would not have
made salmond any mair to abound in these waters if
the like order had not been observed on the English
side.'

Special legislation upon the Tweed commenced in
1771, and was followed by various Acts down to 1857
and 1859, bringing the law upon that river to its
present condition, the management of the river being-
put in the hands of local Commissioners. Solway

THE LAW AS TO SALMON-FISHING 267

legislation commenced in 1804, and all the fisheries
of the Solway and its Scotch tributaries, except the
Annan and Esk, were regulated by an Act passed in
that year. In 1861 the English Act repealed the
Solway Act in so far as it related to English waters,
and in 1865 the whole of the Esk was put under
English law. In 1862 the English law as to fixed
engines was made to apply to the whole of the
Solway Firth. The Annan was placed under a special
Act in 1841, which Act extends to its tributaries, and
to that portion of the sea-coast lying between the
rivers Sark on the east and Lochar on the west.

To the state of affairs which must have existed
in olden days, when the hand of everyone was against
the salmon in these waters, and it became necessary
by united legislation to prevent their extermination, we
find an almost parallel instance in the condition of
affairs and destruction of the seals in the Behring Sea
by Canadian and United States fishermen at the
present time.

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