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OO

THESAURUS CONCHYLIORUM,

MONOGRAPHS

GENERA OF SHELLS.

EDITED BY

G. B. SOWERBY, Jon., F.LS.

LONDON:
SOWERBY, 70, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, BLOOMSBURY,

1847,

350233

2

24S

MONOGRAPHS

Division of Mollusk:

jonal Library

of Genera of Shells contained in the first volume of the

‘THESAURUS CONCHYLIORUM.’

HELICINA .
Pupina.
ROSTELLARIA
APORRHAIS
STRUTHIOLARIA
STROMBUS.
PTrEROCERAS .
PECTEN }
HINNITES
Lima
CYCLOSTOMA .
SCALARIA .
CoLUMBELLA .
TEREBRA .
VoLUTA
TELLINA
LINGULA .

TEREBRATULA

ORBICULA |

CRANIA
Hipponyx
THECIDIUM
MARGINELLA
CYMBa.
MeEtLo.
SPONDYLUS .

PLICATULA
PEDUM

Page.

1 to 16
17— 19
21— 24
25 — 39
41 — 44
45 —— 82
83 — 88
89 — 156

| 83 -~ 108 (bis.)
. 109 — 146 ve )

. 147 (dis) 190
. 191 to 220
. 221 — 336
. 237 — 238
. 341 — 364
. 365 — 371

. 873 — 406

. 407 — 411
. 412 — 416
. 417 — 434

. 435 — 438

see)
4.

5

6 -—-10
ll
12 — 20
21 — 22
23) == Bil
Bi) a, Bthy
36 — 40
41 — 45
46 — 55
56 —— 66
67

68 72
73

. 74-78
. 79 — 80
. 81— 83
84 — 89
. 90— 91

N.B. The binder will observe that Pages 83 to 186 have been, by
error, repeated; but the table of contents will prevent confusion.

*.* Jn binding his own copy, the editor intends placing the plates
in one cover, and the letter-press in another, and thinks the subscribers
will find it most convenient to do the same.

NOTICE.

In presenting this series of illustrated monographs to the public,
the editor wishes to express his thanks to those friends who have
assisted him by permitting the use of their specimens, and by drawing
up those monographs which appear under their names. He is also
grateful for the general support with which he has-been honoured
during the progress of the work. The difficulties experienced in col-
lecting the necessary information, the great labour and expense of the
illustrations, and the comparatively slow return of the capital employed,
are the reasons for those long intervals between the appearance of the
Parts, which have been so much complained of.

As the latter difficulty gradually gives way, the former will be over-
come, as the editor will be enabled to give more time to the work, and
to obtain increased assistance in the subordinate departments.

The editor having heard of those who would wish to possess the work,
but are deterred from doing so on account of its slow appearance, begs
to suggest that their subscriptions would contribute towards the re-
moval of the evil which they deprecate. If a small number of additional
subscribers were obtained; if a few of the more affluent subscribers
would take a second copy; and others, by shewing the present volume
to their friends, were to induce them to join in patronizing the under-
taking, there would be no difficulty in producing the parts at short and
regular intervals. ‘Those who are anxious for such a result may pro-
mote it in this way.

As one effect of that increased support which has already commenced,
it will be seen that in the latter Parts a larger number of plates has
been given, and the letter-press has been fuller in proportion, than in
the earlier Parts. It is intended to carry on the work in future on
the same scale of increased liberality ; and the editor cherishes a hope
that the successful termination of the present volume will so far add to
the list of subscribers as to enable him to proceed with greater rapidity
with the successive monographs.

The ‘ Thesaurus Conchyliorum’ will in future be published at No. 70,
Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, to which place Mr. G. B. Sowerby,
Sen., F.L.S., is removing his stock of Books, Minerals, Fossils, and
Shells. Among the latter will be found many of the species described
and figured only in the monographs, as well as others more generally
known. G. B. Sowerby, Jun., having made arrangements to assist in
the business, will be happy to supply the desiderata of those who may
favour him and his father with their commands.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

HELICINA,

See

Char. Gen. Molluscum terrestre; testa spirali, sub-globosa ;
anfractibus quatuor ad sex; columella brevi; aperturze margine
interno sub-recto, margine externo plus minusve incrassato,
reflexo.

Operculo concentrico, semi-lunari vel sub-quadrato, nucleo
centrali.

This genus consists of heliciform Jand shells, with from four to
six whorls, having the inner margin of the aperture nearly
straight, and the outer lip generally thickened and more or less
reflected. The operculum is concentric, having the nucleus near
the centre, and of a semi-lunar or sub-quadrated form. The
greater part are brought from the West Indies, many from South
America, particularly Brazil, and a few from North America.
Several new and interesting species have been lately brought from
the Philippine Islands by Mr. Cuming. No species has yet been
found in Europe. The species vary in form from the rounded
globe to the depressed lens, and the whorls are either rounded or
angular in the centre, generally smooth, more rarely ribbed in either
direction. The inner lip is sometimes thickened near the colu-
mella, which is short, terminating sometimes in an angle, and
sometimes in a point, with an incision behind it in the outer lip,
and sometimes it is confluent with the outer lip. In attempting
to arrange the various species according to their affinities with
each other, it was found impossible to divide them into sections by
any fixed and undeviating rule; in the following arrangement,
therefore, we have been content to place together those species
which most nearly resemble each other in groups, which may be
imperfectly defined in the following manner :—

Sec. 1. Lip thickened, sinuous, depressed at the base of the columella.
H. Aurantia, Jamaicensis, heemastoma, depressa, Aureola, stria-
tula, solidula, Maugeriz.

Sec. 2. Shell thick, sub-angulated ; a notch at the base of the columella.
H. Sagra, sub-marginata, pulcherrima, festiva.
Sec. 3. Shell more globose, thinner, notch deeper.
MH. major, Brownii, dentigera, hispida, minima.

gQ

Sec. 4. Spirally ribbed or striated ; outer lip diffuse ; columella flat-
tened or concave.

H. pulchella, Tankervillii, virginea, globosa, costata.

Sec, 5. Globose ; outer lip confluent with the columella; inner lip
thin.

H. zonata, lutea, variegata, neritella, picta, variabilis, Antil-
larum, occidentalis. Guadaloupensis, maculata, polita, similis,
parva, globulosa, maxima, ambeliana, Zephyrina, pellucida, flavida.

Sec. 6. Columella as in Sec. 5; shell pyramidal.
H. Trochulina, conica, elongata, elegans, rupestris, Sloanii.

Sec. 7. Shell carinated ; outer lip confluent with the columella.

H. acutissima, Trochiformis, Oxystoma, Carocolla, aggluti-
nans, Lazarus, viridis, candeana, carinata, Rotella, pilosa.

Sec. 8. Shell depressed; columella angulated.

H. Rhodostoma, angulata, fulva, Brasiliensis, sylvatica, oresi-
gena.

Sec. 9. Shell horny ; columella rather angulated, or slightly notched ;
cuter lip scarcely thickened.

H. orbiculata, cornea, castanea, nitida, rotunda, minuta, vestita,
rugosa.

DESCRIPTIONS.

Sec. 1. Lip thickened, sinuous, depressed at the base of the columella.

Sp. 1. H. aurantra,(pl.i. f. 1, 2.) Gray, Zool. Journ. i. p. 69.

Testa globosd, levi; labio externo reflexo, crasso, in medio

sub-expanso, postice et antice depresso; labio interno crasso, ex-
panso; columella lata complanata.

The peritreme of this globular shell is generally of a light
orange colour; it is thick, and the outer lipis depressed above, and
at its union with the columella, which is broad and flattened.

Jamaica.
2. H. Jamarcensis, (pl. i. f. 3, 4.) nobis.

T. H. aurantie simillima, sed magis conicd, et magis tenui ;
peritremate pallidiore, minus incrassato.

More conical than the last, with the edge of the aperture thinner.
It may be only a variety. :

3. H. w&MAsTomA, aa i. f. 5, 6. pl. iii. f. 98.) Moricand.
Mem. Coq. terr. et. fluv. de Bahia.

T. H. aurantiz simili, sed anfractibus superné striatis; colu-
mellé sub-angulata.

Our first two figures of this shell were copied from those given

3

by Moricand, but subsequently the kindness of Mr. Cuming en-
abled us to give f. 98. which is froma specimen. The species
differs from H. aurantia in being slightly angulated at the colu-
mella and in not having the inner lip spread over the body whorl.
Antilles,

4, H. pepressa, (pl. i. f. 47.) Gray, Zool. Journ. i. p. 70.

T. alba, levi, depressa, tenui; apertura transversim elongata;
columella triangulari; labio externo depresso, supra infraque sub-
dentato.

White, smooth, depressed, thin; with a triangular columella;
the outer lip thickened and sinuated above and below.

5. H. aureowa. (pl. i. f. 44, 45, 46.) Gray. Zool. Journ. i.
p. 70.

T. globosd, minuté spiraliter striata; apertura sub-quadrata,
marginé lato, supra infraque unidentato.

Shell globular, finely striated, with the aperture rather square,
and the edge broad, with a tooth above and below; the last whorl
contracted near the margin. Jamaica.

6. H. sraiatuta. (pl. i. f. 43.) Sow. Jun. Zool. Proc. 1842.

T. sub-depressa, concentricé sub-striata, fulvo-rufescente, aper-
tura sub-quadrata, margine albo, crasso, reflexo, integro, sub-
sinuato, posticé sub-depresso.

A concentrically striated, sub-depressed shell, placed next to H.
aureola on account of the margin being slightly bending and de-
pressed, above and below. Martinique.

7. H. sourpuna. (pl. il. f. 52, 53, 54.) Gray. Beech. App.

T. crassa, depresso-conica; anfractibus carinatis; labio interno
calloso, externo crasso, prope columellam sub-coarctato.

Thick, conical, depressed; whorls with a central keel; inner lip
thickened ; outer lip thick, slightly contracted near the columella.

8. H. mauceria. (pl. ii. f. 55.) Gray. Beech. App.

T. crassa, depressé; anfractibus uni-carinatis; labio interno
crasso, magno; columella angustata; labio externo crasso, supra
infraque sub-emarginato.

Thick, depressed ; whorls angular and keeled ; inner lip thick,
columella terminating in a point; outer lip thick, slightly emargi-
nated above and below, prominent in the centre.

Sec. 2. Shell thick, sub-angulated, a notch at the base of the columella.

9. H. Sacra. (pl. i. f. 10. pl. iii. f. 126.) D’Orb. Moll. Cub.

p. 240. T. crassi, conoideaé, subcompressd, concentrice sub-
striata; apertura subtriangulari, labio externo vix reflexo; prope
columellam sub-emarginato; labio interno expanso, calloso, colu-
mella sub-complanata, acuminata; epidermide fusca ,viridescente.
Shell thick, conical, depressed, with the whorls angulated,
the aperture rather triangular, the outer lip scarcely reflected,
thickened within, inner lip thickened and spread widely over the
under part of the last whorl. Cuba.
10, H. sus-mareinara, (pl. ili, f. 123 and 137.) Gray, Zool.

B2

4

fourn. i. 68. H. rubra, Pfeiffer. crassa, D’Orb. Moll. Cub. p. 243.

T. Sagree simili, sed magis depressa, anfractu ultimo minozi,
magis rotundato.

Smaller and more globose than the last, with the last whorl
smaller in proportion and less angulated, probably however only a
variety of H. Sagra. Cuba.

1]. H. putcuerrima, Lea. (pl. i. f. 14.) Lea. obs.

T.H. Sagre simili,sed magis globosa, striis concentricis regula-
ribus, distinctis.

Rather lighter and much more globose than the last, with the
stiize distinct and regular.

12. H. restiva. (pl. i. f. 9.) Gray. Beech. App.

T. H. Sagrze simili, sed concentricé lirata, interstitiis rubro-
lineatis.

Shaped like Helicina Sagra, but concentrically grooved, with the
interstices coloured red. The figure is taken from Beechey’s
Appendix ; we are inclined to think it over-coloured.

See. 3. Shell more globose, thinner, notch deeper.

13. H. masor. (pl. i. f. 12, 13.) Gray. Zool. Journ. i. 68.

TY. globosa, leevi, sub-tenui, anfractu ultimo magno; apertura
semilunari; labio externo reflexo, expanso; prope columellam
vaidé emarginato; labio interno subtus leviter calloso; columella
parva; operculo caleareo.

Shell rather thin, globose, the last whorl large, aperture semi-
lunar, outer lip reflected, expanded, with a deep notch at the termi-
ration of the columella, inner lip expanded, slightly callous under-
neath, operculum shelly.

14, H. Brownn. (pl. i. f 7,8.)

T. globosa, tenui, anfractu ultimo magno; apertura semi-lunari,;
labio externo reflexo, paululum expanso; prope columellam incisura
elongata; labio interno prope columellam sub-calloso; columella
obliqua, acuta.

Globose, thin, shaped like H. major, but differing from that and
a}l other species in the deep elongated incision at the base of the
columella.

15. H. ventiGera. (pl. iii. f. 107, 108.) D’Orb. Moll. Cuba.
p. 293.

T. globosa sub-depressa, alba, labio externo paululum reflexo
prope columellam emarginato; labio interno tenui; columella pro-
ducta, acuta, dentem efformante.

A small white shell, shaped like the two last, with the outer lip
shghtly reflected and the notch as in H. major. Cuba.

16. H. nispipa. (pl. iii. f. 112, 113.) Pfeiffer. Weig. Arch.
fiir Natiirgesch. Band. i. 1839.

T. globuloso-depressa, tenui, rufa, hispida; anfractibus 4 con-
vexiusculis; callo columellari tenui; angulo columellari dentem
efformante; labro crassiusculo juxta dextram acuté inciso; apertura
semi-lunar.

Dd

it is difficult to distinguish this from H. dentigera, the surface,
however, is rather rougher, and the outer lip is scarcely reflected,
Matanzas.

17. H. minima. (pl. iii. f. 119.) D’Orb. Moll. Cub. p. 240.

T. minuta, H. dentigere simili, emarginatione minus valida.
A minute shell, somewhat resembling the H. dentigera in shape,

but the last whorl larger in proportion, and the notch less distinct.
Cuba.

Sec. 4. Spirally ribbed or striated, outer lip diffuse, columella
flattened or concave.

18. H. putcweusa. (pl, i. f. 15, 16.) Gray, Zool. Journ. i. 64.

T. conicd, sub-angulata, spiraliter costata; costis distantibus,
rugosis; labio externo expanso, reflexo; columella lata, complanata.

Conical, rather angulated, with rugose, distant ribs, in a spiral
direction, with the outer lip expanded, reflected and confluent with
the columella; columella broad, flattened.

19. H. Tankervitun. (pl. i. f. 17.) Gray, Zool. Journ, i. 250.

T. H. pulchelle simillima; sed majori; carina interrupta, in
medio anfractuum ornata.

Very much like H. pulchella, but larger, with an interrupted
keel, in the middle of the whorls.

20. H. virneinea. (pl. i. f. 18. and pl. iii. f. 114.) Lea. Obs.

T. H. pulchelle simili, sed crassiori, costis magis numerosis ;
columella concava.

Differing from H. pulchella in being thicker, having the ribs
closer and more numerous, the outer lip less expanded above, and
the columella rather hollow.

21. H. eroposa. (pl. i. f. 24.) Gray Beech. App.

T. forma H. virgine simili, anfractibus supra costatis infra
lw vibus.

In this species, the upper part of the whorls only are ribbed, the
outer lip is less expanded, and the upper part of the whorl inore
elevated than in H. virginea.

22. H. costata. (pl. i. f. 20.) Gray Zool. Journ. i. 66

T. minuta, H. virginew simili, sed costis paucis; columella
angustiori; labio externo vix expanso.

A minute shell, resembling H. virginea in shape, but with the
ribs larger and fewer in proportion, the outer lip scarcely expanded
and the columella narrower.

Sec. 5. Giobose ; outer lip confluent with the columella ;
inner lip thin.

23. H.zonara. (pl. il. f. 62, 63, 64.) H. fasciata, H. flava,
Spix; H. variabilis, Wagner.

T. conica, sub-rhomboidea, leviter spiraliter costata; anfractibus
angulatis, unicarinatis,; carina altera, plus minusve distincta infra
angulum ; apertura sub-quadrata; labio externo expanso, superné
depresso in medio attenuato, ad columellam sub-angustato,

6

Conical, obscurely ribbed on the upper part of the whorls, witha
blunt keel on the angle, and another more or less distinct below;
outer lip expanded in the centre and lower part, confluent with the
columella, operculum horny. Of the synonyms quoted above,
fasciata and variabilis were pre-occupied, flava was given to one of
the varieties on the supposition of its being a distinct species, and
on that account is thought unsuitable. Common in woods, upon
trees and green leaves, in Bahia.

24. H. vursa. (pl. ii. f. 59. and pl. iii. f. 142.)

T. globosa, sub-angulata, levi; labio externo paululum expanso,
vix incrassato ; labio interno leviter incrassato.

Resembling the last in general form, but smooth, with the outer
lip scarcely reflected ; the inner lip slightly thickened; the colour
varies from light yellow to dark brown, operculum horny.

Antilles.

25. H. apspersa. (pl. iii. f. 103, 115, 124, 125.) Pfeiffer.
Wieg. Arch. fiir Natiirgeshichte. Band i. 1839. H. variegata,
D’Orb. Moll. Cub. p. 242. var. H. ornata, Fer. marmorata, D’Orb.

T. globosd, levi; anfractibus rotundatis; prope suturam
elevatis; apertura semi-lunari; labio externo expanso, postice
depresso; columella parva.

Globose, smooth ; whorls round, elevated near the suture ;
aperture semi-lunar; outer lip expanded, the upper part de-
pressed; columella small. Varieties occur as follows,—yellow,
yellow banded with brown, brownish white with broad brown
bands, brownish white with brown bands and spots between; the
last variety being named picta by Pfeiffer. Callajabas, Cuba,
Matanzas.

26. H. NeRITELLA. (pl. ii. f. 72 to 75.) Lamarck. Gray Zool.
Journ.

T. H. variegate simili, sed magis depressd; anfractibus minus
distinctis; labio externo magis expanso et reflexo.

This shell resembles the last; it, however, is more compressed,
the upper part of the whorls are less elevated, the outer lip and
columella more flattened and expanded. West Indies.

27. H. picta. (pl. ii. f. 56. and pl. iii. f. 140, 141.) Ferussac.
Fasciata, Lamarck ?

T. depressa, levi; anfractu ultimo magno; labio externo sub-
expanso; columella obliqua, confluenti.

Depressed, smooth, with the last whorl large; the outer lip
rather expanded and obliquely confluent with the columella. Co-
lours varying, but generally arranged in bands. This is the shell
which Gray has figured as H. fasciata, Lam. Its identity, how-
ever, appearing doubtful, we have applied the name given by De
Ferussac. Martinique and Jamaica.

28. H. variasiis. (pl. ii. f. 57, 58, and pl. iii. 106, 109, 129.)
Guild. Zool. Journ.
T. H .picr# simili, sed anfractu ultimo minori.

7

The principal difference between this and the last species, is,
that the whorls increase more gradually in size, the outer lip is
also generally more thickened on the outside; the colours of this
species vary considerably and are arranged in bands as in the last.

West Indies.
29. H. anTILLaRum. (pl. il. f. 68, 69, 70.)

T. depressd, magna, tenui, leviter striata; anfractu ultimo
magno; labio interno tenui, prope columellam paululum incras-
sato; columella rotundata, angustd, obtusissime angulata; labio
externo expanso, reflexo, postice sub-depresso.

Depressed, large, thin, very finely striated; last whorl large ;
inner lip thin, swelled near the columella; columella rounded,
narrow, obtusely angulated at its union with the outer lip, which
is thickened, expanded, and reflected. ‘The commonest variety is
coloured with brown mottled bands on a light ground; another
variety is of a uniform light green, and a third purplish brown;
in an individual of the last, a very obtuse keel is to be traced in
the centre of the whorl. Antilles.

30. H. occipENTALIS, (pl. ii. f. 86 and 87.) Guild. Zool.
Journ. iii. p. 529.

T. depressa, reticulata ; obsoletissime carinaté; columella rotun-
data; labio externo expanso, reflexo; operculo corneo.

Depressed, reticulated, very obscurely carinated, or rather an-
gulated ; columella rounded, passing smoothly and obliquely into
the outer lip, which is expanded, reflected, and rather depressed
above; operculum horny. West Indies.

31. H. Guapatoupensis. (pl. ii. f. 65, 66,) nobis. Zool. Proc.
1842.

T. depressa, sub-angulata, concentricé leviter striata ; columella
ad basin sub-nodos4; labio externo crasso, reflexo; anfractibus
gradatim crescentibus, supra infraque sub-ventricosis; operculo
fusco, corneo.

This shell is rather thicker and more depressed than the last,
the whorls more gradually increasing, and the outer lip less
expanded. Guadaloupe and the Autilles.

32. H. macunara. pl. iii. f. 131).

T. trapezoidea, sub-angulata, supra infraque conica, levi, tenui,
rubro-fasciataé et maculaté; labio externo reflexo, sub-expanso, ad
basin columelle tenui; columellé sub-callosé, ad basin attenuata ;
operculo corneo.

Several varieties of this pretty little shell were kindly commu-
nicated by M. D’Orbigny, and, no name being attached to them,
I have ventured to give it the above, regretting, however, that
time would not allow of a previous communication with their
possessor. This species is more angular than the preceding, and
conical above and below. There are several varieties, mottled
and banded, with red or brown, on a pink or yellowish ground.

South America.

&

eae H. pourra, (pl. ii. f. 76 to 81.) nobis. Zool. Proc, 1842.

’, polita, tenui, pellucida, plus minusve depressa et angulata ;
ties supra sub-complanatis, infra ventricosis ; labio in-
terno tenui, anticé paululim inflato; columella angustata ad basin
leviter angulaté; labio externo tenui, expanso, reflexo, supra
angulum plus minusve depresso; operculo interné rubro, externe
sub-margaritaceo.

Smooth, thin, transparent, more or less depressed and angulated ;
the whorls rather flattened above; rather more ventricose beneath ;
inner lip thin, rather swelled near the columella ; columella narrow,
rather angulated at the base; outer lip thin, expanded, reflected,
more or less depressed above the angle; operculum red within,
pearly without, rather square. The principal varieties in size and
colour are shown in the plates. Brought by Mr. Cuming from the
Philippine Islands.

34. H. sms. (pl. iii. f. 130.) nobis. Zool. Proc. 1842.

T. forma H. polit simillima, sed magis angulata, et leviter
striata.

Presenting a medium between H. Guadaloupensis and H. polita,
from the latter of which it differs in being lightly striated, and
rather more angular. Guadaloupe.

35. H. parva, (pl. ii. f. 82.) nobis. Zool. Proc. 1842.

T. H. polite simillima, sed minori, magis globosa, et labio externo
vix reflexo.

Between the more globose and small varieties of polita, and this
shell, it is difficult to recognise the distinction, which, however
consists partly in the shape, and partly in the outer lip being less
reflected. Philippine Islands.

36. H. etosutosa.(pl. iii. f. 127, 128.) D’Orb. Moll, Cub. p. 294.

T. globosa, leevi, sub-tenui; labio externo sub-expanso, reflexo;
columella acuta.

Globose, smooth, rather thin; outer lip rather expanded, re-
flected ; columella acute. Cuba.

37. H. maxima. (pl. i, f. ii.) Zool. Proc. 1842.

T. gluboso-sub-depressa, lzevi, alba; apertura magna, semilunari,
margine reflexo,acuto; labio interno sub-crasso; columella obtusé
angulata.

Rather more depressed than H. major, and the base of the colu-
mella angulated instead of being notched.

38. H. ampBeviana. (pl. i. f. 19, 26.) De Roissy, Guerin. Mag.
Zool, Cl. v. pl. 68.

T. conica, levi, spiraliter tenuissime striata; apertura semi-
lunari; labio externo crasso, reflexo, rotundato; operculo corneo.

Rather conical, globose, nearly smooth, with the aperture semi-
lunar, and the outer lip thickened, reflected and rounded ; oper-
culum horny, Our shell, which has been named Texasiana and
Bolanderiana, in manuscript, agrees better with the figure pub-
lished in Guerin than with the accompanying description.

Antilles and Texas.

9

39. H. zeruyrina. (pl. i. f. 25, 27. pl. iii, f. 118.) Duclos
Guerin Mag. Zool.
T. globosa sub conic, leevi, tenui; labio externo reflexo; colu-
mella obliqué attenuata.
Globose, rather conical, smooth, thin; outer lip reflected, colu-
mella obliquely attenuated. Figure 118 is a more conical vane
uba.
40. H. rexiucipa. (pl. iii. f. 138.)
T. H. Zephyrinz simili, sed columella poene recta, sub angulata.
A more transparent shell than the preceding, with the co\umella
nearly straight, and joining the outer lip at an angle.
French Guiana.
41. H. ruavina. (pl. iii. f. 117, 134.) Menke, Syn. Moll. Pyri-
montis 1830. p. 132.
T. trochiformi, sub-crasso; labio externo crasso, reflexo, ro-
tundato.
A smaller shell than H. Zephyrina, with the outer lip thickened
reflected, and rounded.

Sec. 6. Columella like the last, shell pyramidal.

42, H. rrocnuina. (pl. iii. f. 105.) D’Orb. Moll. Cub. p. 249.

T. trochiformi, sub-angulata; labio externo paululum incrassato,
vix reflexo.

Trochiform and slightly angulated; outer lip very slightly
thickened, scarcely reflected. Cuba,

43. H. pyramipauis (pl. iii. f. 104.) H. conica, D’Orb. Moll.
Cub. p. 249.

T. forma H. Trochuline simili, sed majori; labio externo incras-
sato, in medio sub-expanso.

Larger than H. Trochulina, with the outer lip thickened, and
expanded in the centre. The name given by D’Orbigny was pre-
viously occupied. uba.

44, H. evoneata. (pl. iii f. 110.) D’Orb. Moll. Cub. p, 291.

T. conica, elongata, angulata, levi; apertura semi-lunari; labio
externo laté expanso, in medio producto, ad basin columelle an-
gustato; operculo corneo.

Another conical species, longer than the last, The outer lip is
expanded and broad, particularly in the centre, where it is bent
forwards; near the columella it is extremely thin. The shelly
operculum fits on the margin of the aperture. Cuba,

45, H. conica. (pl. iii. f. 101.) Pfeiffer. Wiegmann Archiv fir
Naturgesch. Band i. 1839. H. elegans, D’Orb. Moll. Cub. p. 290.

‘“T. conicd, acuminata, subtus convexiuscula, pallide rufa; anfr.
6 planiusculis, spiraliter confertim striatis; ultimo spiram sub-
zequante, ad basin sub-angulato; callo columellari angusto; labio
albo, expanso, acuto; apertura integra, sub-triangulari.’? Oper-
culo testaceo, pallido.

Conical, very finely striated in both directions; whorls nearly

10

round; outer lip widely expanded, flat, narrow at the base of the
columella. Matanzas, Cuba.

46. H. rupestris (pl. iii. f. 120.) Pfeiffer. Wiegmann Arch.
fiir Naturgesh. Band i. 1839.

“ T. conica, subtus convexiuscula, vitrea, spiraliter striata; an-
fract. 5 disjunctis, ultimis sub-angulatis ; callocolumellari obsoleto ;
apertura integra, ovata.”” Operculo tenuissimo, flavo.

A small yellow conical shell, slightly striated in both directions,
the aperture somewhat square, the outer lip scarcely reflected, and
the operculum fitting to the margin. Matanzas.

47. H. stoanu. (pl. iii, f. 102.) D’Orb. Moll. Cub. p. 248.

T. trochiformi, angulata, sub-carinata ; striis spiralibus, distanti-
bus, cincta, labio externo reflexo; operculo corneo.

Trochiform, angulated, with an obtuse keel in the centre of the
whorls, and distant, spiral striae; outer lip reflected; operculum
horny. Cuba.

Sec. 7. Shell carinated, outer lip confluent with the columella,

48. H. acutissma (pl. ii. f. 92 to 95, and pl. iii. f. 133.) nobis,
Zool. Proc. 1842.

T. plus minusve depressa, concentricé leviter striata, angulari,
acutissime carinata; infraangulum paululum complanata; apertura
triangulari; labio interno tenuissimo; columella sub-complanata ;
ad basin sub-undata; labio externo acuto, validé reflexo, expanso,
supra angulum sub-depresso.

More or less depressed, concentrically and finely striated, angu-
lar, very sharply keeled, rather flattened under the angle; aperture
triangular; inner lip very thin; columella rather flattened, rather
undulated at the base; outer lip sharp, widely reflected and ex-
panded, above the angle rather depressed. Varies much in colour,
as will be seen in the figures. Brought by H. Cuming from the
Philippine Islands.

49. H. Trocuirorms. (pl. 11. f. 90.) nobis, Zool. Proc. 1842,

T. lutea, Helicinz acutissimz simillima, sed spira altiori.

It differs from acutissima in being more conical. Found on
the leaves of palms, or on mountains in the Isle of Negros by H.
Cuming.

50. H. Oxysroma. (pl. iii. f. 139.) Gray, Beech, App.

T. H. acutissime simili, sed crassiori; labio interno valido.

Not having seen the shell, we are uncertain of its distinctness;
it appears from the figure, however, to be more solid and more
distinctly conical than H. acutissima, with the inner lip thickened.

Bahia,
51. H. Carocotza. (pi. ii. f. 88, 89.) Moricand. Mem. Coq.
terr. et fluv. :

T. depressd, conicé, tenuissimé decussata; anfractibus angu-
latis, in medio carinatis, supra et infra paululum inflatis; apertura
sub-trapezoidali; columella sub-callosa; labio externo valide ex-
panso, reflexo, in medio sub-attenuato.

ll

Depressed, conical, finely striated in both directions ; whorls
angulated, with a keel in the middle, above and below which
they are slightly rounded; aperture rather trapezoidal; columella
slightly callous, making a rounded outline at its union with the
outer lip; outer lip much expanded, strongly reflected, and
lengthened at the angle. Almada.

52. H. aeeiurinans. (pl. ii. f. 83, 84, 85.) nobis. Zool. Proc.
1842.

T. depressa, angulata, obtusé carinata, supra infraque zqualiter
convexa, minuté concentricé striata, apertura quadrilaterali; labio
interno tenuissimo; columella triangulari, complanata, sub-umbi-
licata, ad basin obtusé angulata; labio externo effuso, reflexo,
postice leviter depresso; operculo sub-crasso, irregulariter quadri-
laterali; epidermide aliquando, per adhesionem rupium particularum
in carinam latam preeruptam producta.

This shell is found on rocks, the decomposed particles of which
are agglutinated to the epidermis in some specimens so as to form
a broken keel on the angle of the whorls. Found by Mr. H.
Cuming in the Philippine Islands.

53. H. Lazarus. (pl. ii. f. 91.) nobis. Zool. Proc. 1842,

T. H. agglutinanti simillima, sed magis elevata, columella
angustiori.

Very much like H. agglutinans, but more elevated and the
columella narrowed. Taken on the leaves of palms by Mr.
Cuming in the island of Luzon, Philippines.

54. H. virivis. (pl. ii. f. 67.) Lam. Hist. Nat. vi. 103.

T. levi, tenui; anfractibus angulatis, carinatis, supra et infra
rotundatis ; labio externo tenui, expanso; columella sub-callosa.

Our figure is taken from the Zoological Journal. The specimen
cannot now be found.

55. H. canpEana. (pl. iii. f. 97, 99.) D’Orb. Moll. Am. Mer.
No. 17.

T. depressa, leevi; anfractibus angulatis in medio valde cari-
natis; labio externo expanso, reflexo, in medio sub-acuminato,
attenuato; operculo corneo.

This shell resembles H. Carocolla, but is smooth, with the
outline rather more rounded, the outer lip less expanded, and
pointed upwards in the centre. Bay of Honduras.

56. H. carinata. (pl. ii. f. 60. and pl. iii. f. 96.) D’Orb. Moll.
Am. Mer. p. 360.

T. forma H. Candeanz simili, spiraliter obsolete distanter
striata; columell4 sub-complanata, triangulari; labio externo
crasso, rotundato ; carina obsoleta, infra carinam centrali; operculo
corneo.

Like H. Candeana in form; spirally, obsoletely and distantly
striated ; columella rather flattened, triangular; outer lip thick,
rounded; with an obsolete keel under the central one; operculum
horny. Brazil.

12

57. H. rorevta. (pl. iii. f. 135, 136.)

T. levi, angulataé, vix carinata; labio externo reflexo; labio
interno expanso; columella sub-angulata.

Shaped like the last, but small, smooth, with the outer lip very
little spread, and the inner lip expanded. We have figured a yel-
low and a brown variety.

58. H. pimwosa. (pl. iii. f. 121, 122.) nob. Zool, Proc. 1842.

T. parva, cornea, angulata, supra angulum distanter spiraliter
striata, labio externo vix reflexo; epidermide ad angulum in cari-
nam pilosam producta.

A small, brown, horny, angulated shell, smooth below the angle,
with three or four spiral grooves above ; the epidermis is produced
into a broad keel or fringe at the angle of the whorls. Opara.

Sec. 8. Shell depressed, columella angulated.

59. H. Ruopostoma. (pl. ii. f. 71.) Gray. Z. J. i. 68.

T. angulata levi, carinataé; labio externo valide reflexo, com-
planato, lato; columella supra callosa, ad basin producta, acu-
minata.

Augulated, smooth, carinated ; outer lip reflected, flattened and
broad ; columella callous above, produced into a point at the base.

60. H. ancuata. (pl. ii. f. 61. and pl. iii. f. 100,) nob. Zool.
Proc. 1842.

T. conica, spiraliter striata; anfractibus supra et infra sub-
inflatis, in medio carinatis, labio externo reflexo, rotundato, supra
angulum sub-depresso; collumella sub-recté, ad basin angulata ;
operculo corneo.

Conical, spirally grooved; with the whorls rather inflated above
and below the angle, keeled in the centre; outer lip rather rounded,
its outline more inflated below than above the angle; columella
sharply angulated; operculum horny. The general colour of this
shell is whitish yellow, the operculum is red, and there is a red
line within the outer lip. Brazil.

61. uw. FuLva. (pl. i. f. 23.) D’Orb. Moll. Am. Mer. p. 398.

T. sub-angulata, spiraliter striata; columella triangulari, ad basin
angulata; labia externo reflexo; operculo calcareo.

Rather angulated, spirally grooved; columella triangular, pointed
at the base; outer lip reflected; operculum calcareous. _ Bolivia.

62. H. Brasmiensis. (pl. 1. f. 29.) Ferussac.

T. H. fulve simillima, sed apertura sub-quadrata; columella
recta, angustata.

Very much like the last, but with the aperture rather square ;
columella straight and narrow, with a triangular space behind it.
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

63. H. synvatica. (pl. i. f. 30.) D’Orb. Moll. Am. Mer.
p. 399.
T. H. fulve simili, sed leviori, spira magis elevata.
This shell is smooth excepting immediately under the centre

13

of the whorls where it is slightly striated, the lip is not much
thickened, and the spire is more elevated than in H. fulva, which
in other respects it resembles. Bolivia, South America.
64. H. oresicena. (pl. i. f. 28.) D’Orb. Moll. Am. Mer.

p. 399.
; T. H. fulve simillimd, sed labio externo vix expanso; sub-
reflexo, columella angustiori.

The outer lip and columella of this species are narrower than in
H. fulva, and the shell is rather more depressed. Bolivia.

Sect. 9th. Shell horny ; columella rather angulated, or slightly
notched ; outer lip scarcely thickened.

65. H. orpicutara. (pl.i. f. 33,34.) Oligyra orbiculata, Say.
Zool. Journ. i. 70.

T. parva, globosd, depressa, concentricé tenuissimé striata; labio
interno sub-calloso ; columella obliqua, sub-angulata ; labio externo
tenui, sub-reflexo.

Small, globose, depressed, concentrically and very finely striated ;
inner lip rather callous ; columella oblique, rather angulated ; outer
lip thin, a little reflected. North America.

66. H. cornza. (pl. i. f. 35, 36.)

T.H. orbiculate simillima, sed crassiori; labio externo ad basin
columellze sub-emarginato; columella callosa.

Thicker and darker than H. orbiculata, rather less depressed
with the columella and the lower part of the inner lip callous, and
the outer lip very slightly notched behind the columella.

67. H. casranza. (pl.i. f. 31, 32.) Guilding ?

T: H. orbiculate simili, sed levi, depressd; labio externo
tenui.

Like H. orbiculata, but smooth and depressed ; outer lip thin.

North America.
68. H. nitipa. (pl iii. f. 116.) Pfeiffer, Wiegmann Archiv fiir
Naturgesch. Band i. 1839.

‘‘T. sub-depressa, tenui, glabra, saturate incarnata, supra subtus-
que convexiuscula, apice mucronato, anfractibus 5, ad suturam
minutissimé striatis ; columella vix callosd; labio simplici, acuto,
sinuato, ad angulum columellarem acuté dentato.”

Differing from H. castanea in having a sinuosity in the upper
part of the outer lip, which is slightly thickened. Matanzas.

69. H. rotunda. (pl. iii. f. 111.) D’Orb. Moll. de Cub. p. 292.

T. globosa, conica, nitida, tenui; labio externo tenui, superné
sinuato, depresso.

Globose, conical, shining, thin; outer lip thin, the upper parts
sinuated and slightly depressed. Cuba.
70. H. minuta. (pl. i. f. 40, 41.) nobis. Zool. Proc. 1842.

T. parva, depressa, sub-angulata, rubra vel straminea; margine
crasso, effuso; labio interno calloso; columella ad basin sub-
emarginata.

14

More angular and more depressed than H. orbiculata, and
slightly striated.

71. H. vestita (pl. i. f. 42.) Guild. M. 8.

T. globosa, tenui, concentricé lyrata, parva ; apertura semi-
lunari; labio externo tenui.

Globose, thin, concentrically ribbed, small; aperture semi-lunar ;
outer lip thin. North America.

72. H. rugosa. (pl. iii. f. 132.) Pfeiffer. Wiegmann Archiv.
fiir Natiirgesch. Band i. 1839.

“ 'T. depressd, subtus convexiuscula, rubello-succined ; anfract.
5, elegantissimé obliqué rugosis; callo columellari tenui, albido;
labro albido, incrassato, prope angulum columellarem sub-dentato ;
apertura ovata.””

Concentrically ribbed, like H. vestita, but depressed, with the
margin of the aperture thickened, and slightly angulated at the
base of the columella.

The author is unable to identify the following, the figures of
which are copied from the works referred to .—

73. H. substriata (pl. i. f. 22.) Gray Zool. Journ. i. p. 66.

74. — unifaseiata (pl. i. f. 21.) Gray Zool. Journ. i. p. 69.
75. — flammeata. (pl. i. f. 37, 38, 39.) Quoi. Voy. Astr.
76. — teeniata. (pl. ii. f. 49, 50,51.) Ib.
77. — lens. (pl.1. f. 48,) Lea. Obs.

— striata. Lam. Hist. Nat. vi. p. 183.

— sordida. Hing. Zool, Journ.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

HELICINE.
Figures of the natural size.
1. H. Aurantia. Sp. 1. 19. H. ambeliana. 38.
2. — ———_—_.,, var. 20. — costata. 22.
3. — Jamaicensis. 2. 21. — unifasciata. 74.
4, — ————, var. 22, — sub-striata. 73.
5. — hemastoma. 3. 23. —fulva. 61.
6. — ———-,7 var. 24. — globosa. 21.
7. — Brownii. 14. 25. — Zephyrina. 39.
8. — ———_, var. 26. —ambeliana. 38.
9. — festiva. 12. 27. — Zephyrina, var. 39.
10. — Sagra. 9. 28. — oresigena. 64.
11. — maxima. 37. 29. — Brasiliensis. 62.
12. — major. 13. 30. — sylvatica. 63.
13, — ————-, var. 31. — castanea. 67.
14, — pulcherrima. 11. 32, — castanea.
15. — pulchella, 18. 33. — orbiculata. 65.
{6, — ——___-, var. 34. — orbiculata.
17. — Tankervillii. 19. 35. — cornea. 66.
18. — virginea. 20. 36, — ————

37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44,
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54,
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.

15

H.

—}fiammeata,3 views.75.
— minuta. 70. magnif.
— vestita. 71.

— striatula. 6.

— Aureola. 5.

, var,

, var.

— depressa, 4.

— lens. 77. magnif.

— | tzeniata. 3 views. 76.
— solidula. 7.

, var.

, var.

— Maugerie. 8.

— picta. 27.

— variabilis. 28.

—

— lutea. 24,
— carinata. 56.
—angulata. 60.

62. — zonata. 23.

63. — , var.

64, — , var.

65. — Guadaloupensis, 31.
66, — ————_ , var.
67. — viridis. 54.

68. — Antillarum. 29,
69. —

10; ——

71. — Rhodostoma. 59.
72. —neritella. 26.
(a0

(4a

——

76. — polita. 33
Ti

eh = ———=

79. ——-

0), —

81, —

82. — parva. 35.

83. — agglutinans. 52.

84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92,
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99:
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.

H. agglutinans.

— occidentalis. 30.
— occidentalis.

— Carocolla. 51.
— Trochiformis 49.
— Lazarus. 53.
— acutissima. 48.
— carinata, var. 56.
— candeana. 55.
— hemastoma. 3.
— candeana. 55.
— angulata. 60.

— conica. 45.

— Sloanii. 47.

— adspersa. 25.

— pyramidalis. 43.
— Trochulina. 42.
— variabilis. 28.
— dentigera. 15.
— variabilis. 28.
110. — elongata. 44.
111. — rotunda. 69.
112, — hispida. 16.

113.
114. — virginea, var. 20.
115, — adspersa. 25,

116. — nitida. 68.

117, — flavida. 41.

118. — Zephyrina. 39.

119. — minima. 17. magnif.
120. — rupestris. 46. magnif.
121. — pilosa. 58,

122, —
123, — sub-marginata. 10.
124, — adspersa. 25.

125, — adspersa.

126. — Sagra. 9.

127, — globulosa, 36.
128, — globulosa. 36.
129. — variabilis. 28.

130. — similis. 34.

13]

132.
133.

134
135

136.

. H. maculata. 32.
— rugosa. 72.

. — flavida. 41.
. — Rotella. 57.

—acutissima. 48.

16

137. H.sub-marginata. 10.
138. — pellucida. 40.

139. — Oxystoma. 50,
140. — picta. 27.

141, —

142, — lutea. 24.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS
PeUee PEN A,

Char. Gen. Molluscum terrestre; testa sub-cylindrica, vitrea,
nitidissima ; anfractibus quinque ad sex, penultimo inflato, ultimo
paululum coarctato; apertura circulari, margine crasso, reflexo, ad
basin columellz inciso vel emarginato; operculo corneo, spirali.

A genus of small pupiform land shells, with a round spiral oper-
culum, generally having an incision at the base of the columella ;
differing from those species of Cyclostoma which are similarly
shaped and which have a similar incision, in the glassy enamel
which covers the shell, and fills up the suture of the spire.

The first species described under this generic name was P. Ke-
raudrenit, published by Vignard, in the « Annales des Sciences.”
1829. Mr. Grateloup subsequently described P. Nunezii under the
generic name Moulinsia, neither of these naturalists being ac-
quainted with the operculum. All the species here described, with
the exception of P. humilis and P. Keraudrenit, were recently
brought to this country by Mr. Cuming from the Philippines.

DESCRIPTIONS.

Sec. 1. The axis of the spire turned backwards.

Sp. 1. P. Nunez (pl. iv. f. 8,9, 10, 11.) Moulinsia Nunezii,
Grateloup. Ann. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 1840.

T. globosa, obliqua; apertura magna, margine validé expanso,
reflexo, complanato, incisura triangulari penitus diviso; labio co-
lumellari concavo; anfractu ultimo prope aperturam sub-compla-
nato.

Obliquely globose, with the aperture large ; the margin reflected ;
expanded, flattened; notch deep and triangular, nearly dividing
the peritreme; the last whorl rather flattened in front. Varying
from bright orange to purplish cream colour and dark brown.
Found on leaves of small plants and low bushes in several of the
Philippine Islands.

2. P. peuiucipa (pl. iv. f. 18, 19, 20.) Zool. Proc. 1842.

T. obliqua, sub-globosa, pellucida; spiree axe validé retrorso ;
anfractu penultimo elevato, ultimo complanato margine reflexo, in-
cisura diviso; columella lata, convexa.

c

18

Smalier, more transparent, and with the spire more bent than
the last; the outer lip less expanded, the notch completely dividing
the peritreme, and the columella convex. Found on small plants
in woods, in the Philippine Islands.

Sec. 2. Spire nearly straight.

3. P. tuprica. (pl. iv. f. 12 to 16.) nobis, Zool. Proc. 1842.

T. sub-obliqua, cylindrica ; spira brevi obtusa; apertura rotun-
data; margine anticé sub-expanso, paululiim incrassato, ad basin
columellz vix emarginato; columella callosa.

In this species the notch is scarcely perceptible, and there is a
rounded callosity behind the columellar lip. The inner lip is
thickened on the body whorl. Found in dense woods on small
plants in the Philippine Islands.

4. P. virrea. (pl. iv. f. 6,7 ) nobis. Zool. Proc. 1842.

T. sub-elongata, recta; anfractibus sub-rotundatis, margine
expanso, reflexo, complanato, incisura diviso.

The spire is straight and elevated, gradually tapering towards
the obtuse apex; the peritreme is expanded and flattened, the
notch deep. Mindinao and Luzon, Philippines.

5. P. srus. (pl. iv. f. 4, 5.) nobis. Zool. Proc. 1842.

T. fulva, sub-elongata, recta; anfractibus sub-rotundatis; mar-
gine pallidé fulvo, expanso, reflexo, rotundato, crasso; incisura
usque ad dorsum diviso.

Resembling P. vitrea, but the margin not flattened, and the
notch so deep that it is seen at the back of the shell. Found on
leaves of bushes and trunks of trees in the Island of Luzon,
Philippines.

6. P. exreva. (pl. iv. f. 17.) nobis. Zool, Proc. 1842.

T. parva, translucida, alba, cylindrica; anfractu penultimo
inflato; margine aperturze paululim incrassato, incisura diviso.

This small, transparent white species has the margin very little
thickened, and the notch deep. Found on small plants in the
Philippine Islands.

Sec. 3. Spire straight, with a notch at both ends of the aperture.

7. P. numiuis (pl. iv. f. 2.) Jacquenot.

T. ovali, solida, pallidé luted; anfractibus sub-rotundatis,
ultimo propé aperturam paululim complanato; apertura rotun-
data, margine crasso, expanso, reflexo; labio interno crasso, posticé
plicato; columella crassa, lata, tortuosa, reflexa ; incisura ad dorsum
lta.

This being a dead shell has lost the brilliancy of the enamel.
The teeth or folds at the posterior part of the inner and outer lips
form a very distinct canal. The columella is tortuous and turned
backwards, and the notch is seen at the back like the corresponding
part of a Buccinum.

19

8. KERAUDRENIIL, (pl. iv. f. 2.) Vignard.

T. parva, cylindrica, grisea, rufescente; spira obtusa, recta;
apertura parva, margine incisura diviso; labio externo levitér
incrassato, posticé sub-plicato; labio interno plicato.

A pupiform species with a posterior canal.
Manilla and Singapore.

9. P. prcanaticunaTa. (pl. iv. f. 1.) nobis. Zool. Proc. 1842.

T. parva, ovali, alba, translucida; anfractibus ventricosis;
apertura magna, margine sub-expanso, sub-incrassato, ad basin
columelle inciso; labio interno posticé plicato.

This species differs from P. Keraudrenii in shape, being more
ventricose, having a tapering spire, and a very strong fold on the
inner lip. Found on small plants in the island of Zebu, Philip-
pines.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

PuPiIné&,
1, P. bicanaliculata. Sp. 9. 1]. P. bicanaliculata. var.
2. — humilis. 7. 12, — lubrica. 3.
3. — Keraudrenii. 8. 13. — ———-, var.
4, — similis. 5. 14, — ————., var.
5, — , var. 15, — ——_—_, var.
6. — vitrea. 4, 16, — —————., var.
7. — ———_.. var. 17. — exigua. 6
8. — Nunezii. 1. 18. —~ pellucida. 2.
9." — ——_—___, var. 19, — ——_—_—__,, var.
10. — —————., var. 20, — ————-, var.

o
Oo

21

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS
APORRHAIS.

ee

Char. Gen. Molluscum marinum; test& turrité, fusiformi;
apertura sub-quadrata ; labio externo etate dilatato, magno, antice
et postice propé canales undatim emarginato; canali anticd
rostrato, sub-foliato; labio interno crasso, canali postico.

DESCRIPTIONS.

Sp. 1. A. pgs-pELEcant. (pl. v. f. 3, 4.) Linn.

T. turrita fusiformi, anfractibus angulatis, nodulosis; apertura
sub-quadrata ; canalibus duobus, rostratis, sub-complanatis; labio
externo crasso, bilobato.

A well known species found in Great Britain and the
Mediterranean.

2. A. PES-cARBONIS. (pl. v. f. 1) ?

T. quam A. Pes-Pelecani magis tenui; canalibuselongatis; labio
externo trilobato.

A thinner and smaller species, with the beaks of the canals
narrower and more lengthened, and the outer lip divided into
three digitations. Mediterranean.

3. A. occipenTauis. (pl. v. f. 2.)

T. turrité, concentricé plicata, spiraliter striata; canalibus
brevibus; labio externo unilobato.

Shell turrited, with longitudinal ribs, spirally striated; canals
short; outer lip with one digitation.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS
ROSTELLARIA.

Ae

Char. Gen. Molluscum marinum; testa fusiformi, antice in
canalem rostratum desinente; apertura ovali; canali postico
partem spire decurrente; labio interno crasso; labio externo digi-
tato ad canalem emarginato; operculo corneo, unguiculato,

Paps

in this genus the notch or sinus is close to the canal, thus
differing from Strombus, in which a portion of the outer lip
intervenes.

DESCRIPTIONS.

Sp. 1. R. Curvirosrrum. (pl. v. f. 9.) Enc. Met. Strombus
Fusus. Gmel.

T. crassa, levi, fusiformi; apice plicato; anfractibus numerosis,
convexiusculis; canali postico, super anfractis penultimee partem,
decumbenti; canali antico brevi undato.

This is the well known species with a short curved beak; the
general colour is reddish brown, with the aperture white.

Moluccas and Red Sea.
2. R. curta. (pl. v. f. 7, 11.) nobis. Zool. Proc. 1842.

T. R. Curvirostro simillima, sed anfractu ultimo breviori; canali
recto. :

The last whorl of this species is shorter than of R. Curvirostrum,
and the canal is straight. There is a broad band of brown colour
close to the suture of the whorls. The specimen is in Mr.
Cuming’s collection.

3. R. Rectirostrvm. (pl. v. f. 8, 10.) Lam.

T. fusiformi, elongata, medio levigata; anfractibus convexis
primis cancellatis, ultimo infra spiraliter sulcato, rostro elongato,
recto, gracili; labio externo prope canalem posticum lobato, emar-
ginato; digitibus quinque ad sex.

Much more graceful and slender in form than the two preced-
ing ; the whorls nearest the apex are cancellated; all of them are
ventricose ; the suture of the spire is deeper, and the digitation of
the outer lip commences nearer the posterior canal. The variety,
fig. 10, with wider aperture, and somewhat less slender form, may
possibly be distinct. The specimen is in the collection of Mr.
Cuming. China ? Sumatra.

4, R. Povisu. (pl. v. f. 5, 6.) Petit. M. S.?

T. turrita; anfractibus superné angulatis, spiraliter sulcatis ;
apertura angustata; labio interno crasso, labio externo crasso,
granulato, prope canalem posticum lobato; digitis quatuor; canali
postica recurvo; canali antico rostrato, brevi.

This species, which is spirally grooved, takes the general form of
Strombus Fissurella, but, like the other Rostellarize, has the outer
lip emarginated close to the canal. China.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

STRUTHIOLARIA.

Char. Gen. Molluscum marinum; testa turrita, ovali, ventri-
cos; anfractibus plus minusve angulatis; apice obtuso; labio
interno calloso, oblique elongato; labio externo crasso, sub-reflexo,
sinuoso; supra infraque emarginato, in medio prominente; canali
antico brevi, indistincto, minime profundo.

Turrited, ventricose, oval: whorls more or less angulated ; apex
obtuse; inner lip callous, obliquely elongated, so as to form a sort
of obtuse beak at its union with the outer lip, behind this the canal
is short and shallow, the outer lip is thickened and sinuous,
receding at each extremity, and produced into a prominent lobe at
the centre. We regard the sinus near the canal as connecting this
genus with the Strombide.

DESCRIPTIONS.

Sp. 1. S. srraminega. (pl. v. f. 16, 18, 20.) Murex stramineus,
Gmel. Str. nodulosa. Lam.

T. crassa, spiraliter striata, flammulis undatis, fulvis, picta ;
anfractibus angulatis, ad angulum nodulosis; apertura sub-
quadrata, margine crasso.

This well known species has the whorls angulated, and, when
full grown, has the prominent lobe in the outer lip thick; the
nodules on the angle of the whorls are triangular and large.

New Zealand.
2. S. inERMis. (pl. v. f. 12, 13, 19.) Sow. Zool. Journ. ?

T. brevi, spiraliter striata; anfractibus rotundato-angulatis,
ad angulum minuté nodulosis; apertura sub-quadrata, margine
angustata.

Short, spirally striated; with the angle of the whorls rounded
and beaded; aperture nearly square, with the inner and outer lips
narrow.

3. S. ciaas. (pl. v. f. 17.) nobis.

T. S. straminez simillima, sed majori; angulo anfractuum
rotundato, nodulis minoribus ornato.

A large shell, resembling S. straminea in general character,
but having the angle of the whorls rounded, and the nodules

24

smaller, as in S. inermis. The specimen is in the collection of the
Rey. F. J. Stainforth.

4. S. oblita (pl. v. f. 14, 15.) Sowerby Tankerville Catalogue
App. p. xviii.

T. ovali, levi; anfractibus angulatis ; sutura varice tumida
levi, impleta, labio externo vix reflexo, paululim incrassato; labio
interno crasso.

Oval, smooth; whorls angulated; the suture covered by an
enamelled tumidity, outer lip scarcely reflected, slightly thickened ;
inner lip thick. New Zealand.

We have had no opportunity of indentifying S. microscopica
described by Mr. Gray in the Zoological appendix to Beechey’s
voyage.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.
The figures half the natural diameter.
10. R. Rectirostrum. 3.

Sena: 11. — curta, young. 2.

1. A. Pes-Carbonis. Sp. 2.

2. — occidentalis. 3. STRUDHIOUARIA:

3. — Pes-Pelecani. 1. 12. S. inermis. 2.

4, — , young. 13. — ————_., var.

14. —~ oblita

ROSTELLLARIA. (jl a

5. R. Povisii. 4. 16. — straminea. 1.

6. — ————_ 17. — gigas. 3.

7. —curta. 2. 18. — straminea. 1.

8. — Rectirostrum. 3. 19. — inermis, var. 2.

9. — Curvirostrum. 1. 20. — straminea, young. I.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

STROMBUS.

Char. Gen. Molluscum marinum; testa conica, spirali, ventri-
cosa, crassa; spird conicd, plerumque plicata, acuta; apertura
plerumque angustata, posticé canaliculata, anticé in canalem
brevem emarginatum desinente; labio interno plerumque incras-
sato; labio externo etate dilatato, posticé plus minusve emargi-
nato, unilobato, medio intis incrassato, anticé sinu é canali dis-
tincto, interrupto; operculo corneo, pyriformi, nucleo terminali.

In conformity with the plan announced in the first page of this
number, the author contents himself with stating the characters
of this genus as generally understood, without presuming at
present to attempt such a definition as would prevent the possi-

ility of shells being confounded with it which do not belong to it;
it will, however, be perceived, on glancing over the plates, that
there is an indescribable peculiarity in form and appearance by
which most persons in the habit of seeing shells would know a
Strombus at first sight. The shells belonging to this genus are
spiral, conical and thick, with the spire conical, and generally
plicated near the apex, the aperture is narrow, with a canal close
to the body whorl, near to or upon the spire, and a short anterior
canal, sometimes produced into a truncated beak; inner lip gene-
rally thickened with age; outer lip, when full grown, dilated, at
the spiral extremity more or less elevated, emarginated, and having
a single lobe, in the centre thickened within, generally inflected,
and having a sinus near to the anterior termination, but distinct
from the canal; operculum horny, pyriform, terminated by the
nucleus anteriorly in a point. The difference between Strombus
and Rostellaria is stated to be that in the latter there is no sinus
in the outer lip distinct from the canal. In Pteroceras, the ante-
rior canal is lengthened into a caudal appendage, and the outer lip
is digitated. Strombi are found in seas of warm climates. In
the following arrangement of species we commence with two be-
longing to a form which may probably hereafter be erected into a
genus, the character of the anterior and posterior canals presenting
a strong resemblance to those of Rostellaria, but having in the
species now described a distinct though shallow sinus in the outer
hp. There are, however, fossil species of the same general form
without the sinus,

D

26

DESCRIPTIONS.

Sp. 1. S. rrssuRELLA. (pl. viii. f. 64, 65.) Lin. Syst. Nat. 1212.
Rostellaria Fissurella, Tuam. ?

T. turritd, fusiformi, concentricé plicata, spiralitér striata ; aper-
turd ovali, posticé in carindm canaliculatam ad apicem decurrente,
anticé canali rostrato; labio externo crasso, crenulato; labio in-
terno crasso.

Turrited, fusiform, concentrically plicated, spirally striated ;
aperture oval, with a posterior carinated canal running up the
spire; outer lip thick, crenulated; inner lip thick. The colour
varies from pale yellow to banded brown.

India and the Philippines.

2. S. crispatus. (pl. viii. f. 62, 63.)

T. turrité, fusiformi, concentricé plicata, spiralitér striata ;
apertura ovali, posticé in canalem carinatam crispatam desinente,
anticé canali brevitér rostrato; labio externo crasso, crenulato;
labio interno crasso; operculo lateralitér serrato.

Rather more ventricose than S. Fissurella, with the beak
shorter, and the posterior canal resting upon the penultimate
whorl only, and coiled at the extremity; the outer edge of the
operculum is serrated. Body pale straw colour, with three brown
bands across the last whorl, Brought by Mr. Cuming from
Luzon, Bureas and Panay, Philippines.

3. S. Camppeuui. (pl. vi. f. 22, 23.) Griffiths Cuvier. Mol-
lusca, pl. 25.

T. sub-fusiformi, ventricosa, levi; spira turrita, elongata; an-
fractibus convexiusculis, propé suturam unisulcatis, dorso anfrac-
tis ultimi, obtusé unilobato, anticé sulcato; labio externo elevato,
expanso, postice inflexo; sinu parvo.

Rather fusiform, ventricose, smooth; spire turrited, elongated,
whorls rather convex, with a groove near the suture, the last
whorl with a very obtuse tubercle on the back, and several grooves
near the anterior termination; outer lip elevated, expanded, with
an inflected prominence towards the upper part; sinus small. The
colour is pale brown, with interrupted bands of brown.

4. S. virratus. (pl. vi. f. 27, 28, 29, 30, 31.) Linn, Syst.
Nat. p. 1211. Including S. turritus and S. sulcatus, Lam, and
Chemn.

T. fusiformi-turrita, fulvo-rufescente, albo-fasciatim-maculata ;
spira elongata, plicata; anfractibus angulatis, prope suturam sul-
catis, ultimo anticé sulcato; labio interno crasso, angusto; labio
externo dilatato, interné sulcato, ad angulum sub-lobato.

Another fusiform species, of a pale brown colour, nearly covered
by interrupted brown bands, the elongated spire is plicated, with
a spiral groove near the suture, the body whorl generally smooth,
sulcated anteriorly. S. turritus, (f. 27.) Lam. is distinguished

27

only by the spire being rather longer in proportion, and the
greater part of the body whorl being plicated. S. sulcatus, (f. 31.)
Chemn. is a dwarfish variety, with the groove near the suture
deepened. There is another variety (f. 30.) in which only the first
two or three whorls are plicated. East Indies.

5. S. perormis (pl. vi. f. 1, 8.) Griffith’s Cuvier, Moll. pl. 25.

T. sub-fusiformi, spiraliter striata; spird mediocri; anfractibus
angulatis; labio externo interné striato, ad anfractum ultimum
elevato, prope spiram paululim emarginato; sinu antico mediocri,
labio interno striato.

A dull white shell, spirally striated all over, except in the middle
of the body whorl in front; the spire plicated, the anterior canal of
the aperture elevated, the outer lip slightly emarginated at the
upper angle, both lips striated with raised lines, the sinus of the
outer lip not very deep.

6. S. cocumpa (pl. vi. f. 2, 3, 6,7.) Lam. Tankervillii, Swain-
son?

T. sub-ovali, spiraliter striata, dorso prope marginem plica lon-
gitudinali; spire anfractibus angulatis, plicatis; labio interno
calloso, striato; labio externo expanso, striato, supra infraque va-
lidé emarginato; apeturz canali postico lobato, spires partem de-
currente.

Nearly oval, spirally striated, with a longitudinal fold on the
back near the margin of the aperture; whorls angular, plicated ;
inner lip striated, outer lip expanded, striated, with a deep emargi-
nation on the upper angle, and the anterior sinus deep ; posterior
canal with lobated margins running up part of the spire. The
usual colour is pale brown, nearly covered on the back by mottled
dark brown, which is interrupted by a nearly white band in the
centre. India? and the Philippines.

7. 8. piratatus. (pl. vii. f. 38, 39.) Sw. Zool. Nl. 1820, 1.

T. S. Columbe simillima, sed magis ovali; plica laterali minus
distincta; labio externo magis expanso ; loba postica minoti.

A more oval and finely striated pale brown species, with the outer
lip more expanded, and less distinctly lobed and sinuated above than
S. Columba.

8. S. vaBrosus. (pl. vi. f. 15, 16.) Wood. Cat. Suppl.

T. ventricosa, angulata; omnino sive in medio anfractis ultimi
striata; spira plicata ; anfractibus angulatis, ultimo ad angulum no-
duloso; labio externo magno, expanso, margine incrassato, posticé
unilobato, interné striato.

Ventricose, angulated ; spirally striated in every part except the
middle of the last whorl; spire plicated; the last whorl tubercu-

-lated; the outer lip large, expanded and thickened, striated within,
with a lobe at the upper angle. The beautiful specimen from
which figure 15 is taken is in the collection of W. Metcalfe Esq.
it is of a rich, shining, yellowish brown colour.
9. S. variasiuis. (pl. vi. f. 9, 13, 14.) Sw. Zool. Hl.
p 2

28

T. ovali, sub-angulata, levi; spird brevi; anfractibus plicatis ;
labio externo expanso, medio incrassato, ad canalem posticum et ad
angulum supernum lobato, sinu valido.

Smooth, oval angulated, white, with interrupted brown bands;
angle of the whorls plicated; outer lip with a lobe close to the
posterior canal, and another at the upper angle, with a sinus be-
tween; anterior sinus not very deep.

10. S. eprpRomis (pl. vi. f. 12.) Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1211*

T. ovali, levi; anfractibus sub-angulatis, ad angulum plicatis ;
labio externo magno, validé expanso, incrassato, postice paululdm
sinuato.

Oval, smooth, brown, aperture white; spire plicated at the angle
of the whorls; outer lip much expanded, slightly thickened above
the anterior sinus, and very slightly emarginated near the spire.

11. S. minimus. (pl. vi. f 4, 5.) Sw.

T. S. epidromi simillima, sed minori; labio externo posticé bilo-
bato, inter lubos valide sinuato.

Very much like S. epidromis, but smaller, with a deep sinus be-
tween the two lobes on the posterior angle of the outer lip. Colour
dark reddish brown or fawn, with a white band on the angle, and
another in the centre of the whorls. East Indies.

12 S. Sipparpit. (pl. vi. f. 10, 11.) nobis.

T. sub-clavata, levi; spira parva : anfractibus angulatis. plicatis;
ultimo magno, ventricoso; labio interno nigro-lineato; labio ex-
terno interné striato, medio sub-incurvo; sinu parvo.

This species has a small spire and ventricose:body whorl; the
inner lip is striated in the centre with short black lines; outer
lip expanded, striated, with a very slight sinus. Colour white,
banded and mottled with fawn. Brought by Dr. Sibbald from
Ceylon,

13. S. succincrus. (pl. vi. f. 20, 21.) Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1212.

T. ovato-oblong4, spiraliter tenue striata; spira brevi; anfracti-
bus sub-angulatis; apertura elongata; canali postico spiram de-
currente ; labio externo intts striato, ad angulum inflexo; sinu
antico parvo.

Oval-oblong, very finely striated; spire short; whorls rather an-
gulated ; aperture elongated; anterior canal running up the spire ;
outer lip striated within; with an inflection at the angle; sinus
small. The ground colour is a dull white, but the body of the
shell is nearly covered by broad brown bands jagged at the edges.
The pink variety is in the collection of the Rev. F. J. Stainforth.

East Indies.
14, S. mareinatus (pl. vi. f. 17.) Gmel. p. 3573. No. 15

T. S. succinct simillima, sed magis conica, angulo anfractuum
carinato.

Ve1y probably only a variety of the last, it is more conical in

form, with the dorsal angle of the last wher] sharply keeled.
East Indies.

29

15. S. uneatus (pl. vii. f. 32, 33.) Lam. An. sans vert. S.
polyfasciatus, Chemn. : ;

T. conica, levi, alba; lineis nigris interruptis cincta; spira brevi;
anfractibus noduloso-angulatis, aj ertura angustata aurantia; labio
externo prope spiram emarginato; labio interno tenui,

A smooth conical shell, white, with interrupted blackish lines or
bands across the body whorl. ‘The spire is short; the whorls an-
gular, plicated at the angle. The aperture is of a golden tint.

Red Sea.
16. S. cytinpricus. (pl. vii. f. 50, 57, 59.) Swainson. Zool.
Tllus. S. Mauritianus Lam. Anim. s. vert. vii. p. 206.

T. conica, levi, spira brevi, anfractibus sub-angulatis, plerumque
plicatis, ultimo ad angulum gibboso, apertura angusta, labio externo
posticé paululiim emarginato et unilobato.

A conical species, with short spire and narrow aperture; the
outer lip is not much expanded; it is slightly emarginated above
the outer angle. The usual colour is pale brown, with brown
mottled bands. Fig. 50 represents a white variety, belonging to
the Rev. F. J. Stainforth. The inside of the aperture has a
beautiful tinge of pink. Isle of France.

17. S. tunvanus. (pl. vii. f. 54.) Linn, Syst. Nat. p. 1209.

T. conica, S. cylindrico simillima, sed columella nigro marginata.

We can scarcely regard this as distinct from the preceding,
although the columellar lip is edged with black, and in some spe.
cimens the outer lip is more decidedly lobed above. Moluccas.

18, S. conrrormis. (pl, vil. f. 55, 61.)

T. conicd, levi, pallidé fulva, fasciis brunneis interruptis cincta,
validé angulata; spira brévissima; anfractibus ad angulum plicatis ;
apertura angustata; labio externo vix expanso, sinu parvo.

Both specimens are rather young, from the cabinets of Messrs.
Norris and Stainforth, but we think that from the general form,
and the absence of the posterior sinus, the species will prove to be
distinct.

19. S. pustus. (pl. vii. f. 80.) .

We insert in this place a singular shell, from the collection of
Mr. Cuming, which has the general form of a cone, yet the outer
lip is slightly expanded upwards and crenulated near the margin
within.

20. S. muTasruis. (pl. vii. f. 40, 45, 46, 47, 49, 52.) Swainson.
Floridus, Lam.

T. ovata, angulata, anticé truncata, ad extremitates spiraliter
striata; spird brevi, nodulosd; apertura angusta; labiis striatis,
externo posticé angulato, sinu antico valido.

Oval, angular, striated at the spire and at the anterior part of
the body whorl; spire short, tuberculated; aperture narrow, with
both lips striated; outer lip angular above, truncated at the anterior
termination, with the anterior sinus deep. The variations in colour
are almost innumerable, Moluccas and Philippines.

D

30
21. S. Urceus. (pl. vii. f. 34, 35, 36, 37, 41, 42.) Gmel. p.
3518. No. 29. var. S. incisus. Wood. Ind. Test. Supp.

T. S. Mutabili simillima, sed magis elongata, anticé magis
attenuata; spira longiora.

This species has not the square, truncated, flattened appearance of
5.mutabilis. All the varieties, although differing greatly from each
other, are easily distinguished from that. species by the more
tapering form of the extremities. The typical variety has the
aperture of a dark, black colour. Some are of a delicate pink;
others are beautifully mottled on the back, and a variety (f. 36}
brought by Mr. Cuming from the Philippines, is of a much more
oval shape. Between the variety (f. 41) named S. incisus, by
Wood, and the typical variety, (f. 34) there appears to be a great
difference, but having a great number of specimens, we traced the
passage so gradually that it would be impossible to draw a line of
separation. E. Indies and Philippines.

22. S. macu.atus. (pl. vii. f. 53.) Nuttall.

T. ovali, levi, anticé truncata; spira brevi,anfractibus rotundato-
nodulosis ; apertura angustata, levi.

A species having the general form of S. mutabilis. It is of a
dingy white colour, with obscure purple spots. Sandwich Islands.
23. S. ruGosus. (pl. vii. f. 58, 60.) Sow. Tank. Cat. App.

“'T. oblonga, longitudinaliter plicata, transversé striata, apice
acuminato, anfractibus superné nodulosis; ultimo anfractu altera
tuberculorum minimorum serie instructo; apertura oblonga, labio
externo intus striato, columellari valido, superné infraque trans-
versim striato; sutura crenulata.”’ :

In shape like S. plicatus, but distinguished by its rugosity and
by a second row of tubercles on the last whorl. The colour is
white, mottled with brown. East Indies.

24. S. puicatus. (pl. vii. f.56.) Lam. Anim. s. vert. vil. p.
210.

T. ovali, angulataé, undatim longitudinaliter plicata spiraliter
striata, apertura striata.

Resembling S. mutabilis &c. in form, but longitudinally plicated,
with the whorls angular, the ribs raised in tubercles at the angles.
Colour grey, banded with brown; or brown, with white spotted
bands. E. Indies and Moluccas.

25. S. ELEaAns. (pl. vii. f. 43, 48.) Nobis.

T. sub-elongata, fusiformi; spira sub-elongataé, anfractibus
angulatis, ad angulum plicatis, in medio minuté tuberculatis, anticé
sulcatis; ultimi margine varicoso; apertura ovali, striata.

Much shorter in the body whorl than any of the three preceding
species, It is of a pale brown, clouded in bands with darker brown;
the aperture is striated and of a dark brown colour. It approaches
S. rugosus in some characters, but is much more fusiform; the
spire much larger in proportion to the aperture. One variety is
nearly smooth,

TE

a

31

56. S. Hamastoma. (pl. vii. f. 51.) Nobis.

T. ovali, striata, longitudinaliter plicata; apertura rosea, striata ;
labio externo sinu valido.

A small white striated species, with longitudinal ribs and a
purplish pink striated aperture. Specimens are contained in the
collections of Mr. Norris, Mr. Stainforth and Miss Saul.

27. S. Gisperutus. (pl. vi. f. 18, 19, 24, 25, 26.) Gmel. 3514.

T. ovali, medio levigata, anticé striata ; anfractibus inzequaliter
gibbosis, ultimo ad dorsum complanato; spira brevi; labio externo
posticé validé lobato, sinuato ; sinu antico valido.

The whorls are unequally gibbous at the upper angle.

The varieties are, pale brown, mottled with zigzag lines of
brown; white, with spotted brown bands; the same with a purple
streak on the columellar lip and on the inner surface of the outer
lip; and nearly white, with pink aperture.
East Indies and Moluccas.

28. S. rusirormis (pl. ix. f. 91, 92.) Nobis.

T. fusiformi, levi, anticé subtruncata; spird conica, anfractibus
prope suturam uni-sulcatis ; ultimo ad marginem striato, dorso sub-
gibboso ; apertura angustata ; labiis inttis striatis posticé in canalem
spiree partem decurrentem attenuatis; externo obliqué truncato ;
sinu antico parvo.

The colour of this species is of a pinkish or purplish white,
mottled and banded with brown, the lips of the aperture are buff.
The aperture is peculiar in form, the lips being attenuated into a
canal which is bent forwards on the penultimate whorl of the spire,
and the outer lip obliquely truncated at the base. This character
connects §. fusiformis with the following species. Messrs. Norris,
Stainforth and Cuming possess specimens.

29. S. penratus, (pl. ix. f. 86, 87.) Gmel. p. 3519. and den-
tatus Wood. S. tridentatus Lam.

T. oblonga, leevi, anticé striata, truncata; spira breviuscula; an-
fractibus plicatis, convexiusculis; apertura posticé in canalem
brevem angustata, anticé effusd; labio interno angusto paululim
incrassato, posticé striato; externo brevi, striato, anticé quinque-
fariam dentato, effuso, obliqué truncato.

The shortness of the outer lip, its anterior tooth-like lobes and
its truncated character distinguish this species so that it might
almost stand alone as a genus. ‘The colour is yellowish white in-
clining to pink or purple at the apex, ornamented by waved spots
of brown. The strize on the inside of the cuter lip are interlined
with dark brown. ;

30. S. TEREBELLATUS. (pl. ix. f. 84, 85.)

T. elongata, levi, spird brevi; anfractu ultimo anticé obliqué
truncato; apertura interné striata; labio externo vix expanso, pau-
lulim incragsato; sinu antico indistincto, sub-dentato.

A narrow, elongated smooth species, shaped like a Terebellum
with the last whorl truncated. The colour varies from pale yellow,

-

32

io pale brown, mottled with darker brown. The striz on the inner
part of the aperture are in some specimens nearly obsolete.
31. S. BuLBuus (pl. ix. f. 81, 82, 83.) Nobis, Zool. Proc. 1842.

T. S. terebellato simillima sed magis ventricosa, anfractu penul-
timo gibboso; labio interno validiore; labio externo validé striato,
posticé spirze partem decurrente.

More ventricose than S. Terebellatus, with the penultimate whorl
gibbous, the inner lip thicker, the outer lip striated to its edge and
posteriorly elevated on the last whorl of the spire. Fig. 84. is from
a specimen in Mr. Stainforth’s collection where it has existed for
some time without any history, and we think it may be a variety of
this species which has been brought by Mr. Cuming from the Philip-
pine Islands.

32. S. GLaBRATUS. (pl. viii. f. 66, 67.) Nobis.

T. sub- pyramidali, nitid4; apertura ovali, bicanaliculata; colu~
mella truncata; labio externo crasso reflexo, anticé sub-emarginato ;
operculo ovali; anfractu ultimo ad dorsum prope suturam plicato.

This singular shell, having the general form of a Nassa, never-
theless has a slight emargination in the outer lip, and is considered
by experienced conchologists as being allied to the family, at least,
of Strombide, although differing from the present genus in being
covered by a glassy enamel. We place it here to remain till some
author shall undertake to erect it into a new genus, and define its
characters. The colour is pale straw, with a reddish tinge on the
back, and a grey line under the suture of the spire.

33. S. puaius. (pl. vill. f. 74.) Lin. Syst. Nat. 1209.

T. turbinata, ventricosa; spira brévi, spiraliter sulcata; anfracti-
bus angulatis ad angulum tuberculis magnis acutis coronatis; aper-
turd angusta, labio interno tenui expanso, externo brevi, interné
striato, posticé emarginato, lobato, anticé truncato; sinu magno;
operculo parvo, pyriformi.

This well-known shell is of a rich vermilion colour, tinted with
yellow and at the anterior termination with purple, It is lobed at
the angle of the outer lip and truncated at the anterior extremity.

W. Indies.
34. S. pyrusatus, (pl. viii. f. 72, 75.) Lam.

T. S. pugili simili sed magis elongata, spiree anfractibus vix tu-
berculatis validé striatis.

More elongated than S. pugilis, with the whorls of the spire
scarcely tuberculated. The colour is dark brown, tinged with
purple at the mouth. The variety, f. 72, is white with zigzag lines
of brown. We think, however, that both varieties may belong to
S. pugilis, the difference not being greater than between acknow-
ledged varieties of other species.

35. S. eracizior (pl. viii. f. 73,) Sow. App. Tank. Cat.

“ 'T. ovato-oblonga, apice acuminato-pyramidali, ad basin trans-
verse striata, pallidé aurantiacd; anfractibus superné nodulosis ;
jabio interno tenui expanso, externé dilatato intis transversé
leviter sulcato.”’

33

We think this more distinct from S. pugilis, than S. pyrulatus.
It is more slender, the spire more pyramidal, a larger space being
left between the angle and suture of the whorls. The colour is
yellowish brown; the aperture white, the outer lip edged with
orange. South Seas.

36. S. canarium. (pl. viii. f. 69, 70.)

T. ventricosa, crassa, levi, anticé sulcata; spira brevi; anfracti-
bus rotundato-angulatis; labio interno gibbuso; labio externo ex-
panso, crasso, angulato, anticé angustato.

The colour of this species is a light brown, sometimes tinged
with purple, and covered by zigzag lines of light or dark brown ;
the aperture is white, or nearly so. A very dark variety is named
S. Vanikorensis, in Voy. Astr. Ceylon, Moluccas.

37. S. isaBeLua. (pl. viii. f. 68,71.) Lam.

T.S. canario simillima, sed graciliori; anfractibus obtusé angu-
latis.

More slender than S. canarium, the whorls ina slight degree
more angular, the colour generally paler. We are doubtful, how-
ever as to its distinctness. A banded variety is named S. teeniatus,
in Voy. Astr.

38. S. rasciatus. (pl. x. f. 104, 106.) Gmelin. p. 3510. Bu-
bonius, Lam. p. 203

T. ovali, sub-quadrata, levi; spira brevi; anfractibus angulatis,
ad angulum tuberculatis, ultimo tuberculorum seriebus tribus;
apertura sub-quadrata; labio externo posticé elevato, medio incras-
sato; sinu antico magno.

Oval, ventricose, angulated, smooth; spire rather short, tuber-
culated at the angle of the whorls, with three rows of tubercles on
the last whorl, those on the posterior angle largest. General co-
lour light brown, with zigzag patches of white on the rows of
tubercles. Antilles.

39. S. granuLatus. (pl. ix. f. 100.) Sowerby Zool. Journ,

T. ovali, sub-quadrata, spiraliter striata; spira longiuscula; an-
fractibus angulatis, tuberculis coronatis, ultimo seriebus tribus
tuberculornam minorum, margine flexuoso; labio interno tenui,
expanso; labio externo crasso, sub-inflexo, posticé elevato, interné
granulato; sinu anticé magno.

A species resembling S. fasciatus in shape, with brown and
blackish spots arranged in bands on a light ground; the aperture
is white within, yellow inclining to orange on the margins; the
inner surface of the outer lip is granulated.

40. S. roersitezs. (pl. x, f. 109.) Gray.

T. ovali, spiraliter striata; spira elongata; anfractibus angu-
latis, acuté tuberculatis, ultimo gibboso, ventricoso, margine
crasso, expanso; apertura sub-quadrata; labio interno crasso, ex-
panso; posticé elevato, calloso; labio externo crasso, posticé
elevato, quadrato, medio crasso.

34

The ground colour of this shell is white, with spots of deep
brown arranged in bands, the spire is rather long and slender, the
lips of the aperture are thick, and formed into an elevated square
at the upper part, they are of a buff colour, with band-like spots
on the outer margin. In the collection of Mr. Cuming and Miss
Saul. Rurutu.

41. S. rricornis. (pl. x. f. 103, 107.) Humph. Portland Cata-
logue, p. 5.

T. ventricosd, sub-trigona, levi, spiraliter obscuré rostrata ;
spira brevi, nodulosd; anfractibus angulatis, ultimi margine
flexuoso, crasso, ad angulum tuberculis tribus magnis, mediano
maximo, elongato; apertura sub-trigona; labio externo dilatato,
crasso, posticé elevato in spinam ad angulum posticum elongato.

A triangular shell, with three tubercles on the back of the body
whorl, the largest in the centre, the outer lip is elevated and elon-
gated at the outer angle, the ground colour is white or pale brown,
In some varieties very elegantly mottled with dark brown streaks
and patches ; the aperture is buff. Antilles.

42. S. peruvianus. (pl. x. f. 110.) Sw. Zool. Illust.

T. trigona; spiraliter costata; spira obtusa; anfractibus nodu-
losis, ultimo magno, tuberculis magnis coronato, ad dorsum uno
maximo, in medio serie tuberculorum minorum ; apertura sub-tri-
gona; labio interno posticé crenato; labio externo in angulum
acutum elevato.

The colour of this shell is pinkish brown; the aperture is buff,
tinged with deep rose and orange.

43. S. toparus. (pl. viii. f. 76, 77, 78.) Sw. Zool. Illustr.
1821. S. bituberculatus, Lam. vii. p. 202. (1822.)

T. trigond, spiraliter costata; spira brevi, tuberculata; anfractu
ultimo margine expanso flexuoso, ad angulum tuberculis coronato,
dorso duobus maximis armato, in medio seriebus duabus tubercu-
culorum minorum; apertura sub-trigona, posticé plicaté; labio
externo expanso posticé bilobato, interné crenulato,

The usual ground colour is grey, mottled with greenish brown.
The variety, figure 78, is destitute of the two large tubercles
which generally characterize the species. Antilles.

44. S. gauuus. (pl. x. f. 108, 111.)
T. S. lobato simili, tuberculis maximis tribus; labio externo
magis dilatato, posticé in digitam attenuato; canali anticé elon-
ato.
Resembling S. lobatus, but having three large tubercles,
the two minor rows of tubercles wanting, the outer lip much
more expanded, with a posterior elongated lobe, and an anterior
caudal canal. Asia and America ?
45. S. accipirrrinus. (pl. x. f. 115, 116.)

T. sub-trigon4, spiraliter costaté; spira brevi; anfractibus an-
gulatis, ad angulum tuberculatis, ultimo marginé expanso, tuber-
culis magnis duobus, mediano maximo; apertura lata; labio

35

interno expanso; externo posticé angulato, medio crasso, sub-
reflexo,

A large white, short, thick species, with a very large tubercle on
the dorsal part of the angle of the last whorl, and one rather
smaller between it and the margin.

46. S. rwermis. (pl. x, f. 113.) Sw. Bligh Catalogue.

T.S. accipitrino simili, sed longiore; spiraé magis attenuata ;
tuberculis principalibus minoribus; anfractu ultimo medio crenu-
lato.

Like S. accipitrinus, but longer, with the spire more attenuated ;
the principal tubercles smaller; the last whorl is crenulated in the
middle.

47. S. areas. (pl. x. f. 117.) Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1210.

T. sub-quadrata, angulata, rugosa, spiraliter costata; spira
mediocri; anfractibus angulatis, tuberculis magnis, elongatis,
armatis; apertura lata; labio externo dilatato, tenui, posticé in
alam sub-quadratam elevato.

This well-known shell, the largest but one of the genus, is of a
buff colour, with a greenish brown epidermis, the aperture beauti-
fully tinted with rose colour. Antilles.

48. S. Gouarn. (pl. x. f. 118.) Chemn. xi. p. 147.

T. ovali, rugosa, spiraliter, distanter, sulcata sulcis duplicatis ;
anfractibus ad angulum obtusé nodulosis; labio externo laté ex-
panso, complanato, posticé in alam rotundatam elevato; sinu
antico parvo.

Oval, rugose, with distant, double, spiral grooves; the whorls
obtusely angulated with large blunt tubercles; the outer lip, espe-
cially at the upper part, is widely expanded and flattened ; the an-
terior sinus is shallow. The colour is white, shaded with light
pink, and yellow in the aperture.

49, S. auris-pian&. (pl. ix. f. 101, 102.) Linn. Syst. Nat.
p. 1209.

T. ovali, levi; spira glabrata; anfractibus angulatis; ad angu-
lum plicato-tuberculatis, ultimo lato; apertura angusta, canali
elongato, recurvo; labio interno tenui expanso, margine spiram
tegente; labio externo crasso, sub-inflexo, posticé in digitam elon-
gato; sinu antico magno.

The back of this shell is white, marbled with purplish brown;
the inner lip is continued in a glassy enamel covering the spire
and the front of the shell, the inside of the aperture is richly tinted
with deep vermilion.

50. S. Lamarcku. (pl. ix. f. 98, 99. varieties, 88, 93.) Gray.

T. S. Auris-Dianz simili, sed rugosa, crassiore; labio interno
minus expanso; apertura interné crenulata.

This species nearly resembles Auris-Dianez, but is rugose,
having two rows of tubercles besides those on the angle, and the
inside of the aperture is crenulated at both extremities. Some

=

36

varieties however, occur, which connect the two species rather
closely. Fig. 88 is a very fine variety from the collection of Mr.
Cuming, with an orange aperture. Fig. 93 is one belonging to
Mr. Norris, which has not the crenulations in the aperutre.
East Indies.
51. S. mELANosToma. (pl. ix. f. 89, 90, 94.) Sw. S. adustus,
Nonnull.

T. ovali,sub elongata, angulata, rugosa; spira mediocri; anfrac-
tibus tuberculatis ; apertura angusta; labio interno expanso; labio
externo crasso, sub-inflexo, posticé, in digitam elongato elevato.

A species resembling the two former in shape, having the external
rugosity and internal crenulation of S. Lamarckii. ‘The inner lip
and the margin of the outer lip are of a deep black, except in the
varieties, fig. 89 and 94, in which the anterior part of the inner lip
and a wider portion of the outer lip are of an orangecolour. The
variety, f. 89, is remarkable for the shortness of the posterior digi-
tated lobe. East Indies.

52. S. paciricus. (pl. ix. f. 95.) Sw. Exotic Conchology.

T. sub-trigona, levi, spiraliter sulcata; spira elongata; anfrac-
tibus angulatis, plicato-tuberculatis; apertura interné sulcata,
sulcis fulvo-inter-lineatis; labio interno calloso, expanso; labio
externo expanso, ad anfractus tres elevato; posticé lato, uni-lobato.

The shell is pinkish white, ornamented by zigzag lines and
patches of light brown, the outer lip is broadly expanded, and so
elevated as to reach three whorls of the spire; the inside of the
aperture is strongly ribbed, of an orange colour between the ribs.

Pacific Ocean.
53. S, Ausrrauis. (pl. ix. f. 96, 97.) nobis.

T. ovali, rugosa, spiraliter costata; spira elongata; anfractibus
angulatis, plicato-tuberculatis, ultimo costis tuberculatis duabus ;
apertura lata; labio interno anticé gibboso; labio interno ad anfrac-
tus duos elevato, validé expanso, uni-lobato, intis sulcato, posticé
costis duabus magnis, marginé crasso, sub-inflexo, intis crenulato :
canali recurvo.

A white shell, tinged with purple, banded at the margin with
brown, with deep reddish brown on the margins of the inner and
outer lips; the shape resembles that of S. pacificus, but it is more
square, and thicker; the inner and outer lips are both gibbous in
front, the outer lip is sulcated within, having two large distinct
ribs near the suture. Australia.

54. S. Gaueatus. (pl. x. f. 114.) Sw. Phil. Mag. (1823.) S.
crenatus. Sowerby, Tank. Cat. (1825 ) S. Galea, Wood’s Cat.

T. sub-conica, spiraliter costata; spira brevissima; apertura lata;
labio interno tenui, expanso; labio externo expanso, crasso, cre-
nato, posticé lato.

This shell is remarkable for the large rounded ribs and for the
conical form of the young specimen. When in good preservation,

37
it is covered by a rather thickish brown epidermis, the inner lip is
orange, the outer lip white, banded with orange.
55, S. papisio. (pl. vii. f, 44.) Chemn. S. exustus, Humph.

T. ovali, rugosa, spiraliter striata, seriatim tuberculata; spird
brevi; anfractibus angulatis; ad angulum tuberculatis; apertura
angusta, nigra, striata; canali bi-emarginato; labio externo postice
trilobato, medio incrassato, sub-inflexo, inter sinum anticum et
canalem dentato; labio interno anticé emarginato.

The ground colour of this shell is a whitish grey, with three
irregular interrupted bands of light brown with dark coloured
zigzag lines ; the inner lining of the aperture is of a deep red, in-
clining to black.

56. S. penticinosus. (pl. viii. f. 79.) Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1208.

T. ovali, rugosa, crassa, seriatim tuberculata; spira brevi; an-
fractibus angulatis; tuberculis magnis, coronatis; apertura an-
gusta; canali bi-emarginato; labio externo posticé trilobato,
medio incrassato, inter sinum anticum et canalem dentato; labio
interno gibboso, posticé elevato, anticé truncato.

The colour of this shell is whitish grey with brown spots, the
aperture of a delicate pinkish white, obscurely banded. S. Pa-
pilio resembles this species, but is thinner, with a black striated
aperture, East Indies.

57. S. yatissimus. (pl. x. f. 112.) Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1211.

T. ovali, ventricosa, truncata, spiraliter obsoleté costata; spira
mediocri; anfractibus sub-angulatis, tuberculatis; ultimo sub-
complanato, lateraliter gibboso, margine validé expanso; apertura
lata; labio interno incrassato ; labio externo latissimo expanso,
posticé elevato, medio laté inflexo; sinu antico parvo.

The general colour is pale brown, with interrupted bands of
white, and longitudinal undulated streaks of dark reddish brown;
the aperture is white, much expanded, and remarkable for the
broad flattened inflection in the central part.

58. S. taciniatus. (pl. x. f. 105.) Chemn. S. cristatus, Lam.
vii. p. 202.

T. ovali, spiraliter striata; spira elongata; anfractibus angu-
latis, tuberculatis, ultimo propé aperturam gibboso, sub-compla-
nato, ad dorsum tuberculis magnis tribus, mediano~ maximo,
armato, margine expanso; aperturaé magn4; labio externo ex-
panso, posticé supra spiram decurrente, quadri-lobato, medio laté
inflexo, anticé inter sinum et canalem dentato; sinu magno.

The colour of this beautiful shell is light brown with interrupted
light bands at the back, and white with zigzag brown lines in
front; the inner part of the aperture is deep purplish brown. The
inflected and lobed margin of the outer lip, which is expanded and
carried upwards to the apex of the spire; the general form of the
body whorl; and the prominent dentated lobe between the anterior
sinus and the canal point out the close relation which this species
bears to the genus Pteroceras.

The author is unable to identify 5. persicus and S. Integer, Sw.

EXPLANATION OF

STROMBIS.

46.
47.
48.
49.
. — cylindricus, var, 16,
. — Heemastoma. 51.

. —mutabilis. var. 20.

1. S. deformis. var. Sp. 5.

2. — Columba, var. 6.
3, — , var.
4. — minimus. 1].

5, — > var.

6. — Columba, var. 6.

8. — deformis, 5,

53. — maculatus, 22.

9, —variabilis. 9. 54, — Luhuanus. 17.

10. — Sibbaldii, 12. 55. —coniformis. 18.

1], —————— 56. — plicatus. 24.

12. —epidromis, 10. 57. —cylindricus. var. 16.
13. — variabilis, var. 9. 58. —rugosus. 23.

14. — , var. 59. —cylindricus. 16.

15. —labiosus. 8. 60. —rugosus. 23.

NG eS , var. 61. —coniformis. 18.

17. — marginatus. 14. 62. —crispatus. 2.

18. — gibberulus, var. 26. 63. — —————

LO) es 64. — Fissurella. 1.
20. —succinctus, var. 13. 65, — , var.
21, — ———_—_ 66. — glabratus. 32.

22. — Campbelli. 3. 67. — ———_-
23, — 68. — Isabella. 37.
24, — gibberulus, var. 27. 69. —canarium. 36.
25. = , var. 70. ——————
26, — ————-, var. 27. 71. — Isabella, var. teeniatus.
27. — vittatus, var, 4. 71.

28, — ——_— 72. — pyrulatus, var. 34.
29. — 73. —gracilior. 35.
30. — , var. sulcatus 74. — pugilis. 33.
31, — , Var, turritus. 75. —pyrulatus. 34.
32, —lineatus. 15. 76. — lobatus. 43.
33. — Vi. —
34, —urceus, 21]. 73. — , var.
35. — , var. 79. —lentiginosus. 56.
36. — » Var. 80. —dubius, 19.
37. — , var, 81. — Bulbulus. 31.
38. —dilatatus. 7. 82. — ———_—-, var.
39, — ———_———— 83. — ————_-, var.
40. — mutabilis. 20. 84. —terebellatus, var. 30.
41. — urceus, var. 21]. 85. ——_—_——
42, — , var. 86. — dentatus. 29.
43. — elegans, 25. 87. — ————_, var.
44. — Papilio, 55. 88. — Lamarckii, var. 50.

45. —mutabilis, var. 20.

38

PLATES.

S. mutabilis, var.

— ———__,, var.

— elegans, var. 25,
— mutabilis, var. 20.

. —melanostoma, var. 5}.

90. S. Melanostoma

91. — fusiformis. 23.

Oe ——————

93. — Lamarckii, var. 50.

94. — melanostoma, var. 5].

95. — Pacificus. 52.
96. — Australis. 53.

98. ——- Lamarckii. 50.
99, — ————_- 50.

100 — granulatus, 39.
10]. — Auris-Diane. 49.
102, — ———_
103. — tricornis. 41.
104. — faseiatus. 38.

39

105. S. laciniatns, 58.
106. — fasciatus. 38.
107. — tricornis. 41,
108. — Gallus. 44.

109. — Thersites. 40.
110. — Peruvianus. 42.
111. — Gallus, var. 44.
112. — latissimus. 57.
113. — inermis. 46.
114. — galeatus, 54.
115. — accipitrinus. 45.
116, — ————_—

117. — gigas. 47.

118. —Goliath. 48.

41

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS
PTEROCERAS.

Char. Gen. Testa ovali, angulata, spiraliter costata; spira
conica, anfractibus angulatis apertura elongata, anticé que pos-
tice, in digitam canaliferam desinente; interne longitudinaliter
uniplicaté; labio externo etate dilatato, incrasato, digitis
arcuatis canaliferis diviso; operculo, corneo, ungulatim
acuminato.

The shells of this genus are generally of an oval shape,
angulated on the upper part of the whorls, and spirally ribbed.
The aperture is elongated, terminating at each extremity in
a lengthened caudiform canal. When full grown, the outer
lip is expanded, thickened and divided into from four to eight
hollow digitations. The anterior sinus is separated from the
canal by a prominent lobe; the inner lip is thickened, and,
when mature, unites with the upper part of the outer lip in
partly concealing the spire.

DESCRIPTIONS.

1. Pt. rRuNcaTwuM. (pl. xi. f. 13.) Lam. Anim. sans Vert.
Vil, p. 195.

T. magna, ovali, spiraliter costata, alba, lutescente, vel
pallidé roseé; spira nodulosa, apicé truncata, complanata ;
apertura levi; labio externo digitis quinque brevibus, sub-rectis.

This species, which is the largest of the genus, differs from
P. Lambis in the apex of the spire, the top of which is trun-
cated and flattened. The shell is about a foot in length, and
in the oldest specimens we have seen, the digitations are much
shorter than those of P. Lambis. Polynesia and Australia.

2. Pt. Lamais. (pl. xi. f. 5, 6, 7.) Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1208.

T. subtrigona, spiraliter costata, angulata; anfractu ultimo
tuberculorum seriebus tribus; tuberculo magno dorsali ad
angulum; apertura levi, canalibus sub-elongatis; labio
externo expanso ; digitis quinque sub-recurvis.

This species seldom reaches above half the length of P.
truncatus, and the apex of the spire is acute. The colour
varies in the aperture from white to dark clouded orange, and

E

42

on the back from pinkish white, mottled with brown, to
greyish white, mottled with black. India. Ceylon.

3. Pt. AURANTIA. (pl. xi. f. 11.) Lam. Anim. sans Vert.
vil. p. 198.

T. sub-quadrataé, spiraliter striata, seriebus tribus
tuberculorum cincta, alba, rufo-maculata; apertura elongata,
aurantiaca, levi, canalibus duobus et digitis quinque tenuis,
arcuatis, elongatis; labio interno angusto, anticé gibboso.

The digitations of this smooth orange-mouthed species are
elongated, slender, and curved upwards. East Indies.

4, Pt. Curracra. (pl. xi. f. 12.) Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1207.

T. ponderosa, magna, spiraliter costaté, ad angulum
tuberculata, rufa, pallidé fulva, fusco-maculataé; apertura
excavata, interné plicaté, rosea, nigrostriata; canalibus
terminalibus (postico precipué) recurvis, digitis marginalibus
quatuor arcuatis, una inter. canalem et sinum; labio interno
gibboso, nigrescente, interné striato.

In this well known species the posterior canal is strongly
recurved and bent downwards over the spire as far as the
angle. ‘The digitations are large and strongly curved; one of
them being placed on the lobe between the sinus and the
canal; the aperture is deep. Kast Indies.

5. Pt. ruGosum. (pl. xi. f. 9. 10.) nobis.

T. crassa, sub-ovali, spiraliter striata, costis quatuor
nodulosis cincta, digitis crassis, arcuatis, terminalibus,
recurvis, una inter sinum anticum et canalem; apertura; lata,
validé excavata, intus uniplicata, sulcis nigris striata; labio
interno sulcis nigris striato.

After careful examination, we have arrived at the conclusion
that this shell, although generally regarded as a mere variety
of Pt. Chiragra, is perfectly distinct. The principal difference
consists in the comparative smoothness and flatness of the
inner lip and the strong downward curve of the posterior canal,
which reaches the angle of the body whorl in Pt. Chiragra. Pt.
rugosum is thick, sub-oval, spirally striated, with four tubercu-
lated ribs on the body whorl, below the angle. The digitations
are thick and curved, the posterior terminal one, although
somewhat recurved is not bent downwards over the spire, as
in Pt. Chiragra. The aperture is wide, and very deep, with
the interior strongly plicated, and transversely sulcated with
black interstices ; the inner lip is sulcated in the same manner.
The general colour of the shell is light brown mottled with
darker touches and blackish stripes on the terminations of the
digitations. The aperture is more or less strongly tinctured
with rose colour; the black striped grooves covering a larger

43

portion of the interior in one variety than in the other.
South Seas.
6. Pt. Scorpio. (pl. xi. f. 1.) Linn. Gmel. p. 3508. No. 4.

T. sub-quadrata, spiraliter sulcata, tuberculorum seriebus
tribus cinctaé, tuberculorum dorsalium tribus ad angulum
maximis, tuberculis intermediis parvis, digitis septem,
terminalibus, elongatis, tuberculatis ; postica ad basin in alam
complanatam dilatata; aperturaelongata, ad marginem carneola,
intus purpurea, costis albis nigro interlineatis, transversis ;
labio interno costis albis nigro interlineatis.

This species is distinguished from the rest by the knobs in
the digitations, for which reason it is generally called the
“ Gouty Scorpion.” Moluccas, East Indies.

7. Pt. Pseuposcorpio. (pl. xi. f. 2.) Lam.

T. crassa, sub-quadrata, spiraliter costata, tuberculorum
seriebus tribus cincta, ad angulum tuberculis magnis, digitis
septem, crassis, vix nodulosis; postica ad basin crassa;
apertura sulcis interlineatis, irregularibus, elongatis, ad labium
internum distantibus, ornata.

Differing from Pt. scorpio in the thickness and comparative
smoothness of the digitations, in the absence of the flattened

‘lobe at the base of the posterior canal, and in the comparative
coarseness of the sulci on the inner lip. The colour is of a
whitish brown mottled with darker brown, which is darkest at
the extremities; the aperture in one variety is light brown,
and in the other of a dark reddish brown, with narrow white
ribs interlined with black.

8. Pt. MILLIPEDA. (pl. xi. f. 3.) Linn.

T. ovali, sub-levigaté, spiraliter levitér striata, dorso ad
angulum tuberculis magnis; infra-angulum seriebus duabus
tuberculorum; digitis decem, parvis; tribus posticis uneta
antica, longiusculis; medianis brevissimis, arcuatis: apertura
sub-levigata, intus albo sulcata, fulvo-interlineata, margine
dilatata, tenui.

The general colour is whitish brown mottled with darker
brown, with a narrow blackish line at the suture of the whorls;
the aperture is of a smoky brown, which is darker between the
white ridges. Philippines, Indian Ocean.

9. P. MULTIPES. (pl. xi. f. 8.) Chemn. (Strombus) 10. pl.
159. f. 1494, 1495. Purpurascens Swainson.

T. Sub-ovali, alba, fusco-maculata, spiraliter striata, dorso
ad angulum tuberculis maximis; infra-angulum costis tribus
noduliferis, margine costato; apertura sulcis elevatis striata,
fauce purpurea ; labio externo dilatato, margine fulvo-fasciato,
digitis (extra canalem posticam) decem, sub-complanatis,

44

parvis, anticd bilobata; labio interno angusto, vix sulcato,
anticé gibboso, rosea tincto.

A most beautiful shell, rarely seen in perfection. It
is white, beautifully and regularly marked with brown; the
outer lip is much dilated, strongly grooved, and banded on the
margin between the digitations with pinkish buff; the inside
is marked by a tinge of rich purple. There are ten small
flattish digitations besides the caudal canal.

10. P. Evoneatuom. (pl. xi. f. 4.) Swains. Sow. Tank.
Cat. P. Croceum, Reeve. Conch. Syst. pl. 248. f. 2.

[G. B. S. Jun. regrets the necessity of changing his opinion,
with respect to the relative merits of the two names given
above. The author of the Tankerville Catalogue has expressed
his assurance that the name elongatum was published by
Swainson previously to being quoted in that work. The
name is also in common use. |

T. sub-elongata, spiraliter sulcata, tuberculis magnis ad
angulum, costis noduliferis, infra-angulum; spira elongata,
acuminata; apertura sub-angustaté; labio externo crasso,
margine lato, complanato, intus sulcis albis purpureo
interlineatis, striato; labio interno crasso, sulcato, margine
distincto, digitis extra canalem anticam Octo, quarum una
postica, elongata, bilobata, ttm una sub-recta, .sub-elongata,
deinde sex brevibus obtusis.

This species is remarkable for the elongated spire, and the
flattened margin of the outer lip, with the short obtuse
digitations. The colour is the same as in other species, with
purplish black lines between the white grooves of the aperture,
and a strong tinge of yellow inside.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

1. Pteroceras Scorpio Sp. 6.

2, ————— Pseudoscorpio. 7.
3. ————— Millepeda. 8.
4, ————— elongatum. 10.
5, ————— Lambis. 2.

6. ———___———"—_ Var.

7- —_—— var.

8. Multipes. 9.

9, ————— rugosum, var. 5.

11, ———— Aurantia. 3.
12, ————— Chiragra. 4.

13, ————— truncatum. Sp. 1.

45

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS
PECTEN.,

Char. Gen. Molluscum acephalopodum monomyarium. Testa
interdum libera, inequivalvi, subzequilaterali, biauriculata,
plerumque radiatim costata, atque regulari; cardine recta,
foveola trigona centrali cartiliginem recipiente; ligamentum
lineare ; umbonibus contiguis.

Obs. The bivalve shells included in this genus are free,
regular, inequivalve, subequilateral, with a pair of triangular
flattened auricles forming the hinge margin in each valve;
and ribs radiating from the point of the umbones. The hinge
is straight and toothless, with a linear ligament near the edge,
and a triangular pit in the centre, containing the elastic sub-
stance called the cartilage. In nearly all the species, there
is a sinus in the anterior auricle of the lower, or right valve,
apparently to admit the passage of a byssus.

In nearly all cases the colouring is much paler in the right
valve (therefore considered the lower) than in the left, and in
many instances the rich tints and markings which adorn the
latter, are entirely wanting in the former.

DESCRIPTIONS.

Sp. 1. P. maximus. (pl. xv. f. 98 to 100.) Linn. Syst.
Nat. p, 1144.

T. subrotundata, lateralitér expansa, subdepressa ; umboni-
bus leevibus, marginibus striatis; valva sinistra prope umbonem
concava, propé mediam paululum elevata; auriculis magnis,
rectangulatis, striatis, cardiné obliqué plicato ; costis 12 ad 14
subdepressis, rotundatis, sulcatis, latis; interstitiis sulcatis ;
colore albo-lutescente, vel fusco-lutescente, fusco vel rubro
precipué ad umbones, angulariter maculato. Long. 6. 50.; lat.
1, GO.;7 alt. 655, poll.

A large, rounded, inequivalve species, rather spread at the
sides, and having 12 or 14 rounded, sulcated, rather flattish
ribs in each valve. It is smooth near the umbones, and in the

46

upper valve has an elevation between the umbo, which is
concave, and the centre. This is thecommon Britishand Medi-
terranean Scallop Shell. Mr. Cuming has a specimen from
Brazil.

2. P. stmiuis. (pl. xvi. f. 116. 117.) nobis.

T. P. maximo simillima, sed costis in valva sinistra magis
elevatis, magis sulcatis, in valva dextra leviuscula; valva
sinistra externé concava. Long. 3. 70.; lat. 0. 60.; alt. 3.
40.; poll.

Differing from P. maximus in having the ribs in the upper
valve more elevated and more deeply sulcated; the upper
valve has not the same elevation near the centre. We have
only seen one specimen, which belongs to the Rev. F. J.
Stainforth. Great Britain?

3. P. Jacospavs. (pl. xv. f. 107. 108. and pl. xvii. f. 153.)
Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1144.

T. subrotunda, lateraliter expansa, subdepressa; valva
sinistra, prope umbonem concava, lateribus elevatis ; auriculis
latis, rectangulatis, concavis, prope marginem sulcatis; costis
14 ad 16, in valva sinistra valde elevatis, rotundatis, concentricé
striatis ; invalvadextra valdé elevatis, quadratis, valdé radiatim
sulcatis, sulcis moniliformibus, interstitiis concentricé striatis ;
colore albo-lutescente, vel fusco-lutescente, fusco vel rubro
angulariter maculato. Long. 6. 50.; lat. 1. 75.; alt. 6.; poll.

This British shell differs from P. maximus in the character
of the ribs, which in the upper valve are much raised
and concentrically striated, and in the lower valve are square,
elevated, deeply grooved, and deeply undercut.

Great Britain? and Mediterranean.

4, P. LAQUEATUS. (pl. xv. f. 101.) nobis.

T. rotundaté; valva dextré costis 7, latis, sublevibus,
subquadratis, complanatis, obsoleté radiatim sulcatis, utrinque
ad latera tribus minoribus ; interstitiis angustatis, planis; valva
sinistra ignota; colore albo, ad umbonem purpureo tincto.
Long. 4. 20., lat. 1. 20.; alt. 3. 50.; poll.

We have only the deep valve of this species. The principal
ribs are seven in number, broad, flattened, with subangular
edges; there are also three or four smaller ribs on each side;
the interstices are narrow. Brought by Capt. Dixon frera
N. W. America.

5. P. Mepivs. (pl. xv. f. 102, 103, 104. pl. xviii. f. 177,
178.) Lam. Anim. s. Vert. vi. p. 163. P. Jati-costatus, British
Museum.

T. sub-rotundata, sub-depressa, levi; valva sinistré plana,

47

prope umbonem sub-concava, lateribus paululim elevatis ;
auriculis zqualibus, latis, concavis, prope marginem sulcatis ;
costis in valva sinistra 14, angustatis, ad latera angulatis,
planis, in valva dextra 16, latis, divisis, depressis, sub-rotun-
datis ; interstitiis in valva sinistra latis, planis, in medio sub-
costatis, in valva dextra angustatis; colore albo-lutescente vel
fusco, rubro-maculato vel rubro, albo-maculato vel purpureo
fasciato. Long. 3. 30. lat. 0. 80.; alt. 2. 80.; poll.

The ribs in the upper valve are narrow, and angulated at
the side, those of the lower are broad, and generally divided
in the centre, the breadth of the ribs in the lower valve corres-
ponding with the broad interstices in the upper.

West Indies.
6. P.suLcicostratus. (pl. xii f. 35, 36.) nod.

T. rotundata, radiatim sulcaté, sub-ventricosé; auriculis
latis, excavatis, striatis; costis 12, in valva sinistra elevatis,
sub-quadratis, sulcatis; in valva dextré rotundatis, striatis,
interstitiis in valva sinistra mediocris, sulcatis, in valva dextra
sub-nullis; colore valve sinistre pallidé fulvo, rubro-fulgurato,
valve dextre purpureo. Long. 1. 65.; lat.0. 50.; alt. 1. 50;
poll.

Rounded, radiately sulcated, rather ventricose; the auricles
wide, concave, striated; the ribs 12 in number, in the left
valve elevated, rather square, sulcated, in the right valve
rounded and striated, with scareely any interstices. The
interstices in the left valve are as wide as the ribs, and
sulcated. The colour of the left valve is pale fawn, with
angulated streaks of red, in the right valve itis purple. From
Mr. Norris’s Collection.

7. P. suB-virinpis. (pl. xviii. f. 165, 166.) nodis.

T. sub-rotunda, sub-ventricos4; valva sinistra propé um-
bonem concava, lateribus elevatis; auriculis latis, rectangulatis,
concavis, prope marginem sulcatis; costis centralibus 13, in
valva sinistra elevatis, rotundatis, levibus; lateralibus minori-
bus: in valvé dextra, obsoleté sulcatis, rotundatis, interstitiis
concentricé striatis, colore valve superioris fusco-viridescente,
valve inferioris albo, ad umbonem luteo, in medio sub-fusco.
Long. 2. 20.; lat. 0. 60.; alt. 2; poll.

Resembling P. Jacobceus in form, but less spread at the
sides,with the deep valve more ventricose, and the ribs in both
valves rounded and nearly smooth; the upper valve is of a
greenish brown colour,

8. P. Fuscus. (pl. xvi. f. 118, 119.) Klein.
T. rotundata, ventricosa, levi; valva sinistra ad umbonem

48

concava, ad latera paulultim elevata; valva dextra ad umbonem
valdé convexa, ad marginem valvam alteram superante;
auriculis latis, rectangulatis, striatis, concavis; costis 14,
in valva sinistraé sub-quadratis, angustis, in valva dextra
latioribus, rotundatis, interstitiis planis; colore fusco-nigres-
cente vel rubescente, inttis fulvo-nebuloso. Long. 3. 50.; lat.
125 alt, 3. 20.; poll.

Rounded, ventricose, smooth, with the left valve concave at
the apex, rather elevated at the sides, the right valve very
convex at the apex, overlapping the other valve at the
margin ; the auricles are wide, rectangular, striated, concave ;
the ribs are 14 in number, in the upper valve they are narrow
and nearly square, in the lower they are wider and rounded,
with smooth interstices. The colour is blackish or reddish
brown ; the inside clouded with ligh t brown.

9. P. Srvensis. (pl. xvi. f. 120, 121, 134.) nobis.

T. rotundaté, ventricosa, concentricé striata; auriculis
concavis, striatis, valva sinistra valdé concava, costis centra-
libus duodecim, quadratis, complanatis, sulcatis, angustatis ;
lateralibus parvis; interstitiis latis, concentricé striatis; valva
dextra ventricosa ; costis latis 14, rotundatis, obsoleté radiatim
sulcatis, interstitlis angustis, margine alteram valyam
superante; colore fulvo-rufescente, fusco-maculato, et
angulatim lineato. Long 3. 10.; lat. 0. 70.3; alt. 2. 70.;
poll.

Differing from P. fuscus in having the upper valve deeply
concave, the ribs flatter, the interstices concentrically striated.
The prevailing colour is light reddish brown, mottled with
darker brown ; near the umbones outside the greater part of the

inside and two or three ribs white. China.
10. P. Zicezac. (pl. xvi. f. 129 to 133.) Linn. Syst. Nat.
p- 1144.

T. rotundata, ventricosa, levi; auriculis magnis, rectangu-
latis, distanter sulcatis; valva sinistra complanata, lateribus
planis; costis 31, depressis, alternatis, interstitiis angustis,
minutissimé striatis ; valva dextra costis viginti quatuor, latis,
propé umbonem obsoletis, interstitiis nullis ; colore variegato.
Long. 3. 60; lat. 0. 90.; alt. 3. 30.; poll.

Rounded, ventricose, smooth ; the auricles having one or two
broad slightly raised ribs on the upper part ; the upper valve
flat, with a broad area on each side destitute of ribs, the ribs
31 in number, the intermediate ones filling up the inter-
stices so that only narrow serrated grooves remain; the
lower valve radiated with 23 grooves, which are nearly obsolete
near the umbones. The variations in colour are numerous,

i
i

49

that of the under valve being generally of a reddish brown,
softened into purple or white towards the umbones and
auricles; in the upper valve being variegated with white
spots, interrupted rays of brown and zigzag lines; in one
variety the upper valve is nearly black, and the under valve
white, with fulvous lines in the grooves. Mr. Cuming has
specimens from the Red Sea and ‘the Philippine Islands.

11. P. pentatus. (pl. xv. f. 105, 106.) Sow. Zool. Proc.
1835. p. 109.

“T. valdé inequivalvi, equilaterali; auriculis aqualibus,
valvaé (sinistra) planulata, sulcato-radiata et striata, altera
valdé convexa, levigata, radiatim sulcata, margine ventrali
profunde dentato: long. 3. 75.3; lat. 1. 5.5 alt. 3. 5. poll.”

The edges of the ribs are deeply cut in the form of teeth,
and the edge of the upper valve falls deeply within. St. Elena.

P. EryTHreensis. (pl. xviii. f. 163, 164.) ——?

T. rotundata, ventricosa, levi; auriculis concavis, magnis ;
valva sinistra concava, costis concavis, medianis, distantibus
novem; ad latera utrinque tribus minoribus; valva dextra
costis duodecim, rotundatis, latis, ad marginem valvam alteram
superante; colore albo-lutescente, rubro-variegato, umbonibus
purpureo-tinctis, interné fusco-purpurascente. Long. 2. 10;
lat. 0. 60.; alt. 2.; poll.

The general character of this species is similar to that of
P. fuscus, but the shell is narrower, and the ribs fewer in
number and flatter, those in the upper valve being crossed
with lines and spots of red. Found in coral sand in the Red
Sea.

13. P. pyxipatus. (pl. xi. f. 24, 25.) Born. Mus. Ces.
Vind. t. 6. f. 5, 6. Ostrea sulcata, Gmel.

T. inequivalvi, rotundata; auriculis sub-aqualibus, magnis,
costatis ; valva sinistra complanata, prope umbones excavata,
costis viginti-duobus, angustis; distantibus et minoribus,
numerosis, lateralibus, interstitiis latis, complanatis, valva
dextra ventricosissima; margine alteram superante, costis
levibus, latis, interstitiis nullis. Long. 2. 40; lat. 0. 60.; alt.
2. 20.; poll.

Inequivalve, orbicular; the auricles large and nearly equal,
with several fine coste; the upper valve flat, inversely
hollowed near the umbones, the ribs, twenty-two in number,
are narrow and distant, with some smaller ones at the sides,
which are rather elevated, the interstices are wide and flat;
the dextral valve is very ventricose, the margin over-reaching
the other, the ribs are smooth and wide, with no interstices.

F

50
China, Australia, St. Nicholas, Zebu. Sandy mud, 10 fathoms,
Mr. Cuming.
14. P. asper. (pl. xix. f. 196, 197.) nodis.

T. sub-rotundata, sub-compressa; auriculis latis, obsoleté
striatis, valve dextre ad marginem serratis; valva sinistra
sub-complanata, versus umbones paulultm elevata; costis
octodecim, angulatis, prope marginem bi-angulatis, angulis
serratis, interstitiis angustis, planis, concentricé striatis:
valva dextra ventricosé, costis octodecim, rotundatis, ad
umbonem angulatis, concentricé striatis ; interstitiis angustis,
planis: colore valve superioris pallidé rubro, lineis concen-
tricis minutis strigato, interstitiis rubris, valve inferioris albo,
lineis paucis, rubris, concentricis; costis rubro interlineatis,
umbone rubrotincto. Long. 1. 40.; lat. 0. 30.; alt. 1. 20.;
poll.

More flattened than any of the preceding species; the
auricles are nearly equal, flat and broad, those of the lower
valve serrated at the margin; the upper valve is nearly flat,
and very slightly elevated near the umbones; the ribs,
eighteen in number, are angulated near the umbones, and the
tops flattened so as to form a double angle near the margin;
the angles are finely serrated; the lower valve rather ventri-
cose, with the ribs more rounded near the margin than in the
other; the interstices in both valves are narrow and flat; a
general tint of dull red is made in the upper valve by minute
concentric touches on the ribs, and bands in the interstices ;
these being less numerous and more distant in the lower valve,
leave it nearly white. New Guinea. (Mr. Hinds.)

15. P. INZ@UIVALVIS. (pl. xix. £. 193 fo 195.) ?
Portland Catalogue.

T. sub- rotundata, sub-compressa, obliqua, posticé expansa,
concentricé striata; auriculis sub-zqualibus, parvis; anticis
minoribus; valvaé sinistré sub-complanata, versus umbones
paululum elevata, costis octodecim, sub-angulatis, elevatis ;
interstitiis angustis, planis; valva dextra ventricosa, costis
octodecim, elevatis, rotundatis, prope marginem sub-quadratis;
interstitiis, angustis, planis; colore valve superioris griseo,
brunneo-nigrescente aboque maculato; valve inferioris albo-
rufescente ; costis fusco-maculatis; lateribus griseo-maculatis.
Variat valva inferiori rubro-maculaté. Long. 1. 30.; lat. 0.
a0; alt. 1. 20:; poll.

This species, as well as the last, presents a medium between
those with the deep lower valve, and those which have both
valves deep, the upper valve of this being rather ventricose in

oul

in the centre. It is a thicker shell than the last, with the
auricles much smaller, and on the whole more ventricose.
Some young specimens were brought from the OU:
Islands by Mr. Cuming.

16. P. aspeRsus. (pl. xix. f. 198, 199.) Sow. Zen! Proc.
1835. p. 110.

“T. sub-orbiculari, depressiuscula, sub-eequivalvi, «quilate-
rali, auriculis ineequalibus, dextra majuscula, valvarum altera
radiatim costata, pallescente seu alba, costis quatuordecim
majoribus, rotundatis, levibus, altera radiatim costata, costis
quindecim acutioribus, fuscis, punctulis ceerulescentibus asper-
sis, interstitiis tenuissimé transversim striatis, pallescentibus :
lone, 124.3 tat 0.5.3 alt. 13.5, 7pell.”

This must be distinguished “from P. aspersus, Lam. that
author having applied that name to the species which had been
previously named “ danicus” by Chemnitz. It is rather ine-
quivalve; the rays in the upper valve are more acute than
those in the lower. Tumbez, Peru.

17. P. Nucuevs. (pl. xiv. f. 85.) Born. Mus. Ces. t. 7.
f. 2. Ostrea turgida, dubia? guttata? conspersa? Gmel.

T. rotundata, ventricosa, sub-equivalvi, crassa, costis octo-
decim ad viginti, elevatis, sub-quadratis, concentricé striatis ;
interstitiis mediocribus; auriculis parvis, sub-aqualibus, sul-
catis, rectangulatis; colore griseo nebuloso, fusco-maculato.
Variat albo-rufescente, rubro-maculato. Long. 1. 50.; lat.
0. 90.; alt. 1. 45.; poll.

Rounded, yentricose, nearly equivalve, thick; having
from 18 to 20 ribs, which are elevated, nearly square and con-
centrically striated; colour grey, clouded with greyish brown;
or nearly white, clouded with reddish brown.

18. P. circuLARIs. (pl. xu. f. 23.) Sow. Zool. Proc.
1835. p. 110.

“T, sub-orbiculari, tumida, sub-equivalvi, equilaterali, fusco
alboque variegaté; auriculis magnis, sub-equalibus; costis
radiantibus octodecim ; interstitiis latioribus, arcuatim striatis ;
valva altera sulcis profundioribus: long. 1. 5.; lat. 0. 8.3 alt.
Ieee polls

This species is not so rounded as P. Nucleus, and the auri-
cles are larger and less obtuse. “ Found in sandy mud at a
depth of 7 fathoms.” California and St. Vincent’s.

19. P. venTRIcosuS. (pl. xi. f. 18, 19, 26.) nob. P. tumi-
dus, Sow. Zool. Proc. 1835. p. 109.

“T. sub-inequivalvi, equilaterali; auriculis magnis, sub-

zequalibus; valva altera turgida, fusco-rufescente albidoque

52

variegata, radiatim octodecim costata, costis superné planulatis,
interstitiis transversim striatis, altera turgidiore, albicante,
radiatim sulcaté; costis interstitialibus latioribus, planulatis,
lateralibus fusco-variis ; marginibus ventralibus acuté dentatis :
long. 1.75.3 late1.; alt. 1 75.s° polls

“Found in sandy mud at from 6 to 10 fathoms.” The
above name is given on account of the name “tumidus”
having been previously applied to a small lenticular species.
It differs from P. Nucleus in having one valve much more ven-
tricose near the apex than the other, in the more trigonal
shape, and in the greater flatness of the ribs: it is also gene-
rally a much larger shell. St. Elena; and young specimens
brought from Calapan, Philippines, by Mr. Cuming.

20. P. IRRADIANS. (pl. xvi. f. 139, 140.) Lam. Anim. s.
Vert. vi. p. 173. P. turgidus, Sow. Genera of Shells. P.
concentricus, Say.

T. rotundata, ventricosé, sub-tenui, concentricé minute
striata ; auriculis sub-zqualibus, striatis, anticis minoribus, ad
basin emarginatis; costis octodecim, rotundatis; interstitiis
latis: Long, 3: 80.5 lat: 1.35.5; alt. 3.50.5 poll:

Rounded, ventricose, rather thin, concentrically and
minutely striated; the auricles are nearly equal, the anterior
rather the smaller; and in both valves emarginated at the
base ; the ribs, 18 in number, are rounded, with wide interstices.
The colour is pale reddish yellow, nearly covered by broad
bands and large patches of greyish and reddish brown, a
larger portion being left nearly white in the lower valve.

Mediterranean and Newhaven.

21. P. PURPURATUS. (pl. xv. f. 113 and pl. xvi. f. 123—125.)
Lam. Anim. s. Vert. vi. p. 166.

T. rotundata, ad latera expansa, ventricosa, crassa ; auriculis
sub-equalibus, radiatim costatis, ad basin emarginatis; costis
viginti-duobus, latis, complanatis; lateribus valdé serratis,
interstitlis angustis, in medio serratis, ad marginem dentatis ;
colore purpureo, albo nigroque maculato; variat aurantiaco
et etiam albo occurrit. Long. 4. 80.; lat. 1. 70.3 alt. 4. 15.;

oll.

More spread at the sides than the last, and thicker, with
the ribs, 22 in number, broad, flattened on the top, with
serrated edges; the interstices are narrow, having a small
serrated rib in their centre. The ground colour is pale purple;
the ribs are ornamented with strongly marked festoons of
white, purple and blackish brown. Bay of Callao, Peru.

22, P. cipsus. (pl. xii. f.1, 2,17, and pl. xiv. f. 76.) Linn.

53

Syst. Nat. p. 1147. Including P. Sowerbii, Guilding. Ostrea
principalis, flavellum, radiata? plana? crocea? florida? Gmel.

T. rotundata, venticosa, concentricé et radiatum striata ;
ariculis sub-equalibus, striatis, obtusis; costis octodecim,
sub-scabris; valva dextraé quam altera paululum magis
ventricosé; colore vario. Long. 1. 75.3; lat.0.75.; alt 1.65.;
poll.

Rounded, ventricose, concentrically and radiatedly striated ;
the auricles are nearly equal, striated and obtuse; the ribs are
18, rather rough; the lower valve rather more ventricose than
the upper. The numerous variations in colouring seem to
have given rise to many of the specific names quoted above ;
some are dull brown, others bright red, others delicately
pink, mottled with brown, others of a light blue tint, variegated
with patches of dark brown and touches of white and yellow.
The variety (f. 17.) named P. Sowerbii, is from St. Vincents.

Coasts of the Pacific.
23. P. opercunaris. (pl. xvii. f. 141 to 146.) Linn.
Syst. Nat. p 1147. Including lineolatus, Lam. &c.

T. rotundata, sub-ventricosdé, concentricé et radiatim
striata; auriculis sub-equalibus, striatis, obtusis, valve
inferioris antica majuscula, basin emarginaté; valva sinistra
scabra quam alterd majis ventricosa, costis octodecim ad
viginti, sub-angulatis, interstitiis latis; valva dextra costis
minus angulatis, interstitiis angustioribus; colore vario.
Long. 2. 50.; lat. 0. 95.; alt 2. 30.; poll.

This well known British species differs from P. gibbus, in
being less ventricose and more dilated at the sides; the ribs
are somewhat less elevated, and the upper valve is much more
ventricose than the lower. The varieties are numerous, the
commonest is light reddish brown, banded and variegated
with purplish brown, much lighter on the lower valve; there
is also a bright orange variety and a white one. The variety
named P. lineolatus is white, with a red line on the top of
each rib. Great Britain and Mediterranean.

24. P. suB-RUFUS. (pl. xix. f. 208 to 210.) Pennant. Brit.
Zool. iv. p. 100. t. 60,63. P. Audouini, Payr. Ostrea palliata ?
Gmel.

T. sub-rotundata, sub-compressa, posticé sub-attenuata ;
scabra; auriculis sub-equalibus, striatis, obtusis, valve
inferioris anticaé majuscula, basin emarginata; costis viginti,
angulatis, angulis serratis, lateribus concentricé striatis ; inter-
stitlis scabroso-striatis; colore vario. Long. 2. 50.; lat. 0.
90.; alt. 2. 40.; poll.

54

Rounded, more oblique and rather flatter than the two
preceding, the posterior ventral margin rather enlarged; the
auricles nearly equal, with serrated striz; ribs angular, finely
tuberculated. This species differs from the last in shape,
in the greater angularity of the ribs, and their rugosity. The
varieties are reddish brown, with zigzag white marks; purple,
variegated; and pale orange, variegated with brown and
white. Great Britain and Mediterranean.

25. P. EXASPERATUS. (pl. xvii. f. 183 to 186.) nodis.

T. rotundato-sub-quadrata, sub-ventricosa, scabra; auriculis
magnis, scabroso-striatis; costis octodecim, sub-angulatis,
angulis serratis, lateribus serratim striatis, interstitiis scabroso-
striatis; colore vario. Long. 0. 95.; lat. 0. 55.; alt. 1.; poll.

In the character of the ribs this species resembles the last,
they are, however, rather thicker, the shell is more ventricose,
less oblique, and has broader auricles. The variations in
colour are similar to those of the last species. Mediterranean.

26. P. Birrons. (pl. 12. f.9.10.) Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
vi. p. 164.

T. rotundata, anticé minis expansa, scabra; auriculis latis,
quadratis, striatis, posticis paululim minoribus ; costis novem
paululim elevatis, rotundatis, duplicatis vel triplicatis ; inter-
stitiis latis, radiatim irregulariter costatis ; colore valve sinis-
tree pallidé purpureo, costis fuscis nigricantibus, prope um-
bones maculatis, valvee dextre albo, costis rubris, intus pur-
pureo; variat purpureo. Long. 2. 30.; lat. 0. 75.; alt. 2. 20.;
poll.

A nearly equivalve, nearly equilateral shell with nine
slightly raised distant ribs, and smaller ribs at the sides and
in the interstices; the margin is shaded with light purple, and
the ribs are of a deep blackish red colour, excepting near the
umbones, where they are spotted. It also occurs with a
stronger shade of purple, and the ribs are not so distinctly
lineated.

27. P. Paraconicus. (pl. xiii. f. 60.) King. Zool. Journ.

T. rotundata, sub-ventricosa, sub-levi ; auriculis striatis,
obtusis, anticis majoribus; costis 34, sub-quadratis, elevatis,
levibus; colore pallidé fulvo, costis fulvis rubescentibus.
Long. 2. 40.; lat. 0. 80.; alt. 2. 40.; poll.

Rounded, rather ventricose, nearly smooth; the auricles
striated, obtuse, the anterior the larger; the ribs, 34 in
number, are nearly square, elevated and smooth ; the colour is
pale fawn, the ribs reddish brown.

Patagonia and the Straits of Magalhaens.

55
98. P. souaris. (pl. xii. f. 7, 8, 22.) Born. Mus. Ces. t.
6. f. 4.

T. rotundata, sub-equivalvi, sub-equilaterali, complanata ;
auriculis parvis, sub-equalibus, leevibus; costis octodecim,
levibus, rotundatis, equalibus, interstitiis latis, transverse
sub-striatis; valve dextre costis latioribus, plus minusve
striatis, interstitiis sub-nullis; colore pallidé rubro, lineis
spadiceis et maculis albis rubrisque fasciatim maculato,
variat albo, rubro fasciatim irregulariter maculato. Long. 2.
15es lat. 0:00)+ alt. 275.5) poll:

Orbicular, nearly equivalve, equilateral, rather flat, auricles
small, nearly equal, smooth, ribs 18, smooth, rounded ; in one
valve the ribs are broader than the interstices; in the other,
the reverse, the interstices, which are very narrow in the lower
valve, are slightly striated. The colour is pale red, variegated
with irregular bands and transverse lines of red and white.

Macassar and China.
29. P. OBLITERATUsS. (pl. xvi. f. 126.) Linn. Syst. Nat.
p. 1146.

T. sub-ovali, levi, compressa, interné striata, ad marginem
dentata, utrinque hiante; auriculis equalibus, obtusis ; colore
fulvo, marginibus purpurascentibus, fasciis rubris radiatim et
concentricé picto. Long. 1. 80.; lat. 0. 40.; alt. 1.90.3 poll.

The internal ribs, more numerous in this species than
in the following, are visible externally through the semi-
transparent substance of the shell. The lower valve is not
white, though considerably lighter than the other. China.

30. P. PLEURONECTES. (pl. xvi. f. 127, 128, 135, 136.)
Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1145.

T. rotundata, sub-ovali, levi, compressa, utrinque hiante ;
auriculis zqualibus, obtusis; interné costis duodecim, dupli-
catis, vel viginti quatuor singulis; interstitiis sub-striatis ;
colore valve sinistre purpureo vel fulvo, vel fusco rubescente,
fasciis medianis, radiatis, bi-lineatis ; valve dextre albo. Long.
3. 5.3 lat. ©. 60.; alt.; 3. 15.5; poll.

Rounded, rather oval, smooth, flat, gaping on both sides;
the auricles equal, blunt, with 12 pairs of lightly raised linear
ribs within. The ground colour of the upper valve is pale
greyish fawn, or dark mahogany brown, or purplish pink,
lighter near the umbo, and radiated with bands of darker
colour, corresponding to the pairs of ribs within, each band
defined by a sharp line on either side. China.
a 31. P. Japonicus. (pl. xv. f. 109, 110.) Gmel. p. 3317.

Opts).

56

T. rotundata, levi, sub-compressa, utrinque valdé hiante ;
auriculis «qualibus, obtusis, parvis; interné costis 22, dupli-
catis, vel 44 singulis; colore valve sinistre rubro, griseo,
radiatim fasciato, fusco-rubescente concentricé fasciato, prope
umbonem lineato; valve dextre albo. Long. 5.; lat. 1. 20.;
alt. 5. 20.5 poll.

Differing from P. Pleuronectes in having twice the number
of internal ribs, in being rather rounder, and more gaping.
The colour of the upper valve is dull red, with concentric
lines and bands of a darker tint, with faint light rays.

China and Japan.
32. P. Laurent. (pl. xvi. f. 137, 138.) Gmel. p. 3317.
No. 7. :

T. sub-rotundata, ad latera sub-angulata, levi; auriculis latis,
rectangulatis, marginibus undulatis; valva sinistra sub-com-
planata, lateribus elevatis, costis internis 47; valva dextra
ventricosa, ad latera subcompressa, costis internis 41: colore
valvee superiorioris rubro-fuscescente, pallidé fulvo-radiato,
albo-maculato ; valve inferioris pallidé fulvo, fusco-radiato,
umbone albo. Long. 3. 40.3 lat. 0. 75.3 alt. 3. 25.; poll.

Rather rounded, with a rounded angle at each side, smooth;
with wide straight auricles, slightly undulated at the margins ;
the upper valve rather flattened in the centre, and.elevated at
the sides, the lower valve correspondingly ventricose in
the centre; there are about 47 internal ribs; the colour of the
upper valve is of a reddish brown, faintly radiated with darker
brown, speckled with white; the lower valve has a shade of
pale fawn, from the centre to the margins, radiated with pale
brown. China.

33. P. MAGELLANICUS. (pl. xvi. f. 122.) Gmel. p. 3317.
No. 9.

T. rotundata, sub-compressa, utrinque hiante, striis nume-
rosis scabris minutis radiata; auriculis striatis, latis, rectangu-
latis; valva sinistra quam altera magis ventricosa; colore valve
sinistree fusco; valve dextree pallidé fulvo. Long. 3. 80. ; lat.
0. 90.; alt. 3. 80.; poll.

Rounded, rather flat, gaping at both sides, radiated with
numerous rough minute striz; the auricles striated, wide,
rectangular ; the upper valve more ventricose than the lower ;
the colour of the upper valve is brown, that of the lower
nearly white. This species, notwithstanding its name, does
not come from Magellan but from Massachusets.

34. P. PsrupamMusiumM. (pl. xix. f. 211. 212. and pl.
xx. f, 243.) Klein. Meth. Ost. 146. p. 134.1. 9. f. 31. P.

57
exoticus, Chemn t. 207. p. 2037, 2038. P. dispar? Lam.
Ostrea hybrida, Gmel. Dist. 1. 173. 1G Oe

T. rotundata, compressa, levi, vel radiatim minutissimé
striata; auriculis planis, equalibus; colore cinereo vel
pallidé fulvo, maculis magnis fuscis. Long. 1, 30; lat. 0. 37;
alt. 1,30; poll.

This is the true P. Pseudamusium of Klein, the P. Pseu-
damusium of Chemnitz being only a variety of his P. Danicus.
It varies from nearly smooth to being finely striated; though
much smaller, it resembles P. Pleuronectes, &c. in general
form and appearance. Gambia, Africa.

35. P. GREENLANDICUS. (pl. xii. f. 40.) nob.

T. equivalvi, orbiculari, sub- -compressa, sub-cequilaterali,
pellucida, tenuissima, levi; auriculis parvis, obtusangulatis,
anticis minoribus; valva dextra lamina tenuissima, opaca,
induta. Long. 1; lat 0,25; alt. 1; poll.

This white transparent shell ; is brought £ from Greenland. We
are indebted to Albany Hancock, Esq., of Newcastle, for the
loan of the specimen figured.

36. P. LATI-AURATUS. (pl. xii. f. 20. 21.) Conrad.
Mesotimeris, Conrad, inclusus ?

ibs obliqué sub-quadrata, ineequilaterali, tenul, sub-com-
planata; posticé attenuata, auriculis obliquis, costatis; um-
bonibus anticé reclinentibus; costis duodecim rotundatis,
levibus; interstitiis concentricé striatis ; colore fusco, albo
fasciatim variegato. Variat aurantiaco. Long. 1; lat. 0, 30;
alt, 10;; poll.

Of a somewhat square shape, very oblique, inequilateral,
thin, rather flat, posteriorly attenuated ; auricles wide, oblique,
costated ; umbones leaning considerably towards the anterior
side of the shell; the ribs, twelve in number, are rounded and
smooth; the interstices concentrically striated; the colour
brown, variegated with zigzag marks of white; there is also a
plain orange variety. California.

3/..P-TuMmipus. (pl. xin. f.27. 28. 29.) Turton.

T. rotundata, sub-compressa, parva, tenui, levi; auriculis
magnis, sub-zqualibus ; colore pallidé fulvo, rubro fulvoque
radiatim maculato, vel albo, vel luteo. Long 0, 22; lat. 0,
8; alt. 0, 22 poll.

A small lenticular smooth species with large auricles. The
colour is pale fawn, mottled with red and brown; there are
also white and yellow varieties. Collection of A. Hancock Esq.

Cullercoats, Great Britain.
P. oRBICULARIS. (pl. xx, f. 231. 232.) nod.
T. rotundata, ineequivalvi, levi, tenui, sub-equilaterali ;
G

58

auriculis sub-equalibus; valva sinistra ventricos4; valva
dextra sub-depressa, auricula antica validissimé emarginata ;
colore corneo, fusco variegato, intts fusco purpurascente
fasciato. Long. 0, 45; lat. 0, 17. alt. 0, 40. poll.

Rounded, inequivalve, smooth, thin, nearly equilateral ;
the auricles nearly equal; the upper valve ventricose; the
lower valve rather depressed, with the anterior auricle
widely emarginated; the colour of the upper valve is horny,
with a broad sub-marginal band of purplish dark brown, and
speckled withlighter brown; the lowervalve is much lighter, and
has only light brown speckles. British Museum. Co. of Africa.

39. P. nYALiINuws. (pl. xiv.f. 66. 67.) Poli. t. 28. f. 6.

T. rotundata, levi, hyalina, sub-compressa; lateribus
sub-expansis ; auriculis magnis, sub-equalibus, acutangulatis,
pianis ; colore corneo, rubro, fusco alboque radiatim maculato.
Variat immaculato. Long. 1; lat. 0, 39; alt. 0, 95; poll.

Rounded, smooth, glassy, ” nearly flat, rather expanded at
the sides; auricles large in proportion to the shell; the
colour is red, with small angulated marks of brown and white
arranged in rays; in some varieties there are no spots.

Mediterranean.
40. P. FLAGELLATUS. (pl. xii. f. 41 to 43.) Lam. Anim.
sans Vert. vi. p. 167.

T. rotundata, sub-quadrata, compressa, tenui, pellucida,
irregulariter costata vel striata; auriculis magnis, acutis;
colore corneo, ad latera et ad auriculas roseo vel luteo, fusco
alboque angulatim minuté variegato, variat fusco-nigrescente.
Long. 0. 75.; lat. 0. 16.; alt. 0. 70.3 poll.

Of a squarish round shape, thin, nearly transparent, irregu-
larly ribbed or striated, that is, the striz in some varieties
nearly large enough to be called ribs; auricles large, with
acute angles, the colour is horny, pinkish or yellowish at the
sides and auricles, with minute angular marks of white and
brown; and there is also a variety of a blackish brown.

Mediterranean.

41. P. GLaBer. (pl. xvii. f. 169 to 176.) Linn. according to

Gmel. P. flavidulus, sulcatus, virgineus, griseus, virgo, Lam.

Ostreea lutea? flavescens? aurantia? modesta? depressd?
Gmel. O. citrina, rustica, Poli.

T. rotundata, sub-complanata, levi vel radiatim striata ;
margine expanso ; auriculis sub-equalibus, latis, acutangulatis;
costis decem, rotundatis, paululim elevatis, propé margines
evanidis, alternis mints elevatis; colore vario. Long. 2. 10.;
lat..0. 65.3 alt. 2: poll:

r

59

Rounded, rather flattened, smooth or radiately striated ;
spreadingat the sides, ears nearly equal, large, but narrowedat the
base; ribs 10, rather rounded, slightly raised near the umbones,
flattened so as almost to disappearnear the margin, the alternate
ones much less elevated. ‘The varieties are too numerous to
describe particularly. In those which are variegated the
markings are broad, angular and defined. Mediterranean.

42. P. proteus. (pl. xii. f. 53, 54 and pl. xiv. f. 83 and
84.) Solander. according to Dillwyn. Chemnitz. 207. f. 2042.
P, discors,—— ?

T. sub-trigona, compressa, sub-inequivalvi, levi; vel
obsoleté striata: auriculis sub-zqualibus, sub-striatis, valva
sinistra alteraé magis ventricosé, margine alteram superante:
costis latis, rotundatis quinque; valva dextra costis quatuor,
latis, sub-duplicatis ; colore vario. Long. 1. 65.; lat. 0. 55;
alt. 1.70; poll.

In P. sulcatus there are 10 ribs nearly equal in size; in P.
glaber 5 are large, and the 5 intermediate ones comparatively
small; in this species which retains the general form, the
intermediate 5 are wanting, but there are gradations between
each. The varieties in colour are, plain orange; orange
mottled; plain purple; purple mottled; yellow variegated
with grey and intermediate rays; and greyish, with beautiful
zebra-like markings of brown. Adriatic.

43. P. suLcatus. (p. xviii. f. 179. 180. 181.) Born.
Mus. Ces. pl. 6. f. 3.

T. rotundata, sub-complanata, radiatim striata ; auriculis sub-
equalibus, latis, acutangulatis; costis decem sulcatis, rotun-
datis, elevatis, equalibus; colore lacteo, fusco maculato, vel
aurantiaco, vel fusco-nigricante. Long. 1. 30; lat.0, 50; alt.
0. 20. poll.

Rounded, rather flattened, radiately striated; auricles nearly
equal, wide, rather narrow at the base ; the ribs, ten in number,
are sulcated, rounded, elevated, equal, equally raised through-
out; the colour is nearly white, spotted with brown; there is
a purple variety, and one of a blackish brown colour. The
shell here described is unquestionably the true P. sulcatus of
Born, though possibly P. sulcatus of Lamarck may be only
one of the numerous varieties of P. glaber, from which this
species differs not only in having the ribs equal, but in having
them as much elevated at the margin as at the umbones.

Mediterranean.
44. P. unicouor. (pl. xii. f. 5. 6.) Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
vi. p. 163.

60

T. rotundata, sub-irregulari, ineequivalvi, sub-ventricosa,
sub-levi; auriculis sub-equalibus, striatis; valva sinistra altera
magis ventricosd, margine alteram valvam superante ; costis
novem, rotundatis, sub-distantibus, sub-depressis; valva
dextra sub-complanata, costis mints elevatis; colore auran-
tiaco ae oe vel pallidé roseo, fulvo concentricé fasciato.
Long. 1, 70; lat. 0, 505 alt. 1,503 poll.

Rounded, rather irregular, imequivalve, rather ventricose,
nearly smooth; the auricles nearly equal, striated; the upper
valve more ventricose than the lower, overlapping i it at the
margin; ribs nine, rounded, rather distant and depressed ;
right valve flattish, with less elevated ribs, the colour is plain
orange, ora pale red, concentrically banded with ight brown.

Black Sea.
45. P. ruexuosus. (pl. xix. f. 200 to 205.) Poli. P.
Isabella, Lam. P. polymorphus, Jay.

T. sub-equilaterali, flabellatim rotundataé, plus mintsve
ventricosd, levi vel obsoleté radiatim striata; marginibus
plerumque inflexis; auriculis sub-equalibus, radiatis, rectis,
acutangulatis, ad basin emarginatis: costis quinque, magnis,
gradatim elevatis; et interdum quinque parvis intermediis :
costis internis duplicatis, ad marginem dentacus: colore varic.
Long. 0. 80.; lat. 0. 40.; alt. 0. 45, ; poll.

Some varieties of this species are rather difficult to dis-
tinguish from P. glaber, having smaller ribs between each of
the five large elevated ones; the margins are generally inflected:
the ribs on the under valve are broader, with a groove in the
centre. Mediterranean.

46. P. unpuLatus. (pl. xix. f. 206, 207.) nod.

T. P. flexuoso simillima, sed lateribus magis expansis, margi-
nibus angulatim inflexis, costis magis elevatis; colore, valve
sinistre rubro fulvescente, intus purpureo; valve dextre albo,
rubro tincto. Long. 1. 30.; lat. 0. 46.; alt. 1. 8.; poll.

The difference between this species and the last will be
more easily recognizable from the figure than from the descrip-
tion. It may be observed however that in P. undulatus the
ribs are more widely divergent, much deeper, and slightly
knobbed. The whole shell is radiately grooved, the colour of
the upper valve is yellowish red outside and purple inside, that
of the under valve is nearly white tinted with rose.

Mediterranean ?

47. P. cLAVATUS. (pl. xu-#.14, 15.) Polk. Mestglne2nmt

17, Including P. inflexus, Poli. f. 4, 5? P. aspersus, Lam?
T. rotundato sub-trigona, inzequivalyi, sub-quilaterali de-

ae

61

pressa, minutissimé cancellata, umbonibus acuminatis, margine
ventrali denticulato, plerumque inflexo; auriculis parvis,
posticis minoribus ; valva sinistra in medio paululum excavata,
costis 5, magnis, elevatis, gradatim declinentibus, prope
umbones angulatis, pr ope margimen inflatis ; valva dextra sub-
ventricosa, costis 4 magnis, elevatis, latis, romundans: colore
pallidissimé rufo, maculis rubris parvis, et fuscis radiatis vari-
oe valve dextre albo. Long. 1. 10.; lat. 0. 35.; alt. 1.
O. poll.

This shell differs from P. Danicus, in being much narrower,
and more elongated towards the umbones; having the margins
generally inflected, the ribs larger and deeper, and the
upper valve concave. We believe P. flexuosus, figured in the

same plate of Poli’s work, to be a variety of this Mediterra-
nean species. Sicily.

48. P. panicus. (pl. xu. f. 16. and pl. xvu. f. 187.)
Chemn. Conch. 11. t. 207. f. 2043. Including P. Pseudam-
usium, Chem. 7. t. 63. f. 601. 602. P. aspersus, Lam. Ostraea
hybrida, Gmel.

T. compressa, sub-circulari, subeequilaterali, leevi vel radiatim
obsoleté striata; costis septem, latis, pauxillulum elevatis,
gradatim declinentibus, angulatis, prope marginem evanidis ;
colore pallidé rubro, maculis rubris, parvis, numerosis, varie-
gato, vel fuseo, obsoleté maculato. Long. 1. 60.; lat. 0. 43.;
alt. 1. 60.; poll.

A compressed, somewhat equilateral species. The general
surface is smooth, obsoletely striated, with seven very slightly
raised angular ribs, which are fainter near the margins. The
colour is pale red, sprinkled with minute irregular spots of
darker red. A variety occurs of a dull brown colour.

Scotland, Denmark ?
49. P. pistans. (pl. xu. f. 46, and pl. xvi. f. 182.)
Lam. Anim. s. Vert. vi. p. 169.

T. sub-ovali, sub-compressa, sub-zquilaterali, radiatim
striata; cardine oblique plicato; auriculis sub-squalibus,
anticis ad basin emarginatis ; costis decem, rotundatis, elevatis,
crassis; colore griseo, maculis et fasciis fuscis, nigricantibus
variegato; intus fusco. Long. 1.54.; lat. 0.61.; alt. 1. 87.;
poll.

Rather oval, rather flattened, nearly equilateral, radiately
striated; hinge obliquely plicated; auricles nearly equal,
nan EG at the base; the ribs, 10 in number, are rounded,

elevated and thick; the colour is a light cream, with bands
and spots of avery dark brown, inside brown. Specimens

62

have been brought to this country by Mr. Cuming from
Mindoro and Calapan, Philippines. Atlantic Ocean, Lam.

50. P. Rasre tuum. (pl. xiii. f. 30.) Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
vi. p. 166.

T. rotundata, compressa ; auriculis magnis, radiatim striatis,
marginibus erecto-squamatis ; costis novem, gradatim decli-
nentibus, tribus medianis rotundatis, squamis minutis; late-
ralibus angulatis, squamis rectis, acutis; ‘colore aurantiaco,
costarum interstitiis angulatim fusco-maculatis, lateribus
maculatis ; vel albo, fusco maculato. Long. 1.40.; lat. 0. 40.;
alt. 1.25.; poll.

A compressed, nearly equilateral species, with the auricles
large, radiately striated, marginated at the base, with erect
sharp scales on the edges. Ribs 9, gradually shelving down,
the three centre ones rather large and rounded, with small
triangular scales on the top; the lateral ones rather smaller
and angulated; the scales on the extreme ones sharp and erect.
This species is distinguished from P. squamatus, (figured in
Reeve’s “Conchologia Systematica” as P. Rastellum, Lam.) in
being regular, and smooth, having the sides of the ribs
undefined, aud the scales small in proportion. Our authority
for the identity of this species is that of Delessert, who has
figured several varieties in his work on the Lamarckian species.
Mr. Norris’s collection. ‘“‘ Habite les Mers du Nord,” Lam.

51. P. eicrus. (pl. 20. £. 233.) nod.

T. obliqué ovata, compressa ; auriculis sub-zequalibus, mar-
gine serrato, radiatim sulcatis, ad basin emarginatis ; lateribus
striatis ; costis 13, triangulatis, elevatis, leevibus ; interstitiis
angustis, bi-sulcatis, crenatis: colore pallidé fulvo, fasciis et
punctis et lineis rubris variegato; intus albo; Long, 0. 80. ;
lat. 0:25. alt..0: 85-5" poll.

Obliquely oval, flat, ears nearly equal, with the edge of that
in the under valve, serrated; radiately striated, emarginated
at the base; at each side of the shell there is a small space
slightly striated; ribs 13, square at top, with slanting sides ;
interstices narrow, defined by two small grooves, and crenu-
lated; colour, dull white, with broad irregular bands, fine
transverse lines, and spots of variegated red. Isle of Baicus.
Mr. Cuming.

52. P. suPpERBUS. (pl. xu. f. 11.) nod.

T. sub-ovali, obliqua, posticé expansd, compressa, crassa ;
auriculis parvis, obtusis; costis 23, crassis, rotundatis, levibus,
interstitiis angustis ; colore propé umbones roseo, propé mar-
gines, pallide luteo,fasciis rubris, preruptis,angulatis variegato.
Long. 2. 40; lat. 0. 65.; alt. 2. 60.; poll.

63

A flat, solid, obliquely oval shell; the auricles small, obtuse;
with 23 rounded smooth, thick ribs; general colour, pale
straw, pale pink near the umbones, variegated with interrupted
angular bands of brightish red. We have only seen one
specimen of this magnificent shell which is in the collection
of Mr. Cuming.

53. P. HISTRIONICUS. (pl. xx. f. 240.) Gmel. p. 3326. No. 54.

T. obliqué sub-ovali, compressa, sub-zquivalvi; valva
dextra magis ventricosa, auriculis striatis, posticis minoribus,
anticisad basin emarginatis ; costis valve sinistre 15,rotundatis,
lateribus serratis, tribus lateralibus; valve dextree duodecim,
centralibus levibus, lateralibus serratis; colore albo, valve
sinistre costis alternis nigro, alternis rubro, maculatis. Long.
Ve lat. 0.18.5 alt: 0. 21.5 poll:

A flat shell rather spread out at the sides, and slightly elon-
gated at the posterior ventral margin ; the lower valve is slightly
ventricose, and the upper valve flat; the 7 central ribs are
broad, rounded, smooth on the top, and serrated at the edges;
the 3 lateral ribs on each side are much narrower, and serrated
across, those of the under valve being 12 in number, and the
lateral ones only serrated: ground colour nearly white; some
of the ribs of the upper valve spotted with red, the inter-
mediate ones with black. Ceylon and Singapore.

54. P. Raputa. (pl. xvu. f. 154, 155.) Lin. Syst. Nat.
p- 1145. Ostrea maculosa? Gmel.

T. sub-trigona, crassa, compressa, scabra, radiatim sulcata,
ad marginem posticé sub-elongata, ad latera sub-quadrata
auriculis sub-eequalibus, obtusis, ad basin emarginatis, rugosis,
sulcatis, costis novem ad duodecim, elevatis, sub-quadratis,
crassis, sulcatis, concentricé lyratim striatis ; interstitiis latis,
sulcatis ; cardine obliqué plicato; colore pallidé luteo, nigro
fuscoque maculato, vel fusco laté fasciato et maculato. Long.
3. 40.; lat. 0. 80.5 alt. 3. 80.; poll.

Rather trigonal, thick, rough, nearly equilateral, the posterior
margin slightly produced, and the sides flattened, the auricles
nearly equal, roughly ribbed; the ribs vary in number
from nine to twelve, they are thick, elevated, rather square,
radiately grooved, and concentrically striated; the interstices
are of the same shape, inverted ; hinge obliquely plicated; the
ground colour is pale yellowish, spotted with brown or black,
sometimes nearly covered with broad brown bands.

Ceylon.
55. P. vVELUTINUS. (pl. xu. f. 31.) nod.

T. sub-ovali, sub-compressa, «quilaterali, radiatim leviter

striata, ad marginem sub-inflaté; auriculis sub-equalibus,

64

striatis, margine oblique plicato: costis quinque, crassis,
rotundatis, gradatim declinentibus,; colore fulvo-rufescente,
fasciis albis, angulatis, subtus fusco-marginatis variegato, intis
albo.. Long.J. 05.5 lato0237.3 alt... 25 _-spoll:

Nearly oval, rather flat, equilateral, with fine radiating
stria, rather swelled at the margin; the auricles nearly
equal, striated; hinge obliquely plicated; the ribs, 5 in
number, rounded, shallow, of a dull fawn colour, variegated
with angular bands of white, margined with brown. ‘The
whole surface of the shell has a somewhat velvety appearance.

Macassar, Mr. Hinds.
56. P. NoDULIFERUS. (pl. xii. f. 38, 39 and pl. xvi. f.
94.) nob.

T. sub-trigon4, sub-compressa, radiatim striata, equivalyi ;
auriculis radiatim sulcatis, anticis paululum majoribus ;
cardine oblique plicato; costis octo, crassis, rotundatis,
nodulosis, interne ad marginem plicatis; colore rufo, intus
nebuloso, extts angulatim maculato. Long. 1. 35.; lat. 0.50. ;
alt. 1. 46.; poll.

Rather trigonal, rather compressed, radiately striated,
equivalve; the auricles radiately sulcated, the anterior ones
rather larger than the posterior; hinge obliquely plicated ;
the ribs, 8 in number, are thick, rounded, slightly knobbed,
internally plicated at the margin; the colour is red, clouded
inside, with defined angular spots outside. This species differs
from P. corallinoides in being more angular and compressed,
less spread at the sides, and having the nodules less distinct.
Mr. Morris’s collection.

57. P. suppiicatus. (pl. xii. f.37, and pl. xiv; f/ 2:47.35
81.) nob.

T. equivalvi, sub-trigona, sub-aquilaterali, depressa, radia-
tim striaté; interne levi, leviter undulata; auriculis magnis,
striatis, posticis majoribus, sub-rectangulatis; cardine oblique
plicato; costis quinque, latis, vix elevatis, interstitiis latioribus;
colore pallidé fulvo, fusco-nigrescente, angulatim variegato.
Long. 1. 45.; lat. 0. 45; alt. 1.57.; poll.

Rather flat, nearly equilateral, and radiated with fine striz ;
the auricles are broad, the posterior ones rather broader than
the anterior; the hinge is obliquely plicated; the ribs, 5 in
number, are slightly elevated; the ground colour is light
cream, with broad angular patches of dark blackish brown, or
brick red; a great part of the inside is brown, particularly
about the hinge. The obliquity of the plice on the hinge,
the flatness of the shell, and the slight elevation of the ribs,
serve to distinguish this species from P. Plica. Amboina.

_ =;

65

58. P. Prica. (pl. 20. f. 237 to°239.)" Lin. Syst. Nat.
p. 1145.

T. rotundata, sub-trigona, ventricosa, crassa, radiatim striata,
prope umbones complanata ; auriculis parvis, sub-zqualibus,
obtusis, striatis, ad latera coarctatis: cardine plicato ; costis
tribus centralibus, crassis, rotundatis, et quatuor lateralibus
minoribus, intts dentato-plicatis; colore vario, plerumque
maculis magnis fasciatim variegato, cardine fusco. Long. 1.
40.; lat. 0. 60.; alt. 1. 30.5; poll.

Of a rounded, trigonal form, ventricose, thick, radiately
striated; the auricles small, nearly equal, blunt, striated, con-
tracted at the sides; hinge perpendicularly plicated; there
are 3 central ribs, and 2 on each side much smaller; the
colour is various, generally a light ground variegated with large
patches of a darker colour, the hinge nearly always brown.

Nicobar. Ceylon. China.
59. P. CORALLINOIDES. (pl. xii. f. 3, 4.) D’Orb. Mollusc.
p. 102. Ostreea vittata, sub-rotundata, Gmel.

T. rotundata, ventricosa, equivalvi, radiatim striata, posticé
producta; auriculis sulcatis, obtusis, anticis majoribus, ad basin
emarginatis, cardine obliqué plicato; costis decem, crassis,
latis, paralellé nodosis, intus dentato plicatis; colore rubro,
nebuloso, costis alternis pallidioribus. Long. 2. 10.; lat. 1;
alt; 1.905: poll.

A rounded shell, with nodular ribs. Differing from P.
nodosus in being much smaller when full grown, much more
finely striated, more ventricose, and more spread at the sides,
having the ribs equal, and the knobs less considerable.

60. P. mMaGniricus. (pl. xv. f. 114.) Sow. Zool. Proc. p.
109. 1835.

“'T, sub-equivalvi, zequilaterali, auriculis ineequalibus, striis
radiantibus, exiguis, numerosissimis, radiisque tredecim,
crassiusculis, rotundatis, nonnunquam sub-nodosis, intus alba,
purpureo marginata: long. 5. 5.; lat. 2.; alt. 5.5.3; poll.”

The colour is bright red. Mr. Cuming’s collection.

East Columbia.
61. P. sus-noposvus. (pl. xv. f. 97. 112.) Sow. Zool.
roca p. 10971835;

“'T’. sub-eequivalvi, eequilaterali, auriculis ineequalibus, striis
radiantibus, numerosissimus, radiisque decem, crassis, rotun-
datis, alternatim nodoso-vesicularibus vel sub-nodosis, ints
plerumque purpureo signata. Long. 5. 25.; lat. 2. 75.5 alt.
5.3; poll.

H

66

Var. 1. Brownish red with white striz, from California.
Var. 2. Variegated with brown and white patches, from Isl.
Plata, Kast Columbia. Var. 3. A more depressed shell, of a
bright orange colour, from Tehuantepec Bay, Mexico. The
examination of a number of specimens has led me rather to
consider this proposed species as only presenting a variation of
P. nodosus, in which the knobs are not so large or conspicuous.

P. novosvus. (pl. xv. f. 115 pl. xvii. f. 147.) Linn.
Syst. Nat. p. 1145. Ostr. decemradiata, Gmel? Pecten cor-
allinus, D’Argenville.

T. rotundata, ventricosa, sub-cequilaterali, aquivalvi, radia-
tim sulcata: auriculis inequalibus, sulcatis; anticis majoribus,
ad basin emarginatis: cardine plicato: costis novem, crassis,
nodulos rotundos excavatos ferentibus, alternis minoribus;
interne duplicatis, ad marginem dentatis: long. 5. 20; lat. 1.
50.; alt. 5. poll.

This well known species, which has large knobs on the ribs,
is generally of a reddish brown colour, but it occurs also of a
bright orange. The auricles are unequal, the hinge plicated
and the whole surface roughly sulcated.

Brazil and Isle of France.
63. P. muscosus. (pl. xix. f. 225.) Wood Suppl. Ind. Test.

T. sub-quadrata, ventricosissimaé, equilaterali, equivalvi
scabra; auriculis ienqualibus, elongato-acutis, scabroso-
sulcatis, basin emarginatis, anticis longioribus; umbonibus
prominentibus: costis 18 scabris, sub- angulatis, ad angula
spinas breves rectas ferentibus ; ad wakiees dentatis: colore
fusco rufescente, intus fulvo. Long. 1. 20.; lat. 0. 80.; alt.
1. 30: > poll.

Ventricose, equilateral, equivalve, rough; with elongated,
unequal ears, and 18 ribs, which have small, erect spines on
their angles: colour reddish brown. The only two specimens
we have seen are in Mr. Cuming’s cabinet.

64. P. rucosus. (pl. xix. f. 226.) Nobis. Zool. Proc. 1842.

T. ovali, ventricosa, crassa, scabra, aquivalvi, sub-equi-
laterali: auriculis inzqualibus, scabroso-sulcatis; posticis
minoribus; anticis basin emarginatis: costis 20, elevatis,
squamis annulatis, angulis serratis. Interstitiis levibus.
Colore, pallidé fulvo, maculis obscuris, fuscis, variegato. Long.
1. 12.5 lat. (0: 55.5alt. 12-255 tpoll:

Oval, ventricose, thick, rough, equivalve, nearly equilateral,
ears unequal, roughly erooved ; ribs 20, elevated, undercut,
with numerous small annulated scales, and serrated edges.

Be ope

67

Interstices smooth. Ground colour pale yellowish, obscurely
mottled with smoky brown. Bureas, Philippines. Mr. Cuming.

65. P. Pes-Feuis. (pl. xvi. f. 162. pl. xx. f. 234.) Lin.
Syst. Nat. p. 1146. Bornu, Payr. O. corallina, Poli.

T. ovali-subtrigona, compressa, scabra, radiatim sulcata,
equivalvi, sub- aquilaterali, crassa; auriculis inzequalibus,
nodoso-sulcatis: posticis parvis, anticis magnis: costis 8,
crassis, latis, elevatis, sulcatis. Interstitiis latioribus, sulcatis.
Colore, fusco-rubescente, fasciis nigris, et poe albis varie-
gato; variat purpureo. Long. 2.50.; lat. 0. 72.; alt. 2.90.; poll.

A well known species from the Mediterranean and also
from the Persian Gulf.

66. P. parvus. (pl. xx. f. 227-8.) G. B. Sowerby, Sen.
Zool. Proc. 1835: p.110.

T. subovata, depressiuscula, sub-zquivalvi, equilaterali,
albicante: auriculis inzqualibus, graniferis : valvis radiatim
costatis; costis 8, ineequalibus, transversim striatis: interstitiis
radiatim sulcatis et transversim striatis: Long. 0. 75.; lat.
0. 25.; alt. 0. 80.; poll.

“ Found in coral sand on the reefs.” Lord Hood’s Island.
Mr. Cuming.

67. P. imBricatus. (pl. xii. f. 32-3.) Gmel. p. 3318.
No. 12. sauciatus Gmel. Chem. t. 69. f. H.

T. sub-trigona, complanata, sub-levi, sub-zquivalvi: auri-
culis ineequalibus, complanatis, ad marginem nodosis : posticis
parvis, obtusis: anticis magnis, signe: valva sinistra com-
planata: costis 9, rotundato sub-angulatis, tuberculatis, forni-
catis, globosis fcrentibus: alternis depressis: valva dextra,
sub-ventricosa, costis noduliferis zqualibus 10. Colore albo,
roseo-maculato, costis alternis rubro maculatis, intus ad mar-
ginem purpureo, medio luteo; nonnunquam occurrit purpureo
immaculato. Long. 1. 35.; lat. tuberculis exclusis 0. 40;
alt. 1.5535 poll.

This flat trigonal species is remarkable for the hollow
imbricated tubercles which are placed at nearly equal distances
on 9 alternating ribs. I believe that the figure in Chemnitz
referred to by ‘Gmelim for P. sauciatus is ; only a variety of
this species in the state most common in collections, having
the knobs worn down. Red Sea.

P. RUBROMACULATUS. (pl. xii. f. 34.) nod.

T. ovali-subtrigona, equivalvi, sub-equilaterali, sub-com-
pressa: auriculis inequalibus, scabroso-suleatis: posticis
parvis; anticis magnis, costis 18, prope marginem Squamosis,
alternis depressis, minoribus, interstitiis leeviter striatis: costis

68

valve dextre, numerosis, minuté squamosis, inaqualibus :
colore sulphureo, costis alternis depressis, rubro maculatis.
Long. 0. 92.; lat. 0. 30.; alt. 1.; poll.

The only specimen of this shell with which we are ac-
quainted is in the collection of the Rev. F.J. Stainforth.
The ribs are scaly near the margin, the intermediate ones, which
are more depressed, have spots of a deep red colour in the
centre of the shell.

69. P. T1ierIs. (pl. xiv. f. 95-6.) Lam. Anim. sans Vert.

T. sub-aquivalvi, obliqué sub-trigona, sub-complanata, sub-
scabrosa, interné validé costata; auriculis inzequalibus, sulcatis,
posticis parvis, anticis acutangulatis; costis 11, valide sulcatis,
supra sub-angulatis, lateralibus parvis; interstitiis sulcatis,
latis: colore albo, superné lutescente, fasciis fuscis rufescen-
tibus, angulatim maculato, intus luteo, cardine nigro, macula
rosea ad basin auricule antice in valva dextra. Long. 1. 40;
lat. 0. 40; alt. 0. 60; poll.

The right valve of this species is a little deeper than the
left, contour somewhat oblique and lengthened posteriorly,
having 11 longitudinally sulcated ribs, the lateral one on each
side very slightly raised. The colour is nearly white, tinged
with yellow, marked with tiger-like stripes of dark reddish
brown, the inside is yellow with a black band on the hinge, and
a pink spot at the base of the anterior auricle of the upper valve.

Indian Ocean, Lam.Isle Masbate, Philippines, Mr. Cuming.

70. P. MADREPORARUM. (pl. xiv. f. 68.) Petit.

T. oblique ovata, compressa, irregulari, radiatim striata :
auriculis ineequalibus, anticis magnis, posticis parvis: costis 7
obsoletis, distantibus: colore albo, nigro maculato. Long.
0. 66.; lat. 0. 10.3 alt. 0. 80.; poll.

This small, white, flat, oval, black-spotted shell is found in
holes of Madrepore. It is from the Red Sea.

71. P. Teaeuta. (pl. xiv. f. 90.) Wood’s Index.

T. sub-quadrata, irregulari, sub-zequivalvi, compressa, folia-
cea; auriculis inzequalibus, anticis maximis, valve dextre
antica validissimé emarginata; costis, valve sinistre, 9 ad 13
crassis, irregularibus, imeequalibus; squamas crassas, sub-
quadratas, ferentibus: interstitiis irregulariter radiatim sul-
catis; costis, valve dextre, numerosis, squamiferis: colore,
fusco, paululum variegato. Long. 2. 85.; lat. 0. 90.; alt. 3.
20.; poll.

More irregular and more spreading at the sides than the
following, with the ribs fewer and thicker; the scales thicker

and more square, and the anterior auricles much broader.
Japan.

69

72. P. rivipus. (pl. xiii. f. 61. pl. xiv. f. 89 et 91.) Lam.
Anim. s. Vert. vi. p. 178. P. sulphureo, Lam. et Ost. Tegulo.
Wood. inclusis.

T. irregulari, sub-ovali, sub-aquivalvi, compressa, foliacea ;
auriculis inequalibus, magnis, anticis majoribus, valve dextre,
antica validissimé emarginata; costis 16 ad 20, inequalibus
vix elevatis, squamas numerosas, acutas ferentibus; interstitiis
irregulariter radiatim sulcatis: colore, fusco variegato, squa-
mis oats vel albis ; variat fusco paululum oki sae squamis
feré obsoletis ; variat quoque sulphureo. Long. 2. 5.; lat. 0.
70); alt. 2,25; poll.

An irregular, compressed, foliaceus species, with 16 to 20
irregular, unequal ribs, having numerous thin scales which are
nearly obsolete in some varieties; the ribs of the lower valve
are more numerous. The general colour is variegated purplish
brown, with the scales white or yellow; there is a variety scarcely
mottled, and another of an uniform sulphureous tint.

Red Sea and Japan.

73. P. sguamMosus. (pl. xii. f. 48, 49, 50. pl. xiv. f. 88,
92, 93.) Gmel. O. anonyma, Lam, et P. hybridus, Lam. inclu-
sis, O. hybrida, Gmel. exclusa. P. arausicanus, Chemn.

T. irregulari, sub-ovali, sub-equivalvi, complanata, foliacea ;
auriculis “nequalibus, magnis, anticis majoribus, valvee dextree
antica validissimé emarginata; costis 12 ad 18, feré obsoletis,
squamiferis, ad umbones evanidis, valve dextree numerosis,
paululum angulatis; colore vario, aliquando prone umbones
albo fulgurato. Long. 1. 85.; lat. 0. 50.; alt. 2. 10.; poll.

The figure in Lister referred to by Gmelin, leaves no doubt
of the identity of this species, which is remarkable among
the irregular foliaceus group, for a peculiar flatness, particu-
larly at the umbones. The varieties are numerous, many of
them being marked with fine zigzag lines of white.

Northern Ocean.
And also brought from the Philippines by Mr. Cuming.

74. P. serRATUS. (pl. xii. f. 56.) nod.

T. obliqué ovali, irregulari, posticé sub-producta, sub-com-
pressa, auriculis ineequalibus, posticis minoribus, costis nume-
rosis, minutissimé squamiferis; colore sulphureo, maculis
magnis, fuscis, variegato, intus ad marginem purpureo. Long.
15.205 lat. O: 50: alt. 1.40); poll:

More ventricose, more oblique, with the auricles smaller
and the scales more minute than P. squamosus. Brought
from the Philippine Islands by Mr. Cuming.

75. P. RREGULARIS. (pl. xii. f. 51-2.) nob.

T. obliqué ovata, irregulari, sub-equivalvi; auriculis in-

70

equalibus, scabroso-sulcatis, posticis parvis, obtusis ; anticis
magnis, acutis; costis numerosis, parvis, scabris, sub-angulatis;
colore, miniaceo, radiis septem, albo purpurcoque maculatis :
umbonibusalbis, purpureo, rubroque maculatis: variat purpureo,
nigro maculato. Long 1, 20, lat 0,42; alt 1, 45.; poll.

A rather flat, obliquely -oval, irregular species, with unequal
auricles and numerous serrated close set ribs. The under
valve is rather more ventricose than the upper. The colour
is scarlet with seven rays of interrupted white, mottled with
purple; near the umbones the shell is white, mottled with
purple. Collection of the Rev. F. J. Stainforth.

Mr. Sowerby has a purple variety.

76. P. sauamatrus. (pl. xin. f. 57, 58.) Gmel. p. 3329:
Lister. Conch. t. 183. f. 20.

T. rotundato-sub-trigona compressa, irregulariter sub-aqui-
valvi; valva sinistra paululim convexiori; auriculis magnis,
costatis, aculeato- squamiferis, antica lata, sub-acutangulata ;
costis filters valvee quinque ad septem, latis, levibus, rotun-
datis, aculeato- squamiferis, irregularibus, quindecim minoribus,
interstitialibus, interstitiis minutissime punctatis, alterius cos-
tis irregularibus, squamiferis, inzequalibus; colore brunneo-
rufe Bccmte, costis magnis squamiferis rubris ; variat testa alba.
Long. 1. 75,3 lat..0. 50.5 alt. I> 85.3 pool:

A smooth flattish shell, with from 5 to 7 broad ribs, with
large elevated scales, the intervals being filled up with several
narrow ribs in each. The ground colour is dull clouded
brown, relieving the principal ribs, which are red. An
inspection of the figure in Lister, referred to by Gmelin, will
remove all doubts as to the identity of our shell, which has
been erroneously figured in Reeve’s “ Conchologia Systema-
tica,” as Rastellum, Lam. The white variety is figured by
favour of Miss Saul.

77. P. Brus. (pl. xx. f. 241, 242.) Payr. Moll. p. 78.
pl. 2. £. 10, 11.

“P. testa sub-rotundata, equivalvi, sub-equilatera, flava;
radiis valve superioris variis, alternis minoribus, in longum
lineatis et tenuiter squamosis; radiis valve inferioris binis,
etiam lineatis et papillosis; auricula alteré minima; noyem
ad undecim lineas lata.”

“ Hab. les Golfes de Sagone, d’Ajaccio, de Valineo, de Porto
Vecchio,...... Peu abondant.”

The rays of the upper valve alternate irregularly in size,
they are slightly annulose or papillary ; those of the lower are
also irregular and papillary, but are disposed in pairs. The

71

shell, which is sub-trigonal, flat and irregular, bears some
resemblance to P. Pusio, but the ribs are much larger and
more rugose. Corsica.
78. P. AcULEATUS. (pl. xiii. f. 47.) Jefferys Conchological
Magazine. P. vitreus, Var. Chemn. t. 67. f. 637. 0.

T. equivalvi, sub-ovali, tenui, radiatim striata, striis punctis
elevatis, minuté aculeatis; auriculis inequalibus: postica
parva, antica magna, alterius valve, validé emarginata; colore
pallidé luteo, rubro-nebulato. Long. 0. 80.; lat. 0. 20.; alt.
0. 90.5; poll.

The specimen from which our figure is taken was found in
breaking up amass of a British species of Serpula. It is
identical with the shell figured by Chemnitz in association
with, and as a variety of, his P. vitreus, which however,
according to his own statement, is quite distinct. Great Britain.

79. P. virrevs. (pl. xiv. f. 86-7.) Chemn. t. 67. f. 637. a.

T. parva, compressa, equivalvi, sub-eequilaterali, radiatim
striata, alba, griseo-punctata; auriculis latis, sub-aqualibus.
Long. 0. 40.; lat. 0.10.; alt. 0. 50.; poll.

The small shell here figured, which was brought by Mr.
Cuming from Sorsogon, resembles the figure given by
Chemnitz t. 67. f. 637, a. for the first variety of his P. vitreus.
which, from the description, as well as from the figure, differs
entirely from the shell figured as a second variety, the P.
aculeatus of Jefferys.

80. P. conneus. (pl. xu. f. 44-5. pl. xx. f. 244-5.) nodis.

T. pellucida, tenui, equivalvi, rotundato-ovali, obliqué sub-
zquilaterali; auriculis ineequalibus, costatis, ad basin striatis,
postica parva, anticd magna, costis levibus, indistinctis,
planulatis, numerosis, interstitiis concentricé minutissimé
striatis. Long. 0. 47.; lat. 0. 25.; alt. 0. 52.3 poll.

A light transparent species, of a horny colour and texture :
the anterior auricles are much larger than the posterior, the
ribs are irregular, very slightly raised, flattened and smooth:
the interstices are very finely striated across. When young,
the shell is radiated by several bands of brown. Magellan.

81. P. opsouetus. (pl. xiv. f. 74, 75, 79.) Pennant. Brit.
Zool. t. 61. f. 66. Tigerinus, Miiller. domesticus, Chemn.

T. ovali sub-trigona sub-ventricosa, equivalvi, sub-equi-
laterali, levi vel obsoleté striata, auriculis valdé inzequalibus,
posticis minimis, anticis magnis, sulcatis; colore, valdé
vario, plerumque maculis purpureis, albis, luteisque variegato.
Long. 0. 84.; lat. 0. 30. alt. 0. 90.; poll.

Oval, inclining to triangular, nearly equilateral, equivalve,

~
12

radiately striated or nearly smooth, with the auricles very

unequal; the posterior being very smooth. The colouring is

various, most commonly consisting of large spots of purple and

white upon a ground of light purple or yellow. Great Britain.
82. P. nasratus. (pl. xx. f. 236.) nob.

T. ovali subtrigona, subelongaté, scabré; auriculis in-
zqualibus, posticis minimis, anticis magnis, scabroso-sulcatis :
valva sinistra, costis 8, ineequalibus, valde elevatis, angulatis ;
spinas numerosas, erectas, subcrispatas ferentibus. costis
gS Sulton numerosis, ineequalibus, serratis: valva dextra,
costis 22, angulatis, spinosis; colore rubro, intus albo. Long.
0; 95.5, lat-10, 30:2) ‘ale: 1,15. poll:

Oval, inclining to triangular, rather elongated, rough ; with
very unequal ears, the posterior ones being very small; the
upper valve has eight unequal, elevated, angular ribs, with
numerous erect, slightly curved, sharp spines, and several
smaller spinose ribs in the interstices. The lower valve has
22 more nearly equal ribs with more numerous and smaller
spines on the angles. The only specimen we have seen
is in the collection of the Rev. F. J. Stainforth.

83. P. Ppusio. (pl. xiv. £. 62,.3,.4; 5.) Lin. ssyst= Nat:
p- 1146: palliolum Chem.

T. oval, subequivalvi, ineequilaterali, subirregulari, radi-
atim scabroso-sulcata, sulcis in valva dextra, duplicatis:
auriculis ineequalibus, posticis minimus, anticis magnis, ad basin
emarginatis, scabroso-sulcatis; colore vario, plerumque
variegata. Long. 0. 80.; lat. 0.95.; alt. 1.; poll.

The above name has been erroneonsly applied to the ir-
regular attached shell properly called Hinnites sinuosus.
The shells are somewhat similar in their young state. This
species has numerous small rough ribs which are doubled in
the lower valve. Mediterranean.

84. P. onnatus. (pl. xiv. f. 77, 78, 89.) Lam. Anim.
sans Vert. vi. p. 176.

T. ovali subtrigona, compressa, equivalvi, scabra: aurl-
culis ineequalibus, posticis minimis, anticis magnis, acutis,
sulcatis ; costis valve sinistree numerosis inequalibus, alter-
natim majoribas-valve dextre, duplicatis. Interstitiis scabris;
colore pallidissimé fulvo, maculis elongatis, undulatis, fas-
ciatim variegato, plerumque costis tribus, albis; occurrit
etiam, rubro, prope umbones solum maculato. Long. 0. 93. ;
lat: 0..30.; alt. 1. 10.; poll.

Oval, nearly triangular, rather flat, equivalve; auricles
unequal, the posterior extremely small: the ribs of the upper

Af:

valve are numerous, unequal, rather undercut, crenulated, the
alternate ones most prominent: those in the under valve
are doubled. The colour is nearly white, variegated with
undulating banded patches of deep red; these patches are
generally interrupted by three of the ribs being white; a
variety occurs in which the dark red is spread nearly over the
entire surface of the shell. Atlantic Ocean.

85. P. ALBOLINEATUS. (pl. xiv. f. 69.) nob. Zool. Proc.
1842

© ‘ovali subtrigona, compressa, equivalvi ; ; auriculis in-
eequalibus, posticis minimis, anticis magnis, acutis, sulcatis :
costis numerosissimis, equalibus, subquadratis. Interstitiis
levibus. Colore palidissime; luteo valve dextre, costis
griseo maculatis, valve sinistra, costis griseis, lineis albis
interruptis, costis tribus albis. Long. 0. 93.; lat. 0. 25.;
alt P.19'5 “poll:

Differing from P. ornatus in having the ribs more numer-
ous and more equal in both valves. The shell is nearly white,
with grey spots on the under valve, and in the upper valve,
the tops of all the ribs, excepting three, are grey, the spaces
between the white ribs being crossed by narrow lines of
white. Brought by Mr. Cuming, from Guimaras, Philip-
pines.

86. P. sANGUINOLENTUS. (pl. xiii. f. 59.) Gmel. p. 3322.
No. 41.

T. ovali subtrigona, scabra, subequivalvi, subzequilaterali ;
auriculis ineequalibus, noduloso-sulcatis, acutis, posticis mi-
noribus ; costis 9, crassis, valdé elevatis, subquadratis, nodu-
loso-sulcatis, lateribus serratis. Interstitiis magnis, noduloso-
sulcatis: cardine obliqué plicato. Colore albo, roseo-tincto,
supra costas fasciis rubris, latis, distantibus, variegato. Long.
De OOssclat, 0. 50;2-alt. 1. 75.3 poll:

This species bears some resemblance to P. Pallium, but it
is more triangular in form, and the ribs are fewer, much more
deeply undercut, and more elevated; the angles of the ears
are much more acute. Rep Sea.

87. P. Pauuium. (pl. xvii. £.148—150. pl. xviii. f. 167—
68.) Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1145. O. regia, Gmel.

TT. Subrotundata, compressa, sequivalvi, subaquilaterali :
auriculis ineequalibus, noduloso-sulcatis: costis 14 ad 16, tri-
partitis, elevatis, crassis, subquadratis, concentrice squamatis,
Squamis plerumque tripartitis, imbricatis, numerosis, tenuis ;
interstitiis squamoso-sulcatis; intus ad marginem dentatis.
Colorealbo, purpureofasciatim maculato; intusalbo,marginibus

I

74

aurantiacis ; variat aurantiaco, albo- HAUL atque purpureo.
Lone. 3. Ba lat. O. 92. 3 alt. 3. Sa;2 poll.

This well-known species is remarkable for the three rows
of thin, sharp, scales upon each rib. South Seas.

88. P. sPINIFERUS. (pl. xx. f. 229, 230.) G. B. Sowerby,
Senr. Zool. Proc. 1835. 110. P. pulcherrimus, Gray,
Beechey’s Appendix.

“TT. subovata, depressiuscula, subzequivalvi, equilaterali,
auriculis ineequalibus, sinistra majore ; valvis radiatim costatis,
costis utriusque valvze novem, latis, squamuliferis, squamulis
fimbriatis ; valvee alterius marginibus dorsali, antico, posticoque
spiniferis. Long. 0. 9. lat. 0. 25. alt. 0. 9.”

A richly sculptured little species, from Lord Hood’s Island.

89. P. TRANQUEBARICUS. (pl. xii. f. 12. 13.) Gmel.
p- 3328.

T. ovali-subtrigona, ventricosd, equivalyi, equilaterali,
crassa: auriculis inequalibus sulcatis; posticis mediocribus,
rectis; anticis majoribus, acutis: costis 18, subleevibus, ele-
vatis, subquadratis, lateribus minutissimé serratis: colore
pallidissime fulvo, maculis magnis fuscis irregulariter fasci-
atim variegato; vel aurantiaco, immaculato. Long. 1. 35;
lat. O. 60.; alt. 1. 40.

Somewhat triangular, ventricose, equivalve, ‘equilateral,
thick: with unequal ears, the anterior large; ribs 18, smooth
on the tops, very finely striated at the sides. The usual
colour is nearly white, with large, defined, brown patches.
An orange variety is not uncommon. Tranquebar.

90. P. Stncarorinus (pl. xii. f. 55. pil. xiv. f. 71.) nod.

T. rotundato sub-trigona, sub-compressa, aequivalvi, eequi-
laterali, sub-tenui ; Aneranils ineequalibus ; anticis magnis ;
costis 24, elevatis, eabe quadratis, leevibus : colore albo pallide
roseo tincto radiis 4, latis, fusco lineatis; propé umbones
griseo maculato. Long. 1. 30.; lat. 0. 40.; alt. 1. 30.

Differing from the preceding in being more depressed, and
rounded, and having a much greater number of less elevated
ribs ; the auricles, although unequal, are less disproportionate.
Var. f. 55. Mr. Norris’s collection; Var. f. 71, Mr. Cuming,
Singapore.

91. P. Senarortius (pl. xvii. f. 151 and pl. xvii. f. 188
to 192.) Gmel. p. 3327. ostrea porphyria? citrina? aculeata ?
Gmel. P. florens, Lam. (f. 188) P. aurantius, Lam.

P. ovali sub-trigoné, sub-depress4, equivalvi, sub-levi ;
latere postico paululum expanso: auriculis ineequalibus ;
scabroso-sulcatis; posticis plerumque obtusis; anticis elongatis,

72

ad basin emarginatis; costis 20 ad 24 sub-elevatis, leevibus vel
minuté serratis, squamis annulatis, ad latera numerosis ; colore
vano: Long.1).185. ; lat.-0..70.; alt..2.5 poll.

Oval, rather triangular, rather depressed, equivalve ; with
the posterior side more expanded than the anterior ; auricles
very unequal, the anterior being generally much produced ;
ribs 20 to 24 slightly elevated, round on the tops and either
smooth or very finely serrated, with annulated scales, which
are generally obsolete towards the centre of the shell. The
author having laid together some 50 specimens of this species,
all of which differed from each other in some degree, found
that although the extreme varieties, such as f. 151 were
scarcely recognizable as belonging to the same species, the
intermediate gradations were so minute as to render it impos-
sible to divide them. Indies, Molluccas; var. f. 151. Red Sea.

P. CRASSICOSTATUs. (pl. xv. f. 111. pl. xvu. f. 152.)
nob.

T. sub-rotundata, crass4, sub-zquilaterali, sub-levi ;
auriculis ineequalibus, costas squamiferas ferentibus: costis
24 crassis, elevatis, sub-quadratis, annulatis, lateralibus
squamiferis. Interstitiis feré lcevibus, colore pallidé purpureo,
vel aurantiaco, intus albo. Long. 4. 50.; lat. 1. 50.; alt. 4.
30. ; poll.

The ribs of this species are much more square and elevated
than those of P. senatorius, it is also a thicker and larger
shell. Locality unknown.

93. P. 1cELANDICUS. (pl. xvii. f. 159, 160, 161.) Chemn.
7. to 65. f. 615. 616. Ostr. Cinnabavina. Dillwyn.

T. ovali, sub-compressa ; sub-aquivalvi, sub-zquilaterali,
tenul, posticeé paululim expansa ; ; auriculis ineequalibus,
scabroso- sulcatis; anticis magnis: costis numerosissimis,
ineequalibus, minuté serratis ; colore aurantiaco, concentriceé
fasciato ; vel albo, vel purpureo concentricé et radiatim fasciato.
diong.o.5) lat. 1.20.5 alt, 3. 25.3 poll.

A well known oval, nearly equilateral, equivalve shell, with
unequal auricles and numerous irregular, unequal, serrated,
narrow ribs, which are grouped together in twos, threes fa
fours. Northern Ocean.

94. P. ASPERRIMUS. (pl. xvi. f. 156, 157, 158.) Lam.
Anim. s. vert. vi. p. 174.

P. rotundato sub-ovali, ventricosd, tenui, equivalvi,
inequilaterali, scabroso-sulcata posticé sub-expansa: auriculis
inequalibus, scabroso-sulcatis : costis 25, angulatis, ad latera
serratis, ad angulum erecto-squamosis: interstitiis nullis

76

colore fusco-rubescente, vel purpureo, vel aurantiaco. Long,
3.10.5; lat. 1. 10.5 alt. 3. 20.; poll.

Rounded, oval, oblique, ventricose, thin, equivalve ; with
unequal suleated auricles; ribs 25, angular, serrated at the
sides and having small, regular, erect, scales. The colour of
the most common varicty is reddish brown; while some
specimens are orange red and others purple. Found in sponge.

New Holland.
95. P. AusTRALIs. (pl. xix. f. 210, 220.) nod.

T. sub-ovali, ventricosa, crassiuscula, equivalvi, inzqui-
laterali, posticé sub-expansa: auriculis ineequalibus, scabroso-
sulcatis; costis 23 crassis, sub-angulatis, trifariam divisis,
lateribus serratis, angulis squamatis; interstitiis planis. Long.
Lt. lat 0.00. walt DO--apou.

The shell is thicker and rounder than P. asperrimus, with
fewer and less angular ribs and flat interstices. The ribs are
composed of two rows of small, sharp points and a central
ridge with scales. Swan River.

96.. P. vanius. (pl. xix. f. 214. 218.) Linn. Syst. Nat.-p:
1146. Ostr. muricata, punctata, mustellina, violacea, tenuis,
versicolor (f. 216), mcarnata, media, ochreoleuca, flammea,
Ginel.

T. sub-ovali, tenui, sub-irregulari, valva sinistra paululim
majori, umbonibus angustis ventricosis: auriculis valde
inaequalibus; muricato-sulcatis: posticis parvis, obtusis; anticis
magnis, acutis; dextre valve anticd longitudine alteram
superante, margime valde inflexa et squamata, ad basin valdé
emarginata; costis 27 ad 30, sub-quadratis distantibus,
squamas erectas, acutas, distanter ferentibus: interstitiis
latioribus, colore vario. Long. 2.; lat. 0. 75.; alt. 2. 25.;
poll.

Rather oval, lengthened, thin, not quite regula > with the
under valve rather smaller than the upper, w hich is shghtly
ventricose near the umbones: the anterior auricles are much
elongated, that of the upper valve considerably overlapping
the other at the margin, with the sinus very large: ribs from
20 to 30, muricated by distant, erect, sharp scales, the
interstices smooth, rather wider than the ribs. Some varieties
are considerably smoother than others, with a greater number
of ribs. The variations in colour are numerous. In the
variegated varieties the white patches have an angulated
character. Great Britain and Mediterranean.

97. P. spLENDIDULUs (pl. xx. f. 246.) nob.

T. ovali, sub-trigona, tenui, compressa, ad latera angulata ;

ti.
auriculis valdé inequalibus, squamoso-sulcatis, complanatis ;
anticis latis, elongatis ; sinumagno: costis 25, concinnis, sub-
distantibus, rotundato sub-quadratis, squamas, distantes,
erectas, acutas ferentibus: colore rubro, maculis albis
elongatis, ad auricula et ad latera fasciatim variegato. Long. 1.
20:5 lat..0; 35:5 alt. 1. 35.5: poll.

A more compressed, regular, and neat shell than P. varius.
In the collection of Mr. Cuming. Singapore.

98. P. sANGUINEUS (pl. xix. f. 221-2) Linn. according to
Gmelin.

T. ovali, sub- compressa, regulari, equivalvi, sub-eequilaterali ;
auriculis inequalibus, muricato-sulcatis, marginibus elevatis ;
anticis elongatis ; costis 25, crassis, sub-angulatis, squamas,
mumerosas, erectas, angulatas, parvas, ferentibus, margine
dentatis ; interstitiis angustis, planis; colore rubro, sanguineo,
albo-variegato seu griseo, albo nigroque variegato; intus fulvo.
Long. 1. 70.3 lat. 0.60. ; alt. 1. 95..;) poll.

The author cannot doubt the identity of the red variety of
this species, with the figure quoted by Gmelin. The dark
variety, which is variegated black and white, is new to our
collectors, Mr. Cuming having brought a number of speci-
mens from the Philippine Islands. The ribs are angular, and
much thicker than in P. varius, and the interstices are nar-
rower than the ribs.

99. P. minraceus (pl. xx. f. 247.) Lam. Anim. sans vert.
vol. vi. p. 67.

T. ovali, compressa, subequivaivi; auriculis inequalibus,
minuté scabroso-sulcatis: costis 30, rotundatis, annulatis,
ad latera minutissimé serratis; interstitiis planis. Colore
miniaceo, maculis albis, undulatis variegato, costis infra
maculos minuté concentricé lineatis. Long. 0. 90; lat. 0. 32
alt. 1. 05; poll.

A small oval species, with unequal auricles, and 30 ribs
which are minutely serrated at the sides, and annulated by
obliterated scales. The colour is red, variegated by white
undulating patches, beneath which the ribs are crossed by
minute concentric lines. Mr. Cuming’s Cabinet.

100. P. niveus. (pl. xix. f. 223-4.) — ?

T. ovali, sub-tenui, ventricosa, valvé sinistra paululum
major; auriculis meequalibus, anticis majusculis: costis 40.
levibus, quadratis; spinas distantes, erectas, acutas ferentibus:
interstittis planis. Colore albo (nonnunquam occurrit rubro
angulatim variegato?) Long. 1. 50; lat. 0. 60.; alt, 1. 70.;
poll.

\

18

More regular, more oval and more ventricose than P. varius,
with the anterior auricles smaller in proportion, and 40 muri-
cated ribs instead of 25 or 30. It is a white British shell,
the coloured variety (fig. 223) is more like P. varius, but has
the same number of ribs as this species. Great Britain.

101. P. PsEupouiMA. (pl. xx. f. 235.) nod.

T. rotundato-ovali, sub-obliqua, sub-zequivalvi, ventricosa :
auriculis ineequalibus, squamoso-sulcatis; anticis elongatis,
acutis, valve dextre, ad marginem spinosis; posticis parvis
obtusis; costis 27, crassiusculis, bi-sulcatis, sub-rotundatis,
series tres squamarum, acutarum ferentibus: interstitiis
angustis, planis: colore aurantiaco, albo (precipué ad
umbones) variegato. Long. 1. 15.; lat. 0. 50.; alt. 1. 20.;
poll.

The ribs in this species are beautifully ornamented by three
rows of close, sharp, erect, slightly curved scales. Brought
by Mr. Cuming from Jacna, Bohol, Philippines.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES, NOT MENTIONED ABOVE.

Linneus. Ostr. striatula, minute, pellucens, flavicans.

Gmelin. Ostr. elegans, rosea, tenuis (Gault. t. 17.f. 3.) cre-
nata, (Lister. t. 170. f. 7.) pusilla (Gault. t. 74. 1 a.a.)
triradiata (Muller. Zool. Dan. 2. t. 160. f. 12.—P. dandi-
cus? Chemn.) Fuci (Mill. Zool. Dan. 2. t. 60. f. 3. to
5.) septemradiata, arata, crenulata (Radula ?) innominata,
subrufa, valentina, (Valent. Abb. t. 13. f. 2.) seminuda
(Knorr. Vergn. 6. t. 19. f. 4.).

Chemnitz. Pect. vitreum. Conch. t. 67. f. 638. l. A. B. C.
(The two latter are quite distinct.) aculeatus (Jeffreys).

Born. Ostr. elongata, t. 6. f. 2. perhaps a small pes felis.

Poli. Ostr. nebulosa, t. 2. f. 12. multistriata, t. 28. f. 14.

Pennant. Ostr. levis, pl. 64. f. 3.

Gray. Pect. vitreus. App. Parry’s Voyage (hyalinus ?).

Lamarck. Pect. lineolaris, Anim. sans Vert. p. 166. Dela-
sueur. pl. 15. f. 3. a. b. flabellatus, p. 172. dispar., p. 173.
(obsoletus ?) quadriradiatus, p. 173. hexactes, p. 178.

Conrad. Pect. obliquatus.

Philippi. Ostr. teste.

Payradeau. Pect. Dumasii, (inflexus, clavata, Poli.)

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

HINNITES.

Char. Gen. Molluscum accephalopodum monomyarium.
Testa ad herente, bivalvi, inequivalvi, irregulari, biauricu-
lata: cardine recto, foveola trigona, centrali, cartilaginem reci-
piente ; ligamento linearo, umbonibus contiguis.

Obs. The alledged difference between this genus and
Pecten, consists in the disputed fact, that the shells of this
genus are attached to submarine substances by the surface of
the lower valve, and therefore, in giving the characters as
above, I have used the word ‘adherente’ in opposition to
the term ‘/ibera, which is applied to the genus Pecten,
because if the genus is to be adopted, that will be its dis-
tinction. At the same time, however, I am rather inclined
to entertain the opinion expressed by G. B. Sowerby, Senr.
(Zool. Journ.) that the Hinnites as well as the Pectines, are
provided with a byssus; but that, in the case of the former,
the shell growing in a confined situation, ‘“ becomes
pressed close to, and takes the shape of the substances to
which it adheres, and the extremely rare occurrence of an
opportunity of observing its byssus may have given rise to
the idea of its bemg adherent by its outer surface to those
substances.”

DESCRIPTIONS.

1. H. stnvosus (pl. xx. f. 1, 2, 3.) Pecten pusio, distor-
tus, nonnull.

T. oblonga, tenui, confertim radiatim striata, striis scabris ;
auriculis inzequalibus, radiatim scabris: valva dextra prope
marginem ventralem plerumque irregulariter depressa,
polita.

Shell oblong, thin, closely striated, striae radiating, sca-
brous ; ears unequal, with scabrous radiated striz; outside

80

of the lower valve, particularly the ventral margin, generally
flattened and smooth. In its young state this shell is quite
regular, but becomes increasingly irregular with age.
Great Britain.
2. H. Gicganreus (pl. xx. f. 3. 4. 5.) Hinnita gigantea,
Gray in Ann. of Philos. Aug. 1826. Lima gigantea. Id. in
loc. cit.

“T. oblonga, extus pallidé brunnea confertim radiato-sul-
cata, extus alba, margine cardinali purpurea; Long. 4.; alt.
5. poll.”

“Trregularly oval, thick, radiately striated, with the ears
small, narrow, hinge thick ; colour pale brown, with reddish
radiating streaks, inside white, hinge purple.”

3. H. CORALLINUS.

“'T. valdé irregulari, extus corallino-rubra, valva superiore
radiatim costella, costellis muricato-subasperis: intus pallidé
sub-fusca, marginibus basalibus sordidé purpureis; long. et
alt. subaequalibus.”

“Shell very irregular, outside of a fine coral red, upper
valve with small radiating ribs, here and there muricated ;
inside pale subfuscous, basal margins dull purple; muscular
impression having the appearance of a horny substance
veined with the same as the other parts of the inside, its
lower edges variegated with pale dull purple; inside composed
of a distinctly facetted crystalline substance, with occasional
black coriaceous spots near the edges Lower valve paler in
colour than the upper; very rough with the irregularities of
the sand-stone rock upon which it has been placed.”

Eastern Africa.

Iam unable to give a figure of this shell, as the only known
specimen was in the collection of the Rev. D. Goodall,
which has been distributed in various quarters since the
lamented death of that dignitary.

3]

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XII

<2)
SUSU tye WN

. gibbus, Sp. 22.

. corallinoides, 59.
. unicolor, 44.

. solaris, 28.

. tumidus, 37.

. Rastellum, 50.
. velutinus, 55.
. imbricatus, 67.

. sulcicostatus, 6.
. sub-plicatus, 57.

. irregularis, 75. |
. proteus, 42.
. Singaporinus, 90. |
. serratus, 74.

. Squamatus, 76.

PECTEN.

bifrons, 26.
superbus, 52.
tranquebaricus,89.
clavatus, 47.
danicus, 48.
gibbus, 22.
ventricosus, 19.
lati-auritus, 36.
solaris, 28.
circularis, 18.
pyxidatus, 13.
ventricosus, 19.

rubromaculatus,
68.

noduliferus, 56.
Greenlandicus,35.
flagellatus, 40.
corneus, 80.
distans, 49.
aculeatus, 78. |
squamosus, 73.

TO XxX.
Fic. 59. P. sanguinolentus,
86.
60. P. Patagonicus, 27.
| 61. P. lividus, 72.
62, 63, 64, 65. P. pusio, 83.
66, 67. P. hyalinus, 39.
68. P. Madreporarum,
70.
69, 70. P. albolineatus, 85.
71. P. Singaporinus, 90.
72, 73. P. sub-plicatus, 57.
74, 75. P. obsoletus, 81.
76. P. gibbus, 22.
Vfy (S- L. Ormatus, 84.
79. P. obsoletus, 81.
80. P. ornatus, 84.
81. P. sub-plicatus, 57.
82, 83, 84. P. proteus, 42.
85. P. nucleus, 17.
86, 87. P. vitreus? 79.
88. P. squamosus, 73.
89. P. lividus, 72.
JO. aherulas: 71.
91. P. lividus, 72.
92, 93. P. squamosus, 73.
94. P. noduliferus, 56.
95, 96. P. Tigris, 67.
97. P. sub-nodosus, 61.
98, 99, 100. P. maximus, 1.
| 101. P. laqueatus, 4.
102, 103, 104. P. medius, 5.
105, 106. P. dentatus, 11.
107, 108. P. Jacobus, 3.
109, 110. P. Japonicus, 31.
111. P. crassi-costatus,92.
112. P. subnodosus, 61.

K

82

Fra. 113. P. purpuratus, 21. Fig. 196, 197. P. asper, 14.
114. P. magnificus, 60. 198. 199. P. aspersus; 16:
115. P. nodosus, 62. 200-204. P. flexuosus, 45.
116, 117. P. similis, 2. 205 -207. P. undulatus, 46.
118, 119, P. fuscus, 8. 208 -210. P. subrufus, 24.
120, 121, P. sinensis, 9. 211, 212. P. Pseudamusium,
122, P. magellanicus, 33. 34.
124, 125. P. purpuratus, 21. 213-218. P. varius, 96.

; 126. P. obliteratus, 29. 219-220. P. Australis, 95.
127, 128. P. pleuronectes, 30. 221, 222, P. sanguineus, 98.
129 -133. P. ziczac, 10. 223, 224. P. niveus, 100.

134. P. sinensis, 9. 225. P. muscosus, 63.
135, 136. P. pleuronectes, 30. 226. P. rugosus, 64.
137, 138. P. Laurentii, 32. 227, 228. P. parvus, 66.

39, 140. P. irradians, 20. 229, 230. P. spiniferus, 88.
141-146. P. opercularis, 23. 231, 232. P. orbicularis, 38.
147. P. nodosus, 62. 233; E. pichus;ioa.

148-150. P. Pallium, 87. 234. P. pes-felis, 65.
151. P. Senatorius, 91. 235. P. Pseudolima, 101.
152. P. crassi-costatus,92. 236. P. hastatus, 82.
153. P. Jacobeus, 3. 237 -239. P. Plica, 58.
154, 155. P. Radula, 54. 240. P. histrionicus, 53.
156-158. P. asperrimus, 94. 241, 242. P. Brueii, 77.
159-161. P. Icelandicus, 93. 243. P. Pseudamusium.
162. P. pes-felis, 65. var. 34.
163, 164. P. Krythreensis, 12. 244. P. corneus, 80.
165, 166. P. subviridis, 7. 245. P. corneus, var. 80.
167, 168. P. Pallium, 87. 246. P. splendidulus, 97.
169-176. P. glaber, 41. 247. P. miniaceus, 99.
177, 178. P. medius, 5. 248. P. undulatus, 46.
179-181. P. sulcatus, 43.
182. P. distans, 49.
183-186. P. exasperatus, 25.
187. P. Danicus, 48. ENS
188-192. P. senatorius, 91. 1, 2, 3, 4, H. sinuosus.
193-195. P. ineequivalvis, 15. 5, 6, 7. H. giganteus.

83

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS
LIMA.

Char. Gen. Molluscum acephalopodum unimusculosum.
Testa bivalvi, interdum libera, interdum bysso adherente,
subeequivalvi, bi-auriculata, obliqué ovali, radiatim costata vel
striata; margine ventrali anticé producto, cardine recto,
edentulo; foveola trigona, in medio are centralis cartila-
ginem recipiente; impressione musculari sublaterali: colore
albo; epidermide fusco, tenui.

The shells of this genus are generally equivalve, more or
less obliquely oval, with small triangular, lateral auricles.
The umbones are kept apart by a triangular disc in each
valve. In the centre of each is a pit containing the cartilage,
and the ligament is spread upon the surface at each side.

In all the species, there is an hiatus at both sides of the shell,
although in several species it is very narrow. A byssus passing
through the anterior hiatus, occasionally attaches the shell to
sub-marine substances. :

Judging from the shells alone, the Lime would appear to
be closely allied to the genus Pecten, from which they differ
in having the umbones kept apart by the triangular disc, and in
the ventral margins being produced on the anterior instead of
the posterior side, so that the apex of the shell leans in the
opposite direction. All the shells are white, or nearly so, but
have a thin, transparent brown epidermis.

DESCRIPTIONS.

1. L. scasra (pl. xxi. f. 4, 5, 12.) Born. Mus. Ces. p.
110, Pecten aspera, Chemn. 7- p. 352. pl. 68. f. 652. Ostrea
glacialis, Gmel. p. p. 3302. Lam. &c.

L

84

T. ovali, crassa, subcompressé, ad latera posticé paululim,
anticé magis, hiante ; costis numerosis, angulatim interruptis,
in medio angulatim confluentibus ; auriculis striatis ; anticis
tumidis, subreflexis; epidermide fusco: cardine crasso,
obsoleté plicato. Nonnunqua mtesta irregulariter linguiformi
occurrit.

Oval, thick, not very oblique, slightly gaping at the
posterior margin, rather more so at the anterior. The surface
is rendered scabrous by angularly notched ribs, meeting in
the centre; the anterior auricles are tumid, with their edges
slightly reflected.

2. L. TENERA. (pl. xxi. f. 2,3, 10,11, 13.) Chemn. 7.
p. 352., t. 68. f.652.. Ostrea glacialis, var. Gmel. 3332.
Lam. &c. Test. jun. L. annulata, Lam. ?

T. Lime scabre simillima, sed costis minutissimis, squa-
mis minutissimis erectis interruptis.

Var. a. t. ovali.

Var. 8. t. subelongata. Hab. Ins. Mindoro.

Var. y. t. obliqué subtrigona. Hab. Batangas, Philippi-
narum; Singapore, &c.

The difference between this and the preceding species
consists in the comparative fineness of the notched ribs;
when in good condition they produce small, erect, seed-like
terminations to the notches, as represented in the magnified
portion of fig. 13.

3. L. Butuata (pl. xx. f. 32 and 33) Born. Mus. Ces.
p. 110. t. 6. f. 8. Chemn. 7. p. 348, t. 68. f. 649. b.

T. elongato-ovali crass4, ventricosa, sub-equilaterali, ad
latera vix hiante; margine cardinali crasso, utrinque subtus
auriculis uniplicato; auriculis validis subzequalibus, acutis ;
costis centralibus 20, validis, submoniliformibus, lateralibus
minoribus subevanidis.

Elongated, thick, ventricose, nearly equilateral, scarcely
gaping at the sides; hinge-margin thick, with a plication
under the auricles, which are thick, sharp, and nearly equal.
About 20 nodose, central ribs, and others less strongly
raised at the sides. Found at Sorsogon by Mr. Cuming,
in coarse sand, six fathoms.

4. L. suBAURICULATA. (pl. xxii. f. 23.) Mont.

T. minutaé Lime bullate simillima, sed costis minutissimis.

A minute British species, differing from L. bullata in the
extreme fineness of the ribs.

5. L. sauamosa. (pl. xxi. f. 1. 18.) Lam. Anim. sansVert.
6. p. 156. Ost. lima, Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. &c.

85

T. crassa, obliqua, subcompressa, utrinque peaululum
hiante, latere antico angulariter complanato: auriculis pos-
ticis magnis, anticis minoribus: costis 20 ad 24, rotundatis,
crassis imbricatis, area cardinali magna.

Thick, oblique, rather compressed, slightly gaping on both
sides, anterior side angularly flattened: posterior auricles
large, anterior comparatively small; ribs 20 to 24, thick,
round, with sharp erect imbrications. The variety from the
Red Sea, is more oblique, and has sharper and more numerous
scales. Red Sea, Mediterranean.

6. L. MuuricostaTa. (pl. xxii. f. 38) nobis.

T. Lime squamose simillima, sed costis circiter 35, monili-
formibus.

Resembling L. squamosa, but having the ribs much more
numerous and less raised ; 35 were counted in the specimen
figured. Mediterranean ?

7. L. paucicostata (pl. xxi. f. 14. 17.) nobis.

T. Lime squamose simillima, sed costis circiter 12, squamis
magnis perelevatis.

In this species there are only 12 or 13 ribs, in other
respects it resembles Lima squamosa,

8. L. ExcAvaTaA (pl. xxi. f. 8. 9.) Chemn. 7. p. 355. t. 68.
f. 654. Ost. excavata Gmel. 3332.

T. ovali, tenui, ventricosa, radiatim striata, utrinque pau-
lulum hiante; latere antico subtus auriculis ared excavata
angulata: auriculis, posticis magnis, anticis parvis.

Oval, thin, ventricose, radiated by fine distant striz, slight-
ly gaping on both sides, with a concave elongated depression
in front; the anterior auricles are small, the posterior
large. Norway.

9. L. rascraTa (pl. xxi. f. 15.16.) Ost. fasciata. Linn.
Syst. Nat. p. 1147. Lima inflata, Lam. 6. p. 156. Chem. 7.
t. 68. fig. 649. a, b.

T. tenui, ventricosa, obliqué ovali, margine cardinali subtus
auriculis uniplicato; area cardinali parva; latere postico laté
hiante; antico paululum prope marginem ventralem hiante ;
auriculis acutis, anticis parvis, costis numerosis angularibus.

Although obscurely described, there can be little doubt of
this being the true Lima fasciata of Linnzeus. A specimen now
exists in the Linnzan collection differing materially from the
one subsequently introduced by Sir J. Smith, which we
refer to the following species.

10. L. venrricosa. (pl. xxi. f. 6. 7.) nobis. L.
glacialis Poli. 28. f. 19. 21.

86

T. Lime fasciate simillima, sed magis ventricosa, costis dis-
tantibus, submoniliformibus.

Differing from Lima fasciata in being much more ventricose,
and having the ribs more distant and beaded. The name
given by Poli was previously applied to L. scabra by Gmelin.

Mediterranean.
11. L. RorunDATA. (pl. xxi. f. 19.) nobis.

T. Lime fasciate simillima, sed magis recta, et ventricosa ;
costis distantibus, moniliformibus. L. Ventricose simili, sed
forma obliqué rotundata, minimé ovali.

Very closely resembling Lima ventricosa, but much shorter
from the apex to the ventral margin ; hinge much wider, and
the ribs more coarse.

12. L. aneuuata (pl. xxii. f. 39, 40.) nodis.

T. tenui, striata, ventricosa, obliqué ovali, utrinque paulu-
lum hiante; posticé prope marginem ventralem angulata,
margine cardinali angustata ; auriculis parvis sub-equalibus.

Thin, striated, ventricose, slightly gaping on both sides,
obliquely oval, with a posterior angle between the lateral and
ventral margin, hinge narrow, auricles small, nearly equal.
Found by Mr. Cuming at Panama and the Bay of Car-
racas, in sandy mud, 10 to 12 fathoms. :

13. L. Loscomst1. (pl. xxii. f. 20, 21, 22.) Leach. Sowerby’s
Genera. Lima, f. 4. L. bullata of Turton.

T. tenui, ventricosa, minutissimé striata, obliqué ovali,
posticé prope marginem ventralem sub-angulata, utrinque
vix hiante ; auriculis parvis acutis; area cardinali parva.

Thin, ventricose, obliquely oval, with the posterior ventral
margin slightly angular, scarcely any hiatus at the sides;
auricles small, sharp ; area of the hinge small. Britain.

14, L. Fragiuis. (pl. xxi. f. 34, 35, 36, 37) Chemn.
7. t.61. f. 650. L. dehiscens, Conrad. L. linguatula Lam. ?

T. tenui, subcompressa, obliqué elongata, ad latera levi,
in medio costis parvis distantibus, angulatis; lateribus validé
hiantibus; hiatu postico costa interna marginato: auriculis
parvis, posticis acutis, anticis obtusis ; area cardinali angusta.

Thin, rather flat, obliquely elongated, widely gaping on
both sides ; smooth at the sides, with the central ribs small,
distant, and slightly angulated; the margin of the posterior
hiatus is formed by an internal rib; auricles small, posterior
acute, anterior obtuse; hinge area narrow. ‘The variety
f. 37. is from Tahiti, f. 34. and 35. are from the Philippine
Islands. Found under stones at low water.

15. L. ArncuaTa. (pl. xxii. f, 41, 42.) nodis.

87

T. Lime fragili simillima, sed magis hiante ; margine yven-
trali magis expansa, et sub-angulata.

Closely resembling Lima fragilis, but more gaping, and
having the ventral margin expanded and slightly angular.
Found at Lord Hood’s Island, under coral rocks; at Panama
in sandy mud; at Guayaquil Bay; at Guacomayo, under
stones, &c. by Mr. Cuming.

16. L. APERTA. (pl. xxii. f. 26, 27, 28, 29.) Ost. hians
Gmel. 3333. L. fragilis, Mont. Test. Supp. p. 62. LL. tenera,
Turton. Zool. Journ. vol. 5. p. 362. pl. 13. f. 2.

T. tenui, sub-compressd, obliqué ovali vel elongata, ad
latera leevi, in medio minuté striata, anticé paululum, posticé
laté, hiante; hiatu postico costa interna valida marginato;
auriculis posticis acutis, area cardinali parva.

More oval than L. fragilis, with the hinge end narrower in
proportion, and the striz much finer. Britain.

17. L. pentaTa. (pl. xxi. f. 30. 31.) nobis.

T. obliqué elongata, tenui, sub-compressa, anticé paululum,
posticé laté, hiante; hiatu postico costa interna marginato ;
auriculis anticis parvis, obtusis, posticis acutis ; area cardinali
magna: costis 18, distantibus, scabris, ad marginem ventra-
lem dentatis.

Obliquely elongated, thin, rather compressed, the anterior
side slightly, the posterior rather more widely gaping: a
slight internal rib forms the margin of the posterior hiatus ;
the posterior auricles are extremely sharp, with a notch under-
neath them; the hinge area is deep; ribs 18, distant, granu-
lated, their terminations producing a dentated ventral
margin. Collection of the Rev. F. J. Stainforth.

18. L. Cumrinait. (pl. xxi. f. 24, 25.) nobis. Zool. Proc.

T. tenui, parva, obliqué elongata, subinflata, subquinque-
laterali ad margines feré clausd: posticé vix hiante; margine
ventrali sub-quadrato, cardine brevi: auriculis brevibus, sub-
obtusis; margine postico obtusé angulato; costis 12 central-
ibus, sub-obsoletis, ad marginem dentatis; umbonibus gib-
bosis.

We have only seen one specimen of this very distinct
small shell, which differs from L. fragilis in being more
ventricose, and having the margin closed all round, in the
latter respect resembling L. Loscombi.

Found in sandy mud, at a depth of 10 fathoms, by Mr.
Cuming at Bolinao, Isl. Luzon.

©

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXI anp XXII.

34. 35. 36.

39.
Al.

. scabra, 1.

. tenera (portion magnified), 2.
. paucicostata, 7.

. fasciata, 9.

LIMA.

. Squamosa, Sp. 5. Mediterranean.
. tenera, 2.
. scabra, var. 1.
. scabra, 1.

. ventricosa, 10.
- excavata, 8.

Mindoro.

tenera, 2.

~~

paucicostata, 7.

. Squamosa, var. Red Sea, 5.
. rotundata, 11.
. Loscombi, 13.

subauriculata, 4.
Cumingii (magnified), 18.

- aperta, 16.

. dentata, 17.

. builata, 3.

. fragilis.14

. multicostata, 6.
. angulata, 12.

. arcuata, 15.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS
CYCLOSTOMA,

BY

G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. &c.

Char. Gen. Molluscum terrestre gasteropodum, pulmoni-~
ferum, sexibus separatis. Testa turbinata, polymorpha, spire
apice obtuso; anfractibus plerumque rotundatis: apertura
plerumque feré circulari, plus minusve posticé angulato ;
peritremate continuo, sepe incrassato, reflexo, Operculum
pauci-vel multi-spirali, caleareo vel corneo.

The diversity of form of the shells composing this genus is
very remarkable, as will be seen by reference to our plates,
some of the species being turreted, others planorbular, with
every intermediate gradation ; the apex of the spire is always
obtuse ; the volutions are almost constantly rounded, and the
aperture is for the most part nearly if not quite circular, in
some instances somewhat elliptical and more or less angular
posteriorly ; the peritreme is generally continuous, sometimes
sinuated on the umbilical side, sometimes interrupted at its
junction with the last volution, and sometimes notched
posteriorly, frequently simple and sharp-edged, and in many
instances reflected, or thickened and reflected, and variously
fringed, sometimes double, having an inner simple and an
external reflected edge.

The recent species of this Genus are now very numerous;
in 1822 Lamarck had only described 26; in 1832 I had drawn
up the characters of 108 species, and at the present time we
have represented and described 175 species. There are how-
ever still several of Lamarck’s species with which we are not
acquainted, and of which we here mention the names, in hope
to gain the information of which we are now destitute: these
are his C. ambigua, C. decussata, C. lineolata, and C. multilabris,
the number being now reduced to four, whereas in 1831 we
gave a list of six species which we then did not know; we are
indebted to M. De Lessert for our present knowledge of
Lamarck’s C. mamillaris and C. Orbella; the first of which
is identical with that called C, Volziana, by Michaud,

90

It will perhaps be observed that De Lessert has published
figures representing the above Lamarckian species ; we must,
however, note that the one he calls ambigua, represents
Lamarck’s interrupta ; that the figures intended to represent
decussaia and lineolata, do not resemble any species we have
ever seen, and that the figure of C. multilabris Lam. represents
only an accidental deformity*

We have particularly to acknowledge our obligations to the
Rey. IF. J. Stainforth, for the use of his very complete collec-
tion of species; to M. Alcide D’Orbigny, for the species
collected by him in Cuba; and to Hugh Cuming, Esq.,
for the numerous species collected by himself among the
Philippine Islands, as well as for much information relative to
localities which he has kindly communicated to us.

We have arranged the species under two divisions, the first
consisting of those which have the peritreme simple and not
reflected, or very slightly so; and the second consisting of
those in which it is more or less reflected, of the former there
are 56 species, and of the latter 119 species. At the same
time we have endeavoured, as far as we could judge of their
affinities, to bring together those species which are most nearly
related, so that the whole will be found to form natural groups;
for example, the 168th to the 175th species, consisting of C.
antillarum, C. tortum. C. ventricosum, C. auriculatum, C.
tortuosum, C. altum, C. pupiniforme, and C. minus are
evidently closely allied species ; thus again the 158th to 162nd
which are all European species bearing a general resemblance
to each other, are all brought together: the same may be said
of C. Involvulus and of C. leve and their cognate species, as
well as of nearly all the remainder; if we have not always
fully succeeded in our attempt, it appears to have been because
the affinities have not been very obvious.

*It seems needful to remind our general readers that CycLosToMA is neuter,
consequently the specific names should terminate in um or e, except when they are
substantives, such as Orbella, goniostoma, multilabrum, Ortyx, Cincinnus, &c.

91

DESCRIPTIONS.

$1 Peritreme not reflected.

1 C. suTURALE, pl. xxiii, f. 1. 2) nob.

T. orbiculato-depressé, tenui, epidermide olivacea induta,
anfractibus 3-4, rotundatis, transversim tenuissimé striatis,
sutura canaliculaté; lined levata, filiformi prope suturam ;
apertura circulari, superné emarginatione obsoleta ; peritre-
mate tenui, margine acutiusculo; umbilico patulo; operculo
concinné spiral.

Shell of a depressed orbicular form, with a nearly flat
spire, thin and white, covered with a thin olive-coloured
epidermis; whorls 3 to 4, rounded, finely striated trans-
versely, or in the direction of the axis; suture canaliculated,
with an elevated, thread-like line next to it; aperture cir-
cular, slightly notched at the upper edge, peritreme thin,
with a sharpish edge ; umbilicus wide, spreading; operculum
thickish, testaceous, with a very fine spiral line on the outer
side. Demerara, Mr. Bainbridge.

2, C. ASPERULUM (pl. xxiil, f. 3.) nob.

T. orbiculato-subdepressa, tenui, translucida; anfractibus
4—5, rotundatis, rugulosis; sutura distincta; apertura
rotundata, superné acuminatiuscula, peritremate tenul, mar-
gine acutiusculo; umbilico magno.

Shell of a somewhat depressed nearly orbicular form,
thin, semitransparent, white; volutions 4—5, minutely rugu-
lose all over; suture distinct, aperture nearly circular,
but acuminated at the upper part where the peritreme is
joined to the last volution, peritreme not thickened, margin
sharp; umbilicus large. Several specimens of this species
were in Mr. G. Humphrey’s collection, labelled “ Pyzis,
Jamaica.” A young shell has a shelly operculum, and a
thick green epidermis.

3. C. SEMISTRIATUM. (pl. xxiii. f. 6) nod.

T. orbiculato-subdepressd, tenui, albida, fasciis pallidé
fuscis interruptis; spira subprominula, apice obtusiusculo ;
anfractibus 4—5, rotundatis, superné longitudinaliter striatis,
infra levibus; sutura distincté; apertura circulari, superné
subacuminata; peritremate obsoletissimé subreflexo, tenui,
margine acutiusculo ; umbilico magno ; operculo sulco externo
spirali, anfractibus 4—5.

Shell of a somewhat depressed orbicular form; thin,
whitish, with narrow pale brown interrupted bands; spire

92

rather prominent, its apex rather obtuse; volutions
4 to 5, rounded, spirally striated on the upper side, but
smooth beneath ; suture distinct ; aperture circular, slightly
acuminated at the upper part; peritreme thin, with a sharp
edge, very slightly reflected; umbilicus large; operculum
with a deep spiral groove outside, having from 4 to 5 volu-
tions. From G. Humphrey’s collection, labelled “ Poonah.”
4. C. Brasiuiense, (pl. xxii. f. 7.) nod.

T. orbiculato-subdepressa, tenui, alba, opacd; anfractibus
4—5, rotundatis, transversim striatis ; sutura profundiuscula ;
apertura circulari, peritremate tenui, acuto; umbilico
magno; operculo testaceo, duplicato, extus tenuissimé spirali.

Shell of a rather depressed orbicular form, thin, white, opaque
and chalky in appearance, volutions 4 to 5, transversely
striated, strie sharp and close set; suture deep; aperture
circular; peritreme thin, sharp-edged; umbilicus large,
operculum shelly, thick, double, smooth within, with a very
fine spiral line on the outside. Collected in abundance in
shady places near Rio Janeiro.

5. C. GIGANTEUM. (pl. xxiii. f. 8, 9.) Gray, Mus. Brit.

T. orbiculato-subdepressa, crassiuscula, albicante, epider-
mide cornea fulva induta; apice rufescente; anfractibus 5—6,
rotundatis, transversim striatis, striis superné validioribus ;
sutura distincta, stria longitudinaliter impress propé
suturam; apertura subeffusa, superné angulaté, et in ca-
nalem inconspicuam subdecurrente, peritremate subin-
crassato; umbilico magno; operculo linea elevata spirali,
instertitiis oblique striatis.

Shell of a rather depressed orbicular form, thickish, white,
with a red apex, and covered with a horny fulvous epidermis,
which is sometimes paler above and darker on the lower
part, and sometimes worn away in such a manner as to leave
a dark fulvous band in the middle of the last volution ; volu-
tions 5—6, rounded, transversely striated, more strongly
on the upper than on the lower half; suture distinct,
with a longitudinally impressed line near to it; aperture
rather spreading, angular above, where it forms an incon-
spicuous pointed canal; peritreme rather thickened, not
very sharp-edged; umbilicus large; operculum with an
elevated spiral line, of many volutions, with the interstices
obliquely striated. Salango, W. Columbia; under dead leaves.

H. Cuming.

6. C. Inca.(pl. xxiv. f. 71, 72.) D’Orb. Mag. de Zool, 1835,

p. 29.

93

T. suborbiculari, subdepressa, tenuiuscula, viridescenti-fusca,
fascia saturatiori linedque albicante medianis ; spira brevissima
obtusa, anfractibus 4, levibus, transversim striatis: sutura
distincta ; apertura circulari, posticé subacuminata, peritre-
mate tenui; operculo crassiusculo, anfractibus 7.

Shell nearly orbicular, rather depressed, and thin, of a
greenish brown, with a darker band, and a whitish circumferen-
tial line; spire very short, obtuse, with four smooth trans-
versely striated volutions ; suture distinct; aperture circular,
rather acuminated posteriorly, with a thin peritreme ; opercu-
lum thickish. From Yungas in Bolivia, D’ Orbigny,

7. C. ORBELLA. (pl. xxiii. f. 6*, 6**) Lam. p. 148.
De Lessert Recueil pl. 29, f. 13.

T. suborbiculari, subdiscoidea, tenui, apice obtuso, paululum
levato, submamillari; anfractibus 4, superné spiraliter striatis,
strlis prominentibus, infra levitér striatis ; umbilico patulo ;
apertura circulari, peritremate tenui, subreflexo.

Shell nearly orbicular, almost discoid, thin and hyaline,
with a slightly elevated, obtuse, submamillary apex; volutions
4, with prominent spiral striz on the posterior part, but with
very slight striz anteriorly; umbilicus wide spreading; aper-
ture circular with a thin and slightly reflected peritreme. In
Mr. Cuming’s Collection ; locality unknown.

8. C. sTRAMINEUM, (pl. xxix. f, 211, 212.) Reeve.

T. suborbiculari, subdepressa, tenui, fulvescente, spira obtu-
sa, anfractibus 4, rotundatis, posticé prope suturam rugulosis,
deinde striis elevatis obliquis ad umbilicum magnum decurren-
tibus ; apertura subelliptica, peritremate tenui, acuto, posticé
paululim angulato, supra ultimum anfractum subinterrupta ;
operculo testaceo, anfractibus 7, obliqué striatis, sutura pro-
funda.

Shell suborbicular, depressed, thin, pale yellow-brown; spire
obtuse; volutions 4, rounded, rugulose at the posterior part
near the suture, and then with elevated oblique lines, running
into the umbilicus, which is very large; aperture slightly
elliptical, peritreme thin, sharp edged, slightly angular, and in
a small degree interrupted at the last volution ; operculum
testaceous, with 7 obliquely striated volutions. Frem Merida, |
in the Columbian Andes. |

9. C. cineuLatum (pl. xxix. f. 213, 214.) nod.

T. suborbiculari, subdepressd, crassiuscula, albicante, epi-
dermide castaneo-fusca induta ; spira brevi, obtusa, anfractibus
4, rotundatis, rugulosis, cingulo ad peripheriam levatiusculo,

M

94

nigro ; apertura circulari, peritremate subincrassato, simplici,
posticé subacuminato; umbilico magno, intus transversim
striato, extls rugoso.

Shell suborbicular, rather depressed, whitish, covered with
a chestnut brown epidermis: spire short, obtuse, with 4 round-
ed, rugulose volutions, the last showing a slightly elevated
black band at the periphery; aperture circular, peritreme
slightly thickened, not reflected, a little acuminated posteri-
orly; umbilicus large, transversely striated, rugose ex-
ternally. From the mountains of New Granada, communi-
cated by Mr. Powis.

10. C. pustnLuM. (pl. xxui. f. 5, 5*.) nod.

T. orbiculari, subdiscoidea, apice spire subprominulo ; an-
fractibus 4, rotundatis, lineis incrementi solim striatis ; sutura
profunda; apertura circulari, peritremate tenuiusculo, subre-
flexo, posticé, propé anfractum ultimum subemarginato; um-
bilico patulo ; operculo multispirali, extus concavo, margine
canaliculato, intus nitido.

Shell orbicular, nearly discoid ; apex of the spire rather
prominent, volutions 4, rounded, marked only with fine striz
of growth; suture deep; aperture circular, peritreme rather
thin, slightly reflected, and with a single very slight notch at
the posterior part next to the last volution; umbilicus wide ;
operculum multispiral, concave externally, bordered with a
channel and shining inside. Found at the roots of shrubs and
trees at Calaumay, Isle of Lugon, and in the Isle of Negros, in
earth under decayed leaves; by Mr. Cuming.

11. C. ruFEscENs. (pl. xxiv. f. 36, 37.) nod.

T. suborbiculari, rufescente, spira brevi, anfractibus 4 ro-
tundatis, spiraliter costellatis et striatis, costellis crenulatis ;
sutura profunda; apertura circulari, pertremate tenui; umbilico
magno.

Shell nearly orbicular, generally of a reddish colour, with a
short spire consisting of 4 rounded, spirally ridged and striated
volutions; the ridges crenulated ; suture deep; aperture cir-
cular, with a thin sharp peritreme; umbilicus large. From
Martinique, communicated by L. T. Powis Esq.

12. C. pLeBEIUM (pl. xxv, f. 40.) nod.

T. subglobosa, tenui, obscura, subfusca, spira breviuscula,
anfractibus 4, rotundatis, rapidé crescentibus; apice obtu-
siusculo; sutura distincté; apertura magn, circulari, peritre-
mate tenui; umbilico parvulo; operculo multispirali, extus
albicante, maculo centrali depresso, margine canaliculato,
intus nitido.

Pe aoe

95

Shell nearly globose, thin, with a dull reddish brown sur-
face, spire rather short, with 4 rounded, rapidly increasing
volutions, apex rather obtuse; suture distinct ; aperture large,
circular, with a thin peritreme; umbilicus small; operculum
multispiral, whitish externally with a depressed central spot,
inside shining, with a channeled border. Found under dead
leaves, near Calaumay, Lucon, H. Cuming.

13. C. srenosToma (pl. xxxi. f. 261.) nod.

T. suborbiculari, depressa, crassa, levi, castanea, albido-
maculosé; spira feré plana, anfractibus 4, subrotundatis ;
apertura feré circulari, posticé subangulata, paululim coarctata,
peritremate subincrassato, umbilico maximo; operculo corneo,
anfractibus sex.

Shell suborbicular, depressed, thick, smooth, chestnut
coloured with whitish specks; spire nearly flat, volutions 4,
somewhat rounded; aperture nearly circular, angular posteri-
orly, slightly contracted; peritreme a little thickened ; um-
bilicus very large; operculum horny, with six volutions.
From Arabia, communicated by Mr. Powis.

14. C. conruGatum (pl. xxii. f. 10, 11.) nod.

T. orbiculato-subdepressa, crassiuscula, albida, apice ru-
fescente, epidermide tenui fusca induté; spira subpromi-
nulaé, acuminatiuscula; anfractibus 5, rotundatis, trans-
versim striatis et corrugatis; sutura distincta; apertura
circulari, subeffusa, superné angulata, et in canalem incon-
spicuam desinente; peritremate tenuiusculo, margine acu-
tiusculo, latere umbilicali incrassato; umbilico magno,
margine crenulato, intus transversim striato; operculo tes-
taceo, extus lamina elevaté convoluta, intus corneo, polito.

Shell of a rather depressed orbicular form, thickish, and
of a dirty white colour, with a reddish apex, and covered with
a thin fuscous epidermis, spire rather prominent and slightly
acuminated, volutions 5, rounded, transversely striated and
corrugated; suture distinct, but not deeply marked; aper-
ture circular, rather spreading, angular, and forming an
inconspicuous canal at the upper part, where it is joined to
the last volution ; peritreme thin, its outer margin sharpish,
its umbilical edge thickened; umbilicus large, transversely
striated within, its edge crenulated ; operculum shelly, with a
raised convoluted lamina on the outer side, shining and
horny in appearance within. Although this species has been
long well known it does not appear to have been described or
figured by any author. It has been taken for the C. rugosa

96

of Lam. from which it is, however, very distinct. Its oper-
culum is remarkably neat. Jamaica.

15. JAMAICENSE. (pl. xxiii. f. 12, 13.) Gray in Wood’s
Supp. to Ind. Test. t. 6, f.3. Turspo JAMAICENSIS, Chemn.

T. orbiculato-subconica, crassiuscula, plerumque pallida,
epidermide fusca, induta, anfractibus 4—5, rotundatis, trans-
versim tenuissimé striatis, superné corrugatis, propé suturam
elevatiusculis ; sutura distincta; apertura circulari, subeffusa,
superné angulata, et in canalem brevissimam, inconspicuam,
desinente; peritremate subincrassato, margine externo acutius-
culo, interno incrassato, obtuso; umbilico magno, margine
carinato, intus transversim striato; carina umbilicali extus
corrugata; operculo testaceo, extus lamina elevata, convoluta,
obtusa, inttis corneo.

Shell of a rather conical orbicular form, thickish, generally
of a pale colour, covered with a dark brown epidermis;
volutions 4—5, rounded, very finely transversely striated,
corrugated on the upper part, and rather raised next to
the suture; suture distinct, but not deeply marked ; aper-
ture circular, somewhat spreading, angular at the upper part,
where it forms a very short and inconspicuous canal, peritreme
slightly thickened, its outer margin rather sharp, its umbilical
edge thickened and blunt; umbilicus large, and transversely
striated within, strongly keeled at the edge, corrugated out-
side of the keel; operculum shelly, with a raised, convoluted,
obtusely-edged lamina outside, and appearing horny and
shining within. Common in Jamaica: it is distinguished
from C. corrugatum by the umbilicus being surrounded by a
strongly marked keel, and by the lamina outside the opercu-
lum having its edge reflected.

16. C. riLosum. (pl. xxii. f. 14.) Beechey, t. 38. f. 31.

T. orbiculato-subconicé, crassiuscula, pallida, anfractibus
5, rotundatis, longitudinaliter striatis et carinatis, carinis
duabis majoribus fusco-articulatis, inferiore suturali: sutura
minimé distincta; apertura circulari, peritremate sub-incras-
sato, superné sinuato, et subangulato, in canalem brevissi-
mam inconspicuam desinente, margine obtusiusculo; um-
bilico magno, margine carinis duabus, intus profundé striato.

Shell of a somewhat conical orbicular form, its spire rather
shorter than the aperture, thickish, of a pale colour, volutions
5, rounded, longitudinally striated and carinated, the two
more prominent keels speckled with reddish brown, the lower
one running along the suture, which is otherwise very indis-

97

tinct; aperture circular, peritreme rather thickened, sinuated
at the upper part, and rather angular, forming a very short
inconspicuous canal, edge rather obtuse; umbilicus large,
deeply grooved within, its edge with two prominent keels.
A very rare Kast Indian species,
17. C. CLATHRATULA. (pl. xxii. f. 15. 16.) Recluz.
Rev. Zool. 1843.

T. subglobosa, crassiuscula, spira subconoidali, apice
obtuso; anfractibus 4—5, rotundatis, superné spiraliter
tenuiter striatis, et decussatis, infra levibus ; apertura subovali,
superné angulata, peritremate crassiusculo, supra umbilicum
mediocre, paululim extenso.

Shell nearly globose, thickish, light yellow brown, with an
obtusely pointed, rather conoidal spire, volutions from 4—5,
rounded, their upper part finely and spirally striated
and the interstices of these striz very finely striated obliquely,
the lower part smooth; aperture rather oval, angular above,
peritreme thickened, spreading over a very small part of the
middling sized umbilicus. From Yemen, Arabia.

18. C. pouirum. (pl. xxiii. f. 17.) nod.

T. subglobosa, crassiuscula, subpellucida, polita, spira subco-
noidali, apice obtuso; anfractibus 4, rotundatis, _ pallidis,
brunneo-variegatis ; sutura distincté; apertura circulari, peri-
tremate subincrassato, intus subconstricto, superné suban-
gulato; umbilico parvo.

Shell nearly globose, thickish, subpellucid, shining, spire
rather conoidal, with an obtuse, and generally black, tip;
volutions 4, distinctly rounded, of a pale colour, more or less
varied with brown, and having a brown band at the lower
part; suture distinctly marked; aperture circular, peritreme
thickened, angular at the upper edge, with a slight internal
constriction near the edge, which is obtuse ; umbilicus small.

19. C. LuctpumM. (pl. xxiii. f. 20. 21.) Lowe. Trans. of
Cambr. Phil. Soc. 1831. t. 6. f. 40.

T. subglobosa, olivaced, spira conoidea, subacuminata,
anfractibus 4—5, rotundatis, levibus ; apertura subporrecta,
circulari, coarctata, margine obtuso; umbilico nullo; operculo
crasso, intus margine elevato.

Shell subglobose, olivaceous ; spire conoidal, rather acu-
minated; volutions from four to five, rounded, smooth ;
aperture circular, contracted, edge obtuse; umbilicus none ;
operculum thick, with the inner edge raised. Madeira.

98

20. C. tisteRI. (pl. xxiii. f. 22. 23.) Gray. Mus. Brit.

T. subglobosa, crassiuscula, spira conoidea, subacumi-
nata, anfractibus 4—5, rotundatis, levibus, nonnunquam
superné spiraliter obsoleté striatis; sutura distincta; aper-
tura circulari, peritremate subincrassato, superné angulato,
latere umbilicali calloso, callo umbilicum partim obtegente ;
umbilico parvo, spiraliter striato.

Shell nearly globose, thickish, spire conoidal, rather acu-
minated; volutions 4—5 rounded, smooth, sometimes
obsoletely striated longitudinally, more distinctly so in young
specimens ; suture distinct ; aperture circular; peritreme
somewhat thickened, angular at the upper part, spread-
ing on the umbilical side into a callus which partly covers
the small spirally striated umbilicus. Mauritius.

21. C. pigaTum. (pl xxii, f. 24.) Lam. Anim. sans Vert.

T. tenui, subglobosa, spiraé conoidea, subacuminata ;
anfractibus 5—6, rotundatis, obsoletissime longitudinaliter
et transversim obliqué striatis; sutura distinta; apertura
circulari, superné subangulata; peritremate tenui, paululum
subrefiexo, latere umbilicali patente; umbilico parvo, levissimo.

Shell thin, subglobose, with a conoidal, rather acumi-
nated spire, consisting of 5—6 rounded volutions which
are very obsoletely striated longitudinally on the upper part,
these strize being obliquely crossed by other transverse striz
which are equally faint, the suture is strongly marked ; the
aperture is circular, rather angular at the upper part ;
peritreme thin, very slightly reflected, spreading so as partly
to cover the umbilicus on the inner side; umbilicus small, and
together with the lower part of the volutions quite smooth.
The apex is of a dark colour.

22.C. APFINE. (pl.xxiil. f. 25. 26) nob. Turbo ligatus, Wood.

T. tenui, subglobosa, spira conoided, subacuminata; apice
obtuso ; anfractibus 4—5, rotundatis, levigatis; apertura cir-
culari, superné subangulata ; peritremate tenui, latere umbili-
cali paululum reflexo ; umbilico parvo spiralitér sulcato ; oper-
culo levigato, nucleo sublaterali.

Shell thin, nearly globose, with a conoidal, rather acu-
minated spire, whose apex is obtuse; volutions 4 — 5,
rounded, smooth; aperture circular, slightly angular at the
upper part; peritreme thin, very slightly reflected on the
umbilical side; umbilicus small, spirally grooved; operculum
smooth, with a somewhat lateral nucleus.

99

23. C. FULVESCENS (pl. xxv. f. 79, 80.) nod.

T. globoso-conica, tenuiuscula, pallidé brunnea, spira sub-
acuminata, anfractibus 5, rotundatis, confertim spiraliter
striatis, ultimo maximo ; apertura fere circulari, peritremate
tenui; satura distincta ; umbilico parvo.

Shell globosely conical, rather thin; of a pale brownish
colour, with transverse bands of darker brown; spire rather
acuminated ; volutions 5, rounded, covered with close set
spiral striz; the last volution very large; aperture nearly cir-
cular, with a thin peritreme; suture distinct ; umbilicus small.

From Madagascar, sent to Mr. Cuming by M. Petit.
24, C. ortyx. (pl. xxiii. f. 27. 28.) D’Orb. Mag. de
Conch. t.. 117. f..2.

T. tenui, subglobosa, pallida, fusco-variegata, spira conoidea,
subacuminata, apice acutiusculo; anfractibus 4—5, ventri-
cosis, spiraliter sulcatis et carinatis; apertura circulari
sub-effusa, peritremate tenui, subreflexo, margine levitér
sinuato, umbilico mediocri, spiraliter sulcato; operculi
anfractibus obliqué striatis.

Var. sulcis carinisque anfractuum obsoletioribus.

Shell thin, nearly globose, with a conoidal, somewhat
acuminated, rather sharp pointed, spire; volutions 4 to
5, ventricose, longitudinally grooved and carinated; aperture
circular, rather effuse, with a thin subreflected peritreme
whose edge is slightly sinuated; umbilicus of moderate
dimensions, spirally grooved; operculum spiral, its volu-
tions obliquely stiated. From the Seychelles.

25. C. UNDULATUM. (pl. xxiii. f 29. 30.) nod.

T. globoso-conoidea, crassiuscula, spira acuminatiuscula,
apice obtuso; anfractibus 5, ventricosis, spiraliter sulcatis,
superné propé suturam distinctam undulatis; apertura feré
circulari, superné obtusissimé emarginata, peritremate tenul,
latere umbilicali in callum incrassatum, supra umbilicum

arvum extenso; umbilico spiraliter sulcato.

Shell globosely conoidal, thickish, spire rather acuminated
with a blunt point; volutions five, ventricose, spirally grooved,
and undulated on the upper edge near the suture, which is well
marked ; aperture nearly circular, very slightly emarginated
near the upper part where it joins the last volution; peri-
treme thin, except on the side next to the umbilicus, where it
is thickened into a callus nearly covering the small umbilicus,
which is spirally grooved. Bengal.

26. C. spurcuM. (pl. xxiv. f. 75, 76.) nod.

100

T. suborbiculari, rufescente-fusca ; spira prominula, anfrac-
tibus quatuor rotundatis, albicante-subvariegatis, spiraliter
striatis, et subcarinatis; sutura distincta, subcrenulata ; aper-
tura circulari, peritremate albo, tenui, subreflexo; umbilico
parvo; operculo crassiusculo, anfractibus quinque.

Shell nearly orbicular, of a reddish brown colour; spire
rather prominent, consisting of four rounded, spirally striated,
and somewhat carinated volutions, usually somewhat variega-
ted with whitish ; suture distinct, slightly crenulated; aperture
circular, with a white, thin, slightly reflected peritreme ; umbi-
licus small; operculum thickish, with five volutions. In Mr.
Cumings collection, locality unknown.

27. C. sutcatum. (pl. xxii. f.31.) Oliv. Voyage dans le
Lévant. C. costulatum nonnull.

T. tenui, globoso-conoidea, unicolore, spira acuminatiuscula,
apice obtuso, papillari; anfractibus 4-5, ventricosis, spiraliter
sulcatis, creberrimé decussatis; apertura circulari, superné
subangulata, peritremate tenui, continuo; umbilico parvo,
spiraliter sulcato; operculo pallido, maculo centrali satura-
tiori, anfractibus obliqué striatis.

Shell thin, nearly globular, with a somewhat conoidal, sub-
acuminated, blunt pointed papillary spire; volutions from
four to five, ventricose, spirally grooved, the grooves crossed
by very fine striz; aperture circular, with a slight angle at the
upper part, peritreme thin, continuous, blunt edged ; umbilicus
small, spirally grooved; colour violaceous or orange brown,
darker at the apex, and becoming gradually paler as it increases
in size, without any bands; operculum pale coloured, with a
darker central spot, its volutions numerous and obliquely
striated. This is not the C. sulcata of Lamarck; it was dis-
covered by Olivier and has since been found at Mehadia, in
the Bannat, by M. Partsch.

28. C. euaucum. nob. (pl. xxiv. f. 39.)

T. subgloboso-conica, crassiuscula, rufescente, glauco-tinc-
ta; spira mediocri, apicé obtuso; anfractibus 5, subventricosis,
leevibus, tenerrimé spiraliter striatis, striis posticis majusculis ;
sutura subobtecta, anticé subcrenulata, linea impressa antica ;
apertura feré circulari, posticé subangulata; peritremate sub-
incrassato ; umbilico parvo, angusto.

Shell subglobosely conical, thickish, of a reddish colour
with a glaucous tint; spire of moderate length, with an obtuse
apex ; volutions five, rather ventricose, smooth and very finely
transversely striated, the posterior striz being the larger; su-

101

ture partly covered by the edge of the next volution, which is
slightly crenulated, with an impressed anterior line ; aperture
nearly circular, rather angulated posteriorly ; peritreme some-
what thickened; umbilicus small, narrow. Brought by M.
Hoffman, locality unknown.

29. C. Parvum.(pl. xxxi. f. 254, 255.)

T. suborbiculari, depresso-conoidea, tenui, laevigata, fulves-
cente, radiatim fusco-strigata, spirabrevi, submucronata, anfrac-
tibus 5 rotundatis, tenerrimé spiraliter striatis, obsoletissimé
4 ad 5carinatis; apertura circulari, peritremate simplici, pos-
ticé subemarginato, umbilico magno; operculo corneo, crasso.

Shell suborbicular, depressedly conoidal, thin, smoothish,
yellowish brown, with dark brown radiating stripes; spire
short, somewhat mucronated, with five rounded, very finely
spirally striated volutions, the last volution large, with 4 or 5
exceedingly obsolete keels: aperture circular, peritreme sim-
ple, slightly emarginated posteriorly; umbilicus large; oper-
culum horny, thick. From the Island of Zebu, Mr. Cuming.

30. C. ELEGANS. (pl. xxil. f. 32, 33.) Auctm.

T. oblongo-subacuminata, spira obtusa, submamillari ;
anfractibus 4-5, ventricosis, spiraliter sulcatis, creberrimé
decussatis ; sutura distincta, rotundato-subexcavata; apertura
subrotundata, superné subangulata; peritremate tenul, con-
tinuo ; umbilico minimo; operculo pallido, macula subcentrali
fusca, anfractibus paucis, obliqué striatis.

Shell of a rather acuminated oblong shape, with an
obtuse, rather mamillary apex; volutions 4—5, ventricose,
spirally grooved and very finely decussated; suture distinct,
somewhat rounded ; aperture nearly round, somewhat angular
at the upper part; peritreme thin, continuous, blunt edged ;
umbilicus very small; operculum pale coloured, with a nearly
central dark spot, its whorls few, obliquely striated. Europe.

31. C. MARMOREUM. (pl. xxiii. f.34, 35.) Brown in Edin.
Journ. of Nat. and Geogr. Science, vol. 1.

T. oblongo-subacuminaté, apice obtuso, submamillari;
anfractibus quatuor, ventricosis, marmoratis, nitidis; sutura
distincta; apertura subrotunda, superné subangulata ; peri-
tremate tenui, continuo ; umbilico minimo.

Shell of a rather acuminated oblong shape, with an obtuse
rather mamillary apex; volutions 4, ventricose, of a dark
colour, marbled with white, quite smooth and shining; suture
distinct ; aperture nearly round, rather angular at the upper

N

102

part ; peritreme thin, continuous; umbilicus very small.
Near Edinburgh, Mr. Gerarde.
32. C. cINCINNUS. nob. (pl. xxiv. f. 77, 78.)

T. suborbiculari, subturrita, tenui, albida, interdum fusco-
unifasciata ; anfractibus 5, rotundatis, posticé spiralitér sul-
catis, sulcis subdistantibus, anticé spiraliter, striatis; sutura
distincta; apertura circulari, peritremate tenui, versis umbili-
cum parvum subreflexo; apicé obtusiusculo.

Shell suborbicular, somewhat turreted, thin, whitish, some-
times with a single brown band; volutions five, rounded, pos-
teriorly spirally sulcated, the grooves rather distant, anteriorly
spirally striated; suture distinct; aperture circular, with a
thin peritreme, which is slightly reflected towards the small
umbilicus ; apex rather blunt. In Mr. Cuming’s collection ;
locality unknown.

33. C. MINUTISSIMUM. (pl. xxx. f. 251) Zool. Proc.
Feb. 1832. p. 32. |

T. globoso-pyramidali, fulva, apice nigro; anfractibus
3 rotundatis, sutura profunda; apertura circulari, peritre-
mate acuto ; umbilico nullo; opereulo corneo.

This very minute species, which is not more than one-
twentieth of an inch in length, is not quite so wide as it is
long, but of a nearly globose form, though slightly pyrami-
dal; it is of a dull brownish yellow colour, with a black apex ;
volutions three, rounded, with a deeply impressed suture ;
aperture circular, its peritreme sharp: it has an horny oper-
culum, but no umbilicus. Found by Mr. Cuming under
dead leaves on Pitcairn’s Island.

34. C. pupirorME. (pl. xxiv. f. 43, 44.) nod.

T. subacuminato-cylindracea, apice truncato ; anfractibus
4, turgidis, creberrimé decussatis; sutura distincta; aper-
turé subrotunda, superné angulata; peristomate subreflexo ;
umbilico minimo.

Shell nearly cylindrical, very slightly acuminated, its apex
truncated or decollated; spire consisting of 4 turgid, very
finely decussated volutions ; suture strongly marked ; aperture
nearly round, angular at the upper part, peritreme very
slightly reflected ; umbilicus very small,

35.C. MAMILLARE. (pl. xxiv. f. 45.) Lam. C. Volzianum,
Michelin Cog. d’Algers.

T. subacuminato-cylindracea, levi, albicante, fusco-
punctulata, apice obtusiusculo; anfractibus 5—6, subventri-
cosis, superné obsoletissimé decussatis ; apertura subovali,

103

superné acuminatiuscula; peritremate tenui, subreflexo ;
umbilico minimo.

Shell somewhat cylindrical, rather acuminated, with an
obtuse apex, whitish with fuscous dots; volutions from 5 to
6, rather ventricose, smooth, very obsoletely decussated at
their upper edges ; aperture rather oval, rather acuminated ‘at
the upper part; peritreme thin, slightly reflected ; umbilicus
very small. Algiers.

36. C. auRANTIACUM. (pl. xxiv. 46, 47.) nod. C.
aurantium, Gray, Wood. Supp. t. 6. f. 23.

T. acuminato-pyramidali, apice decollato, pallidé fulva
aurantiaco vel fusco-variegata; anfractibus 5, ventricosis,
leevigatis, nonnunquam decussatis, striis spiralibus eminen-
tioribus; suturd distincté; apertura subovali,superné acu-
minatiuscula, intts aurantiacd; peritremate patente, albi-
cante; umbilico minimo.

Shell of an acuminated pyramidal form, truncated at the
tip, of a pale fulvous colour, varied with orange or brown ;
some specimens are of an uniform colour, and others have
several very narrow orange or brown irregular bands ; volu-
tions 5, ventricose, smooth, sometimes more or less strongly
decussated, the spiral strie being the most prominent ;
suture distinct; aperture rather oval, slightly acuminated at
the upper part, of an orange colour within ; peritreme spread-
ing, whitish, umbilicus very small. The apex of this and
several others is deciduous, so that when full grown they are
always truncated at the tip. I have never seen the young
shell of this species.

37. C. simiue. (pl. xxiv. f. 48,49.) Gray, M.S. ined.

T. subacuminato-pyramidali, apice decollato, albicante,
interruptim fusco lineata; anfractibus 4, ventricosis, ple-
rumque decussatis, nonnunquam levigatis, striis spiral-
ibus eminentioribus; sutura distinct; apertura subovali,
fauce crocea, peritremate patente, albicante; umbilico
minimo.

Shell of a somewhat acuminated pyramidal form, truncated
at the tip; whitish or pale ferruginous, sometimes a little
variegated, and sometimes with interrupted brown lines ;
volutions 4, ventricose, generally strongly marked with de-
cussating striz, the spiral strize being the stronger, sometimes
nearly smooth ; suture distinct; aperture nearly oval, inside

saffron-coloured; peritreme spreading, whitish, umbilicus
very small. Islands of the Mediterranean

104

38. C. TENELLUM. (pl. xxiv. f. 50.) nod.

T. subacuminato-pyramidali, spira aperturam superante,
apice obtuso; anfractibus 4—5 ventricosis, spiraliter striatis,
interstitiis striarum tenuissimé decussatis ; sutura distincta,
rotundato-impressa ; apertura feré circulari, superné suban-
gulata, disjuncta; peritremate paululum patente; umbilico
parvo.

Shell of an oblong rather acuminated pyramidal form,
obtuse and rounded, not truncated at the apex; s ire rather
longer than the aperture; volutions from 4P 5, ven-
tricose, spirally striated, the interstices of the striz very
finely decussated ; suture distinct, the volutions being as it
were excavated near to it give it the appearance of being
grooved out; aperture nearly circular, rather angular at the
upper part, separated from the last volution ; peritreme very
slightly expanded; umbilicus small. A small fillet passes
from the upper edge of the aperture to the last volution.

39. C. pyema@um. (pl. xxx. f. 253.) nod.

T. subglobosa, tenuiuscula, fuscescente, spira acuminatius-
cula, apice obtuso ; anfractibus 4$,-rotundatis, spiraliter sulca-
tis; sutura distincta; apertura subcirculari, posticé paululam
acuminata ; peritremate tenui, prope umbilicum parvum
subreflexo.

Shell subglobose, rather thin, fuscous, with a slightly acu-
minated, spire, obtuse at the apex, and consisting of 4 rounded
spirally grooved volutions ; suture distinct; aperture nearly
circular, slightly acuminated posteriorly; peritreme thin,
slightly reflected near the small umbilicus. Brought from
New Ireland by R. B. Hinds, Esq., R. N.

40. C. Stcuuum. (pl. xxiv. f. 51, 52.) nod. C. sulcatum,
Drap. and _ Philippi.

T. subacuminato-pyramidali, spira aperturam superante,
apice obtuso, anfractibus 5, ventricosis, levigatis, spiraliter
obsoletiusculé striatis ; apertura feré circulari, superné
subangulata, disjuncta; peritremate paululim patente; um-
bilico parvo; operculo spirali, anfractibus rapidé majoribus,
oblique striatis.

Shell of a somewhat acuminated pyramidal form, obtuse
and rounded, not truncated at the apex; spire rather longer
than the aperture ; volutions five, ventricose, nearly smooth,
and obsoletely spirally striated; aperture nearly circular,
rather angular at the upper part, and slightly separated from
the last volution; peritreme spreading a very little; um-

105

bilicus small, its volutions increasing rapidly, obliquely
striated. A very common Sicilian species, also found in
Provence.

41. C. Mewirense. (pl. xxiv. f. 53, 54.) nod.

T. subcylindraceo-pyramidali, apice obtuso, spira aperturam
feré duplo superante; anfractibus 5, ventricosis, spiral-
iter sulcatis, sulcis alternis obsoletiusculis; apertura feré
circulari, superné subangulata, disjuncta ; sinistrali peritrematis
margine paululum expanso; umbilico minimo; operculo
spirali, anfractibus rapidé majoribus, obliqué striatis.

Shell of a somewhat cylindrical pyramidal form, with an
obtuse, but not truncated apex, spire nearly double the
length of the aperture; volutions five, ventricose, spirally
grooved, the alternate grooves nearly obsolete; aperture
nearly circular, rather angular at the upper part, and separated
from the last volutions; peritreme white, its sinistral margin
somewhat spreading; umbilicus very small; operculum
spiral, its volutions rapidly increasing, obliquely striated.

Malta.
42. C. FERRUGINEUM. (pl. xxiv. f. 55 to 57.) Lam.

T. oblongo-pyramidali, apice obtuso, spira aperturam duplo
superante; anfractibus 5—6, rotundatis, spiraliter sulcatis ;
apertura feré circulari, superné subangulata ; peritremate tenui,
acutiusculo; umbilico minimo; operculo spirali, anfractibus
rapide majoribus, oblique striatis.

Shell of an oblong pyramidal form, with an obtuse, but
not truncated, apex, spire twice as long as the aperture ;
volutions from 5—6, rounded and spirally grooved; aper-
ture nearly circular, slightly angulated at the upper part;
peritreme thin, rather sharp edged; umbilicus very small ;
operculum spiral, with obliquely striated, and rapidly in-
creasing, volutions. Spain.

43. C. DISsECTUM. (pl. xxiv. f. 58, 59.) nod.

T. oblonga, apice truncato, spira aperturam paululum
superante, anfractibus 4, rotundatis, spiraliter sulcatis, et
tenuissimé decussatim striatis; apertura feré circulari,
superné subangulata ; peritremate tenui, continuo, disjuncto,
obtusé marginato; sutura distincta, sulciformi; umbilico
parvo.

Shell oblong, very slightly acuminated, truncated or decol-
lated at the apex, spire somewhat longer than the aperture ;
volutions four, rounded, spirally grooved, with very fine
decussating strize; aperture nearly circular, somewhat angular

106

at the upper part; peritreme thin, continuous, separated, with
an obtuse edge; suture distinct, having the appearance of a
groove; umbilicus small.

44. C. seMILABRUM. (pl. xxiv. f. 60.) Lam.

T. oblonga, sub-cylindracea, subacuminata, apice decollato,
spira aperturam feré duplo superante; anfractibus quatuor,
rotundatis, tenuissimé decussatis, interruptim fusco-lineatis ;
apertura subovali, superné angulata ; peritremate tenul, extus
subpatente ; sutura indistinctéa; umbilico minimo.

Shell oblong, nearly cylindrical, slightly acuminated, the
apex decollated ; spire nearly twice the length of the aperture ;
volutions 4, somewhat rounded, very finely decussated all
over, with interrupted spiral brown lines; aperture nearly
oval, angular at the upper part; peritreme thin, the outer
edge somewhat spreading; suture distinct; umbilicus very
small. Cuba.

45. C. RUFILABRUM. (pl. xxiv. f. 61.) Beck. M.S.

T. oblonga, cylindracea, fulvescente, apice decollato ; an-
fractibus 4—5, spiraliter sulcatis, sulcis decussato-crenulatis,
lateribus subrotundatis ; suturad inconspicua; apertura ellip-
ticd ; peritremate incrassato, subexpanso, nigricante.

Shell oblong, nearly cylindrical, yellowish brown, apex
decollated; volutions from four to five, spirally grooved, the
grooves crossed by decussating lines which give a crenulated
character to the intermediate threads, sides of the volutions
somewhat rounded; suture not very conspicuous; aperture
elliptical, with a thickened, somewhat expanded, blackish
peritreme. From St. Croix, Dr. Beck.

46. C. TRANSLUCIDUM. (pl. xxiii. f. 4.)

T. subglobosa, subpellucida, alba, epidermide corneo
induté; spira breviuscula, obtusa, anfractibus quatuor,
rotundatis, propé suturam elevatiusculis, striatis, superné
rugulosis ; apertura sub-circulari, superné subacuminata,
peritremate acuto; umbilico mediocri; operculo testaceo,
tenuiusculo, anfractibus septem, striatis.

Shell nearly globose, rather pellucid, white, with a
thin, horny, fulvous epidermis; spire short, obtuse, consist-
ing of four rounded volutions, rather elevated near the sutures,
striated and rugulose on the upper part; aperture nearly
circular, acuminated posteriorly, with a sharp peritreme ;
umbilicus of middling dimension: operculum testaceous,
thin, consisting of seven striated volutions.

47. C. pistinctuo. (pl. xxiv. f. 38.) nob. Bay of Mon-
tija, West Columbia; H. Cuming.

107

T. orbiculari, depressa, feré planorbula, tenui, alba;
spira depressd, anfractibus 4, distinctis, rotundatis, spira-
liter sulcatis; apertura circulari, peritremate tenuissimo,
acuto.

Shell orbicular, depressed, nearly flat, thin, white, with
a depressed spire, consisting of four volutions, not quite
contiguous to each other, rounded and spirally grooved ;
aperture circular, with a very thin sharp-edged peritreme.

48. C. coRNU-VENATORIUM. Gmel. (pl. xxiv. f.41, 42.)

T. orbiculato-depressa, albicante; spira mucronata, nigra;
anfractibus 4 ventricosis, superné transversim striatis, infra
levibus, linea mediana ferruginea; sutura produnda; apertura
circulari, peritremate tenui, acuto; umbilico maximo.

Shell orbicular, depressed, whitish; spire mucronated,
with a black apex; volutions 4, ventricose, transversely
striated on the upper part, smooth beneath, with a brown
spiral line in the middle; suture deep; aperture circular;
peritreme thin, acute; umbilicus very large.

Obs. This species approaches most nearly in shape to C.
Planorbulum Lam. ; it may, however, be distinguished by its
hip not being at all reflected.

49. C. LEVIGATUM. (t. xxiv. f. 62, 63.) Webb et Berth-
elot, Ann. des Sc. Nat. Mars 1833. C, Canariense D’Orb.

T. subrotundata, albida, fulvo-fasciataé, levi, spiraé acumi-
natiuscula ; anfractibus quatuor, rotundatis, obsoletissime
transversim striatis, marginibus superné decurrentibus,
sutura subcrenulaté; apertura circulari, superné acuminata,
peritemate tenui, minimé reflexo ; umbilico parvo; operculo
spirali anfractibus paucis, leviter obliqué striatis.

Shell nearly round, whitish, with brown bands, smooth ;
spire slightly acuminated; volutions 4, rounded, very obso-
letely transversely striated, with the upper margin decurrent ;
the suture irregularly crenulated: aperture circular, acumi-
nated at the upper part; peritreme thin, not at all reflected ;
umbilicus small; operculum spiral, its volutions few, slightly
obliquely striated.

There are several varieties of this species, one of which has
the whole of the volutions slightly grooved. This last
is not the C. sulcatum of Draparnaud, nor is it very nearly
related to the common C. elegans. Teneriffe.

50. C. ELONGATUM. (pl. xxiv. f. 64.)

T. oblongo-subpyramidali, decollata, pallide ferruginea ;:

anfractibus 4. spiraliter striatis, interstitiis decussatis; sutura

108

simplici; apertura elliptic, superné subacuminata; _ peritre-
mate tenui, minimé reflexo; umbilico minimo.

Shell oblong, somewhat pyramidal, decollated, pale
brown; volutions 4, spirally striated, the interstices of the
strie decussated; suture entire (not crenulated); aperture
elliptical, rather acuminated at the upper part; peritreme
thin, not reflected; umbilicus very small.

51. C. succineum. (pl. xxiii. f. 18, 19.) Zool. Proc.
Feb. 1832.

T. parva, orbiculato-pyramidali, levi, succined; anfrac-
tibus quinque, rotundatis; sutura distincté; apertura
rotundata, peritremate tenui, acuto, margine basali interno
angulato; umbilico parvo, margine carinato.

A small orbicular shell, having a rather pyramidal
form, smooth and of a reddish amber colour ; volutions five,
rounded; with a distinct and strongly impressed suture ;
aperture rounded; having a prominent angle at the lower in-
ternal margin ; peritreme thin, sharp-edged: umbilicus small,
its margin having a strong spiral ridge. Opara, Mr. Cuming.

52. C. Fasciatum. (pl. xxiv. f. 65.) Lam.

T. cylindraceo-turgida, apice decollato; anfractibus 6,
levibus, fascia spirali fusca centrali; sutura crenulata ; apertura
feré circulari.

Shell nearly cylindrical, somewhat swelled near the middle,
with the apex deeply truncated ; volutions six, with a fuscous
spiral band on the two central ones; suture crenulated;
aperture nearly circular. It seems a doubtful Cyclostoma.

53. C. FLAVULUM. (pl. xxiv. f. 66,67.) Lam.

T. cylindraceo-attenuata, apice obtuso, paululim decollato ;
anfractibus sex, planulatis, levibus ; sutura distincta, integra ;
apertura feré circulari, superné subangulata; peritremate
obtuso, extis producto.

Shell nearly cylindrical, somewhat attenuated towards the
apex, which is blunt and decollated; volutions six, smooth,
nearly flat-sided; suture distinct, entire; aperture nearly
circular, rather angular at the upper part ; peritreme obtusely
edged, its external lower part produced.

54. C. Cuminait. (pl. xxiv. f. 68, 69.) nob.

T. orbiculari, subdepressa, albicante, epidermide fsca ;
spira elevatiuscula, carnead; anfractibus 5 —6, rotundatis,
spiraliter sulcatis; sutura subdecurrente; apertura feré cir-
culari, obliqua, alba, superné subacuminata, peritremate sim-
plici, subincrassato ; umbilico maximo ; operculo corneo
tenul, spirali, anfractibus plurimis, margine fimbriato.

109

Syn. Zoological Proceedings, Feb. 1832.

Shell nearly orbicular, rather depressed, whitish, with
an olive brown epidermis, which appears to be very deci-
duous and which is much thinner on the lower than on
the upper parts of the shell, where its remains form a broad,
dark band just below the suture; spire somewhat raised,
reddish, obtuse, consisting of five or six rounded, spirally
grooved volutions; suture rather decurrent, and indistinct ;
aperture nearly circular, oblique, white, rather acuminated at
the posterior part, and with a slightly thickened simple
peritreme; umbilicus very large; operculum horny, thin,
hyaline, light brown, with numerous volutions and a
fringed margin. Island of Tumaco, W. Col. Mr. Cuming.

55. C. FuAvum. (pl. xxiv. f. 60.) Brod. Zool. Proc.
March 1832.

T. subglobosa, crassiuscula, flava, spira brevi, subpyrami-
dali, anfractibus 5, ventricosis, spiraliter sulcatis, sutura
distincta ; apertura subcirculari, superné acuminata, peritre-
mate interné incrassato, margine labii externi acuto ; umbilico
mediocri; operculo corneo, tenui.

Shell nearly globose, thickish, yellow; with a short,
somewhat pyramidal spire, volutions five, ventricose, spirally
grooved, with a distinct suture; aperture nearly circular,
acuminated at the upper or posterior end, peritreme
thickened internally and the margin of the outer lip sharp-
edged: umbilicus of middling dimensions; operculum horny,
thin.

Found by Mr. Cuming, buried in the earth, under the root of
a palm tree on Chain Island, 8.8. This species has the aspect
of a marine shell and bears a close resemblance to Littorina.

56. C. INCONSPICUUM. (pl. xxiv. f. 73, 74.) nod.

Ate suborbiculari, depressiuscula, albicante, levi, subrugu-
losa, spira depress, obtusa, anfractibus quatuor subventri-
cosis, subdechivibus, sutura distincta; apertura suborbiculari,
superné acuminata, peritremate tenui, ‘acuto3 umbilico magno.

Shell nearly orbicular, rather depressed, whitish, smooth
with slight rugulosities, spire depressed, obtuse ; four rather
ventricose, somewhat inclined volutions, with a distinct
suture; aperture nearly orbicular, acuminated at the upper
part, with a thin, sharp-edged peritreme, which is close
pressed to the last volution just above the large umbilicus.

oO

:

110

§ 2. Peritreme more or less reflected.

57. C. BILABIATUM. (pl. xxv. f. 81, 82.) nob. Pterocyclos
bilabiatus, Benson.

T. discoidea, spira depressa, feré plana, colore pallido,
castaneo-undulata; anfractibus 5, rotundatis, gradatim
majoribus, levibus; sutura distincta, profundiuscula; aper-
turd feré circulari; peritremate duplici, interno simplici,
superné emarginato, externo extus undulato, sinuoso, superné
i tuberculum fornicatum desinente; umbilico patulo, an-
fractibus distinctis; operculo circulari, spirali, intus concavo,
extus convexo, lamelloso.

Shell discoid, with a depressed, nearly flat spire, of a pale
colour, undulated with chestnut; volutions five, rounded, in-
creasing gradually in size, quite smooth; suture distinct,
rather deep; aperture nearly circular, with a double peri-
treme; inner peritreme simple, notched at the upper part,
outer one sinuous and undulated, running into a vaulted
tubercle at the upper part; umbilicus large and spreading,
volutions distinet within; operculum circular, spiral, concave
within, convex and lamellar externally.

Brought from Salem, near Madras, by J. M. Heath, Esq.

58. C. PLANORBULUM. (pl. xxv. f. 83 to 86.) Lam. Anim.
sans. vert. vi. 2. p. 143.

T. discoidea, spira depressa, plana, colore pallido, castaneo-
variegata; anfractibus 5, rotundatis, gradatim majoribus,
levibus; sutura distincta, profundiuscula; apertura feré cir-
culari, peritremate incrassato, superné et extus reflexo,
ultimum versus anfractum desinente, fornicato; umbilico
patulo.

Shell discoid, spire depressed, flat, colour pale, varied with
chestnut ; volutions five, rounded, increasing very gradually
in size, smooth,with faintly marked transverse lines of growth ;
suture distinct, rather deep; aperture nearly circular, with a
thickened peritreme, the upper and outer part of which is
reflected, and forms a vaulted projection running upon the
last volution ; umbilicus wide, spreading, the volutions con-
spicuous within.

Several varieties were brought by Mr. Cuming from the
Philippine Islands: it is also found in Bengal.

59. C. spIRACULUM. (pl. xxxi. f. 270. 271. 272. var. f.
273.) nob. Genus Spiraculum nonnull.

T. suborbiculari, planorbula, crassiuscula, albicante, casta-

neo radiatim irregulariter strigata, epidermide fuscescente

111

induta; anfractibus 5, rotundatis, nonnunquam levibus, non-
nunquam spiralitér striatis, striis subasperis; apertura circu-
lari, peritremate duplici, interno angusto, subreflexo, postice
emarginato, externo crassiusculo, reflexo, posticé in canalem
desinente ; anfractu ultimo spiraculum tubulosum, vel fornica-
tum propé aperturam gerente; umbilico maximo, expanso ;
operculo multispirali, intts concavo, extus convexo, lamina
spirali conspicua munito.

Shell suborbicular, planorbular, thickish, whitish with irre-
gular chestnut coloured radiating streaks, covered with a
brown epidermis; volutions 5, rounded, sometimes smooth,
sometimes with roughish spiral strie; aperture circular, peri-
treme double, inner narrow slightly reflected, notched poste-
riorly, outer thickish, broader, reflected and forming a canal
posteriorly ; the last volution with a tubular or vaulted spira-
cle near the aperture and close to the suture; umbilicus very
large and wide spreading; operculum of many volutions,
concave within, convex externally, and furnished with a white
prominent spiral lamina. From India, in Mr. Stainforth’s
collection ; we have a smaller, pale coloured variety, also
from India.

60. C. piscoiDEUM. (pl. xxv. f. 87, 88.) nod.

T. discoidea, spira depressa, plana, pallida, epidermide
olivaceaé; anfractibus 4—5, rotundatis, gradatim majoribus,
levibus ; sutura distincta, profundiuscula; apertura circulari,
peritremate superné et interné tenui, simplici, externé reflexo,
duplici; umbilico patulo, anfractibus intus conspicuis.

Shell discoid, with a depressed, nearly flat spire, of a pale
colour, with an olivaceous epidermis, volutions from four to
five, rounded, increasing very gradually in size, smooth;
suture distinct, rather deep; aperture circular, with the upper
and inner part of the peritreme thin and simple, the outer
part double and reflected ; umbilicus spreading, the volutions
distinct within. Demerara.

61. C. LirHipion. (pl. xxxi. f. 262.) nod.

T. suborbiculari, subdepressa, crassa, albida, apice fusco ;
spira paululum levata, anfractibus 43, rotundatis, spiraliter
sulcatis, propé suturam inconspicuam subplanulatis, anticeé
lzvioribus ; apertura circulari, obliqué posita, posticé subangu-
lata, peritremate paululum reflexo; umbilicum versus declivi;
umbilico maximo, intus levi.

Shell nearly orbicular, rather flat, thick, whitish, with a
brown apex; spire slightly raised, of 44 rounded, spirally

112

striated volutions, rather flattened towards the indistinct
suture, nearly free from grooves in front ; aperture circular,
obliquely placed, slightly angular posteriorly, peritreme
slightly reflected, slanted off toward the umbilicus, which is
very large and smooth within. From Yemen, Arabia; com-
municated by Mr. Powis.

62. C. virratum, (pl. xxv, f. 89. 90.) nod.

T. subdiscoidea, spira elevatiuscula ; anfractibus quinque, ro-
tundatis, albicantibus, spiraliter fusco-fasciatis, superné spira-
liter striatis; sutura distincté; apertura magna, circulari,
intus fulvé, fusco-fasciata, peritremate albicante, reflexo ; um-
bilico amplo, anfractibus intus conspicuis.

Shell subdiscoid, with a rather elevated spire; volutions
five, rounded, whitish, spirally banded with brown, and
longitudinally striated on the upper part; suture distinct;
aperture circular, yellowish, with brown bands within, peri-
treme whitish, reflected ; umbilicus large, the volutions con-
spicuous within. Brought from Madegascar by Mr. Caldwell.

63. C. exicuuM. (pl. xxv. f. 92.) nod.

T. subdiscoidea, spira elevatiuscula ; anfractibus quatuor,
rotundatis, albis, leevibus ; sutura profunda impressa ; aper-
turd circulari, peritremate marginato ; umbilico magno.

Shell subdiscoid, with a rather elevated spire, and with four
rounded white smooth volutions; suture deeply impressed ;
aperture circular, with a reflected bordered peritreme : umbi-
licus large.

64. C. Mexicanum. (pl. xxv. f. 93.) Menke.

T. orbiculato-convexa, albida, opaca, spira submucro-
nata, anfractibus 5, rotundatis, transversim striatis; sutura.
profundiusculaé : apertura circulari, intus flavidi: peritremate
obtuso, reflexo, latere anfractis ultimi emarginatione obtusa ;
umbilico lato et profundo.

Shell orbiculato-convex, whitish, dull, with a slightly
mucronated spire consisting of five volutions, which are
rounded and transversely striated and separated by a rather
deep suture: aperture circular, yellowish within: peritreme
obtuse, reflected, with an obtuse notch in the side next to the
last volution: umbilicus broad and deep.

Found near Papontla in Mexico, Schiede.

65. C. mMacuLosum. (pl. xxxi. f. 256, 257.) nod.

T. suborbiculari, depressd, crassiuscula, levi, castaned,
albido-maculosa; spira paululum levata, apice nigricante ;
anfractibus 4, rotundatis, obsoleté spiraliter striatis ; aper-

113

turd subcirculari, peritremate subincrassato, subreflexo, pos-
ticé acuminatiusculo; umbilico maximo, spiraliter castaneo
lineato.

Shell nearly orbicular, depressed, thickish, smooth, of a
chestnut colour mottled with whitish ; spire slightly elevated,
with a blackish apex, volutions 4, rounded, obsoletely
spirally striated; aperture nearly circular, with a slightly
thickened and somewhat reflected peritreme, rather acumi-
nated posteriorly. Umbilicus very large, spirally coloured
with chestnut lines. In Mr. Cuming’s collection.

66. C. mucRoNATUM. (pl. xxv. f. 91. ) nod.

T. suborbiculari, depressa, pallescente fusca, tenui, spira
brevi, mucronata; anfractibus quatuor, rapidé crescentibus,
rotundatis, tenerrimé transversim striatis; sutura valida;
apertura circulari; peritremate duplici, externo lato subre-
flexo ; interno angusto, lineari; umbilico lato; operculo
multispirali, sutura anfractuum lamellosé, margine canali-
culato, intus nitido.

Shell suborbicular, depressed, of a pale brown colour,
thin, with a very short mucronated spire, volutions 4,
rounded, increasing rapidly, very finely transversely striated ;
suture deep; aperture circular, with a double peritreme,
external peritreme broad, reflected, internal narrow, linear ;
umbilicus broad, operculum multi-spiral, the suture of its
volutions lamellose; its border channelled, and inside
smooth and shining. Found by Mr. Cuming, under decayed
leaves, at Calauang in Lucon.

67. C. SUBSTRIATUM. (pl. xxv. f. 95.) nob.

T. suborbiculari, depressa, crassiuscula, leviuscula, fusces-
cente; spira brevissima, submucronata; anfractibus quatuor,
rotundatis, posticé transversim striatis, striis ex sutura pro-
funda radiantibus, anticé levibus; apertura circulari, peritre-
mate subincrassato, subreflexo: umbilico lato, operculo
multi-spirali, latere canaliculato, intus nitido.

Shell nearly orbicular, depressed, thickish, and rather
smooth; of a brownish colour; spire very short, slightly
mucronated, volutions 4, rounded, posteriorly transversely
striated, striz radiating from the deep suture ; smooth ante-
riorly ; aperture circular, peritreme somewhat thickened and
reflected; umbilicus broad; operculum multi-spiral, with a
channelled border and shining inside.

Found in the earth, under decayed leaves, in the Island
of Siquijor, by H. Cuming.

114

68. C. DISTOMELLA. (pl. xxv. f. 94.) nod.

T. suborbiculari, depressiuscula, levi, albicante, fascia
fusca infra mediam anfracttis ultimi; spira subprominula,
nigricante, anfractibus 5, rotundatis, levigatis, sutura pro-
fundé impress4; apertura circulari, peritremate duplici, in-
terno simplici, continuo, externo tenui, extus sub-variciformi,
superné seu posticé interrupto.

This is a yery remarkable species of a nearly orbicu-
lar, rather depressed shape, smooth, whitish or dull brown
with a dark brown band below the centre of the last
volution: spire rather prominent, blackish, consisting of five
rounded smooth volutions, with a distinct, deeply impressed
suture; aperture circular, with a double peritreme, the inner
of which is simple and continuous, and the outer thin, some-
what inflated and variciform externally ; and interrupted at
the upper or posterior part close to the last volution.

69. C. CARINIFERUM. (pl. xxv. f. 98.) nob.

T. orbiculari, subdepressa, fulvescente-fuscé, cingulo
saturatiori; anfractibus 5 rotundatis, spiraliter striatis et
cariniferis, carinis 8—10 acutis, superioribus majoribus ;
apertura magna, orbiculari, peritremate reflexo, posticé supra
anfractum ultimum paululum extenso; umbilico maximo,
spiraliter striato; sutura distincta.

Shell orbicular, depressed, yellowish brown with a
belt of a darker colour; volutions five, rounded, with
numerous spiral striz and from eight to ten sharp keels, of
which the upper are the larger; aperture large, orbicular,
with a reflected peritreme, which is slightly extended over the
last volution at the upper or posterior part; of a dark brown
colour within: umbilicus very large, spirally striated within ;
suture distinct.

70. C. Luzonicum, (pl. xxvii. f, 136, 137.) nob. Zool.
Proc, June, 1842.

T. suborbiculari, albida, fusco-yaria, spira depressiuscula.
obtusa; anfractibus 4—5, rotundatis, concinné spiralitér
striatis, fascia albidé infra-suturali fusco-articulata; sutura
profunda; apertura circulari; peritremate crasso, reflexo;
umbilico maximo.

Shell nearly orbicular, whitish, varied with brown, spire
somewhat depressed, obtuse ; volutions from 4 to 5, rounded,
with close set spiral striz, and a whitish band articulated with
brown immediately below the suture, which is strongly
marked and deeply placed; aperture circular; peritreme

115

thick, reflected; umbilicus very large. First brought from
Lucon by J. K, Smith, Esq. Mr. Cuming has collected
numerous varieties, generally under decayed leaves, in Mas-
bate and Lugon, &c.

71. C. CANALIFERUM. (pl. xxvii. f, 140. 141. 142.) nod.
Zool. Proc. June, 1842, p. 81. C. Gironnieri, Soul. in Rev.
Zool. April, 1842 ?

T. orbiculari, subdepressa, crassiuscula, albicante, brunneo-
marmorata; spira depressdé, obtusi; anfractibus quatuor,
rotundatis, spiraliter striatis et superné cariniferis, propé
suturam brunneo albidoque articulatis et cingulo centrali
brunneo ornatis: sutura canaliculata, margine canalis eleva-
to; apertura circulari, peritremate incrassato, reflexo, versus
umbilicum patulum lamelloso-patente ; operculum corneum,
anfractuum margine lamellari levatiusculo.

Shell orbicular, rather depressed, thickish, whitish, mar-
bled with brown; spire depressed, obtuse ; volutions 4,
rounded, spirally striated and carinated posteriorly, articula-
ted with brown and white close tothe suture, and with a
central brown band: suture canaliculated, margin of the
canal elevated: aperture circular, peritreme thickened, reflec-
ted, spreading in a lamellar form and partly covering the wide
internally spirally striated umbilicus ; operculum horny, the
edge of its volutions lamellar and raised. _— Islands of Lucon
and Burias, H. Cuming.

72.C, CuviERIANUM. (pl. xxx.f. 218.219.) Petit. Rev. Zool.

T. suborbiculari, subdepressa, tenuiuscula, striata, bicari-
nata, fulvo-rufescente, spira subdepressa, anfractibus 4, rapidé
crescentibus, rotundatis, posticé, concinné spiralitér striatis,
carinis duabus, validis, anticé striis gradatim majusculis
ornatis ; sutura oblita; apertura magna, feré circulari, posticé
paululum acuminata, peritremate lato, foliaceo, reflexo,
expanso ; umbilico magno, spiraliter striato.

Shell suborbicular, somewhat depressed, rather thin, spi-
rally striated, reddish brown; spire slightly depressed, with
4 volutions, increasing rapidly, rounded, and spirally striated
posteriorly, with two prominent keels, and furnished in front
with gradually increasing striz; suture indistinct; aperture
large, nearly circular, a little acuminated posteriorly and with
a broad, foliaceous, reflected, spreading peritreme; umbilicus
large, spirally striated. Lately received from Madagascar,

73. C. OcuLus-Capri. (pl. xxv. f. 96.) Helix Oculus-Ca-
pri, Wood. Ind. Test. t. 32, f. 7. C. Volvulus, Lam, vi. 2, p.
143. C. Rafflesii, Sow. Zool. Journ.

116

T. orbiculari, albicante, castaneo-variegaté et fasciata;
spira depressiuscula, apice obtuso ; anfractibus 4—5, ventri-
cosis, superné spiraliter striatis (striis distantibus, interstitils
obsoleté striatis) ultimo maximo, omnibus propé suturam de-
pressis; apertura circulari, peritremate flavicante, simplici,
incrassato, reflexo, superné subangulato; umbilico magno et
regione umbilicali albicantibus, spiraliter striatis.

Shell orbicular, nearly white, varied and banded with chest-
nut colour, spire rather depressed, with an obtuse apex:
volutions from four to five, ventricose, spirally striated at the
upper part, the strize distant, the interstices obsoletely striated,
the first volution obliquely striated, the last very large, all de-
pressed near the suture: aperture circular, peritreme yellowish,
simple, thickened, reflected, slightly angular at the upper
part: the large umbilicus and the umbilical region whitish,
spirally striated. This is the largest species I know: it
varies, however, very much in size, from one inch and a half
in width to two inches and a half: the largest specimen was
brought from Sumatra by the late Sir T. Stamford Raffles.
It is one of several which Lamarck has confounded under the
name of C. Volvulus. Java.

74. C, Pevivertanvum. (pl. xxv. f. 100, 101.) Gray in
Wood’s Supp. to Index Testac. t. 6. f. 2.

T. subglobosa, spira depressiuscula; anfractibus 5 ven-
tricosis, brunneis, mediané fusco-fasciatis, superné suban-
gulatis, albido-articulatis; suturd marginaté; apertura cir-
culari, intis alba, peritremate reflexo, brunneo, superné in
canalem decurrente; umbilico magno, margine angulato;
operculo spirali, crasso, corneo.

Shell subglobose, with a somewhat depressed obtuse spire ;
volutions five, ventricose, of a dark brown colour, with a
fuscous medial band, their upper edges slightly angular,
varied with whitish; suture distinct, with a raised border ;
aperture circular, white within, its peritreme reflected, brown,
and its upper edge produced in the form of a pointed canal
running upon the latter volution; umbilicus large with an
angular margin; operculum spiral, thick and horny.

75. C. rurso. (pl. xxv. f. 102, 103) Trochus Turbo,
Chemn. ix. p. 53. t. 122, f. 1059.

T. subglobosa, spira conoidali, anfractibus 5, planulatis
pallidis, brunneo-variegatis; sutura inconspicua; apertura
feré circulari, latere columellari subangulato ; columella
rectiuscula, sub-obliqua; peritremate reflexo, rotundato,

a7,

posticé marginato, infra in angulum desinente; umbilico
clauso, calloso; operculo corneo, tenui, spirali.

Shell somewhat globose, with a conoidal spire, and five
volutions, whose surfaces are flattened, of a pale colour,
varied with brown; suture inconspicuous; aperture nearly
circular, its columellar side somewhat angular; columella
nearly straight, rather oblique; peritreme reflected, rounded
edged, bordered behind, and forming an angle at the lower
part; umbilicus closed with a callous covering; operculum
spiral, horny, thin. Sumatra.

76. C. c1rRiInuM, (pl. xxv. f. 104.) nod.

T. subglobosa, spira conoidali, anfractibus 5, ventri-
cosis, pallidé aurantiacis, superné spiraliter striatis, infra leevi-
gatis: sutura distincta; apertura circulari, peritremate valde
reflexo, rotundato, albo; umbilico magno, spiraliter sulcato.

Shell subglobose, with a conoidal spire; volutions five,
ventricose, pale orange coloured, spirally striated on their
upper parts, and smooth below; suture distinct; aperture
circular, peritreme very much reflected, rounded, white ;
umbilicus large, spirally grooved.

77. C. CcANDIDUM. (plL.xxvi, f. 107.) nod.

T. subglobosa, spira obtusd; anfractibus 5, rotundatis,
spiraliter sulcatis, candidis; apertura subcirculari, superné
acuminata: peritremate incrassato, superné subsinuoso:
infra externé crasso, reflexo; margine interno calloso, supra
umbilicum magnum partim extenso.

Var. callo umbilicali minore, reflexo.

Shell nearly globular, with an obtuse spire, consisting of
five rounded, spirally grooved, white volutions: aperture
nearly circular, acuminated at the upper part: peritreme
thickened, rather sinuous at the upper part, outer edge thick
and reflected at the lower part, the inner edge callous, and
partly extended over the large umbilicus. There is a variety
in which the umbilical callus is much smaller and reflected.
Sometimes the lower part of the upper volutions is of a rusty
brown colour.

78. C. NATICOIDE. (pl. xxvi. f, 108. 109.) Reclus Rev.
Zool. 1843. p. 3.

T. subglobosa, crassa, albicante, interdum pallidé fulves-
cente, laevigata, lineis levatiusculis striisque transversalibus
irregulariter clathrata ; spira brevi; obtusa, anfractibus quinis,
rotundatis, posticé tenerrimé striatis, et concinné decussatis ;
ultimo maximo ventricoso ; sutura distincta, tenui; apertura

P

118

subcireulari, posticé subacuminata, intus aurantiaca;_peristo-
mate albo, crasso, subreflexo, latere umbilicali incrassato,
lato, extenso, umbilicum majusculum plerumque claudente :
operculo elliptico, posticé angulifero, anfractibus tribus, extis
striatis, intus levibus.

Shell subglobose, thick, whitish, sometimes light brownish
yellow, smooth, irregularly clathrated by elevated lines and
transverse striz; spire short, obtuse, with 5 rounded volu-
tions, which are very finely spirally striated posteriorly and
delicately decussated, the last being very large and ventri-
cose ; suture distinct, but slender; aperture nearly circular,
rather acuminated posteriorly, of an orange colour within and
with a white, thick, very slightly reflected peritreme, which
is thickened and expanded in the inner side, so as generally
to cover the rather large umbilicus; operculum elliptical,
acuminated posteriorly, of three volutions, slightly convex
and striated externally, smooth and rather concave within.

From the Island of Socotra.
79. C. ALBICANS. (pl. xxvi. f. 110, 111, 112.) nod.

T. subglobosa, spira obtusa, anfractibus 5, rotundatis,
superné spiralitér sulcatis, infra levissimis, albicantibus ;
apertura subcirculari, superné subacuminata; peritremate
incrassato, superné subsinuoso, infra externé crasso, reflexo ;
margine interno angulifero; umbilico magno.

Shell nearly globular, with an obtuse spire, consisting of
five rounded volutions, spirally grooved on the upper part,
very smooth below, and whitish ; aperture nearly circular,
rather acuminatad above, peritreme thickened, somewhat
sinuous above, the lower part of the outer edge thickened and
reflected, inner edge with an angle on the side of the umbili-
cus, which is large, and smooth within.

80. C. cALCAREDM. (pl. xxvi. f 113.) nob. C. sulcata, Lam.

T. globoso-conica, spira acuminata, alba: anfractibus 5,
ventricosis, spiraliter sulcatis: suturad distincta: apertura
circulari, peritremate simplici, reflexo: umbilico mediocri,
intus spiraliter sulcato.

Shell of a globoso-conical form, with an acuminated spire,
white, with five ventricose, spirally grooved volutions : suture
distinct: aperture circular: peritreme simple, reflected : um-
bilicus middle-sized, spirally grooved within. There is no
doubt of this being the C. sulcata of Lam. inasmuch as it
accords perfectly with his description, but it must not be
confounded with the C. sulcatum of Olivier. Lamarck speaks
of it as a very rare species.

119

81. C. UNIFASCIATUM. (pl. xxvi. f. 105. 106.) nod.

T. subglobosa, spira acuminata, decollata, anfractibus
quatuor, rotundatis, lavigatis, obsoleté spiralitér striatis, albi-
cantibus, ultimo fascia basali fusca unica; sutura distincta ;
apertura circulari, intus aurantiaca, peritremate albo, reflexo,
superné sinuato, propé umbilicum calloso; umbilico minori,
spiralitér sulcato.

Shell subglobose, with an acuminated but decollated spire,
consisting of 4 rounded, smooth volutions, with faint spiral
strie; volutions whitish, the last with a single fuscous band
near the base; suture distinct; aperture circular, orange
coloured within, peritreme white, reflected, sinuated above,
thickened on the side of the umbilicus, which is small and
spirally grooved. Madegascar.

82. C. invoLtvuuus. (pl. xxvi. f. 114 to 116.) nod.
C. Volvulus. Lam. Anim. sans vert. vi. Turbo Volvulus,
Chemn. ix. f. 1066.

T. globoso-conica, pallida, brunneo-variegata et fasciata,
spira depressiuscula, obtusa ; anfractibus 5 rotundatis,
superné spiraliter sulcatis, infra levibus ; sutura distincta ;
apertura circulari, superné subangulata ; peritremate simplici;
reflexo, «tate subcontinuo, antiquato; umbilico mediocri,
intus levi.

Shell of a globosely conical form, with a rather depressed
obtuse spire, consisting of 5 rounded volutions, spirally
grooved onthe upper part, and smooth below; suture dis-
tinct; aperture circular, rather angular at the upper part ;
peritreme simple, reflected, becoming somewhat continuous
and antiquated by age; umbilicus middle-sized, smooth
within ; colour pale, varied on the upper part, and banded on
the lower, with chestnut. This is one of several species
which are confounded by Lamarck under the name of C.
Volvulus ; it is common in India.

83. C. CARINATUM. (pl. xxvi. f. 117. 118.)Lam, Anim.
sans vert. vi, 2. p. 143.

T. globoso-conoidea, brunnea, spira acuminata, plerumque
decollaté ; anfractibus 4—5, ventricosis, spiraliter carinatis,
carinis plurimis, confertiusculis ; apertura circulari, superné
subacuminata, peritremate albo, incrassato, subreflexo, callo
umbilicali conspicuo; umbilico parvo, margine carina super-
eminente, intus carinato.

Shell globosely conical, of a brown colour, with an acumi-
nated, generally decollated spire ; volutions 4—5, with nume-

120

rous close set, spiral ridges ; aperture circular, rather angular
at the upper part; peritreme white, thickened, somewhat
reflected, forming a distinct callosity, partly covering the um-
bilicus, which is small, with a prominent keel forming its
edge and several ridges within. I have a variety with an
orange coloured peritreme.

84, C, UNICARINATUM. (pl. xxvi. f. 119, 120. Lam. Anim.
sans vert. vi. 2. p. 144. Encycl. Meth. t. 461. f. l.a. b.

T. globoso-conica, pallida, spiraliter fusco-fasciata, spira
acuminata; anfractibus 4—6, rotundatis, levibus, medio
ultimi carina alba solitaria ; apertura circulari, superné sub-
angulata; peritremate albo, incrassato, revoluto; umbilico
mediocri, spiraliter sulcato.

Shell globosely conical, of a pale colour, with dark brown
spiral bands, spire acuminated; volutions from four to six,
rounded, smooth, the last having a single white keel; aperture
circular, slightly angular at the upper part; peritreme white,
thickened, revolute; umbilicus of middling size, spirally
grooved. Madegascar.

85. C. BICARINATUM. (pl. xxvi. f. 121.) nod.

T. globoso-conicé, subfuscd,.spiraé acuminata, decollata,
anfractibus 4—6, rotundatis, spiraliter obsolete striatis, carinis
duabis albis, alteré mediana, altera posticé ; apertura circulari;
peritremate fulvo, reflexo, patente, callum supra umbilicum
mediocre, spiraliter sulcato, efformante.

Shell globosely conical, of a brownish colour, with an acu-
minated decollated spire ; volutions from four to six, rounded,
obsoletely spirally striated, with two white keels, the one
central, the other above ; aperture circular, peritreme fulvous,
reflected, spreading, not revolute, forming a callosity over the
middle-sized umbilicus, which is spirally striated within.

Distinguished from the last not only by its having two
keels, but also by its peritreme being spreading and not
revolute. Madegascar.

86. C. TRICARINATUM. (pl. xxvi. f. 122.) Lam. Anim.
sans. vert. vi. 2. p. 144. Chemn. xi. f. 1103, 1104.

T. globoso-conica, pallidé fulva, spiré acuminatiuscula ;
anfractibus 4—6, ventricosis, marginibus superioribus, sub-
undulatis, carinis duabis ad quatuor acutis ; apertura circulari,
peritremate reflexo, superné acuminato; umbilico magno,
mtts carinato, margine carina supereminente.

Shell globosely conical, of a pale fulvous colour, with a

hie Bes se

121

rather acuminated, and generally decollated spire, volutions
from four to six, ventricose, their upper margins rather undu-
lated, with from two to four sharp keels; aperture circular ;
peritreme reflected, acuminated at the upper part ; umbilicus
large, carinated within, and its margin consisting of a promi-
nent keel. India.

87. C. Rucosum. (pl. xxvi. f. 123.) Lam. Anim. s. vert.
vi. 2. p. 145.

T. globoso-conica, albida, spira brevi, depressiuscula, apice
acuminatiusculo ; anfractibus quinque, superné exquisite de-
cussatim striatis, infra levibus; apertura circulari; peritre-
mate revoluto, latere umbilicali tenuil, expanso; umbilico
magno, intus levi.

Shell globosely conoidal, whitish, with a short, rather
depressed spire, whose apex is rather acuminated ; volutions
five, with delicately decussated striz on the upper part, and
smooth on the lower; aperture circular, and peritreme revo-
lute, its umbilical side thin and partly spread over the umbi-
licus, which is large and smooth within. Trinidad.

88. C. oBsoLeTum. (pl. xxvi. f. 124. 125.) Lam. Anim.
s. vert. vi. 2. p. 144. C. Madagascariense Gray in Griff.
Cuvier.

T. globoso-conoidali, alba, fusco-fasciata, spira subacumi-
nata, anfractibus rotundatis, levibus, ultimo ventricoso ;
apertura circulari; peritremate albo, reflexo, subrevoluto, su-
perné subacuminato; umbilico magno, spiraliter sulcato.

Shell globosely conoidal, white with fuscous bands; _ spire
rather acuminated ; volutions rounded, smooth, the last ven-
tricose ; aperture circular; peritreme white, reflected, some-
what revolute, and acuminated at the upper part; umbilicus
large, spirally grooved.

89. C. voLvu us. (pl. xxvi. f. 126) Lam. Anim. s. vert.
vi. p.145. Encycl. Meth. t. 461. f. 5. a.b. Helix Volvulus,
Miller, Vermium, p. 82, no. 280.

T. globoso-conica, apice obtusiusculo; anfractibus quinque,
rotundatis, pallidis, fusco-variegatis, levibus ; suturddistincta,
margine inferiore levato ; apertura circulari, superné subcana-
lifera , peritremate albo, incrassato, reflexo; umbilico medio-
cri, margine obtusé carinato, intts levi; operculo corneo,
tenul, spirali.

Shell globosely conical, with a rather obtuse apex ; volu-
tions 5, rounded, pale coloured varied with dark brown,
smooth, suture distinct, its lower edge prominent; aperture

122

circular, its upper part slightly canaliferous; peritreme
white, thickened, reflected ; umbilicus middle-sized, its mar-
gin obtusely keeled, smooth within; operculum horny, thin,
spiral. Lamarck has confounded several species under the
name of C. Volvulus, but this appears to be the one to which
that name was first applied. Chemnitz has given two species
under the name of Turbo Volvulus, but the present appears
to be the only one to which no other name has been given.
Found at Pulo-Condore according to M. S. in the Banksian
Collection.

90. C. perRDrIx, (pl. xxvii, f. 127, 128.) nob. Zool.
Journ. iv.

T. suborbiculari, albidé, fusco-varid, spira subdepresso-
conica, subacuminata; anfractibus 4—5, primis carinatis, ul-
timo carina obsoleta, fascia suturali pallida, fusco-articulata ;.
sutura subobsoleté; apertura circulari; peritremate expanso,
subrevoluto ; umbilico magno.

Shell nearly orbicular, whitish, varied with fuscous ; spire
rather depressed conical, rather acuminated with from 4—5
volutions, the first of which are keeled, and the last with the
keel obsolete, anda pale band, articulated with fuscous im-
mediatelely below the suture, which is rather indistinct ;
aperture circular; peritreme spreading, almost révolute; um-
bilicus large. A variety occurs with more ventricose and less
strongly keeled volutions, a more elevated spire, and a white,
thickened, revolute peritreme. Another variety has ventricose
volutions, and an orange coloured peritreme. The young
shells have an angular aperture,

91. C. ruBa. (pl. xxvii. f. 129. 130.) vide Zool. Proc:
June, 1842, p. 83.

T. suborbiculari, depressiuscula; tenui, levi, albicante,
rufescente-fusco variegata et nubeculata; spira brevi, subde-
pressa, acuminata; anfractibus quinis, planiusculis, primis
carinatis, ultimo maximo, rotundato; apertura maxima, circu~
lari, expansa, albicante, peritremate albicante, tenui, lato, revo-
luto, supra anfractum ultimum interrupto; umbilico magno.

Shell suborbicular, rather depressed, thin, smooth, whitish,
varied and clouded with reddish brown; spire short, rather
flattened, acuminated at the apex; volutions 5, flattish, the
posterior carinated, the last very large, and rounded ; aperture
very large, circular, expanded, whitish: peritreme whitish,
thin, broad, revolute, interrupted over the last volution: um-
bilicus large,

123

Found under deayed leaves near Mount Ophir, in Malacca,
H. Cuming.
92. C. aquiLum. (pl. xxvii. f. 131.) nod.

T. suborbiculari, subdepressa, tenuiuscula, levi, fulvescente
fusca, nonnunquam cingulo pallescente mediano ; spira brevi,
acuminatiuscula, anfractibus quinis subplanulatis, primis pau-
lulum carinatis, ultimo maximo, rotundato ; apertura circulari,
expansa, albicante vel fulvescente, peritremate subincrassato,
reflexo, supra anfractum ultimum interrupto, ad latere umbili-
cali subsinuato ; umbilico magno.

Shell nearly orbicular, rather depressed and_ thinish,
smooth, of a yellowish brown, sometimes with a paler circum-
ferential band; spire short, rather acuminated, of 5 rather
flattened volutions, the first of which are slightly carinated,
the last very large and rounded ; aperture circular, expanded,
whitish or fulvons, peritreme slightly thickened and revolute,
interrupted by the last volution and somewhat sinuated on the
umbilical side ; umbilicus large.

Found under decayed leaves in the Woods at Singapore,
H. Cuming.

93. C. vaALipum. (pl. xxvii. f. 132. 133.) nod.

T. orbiculari, crassiuscula, pallida, brunneo-variegata, spira
levatiuscula, anfractibus quinque rotundatis spiraliter striatis
et nonnunquam obtusé quatuor ad quinque carinatis; sutura
distinctaé; apertura circulari, peritremate incrassato, reflexo,
umbilicum versus patente; umbilico mediocri; operculo
corneo, tenuiusculo, margine anfractuum lamellari.

Shell orbicular, rather thick, of a pale colour varied with
brown; spire rather elevated, of 5 rounded, spirally striated,
sometimes obtusely 4 or 5 keeled volutions; suture distinct ;
aperture circular, with a thickened, reflected peritreme some-
what spread on the umbilical side, so as partly to cover it ;
umbilicus moderate; operculum horny, rather thin, the edge
of its volutions lamellar,

Several varieties were found in Samar and Leyte, among the
Philippine Islands, by Mr. Cuming, generally under decayed
leaves.

94. C. rrRoRATUM. (pl. xxvu. f. 134. 135.) nod.

T. subgloboso-conica, tenui, levi, pallescente, fusco-irrorata,
plerumque cingulo mediano nigricante; spira elevatiuscula,
apice nigricante, obtuso; anfractibus quinis, ventricosis, pri-
mum subcarinatis, deinde rotundatis ; sutura tenui; apertura
feré circulari, posticé obsoleté subacuminata, anfractu ultimo
tenuiter modificata, peritremate crassiusculo, rotundato-
reflexo; umbilico mediocri.

124

Shell globosely conical, thin, smooth, of a pale colour vari-
ously speckled with brown, and generally having a blackish
circumferential band; spire rather elevated, its apex dark
coloured and obtuse ; volutions 5, ventricose, at first slightly
carinated, afterwards rounded; suture slender; aperture
nearly circular, very slightly acuminated posteriorly, a little
modified by the last volution; peritreme thickish, rounded,
reflected ; umbilicus moderate. China, common.

95. C. ACUTIMARGINATUM. (pl. xxvii. f. 138. 139.) nod.
Zool. Proc.

T. suborbiculari, conica, tenui, levi, subpellucida, badia,
albido-marmorata; spira subacuminata, submamillari, anfrac-
tibus quatuor, rapidé crescentibus, superné infraque rotundatis,
margine carinato, acuto, propé suturam marginemque coloribus
alternatis; apertura magna, orbiculari, peritremate reflexo,
albo, incrassato, prope ultimum anfractum subinterrupto, su-
perné productiore, minimé reflexo; umbilico mediocri, pro:
fundo ; operculo corneo, multispirali.

Shell nearly orbicular, conical, rather depressed, thin,
smooth, somewhat pellucid, of a brownish colour, marbled
with white; spire rather acuminated, slightly papillary ; volu-
tions 4, increasing rapidly, rounded both above and below,
with a sharp keeled edge, with the colours alternating at the
suture and at the margin; aperture large, with a reflected,
white, and thickened peritreme rather interrupted by the last
volution, and rather more produced above, but not reflected ;
umbilicus moderate, deep; operculum horny, multispiral.

On palm leaves at Catbalonga, I. of Samar, Mr. Cuming.

96. C. semIsuLCATUM. (pl. xxv. f. 99.) nod.

T. suborbiculari, depressiuscula, tenuiuscula, albicante,
fascié angustaé mediand fusco-nigricante, posticé plerumque
brunneo-variegata; spira brevi, anfractibus quinque, postice
spiraliter sulcatis, sulcis distantibus, anticé leviter striatis,
vel levibus; sutura distincté; apertura fere circulari, peri-
tremate incrassato, subreflexo, posticé angulifero ; umbilico
lato, intus spiraliter striato; operculo corneo, crassiusculo,
extus sublamelloso, intus levi.

Shell nearly orbicular, flattish, rather thin, whitish, with a
narrow dark brown circumferential band, and posteriorly
generally variegated with brown; spire very short, volutions
five, posteriorly spirally grooved with distant grooves, an-
teriorly smoothly striated or smooth; suture distinct; aper-
ture nearly circular, peritreme thickened, somewhat reflected,
with a posterior angle next to the last volution ; umbilicus

125

broad, spirally striated within; operculum horny, thickish,
externally somewhat lamellar, internally smooth and shining.
97. C. Desmou.tinsil. (pl. xxv. f.97.) Grat.

T. suborbiculari, depressiuscula, tenuiuscula, pallescente,
strigis plurimis irregularibus fuscis spiraliter picta, spira
brevi, anfractibus 44, rotundatis, leviter spiraliter striatis,
rapidé crescentibus, ultimo maximo; sutura tenui, angusta;
apertura feré circulari, posticé subangulaté; peritremate
angusto, reflexo, prope ultimum anfractum subexpanso ;
umbilico magno.

Shell nearly orbicular, rather depressed, thinnish, of a pale
colour, marked with numerous irregular brown spiral
streaks, spire short, volutions 43, rounded, smooth, finely
spirally striated, increasing rapidly, the last being much
larger than the former; suture rather indistinct; aperture
almost circular, rather angular posteriorly ; peritreme narrow,
reflected, a little spread over the last volution; umbilicus
large. In several collections, locality unknown.

98. C. LINGUIFERUM. (pl. xxix. f. 198.) nod.

T. suborbiculari, subconicé, crassa, pallescente, maculis
saturaté brunneis angulatim variegataé; spira subacuminata,
submamillari, anfractibus quatuor, rotundatis, leevibus, spiral-
iter obsoleté striatis ; apertura magna, orbiculari, peritremate
incrassato, subreflexo, labio interno linguam latam efformante.
umbilicum partim tegente.

Shell nearly orbicular and globosely conical, thick, of a
pale colour, angularly varied with dark brown, spire some-
what acuminated, slightly mamillary, with four rounded,
smooth, obsoletely spirally striated volutions ; aperture large,
orbicular, peritreme thickened, slightly reflected, columellar
lip forming a broad tongue-shaped process, which partly
covers the umbilicus.

Found under decayed leaves in the Island of Bohol, by
Mr. Cuming.

99. C. Puiuippinarum. (pl. xxix. f. 205, 206, 207.)
nob. Zool. Proc. 1842, p. 83.
. T. globoso-conica, pallida, fusco-marmerata; spira sub-
acuminata, anfractibus 5 subrotundatis, supernée longitudi-
naliter sulcatis, ultimo infra levigato; apertura subrotunda,
peritremate obtuso, reflexo, superné producto, latere umbilici
subsinuato; umbilico parvo ; operculo tenui, corneo, levi.

Shell globosely conical, of a pale colour, marbled with

Q

126

brown ; spire rather acuminated, consisting of five somewhat
rounded volutions, longitudinally grooved on the upper part,
the last volution smooth beneath; aperture nearly round,
peritreme obtuse, reflected, its upper edge produced, and the
side towards the umbilicus rather sinuous: umbilicus small.

First brought by Mr. Smith from Lugon. Mr. Cuming has
collected many varieties, generally under decayed leaves,
though sometimes on leaves of trees and bushes, on several
of the Philippine Islands.

100. C. TIGRINUM. (pl. xxix. f. 201, 202, 203, 204.) nod.

T. suborbiculari, subconica, crassiuscula, leeviuscula, palles-
cente, strigis irregularibus, transversis,saturaté brunneis picta ;
spira subacuminata, apice obtusiusculo, anfractibus quinque,
raptim crescentibus, rotundatis, plerumque carinis tribus vel
quatuor subobsoletis; apertura magna, orbiculari, posticé
subemarginata, peritremate reflexo, albo, incrassato, prope
ultimum anfractum subinterrupto; labio columellari sub-
extenso, umbilicum mediocre partim tegente; sutura dis-
tincta; operculo tenui, corneo, multispirali, marginibus
anfractuum lamellosis.

Shell suborbicular, subconical, thickish, rather smooth, of
a light brown, with irregular transverse stripes of dark
brown: spire slightly acuminated, rather obtuse at the apex ;
volutions five, increasing rapidly, rounded, with 3 or 4 rather
obsolete keels ; aperture large, circular, slightly emarginated
posteriorly, with a thickened, reflected, white peritreme,
slightly interrupted at the last volution ; columeilar lip rather
spread, partly covering the middle-sized umbilicus; suture
distinct ; operculum thin, horny, multispiral, with the edges
of its volutions lamellar.

Many varieties of this species were brought by Mr. Cuming
from the Philippine Islands, see Zool. Proc. 1842.

101. C. LinGuLATum. (pl. xxix. f. 208, 209, 210.) nob.

T. suborbiculari, subdepresso-conoidea, tenuiuscula, levi-
gata, pallida, fusco varié maculata, vel radiatim strigata ;
spira brevi, subacuminata, apice obtusiusculo, sutura subin-
conspicua ; anfractibus 44, ventricosiusculis, plerumque
acutimarginatis, nonnunquam margine ultimi rotundato ;
apertura circulari, peritremate pallido, plerumque duplici,
interno lineari, externo latiori, reflexo, supra umbilicum plus
minusve laté extenso; umbilico mediocri; operculo corneo,
tenui, multispirali.

Shell suborbicular, rather depressedly conoidal, thinnish,

127

smooth, of a pale colour, variously mottled and _ radiately
striped with brown; spire short, slightly acuminated and rather
obtuse ; suture not very distinct ; volutions 43, rather ventri-
cose, generally with a sharply keeled edge, but sometimes
having the edge of the last volution rounded ; aperture cir-
cular, with a whitish, generally double, peritreme, inner
peritreme linear, outer broader, reflected, more or less broadly
extended over the umbilicus; umbilicus moderate; oper-
culum horny, thin, multispiral.

Many varieties of this elegant species were brought
by Mr. Cuming, from the Islands of Siquijod, Zebu, and
Bohol.

102. C. ciu1atTuM. (pl. xxx. f. 237, 238.) nod.

T. suborbiculari, conoidea, tenuiuscula, levigata, fulves-
cente, fusco-radiatim strigata; spira brevi, submucronata,
apice acuminatiusculo; anfractibus quinque subrotundatis,
ultimo magno, margine carinato, (carina epidermide ciliata :)
apertura circulari, peritremate reflexo, posticé emarginato ;
umbilico magno; Operculo tenui, corneo, multispirali.

Shell suborbicular, conoidal, thin, smooth, pale yellowish
brown, with irregular radiating brown stripes; spire short,
with a rather acuminated apex, and five slightly rounded
volutions, of which the last is large and keeled at its edge,
where the epidermis forms a fringe of hairs; aperture cir-
cular, peritreme reflected, forming a very small notch at the
upper or posterior extremity; umbilicus large; operculum
thin, horny, multispiral. Found under stones at South
Camarinas, Lucon, by Mr. Cuming.

103. C. HELICOIDE. (pl. xxx. f. 245, 246.) nob.

T. suborbiculari, conoidali, crassiuscula, spiraliter striata,
fulvescente, fusco-radiatim strigata; spira brevi, acuminati-
uscula, anfractibus 5 ad 6, rotundatis, anticé levibus, posticé
spiraliter striatis, obsoleté 4 ad 5 carinatis, carinis duabus
posticis, epidermide ciliatis; apertura circulari, peritremate
duplici, albicante, postice emarginato, interno tenui, levatius-
culo, externo angusto, reflexo; umbilico majusculo:
operculo tenui, corneo, multispirali.

Shell suborbicular, conoidal, rather thick, spirally striated,
yellowish brown, with radiating dark brown stripes; spire
short, rather acuminated, with 5 to 6 rounded volutions,
smooth anteriorly; spirally striated posteriorly, and with four
orfive obsolete keels, of which the two posteriorare ciliated with

128

epidermis; aperture circular, peritreme double, whitish,
forming a very small notch at the upper or posterior extremity ;
umbilicus rather large ; operculum thin, horny, multispiral.

Found under decayed leaves in the Island of Bohol, by
Mr. Cuming.

104. C. chausum. (pl. xxxi. f. 266, 267.) nod.

T. subglobosa, crassiuscula, levi, albicante, posticé fulves-
cente, spira brevi, subdepressa, apice obtuso; anfractibus 3},
subrotundatis, postice spiraliter striatis ; apertura subcirculari,
posticé subacuminato, peritremate tenui, subreflexo, latere
umbilicali crassiusculo, rotundato, umbilicum claudente.

Shell subglobose, thickish, smooth, whitish, rather fulvous
at the obtuse apex of the rather depressed, short spire ;
volutions 34, somewhat rounded, spirally striated posteriorly ;
aperture nearly circular, rather acuminated behind, with a thin,
slightly reflected peritreme, thickish and rounded toward the
umbilicus, which is covered by it.

From Yemen, Arabia, Mr. Powis.
105. C. ATRAMENTARIUM. (pl. xxx. f. 236.)

T. orbiculato-pyramidali, crassiuscula, leevigataé, purpureo-
nigricante, nonnunquam fusco-maculata; spira mediocri,coni-
ca, obtusa, anfractibus quinque ad sex, rotundatis, tenerrimé
transversim striatis ; sutura distincta; apertura circulari,
margine labii duplicato, peritremate reflexo, latiusculo,
umbilicum versus angulato; umbilico mediocri.

Shell nearly orbicular, pyramidal, thickish, smooth,
of a purplish black colour, sometimes paler and variously
spotted with brown; spire of moderate length, conical, obtuse
at the apex, and consisting of from five to six rounded
volutions, which are very finely transversely striated, and
separated by a distinct suture; aperture circular, margin of
the lip double, peritreme reflected, rather broad, and angular
towards the umbilicus, which is of moderate size.

106. C. Harveyanum. (pl. xxx. f. 250.) nod

T. sub-globoso-conica, crassiuscula, spiraliter sulcata, fulves-
cente, spire apice obtuso, anfractibus 44 rotundatis, 'tenerrimé
transversim striatis, ultimo fascia fusca antemediana;
apertura circulari, peritremate albido, subincrassato, subreflexo,
posticé paululim acuminato ; umbilico majusculo.

Shell rather globosely conical, thickish, spirally grooved, of
a fulvous colour; volutions 43, rounded, very finely trans-
versely striated, the last with a fuscous band in front of the

129

periphery; aperture circular, peritreme whitish, rather

thickened, slightly reflected and a little acuminated posteri-

orly; umbilicus rather large. Communicated by Lady Harvey.
107. C. crnctTum. (pl. xxix. f. 199.) nod.

Testa globoso-conoidali; crassiuscula, pallida, fascia fusca
unica infra-mediana; anfractibus 4—5 rotundatis, superné
spiraliter sulcatis, infra leviusculis ; sutura distincta; apertura
circulari, intus fulva; peritremate subincrassato, subreflexo,
latere umbilicali subexpanso, prope ultimtim anfractum
sinuato, tenuiori; umbilico majori, intus spiraliter sulcato.

Shell globosely conoidal, thickish, and of a pale colour,
with a single fuscous band below the middle of the volutions ;
volutions from 4 to 5, rounded, spirally grooved on the upper
part, smooth beneath; suture distinct; aperture circular,
fulvous within; peritreme somewhat thickened and rather
reflected, spreading out on the umbilical side, thin and sinuated
at that part which les next to the last volution; umbilicuslarge,
spirally grooved within. K. Indies.

108. C. pyrosToMA. (pl. xxix. f. 200.) nod.

T. subgloboso-conica, tenuiuscula, flavescente, aurantiaco
pallide strigata, spira mediocri, apice obtusiusculo, anfractibus
5, rotundatis, posticé spiraliter striatis; sutura distincta;
apertura feré circulari, peritremate aurantiaco, subincrassato,
rotundato, subreflexo, posticé subacuminato, prope ultimum
anfractum subinterrupto ; umbilico magno.

Shell subglobosely conical, rather thin, yellowish, with
stripes of pale orange colour; spire cf moderate length, rather
obtuse at the apex; volutions five, rounded, spirally striated
posteriorly, and smooth anteriorly, with a distinct suture ;
aperture nearly circular, with a slightly thickened, orange
coloured, rounded, subreflected peritreme, slightly acuminated
behind, and interrupted for a short distance next to the last
volution; umbilicus rather large.

From Miss Saul’s collection, locality unknown.
109. C. PULCHELLUM. (pl. xxxi. f. 263, 264.) nob.

T. tenui, subgloboso-conoidea, pallescente, tenuissimé
spiraliter striata; anfractibus 5, ventricosissimis, fasciis
5—6 interruptis fuscis ; ultimo carina parva mediand; aper-
tura circulari, peritremate reflexo, aurantiaco;. umbilico
mediocri, intus spiraliter sulcato ; sutura valida.

Shell thin, of a conoidal nearly globose form, and of
pale colour, smooth, very finely spirally striated; volutions
five, very ventricose and rounded, with five or six much

130

interrupted brown bands; last volution with a small keel
near the middle: aperture circular, with a reflected reddish
orange peritreme: umbilicus of moderate dimensions, spirally
grooved within; suture distinct.

Locality unknown. The specimen from which our drawing
and description were taken was obligingly communicated by
M. Keraudren.

110. C. Goupotianum. (pl. xxix. f. 193.)—?

T. subgloboso-conica, tenui, levi, fulva, spira gradatim
acuminata, apice obtuso, nigricante, anfractibus quinque,
rotundatis, spiraliter tenerrimé striatis et rufo-nigricante
quadrifasciatis, apertura circulari, peritremate tenui, extus lato,
reflexo, latere umbilicali angusto, reflexo ; umbilico mediocri,
spiraliter striato.

Shell subglobosely conical, thin, smooth, yellow, spire
gradually acuminated, with an obtuse blackish apex ; volutions
5, rounded, very finely spirally striated and with 4 reddish
black bands ; aperture circular, peritreme thin, its outer edge
broad and reflected, inner edge narrow and turned back ;
umbilicus of moderate size, spirally striated within. Found
at Natal, by Dr. Krauss.

111. C. virearoum. (pl. xxix. f. 192.) nod.

T. oblongo-pyramidali, tenuiuscula, pallescente, levi,
spira acuminata, apice obtusa; anfractibus quinque, rotunda-
tis, spiraliter castaneo fasciatis ; apertura circulari, peritremate
subreflexo, ad ultimum anfractum interrupto; umbilico parvo ;
operculo testaceo, paucispirali, anfractibus transversim undato-
striatis.

Shell of an oblong pyramidal form, rather thin, smooth and
of a pale brownish colour; spire regularly acuminated, with
an obtuse apex; volutions 5, rounded, with chestnut coloured
spiral bands ; aperture circular, with a slightly reflected peri-
treme, a little interrupted at the last volution ; umbilicus
small; operculum testaceous, with few volutions, which are
transversely undato-striated. Locality unknown.

112 C. FLEXILABRUM. (pl. xxxi. f. 258. 259.) nob.

T. globoso-conoidea, crassa, levi, brunnescente; spira
obtusa, anfractibus 44, subventricosis, ultimo rotundato, fasciis
castaneis spiralibus ornato ; apertura feré circulari, peritremate
incrassato, reflexo, posticé sinuato ; umbilico minimo, lineari,
vel clauso.

Shell globosely conoidal, thick, smooth, brownish; spire
obtuse, volutions 44, rather ventricose, the last rounded and

131

ornamented with a chestnut spiral band; aperture nearly
circular, with a thickened, reflected peritreme; sinuated
posteriorly ; umbilicus very small and linear, or closed.
Madegascar, communicated by Mr. Powis.

113. C. 1creRicum. (pl. xxxi. f. 268. 269.) nod.

T. globoso-conica, crassiuscula, fulvescente, spira acumi-
nata, apice decollato; anfractibus 4, rotundatis, spiraliter
sulcatis; apertura circulari, peritremate incrassato, reflexo,
supra umbilicum parvum crasso, extenso, umbilicum fereé
tegente, posticé subacuminato; sulcis spiralibus umbilici
majoribus.

Shell globosely conical, thickish, fulvous, with an acumi-
nated spire, apex decollated; volutions 4, rounded, spirally
grooved; aperture circular, peritreme thickened, reflected,
thick and spread over the small umbilicus so as to cover it,
and somewhat acuminated posteriorly ; spiral grooves of the
umbilicus larger than the others.

114. C. MeGACHEILUS. (pl. xxxi. f. 276.) nob.

T. globoso-conica, crassiuscula, brunnescente, fascia anté
mediam castanea ;spira breviuscula ; anfractibus 44, rotundatis,
posticé lineis levatis spiralibus, albo-castaneoque articulatis,
ultimo anticé levi; apertura circulari, peritremate crasso,
reflexo, rotundato, albicante ; umbilico mediocri.

Shell globosely conical, thickish, brownish, with a chestnut
band in front of the periphery; spire rather short, with 43
rounded volutions, posteriorly with raised white spiral lines
with chestnut spots, the last smooth in front; aperture
circular, peritreme thick, reflected, rounded, broad, whitish ;
umbilicus of moderate size.

115. C. GuIMARASENSE. (pl. xxxi. f. 274. 275.) nod.

T. globoso-conica, tenui, brunned, pallescente maculata,
ad suturam articulata: spiré acuminata, apice obtusiuscula ;
anfractibus 5, ventricosis, posticé obsoleté 2 vel 3 carinatis ;
apertura circulari, ampla, peritremate tenuiusculo, reflexo,
albo: umbilico mediocri.

Shell globosely conical, thin, brown, varied with paler, and
with an articulated brown and whitish band at the suture;
spire acuminated, with an obtuse apex; volutions 5, ventri-
cose, posteriorly with 2 or 3 obsolete keels; aperture circular,
large; peritreme rather thin, reflected, white; umbilicus
middling. From the Island of Guimaras, H. Cuming.

116. C. Laritasrum. (pl. xxxi. f. 281.) D’Ord.

T. globoso-conoidea, tenui, subhyalina, albidi; apice

decollato ; anfractibus 4, rotundatis, tenuissimé transversim

132

striatis; sutura profundd, apertura circulari; peritremate
duplici, interno subreflexo; externo late expanso; umbilico
magno.

Shell globosely conoidal, very thin, slightly hyaline, whitish ;
apex truncated; volutions 4, rounded, and very delicately
transversely striated, with a deep suture; aperture circular ;
peritreme double, inner slightly reflected, outer widely spread,
thin; umbilicus large.

117. C. putcurum. (pl. xxvii. f. 143. 144.) Gray, in
Supp. to Wood’s Ind. Testac.

T. suborbiculari, spira conoidali, apice mamillari (plerumque
decollato) anfractibus 3—5, ventricosis, rotundatis, spiraliter
carinatis, et transversim striatis; sutura profunda; apertura
circulari; peritremate duplici, interno tenui, elevatiusculo,
externo lato, reflexo, undulato; umbilico magno, spiraliter
carinato et transversim striato.

Shell nearly orbicular, with a rather short conical spire, the
apex of which is mamillated, it is, however, generally decolla-
ted; volutions 3—5,(3 when decollated, 5 when complete)
ventricose, rounded, with 8 or 10 spiral keels, and transversely
striated ; suture deep; aperture circular, with a double peri-
treme, the inner of which is thin and slightly elevated, the
outer broad, reflected, and undulated, each undulation forms
at the back the continuation of one of the spiral keels, and the
beautiful fringe or ruffle formed by this undulated peritreme,
is concentrically striated. The whole shell is of a fawn colour,
with dark marks arranged in rows above and below the spiral
keels; these keels are only distinct on the two last volutions.
That side of the reflected peritreme which is towards the last
volution, is spread over ita little. Jamaica.

118. C. FIMBRIATULUM. (pl. xxviii. f. 145, 146.) Sow.
in Tank. Cat. App. p. vil. no. 1015.

T. globoso-conoidea, albida, spira breviuscula, decollata :
anfractibus 4—5, rotundatis, spiraliter sulcatis, sulcis confer-
tissimé decussatis, asperis ; sutura profunddé; apertura circu-
lari; peritremate duplici, interno simplicissimo, externo laté
expanso, undulato; umbilico magno; operculo _testaceo,
spirali, anfractibus intus levibus, extts lamella spirali reflexa.

Shell globosely conical, whitish, with a rather short decolla-
ted spire, consisting of from 4 to5 rounded, spirally grooved
volutions, rough, with very close-set decussated strie ; suture
deep; aperture circular, peritreme double, the inner one very
simple, the outer one broadly expanded and undulated:

133

umbilicus large ; operculum shelly, spiral, its volutions smooth
within, and with a reflected spiral lamella outside. Jamaica.
119. C. scaBricuLuo. (pl. xxviii. f. 147.) nob.

T. globoso-conoidea, albida, spira breviuscula, decollata,
anfractibus quatuor, rotundatis, spiraliter sulcatis, sulcis con-
fertissimé decussatis, asperis ; sutura distincta; apertura circu-
lari, peritremate duplici, interno tenui, externo laté expanso,
undulato, posticé undulato-lamellari: umbilico mediocri ;
operculo lamella levata spirali.

Shell globosely conoidal, whitish, with a rather short decol-
lated spire, consisting of 4 rounded, spirally grooved volu-
tions ; grooves very finely decussated, rough ; suture distinct ;
aperture circular, peritreme double, inner thin, outer broadly
expanded, undulated, posteriorly undulated lamellar; umbi-
licus middling; operculum with a spiral elevated lamella.

Jamaica.

120. C. Lz&vE. (pl. xxix. f. 220 to 222.) Gray. in Supp.

to Wood’s Ind. Testac. t. 6. f,5. Turbo immaculatus, &c.
Chemn. ix. p. 57. t. 123. f. 1063.

T. globoso-conicé, tenui, pellucida, albida, levi, spira
acuminata ; anfractibus quinque, subrotundatis, ultimo ventri-
coso; apertura subcirculari; peritremate reflexo, latere
columellari sinuato; sutura subobtecta; umbilico parvo ;
operculo tenui, corneo, spirali.

Shell globosely conical, thin, pellucid, whitish, smooth,
with an acuminated spire ; volutions 5, slightly rounded, the
last ventricose; aperture nearly circular; peritreme reflected,
its columellar side sinuated; suture partly hidden ; umbilicus
small; operculum thin, horny, spiral. First brought by Dr.
Solander, in 1780. I have since received it from Lugon,
collected by J. K. Smith, Esq., and Mr. Cuming has brought
six varieties from the Philippine Islands. The young shell
is keeled.

121. C. nit1puM, (pl. xxix. f. 225, 226, 227.) nod.

T. globoso-conica, tenui, pellucida, levi, albida, interdum
fusco-variegata; spird acuminata, anfractibus 5, rotun-
datis, ultimo maximo, ventricoso; apertura circulari, peritre-
mate reflexo, latere columellari subsinuato; sutura distincta ;
umbilico parvo: operculo tenui, corneo, spirali.

Shell globosely conical, thin, pellucid, smooth, white, or
whitish variously speckled and marked with brown; spire
acuminated, consisting of 5 rounded volutions, of which the
last is very large and ventricose: aperture circular, with a

R

134

reflected peritreme, which is slightly simuated on the side
towards the umbilicus, which is small; suture distinct ; oper-
culum thin, horny, of 5 or 6 volutions. | Found on leaves of
trees and shrubs in the Islands of Guimaras and Zebu,
H. Cuming.

122. C. concinnvum. (pl. xxix. f. 223. 224.) nob.

T. globoso-conica, tenui, pellucida, levi, albida, viridifusco
spiraliter lineata; spiré acuminata, anfractibus 5, rotun-
datis, ultimo maximo, ventricoso ; apertura circulari, peritre-
mate reflexo, latere columellari subsinuato; sutura distincta ;
umbilico parvo; operculo tenui, corneo, spirali.

Shell globosely conical, thin, pellucid, smooth, whitish with
spiral greenish brown lines; spire acuminated, of 5 rounded
volutions, of which the last is very large and ventricose ;
aperture circular, with a reflected peritreme, and slightly
sinuated on the side next to the umbilicus; suture distinct
umbilicus small; operculum horny, thin, spiral.

In the young state, while the epidermis remains,the green-
ish brown spiral lines are hairy. Several varieties were found
by M. Cuming, on leaves of trees and bushes in the Islands
of Bohol, Mindanao, and Camiguing.

123. C. PANAYENSE, (pl. xxx. £.239.) nod.

T. globoso-conica, tenuissima, pellucida, levi, fuscescente,
spira brevi, obtusiuscula, anfractibus quinque, spiraliter et
distanter substriatis, rotundatis, ultimo anticé ad peripheriam
carina obsoleta munito ; apertura magna, feré circulari, peri-
tremate lato, reflexo, ad ultimum anfractum interrupto, mar-
gine interno albo, externo fusco; umbilico parvo; operculo
tenui, corneo, anfractibus 5—6.

Shell globosely conical, very thin, pellucid, smooth, brown-
ish ; spire short, rather obtuse ; volutions five, rounded, dis-
tantly spirally striated, the last furnished with a very indistinct
keel at the periphery; aperture large, nearly circular, with a
broad reflected peritreme, interrupted over the last volution,
with a white internal and brown outer margin; umbilicus
small; operculum thin, horny, of five or six volutions.

Found on leaves of bushes at Dingle in the Island of Panay,
by Mr. Cuming.

124. C. virreum. (pl. xxx. f. 252.) Lesson.

T. globoso-conica, tenuiuscula, levi, subpellucida, fulve-
scente, spira acuminata, anfractibus 5—6, rapidé crescentibus,
rotundatis, sutura distincté; apertura feré circulari, peritre-
mate albo, incrassato, reflexo, ad ultimum anfractum subin-

135

terrupto, latere umbilicali subsinuato, demum latiori, suban-
gulato; umbilico parvo; operculo testaceo, extiis concavo,
anfractibus 4—5.

Shell globosely conical, rather thin, smooth, slightly pellu-
cid, fulvous, with an acuminated spire; volutions 5—6, in-
creasing rapidly, rounded, with a distinct suture; aperture
nearly circular ; peritreme white, thickened, reflected, inter-
rupted at the last volution, slightly sinuated on the umbilical
side, when it becomes broader and rather angular, umbilicus
small; operculum shelly, concave outwardly, its volutions
4—5. From New Ireland, Mr. Hinds.

125. C. LuTEOsToMA. (pl. xxx. f. 228, 229.) nod.

T. globoso-conica, tenui, pellucida, albida, epidermide tenui,
cornea induta; spiraé acuminata; anfractibus quinque, rotun-
datis, ultimo magno, ventricoso ; apertura subcirculari, peri-
tremate reflexo, aurantiaco, latere columellari subsinuato,
prope ultimum anfractum interrupto; sutura distincta, umbi-
lico parvo ; operculo tenui, corneo, multispirali.

Shell globosely conical, thin, pellucid, whitish, covered
with a thin horny epidermis; spire somewhat acuminated,
with five rounded volutions, of which the last is large and
ventricose; aperture nearly circular, with a reflected orange
coloured peritreme, slightly simuated on the columellar side,
interrupted and very thin upon the last volution; suture dis-
tinct, umbilicus small, operculum thin, horny, multispiral.

Found on leaves of bushes in the Island of Guimaras, and
at Dingle I. of Panay. by Mr. Cuming.

126. C. FIBULA, (pl. xxx. f. 240. 241. 242.) nod.

T. suborbiculato-conica, tenui, cinerascente-fusca vel albida,
nonnunquam fusco angulatim strigata, spira acuminatiuscula,
anfractibus 5—6, leevibus, lineis spiralibus nonnullis elevatius-
culis, ultimo magno, anticé obtusé carinato, ante peripheriam
subplanulato; apertura subobliqua, rotundato-subquadrata,
peritremate reflexo, supra ultimum anfractum laté interrupto,
latere umbilicali rotundato, revoluto ; umbilico parvo, angusto :
operculo tenui, corneo, anfractibus 6—7.

Shell suborbicular-conical, thin, light greyish brown or
whitish, sometimes more or less strongly marked with irre-
gulariy angular brown stripes and specks; spire rather
acurinated; volutions 5 or 6, smooth, with several slightly
elevated spiral lines, the last large, very obtusely carinated in
front, and rather flattened before the periphery; aperture
rather oblique, of arounded subquadrate form, with a reflected

136

peritreme which is broadly interrupted at the last volution
and rounded and turned back on the side of the umbilicus,
which is small and narrow ; operculum thin, horny, with 6 or
7 volutions. Found on leaves of palms and other trees, in
the north part of the Island of Lucgon, by Mr. Cuming.

127. C. PERPLEXUM. (pl. xxx. f. 243. 244.) nob.

T. suborbiculari, subconica, tenui, albida, pallidé fusco varié
nubeculata; spira brevi; anfractibus quinque subrotundatis,
levibus, ultimo ad peripheriam subcarinato, posticé lineis
levatiusculis distantibus nonnullis munito ; sutura indistincta ;
apertura subcirculari, peritremate crassiusculo, reflexo, ad
ultimum anfractum interrupto, latere umbilicali revoluto,
umbilico mediocri.

Shell suborbicular, subconical, thin, whitish, variously
mottled and speckled with pale brown ; spire short, volutions
5, rather rounded, smooth, the last slightly carimated at the
periphery, and having several posterior slightly elevated
distant lines; aperture nearly circular, peritreme thickish,
reflected, interrupted at the last volution, rounded and turned
back on the side of the umbilicus, which is of moderate size.
Found on bushes at Abulug, by Mr. Cuming.

128. C. Prueus. (pl. xxix. f. 196. 197.) nob.

T. conica, tenui, albida, fusco pallidissimé nubeculata;
spira subacuminata, anfractibus quinque, planulatis, anticé
carinatis; apertura rotundato-subtrigona, extus angulata,
peritremate albo, reflexo, labiis posticé disjunctis; umbilico

arvo.

Shell conical, thin, whitish clouded with very pale brown,
spire rather acuminated, with 5 flattened volutions, keeled in
front; aperture subtrigonal, rounded, angular outside, peri-
treme white, reflected, lips disunited posteriorly ; umbilicus
small. Several varieties ot this species were found by Mr.
Cuming, under decayed leaves, near Sinait and St. Juan.

129. C. StainFortuit. (pl. xxix. f. 215. 216. & pl. xxx.
f. 217.) nob. Zool. Proc. 1842, p. 82.

T. tenui, albicante, pyramidali, carinata; spira acuminatius-
cula, anfractibus 5—6, lateribus subventricosis, ultimo longé
maximo, margine mediano carinato, lineis spiralibus fuscis
4—6 ornato; sutura subobsoleté; apertura magna, suborbi-
culari, latere columellari rectiusculo; peritremate albo,
subincrassato, reflexo, supra anfractum penultimum subin-
terrupto; umbilico mediocri; operculo corneo, tenui, margi-
nibus anfractuum lamellosis, levatiusculis.

137

Shell pyramidal, thin, whitish, keeled around the edge ;
spire rather acuminated, volutions 5—6, slightly ventricose on
the sides, the last by far the largest, with its medial edge
keeled, and having from 4 to 6 spiral brown lines; suture
rather indistinct; aperture large, suborbicular, with its colu-
mellar side rather straight; peritreme white, somewhat thick-
ened, reflected, somewhat interrupted at the last voluton;
umbilicus moderate; operculum horny, thin, with the edges
of its volutions lamellar, rather elevated. Found by Mr.
Cuming on leaves of trees and bushes, inseveral of the Philip-
pine Islands, and named in honour of the Rev. F. J. Stainforth.

130. C. aTRICAPILLUM. (pl. xxx. f. 230. 231.) nob.

T. globoso-pyramidali, tenui, nitidula, albicante, varié
fusco-strigata, apice nigro, anfractibus 5, subrotundatis, plus
minusve obsoleté spiraliter carinatis; sutura distincta; aper-
tura rotundaté, superné subacuminata; peritremate acuto,
reflexo, latere umbilicali subsinuato, ultimi anfractis interrup-
to; umbilico parvo; operculo corneo, tenui.

Shell globoso-pyramidal, thin, somewhat shining, whitish,
variously striped and speckled with dark brown, and having a
black apex ; volutions 5, rather rounded, more or less obso-
letely spirally carinated; suture distinct; aperture round,
rather acuminated at the upper part; peritreme acute,
reflected, slightly sinuated on the side toward the umbilicus,
interrupted against the last volution; umbilicus small. First
brought from the Philippine Islands by J. D. Smith, Esq.
Mr. Cuming collected several varieties on the leaves of trees
and shrubs, at Puerto-galero, in the Island of Mindoro.

131. C. GonrosToma. (pl. xxx. f. 233. 234.) nob.

T. suborbiculari, conoidea, margine carinato, tenui, subpel-
lucida, leevi, albida, fusco-varie strigata, spira acuminata, apice
nigricante, obtusiusculo; anfractibus 54, planulatis, ultimo
subventricoso, obsoleté bi-vel tri-carinatis, margine acuto,
anticé subplanulato; apertura rotundato-subtrigona, anticé
subrotundata, posticé extusque angulatdé, peritremate tenui,
angusto, reflexo ; umbilico parvo.

Shell suborbicular, conical, witha carinated edge, thin,
rather pellucid, smooth, whitish, variously striped with brown ;
spire acuminated, rather obtuse, blackish; volutions 54, flat-
tened, the last slightly ventricose, with two or three obsolete
keels, sharp at the edge, flattened in front; aperture of a
rounded subtriangular form, rounded in front, and angular
posteriorly as well as at the external edge ; with a thin, narrow,

138

reflected peritreme; umbilicus small. Two varieties were
found by Mr. Cuming, at Cagayan in the Island of Mindanao.
132. C. InsIGNE, (pl. xxx. f. 232.) nob.

T. subglobosa, subconoidea, preetenui, cornea, pellucida,
viridescente-fusca; spira acuminatiuscula; anfractibus quinque,
primis rotundatis, levibus, duobus ultimis tenerrimé trans-
versim Striatis, margine acuté carinato, posticé subplanulatis,
5 ad 7 carinatis, ultimo maximo, anticé subobsoleté
2 vel 3 carinatis; apertura magna, subcirculari, peritremate
tenui, reflexo, intus albo, ultimo anfractu modificato; umbi-
lico exiguo; operculo tenui, corneo.

Shell subglobose, somewhat conoidal, very thin, horny,
pellucid, of a greenish brown colour; spire rather acuminated ;
volutions five, of which the three first are rounded and smooth,
and the two last very finely transversely striated, with a sharp
keeled edge, rather flattened posteriorly and having from 5 to
7 rather obsolete keels; the last volution very large, with two
or three rather obsolete keels anteriorly ; aperture large, nearly
circular, with a thin, reflected peritreme, white on the inner
edge and modified by the last volution; umbilicus small,
operculum horny, very thin. Found on leaves of trees at
Calapan, Island of Mindoro, by Mr. Cuming.

133. C. ACUMINATUM. (pl. xxx. f. 235.) nob:

T. subglobosa, pyramidali, tenui, levi, pellucida, albicante,
spira acuminata, apice obtusiusculo, fuscescente ; anfractibus
sex, rotundatis, substriatis, ultimo magno, carina ad periphe-
riam obsoletiuscula munito, ante carinam planulatiusculo ;
apertura subcirculari, posticé subacuminata, peritremate tenui,
reflexo, ad ultimum anfractum interrupto; latere umbilicali
subsinuato ; umbilico parvo.

Shell subglobose, pyramidal, thin, smooth, pellucid, whitish ;
spire acuminated, with a rather blunt, brownish apex, volu-
tions six, rounded, very slightly and distantly striated, the
last large, furnished with an indistinct keel at the periphery
and very slightly flattened in front of the keel; aperture
nearly orbicular, slightly acuminated posteriorly with a thin
reflected peritreme, interrupted at the last volution, and
slightly sinuated at the side next to the umbilicus, which is
very small. Found by Mr. Cuming on leaves of trees at
St. Juan, Island of Lugon.

134. C. TENUE, (pl. xxxi, f. 265.) nod.

T. globoso-pyramidali, tenui, albicante, opaca ; spira acumi-

natiuscula, apice obtuso ; anfractibus 5—6, rotundatis, posticé

139

spiraliter substriatis, ultimo fulvo-unifasciato, anticé levi ;
sutura profunda; apertura rotundata; peritremate tenui, sub-
reflexo ; umbilico mediocri.

Shell globoso-pyramidal, thin, nearly white, dull; spire
rather acuminated, but with an obtuse apex; volutions 5—6,
rounded, slightly spirally striated posteriorly ; the last volution
with a single fulvous band and smooth in front ; suture deep ;
aperture round, peritreme thin, very slightly reflected; um-
bilicus middling. Africa; Mr. Gray.

135. C. cipBuM, (pl. xxx. f. 247. 248.) Fer. Mag. de
Zool. pl. 117. f, 1.

T. suborbiculari, subpyramidali,tenui, subdistorta, cineras-
cente, spird mediocri, obtusa, apice rufescente, anfractibus
quinque rotundatis, transversim striatis, ultimi dorso inflato,
demum coarctato et quasi strangulato; apertura circulari,
margine duplicato, umbilicum versus subsinuato, peritremate
latiusculo, reflexo, acuto, umbilicum versus angustiori; um-
bilico mediocri.

Shell nearly orbicular, somewhat pyramidal, rather thin,
and having a distorted appearance, ash-coloured; spire of
moderate length, blunt, with a dull red apex, consisting of
five rounded, transversely striated volutions, the dorsal por-
tion of the last volution inflated, and then suddenly contracted,
as if strangled; aperture circular, having a double margin,
and slightly sinuated on the side toward the umbilicus, with a
rather broad, sharp-edged, reflected peritreme, narrower toward
the umbilicus, which is of moderate dimensions. Operculum
circular, horny, exactly closing the contracted part or throat
of the aperture.

From the grottos of Touranne, in Cochin-China.
136. C. Pretrel, (pl. xxxi. f. 260.) D’Ord.

T. globoso-pyramidali, tenui, scabra, alba, spira acuminata,
apice decollato, fusco; anfractibus 4, rotundatis, transversim
striatis et costatis, costis minutis, subdistantibus, muricatis,
ultimo propé aperturam disjuncto: sutura profunda; aper-
turd circulari, peritremate duplici, interno simplici, externo
angusto, reflexo, undulato; umbilico magno, spiraliter cos-
tato.

Shell globosely-pyramidal, thin, white, rough; spire acumi-
nated, its apex decollated, brown; volutions four, rounded,
transversely striated and ribbed; ribs small, distant, muricated ;
the last volution disjoined near the aperture; suture deep;
aperture circular, peritreme double, inner simple, outer nar-

140

row, reflected, undulated ; umbilicus large, spirally ribbed.
From Cuba, communicated by D’Orbigny.
137. C. Lincineuuum, (pl. xxvii. f. 150. 151,) Lam.
Anim. s. vert. vi. 2. p. 148. C. Lincina, Encycl. Meth.
t.461. f. 2. C. compressum, Gray. in Supp. to Ind. Testac.
t. 6. f. 42.

T. globoso-conoidea, pallida, seriatim fusco-maculata, spira
subacuminata; anfractibus 4—5, rotundatis, subtilissimé
striatis, ultimi terminatione subporrecto, disjuncto; sutura
profunda; apertura circulari; peritremate duplici, continuo,
interno simplici, porrecto, externo angusto, expanso ; umbilico
parvo; operculo spirali, anfractibus paucis, extus lamella
spirali, reflexa.

Shell globosely conical, of a pale colour, with rows of
fuscous spots, spire rather acuminated, consisting of four or
five rounded volutions, which are very finely striated, the
last volution separated at its termination and standing for-
ward; suture deep; aperture circular; peritreme double,
continuous, the internal simple, standing forward, the external
narrow, spreading ; umbilicus small; operculum spiral, con.
sisting of few volutions, with a spiral reflected lamella outside.

Jamaica. Mr. G. Humphrey.

138. C. Lincinuo, (pl. xxviii. f. 148. 149.) Turbo Lincina,

Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. t. 1. p. 1239, no. 639. Chemn. ix.
f. 1060. a.

T. oblonga, pallida, spiré decollaté ; anfractibus 3—4, teren-
tibus, confertissimé decussato-striatis, asperis; sutura pro-
funda; apertura circulari; peritremate dilatato, laté expanso,
planiusculo, crenato, superné nonnunquam reflexo ; umbilico
parvo; operculo testaceo, lamella externa spirali, reflexa,
striata.

Shell of an oblong, somewhat conical form, with a decol-
lated spire, consisting of three or four rounded volutions,
which are rough all over, with close set decussating strie ;
suture deep; aperture circular; peritreme dilated, spreading
widely, rather flat, crenated, the upper part sometimes re-
flected; umbilicus small, externally with a spiral, reflected,
striated lamella. This is undoubtedly Linné’s Turbo Lincina,
with which Lamarck’s Cycl. Lincinella and his Cycl. inter-
rupta, have both been confounded, neither of which, however,
agrees with the character Linné gives of his T. Lincina, viz.
T. testa oblonga, obtusa, rugoso striata, apertura limbo dilatato
plano crenato, Jamaica.

141

139. C. ALBUM, (pl. xxviii. f. 154.) nod.

T. oblonga, alba, spiraé subconoidali, decollata; anfrac-
tibus 3—4, rotundatis, levibus; sutura distincta; apertura
ellipticd ; peritremate duplici, interno tenui, simplici, externo
angusto, subreflexo, superné angulato.

Shell oblong, white, spire rather conical, decollated ; volu-
tions from three to four, rounded, smooth; suture distinct ;
aperture elliptical ; peritreme double, the internal one thin,
simple, the external one narrow, somewhat reflected, angular
at the upper part.

140. C. Cuemnirzit, (pl. xxviii. f. 155. 156.) Gray. in
Supp. to Wood’s Ind. Testac. t. 6. f. 6.

T. oblonga, subconoidali, apice decollato ; anfractibus 4—5,
rotundatis, levibus, fascia fusca spirali unica, vel fasciis
quatuor fuscis interruptis; sutura distincté; apertura sub-
rotunda, superné subacuminata ; peritremate duplici, interno
tenui, simplici, externo latiusculo, subexpanso, superné sub-
acuminato, flexuoso; umbilico minimo; operculo testaceo
spirali, anfractibus paucis striatis.

Shell oblong, somewhat conical, apex truncated, with from
four to five smooth rounded volutions, sometimes with a
single fuscous broad spiral band, or with four narrow spiral
interrupted fuscous bands; suture distinct; aperture nearly
round, rather acuminated at the upper part ;_ peritreme double,
internal slender, simple, external rather wide and spreading,
rather acuminated and flexuous at the upper extremity ;
umbilicus very small; operculum shelly, spiral, consisting of
very few striated volutions. South Africa.

141. C. InTERRUPTUM. (pl. xxvii. f. 152, 153.) Lam.
Anim. sans vert. vi. 2, p. 145.

T. tenui, pellucida, ovato-conoidea, apice obtuso, fusco ;
anfractibus 4—5, ventricosis, levibus, albidis, fasciis luteis,
spiralibus, interruptis ; sutura profunda; apertura circulari ;
peritremate interno tenui, levatiusculo, externo reflexo,
dilatato-patente ; umbilico parvo.

Shell thin, pellucid, ovately conoidal, with an obtuse dark
brown apex; volutions from 4 to 5, ventricose, smooth, whitish,
with spiral interrupted fulvous bands; suture deep; aperture
circular ; internal peritreme thin, rather elevated, external
reflected, dilated, spreading ; umbilicus small. The smallest
volutions are transversely _ striated. M. Chenu, in the
Receuil, &c. has given this for C. ambiguum, and vice versa
has represented Lamarck’s C. ambiguum, under the name of
C. interruptum.

s

142

142. C. prorum. (pl. xxvii. f. 157. 158.) Cistula picta,
Humph. M.S. ined.

T. oblongo-conoidea, tenui, subpellucida, spira acuminata,
apice decollato ; anfractibus 4—5, ventricosiusculis, levibus,
albis, fusco-marmoratis ; sutura profunda; apertura circulari ;
peritremate interno tenui, levatiusculo, luteo, externo reflexo,
dilatato-patente ; umbilico parvo.

Shell oblongo-conoidal, thin, somewhat peilucid, with a
gradually tapering acuminated spire, whose apex is decollated ;
volutions from 4 to 5,rather ventricose,smooth, white, marbled
with brown, principally at the lower part; suture deep;
aperture circular; imternal peritreme slender, rather elevated,
yellow, external reflected, spreading ; umbilicus small.

Jamaica.
143. C. sUBASPERUM. (pl. xxviil. f. 159.) Lister. Cistula
decussata, Humphrey. M.S. ined.

T. oblongo-conoidea, spira elevata, decollata; anfractibus
5—6, rotundatis, subfuscis, albido-marmoratis, decussatim
striatis; sutura distinctd; apertura subelliptica, disjuncta,
peritremate subrevoluto, latere anfractus ultimi non continuo ;
umbilico mediocri.

Shell of an oblong shape, with an elevated, gradually taper-
ing spire, decollated at the apex, with 4 or 5 rounded volu-
tions, of a brown colour marbled with whitish, and wholly
covered with decussating striz; suture distinct; aperture
rather elliptical, separated, with a somewhat revolute peri-
treme, which,* however, does not continue on the side of the
aperture towards the last volution; umbilicus middle-sized.
This is one of the largest of the pyramidal Cyclostomata, much

esembling C. Labeo, from which it may easily be distinguished

by the disjoined aperture, and the peritreme not continuing

on the side towards the last volution. Kast Indies.
144, C. arTICULATUM. (pl. xxvii. f. 160. 161.) nob.

T. oblonga, pyramidali, spiraé subacuminata, plerumque
decollaté; anfractibus 4—7, rotundatis, transversim striatis ;
albidis, et articulatim fusco-marmoratis; sutura distincta ;
apertura subcirculari; peritremate angusto, reflexo ; umbilico
mediocri; operculo testaceo, tenui, extus lamina spirali
conspicua.

Shell oblong, pyramidal, with a subacuminated, though
generally decollated spire; volutions 4—7, (4 or 5 when
decollated, 6 or 7 when entire,) rounded, transversely striated,
whitish marbled with fuscous, and having an alternately white

143

and fuscous band just below the suture, which is distinct ;
aperture nearly circular, with a narrow, reflected peritreme ;
umbilicus deep, of moderate extent; operculum thin, shelly,
with a distinct spiral lamina outside. This has been confounded
with C. mirabile of Gray, but may very easily be distinguished
by attention to the characters of the peritreme. | Demerara.

145. C. THYSANORHAPHE. (pl. xxvii. f. 162. 163.) nod.

T. oblonga, pyramidali, spira acuminata, plerumque decol-
lata; anfractibus 3—6, rotundatis, transversim striatis, fusco
interruptim fasciatis, marginibus superioribus plicato-fimbria-
tis ; (suturd crenulatd ; ) apertura circulari; peritremate interno
crassiusculo, levatiusculo, externo dilatato-patente ; umbilico
parvo ; operculo extus anfractibus 5—6, oblique striatis.

Shell oblong, pyramidal, with a rather acuminated, but
generally decollated spire; volutions 3—6,(3 or 4 when
decollated, 5 or 6 when entire,) rounded, transversely striated,
ofa pale colour, with narrow interrupted fuscous bands, and
the upper edges, close to the suture, plicato-fimbriated, the
suture itself consequently appearing crenulated: aperture
circular ; the internal peritreme thickish, rather elevated, the
external one wide, spreading; umbilicus small; operculum
spiral, consisting of two lamina, the internal smooth and
shining, the external with 5 or 6 obliquely striated volutions.

From Demerara and the Antilles.
146. C. oBesum. (pl. xxxi. f. 278.) nod.

T. oblonga, crassiuscula, fuscescente, apice decollato, anfrac-
tibus 3—4, rotundatis, spiraliter sulcatis, tenerrimé transversim
striatis, apertura subovali, peritremate tenui, reflexo; umbilico
parvo; operculo tenui, anfractibus 3.

Shell oblong, thickish, ofa light brown colour; apex decol-
lated; volutions 3—4, rounded, spirally grooved, and very
delicately transversely striated; aperture rather oval, with a
thin, reflected peritreme; umbilicus small; operculum thin,
with only 8 volutions. Collected by Pfeiffer, in Cuba.

147. C. pupicum. (pl. xxxi. f. 282.) D,Ord.

T. ovato-pyramidali, crassiusculé, tenerrimé decussati,
rufo-fulvescente: apice decollato; anfractibus 3, rotundatis,
peritremate duplici, interno simplici, externo tenui, lato,
reflexo, latere columellari emarginato, prope umbilicum
incrassato et reflexo, umbilicum claudente.

Shell ovate pyramidal, thickish, very delicately decussated,
reddish fulvous : apex decollated: volutions 3, rounded ; peri-
treme double, inner simple, outer thin, broad, reflected, with

144

a notch on the columellar side close in front of the umbilicus,

thickened and reflected over the umbilicus so as completely

to cover it. Collected by D’Orbigny, in Cuba.
148. C. Banxsianoum. (pl. xxix. f. 194.) nod.

T. ovato-pyramidali, tenuiuscula, pallescente, aurantiaco-
brunnea pallidé strigata , apice decollato ; anfractibus 3 ad 4,
rotundatis, tenerrimé transversim striatis, striis paululium
undulatis ; sutura distincta, crenulata; apertura magna, circu-
lari, aurantiaco-brunnea, peritremate duplici, interno tenui,
paululum levato, externo angusto, reflexo, propé ultimum
anfractum discontinuo ; umbilico mediocri, spiraliter striato.

Shell ovately pyramidal, rather thin, of a light colour, with
pale orange-brown stripes; apex decollated; volutions 3—4,
rounded, very finely transversely striated, the strie slightly
undulated ; suture distinct, crenulated; aperture large, circular,
orange-brown, with adouble peritreme, inner peritreme thin,
slightly raised, outer narrow, reflected, not continuous over the
last volution ; umbilicus middling, spirally striated. From
Manchester Mountains, Jamaica; named in honour of Miss
Banks, of Doncaster.

149. C. xaAnruosToma. (pl. xxix. f. 195.) nob.

T. oblongo-turrité, crassiuscula, cinereo-rufescente, apice
decollato, anfractibus 4 ad 5, rotundatis, transversim tener-
rimé striatis, et spiraliter sulcatis, nonnunquam transversim
tenuitér sulcatis, sulcis distantibus ; sutura profunda ; apertura
subcirculari, peritremate duplici, aurantiaco-rufescente, interno
simplici, tenuiusculo, externo latiori, reflexo, tenuitér subun-
dulato; umbilico mediocri.

Shell oblong, turreted, thickish, reddish-gray, apex decol-
lated; volutions 4 to 5, rounded, very delicately transversely
striated, and distinctly spirally grooved ; sometimes also with
slender, rather distant transverse grooves (apparently marking
short periods of growth; ) suture deep; aperture nearly circu-
lar, peritreme double, reddish-orange, inner peritreme simple,
thin, outer broader, reflected, very slightly undulated,
umbilicus moderate. Savannah la mér, Jamaica.

150. C. AUBEREANUM. (pl. xxxi. f. 285.) D’Ord. C.
crenulatum. Pf.

T. oblongo-pyramidali, crassiuscula, albicante, fusco angu-
latim lineolata, apice decollato ; anfractibus 4, subrotundatis,
spiraliter striatis, eleganter decussatis; suturad crenulata;
apertura subelliptica, posticé subangulata, peritremate subre-
flexo; umbilico parvo, striis validioribus; operculi anfrac~
tibus 2.

oe

145

Shell oblong, pyramidal, thickish, whitish, with zigzag
brown lines; apex decollated ; volutions 4, somewhat rounded,
spirally striated, and elegantly decussated ; suture crenulated ;
aperture subelliptical, posteriorly a little angular, peritreme
somewhat reflected; umbilicus small, with larger strie;
operculum of 2 volutions. Cuba, communicated by D’Orbigny
and Pfeiffer. May this be the C. lineolatum of Lam?

151. C. CanDEANUo. (pl. xxxi. f. 283, 284.) D’Ord.

T. oblongo-turrita, tenui, decussata, fulvo-rufescente, punc-
tulis castaneis ordinatis; apice decollato; anfractibus 4,
subrotundatis, sutura crenulata; apertura circulari, postice
subacuminata ; peritremate duplici, externo latiusculo, reflexo ,
latere umbilicali angustiori ; umbuilico parvo.

Shell oblong, turreted, thin, decussated, reddish-brown,
with rows of chestnut coloured dots, apex decollated;
volutions 4, somewhat rounded ; suture crenulated ; aperture
circular, subacuminated posteriorly ; peritreme double,
outer rather broad, reflected, narrower on the side of the
umbilicus, which is small. Cuba, communicated by D’Or-
bigny and Pfeiffer. It seems distinct from C. decussatum Lam.

152. C. Sau. (pl. xxvii. f. 189.) nod.

T. pyramidali, subturrita, tenui, eleganter striata, pallescente,
brunneo articulatim spiraliter lineata, apice decollato, anfrac-
tibus quinque, rotundatis, sutura distincta ; apertura circulari ,
peritremate duplici, interno tenui paululum levato, externo
latiori reflexo, latere externo crenulato, albo brunneoque
articulatim picto, posticé anticeque expanso, prope ultimum
anfractum angusto ; umbilico mediocri.

Shell pyramidal, subturreted, thin, elegantly striated, of a pele
colour, with interrupted brown spiral lines ; apex decollated ;
volutions 5, rounded, with a distinct suture: aperture circular;
peritreme double, the inner thin and slightly raised, the outer
broader, reflected, with its outer edge crenulated, alternately
brown and white, rather more spread both anteriorly and
posteriorly, and narrow near the last volution; umbilicus
moderate. From the West Indies, named in honour of Miss
Saul.

153. C. MIRABILE. (pl. xxvii, f. 164.) Gray in Wood’s
Supp. to Ind. Testac. t. 6. f. 22.

T. oblongo-pyramidali, tenui, pellucida, albida, fusco inter-
ruptim fasciata, spira subacuminata, obtusa, plerumque decol-
lata; anfractibus 4—7, rotundatis, transversim striatis ;
apertura circulari, peritremate reflexo, dilatato-patente ;

146

umbilico magno; operculo spirali, tenui, anfractibus 5, extis
lamina lata trivoluta conspicua.

Shell oblong, pyramidal, thin, pellucid, whitish, with inter-
rupted fuscous bands, spire somewhat acuminated, but obtuse
and generally decollated ; volutions 4—7, (4 when decollated,
7 when entire) rounded and transversely striated; aperture
circular, with a wide spreading, and much reflected peritreme ;
umbilicus large ; operculum spiral, thin, with 5 volutions, and
having externally a broad spiral lamina of three whorls. At
the upper part of the volutions of this shell there is a strongly
marked brown band, with distinct whitish articulations.

From Demerara, G. C. Bainbridge, Esq.
154. C. Lasso. (pl. xxvii. f. 165.) Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
vi. 2. p. 145.

T. oblonga, pyramidali, apice decollato; anfractibus 4,
rotundatis, subfuscis, decussatim striatis; apertura elliptica ;
peritremate albo, reflexo, latiusculo ; umbilico mediocri.

Shell oblong, pyramidal, with a decollated apex; volutions
4, rounded, of a brownish colour, and covered with decussa-
ting striz; aperture elliptical, with a broad white reflected
peritreme ; umbilicus rather small. This is one of the largest
of the pyramidal species, being equal in size to C. subasperum,
to which it bears a general resemblance, and which has been
confounded with it. Under that species I have noticed the
distinguishing marks. From Jamaica, Lam.

155. C. RuGULOsUM, (pl. xxvii. f. 166. 167.) Pfeiffer.
Cistula scabrosa, Humphrey, M.S.

T. cylindraceo-subpyramidali, apice decollato; anfractibus
4—7, subventricosis, decussatis, scabris, margine superiori
crenulato ; sutura distincta; apertura elliptica, superné angu-
lata, peritremate disjuncto, reflexo, angustiori, umbilico
minimo.

Shell rather pyramidally cylindrical, generally decollated at
the apex, with from 4 to 7 volutions, (4 when decollated, 7
when entire) rather ventricose, decussated, rough, with their
upper edges decollated; suture distinct; aperture elliptical,
angular at the upper part; peritreme narrow, reflected,
separated from the last volution; umbilicus very small.

From Providence Island and Cuba.
156. C. cHLorostoma. (pl. xxviii. f. 168.) nod.

T. cylindraceo-pyramidali, nigricante, apice decollato ;
aufractibus quinque, ventricosis, decussatis ; sutura distincta;
apertura circulari; peritremate continuo, reflexo-patente,
flavo; umbilico minori.

147

Shell pyramidally cylindrical, decollated at the apex, of a
brownish black colour; volutions five, ventricose, decussated,
with a distinctly marked suture ; aperture circular, with a con-
tinuous, reflected, spreading, yellow peritreme; umbilicus
small. From Demerara, G. C. Bainbridge, Esq.

157. C. opscurum. (pl. xxviii. f. 169.) Gray. M.S.

T. ventricoso-subpyramidali, fusca, apice decollato ; anfrac-
tibus 4, ventricosis, decussatis, subasperis ; sutura crenulati-
uscula; apertura circulari; peritremate crasso, reflexo-sub-
patente, albicante ; umbilico minori; operculo lamina spirali
reflexa.

Shell rather ventricosely pyramidal, fuscous, decollated at
the apex, with four ventricose, decussated, rather rough,
volutions ; suture slightly crenulated; aperture circular, with
a thickish, reflected, rather spreading, whitish peritreme ;
umbilicus small; operculum with a reflected spiral plate.

158. C. TESsELLATUM. (pl. xxvii. f. 173.) nod.

T. oblonga, pyramidali, albicante, maculis quadratis
brunneis ornata ; spira acuminata, ad apicem obtusa, anfrac-
tibus 7, convexis, quinque ultimis lonzitudinaliter striatis ;
apertura subcirculari, superné subacuminata, peritremate
reflexo, tenui, albo, propé anfractum ultimum interrupto,
umbilico nullo.

Shell oblong, pyramidal, whitish, with a few squarish brown
spots, principally next below the suture; spire acuminated,
obtuse at the apex, consisting of seven convex volutions, the
five last of which are longitudinally striated ; aperture nearly
circular, rather acuminated at the upper part, with a thin
reflected, sharp edged, white peritreme which is not continuous
at that part where the lip comes in contact with the last
volution: there is no umbilicus. From Corfu, M. Partsch.

159. C. patutum. (pl. xxvii. f. 170.) Draparnaud, pl.
1. f. 9, 10. Lam. Anim. vert. vi. 2. p. 149.

T. turrito-conica, cinerascente-fusca, apice obtusiusculo ;
anfractibus 7, obliqué striatis; suturad distinctaé; apertura
subelliptica, superné subacuminaté; peritremate albicante,
extus reflexo-patente; umbilico minimo.

Shell turrito-conical, greyish brown, sometimes speckled a
little with darker brown; apex somewhat obtuse ; volutions
seven, obliquely striated, with a distinct suture; aperture
rather elliptical, slightly acuminated at the upper part;
peritreme whitish, its outeredge reflected, spreading; umbilicus
very small. Found according to Lamarck, in the clefts of
rocks, near Montpelier, in the South of France.

148

160. C. macuLatTum. (pl. xxviii. f. 171.) Draparnaud.

T. turrito-conicdé, cinerascente, fusco-maculata, apice
obtusiusculo, anfractibus 7—8, rotundatis, transversim
tenuiter striatis; sutura distincté; apertura subelliptica,
superné subacuminata, peritremate extus incrassato, patulo,
margine acuto; umbilico minimo.

Shell turrito-conical, greyish, spotted with fuscous, apex
rather obtuse ; volutions from seven to eight, rounded, with
slender transverse strive; suture distinct; aperture rather
elliptical, oblique, its upper part somewhat acuminated ;
peritreme white, its outer part thickened and spreading, not
reflected, with a sharp edge ; umbilicus very small.

It is found in the South of Europe.
161. C. stRIoLATuUM. ( pl xxxi. f. 286.) Par.

T. acuminato-pyramidali, tenui, subfusca, fasciis interruptis
fuscis; anfractibus 74, subrotundatis, transversim obliqué
tenerrimé striatis; aperturé subcirculari, posticé subangulata,
peritremate tenui, reflexo; umbilico parvo.

Shell acuminated, pyramidal, thin, light brown with inter-
rupted brown bands; volutions 74, slightly rounded, with
transverse, oblique, very delicate striae; aperture nearly
circular, rather angular posteriorly ; peritreme thin, reflected ;
umbilicus small. European, sent to Mr. Cuming by M.
Parreys.

162. C. auritum. (pl. xxvui. f. 172.) Ziegler. C.
excisilabrum, nonnull.

T. turrito-pyramidali, cinerascente, anfractibus 8, ventrico-
sis, transversim tenuitér striatis, superioribus costellatis,
costellis rariusculis; apertura elliptica, obliqua, superné
subacuminata, peritremate albicante, patente, tenui, latere
umbilicali marginato; umbilico tecto; operculi anfractibus
paucis oblique striatis.

Shell turrito-pyramidal, ash grey, volutions 8, ventricose,
with close-set, slender, transverse striaz, upper volutions with
rather distant ribs; aperture elliptical, oblique, somewhat
acuminated at the upper part, with a whitish, spreading, thin
peritreme, which is notched on the umbilical side; the umbi-
licus is covered; operculum of few volutions, which are obli-
quely striated. From Albania, Hungary, and Transylvania.

163. C. cRENULATUM. (pl. xxvii. £.174.175.) Gray. M.S.

T. turrito-pyramidali, pallida, fusco-maculata, apice decol-
lato; anfractibus 4, ventricosiusculis, transversim striatis ;
sutura crenulaté; apertura subobliqua, elliptica, superné

149

subacuminata, peritremate reflexo-patente, superné acuminato,
latere umbilicali flexuoso, sinuato ; umbilico parvo.

Shell of a turreted pyramidal form, of a pale colour, with
brown spots arranged in four rows; apex decollated ; volu-
tions 4, rather ventricose and transversely striated; suture
crenulated; aperture rather oblique, somewhat elliptical, and
acuminated at the upper extremity; peritreme slightly
reflected, spreading, acuminated above, flexuous and sinuated
on the umbilical side; umbilicus small. From the Antilles.

164. C. Fascra. (pl. xxviii. f. 176.177.) Gray in Wood’s
Supp. to Ind. Testac. t. 6. f. 8.

T. turrito-pyramidali, pallida, fusco-fasciata, fasciis non-
nunquam varie interruptis; apice plerumque decollato ;
anfractibus 4—6, ventricosiusculis, plerumque decussato-stri-
atis; sutura crenulata ; apertura subobliqua, elliptica, superne
subacuminata, peritremate duplici, interno simplici, externo
variabile, reflexo-patente, superné acuminato, latere umbilical
flexuoso, sinuato; umbilico minori; operculo spirali, anfrac-
tibus paucis, oblique striatis.

Shell of a turreted pyramidal form, and generally of a pale
colour, with brown bands, which are sometimes variously
interrupted ; apex generally decollated; volutions from 4 to 6,
rather ventricose, and generally decussato-striated, though
sometimes striated only transversely; suture crenulated ;
aperture rather oblique, somewhat elliptical and acuminated
at the upper extremity ; inner peritreme simple, entire, outer
slightly reflected, spreading, acuminated above, flexuous and
sinuated on the umbilical side; umbilicus small; operculum
with few volutions, increasing rapidly in width, and obliquely
striated. West Indies

165. C. QUATERNATUM. (pl. xxviii. f. 178. 179.) Lam.
Anim. sans vert. vi. pt. 2. p. 147.

T. oblongo-subcylindracea, tenui, apice decollato, anfractibus
4, convexis, spiraliter tenuissimé striatis; suturad crenu-
lata; apertura ellipticd, superné angulifera, peritremate
continuo, disjuncto, angusto, reflexo; umbilico minimo,
spiralitér striato.

Shell oblong, somewhat cylindrical, thin, pellucid, its apex
decollated, with 4 finely spirally striated, convex volu-
tions; suture crenulated; aperture elliptical, angular at the
upper part, with a narrow, reflected, continuous peritreme,
separated from the last volution; umbilicus very small, with
a few spiral strie. Africa.

T

150

166. C. sacra. (pl. xxxi. f. 279, 280.) D’Orb. C.
Mahogani, Gould ; C. pictum, Pfeiffer.

T. oblonga, tenui, pellucida, nitida, spiraliter striata, pallida,
maculis punctisque numerosis seriatim dispositis ornata; apice
decollato ; anfractibus 3—4, subventricosis; apertura elliptica;
posticé subacuminata, peritremate subincrassato, subreflexo;
umbilico parvo ; operculi anfractibus duobus.

Shell oblong, thin, pellucid, shining, spirally striated, pale,
with numerous brown dots disposed in rows; apex decollated;
volutions 3—4, rather ventricose ; aperture elliptical, slightly
acuminated posteriorly; peritreme rather thickened and
slightly reflected; umbilicus small; operculum with two
volutions.

Cuba, communicated by D’Orbigny, Gould and Pfeiffer.
167. C. croceum. (pl. xxix. f. 190, 191.) nod.

T. oblonga, ventricoso-pyramidali, crassiuscula, glabra,
crocea, versus apicem in aurantiaco-fuscam exeunte; spira
acuminata, apice obtusiusculo; anfractibus 7—8, sub-
ventricosis, obliqué substriatis; apertura ovali, posticé
acuminata, peritremate interno angusto, fulvo; externo
incrassato, albo ; umbilico parvo.

Shelloblong, rather ventricosely pyramidal, thickish, smooth,
saffron coloured passing into orange brown toward the apex ;
spire acuminated, obtuse at the apex, volutions 7—8, rather
ventricose, indistinctly striated obliquely; aperture oval,
posteriorly acuminated, inner peritreme narrow, fulvous ;
outer thick, white; umbilicus small. Locality unknown; in
Mr. Stainforth’s collection.

168. C. ANTILLARUM. (pl. xxvi. f. 180.) nod.

T. turrita, apice obtusiusculo; anfractibus 8, rotundatis,
longitudinalitér striatis, epidermide cornea instructa; sutura
distincta; apertura circulari, peritremate reflexo-patente,
albicante, superné submucronato, latere umbilicali laté
emarginato ; umbilico parvo, margine elevato, crenulato;
operculo circulari, spirali, corneo, anfractibus confertis.

Shell turreted, with a rather obtuse apex, volutions eight,
rounded, longitudinally striated, covered with a brown horny
epidermis; suture distinctly marked; aperture circular;
peritreme narrow, reflected, spreading, whitish, with a pro-
jecting point at the upper part, and a broad emargination on
the umbilical side; umbilicus small, with an elevated and
crenulated margin ; operculum circular, spiral, horny, with
close-set volutions. From Tortola.

Tarn geo

iad

151

169. C. rortum. (pl. xxvii. f. 181, 182.) Gray, in Supp.
to Wood’s Index Testaceologicus. t. 6. f. 32.

T. oblongo-ovali, crassiuscula, levi, apice decollato;
anfractibus 5—6, rotundatis, raptim crescentibus, substriatis;
apertura circulari; peritremate incrassato, reflexo, latere
anfractus ultimi tenuiori; umbilico parvo.

Shell of an oblong oval shape, thickish, smooth, with a
decollated apex; volutions from five to six, rounded, rapidly
increasing in width, slightly striated; aperture circular,
peritreme thickened, reflected, thinner on the side next to the
last volution ; umbilicus small. West Indies.

170. C. venrricosuo. (pl. xxvii. f. 183—184.) D’Oréd.

T. oblongo-ovali, crassa, levi, apice decollato, anfractibus
quingue rotundatis, rapidé crescentibus, transversim tener-
rimé striatis, penultimo maximo; apertura circulari, peritre-
mate incrassato, reflexo, latere anfractus ultimi angustiori,
posticé angulato, latere umbilicali subexpanso ; umbilici parvi
margine externo obtusé angulato; operculo multispirali,
margine anfractuum sublamellari.

Shell of an oblong-oval shape, thick, smooth, decollated
when full grown, with five somewhat rounded volutions,
increasing rapidly and very finely transversely striated ; the
last but one being the largest; aperture circular, with a
thickened and reflected peritreme, narrower on the side of the
last volution ; angular posteriorly and with the umbilical side
rather spread: umbilicus small, its external margin obtusely
angular ; operculum multispiral, with the edge of its volutions
slightly lamellar. Cuba, D’Orbigny.

171. C. auricutatum. D?Ord. (pl. xxxi. f. 277.) C.
bicolor Gould.

T. oblongo-pyramidali, ventricosiuscula, crassa, spire apice
obtuso, anfractibus 4—6, subrotundatis, primis pallescentibus,
duobus ultimis castaneis, transversim, subundulatim, striatis;
aperturacirculari, peritremate externo incrassato, reflexo, posticé
inangulum obtusum desinente, deinde, umbilicum versustenui,
demum supra umbilicum lamellari patente; umbilico mediocri,
margine obtusé angulato.

Shell oblong, pyramidal, rather ventricose, thick ; apex of
the spire obtuse; volutions 4—6, rather rounded, the first
2—3 pale, and the two last chesnut coloured, with slightly
undulated transverse strie ; aperture circular, outer peritreme
thickened, reflected, passing offintoan obtuseangle posteriorly,
then thin toward the umbilicus, and at length somewhat

152

lamellar, and spreading over the umbilicus, which is middling
and with an obtuse angular margin.
Cuba, D’Orbigny and Gould.
172. C. rortuosum. (pl. xxviii. f. 185. 186.) Turbo
tortuosus, Chemn. xi. t. 195, A. f. 1882. 1883.

T. oblonga, pupiforme, alba, tenui, lucida; anfractibus 7,
rotundatis, obsoletissimé striatis, ultimo compressiusculo,
prope aperturam subcoarctato, exserto; sutura distinct ;
apertura circulari; peritremate continuo, reflexo, infra interné
canaliculato ; umbilico parvo, carinato, carina usque ad mar-
ginem peritrematis continua.

Shell oblong, pupiform, white, thin, shining, with 7 rounded
volutions, whichare obsoletely striated, the last of them
somewhat compressed, and slightly contracted near the aper-
ture, exserted; suture distinct; aperture circular; peritreme
continuous, reflected, with a small canal internally at the
lower part; umbilicus small, surrounded by a keel which
continues to the lower margin of the peritreme. From the
Nicobar Isles, Chemn.

173. C. aurum. (pl. xxvii. f. 187.) nod.

T. acuminato-turrita, crassiuscula, fusca, levi, tenuissime
striata, apice obtusiusculo; anfractibus 7—8, subrotundatis,
sutura distincta, tenui; apertura circulari, labio subincrassato,
reflexo patente, duplici, mergine externo magis expanso, intus
canali parva ad basin columellarem munito ; umbilico mediocri
extus carina obtusa marginato; operculo corneo, tenui, mul-
tispirali.

Shell rather acuminated, turreted, thickish, dark brown,
smooth, very finely striated; apex rather obtuse ; volutions 7
or 8, somewhat rounded, with a distinct slender suture ;
aperture nearly circular, the lip rather thickened, reflected,
double, the outer margin more spread than the inner,
furnished with a small canal within at the base of the colu-
mella; umbilicus moderate, bordered externally by a small
obtuse keel; operculum horny, thin, multispiral. On trunks
of trees, in the mountains of the Isle of Negros. H. Cuming.

174. C. PUPINIFORME (pl. xxvii. f. 188.) nod.

T. subcylindrico-turrita, crassiuscula, obscura, fusca, levi,
tenuissime striata, apice subabrupté acuminato; anfractibus
6, subrotundatis, sutura valida; apertura circulari, peritre-
mate discontinuo; labio externo subincrassato, revoluto,
flavido, ad basin columellarem canali angustissima spirali
interrupto; deinde superné latioril, demum supra ultimum

153

anfractum levitér expanso; umbilico parvo, carina obtusa
marginato, hacce carina externam partem canalis angustissimi
ad basin columell efformante.

Shell subcylindrical, turreted, rather thick, smooth, dull,
brown, very finely striated; apex rather abruptly acuminated ;
volutions 6, rather rounded, with a well marked suture ;
aperture circular, peritreme discontinuous ; outer lip thickened,
reflected, yellowish, interrupted with a very narrow spiral
canal at the base of the columella, then rather broader, and at
length thinly spread over a part of the last volution ; umbilicus
small, bordered with an obtuse keel, which forms the outside
of the very narrow canal at the base of the columella. Found
upon trunks of trees, near St. Juan, in the Island of Lugon,
by Mr. Cuming.

175. C. minus. (pl. xxx. f. 249.) nob.

T. ovato-oblonga, cylindracea, tenui, hyalina,levi, spira ob-
tusa, apice quasi truncata ; anfractibus 4—5, ventricosis, primis
duobus ad 3, minimis, transversim costellatis; apertura circu-
lari, peritremate reflexo ; umbilico nullo.

Shell ovate-oblong, cylindrical, thin, hyaline, smooth,
shining, spire obtuse, with its apex, as it were, truncated ;
volutions 4—5, ventricose, the first 2—3 very small, trans-
versely costellated; aperture circular, peritreme reflected,
umbilicus none. Found under decayed leaves in the Islands

of Zebu and Panay, by Mr. Cuming.

Obs.

Fig.

CYUCLOSTOMA.

LIST OF PLATES XXIII ro XXXI.

All the figures are of the natural size, except when
otherwise specified : none are reduced.

1 & 2. C. Suturale, Sp. 1.

3.... asperulum, 2.
4.... translucidum, 46,
5. 5*.... pusillum, 10.
6. ... semistriatum, 3.
6* 6** ... Orbella, 7.
7.... Brasiliense, 4.
8. 9.... giganteum, 5.
10, 11.... corrugatum, 14.
12. 13. ... Jamaicense, 15.
14. ... filosum. 16.
15. 16.... clathratulum, 17.
17. ... politum, 18.
18. 19.... succineum. 51.
20. 21.... lucidum. 19,
22. 23. ... Listeri, 20.
24.... ligatum, 21.
25. 26. ... affine, 22.
27, 28. ... Ortyx, 24.
29. 30. ... undulatum, 25.
31.... sulcatum, 27.
32. 33. ... elegans, 30.
34. 35. ... marmoreum, 31.
36.37. ... rufescens, 11.
38. ... distinctum, 47.

.... glaucum, 28.
.. plebeium, 12.

Fig.

43.

—

41. 42.—Cornu-venatorium

48.

.... pupiforme, 34.
.... mamillare, 35.
.. aurantiacum, 36.
.. simile, 37.
.... tenellum, 38.
.... Siculum, 40.
.... Melitense, 41.
.... ferrugineum, 42.
.... dissectum, 43.
.... semilabrum, 44.
.... rufilabrum, 45.
.... levigatum, 49.
.... elongatum, 50,

. fasciatum, 52.

.. flavulum, 53.
.. Cumingii, 54.

.. flavum, 55.

.. Inca, 6.
. ... Inconspicuum, 56
.... Sspurcum, 26.
.. cincinnus, 32.
... fulvescens, 23.
.... bilabiatum, 57.
.... planorbulum, 58.
.... discoideum, 60.

*f. 60 is erroneously referred to in the text.

Fig.
89. 90...

100.
102.

105.

108.
110.

114.
117.
119.

127.
129.

132.
134, 135...
136, 137...
138. 139...

140.-142. ...
143. 144. ...

145. 146....

47.

148. 149....
150. 152...
152. 153...

155

. vittatum, 62,
.... Mucronatum, 66.
.... exiguum, 63.

.... Mexicanum, 64.
.... distomella, 68.
.... Substriatum, 67.
.... Oculus-Capri, 73.
.... Desmoulinsii, 97.
.... cariniferum, 69.
.... Semisulcatum, 96.
.... Petiverianum, 74.
.... Turbo, 75.

. a CKOTINUM,, 7.0.

.... unifasciatum, 81.
.... candidum, 77.
.... Naticoide, 78.
.... albicans, 79.

... calcareum, 80.
.... Involvulus, 82.
.... Carinatum, 83.
.... unicarinatum, 84.
.... bicarinatum, 85.
.... tricarinatum, 86.
.... rugosum, 87.

.... obsoletum, 88.
.... obsoletum var.88
.... Volvulus, 89.

.... Perdix, 90.

i. Luba, 91:

.... Aquilum, 92.

.... validum, 93.

irroratum, 94.
Luzonicum. 70.
acutimarginatum,
95;
canaliterum, 71.
pulchrum, 117.

fimbriatulum,118.
scabriculum, 119.

Lincinum, 138.

Lincinellum, 137.

interruptum, 141.

Fig.

154....
15632.
158.
VOOR oe.
GA ees
163....

155.
157.

160.
162.

164.
NGOsere
L6F« .0
VGSsyee
LOOM.
LOS ae
iy ee:
ty ee
W3-cs0
iy soe
boy ae
179)
180. ...
Mies 5
184. ...
186....
L722.
Mishel; cae
tS Ose
MG
192.
193...

166.

174.
176.
178.

181.
183.
185.

190.

1945 i.
1958
197 eas
198.
199...
200. ...
201.-204. ...
205.-207. ..

196.

208.-210. ..
211: 212...
213. 214. ...

album, 139.
Chemnitzii, 140.

... plctum, 142.

subasperum, 143.

articulatum, 144.

thysanorhaphe,
145.

...mirabile, 153.

Labeo, 154.
rugulosum, 155.
chlorostoma, 156.
obscurum, 157.
patulum, 159.
maculatum, 160.
auritum, 162.
tessellatum. 158.
crenulatum, 163.
Fascia, 164.

... quaternatum, 165

Antillarum, 168.
tortum, 169.
ventricosum, 170.
tortuosum, 172.
altum, 173,
pupiniforme, 174.

. Saulia, 152.

croceum, 167.
virgatum, 111.

. Goudotianum,

110.
Banksianum, 148

... xanthostoma. 149

Pileus. 128.

... inguiferum, 98.

cinctum, 107.
pyrostoma, 108.
tigrinum, 100.

. Philippinarum,
99

. ingulatum, 101.

stramineum, 8.
cingulatum, 9.

156

.... Stainforthi, 129.
. .. Cuvierianum, 72.
.... leave, 120.
....concinnum, 122.
... nitidum, 121.

.... luteostoma, 125
.... atricapillum, 130.
.... Insigne, 132.

.... goniostoma, 131.
.... acuminatum, 133,
.... atramentarium,

105.

.... ciliatum, 102.
.... Panayense, 103.
.... Fibula, 126,
.... perplexum, 127.
.... Helicoide, 103.
.... gibbum, 135.
.... minus. 175.

.... Harveyanum,

106.

.... Minutissimum.

magnified, 33.

. vitreum, 124.

279.

283.

.... pygmeum, 39.
.... parvum, 29.

.... maculosum, 65.
.... flexilabrum, 112.
.... Pretrei, 136.
.... Stenostoma, 13.
.... Lithidion, 61.
.... pulchellum, 109.
5.... tenue, 134.

.... clausum, 104.
.... 1etericum, 113.
.... Spiraculum, 59.
. ... Guimarasense,

Hy.

.... megacheilus, 114.
.... auriculatum, 171.
.... obesum, 146.

.... Sagra, 166.

.... latilabrum, 116.
.... pudicum, 147.
.... Candeanum. 151.
.... Aubereanum, 150
.... Striolatum, 161.

1o7*

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME ADDITIONAL SPECIES OF
THE GENUS CYCLOSTOMA.

FIGURED IN SUPPLEMENTARY Piatres XXXI. A. and XXXI. B.

176. CycLrosroma zeBrinum (Tab. Suppl. xxxi. a, f. 287,
288), Benson. Cyclostoma zebrinum, Benson, Journ. of Asiatic
Soc. of Calcutta, 1836, vol. v. p. 355.

C. test& suborbiculari, albida, strigis pluribus rufo-castancis,
angulato-flexuosis pict’; spiri subdepresso-conicd, subacuminata ;
anfractibus quatuor, carinatis, plicis paucis transversalibus dis-
tantibus, ultimo rugis undulatis longitudinalibus sculptis; sutura
distincté; apertura circulari, peritremate incrassato, albo, reflexo ;
umbilico mediocri; epidermide crass’, fusca, plicis longitudinali-
bus, his setis fortibus munitis, instructa.

A rather thin shell, of a pale colour, varied with reddish chest-
nut angular streaks and lines, and with a thick fuscous epidermis,
covered with longitudinal folds, which are furnished with strong
bristles ; spire rather depressed, conical, and somewhat acumi-
nated; volutions four, carinated and irregularly spirally striated,
irregular obsolete ridges on the last volution, few, distant; suture
distinct ; aperture circular, with a thickened, white, reflected
peritreme ; umbilicus of moderate size.

India. Benson.

From C. perdia it differs im its sculpture, its more developed
keel, more contracted umbilical cavity, and in its possession of a
singular epidermis. In C. perdix the marks are white, mottled on
a chestnut ground ; in C. zebrimum they consist of distant zigzag
flames of light chestnut on a white ground.

177. Cyctostoma MapacascariEnss (Tab. Suppl. xxxi. a,
f. 289), Gray.

C. testé globoso-conoidali, albicante, fusco spiraliter lineati et
fasciati; spird subacuminatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, levibus,
ultimo ventricoso, subcariato, carind albi; apertura circulari,
intus castaned ; peritremate pallidé aurantiaco, lato, extis ex-
panso, supra umbilicum subrevoluto ; umbilico majusculo,
spiraliter sulcato.

Shell of a conical globose form, whitish, with spiral fuscous

a*

lines and bands ; spire somewhat acuminated, whorls five to six,
rounded, smooth, the last ventricose, slightly carinated, carina
white ; aperture circular, chestnut-coloured within; peritreme
pale orange-coloured, broad, spreading outwards, somewhat re-
flected over the umbilicus, which is rather large and spirally
grooved within.

Our figure 125, which we have given as a variety of C. obso-
letum, should rather have been given as C. Madagascariense, vav.,
Gray, and the synonym under C. obsoletum should be omitted.
The operculum is testaceous and of few volutions,

Madagascar.

178. Cyctostoma Sramense (Tab. Suppl. xxxi. a, f. 292,
293), nobis.

C. testi depresso-subglobosd, albida, strigis maculisque casta-
neis angulariter flexuosis pictd ; spird subdepresso-conici, subacu-
minata ; anfractibus 31, rotundatis, ultimo maximo, ventricoso ;
suturd distincté, tenui; apertura circulari, maximd, intis alba ;
peritremate incrassato, pallidé aurantiaco, rotundato, reflexo ; um-
bilico majusculo.

Shell of a somewhat depressed globose form, whitish with
angular markings and streaks of a chestnut-colour; spire some-
what depressed, conical, slightly acuminated ; whorls 33, rounded,
the last very large, ventricose, with a distinct linear suture;
aperture very large, circular, white within; peritreme thickened,
of a pale orange-colour, rounded and reflected ; umbilicus rather
large. The entire surface of the shell is covered with very minute
granules, irregularly arranged in spiral rows.

Siam.

179. CycLosroma xanTHocHuEILus (‘Tab. Suppl. xxxi. a, f.
294, 295), nobis.

C. testi conico-subglobosi, levi, aurantiaco-brunned, fusco
uni- vel bifasciaté ; spira subelevato-conicd, obtusiuscula ; anfrac-
tibus quinque, rotundatis, primis unifasciatis, ultimo pallidé bifas-
ciato ; sutura distinct’ ; apertura circulari, intis purpureo-nigri-
cante ; peritremate aurantiaco, subincrassato, reflexo, posticé
subexpanso, supra umbilicum revoluto ; umbilico parvo ; operculo
subtestaceo, paucispirali.

Shell somewhat conical, globose, smooth, orange-brown, with
one or two fuscous spiral bands; spire rather elevated, conical,
shghtly obtuse ; volutions five, rounded, the posterior having one

159%

band, the last two pale bands; aperture circular, dark purplish-
black within ; peritreme brownish orange-coloured, rather thick-
ened, reflected, shghtly spreading posteriorly, and somewhat
revolute over the umbilicus, which is small ; operculum externally
testaceous, internally horny, of few volutions.

Madagascar. Mus. Cuming.

180. Cycrostoma zonuLatuM (Tab. Suppl. xxxi. a, f. 296,
297), Hérussac, MS.

C. test’ globoso-conicd, albicante, fusco-zonulata ; spird levato-
conic, acuminatd, apice obtusiusculo ; anfractibus quinque,
rotundatis, posticé carinis quatuor ad quinque tenuibus, antice
striis validis instructis ; suturd distincté ; apertura circulari, peri-
tremate lato, albo, exttis expanso, intis supra umbilicum posticé
revoluto, anticé angustato ; umbilico parvo, striis nonnullis validis
instructo ; operculo testaceo, paucispirall.

Shell globose-conical, whitish, girdled anteriorly with narrow
fuscous zones ; spire elevated, conical, acuminated ; its apex
rather obtuse ; volutions five, rounded, posteriorly with from four
to five slender keels, and anteriorly with well-marked striae ;
suture distinct ; aperture circular; peritreme white, broad, spread-
ing outwards, and posteriorly revolute over the umbilicus on the
columellar side; umbilicus small, spirally grooved within ; oper-
cuium testaceous, of few volutions, white.

Mus. Cuming.

181. Cycrostoma Laxatum (Tab. Suppl. xxxi. a, f. 302),
nobis.

C. testé orbiculari-depressi, albidi, epidermide aurantiaco-
brunneai induta ; spird depressi, apice rufescente ; anfractibus
quatuor, rotundatis, rugulosis, ultimo zonis duabus, altera albida,
alteri fusca, stris incrementi validis; apertura subdepresso-cir-
culari, posticé prope ulttmum anfractum paulisper angulata ;
peritremate ten, anticé paululim reflexo ; umbilico maximo,
anfractibus quatuor conspicuis.

Shell of a depressed orbicular form, whitish, covered with a
thick orange-brown epidermis ; spire depressed, with a rufous
apex; volutions four, rounded, covered not only with distinct
lines of growth, but also with irregular rugulosities, with two
narrow zones, the posterior white, the other fuscous, in front of
which the epidermis is more darkly coloured ; aperture not quite
circular, but very slightly ae and with a slight angle pos

160*

teriorly close to the last volution ; peritreme thin, anteriorly very
slightly reflected ; umbilicus very large, showimg internally the
four volutions.

The shell is somewhat diaphanous, so that the white and dark-
brown zones are distinctly seen within the aperture.

Columbia. Mus. Cuming.

2. CYCLOSTOMA TEXTURATUM (Tab. Suppl. xxxi. a, f. 303),
NOUS.

C. testi depresso-suborbiculari, albidi, epidermide crasstusculi
olivaceo-brunned induté ; spird brevissimd, obtusi, anfractibus
quinque, rotundatis , irregulariter rugulosis seu sulcis irregularibus
undulatis circumdatis ; suturd distinct’ ; apertura fere ‘circulari,
posticé prope anfractum ultimum subangulari, intts albicante ;
peritremate tenwi ; umbilico maximo.

Shell suborbicular, depressed, whitish, coated with a thickish
olive-brown epidermis ; ; spire very short, obtuse ; volutions five,
rounded, entirely covered with irregular undulated grooves, giving
it somewhat the appearance of being woven ; suture distinct ;
aperture nearly circular, slightly angular posteriorly close to the
last volution, whitish within; peritreme thin; umbilicus very
large.

From the Province ai Guatemala, Central America. Cuming.

183. CycLostoma incomprum (Tab. Suppl. xxxi. a, f. 298,
299), nobis.

}. testi depresso-suborbiculari, albf, epidermide olivaceo-brun-
ned induti; spiri brevi, obtusi ; anfractibus 44, rotundatis,
oblique lineis incrementi validis striatis; sutura distinct’ ; aper-
turd feré circulari, postice prope ultimum anfractum sinuata, extiis
tuberculam fornicatam formante ; peritremate antice incrassata ;
umbilico magno.

Shell suborbicular, depressed, white, covered with an olive-
brown epidermis; spire short, obtuse; volutions 44, rounded,
obliquely striated by the strongly marked lines of growth; suture
distinct ; aperture nearly circular, with a sinus posteriorly close
to the last volution, forming a vaulted tubercle externally ; peri-
treme thin, a little thickened in front; umbilicus very large.

This is one of the genus Péerocyclos, of Benson; we do not
know its locality, but suppose it to be Indian. It is in Mr.
Cuming’s Collection.

Iai

184. Cyctosroma susptscorppum (Tab. Suppl. xxxi. 4, f.
304, 305), nobrs.

C. test& suborbiculan, subdiscoided, spiraliter lirata, albicante,
zon interrupta, pallide fuscd, ornatd ; spira depresso-comici, ob-
tusi; anfractibus quatuor, rotundatis ; suturd subcanaliculata ;
apertura circulari; peritremate tenwi, albido, paulultim eae
umbilico maximo, anfractibus quatuor distinctis.

Shell suborbicular, rather discoid, spirally grooved, whitish,
with an interrupted zone of a pale brownish colour ; spire de-
pressedly conical, obtuse ; volutions four, rounded ; suture very
slightly channeled ; aperture circular ; peritreme thin, whitish,
slightly reflected, and spreading a little posteriorly over the last
volution ; umbilicus very large, showing the four volutions
within.

185. Cycrosroma pepressum (Tab. Suppl. xxxi. 4, f. 306,
307), nobis.

C. testa suborbiculari, albidé ; spird depressd, apice prominulo,
obtuso; anfractibus quatuor, rotundatis, levibus, superné spi-
raliter striatis, mediané subcarmatis ; suturd distinct’; apertura
feré circulari, peritremate tenw, subreflexo, supra ultimum antrac-
tum paulultiim extenso; umbilico maximo, intts levi.

Shell suborbicular, whitish, shghtly clouded with very pale
brown; spire depressed, its apex somewhat prominent, obtuse ;
volutions four, rounded, smooth, their upper half spirally striated,
slightly keeled near the middle ; suture distinct ; aperture nearly
circular, with a thin, white, shghtly reflected peritreme, which 1s
slightly extended over the last volution; umbilicus very large ;
smooth inside.

Nearest to C. Lithidion, but easily distinguished by its flat spire
with an elevated apex.

186. CycLostoma susrucosuM (Tab. Suppl. xxxi. 4, f. 308,
309), nobis.

C. test’ suborbiculari, depressd, rugulosa, alba ; spira depressi,
obtusa, apice prominulo ; anfractibus quatuor, rotundatis, posticé
depressiusculis ; sutura distincta, line’ obsoleté subsuturali no-
tatéi; apertura fere circulari; peritremate posticé subincrassato,
inttis prope umbilicum tenu, ab ultimum anfractum disjuncto ;
wmbilico magno, anticé carinato.

Shell suborbicular, depressed, slightly corrugated, white ; spire

5* 9

162%

depressed, obtuse, slightly prominent at the apex ; volutions four,
rounded, slightly depressed posteriorly ; suture distinct, marked
with a nearly obsolete lne in front; aperture nearly circular ;
peritreme slightly thickened posteriorly, thin on the side of the
umbilicus, separated from the last volution ; umbilicus large, an-
teriorly keeled.

This species is related to C. corrugatum.

Jamaica.

187. CycLosroma voLvuxorpes (Tab. Suppl. xxxi. 4, f. 312,
313), nobis.

C. testi subgloboso-conicd, pallida, pallidé fulvescente zonata
et sphacelata ; spira subacuminata, apice obtusiusculo ; anfractibus
quinque, rotundatis, raptim majoribus, posticé spiraliter liratis,
anticé levigatis ; suturad distinctd ; apertura feré circulari, superné
subcanaliferd, peritremate albo, subincrassato, reflexo, prope umbi-
licum tenui, antice extenso ; gul& subaurantiacd ; umbilico magno,
ints spiraliter striato.

Shell somewhat globosely conical, of a light colour, with pale
brownish bands and marks; spire slightly acuminate, with its
apex rather obtuse ; volutions five, rounded, increasing rapidly in
size, posteriorly spirally grooved, anteriorly smooth ; ‘suture ‘dis-
tinct ; aperture nearly circular, slightly canaliculate at the upper
part ; peritreme white, somewhat thickened, reflected, thm and

spreading forward on the side of the umbilicus, which is large and
spirally grooved; the throat is somewhat orange-coloured.

188. Cyctostoma pELicrosum (Tab. Suppl. xxxi. J, f. 314,
315), Hérussac.

C. test& subgloboso-conici, aurantiaco-castaned, albo-lineata ;
spr subacuminaté, apice obtusiusculo; anfractibus 43, rotun-
datis, posticis unicarinatis, ultimo bi- vel tricarinato, carinis albis ;
sutura subinconspicua, albicante ; apertura feré circulari, superné
subcanalifera, peritremate tenuiusculo, reflexo, extis albicante,
intis castaneo; umbilico magno, obsoleté spiraliter paucistriato,
lined albicante unicd extts marginato ; operculo crassiusculo,
albicante, paucispirali.

Shell rather globosely conical, of an orange-chestnut colour,
with white spiral lines ; spire slightly acumimated, with a rather
obtuse apex ; volutions 44, rounded, the first with a single keel,
the last with two or three keels, which are white; suture rather
indistinct, white ; aperture nearly circular, with a very slight

163*

canal posteriorly ; peritreme rather thin, reflected, outer part

whitish, within chestnut-colour ; umbilicus large, with a few

somewhat obsolete spiral strize, and bordered externally with a

single white line ; operculum rather thick, whitish, and paucispiral.
Madagascar.

189. Cycnostoma GuayaQuiLensE (Tab. Suppl. xxxi. 4, f.
319), nobis.

C. testa subgloboso-depressi, fulvescente, brunneo spiraliter
lineata ; spird subacuminata, brevi, apice obtusiusculo, rufescente ;
anfractibus quatuor, rotundatis ; suturd distinctd; apertura circu-
lan, peritremate tenuiusculo ; umbilico magno, levi, lineis incre-
mentis tenerrimis solummodd conspicuis.

Shell depressedly subglobose, of a dull fulvous colour, with
brown spiral lines ; spire slightly acuminated, short, with a ‘rather
obtuse rufous apex; volutions four, rounded ; suture distinct ;
aperture circular ; peritreme thin; umbilicus large, smooth, only
marked with extremely slender lines of growth.

Guayaquil ; Delattre. Mus. Cuming.

190. Cyctostoma Inptcum (Tab. Suppl. xxxi. J, f. 320,
321), Deshayes, Lam. Anim. sans vert. vil. p. 363.

C. testi turbinato-conici, suborbiculari, subdepressi, fusca,
albo-rutilante marmorati ; spird brevi, subacuminati, apice ob-
tuso; anfractibus 53, convexis, liris spiralibus tribus vel quatuor
elevatis, striis tenuioribus interjectis ; ultimo anfractu ad periphe-
riam zond nigrescente cincto; suturd distinct; apertura circu-
lari, posticé subcanaliferaé, intts alba, peritremate subincrassato,
revoluto, albido, nonnunquam subaurantiaco ; umbilico maximo,
margine subearinato; operculum tenue, corneum, anfractibus
septem ad octo.

Shell of a rather depressed, suborbicular, conical, turbinate
form, and of a dark-brown colour, variously mottled with brownish-
white; spire short, slightly acuminated, with an obtuse apex ;
volutions 54, convex, with three or four slightly elevated spiral
lines, with slender intervening strie; last volution with a dark-
brown, nearly black zone near the middle ; suture distinct ; aper-
ture circular, with a very slight channel posteriorly, white within ;
peritreme thickened, revolute, whitish, somewhat lght orange-
brown; umbilicus very large, slightly keeled at the outer edge ; :
opereulum thin, horny, with seven to eight volutions.

Ceylon, Capt. Templeton. Mus. Cuming y. Madras, Mr. Benson.
Khasya Hills, Wr. Lear.

164*

191. Cyctosroma Drsnayestanum (Tab. Suppl. xxxi. 4, f.
326, 827), Petit, Kuster, 1.19. t. 25. f. 8-10. Cyel. gratum,
Mérussac, MS.

C. test. suborbiculari, depressi, subdiscoided, spiraliter lirata,
fulvescente ; spird brevissimi, obtus’; anfractibus quatuor, rotun-
datis, spiraliter liratis, posticé plerumque liris acutis, lineis incre-
menti decussatis, anticé striatis, striis plus minusve validis ;
suturé subdistincté; apertura circulari, intus aurantiacd, peritre-
mate duplici, interno albo, incrassato, ad ultimum anfractum in-
terrupto, externo lamellari, extenso, latiusculo ; umbilico maximo,
intus spiraliter striato.

Shell nearly orbicular, depressed, subdiscoid, of a light fulvous
colour ; spire very short, obtuse; volutions four, rounded, with
distinct, elevated, sharp-edged spiral lines, which are decussated by
indistinct lines of growth, particularly on the posterior part of the
shell; the shell is also spirally striated anteriorly, the striz being
more or less prominent ; suture rather indistinct ; aperture circu-
lar, orange-coloured within, with a double peritreme, the inner of
which is thick, prominent, and white, and interrupted at its junc-
tion with the last volution; the outer is lamellar, broad, and
spread out; the umbilicus is very large and internally spirally
striated.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection are two specimens which appear to
belong to two distinct varieties: the one with an indistinct suture
and very slender spiral stric anteriorly ; the other with a distinct
suture and strongly marked spiral lines anteriorly.

192. Cycnosroma BituBERcuLATUM (Tab. Suppl. xxxi. a, f.
290, 291), nobis.

C. testa oblongo-pyramidali, ventricosiusculd, crass’, albicante,
spire apice decollato, obtuso ; anfractibus quinque, lavibus,
transversim subundulatim obsoleté striatis ; apertura circulari,
peritremate externo incrassato, extts revoluto, posticé contra ulti-
mum anfractum in nodulum desinente, deinde umbilicum versus
angusto, demim supra umbilicum nodulum alterum formante ;
umbilico feré clauso, margine angulato.

Shell oblong, pyramidal, rather ventricose, thick, of a dull
whitish colour, apex of the spire decollated, obtuse; volutions
five, smooth, with nearly obsolete, shghtly undulated, transverse
striae ; aperture circular, with a light-coloured, very much
thickened external peritreme, revolute outwards, posteriorly
against the last volution forming a small lobe, then narrow to-

Toa"

wards the umbilicus, and at length forming another lobe nearly
covering the umbilicus, whose margin is angular ; operculum
horny, multispiral.

Larger, more solid, and smoother than C. auriculatum, and
differing from that species in its much thicker, revolute peritreme,
forming two distinct lobes, one of which nearly covers the um-
bilicus.

West Indies. Mus. Cuming.

193. CycLostoma pucussatum (Tab. Suppl. xxxi. a, f. 300,
301), nobis.

C. testi oblong’, pyramidal, fusci seu fusco-nigricante decus-
satim sulcatd ; apice decollato; anfractibus quatuor, rotundatis ;
sutura valida, crenulaté; apertura subelliptica, peritremate duplici,
interno tenuiusculo, sublevato, externo latiusculo, reflexo, umbili-
cum parvum subtegente.

Shell oblong, pyramidal, fuscous or blackish, decussately
grooved, with an obtuse decollated apex ; volutions four, rounded ;
suture distinct, crenulated ; aperture somewhat elliptical, slightly
acuminated posteriorly ; peritreme double, inner narrow, slightly
elevated, outer rather wide, reflected, partly covering the small
umbilicus.

West Indies. Mus. Cuming.

194. Cycrosroma Copanenss (Tab. Suppl. xxxi. 0, f. 310,
311), nobis.

C. testA acuminato-turrité (plerumque decollata), levi, tenuis-
simé striaté, nitidd, olivaceo-fulva ; spird elongata ; anfractibus
sex, rotundatis ; suturd distincté; apertura circulari ; peritremate
duplici, interno tenui, angusto, porrecto, ad ultimum anfractum
interrupto, externo lato, lamellari, extenso, subinflexo, ad ulti-
mum anfractum porrecto, emarginato, flexuoso ; umbilico mediocri,
extts carinato; operculo corneo, multispirali, lamelloso, intits
stylo brevi, centrali, margine incrassato.

Shell acutely turreted (usually decollated), very finely longitu-
dinally striated, but smooth and somewhat shining, of an oliva-
ceous fulvous colour; the remaining volutions of the lengthened
spire after decollation are in general six; they are rounded, and
the suture is distinct ; aperture circular, with a double peritreme,
the inner of which is thin, narrow and projected forward, and
interrupted at the last volution; the outer is broad, lamellar,
spreading, shghtly inflected, and flexuous, notched and projected

166*

forward close to the last volution ; the umbilicus is of moderate
size, externally carinated ; operculum horny, multispiral, lamellar,
with a short central point within, and a thickened edge.

Copan, Province of Guatemala in Central America. Mus.
Cuming.

195. CycLostoma FuNICULATUM (Tab. Suppl. xxxi. 4, f. 316,
317), Benson, Journ. of Asiatic Society, 1838, vol. vi. p. 217.

C. testi cylindraceo-turrita, leviusculd, nitidd, olivaceo-fulva ;
spird obtusiusculé; anfractibus septem, subrotundatis, posticis
tenerrimé striatis, ultimo ruguloso, posticé striato ; suturd dis-
tinctd, tenui ; apertura circulari; peritremate incrassato, rotundato-
reflexo, subaurantiaco ; umbilico parvo, extis carina validé celatd
munito.

Shell of a cylindrically turreted form, smooth, shining, of an
olivaceous fulvous colour ; spire rather obtuse, with seven slightly
rounded volutions, which are very finely striated posteriorly, and
the last of which is rather rugulose and posteriorly striated ;
suture distinct and slender; aperture circular ; peritreme thick-
ened, rounded and reflected, of a dull orange-colour; umbilicus
small, furnished externally with a distinct embossed carina.

Khasya Hills, India. In Mr. Benson’s and Mr. Cuming’s
Collections.

196. Cyctostoma PavPERcULUM (Tab. Suppl. xxxi. 4, f. 318),
nobis.

C. testa cylindraceo-turrita, nitida, olivaceo-fulvé ; spird obtusi-
usculd ; anfractibus sex, subrotundatis, tenerrimé lineis incrementi
striatis (erosione nonnunquam rugulosis) ; suturd distincta, pro-
fundiusculé ; apertura feré circulari; peritremate subincrassato,
rotundato-reflexo, prope ultimum anfractum subfoliaceo, subinter-
rupto; wmbilico parvo, lined subobsoleté circumambiente.

Shell small, cylindrically turreted, shining, of an olivaceo-ful-
vous colour; spire rather obtuse, with six slightly rounded volu-
tions, very finely striated with the lines of growth (sometimes
rendered slightly rugulose by erosion); suture distinct, rather
deep ; aperture nearly circular ; peritreme slightly thickened,
rounded, and reflected, very slightly foliaceous and interrupted
at the last volution; umbilicus small, surrounded by a somewhat
obsolete raised line.

Bootan. Benson.

167*

197. Cyctosroma tia (Tab. Suppl. xxxi. 4, f. 324, 325),
Adams.

C. testi oblongo-pyramidah, decollaté, fusci ; anfractibus
quatuor, teretibus, confertim decussato-striatis, asperrimis ; sutura
laté, profundd ; apertura circulari ; peritremate dilatato, laté
expanso, lamellari, superné latiori ; umbilico majusculo, spiraliter
tricarinato; operculo testaceo; lamelli externd spirali, reflexa,
striata.

Shell oblong, pyramidal, decollated, brown ; volutions four,
rounded, very rough with close-set decussated striae ; suture
broad and deep ; aperture circular, peritreme dilated, broadly ex-
panded, lamellar, broader superiorly ; umbilicus rather large, with
three spiral keels ; operculum shelly, with an externally reflected
spiral lamella.

Jamaica.

198. Cyctostoma Birascratum (Tab. Suppl. xxxi. 4, f. 322,
323), nobis.

C. testa oblonga, acuminato-turrité, pallida; anfractibus sep-
tem, rotundatis, leevibus, ultimo fusco-bifasciato ; sutura distinctai ;
apertura subcirculari, superné acuminata ; peritremate duplici, in-
crassato, externo incrassato, reflexo, interno tenui, angusto ; um-
bilico parvo.

An oblong, acuminately turreted shell, of a pale colour, with
seven smooth, rounded volutions, the last of which has two brown
bands; suture distinct; aperture nearly circular, acuminated
superiorly ; peritreme thickened, double, the outer being thick-
eens reflected, and the inner thin and narrow; umbilicus
small.

Found near Guayaquil, by M. Delattre.

c*

168%

CYCLOSTOMA.

ene ee eee

LIST OF FIGURES IN
SUPPLEMENTARY PLATES XXXI. 4., XXXI. B.

Pirate XXXII. 2.

Fig. 287, 288. C. zebrinum, sp. 176.

289. — Madagascariense, 177.

290, 291. — bituberculatum, 192.

292, 293. —— Siamense, 178.

294, 295. — xanthocheilus, 179.

296, 297. —— zonulatum, 180.

298, 299. -— incomptum, 183.

300, 301. -— decussatum, 193.
302, — laxatum, 181.
303. — texturatum, 182.

Prats XXXI. B.

304, 805. C. subdiscoideum, 184.
306, 807. — depressum, 185.
308, 309. — subrugosum, 186.
310, 311. — Copanense, 194.
312, 313. — volvuloides, 187.
314, 815. — deliciosum, 188.
316, 317. — funiculatum, 195.
318. — pauperculum, 196.
319. — Guayaquilense, 189.
320, 321. — Indicum, 190.
322, 323. — bifasciatum, 198.
324, 325. — lima, 197.
326, 327. — Deshayesianum, 191.

83

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

SCALARIA.

Char. Gen. Molluscum marinum trachelipodum: testa
spirali, pyramidali; varicibus concentricis; apertura sub-
rotundata; margine crasso, integro: operculo corneo pauci-
spirali.

A genus of marine trachelipodous mollusca, with a spiral
shell of a more or less pyramidal form, and a flat, horny
operculum with a few spiral turns. The edges of the aper-
ture are outwardly thickened at various periods of growth,
forming external ribs or varices. The aperture is rounded or
oval, with a thickened, entire margin.

DESCRIPTION.

l. Sc. preTIosA. pl. xxxii. f. 17.) Lam. Turbo Sca-
aris, Linn.

T. ventricosa, levi; laté perforata; anfractibus separatis,
rotundatis ; varicibus 11—13 distantibus, subcrenulatis, lam-
inatis, extantibus, paululum recurvis; apertura magna, ovali,
anticé sub-quadrata: colore inter varices pallidé fulvo-purpu-
rascente, apertura interné fulva.

Obs. This is the well known “ Wentletrap,” which
although more frequently met with now than formerly, is
still an object of value when in good condition; and strikes
even the uninitiated observer with the unrivalled beauty of
its sculpture. China.

2. Sc. Pauwassit. (pl. xxxii. f. 14, 15, 16.) Keiner,
Turbo Principalis, Pallas (ut dicunt auctores nonnulli) var. f.
14. Se. nicobarica, Beck; M.S.

T. sub-ventricosa, levi, perforata; anfractibus sub-rotun-

datis ; varicibus extantibus, laminatis, ad angulum posticum

in dentem acutum productis; ad suturam junctis : apertura
L

84

ovali-subquadrata; labio interno anticé extenso: colore,
inter varices albas, fulvo vel castaneo.

More narrow and pyramidal than Sc. pretiosa, with the
whorls closer, the ribs more numerous, with a small tooth-
like process at the upper angle of each.

Catanuan, Philippines.

3. Sc. auara. (pl. xxxii. f. 10, 11.) Sow. Jun., var. f.
14. Isl. Nicobar. Zool. Proc. 1844.

T. sub-ventricosa, levi, umbilicata; anfractibus separatis ;
varicibus 8, latis, distantibus, laminatis, laté extantibus,
superné angulatis: apertura ovali, marginé sub-quadrata :
colore, inter varices, in medio anfractuum, fulvo vel castaneo
nigricante.

Brought by Mr. Cuming from Catanuan, Isl. Luzon, Philip-
pines. See observations on Sc. replicata.

4, Sc. FASCIATA. (pl. xxxii, f.12, 13.) Sow. Jun., Zool
Proc, 1844.

T. Sc. alate similima, sed varicibus angustioribus, angulo
magis elevato, acuto: apertura minori, margine acuminato.

Also from Catanuan, Isl. Luzon, Philippines, by Mr. Cum-
ing, see Sc. replicata.

5. Sc. MARMORATA. (pl. xxxii. f. 9.) Sow. Jun,, Zool
Proc, 1844.

T. Sc. alate similima, sed varicibus obtusé angulatis:
colore, inter varices, fusco marmorato.
From India, Mr. Cuming’s collection, see Sc. replicata.

6. Sc. REPLICATA. (pl. xxxili. f. 23, 24.) Sow. Jun.,
Zool Proc, 1844.

T. sub veutricosa, brevi, levi; anfractibus separatis: vari-
cibus 8, distantibus, laminatis, validé replicatis, superné ele-
vatim angulatis, ad suturam junctis: colore albo.

This species, and the three preceding, have an affinity with
each other; each has the whorls disunited, with broad lami-
nated, angulated, distant varices, which are united at the
suture; those of Sc. alata, are flat and broad, the angle of
each varix, is at some distance from the suture; those of Sc.
fasciata, have the angle much sharper, and higher in the
whorl, and the shell is, altogether, more pyramidal: a similar
form is observed in Sc. marmorata; but in this, the angle of
the varices is very obtuse, and as low as that of alata, the
varices are also much narrower, and slightly reflected; the
shell is beautifully marbled with brown between the varices.

85

Se. replicata, brought by Mr. Cuming from Lord Hood’s
Island, is a short white shell, with a very acute angle on the
upper part of each varix, near the suture. The varices are
strongly folded back, so as to form a canal behind each.

7. Sc. Hyauina. (pl. xxxii. f. 21, 22.) Sow. Jun., Zool.
Proc. 1844.

T. tenui, glabra; anfractibus laté separatis, angustis; vari-
cibus 6, distantibus, lacqueatis, extantibus ; colore albo.

This elegant little species has the whorls quite distinct
from each other, not even united by the varices ; which are
distant, laminated, and beautifully fluted. Brought by Mr.
Cuming from Catanuan, Isl. Luzon, Philippines.

8. Sc. LAxaTA. (pl. xxxii, f. 8.) Sow. Jun., Zool. Proc.
1844,

T. tenui, levi; anfractibus validé separatis: varicibus
numerosis, sub-regularibus, laminatis, simplicibus ; apertura
ovali: colore albo.

The whorls are separated, as in Sc. hyalina, but the vari-
ces are very numerous and simple. Brought from Catanuan,

Isl. Luzon, Philippines, by Mr. Cuming.

9. Sc. PYRAMIDALIs. (pl. xxxii. f. 4.) Sow.. Jun., Zool.
Proc, 1844.

T. pyramidali, acuminata, levi: anfractibus separatis vari-
cibus 9, extantibus, sub-crenulatis, prope suturam in angu-
lum acutum productis, ad suturam junctis; apertura ovali;
labio interno crasso: colore albo.

In some respects, resembling Sc. communis, but much less
elongated, and with laminated, projecting varices, which have
a sharp angle near the suture.

Brought from Isl. Caminguing, Philippines, by Mr. Cum-
ing; we are also indebted to the Rev. J. F. Stainforth, for the
complete specimen, which we have figured.

10. Sc. communis. (pl. xxx. f. 18, 19, 20, 27, 28.)
Lam. Turbo clathrus, Gmel.

T. elongata, levi; anfractibus numerosis, paululim sepa-
ratis: varicibus crassis, reflexis, sub-equalibus, sub-recumben-
tibus, ad suturam plicatim junctis, colore purpureo fuscoque
maculato et fasciato, vel griseo, vel albo.

There is no reason for supposing, as Gmelin, Dillwyn, and
other authors have done, that Linneus had his eye upon this
common British species, when describing his Turbo clathrus.

Great Britain.

86

il. Sc. aneunata. (pl. xxxii. f. 5.) Say, Boston Ame-
rican journal, pl. 27, Sc. Humphreysii ; Kiener ?

T. ovali, obtusa, levi: anfractibus paucis, separatis ; vari-
cibus distantibus, crassis, superné angulatis, ad suturam
junctis: apertura ovali, labio interno sub-expanso: colore
albo.

Much more oval and obtuse, than Sc. communis, with the
whorls much less numerous in proportion to its bulk. It is
found in some cabinets labelled ‘ West Indies ;” and is de-
scribed by Mr. Say, as an American shell.

12. Sc. PHILIPPINARUM. (pl. xxxil. f. 1,2, 3.) Sow. Juno
Zool. Proc. 1844.

T. elongata, acuminata, levi; anfractibus numerosis, vix
separatis; varicibus distantibus, tenuis, obliquis, superné vix
angulatis, ad suturam junctis: colore inter varices, pallidé
fulvo, vel castaneo nigricante: variat colore albo.

As in the case of some of the preceding and following
species, the whorls are so far separated, that a fine thread
might be passed between them. One variety is of a chesnut
colour between the varices, which are white. Brought by Mr.
Cuming from Catanuan, Isl. Luzon, and by Mr. Hinds from
Amboyna. ;

13. Sc. AcULEATA. (pl. xxxii. f. 35, 36, and 37.) Sow.
Jun., Zool. Proc, 1844.

T. pyramidali, levi, acuminata; anfractibus vix separatis ;
varicibus laminatis, reflexis, anticé sub-rotundatis, prope sutu-
ram in dentem acutum productis, ad suturam plicatim junctis:
variat varicibus crassis: colore albo, vel pallidé fulvo.

Brought by Mr. Hinds from Hong Kong in China, the
straits of Macassar, Malacca, and Amboyna. Also by Mr.
Cuming from the Isle of Negroes, and the variety with thick
ribs from Catanuan.

14. Sc. Graciuis. (pl. xxxii. f. 33, 34.) Sow. Jun.,
Zool. Proc. 1844.

T. aculeata, similima, sed graciliori.

Brought from Dumaguete, in the Isle of Negroes, by Mr.
Cuming, and so much narrower than the preceding species,
as perhaps, to justify the distinction which we have hesita-
tingly made.

15. Sc. muricaTA. (pl. xxxii. f. 29, 31, 32.) Kiener, pl.
4 f. 11.
T. pyramidali, levi, acuminata: anfractibus vix separatis :

87

varicibus distantibus, laminatis, latis, extantibus, posticé in
angulum acutum productis; apertura ovali, labio interno sub-
incrassato : colore albo.

The varices of this species are broad, projecting, and flat,
with an angle at some distance from the suture ; the outline
of the varix above the angle is curved inwards, so that the
angle forms an elevated point.

A common West Indian species.

16. S. Mirrarormis. (pl. xxxii. f. 30.)Sow. Jun. Zool.
Proc. 1844.

T. Sc. muricate similima, sed magis tenui; varicibus
augustioribus, angulis magis elevatis; anfractibus magis
distinctis: colore albo.

The varices of this shell are less expanded, and the tooth-
like angle more elevated than in Sc. muricata; the shell is
also lighter and more elegantly formed.

From Guacomayo, in Central America. The only specimen
we have seen is in Mr. Cuming’s Collection.

17. Sc. TeNuIcosTATA (pl. xxxiv. f. 76.) Sow. Junr.
Zool. Proc. 1844.

T. Sc. muricate similima, sed magis ventricosa, apertura
majori; colore albo.

This species is so much more ventricose than Sc. muricata,
as to render the separation necessary. The aperture is much
larger. A small specimen was brought by Mr. Cuming from
the Isle of Luzon, but the most characteristic specimens are
unaccompanied by any information as to locality.

18. Sc. tenuis. (pl. xxxu. f. 6,7.) Sow. Jun. Zool.
Proc. 1844.

T. tenui, pyramidali, acuminata, levi; anfractibus vix
contiguis; varicibus numerosis, laminatis, extantibus, regula-
ribus, posticé rectangulatis, ad suturam inter se junctis;
colore albo,

A very common West Indian‘ shell, very thin and fragile
with numerous sharp, laminar, angulated ribs.

19. Sc. DENTICULATA (pl. xxxii. f. 25. 26.)

T. pyramidali, acuminati, tenui, spiraliter minuté striata ;
anfractibus rotundatis, paululum separatis; varicibus numersis
sub-recurvis, prope suturam in dentem acutum productis;
apertura sub-rotundata, labio interno paululim incrassato:
colore albo.

Similar to the last, but striated and having a tooth-shaped

88

angle on each varix near the suture.
Also from the West Indies.

20. Sc. FRaAGILIS. (pl. xxxii. f. 64, 65, 66.) Hanley,
Book of Species.

T. pyramidali, acuminata, levi; anfractibus vix contiguis;
varicibus numeroris, tenuis, laminatis, ad suturam paululim
dilatatus et junctis; apertura ovali: colore albo.

A common West Indian shell, which has been confounded
with Se. Clathrus and others. The ribs are widened at the
suture, where they are joined with those of the whorl above
them, so as to form a continuous line obliquely running up the
spire. The colour is generally white, but figure 64 is taken
from a dull-grey specimen in Mr. Cuming’s Collection from
St. Vincents.

21. Sc. GLABRATA. (pl. xxxiv. f. 101,) Hinds. Zool.
Proc. 1843.

T. pyramidali, acuminata, glabra; anfractibus vix contiguis;
varicibus numerosis, tenuis, laminatis, ad suturam junctis,
paulultim dilatatis, reflexis, et in dentem acutum productis,
colore palide fulvo, inter varices regulariter marmorato.

Like the last, but the ribs rather fewer in number and
slightly reflected and tooth-shaped at the suture. The younger
specimens are beautifully marbled with pale fawn between
the varices. Brought by Mr. Hinds from Maccassar and
Mallacca.

22. Sc. GEORGETTINA. (pl. xxxiv. f. 77.) Keiner.

T. Sub-elongata, levi; anfractibus vix contiguis; obliquis ;
varicibus numerosis, sub-rotundatis, simplicibus, ad suturam
junctis; colore albo.

This shell, which was purchased by Mr. Cuming at Paris,
appears on examination, to correspond with the figure and
description of Keiner. The ribs are more numerous and
rounded than in Sc. communiformis and more simple at
the suture.

23. Sc. PRINCIPALIS. (pl. xxxiv. f. 75.) Pallas, Sc. cos-
tulata, Keiner.

T pyramidali, sub-ventricosa, tenui, levi; anfractibus vix
contiguis; varicibus numerosis, laminatis, ad suturam dilatatis,
irregulariter junctis; apertura magna; labio interno spiraliter
incrassato, colore albo.

The ribs are much more numerous, the shell more
ventricose, and the whorls more rapidy increasing in size than

89

nSc. communiformis. Xipixappi, WestColumbia, Mr.Cuming.
This shell agrees with Pallas’s figure, which is copied by
Martini, in every respect but size.

24. Sc. opLiqua. (pl. xxxiii. f. 69.) Sow. Jun.

T. tenui, pyramidali; anfractibus obliquis, vix separatis 5
varicibus numerosis, angulatis, laminatis. Colore albo.

More slender and oblique than Sc. tenuis, with ribs less
angular. From Mr. Cuming’s collection.

25. Sc. oBgEsA. (pl. xxxii. f. 70. 71.) Sow. Jun.

T. ventricosa, brevi; anfractibus prominentibus, vix separ-
atis, rapidé crescentibus,varicibus ineequalibus, sub-distantibus,
leevibus, reflexis, prope suturam elevatis; non-nullis, incras-
satis, duplicatis: apertura obliqué ovali, magna; umbilico
parvo. Colore inter varices pallidé griseo, margine aperture
luteo.

A very ventricose species, with rapidly increasing whorls
and not very regular varices, simple in form, slightly reflected.
The margin of the aperture has a yellow tinge. The whorls
do not quite touch each other—although the distance is
scarcely perceptible. Mr. Cuming and Mr. Metcalfe have
it from Australia.

26. Sc. vENosA. (pl. xxxiil. f. 72, 73.) Sow. Jun.

T. pyramidali, levi, acuminata, imperforata; anfractibus
sub-numerosis, prominentibus, vix contiguis; varicibus 12,
proximis, crassis, in medio valide reflexis, latis, superné angu-
latis, prope suturam sub-angustatis ; apertura rotundata: colore
inter varices pallidé fulvio.

Remarkable for the shape of the varices, which are turned
backward, so as to give the appearance of rounded, tumid
veins ; the interstices, which appear narrow, are of a delicate
fawn colour. From the West Indies.

Zi OC euyRA. (pla xxx, f. 385)39;) pl, xxxivat. 81,
82.) Sow. Jun.

T. ventricosa, acuminata; anfractibus prominentibus
rapide crescentibus, prope suturam elevatis, sutura profunda
distinctis: varicibus tenuis, valde numerosis, obliquis ; aper-
turaé magni, ovali; labio interno tenui, obliquo; umbilico
parvo: colore pallide fulvo, fasciis duabus fuscis, plus
minusve distinctis.

A very beautiful species with ventricose whorls, distin-
guished by a deep suture, and numerous thin, close, regular
varices entering the suture obliquely. The colour is very pale
brown, or dull white, with two bands of deeper or paler brown ;

90

those of the individual fig. 81, appear stronger, in consequence
of the varices being partly worn off. Brought from the Island
of Masbate, Philippines, by Mr. Cuming.

28. Sc. pusra. (pl. xxxiii. f. 41.) Sow. Jun. Z. P. 1844.

T. ventricosd, acuminata, minuté striata; anfractibus sub-
prominentibus, sutura profunda distinctis, rapidé crescentibus ;
varicibus numerosis, tenuibus, in medio anfractuum sub-ob-
soletis, ad suturam paululim expansis; apertura magna, sub-
ovali; labio externo tenui, labio interno sub-expanso : umbi-
lico parvo: colore albo.

We have only obtained an imperfect specimen from Mr.
Cuming’s cabinet, unaccompanied by any information. It
differs from Sc. Lyra in the thinness of the varices, which,
toward the centre of the whorls, are nearly obsolete; in the
suture being less deep, and the whorls less less raised near it ;
in the varices being slightly spread in a web-like form at the
suture; and in being spirally striated, and without colour.

29. Sc. IRREGULARIS. (pl. xxxiii. f. 40, 60.) Sow. Jun.
Z. P.1844.

T. ventricosé, acuminata, levi; anfractibus contiguis, ro-
tundatis, gradatim crescentibus; sutura distincta, varicibus
tenuis, numerosis, inequalibus; nonnullis magnis; apertura
oblique ovali; umbilico mediocri: colore albo. ,

A ventricose, sharp-pointed species, with the whorls gra-
dually increasing in size, separated by a deep suture ; most of
the varices are very thin and numerous, with sharp edges,
with here and there one of thicker and larger size. The
umbilicus is of a middle size. The sheli is generally white.
It is brought from Catanuan, Isle of Luzon, Philippines, by
Mr. Cuming.

30, Sc. rnconspicua. (pl. xxxiii. f. 53.) Sow. Jun.

T. Sc. irregulari similima sed varicibus magis numerosis,
umbilico minori; labio interno anticé sub-angulato.

The ribs are exceedingly numerous, regular and fine; the
umbilicus is smaller than in Sc. irregularis, which it other-
wise resembles, and the inner lip is reflected at the lower or
anterior part in the form of an angle. From West Indies.

31. Sc. TRIFASCIATA. (pl. xxxiii. f. 42, 43, 44.) De Haen.

T. ventricosa, brevi, levi; anfractibus rotundis, paucis;
sutura profunda: varicibus numerosis, inzequalibus, laminatis;
nonnullis duplicatis; apertura obliqué ovali, labio interno,
reflexo, sub-expanso: umbilico mediocri: colore pallide fulvo,
lineis spiralibus tribus fucis rubescentibus,quaram mediani lata.

91

Much shorter and stouter than the other species which
most nearly resemble it in other respects. The varices are
numerous and prominent, some of them doubled; the whorls
are few, the suture deep, the umbilicus large. Three bands
of a reddish colour are visible between the ribs. Brought
from Masbate, Philippines, by Mr. Cunning; but a white
variety in the collection of Mr. Sowerby is ticketed “ Kast
Indies.”

32. Sc. LINEOLATA (45, 46, 48.) Kiener.

T. tenui, Sc. trilineate simili, sed magis elongata; fasciis
obscuris.

Figured by Kiener as a variety of the preceding species, but
a much more elongated shell. Brought from Masbate, Phil-
lippines. by Mr. Cuming, and from Japan by Dr. Sibbald.

33. Sc. RUBRO-LINEATA. (pl. xxxiv. f. 83, 84.) Sow Jun..

T. pyramidal, levi, sub-ventricosa; anfractibus rotundatis
prominentibus, gradatim crescentibus ; varicibus numerosis
sub-qualibus, validis; apertura ovali; labio interno anticé
subquadrato ; umbilico magno : colore pallidé fulvo linea
rubra vel vusca in medio anfractuum.

The whorls of this species are very prominent, the varices,
numerous, regular, and thick, as in Sc. trilineata, but the
form is more elongated, and the umbilicus very much larger.
The specimens, the smaller of which has a bright red line in
the centre of the whorls, are from the cabinet of Miss Saul.

34. Sc. crassa. (pl. xxxiil. f. 55.) Sow. Jun. Z. P. 1844.

T. pyramidali ventricos4, levi; anfractibus rotundatis,
gradatim crescentibus; varicibus sub-numerosis, inaequalibus,
laminatis, ad suturam magis expansis, nonnullis in medio
anfractum sub-obsoletis: apertura magna; labio interno
anticé subquadrato ; umbilico parvo: colore, inter varices
pallidé fulvo, fasciis binis latis; una prope suturam, altera
in medio anfractuum. Variat testa alba, opaca.

Much larger and more solid than Sc. lineolata, with the
ribs unequally laminated, svreading more at the suture
than at the middle of the whorls. The whorls are not so
prominent as in Se. rubro-lineata, and the umbilicus is much
smaller. Of the four specimens brought from Catanuan, Isl.
Luzon, Philippines, by Mr.Cuming, two have two broad bands
in the upper part and near the centre of the whorls.

35. Sc. IMPERIALIS. (pl. xxxiil. f. 56. 57.) Sow. Jun
Zool. Proc, 1844.

92

T. pyramidali, ventricosa, acuminata, levi; anfractibus
magnis, rotundatis, contiguis, prope suturam elevatis, gra-
datim crescentibus ; sutura profunda varicibus numerosis,
simplicibus, versus apicem tenuibus, gradatim crescentibus,
in ultimo anfractu crassis, nonnullis duplicatis ; apertura
magni, ovali; umbilico magno: colore, inter varices, fulvo,
fasciis_ binis fuscis in medio anfractus ultime purpureo
confusis.

A very beautiful shell, of an elegant pyramidal form, with
numerous regular varices, which in the upper whorls are
thin, but in the last whorl are much thicker and some
doubled. The umbilicus is large. The colour between the
varices is dull fawn, with two bands, which in the last whorl
are blended with purple. Mozambique and Swan River.

36.Sc.aAuRITA.(pl. xxxiil. f. 62.) Sow.Jun. Zool Proc. 1844.

T. elongata, levi, umbilicaté; anfractibus rotundatis, con-
tiguis ; varicibus levibus, decumbentibus, subnumerosis,
prope suturam sub-arcuatis, nonnullis crassis, pluribus
tenuis; apertura magna, auriformi; colore pallidé fulvo,
inter varices, fasciis tribus fuscis.

In general form resembling Sc. lineata of Say, but differ-
ing from it in having a wide umbilicus. ‘The last whorl and
aperture are large in proportion to the size of the shell, in
which respect it differs from Sc. turricula; it is prettily
coloured with three reddish brown bands; the varices are
rather numerous, some rather thick, and others very thin.

Coast of Coromandel.

37. Sc. TURRICULA. (pl. xxxii f. 61. and pl. xxxiv.
f. 88.) Sow. Jun.

T. elongata, umbilicata, plerumque transversim minuté
striata ; anfractibus numerosis, rotundatis, gradatim crescen-
tibus ; varicibus sub-numerosis, plerumque tenuis, nonnullis
crassis; apertura ovali, parva; colore albo vel irregulariter
fulvo.

The whorls are more numerous, and increase in size more
gradually than the last, the mouth is consequently smaller,
the ribs are irregular, differing from each other in thickness.
There are, in most of the specimens numerous transverse
stria, which are wanting in others; one variety is white and
strongly striated; another is irregularly patched with light
brown, and nearly smooth. The latter variety only is
brought by Mr. Cuming from Catanuan Isl. Luzon, Philip-
pines. Both occur in the West Indies.

93

38. Sc. vesTa.is. (pl. xxxiv f. 97.) Hinds. Zool. Proc.
1843.

T. pyramidali, acuminata, spiraliter minutissime striata ;
anfractibus numerosis, rotundatis, sutura distincté; varicibus
simplicibus, plerumque tenuissimis, nonnullis crassiusculis ;
apertura ovali, posticé acuminata, labio interno anticé sub-
incrassato, umbilico mediocri; colore albo.

A beautiful small white shell brought by Capt. Belcher
from New Guinea. It is finely striated in a spiral direction ;
most of the varices are thin, so as to be scarcely visible, with
here and there one more prominent.

39. Sc. imMACULATA. (pl. xxxiii. f. 58.) Sow. Jun. Zool.
Proc.

T. Scalariz vestali similima, sed magis elongata, umbilico
majori, varicibus prope suturam simplicibus.
Brought by Mr. Cuming from Catanauan.
Isl. Luzon, Philippines.

40. Sc. MARTINI. (pl. xxxiv. f. 78 and 86.) Wood. Index.
Test. Sc. raricosta, nonnul, Sc. striata, Kiener.

T. pyramidali, acuminata, umbilicata, transversim striata ;
anfractibus rotundatis, numerosis, rapidé crescentibus ; vari-
cibus plerumque tenuissimis, vel obsoletis, nonnullis crassis,
validis, arcuatis ; apertura ovali, auriformi, magna; colore
albo.

A well known species from the West Indies, frequently
confounded with, and possibly included in Sc. raricosta of
Lamarck, from which it totally differs. The greater part of
the varices are so thin as to be scarcely visible, but at irregu-
lar intervals thicker ones occur. There is a small specimen
from Isle Bohol in the Philippines, in which nearly all the va-
rices are elevated: it is found under stones, at low water,
by Mr. Cuming.

41.Sc. RARICOSTATA. (pl. xxxiv. f. 79, 80.) Sc. raricosta,
Lamarck. (Not of Martini, Conch. 4. t. 153 f. 1435-6.

T. ventricosa, pyramidali, cancellaté ; anfractibus rotun-
datis, rapidé crescentibus ; sutura distincta; varicibus raris
prominentibus, crenulatis, rotundatis, reflexis ; apertura
magna, sub-circulari, marginé crasso, labio interno anticé
sub-expanso ; umbilico parvo; colore albo.

A ventricose shell, minutely cancellated, with here and
there a thick, crenulated reflected varix; the aperture is
large, with a very small umbilicus behind it. Ceylon ?

94

42. Sc, CURVILINEATA. (pl. xxxii. f. 59.) Sow. Jun.

T. ovali, levi, tenui, imperforata ; anfractibus paucis,
rapide crescentibus ; varicibus subnumerosis, curvilineatis,
levibus, simplicibus; apertura ovali, labio interno anticé
paululum expanso: colore pallidé fulvo.

We have only seen one specimen, which is in Mr. Cu-
ming’s collection, from Sansonati, in Central America.

43. Sc. CATANUENSIS (pl. xxxiv. f. 93 and 94.) Sow.
Jun. Zool Proc., 1844.

T. pyramidali, acuminata, minutissimé striata; anfractibus
rotundatis, rapidé crescentibus, varicibus plerumque obsoletis,
nonnullis rarius crassis; apertura ovali, sub-auriformi; um-
bilico parvo ; colore validé griseo, in medio anfractuum fascia
fusca, lata, obscura.

It is much shorter than Sc. Martinii, with the thickened costz
still more fewer in number; the aperture is less oval and less
auriform. ‘There is a broad band of pale brown in the centre
of the whorls. Brought from Catanuan, Isl. Luzon, Philip-
pines, by Mr. Cuming. Found in sandy mud 8---10 fathoms.

44, Sc, sIM1LI1s.(pl.xxxiv.f.90.) Sow. Jun. Zool. Proc.1844.

T. sub-ovali, spiraliter minutissimé striata; anfractibus
paucis; varicibus tenuissimis, plerumque numerosis, nonnullis
crassiusculis ; apertura ovali, postice sub-angulata, labio in-
terno vix incrassato et expanso, umbilico parvo ; colore pal-
lidissime fulvo.

The whorls are much less prominent, the minute varices
more numerous, and the umbilicus considerably smaller than
in Sc. Catanuensis.

Found by Mr. Cuming at Puerto Galero, Isle Mindoro, in
sandy mud, 4—5 fathoms.

45. Sc. BULLATA. (pl. xxxiv. f. 87.) Sow. Jun. Zool.
Proc. 1844.

T. ventricosissima, brevi, levi; anfractibus paucis, rapidé
crescentibus ; varicibus sub-numurosis, irregularibus, decum-
bentibus, plerumque tenuissimis, nonnullis crassioribus, ad
suturam paululum elevatis et reflexis; apertura magna; um-
bilico parvo, colore albo.

We have only one specimen of this extremely ventricose
shell, in a very imperfect state, from Isl. Capul, Philippines,
taken by Mr. Cuming on the coral reefs.

46. Sc. BuLBULUs. (pl. xxxiv. f. 85.) Sow. Jun. Zool.
Proc. 1844.

95

T. ventricos4, pyramidali, levi, fere imperforata ; anfrac-
tibus paucis, rapide crescentibus ; varicibus sub-numerosis,
irregularibus, inequalibus, extantibus ; apertura magna, labio
interno sub-expanso, antice sub-quadrato ; colore pallidis-
simé rufo.

This species is also rather ventricose, but the varices are
laminar, and stand out in relief from the shell. The only
known specimen is in the possession of Mr. G. Sowerby,
Sen. From—— ?

47. Sc. FRIABILIS. ( pl. xxxil. f. 74.) Sow. Jun. Zool.
Proc. 1844.

T. pyramidali, acuminata, tenui, imperforata; varicibus
tenuissimis, valde numerosis, laminatis, extantibus, prope
suturam acuté angulatis ; apertura magna, labio interno sub-
incassato; colore albo.

A thin pyramidal species with extremely numerous, thin,
laminar, varices, which project in an acute angle close to the
suture. In Mr. Cuming’s collection. Brought from Swan

River. by Lieut. Collie, R.N.

48. Sc. INDISTINCTA. (pl. xxxv. f. 141.) Sow. Jun.
Zool. Proc. 1842.

T. elongata, imperforaté, minuté spiraliter striata ;
anfractibus numerosis, gradatim crescentibus, sutura dis-
tineta ; varicibus numerosis, ineequalibus, rotundatis, decum-
bentibus, simplicibus; apertura parva, labio interno, antice
sub-incrassato ; colore, albo.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection. Brought from St. Blas, Gulf
of California, by the Hon. Mr. Harris.

49. Sc, sutcata. (pl. xxxv. f. in.) Sow. Jun. Zool.
Proc. 1844.

T. elongata,acuminata, imperforata, minuté spiraliter striata ;
anfractibus numcerosis, gradatim crescentibus; sutura dis-
tincta ; varicibus numerosis, tenuis, prope suturam angulatis ;
apertura ovali, labio interno vix incrassato ; colore albo.

A beautifully pointed, elongated shell, finely striated in a
spiral direction, with numerous slightly prominent varices,
which are angular near the suture. Brought from Catanuan,

Isl. Luzon, Philippines, by Mr. Cuming.

50. Sc. NOVANGLIE. (pl. xxxv. f. 112.) Couthoy, Boston
Jour. Se. 2, No. 1, Pl. 3, f. 5.

T. pyramidali, acuminata, fere imperforata, spiraliter striata

96

minute striata; anfractibus numerosis; sutura distincta, vari-
cibus sub-numerosis, inequalibus, plerumque tenuis, prope
suturam in dentem acutum productis ; apertura mediocri, an-
tice sub-quadratéa; margine incrassato, posticé unidentifero,
labio interno antice incrassato et extenso : colore, inter varices
obscure fusco.

A very elegantly formed little shell, broader towards the
aperture than the last; the varices, which are rather numerous
and unequal in thickness, have each a very fine tooth-like
point close to the suture. The only specimen we have seen,
is in the collection of Mr. G. B. Sowerby, Sen.

51. Sc. suBTILISs. (pl. xxxv. f. 137.) Sow. Jun., Zool. Proc.

K. elongata, angustata, spiraliter minuté striata, imperfo-
rata; anfractibus numerosis, gradatim crescentibus, prope
suturam elevatis ; varicibus numerosissimis, laminatis, crenu-
latis, superne angulatis ; apertura parva: colore, inter varices,
obscure fusco.

A small elongated, turreted shell, to the beauty of which,
neither the description nor the figure can do justice; the
varices are numerous, laminated, and regularly crenulated.
Brought by Mr. Cuming, from the the Isles Caminguing and
Corregidor, Philippines. From the former, in coarse sand
at seven fathoms; from the latter in sandy mud 30 fathoms.

52. Sc. cLATHRATULUS. (pl. xxxiil. f. 47.) Montague,
Mest Brit. po 294.

T. pyramidali, sub-acuminata, imperforata, anfractibus
numerosis; sutura distinctaé; varicibus numerosis, rotun-
datis, irregularibus, prope suturam sub-angulatis: colore
albo.

This common British pyramidal species, has numerous,
unequal, rounded varices, which are slightly expanded, and
angulated close to the suture.

54. Sc. MULTICOSTATA. (pl. xxxiv. f. 96.) Sow. Jun. Zool.
Proc. 1844.

T. sub-ovali, levi, imperforaté, obtus4; varicibus sub-
numerosis, regularibus, obliqué ad apicem continuis, sub-ro-
tundatis ; apertura ovali, labio interno antice expanso et in-
crassato ; colore, pallidissime fulvo.

Rather oval and obtuse, with numerous regular prominent
rounded varices. The anterior part of the inner lip is
thickened and spread over the columella.

From Corregidor, Philippines, H. Cuming.

97
55. Sc. CONCINNA. (pl. xxxiil. f. 63.) Sow. Jun. Z. P. 1844.

T. multicostate simili, sed anfractibus magis prominen-
tibus, varicibus magis numerosis, labio interno tenui.

The whorls in this species are more prominent, the ribs
more numerous, and the inner edge of the aperture thinner
than in Sc. multicostata. Found in sandy mud 68 fathoms,
at Loay, Isle of Bohol, Philippines. Mr. Cuming.

56. Sc. CREBERRIMA. pl. (xxxiv. f. 95.) Hinds. Zool.
Proc. 1843.

T. pyramidali, acuta, levi, imperforata; anfractibus nume-
rosis, rotundatis; sutura distinctaé ; varicibus numerosissimis,
levibus, paululum prominentibus; apertura sub-rotundata ;
colore, pallide griseo.

The varices in this species are still more numerous than in
either of the two preceding, and the interstices are narrower.
Brought from New Guinea by Mr. Hinds.

57. Sc. CONNEXA. (pl, xxxiv. f. 98.) Sow. Jun. Zool.
Proc. 1844.

T. ovali, sub-elongata, levi, imperforata; sutura profunda ;
varicibus numerosis, laminatis, prominentibus, ad apicem
obliqué continuis ; apertura ovali ; colore, inter varices,
obscure fulvo.

The numerous varices of this small species are laminar,
prominent, and continued from whorl to whorl up the spire,
as in Se. Clathrus of Linneus, from which it differs essentially
in not having the spiral rib at the lower part of the last
whorl. From Sual, Pr. Pangasinan, Isl. Luzon, Found in
7 fathoms sandy mud by Mr. Cuming.

58. Sc. PULCHERRIMA. (pl. xxxiv. f. 92.) Sow. Jun.
Z. P. 1844.

T. pyramidali, sub-ventricosa, spiraliter minuté striata,
imperforata ; anfractibus rotundatis ; sutura profunda; varici-
bus sub-numerosis, laminatis, extantibus, prominentibus
superné in angulum acutum productis ; apertura ovali, posticé
acutangulata, anticé sub-quadrata, labio interno sub-expanso ;
colore, inter varices, fusco purpurascente.

Pyramidal, acute, rather ventricose, spirally striated, with
a deep suture, and with rather broad, laminar varices, which
are expanded into an acute angle near the suture. Collected
by Mr. Cuming at Dumaguete, Isl. Negroes, Philippines.

59. Sc. ovaAuis. (pl. xxxiv. f. 104.) Sow. Jun. Z. P. 1844.
T. sub-ovali, levi; anfractibus paucis; ultimo magno, vari-

98

cibus 9, crassis, rotundatis; apertura ovali, marginé
incrassato, labio interno incrassato, expanso; colore, inter
varices, paliidé ceeruleo.

The whorls of this very small shell are few in number, the
last disproportionately large, with about nine very thick
rounded varices; the aperture is oval, with a very thick edge,
and the inner lip expanded.

Brought by Mr. Cuming from Cagayan in the Isle of
Mindinao.

60. Sc. HEXAGONA. (pl. xxxill. f. 67.) Sow. Jun. Zool.
Proc, 1844.

T. brevi, levi, imperforata ; anfractibus contiguis ; varici-
bus sex, crassis, prominentibus, ad apicem oblique continuis ;
apertura rotundata: colore albo.

A short, imperforated white species, with whorls closely
united, and strong varices forming about six oblique, con-
tinuous lines along the spire. In the cabinet of Mr. Cuming,
brought by Col. Moffat from Acupalca.

61. Sc. uNIFASCIATA. (pl. xxxiil. f. 68.) Sow. Jun. Zool.
Proc. 1844.

T. pyramidali, sub-clongata, levi, imperforata ; anfractibus
numerosis, contiguis; varicibus sex, rotundatis, angustis, ad
apicem obliqué continuis; apertura rotundata, labio interno
sub-incrassato ; colore inter varices, pallidissimé griseo, fascia
fusca prope suturam cincto.

Similar to the preceding, but more elongated, with more
numerous whorls, on the upper part of which, close to the
suture, is a broad brown band, by which the species may be
distinguished. West Indies.

62. Sc. ELENENSIS. (pl. xxxiv. f. 102.) Sow. Jun. Zool.
Proc. 1844.

T. pyramidali, levi, imperforaté; anfractibus contiguis ;
varicibus sex, ad suturam sub-plicatis, irregulariter continuis ;
apertura ovali; colore albo.

Like the last, but without any band, and having the varices
straighter, and not so regularly continuous. Collected by Mr.
Cuming at Punta, St. Elena, West Columbia, in sandy mud,
six fathoms.

63. Sc. optusa (pl. xxxiil. f. 54.) Sow. Jun. Zool.
Proc, 1844.

T. ventricosa, pyramidali, imperforata, levi; anfractibus
contiguis ; varicibus numerosis, crassis, rotundatis, continuis,

99

superné sub-angulatis ; apertura rotundata, anticé sub-mare-
ginata, labio interno spiraliter recurvo ; colore albo.

Rather short and thick, white, with numerous varices, which
continue up the spire, from whorl to whorl, and are slightly
angular above; the inner lip of the aperture is spirally
twisted, and forms an undulated notch at its juncture with the
outer lip. Brought by Mr. Cuming from Punta, St. Elena,
found in sandy mud six fathoms.

64. Sc. porrecta. (pl. xxxv. f. 139.) Hinds, Zool.
Proc. 1843.

T. pyramidali, acuminata, imperforata; anfractibus sub-
angulatis, ultima magna; varicibus numerosis, crassis, ad an-
gulum anfractuum acuminatis ; apertura sub-quadrata, anticeé
angulata; colore fusco, linea pallida ad inferiorem partem
anfractuum.

An acuminated shell, with angular whorls, the last of
which is disproportionately large; the varices are numerous,
thick, and somewhat irregular, with elevated points at the
angle. The colour is darkish brown, with a narrow band ofa
darker colour near the lower part of the whorl. Brought by
Mr. Hinds, from the Straits of Malacca.

65. Sc. MINDOROENSIS. (pl. xxxiv. f. 91.) Sow. Jun.
Zool. Proc. 1844.

T. pyramidali, levi, imperforata, tenui; anfractibus vix
separatis ; varicibus numerosis, simplicibus, ad suturam sub-
irregulariter junctis; colore albo.

A small, white, thin shell, slightly resembling Sc. obliqua,
but less oblique, and with more numerous, and less promi-
nent varices. The whorls are close. Brought by Mr.
Cuming from Puerto Gallero, Isl. Mindoro.

66. Sc. GRADATA (pl. xxxiv. f. 109.) Hinds. Zool. Proc.
1843.

T. pyramidali, acuminata, levi, imperforaté; anfractibus
numerosis, prope suturam elevatis; sutura profunda; vari-
cibus rotundatis, sub-numerosis, distantibus, superné angu-
latis; apertura sub-ovali, posticé angulataé, labio interno
tenui; colore albo.

The whorls of this elegant species are elevated near the
suture, and with the angle on the varices, have the appear-

ance of steps.
Brought by Mr. Hinds, from Amboyna.

100

67. Sc. acicuurna. (pl. xxxiv. f. 100. Hinds, Zool.
Proc. 1843.

T. parva, elongata, acuminata, imperforata, tenui, levi;
anfractibus contiguis, prope suturam elevatis; varicibus
decem, inequalibus; apertura sub-quadrataé; colore, inter
varices, obscuré fulvo. America, Mr. Hinds

68. Sc. ALBOLINEATA. (pl. xxx111. f. 52.) Sow. Jun.

T. aciculine similima, sed magis ventricosa, costis magis
numerosis, continuis; colore inter varices fulvo.

This species is shorter and thicker than Se. aciculina, with
more numerous and less angulated varices. From the beau-
tiful fawn colour contrasting with the whiteness of the ribs, it
resembles Sc. Philippinarum, but the whorls are united.

69. Sc. pouiTa. (pl. xxxiv. f. 99.) Sow. Jun. Zool. Pooc.
1844,

T. tenui, elongata, levi, imperforata; anfractibus nume-
rosis, vix prominentibus; varicibus sub-numerosis, tenuis,
in medis anfractuum obsoletis; colore pallidé griseo.

The whorls are numerous, and not very prominent. The
varices appear as if worn away in the centre of the whorls.
Taken by Mr. Cuming at Xipixappi, West SMT SE, in
sandy mud, ten fathoms deep.

70. Sc. Turtonis. (pl. xxxiv. f. 106, 107, 108. var.
pl. xxxiv. f. 89.) Se. planicostata, Bivon.

T. elongata, imperforata, levi; anfractibus numerosis, vix
prominentibus, contiguis; varicibus decumbentibus, inequal-
ibus, ad suturam expansis, elevatis; apertura ovali, labio
interno crasso; colore maculis et fasciis variegato.

This species resembles in general appearance, and in the
disposition of the colours, Sc. communis, but the whorls are
united and more numerous; the varices are flat, and some of
them exceedingly broad: varieties, fig. 106, 107, are from
British specimens, fig. 108, from Sicily, fig. 80, from Puerto
Galero, Isl. Mindinao.

71. Sc. TREVELYANA. (pl. xxxv. f. 129.) Leach.

T. pyramidali, acuminata, imperforata; anfractibus con-
tiguis, rotundatis ; varicibus decumbentibus, inequalibus, ad
suturam expansis, in dentem acutum elevatis; colore pallidé
fulvo.

Smaller, and more ventricose in proportion to its length
than the preceding, with the varices narrower, rather more

101

prominent, spread at the suture, and raised into a small sharp
tooth. Great Britain.

72. Sc. GreenLanpnica. (pl. xxxrv. fol. 105 and 110.)
“Clathrus Greenlandicus,” Chemn. 11. p. 155. f. 1878-79.
planicostata ? Kiener; subulata, Couthoy ? Boston Journ. Sc.
Vol. 2, No. 1.

T. elongata, crassa, spiraliter sulcatéa; anfractibus con-
tiguis, vix prominentibus; varicibus decumbentibus; ine-
qualibus, ad suturam expansis, reflexis, et ad anfractum prox-
imam elevatis ; apertura sub-triangulari, colore, inter varices,
griseo fulvescente.

T. juniori, varicibus expansis, reflexis.

Like Sc. Turtonis in general form, but with fewer whorls :
the varices more elevated and spread, and the whorls spirally
grooved. From Greenland and Newfoundland.

73. Sc. vineaTa. (pl. xxxii. f. 49, 50,51.) Say.

T. pyramidali, sub-ventricosa, imperforata, levi; anfrac-
tibus rotundatis, rapidé crescentibus; ultimo magno, lined
spirali, elevata, ad inferiorem partem anfractuum varicibus
plerumque tenuis; nonnullis magnis, simplicibus, numerosis :
apertura magna; colore inter varices, fusco nigricante, ali-
quando fasciis binis ; vel pallide fulva, fascia rubra.

The elevated line at the lower part of the whorls, is very
slight in this species, but easily perceptible, the varices are
irregular, some of them large. From America,

74. Sc. cLaTuRus. (pl. xxxv. f. 131, 132, 134.) Linneus,
Sc. lamellosa, Lam. var. Sc. monocycla. Kiener.

T. pyramidali, ventricosa, levi, linea elevata spirali ad in-
feriorem partem aufractuum ; varicibus 11, distantibus, lami-
natis, extantibus, ad suturam sub-expansis, ad apicem obliqué
continuis; apertura magna, ovali; colore, inter varices fulvo
vel fusco-maculato, prope suturain fascia lata; vel griseo, fascia

s A
nigra.

This well-known species to which the name of lamellosa is
generally applied, is ascertained, with tolerable certainty, to
be the true clathrus of Linneus, having the basal keel which
is without the common British species bearing that name.

Mediterranean and West Indies,

75. Sc. cornonata. (pl. xxxv. f. 133.) Lamarck.

T. lamellose simillima, sed varicibus magis numerosis:
colore albo, inter varices seriebus tribus macularum fuscarum.
The varices are much more numerous than in the last, and

102

the colour is disposed in three rows of angular brown spots
between the varices. West Indies.

76. Sc. Diana. (pl. xxxv. f. 124, 125.) Hinds, Zool. Proc
1843.

T. Parva, ventricosa, brevi, levi, linea elevata spirali, ad
basin anfractuum; anfractibus contiguis subangulatis ; vari-
cibus paucis, laminatis, extantibus, angulatim late expansis:
colore albo.

A small, short, somewhat ventricose shell, with few whorls,
and about eight laminar varices, which are spread into broad
angles. It is to be regretted, that only one specimen of this
very remarkable shell was brought by Mr. Hinds from
Amboyna.

77. SC. STATUMINATA (pl. xxxv. f. 127.) Sow. Jun. Zool.
Proc. 1844.

T. parva, crasd, brevi, laevigata, imperforta; anfractibus
contiguis, vix prominentibus, anticé linea elevata cinctis ; vari-
cibus quinque, prominentibus, ad apicem continuis, anticé
crassis, pcsticé in angulum elevatum expansis; apertura sub-
rotunda, labio externo, anticé tenui; colore, inter varices,
ceeruleo.

A small, short, thick species, with very prominent ribs,
which are elevated and expanded into a broad angle, at the
upper part of the whorls, and very thick at the lower; they
are united with each other so as to form five oblique promi-
nent ridges along the spire. Brought by Mr. Cuming from
Hayti in Peru.

78. Sc. MAGNIFICA. (pl. xxxiv. f. 103.) Sow. Jun. Turbo
Principalis, Chemnitz.

T. elongata, imperforata, lineis elevatis spiraliter cincta,
lined und majori ad inferiorem partem anfractuum, anfractibus
sub-numerosis, ventricosis, prope suturam elevatis; sutura
profunda; varicibus rarissimis, lineis parvis elevatis numerosis ;
colore albo, pallidissimé purpureo et fulvo tincto.

The figure given in Chemnitz underthe name of “principalis”
* Pallas,” is evidently taken from an inferior specimen of this
magnificent shell; but as it does not agree in any respect with
the original figure and description by Pallas, we cannot put
much faith in the assertion of Chemnitz as to its identity.
We have given a species under the name of principalis, which
agrees much better with the original figure. The splendid
- specimen which we have figured. is in the collection of E. C. L.
Griiner, Esq. of Bremen, who has lately received it from
China.

103

79. Sc. DECUSSATA. (pl. xxxv. f. 140.) Zam. anim s. vert.
vi. p. 229. Sc. cancellata, Humphreys.

A has elongata, imperforata, spiraliter sulcata ; anfractibus 11,
contiguis, anticé posticéque angulatis, sutura profunda disti-
nctis, ultimo anticé carina cincte ; varicibus numerosis, posticé
angulatis, laqueatis, apertura subquadrata, labio interno crasso,
anticé angulato ; colore albo.

This elegantly cancellated species is rarely found in a recent
state. The specimen figured, isin Mr. Cuming’s collection,
From the coast of Arabia.

80. Sc. varicosa, (pl. xxxv. f. 126, 128, 143.) Lam.
anim. s. vert. Sc. fimbriata, Lam. E.M. pl. 451. f. 4. a. b.

T. elongata, spiraliter obsoleté sulcata; anfractibus 12, plus
minusve prominentibus, ultimo anticé carina cincto ; : suturd
profunda, laminis extantibus interrupta; costulis parvis, nume-
rosis, undulatim crenulatis; varicibus paucis, magnis, extanti-
bus, crenulatis, crassis: apertura rotundata, margine crasso,
labio interno varicoso; colore albo.

The different varieties, if denuded of the small varices,
would present a very similar appearance ; but these, in some
cases, fill up the suture with their terminal lamine, and so
reduce the rotundity of the whorls. The larger, or true varices,
occur sparingly at irregular intervals. From Capul, Luzon,
Bohol, and Zebu, Philippines, by Mr. Cuming.

81. Sc. cocHLEa. (pl. xxxv. f., 142.) Sow. Jun. Zool.
Proc, 1844.

T. elongata, spiraliter obsoleté sulcata; anfractibus 8, pro-
minentibus posticé valide angulatis; anticé carina valida
cinctis; costulis parvis, undulatim crenulatis; varicibus magnis,
crenulatis, posticé angulatis, rarissimis ; apertura rotun 4 ;
margine crasso; labio interno crasso, varicoso: colore albo,
vel pallidissime fulvo.

Differing from Sc. varicosa in having the whorls angular,
and the suture very large, so as to present the appearance of
ascrew. From Loanda, West coast of Africa, by Dr. Tamis.
In Mr. Cuming’s collection.

82. Sc. AusTRAuIs. (pl. xxxv. f. 135.) Lam. anim.
8. vert.

T. elongata.crassa, leevi,imperforata; anfractibus 9, contiguis,
vix prominentibus; ultimo anticé carina valida cincto; sutura
vix excavata: varicibus 10,simplicibus, sub-rectis, crassis, leevi-
bus, prominentibus, ad carinam terminantibus: colore albo,
vel inter varices obscure purpureo.

104

A common species from Swan River in Australia. The
keel is thick, and forms the termination of the varices, which
are also thick, prominent, and smooth. The whorls are not
separated by a deep suture

83. Sc. crassicosTaTA. (pl. xxxv. f. 119.) B.m. Ms.

Sc. Australi simili, sed varicibus minus prominentibus, et
in medio latioribus.

There is a much larger specimen than we have figured, in
the British Museum, with the above name attached.

84. Sc. GRANULOSA. (pl. xxxv. f. 144.) Turritella gra-
nulosa, Guoy et Gaimard, Voyage de lAstrotabe.

T. pyramidali, elongata, minutissimé granulata, crassa, im-
i : q F : :

perforata, costulis obsoletis undulata; anfractibus 9, vix pro-
minentibus, anticé prope medium carina obsoleta cinctis, ad
suturam crenulatis ; sutura indistincta; apertura subtriangu-
lari ; margine incrassato, anticé in angulum extenso; colore
pallidé fulvo; apertura alba.

In general form resembling Sc. Australis, but the varices

5 b)

are nearly obsolete. From Swan River, Australia.

85. Sc. unpuLATA. (pl. xxxv. f. 136.) Sow. Jun.
Zool. Proc, 1844.

T. sub-elongata, spiraliter minutissimé striata, imperforata,
tenui; anfractibus 11, paululum prominentibus, anticé prope
medium carina tenui, lineari, cinctis; varicibus tenuissimis
curvi-linearibus, regularibus, distantibus ; apertura anticé an-
gulata, colore obscuré albo.

The varices are very thin, curvilinear and regular, but much
more distinct than in the preceding species. We have only
a single specimen from the collection of Metcalfe, Esq.

86. Sc. BICARINATA. (pl. xxxyv. f. 113, 114.) Sow. Jun.
Zool. Proc, 1844.

T. sub-cylindrica, elongata, imperforata, minuté cancellata ;
anfractibus 6, latis, ad latera planis, ad suturam crenulatis,
ultimo carinisdus in medio cincto; apertura ovali, margine
crasso, minuté crenulato ; colore fere albo.

A very curious little shell, with crenulated suture, and two
prominent keels in the centre of the last whorls ; the edge of
the aperture is much thickened. Brought by Mr. Cuming,
from Dumaguete, Isl. Negroes, found in coarse black sand,

“at seven fathoms.

105

87. Sc. CRASSILABRUM. (pl. xxxv.f. 115, 116.) Sow.
Jun.

T. parva, imperforata, elongata, spiraliter minutissimé
striata ; anfractibus 6—7, antice angulo parvo, postice angulo
magno, cinctis ; sutura crenulata; costulis triangulatis nume-
rosis ; varicibus rarissimis, vel nullis : apertura sub-ovali, mar-
gine crasso, expanso, minute striato; colore fere albo.

There is a large angle on the upper, and a smaller one on
the lower part of ‘each whorl, which are crossed by undulating
ribs. The true varices or external edges of former varices are
very scarce, in some specimens altogether wanting. The
specimens vary very much: in form and appearance, but the
aperture is always surrounded by a broad margin. Mr.
Cuming has specimens from Ticao, and Cagayan, Isl. Mindoro
of the Philippines ; also from Sansonati, in Central America.

88. Sc. cRENATA. (pl. xxxv. f. 123.) (Turbo crenatus,)
Linn.

T. sub-elongata, imperforata, minutissimé granulata; an-
fractibus 8, sub-prominentibus, ad suturam acuté angulatis
et crenatis, anticé undulata carindais jcinct ; varicibus raris-
simis vel nullis ; apertura magna triangulari, anticé angulata ;
colore fere albo, vel pallidé fulvo rufescente.

The whorls have a prominent angle close to the suture,
which forms a kind of canal, interrupted by the large crenu-

lations surmounting the edge. From Faro in Portugal and from
the West Indies.

89. Sc. DIADEMA. (pl. xxxv. f. 121, 122.) Sow. Sen.

T. brevi, obtusa, imperforata, minutissime cancellata ; an-
fractibus 7, prominentibus, ad suturam canaliferis, angulatim
crenulatis; anticé carina crassa cinctis ; prope apicem rapide
crescentibus ; varicibus prope apicem crassis, prominentibus,
in ultimo anfractu sub-obsoletis; apertura ovali; margine
crasso, anticé posticeque angulato : colore albo.

Much shorter and more obtuse than Sc. crenatus, with the
whorls more prominent and excavated at the suture, at the
fourth whorl the size increases suddenly, but afterwards more
gradually.

Brought by Mr. Cuming from James’s Island, Gallapagos.

90. Sc. rusca. (pl. xxxv. f. 138.) Sow. Jun. Zool. Proc:
1844

T. elongata, imperforata, spiraliter minutissime striata ; an-

fractibus 12, sub-prominentibus; ultimo, carina lineari anticé

106

cincta; varicibus tenuissimis, obliquis, ad suturam flexuosis ;
apertura sub-ovali, margine tenui: colore obsuré fulvo, flamulis
fuscis obliquis inter varices seriatim picto.

An elongated species, with a very narrow, but distinct keel
on the lower part of the last whorl. The varices are very
thin, and bent innear the suture. The shell is finely striated,
and prettily marked with flame-like patches of dark colour be-
tween the varices. There are two specimens in Mr. Cuming’s
collection, which were found on sand at Seirra-leona.

91. Sc. suTuRALIS. (pl. xxxv. f. 120.) Hinds. Zool.
Proc. 1843.

T. elongata, imperforta, spiraliter minuté striata ; anfracti-
bus 10, paululim prominentibus, anticé carina tenui cinctis ;
sutura distincta, cariniferé; costulis numerosis tenuis, varici-
bus raris, decumbentibus, vix elevatis : apertura rotunda ; mar-
gine tenui: colore obscuré albo, in medio anfractuum fusco.

Brought from Mallaca, by Mr. Hinds.

92. Sc. VULPINA. (pl. xxxv. f. 117, 118. Hinds. Zool.
Proc. 1843.

T. elongata, imperforata, spiraliter sulcata; anfractibus 9
preminentibus, carina antice cinctis ; varicibus 9, crassis, rotun-
tadis, equalibus ; apertura sub-rotundata; labio crasso ; colore
fusco. :

Brought from Mallacca, by Mr. Hinds.

93. Sc. ACUMINATA. (pl. xxxv. f. 130.) Sow. Jun. Zool.
Proc. 1844.

T. elongata, imperforata, acuminata; anfractibus 15, vix
prominentibus, anticé carina tenui cinctis ; varicibus creberi-
mis, numerosis, tenuis, curvilineatis ; apertura ovali, margine
tenul, labio interno tortuoso; colore pallide fulvo, fasciis duo,
und prope suturam pallida, una in medio anfractuum lata, dis-
tincta.

Elongated, keeled, with numerous whorls, and very numer-
ous close set curvilinear varices. In Mr. Cuming’s collection,
from Malacca.

107

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXXII, XXXIII,
OO. AIL. 0.0-6'6

SCALARIA.

(The figure at the end of each name, refers to the species in the text.)

Fie. 1, 2,

6,

2

14,

18,

48.
49, 50, 51.

oe
4.
5.
7

8.

. Philippinarum, 12.

pyramidalis, 9.
angulata, 11.
tenuis, 18.
laxata, 8.
marmorata, 5.
alata, 3.
fasciata, 4.
Pallasii, 2.
pretiosa, 1.
communis, 10.
Hyalina,
replicata, 6.
denticulata, 19.
communis,var. 10.
muricata, 15.
mitreeformis, 16.
muricata, 15.
gracilis, 14.
aculeata, 13.
Lyra, 27.
irregularis, 29.
dubia, 28.
trifasciata, 31.
lineolata, 32.
clathratulus, 52.
lineolata, var. 32.
lineata, 73.
albo-lineata, 68.
inconspicua, 30.
obtusa, 63.
crassa, 34.

Fia. 56, 57.

. Imperialis, 34.

58. — immaculata, 39.
59. — curvilineata, 42.
60. — irregularis, 29.
61. — turricula, 37.
62. — aurita, 36.
63. — concinna, 55.
64, 65, 66. — fragilis, 20.
67. — hexagona, 60.
68. — unifasciata, 61.
69. — obliqua, 24.
70, 71. — obesa, 25.
72, 73. — venosa, 26.
74. — friabilis, 47.
75. — principalis, 23.
76. — tenuicostata, 17.
77. — Georgettina, 22.
78. — Martinii, 40.
79, 80. — rari-costata, 41.
81, 82. — Lyra, 27.
83, 84. — rubro-lineata, 33.
85. — Bulbulus, 46.
86. — Martinii, 40.

87. — bullata, 45.

88. — turricula, 37.

89. — Turtonis, var.? 70.

90. — similis, 44.

91, — Mindoroensis, 65.

92. — pulcherrima, 58.
93, 94. — Catanuensis, 43.

95. — creberrima, 56.

Co)

108

Fic. 96. Sc. multicostata, 54. Fic. 123. Sc. crenata, 88.

97. — vestalis, 38. 124,125. — Diane, 76.

98. — connexa, 57. 126. — varicosa, 80.

99. — polita, 69, 127. — statuminata, 77.

100. — aciculina, 67. 128. — varicosa, 80.

101. — glabrata, 21. 129. — Trevelyana, 71.

102. — Elenensis, 62, 130. — acuminata, 93.

103. — magnifica, 78. 131, 132. — Clathrus, 74.

104. — ovalis, 59. 133. — coronata, 75.

105. — Greenlandica 72. 134. — Clathrus, 74
106, 7, 8. — Turtonis, 70. 135. — Australis, 82.

109. — gradata, 66. 136. — undulata, 85.

110, — Greenlandica, 72. 137. — subtilis, 51.

111. — sulcata, 49. 138. — fusca, 90.

112. — Nov-anglie, 50. 139. — porrecta, 64.
113, 114. — bicarinata, 85. 140. — decussata, 79.
115, 116. — crassi-labrum, 87. 141. — indistincta, 48.
117, 118. — vulpina, 92. 142. — Cochlea, 81.

119. — crassicostata, 83. 143. — varicosa, 80.

120. — suturalis, 91. 144. — granulosa, 84.

121,122. — diadema, 89.

Sp. 53, omitted from p. 96.

Sc. multistriata. Say. Amer. Journ. Sc. pulchella, Bivon !

T. parva, elongata, acuminata, imperforata, intervaricibus spiraliter
tenuitér sulcatis ; anfractibus 10, rotundatis, contiguis ; varicibus numerosis
leevibus, ad suturam subdentatis, colore albo.

A beautiful little American shell resembling Sc. clath-
ratulus, but more acuminated, and having minute striz or ridges
between the varices. The specimens from which the annexed
cut is taken, were not identified until after the plates were en-
graved and printed. They are in the collection of Met-
calfe, Esq.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS
COLUMBELLA.

BY

G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. &c.

Testa ovata, vel oblonga, nonnunquam turrita, epidermide
induta; spira plerumque breviuscula, nonnunquam elongato
turrita ; labio externo plus minusve incrassato, mediana parte
intus tumido vel subtumido, denticulato; labio interno
plerumque anticé denticulato vel ruguloso.

When I first published some account of this Genus in my
work on the Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells, compara-
tively very few species were known and their general forms
more closely approximated to each other; since that period
the researches of Naturalists, particularly those of Mr.
Cuming have brought to light numerous additions and new
forms have contributed to the increase of the Catalogue, now
swelled to upwards of an hundred species. The Columbelle
are for the most part small Shells of an ovate or oblong,
sometimes of a turreted form covered when in their natural
state with an epidermis, which is commonly thin, but in some
species is thick and coarse. The spire is usually short,
though sometimes of considerable length, and generally
acuminated. The outer lip is generally more or less thickened
externally, and its middle part within is usually more or less
tumid and denticulated, and the inner lip has for the most
part various denticles and rugulosities within anteriorly.
Aperture in general rather elongated, though sometimes much
shorter than the spire and it 1s usually more or less arched
opposite to the swelling within the outer lip, so as to give
the aperture a sinuous form. Lamarck’s Col. bizonalis, Col.
hebrea, and Col. unifascialis, belong to the genus Mitra ; and
we think his Col. mendicaria and Col. zonalis should be referred
to the family of the Purpuride. These two last, along with

110

several others to which I have given the specific names of
livida, nigro-punctata and pyrostoma in the Zool. Proc. for
June 1832, might form together avery natural subgenus.
Upon carefully reading over the descriptions given by Lesson
of six species in the Revue Cuvierienne 1842 we have not
been able to recognize them, they are named by him, Col.
Clathra, Col. buccinoides, (this is quite different from that
named by me Col. buccinoides in Zool. Proc. 1832,) Col.
ampla, Col. aphthegera, Col. pulicaris and Col. digitalis.
Of two species which are given by Quoy, in the Voyage of
the Astrolabe, that named lutea is probably a variety of
semiconvexa, and that named rubicundula may be a variety
of flavida.

DESCRIPTIONS.

1. Col. Strombiformis, Lam. (pl. xxxvi, f. 1, 2.)

Col. testa ovato-turbinataé, subalata, leviuscula, castanea,
strigis albis longitudinalibus breviusculis ornata; anfractibus
6, tribus ultimis posticé angulatis, ultimo anticé spiraliter
striato; spira exsertiuscula, tertiam partem teste «quante ;
apertura longitudinali, angusta, flexuosa, peritremate auran-
tiaco ; plicis columellz subobsoletis.

Shell ovate-topshaped, somewhat triangular, smooth, chest-
nut coloured, with short white longitudinal streaks; voiutions
6, the three last posteriorly angulated; the last very large,
spirally striated anteriorly ; spire prominent, equal in length
to a third part of the shell: aperture narrow, flexuous, with
an orange coloured border; columellar folds rather obsolete.

The last volution is generally longitudinally grooved on the
ventral side. Found on the Isle of Muerte, West Columbia,
H. Cuming.

2. Col. major, Sow. (pl. xxxvi, f.3, 4,6.) Zool. Pr. i. 119.

Col. testa ovata, medio gibbosé, castanea, albido punctulata;
spira breviuscula, pyramidali, apice acuto; anfractibus 6—7
levigatis, ultimo maximo, superné rotundato-turgido, infra
spiraliter sulcato; apertura elongata, flexuosa, alba, superné
angulataé ; labio externo superné obtusé angulato albo, intus
denticulato; labio columellari superné callifero, infra plicato-
rugoso.

Shell ovate, gibbous in the middle, chestnut coloured, with

i ee i

111

white dots; spire rather short, pyramidal, acute; volutions
6—7, smooth, the last very large, rounded and turgid, spirally
grooved anteriorly; aperture elongated, flexuous, white, an-
gular posteriorly ; outer lip posteriorly bluntly angular, toothed
within ; columellar lip posteriorly calliferous, anteriorly rugose
with small plaits: the posterior part of the outer lip is
usually white.

This well known species has commonly been regarded as
Col. Strombiformis Lam. It is however easily distinguished
from that species. We have represented at f. 6, a small and
more slender variety.

Found under stones on the Shores of South America,
H. Cuming.

3. Col. hemastoma Sow. (pl. xxxvi. f. 5.) Z P. il.
p. 116.

Col. testa oblonga, levigata; apice acuminato; anfractibus
7—8, castaneis, albo-maculatis, ultimi dorso nigro, infra
castaneo ; apertura elongata, flexuosi; labio externo extus
incrassato, superné prominente, albo ; peritremate aurantiaco;
labio interno intus denticulato; columella unituberculata.

Shell oblong, smooth, apex acuminated; volutions 7—8,
chestnut coloured, spotted with white, the back of the last
volution black, chestnut in front; aperture elongated, flexuous;
outer lip thickened externally, prominent and white poster-
iorly; peritreme orange coloured; inner lip toothed within;
columella with a single irregular tubercle.

Found under stones on the Shores at Panama and the
Gallapagos Islands, H. Cuming.

4. Col. castanea Sowd. (pl. xxxvi. f. 7. 11.) Z. P.
i. 118.

Col. testa ovato-oblonga, castanea, punctulis albis conspersa;
spira breviuscula, acuminata; anfractibus 5, superné anguli-
feris, ultimo magno ad basin spiralitér sulcato; apertura
elongata, flexuosa, superné angulosa; peritremate aurantiaco;
labio externo intus denticulato, interno superné callifero, medio
albo, eroso, infra plicato-rugoso.

Shell oblong-ovate, chesnut coloured, with white dots ; spire
rather short, acuminated ; volutions five, angular posteriorly,
the last large and spirally grooved anteriorly ; aperture length-
ened flexuous, angular posteriorly; peritreme orange co-
loured; outer lip toothed within, inner with a posterior
callus, middle white, eroded, rough with small plaits in front.

Real Llejos, Central America, H. Cuming.

112

5. Col. labiosa. (pl. xxxvi, f. 8, 9.) Sow. Gen.

Col. testa ovato-subtrigonali, lata, levigata, fusc4, albido-
punctulata, epidermide tenui induta; spira brevi, acuminata,
anfractibus 6, ultimis tribus posticé obsoleté unisulcatis, ul-
timo anticé sulcis transversis obsoletiusculis nonnullis, posticé
rotundato-angulato ; apertura longitudinali, flexuoso; labio
externo extts margine acutiusculo, fusco, intus albo, varice
longitudinali denticulato; labio interno posticé callifero,
anticé intus tuberculo oblongo columellari instructo, medio
eroso.

Shell ovato-subtriangular, broad, smooth, fuscous, with
whitish dots and transverse blackish close-set slender lines,
covered with a thin epidermis; spire short, acuminated, with
six volutions, of which the three last have an obsolete pos-
terior groove and the last is posteriorly rotundato-angular and
furnished anteriorly with several rather obsolete transverse
grooves ; aperture longitudinal, flexuous ; outer lip externally
with a rather sharp fuscous border, white within, with a longi-
tudinal denticulated varix ; inner lip posteriorly callous and
furnished within with an oblong columellar tubercle in front.

Found abundantly at St. Elena, W. Columbia, H. Cuming.

6. Col. Harpiformis. Sow. (pl. xxxvi, f. 10, 12,) Z. P.,
Part i. p. 113.

Col. testa ovato-subtrigoné, nigra, albido-maculata ; epider-
mide tenui fulvé induta; spira brevi; anfractibus 6 — 7,
marginibus crenulatis, ultimo trigonali, longitudinaliter cos-
tato; apertura elongata, superné in canalem elongatam
producta; labio externo incrassato, inflexo, intus denticulato ;
canali sub-recurva.

Shell ovate sub-triangular black, speckled with whitish
and furnished with a thin fulvous epidermis; spire short, of
6 or 7 volutions, with crenulated edges; last volution tri-
angular, longitudinally ribbed; aperture elongated and_pro-
duced into a lengthened canal posteriorly; outer lip thick-
ened, inflected, internally denticulated; canal slightly
recurved.

Found on dead shells in the Bay of Panama, at a depth of
ten fathoms, H. Cuming.

7, Col. uncinata Sow. (pl. xxxvi, f. 13.14.) Z. P. i.
114.

Col.testa oblonga, utrinque acuminata, fulva, fascia centrali
albido-articulaté ; anfractibus 6—7, superioribus parvis, sub-

113

nodulosis; ultimo maximo, superné angulato ; apertura longi-
tudinali, elongata, flexuosa, superné in canalem brevem
uncinatam porrecta; labio externo incrassato, intus denti-
culato ; denticulis confertis; labio interno granuloso.

Shell oblong, acuminated at both ends, fulvous, with a
central band articulated with whitish ; volutions six or seven,
of which the first are small, subnodulose, and the last very
large and angular behind; aperture longitudinal, elongated,
flexuous, produced posteriorly in a short, hooked canal;
outer lip thickened, toothed within; teeth close set; inner
lip granular.

Found on the Island of Muerte and in the Bay of Guaya-
quill. H. Cuming.

8. Col. Duclosiana nob, (pl. xxxvi f. 15, 16.)

Col. testa ovata, utrinque acuminata, longitudinaliter
costellata, saturaté fusca, zonis binis pallidioribus; spira
acuminata, anfractibus 5, costatis, ultimi magni parte ventrali
longitudinaliter costato, insterstitiis costarum transversim
striatis, dorsali leevigata, anticé transversim striata; apertura
latiuscula, flexuosa, nigricante; labio externo crasso, intus
denticulis 2—9, posticis majoribus; interno posticé cal-
lifero; canali breviter acuminato, sub-reflexo ; epidermide
crassiuscula.

Shell ovate, acuminated at both ends, with small longi-
tudinal ribs, of a deep fuscous colour, with two paler zones:
spire acuminated, with five ribbed volutions ; the last volution
large, its ventral part longitudinally ribbed, with the interstices
of the ribs transversely striated, its dorsal part smooth,
transversely striated in front ; aperture rather broad, flexuous,
blackish ; outer lip thick, with from 8—9, small teeth within,
of which the posterior are the largest; inner lip with a
posterior callosity ; canal shortly acuminated, sub-recurved.

Epidermis coarse and rough: found under stones on the
coast of Malacca; H. Cuming; also from Java.

9. Col. chlorostoma, nod. (pl. xxxvi, f, 17, 18.)

Col. testa ovata, longitudinaliter costata, levi, alba, nigro-
maculata; spird mediocre, anfractibus 5, sub-ventricosis,
costatis, ultimo anticé transversim striato, parte dorsali
antica costis obsoletis; apertura oblonga, latiuscula, peritre-
mate fulvescente ; labio externo posticé angulato,

Shell ovate, longitudinally ribbed, smooth, white with
black specks ; spire of moderate length, with 5 rather ventri-

114

cose costated volutions, the last transversely striated in front
and with obsolete ribs on the front of the dorsal part; aper-
ture oblong, rather broad, with a slightly fulvous peritreme ;
outer lip angular behind.

A single specimen is in the collection of Mr. Petit de la
Saussaye, which he has obligingly communicated. It is not
Bucem. chlorostoma of Wood.

10. Col. rustica. Lam. (pl. xxxvi. f. 19, 22, 24.)

Col. testa ovato-turbinata, levi, albo-castaneoque reticu-
lata, prope suturas maculis albis angularibus stellatis ornata ;
spira breviuscula, acutiuscula, anfractibus 7, sub-ventricosis,
ultimo magno, plerumque transversim striato ; labio externo
intus denticulis albis, interstitiis plerumque fuscis.

Shell ovate turbinated, smooth, chesnut coloured, reticu-
lated with white, and ornamented with white angular stellate
spots near the suture; spire rather short and sharp pointed,
with 7 rather ventricose volutions, the last of which is large
and usually transversely striated: outer lip with small white
teeth within whose interstices are usually blackish brown.

‘This species, which is common in the Mediterranean,
varies greatly in its proportions as well as in its colourings ;
C. acuminata of Nuttall, from Fayal, does not appear to
differ from the more acuminated varieties of the coast of
Sicily, of which a representation is given by Philippi.
The hairy epidermis distinguishes this species. from Col.
Juscata.

We believe that several of its varieties have been elevated
to the rank of species by Duclos, Kiener and others.

11. Col. fuscata. Sow. (pl. xxxvi. f. 21. 25.) Z. P.
Me pedlky

Col. testa ovato-acuminaté, medio ventricosa, castanea,
albido-guttulataé, epidermide fusca, levi, induta; spira acumi-
nata: anfractibus 7, ultimo maximo; apertura elongata
flexuosa; peritrematis albidi aut violacei medio intus denti-
culato; columelle dimidio inferiore denticulato.

Shell ovate, acuminated, ventricose in the middle, of a
chesnut colour with little white specks, covered with a smooth
fuscous epidermis, spire acuminated: volutions 7, the last
very large; aperture elongated, flexuous; peritreme whitish
or violaceous, denticulated in the middle within; lower half
of the columella denticulated.

Common under stones at Panama, St. Elena and Monte
Christe, H. Cuming.

115

12. Col. reticulata. Lam. (pl. xxxvi. f. 23. 26.)

Col. testa ovato-turbinata, levi, alba, lineis spadiceis re-
ticulata ; spiré brevi, obtusa, anfractibus 5, turgidis, ultimo
magno, anticé transversim striato; apertura angustiori,
flexuosa, dentibus labii externi et plicis columelle obso-
letiusculis.

Shell ovate, turbinated, smooth, white reticulated with
brown lines; spire short, obtuse, volutions 5, swelled, the
last large and transversely striated in front; aperture rather
narrow, flexuous; teeth of the outer lip and rugosities of the
columella rather indistinct.

This species varies in its colouring, some specimens being
fulvous. From Brazil, in Mr. Cuming’s collection.

13. Col. festiva. Kiener. (pl. xxxvi f. 20, 27.)

Col. testa ovata, albida, levi, apice breviter acuminato,
obtuso nigricante; spird mediocre, anfractibus 5, ultimis
duobus posticé albidis, ultimo albido castaneo-maculato ; aper-
turaé flexuosa, peritremate albo, denticulis columelle validis.

Shell ovate, whitish, smooth, apex short, acuminated,
obtuse, blackish; spire of middling length, volutions 5, the
two last whitish posteriorly, the last whitish spotted with
chesnut colour, and usually with a row of white specks a little
in front of the suture; aperture flexuous; peritreme white,
teeth of the columella distinct.

Brought from Acapulco by H. Cuming.

14. Col. mercatoria. Lam. (pl. xxxvi. f. 28—32.

Col. testé subovali, crassiuscula, coloribus variis picta,
spira brevi, sub-acuminata, apice acutiusculo, anfractibus 5 ad
6, spiraliter sulcatis, primis interdim longitudinaliter sub-
costatis, ultimo maximo, posticé sub-angulato, deinde ventri-
cosiusculo, demum subcoarctato, obtuso; apertura 2/3
longitudinem teste equante, subsinuosa; labio externo
interné validé denticulato; margine externo columelle ad
basin denticulis 6 ad 7, interno denticulis 2 ad 3, antico
majori: labio externo posticé reflexo.

Var. Monstrosa, spira producta, Sow. Gen. No. ix.

Shell nearly oval, thick, variously coloured; spire short,
slightly acuminated, apex sharpish, volutions 5 to 6, spirally
grooved, several of the first being sometimes longitudinally
but slightly ribbed, the last very large, posteriorly subangular,
then subventricose, at length somewhat contracted, obtuse ;
aperture two-thirds of the length of the shell, somewhat

P

116

sinuous ; outer lip internally strongly denticulated ; outer edge
of the columella with 6 or 7 little teeth at the base, inner
edge with 2 or 3 of which the anterior is the larger;
outer lip posteriorly reflected.

A very common West Indian species; it varies greatly in
colour,’ and sometimes also in form, we have figured a variety
with the spire unusually acuminated from Mr. Stainforth’s
collection. Some varieties of this Shell appear to have
been regarded as distinct species by Kiener.

15. Col. rudis. Nod. (pl. xxxvi.. f. 33, 34, 35.)

Col. testa oblonga, rudi, plerumque albida, punctis strigisque
irregulariter ornata; spira longiuscula, acutiuscula, anfractibus
7, transversim crassé granuloso-striatis, posticé anguliferis,
ultimo magno ; apertura sub-flexuosa alba, peritremate posticé
angulifero ; canali sub-reflexo.

Shell oblong, rough, usually whitish, irregularly ornamented
with dots and stripes; spire rather long and sharp-pointed,
volutions 7, with thick transverse granular striz, posteriorly
angular, the last large; aperture rather flexuous, white;
peritreme angular posteriorly ; canal sub-reflected.

Two varieties are figured from Nevis; in Mr. Cuming’s and
other collections.

16. Col. Paytensis Lesson. spurca Sow. (pl. xxxvi. f. 36,
37.) Z. P.. Parti. p. 123;

Col. testa oblonga, castanea, albido maculata) et guttata,
spiraé acuminata; anfractibus 7, posticé, angulatis, ultimo
ventricoso, infra spiraliter sulcato; apertura lata, oblonga,
inttis violascente, superné angulata; labio externo sub-
flexuoso, sub-incrassato, intts denticulato; columella infra
unituberculata ; labii interni margine ad basin denticulis 6.

Shell oblong, chestnut coloured with whitish spots and
specks; spire acuminated, volutions 7, posteriorly angular,
the last ventricose, spirally sulcated anteriorly ; aperture
oblong, broad, internally violaceous, angular posteriorly; outer
lip rather flexuous and thickened, denticulated internally ;
columella with one tubercle at the lower part; edge of the
inner lip with six small teeth at its base.

Common under stones on the coast of Peru; inner Lobos
Island, H. Cuming.

17. Col. Turturina Lam. (pl. xxxvii. f. 38, 39, 40.)

Col. testa brevi; crassiuscula, levigata, albicante, maculis
variis aurantiaco-brunneis picta ; spira brevi; sub-mucronata ;

117

prope apicem granos4; anfractu ultimo maximo, levi, ad
basin et propé externam partem labii externi transversim
sulcato; apertura subsinuosa, purpurascente rosea, ad basin
columelle denticulis parvis 5 externis, internis duobus validis.

Variat sulcis labii externi obsoletis. Variat testa parvula,
spiré acuminatiuscula.

Shell short, thickish, smooth, whitish, variously spotted with
orange brown; spire short, somewhat mucronated, granose
toward the apex; last volution very large, smooth, trans-
versely grooved at the base, and at the outer part of the
outer lip: aperture somewhat sinuous, rose-purple colour:
with five little teeth at the base of the outer edge of the
columella, and two more distinct at the inner edge.

From Masbate and Dumaguette, H. Cuming.

18. Col. versicolor Sow. (pl. xxxvu. f. 41—46.) Z. P.
ii. 119.

Col. testa ovata, medio ventricosa, pallida, coloribus variis
picta; spira acuminata; anfractibus 6, superné rotundato-
angulatis; suturd profunda; apertura superné angulosa,
peritremate intus denticulato, columelle denticulis internis
duobus promentibus.

Shell ovate, ventricose in the middle, pale and variously
coloured, and mottled with dark colours; spire acuminated,
volutions 6, rounded, angular posteriorly; suture deep:
aperture angular posteriorly ; peritreme denticulated within ;
columella with two prominent teeth within.

One of the most variable species, particularly in its colour-
ing. Worn specimens of one of its varieties, constitutes
Lamarck’s Col. scripta.

Found at Annaa or Chain Island, H. Cuming. Also founa
at Siquijor, H. C.

19. Col. varians Sow. (pl. xxxvii. f. 47—50.) Z. P.
ae ps LS.

Col. testa ovata, medio ventricosa, albidaé, coloribus variis
picta; spira breviter pyramidali; anfractibus 4-—6, spiraliter
sulcatis, superné sub-angulatis, noduliferis; apertura angusta,
flexuosa, peritremate surperné angulato intus denticulato ;
labio externo propé basin denticulato; columelle dentibus
tribus, parvis.

Shell ovate, ventricose in the middle, whitish, variously
coloured, spire short, pyramidal, volutions 4—6, spirally
grooved, posteriorly sub-angular, nodulous; aperture narrow,
flexuous, peritreme angular posteriorly, denticulated within ;

118

outer lip denticulated near the base; columella with three
small teeth.
A very pretty species, exceedingly variable in its colouring.
Found in the Gallapagos Islands, H. Cuming. Numerous
specimens were brought by the Endeavour, Capt. Cook.

20. Col. pecila nob. (pl. xxxvii. f. 51, 52.)

Col. testa ovata, utrinque subacuminata, transversim striata,
fulva, lineis 2—3 transversis castaneis, maculisque albis varie-
gata; anfractibus 5—6, posticé subcoronatis, ultimo magno,
subtrigonali ; aperturd latiuscula, flexuosa, labii externi medio
subcoarctato.

Shell ovate, slightly acuminated at either end, transversely
striated, fulvous, with 2 or 8 transverse chesnut lines and
varied with white spots; volutions 5—6, posteriorly subcoro-
nated, the last large, somewhat triangular; aperture rather
broad, flexuous ; middle of the outer lip slightly contracted.

Two specimens only were brought from Matnog, by
H. Cuming.

21. Col. bidentata Menke. (pl. xxxvii. f. 53, 54.)

Col. testa oblonga, levigata, pallescente, strigis maculisque
castaneis undatis punctisve albis ornata; spire apice nigri-
cante; anfractibus 6, posticé subnodulosis, ultimo magno,
anticé transversim striato; apertura latiuscula, labio externo
extus striato, interno denticulis externis 8—9, internis 2—3 ;
canali latiusculo.

Shell oblong, smooth, pale ornamented with chesnut spots,
and wavy streaks and white dots; apex of the spire blackish ;
volutions six, slightly nodular posteriorly, the last large,
transversely striated in front; aperture rather broad; outer
lip striated externally ; inner lip with 8 or 9 small teeth on
the outer edge, and 2 or 3 on the inner edge, and a pale vio-
laceous spot in the middle; canal rather broad.

A very graceful species, brought lately from the Swan River.

22. Col. flavida Lam. (pl. xxxvii, f. 55, 56, 57.) Bue.
flavum Brug.

Col. testa oblonga, levi, aurantiaca, albo-maculata et punc-
tata; spira producta, sub-mucronata, anfractibus 7—8, sub-
cylindraceis, posticé propé suturam maculis albis ornata,
ultimo anticé transversim sulcato, medio punctulis albis
adsperso; sutura validé; apertura longitudinali, breviuscula,
intus rosea vel purpurea, flexuosa, labio externo varice crasso
instructo, extus costellis transversis medianis, margine flexuoso
tenuiusculo, acutiusculo intis denticulato; labio interno la-~

119

mellam levatam columellarem efformante; canali_brevi,
reflexo.

Shell oblong, smooth, orange coloured with white spots
and dots; spire produced, sub-mucronated ; volutions 7—8,
sub-cylindrical, posteriorly spotted with white near the suture ;
last volutiontransversely grooved in front, sprinkled with white
dots in the middle suture distinct; aperture longitudinal,
rather short, flexuous, rose coloured or purplish within ;
outer lip thickly varicose, with little transverse ridges toward
the middle externally, its margin flexuous, rather thin and
sharp, denticulated within ; edge of the columellar lip slightly
raised ; canal short, reflected.

A common and variable species, particularly initscolouring.
Its epidermis is rather rough. We have figured several
varietes. By mistake this has been called C. semipunctata
in my work on the Genera of Shells.

23. Col. semipunctata. Lam. (pl. xxxvii. f. 58 — 61.)
Buccm. punctatum Brug.

Col. testa ovato-turbinata, levi, castanea, albo maculata,
spira brevi, mucronata, anfractibus 7—~-8, brevibus, albo-
castaneoque articulatis, ultimo magno, versus anticam partem
attenuato, posticé castaneo-alboque articulato, mediané casta-
neo albidoque punctulato, anticé transversimsulcato ; apertura
elongata, sub-flexuosa, posticé canalem angustam instruct,
intus violascente ; labio externo extus crasso, margine antico
tenuiusculo, extus transversim striato; labio interno anticé
laminam levatam columellarem instructo; canali_brevi,
reflexo.

Shell ovate turbinated, smooth, chestnut coloured with
white spots; spire short, mucronated; volutions 7 — 8,
short, alternately white and chesnut spotted, the last large,
anteriorly attenuated, posteriorly alternately white and chest-
nut spotted, chestnut in the middle, with white dots, ante-
riorly transversely grooved; aperture elongated, sub-flexuous,
posteriorly with a narrow canal, violaceous within ; outer lip
externally thick, its anterior margin thin, outwardly trans-
versely striated; columellar lip slightly raised anteriorly ;
canal short, reflected.

This species also varies much in its colouring; we have a
specimen quite white.

Philippine Islands, H. Cuming.

24. Col. Tringa. nod. (pl. xxxvii. f. 62.) Mitra Lam.

Col. testa oblonga, levi, alba, maculis inzqualibus, angu-
laribus, ferrugineispicta, apice acuminato; spira sub-clongata,

120

anfractibus 8—9, ultimo anticé transversim sulcato ; apertura.
longitudinali, sub-flexuosi; labii externi crassi margine
antico tenuiusculo ; labio interno lamellam levatam colum-
ellarem instructo; canali brevi, sub-reflexo.

Shell oblong, smooth, white, with unequal angular rusty
spots, apex acuminated; spire rather elongated, volutions
8—9, the last transversely sulcated in front; aperture longi-
tudinal, sub-flexuous ; anterior edge of the thickened outer
lip rather thin; edge of the columellar lip slightly raised
anteriorly ; canal short, somewhat reflected.

Very nearly related to Col. flavida. It appears to be
very rare as we have only seen two specimens in Mr.
Cuming’s collection. Lamarck says it is found in the Medi-
teranean. We suspect it belongs to the South Seas.

25. Col. obtusa. Sow. (pl. xxxvii, f. 63, 64.) Z. P. ii.
p- 117.

Col. testé oblonga, sub-cylindricaé, levi; anfractibus 8,
albicantis, castaneo-maculatis, maculis angulatis, sub-trapezi-
formibus ; anfractu ultimo ad basin sulcato.

Shell oblong, sub-cylindrical, smooth ; volutions 8, whitish,
with angular, somewhat trapeziform chestnut spots; last
volution grooved at the anterior part; apex obtuse.

Found at Huaheine, one of the Society Islands, H.
Cuming.

26. Col. splendidula, nod. (pl. xxxvii. f. 65. 66.)

Col. testé oblonga, levi, aurantiaca, maculis albis castaneis-
que variegata ; spira breviuscula, sub-acuminata, anfractibus
7-8, brevibus, ultimo magno, anticé transversim striato;
apertura sub-flexuosa, alba, labio externo extus varicoso,
margine tenuiusculo; labio interno anticé laminam levatam
columellarem instructo: canali brevi, sub-reflexo.

Shell oblong, smooth, orange coloured, varied with white
and chestnut marks; spire rather short, slightly acuminated ;
volutions 7—8, short, the last large and transversely striated
anteriorly; aperture sub-flexuous, white; outer lip exter-
nally varicose, with a thin edge, inner lip with a slightly
raised lamina anteriorly ; canal short, slightly reflected.

Found in coarse sand, at a depth of seven fathoms, near
the Island of Corrigedor, Bay of Manilla, by H. Cuming.

27. Col. ovulata Lam. (pl. xxxvii. f. 67, 68, 69.)

Col. testa ovato-oblonga, levi, transversim tenerrimé striata,
vel ferruginea, vel castanea, vel nigra maculis albis irregul-
aribus sparsis ornaté; spira brevi, mucronata; anfractibus

121

7—8, ultimo maximo, anticé attenuato, transversim striato;
labio externo extis incrassato, margine tenui, intus denticulis
3 vel 4 medianis ; labio interno laminam sub-levatam columel-
larem efformante; apertura elongata, sub-flexuosa; canali
brevi, latiusculo, sub-reflexo.

Shell oblong-ovate, smooth, very finely striated transversely,
of a rusty or chesnut or black coloured, sprinkled with whitish
irregular spots; spire short, mucronated ; volutions 7—8, the
last very large, attenuated anteriorly and transversely striated,
outer lip externally thickened, its edge thin, with 3 or 4 small
teeth in the middle within; inner lip with a slightly elevated
columellar lamina; aperture elongated, sub-flexuous; canal
short, rather broad and slightly recurved.

28. Col. obscura. Nod. (pl. xxxvii. f. 70, 71.)

Col. testa oblonga, levi, obscuré fulva, strigis longitudin-
alibus nigris, spira sub-acuminata, anfractibus 7, posticé albo-
nigroque articulatis, ultimo anticé transversim sulcato; labio
externo sub-incrassato, margine acutiusculo, intus mediané
dentibus 3—4 obsoletis; interno anticé laminam levatam
collumellarem efformante ; canali brevi sub-reflexo

Shell oblong, smooth, of a dull fulvous colour, with irregular
longitudinal black stripes; spire slightly acuminated; volutions
7, posteriorly alternately white and black spotted, the last
transversely striated anteriorly ; outer lip slightly thickened,
with a sharpish edge and with 3 to 4 obsolete teeth in the
middle within; inner lip and canal-like C. ovulata.

North West coast of New Holland, Mr.Cuming’s Collection.

29. Col. nitidula. Sow. Genera. Lam. (pl. xl. f. 162.)

Col. testa ovato-oblonga, levi, nitida, albicante, brunneo-
marmorata, spira ad apicem acutiuscula, anfractibus 6,
pauxillulum ventricosis, ultimo maximo, 3/4 longitudinis
testee equante; apertura elongata, sinuosd, angustiori,
dentibus internis labii externi circa 12, interstitiis nigri-
cantibus.

Shell oblong-ovate, smooth, shining, whitish marbled with
brown; spire rather sharp at the apex, with six very slightly
ventricose volutions, the last of which is very large and equal
in length to 3/4 of the shell; aperture elongated, sinuous,
rather narrow ; internal teeth of the outer lip about 12, with
blackish interstices.

This very common species is the Buccm. nitidulum Lin.
and the Columbella nitida Lam. Linné has confounded our

122

Col. concinna with it. From Nevis and other West Indian
Islands.

30. Col. marmorata Gray in Beechey p. 129. pl. xxxvi.
f. 129. (pl. xxxvii. f. 72, 73.)

Col. testa oblonga, utrinquesub-acuminata, levi, ferruginea,
albo-maculata et punctaté; spira sub-mucronata, anfractibus
7---8, ultimo transversim striato, labio externo sub-incrassato,
intus denticulis 8---9; labio interno anticé laminam col-
umellarem sub-obsoletam instructo; canali brevi, subreflexo.

Shell oblong, slightly acuminated at either extremity,
smooth, rust coloured, dotted and spotted with white; spire
slightly mucronated, volutions 7---8, the last transversely
striated, outer lip somewhat thickened with 8 or 9 small teeth
within, inner lip with a slight columellar lamina; canal short
sub-reflected.

Found on the reefs at the Island of Capul, H. Cuming.

81. Col. Philippinarum Reeve. (pl. xxxvii. f. 74, 75, 76.)

Col. testa ovato-turbinata, levi, alba, nigro-undatim vari-
egatd, spira brevitér conica, anfractibus 7, ultimo maximo,
posticé rotundato-angulato, anticé conico, basi transversim
striato; labii externi medio crassiusculo, denticulato, labio
interno laminam_ sub-levatam columellarem efformante;
canali reflexo. :

Shell ovate, turbinated, smooth, white, varied with waved
black marks; spire short, conical, volutions 7, the last very
large, rounded angular posteriorly, conical anteriorly, base
transversely striated ; middle of the outer lip thickish, denti-
culated, inner lip forming a slightly elevated columellar
laminar; canal reflected.

Several varieties were found at Puteao, in the Island of
Lusgon, by H. Cuming. It may be the Col. epamella of
Duclos, but we gladly avail ourselves of Mr. Reeve’s name in
preference to the nonsense name given by Duclos.

32. Col. corniformis nob. (pl. xxxvil. f. 77, 78.)

‘Col. testa ovato-turbinata, levi, pallida, coloribus variis
pictaé; spira brevitér conica, anfractibus 7, primis sex medio
obtusé angulato, marginibus prope suturam levatiusculis ;
ultimo anfractu magno, elongato-conico, anticé transversim
striato; labio externo tenuiusculo, intus denticulis plurimis ;
canali sub-reflexo.

Shell ovate, turbinated, smooth, pale, ornamented with

123

various coloured markings; spire short, conical, volutions 7,
the 6 first obtusely angular in the middle, their edges near the
suture slightly raised ; the last volution large, of a lengthened
conical form, and transversely striated anteriorly; outer lip
rather thin, with many small teeth within; canal slightly
reflected. In Mr. Cuming’s collection.

33. Col. aspersa; nob. (pl. xxxvii. f. 79, 80.)

Col. testa oblongo-ovata, levi, alba, castaneo-reticulata et
maculata, spira sub-acuminata, apice obtuso, anfractibus 6,
posticé rotundatis, ultimo anticé transversé obsoleté striato,
apertura latiuscula, flexuosa, labio externo intus mediané
tuberculato, denticulis obsoletis, margine levigato; canali
latiusculo, brevi.

Shell oblong-ovate, smooth, white, reticulated and spotted
with chesnut colour; spire slightly acuminated with an obtuse
apex; volutions six, posteriorly rounded, the last obsoletely
transversely striated anteriorly ; aperture rather broad flexu-
ous; outer lip tubercular in the middle within, the tubercle
rather elongated, with obsolete teeth ; margin smooth; canal
rather broad, short.

Two specimens are in Mr. Cuming’s and one in Lady
Harvey’s collection, locality unknown.

34. Col. albina Kiener (pl. xxxviii. f. 81, 82.)

Col. testa oblongo-acuminata, levi, albida, coloribus variis
ornata; spira elongatiuscula, anfractibus 9, breviusculis, sub-
cylindraceis, ultimo magno, ante suturam tumidiusculo, posticé
nonnunquam sub-tuberculifero; apertura breviuscula, lati-
uscula ; labio externo sub-incrassato, intus denticulato ; canali
brevi, lato.

Shell oblong, acuminated, smooth, whitish, ornamented
with various colours, spire rather lengthened; volutions 9,
rather short, sub-scylindrical, the last large, slightly tumid in
front of the suture, sometimes slightly tuberculiferous behind;
aperture rather short and broad; outer lip somewhat thick-
ened, denticulated within ; canal short, broad.

Found by Mr. Cuming at Puerto-galero, Isle of Mindoro,

35. Col. Ligula Ducl. (pl. xxxviii, f. 83, 84, 85.)

Col. testé oblonga, acuminata, levi, albida, coloribus variis
fasciatim picté; spira elongata, turrita, anfractibus 8—9,
sub-ventricosis, nitidis, ultimo magno; labio externo extus
crassiusculo, variciforme, intus denticulato ; labio interno an-
tice Jaminam levatam columellarem efformante,intis denti-
culis rugosiusculo. Q

124

Sheli oblong, acuminated, smooth, whitish, banded with
various colours; spire elongated, turreted, volutions 8—9,
slightly ventricose, shining, the last large ; outer lip thickened
externally, variciform, denticulated within ; inner lip forming
an elevated columellar lamina in front; rather rough within
with small teeth, Found by Mr. Cuming at Ticao.

36. Col. Fabula, nod. (pl. xxxviii, f. 86, 87.) C. Pado-
nosta Ducl.

Col. testa ovata, levi, pallida, coloribus obscuris variis
picta, spira acuminata, conica, apice acuto, anfractibus 6—7,
margine suturali levatiusculo: ultimo magno, anticé trans-
versim striato; apertura lata, labio externo tenuiusculo, pos-
ticé sub-emarginato, intis in mediam sub-tumido, denticu-
lato, canali lato.

Shell ovate, smooth, pale, varied with dull colours; spire
acuminated, conical, its apex acute ; volutions 6—7, with the
sutural edge slightly raised; the last volution large, trans-
versely striated in front ; aperture broad, outer lip rather thin,
slightly notched behind and somewhat tumid and denticulated
within in the middle; canal broad.

A variety has been found under stones in the Bay of Muerte
Island of Corrigedor by Mr. Cuming.

37. Col. Tyleri, Gray, in Griffith’s Cuvier. (pl. xxxviii,
f. 88, 89.) C. Palmerina Duclos.

Col. testa ovato-oblonga, levi, alba, nigro-reticulata ; spira
acuminata, anfractibus 7, ventricosiusculis, ultimo magno,
gibboso, anticé transversim striato; apertura latiuscula, labio
externo sub-incrassato, intts denticulis paucis instructo ;
labio interno laminam columellarem sub-levatam anticé effor-
mante; canali brevi, lato, sub-reflexo.

Shell oblong, ovate, smooth, white, reticulated with black,
spire acuminated, volutions 7, slightly ventricose, the last
large, gibbous, transversely striated in front; aperture rather
broad, outer lip somewhat thickened, with a few internal
teeth ; inner lip forming a slightly elevated anterior columel-
lar lamina; canal short, broad, slightly reflected.

38. Col.Pardalina, Lam. (pl. xxxviii, f. 90, 91, 92.)

Col. testa ovata, levi, albé maculis reteformibus nigris
ornata, spira breviuscula, anfractibus 6—7, brevibus, ultimo
magno, anticé transversim striato; labio externo crasso, extus
transversim striato, intts in mediam tumido denticulato ;
apertura angustiori, flexuosa, labio interno tenui, supra colum<
ellam anticé levato; canali brevi, lato.

125

Shell ovate, smooth, white, reticulated with black, spire
rather short, volutions 6—7, short, the last large, trans-
versely striated in front, outer lip thick, transversely striated
externally, tumid and denticulated in the middle within ; aper-
ture rather narrow, flexuous, inner lip thin, raised upon the
columella in front: canal short, broad.

Brought from the Island of Guimaras and from Ticao, by
H. Cuming.

39. Col. Vulpecula, nod. (pl. xxxviii, f. 93.)

Col. testa ovata, crassa, levi, albida, ferrugineo marmorata ;
spira sub-acuminata, anfractibus 6—7, ultimo magno, leviter
transversim striato, anticé striis validioribus ; labio externo
crasso, extus transversim striato, intus in mediam tumido,
denticulato ; apertura flexuosa, canali lato, brevi.

Shell ovate, thick, smooth, whitish, marbled with rust
colour; spire slightly acuminated, volutions 6—7, the last
large, slightly transversely striated, the anterior striz more
distinct ; outer lip thick, transversely striated externally, tumid
and denticulated in the middle within; aperture flexuous,
canal broad, short.

40. Col. fulgurans, Lam. (pl. xxxviii, f. 94, 95, 96.)

Col. testa ovata, crassa, levi, nigra, strigis albis vel punc-
tulis ornata; spira breviuscula, acuminata, anfractibus 8—9,
sub-convexis, ultimo magno, propé suturam validam rotun-
dato, apertura sinuosa, callo interno denticulato labii externi
prominente ; canali brevissimo.

Shell ovate, thick, smooth, black, with white streaks or
dots ; spire rather short, acuminated; volutions 8—9, rather
convex, the last large and rounded near the distinct suture ;
aperture sinuous, internal denticulated callus of the outer lip
prominent; canal very short. It is sometimes of an orange
colour with white spots and streaks.

Found under stones at low water on the Island of Guimaras,
and in many other places in India.

It will be observed that we have considered Lamarck’s
Columbella fulgurans and punctata as mere varieties of one
species: we have represented both.

41. Col. flexuosa. (pl. xxxvii, f. 97.) Buccm. flexuo-
sum, Lam. Kiener, Buccm, p. 44.

Col. testé oblonga, crassa, levi, albicante, lincis flexuosis,
longitudinalibus castaneis picta; spiré acuminata, anfractibus
7, serie unica tuberculorum instructis; apertura ovato-

126

oblonga, intus alba; labii externi denticulis internis paucis,
distantibus.

Shell oblong, thick, smooth, whitish, with longitudinal
chesnut coloured flexuous lines; spire acuminated, volutions
7, furnished with a single row of small tubercles; aperture
oblong-ovate, white within, internal teeth of the outer lip few
and distant.

Kiener’s French description and his figure do not agree, but
his figure accords with the character given by Lamarck, who
does not mention any tubercles, nevertheless, the only speci-
men we have seen, and which was obtained by Mr. Cuming,
from Lamarck’s collection,’ possesses these tubercles, and in
other respects accords with Lamarck’s character: we judgefrom
these circumstances, that there are two varieties, one with
tubercles, and the other without.

42. Col. Terpsichore, Leathes. (pl. xxxvili, f. 98, 99.)

Col. testa oblonga, crassiuscula, costellata, albicante, maculis
strigilisque fuscis concinné ornata, spira pyramidali, sub-acu-
minatd, apice obtusiusculo; anfractibus 6, levibus, primis
longitudinaliter costellatis, ultimo primum costellato, deinde
levigato, postice tuberculis parvis instructo, ad basin spira-
liter tenuiter sulcato; apertura latiusula, labio externo intus
tantum denticulato, (nullo modo tumido) rugis ad basin colu-
melle parvis.

Shell oblong, thickish, with little ribs, whitish with little
specks and streaks of fuscous ; spire pyramidal sub-acumi-
nated, its apex rather obtuse: volutions 6, smooth, the first
longitudinally costellated, the last costellated at its commence-
ment, then smooth and furnished posteriorly with small tuber-
cles, slightly transversely grooved in front; aperture rather
broad, outer lip only denticulatcd, (not tumid) within; rugosities
at the base of the columella small.

From Nevis, W. Indies, H. Cuming.

43. Col. Boivinii, Kiener. (pl. xxxviii, f. 100.)

Col. testé ovata, crassd, levi, nigra, albo-guttatd; apice
acuminato, anfractibus 6—7, brevibus, tribus ultimis posticé
tuberculatis ; ultimi magni parte ventrali nonnunquam rugis
nonnullis instructo ; apertura latiuscula, posticé angulata, intus
alba; margine interno labii externi fusco, denticulato.

Shell ovate, thick, smooth, black, dotted with white; apex
acuminated, volutions 6—7, short, the three last posteriorly
tuberculated; the ventral part of the last, which is large, is
sometimes furnished with a few wrinkles; aperture rather

127

broad, angulated posteriorly, white within; inner margin of
the outer lip fuscous, denticulated. From the Gulf of
Nocoiya, Central America, R. B. Hinds, Esq.

44, Col. corniculata (pl. xxxviil. f. 101, 102.) Bucc.
corniculatum Lamarck, Kiener; Bucem. Linnei Payrad.

Col. testA oblongo-conicé, angusta, levi, nitida, pallida,
varié maculata et strigataé, apice acuminato; anfractibus 8,
planulatis, connatis; apertura brevi, latiuscula, plerumque

‘ aurantiaca, labio externo sub-incrassato, intus denticulato,
denticulis medianis majoribus, canali brevissimo.

Shell oblong, conical, narrow, smooth, shining, pale coloured,
variously spotted and streaked; apex acuminated ; volutions
8, flat-sided, lying close at the sutures; aperture short, rather
broad, generally orange coloured, outer lip somewhat thickened,
denticulated within, the middle teeth being the largest ; canal
very short.

This species which is the Buccm. corniculatum of Lamarck
and Kiener, has been named Bucem. Linnei by Payradeau.
It is a common species in the Mediterranean and very
variable in its colouring.

45. Col. semiconvexa. (pl. xxxviii. f. 103, 104.) Buccm.
Lam.

Col. testa ovato-subulata, crassiuscula, levi, pallida, strigis
irregularibus castaneis ornata, spira acuminata, anfractibus
8, sub-planulatis; apertura brevi latiuscula, anticé effusa,
labio externo intus sub-incrassato, denticulato: anfractu
ultimo anticé transversim striato.

Shell ovate-subulate, thickish, smooth, pale with irregular
chestnut stripes, spire acuminated, volutions 8, flattish;
aperture short, rather broad, anteriorly effuse; outer lip some-
what thickened within, denticulated ; last volution transversely
striated in front.

From Port Lincoln, Australia, Lamarck and Kiener have
placed it with the Buccina; it varies much in size and col-
ouring, and approximates in general character to Col. corni-
culata (B. Linnei Payr.)

46. Col. Zebra Gray (pl. xxxviii. f. 105.)

Col. testa oblonga, pyramidali, levi, pallida, castaneo-stri-
gilata, spira subacuminata, anfractibus 6, subconvexis, apice
obtusiusculo ; apertura lata, labio externo intus subincrassato,
denticulis paucis, distantibus.

Shell oblong, pyramidal, smooth, pale, streaked with chestnut

128

colour; spire somewhat acuminated, volutions 6, rather con-
vex, apex rather obtuse; aperture broad, outer lip slightly
thickened within, with a few small distant teeth.

New Zealand; all the specimens we have seen are pierced
and have formed a necklace.

47. Col. fasciata Sow. (pl. xxxviii. f. 106, 107.) Tank.
Cat. No. 2014. App. p. xxv.

Col. testé oblonga, levi, apice obtuso, basi transversé sul-
cata; anfractibus albido fulvoque variegatis, posticé albis ;
sutura valida, sulco sub-obsoleto propé suturam; columella
leviuscula.

This species is first described in the Catalogue of the
Tankerville Collection. On a ticket in Mr. Budgin’s hand
writing it was called “The white banded and variegated large
Olive-nut, from the East Indies; V. fasciata.”’? The speci-
men is in the British Museum, and Mr. Cuming possesses a
single specimen of a variety with a few nearly obsolete tu-
bercles toward the posterior part of the last volution. The
aperture is large and wide.

Shell oblong, smooth, apex obtuse, base transversely sul-
cated, volutions varied with whitish and chestnut, white pos-
teriorly ; suture distinct; a somewhat obsolete groove pos-
teriorly near the suture ; columella nearly smooth.

48. Col. concinna Sow. Genera. (pl. xxxviii. f. 108,
109.), Bucem. levigatum Lam.

Col. testa oblonga, albicante, punctulis strigisve fulvis et
plerumque vitta spirali mediana albo-nigroque articulata
ornata; spira pyramidali, apice acuminato, etate obtuso;
anfractibus 5—7, ventricosiusculis, ultimo maximo posticé
sub-angulato, propé suturam albo strigis fulvis interrupto ;
apertura magna, lata, labio externo intus denticulato.

Shell oblong, whitish, with fulvous dots and streaks and
generally ornamented with a white and black spotted middle
spiral band, spire pyramidal, apex acuminated, (obtuse with
age.) Volutions 5—7, rather ventricose, the last very large
and slightly angular posteriorly, white interrupted by fulvous
streaks near the suture; aperture large, broad, outer lip den-
ticulated within.

49. Col. avara, Say. (pl. xxxviii. f. 110.)

Col. testa ovato-oblonga, fuscescente; spira acuminata,
anfractibus 6, convexiusculis, longitudinaliter costatis, inter-
stitlis creberrimé decussatis, ultimoantice transversim striato ;

Siw

129°

apertura lata, déenticulis internis labii externi paucis, distan-
tibus: labio interno laminam sub-levatam efformante, margine
interno denticulato.

Shell oblong-ovate, fuscous, spire acuminated, volutions 6,
rather convex, longitudinally ribbed, with the interstices very
delicately decussated; the last volution transversely striated
in front; aperture wide, small internal teeth of the outer
lip few, and distant; inner lip forming a slightly elevated
lamina, its inner edge denticulated. Massachusets, Dr. Gould.

50. Col. Miser, nod. (pl. xxxviil, f. 111.)

Col. testa ovato-oblonga, albicante vel lutescente, spira py-
ramidali, anfractibus 6, convexiusculis anticé castaneo macu-
latis, posticis quinque longitudinaliter costatis, antico cos-
tato, sed costis dorsalibus anticé evanidis; apertura latius-
cula, subrhomboidali, dentibus internis labii externi paucis,
parvulis.

Shell oblong-ovate, whitish or yellowish, spire pyramidal,
volutions 6, rather convex, speckled with chesnut in front,
the 5 posterior volutions longitudinally ribbed, the anterior
volution ribbed, but the dorsal ribs are almost obsolete ante-
riorly, aperture rather broad, sub-rhomboidal, teeth within the
outer lip few and small.

There is a variety with nearly obsolete ribs. Locality un-
known: in Mr. Bean’s collection, and in my own.

51. Col. cribraria: Bucem. cribrarium, Lam. (pl. xxxviii.
f. 112, 113.)

Col. testa oblongo-pyramidali, laevigata, fusca, maculis,
guttulisque albidis notata ; spiré acuminata, plerumque de-
collataé ; anfractibus 7—8, ultimo spiraliter striato ad basin;
apertura albicante, dentibus internis peritrematis superioribus
majusculis.

Shell oblong, pyramidal, smooth, fuscous, speckled, and
spotted with whitish ; spire acuminated, generally decollated,
volutions 7—8, the last spirally striated at the base ; aper-
ture whitish, upper teeth of the inside of the outer lip larger
than the rest.

Very common at Panama, under stones, H. Cuming. It
has long been well known, but we have described it by the
name of Col. guttata in Zool. Proc, i. p. 118.

52. Col. dichroa, nob. (pl. xl, f. 168, 169.)
Col. testa oblongo-sub-pyramidali, levigata, alba, casta-

130

neo sphacelata, apice obtuso, anfractibus quinque, apertura
lata.
Shell oblong, somewhat pyramidal, smooth, white with
chesnut patches, apex obtuse; volutions 5, aperture broad.
St. Vincents, Rev. L. Guilding, in my own collection.

53. Col. rugosa Sow. (pl. xxxviii. f. 114,115.) Z. P. ii.
p. 115.

Col. testa oblonga, medio gibbosula; epidermide fusca,
spirée apice plerumque eroso ; anfractibus 7, longitudinaliter
costato-rugosis ; ultimo infra spiraliter costato, superné longi-
tudinaliter costato, costis omnibus superné unituberculatis ;
apertura sub-aperta.

Shell oblong, rather gibbous in the middle ; with a fuscous
epidermis, apex of the spire generally eroded; volutions 7,
longitudinally ribbed or wrinkled, the last transversely ribbed
in front and longitudinally ribbed posteriorly; all the ribs
posteriorly tuberculated ; aperture rather wide.

Found under stones at Panama and Xipixapi, H. Cuming.

54. Col. varia Sow. (pl. xxxix. f. 116, 117.) Z. P.ii. p. 116.

Col. testa oblonga, decussato-costataé, apicé acuminato ;
anfractibus 8—9 fuscis, albido variegatis, longitudinaliter cos-
tatis, interstitiis costarum sulcatis ; apertura sub-ovali; labii
externi extus incrassati margine superné emarginato.

Shell oblong, cross-ribbed, apex acuminated, volutions
8—9, fuscous varied with whitish, longitudinally ribbed, inter-
stices of the ribs grooved; aperture nearly oval; outer lip
thickened externally ; its edge posteriorly emarginated.

The ribs cease a little below the middle of the last volution.

Found under stones at Panama, H. Cuming.

55. Col. scalarina Sow. (pl. xxxix. f. 118.) Z. P. ii. p. 116.

Col. testa ovata, longitudinaliter costata, spira pyramidali,
anfractibus 6—7, superné contabulatis, longitudinaliter cos-
tatis, interstitiis costarum decussatis, costis ad basin continuis;
apertura coarctata, superné emarginata; peritremate intus
denticulato; denticulis superioribus majoribus.

Shell ovate, logitudinally ribbed, spire pyramidal, volutions
6—7, flattened posteriorly, longitudinally ribbed, interstices
of the ribs crossed; ribs coutinued on the base; aperture
contracted, posteriorly emarginated; peritreme denticulated
within, posterior teeth the larger.

Found under stones at Panama and Chiriqui, H, Cuming,

131

56. Col. lactea, (pl. xxxix. f. 119, 120.) Bucc. lacteum
Kiener.

Col. testa ovato-oblonga, nitida, pallescente, spira brevius-
cula, acuminata, anfractibus 6—7, convexiusculis, levigatis,
ultimo magno; labio externo extus incrassato, apertura lati-
uscula, canali brevi, paululum levato.

Shell oblong-ovate, shining, whitish, spire rather short,
acuminated, volutions 6—7, somewhat convex, smooth; the
last large, outer lip thickened; aperture rather broad, canal
short, slightly raised.

57. Col. pulchella, nod. (pl. xxxix, f. 121, 122.) Buccm.
pulchellum, Hiener.

Col. testa oblongo-pyramidali, albicante, fulvo marmorata,
spira acuminata, anfractibus 7, convexiusculis, longitudinaliter
costellatis, decussatim striatis; apertura latiuscula, dentibus
internis labil externi obsoletis.

Shell oblong, pyramidal, whitish marbled with fulvous, spire
acuminated, volutions 7, rather convex, longitudinally ribbed,
decussately striated; aperture rather broad, teeth within the
outer lip obsolete.

This is the Bucem Triticum of Solanders manuscripts; he
gives Caffraria as its locality.

58. Col. dermestoides. (pl. xxxix, f. 123.) Buccm. der-
mestoides, Kiener.

Col. testa oblongo-pyramidali, levi, nitida, fulva, fasciis ma-
culisque albicantibus ornata; spira acuminata, anfractibus 6,
sub-planulatis ; apertura latiuscula.

Shell oblong, pyramidal, smooth, shining, fulvous, with
whitish bands and spots, spire acuminated, volutions 6,
flattish ; aperture rather broad.

West Indies, Mr. Cuming’s collection,

59. Col. guttata, nod. (pl. xxxix. f. 124.)

Col. testa oblonga, levi, castanea, albo-guttata, apice obtuso,
violaceo, spiré longiuscula, anfractibus 5, sub-planulatis,
ultimo magno, apertura magna, lata, dentibus internis
labii externi irregularibus ; labio columellari dento unico
postico.

Shell oblong, smooth, chesnut-coloured, spotted with white,
apex obtuse, violaceous ; spire rather lengthened, volutions
5, rather flat, the last large; aperture large, wide, teeth

R

132

within the outer lip irregular; columellar lip with a single
posterior tooth.
In Mr. Norris’s and Mr. Stainforth’s collections.

60. Col. jaspidea, nod. (pl. xxxix, f. 125.)

Col. testa oblonga, pyramidali, levigata, albicante, fulvo-
marmorata, apice acuminato, roseo, anfractibus 7, costellatis,
tenuissimé decussatim striatis, costellis ultimi anfractds anticé
obsoletis, apertura latiuscula, labio externo extis incrassato,
intus denticulis nonnullis munito, dente unico anticé prope
canalem admoto; labio columellari anticé tuberculum oblon-
gum instructo.

Shell oblong, pyramidal, smooth, whitish, marbled with
fulvous, apex acuminated, rosy; volutions 7, with small lon-
gitudinal ribs, very finely decussately striated, ribs of the
last volution obsolete anteriorly ; aperture rather wide,
outer lip thickened externally, with a few small teeth
within, and with a single tooth placed near the canal;
columellar lip furnished with an oblong tubercle in front.

Found under stones at low water, on the Island of Ticao,
Mr. Cuming.

61. Col. achatina. nod. (pl. xxxix. f. 126.)

Col. testa oblongo-turrita, levi, pallida, brunneo-marmo-
rata; apice decollato; anfractibus 6, convexiusculis, ultimo
majori, anticé sulcato, sulcis paucis, inconspicuis; apertura
brevi, latiuscula, intus violascente, labio externo anticé
effuso.

Shell oblong-turreted, smooth, pale, marbled with brown,
apex decollated; volutions 6, rather convex, the last large,
grooved anteriorly, with few and inconspicuous grooves ;
aperture short, rather wide, violaceous within; outer lip

effuse in front.
From Swan River, Mr. Cuming’s collection.

62. Col. impolita. nobis. (pl. xxxix. f. 127.)

Col. testé oblonga sub-turrita, levi, obscura, fulvescente,
fascia. spirali unica albida; anfractibus 7, sub-planulatis ;
apertura breviuscula, sinuosa, denticulis internis labii externi
paucis, prominentibus, labio columellari anticé paululum
levato.

Shell oblong, sub-turreted, smooth, dull, fulvous, with a
single whitish spiral band; volutions 7, flattish; aperture

5,

133

rather short, sinuous; internal teeth of the outer lip few and
prominent: columellar lip slightly raised in front.
Mr. Cuming’s collection.

63. Col. buccinoides. Sow. (pl. xxxix. f. 128.) Z. P.
Part ii. 1832, p. 114.

Col. testa oblonga, levi, piceo-nigra, propé suturas pallideé
maculata; spird acuminata; anfractibus 8, ultimo anticé
spiraliter striato; labio externo extus sub-incrassato, intus
obsoleté denticulato, margine superiori sub-emarginata;
canali brevissimo.

Shell oblong, smooth, pitch black with pale spots near the
sutures; spire acuminated; volutions 8, the last spirally
striated anteriorly; outer lip rather thickened externally,
obsoletely toothed within, its upper margin slightly notched,
canal very short. Found under stones at low water at Ancon,
Peru.

Col. buccinoides of Lesson, published in 1842, is quite
distinct from this.

64. Col. unicolor. Sow. Z. P. ii. 119. (pl. xxxix. f. 129.)

Col. testa ovata, medio ventricosa, castanea; anfractibus 5,
levibus; sutura profundiuscula ; apertura latiuscula, ad basin
sub-effusa ; canali brevissimo; labio externo extis incrassato,
intus denticulis obsoletiusculis nonnullis.

Shell ovate, ventricose in the middle, chestnut colour ;
volutions 5, smooth, suture rather deep; aperture rather
broad, sub-effuse anteriorly; canal very short; outer lip
thickened externally, with a few obsolete teeth within.

Found at the Gallapagos Islands, H. Cuming ,

65. Col. unifasciata. Sow. (pl. xxxix. f. 130.) Z. P.
Part ii. p. 114. C. unizonalis, Gray in Beechey.

Col. testa oblongo-pyramidali, levi, castaneo-nigricante ;
anfractibus 6, medio spiraliter albido-unifasciatis ; apertura
breviuscula, labio externo intus denticulis nonnullis in-
structo.

Shell oblong, pyramidal, smooth, chestnut black, volutions
6, with a whitish spiral bandin the middle; aperture rather
short, outer lip with a few small teeth within.

Found under stones at low water, at Valparaiso, H.
Cuming.

66. Col. rugulosa. nodis. (pl. xxxix. f. 131.)
Col. testa obovata, rugulosa, crassa, violaceo-nigricante, fas-

134

cid antica maculisque parvis albidis ornata; anfractibus 5, longi-
tudinaliter costatis, tenuitér decussatim striatis, striis anticis
fortioribus ; apertura latiuscula, dentibus internis labii externi
paucis, majusculis.

Shell obovate, rugulose, thick, of a violaceous black, with
an anterior band and very small dots of a whitish colour; vo-
lutions 5, longitudinally ribbed, delicately decussately stri-
ated, anterior cross-strie stronger than the rest; aperture
rather broad, internal teeth of the outer lip few, rather large.

Gallapagos Islands, H. Cuming.

67. Col. atramentaria. nod. (pl. xl. f. 174.)

Col. testa ovato-acuminata, crassA, medio vextricosa, trans-
versim striata, nigra, anfractibus 5---6, tenuitér longitu-
dinaliter costatis; apertura lata, labio externo incrassato,
interne denticulis sub-inconspicuis.

Shell ovate, acuminated, thick, ventricose in the middle
transversely striated, black; volutions 5---6, with fine longi-
tudinal ribs; aperture broad, outer lip thickened, with rather
inconspicuous small teeth within.

Chatham Island, Gallapagos: G. B. Sowerby’s collection.

68. Col. Ticaonis nobis. (pl. xxxix. f. 132.)

Col. testa oblonga utraque acuminata, medio turgido; palles-
cente, castaneo-sphacelata ; anfractibus 6, transversim striatis,
suturis levatiusculis; apertura oblongd, labio externo extts
incrassato, margine tenui, denticulis internis paucis, parvulis.

Shell oblong, acuminated at either extremity, turgid in the
middle, pale, splashed with chesnut colour; volutions 6,
transversely striated; margin of the suture rather elevated ;
aperture oblong; outer lip thickened externally; its edge
thin, with a few small denticles within.

Found at a depth of 7 fathoms in sandy mud, at the
Island of Ticao. H. Cuming.

69. Col. decussata. Nodis. (pl. xxxix. f. 133.)

Col. testa oblonga, crassa, alba, fusco-marmorata; anfrac-
tibus 5, turgidiusculis, decussatim costatis, apertura oblonga,
subsinuosa, labio externo albo, crasso, posticé extus obtusé
angulato, margine externo crenato.

Shell oblong, thick, white, marbled with fuscous ; volutions
5, slightly turgid, with cross-ribs; aperture oblong, rather
sinuous; outer lip white, thick, posteriorly obtusely angular
externally ; inner edge crenated.

Australia, G. Humphrey.

135

70. Col. coronata Sow. Z. P. ii. 114. (pl. xxxix. f.134.)
Col. testa oblongo-acuminata, alba, brunneo-variegata ; an-
fractibus 7—8, levibus, ultimis tribus serie unica tuberculo-
rum mucronatorum coronatis; labio externo intus denticu-
lato. -

Shell oblong, acuminated, white varied with brown, volu-
tions 7—8, smooth, the last three crowned with a single row
of mucronated tubercles; outer lip toothed within.

This species varies much in the arrangement of its colours.

Found under stones in the Bay of Panama, H. Cuming.

71. Col. maculosa Sow. Z. P. ii. p. 116. (pl. xxxix. f. 135.)

Col. testa oblongo-subulata, albida, irregulariter fusco-macu-
lata; spira acuminato-pyramidali; anfractibus 9—10, primis
7—8 levigatis, ceteris tuberculorum serie unicd coronatis ;
ultimo serie altera adjecta ; apertura brevi, canali sub-recurvo.

Shell oblong, subulate, whitish, irregularly spotted with
fuscous ; spire acuminated, pyramidal, volutions 9—10, the
first 7 or 8 smooth, the rest crowned with a single row of
tubercles ; the last with an additional row; aperture short,
canal sub-recurved.

Dredged in sandy-mud at Guacomayo, H. Cuming.

72. Col. angularis Sow. Z. P. ii. 118. (pl. xxxix. f. 136.)

Col. testa oblongo-pyramidali, pallida, fusco-varia; spira
subulata; anfractibus 10, longitudinaliter costatis, ultimi
medio subangulato, basi reflexo; apertura sub-quadrata,
canali longiusculo, lato, peritremate extus incrassato.

Shell of an oblong pyramidal form and of a pale colour,
varied with fuscous; spire subulate; volutions ten, longitu-
dinally ribbed, with the centre of the last somewhat angular,
reflected at the base; aperture squarish; canal rather long,
broad ; peritreme thickened externally. Panama.

73. Col. turmta, Sow., Z. P. ii. p. 115. (pl. xxxix. f. 137,
138.)

Col. testa elongato-pyramidata, spira subulata; anfractibus
10, albidis, fusco-reticulatis, et propé suturam articulatis ;
apertura oblonga, superné acuminata, sub-canalifera; labio
externo incrassato; peritremate albo, sub-reflexo, intus levi ;
columellé arcuata.

Shell elongate, pyramidal, spire subulate; volutions 10,
whitish, reticulated with fuscous; and alternately whitish and
fuscous next to the suture; aperture oblong, acuminated,

136

and with a slight canal posteriorly; outer lip thickened,
peritreme white, somewhat reflected, smooth within ; columella
arched.

There is a variety of a pale colour. Bay of Montigo and
St. Elena, Central America, H. Cuming.

74. Col. elegans, Sow., Z. P., Part ii. p. 114, (pl. xxxix.
fi3 97)

Col. testa elongato-subulata, alba fusco-varia et reticulata,
epidermide tenui fulva induté; anfractibus 11—12, primis
levibus, ceteris longitudinaliter costatis, ultimo infra spira-
liter sulcato; labio externo incrassato; peritremate sub-re-
flexo, superné intis emarginato, demum dentibus nonnullis
internis ; labio interno lamellari; canali incrassato.

Shell elongated subulate, whitish varied and reticulated
with fuscous and covered with a thin fulvous epidermis;
volutions 11—12, the first smooth, the rest longitudinally
ribbed, the last transversely grooved anteriorly ; outer lip
thickened, peritreme slightly reflected, posteriorly emargi-
nated within, then with a few internal teeth ; inner lip lamel-
lar; canal thickened.

Found in sandy mud at Guacomayo, in Central America,
H. Cuming.

75. Col. dorsata, Sow. Z. P. ii. 120. (pl. xxxix. f. 140, 141.)

Col. testa oblongo-pyramidali, alba, lineis irregularibus,
flexuosis, confertis, castaneis obtecta ; anfractibus 8, levibus,
superné turgidulis ; ultimi lateribus inflatis dorso prominente ;
sutura distincté; apertura angusta, flexuosa, alba; peritre-
mate extus incrassato ; labio columellari exarato.

Shell oblong, pyramidal, white, covered with close set irre-
gular, flexuous, chestnut lines; volutions 8, smooth, some-
what turgid posteriorly, with the sides of the last inflated, and
prominent on the back; suture distinct; aperture narrow,
flexuous, white, peritreme outwardly thickened; columellar
lip eroded.

Distinguished from Col. gibberula, by its larger size,
and by the middle of the columellar lip being worn away.
Island of Muerte, Bay of Guyaquil, H. Cuming.

76. Col. gibberula Sow. Z. P. ii, 115. (pl. xxxix. f. 142, 143.)

Col. testa ovato-pyramidali; spira subulata ; anfractibus
8—9, pallidis, brunneo-nubeculatis; ultimi dorso superné
gibberulo, ad utrumque latus varicoso; apertura breviuscula ;
peritremate incrassato, expanso, intus denticulis nonnullis ;

137

labio interno superné calloso, medio arcuato; canali brevi,
reflexo.

Shell ovate, pyramidal, spire subulate; volutions 8—9,
pale clouded with brown; back of the last posteriorly
gibbous, varicose on each side; aperture rather short ; peri-
treme thickened, expanded, with a few small teeth within ;
inner lip callous posteriorly, arched in the middle; canal
short reflected.

Bay of Caraccas and Puerto Portrero; H. Cuming.

77- Col. bicanalifera, Sow. Z. P., part ii, p. 113. (pl.
Xxxix. f. 144.)

Col. testa ovato-pyramidali, apice acuto, basi spiraliter
sulcato ; anfractibus 7, superioribus longitudinaliter rugosis,
pallescentibus, fusco-variis, ultimo pallido, fusco strigato,
strigis propé suturas saturatioribus; apertura oblonga, in
canalem superné decurrente, labio externo incrassato, reflexo,
sub-flexuoso, superné acuminato.

Shell ovate, pyramidal, apex sharp, base spirally grooved,
volutions 7, upper ones longitudinally rugose, pale varied with
fuscous ; the last pale with fuscous streaks, those near the
sutures dark in colour ; aperture oblong, running into a canal
posteriorly ; outer lip thickened, reflected, slightly flexuous,
acuminated posteriorly.

Dredged in sandy mud at ten fathoms depth: Gallapagos.

78. Col. blanda. Sow. (pl. xxxix. f. 145, 146.)

Col. testa ovato-pyramidali, pallida, apice acuto, anfractibus
8, levibus, longitudinaliter undulatim fusco-lineatis, lineis
prope suturam dorsalem ultimi anfractus fortioribus ; apertura
lata, posticé acuminata, labio externo tenuiusculo, extus
turgido, intus denticulis parvis instructo, canali latiusculo.

Shell ovate-pyramidal, pale coloured; apex acute; volutions
8, smooth, with longitudinal undulated fuscous lines, those
near the dorsal suture of the last volution darkest in colour ;
aperture broad, posteriorly acuminated; outer lip rather
thin; turgid externally, with small denticles within; canal
rather wide. Africa, on the Shore, Solander.

79. Col. costellata. Sow. Z. P. ii. p. 111. (pl. xxxix.
147.)

Col. testa oblongo-pyramidali, albida, castaneo-nigricante
maculata ; spira acuminata, anfractibus 8—9, longitudinaliter
costellatis, ultimo ad basin spiraliter striato, costellis dis-
continuis.

138

Shell oblong, pyramidal, whitish, spotted with chestnut
black; spire acuminated ; volutions 8—9, longitudinally cos-
tellated ; the last spirally striated anteriorly ; ; where the ribs
are discontinued.

The ribs are rather close-set, narrow and slightly curved ;
the last six or seven not continuing more than half way from
back to front of the volution ; the remaining ribs continue
farther down.

Panama, a single specimen in H. Cuming’s collection.

80. Col. fulva. Sow. Z. P. i. p. 115. (pl. xxxix. f. 148.)

Col. testa ovato-subulata, fulva; epidermide minutissimé
reticulata induté; anfractibus 10, longitudinaliter costatis,
ultimo anticé spiraliter striato, superné longitudinaliter
costato ; aperture labio externo dentibusque internis albis.

Shell ovate-subulate, fulvous ; with a very minutely reti-
culated epidermis; volutions 10, longitudinally ribbed, the
last spirally striated anteriorly and posteriorly longitudi-
nally ribbed; outer lip and internal teeth of the aperture
white.

Found under stones at Panama, H. Cuming.

80. Col. lyrata. Sow. Z.P. Part i. p.114. (pl. xxxix.f.149.)

Col. testé oblonga, acuminata, albida, epidermide fusca
induta; anfractibus 10, longitudinaliter costatis, costis-infra
nigris ; ultimo anfractu infra spiraliter striato; superné lon-
gitudinalter costato, costis nigro-articulatis; apertura ob-
longa, breviuscula, medio coarctata, labio externo intus den-
ticulato.

Shell oblong, acuminated, whitish, covered with a fuscous
epidermis, volutions 10, longitudinally ribbed, ribs anteriorly
black; last volution spirally striated in front ; posteriorly
longitudinally ribbed, ribs alternately whitish and black,
aperture oblong, shortish, contracted in the middle; outer
lip toothed within.

Found under stones in the Bay of Panama, and at Chi-
riqui, H. Cuming.

82. Col. fluctuata.Sow. Z. P. ii. p. 115. (pl. xxxix. f. 150.)
Col. testa oblonga, alba, nigro vel castaneo-maculata et
fluctuata; epidermide fusca; spires apice plerumque eroso;
anfractibus 7, longitudinaliter costatis, ultimi costis abbre-
viatis; apertura medio coarctata; labio externo superné emar-
ginato, interno infra denticulato.
Shell oblong, whitish, spotted and undulated with chesnut

139

or black; epidermis fuscous; apex of the spire generally
eroded, volutions 7, longitudinally ribbed, the ribs of the
last volution abbreviated ; aperture contracted in the middle ;
outer lip emarginated posteriorly; inner lip denticulated
anteriorly.

Found under stones in the Gulf of Nocoiyo, H. Cuming.

83. Col. nivea. nobis. (pl. xxxix. f. 151.)

Col. testa ovato-pyramidali, crassiuscula, levi, nivea, apice
acuminato, anfractibus 8, primis 6 levigatis, penultimo lon-
gitudinaliter costellato, ultimo costato, ad partem dorsalem
anticam levi; apertura sub-angusta, sub-sinuosa, labio
externo crasso, intus sub-denticulato, labio commellari anticé
levato.

Shell ovate, pyramidal, thickish, smooth, snow-white, apex
acuminated ; volutions 8, the first 6 smooth, the last but one
longitudinally ribbed, the last with larger ribs, smooth on the
anterior part of the back; aperture rather narrow, slightly
sinuous, outer lip thick, denticulated within; inner lip elevated
anteriorly.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection.

84. Col. recurva. Sow. Z.P. ii. p.115. (pl. xl. f. 152.)

Col. testa oblonga, turrita, fulva, spira acuminato-pyrami-
dali; anfractibus 10 — 11; primis 6 longitudinaliter costatis,
ceteris serie unica tuberculorum instructis; ultimi dorso
sub-gibbo, parte inferiori transversim striata; apertura
elongata canali longiuscula recurva; labio externo reflexo,
incrassato.

Shell oblong, turreted, fulvous, spire acuminated, pyra-
midal, volutions 10—11; the six first longitudinally ribbed,
the rest furnished with a single series of tubercles, the back
of the last rather gibbous, with the anterior part transversely
striated ; aperture elongated, canal rather long and recurved ;
outer lip reflected, thickened.

Found among Coral sand in the Isle of Plata, H. Cuming.

85. Col. lanceolata, Sow. Zool. Pr. ii. p. 116. (pl. xl.
f, 153, 154, 155.)

Col. testa oblonga, turrita, albida, fulvo-varia; spira acumi-
nata, pyramidali; anfractibus 10—12, primis 6—7, levigatis,
ceteris serie unica tuberculorum instructis; ultimi dorso
subgibbo, anticé transversim striato; aperture elongate ca-
nali_ breviusculo, sub-recurvo; labio externo incrassato,
variciformi,

s

140

Shell oblong, turreted, whitish, varied with fuscous, spire
acuminated, pyramidal; volutions 10—12; the first 6 or 7
smooth, the rest furnished with a single row of tubercles ;
the back of the last volution somewhat gibbous, anteriorly
transversely striated ; aperture elongated, canal rather short,
slightly recurved ; outer lip thickened, variciform.

We have represented three varieties of this fine species.
From the Gallapagos Islands, H. Cuming.

86. Col. pulcherrima, Sow. Z. P. ii. p. 113. (pl. xl. f.
156, 157.)

Col. testa ovata, spira subulata ; anfractibus 9, primo mini-
mo, albo; 2°, 3°, 4'° et 5° nigro-rufescentibus, politis ;
6", 7°, et 8°°, concoloribus, spiraliter sulcatis; ultimo ven-
tricoso, spiraliter sulcato, albido, sulcis brunneis ; labioexterno
incrassato ; peritremate polito, intis superné emarginato,
infra denticulato; labio interno tenui, polito; canali re-
curvo.

Shell ovate, with a subulate spire; volutions 9, the first
small white, the 24, 34, 4», and 5", blackish red, shining ; the
6, 7%, 8t, of the same colour, spirally grooved; the last
ventricose, spirally grooved, whitish, with brown grooves ;
outer lip thickened, peritreme shining, emarginated poste-
riorly within, and denticulated anteriorly; inner lip thin,
shining; canal recurved.

A single specimen was found in the Gulf of Dulce, H.
Cuming.

87. Col. sub-ulata, nod, (pl. xl. f. 158, 159.)

C. testa turrito-pyramidali, levigata, albida, epidermidetenui,
cornea, pallescente induta, spira sub-ulata, anfractibus decem,
convexiusculis, primis septem lzvibus, tribus ultimis posticé
tranversim striatis, ultimo striato, posticé tumido ; apertura
sinuosa, alba, labio externo extus incrassato, intus mediané
incrassato, denticulato ; labio interno incrassato, levato ;
canali brevi reflexo.

Shell pyramidal, turreted, smooth, whitish, covered with a
thin horny, pale coloured epidermis, spire subulate, volutions
10, rather convex, the first 7 smooth, the three last posteriorly
transversely striated, the last striated and tumid posteriorly ;
aperture sinuous, white, outer lip thickened externally ; thick-
ened and denticulated within ; inner lip thickened and ele-
vated; canal short, reflected.

In Mr. Norris’s collection, locality unknown.

141

88. Col Puella, nodis. (pl. xl. f. 160, 161.)

Col. testa ovato-pyramidali, spiré acuminata, acuta, pallidé
castanea vel brunnea, variegata, anfractibus 9, longitudinaliter
costellatis, levibus, ultimo anticé transversim striato ; sutura
crenulata, alba; canali distincto, extus transversim sul-
cato; apertura oblonga, sub-rhomboidea, labio columellari
uniplicato.

Shell ovate, pyramidal, spire acuminated, acute, varied with
pale chesnut or brown; volutions 9, smooth with small lon-
gitudinal ribs, the last transversely striated in front;
suture crenulated, white; canal distinct, transversely
grooved externally ; aperture rhomboidal ; columellar lip
with one fold.

From Burias, H. Cuming; a variety nearly free from the
longitudinal ribs, occurs at Catbalonga.

89. Col. pygmeza. Sow. Z. P. i. 19. (pl. xl. f. 163.)

Col. testa ovato-oblonga, pallescente; spira acuminata ;
anfractibus 6, superioribus quinque longitudinaliter costatis,
fascia interrupta nigra; ultimo superné longitudinaliter costato,
infra spiraliter sulcato, fasciis duabus interruptis, nigris ;
apertura latiusculd; labii externi margine superné emarginata.

Shell oblong-ovate, pale coloured, spire acuminated ;

_volutions 6, the 5 first longitudinally ribbed, with an inter-
rupted black band; the last longitudinally ribbed posteriorly,
and spirally grooved anteriorly, with two black interrupted
bands; aperture rather broad: posterior margin of the outer
lip notched.

Found on dead shells at St. Elena: H. Cuming.

- 90. Col. lunata. nod. (pl. xl. f. 164.) Nassa Say; Buc-
cinum Gould.

Col. testé ovata, levi, pallidé rufo brunnescente, seriebus
duabus pallescentibus maculorum semilunatorum ornata,
apice acuminato, apertura ovali, labio externo fusco intts
denticulato.

Shell ovate, smooth, pale reddish brown, with two rows of
crescent shaped whitish spots; apex acuminated, spire conic;
a single impressed line just in front of the suture; aperture
oval with a small notch posteriorly, outer lip fuscous, denticu-
jated within. Massachusetts, Dr. Gould.

91. Col. sulcosa. Sow. Z. P. 11. 118. (pl. xl. f. 165.)
Col. testa ovato-oblonga, fulva, nigricante vel rufo-nigricante

142

lineata ; spira acuminata, anfractibus 7,longitudinaliter costatis,
decussatim spiraliter sulcatis ; cauda reflexa; apertura superné
latiori, infra canali distincté; labio externo extus incrassato,
intus denticulis 4 centralibus, internorugisbasalibus nonnullis.

Shell oblong ovate, fulvous with black or reddish black
lines; spire acuminated ; volutions 7, longitudinally ribbed
and cross-grooved; canal reflected; aperture broader pos-
teriorly, with a distinct canal anteriorly; outer lip thickened
externally with 4 central teeth within: inner lip wrinkled
in front.

From Annaa and Lord Hood’s Islands, H. Cuming.

92. Col. suffusa nod. (pl. xl. f. 166, 167.)

Col. testa oblonga, crassiuscula, albicante, maculis littur-
isque fuscis ornata, spiré acuminata, conoidali, anfractibus
6—7, longitudinaliter costatis, interstitiis costarum tenuiter
transversim striatis : apertura latiuscula.

Shell oblong, thickish, whitish, with fuscous spots and
specks; spire acuminated, conoidal ; volutions 6—7, longi-
tudinally ribbed, interstices of the ribs slightly transversely
striated ; aperture rather wide.

Pacific Ocean, Cuming. ’

83. Col. parva nod. (pl. xl. f. 170.)

Col. testa oblonga, pallida, fascia spirali castanea unica
ornata ; apice acuminato, anfractibus 6, longitudinaliter cos-
tatis, decussatim striatis, ultimo anticé propé labium externum
variciformatum levigato, supra canalem transversim striato :
apertura breviuscula, subsinuosa, labio columellari levato.

Shell oblong, pale, with a single spiral chesnut coloured
band; apex acuminated, volutions 6, longitudinally ribbed,
cross-striated, the last smooth anteriorly near the outer
variciform lip; aperture rather short, somewhat sinuous;
columellar lip raised.

Found under stones at Monte Christi, West Columbia,
H. Cuming.

94. Col. catenata nod. (pl. xl. f. 171.)

Col. testé oblonga, crassa, pallida, undulatim castaneo-
marmorata, apice acuminato, obtusiusculo, anfractibus 6, lon-
gitudinaliter costatis, jinsterstitiis levibus, ultimo anticé
transversim striato; apertura latiuscula, denticulis parvis 4
labii columellari obtusis.

Shell oblong, thick, pale, with undulated chestnut coloured
markings; apex acuminated, rather obtuse, volutions 6,

143

longitudinally ribbed; the interstices smooth; the last vo-

lution transversely striated in front, aperture rather wide,

with four small obtuse denticles on the columellar lip.
Locality unknown: Mr. Cuming’s collection.

95. Col. nigricans nod. (pl. xL f. 172.)

Col. testa oblonga, nigricante, apice acuminato, anfractibus
6, longitudinaliter costatis, interstitiis costarum tenuiter
transversim striatis; suturd distincta, crenulata, albicante ;
margine labii externi pallido.

Shell oblong, blackish, apex acuminated, volutions six,
longitudinally ribbed, interstices of the ribs slightly trans-
versely striated; suture distinct, crenulated, whitish, edge of
the outer lip pale.

Gallapagos Islands. Mr. Cuming’s collection.

96. Col. Dormitor nod. (pl. xl. f. 173.)

Col. testa ovato-conoidea, pallescente, spira conica, brevius-
cula, anfractibus 6, transversim sulcatis, apertura elongata,
margine interno labii externi crenulato.

Shell ovate-conoidal, of a pale colour, spire conical, rather
short; volutions six, transversely grooved; aperture elon-
gated ; inner edge of the outer lip crenulated.

St. Vincent’s, Rev. L. Guilding, in Mr. Gray’s collection.

97. Col. Guildingii nod. (pl. xl. f. 175, 176.)

Col. testa oblongo-pyramidali, pallescente, brunneo-varie-
gata, apice acuminato sub-turrito, anfractibus 6; longitudi-
naliter costatis et transversim striatis; apertura longiuscula,
sinuosa, canali subelongato, extus transversim sulcato.

Shell oblong, pyramidal, pale, varied with brown, apex
acuminated, sub-turreted; volutions 6, longitudinally ribbed
and transversely striated; aperture rather long, sinuous ;
canal somewhat lengthened, outwardly transversely striated.

Found at St. Vincent’s, by the late Rev. Lansdowne
Guilding.—In the British Museum.

98. Col. Broderipii nod. (pl. xl. f. 178, 179.)

Col. testa oblongo-turrita, levi, castanea, varié albo- macu-
laté et guttata; anfractibus 5, subventricosis ; apertura ob-
longa, latiuscula ; labio externo intus denticulis 2—3 obsoletis
instructo; anfractu ultimo anticé transversim striato.

Shell oblong, turreted, smooth, chestnut colour, variously
spotted and speckled with white ; volutions 5, rather ventri-
cose; aperture oblong, rather wide; outer lip with 2—3

144

obsolete denticles within ; last volution transversely striated
in front.

Alboran Island, W. J. Broderip, Esq., in the British
Museum.

99. Col. Kraussii nod. (pl. xl. f. 180, 181.)

Col. testé ovato-oblonga, levi, albicante, lineis castaneis
undulatis signata; anfractibus 5—6, subventricosis, longitu-
dinaliter costellatis, costellis distantibus, interstitiis levibus ;
apertura lata; canali brevissimo.

Shell oblong ovate, smooth, whitish, marked with undula-
ted chestnut coloured lines; volutions 5—6 rather ventri-
cose, with small longitudinal ribs, which are distant, and the
interstices smooth; aperture broad; canal very short.

Found at Natal by Dr. Krauss: in the British Museum,

100. Col. monilifera. nodis. (pl. xl. f. 177.)

Col.testa turrita, alb’, maculis irregularibus brunneis picta,
spira acuminata, anfractibus 7, longitudinaliter costatis et
transversim sulcatis, series tres posticas et seriem unicam cos-
tellarum granuliferarum anticam instructis ; apertura brevi,
latiuscula.

Shell turreted, white, irregularly speckled with brown; spire
acuminated, volutions 7, longitudinally ribbed, and trans-
versely sulcated, with three posterior and one anterior rows
of granulose ribs, aperture short, rather broad.

From the West Indies, the late G. Humphrey.

101. Col. pusilla, nod. (pl. xl. f. 182, 183.)

Col. testa ovata, levi, albicante, lineis pallide brunneis
picta; spiré sub-acuminata; anfractibus 5—6, sub-ventri-
cosis; apertura latiuscula; labio externo crassiusculo, intus
obsoleté denticulato ; labio interno intus tuberculo obtuso
instructo ; canali brevi.

Shell ovate, smooth, whitish, with pale brown lines; spire
slightly acuminated; volutions 5—6, somewhat ventricose ;
aperture rather broad ; outer lip thickish, obsoletely denticu-
lated within; inner lip with an obtuse tubercle within ; canal
short. St. Vincent’s, the late Rev. L. Guilding.

102. Col. atomella, Ducl. (pl. xl, f. 184, 185.)

Col. testa oblonga, albicante, nonnunquam pallidé castaneo
unifasciaté, spird acuminata, anfractibus 6, longitudinaliter

costatis ; sutura crenata; ultimo anfractu anticé levi; supra

canalem transversim sulcato ; apertura angusta.

Shell oblong, whitish, sometimes with a pale chesnut band;
spire acuminated, volutions 6, longitudinally ribbed: suture
crenated, last volution smooth in front, transversely grooved
on the back of the canal; aperture narrow.

West Indies, Rev. L. Guilding.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXXVI, XXXVII,
XXXVIII, XXXIX, XL.

COLUMBELLA.

(The figure at the end of each name, refers to the species in the teat.)

Fie.51, 52. Col. pecila, 20.
53,54. — bidentata, 21.

Fic. 1, 2, Col. Strombiformis, 1.
3, 4.

41 to 46.
47 to 50.

major, 2.
hezmastoma, 3.
major var, 2.
castanea, 4.
labiosa, 5.
Harpiformis, 6.
castanea, 4.
Harpiformis, 6.
uncinata, 7.
Duclosiana, 8.
chlorostoma, 9.
rustica, 10.
festiva, 13.
fuscata, 11.
rustica var, 10.
reticulata, 12.
rustica var, 10.
fuscata, 11.
reticulata var, 12.
festiva, 13.

mercatoria, 14.
rudis, 15.
Paytensis, 16.
Turturina, 17.
versicolor, 18.
varians, 19.

55,56, 57.

106, 107.
108, 109.

Nate MLS Tle TeteClele le raise erie edeilele|

flavida, 22.
semipunctata. 23.
Tringa, 24.
obtusa, 25.
splendidula, 26.
ovulata, 27.
obscura, 28.
marmorata, 30.
Philippinarum, 31.
coniformis, 32.
aspersa, 33.
albina, 34.
Ligula, 35.
Fabula, 36.
Tyleri, 37.
Pardalina, 38.
vulpecula, 39.
fulgurans, 40.
flexuosa, 41.
Terpsichore, 42.
Boivinii, 43.
corniculata, 44.
semiconvexa, 45.
Zebra, 46.
fasciata,47.
concinna, 48.

Fic. 110. Col. avara, 49.
— Miser, 50.

lll.
112, 113.
114, 115.
116, 117.
118.
119, 120.
121, 122.
123.
124,
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140, 141.
142, 143.

cr’braria, 51.

— rugosa, 53.
— varia, 54.

— scalarina, 55.
— lactea, 56.
— pulchella, 57.

— dermestoides, 58.

punctata, 59.
jaspidea, 60.
achatina, 61.
impolita, 62.
buccinoides, 63.
unicolor, 64.
unifasciata, 65.
rugulosa, 66.
Ticaonis, 68.
decussata, 69.
coronata, 70.
maculosa, 71.
angularis, 72.
turrita, 73.
turrita, var. 73.
elegans, 74.
dorsata, 75.
gibberula, 76.

144, — bicanalifera, 77.

146

Fig. 145,146, Col. blanda, 78.

147. — costellata, 79.

148. — fulva, 80.

149. — lyrata, 81.

150. — fluctuata, 82.

151. — nivea, 83.

152. — recurva, 84.

153 to 155. — lanceolata, 85.
156, 157. — pulcherrima, 86.
158, 159. — subulata, 87.

160. — Nympha, 88.

161. — Nympha var. 88.

162. — nitidula, 29.

163. — pygmea, 89.

164. — lunata 90.

165. — sulcosa, 91.
166, 167. — suffusa, 92.
168, 169. — dichroa, 52.

170. — parva, 93.

171. — catenata, 94.

172. — nigricans, 95.

173. — dormitor, 96.

174. — atramentaria, 67.
175, 176. — -Guildingii, 97.

177, — monilifera, 98.
178, 179. — Broderipii, 99.
180, 181. — Kraussii, 100.
182, 183. — pusilla, 101.
184, 185. — atomella, 102.

147

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS
TEREBRA; Bruguiere.

BY

RICHARD BRINSLEY HINDS, ESQ.

Testa subulata, acuminata, subturrita. Anfractus nume-
rosi, rarius numerosissimi, rarissimé perpauci, planulati ;
ultimus brevis, contractus. Apertura ovalis, interdum sub-
quadratus. Columella nuda vel callo induta; recta, obliqua,
vel contorta. Canalis subnullus vel paulo productus ; rectus
vel subrecurvus. Operculum corneum, lamellosum, ungui-
forme.

Testa elongata, turrita, apice peracuta, Apertura longitudi-
nalis. Spira dupld vel ultra brevior, basi posticé emarginata.
Columellz basis contorta vel obliqua. Lamarck.

Testa elongata, subulata, anfractibus numerosis, gradatim majo-
ribus, apertura brevi, oblonga, in canalem brevem, rectam desi-
nente; columella contorta, spirali : operculo corneo, non spirali.
Sowerby, Genera.

Testa elongata, turrita, apice peracuta. Apertura longitudi-
nalis ; spira dupld vel ultra brevior, basi posticé emarginata.
Columellz basis contorta vel obliqua. Operculum ovatum, cor-
neum, lamellosum, imbricatum. zener.

The animal is remarkable for its small size compared with
that of the shell, and alsofor theminuteness of itsorgans. That
of Terebra dimidiata, is described by MM. Quoy et Gaimard ;—
head large. Tentacles distant, very small and short. Eyes
scarcely visible, situate about the middle of the length of the
tentacles. Foot elongated, somewhat cylindrical, grooved.
Between the tentacles is a thick cylindrical trunk, capable of
dilating itself, and forming a cavity. Stomach elongated,
slightly dilated. Salivary glands surrounding the cesophagus,
vermicular, united into a mass. Biliary organ and testacle
occupy nearly the whole of the spire. Heart apparently very
elongated. Follicles situate in the folds of the margin of the

mantle, and secrete, more or less abundantly, a mucous fluid.
B

148

The branchial cavity is extensive, extended longitudinally,
and. has on its left side a long straight comb of fine and closely
set lamellae. The siphon is thick and short, and capable of
being projected only a short distance. Animal of an uniform
clear orange colour. Voyage de l’Astrolabe, p. 462-4. M.
Kiener’s remarks on the animal are so similiar to the fore-
going, that they were most probably taken from it. The
animal of Zerebra subulata was also examined by Quoy and
Gaimard, and was found very closely to resemble T. dimidiata,
differing only in the relative size of some of the organs. The
animal was of a deep yellow colour. Mr. Gray, in the Zoology
of Beechey’s Voyage, p. 125, thus speaks of the animal,
the species not being indicated :—“ the tentacles of this genus
are exceedingly minute, and placed on the upper edge of
the inflexed trunk, and they have no eyes. In one spe-
cies from St. Christopher which I have examined, there was
no appearance of any tentacles, nor eyes; in another, the
tentacles are very small with eyes at their tip. The male
organ is extremely long, filiform, as long as two whorls of
the shell. The foot is small, folded across when contracted.
The head is rounded. The mantle has a very long slender
filiform breathing canal.”

The number of species belonging to this group at the pre-
sent time is rather considerable, and in these halcyon days of
new species, the genus has kept in the current and received
an accession of strength scarcely inferior to any other. A few
species, and among these some of the largest and most richly
adorned, were known to the earliest systematic writers, and
were placed by them in a separate and distinct section of
Buccinum. Subsequently Bruguiéres embodied them under
the present generic head, but it was Lamarck who more par-
ticularly brought it into notice, in the illustration of the group
by several well-known species. Previous to Bruguiéres
Adanson, and subsequently Schumacher and Blainville have
made mention of it, but only to originate errors and create
confusion. The number of recent species given by Lamarck
is twenty-four; M. Deshayes’ list states the recent species to
be forty-four, and the fossil sixteen in number ; the monograph
of M. Kiener contains only thirty-five recent species. These
numbers have been chiefly augmented by a list of twenty-one
species, published by Mr. Gray in the proceedings of the
Zoological Society for 1834, which are of prior date to M.
Kiener’s labours, but are unnoticed by him; and by a further
addition of fifty species, published by myself in the same
proceedings of 1843. At this moment, the amount of recent

aa

149

species is 109, including one or two of doubtful existence, and of
fossil, 24; and of the former 8 are found both in a recent
and fossil state.

The only sectional division of the genus that has been
attempted, is that of Mr. Gray in the above proceedings.
This division is three-fold; the two first of these depend on
the presence of the peculiar girdling or division of the whorls,
and which is very conspicuous in many species, but practi-
cally I fail to carry it out in detail. Some species also are
so excessively variable in this character, that M. Kiener has
described Terebra castanea as having girdled whorls, but has
figured it withoutthem. The latter writer has not attempted
any grouping of the species in his monograph, and as he has
done so in most cases, we may venture to infer that he did
not see room for it here.

It cannot be denied that among the numerous species are
several shells, which, taken by themselves, would furnish good
grounds for sectional or even sub-generic divisions. And if we
take T. maculata as the proper generic type, then T. lanceata,
T. armillata, and T. commaculata, seem to offer strong points
of difference, and good grounds for sectional heads. But,
with every wish to establish some such divisions, I have found
it impracticable so to group the species that there shall be
little or no doubt which section they belong to; and, unless
this object is attained, I do not see any use in a division ;
science would not be benefited merely by selecting the salient
points and strong grounds of the exceptions, and leaving the
crowd to follow as they may.

In geographic distribution the group is essentially tropical.
Indeed the exceptions are very rare. One species occurs
in the Mediterranean Sea, but it is an aberrant form. Another
is met with on the shores of the United States, but I am not
in possession of its northern range; perhaps a few species
occur as extra-tropical on the shores of New Holland.
It will thus be seen, that few genera of similar bulk are so
excessively tropical. The species abound more particularly
in the Asiatic and Pacific Seas, are usually found in situations
of sands, sandy mud, or fine coral, often under a few feet of
water, though sometimes at greater depths ; and seem also to
be most fruitful in individuals, since where they inhabit, they
may generally be procured in great numbers. In their distribu-
tion about fifty-three inhabit the Asiatic and Pacific Seas, seven-
teen the American, and fifteen the African ; of twenty-four the
locality is unknown, and our information of the West Indian
species is most barren. Our knowledge of the native country of

B 2

150

a large proportion of the published species was so very limited
that it became an object with me to supply so important a
desideratum from approved sources. And, if in this I have
been to a great extent fortunate, it is attributable partly to
the care which I find manifested in Mr. Cuming’s manuscript
catalogues of recording the native country with the circum-
stances of habitation, and partly to my own experience, since
within the tropics I have chanced to encounter a large num-
ber of species. I have also, when practicable, stated every
habitat ; since several habitats inform us of the range, and
we thus attain a step towards geographic diffusion; and as
the authority for a habitat unquestionably increases its value,
I have studiously attached the name of the collector ; the only
exception being in my own case, and in almost every instance
where no authority is quoted, I am responsible.

A reversed species occurs among the fossils, Terebra
inversa. Nyst.

DESCRIPTIONS.

1. T. MACULATA. (pl. xli. f. 33.) Lamarck, Hist. des Ani-
maux sans Vert. v. vil. p. 283. Buccinum maculatum, Lin-
neus, Syst. Nat. p. 1205, Subula maculata, Schumacher, Nouv.

Syst. p. 233.

Testa elongaté conico-subulata, ponderosa, polita, albida ;
anfractibus planulatis, versus medium sulco divisis, maculis
fuscis seriatim cinctis, ultimo luteo quadratim maculato ; aper-
turd subattenuata ; columella contorta.

Shell handsome, massive and heavy, subulate, the ground
colour of a cream colour with two series of rich reddish-
brown, irregular, longitudinal, aggregated strigee or spots, of
which the upper series is the larger ; whorls smooth, flattened,
divided by an impressed line, not always very visible in
mature individuals, but apparent on the superior whorls ; last
whorl banded with pale chesnut ; aperture an elongated oval ;
columella naked, somewhat twisted.

This is the typical species, and an eminently handsome
shell. In the Pacific, the animal is eaten as food, and the
shell, ground at an angle, was much in use as a chisel in the
construction of the canoes.

Its habitat is extensive. It prevails everywhere over the
Pacific and Indian Seas, as far as the Seychelles. It usually
occurs of a large size, and very numerous in individuals, par-
ticularly where sand or fine coral abounds; in the latter, of

*

151

which it is apt to become dwarf, as I noticed at Bow Island.
It also occurs as a fossil on the shores of the Red Sea:
Burton.

2. T. stricgata. (pl. xli.f.10.) Sowerby, Tank. cat. p. 25.
T. elongata, Wood, Index, Suppl. T. flammea, Lesson, Illust.
de Zocl. t. 48. T. zebra, Kiener, Iconographie, p. 5, t.
Seeteaai.

Testa subulata, subturrita, crassiuscula, albida, strigis
longitudinalibus atro-fuscis irregulariter ornata; anfractibus
subplanulatis, versus medium sulco impresso divisis ; colu-
mella nuda, contorta.

This fine species has a subulate acuminate shell, massive,
the whorls flattish, duplicate or divided by an impressed line,
the superior whorls, as occurs in nearly every species of
Terebra, longitudinally plicate, elegantly ornamented with
longitudinal strige, some of which are occasionally bifid,
others only occupying half the diameter of the whorl,
generally, however, they are simple and continuous throughout
this space; aperture somewhat square; columella naked
and twisted.

West Coast of America between Panama and Realejo,
at the former of which places it is particularly abundant.
The Indian locality assigned to it in Wood’s Index is un-
doubtedly incorrect.

3.T. FLAMMEA. (pl. xli. f. 36,) Lamarck, |. c. p. 284.

Testa elongaté subulata, turritaé, albida, strigis longitudi-
nalibus ornata; strigis rufis, obliquis, seepius interruptis ; an-
fractibus subrotundatis, medio lineis duabus impressis cinctis,
inferné subcoarctatis, superioribus longitrorsum nodoso-pli-
catis; apertura utrinque attenuata; columella nuda, arcuata ;
breviter canaliculata.

Shell subulate, turrited, white, with longitudinal interrupted
oblique red markings; whorls slightly rounded, traversed
near the middle with two girdling lines, inferiorly the whorl
somewhat contracted, superior whorls with numerous
nodulous folds ; aperture attenuated, with a short canal;
columella naked. Indian Seas: Kiener.

4. T. succinea. (pl. xlii. f. 40) Hinds, Proceed. Zool. Soc.
1843, p. 149.

Testa subulata, acuminata, succinea, levigata; anfractibus
planulatis, linea impressa divisis, longitrorsum plicis obsoletis
vel lineis arcuatis incrementi minutis, transversim infra lineam
impressam leviter striatis: area subconcava, punctis parvis

152

fuscis distantibus biseriatim cincté, versus margines tuber-
culato-incrassata ; columella contorta, acuta.

Shell subulate, acuminate, amber-coloured; whorls flat-
tened, even a little contracted, girdled, longitudinally provided
with small sharp arched folds, tranversely lightly striated ; on
each margin of the inferior area is a series of distant reddish
punctuations ; last whorl sulcate at the base. Aperture
somewhat oval. Columella twisted, with a very sharp
margin.

Two specimens of this elegant species are in the collection
of Mr. Cuming, without any history attached to them ; they
have evidently been highly cleaned, but retain the appearance
of having been once covered by an epidermis.

The native country is unknown.

5. T. rosusta. (pl. xli. f. 35.) Hinds, |. c. p. 149.

Testa turrito-subulata, solida, ponderosa, albidd, flammeis
longitudinalibus interrupté picta; anfractibus inferioribus
rotundatis, indivisis, levigatis, superioribus versus extremi-
tatem spire subplanulatis, unocinguliferis, longitrorsum plica-
tis; anfractu ultimo rotundato, triseriatim picto, ad basin
coarctato; apertura elongata; columella arcuata, subcallosé ;
epidermide luteo-fusca ; operculo parvo, crasso.

Shell elongated, subulate, turrited, smooth, solid, white,
with interrupted longitudinal reddish-brown spots; whorls
girdled, but only visible on the superior ones, the last with
three series of markings, suddenly contracted inferiorly ;
aperture elongated, with a short canal; columella arched,
and covered by a thin callus. Operculum small and thick.
Epidermis thicker than is usual.

West coast of America, between 8° 57’ and 21° 32’ north
latitude; namely at Panama, Gulf of Nicoya, Gulf of
Papagayo, and San Blas; in from four to eighteen fathoms,
sandy mud: Cuming and Hinds.

6. T. ornata. (pl. xlii. f. 34. Gray, Proceed. Zool. Soc.
1834, p. 62.

Testa conico-subulata, turrita, solida, alba, maculis rufis
subquadratis triseriatim ornata; anfractibus planulatis, an-
gustis, lined valdé impress4 cinctis, apertura subquadrata ;
columella arcuaté, acuta; breviter canaliculata; epidermide
tenui induta.

Shell conical subulate, turrited, solid, white, with three
series of reddish-brown square spots; whorls flat, narrow,
deeply girdled; one series of spots above the girdle, rather
smaller and paler than the others; two below it, which are

153

larger, more deeply coloured, and, on the upper whorls, some-
times confluent ; last whorl short and contracted beneath,
with four series of spots. Aperture inclined to square.
Columella arcuate, with a sharp margin, slightly callous.
Epidermis thin.

Galapagos Islands; in five to seven fathoms, coral sand :
Cuming. Panama, in seven fathoms, mud.

7. T. CRENULATA. (pl. xli. f. 18, 19. pl. xlii. f. 32.) Lamarck,
l.c. p. 284. Buccinum crenulatum, Linneus, Gmelin, No.
132. B.candidum, Born, Mus. p. 263, t. 10, f. 8. Terebra
maculata, Perry, t. 16, f. 2.

Testa subulata, turrita, solidula, albida, strigis longitudina-
libus fuscis interruptis ornata; anfractibus planulatis, sulco
vix conspicuo divisis, superné tuberculis albis coronatis, bise-
riatim punctis rufis cinctis; columella subproducta, rectius-
cula.

Shell subulate, turrited, heavy, polished, adorned with
small interrupted irregular strigee of a rufous colour; whorls
divided by a groove not always very conspicuous, encircled by
two series of punctated spots; columella rather produced,
particularly in the older individuals, rather straight. PI. xli.
fig. 32, represents a very pretty variety of this shell from the
collection of Sir Edward Belcher, C.B., and which was pro-
cured at the Marquesas.

Marquesas Islands; Society Islands; Amboina. Fossil,
Red Sea: Burton.

8. T. pimipiaTa. (pl. xli. f. 7, 8.) Lamarck, 1. c. p. 285.
Buccinum dimidiatum, Linneus, Gmelin, No. 128. B. fer-
rugineum, Born, Mus. p. 263, t. 10, f. 7, Terebra carnea,
Perry, t. 16, f. 1.

Testa elongaté subulata, turrita, polita, carnea, strigis albis
longitudinalibus irregulariter ornata; anfractibus planulatis,
strlis arcuatis incrementi conspicuis, superné sulco impresso
divisis ; columella subcallosa, rectiuscula.

Shell truly subulate, polished, of a flesh colour, sometimes
more intense, sometimes paler, interrupted by white strige
which are occasionally united or broken in their course ;
whorls flattish, duplicate, the superior area less occupied by
the white strigze ; aperture effuse ; columella somewhat callous,
and strait. The character of the ornation is very similar to
that in T. strigata. ;

Tahiti, Society Islands; Amboina. Both the darker and
lighter individuals are found at Tahiti, and do not appear to
affect different localities.

154

9. T. consors. (pl. xli. f. 26) Hinds, 1. c. p. 150.

Testa gradatim subulata, levigata, polita, albida, flammeis
pallidis fuscis ornata; anfractibus subplanulatis, superné linea
impressa divisis, area superiore spire leviter tuberculata ; an-
fractu ultimo propé basin fasciato ; apertura inferné subeffusa ;
columella nuda, breviuscula.

Shell subulate, turrited, smooth and polished, white, with
pale brown flames; whorls flat, distinctly girdled near their
upper margin, the superior area somewhat tubercled, last
whorl banded at the base. Aperture oval, effuse, without any
canal. Columella naked, smooth, truncate.

Its nearest ally is 7. dimidiata, than which it is far more
gradually subulate ; the upper area of the divided whorl is
raised and somewhat rounded; the white is the base colour
of the shell, and the last whorl is distinctly banded.

Tahiti, Society Islands.

10. T. areus. (pl. xlin. f. 64.) Hinds, Proceed. Zool. Soc.
1843, p. 160. T. nebulosa, Kiener, Iconographie, p. 23, t.
10, f. 22.

Testa elongaté subulata, turrita, polita, albescente, maculis
subquadratis saturatioribus seriatim cincta; anfractibus vix
rotundatis, superné sulco impresso divisis ; apertura oblonga ;
columella subarcuata, acuta.

Shell elongated, subulate, turrited, polished, white, with
three series of cream-coloured square spots, of which the
middle is rather the larger ; whorls flat, girdled above, desti-
tute of any sculpture. Aperture oblong. Columella subar-
cuate. Canal very short.

The name attached to this shell by M. Kiener had been
previously used by Mr. Sowerby, so that a change became
necessary.

Tahiti, Society Islands: Cuming. Nukahiva, Marquesas.

11. T. muscarta. (pl. xl. f. 17, 20. pl. xli. f. 41.)
Lamarck, |. c. p. 285.

Testa subulata, turrita, solida, politaé, albida; anfractibus
planulatis, superné sulco divisis, maculis subquadratis rufo-
fuscis treseriatim cinctis, ultimo quadriseriatim ornato ;
apertura effusa, intus pallida; columella rectiuscula, sub-
truncata.

Shell elongated, subulate, polished, white, approaching to
chesnut; whorls flat, divided by a grove, ornamented with
three series of squarish reddish-brown spots, a fourth series
appearing on the last whorl; columella straight and somewhat

155

truncate. The shell represented at fig. 20, seems to have
been regarded as Buccinum hecticum of Gmelin, and recently
figured as such by Potiez, but I do not regard it as other, and
that apparently not uncommon, than an abnormal develop-
ment of JZ. muscaria. The undeviating character of the
decoration on the latter is only to be rivalled by that of T. sub-
ulata, and whilst both these species are eminently alike in their
style of markings, they are as decidedly distinct from the
tenacity with which each adheres to that which is peculiarly
its own. Society Islands; Feejee Islands.

12. T. rigRiNa. (pl. xl. f. 30.) Gray, 1. c. p.59. Buccinum
tigrinum, (bis.) Gmelin, No.135. B. felinum, Dillwyn, v. ii.
Terebra felina, Sowerby, Tank. Cat. p. 76.

Testa conico-subulata, acuminata, levigata, alba, uniseria-
tim maculata ; anfractibus planulatis, superné linea impressa
divisis,inferné maculis rufis unicinctis, anfractu ultimo iteratis;
apertura ovali, effusa ; columella breviuscula, nuda.

Shell conico-subulate, acuminate, smooth, white on the
inferior part of the whorl, with a single series of reddish-brown
spots; whorls flat, distinctly girdled, smooth and polished,
the last fuller than usual, and with two rows of spots. Aper-
ture oval, effuse, without any canal. Columella rather short,
naked, and a little twisted.

It wouid seem quite time that attention was drawn to some
of these long known shells, since they continue almost scarce
in collections, and we are not satisfied, as in the present case,
that their native country is correctly known.

13. T. pupuicata. (pl. xli. f. 1, 2, 3, 4.) Lamarck, 1. ¢. v.
vii. p. 286. Buccinum duplicatum, Linneus, Gmelin, No.
136. Terebra Lamarkii, Kiener, p. 30, t. 9, f. 19.

Testa subulata, turrita, polita, cinerea, rarius castanea vel
atro-fusca ; anfractibus planulatis, superné sulco divisis, lon-
gitudinaliter creberrimé plicatis; propé suturam fascia pal-
lida cincta, anfractu’ ultimo duplicata ; apertura intus fusca ;
columella contorta.

Variat fascia maculis rufis transversis ornata.

Shell subulate, turrited, polished, usually of an ash or
blueish gray, but sometimes fulvous, or even of a dark red
colour as in fig. 1; whorls divided by a groove and thickly
plicate longitudinally ; close to and above the suture is a faint
narrow band, which also appears on the back of the last
whorl. There is a variety in which this band is articulated
by reddish transverse spots, fig. 2, and which M. Kiener

Cc

156

has described as TJ. Lamarckii, but which seems to me to
have no specific importance.

Zanzibar ; Singapore ; Majambo Bay, Madagascar. Fossil

—Shores of the Red Sea: Burton.

14. T. pussuMIERII. (pl. xli. f. 9.) Kiener, |. c. p. 31, t. 8,
ft U7)

Testa elongaté subulata, turrita, grisea, fulvo fasciata: an-
franctibus sulco impresso divisis, longitrorsum valdé plicatis ;
apertura elongaté ovali; columella subrecta.

A fine characteristic species distinguished by its numerous
sharp folds, and varied markings; the upper area of the
divided whorl is more contracted than the inferior, and
thus on a lower plane; the suture is bordered by clear
milk-white, and the centre of the whorl is broadly banded
of a dark chesnut colour; aperture more elongated than is
usual ; columella somewhat straight.

Haynan, China: Humphreys.

15.T. suBULATA.(pl. xli. f. 16, pl. xlii. f. 38, 39.) Lamarck,
lc. v. vil. p. 286. Buccinum subulatum, Linneus, Gmelin,
No. 131. Terebra fusca, Perry, Conchology, t. 16, f. 3.

Testa elongaté subulata, turrita, polita, albida; anfractibus
planulatis, angustis, sulco vix conspicuo divisis, ‘ maculis
quadratis rufo-fuscis biseriatim cinctis, ultimo triseriatim
ornato ; apertura subquadrata ; columella nuda, contorta.

Shell very lengthened, subulate, turrited, polished ;
whorls divided by a groove which is scarcely conspicuous
except on the upper whorls, adorned with two series of
dark red spots of a square shape, a third appearing on the
last whorl ; from the flattening of the last whorl the aper-
ture is somewhat square; columella twisted acute. At
plate xli. fig. 38, a constant variety is represented of
a paler colour, and with the spots smaller, at greater distances,
and of a fawn colour.

Tahiti, Society Islands; Bow Island; Moluccas.

16. T. ocuLaTA. (pl. xlii. f. 31.) Lamarck, 1. c. v.vii. p. 286.

Testa elongaté subulata, turritaé, pallidé fulva; anfrac-
tibus subplanulatis, lined impressa divisis, superné subtu-
midis, maculis albis subdistantibus cinctis, ultimo subquadrato
biseriatim maculato; apertura subquadrata; columella con-
torta, acuta, albida, breviter canaliculaté; epidermide tenui
induta.

Shell elongated, subulate, acuminate, turrited, smooth, of
a fawn colour; whorls girdled, the impressed line not being

157

very perceptible on the inferior whorls; above tumid, and
ornamented with a series of roundish white spots, placed
somewhat distant and doubled on the last whorl ; aperture
squarish, and with a short but decided canal; columella
naked, twisted, and with a sharp margin. A thin epidermis
covers many individuals.

Pomoutou and Society Islands, in the South Pacific ;
Moluccas.

17. T. sPECTABILIS. (pl. xliv. f. 88, 89.) Hinds, 1. c. p. 150.

Testa subulata, laevigata, polita; anfractibus superné sulco
impresso divisis, infra longitrorsum plicatis, interstitiis levi-
gatis, medio saturaté castaneis, inferné albis; cingulo tuber-
culato, albido; anfractu ultimo fasciato; columella contorta
elongata.

An elegant glittering species, well distinguished by its
ornation, though scarcely by its sculpture. The area above
the girdling is white, sometimes of a pale brown; beneath,
and in the midle of each whorl, of a dark chesnut; and a
narrow portion just above the suture is of a clear milk
white, and the last whorl is similarly banded. A very dis-
tinct canal exists. The pale individual figured has most
probably lost its colour.

Guinea, on the sands: Humphreys. Sumatra, on the
sands: Ellis.

18. T. GEMMULATA. (pl. xliv. f. 92.) Kiener, 1. c. p. 15,
teed: Us

Testa subulaté. subturrita, fulvescente, anfractibus sub-
planulatis, superné sulco impresso divisis, longitrorsum plica-
tis, supra biseriatim tuberculatis, propé suturam et cum
anfractu ultimo albo cinctis; apertura utrinque attenuata;
columella nuda, rectiuscula, canali mediocri.

The superior portion of each whorl is rather contracted,
and here it is provided with two series of small rounded tuber-
cles ; the lower of the two is white, and from each originates
a slightly arched fold. The last whorl has a conspicuous
white band, with a dark brown base.

Native country unknown.

19. T. copua. (pl. xli. f. 76.) Hinds, 1. c. p. 151.

Testa elongaté turrito-subulata, acuminata, levigata, nitida,
saturaté castanea ; anfractibus subrotundatis, superné cingulo
tuberculato cinctis, infra plico-costatis ; cingulo atro-castaneo
fasciato, raro intervallis tantim maculatis, interstitiis leevi-
gatis; anfractu ultimo parvo, rotundato, propé basin duabus

c2

158

fasciis albis angustis ornato; columella, nuda, contorta,
acuta.

Highly polished, and of a dark chesnut; the upper series
of tubercles having their intestices picked out with black,
sometimes almost in a continuous band. The folds are de-
licate, and sharp, with the intervening spaces highly polished.
Two narrow pale lines cross the last whorl.

Guinea, on the sands: Humphreys.

20. T. rarua. (pl. xli. f. 28.) Hinds, 1. c. p. 150.

Testa turrito-subulata, albida, levigata, polita; anfractibus
subplanulatis, superioribus linea impressa cinctis, maculis
fuscis pallidis distantibus biseriatim ornatis; spira obso-
leté plicata; anfractu ultimo elongato, maculis exceptis,
unicolore.

Shell subulate, subturrited, white, smooth; whorls flat,
lengthened, polished, the upper girdled, ornamented on the
margins with two series of very pale somewhat distant
brown spots; last whorl elongated, those of the spire pli-
cate. Aperture elongated, effuse. Columella straight, trun-
cate ; no canal.

St. Christopher, West Indies, on the sand: Miller, 1799.

21. T. aupipa. (pl. xl. f. 56.) Gray, |. c. p. 63.

Testa conico-subulata, subturrita, alba, levigata; anfrac-
tibus planulatis, linea impressa obsoleté divisis, ultimo rotun-
dato ; apertura effusa ; columella nuda, contorta.

Shell conical subulate, somewhat turrited, white, and per-
fectly smooth ; whorls flat, and divided by a girdling line,
which is not readily visible, destitute of any sculpture ;
last whorl rounded. Aperture effuse, with a very short canal.
Columella naked, twisted.

New South Wales, on the sands: Humphreys.

22. 'T. coyorata. (pl. xlii. f. 29.) Lamarck, |. c. v. vi.
p- 288. T. Knorrii, Gray, 1. c. p. 59.

Testa conico-subulaté, acuminata, subturrita, levigata,
polita, alba, strigis maculisque fuscis confusé longitudina-
liter picté; anfractibus planulatis, supra medium linea im-
pressa cinctis, ultimo elongato interrupté fasciato; apertura
ovali, effusd; columella contorta; canali nullo.

Shell conico-subulate, acuminate, somewhat turrited,
smooth and polished, white, with aggregated brown spots,
strigee, and lines, sometimes disposed to banding; whorls
flat, smooth and girdled, the last lengthened and banded.

159

Aperture oval, effuse, without any canal. Columella naked
and twisted. Seychelles : Dufo.

23. T. RAPHANULA. (pl. xliv. f. 94.) Lamarck, 1. c. v.
vil. p. 288.

Testa elongaté ovato-subulata, acuminata, subturrita, po-
lita, alba, maculis oblongis pallidé fuscis seriatim ornata;
anfractibus subplanulatis, superné sulco divisis, longitror-
sum capillari-plicatis, interstitiis levigatis; anfractu ultimo
elongato fasciato; apertura utrinque attenuata; columella
nuda, rectiuscula, subtruncata; canali nullo.

Highly polished and glittering, the girdled whorls covered
with numerous small sharp folds, and ornamented by pale
brown oblong spots, placed methodically in the transverse
direction. Amboina.

24. T. ceriTHina. (pl. xlin. f. 58.) Lamarck, 1. c. v.
vil. p. 288.

Testa obeso-subulata, acuminata, subturrita, polita, pallida,
rufo-fusco strigata; anfractibus subrotundatis, lined impressa
divisis, longitrorsum plicatis; plicis anfractuum superiorum
conspicuis, inferiorum evanidis, interstitiis saturatioribus ;
anfractu ultimo attenuato, subfasciato; apertura effusa,
pallida; columella anticé producta; canali nullo.

Distinctly obesely subulate, the whorls covered by longi-
tudinal folds, but those of the last three or four are so
smooth or apparently worn, as to be scarcely salient from the
surface of the shell. The columella has rather a thick
callus. The portions of the folds above the girdling are
distinguished by no peculiarity of conformation, which is
unusual,

Philippine Islands: Cuming. Bow Island ; Society Islands ;
Feejee Islands.

25. T. CH&RULESCENS. (pl. xli. f. 5, 6, 15.) Lamarck, 1.
C. V. Vil. p. 288.

Testi elongaté conico-subulata, subturrita, polita, cinerea,
nigricante, aut albo variegata; anfractibus planulatis, indi-
visis, apertura effusa; columella nuda, rectiusculd, truncata.

Shell elongated, conical, subulate, acuminate, polished,
varying greatly from an ash or dark colour to becoming par-
tially white, or in old individuals entirely so ; whorls undivided,
the last somewhat rounded; columella short, smooth,
straight, and truncated.

New Holland: Lamarck. Society Islands; Feejee Islands.
It usually is found in considerable numbers.

26. T. nimposa. (pl. xli. f. 21.( Hinds, 1. c. p. 151.

Testa elongaté conico-subulata, acuminata, lacteda, strigis

160
longitudinalibus nubeculata; anfractibus planulatis, levigatis,
politis, integris, inferné propé suturam albo angusté fasciatis,
ultimo fasciato ; apertura effusa ; columella levi, truncata.
Shell elongated, conico-subulate, acuminate, milky white,
figured with aggregated slightly waved pale brown strige,
ceasing suddenly a little above the suture, thus appearing nar-
rowly banded with white ; whorls smooth, entire, the last elon-
gated. Aperture oval, effuse, without the least appearance of
a canal. Columella, smooth, straight, and truncate.
Habitat unknown.

27. SENEGALENSIS. (pl. xli. f. 11, 12, 13, 14.) Lamarck,
lc. v. vil. p. 287. T. striatula, Lamarck, |. c. v. vii. p. 288.
T. fusco-maculata, Sowerby, Tank. cat. p. 23.

Testa subulata, turrita, nitida, longitudinaliter plico-striata,
cinerea, cerulescente, rarius carnea, strigis albis ornata;
anfractibus planulatis, superné sulco divisis, transversim in-
turrupte fasciatis, ultimo elongato, leviusculo; columella rec-
tiuscula.

Shell subulate, acuminate, turrited, longitudinally striated,
but varying greatly in intensity, sometimes coarse, even to
folds, at others nearly smooth and polished; fluctuating
equally in colour, the prevailing being a gray or blueish ash
colour, and varying to chesnut and flesh colour; whorls
divided by a groove, and disposed to be banded transversely ;
last whorl rather elongated ; columella straight, and slightly
truncate. The variety of character assumed by different indi-
viduals is no doubt the reason why it has been described more
than once. M. Kiener’s figure, t. 9.f. 18, represents 7. stri-
gilata, and not this shell.

Gambia, and other localities on the West Coast of Africa.

28. T. cincuLa. (pl. xlin. f. 45.) Kiener, 1. c. p. 28,
t. 8, f. 16.

Testa subulata, turrita, cinerea, confusé fasciata ; anfrac-
tibus planulatis linea impressa divisis, superioribus plicatis,
inferioribus levigatis, area superiore subtumida, sparsim
maculis rufis cincta; anfractu ultimo elongato; apertura
attenuata ; columella nuda, rectiuscula ; canali nullo.

Shell subulate, turrited, ash colour, indistinctly banded;
whorls flat, girdled, the superior with small folds, the inferior
smooth, upper area slightly tumid, and ornamented by rather
distant rufous spots ; last whorl elongated. Aperture attenuate.
Columella naked, rather straight. No canal.

Habitat unknown.

161

29. T, LauRINA. (pl. xi. f, 27.) Hinds, l.c. p. 152.

Testa elongaté subulata, acuminata, levigata, polita, oli-
vacea; anfractibus planulatis, plicis tenuibus sinuosis, capil-
laribus, infra evanidis, superné linea impressa obsoleta cinctis,
ultimo unicolore, levigato ; apertura fusca, effusd; columella
levi, subtruncata.

Shell elongated, subulate, acuminate, smooth, polished, of
an olive colour; whorls flat, above indistinctly girdled, with
numerous fine longitudinal folds. Aperture oval, effuse, brown
within. Columella straight, naked, truncate. No canal.

Western Africa, in sandy mud: Rey. W. V. Hennah.

30. T. styuata. (pl. xliv. f. 79.) Hinds, |. c. p. 152.

Testa subulataé, acuminata, polita, olivaced; anfractibus
subplanulatis, integris, numerosé plicatis, infra evanidis, propé
suturam albidis maculis fuscis interrupté fasciatis, ultimo levi-
gato, inferné albo angusté fasciato: apertura fusca; columella
levi, subtruncata.

The whorls are undivided, and at their upper part furnished
with numerous small, almost capillary folds, which disappear
about the middle, leaving the inferior portion quite smooth,
and, at the sametime, of a paler colour. The folds are crossed,
just beneath the suture, with transverse narrow dark spots.
The aperture is much darker than the rest of the shell.

Japan ; Philippine Islands.

Sl. I. CASTANBA. (pl. xin. f, 59.) Kiener, I. c. p. 19:
t. 7. f. 14.

Testa elongate conico-subulata, subturrita, nitida, castanea ;
anfractibus planulatis, sulco impresso divisis, longitrorsim
acuté plicatis; interstitiislevigatis ; apertura superné attenuata ;
columella nuda, rectiuscula, subtruncata ; canali nullo.

The folds are separated by distinct smooth spaces, and are
sharp and nearly straight ; the girdiing is effected more by the
cessation of the folds, than by any constriction. ‘The colour
is a very dark chesnut, with sometimes a slight appearance of
white near the sutures ; the last whorlis banded by white, and
its base is somewhat tubercular.

Mauritius: Kiener. Guinea: Humphreys.

32. T. perrusa. (pl. xli. f. 42, 43.) Basterot, Buccinum
pertusum, Born, Mus. p. 267, t.10, f. 13. Terebra undata,
Defrance, Dict. des Scien. Nat.

Testa elongaté subulata, subturrita, nitida, fulva; anfrac-
tibus planulatis, longitrorsum plicatis, linea impressa cinctis,
interstitiis plicarum arez superioris rufo-fusco pictis, lineis

162

interruptis tranversim exculptis; apertura subquadrata, bre-
viter canaliculata.

Shell elongated, subulate, subturrited, yellow, varying to
brown; whorls flat, longitudinally plicate, traversed trans-
versely in the intervals between the folds by impressed lines,
of which one larger and deeper than the rest represents the
girdle. The intervals between the folds of the superior area
is richly painted of a deep reddish brown. A short but
distinct canal.

This is one of those shells with which the earlier Concho-
logists were familiar, and it is far better figured by Born than
in other more recent works ; indeed, Kiener’s figure is scarcely
recognizable. Yet though so long known, it continues far from
common in collections, and we are ignorant of its native
country. Fossils from Bordeaux and the south of
Europe have been assigned by Basterot and Bronn to
this species.

33. T. NEBULOSA. (pl. xliii. f. 51.) Sowerby, Tank.
Cat. p. 25.

Testa elongaté conico-subulata turrita, nitida, alba, maculis
magnis aurantiaco-rufis confusé picta ; anfractibus planulatis,
superneé sulco punctato divisis, longitrorsum plicatis: plicis
obtusis, approximatis, subarcuatis, interstitiis striatis ; anfractu
ultimo fasciato. ad basin rufescente; apertura elongaté ovali ;
columella nuda, rectiuscula.

The girdling is here distinguished by the presence of a
punctuation between each fold. The folds are large and
broad, and with the interstices striated. The prevailing colour
is white, but the shell is handsomely painted with large irre-
gular orange-red spots or blotches, and the base and aperture
are of the same uniform colour. The last whorl is banded
with white. Native country unknown.

34. T. ALVEOLATA. (pl. xlv. f. 120.) Hinds. l.c. p. 151.

Testa turrito-subulata, attenuaté acuminata, nitida, fusca;
anfractibus subplanulatis, superné cingulo tuberculato cinctis,
infra plico-costatis, interstitiis striatis; cingulo et an-
fractu ultimo albo fasciato, maculis quadratis rufis arti-
culato.

The description is drawn up from a somewhat young speci-
men in the collection of Sir E. Belcher, and the mouth and
last whorl have not yet attained their full development. The
character of the shell is, however, very conspicuous. In
this genus the last whorl will be found very frequently

163

to offer decided features, and becomes a valuable aid in the
diagnosis.
Straits of Malacca; in seventeen fathoms among mud.

35. T. sPECILLATA. (pl, xliv. f. 96. pl. xlv. f. 116.) Hinds,
Lcrpedb5.

Testa gracilé turrito-subulata, valdé acuminata, alba, rufo
sparsim maculata et nebulosa; anfractibus subplanulatis
longitrorsum subdistanter tenué plico-costatis, transversim
leviter striatis, superné cingulo tuberculato, interstitiis tuber-
culorum precipué pictis ; anfractu ultimo fasciato ; apertura
parva; columella subrecta.

The spire is attenuated and acuminate, of a dead white
irregularly clouded with brown, but much more intense among
the series of tubercles; the folds are distant, not very
prominent, and nearly straight. Aperture attenuated, and
terminating in a canal.

San Blas, Mexico ; in seven fathoms, sandy mud.

36. T. conspersa. (pl. xliv. f. 74.) Hinds, 1. c. p. 153.

Testa turrito-subulata, nitida, alba; anfractibus subrotun-
datis, plico-costatis, superné linea impressa, preecipué inter-
stitiali, cinctis, propé suturam punctis rufis rard conspersis,
interstitiis striatis ; anfractu ultimo ad basin fulvo ; columella
nuda, contorta.

A pretty little species, only known to me through the two
specimens in the collection of Mr. Cuming; and it will
readily be distinguished by its sparsely scattered rufous spots
and orange base.

Catbalonga, Island of Samar, Philippines; eight fathoms,
sandy mud: Cuming.

37. T. varicosa. Hinds, 1. c. p. 152.

Testa elongaté conico-subulata, acuminata, nitida ;
anfractibus subplanulatis, plico-costatis, superné cin-
gulo tuberculato contracto cinctis ; costis subdistan-
tibus, albidis, interstitiis striatis fuscis: anfractu
ultimo breviusculo, rotundato, albo, fasciato; co-
lumella contorta.

Gulf of Papagayo, west coast of Central Ame-
rica; in twenty-three fathoms, mud.

38. 7. FRiGATA. (pl. xhiv. f. 71.) Hinds, 1. ¢. p.162. T.
gracilis, Gray, |. c. p. 61.

Testa elongaté conico-subulaté, acuminata, turrita, polita,
nitida, pallida ; anfractibus planulatis, superné linea impressa
divisis, plicatis, interstitiis striatis ; area superiore tuberculis

D

164

rotundatis instructa; plicis inferné subtuberculosis ; apertura
utrinque attenuata ; columella contorta.

The individuals before us appear to have lost all their colour,
and are uniformly pale. The folds are remarkable from
terminating at their inferior extremity in a swelling or
tubercle. A fossil species had previously received Mr. Gray’s
name.

Africa: Gray. Gallapagos Islands; in six fathoms, coral
sand: Cuming.

39. T. pLuMBEA. (pl. xliv. f, 70.) Quoy, Voy. de l’Astro-
labe, p. 470, t. 36, f. 29, 30.

Testa subulata, acuminata, turrita, polita, nitida, nigricante ;
anfractibus planulatis, integris, superné juxta suturam albidis,
infra saturatioribus, plicatis ; apertura effusa, atro-fusca ; colu-
mella nuda, rectiuscula.

A neat highly polished shell with entire whorls and longi-
tudinal folds. The whorls at their upper margins are pale,
and immediately beneath of a more intense dark than
elsewhere.

Moluccas: Quoy and Gaimard. Cagayan, Island of Misa-
mis, Philippines: Cuming.

40. T. nrTipA. (pl. xlv. f. 103.) Hinds, 1. c. p. 152.

Testa obeso-subulata, acuminata, pallidé plumbed, polita ;
anfractibus subplanulatis, recté plico-costatis, superné inter-
stitiis linea punctata cinctis, ultimo parvo subattenuato, uni-
colore, plicis evanidis; labio interno producto ; labro anticé
subsinuoso.

An excellent diagnostic character exists in this species, in
the circumstance that the girdling line which traverses the
upper part of each whorl does not cross the ribs, but is con-
fined to the interstices.

Marquesas ; in seven fathoms, sandy mud.

41. T. HastaTa. (pl. xliv. f. 87.) Sowerby, l.c. p. 76.
Buccinum hastatum, Gmelin. Terebra_ costata, Menke.
Syn. Mus. p. 84.

Testa subulata, cylindracea, acuminata, subturrita, polita,
alba, brunneo subfasciata; anfractibus planulatis, integris, plicis
numerosis politis, ultimo attenuato, fasciato; apertura
attenuata ; columella nuda, recta, truncata ; canali nullo.

Remarkably cylindrical, acuminate, white, the lower por-
tions of the whorls irregularly ornamented with pale brown.
The whorls are entire, with numerous polished folds con-
tinuous throughout their breadth. Native country unknown.

165
42. T. castA. (pl. xliv. f. 84.) Hinds, 1. c. p. 156.

Testa obeso-subulata, subturrita, albescente, levigata,
polita; anfractibus integris, planulatis, superné plicatis et
lacteo fasciatis, infra leevigatis, strigis longitudinalibus pallidé
fuscis nebulosis ; anfractu ultimo sub-elongato, lacteo fasciato
columella brevi, subrecta ; canali nullo.

The milky white colour is broken by longitudinal markings
of a pale brown; a narrow banding, however, of uninter-
rupted white transverses the superior part of each whorl, and
also the last whorl. The folds are delicate and numerous,
disappearing towards the middle of the whorl. Aperture
effuse. Columella truncate. No canal. This species is not
girdled, though from the distribution of the colouring, it
might at first appear so; and it will thus be readily distin-
guished from T. raphanula, which is decidedly so.

Ilo-ilo, Island of Panay, Philippines, at low water:
Cuming.

A3. 1. Rupts, (pl. xin. f. 60.) Gray, 1. c.p. 60. T. Petitu,
iGenerlc. ). oi, tls, ft, 32,

Testa elongaté conico-subulata, acuminata, turrita, pallida ;
anfractibus planulatis, subangustis, superné sulco divisis ; plicis
subrectis, brevibus, lineis duabus vel tribus impressis decus-
satis; apertura utrinque attenuata ; columella nuda, contorta ;
breviter canaliculata.

So closely allied to 7. plicata, that description must fail to
distinguish them; yet on comparison, they are conspicuously
distinct. The present is more elongated and coarser, the
whorls are narrow and provided with short solid ribs, nearly
or quite straight ; and these are crossed by two, or perhaps
three transverse lines. T. plicata is highly polished, the ribs
are longer, delicate and sharp, placed somewhat at a
distance, and very regularly crossed by three or sometimes
four lines. New York and Philadelphia: Kiener.

Ad We PLICATA. (pl. xlm, 4.61.) Gray, I. c.p, 61.

Testa conico-subulata, acuminata, turrita, pallida, nitida ;
anfractibus planulatis, superné cingulatis, longitrorsum plica-
tis; plicis acutis, subarcuatis, transversim lineis definitis,
circa quatuor, exsculptis; apertura oblonga, subquadrata ;
columella nuda, contorta, acuta; breviter canaliculata.

Shell conical subulate, acuminate, turrited, of an uniform
pale cream-colour, shining ; whorls flat, with slightly sinuous
folds, girdled above, with about four transverse very regular

D 2

166

impressed lines; last whorl obscurely banded. Aperture
rather square. Columella naked, twisted. A short canal.
Guayaquil; in seven fathoms, sandy mud: Cuming.

45. T. EBURNEA. (pl. xlv. f. 123.) Hinds, |. c, p. 153.

Testa obeso-subulata, alba; anfractibus leevigatis, nitidis,
superné linea impress, inferné uni-vel biseriatim lineis punc-
tatis, cinctis; anfractu ultimo seriebus quinis linearum punc-
tarum ; apertura elongata; columella levi, breviuscula.

Solid, like ivory, the inferior whorls obese and smooth, the
superior plicate, above girdled by a punctated line; one or
two others, similar but less conspicuous, transverse the inferior
part, and on the last whorls these are several times repeated.
The columella is truncate, and slightly callous.

Seychelles.
46. T. amanpa. (pl. xlv. f. 100.) Hinds, 1. c. p. 154.

Testa elongaté conico-subulata, nitida; anfractibus planu-
latis, superné cingulo tuberculato margaritaceo cinctis, infra
secundo minore concolore, inferné aurantiacis biseriatim punc-
tato-lineatis, ultimo brevi; apertura parva, quadrata ; colum-
ella contorta.

An uncommonly pretty shell, offering an elegant contrast
between the row of pearly tubercles and the genéral orange
colour. It is only known to me from two individuals in the
collection of Sir Edward Belcher, and as neither of these
has attained mature age, the characters of the columella
are wanting.

Straits of Macassar; in eleven fathoms, coarse sand.

47. T. TESSELLATA. (pl. xlv. f. 124,) Gray, l. c. p. 61.

Testa subulata, turrita, laevigata, alba, brunneo interrupté
trifasciata ; anfractibus planulatis, superné seriebus duabus
tuberculorum instructis ; apertura quadrata; columella con-
torta ; canali mediocri.

A single specimen only of this species exists, and which is
in the collection of the British Museum.

Native country unknown.

48, T. Licata. (pl. xlv. f. 117, 118.) Hinds, |. c. p. 153.

Testa elongaté subulata, acuminata; anfractibus planulatis,
transversim striatis, cingulis duobus_ tuberculatis, cingulo
superiore et area inferiore maculis quadratis fuscis transversis
ornata, cingulo inferiore minore albida concolore; anfractu
ultimo parvo, biseriatim maculato.

An attractive shell, which though like T. triseriata it pos-

167

sesses two rows of tubercles, there is little fear of confounding
with it. The spots here are transverse, which is rather a
peculiarity. The pale individual figured has most probably
been deprived of its colour.

Marquesas ; in seven fathoms, sandy mud.

49. Ty LINGUALIsS. (pl. xl. f. 50.) Hinds, l.c. p. 153.

Testa turrito-subulata, albida, flammeis atro-fuscis longi-
tudinalibus ornat&; anfractibus planulatis, lineis duabus
impressis divisis, infra suturam tuberculatis ; area inferiore
levigata ; anfractu ultimo subrotundato, levigato, fasciato ;
apertura quadrata ; columella contorta; canali reflexo.

Shell subulate, turrited, white, with richly coloured dark
red flames, occasionally confluent ; whorls about twenty, flat,
above with a girdling line, a second often invisible on the
inferior portion of the whorl or in the upper ones, upper part
with coarse tubercular folds, becoming nearly smooth below;
last whorl banded. Aperture square; columella twisted ;
canal reflexed.

The whorls, particularly those of the spire, are divided into
three spaces by two girdling lines; the lower area is smooth,
but the two others, particularly the most superior, is tubercled.
It is a handsome species, from the deep reddish-brown flames
with which it is covered.

Gulf of Papagayo, and Bay of Montejo, west coast of
America; ten to seventeen fathoms, sandy mud: Cuming
and Hinds.

50. T. corruGcata. (pl. xlii. f, 62.) Lamarck, 1. c. v. vii.
p-. 287. T. punctata, Gray, l. c. p. 61.

Testa longissimé subulata, turrita, solida, pallida; anfrac-
tibus numerosis, angustis, superné linea impressa divisis ;
area superiore tumida, nodoso-plicata, interstitiis rufo-fusco
pictis; area inferiore contracta, levi, strigis longitudinalibus,
rarius biseriatim, ornata ; apertura parva, quadrata ; columella
nuda, contorta, acuta, biplicata, plicd inferiore majore ; canali
reflexo.

Shell slender, subulate, turrited, of a pale colour; whorls
numerous, about 24, narrow, girdled, the superior area tumid,
with nodulous folds, the interstices filled with reddish-brown
spots, the inferior area contracted, smooth, with longitudinal
spots, sometimes arranged transversely in two series, of which
the superior is by far the smaller; last whorl very short.
Aperture square. Columella naked, twisted, with two folds,
the inferior being the larger. Canal reflexed.

Native country unknown.

168

51. T. runicuLaTA. (pl. xii. f. 63.( Hinds, 1. c. p. 153.

Testa elongaté subulata, turrita, nitida, fulva; anfractibus
numerosis, planulatis, superné cingulo levi linea impressa
diviso, infra cingulo minore, area inferiore transversim striata ;
anfractu ultimo brevi, medio sulco unico ; apertura parva, con-
colore; columella subarcuata, acuta, anticé producta; canali
breviusculo.

The area above the girdle is smooth and traversed by a sin-
gle line, beneath it is tumid, so as to resemble a smaller and
second girdling. A remarkable single groove crosses the last
whorl near its middle. Native country unknown.

52. T. rricotor. (pl. lxiv. f. 82.) Sowerby, Tank. cat. p. 24.
T. teniolata, Quoy, Voy. de l’Astrolabe, p. 466, t. 36, f. 25, 26.

Testa elongaté subulata, acuminata, turrita, laevigata, trico-
lore; anfractibus numerosis, planulatis, laevibus, superné lined
impressa divisis; area superiore alba, area inferiore carnea,
linea impressa et propé saturam linea rufa bicincta ; anfractu
ultimo tricincto; apertura subquadrata; columella anticé
producta.

Shell gracefully subulate, perfectly smooth, except that the
whorls are girdled, and bear the marks of the arched lines of
growth. The superior area is white, and the inferior of a flesh
colour; and the line and also the lower part of each whorl
close to the suture, has a narrow red line ; an additional one
also appears at the base of the last whorl.

Tongatabu: Quoy and Gaimard. Island of St. Thomas:

Sowerby. It is not probable that both these localities are
correct.

53. T. moniuis. (pl. xhil. f. 65, 66.) Quoy, Voy. de l’As-
trolabe, p. 47. t. 36, f. 21, 22.

Testa gracilé subulata, acuminata, turrita, lutea, fulva, vel
fuscescente, unicolore ; anfractibus planulatis, linea impressa
divisis, area superiore tuberculis quadrat's pallidis cincta, in-
feriore leevigata polita, lineis duabus impressis, nonnumquam
obsoletis, instructaé; apertura subquadrata; columella acuta,
anticé producta.

Shell gracefully subulate, acuminate, turrited, pale yellow,
orange, or brown; whorls flat, girdled, the superior area occu-
pied by asingle series of square pale pustular looking tuber-
cles, the inferior smooth and polished, and traversed by two
impressed lines, which are often obsolete. Aperture small,
rather square, with a short canal. Columella produced for-
ward, with an acute margin. Native country unknown.

169

54. T. cINGULIFERA. (pl. xlii. f. 24, 25.) Lamarck, 1. c. v.
vil. p. 289. T. punctulata, Sowerby. Tank. cat. p. 24. T.
punctato-striata, Gray, l.c. p. 61.

Testa longissimé subulata, turrita, levigata, flavescente ;
anfractibus numerosis superné lined valdé impressa divisis,
transversim lineis subdistantibus punctato-striatis indutis ;
apertura parva, subquadrata; columella arcuata, producta ;
canali brevi.

Shell lengthened, subulate, turrited, smooth, pale yellow ;
whorls numerous, girdled, beneath with a few definite punc-
tated transverse lines. Aperture squarish, with a short canal.
Columella arched, produced forward.

New Holland. Kiener. Annaa, South Pacific; Ilo-ilo,
Island of Panay, and Island of Burias, Philippines : Cuming.
Tahiti, Society Islands.

55. T. BABYLONIA. (pl. xliii. f. 67.) Lamarck, 1. c. v. vii.
p- 287. ‘T. striata, Gray, 1. c. p. 60.

Testa elongaté subulata, turrita, levigata, nitida, pallidé
rufescente ; anfractibus planulatis, superné sulco divisis,
longitrorsum plicatis; area superiore tuberculis quadratis
albidis, subobliquis instructa; plicis aree inferioris latis, albidis,
confertis, lineis raris saturatioribus decussatis ; anfractu ultimo
ad basin rufo; apertura parva, elongata; columella anticé
producta.

Among the gracefully subulate, turrited species, this is
more particularly distinguished by its closely set, flat, whitish
folds, which are crossed by two, rarely three lines, which
together with the interspaces of the folds, are of an orange red
colour; the base of the last whorl and the aperture are simi-
lourly coloured.

Haynan, China: Schroeter. Bow Island; Tahiti, Society
Islands ; Feejee Islands.

56. T. sTRAMINEA. (pl. xli. f. 22, 23.) Gray, 1. c. p. 62.

Testa longissimé subulata, turrita, flavescente vel aurantiaca ;
anfractibus numerosis, lined valdé impressa divisis, trans-
versim sulcatis; area superiore plico-tuberculata, undique
rugulosa ; apertura parva; elongate ovali; columella arcuata
producta ; canali breviusculo, subreflexo.

Shell gracefully lengthened, subulate, turrited, of a clear
yellow, verging to orange ; whorls numerous, boldly girdled,
transversely sulcate; the upper area plico-tuberculate, and
everywhere roughened by the lines of growth crossing the

170

sulci. Aperture small, oval. Columella arched and produced
forward. Canal short, reflexed.
Haynan, China; Tranquebar : Schroeter.

57. T. pretiosa. (pl. xlii. f. 54.) Reeve, Proceed. Zool.
Soc. 1842, p. 200.

Testa longissimé subulata, turrita, rugosa, pallida, fusco
interrupté picta ; anfractibus numerosissimis, circa 30, planu-
latis, valdé excavato-cingulatis, plicis longitudinalibus arcuatis
confertim instructis, interstitiis striatis; apertura elongaté
subquadrata; columella anticé producté; canali mediocri,
reflexo.

Shell elegantly subulate, very lengthened, turrited, of a pale
colour, irregularly painted with reddish-brown ; whorls very
numerous, boldly girdled, closely set with numerous arching
folds, the interstices being striate. Aperture small, elon-
gated, squarish. Columella produced forward. <A _ dis-
tinct canal.

A single specimen only of this fine species is in the collec-
tion of Mr. Cuming, and another is known to exist in the col-
lection of M. Griiner. It is, however, surpassed in the num-
ber of its whorls by T. commaculata. China.

58. T. comMAcuLATA. (pl. xli. f. 37.) Pfeiffer. Bucci-
num strigilatum, Gmelin, (nec Linneus). B. commaculatum,
Gmelin, No. 143. Terebra myuros, Lamarck, 1. c. v. vil. p.
289. 'T.scabrella, Lamarck, \.c. v. vii. p. 289.

Testa longissimé subulata, turrita, albida, maculis magnis
rufis longitudinalibus subquadratis ornata; anfractibus nume-
rosissimis, planulatis, superné cingulatis, lineis transversis
minuté tuberculatis scabris; striis incrementi conspicuis ;
anfractu ultimo parvo, brevi, inferné coarctato; apertura
subquadrata; columella anticé producta, contorta, acuta
canali brevi, reflexo.

Shell very lengthened, subulate, somewhat turrited, white,
with large rather square longitudinal dark red spots; whorls
flat, very numerous, in the specimen before me 32 in number,
and some of the extreme terminal ones are still wanting,
girdled, scabrous from the crossing of transverse striz with
the lines of growth; last whorl small, short, and suddenly
contracted. Aperture rather square, terminating in a short
reflexed canal. Columella produced. The description and
figure are from a very elegant specimen in the collection of
Mr. Cuming.

New Guinea. Fossil on the shores of the Red Sea:
Burton.

171

59. TRISERIATA. (pl. xlv. f. 119.) Gray, 1. c. p. 61.

Testa gracillimé subulata, turrita, pallidé flava ; anfractibus
numerosissimis, circa viginti-novem, planulatis, superné
seriebus duabus tuberculorum rotundorum cinctis, infra
cancellatis, ultimo quadrato; apertura perparva, quadrata ;
columella anticé producta; canali mediocri.

Of greater length, compared with the diameter, than any
other species; and it is very elegantly proportioned. The
whorls are furnished above with two series of rounded tuber-
cles, and between which the girdling line passes. Our speci-
mens are of a pale yellow varying to a browner colour.

Island of Ticao, Philippines; six fathoms, sand: Cuming.
China Sea; twenty-two fathoms.

The characters presented by this and the two preceding
species are aberrant from the more typical Terebre, and pre-
sent the only safe grounds on which, at present, any sectional
division can be attempted. As such, I have for some time
regarded it, and also assigned the group the following desig-
nation, and as my views as to its value seem fixed, it is here
introduced.

SUBGENUS, MYURELLA.

Testa longissimé subulata; anfractus numerosissimi,
superne cingulo tuberculoso instructi, inferné transversim
exculpti, vel rarius totius leves. Apertura perparva, canali-
culata. Columellaanticé producta.

I do not doubt that several other species might be placed
here with advantage, but I refrain from doing so now, as
between the two, there appears to bea gap which the speci-
mens before me do not enable me to fill up, and also because
these are often not in such a condition as to unable me to
decide. Thus, I regard the production of the columella
forward as an inner lip as indispensable, but this character in
many cases beforeus is not developed, since it is always
attendant on mature age.

60. L&vIGATA. (pl. xliv. f. 93.) Gray, 1. c. p. 61.

Testa longissimé subulata, acuminata, turrita, concolore ;
anfractibus numerosis, planulatis, superné sulco divisis, inferné
lineis parvis impressis transversim instructis; area superiore
levi, integra; apertura parva, subquadrata; columella con- '
torta, acuta; canali mediocri.

T. funiculata approaches the present species very closely

E 4

172

but the impressed line of the upper area, and the groove on
the last whorl in that shell, with other features, are sufficient
to distinguish them. Here both margins of the girdling line are
tumid, and prominent above the general surface. Ceylon.

61. T. coLUMELLARIS. (pl. xliv. f. 77,) Hinds, l. c. p. 151.

Testa elongata, subcylindracea, turrito-subulata, aurantiaca,
albo nebulosa; anfractibus subrotundatis, longitrorsum
undatim plico-costatis, superné linea impressa cinctis ; inter-
stitiis rufis, striatis; anfractu ultimo breviusculo, rotundato,
albo fasciato. Apertura effusa; columella nuda.

Remarkable from its great similarity to T. undulata, which
is itself a peculiar species. The grounds of distinction are its
decidedly cylindrical shape, different distribution of the colour,
and its short, abrupt, rounded and banded last whorl. At
plate xlv. fig. 127, is represented a white variety, but which
has in all probability lost its colour.

Native country unknown.

62. T. UNDULATA. (pl. xlu. f..55.) Gray,1 ec. p. 60. «TF:
pertusa, Kiener, Iconographie, var. t. 11. f. 24, ¢.

Testa attenuaté subovali subulata, acuminata, turrita, nitida,
aurantiaca; anfractibus planulatis, superne linea impressa
divisis, longitrorsum plicatis ; plicis obtusis, confertis, obliquis,
supra cingulum nodulosis, albidis, interstitiis striatis ; anfractu
ultimo attenuato, concolore; apertura utrinque attenuata,
aurantiaca; columella nuda, rectiuscula.

The inferior whorls are slightly swelled, which separates it at
once from many species, all of which may be regarded as very
lengthened cones; the folds are rigidly oblique, and the inter-
vals rather closely striate ; the upper nodulous range is white,
but everywhere else it is of a clear orange. The last whorl and
aperture are unusually attenuate. M. Kiener has considered
it as a variety of 7. pertusa, which is truly a very different
shell. Bow Island ; New Guinea; Straits of Malacca.

63. T. arriis. (pl. xliv. f. 78.) Gray, 1. c. p. 60., SE
striata, Quoy, Voy. de lAstrolabe, p. 468. t. 36. f. 23, 24.

Testa elongaté subulata, turrita, polita, alba, rufo subseria-
tim picté; anfractibus sulco divisis, longitrorsum plicatis ;
plicis magnis, planis, latis, interstitiis angustis, striatis; an-
fractu ultimo attenuato, tranversim rufo-fusco lineato ; aper-
tura effusa; columella rectiuscula, contorta.

The individuals vary much ; generally they are small and
dwarf, anditisthen the shell described by Mr. Gray ; sometimes
they are large and fine grown, in which case it is the shell of M.
Quoy. Mr Gray observes that it is allied to T. nubeculata,
but smaller and of more slender proportions. The shell

173

which at present bears this name in the British Museum, is
T. nebulosa, and this most probably Mr. Gray means. On the
authority of Mr. Sowerby, the author of both these species,
T. nubeculata is not to be identified. The name of M. Quoy
has priority, but happens to be previously occupied in a fossil
species. Feejee Islands; Seychelles.

64. T. vAR(EGATA. (pl. xlii. f. 53.) Gray, Le. p. 61. T.
africana, Gray, Griffiths, ed. Cuvier, t. 23, f. 5.

Testa conico-subulata, turrita, alba vel cinerea, maculis lon-
gitudinalibus atro-rufis ornata ; anfractibus planulatis, superné
sulco impresso divisis; area superiore tuberculato-plicata, in-
terrupé fusco picta, inferiore sulcis tribus cinctaé; anfractu
ultimo albo fasciato; apertura subquadrata; cclumella nuda,
contorta; canali brevi.

Shell conical subulate, turrited, white varying to ash; whorls
flat, girdled, the superior area with tubercular folds, inter-
ruptedly painted with dark red spots, the lower area polished
with the regular grooves, ornamented with longitudinal spots ;
last whorl banded. Aperture rather square ; columella naked,
twisted. <A short canal.

Guayamas, Gulf of California; in ten to twelve fathoms,
sandy mud: Cuming.

65. T. invTeRtTINncTA. (pl. xliv. f. 81.) Hinds, l. c. p. 155.

Testa conico-subulata, acuminata, turrita, pallida vel
cerulescente; anfractibus planulatis, politis, duabus vel
tribus lineis transversis, superné cingulo tuberculato, inferné
obsoleté tuberculo-plicatis, interstitiis tuberculorum fusco
maculatis; anfractu ultimo subrotundato, uniseriatim tu-
berculato, interstitiis nebulosis; apertura ovali; columella
nuda, contorta.

The whorls are surmounted by a row of tubercles, with
small brown spots in the intervals; beneath the area is
polished, with some obsolete folds, which, descending to the
suture, gradually develope, and terminate in a small tubercle ;
and, tracing them round the whorls till the lip ceases, they con-
tinue over the middle of the last whorl as a row of small
tubercles. Gambia ; among sandy mud.

66. 1. ARMInEATAS (pl) xlin. f. 49.) d7inds, I. c.p. 154.

Testa turrito-subulata, acuminata, fusca; anfractibus planu-
latis, longitrorsum subdistanter plico-costatis, transversim
lineis definitis impressis, superné cingulo noduloso, etate valdé
notabili; anfractu ultimo subquadrato, ad basin albo fasciato ;
apertura atro-fusca ; columella contorta.

Shell subulate, turrited, acuminate, brown varying to ash
colour; whorls flat, rather distantly plicate, with transverse

E2

174

impressed lines, above with a coarse nodulous girdle; last
whorl squarish, banded. Aperture brown within, square.
Columella twisted, covered with a very thin callus.

Abundant in various localities on the west coast of America,
between Panama and the Bay of Magdalena in Lower Cali-
fornia, in from five to thirteen fathoms ; also at the Galapagos,
in ten fathoms, chiefly in sandy situations. It was also found
imbedded in the fossiliferous cliffs which surround a portion
of the Bay of Magdalena.

67. T. aspera. (pl. xh. f. 44.) Hinds, 1. e. p. 154.

Testa turrito-subulata, acuminata, pallida, aurantiaca vel
fused; anfractibus subrotundatis, longitrorsum subconferté
plico-costatis, nodulosis, liris transversis decussantibus, superné
eingulo plico-nodulifero sparsim fusco maculato; anfractu
ultimo rotundato, ad basin albo fasciato; apertura colorem
teste simulante; columella contorta.

Shell subulate, turrited, acuminate, fluctuating from pale to
orange or dark brown; whorls somewhat rounded, with
numerous closely-set longitudinal folds, these being crossed
by transverse grooves, originate numerous small prominent
tubercular interspaces; the upper area is usually pale with
distant reddish-brown spots; last whorl rounded, banded
with white. Aperture oblong. Columella twisted. Canal short.

Panama, Monte Christi, St. lena, west coast of America;
in from six to ten fathoms, sandy mud: Cuming.

68. T. RADULA. (pl. xliv. f. 95.) Minds, 1. c. p. 155.

Testa turrito-subulata, fulva, nitida; anfractibus rotundatis,
plicis tubereulatis longitudinalibus et transversis cancellatis,
propé suturam serie tuberculorum majusculorum; anfractu
ultimo ad basin albo angusté fasciato ; apertura oblonga, con-
colore ; columella contorta, acuta.

The whorls are rounded and cancellated, with small
tubercular elevations at the angles. The series of tubercles
above the girdling is somewhat paler, and the last whorl
has a narrow band. The shell is unique, in Mr. Cuming’s
collection.

Puerto Portrero,west coast of America; in thirteen fathoms,
coral sand: Cuming.

69. T. Brrrons. (pl. xlii. f. 57.) Hinds, 1. c. p.155.

Testa turrito-subulata, levigata, fusca; anfractibus rotun-
datis, inferioribus multiseriatim tuberculatis, superioribus
longitrorsum biseriatim tuberculo-plicatis ; tuberculis parvis
approximatis, interstitiis levibus ; apertura oblonga ; columella
rectiuscula, subtruncata.

175

Shell subulate, turrited, smooth, of a dirty brown;
whorls somewhat rounded, entire, the penultimate and ante-
penultimate with about four series of small tubercles, the
remaining superior whorls with two series of longitudinal
folds, their extremities separated by a narrow smooth
interval. Aperture oblong, effuse. Columella naked,
short, and truncate. Nocanal. Japan: Dr. E. Siebold.

70. T. Guava. (pl. xliv. f. 85.) Hinds, 1. c. p. 155,

Testa turrito-subulata, acuminata, glaucescente; anfrac-
tibus rotundatis, eleganter cancellatis, prope suturam cingulo
albido tuberculato ; anfractu ultimo elongato, pallide fasciato ;
apertura ovali; columella contorta,

Probably only the young of 7. radula, nothwithstanding
the rather different character of the cancellation, and its
glaucous appearance. Native country unknown.

71. T. BicincTA. (pl. xliv. f. 72.) Hinds, |. c. p. 150.

Testa subulata, levigata, nitidi; anfractibus rotundatis,
linea impressa divisis, longitrosum plicatis, superne area
coarctata, transversim biseriatim super plicas minute tuber-
culatis ; plicis tenuibus, acutis, interstitiis levigatis ; anfractu
ultimo concolore.

Remarkably and very distinctly characterized by the two
rows of small tubercles which encircle the whorls beneath the
girdling. The shell is otherwise of an uniform white glassy
colour, which might be attributable to its condition. Our
skilful artist seems to have seen an additional series of tuber-
cles ; but except on the last whorl where there are three, I
cannot discover more than two. The specimen is unique in the
collection of Mr. Cuming. Native country unknown.

72.T. TUBERCULOSA. (pl. xl. f. 48.) Hinds, |. c. p. 154.

Testa turrito-subulata, acuminata, polita, olivacea ; anfrac-
tibus planulatis, levigatis, politis, superné cingulo tuber-
culato, area inferiore triseriatim tuberculato; seriebus duabus
superioribus frequenter subevanidis; anfractu ultimo sub-
quadrato, unicolore, multiseriatim tuberculato; columella
contorta.

Shell subulate, acuminate, turrited, polished, pale olive ;
whorls flat, shining, above with a nodulous girdle, beneath
with about three series of small regularly disposed tubercles,
those in the middle being less distinct; last whorl rather
square, not banded. Aperture oblong. Columella naked,
twisted,

176

This is a very distinct tubercled species from the collection
of Sir Edward Belcher.

Panama; Gulf of Papagayo; San Blas; in from four to
eleven fathoms.

73. T. LARVEZFORMIS. (pl. xli. f. 46, 47.) Hinds, l.c. p.155.

Testa subcylindracea, turrito-subulata, fusca, nitida ; anfrac-
tibus brevibus rotundatis, longitrorsum plico-costatis, superné
linea impressa contractatis; costis rotundatis vel varicosis,
interstitiis leeviter striatis ; anfractu ultimo breviusculo, pallidé
fasciato ; apertura pallida.

Shell ‘somewhat cylindrical, subulate, turrited, shining, of a
rich brown ; whorls narrow, rounded, with longitudinal rounded
folds, girdled above, the interstices feebly striated ; last whorl
short, with a pale banding. Aperture small and contracted.
Columella short, twisted.

I have examined a number of specimens of this shell, all
of which I refer to this species, and find them vary much in
the general and relative proportion of their outline and width
of whorls.

St. Elena and Monte Christi, west coast of America; in
from six to fifteen fathoms, sandy mud.

74. 'T. FENESTRATA. (pl. xliv. f. 86.) Hinds, 1]. c. p. 153.

Testa elongaté conico-subulata, pallidé fulva; anfractibus
planulatis, superné cingulo nodulifero, infra secundo minore,
inferné cancellatis; apice subpapillari; anfractu ultimo quadrato
ad basin abrupté contractato ; apertura parva ; labio interno
subcalloso, producto.

The superior series of tubercles is large and prominent,
and just beneath is accompanied by a second of smaller size,
the remainder of the whorl is cancellated by the crossing of
the two or three salient lines. The shell is of an uniform pale
dirty yellow colour.

75. T. picra. (pl. xlv. f. 105.) Hinds, |. c. p. 156.

Testa subcylindracea, turrito-subulata, nitida, pallidé auran-
tiaca, atro-fusco longitrorsum maculata vel nebulosa; anfracti-
bus rotundatis, superné cingulo tuberculato, infra plico-costatis,
interstitiis striatis; anfractu ultimo fasciato; apertura parva,
atro-fusca ; columella subrecta.

Highly polished, with a pale brown ground, ornamented
with longitudinal dark reddish-brown spots. The folds are
short, and crowded with striated interstices. Aperture is
small, but not quite formed ; last whorl band with white.

San Nicholas, Island of Zebu, Philippines.

177
76. T. vioLascens. (pl. xlv. f. 98.) Hinds, 1. c. p. 154.

Testa turrita, cylindraceo-subulata, violaced; anfractibus
rotundatis, longitrorsum obliqué plico-costatis, superné linea
impressa obsoleté cinctis ; costis subconfertis, interstitiis crebré
striatis; apertura parva, elongata; columella anticé pro-
ducta.

The folds are oblique to the right hand of the spectator,
and with the interstices closely striate. It is destitute of
the polish of 7. picta, its whorls are rounder, and without
the dark spots.

New Guinea; in seven fathoms, mud. San Nicholas, Zebu,
and Mindanao, Philippines; in twenty to thirty fathoms:
Cuming.

The Philippine specimens are of a different colour, and dis-
posed to be banded, but they have the appearance of dead shells.
The species is very like an American fossil from Alabama, 7.
venusta, Lea.

(ial eLAVA. (pl. xiv. t. 75.) Grail. c. p. 60,

Testa obeso-subulata, superné attenuata, subturrita, pallide
flava, anfractibus planulatis, superné linea impressa divisis,
longitrorsum plicatis, striis transversis cancellatis; plicis
subrectis, confertis; apertura abbreviata; columella nuda,
contorta.

Shell not uniformly subulate, the superior whorls being
proportionately more so than the others; this with the
flattened cancellated whorls and uniform pale yellow colour
will readily distinguish it. Native country unknown.

78. Ll. BLATA. (pl. xliv.f. 68, 69:) Hinds, l..c.p. 156.

Testa subcylindracea, elongaté turrito-subulata, pallideé
fulva; anfractibus feré planulatis, longitrorsum plicatis, supernée
linea impressé cinctis ; plicis approximatis, interstitiis striatis ;
anfractu ultimo ad basin et propé suturam fusco; apertura
elongata.

Gracefully elongated, glittering, the folds sharp, straight,
and rather numerous, with the interstices finely striate. The
base of the last whorl is of a brown colour; and some
individuals are ornamented with longitudinal spots of a
reddish-brown.

Bay of Montijo, west coast of America; in fifteen fathoms,
coarse sand: Cuming.

79. T. TexTiis. (pl. xliv. f. 73.) Hinds, 1. c. p. 156.

Testa subulata, pallidé lutea; anfractibus feré planulatis
longitrorsum plicatis, superné linea punctato-impressa cinctis,

178

serie tuberculorum deindé excisa albida; plicis approximatis,
interstitiis striatis ; anfractu ultimo parvo, unicolore ; columella
plicata ; labio interno producto.

This Asiatic species very closely resembles the American
just described, and furnishes another of those instances of
affinity, which, whilst still retaming unquestionable distinct-
ness, occur so frequently in the shells of the tropics of the
two hemispheres ; and thus, whilst both are enriched by similar
forms, these present themselves under slight but constant
differences. It also bears considerable resemblance to 7. flava,
but the characters are quite sufficient to recognize each.

Sorgoson, Bay of Manila, Philippines ; Straits of Macassar ;
in from six to thirteen fathoms, sand and coarse gravel:
Cuming and Hinds.

80. T. CANCELLATA. (pl. xliv. f. 80.) Quoy, Voy. de
Y Astrolabe, p. 471, t. 36, f. 27, 28.

Testa subulaté, acuminata, fusca, concolore; aufractibus
planulatis, superné linea excavato-impressa divisis, plicatis ;
plicis numerosis, acutis, subobliquis, interstitiis striatis ; aper-
tura utrinque attenuata, atro-fusca; columella antice producta ;
breviter canaliculata.

The characters here are so negative, that it is not easy to
seize on any circumstance which language can express to
establish its distinctness, whilst this to the eye is unquestion-
able. Its uniform colour must not be overlooked, or the
absence of banding on the last whorl. The aperture is of a
dark brown, and a ridge of similar colour runs from the
columella around the base of the last whorl. This species
has priority of 7. cancellata, Gray, which unfortunately
is only known to us from description.

Moluccas: Quoy and Gaimard.

81. T. putcHRA. (pl. xlv. f. 129.) Hinds, 1. c. p. 151.

Testa turrité, conico-subulataé, acuminata, nitida, pallida ;
anfractibus subplanulatis, longitrorsum recté plico-costatis,
superné linea impressa cinctis, interstitiis levigatis; anfractu
ultimo pallideé lineato.

Perhaps more nearly resembling 7. plicata than any other
species, from which, with a little care, the description
will suffice to distinguish it.

Marquesas ; in seven fathoms.

82. T. LaNcEATA. (pl. xliii. f. 52.) Lamarck, 1. c. v. vii.
p- 290. Buccinum lanceatum, Gmelin, No. 137.

Testa elongaté ovato-subulaté, alba, polita, strigis rufis

179

angustis, rarius flexuosis seu interruptis, longitrorsum peni-
cillata; anfractibus subrotundatis, integris, levigatis, ultimo
attenuato; apertura utrinque attenuata; columella nuda,
rectiuscula ; canali nullo.

Shell elongated, ovately subulate, white, with longitudinal
narrow red lines, more or less straight, rarely angular or
flexuous; whorls quite entire, smooth and polished. Aperture
attenuate. Columella naked, straight. No canal.

Tahiti; Mauritius: Cuming. Amboina.

83. T. PENICILLATA. (pl. xliv. f. 91.) Hinds, 1. c. p. 157.

Testa turrita, obeso-subulata, levigata, polita, alba lineis
undatis rufis longitrorsum dispositis; anfractibus integris,
ultimo elongato, efasciato; spira obsoleté plicata; apertura
elongata; columella levi, truncata; canali nullo.

Shell turrited, subulate, the inferior whorls somewhat
swelled, with asmooth polished bone-white surface, ornamented
longitudinally with waved reddish lines. Whorls entire, the
last similar to the others. Spire inconspicuously plicate.
Aperture rather attenuate, and with a smooth naked columella.

Seychelles.

84. T. venosa. (pl. xliv. f. 90.) Hinds, 1. c. p. 157.

Testa subcylindraceo-subulata, levigata, polita; anfractibus
integris, subplanulatis, superné albo, infra purpureo cinctis,
strigis rufis longitudinalibus flexuosis; spira plicata ; anfractu
ultimo subrotundato, rarius transversim fasciato vel lineato ;
apertura elongata, alba; columella nuda, rectiuscula, truncata ;
canali nullo.

This is, perhaps, the only species in this now extensive
genus where the fasciation of the last whorl is not to be relied
on as a character. Both the preceding have been united by
M. Kiener with 7. lanceata, but I cannot help regarding them
as most unquestionably distinct. The inferior part of each
whorl is usually of a darker colour, and sometimes even to be
almost banded. Native country unknown.

85. T. inconsTANS. (pl. xliv. f. 83.) Hinds, 1. c. p. 156.

Testa obeso-subulata, acuminata, livida vel pallida, polita ;
anfractibus integris, subrotundatis, longitrorsum plicatis,
interstitiis levigatis; infra suturam et ad basin anfractiis
ultimi pallidé fasciata; apertura effusd; columella truncata,
anticé producta.

This species has much of the general character of T. ano-
mala, but the whorls are constantly entire, and the shells are

F

180

more acuminate and obese. Pale markings are sometimes
present in the interstices of the delicate sharp folds.

Sandwich Islands, where it abounds in the sands in con-
siderable numbers.

86. T. ANOMALA. (pl. xliv. f. 97.) Gray, l.c. p. 62.

Testa conico-subulata, acuminata, turrita, levigata, polita,
pallida vel cinerea; anfractibus planulatis, superné sulco
excavato-impresso divisis, longitrorsum plicatis ; plicis acutis,
politis, inferné evanidis, interstitiis levigatis; apertura
ovali, effusa ; columella truncata, anticé producta; canali nullo.

The whorls are girdled and polished, with numerous folds
disappearing below. The girdling line is accompanied by small
excayatious in the intervals. Near the whorl it is disposed to
be whiter, and the last whorl is banded.

Singapore ; in seven fathoms: Cuming.

87. T. CINEREA. (pl. xlv. f. 130.) Basterot. Buccinum
cinereum, Born, Mus. p. 267.t. 10,f. 10, 12. Terebra acicu-
lina, Lamarck, |. c. v. vil. p. 290.

Testa conico-subulata, acuminata, polita, nitida, cinerea vel
saturaté fusca; anfractibus subplanulatis, integris, tenué
plicatis, infra suturam albidis, inter plicas rufo pictis, ultimo
albo fasciato; apertura valdé diffusa; columella anticé pro-
ducta, rectiuscula, truncata; canali nullo.

The present is an old and abundant species, and like some
others seems to have been originally brought into notice by
Born, to be subsequently forgotten. The are several other
species of very similar character, and it is remarkable that the
girdling seems a very unimportant feature among them,
since some species are without it, whilst others near akin are
provided with it.

Manila; on the sand: Cuming. Fossil at Bordeaux :
Basterot.

88. T. stRIGILATA. (pl. xlv. f. 101, 122.) Lamarck, 1. c. v.
vil. p. 290. Buccinum strigilatum, Linneus Syst. Nat. No. 484.

Testa subulaté, acuminata, subturrita, cinerea, polita;
anfractibus integris, plicatis, superné albo fasciatis et maculis
rufis seriatim ornatis; plicis confertis, obliquis, planulatis,
rotundatis ; anfractu ultimo fasciato : apertura ovali; columella
nuda, subrecté; canali nullo.

Generally of an ash colour fluctuating from pale todark, above
with a white band which is ocellate with dark red spots. The
individuals vary a good deal in size, and fig. 122, may be
regarded as representing rather a large specimen, since the

181

average are smaller. Fig. 101, is an excessively pretty variety
of a rich cream colour, but still with the white band, and
series of spottings.

New Guinea; Straits of Macassar: Hinds. Philippine
Islands: Cuming. It is a species which is produced in con-
siderable numbers.

89. T. Luctuosa: (pl. xlv.f. 121.) Hinds, |. c. p. 157.

Testa gracilé acuminata, levigata, polita, atro-fusca, rarius
castanea vel olivacea; anfractibus subplanulatis, integris,
superné plicis parvis undatis, infra evanidis, ultimo elongato,
concolore; columella nuda, truncata; canali nullo.

Shell gracefully acuminate, highly polished, of a dark ches-
nut, sometimes nearly black; whorls entire, covered towards
their upper part with numerous fine folds. The aperture very
dark within, effuse. Columella straight, naked, and truncate.
No canal.

Gulf of Nicoya; Puerto Portrero, west coast of America ;
in twelve fathoms, coral sand: Cuming and Hinds.

90. T. cusPIpaTA. (pl. xlv. f. 28.) Hinds, 1. c. p. 157.

Testa gracile et elongaté subulata, valdé acuminata, levigata,
polita, nitida ; anfractibus planulatis, integris, superné plicatis,
infra evanidis, pallidis ceruleo angusté fasciatis; anfractu
ultimo levigato, subdiaphano, ad basin fascia rufa ornato ;
apertura ovali; columella nuda, excavata, truncata.

Very acuminate, highly polished, and semi-opaque ; whorls
entire, but in the usual situation of the girdle, with a narrow
ash-brown band; their upper half with longitudinal folds.
The last whorl with a white base traversed by a well-defined
reddish band. Cape Coast, Africa: Humphreys.

91. T. micans. (pl. xlv. f. 125.) Hinds, 1. c. p. 157.

Testa conico-subulata, acuminata, semiopaca, pallidé fulva,
nitida; anfractibus planulatis, integris, longitrorsum plicis
capillaribus, superné czruleo et ad basin anfracttis ultimi
fusco fasciatis; apertura inferné effusa ; columella nuda,
truncata.

Shell conico-subulate, acuminate, of a shining amber
colour ; whorls entire, polished, clothed with numerous very
fine capillary folds, somewhat disappearing towards the lower
part of the whorl; variously coloured with reddish-black,
generally with a narrow band near the suture, and with the
inferior whorls more coloured than the upper.

Native country unknown.
F 2

182

92, T. LEPIDA. (pl. xlv.f. 102.) Hinds, 1. c. p. 158.

Testa obeso-vel rarits subcylindraceo-subulata, acuminata,
leevigata, polita, albida vel pallidé fulva ; anfractibus planulatis,
integris, plicis longitudinalibus acutis, interstitiis levigatis,
superné maculis rufis cinctis; anfractu ultimo subcylin-
draceo, pallide fasciato ; apertura elongata; columella nuda.

Of a pale orange colour, the whorls entire, longitudinally
plicate, and highly polished. The folds are distant, rather
oblique, sharp, and of a whiter colour. Beneath the suture
is a series of red spots, one being situated in nearly every
alternate interstice. It differs from T. strigilata, in that the
spots of that species are painted on a white band, and
again that the folds are broad and rounded and touch each
other. Guinea; on the sands: Humphreys.

93. T. ALBULA. (pl. xlv. f. 126.) Menke, Moll. Nov.
Holland, p. 30.

Testa subobeso-subulata, acuminata, turrita, leevigata, polita,
alba; anfractibus planulatis, integris, superne crenato-
plicatis, medio et inferné levibus, ultimo elongato ; apertura
attenuata, effusd ; columella recta, nuda, truncata; canali
nullo. f

As I am guided alone by description, there may be some
doubt whether I have referred the right shell to it; however,
it entirely agrees in this respect, and its characters are few
and negative. The folds occupy about a third, or something
less, of the breadth of the whorl.

West Coast of New Holland: Menke.

94. TI’. oBEsa. (pl. xlv. f. 106.) Hinds, 1. c. p. 158.

Testa obeso-subulata, levigata, albida, maculis fuscis longi-
tudinalibus pallidé ornata; anfractibus paucis subrotundatis,
integris, ultimo biseriatim maculato; spira obsoleté plicata ;
apertura oblonga; columella truncata.

Polished and white, with a single series of pale spots ;
whorls entire, the inferior obese and smooth, the superior
longitudinally plicate. Aperture oblong; columella slightly
callous, truncate. No canal. I am only conversant with a
single specimen, in the collection of Mr. Cuming, of this
small but very distinct species.

Native country unknown.

95. T. nassorpEs. (pl. xlv. f. 115.) Hinds, 1. c. p. 158.

Testa obeso-subulata, levigata, nitidd; anfractibus planu-
latis, integris, superné albo, medio fusco cinctis, ultimo con-

183

colore ; apertura inferné effusa; columella nuda, rectiuscula,
subtruncata ; canali nullo.

Whorls entire, polished, with longitudinal straight folds ;
beneath the suture banded with white, towards the middle
with a dark narrow band, elsewhere of an ash colour.

Native country unknown.

96. T. ricTiuis. (pl. xlv. f. 109, 110.)

Testa obeso-subulata, acuminata, turrita, levigata, nitida,
alba; anfractibus planulatis, linea impressa divisis, plicatis ;
plicis acutis, brevibus, interstitiis levigatis ; propé suturam et
ad basin anfractis ultimi nigricante ; apice fuscai; apertura
effusa ; columella nuda, subcontorta; canali nullo.

Very similar to T. nassoides, from which it is at once sepa-
rable by its girdled whorls.

Australia ; most probably from somewhere on its southern
shores.

97. T. TuBEROSA. (pl. xlv. f. 99.) Hinds,1.c. p. 152.

Testa turrito-subulata, saturaté fulva, aspera, nitida; anfrac-
tibus rotundatis, longitrorsum costatis, superné cingulo
numerosé tuberculato ; costis brevibus, nodulosis striis decus-
santibus ; columella contorta.

In this characteristic species the girdle consists of a
number of small tubercles, superior in number to the
vertical ribs.

98. T. rustica. (pl. xlv. f. 113.) Hinds, 1. c. p, 158.

Testa obeso-subulata, acuminata, fusca, nitida, striis trans-
versis scabra; anfractibus subrotundatis, longitrorsum plico-
costatis, superné infra suturam luteis; plicis subdistantibus,
feré continuis ; anfractu ultimo elongato, concolore ; apertura
elongata; columella nuda, levi, subrecta.

An acuminate, retuse species, with distant straight rounded
folds, and scabrous from crossing striz. The aperture and
last whorl are both elongated, and the latter displays no band.
The colour is of a rusty red. The figure represents a fine
specimen in the collection of Wm. Metcalfe, Esq.

Native country unknown.

99, TACICULATA. (pl. xlv. f 104.) Gray, 1. c.p. 63.
Buccinum aciculatum, Lamarck, 1. c. v. vil. p. 274.

Testa ovata, acuminata, pallida, polita; anfractibus
tuberculato-plicatis, medio subangulatis et atro-fusco fasciatis,
interdum, precipue anfractu ultimo, lineis rufis angulatis
ornatis ; apertura attenuata, subeffusi; columella nuda.
elongata.

184

From the next species this will be distinguished by the
angular disposition of the whorls, and the tubercular folds
which attenuate towards the sutures. The last whorl occupies
nearly half of the entire length.

Acapulco; Sonsonati; Xipixapi: Cuming.

100. 'T. cosenTINI. (pl. xlv. f. 107.) Philippi, Enum.
Moll Sieil. 9.227, tolls t. 22.

Testa elongaté ovata, acuminata, turrita, cinerea, polita;
anfractibus integris, superné tuberculis acutis uniseriatim coro-
natis, nigricante pictis, ultimo propé basin fasciato; apertura
utrinque attenuata; columella nuda, recta; canali brevi vel
subnullo.

Shell ovate, acuminate, polished, the whorls crenated by a
row of sharp tubercles, and between them and the suture is
a much smaller series, not at first very conspicuous. The
character of the shell is rather aberrant, and may he regarded
as significant of its extra-tropical habitat.

Naples: Philippi.

101. T. TeneRA. (pl. xlv. f. 111.) Hinds, l.c. p. 158.

Testa parva, obeso-subulata, levigata, nitida; anfractibus
plico-costatis, pallidé fulvis, superné prope suturam rufo
fasciatis, ultimo ad basin rufo; plicis continuis; columella
contorta.

A highly polished pale orange yellow shell, remarkable for
the folds being continuous at their extremities throughout the
length. Beneath the suture it is surrounded by a reddish
band.

Straits of Malacca; in seventeen fathoms. Ceylon.

102. T. mera. (pl. xlv. f. 108, 114.) Hinds, 1. c. p. 158.
Testa subcylindraceo-subulata, laevigata, nitida, albida, vel
pallide rufo laté fasciata; anfractibus subplanulatis, integris,
superne plicis parvis numerosis obliquis, infra evanidis ; aper-
tura parva, elongata; columella subtruncata ; canali mediocri.
Its milk-white surface is lightly ornamented with a broad
band of dull rose colour. The folds are numerous and oblique,
the shellis highly polished.
Straits of Malacca ; in seventeen fathoms, mud.

103. T. pyama. (pl. xlv. f. 112.) Hinds, 1. c. p. 158.

Testa purpurea, obeso-subulaté; anfractibus paucis, sub-
rotundatis, longitrorsum minuté plico-costatis, superné
insigniter fascia angusta atro-purpurea cinctis, ultimo propé
basin fasciato; apertura parva, fusca; columella anticé pro-
ducta, truncata; canali nullo.

185

A pretty little elongated ovate shell, with plicate whorls,
and a narrow dark band traversing the upper portion of each,
and thus running in a spiral manner round the shell. The
figure represents an enlarged view. The only specimen of
which I am cognizant, is in the collection of Sir Edward

Belcher, C.B.
Straits of Malacca; in seventeen fathoms, mud.

104. T. auBa, Gray, |. c. p. 60.

“Testa turrita, subulata, costis longitudinalibus spirali-
busque frequentibus cancellata; anfractibus planis, cingulo
convexiusculo; apertura parva; alba.”

This species I have seen, but at the present moment it is

unfortunately mislaid. Its length is three-quarters of an inch.
Native country unknown.

105. T. cANCELLATA, Gray, |. c. p. 62.

“Testa turrita, subulata, sulcis spiralibus frequentibus
profundis, plicis longitudinalibus equalibus subconfertis ;
anfractibus planis, sulco posteriore profundo; apertura
subparva, labio interiore incrassato elevato; pallidé cinerea.”

This I have never seen, and I believe the original specimen
to be lost. Its length is one inch and three-quarters. The

name has been previously applied M. Quoy.
Native country unknown.

106. T. NUBECULATA, Sowerby, Tank. cat. app. p. 25.

“Testa turrito-subulata, albo et aurantiaco-nebulosa,
anfractibus longitudinaliter sulcatis, sulcis confertis, inter-
stitiis sulcorum crenulatis, linea prope suturam punctis
impressis notata; basi aurantiaca.”’

Even with the aid of Mr. Sowerby, this species is not now
to be identified. The length is nearly two inches and a half.

Native country unknown.

107. T. Ltavis, Gray, |. c. p. 61.

After repeated examinations of the very miserable specimen
which has been described under this name, I feel satisfied
that it is only the worn apex of either 7. muscaria, or T.
oculata, which in an early state are much alike.

108. T. ——— D’Orbigny, Description de l’Egypte,
Mollusques, pl. 4. fig. 28.

At the above reference will be found a highly magnified
representation of a minute shell, which is stated to bea
Terebra, but is unaccompanied by any comment or further

186

explanation. The materials only enable us thus briefly to
notice it here.

109. T. sANDWIZENSIS,——— ?

Of this I can obtain no information, except that it occurs
in a French catalogue.

EXCLUDEND&.

T. virrata, Lamarck, Encyclop. pl. 402, f. 4, a. b.

T. cranutosa, Lamarck, Hist. des Animaux. v. vii.
p. 291.

T. LINEOLATA, Sowerby, |. c. p. 76.

T. TAHITENSIS, Gray, |. c. p. 63.

T. PouiTa, Gray, |. c. p. 63.

The synonomy of these, together with a list of the fossil
species, will be found in my Synopsis of the Genus contained
in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1843,
p. 166—168.

187

INDEX OF NAMES.

Terebra aciculata, Gray......

NSS SAS SS SS SSS SSR SA SN SS SH SHS See aR SS

. aciculina, Lamarck eo
Beet 1S. PA tae aie a toe ae
Y @iricana, Gay... ies ann 8's
ebay GPOY tees noche Sesee

albida, GVQY Ss wae wale
albula, Menke............
alveolata, Hinds..........
amanda, Hinds ..........
anomala, Gray
UU OWS sill 0720. Siete ee eereeerauee= al
armillata, Hinds

aspera, Hinds............
babylonia, Lamarck
bicincta, Hinds ..........
bifrons, Hinds
buccinoidea, Blainville ....
ceerulescens, Lamarck....
cancellata, Gray.. ««..
cancellata, Quoy

PECOTNEG HOLM a tress ciciatiers

casta, Hinds ........
castanea, Avener
cerithina, Lamarck
cinerea Basterot
CINOMS PRPCNET co. ss 3s >

. cingulifera, Lamarck......

ee ee see

chlorata, Lamarck
columellaris, Hinds

. commaculata, Pfeiffer ....
. consors, Hinds

conspersa, Hinds <5 2.4.4
COPWia, Lensatic coats a
corrugata, Lamarck

. Cosentini, Philippi.......
. costata, Menke

PAGE
183 | T. crenulata, Lamarck ......
180 | T. cuspidata, Hinds ........
172 | T. dimidiata, Lamarck ......
173 | T. duplicata, Lamarck ......
185 | T. Dussumierii, Azener......
158 | T. eburnea, Hinds..........
[S27 lewvelatawHenas: ose eee ae
162 | T. elongata, Wood..,.......
166) | “De tatua. Hands 2..5.2-.....
180 | Tf. felina, Sowerby..........
154 | T. fenestrata, Hinds ........
173 | T. fictilis, Hinds............
174 | T. flammea, Lumarch........
169 | 7. flammea, Lesson ........
foe) OO Havas Gray 2 ook acs cies ve
a | Te Pripata tends. 2 og. «sen oui
186 | T. funiculata, Hinds ...

Poon) Lief uscd, Per cea oe,
185 | 7. fusco-maculata, Sowerby ..
178 | T. gemmulata, Hiener ......
Too.) T. glauca, Hinds:...22).....
N65) | 1) oracteseGray 60.2. os ..
161 | T. granulosa, Lamarck ....
159 | T. hastata, Sowerby ........
180 | T. inconstans, Hinds.....,..
160 | T. intertincta, Hinds........
NGO SA Knorr, Gays. eee
ior L levigata, G7 Sreune 2.
Le Wil Celts, Maas <a a a
170 | T. Lamarchit, Kiener....., ..
154 | T. lanceata, Lamarck.....,...
163 | T. larveformis, Hinds .....,
157 | T. laurina, Hinds ..........
167.\\ 2. Jepidahends. 7... 2...
1840) Ts ligata, Hinds.3 oo. . css.
164 | 7. lineolata, Sowerby......,

- lingualis, Hinds..4 «sss ss
. luctuosa, Hinds..........
. maculata, Lamarck
. maculata, Perry........
. mera, Hinds ..........
. micans, Hinds .
. monilis, Quoy
. muscaria, Lamarck
. myuros, Lamarck ........
. nassoides, Hinds..........
. nebulosa, Kiener ......
. nebulosa, Sowerby......
. nimbosa, Hinds........
. nitida, Hinds..........
. nubeculata, Sowerby ......
. Obesa, Hinds ............
. oculata, Lamarck ......
. ornata, Gray..........
. penicillata, Hinds......
. pertusa Basterot........
. Petitii, Kiener ........
eupleta, Hinds =. 3)....2.42
» plieata, Graya.ce esse. x,
, plumbea, Quoy. 2 xcs. ..1-5
spoita, Glay: 2.6. ase.
. pretiosa, Reeve ........

. pulchra, Hinds ..........
. punctata, Gray ..........
. punctato- striata, Gray... .
. punctulata, Sowerby... .
. pymeza, Hinds ........
. radula, Hinds............
. raphanula, Lamarck ....
. robusta, Hinds ..........

T.
a.
i.

Lis
(ie
dlp
die

diy

Sill icicicicicicict bh icicicks

rudis, Gray

rustica, Hinds..........
sandwizensis..........
T. scabrella, Lamarck
senegalensis, Lamarck ....

specillata, Hinds

spectabilis, Hinds ........

straminea, Gray

tuberculosa, Hinds

venosa, Hinds

. violascens, Hinds ......
. vittata, Lamarck ........
. zebra, Kiener,...........

=» siviaia, QUOY .. 6. 2s4412.5
seStriaidy Gly seca sae
. stroatula, Lamarck........
strigata, Sowerby ........
. Strigilata, Lamarck
. Stylata, Hinds es
. subulata, Lawarck......

. succinea, Hinds........
teniolata, Quoy........
tahitensis, Gray ..........
tenera, Hinds..........
. tessellata, Gray..........
textilis, Hinds ..........
tigtina: Gray. eee
tricolor, Sowerby ........
. triseriata, Gray........

tuberosa, Hinds..........
undata, Defrance ........
. undulata, Gray ........
. varicosa, Hinds..........
. variegata, Gray........

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XLI, XLII. XLIII.

XLIV. XLV.
TEREBRA.
Fig. 1, 2,3, 4. T. duplicata. 48. T. tuberculosa.
5. T. cerulescens. 49, T. armillata.
6, 15. T. cerulescens. 50. T. lingualis.
7, 8. T. dimidiata. 51. T. nebulosa.
9. T. duplicata. 52. T. lanceata.
10. T. strigata. 53. T. variegata.
11, 12, 13, 14. T. senegalensis. 54. 'T. pretiosa.
15, 6. T. ceerulescens. 55. T. undulata.
16, 38, 39. T. subulata. 56. T. albida.
17, 20, 41. T. muscaria. 57. T. bifrons.
18, 19, 32. T. crenulata. 58. T. cerithina.
20. T. muscaria, var. 59. T. castanea.
21. T. nimbosa. 60. T. rudis.
22, 23. T. straminea. 61. T. plicata.
24, 25. T. cingulifera. 62. T. corrugata.
26. 'T. consors. 63. T. funiculata.
27. T. laurina. 64, T. argus.
28. T. fatua. 65, 66. T. monilis.
29. T. chlorata. 67. T. babylonia.
30. T. tigrina. 68, 69. T. elata.
31. T. oculata. 70. T. plumbea.
32. T. crenulata, var. 71. T. frigata.
33. T. maculata. 72. T. bicincta.
34. T. ornata. 73. T. textilis.
35. T. robusta. 74. T. conspersa.
36. T. flammea. 75. T. flava.
37. T. commaculata. 76. T. copula.
38, 39, 16. T. subulata. 77, 127. T. columellaris.
40. T. succinea. 78. T. affinis.
41. T. muscaria. 79. T. stylata.
42, 43. T. pertusa. 80. T. cancellata.
44, T. aspera. 81. T. intertincta.
45. T. cingula. 82. T. tricolor.
46, 47. T. larveformis. 83. T. inconstans.

190

84. T. casta. 107. T. Consenti.
85. T. glauca. 108, 114. T. mera.
86. T. fenestrata. 109, 110. T. fictilis.
87. T. hastata. 111. T. tenera.
88, 89. T. spectabilis. 112. T. pygmea.
90. T. venosa. 113. T. rustica.
91. T. penicillata. 114, 108. T. mera.
92. T. gemmulata. 115. T. nassoides.
93. T. levigata. 116. T. specillata.
94. T. raphanula. 117, 118. T. ligata.
95. T. radula. 119. T. triseriata.
96. T. alveolata. 120. T. alveolata.
97. T. anomala. 121. T. luctuosa.
98. T. violascens. 122, 101. T. strigilata.
99. T. tuberosa. 123. T. eburnea.
100. T. amanda. 124. T. tessellata.
101, 122. T. strigilata. 125. T. micans.
102. T. lepida. 126. T. albula.
103. T. nitida. 127, 77. T. columellaris.
104. T. aciculata. 128. T. cuspidata.
105. T. picta. 129. T. pulchra.

106. T. obesa. 130. T. cinerea.

191

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

VOLUTA.

Char. Gen. Testa subovata, coloribus plerumque vartis picta.
Apex papillaris. Columella plicata, plicis inferioribus majoribus,
basi emarginata. Hpidermis tenuis.

Shell of a more or less elongated oval form, and for the most
part variously coloured. Apex of the spire papillary, sometimes
very obtuse and somewhat irregular, though generally beautifully
regular; rarely somewhat acute. Columella plaited, the lowest
plaits being in general the largest and the most oblique.

The Genus Voluta as it was left by Lamarck, (including Cymba
and Melo), appears to us to form a very natural family ; which

might perhaps be further divided into genera and subgenera advan-
tageously for the interests of science. What we now give are the
Volutes as separated from Cymba and Melo by Broderip, whose
opinions upon this subject we gladly adopt, he having studied this
family most completely.

The various species of this beautiful genus differ greatly in form,
and these differences, together with other characters, may either be
used as the foundations of diviszons in the genus or as subgeneric
characters. Those with a large, regular, and smooth apex might
properly constitute one division; some of these, as V. imperialis,
have the spire crowned with long and strong spines; others, as
V. Scapha, are quite free from such spines, or have the last volu-
tion only tuberculated posteriorly. A second division might be
constituted of such as V. Vespertilio, V. rutila and others, in which
the apex of the spire is surrounded by small tubercles. A third
division might consist of such as have a small, rather acute, smooth
apex, such as V. marmorata, Swaius., V. Cymbiola, Chemn., which
approach the Me/ones; such as V. Vexillum and V. indica, which,
having an increased number of folds on the Columella, approach
the Musics, which have a still greater number of folds on the Co-
lumella. Then the Volutes, with a truncato-papillary apex, which
is somewhat irregular, and which approach the Cymba (through

H

192

V. Mamilla, Gray), such as V. papillosa, V. fulminata and others,
might constitute a fourth division. The Mitriform species, such
as V. lyriformis, V. mitriformis and others, would naturally form a
fifth division. Several species would still remain, which could not
Me arranged with any of the above, these are V. bullata, Swains.,
V. dubia, Brod., which are anomalous and probably osculent forms.
The Volutes are marine and appear to belong to the more tem-
perate and warmer zones. Many fossil species are known, princi-
pally belonging to the tertiary beds.

DESCRIPTION.

1. Votura Marmorata (pl. xlvi. f. 8.), Swains.

Testa ovati, suboblonga, ventricosi, levi, fulvo-carneolaté, ma-
culis lmeisque castanels, irregularibus, angulato- flexuosis, fasciatim
dispositis, picti ; spird brevi, apice conico, anfractibus ‘tribus ad
quatuor primis levibus, ceteris duobus ad tribus posticé subangu-
laribus, seriem unicam spinarum obtusarum parvarum instructis ;
anfractu ultimo maximo, anticé attenuato, aperturd maxima 3 lon-
gitudinis teste eequante, oblongo, latiusculo, intus fulvescente, an-
ticé saturatiori ; labio externo subiner assato, subreflexo ; plicis colu-
mellee quatuor, ‘validis, fulvis.

Shell ovate, sub-oblong, ventricose, smooth, of a yellowish flesh
colour, with irregular spots, and angularly flexuous chesnut les,
arranged in bands ; spire short, with a conical apex ; volutions 8-4,
the first smooth, and the remaining two or three slightly angular
posteriorly, with a single row of obtuse small spines, the last volu-
tion very large, attenuated anteriorly ; aperture very large, ~ of the
length of the shell, oblong, rather broad, fulvous within, which is
darker at the anterior end; outer lip somewhat thickened and re-
flected ; folds of the columella four, distinct, fulvous.

This is an Australian form, we have represented Miss Saul’s
specimen.

2. Votuta Cymproxa (pl. li. f. 75, 76.), Chemn.

Test oblongd, crassiuscula, glabra, pallida, maculis palhide fus-
cis subtrigonulis punctisque castaneis sparsim notat&; spira brevi,
subconica, apice papillari ; anfractibus 5, quorum ultimis duobus
ad tribus posticé spiniferis ; 3; Spinis parvis, acutis; suturd subtilis-
simé spinulosi; anfractu ultimo elongato, antice subattenuato ;
apertura oblong’, columell plicis quatuor validis.

193

Shell oblong, rather thick, smooth, of a pale colour, with pale,
fuscous subtriangular spots, sprinkled over with chesnut dots, spire
short, subconical, with a papillary apex ; volutions five, of which the
two or three last are furmshed posteriorly with small sharp spines; the
suture very finely spinulose ; the last volution elongated, anteriorly
subattenuated ; aperture oblong ; columella with four distinct folds.

This species does not appear to have been ever noticed either
by Lamarck or Swainson, although sufficiently well described and
figured by Chemnitz, vol. x. f. 1885, 1386. We still use Chemnitz’s
name (Voluta Cymbiola), for Kiener’s assertion that Lamarck had
already given that name to another species 2s not true. We have
represented two varieties; our f. 75 is in Mr. Cuming’s collection
and f. 76 in the British Museum.

3. Vortuta Corona (pl. lv. f. 120, 121.), Chemn.

Testi obovata, ex carneo albidi, punctis rufescentibus ornata ;
longitudinaliter striis exarata, striis in anfractuum suturas exeunti-
bus in spinas subtilissimas et acutissimas ; anfractu ultimo postice
spinis coronati, spinis anticé fornicatis; columelle plicis quatuor
anticis distinctis, posticis nonnullisque minoribus : apice papillari.

Shell obovate, whitish flesh coloured, ornamented with reddish
dots, longitudinally striated, with the strie at the sutures of the
volutions running out into very fine and acute spines; last volu-
tion posteriorly crowned with spmes, which are vaulted anteriorly ;
columella with four distinct folds anteriorly, and several smaller
posteriorly.

We formerly thought that the shell figured by Chemnitz, vol. x.
f. 1387, 1388, was only a young shell of /. Cymbiola; however,
upon reading over his description in German, we find he mentions
a character that does not belong to V. Cymbiola he there men-
tions, besides four principal folds on the columella, several smaller
folds above them. We have therefore copied his figures and drawn
up our description from his, as we have never seen the shell.

4, Votuta Lureostoma (pl. hi. f.59.), Chemn.; V. chrysos-
toma, Swains.

Testa turbinati, crassa, levi, albicante, lmeis angulato-flexuosis
maculisque angularibus continuis fusco-castaneis picta, spira brevi,
subconica, apice obtuso, anfractibus primis tribus levibus palles-
centibus, ceteris tribus posticé subangularibus, spimis brevibus
acutis fornicatis coronatis; anfractu ultimo maximo; apertura
elongata, anticé latiori, intus aurea, labio externo rotundato, sub-
incrassato, plicis columella 4, validis.

194

Shell turbinated, thick, smooth, whitish, with angularly flexuous
dark chesnut lines, and continuous angular spots ; spire short, sub-
conical, with an obtuse apex; first three volutions smooth and
pale coloured, the remaining three posteriorly subangular, crowned
with short, acute, vaulted spines, last volution very large ; aperture
elongated, broader anteriorly, golden yellow within; outer hp
rounded, somewhat thickened, columella with four distinct folds.

Chemnitz s says 1t was found m the Hast Indian Seas, specimens
are in the British Museum and in Mr. Cuming’s collection.

5. Votura mperrais (pl. liv. f. 102.), Lam.

Testi turbinatd, crassi, levi, fulvescente, maculis, lineisque an-
gulatis castaneis picta, posticé spinis coronata, spird brevi, anfrac-
tibus 4: primis levibus, politis, apicem papillarem efformantibus,
duobus ultimis posticé spinis longiusculis, suberectis, subincurvis,
coronatis, anfractu ultimo maximo, antics paululum reflexo, aper-
turd magna, intus aurantiaco-flavescente ; columellé quadriplicata,
plicd anticé feré vertical.

Shell turbinated, thick, smooth, fulvous, marked with angular
chesnut lines and spots, and posteriorly crowned with spines, spire
short, with a papillary polished apex, formed of the four first smooth
yolutions ; the two last volutions crowned with rather long, nearly
erect, somewhat curved strong spines, the last volution very large,
anteriorly slightly reflected ; aperture large, internally of an orange
yellow colour; columella with four folds, of which the anterior is
nearly vertical.

From the Philippine Islands, Mr. Cuming.

6. Votuta Scapua (pl. xlvi. f. 1, 2; pl. xlvim. f. 35.).

Testi turbinata, ventricosi, levi, crassa, pallescente, maculis li-
neisque angulato-flexuosis castaneis varie picta ; spira brevi, obtusa,
anfractibus semis, quatuor primis apicem papillarem efformanti-
bus, ultimo maximo, posticé plerumque obtusé subangulato ; aper-
turd magni, labio externo subalato, interno plerumque supra
ultimum anfractum subextenso, posticé incrassato, columella quad-
riplicata.

Shell turbinated, ventricose, smooth, thick, of a pale colour with
chesnut spots and angularly flexuous lines; spire short, obtuse,
with a papillary apex, formed of the four first volutions, the last
volution very large, generally obtusely subangular posteriorly ; aper-
ture large, the outer lip somewhat winged, and the mner oenerally
slightly ‘extended over the last volution, and thickened posteriorly,
columella with four distinct folds.

195

This species is very variable in form; we have represented three
varieties, namely, that with the rounded posterior angle, that. which
is tuberculated and the ovoid form.

7. Votura votvacga (pl. xlvi. £3, 4; pl. li. f. 61.), Lam.

Testa ovato- turbinata, levi, crassi, albido-flavescente, fusco ob-
scuré nebulosi, spird breviusculi, apice parvo, papillari, obtustus-
culo, anfractibus senis, ultimo maximo, posticé rotundato, subangu-
lato ; aperturd magna, latiori ; columelle plicis 4, validis, penultima
subduplicata.

Shell ovato-turbinated, smooth, thick, whitish yellow, clouded
with dull brown; spire short, apex small, papillary, rather obtuse ;
volutions 6, the last very large, and posteriorly obtusely subangular ;
aperture large, broad; columella with four distinct folds, the last
of which is somewhat doubled.

We have represented the three principal varieties of this shell ;
one, which is the usual variety, without spmes; another, with a
row of strong vaulted spines around the posterior part of the last
volutions, and the ovoid variety: the first is in Mr. Cuming’s, the
second in Mr. Norris’s collection, and the last in the British Mu-
seum.

8. Votuta Zesra (pl. li. f. 83, 84.), Leach; Zool. Mise.
(1314), vol... t, 12. f..1.

Testé ovato-oblonga, crassa, levi, albida, strigis aurantiaco-cas-
taneis vel castaneis, longitudimalibus, angustis, undulatis, crebris,
picté; spiri brevi, conici, apice papillari; anfractibus 24, primis
papillam efformantibus, 3tio 4toque paululum granosis, ultimo
magno, postice ventricosiore ; apertura subelongata, labio externo
crassiore ; columelle plicis quatuor validis, antic’ minori.

Shell oblong-ovate, thick, smooth, whitish, marked with chesnut
or orange chesnut, narrow, undulated, close-set, longitudinal streaks;
spire short, conical, with a papillary apex of 22 volutions, the 3rd
and 4th volutions shghtly granose, the last large, ventricose behind ;
aperture somewhat elongated, with a thickened outer lip ; columella
with four distinct folds, of which the anterior is the smaller.

Placed by Lamarck among the Marginelle, under the name of
Marginella radiata, in 1822. We are inclined to regard the Vol.
lineata, Leach, Zool. Misc. vol.i. t. 12. £2. as a variety of this
species ; it differs in bemg somewhat more elongated, less ventri-
cose, of a darker colour, and in having the spire rather more pro-
duced, with the row of granules more distinct ; its outer lip also is
not quite so much thickened ; we have represented both varieties.

196
9. Votura unpDuLaTA (pl. xlvin. f. 28, 29.).

Testa ovato-subfusiformi, crassa, levi, fulvescente, maculis fuscis,
lineisque longitudinalibus castaneis undatim flexuosis picta, spira
conic’, apice papillari; anfractibus senis, tribus primis papillam
efformantibus, ceteris tribus solum coloratis ; ultimo posticé obtuse
subangulato, ‘ventricoso ; apertura elongata, anticé latiori; labio
externo incrassato ; interno (atate) expansissimo ; columelle plicis 4, -
nonnunquam plicd vel phcis duabus minoribus adjectis.

Shell ovate, subfusiform, thick, smooth, pale fulvous, with darker
spots, and undulated, flexuous, longitudinal, chesnut lines; spire
conical, with a papillary apex of 3 volutions, the remaining 3 volu-
tions alone being varied in colour, and the last posteriorly obtusely
angulated and ventricose, aperture lengthened, broad im front,
outer lip thickened ; columella with 4 distinct folds , and sometimes
with one or two smaller additional folds.

Tn old specimens the inner lip spreads far over the front of the
shell and its margin is much thickened; the folds on the columella
also are occasionally more or less irregular. From Austraha. We
regard the V. stragulata of Muhlfeld as a variety of this species.

10. Votura macutata (pl. lu. f. 85, 86.), Swains.; Exot.
Conch., p. 23. pl. xxvii.

Testé oblonga, crassiuscula, levi, nitidd, fulvescente, macularum
subquadratarum fasciis nonnullis transversis castaneis picti; spira
brevi, obtusa, apice papillari, papilld magna, anfractuum 33 ad 4
sistente; anfractibus ceteris duobus solum pictis, ultimo posticé
subventricoso ; ; apertura recta, elongata, latiuscula, fulvescente ; co-
lumelle plicis 4 albis

Shell oblong, thickish, smooth, shining, fulvous, with several
transverse bands formed of squarish chesnut spots ; spire short,
obtuse, with a large papillary apex of 31 to 4 volutions, the two
remaining volutions only having the spots, and the last being pos-
teriorly somewhat ventricose ; ; aperture straight, lengthened, ‘rather
broad, fulvous within; columella with 4: distinct white folds.

A very beautiful Australian species, first described by Swainson.
We have represented two varieties, which differ slightly in their
proportions; f. 85 is m Mr. Cuming’s collection, and f. 86 in the
British Museum.

11. Votura pariipa (pl. lin. f. 91-94.), Gray, m Griffith’s
Cuvier, v. 13. pl. xxx. f.4; V. Turneni, ibid. pl. xl. f. 1.

Testd elongato-ovaté, tenuiusculd, levi, fulvescente, spadiceo-

197

lineata, vel pallidé fulvo-bifasciatd ; spird brevi, acuminata, anfrac-
tibus 6, primis 4 immaculatis, ceeteris plus minusve coloratis ; aper-
tur’ elongata, labio externo subincrassato ; columella plicis 4 validis.

Shell of a lengthened oval form, rather thin, smooth, with dark
brown lines, or two pale fulvous bands, spire short, acuminated,
volutions 6, the 4 first unvaried in colour, and the other more or
less variegated ; aperture elongated, outer lip somewhat thickened ;
columella with 4 distinct folds.

From the coast of New Holland. We are compelled to unite the
V. Turneri of Gray with is V. pallida, because we find nothing
to distinguish them except the variations of colour, which cannot
be relied on as specific characters.

12. Vorura rericutata (pl. xlix. f. 47, 48.), Reeve.

Testé oblongo-ovata, tenuiusculd, levi, fulvescente, castaneo-re-
ticulata, fasciis duabus saturatioribus, strigis brevibus longitudina-
hibus nonnullis ante suturam pictis ; spira brevi, acuminata, anfrac-
tibus senis, primis 4 fuscis ; apertura elongata, latiusculé ; columelle
plicis quatuor.

Shell oblong-ovate, rather thin, smooth, pale fulvous, reticulated
with chesnut, with two darker bands, and with a few short, longitu-
dinal streaks in front of the suture ; spire short, with an acuminated
apex of 4 fuscous volutions, the remaining volutions two, of which
the last is very large; aperture lengthened, rather wide ; columella
with 4 folds.

From the coast of New Holland. This species differs from /.
pallida of Gray in its proportions.

13. Vorura Junonta (pl. xlix. f. 44.).

Testa ovato-fusiformi, crassa, levi, tenerrimé decussatim striata,
pallida, maculis castaneis rotundato-quadratis fasciatim tessellat,
seriebus macularum duplicatis ; spird breviuscula, apice acuto-papil-
lari, infra apicem cancellatim subrugos’; anfractu ultimo maximo,
oblongo, anticé transversim obsoletissimé striato ; apertura rectius-
culd, elongati, subangust&é; labio externo intus subincrassato ; co-
lumella 4-plicata.

Shell ovate-fusiform, thick, smooth, very finely decussately stri-
ated, of a pale colour, with rounded square chesnut coloured spots,
arranged in double transverse rows ; spire rather short, with an acute
papillary apex ; the several smaller volutions are cancellately sub-
rugose, and the last volution very large, oblong, and finely striated
transversly in front ; aperture straightish, lengthened, rather narrow,
outer lip somewhat thickened within; columella with 4 folds.

198

This extremely rare and valuable shell is said to be brought from
the Gulf of Mexico: the few specimens we have seen have measured
from 24 to 4 inches in length. Lamarck has madvertently described
the columella as swhseptemplicata.

14. Vorura puncrata (pl. hii. f. 89, 90.) Swains.

Testa subovali, crasstuscula, levi, pallidé fulva, maculis satura-
tioribus subquadratis seriatim dispositis, punctisque concoloribus
sparsis pict’; spuri breviusculd, conicd, apice obtuso; anfractibus
paucis, ultimo posticé tuberculato, tuberculis parvis ; columelle pli-
cis 4, validis, albis.

Shell nearly oval, thickish, smooth, pale fulvous, with darker
squarish spots disposed in rows, and sprinkled over with dots of the
same colour ; spire rather short, conical, with an obtuse apex ; volu-
tions few, the last with small tubercles posteriorly ; columella with
4 distinct white folds.

First described and figured by Swainson in his Zoological Ius-
trations, Ist series, pl. 161, from the only specimen hitherto known,
which is imperfect. It is in the British Museum. We think it
nearly related to VY. undulata, and that Swainson has made the apex
too acute in his figure.

15. Votura avutica (pl. xlvi. f. 9, 10, 11, 12.), Sof.; Tank.
Cat. App., p. 19. pl. im. ;

Testi ovato-oblonga, crassiuscula, levi, carneolé, maculis lneo-
lisque rufis varié pictd, spird conici, apice obtuso, papillari; an-
fractibus senis, 3 ad 4 primis papillam efformantibus, politis, uni-
coloribus; czeteris coloribus variegatis, nonnunquam inermibus,
plerumque tuberculis vel spinis brevibus armatis ; ultimo maximo,
elongato; apertura elongata, posticé acuminata, anticé latiori; co-
lumellee plicis quatuor, validis.

Shell ovate-oblong, rather thick, smooth, flesh coloured, variously
marked with red spots and lines; spire conical; volutions 6, the
3 or 4 first, which form the obtuse papillary apex, are polished, and
of one colour; the remainder are varied with other colours, some-
times unarmed, frequently armed with tubercles or short spines ;
the last very large, lengthened ; aperture lengthened, posteriorly
acuminated, anteriorly wider; columella with four distinct folds.

For a series of valuable observations on this and several other
species of Volutes by W. J. Broderip, Esq., we refer to the second
volume of the Zoological Journal ; and descriptions of seven varie-
ties of this species by the same gentleman will be found in Part X.
of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society. We have represented

199

four varieties, the first of which is in the British Museum and the
remaining three in Mr. Cuming’s collection. It is proper to remark
that Kiener has not given the true V. aulica, but has represented
V. rutila under the name of aulica !

16, saan putcura (pl. li. f. 61.), zod¢s; Tank. Cat. App.
p- 28. pl.iv. £.2

Testa ane ovata, subfusiformi, levi, nitida, pallidé ¢ carnea, ni-
veo-mactlati, mac ulisqate castameis parvis triseriatim irregulariter
dispositis ornaté ; spiri subcomica, subacuminata, anfractibus 3 pri-
mis papillam subacutam subgranosam efformantibus, ceteris 2-3
posticé adpressis, subangulatis, tuberculatis, tuberculis elongatis,
posticé acutiusculis ; columelli quadriplicata.

Shell oblong-ovate, shghtly fusiform, smooth, shining, pale flesh-
colour with white specks, and ornamented with small chesnut dots, 1r-

regularly disposed in three rows; spire subconical, subacuminated, the
three first volutions forming the shghtly acute, somewhat granose, pa-
pillary apex, the remaining > two or three posteriorly pr essed together
at the sutures, shghtly angular and tuberculated, the tubercles elon-
gated and slightly acute posteriorly ; columella with four folds.

Vide Broderip, in Zool. Journ., vol. ii. p. 32. Our figure is drawn
from a specimen in Mr. Cuming’s collection.

17. Votura preerita (pl. hl. f. 62.), nodis.

Test’ obovaté, ventricosiusculd, crassiusculi, pallescente, quin-
quefasciata, fasctis postici mediand et antici brunneo-puncticulatis,
strigisque fuscis irregularibus ornatis; fascus duabus imtermedtis
palldioribus, strigis nonnulls lividis, cum strigis fuscis fasciarum
alternarum continuis ; ; anfractibus quinque, iribus primis papillam
efformantibus, papill’ levi, postice subgranosi, ultimo maximo,
ovali ; apertura elongata, latiori, intus aurantiacd ; ; columella’ plicis 4,
validis, labioque columellari aunevanirote,

Shell obovate, rather ventricose, and thickish, of a pale colour
with five bands, the posterior, middle, and aUtenor of which are
dotted with brown and ornamented with irregular fuscous streaks,
the two termediate bands are paler, with livid streaks, which are
continuous with the brown streaks of the alternating bands ; volu-
tions 5, of which the three first form the papillary apex, which is
smooth, and shghtly granose posteriorly ; the last volution very
large, oval ; aperture elongated, rather wide, orange coloured within ;
columella with four distinct folds, orange coloured as well as the
columella lip.

A single specimen only is known, which is in Mr. Norris’s col-
lection.

200

18. Votura rutTita (pl. xlvi. f. 5, 6.), Brod.; Zool. Journ.
vol. u. p. 30. tab. TIT.

Testa ovato-oblonga, crassiuscula, levi, albidi rufescenteque va-
ria, maculis subtrigonis, confluentibus, croceo-rubris, picti; spird
breviuscula, suturd, simplici, apice papillari, s subgranulato ; anfrac-
tibus senis, ultimo maximo, vel inermi vel nonnunquam tuberculis
elongatis armato, fasclisque duabus latis, interrupts, rutilis, ornato ;
columella quadriplicata, plicd anticd validiori.

Shell oblong-ovate, rather thick, smooth, varied with whitish and
reddish, and ornamented with subtrigonal, confluent saffron-red
spots; spire rather short, suture uninterrupted ; apex papillary,
slightly granose ; volutions 6, the last very large, sometimes armed
with elongated tubercles, and ornamented with two broad, inter-
rupted, rusty red bands; columella with four folds, of which the
anterior 1s the most prominent.

First described and figured by Broderip in the Zoological Jour-
nal, vol. u. and figured afterwards by Kiener under the name of
aulica, which belongs to a very distinct species. We have repre-
sented the smooth and the tuberculated varieties.

19. Vorura maentrica (pl. liv. f.103.), Chemn.

Testi ovato-oblongi, medio ventricosd, tenwiuscula, pallideé fulva,
fasciis latis tribus aurantio-castaneis, albo-fuscoque maculatis, cincta;
spiri subconoidea, apice papillari, anfractibus primis tribus papil-
lam obsoleté granulosam efformantibus, ceteris tribus medio ven-
tricosis ; ultimo maximo; apertura oblong’, magna, posticé acumi-
natd, medio latiori; columelle phicis quatuor validis, aurantiacis.

Shell oblong-ovate, ventricose in the middle, rather thin, pale
fulvous, with three broad orange-chesnut bands, marked with ‘white
and fuscous spots ; spire subconical, with a papillary apex, formed
of the three first volutions, and very obsoletely granulose, the re-
maiming three volutions are ventricose, the last being extraordi-
narily large ; the aperture is oblong, very large, posteriorly acumi-
nated, wider in the middle; columella with four distinct orange
coloured folds.

Found in some Australian estuaries. Mr. 8. Stutchbury obtamed
several specimens with the animal alive in about twelve feet water
m Rose Bay, Port Jackson.

20. Votuta ntvosa (pl. li. f. 63, 64.), Brod.

Testa ovato-oblonga, crassiuscul, leevi, cinereo-carneolata, macu-
lis parvis niveis adspersa, factisque tribus transversis fusco- lneatis,
lineis longitudinalibus ; spird subconicd, obtusd, apice papillari gra-

201

noso, anfractibus senis, 2-3 ultimis posticé subangulatis, angulo
obtuso, plus minusve Paberrulstoe tuberculis plerumque parvis, non-
nunquam validioribus : aperturd magni, oblongo-avati, columellé
crocea, quadriphiata.

Shell oblong-ovate, thickish, smooth, greyish flesh colour, sprin-
kled with small white specks, with 3 transverse bands, consisting of
longitudinal fuscous lines ; spire subconical, obtuse, w ith a papillary
granose apex ; volutions 6, the 2 or 8 lest posteriorly subangular,
the angle being obtuse, and more or less tuberculated, the tubercles
generally small, sometimes very distinct and pointed ; aperture large,
oblong-ovate ; columella saffron-colour, with four folds.

This species is never entirely free from tubercles, nor is it ever
spinose. From Garden Island, Australia.

21. Votura Norris (pl. hi. f. 65.), nodes.

Testa ovata, suboblonga, ventricosi, coronata, cinereo-fulva, ma-
culis parvis niveis, aliisqute fuscis adspers, fasciisque duabus trans-
versis fuscis, Interruptis, hic ilhe hneis interruptis longitudinalibus
notatis : spird brevi, apice papillari, granoso, anfr actibus sens, ulti-
mis duobus spinis brevibus, acutis, coronatis ; aperturd magna, ob-
longi, intus fusci; columella quadriplicata, phcis duabus anticis
validioribus.

Shell ovate, rather oblong, ventricose, coronated, greyish brown,
sprinkled with small snow-white and brown specks, with two trans-
verse brown interrupted bands, here and there marked with inter-
rupted longitudinal lines ; spire short with a papillary granose apex ;
volutions six, the last two crowned with short sharp spines ; aper-
ture large, oblong, brown within; columella with four folds, of
which the two anterior are prominent.

Found on the reefs at low water on Dupuch’s Island by J. C.
Dring, Esq., R. N. In Mr.Cuming’s collection ; Wagner has figured
this species for /. nivosa.

22. Votuta VEsPERTIxio (pl. xlvn. f. 15-23, pl. h. f. 67.).

Testa turbinata vel ovato-oblongé, crass, coronata, varie colorata,
eg pallida, vel carneola ; maculis , strigisque angularibus fus-
s, fulvis vel rufis ornaté ; spird brevi, obtusé ; apice papillari, quasi
pees granoso ; anfractibus senis, 2 ad 3 ultimis spinis crassis
vel tuberculis plerumque coronatis, nonnunquam feré muticis ; aper-
turd oblonga, postice subsinuata, ‘acuminata, labii externi margine
posticé subangulari, pone angulun acuto, anticé rotundato, crasso :
plicis columella quatuor validis.
Shell turbinated or oblong-ovate, thick, coronated, variously co-

202

loured, frequently pale or flesh-coloured, ornamented with fuscous,
fulvous, or dark red spots and angular streaks ; spire short, obtuse,
with a papillary granose apex, having the appearance of bemg trun-
cated, volutions 6, the 2 or 3 last & generally crowned with thick spines
or bibercles, sometimes almost unarmed ; aperture oblong, slightly
sinuated od acuminated posteriorly, margin of the outer lip pos-
teriorly subangular, sharp behind the angle, anteriorly rounded,
thick ; columella with 4 distinct folds.
Referring to Zoological Journal, vol. ii. p. 31, where Broderip

says, “ Ge a eorecals examination of a connecting series of speci-
mens, | am unable to discover any satisfactory, specific distinction
either in V. pellis-serpentis, WV, mitis, or nV. serpentina, Lam.; nor
do I think that any sufficient cause exists for removing ‘them from
the situation they formerly occupied as varieties of . Vespertilio,
Linn.,” we thik we need merely add that our own opinion coincides
entire ly with his; we have therefore regarded them all as varieties
Oly’, Vespertilio, and in order to shew the variations of form to
which this species is subject, we have given ten figures representing
the principal varieties, thus our figures 15, 16, 21, 22, represent
Lamark’s . Fespertitio; our figures 17, 20, the 1. pellis-serpentis,
Lam.; our figures 19, 23, light and dark coloured specimens of
Lamarck’s /. serpentina, and our figure 18 shews Ins /. mitis.

23. Vortuta ancuata (pl. xlvi. f. 13, 14.), Swans. ; V. Du-
fresnu, Donovan, Nat. Rep., vol. 1. pl. Ixvi. (1824:.)

Testa oblonga, fusiformi, epidermide vitred. tect, pallida, lineis
wregularibus castaneis longitudinaliter undatai; spird breviusculé,
acuminata, apice ac utiusculo, anfractibus 5 ad 6, duobus ultimis
postice angulatis, pone angulum planis, ultimo maximo ; apertura
oblonga, posticd ‘angulata, antice effusd, pallidé aurantiacd; colu-
mella ‘triplicata, antice acuta, plic& postic’ obsoletiori.

Shell oblong, fusiform, covered with a shimng es of a
pale colour, with irregular undulated longitudinal chesnut lines ;
yh rather short, acuminated, with a rather acute ¢ apex ; volutions
5 to 6, the two last angular posteriorly, and flat behind the angle,
the last very large ; aperture oblong, posteriorly angular, anteriorly
effuse, pale orange coloured ; columella with three folds, the ante-
rior of which is sharp, and the posterior rather obsolete.

This was published many years since by Swainson under the name
of angulata, but it has lately been republished by Wagner under
the: appellation of V’. nasica : of course Swainson’s name has the right
of priority, though the apex is sometimes extended in a manner so
remarkable as fully to justify the latter name.

203

24. Votura Ferussactt (pl. xlvi. f. 7.), Donovan; Nat. Rep.,
vol. ii. pl. Ixvi. (1824.) rudis, Gray ; in Griffith’s Cuvier, vol. xii.
pl. xxx. f. 1. (1834.)

Testa ovata, crassiuscula, rudi, fuscescente ; spiri brevi, subacu-
minaté; apice papillari ; anfractibus 43, ultimo longé maximo, ven-
tricoso ; sutura indistincté, subdecurrente ; aperturd magni, lata,
posticé acuminaté, labio externo tenuiusculo, interno incrassato ;
columellé quadriplicata, plicis, antic’ validi, duabus mtermedis me-
diocribus, postic’ subobsoleta.

Shell ovate, rather thick, and rough, brownish; spire thick and
short, somewhat acuminated ; apex papillary ; volutions 44, the last
being by far the greatest, and ventricose ; suture indistinct, and
somewhat decurrent ; ; aperture large, broad, acuminated posteriorly,
outer lip rather thin ; mner lip thickened ; columella with four folds,
of which the posterior is nearly obsolete, the two intermediate are
moderate sized, and the anterior very distinct.

Two specimens of this species, both in very bad condition, are in
the British Museum. A third specimen is to be seen in the Rev.
Mr. Crotch’s collection.

25. Votuta Ancriza (pl. liv. f. 101.), Soé., ISS.

Testé oblonga, ventricosiusculé, tenuiusculd, fulvescente, inter-
dum flammulis castaneis picta, spird conoided, exsertiuscula, anfrac-
tibus 5, subventricosis, ultimo maximo, obovato, suturd subplicata,
apertura elongaté, columella triplicata.

Shell oblong, rather ventricose and thin, of a brownish yellow
colour, sometimes with chesnut coloured irregular streaks ; spire
conical, rather prominent; volutions 5, somewhat ventricose, the
last very large, and obovate; suture shghtly plaited; aperture
elongated ; columella with three folds.

There is little more than its more ventricose form to distinguish
this species from V. Magellanica. Both species are abundant about
the southern extremity of South America. The number of folds
on the columella appears to vary from 3 to 5.

26. Votura suBnoposa (pl. xlvu. f. 24.), Leach ; Zool. Misc.,
vol. i. t. 8.

Testa oblonga, ventricosa, tenuiusculé, fulvescente, flammulis cas-
taneis varie pieta, spird conoided, exsertiusculA, anfractibus 6 , sub-
ventricosis, primo levi, inter mediis subnodosis, altimo maximo, obo-
vato; sutura subplicata ; apertura elongata ; columella triplicata.

Perhaps this should be regarded as only a varicty of Voluta An-
cilla. It is also brought from the Straits of M: agalheens.

204

27. Votuta Macexiantca (pl. liv. f. 99.).

Test’ ovato-elongati, tenui, leviusculé, fulvescente, flammulis
ferrugineis angustis, longitudinalibus, undatis, picta; spira elongata,
subpapillari, anfractibus 7, ulttmis quatuor subventricosis ; ultimo
magno; apertura oblonga’, posticé acuminata, anticé latiori; labio
interno supra anfractum ultimum extenso; columelli 2- vel 3-
plicata.

Shell elongated oval, thin, nearly smooth, brownish yellow, with
narrow undulated longitudinal ferrugimous streaks ; spire elongated,
somewhat papillary, volutions 7, the four last rather ventricose, the
last very large ; aperture oblong, acuminated posteriorly, and broad
in front; inner hp spread over the last volution; columella with
two or three folds. ,

Distinguished from V. Ancilla by its much more elongated shape ;
the number of folds on the columella is variable as in that species ;
they do not, however, appear to be so numerous in this.

From the Straits of Magalhens.

28. Votuta Brasiuiana (pl. liv. f. 98.), Sod., IZSS.

Test& ovati, ventricosi, crassiusculi, glabrata, fulvescente,
immaculata; spira brevi, papillari, papillA angusté; anfractibus
quinis, ultimo maximo, inflato, postice subangulato, nodifero ; 3 aper-
turd lat’ ; columella biplic ata.

Shell ovate, ventricose, rather thick, nearly smooth, pale brownish
yellow, w ithout spots; spire short, papillary, papilla narrow ; volu-
tions 5, the last very large, inflated, posteriorly subangular and
tuberculated ; ; aperture wide ; columella with two folds.

This appears to be a rare species; it is found on the coasts of
Brazil; we have never seen it in good condition though we have
occasionally met with the remains of an epidermis, which is very
thin and deciduous, and of a dirty brown colour.

29. Vorura tuBERcuLaTA (pl. 1. f. 49, 50.), Cymbiola tuber-
culata, Swains.; Hxot. Conch., p. 19. pl. 29.

Testi ovati, crassi, leviuscul4, brunneo-fulvescente, maculis,
lineisque angulatim flexuosis, castaneis, ornati; spiré acuminata,
breviuscula ; apice papillari, papillé parva ; anfractibus 55, ultimis
duobus postice tuberculiferis, ultimo maximo; apertura magni,
oblonga, posticé subacuminati ; lab externi marge incrassato ;
labio interno supra anfractum ultimum expanso, crassiusculo ; co-
lumelle plicis 3 ad 5, subirregularibus.

Shell ovate, thick, nearly smooth, brownish yellow, with flexuous

angular limes and spots of a chesnut colour; spire acuminated,
rather short, with a small papillary apex ; volutions 54, the two
last. posteriorly tuberculated, the last very large; aperture large,
oblong, somewhat acuminated posteriorly, outer Lp with a thick-
ened edge, inner lip rather thick, spread over the last volution ;
columella with from three to five rather irregular folds.

An extremely rare species, of which the finest specimen we
have seen, from which our figure is taken, is im Mr. Norris’s col-
celtion. Mr. Cuming and the British Museum also possess the
species.

30. Votura Brcxit (pl. liv. f. 104.), Brod.; Zool. Proc. 1836,
p. 43.

Testa ovato-fusiformi, tenw, leviusculd, fulvescente, lineis sub-
angulatis, castaneis, inscripta; transversim striati, stris minutis,
subundulatis ; spird mediocri, anfractibus senis, ultimis quatuor
postice tuberculato-subplicatis, ultimo maximo, oblongo ; apertura
ovato-elongatd ; columella triplicata, plicis subirregularibus.

Shell ovato-fusiform, thin, nearly smooth, brownish yellow, with
chesnut-coloured, rather angular lines; transversely striated, the
strie small, somewhat undulated; spire moderate, with six volu-
tions, the four last of which are posteriorly tuberculato-subplicate ;
the last very large, oblong; aperture of a lengthened oval; colu-
mella with three somewhat irregular folds.

This volute, published m 1836 by Broderip under the name of
Voluta Beckii, has since been figured by Kiener under the name
of fusiformis, a name which had been given by Swainson to a very
distinct species in the Bhgh Catalogue, and to which species Kiener
has given a new name ina most absurd manner. Voluta Beckn
occasionally reaches twelve inches in length.

31. Voivuta pactrica (pl. xlvm. f. 25, 26, 27.), Sod., ASS. ;
Variety, V. elongata, Swains.

Testa oblongo-fusiformi, crasstusculd, levi, fulvescente, lineis
irreguaribus fasciisque quatuor interruptis castaneis notatai; spira
acuminata, papillari, papilla parva, anfractuum duorum composita
anfractibus caeteris quinque ventricosiusculis, posticé plis mintisve
tuberculiferis, ultimo maximo, subventricoso ; apertura elongata,
postice acuminata, antice latiori ; labio externo incrassato, paulu-
lim reflexo, interno extenso, antes laminam crassam efformante,
columella 4- ad 6- plata, plicis rregularibus, plerumque validis.

Shell oblong-fusiform, thickish, smooth, yellowish brown, with
irregular chesnut lines, and four interrupted bands of the same co-

206

lour ; spire acumimated, with a small papillary apex, consisting of
two volutions ; the remaining five volutions rather ventricose, pos-
teriorly more or less tuberculiferous, the last very large, somewhat
ventricose ; aperture lengthened, posteriorly acuminated, anteriorly
rather broad ; outer hp thickened, slightly reflected, inner lip ex-
tended, forming a rather thick lamina anteriorly ; columella with
from four to six irregular, mostly distinct folds.

A variety of this species, more or less free from tubercles, has
been described as a distinct species by Swainson, under the name of
elongata, m his Kixotic Conchology. Mr. Broderip has proved by
a careful examination of a number of specimens that it is only a
variety, see Zool. Journ. vol. v. p. 332.

32. Votuta Gracitis (pl. lv. f. 117, 118.), Swactns., Journ.
of Science, xvii. p. 32.

Testa oblongo-fusiformi, crassiuscula, levi, fulvescente, lineis irre-
gularibus, angulosis, castaneis, picté ; spira acuminata, apice papil-
lari, anfractibus senis, 3 ad 4 intermediis tuberculato-costatis, ultimo
subtuberculato-costato, nonnunquam levigato; labio externo mar-
gine incrassato, columelle plicis quatuor validis.

Shell oblong, fusiform, thickish, smooth, brownish yellow, with
nregularly angular chesnut lines; spire acuminated, with a papil-
lary apex ; volutions 6, of which the 3 or 4 intermediate are longi-
tudinally ribbed and posteriorly tuberculated, the last sometimes
smooth, sometimes having the same character as the intermediate
ones; edge of the outer hp thickened ; columella with four distinct
folds.

First. described by Swainson ; notwithstanding the assertion in
the second edition of his Exotic Conchology, we think it entitled to
rank as a distinct species. uener refers to this species in his text
as a variety of Magellanica, and in his plate as a young elongata.
From New Zealand.

33. Vorura BuLLata (pl. lin. f. 88.), Swans.

Test’ ovato-oblong’, levi, tenuiuscula, fulva, leis angulatim
undulatis maculisque castaneis notati; spira brevi, obtusi, apice
papillari ; anfractibus 44, ultimo maximo ; labio externo posticé ver-
stis spiram ascendente ; columellé anticé plicis duabus validis.

Shell oblong-ovate, smooth, rather thin, with chesnut spots and
angular undulated lines; spire short, obtuse, with a papillary apex ;
volutions 44, the last very large; outer lp extending up toward the
spire posteriorly ; columella with 2 distinct folds in front.

An exceedingly rare species from Algoa Bay, South Africa. It

207

was first described and figured by Swainson in his Zoological Hlus-
trations, second series ; but has been omitted by Kiener with many
others. We have only seen two specimens, the one from which
our figure was drawn is in the British Museum.

34. Votuta Mamitua (pl. 1. f. 57, 58.), Gray.

Testi ovato-oblong’, tenui, lutescente, apice mamillari, obtusis-
simo, subspirali ; anfractibus duobus , ultimo magno, ovali, maculis
lineisque castaneis picto ; apertura magn, columellee plicis tribus.

Shell ovate-oblong, thin, brownish yellow, with a mammillary
subspiral, very obtuse apex; volutions two, the last of which is
large, oval, marked with chesnut coloured spots and zigzag hnes ;
aperture large ; columella with three folds.

From New Holland ; a smgle specimen is in the British Museum,
which appears to be only a very young shell; it is a very remark-
able species, forming the link that umites Cyméa with Voluta, the
apex In this species being subspiral, while in Cymba the apex is
amorphous.

35. Vorura Futerrrum (pl. xlvin. f. 33, 34.), wod7s; Tank.
Cat. App., p. 28. pl.iv., v.; Brod., Zool. Journ., vol. u. p. 35.

Testa oblonga, tenuiusculd, leevissimé transversim striata, fulvo-
carned, strigis flammiferis, enormiter angulosis, castaneis, ornata :
spiri productiori, apice truncato-papilloso, anfractibus senis, ultimis
tribus gibbis, ultimo ventricoso, posticé subangulari; apertura ob-
longi, posticé acutiusculd ; labio columellari tenw, supra anfractum
ultimum extenso; columellé triplicata.

Shell oblong, rather thin, very finely transversely striated, vee
lowish flesh coloured, with very angular, flame-like, chesnut streaks
spire rather prominent, with a truncate- papillary apex, volutions 6,
the three last gibbous, the last ventricose, and posteriorly suban-
gular; aperture oblong, posteriorly rather acute; columella lip
thin, spread over the last volution; columella with three folds.

Several varieties of this rare species are now to be seen in col-
lections, we have represented two; and a third which is in the
British Museum has two rows of chesnut spots on the last volution.

36. Voruta paPILiosa (pl. xlvin. f. 30.), Swacns., m Appen-
dix to Bligh Catalogue.

Testi oblongo-ovali, crassa, levi, pallidi, lmeis fulvis subtilis-
simé reticulata, fasciisque castaneo-fulvis, transversis, mterruptis,
ornati; spird brevi, subacuminati, apice papillari, papilld crassa,
antractuum duorum composita ; anfractibus ceteris tribus coloratis,

Kk

208

ultimo magno, ovali; aperturi oblong’, posticé acuminata, labii
externi margine incrassato ; interim crasso, extenso ; columella ante
mediam subgibba, 3- ad 5 oe plicata.

Shell oblong-oval, thick, smooth, reticulated with very fine ful-
vous lines, and w ith interrupted transverse chesnut yellow bands,
spire short, rather acwminated, with a thick papillary apex of two
volutions, the three remaining volutions coloured, the last large
and oval; aperture oblong, posteriorly acummated, outer lp with
the margin thickened, inner hp thick, spread ; columella anteriorly
gibbous, with from 38 to 5 folds.

From the Fijee Islands : a remarkable species of extreme rarity.

37. Vorura rusirormis (pl. liv. f. 100.), Swacns., in Appen-
dix to Bligh Catalogue.

Testa oblongo-fusiformi, crassiusculd, levi, fulva vel carneo-fulva,
maculis lmeisque angularibus castaneis ornaté; spird acuminata,
subelongati; apice papilla, papilla anfractuum duorum parva ;
anfractibus ceteris quinque subgibbis, ultimo paululim ventricoso,
anticé subcoarctato ; apertura magni, postice subacuminata, me-
diane lata ; labio columellari tentiusculd, expansi, collumella anticé
acuta, phcis 3 ad 4 parvis, peroblquis, antic& majori.

Shell oblong, fusiform, thickish, smooth, fulvous or somewhat
flesh-coloured, with chesnut spots and angular lines ;. spire acumi-
nated, rather ‘elongated, with a small papillary apex of two volu-
tions, the five remainmg volutions rather gibbous, the last shghtly
yentricose, and contracted anteriorly ; aperture large, posteriorly
subacuminate, broad in the middle, columellar lip ‘vather thin,
spread ; columella anteriorly sharp, with from three to four small
very oblique folds, the anterior of which is the largest.

Probably from the Pacific Ocean; first described by Swainson
in the Bligh Catalogue.

38. Votura mecaspira (pl. xlvin. f. 31, 32.), nobis.

Testa fusiformi, turrita, tenuiusculd, levi, rufescente-carneolata,
strigis maculisque castaneis, notati; spire anfractibus senis, sub-
clongatis, medio ventricosiusculis | primis duobus apicem papillarem
efformantibus, 3tio, 4to, 5to et 6to obtuse longitudinaliter costatis,
ultimo magno, oblongo, anticé attenuato, aperturd i oblonga, labio
externo subreflexo ; columell’ quinquephicata, plicis posticis obtusis
parvis.

Shell fusiform, turreted, rather thin, smooth, of a reddish flesh
colour, marked with chesnut streaks and blotches ; volutions of the
spire six, rather elongated, rather ventricose in the middle, the two

209

first forming the papillary apex, the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th, with
obtuse longitudinal ribs, the last large, oblong, attenuated ante-
riorly ; aperture oblong, outer lip slightly reflected ; columella with
five folds, the posterior of which are small and obtuse.

I have only seen a single specimen which is in Mr. Cuming’s
extraordinary” collection ; it is probably the same as Kaener’s /.
lyriformis, but it 1s not ‘the same as Broderip’s, which is identical
with Swainson’s Mitra lyriformis. Its papillary apex closely re-
sembles that of V. fulminata.

39. Votuta Futminata (pl. 1. f. 51, 52, 53.).

Testa oblonga, fusiformi, tenuiusculé, plerumque transversim im-
presso-striati, carneo- fulvescente, lineis longitudinalibus castaneis
flexuosis pict; spiré acuminata, apice papillari, levi, anfractuum
duorum composito; anfractibus ceteris quatuor longitudinaliter
costato-subtuberculatis ; ultimo posticé obtuse angulato, subtuber-
culato, anticé coarctato, acuminato, dense transversim costato ;
aperturi elongata, labio externo, subeffuso, subincrassato, anticé
margine subdenticulato ; columella anticé acuta, 6- ad 10- plicata,
plicis variis.

Shell oblong, fusiform, rather thin, generally with transverse
impressed strize, yellowish flesh coloured, with flexuous, longitudinal
chesnut hnes; spire actminated, with a smooth papillary apex of
two volutions, the four remaining volutions longitudimally mbbed,
and tuberculated, the last posteriorly obtusely angular, subtuber-
culated, anteriorly contracted and acuminated, closely transversely
ribbed; aperture elongated; outer lip somew ha effuse and thick-
ened, Ww vith the anterior edge slightly toothed; columella sharp an-
teriorly, with 6-LO variously promment folds.

We have represented three varicties of this not uncommon spe-
cies; of these fig. 62 shows the ordinary character.

40. Votutia pusia (pl. lv. f. 115.), Brod.; Zool. Journ.,
vol. im. p. 81. pl. mi. f 1.

Testa fusiformi, longitudinaliter subcostata, transversim striata,
flavicante, maculis fulvis subquadratis, fasciatim digestis, ornata ;
spiré brevi; apice acuto-papillari ; anfractibus 4, primo leeviusculo,
papillam efformante, secundo tertioque brevibus, ultimo elongato,
subventricoso, apertu ri. oblong’, posticé acuminata, anticé subat-
tenuatd, integra; columelle plicis duabus obsoletiusculis.

Shell fern slightly nbbed longitudinally, transvers« ‘ly striated,
yellowish, with somewhat square fulvous spots arranged in bands ;
spire short, with an acute papillary apex; volutions 4, the first

210

nearly smooth forming the papilla, the 2nd and 38rd short, the last
lengthened, somewhat ventricose ; aperture oblong , posteriorly acu-
minated, narrower anteriorly, entire ; columella with two nearly
obsolete folds.

This very singular species approaches nearest to V. fulminata,
its locality is unknown; it was lent to me many years since by
M. Roussel, and we have not a single specimen in England.

41. Votura Vexitium (pl. 1. f. 54, 55, 56.).

Testa ovata, subfusiformi, crassd, levi, nitente, albida, fasciis
seu tenis aurantio-rubris plis minusve numerosis cincti; spird
subconica, apice muricato-papillari, anfractuum 2 ad 24 composito ;
anfractibus 4: ceteris obsoletissime tuberculiferis, ultimo posticé
tuberculis subcompressis remotiusculis coronato, columelle plicis
6 ad 8, tribus posticis minimis, anticis 2 ad 3 plerumque crassis.

Shell ovate, subfusiform, thick, smooth, shiming, a with
more or less numerous orange red narrow bands or fillets ; spire
somewhat conical, with a small pomted papillary apex, of from 2
to 22 volutions ; the four remaining volutions very obsoletely tuber-
culated, the last posteriorly crowned with rather remote and com-
pressed tubercles ; columella with from six to eight folds, of which
the three posterior are very small, and the two or three anterior
generally thick. \

This is commonly called the Orange Flag, we have given two
varieties, of which the more slender has been distinguished as a
species by some French collectors.

42. Vorvrarnnica (pl. li. f. 68, 69,70.), v0d.; V. Lapponica

auctm.

Testa ovata, subfusiformi, crassiusculé, levigati, pallida, maculis
punctis lineolisque castaneis varie picti; spird subacuminati, apice
papillari anfractuum 2 ad 24 sistente ; anfractibus tertio quartoque
longitudinaliter costatis, quinto subcostato, sexto subventricoso,
levi, ultimo magno, ovali, anticé transversim obsolete striato ; aper-
turd longiusculd, postice acuta, antice latiusculé; labio externo
intiis subincrassato, postice subdecurrente, columella 6-ad 8- plicata,
plicis anticis maxime majoribus, posticis parvis.

Shell ovate, subfusiform, thickish, smooth, of a pale brownish
flesh colour, variously marked with chesnut spots, dots, and lines ;
spire subacuminated, with a small papillary apex of 2 or 24 volu-
tions, the 3rd and 4th volutions longitudinally nbbed, 5th slightly
ribbed, 6th rather ventricose, smooth, last large, ovals and obso-
letely transversely striated anteriorly ; aperture rather long, acute

241

posteriorly, and rather broad im front; outer lip rather thickened
within, running slightly towards the spire posteriorly ; columella
with from six to eight folds, of which the anterior are much the
larger, and the posterior are small.

This shell has been named Lapponica by Linné, who has evi-
dently been misled by Rumphius to suppose it an inhabitant of the
North American seas; it is, however, really found in the East
Indian Ocean, wherefore we have altered its name to [ndica.

43. VoLUTA HEBRAA (pl. liv. f. 95, 96, 97.).

Testa ovato-turbinata, crassa, pallide fulva, lneis castaneis undatis
veniformibus, confertim fasciatis, interruptis, cmcta, spird conica, plus
mintsve product, apice papillari, parvo, anfractuum 2 ad 25 com-
posito, anfractibus ceteris 3 ad 6 vel 7 tuberculatis, fenerculis plis
minusve acutis, ultimo posticé tuberculis acutis, majusculis, muri-
cato, plicis columellee quinque anticis majoribus, nonnullis posticis
minimis.

Shell ovato-turbinate, thick, of a pale fulvous colour, with inter-
rupted close set bands of chesnut coloured undulated vein-like lines ;
spire conical, more or less produced, with a small papillary apex of
of 2 to 24 volutions, the remaining 3 to 6 or 7 volutions with more
or less acute tubercles, the last with rather large acute tubercles
posteriorly ; columella with 5 rather large folds i front, and a few
very small posteriorly.

We have represented three varieties of this species; f. 95 shews
the variety with the more produced spire, from a specimen in Mr.
Norris’s collection; f. 96, the variety with a short spire, from Mr.
Cuming’s collection; and f. 97, the variety without tubercles, from
Miss Sawl’s collection.

44, Votura mustca (pl. xhx. f. 36-43.).

Test ovato-turbimata, nonnunquam oblonga, crass, levi, ple-
rumque pallida, nonnunquam fulva, aurantiacd, carneolata, seu sub-
fusca, castaneo vel altis coloribus varié maculata, fasciis tribus trans-
versis, pliis mintsve distinctis, lineis transversis fuscis, parallelis
compositis ; aliisque duabus punctis compositis, ad margines inter-
medios maculis nigris majoribus ornaté; spira breviusculd, conica,
nonnunquam production, apice papillari, papilla parva, subrudi,
anfractibus tribus efformaté; anfractibus ceteris 3 ad 4 tuberculis
magnis oblongis mstructis, ultimo antic’ posticeque striis transversis
subrugoso ; columellee plicis 9 ad 12, anticis 5 ad 6 majoribus.

Shell ov: ate, turbimated, sometimes ‘oblong, thick, smooth, gene-
rally of a pale colour, or brownish, variously spotted with chesnut

212

and other colours, with 3 transverse, more or less distinct bands,
composed of transverse, parallel, fuscous lines, together with 2 other
dotted lines, marked in the mtermediate edges with large black
spots; spire rather short, conical, sometimes rather prominent, with
a small mis-shapen papillary apex of 3 volutions, the remaiming 3
or 4 volutions furnished with large oblong tubercles ; the last both
anteriorly and posteriorly roughened with transverse strie ; colu-
mella with from 9 to 12 folds, of which the 5 or 6 anterior are the
larger.

This is another of the species that varies so excessively both in
form and colours, that it is not surprising that Lamarck, who had
but comparatively shght opportunities, should have distinguished
its varieties specifically ; we have carefully examined a great series
of them, from which we are satisfied that Lamarck’s /. Tiiarella,
V. carneolata, V. guinaica, V. levigata, and probably his /. nodu-
losa, are merely varieties of /. musica. We have represented each
of the principal varieties.

45. Votura sutcata (pl. ln. f£.17.), Lan.

Test& oblongo-ovaté, crass, subrugosi, pallidée fulva, longitudi-
nalitér costatA, costis obtusis ; transversim sulcat&; spird brevius-
cula, obtus4, anfractibus tribus primis papillam efformantibus, ultimo
fasciis subfuscis duabus lineisque parallels castaneis, seriebus tribus
mactlarum castanearum instructis ; columella plicis 10 ad 11.

Shell oblong-ovate, thick, rather rugose, pale: fulvous, with obtuse
longitudinal ribs, and transversely grooved ; spire rather short, ob-
tuse, with a papillary apex fori red of the 3 first volutions ; the last
volution with 2 subfuscous bands, with several parallel chesnut lines,
and three rows of chesnut spots; columella with 10 or 11 folds.

This species closely resembles several of the varieties of musica ;
it shows moreover the same general system of coloration. We have
ventured to consider it distinct, on account of its transverse grooves
from one end of the last volution to the other.

46. Votuta potyzonatts (pl. li. f.77,78.), Lam.

Testé subconica, turbinata, subcrassi, transversim sulcata, cinereo-
virescente, castaneo-punctulat’, teens transversis plurimis palles-
centibus sparsim fusco-guttatis ; spird brevi, conic’, anfractibus
duobus primis papillam parva. ‘efformantibus, ceteris 5 submuri-
cato-tuberculatis ; ultimo posticé angulato, tuberculis acutis coro-
nato; apertura oblong, subobliqua, “utr? Aque extremitate subangu-
lari; labio externo incrassato, maculato, posticé tenui ; columellé 12-
ad 14. plicatd, plicis variis, anticis plerumque majoribus.

213

Shell subconical, turbmated, thickish, transversely grooved,
greenish ash-colour, with small chesnut dots, and many pale trans-
verse fillets sprinkled with fuscous specks; spire short, conical,
with a papillary apex of 2 volutions, the remaining 5 volutions sith
pointed tubercles, and the last volution crowned with sharp tuber-
cles; aperture oblong, rather oblique, sowewhat angular at both
ends ; outer lip thickened, spotted, thin at the posterior edge ; colu-
mella with from 12 to 14 variable folds, the anterior being generally
the larger.

Easily distinguished from all the varieties of msica. Lamarck’s
V. fulva is merély a worn variety of this species, and we think his
V. chlorosina will prove to be nothing more. We have represented
two varieties; f.77, from Mr. Norris’s collection, and f. 78, from

Miss Saul’s
47. Votura pusto (pl. lv. f.119.), Swans.

Testa ovato-turbinati, crassa, levigata, fulvescente, fasciis pallidis,
punctisque fulvis seriatim dispositis cicté ; spird brevi, apice acuto ;
anfractibus 6, ultimo leviter costato, posticé obtuse nodoso ; labio
externo subexpanso; columella subinct rassati, multiplicat®, plicis
nonnullis validis, alts intermedius posticisque parvis.

Shell ovate-turbinated, thick, smooth, pale fulvous, with darker
coloured bands and spots arranged in rows, spire short, with an
acute apex ; volutions 6, the last slightly ribbed and obtuse ‘ly tuber-
culated posteriorly ; outer hp somewhat spread; columella rather
thickened, with many folds, some of which are distinct, and others,
which are intermediate and posterior, are small.

Perhaps this ought to be merely regarded as a variety of Voluta
polyzonalis, from which it differs principally in its proportions ;
being wider and having a shorter spire. We are not acquainted
with its locality. ‘The specimen is in the British Museum.

48. Votura Cuminer (pl. lv. f. 105, 106, 107.), Broderip ;
Zool. Proc., 1832, p. 33.

Test ovato-pyramidali, crassa, albida, ceeruleo-castaneo nebulosi,
suturas versus nigro-castaneo vittata, spira subelongata, apice acuto ;
anfractibus iniberculatis, ultimo subcostato, costis fumidis, fascia que
subcentrali pallida, lati cincto ; labro tumido, subcontracto, sub-
reflexo, acuto, varice interno obliquo submedio ; columelli 5 ad: 6
plicata, plicis tribus anticis majoribus, czeteris indistinctis.

Shell ovate-pyramidal, thick, whitish, clouded with blueish ches-
nut,and banded near the suture with blackish chesnut ; spire some-
what elongated, with an acute apex ; volutions tuberculated, the last

j

214

partly nbbed, with tumid ribs, and a broad, pale coloured, nearly
central band; lip tumid, somewhat contracted and reflected, with
an internal, oblique, neatly central varix; columella with 5 or 6
folds, of which the three anterior are large, and the remainder in-
distinct.

First brought by Mr. Cuming from the Gulf of Fonseca, in the
Province of San Salv: ador, Central America. We have represented
three varieties, two from Mr. Cuming’s collection, and one from

Mr. Norris’s.
49. Votura Guinpiner (pl. lv. f.110, 111.), xodis.

Testa oblonga, crassi, fulvescente, lneolis saturatioribus altisque
albis picta, spird acuminata, apice obtuso, anfractibus 5 ad 6, sub-
ventricosis, longitudinaliter costatis, nterstitus costarum transver-
sim striatis, ultimo magno, levigatiasculo ; aperturd mediocri, labio
externo exttis Incrassato, albicante, imttiis dente parvo instructo ;
columelle plicis quinque ad sex parvis, anticis duabus validioribus.

Shell oblong, thick, fulvous, marked with little white lines, and
others of a darker colour, spire acuminated, with an obtuse apex ;
volutions 5 to 6, rather ventricose, longitudinally ribbed, interstices
of the ribs with transverse strie, the last. volution large, rather
smooth ; aperture middle-sized, outer lip externally thickened,
whitish, furnished with a small tooth internally ; columella with 5
or 6 folds, of which the two anterior are more prominent.

This is the smallest known species of Volute ; it was discovered
at St. Vincent’s, by the late Rev. Lansdowne Guilding. In Mr.
Cuming’s and Mr. Metcalfe’s collections.

50. Votura Cytientrormis (pl. lv. f. 112.113.) nobis.

Testa parva, ovata, crassi, laeviusculi, albicante, maculis parvis
flavicantibus sparsim ornati; spira subconic’i, anfractibus senis,
postice coarctatis, ad suturam granosis, anticé longitudinaliter cos-
tatis, ultimo magno, antice transversim striato, canal parvo, sub-
reflexo ; apertwra oblong’, labio externo exttis incrassato, margine
interno intis dente parvo instructo, labio columellari anticé rugu-
loso, dentibus tribus parvulis munito.

Shell small, ovate, thick, rather smooth, whitish, sprinkled with
small yellowish specks, spire somewhat conical, with 6 volutions,
which are contracted posteriorly, granose at the sutures, and longi-
tudinally ribbed anteriorly, the last volution is large, and anteriorly
transversely striated ; canal small, slightly reflected ; aperture ob-
long, outer lip externally thickened, its internal edge ‘furnished with

215

asmall tooth, columellar lip rugulose, anteriorly furnished with three
small teeth.

The only specimen of this curious little shell we have seen is m
the collection of W. Metcalfe, Esq., who has obligingly permitted us
to describe and figure it. In general appearance it nearly resembles

a Cyllene.

51. Votura Harpa (pl. lv. f.114.), Barnes; Annals of the
Lyceum of Nat. Hist. of New York, vol. i. p. 139. pl. ix. f. 4.

Testi ovali, crassi, leviusculd, albido-carneolé, maculis punc-
tisque castaneis seriatim transverse picta, spird breviusculé, acumni-
nati, apice acuto; anfractibus novem, brevibus, ultimis 4 longitu-
dinalitér costellatis, ultimo autem obsoleté transversim striato ; labio
externo exttis varice instructo, inttis unidentato, margine tenul, pos-
ticé decurrente ; columella plicis tribus anticé instructa, altisque
duabus vel tribus i inconspicus.

Shell oval, thick, rather smooth, pale flesh colour, with chesnut
spots and dots in transverse rows; spire rather short, acuminated,
with an acute apex; volutions 9, short, the last four with small
longitudinal ribs, and the last having alse obsolete transverse strice ;
outer lip with an external varix, and a single tooth within, its edge
thin and posteriorly decurrent ; columella with three distinct folds
anteriorly, and 2 or 3 indistinct behind.

From the coast of Peru; in Mr. Cuming’s and other collections.

52. Vorura costata (pl. ln. f. 71, 72.), Swains., Journal of
Science, vol. xvi. 1824, p. 33; V.lyrata, Sowerby, Tankerville, Cat.
no. 2140; V. Anna, Lesson.

Testa ovato-oblongd, tenuiusculd, mitida, albida, maculis lineisyue
interruptis aurantiacis transversim fasciaté ; spird brevi, obtusa, an-
fractibus 5 ad 6, duobus primis papillam mediocrem efformantibus,
ceteris longitudinaliter costatis, costis subdistantibus, posticé mu-
cronatis, anfractu ultimo anticé transversim costellato ; labio externo
extis varicem instructo, margine tenwi; columella plicis tribus,
anticis majoribus, plurimis posticis mimimis distincta.

Shell oblong-ovate, rather thin, shinmg, whitish, transversely
banded with orange coloured spots and interrupted lines; spire
short, obtuse, with a moderate sized papillary apex of 2 volutions,
the remaining volutions with somewhat distant longitudinal ribs,
each rib being posteriorly mucronated, with a rather flat space be-
tween the ends of the ribs and the suture ; last volution transversely
striated in front; outer lp furnished with an external varix, and

L

216

a thin edge; columella with three large anterior, and many very
small posterior, folds.

This species has long been known in this country under the
name of V’. dyrata, of Humphrey. Itis Harpula Harpa, of Swain-
son, Exot. Conch.; and Lesson has published it in his Llustr.
Zoologiques, under the name of /. Auaa. It is not the V. mitri-
Jormis of Lamarck.

53, Votura Devessertiana (pl. ln. f. 738, 74.), Petit; Mag.
de Zool., 1842, pl. lv.

Test’ oblongd, subfusiformi, crassiusculé, longitudinalitér mul-
ticostata, carnicolore, aurantiaco-sphacelata et fasciata, castaneoque
lineaté ; anfractibus duobus primis papillam parvam levigatam effor-
mantibus, ceteris quinque subventricosis, longitudinalitér costatis,
costis crebris, flexuosis, interstitiis costarum transversim striatis ;
suturis crenatis ; anfractu ultimo magno: apertura oblonga, intis
alba, margine castaneo-punctato ; labio externo extus varicem in-
structo, labio columellari subexpanso, plicis anticis tribus validis,
posticis plurimis filiformibus.

Shell oblong, subfusiform, thickish, longitudinally many-ribbed,
flesh colour, with orange coloured blotches and bands and chesnut
lines; the two first volutions form the small papillary smooth apex,
the remaining five are subventricose, and longitudinally ribbed, ribs
close set, edo transversely striated in the interstices; sutures
crenated ; last volution large; aperture oblong, white within, the
margin spotted with chesnut; outer lip furnished with an external
varix ; Inner lip rather spread ; columella with 3 distinct folds ante-
riorly, and many thread-like folds posteriorly.

From Nosse-Bé, on the north coast of Madagascar ; Petit. This
species has been named by M. Petit in honour of M. Delessert.

54. Votura Mirrirormis (pl. ln. f. 81,.82; pl. lv. f. 109.),
Lam.; V.multicostata, Brod. ; Zool. Journ. vol. iu. pl. im. f. 2.

Testa oblong’, subfusiformi, crassiusculf, pallescente, maculis
castaneis vartis subfasciaté; spird subacuminati, apice papillari,
papill4 mimuti; anfractibus ceteris 5 longitudimalitér crebré cos-
tatis, transverse castaneo-lineatis ; ultimo anfractu anticé transver-
sim costato-subrugoso ; apertura ‘oblonga A, labio externo extis vari-
cem instructo ; columell4 multiplicata, plicis anticis majoribus sub-
ternis.

Shell oblong, subfusiform, thickish, pale, somewhat banded with
various chesnut spots; spire subacuminate, with a small papillary
apex, the remaining five volutions longitudinally closely ribbed, with

217

transverse chesnut lines, the last volution anteriorly transversely
somewhat rugose, with small ribs; aperture oblong, outer lip fur-
nished with an external varix ; columella with many folds, of which
the two or three anterior are much the larger.

From the Australian and Javan seas, according to Lamarck.
Broderip’s V. multicostata is undoubtedly identical with this species,
as he seems to have suspected it might be: it varies greatly in
colouring.

55. Votura LyR#ForMIs (pl. xlix. f. 45, 46.), Brod. ; Zool.
Journ. vol. in. p. 83. pl. im. f. 3; Mitra lyreeformis, Swazns. ; Zool.
Illus. t. 54.

Testa fusiformi-turrita, crassiusculd, pallidé carneold, maculis
lineisque subceruleis, castaneis, rubro-castaneisque, fasciatim con-
gestis, transversis, picta ; spird valdé producta, attenuata, apice acuto-
papillari; anfractibus 7, primis 1 ad 1} papillam efformantibus,
ceteris longitudinalitér costatis (costis interstitusque longitudinaliter
striatis,) ultimo anticé transversim sulcato-corrugato ; apertura sub-
elongatd, posticé acuminata: labio externo extts varicem instructo ;
columella multiplicata, plicis anticis majoribus, ceteris parvis.

Shell fusiform-turreted, thickish, pale flesh colour, with blueish,
chesnut, and chesnut-red spots and transverse lines, arranged in
bands; spire much produced, attenuated, with an acute papillary
apex of 1 to 1} volutions, the remaining 5 or 54 volutions longi-
tudinally ribbed, (ribs and interstices longitudinally striated) ; the
last volution anteriorly transversely grooved, rugose ; aperture some-
what elongated, acumimated posteriorly, outer hip with an external
varix ; columella with many folds, of which the anterior are large,
and the remainder very small.

First published by Swainson under the name of Mitra lyreeformis,
afterwards, at his suggestion, altered to Voluta lyreeformis by Mr.
Broderip. From the Eastern coast of Africa. Kiener pretends to
have been acquainted with this species, but his figures represent a
totally different one, not even nearly related to it.

56. Votura concrnna (pl. li. £.66.) Brod. ; Zool. Proc., 1836,
p- 43.

Testa oblong’, fusiformi, tenuiusculd, levi, transversim subtilis-
simé striati, costata, fulvescente, lineis castaneis confertis undulatis
sa ne Pee : Fa ee eee
picté; spiraé subacuminaté, anfractibus 6-7, longitudinaliter cos-
tatis, medio subnodosis, ultimo maximo, anticé acuminato ; aper-
turd magni, angustiore; labio externo tenui; columelle plicis 4,
obsoletiusculis.

218

Shell oblong, fusiform, rather thin, smooth, transversely and very
finely striated, longitudinally ribbed, yellowish brown with close-set
undulated chesnut Imes, spire subacuminate ; volutions 6-7, longi-
tudinally ribbed, subtuberculated in the middle ; the last very large,
acumimated anteriorly ; aperture large and narrow, outer hp thin;
columella with 4 rather obsolete folds.

A single specimen of this remarkable Volute was brought to
England by M. Marguwiér ; it is now im the British Museum. ‘There
is some resemblance between this and V. lyreeformis, Kiener.

57. Voruta Nucrevs (pl. lv. f.116.), Lam.

Testa ovata, crassiuscula, fulva, vel fulvescente, maculis seu punc-
tis castaneis albidisque transversé seriatim dispositis notat&é; spira
breviusculd, conic’é acuminaté; anfractibus 6 ad 7, duobus primis
minimis, levibus, ceteris longitudinaliter costatis, ultimo anticé
transversim striato ; apertura ovali, postice subacuminaté, columella
plicis duabus anticis majoribus, tertia parvd, nonnullis obsoletis.

Shell ovate, thickish, fulvous or fulvescent, with chesnut and
whitish spots or dots arranged in transverse rows ; spire rather short,
conical, acuminated, volutions 6 to 7, the two first very small and
smooth, the remainder longitudinally ribbed, the last transversely
stnated anteriorly ; aperture oval, subacuminated posteriorly ; colu-
mella with two distinct anterior folds, a third quite small, and several
others nearly obsolete.

From Austraha. Schubert and Wagner have given it under the
name of V. Perdicina. This species has much the appearance of a
little Harpa; it may nevertheless be very easily distinguished from
the fossil 1. Harpula, which is much more elongated, and which has
numerous small folds on the posterior part of the columella.

58. Voturta restiva (pl. li. f. 79, 80.), Lam.

Testi ovato-fusiformi, crasstusculi, subventricosi, longitudina-
liter costatd, glaberrim4, carneolati, maculis lineolis verticalibus,
guttisque fulvis subseriatim ornati; spird subelongata, anfracti-
bus 63, primis 1 papillam efformantibus, ceteris 4 ad 5 costis
obtusis longitudinalibus instructis, costis prope suturam obsoletis ;
anfractu ultimo anticé subacuminato, transversim striato; colu-
mela anticé triplicaté, plicis perobliquis.

Shell ovate-fusiform, thickish, somewhat ventricose, longitudi-
nally ribbed, very smooth, with fulvous spots, vertical les, and
dots, arranged in rows; spire somewhat elongated, with a papillary
apex of 12 volutions, the remaining four or five volutions with ob-
tuse longitudinal ribs, which are nearly obsolete at the suture ; last

219

volution anteriorly subacuminate, and transversely striated ; colu-
mella with 3 very oblique folds in front.

The above description has been drawn up from a drawing which
we caused to be made many years past, at the Jardin des Plantes,
at Paris ; we have never seen any other specimen. ‘The drawing
is now obligingly communicated to us by W. J. Broderip, Esq.

VOLUTA.

LIST OF PLATES XLVI. to LV.

Prats XLVI. Fig.
Fig. : 33, 34, Vol. Fulgetrum, Sp. 35.
1. Vol. Seapha, var. parva, Sp. 6. 35. — Scapha, 6.
2. — Scapha, var. tuberculata, 6.
3. — volvacea, 7, Puate XLIX.
4, — volvacea, var. spinosa, 7. 36. — musica, var., 44;
5. — rutila, var. tuberculata, 18. (V.levigata, Lam.)
6. — rutila, 18. 37. — musica, var., 44 ;
7. — Ferussacii, 24. (V.carneolata, Zam.)
8. — marmorata, l. 38. — musica, var., 44;
9. aulica, 15. (V. guinaica, Lam.)
10. — aulica, var. spinosa, 15. 39. — musica, var., 44;
11. — aulica, 15. (V. thiarella, Zam.)
12. — aulica, var, tuberculata, 15. | 40-43. — musica and varieties, 44.
44, — Junonia, 13.
Prare XLVIL. 45,46. — lyriformis, 55.
13, 14. — angulata, 23. 47, 48. — reticulata, 12.
15-23. — Vespertilio & varieties, 22. en
24. — subnodosa, 26. a
49,50. — tuberculata, 29.
Prats XLVIIL. 51. — fulminata, var., 39.
25. — pacifica, var. inermis, 31. 52. — fulminata, 39.
26, 27. — pacifica, 31. 53. — fulminata, var., 39.
28,29. — undulata, 9. 54,55. — Vexillum, 41.
30. — papillosa. 36. 56. — Vexillum, var., 41.

31, 32. — megaspira, 38. 57,58. — Mamilla, 34.

85, 86.

Puate LI.

. Vol. luteostoma, Sp. 4.

volvacea, var., 7.
pulchra, 16.
piperita, 17.

nivosa, var. tuberculata, 20.

nivosa, 20.
Norrisii, 21.
concinna, 56.

Vespertilio, var. sinistra,22.

indica, 42.

indica, var. tuberculata, 42.

Prate LIL.

costata, 52.
Delessertiana, 53.
Cymbiola, 2.
Cymbiola, var., 2.
polyzonalis, 46.
polyzonalis, var., 46.
festiva, 58.
Mitriformis, 54.

Puate LITT. |

Zebra, 8.
Zebra, var., 8.
maculata, 10.
sulcata, 45.
bullata, 33.

105, 106.
107.
108.
109.
110, 111.
112, 113.
114.
115.
116.
WZ, Ins:
119.
120, 121.

Vol. punctata, Sp. 14.

. — pallida, 11.

— pallida, var., 11.
Prats LIV.

. — hebrea, var., 43.
. — hebrea, 43.

. — hebrea, var., 43.
. — Brasiliana, 28.

. — Magellanica, 27.
. — fusiformis, 37.

. — Ancilla, 25.

. — imperialis, 5.

. — magnifica, 19.

. — Beckii, 30.

Prats LV.
— Cumingti, 48.
— Cumingii, var., 48.
— Nucleus, 57.
— Mitriformis, var., 54.
— Guildingii; 49.
— Cylleniformis, 50.
— Harpa, 51.
— dubia, 40.
— Nucleus, 57.
— gracilis, 32.
— Pusio, 47.

— Corona, 3.

Printed by Reeve, Brothers, King William Street, Strand.

A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

TELLINA.

By SYLVANUS HANLEY, B.A., F.LS., Ere.

Char. Gen. Testa bivalvis, cujus latus posticum aut plicatura
irregular radiante tumescit, aut cardo ejus dentem dentesve duos
laterales ostendit ; dentes primari duo, vel in utrique, vel in altera
valvulaé ; margo ventralis nunquam crenatus ; pallu cicatrix maximeée
sinuata; nymphee haud prominentes. Ligamentum externum.

There are few genera whose definition is more difficult than that
of Tellina. The typical species with a strong fold or umbonal ridge
and two distinct lateral teeth, cannot indeed be confounded with
the shells of any other genus; but the whole of the aberrant divi-
sion, in which the fold is oftentimes nearly obsolete and the hinge
always devoid of lateral teeth, require the strictest examination, so
closely do they approximate to Sanguinolaria and Psammobia.
Lamarck himself has included several species of this division in
Psammobia and Psammotea (the latter genus abolished by the
unanimous agreement of all conchologists) ; but the authority of
Deshayes gives weight to my own opinion, of the necessity of their
annexation to Tellina, The externally projecting nymphal callo-
sities which support the prominent ligament, characters which are
universal throughout Psammobia, are never present in Tellens of
this division. I may remark moreover, as a further assistance to
the discrimination of those closely allied genera, that the inclina-
tion of the line which unites the posterior muscular impression to
the parallel scar 1s ascending in those aberrant species which most
nearly approach Psammobia, whilst it is descending in that genus.
I speak more particularly of Psammobia, as there exists in some of
its species a fold almost equally profound (but symmetrical) with
that of the majority of the Tellin. This does not exist m San-
guinolaria, of which I regard Rosea and not Rugosa as the type.

Certain Donaces, devoid of crenulated margins, might probably

M

222

be mistaken for Telline, but these being always perfectly equivalve,
strong, wedge-shaped, or triangular shells, with a remarkably short
prominent ligament, and the anterior side the more compressed,
present a combination of characters which are never united in any
of those Tellens in which the characteristic fold is imperfectly de-
veloped. The decided sinuation of the palleal scar suffices to
separate any species from Lucina, Corbis, or Astarte.

DESCRIPTION.

* Two lateral teeth in one of the valves.

1. Teriina rostrata (pl. Ixi. f. 157.) Zin., Syst. 1118; Lin.
Mus. Ulr. 481; T. Spengleri, Chem. vol. vi. f. 88, 89 ; Wood, Gen.
Conch. t.37.f.2; Lam. no. 8; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 62. t. 4. £35;
Enc. Méth. t. 287. f. 5.

T. testa elongato-subtrigona, angusta, subineequivalvi, subeequi-
lateral, solida, convexiusculd, subflexuosa, extus intusque candida,
prope nates roseo pallide pict, concentricé sulcata ; sulcis confertis,
obliquis; margine ventrali subrecto aut convexiusculo ; dorsali
utrinque subrecto et subequaliter declivi; areis dorsalibus sub-
leevigatis, squamis tuberculosis, utrinque dentatis ; latere antico
subacuminato; postico subrostrato, biangulato; cost&é umbonali
angulat&é; ligamento subinfosso; dentibus lateralibus magnis, re-
motis.

Elongated-subtriangular, narrow, rather flexuous, almost equi-
lateral, rather inequivalve, solid, moderately convex, white both
externally and internally, with a shght tinge of rose-colour near
the beaks, closely and obliquely grooved concentrically ; ventral
edge but little convex ; dorsal margins nearly straight, and almost
equally sloping ; ; dorsal areas nearly smooth, and environed by scaly
tubercles ; anterior side subacuminated ; posterior biangulated and
subrostrated ; umbonal ridge angulated ; ligament sunken ; lateral
teeth strong and distant,

Island of Ticao, &c,

This is not the Rostrata of Gmelin, Lamarck, nor the majority
of writers, but nevertheless, as Was surmised by ‘Schumacher from
the expression “ ano riméque, subserratis,” is the species indicated
by Linneeus, as his specimen in the Linnean Society’s cabinet
clearly evidences.

2. TeLtiva Desuayusit (pl. lvii. f. 66.) Manley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. testa T. Rostratee simillimaé, sed albido-rosed, et lamellis sub-
remotis concentricé ornaté; margine etiam ventrali convexiore.

Extremely like T. rostrata, but of an uniform pale pinkish hue,
and the surface ornamented with concentric and rather distant la-
melle ; the ventral margin more convex likewise, than in the pre-
ceding species.

Red Sea?

3. Tectina Cumineu (pl. lvin. f. 72.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. testi elongato-oblong’, subequilaterali, solidi, compressius-
cul, vix nitida, albidé aut flavescente, maculis strigis lmeisve brun-
neis aut fusco-purpurascentibus radiata ; concentricé sulcata, sulcis
anticé confertis et subimbricatis, posticé sublamellosis, remotius-
culis; margine ventrali convexo, utrinque sursum acclinato; dor-
sali utrinque subdeclivi, anticé convexiusculo, postice subrecto,
subincurvato, subdentato ; latere postico attenuato, rostrato, paul-
lulum breviore, ad extremitatem biangulato ; costé umbonali valdé
prominente ; ligamento inconspicuo; superficie interna albida aut
tlavidé; dentibus lateralibus validis, subeequidistantibus.

Elongated-oblong, narrow, subequilateral, solid, rather com-
pressed, scarcely glossy, whitish, radiated with narrow brown or
chocolate-brown streaks or spots; concentrically sulcated, sulci
fine, becoming elevated posteriorly, strong and coarse on the very
prominent umbonal ridge, attenuated in the hollow beyond, and
projecting again so as almost to dentate the straight or slightly
concave ligamental margm; slopes very gentle ; front dorsal area
barred with coloured streaks; anterior extremity rounded, but
somewhat attenuated ; himder eae narrowed, subrostrated, and
somewhat biangulated at the extremity; inside white or pale yel-
lowish; lateral teeth strong, and nearly equidistant.

Guacomayo and America.

4, TeLiina crucicERA (pl.lvin. f.78, 79; and pl. lx. £178.)
Lam., no. 7; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 61.

T. testa oblonga, convex, ineequilaterali, mitidiuscula, albida.
lineis maculisque fulvo-aurantiis aut roseo-purpureis plerumque
radiaté; (rarius mmmaculata, et radio brevi roseo ad umbones
utrique ornati), sulcis exilibus, distinctis, paululum obliquis, con-
centrice exarat&é; margine ventrali convexo, posticé sursum accli-
nato; dorsali anticé convexiusculo et vix paululum declivi, posticé

M 2

vix convexiusculo satisque dechivi; latere antico manifesté lougiore ;
postico attenuato, subrostrato ; extremitate anticd rotundata ; pos-
ticd angulatd; cost&é umbonali conspicua; hgamento haud promi-
nente ; superficie mternd albid&i aut flavidi; dentibus lateralibus
distinctis, eequidistantibus.

Oblong, solid, convex, but shghtly glossy, inequilateral, whitish,
with (in the typical variety) two deep crimson short rays (thus
forming a St. Andrew’s cross upon the umbones), but usually only
adorned with more or less interrupted rays of tawny-orange or famt
lineated markings of purplish crimson, rather obliquely distinctly
but not coarsely concentrically grooved; anterior side much the
longer, and rounded at its extremity, its dorsal slope shght but
convex ; posterior side attenuated, the shghtly convex ventral edge
rising on that side, so as to form a beak in its junction with the
moderately sloping and scarcely convex ligamental one ; umbonal
ridge blunt but conspicuous ; inside white or yellowish, ‘the lateral
teeth distinct, and equidistant. The typical variety is extremely

rare, I have only seen two specimens in the collection of Wilham
Walton, Esq., and the original one in the French Museum.
Catbalonga, Isle of Samar ; &c.

5. Tettina Antoni (pl. lvui. f. 74,75; and pl. lx. f. 131.)
Philippi, Ab. und Bes. Conch. pt. v. t. 5. f. 3.

T. testé oblongo-elongata, solida, convexé, albida aut purpurea,
maculis lineisve nebulosis radiantibus fusco- -purpurels rubro-roseis
aut fulvo-aurantiis plerumque ornatd, concentricé sulcata et ob-
soleté radiatim striata; sulcis posticé sublamellosis ; margine ven-
trali anticé crenato, posticé retuso et sursum acclinato; dorsali
anticé vix declivi, posticé subrecto subincurvato satisque declivi ;
latere postico manifesté breviore, rostrato; flexurd costaque um-
bonali conspicuis; lgamento subdepresso; dentibus lateralibus
validis, subeequidistantibus.

Elongated-oblong, solid, convex, somewhat glossy, variable in
colouring being uniform whitish or purple (both within and with-
out), but more commonly subradiated by purplish brown or rosy-
red markings on a whitish ground; surface with very distinct
concentric sulci, which become strong elevated striae as they ap-
proach the prominent umbonal ridge, on and beyond ‘which they
become sublamellar ; the interstices traversed by nearly obsolete
‘adiating strie; ventral edge swelling out in front and sloping
upwe ards behind, so as to render the narrow and biangulated pos-
terior extremity rostrated ; anterior side decidedly the longer, its
extremity rounded, its slope very slight ; igamental edge straightish

225

but somewhat incurved, its slope moderate : flexure conspicuous ;
lateral teeth strong and nearly equidistant.
Guadaloupe.

6. TrLtina verrucosa (pl. lxvin. f. 77.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. test oblongo-elongata, solidi, compressa ; aut flavidé rubro-
purpureo radiata, aut pallidé rosed radus subalbidis angustis zo-
nisque saturatioribus ornaté; valvuld altera undique (natibus ex-
cipiendis) verrucosa ; alter&é medio concentricé sulcata, lateribus
solim verrucosa; verrucis ellipticis aut semilunatis, in seriebus vix
interruptis, concentricé ordinatis ; margine ventrali anticé subarcu-
ato, posticé sursum acclinato; dorsali anticé convexiusculo et vix
subdeclivi, posticé subrecto, subdeclivi; latere antico longiore, ro-
tundato; extremitate postici attenuata, subrostaté, oblique subbi-
angulataé ; igamento haud prominente ; flexura ventral costaque
umbonali conspicuis ; dentibus lateralibus magnis, eequidistantibus.

Elongated-oblong, depressed, solid, yellowish with reddish crim-
son rays or pale pink with deeper concentric bands and paler nar-
row rays; surface roughened in one valve by concentrically arran-
ged and frequently connected compressed wart-like tubercles, which
on the disc of the other valve are replaced by concentric elevated
sulci; anterior side the longer, rounded; ventral edge arcuated
anteriorly and curving upwards to the angulated posterior extre-
mity so as to render it subrostrated and attenuated ; slopes gentle,
ligament not prominent ; lateral teeth large.

Corrigidor, Bay of Manilla.

7. TELLINA RASTELLUM (pl. lxiv. f. 231. and pl. Ixv. f. 242)
Hanley, Zool. Proc. (April) 1844; Hanl. Des. Cat. sup. t. xiv. f. 14.
T. Pliubppu, Axton Ab. und Bes Conch, part v. t. 5.

T. testa elongata, sohda, convexiuscula ,equilaterali, flavida, pallide
roseo radiata ; anticé sulcata, posticé squamosa, squamis erectis, la-
mellosis, in iisdem seriebus cum sulcis concentricis, ordinatis ; mar-
gine ventrali vix convexiusculo ; dorsali utrmque paululum declivi,
anticé vix convexiusculo, posticé recto ant subincurvato ; latere
postico attenuato, subrostrato, ad extremitatem oblique biangulato ;
extremitate antici rotundat&é; ligamento costique umbonali, con-
spicuis ; superficie interna albida, umbones versus aurantio utrinque
fucaté; dentibus lateralibus validis, subeequidistantibus.

Blong: ated, solid, moderately convex, equilateral, yellowish with
pale crimson rays, the concentric sulci posteriorly so interrupted as
to form rows of thin tooth-lke scales, and so arranged that the

226

teeth of one line are just beneath the interstices in the other ; dorsal
slopes gentle, the posterior one nearly straight, anterior extremity
somewhat narrowed and rounded, posterior end much attenuated
and subrostrated ; ventral edge but little convex; umbonal ridge,
hgament, and flexuosity, very prominent ; inside white, disc tinged
with orange, a short orange ray on either side near the beak ; la-
teral teeth strong, and subequidistant.

Zanzibar.

A. species sometimes confused with Pulcherrima, but much more
elongated, the strize stronger, and the scales entirely absent from
the posterior side. It is not impossibly the Aspera of Gmelin, but
that shell is too briefly described for recognition.

8. Tertina PuLtcHEerRIMA (pl. lx. f. 165.) Sowerby, Tank.
Cat. App. p. 3. t. 1. f£.1; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 67. sup. t.11. f. 14;
Knorr. vol. iv. t. 25. f. 1.

T. testa oblong, solida, convexiusculd, subsequilaterali, flavo ru-
broque radiata, in medio concentricé et tenuiter sulcaté; utrinque
squamosa, sqamis erectis, dentiformibus aut sublunatis; margine
ventrali convexiusculo ; dorsali utrinque leviter declivi; extremitate
antici rotundata ; posticé subattenuata, angulata ; superficie interna
albida, umbones versus aurantio tincta; dentibus lateralibus validis,
subeequidistantibus.

Oblong, solid, moderately convex, subequilateral, rayed with pale
crimson red and yellow, concentrically sulcated; sulci fine and
terminated at either extremity and near the little arcuated ventral
margin, by sublunate scales, which in some specimens become more
elevated and somewhat tongue-shaped ; dorsal slopes gentle; ante-
rior extremity rounded ; posterior rather attenuated ; lateral teeth
very strong, and nearly equidistant.

Var. a. More elongated, sulci and scales stronger and more nu-
merous. Var. 4. Sulci very fine and rather oblique ; scales visible
along the ventral margin.

Singapore, and Straits of Banca (Cuming).

9. Tetiina AsperRIMA (pl. lx. f. 135.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.,
1844.

T. testa oblongo-ellipticd, convexiuscula, solidiuscula, flavida aut
incarnaté, roseo-radiati; tot& superficie externa squamis asper-
rim; squamis anticé sublunatis, posticé (et praesertim supra costam
umbonalem distinctam) spinosis ; margine ventrali medio subrecto,
flexura distinct ; dorsali utrinque subdeclivi, et paululum convexi-

227
usculo ; latere antico breviore ; extremitate posticd subbiangulata,
attenuata’; dentibus lateralibus magnis, antico approximato.

Oblong-elliptic, moderately convex, rather solid, flesh-coloured,
with dull crimson rays, the entire surface rough ‘with tooth- like
scales, which become more crowded at the rounded anterior extre-
mity, and between the distinctly indicated umbonal ridge and the
nearly straight posterior edge rise into rather distant elevated fangs ;
slopes gentle ; posterior side the longer, its extremity angulated ;
ventral edge nearly straight ; teeth very distinct, the lateral large,
the anterior lateral approximate, ‘The scales are replaced near the
beaks by raised concentric strie.

An unique specimen, in the cabinet of Mr. Cuming, was found
by him at Sual, province of Sangasinan, Isle of Luzon (sandy mud,
six fathoms). Alhed to Pulcherrima.

10. Tentmma sutcata (pl. 60. £138.) Wood, Gen. Conch.
p. 178. t. 47. f.1; Hanl. Des. Cat., t. 4. £63; Dilw. p. 89.

T. testé ovali-subtrigona, solidé, subcompressa, subeequilaterali,
subimpolitd, albidé aut flavescente, concentricé sulcati et radiatim
striaté; sulcis elevatis, subconfertis, ad costam umbonalem promi-
nentem rudioribus; flexurd conspicud; margine ventrali convexo ;
dorsali utrinque (et preesertim postice) declivi, anticé subrecto, posticé
recto aut submeurvato ; latere postico leviter subrostrato, attenuato ;
extremitate posticd biangulata ; superficie interna flavida ; dentibus
lateralibus validis, subeequidistantibus.

Oval-subtriangular, solid, rather depressed, subequilateral, ra-
ther dull, white or pale straw coloured, with regular rather close
raised concentric sulci, which become sublamellar on the prominent
umbonal ridge; the interstices with radiating striz; ventral edge
convex; flexure conspicuous; anterior dorsal slope gentle, and
nearly straight ; posterior side attenuated, its dorsal slope straight
and rather strong, its extremity biangulated; inside yellowish ;
lateral teeth strong and nearly equidistant. .

A small specimen was procured by Mr. Cuming, at Catbalonga,
Isle of Samar.

11. Tevira interrvpta (pl. lxin. f. 207.) W% nod Gen.
Conc. (1815), p. 146. t.36. £3; Dilw. 75. T. maculosa, Lam.
(1818) no. 4; Chem. vol. vi. f.73; Enc. Meth. t. 288. f. 7.

T. testa ovali aut ovali-oblongd, equilaterali, solidé, subventri-
cos, impolita, alba, lineis undosis angularibus lividis brunneis
fulvis aut purpurels nebulos’ aut subradiaté ; concentricé sulcata,
sulcis posticé membranaceis ; margine ventral subarcuato ; dorsali
utrinque declivi et convexiusculo ; latere postico attenuato, subros-

228

trato; extremitate posticad angulata ; costa umbonali prominente ;
natibus plerumque purpureis ; umbonibus flavis; ligamento magno ;
superficie interna flavidi; dentibus lateralibus magnis, subsequi-
distantibus.

Var. Testa angustiore; sulcis remotioribus; margine ventrali
rectiore, dorsali utrinque minus declivi.

Oval or oval-oblong, equilateral, solid, subventricose, not po-
lished, white crowded with narrow zigzag linear streaks of fawn-
colour brown chocolate or purple, beaks usually tipped with purple,
umbones yellowish; surface with moderately distant raised con-
centric sulci, which become more elevated but nof thickened on the
conspicuous umbonal ridge; ventral edge moderately arcuated ;
anterior side rounded at its extremity, the dorsal slope gentle ;
posterior side attenuated, subrostrated, the slope strong and very
slightly convex, the tip obtusely angulated ; ; Inside tinged with yel-
low ; lateral teeth very strong, subequidistant.

Var. Narrower and more elongated ; dorsal edges less sloping ;
ventral edge straighter; sulci rather more distant.

Surinam. The 7. Mezricana of the ‘ Revue Cuverienne,’ is now
regarded by its author as an elongated variety of this species.

12. Tertina vireata (pl. lx. f. 212.) Lin. Sys., p. 1116;
Chem. vol. vi. f. 67; Enc. Meth. t. 288. f. 2; Mawe’s Conch. t. 6.
£1; Vamono, 5: Hanl. Des. Cat. p- 61. t. 3. f. 3; Wood, Gen.
Cone. t. 35. f. 2, 3.

T. testa ovali, subtrigona, solida, convexiuscula, subeequilaterali,
flavi, roseo-purpurascente radiata, concentricé sulcata, ; sulcis an-
ticé subimbricatis, posticé rudioribus magisque elevatis ; margine
ventrali posticé sursum acclinato, medio subrecto, anticé arcuato ,
carini wnbonali prominente; latere antico breviore, rotundato ;
postico attenuato, subrostrato ; margine dorsali postico elongato, de-
clivi, subincurvato ; ligamento magno; superficie interna aurantio
tinct& ; dentibus lateralibus validis, subsequidistantibus,

Oval, subtriangular, solid, moderately convex, nearly equilateral,
rich yellow, either uniform, or closely rayed with dull purplish crim-
son; the concentric sulci becoming closer and slightly imbricated
anteriorly, and coarser more prominent and distant as they approach
the projecting umbonal ridge; ventral edge subarcuated in front,
nearly straight in the middle, and sloping up towards the attenuated
and subrostrated Sens extremity ; ligamental edge somewhat
incurved, much sloping; ligament large and prominent; within
usually tinged with orange, “the lateral teeth strong and subequi-
distant.

Indian Ocean.

229

13. Tetrina supar (pl.Ixi. f.214.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.1844.
T. virgata, var. Wood, Gen. Cone. t. 36. f.2. Ene. Meth. t. 288.
f. 4. (bad).

T. test& specie priore magis triangular, altiore, minus elongata ;
rubro-purpured, radiis albis aut albidis ornat&i; margine ventral
subarcuato ; dorsali utrinque decliviore ; superficie intern’ albida,
aut coloribus externis fucata.

Extremely ike /7rgata, but more triangular and less elongated,
the dorsal slopes being more sudden; the ventral edge is more convex,
and less straight in the middle ; : the external co olouring of broader
and narrower white rays on a dull rosy or reddish ground, is fre-
quently visible on the otherwise white surface of the interior.

Mus. Cuming.

The ligamental margin inclines to convexity, which is the reverse
of what we meet with in Virgata and Marginalis.

14. TeLtina mMarernatis (pl. lxi. f. 216.) Dilw. Des. Cat.
p. 74; Chem. f. 68, (tolerable).

T. testa Virgatee et Jubaris maximé assimili, altiore autem,
magisque rotundata ; margine ventrali plané arcuato, posticé sursum
acclivi; dorsali utrinque leviter declivi; superficie externa albida,
radiis rubescentibus ornata.

Closely allied to the two preceding, but less oblong than either ;
the ventral edge much more arcuated, and ascending abruptly on
the posterior side ; the hgamental edge sloping, but slightly and
somewhat concavely ; ; the colouring w hitish, with pale rosy-red or
deep flesh-coloured rays; interior nearly white.

Indian Ocean? &c.

15. Turina stauretia (pl. lx. f. 148. and pl. Ixi. f. 171.
and pl. Ixv. f. 261.) Lam., no. 6; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 61. sup. t. 11.
f. 33; Delessert, t. 6. f. 2; Chem. vol. vi. f. 70, 71; Philip. Ab.
und Bes. Conch. part v. t. 5. f. 6. T. scalaris, Zam. no. 29.

T. testa ovali aut oblongo-ovali, solida, convexd, nitida, extus in-
tusque albidaé aut flavida, radiis angustis roseis confertis plerumque
ornaté; concentricé sulcata, sulcis anticé subobliquis et subimbri-
catis, posticé submembranaceis et paucioribus (plerumque in valvuld
alteré’ omnino obsoletis) ; margime ventrali convexo; dorsali anticé
subdeclivi et vix convexiusculo, posticé declivi et subrecto ; latere
antico manifesté longiore, postico attenuato ; extremitate posticd
obtusé angulata; natibus plerumque roseis, nonnunquam cruce
roseo-rubra notatis ; hgamento magno, subconspicuo ; dentibus la-
teralibus magnis, subaequidistantibus.

N

230

Oval or oblong-oval, solid, convex, glossy, white or yellowish,
with narrow pink or rosy rays (which often become obsolete,) and
concentric sulci, which, subimbricated in front, are almost lamel-
lar towards the decidedly shorter posterior side, where in one
valve they almost always become obsolete ; dorsal slopes rather
gentle; ventral edge convex; posterior extremity attenuated and
angulated ; umbonal ridge distinct ; inside whitish or tinged with
yellow, beaks tinged with rose- colour ; lateral teeth strong and
nearly equidistant.

Var. a, with two short rays at the beak in each valve, forming a
small crimson cross ; a smooth posterior area in one vi alve. Var. b,
beaks with a very large crimson cross; no rays; sulci finer; area
as in last. Var. ¢, rays distinct ; no smooth area. Var. d, As last,
but perfectly white, and oval-oblong.

T. scalaris is but an abbreviated variety of this very variable
species, with the posterior side more strongly biangulated and less
attenuated at the extremity. The typical specimen of the French
Museum is yellow, (externally very pale) with the apical cross of a
rich red and very small.

Philippines &c., very common.

16. Trttiva Guriprvert (pl. lvi. f. 1.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. testa oblonga, tenui, compressa, subeequilaterali, albida, radiis
aurantio-roseis_ Zonisque ‘albido-roseis ornaté; sulcis exilibus con-
fertis concentricé exaratéi; margine ventrali subrecto, medio sub-
retuso; dorsali utrinque declivi, et vix convexiusculo ; : latere postico
paululum breviore, attenuato; extremitate posticd inferné angulata,
antici, rotundat&é; natibus acutis ; ; cost: umbonali et flexura ven-
trali inconspicuis ; ligamento prominente ; ; dentibus lateralibus mag-
nis, eequidistantibus.

Oblong, thin, compressed, subequilateral, whitish, with narrow
roseate flesh-coloured rays, and fine close-set concentric sulci; ven-
tral edge nearly straight, rather retuse in the middle ; dorsal margin
scarcely at all convex or sloping on either side; posterior side
very slightly the shorter, attenuated, its extremity angulated below
(biangulated in the young, and the ‘ligamental edge retuse) ; ante-
rior end rounded ; umbonal ridge obsolete ; flexure mconspicuous ;
ligament prominent ; inside pale ; ; lateral “teeth large, and equi-
distant.

West Indies.

17. Tenia pubcHesa (pl. lvi. f. 4.) Lam., no. 23; Hanl.
Des. Cat. p. 64. sup. t. 1. £4; Philip. En. Mol. Sicil. vol. i. p. 24.

231

T. rostrata, Born. t. 2. f.10; Poli. Tes. Sic. vol. xv. f. 8; T. virgata,
var. Chem. vol. vi. p. 72.

T. test’ oblong’, angusta, tenui, compressi, nitida, radiis roseis
vel roseo-aurantiis et albidis vel flavidis eleganter ornati, striis con-
fertis exilibus concentricé sulcaté ; margine ventrali subrecto ; latere
antico producto, rotundato ; postico breviore, valde attenuato, sub-
rostrato; margine dorsali anticé paululum declivi, posticé valde de-
clivi, convexo, intusque roseo; natibus albidis; superficie intern’
albido-rosea ; dentibus lateralibus validis, antico subapproximato.

Var. test’ omnino rosea.

Elongated-oblong, very thin, compressed, glossy, rayed with rose-
colour and white, the former often passing into orange, the latter
tinged usually with yellow; more rarely of an uniform rose-colour,
except the tips of the beaks which are always pale or whitish ; most
delicately but regularly and closely striated concentrically ; ventral
edge nearly straight ; anterior side produced, its slope very gentle,
its extremity rounded ; posterior side shorter, much attenuated, sub-
rostrated, the dorsal slope great but convex ; inside pink, hgamen-
tal edge rosy ; lateral teeth strong, anterior one subapproximate.

Mediterranean.

18. Treviina vireutata (pl. lvi. f. 5.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. test Donacine simillima, sed paululum angustiore, striisque
exilioribus ornaté ; extus intusque albida, roseo-radiata ; radiis latis,
haud interruptis ; margine dorsali anticé albido.

Extremely ike Donacina, but the shape is slightly narrower, the
strie more delicate, and the colouring consists of a few interrupted
rose-coloured rays upon a white ground; the interior dorsal edge
is white.

Mus. Cuming.

19. TeLtina pistorta (pl. lvi. f. 6.) Poli, Test. Sic. vol.1.
t.15. f.11; Philip. Mol. Sic. vol. i. p. 25.

T. testa ovato-oblong’, compressiuscula, tenui, nitid’, subpellu-
cida, pallidé rosea aut aurantio-rosed, radiis saturatioribus plerum-
que picté ; concentricé striata, striis minimis et posticé elevatis ; mar-
gine ventrali convexiusculo; dorsali utrinque subrecto, anticé minimé
declivi; latere antico longiore, ad extremitatem obtusé rotundato ;
extremitate posticd cuneiform, paululum subrostraté; flexurd cos-
téque umbonali subinconspicuis ; Lgamento parvo, satis promi-
nente; dentibus lateralibus distinctis, postico subremoto.

N 2

232

Ovate-oblong, slightly compressed, thin, subpellucid, glossy,
pink or rosy orange, with narrow deeper-coloured rays, crowded
with minute concentric striz which become more distinct and ele-
vated posteriorly ; ventral margin slightly convex ; anterior side the
longer, obtusely rounded at its extremity, its dorsal edge scarcely
at all declining ; posterior extremity wedge-shaped, the ‘ligamental
edge nearly str’ aight ; ligament small but not sunken; fold and
flexure not conspicuous ; lateral teeth distinct, posterior the more
distant.

Mediterranean.

20. Tettiva ponacina (pl. lvi. f. 12. and pl. Ixvi. f. 259.)
Jin., Sys. 1118; Lin. Trans. vol. vii. t. 1. f. 1.;. Mont. Test. Brit.
t. 27. 4.3; Turt. Biv. Brit. p. 103. t.8.f. 4; W ood, Gen. Cone.
t.45. £55; Philip, En. Mol. Sic. vol.i. p. 24; Lam. no. 27; Hanl.
Des. Cat. p. 64. t.4. £31. T. variegata Pol, vol. i. t. 15. £10.
T. Llantivyi, Payr. Cat. Cors. p. 40. t. 1. f. 18, 14.

T. testa oblonga, solidiuscula, subconvexé, impolita, albido-flaves-
cente, radiis roseo-rubris angustis interrupté ornata, strisque sub-
unbricatis concentricé sulcaté; margine ventrali convexiusculo, et
anticé arcuato ; margine dorsali roseo, autice minimé posticé subito,
declivi; latere antico latitudinem postici duplo superante; extre-
mitate anticd rotundata, posticd obtusissime cuneiformi; natibus
radio brevi recto roseo strigatis ; superficie interna flavescente, prope
nates roseo-tincta ; dentibus lateralibus validis, subeequidistantibus.

Var. Penitus candida.

Oblong, rather solid, moderately convex, rather dull, pale yellow,
with crimson interrupted narrow rays, and concentric subimbri-
cated strize ; ventral edge moderately convex, swelling out anteriorly ;
dorsal edge rosy; beaks with a short direct rosy streak ; anterior
side thrice as long as the posterior, its extremity rounded, its dorsal
edge nearly horizontal; posterior side very short, most obtusely
cuneiform, inside tinged with yellow, becoming pink near the beaks,
teeth strong, subequidistant.

Var. Perfectly white.

Britain, Hurope.

Q1. Tetrina tuttra (pl. lvi. f. 25.) Hanley, Zool. Proc. 1844.

T. testa ovali-oblonga, solidi, subinzequilaterali ,compressa, niti-
diuscula, lineis elevatis concentricé et confertim striaté; albida aut
albido-rose&, radtis roseis multis angustis subinterrupte ornata ;
margine ventrali medio retuso; dorsali utrinque subrecto, antic’
vix paululum declivi, postice satis declivi; latere antico paulo lon-

233

giore, ad extremitatem obtuse rotundato; postico truncato-cunel-
formi; ligamento prominente; cost& umbonali subobsoleté; den-
tibus ut in Donacind.

Oval-oblong, solid, shghtly inequilateral, compressed, somewhat
glossy, with very close concentric striae, which are subimbricated
m front, and raised behind; white or pale pink, with numerous
rosy somewhat interrupted rays ; ventral edge subretuse in the mid-
dle ; dorsal edges nearly straight, the front one scarcely, the hinder
one moderately sloping ; ligament prominent; anterior side rather
the longer, and obtusely rounded at its termination ; posterior side
of a truncated wedge-shape ; umbonal ridge not prominent ; inside
paler than the exterior but usually tinged with rose-colour ; teeth
as in Donacina.

Mus. Cuming, Walton.

22. Tertia Lingata (pl. lvi. f. 35, 36. and pl. lv. f. 46, 47.)
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 168. f.16; Turt. Biv. Brit. p.99.t.7. £1.
T. Brasiliana Lam. no. 46; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 70. sup. t. 9. f. 3.
T. striata Mont. Test. Brit. p. 60. t. 27. £. 2.

T. testa ovata, solida, convexa, concentricé et confertissimé striata;
margine ventrali medio subrecto ; dorsali anticé magis minusve
convexo et paululum declivi, posticé umbones versus subretuso,
deinde convexo et declivi; latere antico longiore, ad extremitatem
rotundato ; extremitate posticé cuneiformi; lgamento prominente;
flexura costique umbonali satis conspicuis; dentibus lateralibus
validis, subeequidistantibus.

Var. a, Testa sordidé albidd, umbonibus nonnunquam aurantiis,
radioque brevi obliquo roseo anticé ornatis. Var. 4, Penitus can-
didi. Var. c, Ovato-oblonga, levigaté, nitidd, albido-rosea, radio
obliquo ut in var. a; intus rosea.

More or less ovate solid and convex, with concentric minute
crowded striz ; the ventral margin nearly straight in the middle ; an-
terior side the longer (sometimes scarcely so,) its extremity rounded,
its dorsal edge but slightly sloping; posterior extremity wedge-
shaped, the hgamental edge, which near the beaks is somewhat re-
tuse, becoming convex at its termination; fold and flexure incon-
spicuous ; lateral teeth strong, and subequidistant.

Var. a, Pale, with a short oblique anterior crimson ray at the
umbones, which are sometimes tinged with orange. Var. 6, Kn-
tirely white. Var. c, The ray as in var. a, but the shape more
elongated, and the surface pink smooth and glossy ; inside rosy.

Britain (?), West Indies, Florida, and Brazil.

234

There being a previous Brasiliana, the subsequent name of Tur-
ton must be adopted.

23. Tiina GELipA, Hanley.

T. test ellipticd, eequilaterali, solidiusculd, subineequivalvi, con-
vexiusculd, subnitidd, intus extusque candida, lineis elevatis concen-
tricis subconfertim striata, striis anticé et posticé elevatioribus ;
margine ventrali convexo; dorsali utrinque subdeclivi, subrecto,
anticé lamellis lanceolatis dentato; natibus haud incumbentibus ;
extremitate antici rotundata ; posticé subbiangulaté, costa umbo-
nali distincté; ligamento infosso ; dentibus lateralibus subsequi-
distantibus.

Elliptic, equilateral, slightly inequivalve, tolerably strong, mo-
derately convex, scarcely glossy, white both within and without,
with elevated and rather close concentric lines, which are stronger
at the extremities, interstices quite smooth; ventral edge convex ;
dorsal but moderately sloping on either side, nearly straight, den-
tated in front by lanceolate lamelle; beaks not inclining; front
extremity rounded, hinder one somewhat biangulated ; fold distinct ;
ligament sunken; lateral teeth nearly equidistant.

Mus. Belcher.

Unfortunately a figure of this distinct species cannot be given,
as the possessor of the unique specimen is not in Nngland.

24, TRLLINA sERRATA (pl. Ixv. f. 256.) Costa, p. xvi. no. 8;
Philip. En. Mol. Sic. p. 25; Ab. und Bes. Conch. part 5. t. 5 f.5.

T. testa ovali-trigond, solidiuscula, satis convexd, meequilaterali,
nitidiusculé, intus extusque albidé, (umbonibus plerumque flavis ;)
concentricé striati, striis exilibus, confertissimis, anticé posticé et
inferné subelevatis ; margine ventrali convexiusculo; dorsali an-
ticé convexiusculo vixque declivi, postico subrecto et valdé declivi ;
latere antico longiore, ad extremitatem rotundato; posticé cunei-
formi; cost&é umbonali satis conspicud; natibus acutis ; ligamento
infosso; dentibus lateralibus, magnis, haud remotis, subsequidis-
tantibus.

Subtriangularly oval, tolerably solid and convex, inequilateral,
slightly glossy, within and without whitish, with the umbones usu-
ally bright yellow, most closely and delicately striated ; the strize
raised at the extremities and towards the moderately convex ven-
tral margin; front dorsal edge moderately convex and not much
sloping, hinder one straightish and considerably sloping ; front side
the longer, its extremity rounded ; hinder side wedge-shaped ; fold

235

distinct ; beaks acute ; ligament sunken; lateral teeth large, tole-
rably and almost equally close.
Mediterranean.

25. Tertina Owentt (pl.lx. £133.) Hanley, Zool. Proc. 1844.

T. testi ovato-oblonga, solidiusculé, subimpolita, compressa,
eequilaterali, albida, concentricé et confertissimé striaté ; margine
ventrali valdé arcuato ; dorsali utrinque subdeclivi, anticé subrecto,
posticé incurvato et lamellis subdentato ; extremitate antici rotun-
data ; latere postico acuminato, subrostrato ; cost& umbonali con-
spicud; flexurd satis distinct’; natibus acutis ; ligamento infosso ;
disco interno aurantio ; dentibus lateralibus, subremotis, subaequi-
distantibus.

Ovate-oblong, tolerably strong, rather dull, whitish, (with often
a tinge of orange in the front part of the umbones, and the internal
disc always of that colour,) equilateral, compressed, with crowded
concentric strie; ventral edge much arcuated ; dorsal moderately
sloping on either side of the acute beaks, nearly straight im front,
incurved behind and somewhat toothed by the lamella, (which in
some specimens commence before the conspicuous fold) ; ligament
sunken; lateral teeth distinct, and nearly equally remote.

Africa.

26. TeLtina PHaRaonis (pl. lx. £.215.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. testa: 7. Vulsed/e similliimé, sed solida lineisque elevatis con-
centricé striata, umbonibus aurantio-roseis ; flexura sinuata,

Extremely like 7. Vu/sed/a, but solid, and rough with concentric
elevated strie ; fold sinuated.

In the only specimen I have ever seen, one of the valves is of a
delicate pink, the other white tinged with the same hue, the beaks
of a very rosy orange and the ventral flexure so deep as to form a
sinus; the lower margin is not so convex in front as in Rostrata ;
the front lateral tooth is distinctly crenated, but this is probably
accidental.

Red Sea.

27. TELLINA VULSELLA (pl. ba. f. 162, 163.) Chem. TT. ros-
trata, Gmel. p. 3233 (in part) ; Dil. Des. Cat. p. 84; Lam. no. 9 ;
Chem. vol. vi. f. 105; Ene. Meth. t. 289. f.1; Wood, Gen. Conc.
t. 37. £3; Knorr. vol. iv.t. 2.£2,5; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 62. t. 4.
f. 28.

T. test valdé elongata, compressa, tenui, subpellucida, nitidis-

sima, sublevigata, rosea, radio pallidiore postico plerumque notata ;
margine ventrali anticé arcuato, postice flexuoso et sursum accli-
nato ; dorsali utrmque vix minimé declivi, prope nates acutas
subretuso, deimde subrecto aut paululum convexiusculo ; ; latere an-
tico longiore, ad extremitatem rotundato ; postico angusto, acumi-
nato, rostrato ; ligamento imfosso ; flexurd costaque umbonali con-
spicuis ; dentibus Tateralibus parvis, tenuibus, equidistantibus.

Var. Flavo-aurantia.

Much elongated, compressed, thin, subpellucid, polished, rose-
coloured, with usually a paler posterior ray, nearly smooth, or with
minute radiating and concentric strie ; ventral edge arcuated in
front, flexuous and greatly elevated behind; dorsal edge scarcely
at all sloping in front, rather more ‘so posteriorly, subretuse near
the acute beaks, and then straightish or very slightly convex ; an-
terior side the ‘longer, rounded at: its extremity ; posterior side
forming a narrow acuminated beak ; ligament sunken; fold and
flexure « conspicuous ; lateral teeth thin, small, and equidistant.

Var. Rich yellow.

Yellow var. Isle of Zebu.

As this is not the Rostrata of Linneus, I have adopted the other
name proposed by Chemnitz “ Rostrata seu Vulsella”.

28. Tertina PERNA (pl. lx. f. 202, 217, 219.) Spengler,
Schrivt. Naturhis. Gelstav. Kiobenha. 4. (1798). T. pallescens
Dil. Des. Cat. p. $4. T. sulphurea and latirostra Lam. no. 10,
ll. Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 62. T. incarnata Born p. 36. t. 2. f. 12. (er-
roneously quoted as 11 in text). TT. rostrata flavescens Chem.
vol. vi. f. 104. T. latirostra, Swain. Zool. Ll. 2nd ser. vol. 1. t. 20.

T. testa oblongo-elongataé, tenuiusculd, convexd, subpellucida,
nitida, subleevigaté, alba, flava, aurantia aut rosea, radio pallidiore
postico plerumque ornaté; margine ventrali anticé arcuato, posticé
sursum declivi; dorsali anticé vix declivi, convexiusculo, posticé
paululum declivi, prope nates conspicuas subincurvato, mox con-
vexiusculo ; latere antico longiore, subproducto ; postico rostrato ;
extremitate posticd obtuse angulaté ; umbonibus subtumidis ; liga-
mento infosso; margine cardimalis interno, angusto, callo. liga-
mentali munito ; dentibus lateralibus tenuibus, inconspicuis, squi-
distantibus.

Elongated-oblong, rather thin, semitransparent, convex, glossy,
very variable in colouring, bemg sulphur-yellow, white, pink with
or without paler rays, orange with white rays, or orange flesh-co-
loured, &c., nearly smooth, often with obsolete radiating striule,
which are more evident posteriorly ; ; ventral edge arcuated in front,

237

curving up posteriorly ; anterior side rather the longer, its extre-

mity obtusely rounded, scarcely any dorsal slope, but the edge

convex ; posterior side beaked, its dorsal edge moderately sloping

and convex at its termination, its extremity obtusely subangulated ;

wmbones rather tumid; ligament sunken; hinge-margin narrow,

a callus near the teeth; lateral teeth thin, equidistant, indistinct.
Singapore, Isle of Burias, &c.

29. TELLINA ALBINELLA (pl. xi. f. 164, 166.) Lam., no. 17 ;
Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 63. sup. t. 14. £3.

T. test’ oblongo-ovali, subequilaterali, tenutusculd, complanata,
nitidiuscula, extus intusque albid’; alterd valvula sublavigata,
altertus ared posticé concentricé striaté; margine ventrali vix con-
vexiusculo; dorsali anticé arcuato et declivi, posticé declivi et
subincurvato ; ligamento infosso; flexura subinconspicua ; costa
umbonali carinata ; dentibus. lateralibus perparvis, Mconspicuis,
antico approximato, Var. Rosea.

Oval-oblong, rather thin, flat, subequilateral, shghtly glossy,
whitish, (usually with a fulvous stain towards the beaks,) nearly
smooth, except on the posterior half of one of the valves which is
deeply and distinctly striated concentrically ; ventral edge nearly
straight in the middle and rising behind; front dorsal edge arched
and deeply sloping; posterior side acuminated, angulated below,
and slightly beaked, the lhgamental edge moderately sloping, and
rather incurved ; ligament sunken ; inside whitish, the lateral teeth
very small, indistinct, the anterior one closely approximate.

Var. Rose-coloured.

Australia.

30. Turtina rosea (pl. lx. f. 170) Spengler, Schriv. Natur.
Gelsta. Kioben. vol. 4. 1798; T.pallidé rosea, Chem. vol.6. £.96.

T. testé oblonga, crassissimi, subsequilaterali, convexiusculé,
nitidd, rosea, sublevigata, striis concentricis tenuissimis, lineisque
radiantibus obsoletis tantum signati; striis posticis prope nates
acutas remotis, subelevatis; margine ventrali convexo, postict
acclivi; dorsali utrinque declivi, anticé convexo, posticé subrecto
plerumque subincurvato; latere postico subcuneiformi; extremi-
tate posticd subacuminata ; costé umbonali angusta ; flexura incon-
spicua; ligamento infosso; superficie intern’ rosea, politd, impres-
sionibus muscularibus fortiter impressis; margine cardinali intus
lato, valido; dentibus lateralibus parvis, subzequidistantibus, state
obsoletis.

Oblong, very solid, subequilateral, rather convex, glossy, pink,

ce)

238

with delicate concentric and obsolete radiating strive, the posterior
concentric more distant raised and distinct near the beaks; ven-
tral edge scarcely arcuated, ascending posteriorly; anterior side
rounded, its dorsal slope strong; posterior side wedge-shaped,
hgamental edge nearly straight, often shghtly curved, moderately
sloping, pomt acuminated ; within rosy, polished, scars deeply im-
pressed; hinge margin broad and very strong; lateral teeth sub-
equidistant, rather small, by age obsolete.
indian Ocean (?).

31. Terrina trmquistriata (pl.lvi. f.58. and pl.lvin. f.80.)
Donovan, Brit. Shells, (1802), vol. 4. t. 123; T. sanguinea, Wood,
Gen. Conch. p. 159. t.44. £2; Hanl. Desc. Cat. p. 67. t. 4. f. 27.

T. testa oblongo-subtrigona, solidiusculd, subeequilaterali, nitida,
compressiuscula, pallidé rubro-sanguined, concentricé confertim et
exilissimé striat&i; struis posticis alter in valvulé remotis, rudi-
otibus; margine ventrali subrecto; dorsali anticé convexiusculo
et subdeclivi, posticé declivi et prope nates retuso; latere antico
paulo longiore, ad extremitatem rotundato ; postico truncato-cunel-
formi; colore interno saturatiore; hgamento prominulo ; flexura
costique umbonali obsoletis; dentibus lateralibus magnis, antico
approximato, postico haud remoto.

Var. a, strus posticis in utraque valvula remotis, rudioribus.
Var. 4, testa albida, pallidé aurantio ad nates utrinque radiata.

Oblong, very slightly triangular, rather solid, somewhat com-
pressed ; glossy, subequilateral, of a pale blood red, with fine and
crowded concentric striee, which however in one of the valves are
posteriorly replaced by coarser and more distant ones ; ventral edge
nearly straight; anterior side rather the longer, its end rounded,
its dorsal slope moderate and tolerably convex ; posterior end trun-
cated-cuneiform, its dorsal slope strong, nearly straight, or some-
what concave near its acute beaks ; hgament but slightly projecting ;
fold and flexure obsolete; internal colours deeper; lateral teeth
large, the posterior not very distant, the anterior subapproximate.

Var. a, the posterior strie distant in both valves. Var. 6, white,
with a short pale orange ray on either side of the beaks.

In sculpture resembling Nitida.

Bay of Guayaquil; (Cuming).

32. Tetiiva princers (pl. ban. f. 206.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. testé oblongo-ellipticd, equilaterali, solidi, compressa, niti-
diuscula, intus extusque roseo-purpurascente, concentricé sulcata ;
striis exilibus, profundis, radiantibus, sulcos confertos, utrinque (et

239

alter& in valvulé undique) decussantibus; margine ventrali sub-
recto; dorsali utrinque leviter et aequaliter subdeclivi; extremitate
posticd obtusissimé angulataé; flexura ventrali cost&aque umbonali,
obsoletis ; ligamento prominente ; dente laterali antico approximato
et conspicuo, postico parvo, remoto, inconspicuo.

Oblong elliptic, equilateral, solid, compressed, rather glossy,
both internally and externally of an uniform reddish lilac colour,
the surface decussated by close-set concentric sulci and fine but
very distinct radiating striz, which are only visible at the extreme
sides in one of the valves; the ventral edge nearly straight; the
dorsal slopes gentle and all but equal; the posterior end most ob-
tusely angulated ; umbonal ridge and flexure obsolete ; the anterior
lateral tooth extremely close and distinct, the posterior very distant
and inconspicuous.

Not readily confused with any in this division, but very closely
allied to Purpurascens, from which the teeth distinguish it.

Tumbez, Peru; (Cuming).

33. TrLtina punicea (pl. lvii. f. 89. and pl. lx. f. 154.)
Born, p. 38. t. 2. f. 2; Lam. no. 21; Enc. Meth. t. 291. f.2;
Gmel. 3239; Dil. Des. Cat. p. 90.

T. testa ovali-trigond, solidi, convexiuscula, subeequilaterali,
nitida, extus intusque albido-rosed, (rartus candid&) prope nates
albas colore saturatius tinct’; concentricé sulcata, sulcis confertis,
nonnunquam alter’ in valvulé posticé obsoletis; margine ven-
trali convexiusculo; dorsali utrinque declivi, anticé convexiusculo,
posticé subrecto ; extremitate anticd obtusa, et superné subemar-
ginat&; latere postico truncato-cuneiformi: flexura costaque um-
bonali inconspicuis ; ligamento prominulo aut prominente; denti-
bus lateralibus distinctis, antico valdé approximato, postico remoto.

Var.? Magis trigond, tenuiore, saturatius picta, sulcis alterius
valvule posticé obsoletissimis, emarginatione subobsoleti.

Subtriangularly oval, solid, moderately convex, nearly equilateral,
glossy, of a pale rose-colour, increasing in intensity near the white-
tipped beaks ; surface closely and deeply grooved (the sulci rarely
obsolete behind) ; ventral edge slightly convex; anterior side (if
either) the shorter, the extremity obtuscly emarginated or indented
near the dorsal slope, which is sight and rather convex ; posterior
side of a truncate wedge shape, its dorsal edge nearly straight and
much sloping; fold and flexure obsolete ; ligament always more or
less prominent ; lateral teeth distinct, the front one approximate,
the hinder remote.

Var.? more triangular, thinner, deeper coloured ; the sulci pos-

02

240

teriorly quite obsolete in one of the valves; emargination almost
obsolete.

Xipixapi, W. Columbia, i sandy mud, 10 fathoms (Cuming) ;
and Trinidad, W. Indies; Britain (?).

Easily distinguished from Striata, by its closer and more delicate
sulci, its less prominent beaks, and the absence of all radiation. It
is also thicker and more opaque, and remarkable for the sight in-
dentation which terminates the rather flattened space adjacent to
the front dorsal edge, a character which is not possessed by any of
the allied species.

34. Terirya striata (pl. f.161.) Chema., vol. x. p. 349.
f. 1654-5; I. angulosa, Gmel. 3244; 'T. leta, Montagu, Test,
Br. p.57; T. punicea, in part, Zurt. Dic.; Donax Martinicensis.
Lam. (fide Deles. Rec. t. 6. f. 15.)

T. test& ovali-subtrigona, solidiusculé, subpellucidd, convexius-
cw, nitidd, aut albido-roseé radio roseo utrinque ornata, aut al-
bid& radio flavescente ; concentricé sulcata, sulcis remotis, altera
in valvuld posticé evanescentibus ; margine ventrali paululum con-
vexiusculo; dorsali utrinque declivi, anticé convextusculo, posticé
subrecto; latere antico longiore, postico truncato-cuneiformi ;
extremitate antic’ simplici, rotundata; flexuva costaque umbonali
inconspicuis ; natibus acutis, pallidis ; ligamento prominente ; den-
tibus ut in Puniced.

Subangularly oval, moderately solid and convex, either pale
pink with a roseate ray down the obsolete umbonal ridge (preceded
by a paler streak) and a short roseate ray in front of the acute and
prominent beaks, or white with the rays yellowish ; surface grooved
by subimbricated distant sulci, which disappear on one of the
valves at the truncate wedge-shaped hinder extremity; ventral
edge but slightly convex; anterior side the longer, its extremity
simply rounded and never indented, its dorsal edge but moderately
sloping and slightly convex ; hinder dorsal edge sloping and nearly
straight ; flexure nearly obsolete; teeth as in Pwnicea.

W. Indies ; Britain (?).

The rays are never absent, and the anterior side is always the
longer. Mr. Sowerby informs me, that this is the Zed/inides rosacea
of King (Zool. Journ. vol. 5.), which is too briefly defined for re-
cognition.

TELLINA REGIA (pl. lx. f. 140.) Hanley, Zool. Proc. 1844.

T. test& oblonga, tenui, compressiusculd, subineequivalvi, sub-
equilaterali, mitidissima, pellucida, tus extusque roseo-purpuras-

24)

cente ; concentricé sulcata, sulcis remotis, altera in valvula posticé
evanescentibus ; margine ventrali subrecto, medio subretuso; dor-
sali utrinque subeequaliter declivi, posticé subrecto ; latere antico
paululum breviore, ad extremitatem obtusé rotundato; extremitate
posticd superné angulatd, attenuati; cost& umbonali et flexurad
ventrali obsoletis; ligamento prominulo; dentibus ut in Puniced.

Oblong, thin, rather compressed, almost inequivalve, subequi-
lateral ; extremely glossy, both externally and internally of a deep
subpellucid purplish crimson; the surface marked with distant
concentric grooves, which posteriorly become obsolete in one or
both of the valves; the ventral edge nearly straight, subretuse in
the middle; anterior side slightly the shorter, its extremity ob-
tusely rounded; posterior extremity almost biangulated; dorsal
moderately and almost equally sloping on either side of the beaks,
nearly straight posteriorly ; umbonal ridge and flexure nearly obso-
lete ; the ligament rather prominent; teeth as in Punicea.

Most closely allied to Punicea, but its deep purplish red, and
its more distant sulci suffice to distinguish it. From Princeps it
differs by the absence of radiating strie; from Sériata, by its
slightly longer posterior side; from Audescens, by its colouring,
and the lesser slope of the dorsal edges.

Real Lleijos, Central America.

36. Tretia EBURNEA (pl. lv. f. 91.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. testé oblonga, opacd, solidd, ineequivalvi, convexi, nitida,
albida, ineequilaterali; concentricé sulcata, sulcis profundis, remo-
tis, (alterd in valvulé, nonnunquam posticé evanescentibus) ; mar-
gine ventrali convexiusculo, anticé sursum acclinato ; dorsali anticé
subrecto, leviterque declivi, posticé recto subitoque declivi; latere
postico multum breviore, subcuneiformi; lineis erectis obliquis
aream nymphalem et analem rugantibus ; ligamento brevi, promi-
nente ; flexuré ventrali costAque umbonali subobsoletis ; superficie
internd candida; dentibus lateralibus, ut in Puniced.

Oblong, solid, opaque, rather inequivalve, convex, whitish, glossy,
clearly inequilateral, with strong deep concentric sulci, which
usually become obsolete in one of the valves, and which diverge
and become elevated on passing the flattened space at the upper
edge of the more convex valve; ventral edge very slightly convex,
curving obliquely upward anteriorly; posterior side much the
shorter, subcuneiform ; the ligamental edge straight, and abruptly
sloping; ligament short and prominent; fold and umbonal ridge
almost obsolete ; inside pure white, teeth as in Punicea.

242

The peculiar elevated sulci on the dorsal areas, at once distin-
guish it from all the allied species.
Tumbez, Peru.

37. TELLINA ALTERNATA (pl. lxi. f. 159.) Say, Jour. Ac. Phil.
vol. ii. p. 275; Amer. Conch. t. 65. f.1; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 66.
sup. t. 14. f. 9.

T. testa oblongo-elongata, solidiusculd, nitida, compressiuscula,
alba’ aut albo-flavescente, (intus flavd) ; concentricé sulcata, sulcis
remotis, profundis, ad costam umbonalem obsoletissimam alternatim
evanescentibus ; margine ventrali subrecto; dorsali anticé declivi
convexiusculo, posticé recto et multum declivi; latere postico
manifesté longiore, ad extremitatem rotundato ; antico cuneiformi ;
ligamento prominente ; flexura inconspicud; dentibus tisdem ut in
Puniced.

Elongated-oblong, rather solid, and somewhat compressed, of a
glossy opaque white or yellowish white, grooved concentrically with
rather distant deeply impressed sulci, which alternately disappear
in crossing the nearly obsolete umbonal ridge ; ventral edge nearly
straight ; anterior side much the longer, rounded at its extremity,
its dorsal edge moderately sloping in a convex line; posterior side
cuneiform, its dorsal line being straight and greatly sloping; liga-
ment prominent; fold indistinct; inside white, the teeth as in
Punicea.

In the only specimen I have ever seen of this shell, the strize are
closer in one valve than in the other. In general appearance the
shell is extremely like Striata.

South Carolina.

38. TELLiIna RUBESCENS (pl. lx. £153.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. testa 7. Striate et Punicee simillima, ab hic autem differt,
testa tenuiore anticee emarginationis experte, ab ill natibus obtu-
sloribus et extremitate posticd minus attenuata; ab utrdque, super-
ficie nitidissima, ligamento infosso, margineque dorsali convexiore
et utrinque subsequaliter declivi; sulcis in utraque valvula posticé
obsoletis ; dentibus ut in Pwniced, sed minimis, inconspicuis.

Most. closely allied to Sériata and Punicea, but differmg from
the former by the greater obtuseness of its beaks, and the lesser
attenuation of its hinder extremity; from the latter by its more
delicate texture and the absence of any anterior emargination ;
from both, in the sunken ligament, the greater convexity and more
equal slope of the dorsal edge. The sulci are obsolete posteriorly

243

in both the valves, and the whole surface is peculiarly glossy ; the
teeth are as in Punicea, but very small and indistinct.
Tumbez and Panama (Cuming).

39. Tettma prora (pl. lx. f.152.) Hanley, Zool. Proc. 1844.

T. test subtrigona, ovali, solidé, convexiusculi, subeequilaterali,
nitida, extus intusque pallidé rose; aut sublevigati, aut concen-
tricé et tenuissimé striati; margine ventrali convexo; dorsali
utrinque valdé et subsequaliter declivi, subrecto ; extremitate pos-
ticd, acuminata; flexurd ventrali costéque umbonali subobsoletis ;
ligamento prominulo; dentibus lateralibus magnis, antico ap-
proximato.

Subtriangular, oval, tolerably convex, solid, glossy, nearly equi-
lateral, uniform pink both within and without, becoming deeper
towards the beaks, most delicately and regularly striated concen-
trically ; ventral edge convex ; dorsal edges nearly equally sloping,
slopes strong and scarcely at all convex ; posterior end acuminated ;
fold and flexure nearly obsolete; ligament but little prominent,
both slopes being slightly excavated; lateral teeth large, the anterior
approximate.

Porto St. Elena, and Salango, West Columbia.

40. TBLLINA LACERIDENS (pl.lxi. f.168 and 176. and pl. Ixvi.
f. 258.) Hanley, Zool. Proc. 1844.

T. test oblongo-subtrigona, solida, opaci, subeequilaterali, niti-
dissima, convexiuscula, alba (intus candida), superné laevigata, in-
ferné concentricé et confertim striata ; margine ventrali convexius-
culo; dorsali utrinque convexiusculo, et subequaliter declivi;
extremitate antici rotundata (plerumque subattenuatd), postica
rotundato-acuminata ; costa umbonali et flexurd ventrali inconspi-
cuis; ligamento magno, elongato, prominente ; dentibus primariis
laceratis, antico laterali subapproximato, postico laterali minore,
remoto.

Var. Test& magis trigond, undique sulcis confertis excavata.

Oblong subtriangular, solid, subequilateral, of an extremely
glossy enamel-like opaque white surface, which is smooth near the
beaks, and grooved closely towards the but slightly convex ventral
margin ; dorsal line nearly equally sloping on each side, the edges
very slightly convex ; anterior extremity rounded (and in the typi-
cal examples rather attenuated), posterior end obtusely acuminated ;
fold and umbonal ridge obsolete; ligament large, elongated, and
prominent ; inside white; the primary teeth minutely jagged, and

24d

one of them rather large, anterior lateral rather approximate, pos-
terior lateral smaller and distant.

Tumbez, Peru.

Var. More triangular, the close concentric sulci occupying the
entire surface. Chiriqui, West Columbia.

Its extraordinary teeth, large and elongated ligament, and either
smooth or closely sulcated surface, suffice for its distinguishment.

41. Tertmva Mapagcascariensis (pl. lx. f. 218.) Gmelin,
3237; Wood Gen. Conch. 169. t. 39. f. 2,3; List. 386. f. 233;
T. rosea, Lam. no. 14; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 63. t. 4. f. 46.

T. testé ovati, crassissimi, convex’, subimpolita, pallidé rosea,
levigaté; margine ventrali vix convexiusculo; dorsali utrinque
valde declivi; costa umbonali lata, obtusd; latere antico manifesté
breviore, postico subcunciformi ; extremitate anticd obtusa; super-
ficie interna rosea, margine cardinali latissimo ; dentibus lateralibus
subobsoletis, parvis, antico approximato, postico remoto ; impres-
sionibus muscularibus- fortiter impressis.

Ovate, very thick, convex, rather dull, darker or paler pink,
smooth, ventral edge but little convex ; anterior side somewhat
the shorter, its extremity rounded, its slope moderate; posterior
side subcuneiform, its extremity obtuse, its dorsal edge much
sloping and slightly convex ; umbonal ridge very obtuse ; igament
prominent; inside rosy, scars deeply impressed; hinge-margin
very broad ; lateral teeth subobsolete, small, anterior one approxi-
mate, posterior distant.

Madagascar.

The figure in Lister is referred to by Spengler for his 7. rudis,
but neither the locality he gives, nor the expression “ with coarse
transverse striee,” will apply to this species.

42. Tettova Toneana (pl. lan. f. 209.) Quoy and Gaimard,
Astrolabe Zool. vol. i. p. 498. t. 81. £11, 12, 13.

T. testé oblong’, solidd, subpellucidd, subeequivalvi, convexé,
subeequilaterali, mitidd, sublevigata, alb& (intus albidd), roseo ad
nates radiata, eodemque colore ad laterwm extremitates ornatissimé
picté; margine ventrali subarcuato, posticé sursum acclivi; dor-
sali anticé vix declivi, posticé leviter declivi convexo; latere pos-
tico paululum breviore, attenuato, subrostrato; flexura ventrali
valde conspicua ; costé umbonali prominente ; umbonibus tumidis ;
ligamento infosso; dentibus lateralibus haud magnis, subzequidis-
tantibus.

Oblong, solid, subequivalve, convex, subequilateral, rather pel-

245

lucid, nearly smooth, glossy, white, the beaks rayed with rose-
colour, the extremities of the sides pink ; ventral edge subarcuated,
ascending posteriorly ; anterior side very slightly the longer, its
dorsal edge scarcely sloping; posterior edge attenuated and some-
what beaked, its dorsal side convex and moderately sloping; the
flexure and umbonal ridge very conspicuous ; umbones tumid ; liga-
ment sunken; inside whitish, a ligamental callus, and rather small
and nearly equidistant lateral teeth.

Tonga.

43, TELLINA ELEGANS (pl. lxv. f. 241.) Gray in Wood’s Ind.
Test. sup. t.1. f.5; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 62. t.1. £5.

T. testa. oblongo-elongata, valdé tortuos’, subinequivalvi, sub-
equilaterali, solid4, polité, subventricos4, levigati; nived, (intus
albida) roseo radiati, radiis latis versus marginem ventralem
arcuatum et posticé acclinatum evanescentibus ; margine dorsali
anticé convexiusculo et vix declivi, posticé leviter declivi et prope
nates roseas subincurvato demde convexo ; latere postico paululum
longiore, attenuato, leviter subrostrato ; extremitate posticé rotun-
dato-angulata ; ligamento brevi, pergrandi, prominente; costéi um-
bonali obsoletissim4 ; dentibus parvis, antico subapproximato.

Twisted, elongated- oblong, solid, rather mequivalve, subequi-
lateral, subventricose, smooth, highly polished, white with broad
rosy rays, which disappear towards the arcuated and posteriorly
ascending ventral margin ; extremity of the anterior side rounded,
its dorsal edge but shghtly sloping; posterior side very slightly
the longer, attenuated, obtuse at the extremity; umbonal ridge
quite obsolete ; ligament peculiarly large, short, and prominent ;
inside white, the lateral teeth small and rather approximate.

Gulf of Mexico.

44, Turina Raprata (pl. xin. £220,221.) Lin. Syst. 1117 ;
Lam. no. 1; Chem. 6. f. 102; Wood, Gen. Cone taidSe tls 2s os
Ency. Met. ti 289. £. 2,3; Hanl. Des, Cat. p-61. t.4. £26; Knorr.
vol. iv. t. 2. f. 2,4; T. unimaculata, Zam. no. 2.

T. testa oblongo-elongaté, subineequilaterali, haud tortuosi, sub-
ventricosa, solidi, leevi, polité, alba, (intus flavescente) radiis roseis
latis plerumque ornati; margine ventrali vix convexiusculo; dor-
sali anticé vix declivi, posticé subrecto et leviter declivi ; extremi-
tate lateris antici longioris rotundata, lateris postici subattenuata,
obtusé angulata ; ligame nto brevi, magno, prominente ; costa
umbonali obsoleta ; flexurd ventrali conspicud; lumuiad distinet,
angusto-lanceolaté; dentibus lateralibus validis, subaequidistantibus.

P

246

Var. test radiorum experte ; natibus roseis.

Elongated-oblong, more or less ventricose, solid, not twisted, of
a highly polished smooth white, with zones of very pale yellow,
and generally with broad rosy rays; ventral margin scarcely con-
vex ; anterior side rather the longer, its dorsal edge scarcely sloping,
its extremity rounded ; posterior side slightly attenuated, its extre-
mity obtusely subangulated, its dorsal edge nearly straight and
but shghtly sloping ; » ligament short, large, al prominent ; lunule
distinct, elongated- lanceolate ; inside yellowish ; lateral teeth strong
and nearly equidistant.

West Indies.

45. Tetrina Brasrirana (pl. xu. f. 179.) Spengler, Skriv.
Nat. Selskab. Kiobenh. 1798; T. semizonalis, Zam. no.3; Deles.
t. 6. f. 1; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 61. sup. t. 11. f. 60.

T. test& oblongo-elongati, ineequilaterali, solid, convexiuscula,
mitida, palhide roseo-violaced, leevigati ; margine ventral subrecto ;
dorsali antics vix declivi et paululum convexiusculo, posticé de-
chvi et subrecto; latere antico longiore, producto; extremitate
posticd obtuse angulata ; costé umbonali obtus4 ; lunulé lanceolata
angusta ; superficie intern’ roseo- -purpurascente, radiis_duobus
pallidioribus aut albis ad extremitatem posticam ornaté; dentibus
lateralibus remotis, postico parvo.

Hlongated-oblong, imequilateral, solid, shghtly convex, glossy,
pale hlac, smooth; ventral margin nearly straight, slightly as-
cending in front, its flexure distinct ; the umbonal ridge obtuse ;
anterior side much the longer, its dorsal slope very gentle; pos-
terior extremity obtusely angulated, the dorsal edge nearly straight
and moderately sloping; a narrow lanceolate Iunule; the mside of
a purplish crimson with two pale or white rays at the posterior
extremity ; teeth remote, equidistant, the posterior one small and
rather indistinct.

Brazil (fide Spengler).
46, Tenia pupica (pl. lvi. f. 7.) Hanley, Zool. Proc. 1844.

T. test parva, solidd, ovato-subtrigond, subaequilaterali, nitida,
candida, sublavigati, tenuissimé concentricé striata’; margine ven-
trali anticé arcuato, posticé subito sursum acclinato; dorsali
utrinque valde declivi, anticé convexo, postice elongato et subrecto ;
latere antico paululum breviore, subventricoso, rotundato ; postico
compresso, rostrato; extremitate posticié subacuminaté; natibus
prominentibus ; flexura ventrali costAque wmbonali subinconspi-

247

cuis; ligamento minimo, infosso; superficie intern’ politi; den-
tibus lateralibus distinctis, subapproximatis, subsequidistantibus.

Small, ovate, subtrigonal, nearly equilateral but rather longer
posteriorly, rather ventricose in front but compressed at the pos-
terior end, tolerably thick, of a very glossy pure uniform white,
with scarcely i impressed concentric striae; the ventral edge bulging
out towards the rounder anterior extre emity, but rising in rather a
concave line towards the posterior end, which is str ongly beaked
and has the tips rounded but much attenuated ; front dorsal edge
convex and strongly sloping, ligamental edge elongated, nearly
straight and strongly sloping ; beaks prominent ; umbonal ridge
and fold not conspicuous; ligament sunken and minute ; inside
polished, the lateral teeth distinct and nearly equally subap-
proximate.

Catbalonga, Isle of Samar.

47. Texiina Sowsrstt (pl. ban. f. 205.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. test& subelliptici, subzequivalvi, tenui, compressa, levigati,
politaé, candidi; margine ventrali arcuato, posticé sursum accli-
nato; dorsali anticé vix paululum declivi, convexiusculo, postice
paululum declivi et prope nates subincurvato, deinde convexo ;
latere antico longiore, subproducto ; postico rotundato- acuminato ;
ligamento parvo, angustissimo, infosso; flexura ventral costique
umbonali subinconspicuis ; superficie internd albida, plerumque
aurantio tincté; dentibus lateralibus tenuibus, subeequidistantibus.

Nearly elliptical, subimequivalve, compressed, highly polished,
of an umform smooth white (in some specimens with a tinge of
rosy orange which increases in intensity towards the beaks) ; ven-
tral edge arcuated, and rising at the posterior extremity ; anterior
side decidedly the longer, its extremity rounded, its dorsal edge
nearly horizontal; posterior side attenuated, but rounded at its
termination, its dorsal edge a little slopimg at first, sightly curved
near the beaks, and then decidedly convex; ligament sunken, and
very narrow ; inside usually tinged with orange; lateral teeth thin,
and nearly equidistant.

Australia.

48. Tettina tata (pl. lxiv. f. 237.) Quoy et Gar. Astrol.
Zool. vol. 3. p. 497. t. 81. £.5, 9,10; Lam. 2nd. ed. vol.6. p.108 ;
Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 71. sup. t. 14. f. 13

T. testé subovali, meequilaterali, solidi, subeequivalvi, compres-

siuscula, nitida, alb&, subleevigata, rubro eleganter radiati; radius
pe 9

248

interruptis ; margine ventrali convexo, utrinque (maximé autem
postice) sursum acclinato ; dorsali posticé valde dechvi prope um-
bones subincurvato moxque subrecto, anticé convexiusculo et paulo
declivi; latere postico brevi, acuminato; antico producto, ad
extremitatem rotundato-obtuso ; natibus acutis, rubro-roseis ; hga-
mento infosso; superficie interna alb& aut flavescente ; dentibus
lateralibus modicis, haud remotis.

Large, suboval, subequivalve, inequilateral, strong, rather com-
pressed, nearly smooth or marked with concentric striule; of a
elossy white with brilliant rays of a rosy red ; ventral edge convex,
rising at each extremity, but more particularly so at the posterior
end which is short and acuminated ; anterior side produced, its
extremity obtusely rounded, its dorsal edge but slightly convex
and little sloping; posterior dorsal edge greatly slopmg, somewhat
incurved near the rather acute beaks which are always rosy-red,
and then nearly straight or but shghtly convex ; ligament sunken ;
inside usually tinged with yellow, lateral teeth moderately large
and distant.

South Seas.

49. 'Tertina cutoroLEuca (pl. lx. f. 208, 210.) Lam.
no. 15; Rumphius t. 45. f. 1.

T. test ovat’, subtenui, convexad, nitidé, albid4 aut albido-fla-
vescente, radiis multis angustis pallidé roseis ornaté, subleevigata,
(lineis obsoletis radiantibus sepe versus marginem ventralem
strias concentricas confertissimas decussantibus) ; margine ventrali
arcuato, posticé sursum acclivi; dorsali anticé convexo aut con-
vexiusculo satisque declivi, posticé satis brevi convexiusculo et
valdé declivi; latere antico longiore, ad extremitatem rotundato ;
postico brevi, acuminato; natibus roseis, prominulis; costé um-
bonali et flexuré ventrali conspicuis; igamento angusto infosso ;
superficie interna albido-flavescente ; dentibus lateralibus, distinctis,
subeequidistantibus.

Var. Radiis albidis et rubro-aurantiis pict’; natibus vix roseis.

Ovate, convex, rather thin, of a glossy yellowish white, with
numerous interrupted narrow rays of a pale rose colour, nearly
smooth, (often decussated towards the arcuated and posteriorly
rising ventral margin with concentric striule and obsolete radiating
lines) ; anterior side the longer, its extremity rounded, its dorsal
edge convex and moderately sloping; posterior side acuminated,
very slightly beaked and rather short, the dorsal edge but slightly
convex and much sloping; beaks of a deep rose-colour and rather
prominent; ligament narrow and sunken; uwmbonal ridge and

249

flexure distinct ; mside yellowish white; lateral teeth distinct and
nearly equidistant.
Var. Rayed with orange-red and white; beaks but slightly if at
all rosy.
Isle of Negros, Philippines (Cuming).

50. Tetra Lavieata (pl. xiv. £.225, 227.) Lin. Sys. 1117;
Lin. Mus. Ulr. 480; Schroet. einl. t. 7. £10; List. t. 387. f. 234;
Lam. no. 36; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 68.

T. testa ovato-rotundata, solidd, subsequilaterali, nitid4, convexi,
aut subventricos4, sublevigaté; margine ventrali anticé arcuato,
posticé sursum acclinato ; dorsali, anticé subdeclivi magis minusve
convexo, posticé declivi et superné subretuso aut subrecto et m-
ferné convexo; latere antico paululum longiore, rotundato, dila-
tato; postico magis minusve angulato; natibus prominentibus ;
pube striis lamellosis rugosi; ligamento imfosso ; flexura costaique
umbonali conspicuis ; cardine, dentibus lateralibus validis, subap-
proximatis, subeequidistantibus.

Var. a. Subalbida, radiis roseo-aurantiis ornataé. Var. 6. (T.
concinna, P#z/. Ab. und Bes. Conch. part. 5. t. 5. f. 1.) Albida,
marginibus intus extusque rubro-aurantiis.

Rounded-ovate, solid, subequilateral, glossy, convex or subven-
tricose, nearly smooth (there are obsolete crowded radiating lines,
and frequently but not always minute very close raised concentric
striule towards the lower margin and at either extremity) ; ventral
edge arcuated in front, greatly rising behind ; anterior side rather
the longer, rounded and dilated, its dorsal edge more or less con-
vex and not much sloping ; posterior side more or less angulated,
its dorsal edge sloping and nearly straight or slightly retuse above,
but convex at its termination ; beaks prominent ; ligament sunken ;
fold and flexure conspicuous ; "Jateral teeth strong, subapproximate,
subequidistant.

Var. a. Whitish, or flesh-coloured with rosy orange rays. Var.
6. Winte with the edges alone of a bright orange red, and the
umbones and interior usually tinged with yellow.

An extremely variable species, with the beaks usually worn at
the touching point.

St. Thomas, West Indies.
51. Tentia semen (pl. lvi. f. 8,) Hanley, Zool. Proc. 1844,

T. testa ovali, crassi, mnaequilaterali, subventricosd, nitida, albida
(intus submargaritaced), anticé rotundati, posticée obtusd ; concen-
trict striata, striis anticé subimbricatis confertissimisque, postice

remotioribus et elevatis; margine ventrali convexo ; dorsali utrin-
que convexo aut convextusculo, anticé subdeclivi, posticé declivi ;
latere antico multo longiore ; natibus obtusis ; ligamento minimo,
prominulo ; lunulé angustissimé; costa umbonali nulla, flexurd
subobsoleté ; dentibus lateralibus « conspicuis, postico magis approx-
imato.

Var. Ovatd aut obovaté, margine dorsali utrinque magis declivi.

Oval, thick, inequilateral, subventricose, glossy, whitish, with
concentric striz, which in front are crowded and subimbricated, but
behind are rather distant and elevated ; ventral edge convex ; dorsal
edges more or less convex, the hinder one sloping, the front one
but moderately so, anterior side much the longer, rounded (and
sometimes attenuated) at its extremity ; posterior extremity obtuse ;
hgament very small and rather prominent ; a very narrow lunule ;
beaks obtuse; flexure nearly obsolete ; inside subnacreous ; lateral
teeth distinct, the hinder much the closer.

Var. Ovate or obovate, the dorsal edges more sloping.

Were it not for the sight fold, it might easily be mistaken for
a Donax.

2. Turtina Brmacutata (pl. lvi. f. 16, 19, 20, 21, 22.) Lin.,
Sys. 1120; Chem. vol. vi. f. 127, 182. Dillw yn. D. Cat. p. LOL.
Encye. Méth. t. 290. f.9,10. Donovan, Brit. "Shells t. 19. ial ls
Turt. Biv. Brit.t. 8. f.5; Lam. no. 52; Hanl. Des. Cat. pil. t. 4:
f. 83; T. sexradiata Lam. no. 53.5 ; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 71. sup.
sped Us i

T. testa ovata aut ovato-rotundata, crass4, convex4, nitidiuscula,
levigata, varus coloribus pictéi; margine ventrali convexo aut ar-
cuato (seepe postice paululum subincurvato) ; dorsali utrinque pau-
lulum convexiusculo, anticé valde declivi, posticé brevi leviterque
declivi; latere antico longiore, attenuato, ad extremitatem rotun-
dato ; postico brevi, obtuse biangulato; costé umbonali et flexura
ventrali obsoletis; ligamento brevi, prominente; natibus acutis,
nymphis prominentibus, incumbentibus ; dentibus primariis per-
magnis; lateralibus brevibus, crassis, subaequidistantibus, (ple-
rumque ‘obsoletis).

Varying in shape from ovate to rounded ovate; thick, convex,
slightly glossy, smooth; ventral edge varying from convex to ar-
cuated, often slghtly meurved posteriorly ; hinder side much the
shorter, obtusely biangulated, its dorsal edge very short and but
slightly sloping ; anterior side much attenuated, its extremity
rounded, its dorsal edge much sloping and little convex, beaks in-
clined ; ligament short. but very prominent ; primary teeth large,

251

the lateral oe however are usually obsolete), short, thick, and
nearly equidistant.

The varieties in colouring are too numerous to specify, the prin-
cipal however, are are as follows ; violet, orange-red, white, yellow
or pinkish red, (cither uniform, or rayed with purple, the white
specimens with usually two lateral crimson internal spots) ; whitish
or yellowish with narrow interrupted violet rays often assuming the
appearance of arrow-heads ; violet, rayed with white ; whitish, with
broad fawn-coloured and narrower purplish rays.

Britain, and West Indies.

53. Tettina Lucryorpss (pl. lvi. f. 32.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. testé suborbiculari, tenui, subzequilaterali, subventricosa, im-
polité, mtus extusque alba, stris concentricis tennissimis lineisque
radiantibus minutissimis obsolete decussata, utrinque rotundata ;
margine ventrali arcuato ; .dorsali utrinque convexiusculo et subs-
qualiter declivi; latere antico paululum longiore ; flexurd cost&ique
wmbonali obsoletis ; ligamento angustissimo, infosso; dentibus la-
teralibus magnis, equidistantibus.

Suborbicular, thin, subequilateral, rather ventricose, dull, both

externally and internally white, with very delicate concentric strive
and most minute radiating lineoles; ventral margin strongly areu-
ated; extremities rounded; dorsal ‘edges nearly equally sloping and
slightly convex ; anterior side very slightly the longer; umbonal
ridge and fold obsolete; ligament very narrow, sunken; lateral
teeth distinct, equidistant.

Not unlike the shell which is figured without a name in the
292nd plate (f. 8.) of the Encyclopédie Methodique.

Chain Island, South Seas.

54, Tertia nux (pl. lvi. f. 33.) Hanley, Zool. Proc. 1844.

T. test& obovali, subineequivalvi, subsequilaterali, tenui, convexa
aut subventricosi, mitidd, subleevigaté aut inferné concentricé sub-
striata, tus extusque albida, umbonibus hyalinis et fulvis; mar-
gine ventrali subarcuato ; dorsali utrinque convexo, satis et eequaliter
declvi; extremitate posticd obtusa, attenuata; ligamento angus-
tissimo, infosso ; natibus obtusis ; flexurd distinct&; cost’ umbo-
nali subinconspicua ; dentibus lateralibus distinctis, antico paululwn
propinquiore.

Oboval, thin, slightly inequivalve, almost equilateral, from con-
vex to subventricose, rather glossy, wlutish both externally and

252

internally, with the umbones diaphanous and of a tawny orange-
colour; nearly smooth or merely substriated concentrically towards
the somewhat arcuated ventral margin ; dorsal edges convex, equally
and moderately sloping on either side; beaks obtuse ; fold distinct;
umbonal ridge almost obsolete; posterior side obtuse and attenu-
ated; ligament extremely narrow, sunken; lateral teeth distinct,
the anterior shightly the nearer.

Cagayan, Misamis, Mindanao; St. Nicolas, Zebu.

More oval than the three succeeding allied species.

55. Tettia prneuts (pl.lvi. £.34.) Manley, Zool. Proc. 1844.

T. testi parva, rotundato-ovali, tenui, subineequivalvi, subeequi-
laterali, nitidé, convexé aut subventricosd, intus extusque albidé
(rarius incarnaté), levigaté (nonnunquam concentricé substriata) ;
margine ventrali arcuato, dorsali utrinque convexo et subaequaliter
declivi; extremitate postici obtusi; flexurd distincté; natibus
minimis; cost& umbonali feré obsoleté; ligamento angustissimo,
infosso; dentibus ut in Nuce.

Rounded-oval, thin, rather inequivalve, nearly equilateral, from
convex to subventricose, both externally and internally whitish,
or more rarely flesh-coloured, smooth, (sometimes concentrically
substriated) ; the ventral edge arcuated; the dorsal on each side
nearly equally sloping and convex; beaks minute; fold distinct ;
umbonal ridge almost obsolete ; posterior end obtuse; ligament
extremely narrow and sunken ; teeth as in Nua.

St. Nicolas, Zebu.

By its more orbicular outline it may be distinguished from Vue
and Casta. It is still more closely allied to Robusta, but its tenuity,
more obtuse hinder extremity, and the greater convexity and less
sudden slope of the dorsal edges, suffice for its separation.

56. Tatrina rosusta (pl.lvi. £.2, 3.) Hanley, Zool. Proc. 1844.

T. test& parva, rotundato-subtrigona, solid4, subinaquivalvi,
subeequilaterali, ventricosa, nitid4, aut albo-flavescente, aut pallidé
rosaced, sublevigata (plerumque inferius remoté substriatd) ; mar-
gine ventrali valdé arcuato, dorsali utrinque subrecto et valdé de-
clivi; latere postico attenuato, feré subrostrato, ad extremitatem
acuminato; ligamento angustisstmo, infosso; natibus distinctis,
prominentibus, et recté incurvatis; umbonibus tumidis; flexura
distincté ; costa umbonali feré obsoleté ; lunula parvé; superficie
interna, plerumque sub umbonibus, flavidé aut rosed ; dentibus ut
in Nuce.

253

Rounded-subtrigonal, solid, rather inequivalve, nearly equila-
teral, ventricose, of a glossy yellowish white, or pale rose-colour,
nearly smooth, or marked in fresh specimens with distant striulee
towards the extremely arched ventral margin; dorsal edges nearly
straight and strongly sloping on either side; posterior side atten-
uated, almost beaked, and obtusely acuminated at the extremity ;
ligament extremely narrow and sunken; umbones twmid; beaks
distinct, prominent, and incurved; fold distinct ; umbonal ridge
almost obsolete ; inside usually yellow or rose-coloured at the um-
bones; a small lunule; teeth as in Nua.

Isle of Annaa, South Seas, and Isle of Burias, Philippines.

Is closely allied to Nua, Pinguis and Casta, but of a stouter
texture even in the youngest individuals. The ligamental edge
being nearly straight, easily separates it from Pénguis, where it is
decidedly convex.

57. Tertra casta (pl. lvi. f. 9,) Hanley, Zool. Proc. 1844.

T. test& obovali, tenuissimd, subineequivalvi, subineequilaterali,
pellucidd, convexd, mitidd, extus intusque candida, levigata ; mar-
gine ventrali maximé arcuato ; dorsali utrinque subrecto, subsequa-
liter satisque declivi; extremitate posticd angust4, biangulata ;
ligamento angustissimo, subinfosso; natibus acutis; flexura ven-
trali costique umbonali distinctis; dentibus ut m Nuce.

Oboval, extremely thin, slightly imequivalve, nearly equilateral,
convex, glossy, pellucid, white, smooth; ventral margin extremely
arcuated ; the dorsal on either side nearly straight, moderately and
nearly equally sloping; beaks acute; fold and umbonal ridge dis-
tinct ; posterior extremity narrow and biangulated; ligament ex-
tremely narrow and scarcely, if at all, projecting ; teeth as in ue.

Singapore.

Bears some resem blance to Nwa, but the shape is less broad,
the ventral edge decidedly arcuated, the dorsal edges less convex
and shorter, and the umbones colourless.

58. TeLtina BaLaustina (pl. lvi.f. 10.) Zim. Sys. 1119. Poli.
Test. Sic. vol. i. t. 14. f.17.; Lam. 2nd ed. vol. vi. p. 209; Phil.
En. Mol. Sic. vol. i. p. 25; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 72. sup. t. 9. £17;
Lucina balaustina, Payr. Cat. Cors. t. 1. f. 21, 22.

T. testa obovati, aut suborbiculari, solidiusculA, convexd, niti-
diuscula, albo-flavescente, radiis angustis rubris ornata, subleevigata,
nonnunquam lieis elevatis concentricé striat’ ;=margine ventrali
arcuato ; dorsali utrinque convexo aut convexiusculo, satisque de-

Q

254

clivi; latere antico vix paululum longiore, ad extremitatem rotun-
dato; extremitate posticd obtusissimé subangulatd; natibus acutis,
prominentibus, recté incurvatis ; ligamento angustissimo, infosso ;
umbonibus plerumque flavis; flexura ventrali costaéque umbonali
satis conspicuis ; superficie internd flava; dentibus lateralibus
magnis, subeequidistantibus.

Shape varying from obovate to suborbicular, moderately strong,
decidedly convex, when quite perfect dull and covered with raised
membranaceous concentric striae, but usually worn smooth and
rather glossy; whitish or yellowish, with numerous narrow red rays
and the umbones tinged with yellow; ventral edge arcuated ; both
edges of the dorsal lne convex and moderately sloping ; front ex-
tremity rounded ; that of the scarcely shorter posterior side most
obtusely subangulated ; beaks prominent and incurvated ; ligament
extremely narrow and sunken; fold and umbonal ridge tolerably
manifest ; imside yellow ; lateral teeth large and nearly equidistant.

Mediterranean,

59. TELLINA OBLIQUILINEATA (pl.1vi. f.11, and pl.lix. f.127.)
Conrad, Jour. Ac. N.S. Philad. 7.

T. test& parva, ovata, tenuiusculd, ineequilaterali, convexa, nitida,
intus extusque flavescente aut rosaceo-incarnataé, tenuissimé striata ;
striis obliquis et anticé flexuosis; margine ventrali subarcuato ;
dorsali anticé arcuato et declivi, posticé longiore convexiusculo et
angulum acutum cum margine ventrali formante; latere antico
brevi, rotundato ; postico producto, acuminato ; natibus hgamento
que parvo prominulis ; ; flexura costdque umbonali mconspicuis ;
dentibus lateralibus satis distinctis, subsequidistantibus, antico
majore.

Small, ovate, rather thin, very inequilateral, glossy, convex,
tinged both externally and internally with yellow or rosy flesh-
colour, and most delicately but distinctly striated in oblique lines
which become flexuous in front ; the ligament small and scarcely
projecting; the beaks rather prominent; the umbonal ridge and
the fold not conspicuous; anterior side short and rounded, the
dorsal slope rather sudden and very convex; posterior side pro-
duced, and rendered acuminated by the elongated and rather con-
vex ligamental edge forming an acute angle with the rather arcuated
ventral; lateral teeth distinct, neither very distant, the anterior
decidedly larger.

Sandwich Isles.

60. Terria ampuLLacea (pl. lvi. f. 23, 24.) Philippi, (June

255

1844) Ab. und Bes. Conch. part 5. t. 5. f£.7; T. puella, Hanley,
Zool. Proc. (November) 1844.

T. testa ineequilaterali, tenui, ventricosa, levi, nitidiuscula, extus
intusque albido-rose’ aut pallidé carnei; margine ventrali anticé
arcuato, posticé sursum acclinato; dorsali anticé primum retuso
et vix declivi deinde arcuato satisque declivi, postice primum sub-
recto deinde convextusculo et valde declivi; latere antico longiore,
rotundato ; postico brevi, et obtusé angulato; flexurdi costaque
umbonali haud conspicuis sed satis distinctis; lunuld parva, im-
press’ ; natibus obtusis; ligamento angusto, prominulo; dentibus
parvis ; lateralibus remotis, subeequidistantibus.

Ovate, thin, inequilateral, ventricose, smooth, rather glossy, pink
or flesh-coloured both externally and internally ; ventral edge ar-
cuated in front, rising posteriorly; dorsal edge convex and but
little sloping in front, slightly convex and much sloping behind ;
anterior side the longer, rounded; posterior side short, narrowed
and angulated; umbonal ridge nearly obsolete, ventral flexure dis-
tinct ; beaks obtuse; ligament rather prominent ; teeth small, the
lateral distant and nearly equally remote.

Senegal.

Dr. Philippi’s publication had not reached me at the date of my
describing this very distinct species.

61. Tentina striatua (pl. lx. f.175.) Lam. no. 33; Ene.
Meth. t. 292. f.1; 'T. hippopoidea, Jonas, Ab. und Bes. Conch.
part 8. t. 5. f. 1.

T. testé sublenticulari, subobliqué, paululum subineequivalvi,
solidiusculé, submitidé, candida, sublevigaté; margine ventrali
valdé acuto, posticé sursum acclinato; dorsali anticé convexo,
satisque declivi, posticé subrecto et valdé declivi; natibus acutis,
prominentibus ; flexurd ventrali subinconspicud ; ared posticd dor-
sali marginibus acutis coste umbonalis circumsepti, planulata
aut subconcava; ligamento infosso; latere antico longiore, rotun-
dato; extremitate postici breviter acuminati; superficie internd
nived ; dentibus lateralibus magnis, antico approximato.

Sublenticular, rather oblique, very slightly mequivalve, not very
strong, convex, slightly glossy, white, nearly smooth, (being only
marked with most indistinct minute radiating lines near the arcu-
ated ventral margin which rising upward posteriorly almost forms
a rectangle with the nearly straight and strongly sloping ligamental
edge; front side the longer, extremity rounded, dorsal edge convex
and moderatelysloping; beaks acute and prominent, slightly curving

2Q

256

forwards ; ligament sunken ; edges of the almost terminal umbonal
ridge acute, the intervening space flattened or concave; fold not
conspicuous; inside pure glossy white; lateral teeth large, the
anterior approximate.

St. Nicholas, Zebu.

The Jnflata of Chemnitz (6. f. 86.) is very like this species, but
I do not venture to assert its identity, as the figure certamly differs
m some respects, and neither Lamarck nor Philippi, although both
conversant with the figure, have quoted it.

62. TELLINA DELTOIDALIS (pl. lix. f. 128 and pl. Ixiv. f.229.)
Lam. no. 49; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 70. sup. t. 18. f. 3; T. lactea,
Quoy et Gai. Voy. Astrol. Zool. vol. 38. p. 501. t.81. f. 14, 15, 16;
Deles. t. 6. f. 7.

T. testa subtrigond, ovati, obovata, aut suborbiculari, solida, sub-
inequivalvi, convexd, subeequilaterali, impolité aut vix nitidiuscula,
intus extusque albidi, sublevigaté; margine ventrali in medio
subrecto, utrinque sursum acclivi; dorsali anticé vix declivi, pos-
ticé valdé declinente incurvato; latere postico subcuneiformi, ad
extremitatem subangulato; extremitate antici obtusi; natibus
prominentibus, recté incurvatis; flexurd costaque umbonali dis-
tinctis; ligamento magno, infosso; dentibus lateralibus parvis,
antico approximato, postico remoto plerumque subobsoleto.

Var. Latere antico haud dilatato; margine dorsali anticé magis
declivi, posticé recto haudque incurvato.

Shell varying in shape from ovate-triangular to suborbicular-
triangular, solid, shghtly mequivalve, convex, subequilateral, scarcely
if at all glossy and usually quite dull chalky white, nearly smooth
or only marked with rather strong lines of growth; ventral mar-
gin slopmg upward at both ends, nearly straight in the middle ;
fold and umbonal ridge distinct; beaks prominent and incurved ;
ligament large but sunken; anterior side dilated, obtuse, dorsal
slope slight; posterior side somewhat wedge-shaped (at times
almost subrostrated), its dorsal edge incurved and very strongly
sloping, its extremity subangulated and much attenuated; lateral
teeth small, the anterior approximate, the posterior distant and
often almost obsolete.

Var. Ligamental edge not incurved but straight; anterior side
not dilated, slope stronger, and extremity rounded.

Australia.

63. Terima Fausta (pl. Ixiv. f. 230, 234) Donovan, vol. 3.
t.98; Dor. Cat. t. 5. £5; Dillwyn D. Cat. p. 94; Hanl. Des. Cat.

257

p. 68. t.4. £68; T. levis, Wood, Gen. Con. p. 181. t. 37. f. 1;
T. remies, Born, p. 36. t. 2. f. 11; Lam. no. 31; List. t. 266.
£1102.

T. test ovato-suborbiculari, solidi, convex aut subventricosa,
impolita, albid’; concentricé striata, stris tenuibus, confertissimis,
ad umbones posticéque obsoletis; lineis verticalibus interruptis
fissureeformibus notaté; margine ventrali convexo vel subarcuato ;
dorsali posticé subrecto (plerumque subincurvato) declivi, anticd
prope umbones retuso, deinde convexo, satisque declivi; latere
postico breviore, subbiangulato; extremitate anticd rotundata ;
natibus prominentibus, acutis; ligamento maximo, prominente ;
flexurd ventrali satis distincta ; superficie interna mitidd, plerumque
flavescente ; dentibus lateralibus magnis, antico approximato.

Var. Obovatid, extus flavescente, intus flava.

Rounded-ovate, solid, varying from convex to subventricose,
dull whitish, with vertical fissure-like interrupted lines, and crowded
concentric fine strive, which latter become obsolete on the umbones
and posteriorly ; ventral edge varying from convex to subarcuated ;
beaks prominent and acute, with a forward inclination; fold
tolerably distinct; hgament very large, projecting; anterior side
rounded, rather the longer, the dorsal edge at first shghtly concave
and then convex and moderately sloping; posterior end nearly
biangulated, the dorsal edge nearly straight (usually incurved)
and rather strongly sloping; inside glossy, white, or tinged with
yellow ; lateral teeth large, anterior approximate.

Var. Obovate, yellowish ; within deep yellow.
West Indies.

64. Tria piscus (pl. xiv. £228, 232) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. testé 7. remied simillima, sed subobliqua et sulcis concen-
tricis valdé irregularibus vixque continuis; natibus haud recté
incurvatis ; margine dorsali posticé elevatiore, anticé prope nates
prominulas subincurvato ; umbonibus levigatis; extremitate pos-
ticd angulata.

Var. Test&é magis compressi; sulcis concentricis haud rudibus,
et versus marginem ventralem solum conspicuis.

In sculpture, colour, and general shape extremely like Remies,
but appearing oblique from the beaks having a forward inclination,
and the anterior dorsal edge being slightly incurved ; posterior dor-
sal edge the more elevated, longer than in the last species ; pos-
terior extremity distinctly angulated ; ventral edge slightly as-
cending posteriorly ; beaks rather prominent.

258

Var. More depressed, the sulci less coarse and only visible near
the ventral margin.

Isle of Ticao, Philippines.

65. Tettina Remtiss (pl. Ixiv. f. 226.) Lin. Sys. 1119; Lin.
Mus. Ulr. p.482 ; Chem. vol.6. f.113 ; Wood, Gen.Conch. p.182.
t. 38. f.1; Duillw. D. Cat. p. 94; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 67. sup. t. 1.
f.2; T. sulcata, Lam. no. 32; T. convexa, Wood, Ind. Test. Sup.
tepleiees

T. test& suborbiculari, solidissimé, inzequivalvi, sequilaterali,
ventricosi, subimpolité, extus intusque albidd, epidermide tenui
fulvo-cinered aut fulvo-fuscd induté; superné concentricé striolata,
inferné concentricé sulcataé, sulcis latis, profundis, rudibus; mar-
gine ventrali valdé arcuato; dorsali utrinque subrecto, anticé pau-
lulum, posticé satis declivi; latere antico rotundato; postico su-
perné subangulato; ligamento satis magno, prominente; lunula
nulla; natibus obtusis et recté incurvatis ; flexura ventrali conspi-
cud; costé umbonali subobsoleté; dentibus magnis, validis, antico
laterali quamplurimum approximato, postico permagno subremoto.

Suborbicular, very solid, imequivalve, equilateral, ventricose,
scarcely glossy, whitish both within and without (covered when
fresh with a dull yellowish brown epidermis), most delicately stri-
ated concentrically near the obtuse and incurved beaks, but very
coarsely grooved towards the regularly arcuated ventral edge ; an-
terior side rounded, its dorsal edge nearly straight or very slightly
convex and but little sloping; posterior side subangulated above,
its dorsal edge moderately declinmg and straight or subretuse ;
fold obscure, flexure conspicuous ; ligament large and prominent ;
no lunule; teeth large and strong, the front lateral as close as
possible, the hinder very large and rather distant.

Baclyon, Isle of Bohol (Cuming); Amboyna; Australia.

66. TELLINA CYRENOIDEA (pl. lvi. f. 31) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. testa suborbiculari, solidiuscula, ineequivalvi, valdé ineequi-
laterali, subventricosd, sordidé alb& (intus sub umbonibus pur-

2 9 P

2 ar Scones ag area
purea), concentricé costellaté; stris mimutis obliqué radiantibus
costellas confertas posticé decussantibus; margine ventrali ar-
cuato; dorsali utrmque valdé et subrecté declivi, anticé brevi,
posticé longiore; latere antico breviore, obtusé rotundato; extre-
mitate posticd obtusi, paululum attenuata ; natibus prominentibus ;
lunula distincté; igamento infosso; flexurd costique umbonali

d a

259

obsoletissimis: dentibus lateralibus parvis, distinctis, subsequidis-
tantibus.

Suborbicular, tolerably solid, mequivalve, very inequilateral,
rather ventricose, hardly at all glossy, dirty white, with regular
close-set narrow concentric ribs, which posteriorly are decussated by
minute rather oblique radiating striule; ventral edge arcuated ;
anterior side the longer, its dorsal edge strongly sloping, rather
long, nearly straight, its extremity rounded ; posterior end obtusely
rounded, slightly subangulated above, by the short straight and
much sloping dorsal edge; beaks prominent ; fold and umbonal
ridge obsolete; ligament sunken; a purple internal stain beneath
the umbones ; lateral teeth small, but distinct, subequidistant and
rather close.

St. Nicolas, Isle of Zebu.

67. TwLLIna sPLENDIDA (pl.lvi. £39.) Anton, Verz.Conch. p.5.

T. testé suborbiculari, solidiuscula, subineequivalvi, meequilate-
rali, convexd, nitidd, albido-flavescente, prope umbones subceru-
lescente aut purpureo tinctd; anticé profundé et concentricé sulcata,
dein striis subradiantibus remotis obliqué exaraté, et in valva sinistra
posticé concentricé striati; margine ventrali subarcuato ; dorsali
utrinque subrecté declivi, anticé brevi; extremitate anticd obtusé
rotundati, superné angulaté; latere postico longiore, ad extremi-
tatem rotundatam subattenuato; ligamento infosso; cost& umbo-
nali obsoleté; flexuraé ventrali subinconspicua ; superficie interna
purpured; dentibus lateralibus parvis, distinctis, subapproximatis,
antico magis approximato.

Suborbicular, tolerably strong, rather inequivalve, mequilateral,
glossy (usually, as in the succeeding species, coated here and there
with a dark rust-like substance), yellowish white assuming a pale
blueish or purplish cast towards the beaks ; with strong rather dis-
tant concentric anterior grooves, followed by deep and not very
close oblique radiating ones, which terminate posteriorly in one
valve in fine close concentric strie; ventral edge rather arcuated ;
anterior extremity obtusely rounded and rather angulated by the very
short straight and much sloping dorsal edge ; posterior side the
longer, rather attenuated at its rounded extremity, the dorsal slope
strong and nearly straight; ligament sunken and small; flexure
not conspicuous; umbonal ridge obsolete; inside purple; lateral
teeth small but distinct, close, anterior one the more so.

Basay, Isle of Samar ; coarse sandy mud, four fathoms ; (Cuming).

68. TeLtina SreNneGALENs!IS (pl. lvi. f. 17.) Hanley, Zool.
Proc. 1844.

260

T. testa 7. splendide simillima, sed striis sulcisque exiloribus
et magis confertis; utrique valvula striis arcuatis obliquis ad
extremitatem posticam notata; superficie interna purpurea, albo
posticé biradiata.

Extremely like the last, but in addition to the superior delicacy
and more crowded arrangement of both sulci and stric, the pos-
terior end is distinguished by the possession of those curved ob-
lique striz which we perceive less distinctly in Carnaria; the
inner surface is adorned posteriorly with two white or pale rays on
a purplish ground.

Senegal.

69. Trenitina carnaRta (pl. lvi. f. 37, 38.) Zim. 1119; Chem.
vol. 6. f. 126; Wood, Gen. Conch. t. 40. f.4; List. t. 339. £176.
Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 72. t. 4. £79; Lucina carnaria, Lam. no. 8 ;
Strigilla carnaria, Zurt. Brit. Biv. p. 117. t. 7. £15.

T. testa suborbiculari, convexd, subinequivalvi, meequilaterali,
solidiuscula, nitida, albido-rosed, (intus rosea), varié et exiliter stri-
ata, striis medio obliquis, radiantibus, ad latus posticum spectan-
tibus ; anticé flexuosis et cum striis mediis angulum formantibus ;
posticé tenuissimis, confertissimis, arcuatis (nonnunquam subob-
soletis, et cum striis mediis angulum acutissimum formantibus) ;
margine ventrali subarcuato; dorsali utrinque subrecto, declivi,
antics brevi, posticé elongato; extremitate anticd obtusa, superné
subangulata ; latere postico valde longiore, attenuato, ad extremi-
tatem rotundato; flexura costique umbonali obsoletis ; dentibus
lateralibus distinctis, subsequidistantibus.

Suborbicular, convex, moderately strong, glossy, pink, rose-co-
loured, or whitish more or less tinged with pink, most delicately
striated in various directions; strize on the anterior area very
flexuous and forming an angle with those on the central area,
which obliquely radiate posteriorward ; striee on the posterior slope
extremely fine, curved, and meeting at a very acute angle; ventral
edge arcuated ; anterior side much the shorter, its extremity obtuse,
and subangulated above, its dorsal edge short and moderately
sloping, posterior extremity rounded and narrowed, the dorsal edge
greatly sloping and nearly straight; a small lunule; ligament
sunken ; umbonal ridge and flexure nearly obsolete; beaks in-
curved; inside rosy; lateral teeth distinct and nearly equidistant.

W. Indies ; W. Columbia.

The shell is deeper from the umbones to the ventral margin,
than in Splendida ; the posterior and central striz are often divi-
ded by a smooth radiating space.

261

70. Tettrva stncera (pl. lix. f. 144.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844,

T. test 7. Carnaria stmillima, sed majore, latiore, compressa et
albida ; striis tenuioribus ; igamento valdé angusto ; natibus pau-
lulum ad latus anticum spectantibus ; margine ventrali solum sub-
arcuato ; dentibus lateralibus conspicuis, subsequidistantibus.

lixtremely like Carnaria, but larger, broader, white and depressed ;
the ligament extremely narrow ; sculpture still finer, beaks slightly
curved forward, ventral edge Tess arcuated ; lateral teeth conspi-
cuous and subequidistant,

N. W. Coast of America, (Dr. Sinclair).

71. Tertina prstrormis (pl. lvi. f. 30.) Lim. Syst. 1120. ;
Dillwyn. D. Cat. p. 102. ; Wood. Gen. Con. p. 194.

T. testa parva,suborbiculari, solidiuscula, ventricos4, mtidiuscula,
albido-rose’ ; obliqué substriaté, stris posticé angulo acuto re-
flexis ; margine ventrali convexo; dorsali anticé brevi subrecto et
paululum declivi, posticé convexo et valdé declivi; extremitate
antic’ obtusa ; latere postico longiore, rotundato ; natibus promi-
nentibus; umbonibus extus intusque roseis; flexurd costique
umbonali obsoletis; dentibus lateralibus distinctis, subeequidis-
tantibus.

Var. Test& majore, pallidé luted.

Small, subglobose, tolerably strong, but slightly glossy, both
within and without of a pmkish white with the umbones rosy, ob-
hiquely substriated, the strize curving posteriorwards, except over
the umbonal slope, (which, as well as the fold, is quite obsolete)
where they are met at acute angles by anothe r set with a sheht
anterior inclination; ventral edge simply convex ; front dorsal
edge very short, nearly straight, and scarcely sloping, the hinder
one convex, and greatly sloping ; anterior extremity obtuse ; 5 pos-
terior side the longer and narrower, tip rounded ; beaks very pro-
minent ; lateral teeth distinct, and nearly equidistant.

Var. Larger, and of an uniform pale yellow.

W. Indies.

The Cardium discors of Montagu, which has erroneously been
inserted in the British Fauna, is evidently this or the succeeding
species.

72. Tectia FLEXvOSA (pl. lvi. f. 28, 29.) Say. Journ. Ac.
N.S.; Philad. vol. u. p.303.; Hanl. Des. Cat. p.2; T. mirabilis,
Philip, Wiegm. Archiv. f. nat, 1841. p. 260.

R

T. testa 7. pesiformi similima, pallidiore antem et margine ven-
trali magis arcuato; stris obliquis, fortioribus, flexuosis. , postice
bis terve in ziczac fle xis; igamento minimo,

Extremely lke 7. pisiformis, but paler and more arcuated at the
ventral margin; the oblique striz are flexuous and more deeply
impressed than in that species, and at the posterior extremity se-
veral times change their direction at acute angles, thus forming

numerous zigzag lines ; the ligament is minute and not prominent.
United States.

73. ‘TeLnina rimpriata (pl. lx. f. 132.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. test& obovato-suborbiculari, solid’, convexd, impoliti, intus
extusque candida, strius concentricis confertissimis lamellosis fim-
briatis et leis radiantibus confertis decussaté; margine ventrali
arcuato, posticé sursum acclinato ; dorsali utrinque convexiusculo,
anticé subdeclivi, posticé valdé declivi; latere antico longiore, ro-
tundato ; extremitate posticd brevi, angulata ; cost& umbonali valdé
conspicui; ligamento infosso; lunuld distinctéi; dentibus latera-
hbus subremotis, subeequidistantibus.

Rounded-obovate, solid, convex, very inequilateral, dull white,
with extremely delicate crowded lamellar striee, which are fringed
by the intersection of radiating les; one of the valves projecting
beyond the other at the beaks; ventral margin arcuated and rising
posteriorly ; anterior side the longer and rounded, its dorsal edge
moderately convex and sloping ; posterior side short and angulated,
the hgamental edge strongly sloping and tolerably convex ; fold
very prominent ; ligament sunken; a distant lanceolate lunule ;
Eeee white; lateral tecth rather remote and subequidistant.

Mus. Cuming.

74. Trntiwa pecussata (pl. lx. f. 184.) Lam., no. 45.; Hanl.
Des. Cat. p. 70. ; Encye. Meth. t. 292. £.2.?

T. test& suborbiculari, subeequilaterali, soldé, convexd aut sub-
ventricosi, impolita, sordidé alba, striis concentricis costellas radi-
antes decussantibus; striis elevatis, confertissimis, tenuissimis ;
costellis numerosis, paululum obsoletis ; margine ventrali arcuato ;
dorsali utrinque declivi, anticé convexo, postice convexiusculo ; la-
tere antico rotundato ; postico obtusé angulato ; ligamento mfosso ;
natibus prominulis ; flexura costéque umbonali inconspicuis ; den-
tibus lateralibus magnis, antico propinquiore.

Var. Testa majore, candida; strus magis elevatis et minus con-
ertis ; margine dorsali postico elevatiore.

263

Suborbicular, solid, nearly equilateral, from convex to subventri-
cose, dull dirty white, sculptured with numerous somewhat obso-
lete radiating costelle, which are decussated by very fine raised
crowded concentric striz ; ventral edge arcuated ; the dorsal sloping
from the rather prominent beaks on either side, and rather the more
convex in front; anterior side rounded, posterior obtusely subangu-
lated ; ligament sunken, fold and umbonal ridge not conspicuous ;
iede Ww ite; lateral teeth large, the front one the nearer.

Var. Larger, white; the hinder (and not as in the type,) the
front), dorsal edge the more elevated ; the strize more elevated and
rather more distant.

Australia; the variety from Ceylon.

75. TELLINA CARNICOLOR, (pl.lvi. £.15.); T. mcarnata Hanley,
Zool. Proc. 1844.

T. test obovati, subobliqua, ineequilaterali, ventricosi, solida,
incarnaté aut albido-rosei, impoliti; strus elevatis concentricis
tenuissimis strias radiantes elevatas confertissimé decussantibus ;
margine ventrali arcuato, posticé sursum accliviore ; dorsali antice
dechivi et prope nates paululum incurvato, posticé elevatiore subar-
cuato et subito declivi ; latero antico longiore, rotundato ; extremi-
tate posticd rotundato-angulata ; igamento angusto, parvo, infosso ;
natibus acutis, prominentibus ; flexurd cost&que umbonali subobso-
letis ; lunulé lanceolati; superficie imternd flavescente, margines
versus subrosed ; dentibus lateralibus maximis, subeequidistantibus.

Obovate, rather oblique, dull, solid, ventricose, pinkish white,
or flesh- coloured, closely decussated by elevated radiating, and by
fine concentric lamellar strize ; ventral edge arcuated, and ascending
posteriorly ; anterior side the longer, its extremity rounded and
slightly attenuated, its dorsal edge ‘sloping, and near the acute and
prominent beaks, somewhat sleamniul : hinder extremity subangu-
lated, the more elevated lgamental edge sloping rather suddenly,
and in an arcuated line ; hgament small, narrow, and sunken ; wm-
bonal ridge and fold nearly obsolete ; a lanceolate lunule ; inside
yellowish, pink near the margins; lateral teeth very large and
nearly equidistant.

San Nicolas, Zebu.

Tn almost every adult specimen the tips of the beaks are chalky
white, the umbones yellow, and the ligamental edge rosy.

T had inadvertently designated this shell with a pre-occupied
name.

76. TeLtina GarGapia (pl. ba. f. 156 and pl. lsu. f. 181,)
R 2

264

Lin. Sys. 1116; Lin. Mus. Ulr. 476. Chemn. vol. vi. f. 63, 64 ;
Lam. no. 40; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 69. t.3. f. 1.

T. test’ ovata, solidi, compressiusculi, nitidiusculé, candida ;
margine ventrali arcuato; dorsali anticé subrecto et valdé declivi,
postice elevatiore valdé declivi paululum convexiusculo dentato ;
latere antico longiore, angustato, rotundato ; extremitate posticd,
obtuse biangulatd ; lunuld areaique hy gamentali excavatis ; natibus
acutis, prominentibus, ligamento infosso ; ; dentibus late ralibus va-
lidis, zequidistantibus.

Yar. a. Sulcis irregularibus, rudioribus, subobliquis, concentri-
cis, posticé exaraté; Imeis subobliquis, exilibus, concentricis, antice
striata. Var. d. Sculptura obsoletissima,

Ovate, solid, rather compressed, and not very glossy, uniform
white ; ventral ‘edge arcuated ; anterior side the longer, attenuated
but rounded at its extremity ; its dorsal slope sudden, and nearly
straight ; hinder side obtusely subangulated, its dorsal edge toothed,
rather short and scarcely convex, the slope sudden; hgament
sunken ; lunule and lozenge excavated ; beaks acute and prominent ;
fold and umbonal ridge by no means conspicuous ; inside white,
or yellowish white; the lateral teeth strong and subequidistant.

Var. a. Hinder side roughened by coarse irregular rather ob-
lique concentric grooves ; anterior surface traversed by more or less
delicate rather “obliquely concentric strie. Var. 4. Sculpture
almost entirely obsolete, but usually discernible on one of the
areas.

Siquyor, Phihppines, (Cuming), &c.

77. TeLtina spinosa (pl. lv. f. 40.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844),

T. test ovati, solidiusculd, subimpolité, ineequilaterali, convex-
iusculd, extus mtusque albida, stris minutis elevatis confertissi-
mis concentrice asperaté ; margine ventrali arcuato, posticé sursum
acclinato, dorsali posticé elevatiore convexo et declivi, antice prope
nates acutas subincurvato, deide subrecto subdeclivi; latere pos-
tico brevi; extremitate antici rotundati; extremitate posticd spl-
narum duabus vel tribus seriebus radiantibus serrata ; lunuld parva
distincta ; ligamento infosso ; dente laterali antico subapproximato,
postico remoto.

Ovate, moderately strong, mequilateral, not very convex, dull
whitish, with minute elevated crowded concentric striz ; ventral
edge rather arcuated, and rising behind; anterior side the longer,
its. extremity rounded, its dorsal edge shghtly incurved near ‘the

265

acute beaks and then straightish, (or slightly convex), and mode-

rately sloping ; posterior side short, and armed at its extremity with

two or fines rows of radiating serrated spines, its dorsal edge con-

vex and sloping; ligament sunken ; a small distinct fantlos inside

white, the anterior lateral tooth slightly the closer, posterior distant.
Island of Ticao.

78. Turia crassa (pl. ba. f. 169, 173.) Pennant, Brit.
Zool. vol. iv. p. 73. t. 48. £. 28 ; Wood Gen. Cone. p. 186. t. 40.
f.1; Turt. Biv. Brit. p. 109. t. cz? 2; Lam. no. 35; Hanl. Des.
Cat. p. 68. t.4. £.75; List. t. 299. f. 186; T.rigida Don. Br. Sh.
vol. 3. t. 103. ;

T. testa rotundato-ovali, subobliqua, solida, ineequivalvi, subven-
tricosi, impolita, albida, radius angustis rubris plerumque ornata,
sulcis rudibus concentricé exaraté; margine ventrali arcuato ; dor-
sali utrinque declivi, convexo, posticé elevatiore, anticé convexiore ;
latere antico longiore, rotundato, prominente ; postico abbreviato,
ad extremitatem obtuso; cost& umbonali obsoleta ; natibus incum-
bentibus ; lunuld parva, excavaté ; ligamento mfosso ; flexura dis-
tincti; superficie interna plerumque aurantid, (rarius albida) ;
dentibus lateralibus magnis, antico subapproximato ; cicatricibus
muscularibus profundé impressis.

Roundish oval, slightly obique, mequivalve, very mequilateral,
rather ventricose, dull white, almost always adorned with narrow
red rays, and concentrically and coarsely grooved ; the ventral edge
arcuated ; the anterior side the longer, its dorsal edge arcuated,
its extremity rounded and projecting; the posterior side rather
short, its dorsal slope very sudden and very convex, its tips most
obtusely subangulated; the umbonal ridge obsolete; ligament
sunken; fold distinct; the beaks recurved anteriorwards; the
lunule small and excavated ; mside usually stained with orange, very
rarely white ; the lateral teeth large, the anterior one rather approx-
imate ; muscular i impressions deeply impressed.

Britain ; Kurope.

The 7. maculata of Turton (Biv. Brit.) is a young discoloured
specimen of this species.

79. TeLLina PLecTRUM (pl. lx. f.177.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1845.

T. testi obovata, solida, convexiusculd, subsequilaterali, impolita,
intus extusque albida, lamellis confertis concentricis undique as-
perata ; mterstitis levibus ; ; margine ventrali arcuato ; dorsali utrin-
que subrecto, subdeclivi (in junioribus declivi) ; extremitate anticé

266

rotundata ; latere postico vix paululum longiore, biangulato; na-
tibus acutis; costa’ umbonali prominula; ligamento infosso (?) ;
lunula distmeta; dente laterali antico majore postico parvo et
remotiore.

Obovate, solid, moderately convex, nearly equilateral, not po-
lished, w hite, the entire surface covered with regular, distinct, short
and crowded lame lle, the mterstices smooth ; ventral e¢ dge : arcuated ;
anterior side very s slightly the shorter, extremity rounded ; posterior
extremity biangulated ; dorsal edges straightish, and not greatly
sloping; beaks acute; ligament sunken (2) ; fold not prominent ;
a distinct lunule ; inside white, the front lateral tooth distinct, the
hinder small and remote.

A single valve in the collection of J KH. Gray, Esq. is all T have
ever seen of this distinctly characterized species, [ am consequently
unable to state whether it be equivalve or not.

80. Trntina scoprnata (pl. lxvi. f. 235.) Lin. Syst. 1119;
Lin. Mus. Ulr. 482 ; Chem. vol.6. f.122-124; Wood, Gen.Conch.
p.150:, t. BOsbal ‘Lam. no 34; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 68. t. 4. £. 67.

T. test& suborbiculari, imeequivalvi, solidd, vequilaterali, ven-
tricosd, aut subventricosi, impolité, albidé, maculis brunneis un-
datis radiaté aut nebulosd, tuberculis, squamosis confertis undique
asperatié; margine ventrali arcuato; dorsali utrinque subdeclivi
et leviter conveniuscuilas extremitate anticd rotundata, postica
obtusé subangulata ; costé umbonali distincté, obtusi; lanuld
excavati, lanceolat’; flexurd ventrali conspicui; ligamento de-
presso ; disco interno albido-flavescente ; dentibus lateralibus vali-
dissimis, subaequidistantibus.

Suborbicular, solid, mequivalve, equilateral, more or less ven-
tricose, dull whitish clouded or rayed with wavy brown markings,
and rough with small crowded rasp-like tubercles which become
almost spinous beyond the distinct but obtuse umbonal ridge ; fold
conspicuous ; ligament depressed ; a lanceolate excavated lunule ;
anterior side rounded, the dorsal edge scarcely convex and little
sloping; hinder side with the extremity obtusely subangulated,
the dorsal edge nearly straight and moderately sloping; inside
yellowish white ; the lateral teeth very strong and subequidistant.

Society Islands and Philippines ; (Cuming).

82. TELLIna LINGUA-FELIS (pl. lxiv. f. 236.) Lan. Sys. 1116 ;
Lin. Mus. Ulr. p. 476; Knorr, vol.2. t.2. f.1; Wood, Gen. Conch.
t. 40. £.2,3; Lam. no. 37; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 69..t. 3. £. 2.

T. test&é obovata, subventricosd, solidi, subeequilaterali, albida,

267

roseo radiati, impolité, squamis tubercularibus confertis undique
asperrima ; margine ventrali posticé arcuato, anticé surstwum acclivi;
dorsali antic convexiusculo et paululum declivi, posticé elevatiore
convexo et valde declivi; latere postico breviore, subrostrato ; ex-
tremitate antici rotundati; natibus acutis, roseis aut roseo-pur-
pureis, incumbentibus ; lunulé excavata, lanceolata’; cost& umbo-
nali et flexurd conspicuis ; ligamento infosso ; dentibus lateralibus
validis, subeequidistantibus.

Obovate, rather ventricose, crowded with rasp-lke scales, solid,
white with crimson rays and the beaks of the same colour; ante-
rior side rather the longer, its extremity rounded, its dorsal edge
shghtly convex and little “sloping ; ; hinder side slightly beaked, the
ligamental edge the more elevated convex and deeply sloping ;
ventral edge much arcuated in front, ascending posteriorly ; flex-
uosity and umbonal ridge conspicuous ; bei aks acute, inchned for-
wards; lunule deeply impressed, lanceolate; lateral teeth strong,
subequidistant.

Isle of Negros, Philippines ; (Cuming).

2. Tertina rucosa (pl. lxiv. f. 233, 238.) Born, p. 2¢
t. 2. £. 3,4; Wood, Gen. Conch. t.41. f.2,3; Lam. no.38; Hanl.
Des. Cat. p. 69. t.3. f. 8.

T. testa obovata, meequivalvi, subsequilaterali, solid, subventri-
cos’, intus extusque alba (rarius roseo-purpurascente aut aurantia) ;
subconcentricé rugosi, rugis erectis flexuosis interruptis, stris
radiantibus minutissimis decussantibus ; margine ventrali anticé
arcuato ; dorsali anticé paululum declivi, posticd subrecto et valdé
declivi; latere postico obtuse subcuneiformi; lunuld elongata,
excavaté; flexurd costaque umbonali conspicuis; dentibus latera-
hibus magnis, subeequidistantibus.

Obovate, subequilateral, inequivalve, solid, rather ventricose,
white both within and without (rarely orange or purplish crimson),
with raised interrupted irregularly but concentrically disposed wavy
wrinkles which become still rougher from the minute radiating
striae; anterior side rounded, its dorsal edge scarcely sloping ;
posterior side obtusely subcuneiform ; ligamental edge strongly
sloping and nearly straight ; ; ventral edge much areuated in front ;
lunule very elongated, excavated ; fold and flexure e conspicuous ;
lateral teeth large, subequidistant.

Isle of Opara (Cuming), New California.

83. Tentina suprruNcaTA (pl. lv. f. 48.) Hanley, Zool.
Proc. 1844.

268

T. testi obovata, solidiusculd, convex4, impolitd, valdé insequi-
laterali, mtus _extusque striis lamellosis confertissimis fimbriatis
ornaté; margine ventrali anticé arcuato, postice subrecto et sur-
sum acelinato ; dorsali _utrinque magis minusve convexo, anticée
declivi, posticé maxime declivi; extremitate antic rotundata ;
latere postico brevissimo, subtruncato, angulato ; hgamento infosso ;
natibus prominentibus ; costa umbonali subinconspicud, terminali ;
dentibus lateralibus subeequidistantibus.

Obovate, moderately thick, convex, very ineequilateral, dull
whitish, with very crowded fringed lamellar striz ; ventral mar-
gin arcuated in front, straightish and ascending behind ; dorsal
edges moderately convex ; anterior side the longer, rounded, its
dorsal edge sloping; posterior side subtruncated, its extremity
angulated ; beaks prominent; fold terminal and not prominent ;
ligament sonker n; mside white, sometimes with two orange rays ;
lateral teeth subequidistant.

Isle of Bohol, Philippines.

84. Tertra pristis (pl. lx. f. 160.) Lam. no. 41; Han..
Des. Cat. p. 69. sup. t. 9. f. 4. (young) ; Ene. Meth. t. 287. f. 1.

T. testi rotundato-ovati, crassi, subineequilaterali, convexd aut
subventricosa, extus intusque alba, impoliti; concentric striata,
striis elevatis, confertis ; interstitiis, strrulis minimis radiantibus,
decussatis ; margine ventrali magis minusve convexo; dorsali
anticé brevi, subretuso et paulo declivi, posticé subrecto et valdé
declivi; latere antico paululum longiore, ad extremitatem rotun-
dato-obtuso ; latere postico angulato; natibus acutis ; lunula liga-
mentoque infosso magnis ; flexurd costAque umbonali satis conspi-
cuis; dentibus lateralibus subremotis, subaequidistantibus.

Rounded-ovate, thick, rather inequilateral, convex or subven-
tricose, white both within and without, not glossy, with concentric
elevated crowded strize decussated by minute interstitial radiating
striule ; ventral edge more or less convex; dorsal short subretuse
and but little sloping in front, nearly straight and considerably
sloping behind; anterior side very shghtly the longer, obtusely
rounded at its termination ; posterior side angulated ; beaks acute ;
ligament sunken, and as well as the lunule, large ; fold and flexure
tolerably strong; lateral teeth rather and nearly equally distant.

Australia, &e.

85. Terra Capsorpes (pl. Ixu. f. 185.) Lam. no. 44;
Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 70.

T. test obovato-subtrigona, solidaé, subsequilaterali, convexius-

269

culd, vix mitida, intus extusque alb& aut albidi; concentricé stri-
até, striis posticé elevatioribus, anticé a lineis radiantibus dis-
tinctis decussatis ; margine ventrali subarcuato; dorsali utrinque
valdé declivi, anticé convexo, posticé recto aut subrecto; extremi-
tate antici rotundati; latere postico angulato ; flexurd costique
umbonali satis distinctis; lgamento magno, infosso; dentibus
lateralibus distinctis, remotis, validis, subeequidistantibus.

Obovate-subtriangular, solid, subequilateral, moderately convex,
scarcely glossy, white or whitish, anteriorly decussated by closely
radiating and concentric striae, posteriorly with the concentric
strie more distant and more elevated; ventral edge subarcuated ;
dorsal slopes strong, the posterior nearly straight and roughened
by the edges of the concentric sulci; posterior tip angulated ;
beaks acute; anterior extremity rounded; ligament sunken, and
large; fold and flexure moderate; inside white; lateral teeth
strong, subequidistant.

Jimaimalan, Isle of Negros, &c.; (Cuming).

86. Tretia PERPLEXA (pl. lx. f. 139.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844; T. concinna, (?) Ab. und Bes. Conch. part 5. t. 5. f. 1.

T. testa 7. ostracee affinis, ovata autem, striisque ejus concen-
tricis confertioribus, et superné haud lamellosis; margine dorsali
antico paululum declivi.

Very like 7. ostracea but subovate and not triangular; the con-
centric striz more crowded and not lamellar, except near the
less arcuated ventral margin; the anterior dorsal edge but little
sloping.

Bay of Manila and Isle of Annaa; (Cuming).

87. Tertina ostracea (pl. lvu. f. 45.) Zam. no. 54; Hanl.
Des. Cat. p. 71. sup. t. 14. f. 11; Enc. Méth. t. 290. £138.

T. test&é obovato-subtrigond, solidiuscula, satis convex, extus
mtusque albida, lineis elevatis subremotis concentricé ornatd; in-
terstitiis levibus ; margine ventrali subarcuato; dorsali utrinque
declivi, anticé convexo, postice recto aut subretuso; extremitate
antica rotundata ; latere postico paulo breviore cuneiformi ; natibus
acutis, prominentibus ; ligamento infosso; cost&é wmbonali promi-
nente ; dentibus lateralibus, distinctis, postico subremoto.

Obovate-subtriangular, tolerably strong and convex, uniform
white, with regular raised rather distant concentric strie, the inter-
stices smooth ; ventral edge arcuated, sloping upward posteriorly ;
anterior side rather the longer, its dorsal edge convex and sloping,
its extremity rounded; posterior side subrostrated and wedge-

s

270

shaped, its dorsal edge straight (or subretuse) and much sloping ;
beaks prominent, acute ; hgament sunken; umbonal ridge ery
distinct ; mside white ; eal teeth distinct, the hinder slightly
the more distant.

Ceylon.

88. Triima pLicata (pl. xu. f. 191.) Valenciennes, Enc.
Méth. t. 287. f. 3.

T. test obovali, tenuiusculé, subventricosd, tortuosd, equilate-
rali, impolita, intus extusque candida, strus elevatis lamellosis con-
centricé ornati; margine ventrali arcuato, posticé sursum accli-
nato; dorsali utrmque paululum declivi, anticé convexo (sed
juxta lunulam brevem distinctam incurvato), posticé convexiusculo
et elevatiore; extremitate antici rotundati, obtuse biangulata ;
cost umbonali subcarinat’ flexuraque ventral conspicuis ;_liga-
mento longo, infosso; dentibus lateralibus parvis, antico subap-
proximato.

Oboval, rather thi, somewhat ventricose, tortuous, nearly equi-
lateral, dull w hite, w ith regular raised and moderately distant con-
centric sublamellar striae; the ventral margin arcuated, and rising
behind; anterior side very slightly the longer, its extremity
rounded, its dorsal edge near the short but distinct lunule in-
curved and. scarcely sloping ; extremity of the posterior side ob-
tusely biangulated, its dorsal slope the more elevated shghtly
convex and moderately sloping; ligament elongated and sunken ;
umbonal ridge subcarinated, and as well as the ventral fold, very
distinct; mside white; lateral teeth small, the anterior the more
approximate.

Hab.? Mus. Cuming, Metcalfe.

89. Tatnma orystaLLina (pl. lv. f. 43.) Chem. vol. 11.
p- 210. £.1947, 1948; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 66. t.3. £10; Wood,
Gen. Conch. p. 149.

T. testa obovati, ten, meequivalvi, ineequilaterali, convexius-
cula, nitidd, submargaritaced, candida, subpellucida, lamellis sub-
remotis concentricis undique ornata ; interstitis levibus; margine
ventrali valdé arcuato, posticé brevi et incurvato; latere antico
longiore, rotundato; postico brevi, rostrato; natibus acutis; liga-
mento minimo, infosso; cost’ umbonali distineté ; dentibus latera-
libus distinctis, subsequidistantibus.

Obovate, thin, inequivalve, inequilateral, moderately convex,
glossy, pure white, subnacreous, with distant regular raised con-
centric strie, the interstices quite smooth; ventral edge greatly

27]

arcuated ; anterior side much the longer, rather dilated, rounded,
its dorsal edge convex and not greatly sloping ; posterior side termi-
nating in a short beak, which is placed very high up owing to the
shortness and small slope of the incurved dorsal edge; fold pro-
minent; ligament minute and sunken; beaks acute; mside white ;
lateral teeth distinct, subequidistant.

St. Elena, West Columbia.

90. Tertina Burnett (pl. lvin. f. 99.) Broderip and Sowerby,
Zool. Jour. vol. 4. p. 362. t. 9. £2; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 72. t. 13.
fod.

T. testa trigond, suborbiculari, subtenw, subeequilaterali, inee-
quivalvi, compressa, candidi, submargaritacea ; valvuli planulata
lineis elevatis concentricé striata; valvul& convexiore sulcis dila-
tatis concentricis obsoletissimé anticé et superné ornaté; margine
ventrali arcuato; dorsali utrimque valde declivi et dentato, anticé
valdé incurvato, posticé subrecto; natibus acutissimis, anticé m-
cumbentibus; ligamento minimo lunulaque maxima ifossis ;
flexura distinct’; dentibus lateralibus distinctis, subsequidistan-
tibus.

Triangular, rather thin, nequivalve, subequilateral, compressed,
subnacreous, white ; the convex valve with obsolete distant dilated
concentric grooves, which are most visible in front and towards
the elevated acute and curving beaks (one of which projects over
the other) ; the flat valve with elevated fine rather wregular and
close concentric strie, which become obsolete posteriorly ; ventral
edge arcuated; dorsal edges strongly sloping on either side, and
armed with large tooth-like projections, the front one greatly in-
curved, the hinder nearly straight ; ligament minute ; dorsal slopes
excavated ; fold and flexure distinct ; lateral teeth distinct, rather
remote, and subequidistant.

Salango, W. Columbia.

91. Trrtra tyra (pl. lxn. f. 187.) Hanley, Zool. Proc. 1844,

T. testa ellipticé, tentu, compress, mitidiusculd, intus extusque
alba, striis concentricis elevatis ornatai; striis anticé et inferné
confertioribus, interstitis levigatis; margine ventrali medio con-
vexiusculo, utrinque arcuato; dorsali posticé elevatiore convexo
satisque declivi, anticé prope lunulam excavatam, aut horizontali
aut leviter acclivi; latere antico paululum longiore, rotundato ;
extremitate postici obtusi; ligamento infosso; natibus acutis,
prominentibus, incumbeutibus ; flexurd obsoleta; dentibus latera-

libus distinctis, antico approximato, postico parvo, remotiore.
9«
28

272

Elliptic, thin, depressed, scarcely glossy, white both within and
without (sometimes subnacreous), with regular elevated concentric
striz, which are distant towards the very prominent and acute
beaks, but become closer towards the ventral edge (which is
rounded at both extremities, but is little convex in the middle) ;
the interstices of the striae quite smooth ; anterior side very slightly
the longer, the extremity rounded ; situation of the umbonal nidge
indicated by a linear carina slot adjacent to the convex and
moderately sloping dorsal edge and enacied from it by a narrow
concavity; the beaks curved forwards; the anterior dorsal edge
the less elevated, and at first running almost horizontally or even
slightly ascending; lunule and nymphal area- excavated; front
lateral tooth distinct and subapproximate, the hinder one small
and distant.

Probably inequivalve, but as yet I have only seen one of the
valves.

Tumbez, Peru.

92. TreLtina Gouin (pl. lvi. f. 26.) Hanley.

T. testa parva, oblique subovata, solid’, convexiuscula, nitidis-
simi, extus intusque nived, levigati, valdé inequilaterali; mar-
gine ventrali anticé fortiter arcuato, posticé sursum acclinato ;
dorsali antico subdeclivi, prope nates acutas retuso, demde arcu-
ato; dorsali postico subrecto, subitoque declivi; latere postico
brevissimo, obtuse angulato; extremitate antic rotundaté ; lunula
parva; flexurd costaque umbonali subobsoletis ; ligamento mmimo
infosso; dente laterali antico parvo et haud approximato, postico
rudimentahi.

Obliquely subovate, solid, small, moderately convex, very glossy,
quite smooth and both within and without of a pure white; ven-
tral margin much arcuated m front, ascending posteriorly ; front
dorsal edge moderately sloping, retuse near the acute beaks and
then arcuated or convex; hinder dorsal edge nearly straight and
suddenly sloping; sides very unequal, the hinder peculiarly short
and obtusely angulated; front extremity rounded ; fold and flexure
almost obsolete; ligament minute and sunken; a small lunule;
front lateral tooth small and not approximate, hinder almost
rudimentary.

West Indies; (Guilding).

Named in honour of the talented author of the ‘ Report on the
Invertebrata of Massachusets’.

93. Tenia ruBicunDA (pl. lxvi. f. 255.) Gould, Proc. Bos-
fon Nat. Hist. Soc. 1845.

273

T. testé oblongo-ovali, inequivalyi, compressi, tenwi, subnitida,
mneequilaterali, pallide aurantio- rosea, radiis subroseis ornaté; sub-
levigata, concentricé exiliter striolata, valvulé autem alterd sulcis
remotis concentricis posticé exaraté ; margine ventrali medio sub-
recto ; dorsali anticé convexiusculo paululumque declivi, posticé
subrecto et subdeclivi; latere postico brevi, angulato ; extremitate
antici rotundato-obtusi; ligamento prominulo ; cost& umbonali
subinconspicud ; dentibus lateralibus distinctis, subequidistan-
tibus.

Oblong-oval, inequivalve, compressed, thin, not very glossy, in-
equilateral, of a very delicate salmon-colour, with light pink rays ;
smoothish, being merely striolated concentrically, with a posterior
space grooved concentrically and distantly im one of the valves
only ; ventral edge straightish in the middle; dorsal slightly con-
vex and very little sloping in front, moderately sloping and nearly
straight behind; posterior side short and angulated; anterior
extremity obtusely rounded ; ligament moderately projecting ; fold
by no means conspicuous ; lateral teeth distinct, and tolerably
equidistant.

** With a single anterior lateral tooth.

Africa, (Dr. Bates).
94. Tertma Mars (pl. Ixu. f. 180.) Hanley.

T. test oblonga, solidi, subsequilaterali, compresstuscula, extus
intusque rosea, concentricé et confertissimé striata, lineisque obso-
letis radiatim impress’; margine veutrali in medio subrecto, utrin-
que convexo, posticé incurvato ; dorsali anticé convexiusculo et vix
paululum declivi, posticé prope nates obtusas excavato deinde con-
vexo et subdechivi; extremitate antici rotundaté; latere postico
obtusé acuminato, subrostrato ; flexura cost&que umbonali valde
conspicuis ; ligamento infosso; dente laterali quamplurimum ap-
proximato.

Oblong, solid, nearly equilateral, rather compressed, rose-coloured
within and without, decussated by very crowded concentric strize
and obsolete radiating lines; ventral edge nearly straight in the
middle, convex at the sides, incurved posteriorly ; dorsal edge but
shghtly convex and scarcely at all sloping in front, posteriorly ex-
cavated near the obtuse beaks and then convex and moderately
sloping; front extremity rounded; posterior side subrostrated and
obtusely acuminated ; fold and flexure very conspicuous ; ligament
sunken; lateral tooth as approximate as possible.

The only specimen I have ever seen, (now in the possession of
Mr. Cuming,) is stated to have come from Guinea.

274

95. Teitina FoLiAcea (pl. Ixiv. f. 253.) Lin. Sys. 1117; Lin.
Mus. Ulr. p. 479; Chem. vol. 6. £95; Wood, Gen. Conch. t. 36.
f.1; Lam. no. 12; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 62. t.3. f. 20; Knorr. vol.v.
t, 20552,

T. testé oblonga, tenui, planulata, nitidissima, subzequilaterali,
aurantia, subleevigat4, concentricé et obsoleté substriata, et supra
carinam umbonalem altera in valvulé punctis squamosis radiata ;
margine ventrali subrecto; latere antico subattenuato, rotundato ;
postico biangulato; margine hgamentali convexo, paululum de-
clivi, et spinis lanceolatis armato; umbonibus valde compressis ;
natibus inconspicuis ; hgamento infosso; dente laterali approximato,

arvo.

Oblong, thin, and flattened, very glossy, subequilateral, bright
orange-yellow, nearly smooth but substriated in front with very fine
concentric lines, and roughened in one valve beyond the subcari-
nated umbonal ridge by radiating rows of scaly dots ; ventral edge
nearly straight ; anterior side rounded, and rather attenuated ; pos-
terior side obtusely biangulated; lgamental edge convex, but
little sloping, elongated, and armed with lanceolate spines; liga-
ment elongated and sunken; beaks not prominent ; wumbones much
flattened, plicated; inside somewhat tinged with purple; lateral
tooth small and approximate.

San Nicolas, Zebu (Cuming) ; Amboyna; Moluccas.

96. Tetrma maena (pl. Ixiv. f. 239, and pl. ban. f. 201.
young.) Spengler, loc. cit. (1798); T. acuta, Wood, Gen. Conch.
p. 157. t. 44. £1; Dillw. Des. Cat. p. 81; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 63.
t.3. £.25; T. elliptica, Lam. no. 16.

T. testé oblong’, solidi, meequilaterali, compress, nitidisstma,
levigati, albidd, pallidé aurantio superné radiat& (in junioribus
aurantia, radis angustis pallidioribus ornaté) ; margine ventrali
convexo, posticé sursum acclinato; dorsali anticé convexo et pau-
lulum declivi, posticé superné subretuso satisque declivi; latere
antico longiore, rotundato; postico angustato, angulato; natibus
roseis, compressis ; ligamento infosso; flexura costaque wmbonali
satis conspicuis ; dente laterali subapproximato.

Oblong, solid, inequilateral, compressed, smooth and polished,
white with pale orange rays near the umbones; the beaks com-
pressed and rosy (in the young the surface is deep orange with narrow
paler rays) ; ventral edge convex and rising posteriorly ; anterior
side the longer, rounded at the extremity, its dorsal edge more or
less convex and but little sloping ; posterior side narrow and angu-

279

lated, its dorsal edge (in the adult) retuse above and moderately
sloping; ligament sunken; fold and flexure distinct; interior
whitish tinged with orange; lateral tooth tolerably close.

West Indies; (Wood).

97. Tettina Sox (pl. lxiv. f. 240.) Hanley, Zool. Proc. 1844.

T. test oblongo-ellipticd, solidiusculé, compressa, nitida, rubro-
aurantia, alter’ valvuld concentricé substriata, alterd subleevi-
gat; margine ventrali convexo, posticé sursum acclinato; dorsali
utrinque subdeclivi, convexiusculo; latere antico longiore, ad ex-
tremitatem rotundato ; extremitate posticd in juntoribus subacumi-
nata, in adultis obtuse angulata; nuatibus planulatis; ligamento
infosso ; dente lateral distincto.

Oblong-elliptic, tolerably strong, compressed, glossy, orange red
(rayed mm some specimens with paler streaks); one valve with
concentric striule, the other nearly smooth; ventral edge simply
convex, ascending posteriorly ; dorsal edges moderately sloping,
and slightly convex ; anterior side the longer, its extremity rounded ;
hinder extremity somewhat acuminated m the young, obtusely an-
gulated in the adult ; beaks flattened and devoid of colour; liga-
ment sunken ; lateral tooth distinct.

Hab. ?

The adult is in the cabinet of Mr. Cuming, the young in that
of Mr. Metcalfe.

98. Trtttna stricosa (pl. lx. f. 211.) Gmelin, 3239;
Dillw. Des. Cat. 82; Lam. no. 19; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 63. t. 4.
f.61; Le Vagal, Adanson, Seneg. t. 17. f. 19.

T. testa ovato-oblonga, solid4, meequivalvi, convexiuscula, nitida,
candidi, subpellucida, subleevigatéi; margime ventrali subrecto,
medio paululum subretuso, posticé sursum acclinato; dorsali an-
ticé arcuato declivi et elevatiore, posticé prope nates subretuso et
vix declivi, deinde convexiusculo et obliquo ; latere postico longiore,
ad extremitatem attenuatam subrostrato; extremitate anticd ro-
tundaté; flexurd costaque umbonali satis conspicuis ; ligamento
infosso; superficie interna candidd, plerumque roseo subradiatim
tincta ; dente laterali approximato, plerumque obsoleto.

Ovate-oblong, solid, mequivalve, moderately convex, of a glossy
subpellucid white, with the marks of growth tinged with zones of
violet grey, nearly smooth, but the convex valve posteriorly grooved
near the beaks with most delicate but distinct crowded striz ; ven-
tral margin somewhat retuse in the middle, rismg behind; ante-
rior side rather the shorter, its extremity rounded, its dorsal edge

276

arcuated ; hinder extremity attenuated and subrostrated; fold and
flexure distinct ; the hgamental edge at first imcurved, and then ob-
lique and shghtly convex ; within often stained with rose colour ;
ligament sunken ; the approximate lateral tooth almost or entirely
obsolete.

Senegal.

99. Trntina pLanata (pl. lx. f. 174.) Lin. Sys. 1117; Born,

t.2. £9; Lam. no. 20; Philip. En. Mol. Sic. vol. 1. p.26; Hanl.
Des. Cat. p. 63. t. 3. f. 24; Poli. vol. 1. t. 14. £1 to 5.
Var. (?) T. flavescens operculata, Chem. vol. 6. f. 98.

T. test& ovali, solidiusculd, ineequivalvi, eequilaterali, convexius-
cula, nitid’ extus intusque albido-carned, sublevigata ; margine
ventrali convextusculo, medio subrecto ; dorsali antics convexius-
culo paululumque declivi, posticé subdeclivi et prope ligamentum
infossum subretuso ; latere antico rotundato ; postico subangulato ;
flexurd costéque umbonali satis conspicuis; dente laterali parvo,
approximato.

Oval, tolerably strong, inequivalve, equilateral, moderately con-
vex, nearly smooth, pale flesh colour; ventral margin moderately
convex, but nearly straight in the middle; anterior side rounded,
its dorsal edge convex and scarcely at all sloping ; posterior extre-
mity subangulated; the ligamental margin moderately sloping,
retuse near the sunken ligament ; fold and flexure tolerably dis-
tinct ; inside flesh- coloured ; lateral tooth small, approximate.

Mediterranean.

The shell represented by Chemnitz (vol. vi. f. 98) is probably a
variety. It is shightly more elongated, with the radiating aS
more distinct.

100. Tuttina impetus (pl. lx. f. 155.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. test& oblongo-ovali, solid’, ineequivalvi, ineequilaterali, con-
vexd, nitidd, extus intusque albida, valvulé convexiore stris eleva-
tis concentricis posticé notaté; valvuld altera levigati; margine
ventrali convexo, posticé sursum acclinato; dorsali anticé convexi-
usculo paululumque declivi, posticé magis minusve declivi et sub-
retuso; latere antico producto, rotundato; postico brevi, obtusé
angulato; flexura costaque umbonali obsoletis ; ligamento promi-
nente ; dente laterali parvo, approximato.

Oblong-oval, solid, inequivalve, mequilateral, convex, rather
glossy, whitish (inside white), smooth, excepting upon the poste-
rior side of the more convex valve, which is finely striated by raised

®

277

concentric lines ; ventral margin convex and rising behind ; anterior
side produced, its dorsal edge tolerably convex and but little slop-
ing; posterior side short and obtusely once ligamental edge
straightish or subretuse, more or less sloping ; igament prominent ;
fold and flexure obsolete ; lateral tooth small, approximate.

Hab. ?

The unique specimen which I purchased without a locality, is
now in the possession of H. Cuming, Esq.

101. Terria mera (pl. Ixvi. f. 268.) Say, Amer. Conch.
pl. 64. f. 2.

T. testé ovato-suborbiculari, ineequilaterali, convex’ aut convex-
iuscula, vix nitidd, haud solida, extus ntusque alba, lineis exilibus
elevatis concentricé asperaté; margine ventrali convexo et posticé
sursum subacclinato; dorsali utrinque declivi, anticé convexo,
posticé subrecto; latere postico breviore, et inferne obtusissimé

angulato ; extremitate antici rotundata; natibus acutis ; ligamento
subinfosso ; flexurd costique umbonali aud conspicuis ; dente la-
terali haud magno, haud approximato.

Rounded ovate, moderately inequilateral, more or less convex,
not solid nor highly polished, white both within and without,
most delicately striated by raised concentric lines, (which however
are scarcely visible in the young); ventral margin convex, and
somewhat rising posteriorly ; dorsal edges sloping, the front one
more or less straight, the hinder decidedly convex ; posterior side
the shorter, very obtusely angulated below ; anterior side rounded ;
beaks acute ; ligament rather sunken ; fold and flexure just evident ;
lateral tooth neither large nor approximate.

Guayaquil ; south coast of U. States.

102. Tetiiva cyciapirormis (pl. lvu. f. 61.) Hanley, Zool.
Proc. 1844.

T. testa rotundato- subtrigona, tenul, ventricosa, intus extusque
incarnata aut pallidé rosea, subleevigaté, aut concentricé tenuissimé
striolaté ; margine ventrali convexo ; dorsali utrinque declivi, con-
vexiusculo; latere antico rotundato, paulo breviore ; extremitate
postica, obtus’ subangulata ; ligamento prominulo ; flexura costaque
umbonali obsoletis ; “dente laterali parvo, approximato.

Small, subtriangularly orbicular, thin, ventricose, nearly smooth,
(or marked with most minute concentric striz), both within and
without of a pale rose or flesh-colour; ventral edge convex, both
dorsal edges sloping and moderately curved; anterior side rather
the shorter, rounded; hinder extremity obtusely subangulated ;

c

278

ligament tolerably large, and somewhat prominent; fold and flex-
ure obsolete; lateral tooth small, approximate.

San Nicolas, Zebu.

103. Tetioma Lisrert (pl. lxv. f. 251.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844; Lister, Hist. Cone. t. 288. f. 285; T. scutra Gould, Proc.
Boston Nat. H. Soc.

T. testa obovata, solida, ventricos’, (anticé subventricosa), aequi-
laterali, glabra, extus intusque candidi; margine ventrali medio
subrecto ; dorsali anticé arcuato paululumque declivi, posticé recto
et declivi; latere antico dilatato, obtusé rotundato ; posticé obtu-
sissimé biangulato; ligamento magno, infosso; natibus obtusis ;
umbonibus plerumque subplanulatis; flexura costaque umbonali
satis distinctis; dente laterali parvo subapproximato.

Obovate, solid, more or less ventricose, equilateral, white both
externally and internally, almost smooth, (beg merely marked
with the concentric wrinkles of growth), rather glossy ; the ventral
edge nearly straight im the middle; the anterior side dilated, its ex-
tremity obtusely rounded, its dorsal edge scarcely sloping and much
arcuated ; hinder extremity most obtusely biangulated, the dorsal
edge straight and much sloping ; umbonal ridge and ventral flexure
not very conspicuous ; lgament large and sunken; umbones rather
flattened; beaks obtuse; lateral tooth small, and nearly approxi-
mate.

Senegal.

104. Tatriva rwaquatis (pl.lvu. £44.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. test& subovata, valdé meequilaterali, solidd, convexa, candida,
tenuiter striaté; striis superné obliquis, inferné concentricis, flex-
uosis ; supra costam umbonalem inconspicuam, rugis erectis flex-
uosis asperati; margine ventrali convexissimo; dorsali anticé
subincurvato et valdé declivi, posticé brevi recto subdeclivi; latere
antico producto, ad extremitatem attenuato, rotundato ; extremitate
posticd obtusd ; natibus acutis ; lunula distincta ; superficie interna
candida, aut flavescente ; dente laterali magno, subremoto.

Subovate, very inequilateral, solid, convex, white with fine strie,
which are oblique near the acute beaks, but become concentric
and flexuous towards the very convex ventral margin; the surface
beyond the umbonal ridge (which is not prominent), covered with
elevated flexuous oblique wrinkles, which project so as to form
three radiating lines; anterior side produced, attenuated but
rounded at the extremity, its dorsal line rather concave and greatly

279

sloping ; hinder side very short, its extremity obtuse but slightly
angulated above, its dorsal edge moderately sloping; beaks acute ;
a distinct lunule; inside yellowish; lateral tooth moderately dis-
tant.

Ceylon.

105. Tetnina puma (pl. lv. f. 41.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844,

T. testa 7. Philippinarum simillima, sed angustiore ; margine
ventrali medio subrecto; dorsali utrinque recto aut subconcavo,
anticé paululum declivi; margine antico recto, verticali; latere
postico cuneiformi.

Bearing a very close resemblance to 7. Philippinarum, but deci-
dedly narrower ; both dorsal edges (except in the young) straight
or even concave, and the front one which is longer and less slopmg
than in the next species, forming an angle with the straight and
direct anterior margin; the hinder extremity wedge-shaped, the
ventral margin (which is nearly straight in the middle) not being
elevated posteriorly.

Valparaiso.

106, Teriina Puinipprnarum (pl. lvu. f. 55, 56.) Hanley,
Zool. Proc. 1844.

T. test ovata aut subovata, tenui, subeequilaterali, intus extusque
candida, (seepe umbones versus imcarnaté aut pallidé aurantid),
submargaritaced, concentricé et tenuissimé striaté; margine ven-
trali arcuato, posticé sursum acclivi; dorsali anticé brevi recto
subdeclivi, posticé declivi et convexiusculo; extremitate anticd
obtusi; latere postico subcuneiformi, aut obsoleté subangulato ;
ligamento prominulo; concavitate dorsali antici Iunulam simu-
lante; dente laterali subapproximato, (im junioribus subobsoleto).

Ovate or subovate, thin, subequilateral, rather depressed, whitish
(with a pearly ‘gloss), often tinged near the beaks with flesh-
colour or pale orange, most delicately striated concentrically ; ven-
tral edge arcuated, inclining upward towards the posterior side,
which varies from subcuneiform to obsoletely subangulated ; ante-
rior side very slightly the longer, its dorsal edge slightly sloping
and not convex, its extremity obtuse; an obsolete lunule; a dis-
tinct subapproximate lateral tooth which is nearly obsolete in the
young.

Philippines.

107. Terrina cuuter (pl. lyn. f. 51.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.

1844.
t 3

280

T. test& parva, ovata, inequilaterali, tenuiuscula, convexd, niti-
da, intus extusque aurantio-rosed, levigati; margine ventrali
anticé arcuato, posticé sursum acclivi; dorsali anticé magis mi-
nusve convexo satisque declivi; latere antico producto, ad extre-
mitatem obtusé rotundato; postico acuminato; natibus acutis ;
ligamento vix prominulo; costa umbonali feré et flexurd ventrali
omnino obsoletis; dente laterali parvo, approximato.

Small, ovate, mequilateral, thinnish, tolerably convex, both ex-
ternally and internally of a rosy-orange, nearly smooth, in young
specimens there are indications of concentric strize near the arcu-
ated front of the ventral edge, which latter ascending posteriorly
in nearly a straight line, acuminates the short anterior side at its
junction with the straight and much sloping hgamental margin ;
front dorsal edge always convex and not greatly sloping, extremity
obtusely rounded; ligament scarcely prominent; ventral flexure
entirely obsolete, ‘umbonal ridge nearly so; beaks acute; lateral
tooth small, approximate.

Mindanao, Philippines.

108. Turtma Corsurores (pl. lv. f. 50, 57.) Hanley,
Zool. Proc. 1844.

T. testd subovali, ineequivalvi, solidé, subventricos, sublevi-
gat&, roseo-incarnata, epidermide tenuissima et opali_ coloribus
nitente induti; margine ventrali sinistre valvule ultra marginem
convexiusculum alterius prominente ; margine dorsali anticé con-
vexiusculo et declivi, posticé subrecto et valdé declivi; latere an-
tico breviore, obtusé acuminato; extremitate posticd rotundata ;
ligamento prominulo; ared dorsali postic&é in adultis planulata ;
natibus obtusis; flexura ventrali distincté; superficie interna ple-
rumque aurantio-rubra ; dente laterali parvo, approximato.

Var. 6. Oblongé; margine ventrali subrecto; flexura obsoleta.
Var. c. Extus intusque candida.

Suboval, inequivalve, solid, nearly smooth, more or less ventri-
cose, covered when fresh with a very thin opalescent epidermis,
under which the shell is dull, and of a rosy flesh colour ; ventral
edge moderately convex and in the left valve projecting beyond
that of the right; anterior side shorter, and obtusely acuminated,
its dorsal edge nearly or quite straight and much sloping ; hinder
side rounded, its dorsal edge convex and moderately sloping ;
hinder dorsal area flattened in the adult; beaks obtuse; ventral
flexure distinct ; inside usually orange-red ; a single small approx-
imate lateral tooth.

281

Var. 4. Oblong, the ventral edge nearly straight; flexure obso-
lete. Var. c. Entirely white.
Catbalonga, Philippimes, and Bay of Manila (var. .).

109. Terma ruopora (pl.lix. f.105.) Hinds, Zool. Sulphur,
vol. 2. t. 21. £. 3. p. 67.

T. testi oblongo-triangulari, solidi, convexi aut subventricosa,
subeequilaterali, mnitidissima, levi, extus intusque albido-rosea,
marginibus roseis ; margine ventrali convexiusculo, et anticé con-
vexo; dorsali utrmque subrecto, anticé subdeclivi; latere postico
breviore, cuneiformi ; extremitate anticd obtusé rotundata ; flexura
subobsoleta ; ligamento depresso; dentibus primariis parvis ; late-
rali antico maximo et subapproximato, postico rudimentali et sub-
remoto.

Oblong-triangular, solid, rather ventricose, nearly equilateral,
perfectly smooth and glossy, within and without of a pale pink,
becoming rose-coloured near the margins; ventral edge convex in
front, dorsal edges nearly straight, the anterior one scarcely sloping ;
hinder side the shorter, wedge-shaped ; front extremity obtusely
rounded ; ligament depressed; primary teeth small, front lateral
close and very large, a rudimentary remote hinder one.

Straits of Macassar.

110. Tetrina retix (pl. lvin. f. 52.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. test& subovali, solidiusculd, valdé ineequilaterali, convexius-
culd, mitidd, intus extusque rosea, levigat&é; margine ventrali vix
convexiusculo; dorsali anticé vix declivi convexo, posticé valdé
declivi; latere postico brevissimo, obtusé subtruncato, inferné
obtusé angulato; extremitate antici rotundataé; cost& umbonali et
flexura ventrali subobsoletis ; ligamento brevi, prominulo; dente
laterali magno, approximato.

Suboval, tolerably strong, very inequilateral, slightly convex,
both within and without of a glossy rose-colour, quite smooth ;
the ventral edge nearly straight; the anterior side produced and
rounded, its dorsal edge convex and little sloping; hinder side
extremely short, and obtusely but rather obliquely subtruncated ;
umbonal ridge and fold, nearly obsolete; ligament rather promi-
nent; a single large approximate lateral tooth.

Panama.

111. Tevia niaris (pl. lv. f.54.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

282

T. testé oblongo-cuneiformi, tenui, compressiuscula, ineequilate-
rali, nitida, levi, intus extusque rosed, albo biradiatd ; radiis latis
submediis ; margine ventrali convexiusculo (flexura obsoleta) ; dor-
sali anticé vix convexiusculo et subdeclivi, posticé subrecto et valdé
declivi ; extremitate lateris antici longioris rotundati; extremitate
postica brevi, cuneiformi ; dente laterali parvo, subapproximato.

Oblong-wedge-shaped, thin, rather compressed, inequilateral,
glossy, smooth, rosy both within and without, with an anterior and
posterior subcentral broad white ray; ventral margin slightly con-
vex and devoid of flexure; anterior side the longer, its extremity
rounded, its dorsal edge scarcely convex and little sloping ; hinder
extremity short and wedge-shaped, the ligamental edge nearly
straight ; the lateral tooth small and nearly approximate.

Red Sea (M. Clery.)

112. Tertima Hiserna (pl. lv. f. 53.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844,

T. testé oblonga, solidA, compressiusculd, valdé meequilaterali,
subnitida, extus mtusque candida, levigaté ; margine ventrali sub-
recto; dorsali anticé convexiusculo et paululum declivi, posticé pri-
mum convexo deinde subincurvato ; latere antico producto rotun-
dato ; postico brevi, cuneiformi ; flexurd subobsoleta ; ligamento pro-
minulo ; dente laterali, magno, approximato.

Oblong, solid, rather compressed, very inequilateral, rather
glossy, white both within and without, smooth; ventral edge
straightish ; front dorsal margin slightly convex and scarcely slop-
ing, hinder one first convex and then somewhat incurved ; anterior
side produced and rounded; posterior short and wedge-shaped ;
flexure nearly obsolete; ligament rather prominent; lateral tooth
large, approximate.

Panama; Bay of Guayaquil.

113. Terria porta (pl. lvu. f. 60.) Say. Jour. Ac. N.S.
Philad. 2. p. 276.; Say. Amer. Conch. t. 65. £.2.; Hanl. Des. Cat
p. 65. Sup. t. 9. £. 39.

T. testa 7. Tenere affini, minus autem inequilaterali; extremi-
tate posticd acuta, cuneiformi; margine hgamentali, recto.

Allied to T. Tenera, but less inequilateral, the ligamental edge
straight, and the hinder extremity acute and wedge-shaped.

Massachusets to Georgia, North America.

114. Teta TeNnERA (pl. lv. f. 59.) Say. Jour. Ac. N. Se.
Philad. 2. p. 303.; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 65. sup. t. 9. f. 38.; Gould
Invert. Massa. f. 44. p. 68.

283

T. test&é oblongo-ovali, tenui, ineequilaterali, compressiuscula,
nitida, intus extusque candida, submargaritaced, sublevigaté; mar-
gine ventrali convexiusculo; dorsali anticé subrecto paululumque
declivi, posticé declivi et vix convexiusculo ; latere antico producto,
rotundato; extremitate posticd obtusé cuneiformi; flexurd obso-
leta ; ligamento prominulo; dente laterali distincto, approximato.

Oblong-oval, thin, inequilateral, rather compressed, and both
within and without of a nacreous white, nearly smooth or with
delicate and almost obsolete concentric strize; ventral edge mode-
rately convex ; dorsal straightish and but little sloping in front,
slightly convex and decidedly slopmg behind; anterior side pro-
duced and rounded; posterior extremity very obtusely wedge-
shaped; flexure obsolete ; ligament slightly prominent ; lateral tooth
distinct and approximate.

North America.

115. Tertma incarnata (pl. lx. f. 142. pl. Ixvi. f. 265.)
Lin. Syst. 1118; (from his collection); Poli. 1. t. 15. f.1.; T de-
pressa Lam. no. 22.; Wood Gen. Con. t. 45. f. 3; Philip. En.
Moll. Sic. 1. p. 27; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 63. t.4. f. 48; Turt. Biv.
Brit. p. 105. t. 8. f. 6; T. squalida Moné. Test. Brit. p. 56.

T. test oblongo-ovali, subtenui aut solidiuscula, subcompressa,
subeequilaterali, subnitida, albido-aurantid and roseo-aurantia, con-
centricé substriata, striis alterd in valvulé obsoletis ; margine ven-
trali convexo ; dorsali anticé convexiusculo paululumque (in juni-
oribus vix minimé) declivi, posticé subrecto aut subretuso et sub-
declivi; latere antico longiore, rotundato ; extremitate anticd an-
gulati subrostrata ; flexura satis distincté ; ligamento infosso ; colo-
ribus superficiel interne plerumque saturatioribus ; dente laterali
subapproximato.

Oblong-oval, rather thin or but moderately strong, somewhat
compressed, subequilateral, more or less glossy, of a pale orange or
deep flesh colour, with (in the young chiefly,) two whitish approxi-
mate posterior rays, concentrically substriated in one of the valves ;
ventral edge convex ; anterior side rounded and rather the longer
its dorsal edge slightly convex and but little sloping ; posterior ex-
tremity angulated and subrostrated ; the hgamental edge straight-
ish or subretuse and moderately sloping; ligament sunken ; fold
and flexure tolerably distinct ; internal colouring usually darker ;
lateral tooth subapproximate.

Britain, and Mediterranean.

116. Tettina Vautonis (pl. lvu. f. 68.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

284

T. testé subovali, tenui, compressd, subzequilaterali, nitida,
albido-roseé radio angusto pallidiore (nonnunquam duobus) pos-
ticé ornata, sublevigata, pellucida’, anticé rotundaté; margine
ventrali convexiusculo; dorsali utrinque convexiusculo, posticé
declivi, anticé subdeclivi; latere postico paululum breviore, ob-
tusé cuneiformi; flexura costaque umbonali obsoletis ; ligamento
prominulo ; dente laterali parvo, approximato.

Suboval, thin, compressed, subequilateral, pink with one or two
narrow posterior whitish rays, nearly smooth, glossy, pellucid,
rounded in front, rather shorter and obtusely wedge-shaped be-
hind; ventral and dorsal edges tolerably convex, very moderately
sloping in front, but more so behind ; fold and flexure quite obso-
lete; ligament moderately prominent; lateral tooth small, ap-
proximate.

Hab. ? Mus. Metcalfe.

117. Tetra exis (pl.lix. f.104.) Lam. no.26 ; Deshayes,
Ency. Méth. vol. ii. p. 1013; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 64. sup. t. 13.
f£.2; Deles. t. 6. f. 6.

T. testa suboveli, tenuissima, compressi, nitidd, imeequilaterali,
pellucida, rosea, radio uno vel altero posticé ornatd, minutissimé
striaté; striis anticé concentricis, medio obliquis; margine ven-
trali subrecto; dorsali anticé convexiusculo et subdeclivi, posticé
subrecto et declivi; latere postico cuneiformi et paulo breviore ;
extremitate anticd rotundati; flexurd costaque umbonali obsoletis;
ligamento prominulo; dente laterali parvo, subapproximato.

Suboval, very thin, pellucid, compressed, rose-coloured, with
two narrow white posterior rays, nearly smooth being only marked
with very delicate and almost imperceptible regular striz, which,
concentric in front, become oblique on reaching the middle of the
shell ; ventral margin nearly straight ; anterior side rather the
longer, rounded, its dorsal edge not much slopmg and slightly
convex ; posterior end wedge-shaped, the hgamental edge nearly
straight ; fold and flexure obsolete; ligament moderately promi-
nent ; lateral tooth small, approximate.

Hab. ? Mus. Walton.

118. Tria vireo (pl. lvii. f. 42.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. testA subovali, tenuissima, compressiuscula, imeequilaterali,
nitidd, pellucida, candida, striis obliquis subremotis regularibus
ornaté; margine ventrali subrecto; dorsali anticé convexo et
subdeclivi, posticé subrecto et declivi; latere antico longiore,

285

rotundato ; extremitate posticé obtusé cuneiformi; flexurd costaque
umbonali subobsoletis ; ligamento satis prominente ; dente lateral
distincto, subapproximato.

Suboval, inequilateral, rather compressed, very thin, pellucid,
white, with regular and not very close oblique strie ; ventral edge
nearly straight; dorsal margin more or less convex and not greatly
sloping in front, nearly straight and moderately slopmg behind ;
anterior side the longer, rounded; posterior extremity obtusely
wedge-shaped ; ligament moderately prominent; fold and flexure
obsolete ; lateral tooth distinct, subapproximate.

Chiriqui, West Columbia.

119. Trextia struts (pl. lv. f. 65.) Sowerby, Brit. Miscel.
pl. 75; Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. p. 167; Turt. Biv. Brit. p. 102;
Philip. Ab. und Bes. Conch. part 9. pl. 5. £7.

T. test subovali, solidiusculd, ineequilaterali, convexa, nitida,
extus intusque albida, concentricé et oblique striati; striis obli-
quis, minutis, confertissimis; ultima parte posticd alterd in val-
vulé sublavigati, in alteré autem stris subimbricatis haudque
confertis concentricé exarati; margine ventrali subrecto; dorsali
anticé convexiusculo, posticé brevi subretuso, utrinque paululum
declivi; latere antico longiore, rotundato; extremitate posticd
obtusé biangulaté; cost’ umbonali satis conspicud; ligamento
prominente ; dente laterali magno, approximato.

Suboval, moderately strong, equilateral, convex, glossy, whitish
both within and without, with a few concentric and crowded mi-
nute oblique striz, which do not extend to the obtuse hinder
extremity, but are replaced before reaching the distinct umbonal
ridge, by not very close subimbricated strize (obsolete in one of the
valves) ; ventral edge straightish; dorsal not greatly sloping on
either side, convex in front, short and retuse behind ; anterior side
the longer, rounded; lgament prominent; lateral tooth large,
approximate.

West Indies.

120. Tetrina pecora (pl. lvi. f. 27., lix. f. 127., and Ixvi.
f. 260.) Say, Jour. Acad. Philad. vol. v.

T. testa 7. stmidi stmillima, sed minore, magis convex, magis
inequilaterali, radiis angustis roseis ornat’ ; margine cardinali roseo
sub ligamento.

Very like a young Similis (of which it may possibly prove a
variety), but decidedly more convex than specimens in that stage,
and when adult much more inequilateral than full grown shells of

U

286

the preceding species; delicately coloured by narrow lighter or
darker tinged crimson rays, and the hinge margin stained with
rose-colour beneath the ligament ; ventral edge decidedly convex.

Honduras (Dyson) ; Florida,

121. Tetxina iris (pl. lxvi. f. 267.) Say, Jour. Ac. Nat. Se.
Philad. vol. 11.

T. test subovata, solidiuscula, valdé ineequilaterali, nitida, satis
convexa, extus intusque albida, anticé radio subluteo obsoleté picta,
strusque obliquis confertis utrique in valvulé insculpti; margine
ventrali antice subarcuato, postice sursum acclinato; dorsali
utrinque convexiusculo, anticé declivi, posticé valdé declivi ; eX-
tremitate antici rotundata; latere postico brevi, cuneiformi; flex-
ura costéique umbonali subinconspicuis ; dentium lateralium an-
tico subapproximato, postico subobsoleto.

Subovate, tolerably strong, very mequilateral, moderately con-
vex, glossy, white both within and without, with a yellowish ante-
rior indistinct ray at the umbones, and very distinct and numerous
oblique stria, which in both of the valves reach even to the but
little prominent umbonal ridge; ventral edge subarcuated in front,
and rising posteriorly ; dorsal edges moderately convex, sloping,
the hinder one particularly so; front extremity rounded ; posterior
side short and wedge-shaped; front lateral tooth. distinct and
rather close, hinder almost obsolete.

Carolina to Georgia, United States.

Very closely resembling 7. similis from which it may be distin-
guished by the much greater slope of its dorsal edges, its pointed
posterior termination, the greater extension of its oblique striae,
and the presence of a second (though indistinct) lateral tooth.
Mr. Say adds, “it has generally a rosaceous disk and one or two
posterior (¢. e. anterior) rays.”

122. Trentrva irtpescens (pl. lvin. f. 88.) ; Sanguinolaria,
Benson, Annals Nat. Hist. 1842. vol. ix.

T. testé oblonga, solidiuscula, nitidd, subsequilaterali, convexius-
cula, levigati, albido-aurantia (intus aurantid), epidermide tenuis-
sima, subirridescente indutéi; margine ventrali subrecto; dorsali
antic subrecto paululumque declivi, posticé vix convexo et valde
declivi; extremitate antici rotundati; latere postico, vix breviore,
cuneiform; lgamento haud prominente ; flexura costaique umbo-
nali obsoletis ; “dente laterali parvo, approximato.

Oblong, moderately strong, tolerably convex, subequilateral,
smooth, glossy, pale orange, covered by a very thin slightly irri-

287

descent epidermis; ventral edge nearly straight; anterior side
slightly the longer, rounded at its extremity, its dorsal edge
scarcely convex ‘and strongly sloping; ligament not prominent ;
fold and flexure obsolete ; inside orange, a single small approxi-
mate lateral tooth.

Chusan, China.

I have received the species from Dr. Philippi with the proposed
name of 7. carnea, but know not whether he has subsequently

published it.

123. Tetra FaButa (pl. lv. £.62.) Gmelin, 3239; Donov.
Brit. Shells. vol. m. t. 97; Wood, Gen. Conch. p. 156. t. 45. f. 4;
Lam. no. 24; Philip. En. Mol. Sic. p.26; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 64.
to O04. 205

T. test&é ovato-oblongi, tenui, compressa, nitid’, extus intusque
candidd, subeequilaterali, anticé rotundatd, posticé cuneiformi ;
valvula alter’ levigataé ; margine ventrali subrecto, posticé sursum
acclinato; dorsali anticé subdeclivi et convexo, posticé declivi et
juxta Lgamentum prominens retuso, deinde magis minusve con-
vexo; flexura obsoleta; dente laterali approximato, distincto.

Ovate-oblong, thin, compressed, glossy, white within and with-
out, nearly equilateral, rounded in front, wedge-shaped behind ;
one valve smooth, the other with crowded oblique striz ; ventral
edge nearly straight, and rising posteriorly; front dorsal margin
moderately slopmg and convex, posterior one declining and near
the prominent hgament retuse, but afterwards more or less convex ;
lateral tooth approximate, distinct.

Britam, Hurope.

T. fragillissima of Chemnitz, vol. vi. f. 101, (7. vitrea of
Gmelin), is usually considered as a bad representation of this
species.

124. Trtrina tenuis (pl.lvin. f. 81, 82.) Da Costa, Brit.
Conch. p. 210. Wood. Gen. Conch. p.155. t. 44. f. 3, 4.; Mont. Tes.
Brit. 1. p. 59.; Lam. no. 25. Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 64. t. 3. f. 22.;
Philip. En. Mol. Sic. 1. p. 27.; T. balaustina, Diddw. D. Cat. p. 93.

T. test ovali, tenutusculaé, compressi, nitidissima, subsequilate-
rali, intus extusque alba, aurantid aurantio-rubra aut rosea, laevigata;
margine ventrali anticé convexo, posticé sursum acclinato ; dorsali
anticé convexo subdeclivi, posticé declivi et juxta ligamentum pro-
minens retuso ; latere antico paulo longiore, rotundato ; antico ob-
tusé angulato; flexura costaque umbonali subinconspicuis ; dente

laterali minimo, approximato.
U2

288

Var. (T. exigua, Pol. Test. Sicil. 1. t. 15. f.15, 17.) testa ab-
breviaté et idcirco margine dorsali utrinque magis declivi ; flexurd
omnino obsoleta.

Oval, thinnish, compressed, extremely glossy, subequilateral,
smooth both within and without, of an orange, white, orange-red,
yellow or rose colour ; the ventral edge convex in front, straightish
and ascending behind ; anterior side rather the longer, rounded, its
dorsal edge moderately sloping; posterior extremity obtusely an-
gulated; ligamental edge sloping, at first retuse, then rather con-
vex ; ligament prominent ; fold and flexure not quite obsolete ; la-
teral tooth very small, approximate.

Var. Shortened, the dorsal edges consequently more sloping ;_ the
flexure quite obsolete.

Britam, Europe.

I agree with Dr. Philippi, in regarding the 7. hyalina of
Deshayes (Exped. Morea, t. 18. f. 12, 13, 14.), as a narrow variety
of this very variable shell.

125. Tetra Juventus (pl. lvu. f. 63.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844,

T. testa ovatd, subtrigoné, tenui, pellucidé. compressiuscula,
nitidd, rubro-aurantid, levigata, meequilaterali; margine ventrali
convexo aut convexiusculo; dorsali anticé subrecto et declivi,
posticé convexo et valdé declivi; latere antico longiore, subat-
tenuato, rotundato ; postico brevi, et obtusé subcuneiformi ; flexurd
costique umbonali subobsoletis ; hgamento satis conspicuo; dente
laterali parvo.

Subtriangularly ovate, mequilateral, thin, pellucid, slightly com-
pressed, smooth, glossy, orange-red ; ventral margin more or less
convex ; anterior side the narrower, rounded at the extremity, its
dorsal edge nearly straight ; posterior extremity short, and obtusely
wedge-shaped, the ligamental edge being convex and abruptly
sloping ; hgament distinct ; fold and flexure almost entirely obso-
lete; lateral tooth small.

Philippines.

126. TeLtia Lux (pl. lvi. f. 71.) Hanley, Zool. Proc. 1844,

T. test& subovali, tenui, pellucidé, compressa, nitidé, aurantia,
subleevigati, ineequilateral; margie ventrali convexiusculo ; dorsali
utrinque subdeclivi, anticé convexiusculo, posticé brevi et incur-
vato; latere postico breviore, obtusissimé biangulato ; extremitate

bee. Ni A A A < : -
antic’ obtusé rotundata ; flexura costéque umbonali obsoletis ; liga-
mento prominente ; dente laterali approximato, distincto.

289

Somewhat oval, thin, pellucid, compressed, inequilateral, nearly
smooth, and of an uniform glossy orange-flesh colour ; the ventral
margin moderately convex ; the dorsal but little slopmg on either
side, but moderately convex in front, incurved and short behind ;
anterior extremity obtusely rounded; the posterior side much the
shorter, and very obtusely biangulated ; fold and flexure obsolete ;
ligament prominent ; lateral tooth distinct and approximate.

Philippines.

127. TeLLina vERNALIS (pl. lvii. f. 84.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. testé subovali, tenuissim4, compressiuscula, pellucida, nitidis-
sim, levi, valdé ineequilaterali, albido-rosed, utrmque rotundata ;
margine ventrali convexiusculo, anticé sursum acclinato; dorsali
utrinque paululum convexiusculo, posticé declivi, anticé vix minimé
declivi; latere antico producto, postico brevi; flexurd obsoleta ;
dente laterali minimo, subapproximato.

Somewhat oval, extremely thin and pellucid, slightly compressed,
very inequilateral, uniform glossy pink, rounded at both extremi-
ties ; margins slightly convex, the ventral rising in front, the ante-
rior dorsal scarcely sloping; flexure obsolete; anterior side short
and cuneiform ; lateral tooth minute and nearly approximate.

Singapore.

128. Tetiina rscurpta (pl. lx. f. 136.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. test’ oblongo-elongata, solidiuscula, compressa, eequilaterali,
extus intusque candida; sulcis confertis concentricé exarata, striis-
que tenuissmmis radiantibus (preesertim posticé) decussatd; ultra
costam umbonalem subobsoletam subsquamos4 ; margine ventrali
elongato, subrecto; dorsali utrinque subrecto, subdeclivi; extre-
mitate posticd subbiangulaté; flexura ventrali distincté; dente
laterali quamplurimum approximato.

Elongated-oblong, tolerably solid, compressed, equilateral, ex-
ternally : and internally white, with concentric crowded sulci, and
most minute posterior radiating striule; beyond the almost obsolete
umbonal ridge, the surface roughened by small scales or inter-
rupted delicate lamella ; ventral edge nearly straight, and much
elongated ; dorsal margins nearly straight and but moderately slop-

ing ; ” hinder extremity “somewhat biangulated ; ventral flexure dis-

tinct ; lateral tooth extremely approximate.
Chirigui, W. Columbia.

290

129. Teitma Psammoretra (pl. lx. f. 134.) Lamarck, no. 30.
Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 65. sup. t. 14. f. 6.

T. testé oblongo-ovali, subtenui, convexiusculé, nitida, extus in-
tusque pallida, levi, ineequilaterali; margine ventrali convexius-
culo ; dorsali utrinque subdeclivi, subrecto ; latere antico producto,
subattenuato, rotundato; extremitate postici obtusé biangulata ;
higamento satis prominente ; flexurd obsoleti; dente laterali dis-
tincto, subapproximato.

Oblong-oval, inequilateral, rather thin, moderately convex, glossy,
smooth, both within and without of avery pale dull orange yellow ;
ventral margin moderately convex ; dorsal edges but moderately
sloping, and - nearly straight ; anterior side produced, rounded, and
rather attenuated ; ligament moderately prominent ; flexure obso-
lete; lateral tooth distinct, approximated.

Hab. (?) Mus. Cuming and Walton.

130. Tertina (TELLINIDEs) EMaRGINATA (pl. lvi. f. 70.) Sow.
Tankerv. Cat. App. p.3; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 74. sup. t. 18, f. 55.

T. testé oblonga, tenui, subineequivalvi, convexiuscula, uitida,
pallida, radio brevi rubro-aurantio utrinque ad umbones notata,
levigati, valdé meequilaterali; margine ventrali subrecto, anticé
sursum acclinato; dorsali anticé recto et subdeclivi, posticé con-
vexo et valdé declivi ; latere antico producto, rotundato, attenuato ;
extremitate posticd brevi, obtusi, emarginata; flexurd obsoleta ; ;
dente laterali distincto, approximato.

Oblong, rather mequivalve, tolerably convex, glossy, very pale
orange, with a short deeper tinged ray on either side of the beaks,
smooth, subpellucid, very inequilateral, produced rounded and at-
tenuated in front, obtuse short and emarginated behind; ventral
and anterior dorsal edges nearly straight, the latter not much slop-
ing; posterior dorsal much sloping and convex be yond the ligament;
flexure obsolete ; lateral tooth distinct, approximate.

Singapore.

The Oblonga of Gmelin, (p. 2314. from Chemnitz, vol. 6.
f, $7.) may possibly prove to be this or the preceding, but the re-
semblance is not sufficiently exact for identification, the figure
bearing a greater resemblance to Cumana, or Aurora, but the des-
cription of the teeth by no means coinciding with the hinge of
either.

131. TeLtina Frere TRUNCATULA (pl. lvi. f. 69.)
Sowerby, Tankerv. Cat. App. p. 3; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 73.

291

T. testi T. Vestali simillima, sed fulvo-aurantid, valdé com-
pressd, et magis inequilaterali; extremitate postici emargimata ;
margine dorsali postico subretuso, hand autem excavato.

Very like Vestalis, but more compressed and inequilateral, of
tawny orange, with the hinder extremity clearly notched, and the
posterior dorsal edge not at all excavated, but simply and slightly
retuse.

Ho Ho, Isle of Panay, Philppines (Cuming.)

132. Tetiina vestais (pl. lvi. f. 67.) Hanley. Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. test’ oblongo-angusta, tenuissimé, convexiuscula, nitida, levi,

intus extusque nivea, ineequilaterali ; margine ventrali subrecto, pau-
lulu convexiusculo, anticé sursum acclinato ; dorsali anticé minimé
declivi et paululum convexiusculo, posticé prope ligamentum ex-
ravato, deinde convexo et subdeclivi; extremitate lateris antici
longioris rotundaté ; extremitate postic’. subemarginata, subatte-
nuata, obtusé biangulaté; flexura obsolet&; dente laterali approxi-
mato.

Elongated-oblong, extremely thin, slightly convex, inequilateral,
smooth, glossy, snowy white both withm and without; ventral
margin but very sightly convex, and somewhat rising in front ;
anterior side rather the longer, its extremity rounded, its dorsal
edge scarcely convex and hardly at all sloping ; hinder dorsal edge
excavated at the hgament, afterwards convex and slightly sloping ;
posterior extremity rather attenuated, slightly emarginated, and
obtusely biangulated ; flexure obsolete ; ; the lateral tooth ¢ approxi-
mate.

Isles of Negros and Luzon, Philippines.

133. TeLiina Lancroxata (pl. lvin. f. 86, 87.) Chemnitz,
vol. vi. p. 111. f. 103; Wood, Gen. Conch. p. 167. t. 45. f. 2;
Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 67. t. 4. f. 40; Psammotea pellucida, Lam.
no. 4; Deles. t. 5. f. 10.

T. testé oblongo-elongataé, tenui, compressd, nitidiusculé, aqui-
laterali, rose aut albido-rosed, concentricé et confertissimé striata,
anticé rotundaté, posticé lanceolata; margine ventrali subrecto ;
dorsali utrinque convexiusculo, anticé subhorizontali, posticé sub-
declivi; cost& umbonali conspicud; ligamento satis prominente ;
costell4 interna ex umbonibus posticé radiante ; dente laterali
distincto, subapproximato.

Elongated oblong, equilateral, thin, compressed, rather glossy,

292

rose-coloured or white with a rosy tinge; concentrically striated,
the stria extremely close ; ventral edge nearly straight ; dorsal but
moderately convex on either side, nearly horizontal in front, and
not greatly sloping behind ; anterior extremity rounded ; posterior
lanceolate ; ligament tolerably prominent; fold conspicuous; an
internal posterior radiating nblet; the lateral tooth distinct, sub-
approximate.

Isle of Negros, Philippines (Cuming).

134. Tectia uyarina (pl. lxi. f. 167.) Gmelin, 3235 ;
Dillw. Des. Cat. p. 85; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 67. t. 4. £39; T. com-

planata pellucida, Chem. vol. vi. f. 99.

T. test oblonga, ineequivalvi, tenuissimd, compressi, valdé in-
equilaterali, nitidé, albidd, subpellucida, levigaté ; margine ven-
trali convexo et posticé acclivi; dorsali posticé subrecto vixque
declivi, anticé arcuato et declivi; latere antico perbrevi, rotun-
dato ; postico producto, rotundato, attenuato ; natibus inconspicuis;
ligamento infosso ; flexurd obsolet&; costellis duabus intermis pos-
ticé radiantibus ; dente laterali quamplurimum approximato.

Oblong, inequivalve, very thin, much compressed, very inequi-
lateral, of a brilliant smooth semi-transparent white; the ventral
margin convex and rising behind; the hinder area of the dorsal
edge, which is but slightly convex and not greatly sloping poste-
riorly, and sloping and arcuated anteriorly, flattened ; anterior side
short and rounded; posterior side produced, rounded, and at-
tenuated ; ligament sunken; beaks not prominent ; fold obsolete ;
two internal rib-hke nes radiating from the hinge posteriorwards ;
the lateral tooth almost touching the primary ones.

The only perfect. specimen I have ever beheld of this extremely
rare shell, belongs to Dr. Bates, who most courteously forwarded
it from the United States, for my inspection.

135. Tetiia (‘Teviinipes) Truorensts (pl.lxi. £158, 172)
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. v.

T. testé oblonga, tenuiusculd, subsequilaterali, compressiusculé,
nitidd, subpellucida, extus intusque candidé (nonnunquam margi-
nibus roseo tinctis) concentricé substriata, anticé rotundata, pos-
ticé attenuata et superné obtusé angulatéi; margine ventrali sub-
recto; dorsali utrinque subrecto et subdeclivi, anticé paululum
convexiusculo, posticé subretuso ; flexura costéque umbonali obso-
letis ; ligamento magno, prominente ; dente laterali, approximato.

Oblong, rather thin and semi-transparent, nearly equilateral,
rather compressed, both within and without of a glossy white

293

which is often tinged with yellow and rarely with rose-colour at
the margins, concentric ally ‘substriated ; the ventral edge nearly
straight, and usually very indistinctly inflated behind ; anterior
side slightly the shorter, rounded at the extremity; posterior side
rather ,attenuated, and obtusely angulated above; dorsal edges
scarcely sloping and nearly straight, “the front. bei ing very slightly
convex, the hinder somewhat retuse ; lgament large and promi-
nent; umbonal ridge and fold quite ‘obsole ate ; teeth distinct and
generally tinged with rose- colour, the lateral one approximate.
Isle of Negros, Philippines; &c.

136. TeLrina conspicua (pl. lvin. f. 100.) Hanley.

T. test 7. Timorensi simillimd, sed abbreviata, et ovali-subtri-
goni; margine dorsali utrinque magis declivi, posticé convexius-
culo.

Very like Zimorensis, but not so elongated; the dorsal edges
much more sloping, and the front one not retuse.

This may eventually prove but a young variety of Sinnata, but
the only specimen I have ever seen (purchased with this name
attached, and now in the collection of Mr. Cuming) has been pro-
nounced distinct by every Conchologist who has inspected it.

137. Turia stnvata (pl. lan. f. 203.) Spengler, loc. cit.;
Tellinides Timorensis, Sow. Gen.; Reeve, Conch. Syst. t. 56. f. 2;
Young, T. nivea, Wood, Gen. Conch. p. 177. t. 46. f£. 1; Dillwyn,
D. Cat. p. 89; Index Test. t. 4. f. 92.

T. testa subovali, solidiuscula, inaequilaterali, compressiuscula,
nitidd, extus mtusque albidaé, concentrice striolatd, striisque obli-
quis anticis inferné decussati; margine ventrali subrecto, posticé
sinuoso; dorsali anticé brevi subrecto declivi, posticé incurvato
vixque declivi; extremitate postica laté, rotundaté ; antic obtusa ;
costé umbonali obsoleté; lgamento magno, prominente; dente
laterali approximato.

Oval, rather oblique, tolerably strong, and somewhat compressed,
glossy, whitish, with concentric striule which are decussated in
front by fine raised oblique and rather distant ones; ventral edge
sinuated posteriorly, and somewhat swollen im the middle; ante-
rior side clearly the shorter, its Say obtuse, its dorsal edge
nearly straight and moderately sloping; posterior extremity ob-
tuse, rounded below, but forming a rounded-off angle with the
short concave and scarcely sloping dorsal margin; ligament large
and prominent ; umbonal ridge obsolete ; inside white, teeth as in
the last, but zever tinged with rose-colour.

x

294

Closely allied to Zimorensis, but differs in shape, sinuosity, and
the decided inequality of its sides. The anterior oblique striz,
which in some specimens extend along the ventral edge posterior-
ward, are rarely present in that species.

Tranquebar ; Sumatra.

138. TELLINA TRIANGULARIS (pl. lx. f.150.) Chemnitz, vol.vi.
p. 96. £85; Dillwyn, D. Cat. p.79; Desh.ed. Lam. vol.vi. p.209 ;
Tellinides triangularis, Han/. Des. Cat. p. 74. t. 4. £38; Tellinides
politus Sow., Tanker. Cat. App. p.4; 'T. trilatera, Gmel.; T. ob-
hqua, Lam. no. 47.

T. testa ovato-trigond, ineequilaterali, solidiusculé, compressa,
nitidissimd, sub epidermide flavescente-candida, anticé et prope
marginem ventralem convexum concentricé striata, alterdque in
valvulé strus flexuosis obliquis postice ornati; margine dorsali
antice brevi et arcuato, posticé subrecto et producto; extremitate
posticd obtusé acuminata; antici rotundatai; ligamento promi-
nente; flexura nulli; dente laterali approximatissimo.

Ovate-triangular, tolerably solid, compressed, inequilateral, both
internally and externally white, the epidermis yellowish and very
glossy ; with concentric striz in front, and towards the convex
ventral margin which rises a little behind; anterior side rounded,
its dorsal edge convex ; posterior side produced antl obtusely acu-
minated, the dorsal edge nearly straight and very oblique; liga-
ment prominent; flexure obsolete ; the lateral tooth quite close to
the beaks.

Moluccas? Mus. Cuming, &c.

139. Tectia (TeLtiipus) acumryata (pl. lx. f.141.) Han-
ley, Des. Cat. p. 73. sup. t. 13. £. 53.

T. testa elongata, subovata, solidiuscula, valdé inzequilaterali et
ineequivalvi, compressa, polita, laevigata, extus mtusque albida aut
albido-aurantid ; margine ventrali subarcuato; dorsali anticé sub-
arcuato satisque declivi, posticé elongato subrecto et declivi; latere
antico breviore, rotundato; postico valdé producto, acuminato, ad
extremitatem rotundato; ligamento infosso; flexurd costaque um-
bonali obsoletis ; dente laterali approximato.

Elongated, subovate, moderately strong, very imequilateral and
inequivalve, both valves compressed, but one much shallower than
the other; smooth, polished, both within and without of a pale
orange becoming white towards the subarcuated ventral edge ;
anterior side the shorter, rounded, its dorsal edge arched and
moderately sloping ; posterior side much produced, acuminated,

295

with the tip rounded, the dorsal edge nearly straight, moderately
slopmg, and very long; ligament sunken; umbonal ridge and
flexure obsolete ; lateral tooth approximate.

Hab.? Maus. Britannicum.

140. Tatiia pLanissima (pl. lx. f. 124. and pl. lx. f.197.)
Anton, Verzn. Conch. p.4; Ab. und Bes. Conch. part 5. t.5. f. 2;
Tellinides rosea, Sow. Gen. Shells, f. 1; Reeve, Conch. Syst. t.56.
f 1.

T. test ovati, tenuiuscula, meequivalvi, inequilaterali, com-
press, extus intusque rosea, concentricé substriat’é; margine ven-
trali convexiusculo; dorsali utrinque declivi, anticé convexo, pos-
ticé subrecto ; latere antico rotundato; postico longiore, rotun-
dato-cuneiformi; ligamento prominente; flexura subobsoleta ;
costell4 mterné in valvuld complanatd posticé radiante; dente
laterali parvo, approximato.

Var. Candida.

Ovate, rather thin, inequivalve, mequilateral, compressed, rose-
coloured both within and without, concentrically substriated ; ven-
tral margin moderately convex, the flexure not quite obsolete ;
dorsal edges sloping, the anterior convex, the posterior nearly
straight; anterior extremity rounded; posterior side the longer
and of a rounded wedge-shape ; ligament prominent; an internal
rib radiating posteriorward in the flattened valve; lateral tooth
small, approximate.

Var. Quite white.

Moluccas.

The Opalina of Chemnitz is closely allied to, if not identical
with, the white variety of this shell.

141. Tretia (TELLINIDES) PURPURASCENS (pl. Ix. f. 194.)
Broderip and Sowerby, Lool. Jour. vol. iv. p. 363; Hanl. Des. Cat.
p- 74. sup. t. 9. £18; Zool. Beechey’s Voy. t. 42. f. 2.

T. testa oblongo-ovali, tenui, compressa, nitidiuscula, subeequi-
laterali, roseo-purpurascente, pellucidi, striis radiantibus et con-
centricis confertissimé decussaté ; margine ventrali convexiusculo ;
dorsali utrinque paululum declivi, anticé convexiusculo, posticé
subrecto; latere antico minimé longiore, rotundato; extremitate
posticd subangulaté, subemarginata; ligamento prominente ; flex-
wri omnino obsolet’; dente laterali approximato.

_Oblong-oval, thin, compressed, rather glossy, nearly equilateral,
purplish-rose coloured, pellucid, decussated by most crowded radi-
ating and concentric strie; ventral margin moderately convex ;

Kan

296

dorsal but little slopmg on either side, slightly convex in front,
nearly straight behind; anterior side very slightly the longer,
rounded ; posterior extremity subangulated, subemarginated ; li-
gament prominent; flexure quite obsolete ; ‘lateral tooth approxi-
mate.

Real Leijos, Central America (Cuming).

142. Tectia (‘TreLiinipes) ovauis (pl. lx. f. 147.) Sowerby,
Tank. Cat. App. p. 3; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 73. sup. t. 18. f 56;
T. tridentata? Anton, im Wiegm. Arch. 1837.

T. testa ovali, tenuissima, pellucida, subeequilaterali, compressd,
nitida, rosea, radiis angustis albidis frequentibus ornata, concen-
tricé substriata ; margine ventrali convextusculo ; dorsali utrinque
patlalum declivi ; fiers antico longiore, rotundato ; extremitate
posticé obtusi, aliquantulum latiore ; flexura costaque umbonals
obsoletis; uatibus mconspicuis; lgamento prominente; dente
laterali approximato, distincto.

Oval, pellucid, subequilateral, compressed, extremely thin, con-
centrically substriated, and variegated with crowded narrow whitish

‘ays on a rose-coloured ground; the ventral margin slightly con-
vex; the dorsal but little sloping on either side, the ligament edge
slightly retuse ; posterior extremity obtusely rounded, and rather
broader than the rounded termination of the more elongated ante-
rior side ; fold and flexure obsolete ; beaks not prominent ; ligament
projecting ; a distinct approximate lateral tooth.

Moluccas ; San Nicolas, Zebu; (Cuming).

The Solen striatus, of Gmelin (from Chemnitz, vol. vi. £.57,58.),
seems closely allied if not identical.

143. Tetriva coccinea (pl. lvin. f. 90.) Chemnitz, vol. vi.
p- 118. f. 109; Dillw. Des. Cat. p. 87; Tellinides coccinea. Hané.
Des. Cat. p. 74. t. 4. £. 42.

T. testi ovali, tentussim’, compressi, eequilaterali, pellucida,
roseo-purpurascente, utrinque rotundat&; concentricé striata, striis
anticis frequentibus, posticis remotis et subimbricatis; margine
ventrali convexiusculo ; dorsali utrinque paululum declivi; flexura
costaque umbonali obsoletis; lgamento prominente; costellis
duabus internis (in junioribus) posticé radiantibus; dentibus pri-
martis subobsoletis, dente laterali approximato, distincto.

Oval, compressed, very thin, equilateral, of an uniform pellucid
purple-rose colour, with concentric strie which are crowded in
front, but distant and subimbricated behind; the ventral edge
moderately convex ; the dorsal but little sloping on either side of

297

the little prominent beaks; extremities rounded and nearly equally
broad; the fold and flexure obsolete; the ligament prominent ;

two rather indistinct internal rib-like lines radiating (in the young
only) posteriorward ; cardinal tecth nearly obsolete, the approxi-

mate anterior lateral very distinct (when young).
San Nicolas, Zebu (Cuming).

144. Tertina ruopon (pl. lviu. f. 93.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. test& oblonga, tenuissimd, compressiusculé, nitidissimé, levi,
rosea, pellucida, valdé invequilaterali, utrinque rotundati ; margine
ventrali convexiusculo, anticé sursum acclivi; dorsali anticé con-
vexiusculo et vix declivi, postice subdeclivi; latere postico brevi
subattenuato; natibus inconspicuis; flexurd costaque umbonali
obsoletis ; dente laterali approximato.

Oblong, very mequilateral, extremely thin, rather compressed,
smooth, polished, and of an uniform purplish rose-colour ; the
ventral margin slightly convex, and rismg in front; the dorsal
but slightly convex on either ‘side, scarcely sloping 1 in front, but
moderately so behind; the extremities rounded, and the shorter
posterior side somewhat attenuated; beaks not prominent ; the
fold and flexure obsolete ; lateral tooth approximate.

Hab.? Mus. Cuming.

145. Teta Ovparpi (pl. Ixvi. f. 262.) Payraud. Cat.
Corse, p. 40. t. 1. f. 16,17,18,; Desh. ed. Lam. vol. vi. p. 210;
Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 65. sup. t. 14. f. 8.

«T. testd ovata, compressa, nitida, pellucida, obliqué cancellata,
lineis transversis albis parvulisqne longitudinalibus rubris ornata ;
anticé et posticé radiis luteo-rubescentibus ; intus et extus rubra.

Ovate, compressed, glossy, transparent, obliquely cancellated,
adorned with transverse white lnes and small longitudinal red
ones; rays of a yellowish red both in front and behind; red both
within and without.”

I have been obliged to content myself with ee the ori-
ginal description, and giving a representation of the typical shell
deposited in the Musewm at Paris, as [ am unable to procure a
specimen in England for the purpose of comparison. Had it not
been for the mention of sculpture on the surface of one of its
valves, I should have doubted its distinctiveness as a species.
“The valves are furnished with transverse striae in lozenges, ac-
companied by a multitude of silvery-white little rays both which are
crossed by very delicate longitudinal lines of a deeper red than the

298

ground-colour of the shell.” There seems from the drawing to be
but a single anterior moderately distant lateral tooth, and no
external appearance of rays in the front of the shell. The sculpture
must indeed be minute, to have escaped the attention (as it has)
of our very accurate artist.

146. TeLtina suprosea (pl. lvu. f. 64.) Hanley.

T. testa oblongd, tenuissim’, compressa, valdé imeequilaterali,
rose, pellucida, levi, nitida, posticé breviore et obtuse cuneiformi,
anticé obtusd aut rotundatéi; margine ventrali subrecto; dorsali
anticé paululum declivi, posticé declivi, utrinque subrecto aut con-
vexiusculo ; flexuraé imconspicud; dente laterali subobsoleto, ap-
proximato.

Oblong, extremely thin, compressed, smooth, pellucid, rosy, very
inequilateral and highly glossed; ventral margin straightish ; dor-
sal edges straightish or but shghtly convex, very slightly sloping
in front, moderately so behind; anterior extremity rounded or
obtuse; posterior side the shorter and obtusely wedge-shaped ;
flexure very inconspicuous ; lateral tooth approximate and almost
obsolete.

Catbalonga, Isle of Samar, soft mud; (Cuming).

The specimens closely resemble the young of the Puwnicea group,
but both locality and dentition are adverse to this conclusion.
They appear, however to be scarcely adult.

147. Tertmva MaRcaritina (pl. Ixvi. f. 257.) Lam. no. 18 ;
Deless. Rec. t. 6. f. 4.

T. testa ovali, tenui, pellucida, nitidd, margaritaced ; latere an-
tico (postico) attenuato.

Oval, thin, transparent, glossy, nacreous white, front (hinder)
side attenuated.

New Holland.

The representation of the species in Delessert’s magnificent
folio, enables me to refer this shell to the present division. J am
unable, however, to add a more lengthened description than the
very meagre outline furmshed in the ‘ Animaux sans vertébres’.
The only specimens I have ever seen were the original types of the
French Museum; but they sufficed to convince me of the clear
distinctness of the species from any possessing a similar dentition.

* , * Devoid of lateral teeth.

148. Teniina Cumana (pl. lv. f. 73.) Psammobia Cumana,

299

Costa Cat. Test. Sicil. 20. t. 2. f. 7.; Tellina Costes Philip, En.
Mol. Sic. 1. p. 28. t. 3. f 11.

T. test& ovaté aut ovali-oblongd, tenuiusculé, ineequilaterali,
valdé convexd, subnitida, levigati, extus intusque albidd, umbo-
nibus hyalinis et plerumque pallidé aurantiis ; margine ventrali sa-
tis convexo; dorsali utrinque subrecto, posticé satis, anticé paulu-
lum declivi; latere antico longiore ad extremitatem rotundato ;
postico angustato, obtusé subtruncato ; natibus acutis, et recte im-
curvatis ; costa umbonali satis distinct, haud autem conspicua ;
ligamento infosso ; dentibus parvis.

Varying from ovate to oval-oblong, rather thin, inequilateral,
not very glossy, smooth, both within and without whitish, with the
umbones usually hyaline and often tinged with orange; ventral
edge moderately convex, but not arcuated; dorsal edges nearly
straight, sloping behind, and but moderately so in front ; anterior
side the longer and rounded at its termination ; posterior side nar-
rowed, and obtusely subtruncated; beaks acute and not inclining
to either side; ligament sunken, umbonal ridge not prominent but
tolerably evident; teeth small.

Very closely resembling Plebeia, but proportionally more ventri-
cose, with the ventral edge less arcuated, &c.

Mediterranean.

149, TeLLINa PLEBEIA (pl. lix. f. 129, and f. 151.) Hanley,
Zool. Proc. 1844. ; Psammobia levigata (?) Lamarck.

T. testé subovata, solidiuscula, convexd, subnitida, leevigata, m-
tus extusque, albidd, umbonibus hyalinis et rubro-aurantis ; mar-
gine ventrali convexo aut subarcuato; dorsali anticé prope nates
recto et paululum declivi, posticé recto satisque declivi; latere an-
tico longiore, rotundato ; extremitate posticd obtusé angulata ; liga-
mento infosso ; costé umbonali conspicud; flexurd obsoleté. Var.
Ovati; casté umbonali minus conspicuad; umbonibus seepe albidis.

Subovate, tolerably strong, convex, not very glossy, smooth,
both within and without whitish, with the umbones hyaline and
orange-red ; ventral edge convex or subarcuated ; anterior side the
longer, rounded, its dorsal edge straight and scarcely slopmg near
the beaks ; posterior extremity obtusely angulated, the lgamental
edge straight and sloping ; ligament sunken; flexure obsolete.

Var. (from Africa) ovate, the ventral edge more regularly
arcuated, the fold less prominent, and the umbones often colour-
less.

Real Leijos, Central America; Senegal.

300

150. TELLINA UMBONELLA (pl. lv. f. 13.) Lamarck, no. 48.
Hanl. Des. cat. p. 70.

T. testa obovali, solidiusculé, submeequilaterali, convexd aut
convexiuscula, subimpolité, extus intusque albidé, umbonibus hya-
linis et roseo tinctis, epidermide tenui fugaci cmerascente induta,
levigaté ; margine ventrali convexo aut subarcuato; dorsali
utrinque subrecto et paulo declivi; latere antico paulo longiore,
rotundato; postico subangulato; natibus haud prominentibus ;
ligamento infosso ; cost&é umbonali obsoleta ; dentibus minimis.

Oboval, tolerably strong, slightly equilateral, merely convex, not
glossy, both within and without whitish under a thin ashy epider-
mis, with the beaks somewhat hyaline and tinged with rose-colour,
smooth or with a few antiquated lines ; ventral edge decidedly con-
vex; the dorsal edges but little slopmg, and nearly straight ; an-
terior side rather the longer, rounded at its extremity ; posterior
side subangulated ; Hgament sunken; beaks not prominent; um-
bonal ridge obsolete; teeth minute.

Very like Plebeia in all but the shape, which is much more
elongated in that species.

Port Lincoln, Australia.

151. Tavira nosiiis (pl.lx. £143.) Hanley, Zool. Proc. 1844.

T. test& ovali, solidiuscula, convexd, meequilaterali, nitidissimé,
intus extusque rosea, levigaté; margine ventrali convexiusculo
medio plerumque subrecto; dorsali anticé convexiusculo et vix
declivi, posticé subdeclivi et subrecto aut convexiusculo; latere
antico longiore, ad extremitatem obtusé rotundato ; postico obtusé
angulato ; natibus obtusis ; flexurd costaque umbonali subobsoletis ;
ligamento prominulo; dentibus parvis.

Oval, tolerably strong, convex, inequilateral, very glossy, smooth,
rosy within and without; ventral edge moderately convex ; dorsal
tolerably convex and scarcely sloping in front, moderately slopmg
and varying from straightness to shght convexity behind; ante-
rior side the longer, obtusely rounded at its extremity; posterior
side obtusely angulated; fold and flexure nearly obsolete; liga-
ment rather prominent; beaks obtuse; teeth small.

Luzon, Philippines.

152. TreLiina Lucerna (pl. lvin. f. 98.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.
T. testa oblonga, solidiuscula, subventricosa, nitidiusculé, leevi-
gata, albida, umbonibus aurantiis, anticé longiore et rotundata,
posticeé obtusé cuneiformi, margine ventrali subrecto; dorsali pos-

301

ticé declivi, anticé paululum declivi, utrinque subrecto; flexurd
obsoleté; ligamento subinfosso ; disco interno aurantio.

Oblong, tolerably solid, rather ventricose, slightly glossy, smooth,
whitish, with the umbones orange, anteriorly longer and rounded,
posteriorly obtusely wedge-shaped ; ventral and dorsal edges
straightish, the latter posteriorly sloping, anteriorly scarcely slop-
ing; flexure obsolete ; ligament rather sunken; inner disc orange.

Isles of Negros, Mindanao, and Panay.

153. Teviina aurora (pl. lv. f. 76.) LHan/ey, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. testa T. Psammotelle simillima, convexiore autem, et umbo-
nibus rubro-aurantius; lgamento infosso; dentibus lateralibus
nullis.

Very like T. Psammotella but more convex, and with the um-
bones of an orange-red. The ligament too is sunken and the
hinge devoid of lateral teeth.

Panama.

154. Tettiwa GarataHa (pl. Ixiv. f. 223.) Psammobia Galatea
Lam. no. 18; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 58. sup. t. 13. £44. 'T. Sericina
Jonas, Ab. und. Bes. Conch. part 3. t. 5. f. 1.

T. testé oblonga, solidiusculé, convexd, valdé meequilaterali,
subnitida, extus intusque candida, punctis minutissimis elevatis
confertis radiatim asperaté; margine ventrali subrecto ; dorsali
anticé subhorizontali, posticé brevi recto et declivi; latere antico
producto, rotundato ; extremitate posticd truncato-cuneiformi ; liga-
mento infosso; flexura obsoleté; dentibus parvis.

Var. (T. Diana, Zool. Proc. 1844.) subovata, punctis obsoletis ;
margine dorsali utrinque magis declivi; extremitate posticd magis
obtusa.

Oblong, tolerably strong, convex, very imequilateral, rather
glossy, white within and without, roughened by crowded radiating
rows of minute raised dots; ventral edge nearly straight ; anterior
side produced, rounded at the extremity ; dorsal edge convex and
nearly horizontal; posterior side of a truncated wedge-shape ; the
ligamental edge straight, short, and much sloping; ligament sun-
ken; flexure obsolete ; teeth very small.

Var. Subovate, the dots obsolete; dorsal edges more sloping ;
posterior end more obtuse.

China.

155. Tectia canpipa (pl. Ixu. f. 195.) Psammoteea candida
Lam. no. 6. Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 60.

302

T. test’ elongato-oblonga, subeequivalvi, maxime inequilate-
rali, extus intusque candida, levigaté, convexi aut subventricosi ;
margine ventrali postice convexiusculo, antics arcuato et sursum
acclinato ; dorsali anticé convexiusculo paululumque declivi, pos-
tice rebuso et valdé declivi, extremitate anticd rotundato- attenuat’;
latere postico brevissimo, obtust cuneiform ; ligamento subinfosso;
costa umbonali subobsoleta ; dentibus mimimis.

Elongated-oblong, s subequivalve, extremely mequilateral, white
both w thin and without, convex or subventricose, smooth, with
however obsolete radiating hnes, and very mdistinct striuke towards
the ventral margin, which latter j is straightish behind, but curves
upward in front, so as somewhat to attennate the rounded anterior
extremity ; front dorsal edge scarcely at all slopmg, rather convex ;
posterior side very short and obtusely wedge- shaped, the dorsal
edge retuse and decidedly sloping; ligament rather sunken; fold
nearly obsolete ; teeth minute.

China (?) Mus. Metcalfe.

Very closely allied to Galatea, but narrower, more convex, and
utterly devoid of those radiating nes of raised dots, which are so
characteristic of that species. The posterior extremity is more
regularly cuneiform, and the anterior termination more attenuated.

156. Tetiina ELoncata (pl. Ix. f. 199.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. testé elongaté, angusti, tenuiusculi, satis convex4, extus in-
tusque candidd, laevigata, valde imeequilaterali; margine ventrali
medio subretuso, antice oblique arcuato; dorsali anticé subhori-
zontali et subrecto, posticé subdeclivi et subretuso; extremitate
lateris antici longioris obius’ posticdé acuminato-truncati; lga-
mento infosso ; flexurd obsoleté; dentibus parvis.

Elongated, narrow, thinnish, moderately convex, smooth, white,
very inequilateral ; ventral edge rather retuse in the middle, and
obliquely arcuated anteriorly ; anterior side the longer, its extre-
mity obtuse, its dorsal edge almost horizontal and nearly straight ;
hinder extremity with a truncated acumination, the ligamental edge
slightly incurved and moderately sloping; flexure obsolete ; hga-
ment sunken; inside white; teeth small.

Chiriqui, West Columbia.

157. Terria assmuaitts (pl. vin. f. 95.) Hanley, Zool Proc.
1844.

T. testa T. elongate: simillima, convexiore autem, et latere postico
obtuse cuneiformi paululumque subrostrato.

303

Closely resembling a young Elongata, but more convex, and the
hinder side obtusely ‘wedge-shaped and slightly beaked; the hmder
extremity not in the shghtest degree tr iceraak but the hgamental
edge sweeping to the lower margin In a concave and then convex
curve.

Luzon, Philippines.

158. Tetriva titrum (pl. vin. f. 85.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. testA ovato-oblong4, tenuiusculd, convex’ aut subventricosa,
extus intusque alba; concentricé substriata, stris supra costam
wnbonalem elevatis ; margine ventrali subrecto anticé sursum ac-
clinato ; dorsali anticé subrecto paululumque declivi, posticé valdé
dechivi et prope ligamentum prominulum recto deindeque convexo ;
extremitate lateris antici producti inferné et obliqué rotundata ; ex-
tremitate posticd brevi, cuneiformi.

Ovate-oblong, rather thin, convex or subventricose, white both
within and without, with concentric striule, and obsolete radiating
lines, which latter are most perceptible in the younger specimens,
the striule elevated upon and beyond the tolerably. distinct fold ;
anterior side produced, its dorsal edge nearly straight, and scarcely
sloping, its extremity obliquely rounded near the straight ventral
margin ; posterior side short and wedge-shaped; the ‘ligamental
edge straight, but convex at the extremity ; ligament small, and
moderately prominent.

Isles of Burias and Negros, Phihppines.

159. Teriina tenta (pl. Ixvi. f. 266.) Say, Am. Conch.
65. f.3; Gould, Invert. Massach. p. 68. f. 43.

T. testi oblongé, tenuissimé, subflexuosd, convexiusculd, extus
intusque albida, levigatai, valdé meequilaterali; margine ventrali
subrecto ; dorsali anticé convexo (aut subarcuato) et paululum de-
clivi, posticé retuso et subdechivi; latere postico brev1, ad extremi-
tatem angustato et paululum subrostrato ; extremitate anticd rotun-
data; cost umbonali subinconspicua; lig: amento parvo, prominente;
superficie interna lineis radiantibus ornaté ; dentibus minimis.

Oblong, very thin, rather flexuous, moderately convex, whitish,
very inequilateral, very nearly if not quite smooth, ventral margin
straightish ; front dorsal edge convex or subarcuated, and very
little sloping ; hinder one retuse and moderately sloping ; posterior
side short, narrowed and very slightly beaked at its termination,
the tip truncated or subemarginated ; anterior end rounded; fold

ne

304:

not very conspicuous ; ligament small, projecting ; inside whitish,
and distinctly marked with radiating lneoles; teeth very small.
Boston.

160. Trentra anciia (pl. lvin. f. 94.) Manley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. testa oblongo-elongata, tenuiuscula, satis convex, nitidissima,
extus intusque candida, concentricé substriaté, lineisque obsoletis
radiantibus ornati ; strius supra costam umbonalem subobsoletam
remotioribus, distinctis, subimbricatis ; margine ventrali subrecto ;
dorsali anticé subdeclivi et convexiusculo, posticé subrecto et de-
chi; extremitate lateris antici producti rotimndata ; latere postico
breviore, obtuse cuneiformi.

EK longated-oblong, thinnish, moderately convex, very glossy,
pure white both withm and without, with concentric striulee,
which are most perceptible at the neatly straight ventral margin,
and become subimbricated distinct and rather distant upon 2 and
beyond the almost obsolete fold ; anterior side produced, its extre-
mity rounded, its dorsal edge slightly convex and not much
sloping ;_ posterior side obtusely wedge-shaped, ligamental edge
straightish, tip rounded.

Lord Hood’s Island.

161. Tetra BoprceEnsis (pl. hx. f.102.) Hinds, Zool. Sul-
phur, vol. u. t. 21. f. 2. p. 67.

T. testé oblongo-elongata, mzequilaterali, solidiusculé, compressa,
nitida, extus intusque candidé, concentricé et subimbricatim sul-
rat; margine ventrali subrecto, anticé sursum acclinato; dorsali
utrinque subrecto, anticé vix minimé declivi; latere postico bre-
viore, cuneiformi; extremitate anticé rotundata ; flexurd obsoleta ;
ligamento satis prominente ; dentibus lateralibus nullis.

Elongated-oblong, imequilateral, rather solid, compressed, of a
glossy ivory white, ‘with regular moderately distant concentric sub-
imbricated sulci, (which in the only specimen I have ever seen
disappear in one valve at the posterior end); the ventral margin
nearly straight, rising in front, the anterior dorsal scarcely at all
sloping ; posterior side the shorter, wedge-shaped ; front extremity
rather obtusely rounded; fold and flexure obsolete; ligament
moderately projecting ; inside white ; no lateral teeth.

Russian Bodejas.

162. TeLttiva Ruomporpes (pl. lvin. f. 92, 96, 97.) Quoy
and Gaim., Voy. Ast. Zool. vol.iu. p.502. t.81.£4—-7 ; T. clathrata ,

305

Desh. Lam. vol. vi. p. 208; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 65. sup. t. 14.
f. 12.

T. testd ovali-oblongé, solidiusculd, valdé ineequilaterali, magis
minusve convexd, subnitidd, albidd, pallidé luted, aurantid aut
albido-rosed, striis anticé concentricis et medio obliquis confertim
ornaté; margine ventrali subrecto aut paululum convexo ; dorsali
anticé subrecto et paululum declivi, posticé satis declivi; extremi-
tate lateris antici producti obtuse rotundata; extremitate posticd
magis minusve obtusé cuneiformi ; ligamento prominente; flexura
vix perspicua.

Var. Pallideé luted, radiis angustis roseis ; stris obliquis majori-
bus et fortioribus.

Oval-oblong, very inequilateral, tolerably strong, more or less
convex, rather glossy, whitish pink, pale yellow, or orange, with
very delicate striz, which are concentric in front but become ob-
lique in the middle ; ventral edge straightish, or not much con-
vex; anterior side produced, its extremity rounded, its dorsal
edge straightish and but little sloping ; posterior side rather varia-
ble in shape, but short, and more or less obtusely wedge-shaped ;
ligament prominent ; flexure not quite obsolete.

Var. Pale yellow with narrow rosy rays, the oblique striz larger
and stronger.

Isles of Zebu and Ticao, Philippmes, (Cuming).

163. Tetiina rormosa (pl. lvin. f. 83.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. testa obovata, solidiuscula, nitidd, convexiuscula, subpellucida,
albida, radiis interruptis roseis strisque minutis obliquis confertis
undique ornaté ; margine ventrali convexo; dorsali utrinque con-
vexiusculo, anticé subdeclivi, posticé valdé declivi; extremitate
lateris antici producti rotundata, lateris postici brevissimi obtusis-
simé angulati; natibus roseis; ligamento parvo et satis promi-
nente; flexura subobsoleta.

Obovate, moderately strong, glossy, scarcely convex, somewhat
pellucid, white, with numerous narrow rosy interrupted rays, and
crowded minute oblique striae; ventral margin convex; dorsal
moderately convex on both sides, little sloping in front but greatly
so behind; anterior side produced, its extremity rounded ; poste-
rior side short, its extremity very obtusely angulated ; beaks rosy ;
ligament small, moderately prominent ; flexure nearly obsolete.

Daleguete, Zebu.

164, Tritra pispar (pl. lx. f. 108, 113, 114.) Conrad,
Jour. Ac. N.S. Philad. vol. viz.

T. testa ovata, solidiusculd, satis convexd, nitidd, candid’ aut
rosed, subzequilaterali, posticé breviore et obtusé angulaté aut ob-
tusissimeé cuneiformi, anticé rotundata; alterd valvula levi, altera
striis tenuissimis anticé concentricis deinde obliquis confertim or-
nati; margine ventrali convexiusculo; dorsali utrinque haud
multum declivi aut convexo ; ligamento prominente ; flexura ob-
soleti.

Ovate, tolerably strong, moderately convex,. glossy, white or
rose- coloured, nearly equilateral, rounded in front, rather shorter
and very obtusely wedge-shaped or obtusely angulated behind ;
one valve smooth, the other with fine striz, which are concentric
in front and then become oblique and crowded ; ventral margin
but slightly convex; dorsal edges not greatly sloping or convex ;
hgament prominent; flexure obsolete.

Sandwich Isles; and Isle of Bohol, soft mud, eight fathoms,
(Cuming).

In some specimens there is a tinge of rose-colour near the dorsal
edges.

165. Tetra Lure (pl. lix. f. 103, and Ixv. f. 249.) Gray
in Index Test. Sup. t. 1. £3; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 67. sup. t.1. £3.
T. Guildfordie, Gray in Grif. Cuvier, Mol. t. 19. f. 2.

Young; T. altermdentata, Brod. and Sow., Zool. Jour. vol. iv.
p. 363; Zool. to Beechey Voy. t. 44. f. 5.

T. testa ovali-subtrigond, subsequilaterali, subineequivalvi, com-
pressiuscula, sublevigata, albidi aut pallide rosea, epidermide
subviridi fugaci (in junioribus) induta, anticé rotundata ; margine
ventrali subrecto aut convexiusculo ; dorsali anticé subdeclivi et
convexiusculo, posticé declivi et prope Hgamentum magnum sub-
retuso deindeque convexo ; latere postico obtussissimé cuneiform ;
natibus erosis; flexura obsoleta; superficie interna albido-rosea,
utrinque saturatius fucatd, aut roseo subradiaté ; dentibus prima-
riis in utrAque valvulé duobus, altero simplici, altero bicuspidato,
alternatim mter se insertis.

Oval-subtriangular, subequilateral, rather cereal shghtly
inequivalve, nearly smooth, whitish or pale rose-colour under (in
young specimens only) a thin fugacious greenish epidermis; ven-
tral edge but slightly (if at all) convex ; ‘anterior side rounded, its
dorsal edge but slightly convex and not much sloping ;_ posterior
extremity very obtusely wedge-shaped, the dorsal edge near the

307

ereat ligament retuse but afterwards convex ; beaks eroded ; flexure
obsolete ; inside pink with a darker ray or stain on either side ;
primary teeth two in each valve, a simple and a bicuspidate, which
are alternately inserted.

Icy Cape.

165. Tenia Cotumsrensts (pl. Ixv. f. 246.) Hanley, Zool.
Proe 1844.

T. testd elliptic aut oblongo-ellipticaé, compressiusculi, sub-
ten, levigatd, extus intusque albid4, epidermide tenuissima fulvo-
cinerea indut&; margine ventrali medio convexiusculo, utrinque
arcuato; dorsali utrmque convexo, antice paulo, postice satis de-
clivi; latere antico longiore, rotundato; extremitate postici acu-
minat&; flexura costique umbonali subobsoletis; ligamento pro-
minulo; dentibus minimis.

Elliptic or elongated-elliptic, fragile, subinequivalve, rather
compressed, whitish, covered by a very thin opalescent pale drab
epidermis, quite smooth; ventral edge arcuated, ascending poste-
riorly ; anterior side much the longer, its extremity rounded and
somewhat attenuated, its dorsal edge convex and scarcely sloping ;
posterior end acuminated, hinder dorsal edge at first hollowed out
for the slightly prominent ligament, then very convex and consi-
derably sloping ; flexure and umbonal ridge all but obsolete; in-
side white, teeth minute.

Monte Christi, West Columbia.

Its more compressed valves and minute teeth will distinguish it
from the few species which are allied to it in outline. The hinge-
margin is very short and rather broad.

167. Trriina rurescens (pl. xin. f. 213.) Chemnitz, vol. vi.
f.97. (male); Dillw. D. Cat. p. 85; T. operculata, Gmel. 3235;
Wood, Gen. Conch. p. 165. t. 42. f.1: ; Lam. no. 13; Sow. Gen.
Shells ; Hank. Des. Cat. p. 62. t. 4. £37; Knorr. vol.vi. t. 12. f.1.

T. test’ oblong’, meequivalvi, ineequilaterali, solidé, subnitida,
rubro-roseA (intus saturatius fucatd), sublevigata, lineis obsoletis
radiantibus plerumque notata; alterd valvula convexa, alter com-
planaté ; margine ventrali medio subrecto, utrinque (preesertim
posticé) sursum acclinato ; dorsali antico convexo, et vix declivi ;
dorsali postico subdeclivi, prope igamentum magnum prominensque
retuso, deinde magis minusve convexo; latere antico paululum
breviore, rotundato; postico attenuato " obtusissim’ acuminato ;
costa umbonali lata, obtusi; flexura subobsoleta.

Oblong, inequivalve, rather strong, scarcely glossy, within and

305

without of a lighter or darker reddish rose-colour, nearly smooth,
often with obsolete radiating lines, covered when fresh with a very
thin epidermis; one valve convex, the other flat; ventral edge
nearly straight or subretuse in the middle, rising at the extremities
and particularly posteriorly ; anterior side rather the shorter, its
extremity rounded, its dorsal edge convex but scarcely sloping ;
posterior side very obtusely acuminated, the dorsal edge at first
retuse and little sloping, then moderately sloping and convex ;
fold broad and obtuse; flexure nearly obsolete ; ligament large.
Tumbez, Peru; soft sandy mud, five fathoms (Cuming).

168. Teiina nitipa (pl. lix. f.101.) Pod, Test. Sic. vol. 1.
t.15. f. 2, 3,4; Lam. no. 28; Philip. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i. p. 27;
Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 64. sup. t. 14. f. 4,

T. testé oblong’, valdé compressi, aquilaterali, satis solida, ni-
tidd, pallidé carned aut fulvi; concentricé striata, striis tenuissi-
mis, confertis, sed alterd in valvula posticé magis remotis alterdque
in valvula posticé obsoletis; margine ventrali medio subrecto; dor-
sali anticé convexo et subdeclivi, posticé declivi et subrecto ; latere
antico rotundato, postico cuneiform; flexurd nulla.

Oblong, much compressed, equilateral or nearly so, tolerably
strong, very glossy, pale flesh-coloured or fulvous, within of a
deeper hue, with fine regular and close concentric strie, which at
the posterior end of one valve are quite obsolete, and in the other
are there replaced by stronger, more distant, and subimbricated
ones; ventral edge nearly straight in the middle; anterior side
rounded, its dorsal edge convex, and but moderately sloping ; hin-
der side wedge-shaped, ligamental edge nearly straight ; no flexure.

Mediterranean.

169. Tetuiva Soutzyett (pl. lix. f. 111.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. test oblonga, tenuiusculd, convexo-depressd, extus intusque
albida, levigaté; margine ventrali convexiusculo; dorsalianticé con-
vexiusculo et subdeclivi, posticé recto aut subretuso et valdé de-
clivi; flexurd costaque umbonali distinctis ; latere antico longiore,
rotundato; extremitate postici subrostraté; lgameuto infosso ;
natibus acutis.

Oblong, tolerably convex, nearly equilateral, but rather longer
in front, of a rather dull white, not very thick, and quite smooth; the
ventral edge more or less convex ; the flexure as well as the umbo-
nal ridge quite distinct ; dorsal edge moderately convex and scarcely
sloping in front, nearly straight or slightly retuse behind ; anterior

309

extremity rounded, posterior somewhat beaked ; beaks acute; liga-
ment sunken ; inside white.

San. Nicolas, Zebu.

In the young, there is a slight appearance of rudimentary
lateral teeth.

170. Textiva micans (pl. lix. f. 106.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. testa ovato-oblong’, tenmi, compressiuscula, subinequilate-
rali, nitidissima, pellucida, nivea ; striis paucis remotis subobsoletis
concentricis, etiamque in adultis, strus subobliquis remotis, anticé
ornaté ; margine ventrali antice obliqu’ arcuato, posticé subrecto ;
dorsali anticé vix declivi et convexiusculo, postice declivi subretuso
et angulum obtusum cum margine postico subincurvato formante ;
latere postico breviore, cuneiformi ; extremitate antic’ obtusé rotun-
data ; flexurd obsoleta.

Ovate-oblong, thin, rather compressed, slightly inequilateral, ex-
tremely glossy, pellucid, snow-white, with a few indistinct and
rather distant concentric striz in front, which are crossed in adult
specimens by very slightly oblique and distant ones ; ventral edge
obliquely rounded anteriorly, and straightish behind ; anterior side
slightly the longer, obtusely rounded, its dorsal edge scarcely slop-
ing; hinder extremity wedge-shaped, the igamental edge subretuse
near the moderately projecting hgament, and forming a very obtuse
angle with the shghtly mcurved posterior edge ; flexure obsolete.

Catbalonga, Isle of Samar.

Bias, Isle of Negros.

171. Tretia mites (pl. bi. £188.) Hanley, Zool. Proc. 1844.

T. testa T. cuspidi affini sed oblonga, rostrat&é, compressiore;
margine antico dorsali vix paululum declivi; ventrali convexo ;
valvula altera lineis elevatis concentricis undique striata.

Like T. cuspis but oblong, beaked, and more compressed ; front
dorsal edge scarcely at all sloping ; ventral edge convex ; one valve
nearly smooth, the other with regular fine elevated concentric strie.

Hab. ? (Mus. Metcalfe.)

172. Teviia cusris (pl. lix. f. 125.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. testd ovata, solidiusculé, convex4, nitidiuscula, rosea, anticé
et inferné substriath : margine ventrali arcuato ; dorsali utrinque
subdeclivi, anticé convexo, posticé recto aut subretuso ; flexurd
costaque umbonali distinctis ; latere antico paululum ‘longiore,
rotundato ; postico subacuminato, subrostrato ; ligamento infosso.

Z

310

Ovate, moderately strong, convex, rather glossy, deep rose-colour,
substriated in front and towards the lower margin; ventral edge
arcuated ; dorsal but slightly sloping on either side, convex in front,
straight or subretuse behind ; fold and flexure perceptible ; ante-
rior side slightly the longer, "rounded ; posterior subacuminated,
and somewhat beaked ; ligament sunken.

Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming, Metcalfe.)

173. Tettma scatretium (pl. lx. f. 116.) Hanley, Zool.
Proc. 1844.

T. testé oblong, tenuissim4, compressi, nitidissima, valdé in-
equilateral, s saturatins s rosea, pellucida, subleevigaté ; margine ven-
Ve recto aut subrecto; dors sali antico paulalum declivi, subrecto;
latere postico brevi, obtusd subcuneiform ; extremitate lateris an-
tici longioris, rotundata ; hgamento parvo, prominulo ; flexurd
obsoleti.

Oblong, very thin and pellucid, very inequilateral compressed,
nearly smooth or concentrically substriated, of a very glossy deep
rose-colour ; ventral edge more or less straight ; front side pro-
duced, rounded at its extremity, its dorsal edge nearly straight and
very little sloping ; hinder side obtusely w edge- shaped ; hgament
small and prominent ; flexure almost entirely obsolete.

Tsle of Zebu.

174. Teta unputata (pl. lix. f. 107.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. testa oblong’, tennissim’, compress’, impolita et valdé in-
eequilateral, intus extusqne albidd, subobliqué et concentric’ undu-
lat4; margine ventrali convexo ; dorsali antice subrecto et vix decli-
vi, posticé meurvato satisque dechivi; latere postico brevi, attenuato,
rostrato, ad extremitatem biangulato; flexura cost&que umbonali
distinctis ; natibus acutis; lgamento infosso,

Oblong, very thin, compressed, very mequilateral, whitish both
within and without, not glossy, with oblique undulations which be-
come concentric near the short attenuated and beaked posterior ex-
tremity, of which the tip is acute and biangulated ; ventral edge con-
vex; dorsal anteriorly straightish and scarcely sloping, posteriorly
incurved and moderately sloping ; anterior side produced, its extre-
mity obtusely rounded; fold and flexure perceptible; ligament
sunken; beaks acute.

St. Elena, West Columbia.

175. Tsettina cyenus (pl. lix. f. 122.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

3ll

T. testa ovatd aut ovato-oblong’, solidiuscula, subsequilaterali,
convexi, nitida, candida, concentric? substriat4; margine ventrali
convexiusculo ; ; dorsal antic’ subrecto et paululum declivi, posticd
recto et valdé declivi; extremitate antici rotundato- obtus ; ; latere
postico cuneiformi, subrostrato; flexurdé ventrali distincta; liga-
mento infosso; superficie intern’ candida, submargaritacea.

Ovate or ovate- oblong, tolerably firm, nearly equilateral, convex,
glossy, white, concentrically substriated ; ventral margin slightly
convex; dorsal nearly straight and very slightly sloping in front;
quite straight and much sloping behind; anterior end obtusely
rounded ; posterior side wedge-shaped, and subrostrated ; flexure
distinct ; ligament sunken; outside white and somewhat pearly.

Bias, Isle of Negros, Phihppines.

176. Tetra ata (pl. lx. £.137, 146.) Hanley, Zool. Proc. 1844.

T. test& ovati, solidiusculd, subinequivalvi, subaquilaterali,
nitidé, convexiusculd, extus intusque albidi, radio brevi pallidé
aurantio in adultis utrinque ornata, concentricé substriat’é ; margine
ventrali magis minusque convexo; dorsali auticé convexo et’ sub-
declivi, posticé declivi et prope nates subretuso ; latere antico
rotundato, longiore ; postico angulato, subrostrato ; flexura costa-
que jumbonali_conspicuis ; ligamento infosso; cardine dentibus
primaris parvis, et nonnunquam dente laterali antico rudimentali,
instructo.

Var. ovato-trigond, solida, levi aut subleevigatd, convexd, nequa-
quam rostrata; flexurd costaque umbonali subinconspicuis.

Ovate, tolerably sohd, very shghtly mequivalve, nearly equila-
teral, rather convex, of a silky gloss, concentrically substriated,
whitish within and without, with (in adult specimens) a short pale
orange streak radiating on either side from the beaks ; ventral edge
more or less convex ; anterior side rather the longer, rounded at its
extremity, its dorsal edge convex, and not greatly sloping ;_poste-
rior side angulated and subrostrated, its dorsal edge retuse near
the beaks, and decidedly sloping; fold and flexure conspicuous ;
ligament rather sunken; primary teeth small, sometimes a rudi-
mentary anterior lateral one

Var. Ovate-triangular, solid, convex, nearly or quite smooth,
not at all beaked, the orange rays clearly visible; fold and flexure
by no means conspicuous.

Ceylon.

177. Turtina nympuatis (pl. xu. f. 196.) Zam. no. 50;
Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 70.

Wh ve

312

T. test& ovat&i aut obovata, magis minusve ventricosa, solidius-
culd, submitidd, sublevigata, subeequilaterali, extus itusque albida,
lineis obsoletis pallidioribus subradiata, epidermide pertenui lutes-
cente induté; margme ventrali anticé arcuato, posticé sursum
acclinato; dorsali anticé prope nates acutas subrecto deimdeque
arcuato et subdeclivi, postice subretuso et valdé declivi; latere
antico longiore, rotundato ; postico attenuato, angulato, et paululum
subrostrato ; flexura costaque umbonali satis conspicuis ; ligamento
prominulo; dentibus minimis.

Ovate or obovate, more or less ventricose, not very strong,
rather glossy, nearly equilateral, whitish both within and without,
covered by a very thin yellowish ash-coloured epidermis, nearly
smooth being merely wrinkled by the lines of growth, peculiarly
marked with obsolete radiating lines; ventral edge arcuated in
front and rising behind ; anterior side rather the longer, its extre-
mity rounded, its dorsal edge at first nearly straight and then
arched and moderately sloping; posterior side attenuated, angu-
lated, and very sightly beaked; fold and flexure tolerably distinct ;
ligament short and shghtly prominent; teeth very small.

Gambia.

In typical examples there is a slight groove-like depression
behind the fold, which does not exist in the next species.

178 Tettma Cayennensis (pl. Ix. f. 190.) Rsammobia C.
Lam. no. 11; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 58. sup. t. 11. £48; Deles. Rec.
t. 5. f. 7; T. constricta, PAi/., Ab. und Bes. Conch, part 3. t. 5.
f.5; T. intastriata, Say, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad.

T. testé ovali-trigona, solidé aut solidiusculé, magis minusve
ventricosi, subineequivalvi, subineequilaterali, nitidiuscula, extus
mtusque albida, epidermide cinerascente induta, subleevigaté ; mar-
gine ventrali convexiusculo; dorsali anticé convexo et subdeclivi,
posticé subrecto et declivi; latere antico paulo longiore, rotundato ;
postico cuneiform; natibus recté incurvatis ; ligamento promi-
nulo, satis magno; flexura costique umbonali satis conspicuis ;
dentibus haud parvis.

Triangularly-oval, more or less solid and ventricose, slightly
inequivalve and inequilateral, scarcely glossy, nearly smooth, whitish
within and without, covered by a very thin ashy epidermis ; ven-
tral edge slightly convex ; dorsal convex and moderately sloping
in front, straightish (never incurved) and strongly sloping behind ;
front side rounded, rather the longer; hinder side wedge-shaped ;
beaks incurved ; ligament little prominent, and as well as the teeth,
of a moderate size; fold and flexure tolerably distinct.

313

Closely resembling the last, of which it is possibly a variety, but
is more triangular, and not so distinctly marked with radiating les.
Guiana, Mexico, Florida.

179. Tatiina axa (pl. Is. f. 193.) Quoy and Gaim., Voy.
Astrol. Zool. vol. i. p. 500. t. 81. f.1, 2, 3.

T. testa subovata, solidiuscula, subcompressa, subpellucida, miti-
diusculé, extus intusque alba’, sublevigaté ; margine ventrali con-
vexo et posticé sursum acclinato; dorsali anticé arcuato et vix
subdeclivi, posticé elongato declivi et subrecto; latere antico lato,
multum breviore, rotundato ; postico attenuato, obtuse cuneiformi ;
ligamento infosso; cost& umbonali et flexura ventrali inconspicuis ;
natibus subacutis ; dentibus bifidis, subvalidis, simplicibus subob-
soletis.

Subovate, tolerably strong, rather flat, semi-transparent, nearly
smooth, somewhat glossy, white, one of the valves with obsolete
concentric striz; the ventral edge convex and ascending poste-
riorly ; anterior side broad, and distinctly the shorter, rounded at
its extremity, arcuated and but little sloping at its dorsal margin ;
the posterior side obtusely cuneiform, its tip attenuated and ob-
tusely angulated, its dorsal edge elongated scarcely convex and
obliquely sloping; beaks rather prominent; ligament sunken ;
umbonal ridge zo¢ conspicuous ; the bifid teeth rather strong, the
sunple nearly rudimentary.

In all the specimens I have seen, there are two or three obsolete
radiating folds at ths anterior extremity.

Australia.

180. Tetrmva Proxima (pl. Ixvi. f. 264. and lix. f. 115.)
Brown in Zoology to Beechey, p. 154. t. 44. f.4; Phil. Ab. und
Bes. Conch. part 9. pl. 5. f. 4; T. sordida, Couthouy, Boston Journ.
Nat. Hast. vol. u. p. 59. t. 3. £11; Sanguinolaria sordida, Gou/d,
Invert. Massachusetts, p. 67; Macroma tenera, Leach, Appendix
Ross. Voyage.

T. test& obovali, tenuiusculd, valdé ineequilaterali, convex’ aut
convexiusculi, impolita, extus albidd, intus candida, epidermide
cinerascente fugaci induta, concentrice obsolete et subimbricatim
striolata ; margine ventrali magis minusve convexo; dorsali anticé
arcuato et paulo declivi, posticé recto et valdé declivi; latere postico
brevi, et inferné subangulato ; extremitate posticd rotundata ; nati-
bus plerumque erosis; ligamento magno, prominente; cost& um-
bonali subobsoleta; dentium altero in utraque valvula bifurcato.

Oboval, thinnish, fragile, very inequilateral, more or less con-

314

vex, dull whitish (internally pure white), covered by a thin ash-
coloured fugacious epidermis ; ventral margin more or less convex ;
front dorsal edge arched and slightly sloping, hinder one straight
and greatly slopmg; posterior side short, ‘subangulated below ;

anterior extremity rounded ; beaks usually eroded ; “lig gament large
and prominent ; fold almost obsolete; one of the teeth bifurcate
(when the hinge is perfect, which is rarely the case) in each valve.

Boston, (Gould) ; Arctic Ocean.

181. Terria catcarna (pl. lx. f. 183.) Chemnitz, vol. vi.
p-. 140. £136; Dillwyn D. Cat. p. 93; Hanl. Des. Cat. p.46. t.4.
f.43; T. sordida, PAi/. Ab. und Bes. Conch. part 9. t. 5. f. 6.

T. test ovati aut subovati, solidiusculé, subinzequivalvi, con-
vexiusculd, ineequilaterali, extus intusque albidd, epidermide cine-
rascente induti, sublevigatéi; margine ventrali satis convexo,
posticé acclinato; dorsal anticé convexo et subdeclivi, posticé
declivi et subrecto ; latere antico longiore, ad extremitatem rotun-
dato; postico obtusé cuneiformi; natibus acutis, prominentibus ;
cost&é umbonali satis distinct; flexura ventrali subinconspicua ;
ligamento magno, prominulo; dentibus parvis.

More or less ovate, moderately firm, very slightly inequivalve,
tolerably convex, inequilateral, whitish both within and without,
never polished but often shghtly glossed, covered with an ashy
epidermis, under which it is nearly smooth or merely marked with
the lines of growth; ventral edge ascending behind, moderately
convex; anterior side the shorter, rounded at its extremity, its
dorsal edge convex and somewhat sloping, but near the acute and
prominent beaks shghtly imcurved; hinder side obtusely wedge-
shaped, the ligamental edge nearly straight; umbonal ridge tole-
rably evident; the ventral sinus almost obsolete; ligament large
and moderately projecting.

Iceland and Greenland.

182. Tetra nasuva (pl. lxiv. f. 224.) Conrad, Jour. Ac.
Nat. Sc. Philad. vol. vii. p. 258; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 71. sup. t. 14.
tosis

T. test& ovato-oblongé, solidi, ineequilaterali, convexi, impolita,
sublevigaté, albida, epidermide cinerascente plerumque induta ;
margine ventrali medio subretuso; dorsali anticé convexo paulu-
lumque declivi, postice clongato recto et declivi; latere antico bre-
viore, I rotundato ; ; postico cuneiform ; extremitate posticé subbi-
angulata ; natibus obtusis; lunulé nulli; flexuré costaque um-

315

bonali conspicuis ; ligamento magno et satis prominente; super-
ficie intern’ candida; dentibus satis magnis.

Ovate-oblong, solid, inequilateral, convex, dull, whitish, usually
covered by an ashy epidermis, nearly smooth, flexuous ; ventral
margin convex at the sides, but retuse in the middle ; ; anterior side
rounded, its dorsal edge convex and but little sloping; posterior
side wedge- shaped, its extremity nearly biangulated, its dorsal

margin elong: ited sloping and nearly straight ; fold and flexure
conspicuous ; ligament tolerably large and ‘prominent ; beaks ob-
tuse; no Tunule ; ; inside white, the teeth of a moderate size.

Oseeene

183. Tertiva epentua (pl. Ixv. f. 243.) Brod. and Sow.,
Zool. Jour. vol. iv. p. 363; Zool. to Beech. Voy. t. 41. f. 5. and
t. 44. f.6; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 71.

T. test obovali-subtrigon4, solidiusculd, subventricosi, subim-
polita, subimequilateral, sordidé albida, sublevigatié; margine
ventrali convexiusculo; dorsali utrinque subdeclivi, anticé con-
vexo, posticé subrecto ; latere antico paulo longiore, rotundato ;
postico obtusé subangulato; flexurd costaque umbonali subobso-
letis ; igamento magno, prominente; dentibus minimis, sublamel-
losis.

Var. Abbreviatd et magis incequilaterali.

Oboval, subtriangular, tolerably strong, more or less ventricose,
of a rather dull dirty white, nearly smooth, more or less inequila-
teral; ventral edge moderately convex ; dorsal not greatly sloping
on either side, convex in front, straightish and rather short be-
hind; anterior side the longer, rounded at its extremity ; posterior
side obtusely subangulated ; fold and flexure rather obsolete ; liga-
ment large and prominent; inside white; teeth very small, and
usually sublamellar.

Var. Shorter and more inequilateral.

Behring’s Straits.

184, Tetima rnorNATa (pl. lx. f. 123.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. test’ ovato-oblongd, subtenw, subventricosd, impolita, sub-
eequilaterali, sordidé albidé, epidermide tenui et cinerea induta,
levigaté ; marginis ventralis parte medid rect& aut subretusd ; dor-
salis parte auticé convexiusculd et paululum declivi, parte postica
subdeclivi; extremitate antici rotundata, posticd attenuato-rotun-
data; flexura cost&ique umbonali obsoletis.

Ovate-oblong, rather thin, subventricose, and nearly equilateral,

316

smooth, dull dirty white under a thin ash-coloured epidermis ; ven-
tral edge straight or subretuse in the middle; dorsal slightly con-
vex and very little sloping in front, moderately sloping behind ;
front extremity rounded, the hinder rounded but attenuated ; fold
and flexure obsolete.

Conception, Chil.

A. fossil-lke shell, which much resembles an elongated and
swollen Edentula.

185. Texrtiwa Barrutica (pl. lix. f. 121.) Lin. Sys. 1120;
Chem. vol. 6. f. 128. Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 72. t. 4. f. 85.

T. testa suborbiculari, subtrigona, solidd, equilaterali, subven-
tricosi, albida aut pallidé carned, intus plerumque rosea, levigata ;
margine ventrali arcuato et posticé sursum acclinato ; dorsali antico
brevi, subdeclivi, et prope nates prominentes subrecto, deindeque
convexo; margine ligamentali subrecto aut convexiusculo, et valdé
declivi; latere antico rotundato ; extremitate lateris postici angulati
rotundati; hgamento magno, prominente; flexurd costique um-
bonali obsoletis ; dentibus parvis.

Suborbicular, shghtly triangular, thick, equilateral, more or less
ventricose, white or pale flesh coloured, with the interior usually
rosy, smooth, not glossy; ventral edge arcuated, rising behind ;
front dorsal edge, short and not much sloping, nearly straight ad-
jacent to the prominent beaks, becoming convex subsequently ;
hinder dorsal edge nearly straight or but slightly convex, much
sloping; anterior side rounded ; posterior side angulated, but with
the tip rounded; ligament large, and prominent ; fold and flexure
obsolete; teeth small.

Baltic.

Easily distinguished from the allied species, by its more rounded
shape, its ventricoseness, and arcuation of its lower edge. T. Fab-
ricii which approaches it in these respects, is less angulated behind.

186. Tetriva rusca (pl. lix. f. 117.) Psammobia fusca,
Say, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 5. p. 220. Sanguinolaria fusca
Conrad. Am. Mar. Conc. p. 34. t. 7. f. 1; Gould, Inv. Massa.
p- 66. f. 42.

T. test& obovatd, solidiusculé aut subtenui, subsquilaterali,
compress’ aut convexiusculé, subimpolita, albida, epidermide tenu-
issima cinerascente indutd, levigaté; margine ventrali maximé et
regulariter arcuato; dorsali utrinque subdectivi, anticé arcuato,
posticé subrecto; latere antico rotundato; postico subangulato ;

317

natibus parvis acutis, prominentibus ; flexur& costaque umbonali
obsoletis, igamento prominulo ; dentibus angustissimis.

Obovate, rather thin, nearly if not quite equilateral, more or
less compressed or but slightly convex, scarcely at all glossy, whit-
ish under a thin ashy epidermis, smooth; ventral edge regularly
and greatly arcuated; the dorsal edges not much sloping, arched in
front, and nearly straight behind; anterior side rounded, posterior
subangulated ; beaks eaell acute, and prominent ; ligament rather
projecting ; fold and flexure obsolete ; ; teeth very narrow.

“Tts varieties in size, strength, and colour, are very great. In
muddy bays, they grow to a larger size, and are thick and of a
blueish and, sometimes, a rusty colour, and covered with a firm
dark epidermis. Tn clean s sandy localities they are very thin, pure
white, or sometimes of a delicate rose or lemon colour, and the epi-
dermis very shight.”— Gould.

North America.

187. Tpirina rnconsproua* (pl. lx. f. 120.) Broderip and
Sow., Zool. Jour. vol. 4. p. 363 ; Zool. to Beech. Voy. t. 41. f. 6.
Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 72.

T. testé Solidule affini, sed impolité et epidermide fusco-cine-

* A species which bears some resemblance to a young Inconspicua,
or Fusca, but which nevertheless is probably distinct, at least judging
from the figure, for I have never been able to procure a specimen of
the shell, is the

TELLINA PETALUM (pl. Ixvi. f. 263.) VALENCIENNES in Zool. to
Humb. and Bonpl. Voy. vol. i. p. 222. t. 48. f. 2.

T. test& subovata, tenuiuscula, fragili, subzequilaterali, compressius-
cul, subleevigati, superné subrosed, inferné albido-luted, zonis sub-
roseis plerumque ornatai; margine ventrali satis convexo; dorsali an-
tic convexo et subdeclivi, posticé convexiusculo et declivi; latere
antico rotundato; postico subangulato ; ligamento parvo, brevi; den-
tibus lateralibus nullis.

Subovate, thinnish, fragile, nearly imequilateral, rather compressed,
nearly smooth, merely marked with the strize of growth, somewhat rosy
near the beaks, becoming pale yellowish with rosaceous zones towards
the ventral edge, which is but moderately convex ; front dorsal edge
convex and not much sloping, hinder one but slightly convex and
decidedly sloping ; anterior extremity rounded ; posterior side suban-
ewlated ; ligament short and small; teeth small, no lateral ones.

Acupulco.

2A

318

rascente mduté ; latere antico breviore ; postico haud acuminato ;
ligamento permagno ; natibus et umbonibus plerumque erosis.

Very like Soldula, but the front side is the shorter one, and the
posterior extremity is not at all acuminated. ‘The surface is not
glossy, is usually eroded near the beaks, and covered with an ashy-
brown epidermis near the ventral margin, which is regularly sub-
arcuated. The ligament is very large and prominent.

Arctic Ocean.

188. Tectia Faprtcrt (pl. lix. f. 112.) Hanley ; Venus fra-
gilis, Otho Fabr., Faun. Groen. p. 413.

T. testa suborbiculari, solidd, equilaterali, convexA aut subven-
tricosd, impolita, extus intusque albidi, epidermide cinerascente
induta, concentricé subrugulosi; margine ventrali magis minusve
arcuato; dorsali utrinque convexiusculo, antici subdeclivi, postice
declivi; latere antico rotundato; postico vix etiam obtusissimé
subangulato; natibus €rosis ; gamento permagno, prominente ;
flexuri obsoleti; dentibus minimis.

Suborbicular, care equilateral, convex or subventricose, dull white,
covered by an ashy epidermis, concentrically wrinkled by the lines
of growth; ventral margin more or less arcuated ; dorsal edges
moderately convex, rather sloping in front, decidedly so behind ;
anterior side rounded, posterior scarcely at all angulated; beaks
eroded ; ligament large, and prominent; flexure obsolete; teeth
very small.

There being already a T. fragilis, I am compelled to alter the
orginal specific appellation of the shell.

Northern Seas.

189. Trtrina soniputa (pl. lx. f. 109, 110.) Pultney, Cat.
Dorset. p. 29; Mont. Test. Brit. p. 63; Maton, Lin. Tr. 8; Wood,
Gen. Con. 198. t. 46. f. 2; Lam. no. 51; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 70.
t.4. £84; T.zonata, Dido. D. Cat. p. 100; Psammobia solidula,
Turton, Biv. Brit. p.95. t. 8. £2; T. Balthica, PZi7. En. Moll. Sic.
vol.i. p. 28; T. rubra, Da Cost. Brit. Conch. t. 12. f. 14.

T. testa rotundato-ovata, solid’, subseqnilaterali, convexd aut
subventricosi, magis minusve nitida, laevigata, albida, luted, auran-
tii. aut rosea; margine ventrali anticé arcuato, posticé sursum

2 to} a
acclinato; dorsali anticé arcuato et subdeclivi, posticé declivi et
vix convexiusculo; latere antico paululum longiore, rotundato ;
postico acuminato ; natibus acutis, prominentibus ; costé umbonali
obsolet’; lgamento magno prommente; dentibus angustissimis
et seepe obsoletis.

319

Rounded-ovate, solid, subequilateral, convex or subventricose,
more or less glossy, smooth or with a few ridges of growth, very
variable in colouring, bemg white yellow orange or rosy; ventral
edge arcuated in front, and rising behind so as to form a sharp
angle with the shghtly convex and moderately sloping Hgamental
margin; anterior side very slightly the longer and rounded; its
dorsal edge arched and moderately sloping ; ligament prominent ;
fold obsolete; beaks rather prominent and acute; teeth extremely
narrow, and usually obsolete.

Britam ; Hurope ; Senegal.

190. Trtiiva trus (pl. lx. f. 145.) Hanley, Zool Proc.
1844.

T. testi ovati aut obovata, crassi (in adultis), subventricosi,
subzequilaterali, impolita, extus intusque sordidé albid&; concen-
tricé rugosd, rugis interruptis, minutis, confertissimis, elevatis ;
margine ventrali magis minusve arcuato ; dorsali anticé convexo et
subdeclivi, posticé convexiusculo elongato declivi; latere antico
paululium breviore, rotundato ; postico inferné angulato ; lunula
(in adultis) parva, profunda ; Tigamento infosso ; cost. umbonali
subobsoleta ; dentibus satis magnis.

Ovate or obovate, solid, coarse, subventricose, subequilateral,
dull dirty white both within and without, the surface roughened
by minute concentrically arranged but unconnected elevated wrin-
kles (reminding one of those upon /wgosa but on a much smaller
scale), which however are usually (except in portions) abraded ;
front dorsal edge convex after passing the small but distinct lunule ;
ligamental edge not greatly convex, and decidedly sloping so as to
form an angle with the more or less arched ventral margin; beaks
inclining to the rounded extremity of the shorter anterior side ;
ligament sunken but distinct ; a large bifid and a simple scarcely
rudimentary tooth in one valve, two rather strong diverging obtuse
ones in the other.

Guinea? Mus. Cuming and Walton.

191. Terria rraeitis (pl. lvi. f. 14. and Ix. f. 149.) Lin.
Syst. 1117; Chem. vol. vi. f. 84; Philip. Mol. Sic. p. 28; Poli.
Test. Sic. t. 15. f. an 24; Petricola ochroleuca, ae no. 2; Payr.
Cat. Cors. t. 1. f. 9, 10; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 52. sup. t. ied Or
Psammobia fragilis, Zvrt. Biv. Brit. p. $8. t. 7. f£. 11, 12

T. test& ovato-trigond, solidiusculé, subpellucida, valde meequi-
laterali, satis tumida, subimpolita, albid& aut pallidé crocea, ad
rather flavescente Amt crocea, strils remotiusculis elevatis concen-

trice aspera; margine ventrali convexo, posticé surswm acclinato ;
(9) 9)
~ A w

dorsali utrmque satis declivi, anticé convexo, posticé prope nates
subretuso demdeque convexiusculo; latere antico rotundato, bre-
viore ; postico obtusé acuminato et paululum subrostrato ; natibus
obtusis; flexurd costique umbonali obsoletis ; superficie intern’
plerumque croceé; dentibus satis magnis.

Var. Magis elongaté, tumidai; strnus lamellosis; margine ven-
trali minus convexo; extremitate posticd obtuse Diangulata.

Ovate-trigonal, moderately solid, slightly pellucid, very inequi-
lateral, rather tumid; almost devoid of glossiness, whitish with a
tinge of yellow or saffron colour (which sometimes but rarely per-
vades the entire surface) upon the umbones ; rough with concen-
tric elevated rather distant striz; ventral edge convex; dorsal
shghtly retuse on either side of the obtuse beaks, and then convex
and rather slopimg in front, scarcely convex but decidedly sloping
behind; anterior side short and rounded; posterior obtusely acu-
minated and very slightly subrostrated ; fold and flexure obsolete ;
inside usually of a saffron colour; teeth rather large, two diverging
ones in one valve, a recurved one in the other.

Var. Hlonge ited and not at all triangular, tumid; the strie
lamellar ; ventral edge scarcely at all convex ; hinder end obtusely
biangulated.

Scarcely a Teddina, but with the teeth and general characters of
so many usually included in that genus, that I know not how to
separate it. From the figure in Delessert, the Psammotea Tarentina
of Lamarck is probably a variety of this shell.

Britain, Europe.

192. Tettina Gutnaica (pl. lix. f. 180.) Chemnitz, vol. xi.
p. 848. f. 1651, 1652, 1653; Dillw. Des. Cat. p. 69 ; T. polygona,
Gmel.; Lam. no. 43.

T. test ovata, solid, ventricosf, impolité, insequilaterali, extus
intusque albidd, lineis rudioribus subremotis elevatis concentricé
striata; margine ventrali magis minusve convexo ; dorsali posticé
subdeclivi et acco! anticé magis declivi et subincurvato ; latere
antico brevi, rotundato ; latere postico rotundato-angulato aut obtu-
sissimé cuneiformi, extremitate ejus semper rotundaté; costé um-
bonali subinconspicua ; lunula distincta; ligamento infosso ; denti-
bus magnis.

Ovate, solid, ventricose, dull, mequilateral, within and without
whitish, roughened by coarse raised concentric and rather distant
striee ; ventral edge more or less convex; dorsal edge straightish
and not much sloping behind, more sloping and somewhat incurved
in front; anterior side short and rounded; posterior somewhat

32)

angulated below, or very obtusely wedge-shaped, the tip always
rounded; fold not very distinct; ligament sunken; a distinct
short lunule; teeth very large.

Guinea.

This is probably the Adz/dgaardiana of Spengler.

193. Tretia potyeona (pl. lxn. f. 189.) Chemnitz, vol. vi.
p- 91. £77; Dillw. Des. Cat. p. 77; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 69. t. 3.
f.11; T. multangula, Gme/., 3230; Lam. no. 42.

T. testa. ovato-oblonga, solidi, ventricos4, ineequilaterali, impo-
lité, extus intusque albida, lineis elevatis confertis concentricé
striata, anticé breviore, posticé subcuneiformi; margine ventrali
subrecto; dorsali anticé paululum declivi, posticé longo subrecto
dechvi; extremitate anticd obtusa ; postic’ attenuata et biangulata ;
flexurd costique umbonali perspicuis ; ; ligamento subinfosso ; den-
tibus magnis.

Ovate-oblong, solid, ventricose, inequiateral, not glossy, whitish
within and without, roughened by coarse crowded concentric raised
strie, shorter in front, somewhat wedge-shaped behind; ventral
edge straightish, but rendered wavy by two extremely obsolete and
subcentral radiating ridges ; anterior extremity obtuse, dorsal edge
short and scarcely ‘at all sloping; posterior tip narrow and bian-
gulated, the hgamental margin long straightish and sloping; fold
and flexure evident ; ; teeth large.

Guinea.

194. Terria Brueurert (pl. bx. f.192.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844; Ene. Meth. t. 231. £2

T. test& rotundato-trigona, solidi, subeequilaterali, convexa, im-
polita, extus intusque albida, sublevigaté, (aut strtis exilibus ob-
soletis radiantibus strias concentricas ‘tentissimas decussantibus) ;
margine ventrali convexo aut subarcuato ; dorsali postice elevatiore
valdé declivi et paululum convexo, anticé arcuato et declivi; ex-
tremitate antic’ obtusi; posticd rotundata ; natibus prominentibus,
et anticé incumbeuntibus; flexurd cost&que umbonali obsoletis ;
higamento infosso ; lunuld, parva; dentibus maximis.

Suborbicular, subtriangular, solid, nearly equilateral, convex,
white within and without, dull, nearly smooth, when closely ex-
amined some of the adult specimens present the appearance of a
most minute decussation, caused by the intersection of delicate
obsolete radiating lines and very fine concentric strie, which latter
are chiefly apparent near the convex or subarcuated ventral mar-
gin; posterior dorsal edge abruptly sloping, shghtly convex, and

322

more elevated than the arcuated and moderately slopmg anterior ;
front extremity broad and rounded, hinder one obtuse; ligament
sunken ; fold and flexure obsolete; beaks prominent and inclining
forward ; teeth extremely large.

Isle of Panay, Philippines (Cuming).

195. Tertina aura (pl. xu. f. 200.) Conrad, Jour. Ac. N.S.
Philad. vol. vi. p. 258; Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 71.

T. test& obovali, subventricosd, crassiusculi, submeequilaterali,
impolita, concentricé et confertim rugosa, extus imtusque albida ;
margine ventrali subrecto; dorsali utrinque paululum declivi, an-
ticé convexo, posticé recto; latere antico longiore, rotundato ;
extremitate posticd obtusé biangulata; costé umbonali lata, planu-
lati; natibus recte imcurvatis ; ligamento infosso; dentibus an-
gustis.

Oboval, slightly ventricose, thickish, slightly mequilateral, dull
white, with crowded concentric wrinkles ; ventral edge straightish ;
dorsal little sloping on either side, convex in front, rectilinear be-
hind; anterior side rather the longer, rounded at its extremity ;
posterior side obtusely biangulated; umbonal ridge broad but
flattened; beaks directly incurved ; igament sunken ; inside white ;
the teeth narrow; the hinge margin broad.

California.
196. Tuitrna Epuippium (pl. lxv. f. 244.) Spengler, loc. cit.

T. test&é Lacunose simillimi, sed valdé ineequivalvi et plané
ineequilaterali; costé umbonali angustissima, carmata.

Closely resembling Lacwnosa, but decidedly inequivalve and m-
equilateral; the umbonal ridge narrow and carinated in the flatter
valve, replaced by a linear indentation im the other.

East Indies (Spengler).

197. Tertma Lacunosa (pl. lxv. f. 252.) Chem., vol. iv.
p- 92. £.78; Lam. no. 39; Enc. Meth. t. 290. f. 14; Hanl. Des.
at. p. 69. t. 3. £12; T. papyracea, Gmel.

T. test’ obovali, ventricosi, subimequivalvi, subsequilaterali,
tenuiusculé, subpellucidd, extus intusque candida, subleevigata,
medio contorto-lacunos’ ; margine ventrali subrecto sed contorto ;
dorsali antico subarcuato; ligamentali subdeclivi, subrecto; latere
antico lato, rotundato; postico lato, obtuso; natibus prominenti-
bus, incurvatis; igamento subinfosso; cost& umbonali lata, ob-
tusa.

323

Var. Testa crassiore ; parte superiore lateris postici partem im-
feriorem superante.

Oboval, rather thin, very slightly nequivalve, nearly inequilateral,
ventricose, somewhat pellucid, white, nearly smooth or with delicate
concentric wrinkles, which are chiefly apparent near the rounded
anterior extremity; ventral edge nearly straight (as to convexity),
but much twisted, owing to the concavity in front of the obtuse
but prominent umbonal slope im one of the valves; dorsal edge
scarcely sloping, arcuated in front, straightish behind ; extremity
of the hinder side (which is slightly the shorter) very obtusely
biangulated ; ligament rather sunken; beaks broad and. directly
incurved ; teeth small.

Var. Thicker and coarser; a broader space from the umbonal
ridge to the posterior end, which latter projects at its upper ex-
tremity.

Guinea.

8. Tetrina specraBixis (pl. Ixv. f. 254.) Hanley, Zool.
Proc. 1844.

T. test’ ovato-trapeziformi, subtenui, maximé ineequilaterali,
ventricosa, impolita, extus intusque albidi; concentricé striata,
stris elevatis, tenuibus, rugosis ; margine ventrali paululum con-
VEXO ; dorsali antic3 convexo et declivi, posticé recto aut subin-
curvato et maximé declivi; extremitate lateris antici longioris
obtusi; extremitate posticé truncato-cuneiformi, obtusé biangu-
lati; flexura costique umbonali conspicuis; ligamento magno,
haud prominente ; dentibus minimis.

Ovate, subtrapeziform, not solid, extremely inequilateral, ven-
tricose, dull, white both internally and externally, with fine raised
concentric wrinkles, which are rather distant near the beaks, but
become closer towards the but little convex ventral margin ; ante-
rior side produced, its dorsal edge convex and sloping (in the
young it is at first almost parallel with the ventral) ; its extremity
obtuse or more rarely rounded ; posterior side extremely short,
its extremity truncato-cuneiform and obtusely biangulated, the
ligamental edge abruptly sloping and straight or shghtly incurved ;
fold and flexure prominent, the former subcarinated in the young ;
ligament large but not projecting; teeth minute.

Bay of Manilla and Isle of Siquijor.

199. Tertiva Domset (pl. lxu. f. 182, and pl. Ixiv. f. 222.)
Huntley, ool. Proc, 1844.

T. testé obovata aut ovali, subinequivalvi, magis minusve so-

324.

lida, subventricosi, subimpolita, sublevigaté, extus intusque albidi,
umbonibus aurantio-roseis ; margine onnein subrecto aut paulu-
lum convexo ; dorsali antico vix “declivi et prope nates prominulas
subretuso, deinde magis minusve convexo; margine ligamentali
declivi, subrecto ; extremitate antic&é rotundaté; latere postico
breviore, obtusé cuneiformi; flexurd subobsoleta, (rarius distinct) ;
ligamento infosso.

Var. Test& majore, impolité, opaci, concentricé subrugosa,
umbonibus haud erubescentibus; flexurd costaque umbonali dis-
tinctis.

Varying in form from obovate to oval, more or less solid, rather
ventricose, rarely at all glossy, whitish ‘with the umbones reddish
crimson, nearly smooth, (in full grown individuals with a few con-
centric striz near the scarcely convex ventral margin, whose flexure
is rarely distinct) ; anterior side the longer, sometimes greatly, at
others scarcely so, its dorsal edge for about half its length from
the rather prominent beaks somewhat retuse and nearly parallel
to the lower edge, thence declining in a convex slope to the
rounded termination; hinder extremity more or less obtusely
wedge-shaped, the ligamental edge sloping strongly, and being
more or less straight ; ligament sunleen : the inner disk red; one

umbone projecting beyond the other.

Var. Larger, dull, opaque, the umbones not coloured, the sur-
face somewhat Ww rinkled concentrically ; fold and flexure distinct.

Panama, the variety from 'Tumbez.

200. Tartiva aneurata (pl. xv. f. 250.) Chemnitz, vol. vi.
p. 89. f. 74, 75 ; Wood, Gen. Conch. p. 146. t. 43. f.1; Schroet.
Kini. vol. u. t. 7. f.8; Lutraria Tellinoides, Zam.; Deles. t.3. f.5;
Hanl. Des. Cat. p. 27. sup. t. 11. f. 33.

T. testA subovali, inequivalvi, solidiusculé, ineequilaterali, con-
vex’ aut subventricosi, extus mtusque alba, subleevigaté ; margine
ventrali subrecto aut convexiusculo ; dorsali utrinque paululum
dechivi aut subdeclivi et subrecto, postics elevatiore, anticé prope
nates subincurvato; latere antico obtuso aut rotundato, longiore ;
extremitate posticd obtusa, subattenuati, aut obtussim’ biangu-
lati; natibus prominentibus incurvatis, acutis; cost& umbonali
satis distincté; hgamento parvo, angusto, infosso ; dentibus ob-
soletis.

Somewhat oval, inequivalve, tolerably strong, moderately inequi-
lateral, convex or ‘subventricose, white both within and without,
nearly smooth; ventral edge straightish or but shghtly convex ;
anterior side the longer, its extremity rounded when the straightish

or

25
dorsal edge (which is slightly incurved near the beaks) 1s mode-
rately sloping, when but little sloping obtuse ; posterior extremity
very obtusely biangulated, or attenuated and obtuse; beaks acute
prominent and incurved; fold tolerably distinct; ligament small
narrow and sunken ; teeth obsolete.

Ceylon and Isle of Negros, Philippines; (Cuming).

This is not the 7. angulata of Linneus, which I believe to be
a Psammotia.

201. Trtiina GUBERNACULUM (pl. Ixu. f. 186.) Hanley, Zool.
Proc. 1844,

T. test& subovaté, subineequivalvi, tenui, compresstusculi, levi,
extus intusque albidd, valdé ineequilaterali; margine ventrali con-
vexiusculo, anticé sursum acclinato; dorsali anticé magis mimusve
convexo et declivi, postice recto brevi et subito declivi; extremitate
lateris antici longioris rotundato-attenuata ; extremitate postica
brevissima, truncato-cuneiformi; flexur’ costAque umbonali obso-
letis ; ligamento infosso ; dentibus parvis.

Var. Testi magis elongaté; latere postico brevissimo; margine
dorsali posticé maximé declivi, anticé subrecto.

Subovate, rather inequivalve, thin, somewhat compressed, smooth,
whitish, very inequilateral ; ventral edge moderately convex, sloping
upwards in front; dorsal more or less convex and sloping ante-
riorly, but short straight and abruptly declining posteriorly ; ante-
rior side produced, its extremity attenuated and rounded; poste-
rior side extremely short and truncato-cuneiform ; fold and flexure
obsolete; ligament sunken; teeth small.

Var. More elongated; hinder side extremely short; dorsal edge
nearly straight in front, Tost abruptly slopmg behind.

Real Lejos, Central America (Cuming).

202. Tretia tRuNCcaTA. (pl. lxu. f.198.) Jonas, Ab. und
Bes. Conch. part 3. t. 5. f. 2.

T. test’ ovali-subtrigona, solidiusculé, subineequivalvi, subven-
tricosd, subimpolité, extus imtusque alba, subleevigatd, valdé imee-
quilaterali ; margine ventrali subrecto ; dorsali antice convexiusculo
et declivi aut subdeclivi, posticé recto subelongato et valde declivi ;
latere antico producto, ad extremitatem rotundato-attenuato ; la-
tere postico subcuneiformi, ad extremitatem angusto et subangu-
lato ; flexurd subobsolet’i; lgamento magno, infosso; dentibus
primaris distinctis.

Oval-subtriangular, tolerably strong, slightly mequivalve, rather
ventricose, rather dull white, nearly smooth, very inequilateral ;

2B

ventral edge nearly straight; anterior side attenuated, produced
and rounded, its dorsal edge sloping and tolerably convex ; poste-
rior side nearly wedge-shaped, the extremity narrow and subangu-
lated, the dorsal edge straight, rather long in proportion and strongly
sJoping ; flexure “almost entirely obsolete ; ; ligament large and
sunken; inside white; teeth distinct.

Bay of Manilla (Cuming).

Not unlike Gubernaculum but the hinder side in that species is
less wedge-shaped, the tip being broader, and the hgamental edge

decidedly shorter.

203. Tetra pettucipa (pl. lix. f. 118.) Philippi, Ab und.
Bes. Conch. part 3. t. 5. f. 4.

T. testd ovata aut obovati, tenui, Ineequilaterali, convex, nitida,
extus Intusque nived, levigatéi; margine ventrali convexo, posticé
sursum acclinato; dorsali anticé convexo et paulo declivi, posticé
convexiusculo et declivi; extremitate lateris antici longioris rotun-
dati; extremitate postici obtusi aut rotundati; natibus acutis,
haud prominentibus ; ligamento fulvo, infosso ; costa umbonali
obsolet’; dentibus angustis, minimis.

Var. Test& abbreviatéi; margine dorsali utrinque magis declivi
et minus convexo.

More or less ovate, thin, decidedly convex, mequilateral, pure
glossy white both within and w ithout, smooth, or with a few lines
of growth; anterior side the longer, its extremity rounded, its
dorsal edge convex and but little sloping ; hinder side clearly the
shorter, its dorsal edge sloping and but shghtly convex, tip ob-
tusely rounded; ventral edge convex (or even subarcuated) and
inclining upward posteriorly ; ligament yellow and sunken; beaks
acute but not prominent ; umbonal ridge obsolete; teeth minute.

Var. Abbreviated; the dorsal edges more sloping and less
convex.

Bay of Manilla (Cuming).

204. Tentina Cuinensis (pl. lvi. f. 18.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. test& ovali, solidiusculé, convexd, subineequilaterali, impolita,
extus intusque candida, leevigaté ; margine ventrali subrecto ; dor-
sali anticé convexiusculo et paululum declivi, posticé subrecto
satisque declivi; extremitate posticé obtusa; latere antico longiore,
rotundato; ligamento ?; costa umbonali obsoleta.

Oval, tolerably strong, convex, slightly inequilateral, dull white,
smooth; ventral edge nearly straight; anterior side the longer,

327

rounded at its extremity, its dorsal edge scarcely at all slopmg and
moderately convex ; posterior extremity obtuse, the himder dorsal
edge moderately sloping and nearly straight; ligament ig
umbonal ridge obsolete ; mside white.

China (Mus. Brit.).

205, Tetiina rrierpa (pl. lix. f.119.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844,

T. testé ovali, solidiusculé, convexi, meequilaterali, witida, al-
bid (intus candida), laevigata, utrimque rotundata; margine ven-
trali_ convexo; dorsali antico subdeclivi, convexo; latere postico
plané breviore ; natibus inconspicuis; flexura costique umbonali
obsoletis ; dentibus minimis.

Oval, tolerably strong, convex, inequilateral, glossy, whitish,
smooth, rounded at each extremity; ventral edge convex ; front
dorsal convex and moderately sloping; posterior side decidedly
the shorter; beaks not prominent; fold and flexure obsolete ;
teeth minute ; inside white.

Kamskatchka.

206. Tutiina Granpis (pl. Ixv. f. 247.) Hanley, Zool. Proc.
1844.

T. testa ovali, subtrigona, solid’, subineequivalvi, levi, convexi,
subimpolité, extus intusque albidd, anticé rotundati; margine
ventrali convexiusculo; dorsali utrinque declivi, posticé recto aut
subrecto, anticé vix convexiusculo; extremitate lateris antici bre-
vioris obtusi; flexurd costaque umbonali subobsoletis ; ligamento
magno

Subtriangularly oval, solid, shghtly mequivalve, convex, smooth,
rather of a dull white under an almost imperceptible epidermis,
which is only visible near the but little convex ventral margin ;
anterior side clearly the longer, its extremity rounded, its dorsal
edge but little convex and moderately sloping, lgamental edge
straight, and strongly sloping; posterior termination obtuse ; fold
and flexure almost entirely obsolete ; inside white, the hinge-plate
strong, the teeth of a moderate size.

Tumbez, Peru.

207. Terria secta (pl. lxv. f. 245, 248.) Conrad, Jour. Ac.
N.S. Philad. vol. vi. p. 257. Han Des. Cat. p. 67.

T. testa solidiusculé, ineequivalvi, nitid’, extus intusque can-
dida, levigat&; alteré valvnlé convexd, alter complanata; mar-
gine ventrali subarcuato; dorsali utrinque haud multum declivi,

9 B2
w ww

et prope hgamentum magnum inciso; extremitate anticd rotun-
data; cost’ umbonali magis minusve conspicud; dentibus prima-
ris distinctis; margine cardinah sub Lgamento intus incrassato,
superficie interna impolita.

Testd seniore obovali, eequilaterali ; margine dorsali subhorizon-
tali, convexiusculo ; latere antico lato; extremitate posticd obtusa ;
margine postico angulum obtusum cum margine ventrali formante ;
hgamento maximo.

Testd juniore sicut im seniore, sed ovali, ineequilaterali ; margine
dorsali antico subdeclivi; latere antico longiore, attenuato.

Var. Testa ovali, ineequilaterali, margine dorsali antico subde-
clivi; latere antico longiore, plerumque ad extremitatem attenuato ; &
extremitate postic’ angulaté; margine ventrali posticé subincur-
vato et magis sursum acclinato.

Inequivalve, tolerably strong, smooth, glossy, rounded in front ;
one valve convex, the other flattened ; ventral margin subarcuated ;
dorsal edges not greatly sloping, near the large ligament (under
which the hinge margin is internally thickened) with an incision ;
wnbonal ridge more or less conspicuous ; teeth distinct.

Adult. Oboval, equilateral, hinge-margin subhorizontal and
slightly convex; anterior side broad; hinder extremity obtuse ;
posterior edge forming one obtuse angle with the ventral ; hgament
very large.

Young. Resembling the adult, but oval and mequilateral; the
front dorsal edge moderately sloping; anterior side the longer,
attenuated at its termination.

Var. Oval, inequilateral ; front dorsal edge moderately sloping ;
anterior side the longer, and generally attenuated at its extremity ;

posterior end angulated, the hinder ventral edge being somewhat
incurved and sloping upward.

California.

To this section belong, likewise, the 7. /ateralis and brevifrons
of Say, which, however, I am unable to identify ; and as the species
have not been recognised by any subsequent conchologists, and
are unknown even to the naturalists of the United States, I
cannot, consequently, add to descriptions which will not exactly
apply to any Tellens I am acquainted with.

“THLLINA LATERALIS, Say, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad.

Transversely subovate, subequilateral ; posterior (anterior) mar-

329

gin regularly rounded, anterior (posterior) margin beaked, the
rostrum turned to the left and slightly gaping, ligament slope
straight ; basal margin regularly arcuated, a little contracted near
the beak ; valves whitish, often tinged with ferruginous, with small
concentric wrinkles and slight waves; within white, a little sculp-
tured by the external waves; no lateral teeth, two cardinal in one
valve, and one with another hardly elevated filiform one in the
other.
South coast of the United States.”

TELLINA BREVIFRONS Say, Am. Conch. t. 64, f. 1.

Ovate, thin, fragile, not very convex, white, tinged particularly
on the umbo with pale dull fulvous; with transverse (concentric)
slender strie, and in a particular ight obsolete longitudinal (radi-
ating) striz are visible; beaks much anterior (posterior) to the
middle, forming an angle in consequence of the anterior and pos-
terior hinge-margin being rectilinear to a considerable distance, the
latter parallel to the base ; anterior (posterior) side short and ab-
rupt, rounded at the tip, and with a submarginal undulation ;
posterior (anterior) side more than as long again as the anterior
(posterior), rounded at tip; within much more deeply coloured
with fulvous! cardinal teeth, two im the left and one in the right
valve ; lateral teeth none.”

The shell is represented in the drawing as nearly an inch long,
of a pale rose-colour (!), and of a subelliptical contour, a shape
neither agreeing with the description nor with the further state-
ment that “its outline corresponds with 7. dozacina, but is more
convex” (!). Lregard it as a very doubtful and ill-defined species.
A single specimen only has been met with by Dr. Ravenel in
South Carolina.

The 7. intea of Conrad, which, being described in company
with recent shells, I had introduced into my ‘ Descriptive Cata-
logue,’ I have since ascertained to be fossil.

Fig.

330

TELLINA.

LIST OF PLATES LVI.

Puate LVI.

. Tel. Guildingii, Sp. 16.
. — robusta, 56.

. — pulchella, 17.

. — virgulata, 18.

— distorta, 19.

. — pudica, 46.

. — semen, 51.

. — casta, 57.

. — balaustina, 58.

. — obliquilineata, 59.
. — donacina, 20.

. — wnbonella, 150.
. — fragilis, 191.

. — carnicolor, 75.

. — bimaculata, 52.

. — Senegalensis, 68.
. — Chinensis, 204.

io bimaculata, 52.

. — ampullacea, 60.
. — tulipa, 21.
. — Gouldu, 92.
. — decora, 120.
. — flexuosa, 72.
. — pisiformis, 71.
. — Cyrenoidea, 66.
. — Lucinoides, 53.
. — nux, 54.

34.
35, 36.

— pinguis, 55.
— lineata, 22.

to LXVI.

37, 38. Tel. carnaria, Sp. 69.

46,

55,

39. — splendida, 67.
Prats LVI.

40. — spinosa, 77.

41. — pumila, 105.

42. — virgo, 118.

43. — crystallina, 89.

44, — inaequalis, 104.

45. — ostracea, 87.

47. — lineata, 22.

48. — subtruncata, 83.

49. — mera, var. 101.

50. — Corbuloides, 108.

51. — culter, 107.

52. — felix, 110.

53. — Hiberna, 112.

54. — hilaris, 111.

56. — Philippinarum, 106.

57. — Corbuloides, 108.

58. — inequistriata, 31.

59. — tenera, 114.

60. — polita, 113.

61. — Cycladiformis, 102.

62. — fabula, 123.

63. — juvenilis, 125.

64. — subrosea, 146.

65. — similis, 119.

96. — Deshayesii, 2.

97. — vestalis, 132.

68. — Valtonis, 116.

331

Fig. Fig. .
69. Tel. truncatula, Sp. 131. 109, 110. Tel. solidula, Sp. 189.
70. — emarginata, 130. 111. — Souleyeti, 169.
71. — lux, 126. 112. — Fabricii, 188.
118, 114. — dispar, 164.
area nee 115. — proxima, v.macroma, 180.

72. — Cumingii, 3. 116
73. — Cumana,148.

74,75. — Antonii, 5. 118. — pellucida, 203.
76. — aurora, 153. 119. — frigida, 205.
W.— verrucosa, 6. 120. — inconspicua, 187.

78.79. — crucigera, 4. 121. — Balthica, 185.
80. — inzequistriata, 31. 122. — cygnus, 175.

81, 82. — tenuis, 124. 123. — imornata, 184.
83. — formosa, 163. 124, — planissima, 140.
84. — vernalis, 127. 125. — cuspis, 172.

Bee ae 126. — obliquilineata, 59.
86, 87. — lanceolata, 133. fay aid enoee 190!

Shea Lceetene tee 128. — deltoidalis, 62.

es Do ee: 129. — plebeia, 149.

90. — coccinea, 143. 1sONe= Guanes loo
91. — eburnea, 36.

. — scalpellum, 173.
117. — fusea, 186.

92. — rhomboides, 162. PLatE mea
93. — rhodon, 144. 131. — Antonii, 5.
94. — ancilla, 160. 132. — fimbriata, 73.
95. — assimilis, 157. 133. — Owenii, 25.
96, 97. — rhomboides, 162. 134, — Psammotella, 129.
98. — lucerna, 152. 135. — asperrima, 9.
99. — Burneti, 90. 136. — insculpta, 128.
100. — conspicua, 136. 137. — ala, 176.

138. — sulcata, 10.

Prats LIX. 139. — perplexa, 86.
101. — nitida, 168. 140. — regia, 35.
102. — Bodegensis, 161. 141. — acuminata, 139.
103. — lutea, 165. 142. — incarnata, 115.
104. — exilis, 117. 143. — nobilis, 151.
105. — rhodora, 109. 144. — sincera, 70.
106. — micans, 170. 145. — irus, 190.
107. — undulata, 174. 146. — ala, 176.

108. — dispar, 164, 147. — ovalis, 142.

Vig.
148.
149,
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.

162

156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161,
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.

178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.

Tel. staurella,Sp. 15.
— fragilis, 191.

— triangularis, 138.

— plebeia, 149.
— prora, 39.
— rubescens, 38.
—.punicea, 33.
— imbellis, 103.
Puate LXI.
— gargadia, 76.
— rostrata, 1.
— Timorensis, 135.
— alternata, 37.
— pristis, 84.
— striata, 34.
— vulsella, 27.
— albinella, 29.
— pulcherrima, 8.
— albinella, 29.
— hyalina, 134.
— laceridens, 40.
— crassa, 78.
— rosea, 30.
— staurella, 15.
— Timorensis, 135.
— crassa, 78.
— planata, 99.
— striatula, 61.
— laceridens, 40.
— plectrum, 79.

Puate LXII. .
— crucigera, 4.
— Brasiliana, 45.
— Mars, 94.

— gargadia, 76.
— Dombei, 199.
—— calcarea, 181.

184,
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.

201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
217.
218.
219,

Tel. decussata, Sp. 74.
— Capsoides, 85.

— gubernaculum, 201.
— lyra, 91.

— miles, 171.

— polygona, 193.

— Cayennensis, 178.
— plicata, 88.

— Brugwiri, 194.
— alba, 179.

— purpurascens, 141.
— candida, 155.

— nymphalis, 177.
— planissima, 140.
— truncata, 202.

— elongata, 156.

— alta, 195.

Puate LXIUII.

—— magna, 96,

— perna, 28.

— sinuosa, 137.
— virgata, 12.

— Sowerbii, 47.
— princeps, 32.
— interrupta, 11.
— chloroleuca, 49.
— Tongana, 42.
—- chloroleuca, 49.
— strigosa, 98.
— virgata, 12.
— rufescens, 167.
— jubar, 13.

— Pharaonis, 26.
— marginalis, 14.
— perna, 28.

— Madagascariensis, 41.
—— perna, 28,

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Kg.
221, 220. Tel. radiata, Sp. 44.
Pirate LXIV.
222. — Dombei, 199.
223. — Galathea, 154.
224. — nasuta, 182.
225. — laevigata, 50.
226. — remies, 65.
227. — levigata, 50.
228. — discus, 64.
229. — deltoidalis, 62.
230. — fausta, 63.
231. — rastellum, var. 7.
232. — discus, 64.
233. — rugosa, 82.
234. — fausta, 63.
235. — scobinata, 80.
236. — lingua-felis, 81.
237. — lata, 48.
238, — rugosa, 42.
Prats LXV.
239. — magna, 96.
240. — Sol, 97.
241. elegans, 43.
242, — rastellum, 7.
243. — edentula, 183.
acuminata, Sp, 139.

ala, 176.
alba, 179.

albinella, 29.

alta, 195.

alternata, 37.
ampullacea, 60.

333

.ephippium, Sp. 195.

secta, 207.
Columbiensis, 166.
grandis, 206.
secta, 207.

lutea, 165.
angulata, 200.
Listeri, 103.
lacunosa, 197.
foliacea, 95.
spectabilis, 198.

Pruate LXVI.

Anton, 5.

aurora, 153.

rubicunda, 93.
serrata, 94.
margaritacea, 147.

. — laceridens, var. 40.

donacina, v. Lantivyi, 20.
decora, 120.

staurella, v. scalaris. 15.
Oudardi, 145.

petalum, p. 317, note.
proxima, 180.
incarnata, 115.

tenta, 159.

iris, 121.

mera, 101.

ancilla, Sp. 160.
angulata, 200.

assimilis, 157.
asperrima, 9.

balaustina, 58.

2aC

Balthica, Sp. 185.
bimaculata, 52.
Bodegensis, 161.
Brasiliana, 45.
Brugwieri, 194.
Burneti, 90.
calearea, 181.
candida, 155.
Capsoides, 85,
carnaria, 69.
carnicolor, 75.
casta, 57.
Cayennensis, 178,
Chinensis, 204.
chloroleuca, 49.
coccinea, 143.

Columbiensis, 166.

conspicua, 136.
Corbuloides, 108.
crassa, 78.
crucigera, 4.
erystallina, 89.
culter, 107.
Cumana, 14:8.
Cumingii, 3.
cuspis, 172.

Cycladiformis, 102.

cygnus, 175.
Cyrenoidea, 66.
decora, 120.
decussata, 74.
deltoidalis, 62.
Deshayesii, 2.
discus, 64.
dispar, 164.
distorta, 19.
Dombei, 199.
donacina, 20.
eburnea, 36.

3354

edentula,Sp. 183.
elegans, 43.
elongata, 156.
emarginata, 130.
ephippium, 196.
exilis, 117.
Fabricii, 188.
fabula, 123.
fausta, 63.

felix, 110.
fimbriata, 73.
flextiosa, 72. .
foliacea, 95.
formosa, 163.
fragilis, 191.
frigida, 205.
fusca, 186.
Galatheea, 154.
gargadia, 76.
gelida, 23.
Gouldu, 72.
grandis, 206.

gubernaculum, 201,
Guildingii, 16.
Guinaica, 192.
Hiberna, 112.
hilaria, 111.
hyalina, 134.
imbellis, 100.
ineequalis, 104.
ineequistriata, 31.

incarnata, 115.
inconspicua, 187.
inornata, 184.
insculpta, 128.
interrupta, 11.
iridescens, 122.
iris, 121.

irus, 190.

jubar, Sp. 13.
juvenilis, 125.
laceridens, 40.
lacunosa, 197.
leevigata, 50.
lanceolata, 133.
lata, 48.

liium, 158.
lingua-felis, 81.
lineata, 22.
Listeri. 103.
lucerna, 152.
Lucinoides, 53.
lutea, 165.

lux, 126.

lyra, 91.

Madagascariensis, 41.

magna, 96.
margaritina, 147.
marginalis, 14.
Mars, 94.

mera, 101.
micans, 170.
miles, 171.
nasuta, 182.
nitida, 168.
nobilis, 151.
nux, 54.
nymphalis, 177.
obliquilineata, 59.
ostracea, 87.
Oudardi, 145.
ovalis, 14:2.
Owenti, 25.
pellucida, 203.
perna, 28.
perplexa, 86.

petalum, p. 317, note.

Pharaonius, 26.

Philippinarum, Sp. 106.

pinguis, 55.
pisiformis, 71.
planata, 99.
planissima, 140.
plebeia, 149.
plectrum, 79.
plicata, 88.
polita, 113.
polygona, 193.
princeps, 32.
pristis, 84.
prora, 39.
proxima, 180.
Psammotella, 129.
pudica, 46.
pulchela, 17.
pulcherrima, 8.
pumila, 105.
punicea, 33.
purpurascens, 141.
radiata, 44.
rastellum, 7.
regia, 35.
remies, 65.
rhodon, 144.
rhodora, 109.
rhomboides, 162.
robusta, 56.
rosea, 30.
rostrata, 1.
rubescens, 38.
rubicunda, 93.
rufescens, 167.
rugosa, 82.
scalpellum, 173.
scobinata, 80.
secta, 207.
semen, 51.

Senegalensis, Sp. 68.
serrata, 24.
sunilis, 119.
sincera, 70.
sinuata, 137.
sol, 97.
solidula, 189.
Souleyeti, 169.
Sowerbu, 47.
spectabilis, 198
spinosa, 77.
splendida, 67.
staurella, 15.
striata, 34.
striatula, 61.
strigosa, 98.
subrosea, 146.
subtruneata, 83.
sulcata, 10.

3356

tenera, Sp. 114.
tenta, 159.
tenuis, 124.
Timorensis, 135.
Tongana, 42.
triangularis, 138.
truncata, 202.
truncatula, 131.
tulipa, 21.
umbonella, 150.
undulata, 174.
Valtonis, 116.
vernalis, 127.
verrucosa, 6.
vestalis, 182.
virgata, 12.
virgo, 118.
virgulata, 18.
vulsella, 27.

337

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

LINGULA, Brag.

By G. B. Sowrrsy, F.L.S., Erc.

Char. Gen. ‘Testa tenuis, subeequivalvis, equilateralis, ovato-
elongata, depressa, apice subtruncato, basi subacutd, pediculo
affixa. Jmpressiones musculares in utrique valvi quatuor, ad
utrumque latus due, altera basalis, altera subcentralis.

Shell thin, consisting for the most part of a horny epidermis,
lined with a small quantity of calcareous matter within; its gene-
ral form when the valves are closed is an elongated oval, com-
pressed and much resembling a duck’s bill, (whence the specific
appellation of the first known species). The two valves are very
nearly equal, the dorsal being somewhat thicker and more acumi-
nated at the base. When in a state of rest, the two valves are
closed at the edges in all parts. There is neither ligament nor
hinge, the two valves being held together by the adductor muscles.
Muscular impressions several in each valve, arranged in pairs, one
pair nearly central, another toward the posterior part, and a third,
small and double, close to the posterior apex. The shell is attached
by a peduncle which is fixed within the apex of the dorsal valve.

Of recent species seven are here described and figured, more
than double that number are known im a fossil state, as charac-
terizing the various secondary and tertiary deposites.

DESCRIPTIONS.

1. Linevuta anatina (pl. lxvi. f. 1, 2,3, 9, 10.) Lam.

L. testé oblonga’, compress’, longitudinaliter substriatd, apicis
basisque valvarum latitudine equal, apice subtrilobo, valva ven-
trali medio intus longitudinaliter incrassata.

Shell oblong, compressed, slightly striated longitudinally, equal

338

in width at both ends; apex somewhat trilobate; ventral valve
longitudinally thickened near the centre within.

lig. 1 represents the usual variety with its peduncle. Fig. 2,
inside of the dorsal valve. Fig. 3, inside of the ventral valve.
Fig. 9, a variety of a brown colour, found in sand at low. water, at
the Island of Siquijor, by Mr. Cuming. Fig. 10, a dark coloured
variety.

irom the Indian Ocean and the Moluccas, H. Cuming.

2. Lineura utans (pl. lxvu. f. 4.) Swans.

L. test& elongato-oblongd, tenuissimd, angustiori, prope basin
pawatim attenuati, convexiuscula.

Shell of a lengthened oblong form, very thin and rather narrow,
slightly attenuated and rather convex toward the base.

Distinguished from L. anatina by being much thinner and of a
more delicate green colour; it is also slightly and gradually atte-
nuated toward the base; it only gapes at the extremities when the
valves are separated from the animal and dried.

3. Lixevuta AupEBarpt (pl. lxvu. f. 5.) Brod. Zool. Proc.
1833. p. 100.

L. testa elongato-oblongd, glabra, pallidé flava, viridi transversim
picté, margme antico rotundato, viridi.

“The rounded anterior edge of this shell is given and the trans-
verse lines of that colour are produced by the progressive increase
of the shell which is small and parchment like. In all the dried
specimens the thin anterior edge is contracted into a square form,
but im its natural state this edge is rounded. A general contrac-
tion moreover gives the dried shells a narrower and more ventricose
character than they really possess, and the remains of the c7/ia of
the mantle give to their edges a bearded appearance.”—Brod.

Found by Mr. Cuming in hard coarse sand at about half tide,
from four to six inches below the surface, at the Island of Punam
in the Bay of Guayaquil.

4. Lineuta semen (pl. Ixvu. f. 11.) Brod. 1. e.

L.testé ovato-oblonga, crassiuscula, plana, albida, leevissima, polita,
margine antico rotundato.

Shell ovate-oblong, thickish, flattened, whitish, very smooth
and polished; anterior margin rounded.

“This shell is much firmer than is usual to Lingua, so firm
indeed as not to have contracted at all m drying. In size and
appearance it bears a near resemblance to a melon seed.” — Brod.

Dredged off the Isle of Plata, West Columbia; H. Cuming.

393

5. Linauna tumiputa (pl. Ixvi. f. 7.) Reeve, Zool. Proc.
1841. p. 100.

L. test tenui, corned, subquadrata, lata, rufescente-olivaced, radi-
atim irregulariter striat&, apice subtrilobo.

Broader in proportion than any other known species ; it is some-
what narrower toward the base than at the apex, and it is irregu-
larly and somewhat radiately striated from the base to the broad
and subtrilobate apex.

New Holland.

Lingula compressa of Reeve is only a badly preserved specimen
of this species. Masbate, H. Cuming.

6. Lryeura ovatis (pl. Ixvi. f. 8.) Reeve, Zool. Proc. 1841.
p. 100.
L. testa oblongo-ovali, subcompressi, tenui, anticé rotundata.
Distinguished from other species by its regularly oblong-oval
shape, both ends being nearly similar.
Sandwich Islands, H. Cuming.

7. Linevta arprpa (pl. Ixvu. f. 6.) Hinds, Moll. Voy. of the
Sulphur, p. 71. t.12. f. 4.

L.testé oblonga, leevi, complanata, anticé truncata, ubique albida ;
pediculo brevi, cylindraceo.

“This species is distinguished by its uniform dead white colour,
and very short pedicle, which does not exceed half the length of
the shelly portion.”—Z/inds,

Bay of Magdalena, California.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVII.

1. 2. 3. Lingula anatina, Sp. 1.
hians, 2.
Audebardi, 3.
albida, 7.
tumidula, 5.
ovalis, 6.
anatina, var. 1.

— anatina, var. 1.

semen, 4.

Printed by Reeve, Brothers, King William Street, Strand.

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341

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

TEREBRATULA,

By G. B. Sowrrsy, F.L.S., ere.

Char. Gen. Testa ineequivalvis, eequilatera, ovata vel subtrigona,
pediculo brevi, tendineoque affixa; valva dorsalis posticé plus
mintsve producta, sepe recurva, apice perforato, foramine vel
integro vel incompleto ; cardo dente in utroque latere unico ; valva
ventralis intus ossiculo testaceo, gracili, pleramque furcato, varie
flexuoso, e cardine nascente instructa.

Shell inequivalve, equilateral or symmetrical, very variable in
general form (the same species varying greatly in its different
stages of growth,) being sometimes nearly egg-shaped, sometimes
very flat, but generally rather ventricose ; it is attached to sub-
marine rocks, stones, corals, shells, &c. by a short tendinous pe-
duncle formed of strong, closely united fibres, which are however
frequently a little separated at the attached end; this peduncle
passes into the shell through the perforation of the dorsal valve.
The posterior apex of the dorsal valve is more or less produced,
frequently recurved and perforated at its termination or deeply
notched at its anterior edge, with a small curved tooth on each
side of its hinge, which fits into a corresponding hollow in the
other valve in such a manner that the two valves cannot be sepa-
rated without breaking these teeth or the edges of their sockets.
The ventral valve is usually less ventricose than the dorsal, its
posterior apex is very seldom even slightly produced, it is furnished
within with a slender shelly appendage, which is sometimes simple,
short, and recurved, sometimes of considerable length, branched
and variously bent, so as to form several symmetrical loops : these
generally commence on each side of the hinge, but sometimes
near the centre of the shell, and they are sometimes united to the
shell at other points. In many species the dorsal valve shows a
distinct cardinal area somewhat resembling that of Spondylus, and
in the centre of this are generally attached two little triangular

2D

342

appendages called deltidia, which are in some species united together
in the middle, in which case the perforation is rendered entire ;
when they are separated it is incomplete : these deltidia are of an
elongated form and continue from the anterior margin of the
cardinal area to the apex in those species (7. psittacea and
7. nigricans) that have a pointed beak. It is also to be remarked
that these species are not punctated on the surface as all other
species are.

Terebratula was formerly placed among his Anomie by Linné ;
it is however very easily distinguished from the legitimate Anomia,
by its regularity, its produced beak, its beg attached by a fibrous
peduncle and by its internal appendage. The recent species of
the genus are found in all climates, and they are for the most part
very abundant in all localities where they occur.

We have never been able to meet with 7. rotwadata of Lam.
represented in Encycl. méth. t. 239. f. 5.

eee

DESCRIPTIONS.

Impunctata.

1. TereBratuLa psrrracna (pl. Ixxi. f. 78, 79, 80.) Lam.

Testa subglobosa, posticé acuminati, tenui, nigricante, valvis
ineequalibus, radiatim concinné striatis, lined marginali ex umbones
declivi, demim ascendente et anticé valdé sinuaté; valva dorsali
posticé acuta, recurva, anticé deflexd, sulco mediano lato, indistincto,
foramine trigonali, haud integro; ared cardinali inconspicua, ro-
tundata, deltidiis angustis, ad lateres foraminis coalescentibus ;
valva ventrali ventricosa, anticé latiori, carm& mediand inconspicua,
ad marginem anticum solummodo distincté ; dentibus cardinalibus
internis ex umbonem porrectis recurvis duobus ad utrumque latus
uno: margine valvarum integerrimo.

From Labrador, where it is found in abundance in the mud on
the shore at low water: dredged alive at Melville Island ry Lieut.
Griffith.

2. TEREBRATULA NIGRICANS (pl. lxxi. f. 81, 82.) nobis.

Testa anticé rotundata, posticé acuminata, tenuiuscula, nigricante,
valvis inzequalibus, radiatim costatis, costis rotundatis, linea: margi-
nali rectiuscula; valva dorsali subtrigona, depressiusculd ; anticé
rotundata, lateribus posticis declivibus, foramime magno, haud
integro, quadrato ; ared cardinali magna, planiuscula, lateribus

343

rotundatis ; deltidiis angustis ad lateres foraminis coalescentibus ;
valvd ventrali depressi, transversim ovat; dentibus cardinalibus
ut in 7) psittaced; margine valvarum crenulato.

A single specimen of this very interesting species was found in
the collection of the late G. Humphrey, without locality. This
and the 7. psittacea are the only species that are not punctated.

Punctate.

3. TEREBRATULA Caput-serPEentis (PI. xvi, f.1 to 4. and
Pl. lxxn. f.116.) Lam.

Testa ovata, rotundato-subpentagonali, albicante ; valvis sube-
qualiter convexis, longitudinaliter radiatim costellatis, costellis bi-
furcatis, granuliferis; lined’ marginali lateralitér flexuosd, anticé
subemarginaté ; valvé dorsali subrostrata, foramine mediocri, haud
integro, obliquo; area cardinali subdepressa, deltidiis feré obsoletis ;
ossiculo interno (valve ventralis) parvo, + longitudinis valve, an-
ticé arcuato, fornicato; margine interno valvarum minutissimeé
crenulato.

Shell ovate, of a rounded somewhat pentagonal figure, whitish;
valves nearly equally convex, longitudinally and radiately costel-
lated, the little ribs being dichotomous and granulated ; marginal
line flexuous on the sides, slightly emarginate in front; dorsal
valve somewhat beaked, with a moderate sized perforation, which
is oblique and not entire ; the cardinal area is rather flattened and
the deltidia are nearly obsolete: internal appendages, (which are
always attached to the ventral valve) small, about + the length of
the shell, arched in front and vaulted ; internal edge of the valves
very minutely crenulated.

This species, which is found on most of the northern coasts of
Europe, and which abounds on some of our own coasts, is also
found in the Mediterranean. It appears to us, however, to be
distinguishable without difficulty from the North American species
described by Couthouy under the name of 7) septentrionalis. In
different stages of growth and under peculiar circumstances it has
had several names assigned to it, thus a young shell has been
named 7’. costata by Lowe, and 7. aurita by Fleming ; and speci-
mens covered with an apparently pubescent epidermis (or a minute
hairy zoophyte?) have been named 7. pubescens by Miiller. We
have represented the emarginated variety from the Mediterranean
at fig. 1; the entire and more gibbous variety from Oban at fig. 2 ;
the emarginated variety from Loch Fine at fig. 3; the rather com-
pressed and pubescent variety from the Norwegian coast at fig. 4 ;
and the nearly quadrangular variety at fig. 116.

344

4. TEREBRATULA SEPTENTRIONALIS (pl. Ixvin. f. 5, 6.) Couth.

‘Testa subovaté, posticé subacuminata, obtusd, albicante; valvis
subeequaliter convexis, longitudinaliter radiatim costellatis, costellis
tenuissimis bifurcatis, subrugosis ; lmed marginali lateribus flexu-
osis, anticé rectiuscula ; foramine majusculo, haud integro, sub-
obliquo; ared cardinali subdepressa, deltidiis parvis, feré obsoletis ;
ossiculo interno parvo, 2 longitudinis valvee, antice arcuato, superné
ramulo ad utrumque latus, in medium connexis ; margine interno
valvarum minutissimé crenulato.

Shell subovate, shghtly acuminated but obtuse posteriorly,
nearly white; valves nearly equally convex, longitudinally radi-
ately costellated, the little ridges very slender, dichotomous and
roughish: marginal line flexuous on the sides, ‘nearly straight in
front: perforation rather large, not complete ; somewhat oblique ;
cardinal area rather flattened, with small, nearly obsolete deltidia ;
internal appendages small, 3 of the length of the valve, arched in
front with a little branch above on each side, jomed in the middle ;
inner margin of the valves minutely crenulated.

Distinguished from 7. Caput-serpentis by its much finer radiating
strie, its larger and less oblique foramen, and by its rather more
extended and somewhat differently formed internal appendage.
We have represented two varieties from the coast of Mame, Mas-
sachusets, obliigingly forwarded by Dr. Gould of Boston.

5. Terepratuta Japonica (pl. Ixvin. f. 7, 8.) odis.

Testa oblonga, anticé rotundata, tenui, albicante, valvis sube-
qualiter convexis, longitudinaliter radiatim striatis, striis numerosis,
subirregularibus, subbifurcatis ad lateres prope cardmem confer-
tiusculis ; lateribus prope cardinem subplanulatis ; lined marginali
rectiusculé, ad lateres posticé declivi; valvé dorsali posticé sub-
producta, truncata, foramine mediocri, haud integro, perobliquo ;
area cardinali imconspicua, deltidiis obsoletis; ossiculo interno
parvo, 4 longitudinis valve, ramulos duos angustos, demum amen-
tum latum flexuosum sistente: marginibus valvarum minutissimé
denticulatis.

Shell oblong, rounded in front, thin, whitish, valves nearly
equally convex, longitudinally radiately striated, striae numerous,
rather irregularly dichotomous and very close-set on the sides near
the hinge; the sides near the hinge rather flattened ; marginal
line nearly straight, inclining to the sides near the hinge; dorsal
valve somewhat produced posteriorly and truncated, with a mode-
rate sized very oblique and incomplete perforation ; cardinal area
indistinct, with obsolete deltidia ; mternal appendages small, ! the

345

length of the valve, with two narrow little branches and then a
broad flexuous loop; margin of the valves very minutely denticu-
lated.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection ; from Japan. Fasily distinguished
from 7. cancellata of Koch, by its foramen not being entire.

6. TereBratuLa RuBRA (pl. Ixvin. f. 9, 10, 11), Pallas.
T. sanguinea, Leach and Lam.; T. Capensis, Chemn.

Test’ rotundato-subquadrangulari, tenuiscula, rubra ; valvis in-
eequaliter convexis, (dorsali gibbosd, ventrali planiuscula,) radiatim
costatis, costellis pleramque simplicibus ; lined marginali ad lateres
rectiuscula anticé subflexuosd ; valvé dorsali subproducta, obliqué
truncata, foramine magno, haud integro; are& cardinali angusta,
declivi, deltidiis parvis ; valvé ventrali posticé lata, margine rec-
tiusculo ; ossiculo interno ramulos duos centrales divergentes, ad
apices expansos sistente ; margine valvarum crenulato.

Shell of a rounded somewhat quadrangular form, ventricose,
rather thin and of a deep red colour; valves unequally convex
(the dorsal being gibbous and the ventral rather flattened,) radi-
ately ribbed, the nbs being for the most part simple; marginal
line nearly straight on the sides, somewhat flexuous anteriorly ;
dorsal valve shghtly produced, obliquely truncated, with a large
incomplete perforation ; cardinal area narrow, inclined, with small
deltidia ; ventral valve broad posteriorly, with a nearly straight
margin ; internal appendages consisting of two central diverging
branches somewhat spread out at their ends; margin of the valves
crenulated.

From South Africa. Fig. 9 and 11 show the ventral and dor-
sal valves from a specimen in the British Museum ;: fig. 10 shows
the internal ossicle.

7. TeREBRATULA Pisum (pl. lxix. f. 37 to 39.) Lam. T. Nata-
lensis, Kuster.

Testa transversim subovata, rufescente; valvis subzequalibus,
radiatim obsoleté liratis, liris paucis, obtusis, rotundatis; lined
marginali recta, anticé profunde sinuaté; valva dorsali paulispér
producta, obtusissimad ; foramine magno, haud integro ; area car-
dinali parva, lineari; deltidiis parvis, subtrigonulis ; carina medi-
and lata, magna, rotundaté ; valvé ventrali posticé latiusculd, mar-
gine postico rectiusculo ; sulco mediano magno, lato, rotundato ;
margine valvarum obsoletissimé subcrenulato ; ossiculo interno ut
in T. rubra Padd.

Shell transversely subovate, slightly reddish ; valves nearly equal,
with rather obsolete radiated ridges, which are few, obtuse, and

346

rounded ; marginal line straight, deeply sinuated in front ; dorsal
valve slightly produced, very obtuse ; with a large incomplete per-
foration ; cardinal area small, linear; deltidia small, nearly trian-
gular, central keel broad, large and rounded ; ventral valve rather
broad posteriorly, its posterior margin nearly straight; with a
large, broad and rounded ventral groove ; internal appendages as
in 7. rubra; margin of the valves very slightly crenulated.

Brought from Natal by Dr. Krauss; a comparison with the
Lamarckian specimen has proved this to be his 7. Piswm ; it has
nevertheless been described under the name of 7. Natalensis by
Kuster. Also found at Sydney by Mr. Jukes.

8. TeREBRATULA coeNnata (pl. lxvin. f. 12, 18, 14.) Chemn.
vol. viii. pl. 78. f. 688. a, 4.

Testa subtrapezoidali, anticé rotundata, pallescente, nonnunquam
rubente ; valvis ineequalibus, radiatim obsoleté striatis, striis versus
marginem obliteratis ; lined marginal lateraliter antice-que flexuosa,
valvé dorsali convexa, lird mediand i inconspicua ; apice subacumi-
nato, reflexo, foramine magno, haud integro, ared cardinali angusta,
deltidiis parvis, trigonalibus; valva ventrali planulata, margine
postico rectiusculo, sulco mediano subperspicuo, ossiculo interno
ramulos duos centrales divergentes, ad apices expansos sistente ;
margine interno valvarum denticulato.

Shell nearly trapezoidal, rounded in front, of a pale colour, some-
times reddish; valves unequal, obsoletely radiately striated, the
strie entirely obliterated near the margin ; marginal line flexuous
in front and on the sides; dorsal valve convex, with an inconspicu-
ous central ridge, its apex somewhat acuminated, reflected, with a
large incomplete perforation ; cardinal area narrow, deltidia small,
triangular ; ventral valve flattened, its posterior margin nearly
straight, with a scarcely evident central furrow; internal appen-
dages consisting of two little central diverging branches, expanded
at their apices ; margin of the valves denticulated within.

We have two varieties in colour ; from South Africa, according
to the late G. Humphrey.

9. TerEBRATULA DorsATA (pl. Ixvii. f. 15, 16, 17.) Lam.

Test suborbiculato-trapezoidali, gibbosa, albicante, valvis inee-
qualibus, radiatim liratis, lme& marginali flexuosa; valva dorsali
posticé subacuminata, reflext, truncata, carina medians, lata, obtusa,
foramine mediocri, haud integro ; are& cardinali magna, lata, sub-
planulata, deltidiis parvis, trigonalibus ; ; valva ventrali subtrigonali,
apice subacuto, marginibus posticis declivibus, sulco mediano lato
subperspicuo, ossiculo interno magno, } teste longitudinis, posticé

347

ad utrumque latus aculeifero, deinde ad medium valve decurrente,
et amenta dua lateralia, demtm amentum superum magnum re-
flexum efformante ; margine valvarum crenulato.

Shell of a suborbicular trapezoidal form, rather gibbous, whitish,
valves unequal, radiately ridged; marginal line flexuous; dorsal valve
slightly acuminated posteriorly, reflected, truncated, with a broad
obtuse central ridge, and a rather large, but not complete perfora-
tion ; cardinal area large, broad, rather flattened, with small trian-
gular deltidia; ventral valve rather trigonal, with a rather acute
apex, its posterior margins inclined laterally ; with a broad, not
very distinct longitudinal central groove ; internal appendage large,
sths the length of the valve, with a sharp point standing out from
the posterior part, then running down to the centre of the valve,
and forming two lateral loops, which turn upwards and unite after
forming a large superior loop ; margin of the valves crenulated.

From the Straits of Magalhaens: common.

10. Terepratuta Curtensts (pl. Ixvii. f. 18, 19). Brod. Zool.
Proc., Nov. 1833, p. 134.

Testa suborbiculari, subtranvers’, subgibba, pallescente, valvis
subeequaliter convexis, radiatim liratis, liris obtusis, haud promi-
nentibus ; line’ marginali rectiuscula, anticé sinuata ; valva dorsali
posticé obtusa, lateribus declivibus, carind mediana lata, obtusissimé,
foramine magno, subintegro ; area cardinali magn, lata, planulata,
deltidiis mediocribus, trigonalibus; valv& ventrali transversim
ovata, subplanulata, sulco mediano lato, perspicuo ; ossiculo interno
magno, 3 teste longitudinis, amenta ut in 7. dorsatd efformante ;
margine valvarum obsoleté subcrenulato.

Shell suborbicular, somewhat transverse and slightly gibbous,
of a pale colour; valves nearly equally convex, with numerous ob-
tuse scarcely prominent ridges; marginal line nearly straight,
sinuated in front; dorsal valve obtuse posteriorly, with inclined
sides and a broad, very obtuse longitudinal central keel, perforation
large, nearly entire, cardinal area large, broad and flattened, delti-
dia of moderate size, triangular ; ventral valve transversely ovate,
rather flattened, with a broad, distinct central groove ; internal
appendage large, $ths the length of the valve, forming loops as in
7. dorsata; margin of the valve rather crenulated.

From the Bay of Valparaiso; Cuming.

Ll. TrrepratuLa FLExuosa (pl. lxix. f. 23, 24.) King. Zool.
Journ., vol. v, p. 337.

Testé subtetragond, rotundata, subgibbié, fuscescente pallida ;

348

valvisineequalibus, radiatim liratis, liris prominentibus, obtusis, lineé
marginali lateraliter subflexuosd, anticé sinuaté; valva dorsali ad
apicem obtusa subreflexd, lateribus declivibus, carina mediana lata,
obtusissima ; foramine magno, haud integro ; area cardinali magna,
lata, planulaté; deltidiis mediocribus, trigonalibus ; valva ventrali
latiori quam longa, subplanulaté, suleo mediano lato, subincon-
spicuo ; ossiculo interno magno, } teste longitudinis, amenta ut
in 7. dorsatdé efformante ; margine valvarum crenulato.

Shell rounded subtetragonal, rather gibbous, of a palish brown ;
valves unequal, with radiating prominent obtuse ridges ; marginal
line somewhat flexuous on the sides, sinuated in front ; dorsal valve
rather obtuse and reflected posteriorly, its sides inclined towards
the front, with a broad, very obtuse mesial ridge, perforation large,
not complete ; cardinal area large, broad and flattened; deltidia
small and triangular ; ventral valve broader than long, rather flat-
tened, mesial groove broad, but rather indistinct ; internal appen-
dage large, 3ths the length of the valve, forming loops as in 7.
dorsata ; margin of the valves crenulated.

Found in the Straits of Magalhaens, in the vicinity of Port
Famine; rare; Capt. King, Brit. Mus.

The last three here described, namely, 7. dorsata, T. Chilensis,
and 7. flecuosa may prove to be merely varieties of the same
species.

12. TerepratuLa Soversir (pl. Ixvii. f. 20, 21, 22.) King.
Zool. Journ. vol.v. p. 338.

Testa rotundato-subtetragona, planiuscula, ferrugineo-subfusca ;
valvis ineequalibus, glabris, obsoletissimé radiatim liratis, liris in-
conspicuis ; lined marginali subflexuosd, anticé rotundato-sinuata ;
valva dorsali ad apicem obtusd, subreflexd, lateribus declivibus,
carina mediana subobsoleta, lata, rotundata ; foramine magno, haud
nitegro, area cardinali magna, lata, planulata, deltidis mediocribus,
trigonalibus ; valva ventrali subplanulata, rotundato-subtrigona ;
sulco mediano lato, inconspicuo; ossiculo interno magno, 3 teste
longitudinis, amenta ut in 7. dorsatdé efformante; margine val-
varum obsoletissimé subcrenulato.

Shell of a rounded somewhat tetragonal form, flattish, of a
rusty brownish colour; valves unequal, smooth, with very obsolete
and inconspicuous radiated ridges; marginal line somewhat flexu-
ous, with a rounded sinuosity in front ; dorsal valve obtuse poste-
riorly, slightly reflected, with its sides inclined towards the front ;
mesial ridge rather obsolete, broad and rounded; _ perforation
large, not entire, cardinal area large, flattened, deltidia small and

349

trigonal; ventral valve flattish, somewhat triangular, rounded ;
mesial groove broad, indistinct ; internal appendage as in 7. dor-
sata; margin of the valves very slightly crenulated.

Found by Capt. King in the Straits of Magalhaens. Brit. Mus.

18. TEREBRATULA AUSTRALIS (pl. Ixix. f. 25-33.) Quoy.
dentata and flavescens, Lam.

Testa subovati, posticé subacuminata, plerumque gibbosi, non-
nunquam subplanaté, albicante, flavescente, vel subfusca, valvis
ineequalibus, glabris, plerumque plus minusve (nonnunquam obso-
letissimé), radiatim sulcatis ; lined marginal rectiuscula, antice
plus minusve sinuata; valva dorsali posticé subacumiata ad ¢ apicem
obtusa, reflexd; carind mediana lata, inconspicua, foramine medio-
cri, integro, area cardinali lata, subinconspicud, marginibus rotun-
datis : deltidiis magnis, coalescentibus ; valva venitrali subcirculari,
gibbosiuscula, sulco mediano inconspicuo, lato; ossiculo interno
magno, * teste longitudinis, amenta ut in 7. dorsatd efformante,
amento supero maximo; margine valvarum plerumque dentato,
dentibus plus minusve numerosis, magnis vel parvis, nonnunquam
rotundatis vel obsoletissimis, inter dum 1 maxumis, preecipué illis effor-
mantibus lateres sulci mediani.

Shell nearly oval, slightly acuminated posteriorly, generally
rather gibbous, sometimes slightly flattened, whitish, yellowish or
brownish ; valves unequal, smooth, generally more or less (some-
times very obsoletely), radiately grooved ; marginal line nearly
straight, more or less sinuated in front ; dorsal valve somewhat
acuminated posteriorly, obtuse, reflected, with a broad, indistinct
mesial ridge; perforation of moderate size, entire, round ; cardinal
area broad, rather indistinct, with rounded edges; deltidia large,
united in the middle; ventral valve nearly circular, gibbous, with
a broad and indistinct mesial groove ; internal appendage as in
T. dorsata, the upper loop being very large ; margin of the valves
generally toothed, teeth more or less numerous, large or small,
sometimes rounded, sometimes very obsolete, sometimes very large,
particularly those which form the sides of the mesial furrow.

The varieties of this species are numerous, and they have been
described under several names, we have preferred using that
given by Quoy, as properly including all, and we have represented
the following, viz.—fig. 25, 28, two views of a variety with few
large radiated grooves and correspondingly few and large marginal
teeth ; fig. 26, 27, another variety with more numerous radiated
grooves and seonseduent smaller and more numerous marginal

teeth; fig. 29, 31, two views of a variety with rather obsolete
2%

350

radiated grooves and rounded small marginal teeth; fig. 30, an
unusually oblong and acuminated variety ; fig. 32, a rather young
shell with very slight traces of radiating grooves ; fig. 33, another
variety with obsolete grooves, obsolete marginal teeth and the pos-
terior apex of the dorsal valve more lengthened and recurved.

14. TERPBRATULA RECURVA (pl. Ixix. f. 34-86.) Quoy:

Testa rotundato-subtrigona, gibbosad, pallescente, valvis perine-
qualibus, glabris, obsoletissimé radiatim sulcatis ; lined marginali
posticé lateralitér flexuos’, anticé subsinuaté; valvé dorsali suba-
cuminata, obtusi, subrugosd, ad apicem reflexi; carma mediana
obsoleta, foramine mediocri, integro ; area cardinali lata, subincon-
spicua, marginibus rotundatis, “deltidiis magnis, coalescentibus ;
valya ventrali gibbosd, transversim longiori, sulco mediano incon-
spicuo, lato ; pesiculo interno ut in 7. australe; margine valva-
rum undulato.

Shell rounded subirigonal, gibbous, of a pale colour, valves
very unequal, smooth, very obsoletely radiately grooved, marginal
line flexuous posteriorly towards the sides, slightly sinuated in
front ; dorsal valve somewhat acuminated, obtuse, rather rugose,
reflected ; mesial ridge obsolete; perforation of moderate size,
entire; cardinal area broad, rather indistinct, with rounded sides ;
deltidia large, united in the middle; ventral valve gibbous, broader
than long; with an indistinct mesial furrow ; internal appendages
as in 7. Australis; margin of the valves undulated-

This may be merely a variety of 7. Australis, it may however be
easily distinguished by its much recurved beak. Australia, Mr.
Cuming.

15. TeREBRATULA RUBELLA (pl. Ixix. f. 40-42.) Sowd.

Testa subovata, posticé subacuminaté, subgibba, anticé subsinu-
ata, rubra, valvis ‘ineequalibus, glabris, lined marginali rectiuscula,
anticé subsinuata ; ; valva dorsali posticé subacuminata, reflexd, ca-
rina mediana nulla, sulco mediano obsoletissimo , foramine parvo,
area cardinali angustaé, ad lateres rotundata, deltidiis majusculis,
coalescentibus ;_ valva ventrali ovata, sulco mediano latiusculo,
emarginationem anticam efformante; ossiculo interno ut in 7’.
australe ; wmargine valvarum levissimo.

Shell nearly oval, rather acuminated posteriorly, a little gibbous
and shghtly sinuated anteriorly ; valves unequal, smooth ; margi-
nal line nearly straight, a little sinuated in front; dorsal valve
rather acuminated posteriorly, reflected, without any ’ mesial ridge ;
but with a very obsolete mesial furrow; perforation small; cardi-

35]

nal area narrow, rounded at the sides, with rather large united
deltidia ; ventral valve ovate, with a broad mesial groove forming
a sinus in front ; imternal appendage as in 7. Australis ; margin
of the valves quite smooth.

From Japan; im Mr. Norris’s Collection.

16. Teresratuta prota (pl. Ixx. f. 43, 44.) Anomia picta.
Chemn. vol. xi. f. 2011, 2012.

Testa ovata, posticé subacuminata, tenui, rubra, maculis albidis
subradiatim picté, valvis subzequalibus, glabris, linea marginali
recta, anticé obsoletissimé sinuatd ; valvé dorsali posticé subacu-
minata, carina mediand nulla ; apice subrecurvo ; foramine parvo,
integro ; area cardinali parva, ad lateres rotundata, deltidiis parvis,
angustis, coalescentibus ; valvé ventrali subplanulata, sulco medi-
ano nullo ; ossiculo interno magno ; margine valvarum integerrimo.

Shell ovate, slightly acuminated posteriorly, thin, red, marked
with somewhat radiated white spots, valves nearly equal, smooth ;
marginal line straight, very obsoletely sinuated in front; dorsal
valve acuminated posteriorly, without any mesial ridge, its apex
recurved, with a small entire perforation; cardinal area small,
rounded laterally, with small, narrow, united deltidia; ventral
valve flattish, without mesial furrow ; internal appendage large ;
margin of the valves quite entire.

From Java; in Mr. Norris’s and other Collections.

17. TrrepRaTuLA RuBICcUNDA (pl. Ixx. f. 45, 46, 47), nobis,
T. sanguinea, Quoy, Astr.

Testa suborbiculari, posticé subacuminata, gibba, glabra, rubra,
valvis inaqualibus, subirregularibus ; lined marginali ad lateres
subflexuosa, anticé sinuatt; valva dorsali, posticé producti, trun-
cata, foramine magno, obliquo, subintegro ; area cardinali rotun-
data ; ; deltidus magnis, distinctis ; carina dorsali lata, prominente,
utrinque rotundato-angulata, obtusa ; valva ventrali subpentago-
nali, posticé angustiori, mediané lata, rotundato-subangulata ; an-
ticé subtruncata, sulco mediano lato, conspicuo ; ossiculo interno
magno, fere ut im Z. dorsatd efformato; margine valvarum in-
tegro.

“Shell nearly orbicular, rather acuminated posteriorly, gibbous,
smooth, of a red colour; valves unequal, rather irregular ; mar-
ginal line slightly flexuous on the sides , sinuated in front ; dorsal
valve produced behind, truncated, with a large, oblique, nearly
entire perforation ; cardinal area rounded, deltidia large, separate ;
mesial ridge broad, prominent, angularly rounded and obtuse on

2 ER

392
both sides ; ventral valve somewhat pentagonal, narrow posteriorly,
broad in the middle, with rounded angles, and slightly truncated
in front ; mesial groove broad and distinct ; internal appendage as
m 7. dorsata ; margin of the valves entire.

From the Moluccas; in Mr. Cuming’s Collection and in the
British Museum.

18. Terepratuta Cattrornica (pl. Ixx. f. 50-52.) Kast.

Test& suborbiculan, posticé subacuminata, gibbosa, fuscescente,
valvis subeequalibus, glabris; lime’ marginali ex umbonem ascen-
dente, demum rectiuscula, anticé et mediané obsoletissimé sinuata :
valva dorsali subrostrata, apice brevi, subacuminato, reflexo ; fora-
mine parvo, integro; area cardinali latiusculdé, marginibus obtuse
anguliferis ; deltidiis oblongis, trigonalibus, coalescentibus ; ca-
rind median& null4; valvé ventrali orbiculari, suleco mediano
nullo ; ossiculo interno magno, * teste longitudinis, feré ut in 7’.
dorsatd efformato ; margine valvarum integro.

Shell nearly orbicular, slightly acuminated posteriorly, gibbous,
light brown ; valves nearly equal, smooth, marginal line ascending
from the apex and then straight, anteriorly and in the centre very
obsoletely sinuated; dorsal valve slightly beaked, apex short,
slightly acuminated, reflected ; perforation small, entire ; cardinal
area rather broad, its edges obtusely angular ; deltidia oblong, tri-
angular and united; mesial ridge none; ventral valve orbicular,
without any mesial furrow ; internal appendages large, 2ds the
length of the shell, formed as in 7. dorsata ; margin of the valves
entire.

Abounds on the Coasts of California; in Mr. Cuming’s and
other Collections. This is the largest recent species known.

19. TerEBRATULA DILATATA (pl. Ixx. f. 48. 49.) Lam. T.
Gaudichaudi, De Blaine.

Testa suborbiculari, tenui, glabra, fulvescente ; valvis ineequalli-
bus, lined marginali flexuosa; valvi dorsali posticé subacuminata,
reflexd, obtus&é; foramme magno, haud imtegro; area cardinali
majuscula, planulata, lateribus obtusé angulatis, deltidis majus-
culis discretis; carma dorsali obsoletissima ; valva ventrali sub-
orbiculari ; ossiculo interno magno, 3 longitudinis teste, ut in T.
Califormicdé efformato; margine valvarum integro.

Shell nearly orbicular, thin, smooth, of a pale brownish colour ;
valves unequal ; marginal line flexuous ; dorsal valve slightly acu-
minated posteriorly, reflected, obtuse; with a large complete
perforation ; cardinal area rather large, flattened, with obtusely

353

angular sides, deltidia rather large, separate; mesial ridge very
slight ; ventral valve nearly orbicular ; internal appendage large,
ths the length of the shell, formed as in 7. Cali Yornica ; margin.
f the valves entire.
In the British Museum and in Mr. Metcalfe’s Collection.

20. TerespratoLa Uva (pl. lxx. f. 58-55.) Brod. Zool. Proc.
1833, p. 124.

Test oblong’, gibbosa, glabra, subdiaphana, pallescente ; valvis
ineequalibus ; lined’ marginali ex umbonem ascendente, demim
subflexuosa ; valva dorsali postice subelongata, apice reflexo, trun-
cato, foramine magno, integro, perobliquo, margine crasso; ared
cardinali inconspicua, rotundata ; deltidus parvis, coalescentibus,
concavis ; carind mediané nulla; valvaé ventrali ovato-oblonga, sulco
mediano nullo ; ossiculo interno parvo, radiis binis, ex cardinem
extensis, ad apices expansis efformato ; margine valvarum integro.

Shell oblong, gibbous, smooth, slightly diaphanous, pale in
colour; valves unequal; marginal line ascending from the apex,
then somewhat flexuous; dorsal valve posteriorly lengthened,
with a_ reflected, truncated apex; perforation large, entire,
very oblique, with a thickened margin; cardinal area indistinct,
rounded ; deltidia small, united, concave; ventral valve ovato-
oblong; internal appendage formed of two rays setting off from
the hinge and expanded at the ends; margin of the valves entire.
This species is destitute of mesial ridge and furrow.

From the Gulf of Tehuantepec; in Mr. Cuming’s Collection.
The punctulation in this species is much coarser than in 7’ vitrea.

21. TerepraruLa virrea (pl. lxx. f. 56-59.) Lam.

Testa rotundato-ovati, ventricos’, subdiaphand, levissima, albi-
caute; valvis subequalibus, lined marginali rectiusculd ; valva
dorsali posticé rotundato-subacuminata, recurva ; foramine parvo,
integro, subobliquo, margine crasso ; ared cardinali inconspicua,
rotundaté; deltidiis inconspicuis, coalescentibus; carma median
nulla; valva ventrali subcirculari, anticé rotundato-subtruncat,
sulco mediano nullo ; ossiculo interno parvo, + longitudinis teste,
anticé arcuato, fornicato ; margine valvarum integerrimo.

Shell of a rounded ovate form, ventricose, slightly diaphanous,
very smooth, whitish horn colour, valves nearly equal and marginal
line nearly straight ; dorsal valve rounded and shghtly acuminated
behind, recurved ; perforation small, entire, rather oblique, with a
thickened margin ; cardinal area indistinct, rounded, with united
indistinct deltidia ; ventral valve nearly circular, slightly truncated

354

anteriorly ; internal appendage small, 1th the length of the sholl,
anteriorly arched and vaulted; margin of the valves entire: mesial
ridge and furrow none.

From the Mediterranean ; in Mr. Cuming’s and other Collec-
tions.

22. TeREBRATULA Crantum (pl. lxx. f. 60-62). Mill.

Test& ovata, anticé subtruncaté, posticé paulisper acuminata,
gibbosa, pallescente, subhyalind ; valvis equalitér convexis ; linea
marginali flexuosa, anticé subsinuati; valvd dorsali posticé sub-
producta, subrecurva, obliqué truncata; foramine magno, haud
integro ; ared ca wdinali inconpicua, rotundata ; deltidis parvis,
linearibus, distinctis ; valva ventrali planiusculd, anticé subangu-
laté ; ossiculo interno magno, 2 longitudinis teste, amentis binis
lateralibus, ad utrumque latus uno, demtm amento magno supero
efformante ; margine valvarum integerrimo.

Shell ovate, anteriorly subtruncate, posteriorly slightly acumi-
nated, gibbous, of a pale colour, somewhat diaphanous; valves
equally convex, marginal line flexuous, slightly sinuated in front ;
dorsal valve somewhat produced posteriorly, shghtly recurved,
and obliquely truncated ; perforation large, incomplete ; cardinal
area indistinct, sore with small linear, separate deltidia ;
ventral valve slightly flattened, and somewhat angular in front ;
internal appendage large, $rds the length of the valve, forming two
lateral loops, one on each side, and then uniting to form one very
large upper loop; margin of the valves quite entire.

From the coast of Norway and the North Seas ; in Mr. Cuming’s
and other Collections. ‘This species resembles 7. vitrea in general
appearance, it may however easily be distinguished by its large
foramen which is not entire; as well as by its extended internal

appendage.

23. TerepratuLa TruNcATA (pl. Ixxi. f. 64-67.) Lam.

Testa transversim suborbiculari, depress, latere cardinis trun-
cato, rectiusculo, pallescente, valvis subaqualibus, radiatim con-
cinné striatis, lined marginali subirregulari, rectiuscula, anticé sub-
sinuata; valva dorsali posticé truncata, emarginata, foramine magno,
haud integro, area cardmali elongato-trigonali, planulataé ; deltidiis
minutis, inconspicuis; carini mediand parva; valva ventrali sub-
planulata, posticé rectiusculd, emarginatione mediana parva ; sulco
mediano latiusculo, subinconspicuo ; ossiculo interno valdé com-
plicato, nonnunquam vario; facie internd radiatim granifera,
granulis seriatim confertis, parvis ; margine valvarum integro.

355

wae

Shell transversely suborbicular, depressed, truncated posteriorly
and very wide, of a brownish colour, and with a nearly straight
hinge hne ; valves nearly equal, very finely radiately striated ;
marginal line rather irregular, nearly straight and slightly sinuated
in front; dorsal valve posteriorly truncated, notched, with a large
incomplete foramen ; cardinal area of a lengthened triangular
shape, flattened, with minute, inconspicuous deltidia ; mesial ridge
small; ventral valve rather flattened, straight behind, with a small
mesial notch, mesial groove rather broad, not very distinct ; in-
ternal appendage i in general very complicated, occasionally varying
in form ; internal surface radiately granular, the very small granules
arranged in close set rows; margin of the valves entire.

Abounds on the coast of Sicily and in other parts of the Medi-
terranean.

24. TeREBRATULA DeECoLLATA (pl. Ixxi. f. 68-70.) Desh.
Anomia, Chemn. vol. vin. p. 96. A. detruncata, Gmel., T. aperta,
De Blainv., T. detruncata, Phil.

Testé transversd, anticé rotundata, posticé angulata, crass4, fus-
cescente ; valvis valdé ineequalibus, radiatim costatis, levibus, cos-
tis obtusis, paucis, lineé marginali anticé recté; valvi dorsali
majori, posticé angulati, antice rotundaté; ared cardinali magna,
trigonali, planulata ; foramine magno, haud integro; valva ven-
trali semicirculari, cardine posticé lineari, transverso, recto ; ossi-
culo interno costis tribus radiantibus, elevatis, versts cardinem
truncatis, dentibus cardinalibus duobus ad utrumque latus uno ;
margine valvarum incrassato.

Shell transverse, rounded in front, angular behind, thick,
brownish, valves very unequal, radiately ribbed, smooth, ribs ob-
tuse, few in number ; marginal line straight in front ; dorsal valve
large, angular behind, rounded in front ; cardinal area large, trian-
gular, flattened, with a large incomplete perforation ; ventral valve
semicircular, hinge line linear, transverse and straight behind ;
the internal appendages consist of three radiating elevated ribs,
truncated toward the hinge; cardinal teeth one on each side;
margin of the valves thickened.

From the Coral fisheries in the Mediterranean : common.

26. TreREBRATULA CUNEATA (pl. lxxi. f. 83. 84.) Risso.

Testé minima, transversi, anticé rotundatd, posticé angulata,
subtruncata, albicante, valvis vald’ ineequalibus, subrugosis, radia-
tim costatis, interstitiis costarum roseis, costis obtusis, perpaucis ;
linea marginali rectiuscula; valva dorsali posticé obtusa, foramine

356

maximo incompleto ; are& cardinali magna, planulata ; valvé ven-
trali depress, late suborbiculari, margine postico recto, mediané
emarginato ; ossiculo interno e costa unica constante ; margine val-
varum crenato.

Shell very small, tranverse, rounded in front, rather angular
and truncated behind, whitish, valves very unequal, rather rough,
radiately ribbed, ribs very few, obtuse, their interstices rose-
coloured ; marginal line nearly straight ; dor sal valve obtuse, with
a very large incomplete perforation ; cardinal area large, flattened ;
ventral valve depressed, broadly suborbicular, its posterior margin
straight, notched in the middle; the internal appendage consists
of a ‘single rib; the margin of the valves is crenated.

Found on the coast of Sicily and at Nice. .In Mr. Cuming’s
Collection.

26. TEREBRATULA LUNIFERA (pl. lxxi. f. 85. 86.) PAdd.

Testi minima, subcordata, depressd, punctati, (punctis magnis)
hyalina, albicante, valvis subaequalibus, levibus, politis, anticé
emarginatis ; area ‘cardinal parva, foramine magno, trigonali, in-
completo ; ossiculo interno e cost& unica, elevata constante ; mar-
gine valvarum subcrenato.

Shell very small, somewhat cordiform, depressed, dotted, (with
unusually large dots,) hyaline, whitish ; valves nearly equal, smovth,
polished, notched in front; cardinal area small, with a large in-
complete triangular perforation ; internal appendage consisting of
a single elevated rib ; margin of the valves slightly crenated.

We do not find in this species the sort of internal appendage
described by Philippi. In Mr. Cuming’s specimens it is nearly
similar to that of 7. ewneata, though the shells are in other res-
pects very different. From the coast of Sicily.

27. TEREBRATULA SEMINULUM (pl. Ixxi. f. 87. 88.) Pdi.

Testé subtransvers4, suborbiculari, compressa, posticé acumi-
natd, anticé emarginata, fulvescente; valvis imeequalibus, radiatim
costatis, costis perpaucis, rotundatis, subobsoletis ; valvaé dorsali
posticé acuminata, foramine magno, incompleto, trigonali, area,
cardinali mediocri, planulatd, deltidiis parvis angustis; valva
-_ventrali transversd, linea cardinali recta; ossiculo interno e costa
elevaté submediana unicd constante; margine interno valvarum
incrassato, granoso.

Shell somewhat tranversely suborbicular, compressed, acumi-
nated posteriorly, emarginated in front and of a pale fulvous
colour, valves unequal, with very few radiating ribs, which are

357

rounded and nearly obsolete; dorsal valve acuminated behind,
with a large incomplete triangular perforation ; cardinal area of
moderate size, flattened, with small, narrow deltidia; ventral valve
transverse, with a straight hinge line; internal appendage con-
sisting of a single elevated central ridge; inner margin of the
valves thickened and granulous.

From deep water at Drepani; in Mr. Cuming’s Collection.

28. TEREBRATULA SANGUINEA (pl. Ixxi. f.71—73.) 2odzs. Anomia
sanguinea, Chemn. 'T. erythroleuca Quoy.

Testa suborbiculari, anticé subemarginata, gibbosiusculé, tenw,
sanguinea, radiis maculisque radiantibus albidis ornaté; lined
marginali rect, anticé subsinuaté; valva dorsali posticé subacumi-
nata, truncata, foramine mediocri, integro, area cardinali latiuscula,
marginibus subacutis, deltidiis majusculis, coalescentibus ; valva
ventrali depressiusculd, transversim obovatd, anticé subsinuata,
ossiculo interno primtm format radios duos, deinde annulum cen-
tralem et amenta dua lateralia, demtim amentum superum reflexum
annulo centrali adjunctum ; margine valvarum integro. ;

Shell suborbicular, slightly notched in front, rather gibbous,
thin, of a bright light red colour with white rays and radiating spots ;
marginal line straight, slightly smuated in front; dorsal valve
rather acuminated behind and truneated ; perforation middle-sized,
complete ; cardinal area rather broad, with sharpish edges ; delti-
dia rather large and united; ventral valve somewhat depressed,
transversely obovate, slightly stmuated in front ; the internal ap-
pendage at first forms two rays, then a central ring and two lateral
loops, and at length a reflected dorsal loop united to the central
ring; margin of the valves entire.

From the Island of Zebu, attached to Coral under stones ;
H. Cuming.

29. TEREBRATULA ROSEA (pl. lxxi. f. 74-77.) Humphrey.

Testa oblongo-ovali, subdepressd, posticé subattenuatad, crassa,
rosea, albicante, radiatim pictéi; valvis subeequalibus, levibus ;
lined marginali subflexuosa, antic reflexd; valva dorsali majori,
posticé subproducta, truncata, foramine minimo, integro ; area car-
dinali latiusculé, cum deltidiis coalescentibus, sulco mediano dis-
cretis ; valva ventrali ovali, anticé paululim rotundato-attenuata ;
linea marginali ex umbone ad utrumque latus declivi, ossiculo in-
terno costa elevata, porrecti, simplici constante ; margine valvarum
integro.

2F

358

Shell of an oblong oval form, rather depressed, slightly attenu-
ated behind, thick, rose-red, painted with paler radiating marks ;
valves nearly equal, smooth; marginal lme somewhat flexuous
reflected in front ; dorsal valve the larger, rather produced poste-
riorly, and truncated ; perforation very small, entire ; cardinal area
rather wide, with united deltidia, marked by a mesial groove;
ventral valve ovate, anteriorly slightly attenuated and rounded ;
its marginal line slanting downward from the apex on each side ;
internal appendage consisting of a single elevated rib, standing
out; margin of the valves entire.

From Brazil, according to the late G. Humphrey. The pale
variety, f. 77, is from a specimen in Mr. Cuming’s Collection.

30. TeREBRATULA CANCELLATA (pl. lxxi. f. 93-95.) Koch, vide
Kiister vii.i.t. 2. b. f. 11-18.

Test& ovato-oblonga, ventricosi, fuscescente; valvis valdé ine-
qualibus, radiatim striatis, striis tenuibus confertissimis, lineis
incrementi creberrimé decussatis; valvé dorsali oblonga, posticé
subacuminata, truncaté; foramine magno, circulari, integro; area
cardinal rotundata, deltidiis majusculis, obsoleté sulcatis, in medio
coalescentibus ; valv& ventrali subovata, lateribus posticis anticé
declivibus ; lined marginali flexuosa, margine valvarum exilissimé
crenulato.

Shell ovate-oblong, ventricose, brownish; valves very unequal,
radiately striated; striz very slender, close-set, and very finely
decussated by the lines of growth ; dorsal valve oblong, acumi-
nated behind, and truncated; perforation large, circular, entire ;
cardinal area rounded, with rather large, obsoletely grooved delti-
dia, united in the middle ; ventral valve subovate, with the poste-
rior sides inclining forward; marginal line flexuous; edge of the
valves very delicately crenulated.

In Mr. Cuming’s Collection.

31. TEREBRATULA CRENULATA (pl. Ixxi. f. 96-98.) nodis.

Testa suborbiculari, posticé subacuminata, subtruncata, crassius-
culd, albicante, valvis iIneequalibus, radiatim costatis, costis paucis,
majusculis, rotundatis ; lined marginali flexuosa, anticé subsimuata ;
foramine magno, subintegro ; ared cardinali magna, subplanulata,
margine undulato; deltidiis magnis, discretis; valve ventralis
margine postico ad utrumque latus declivi; ossiculo interno e spina
valid&é obtusa, anticé porrecté, ramulis duobus lateralibus retro-
versis ; margine valvarum crenato.

359

Shell suborbicular, rather attenuated and subtruncate behind,
rather thick and whitish ; valves unequal, with few rather large,
rounded, radiating ribs ; marginal line flexuous, slightly sinuated
in front; perforation large, nearly entire; cardinal area large,
flattish, with an undulated margin; deltidia large, separate; pos-
terior margin of the ventral valve inclined on either side; internal
appendage consisting of a single strong spe standing forward and
with two lateral reflected branches ; margin of the valves crenated.

From Santa Cruz; in Mr. Cuming’s Collection.

32. TEREBRATULA GLOBOSA (pl. lxxi. f. 99-101.) Lam.

Testa ovata, ventricosi, glaberrimi, albicante ; valvis subeequali-
bus, anticé subtrilobis ; lined marginali recté, anticé subsinuata ;
valva dorsali posticé subacuminati, vertice subreflexo, truncato ;
foramine magno, obliquo, fere integro ; ared cardinali majuscula,
lateribus rotundatis ; deltidius majusculis, trigonalibus, discretis ;
carind dorsali laté, rotundataé, subinconspicuaé; valvé ventrali ro-
tundata, anticé sublobata ; ossiculo interno magno, 2 longitudinis
teste, ut in 7. Californicd, margine valvarum integro.

Shell ovate, ventricose, very smooth, whitish; valves nearly
equal, very slightly trilobed in front, marginal line straight,
sinuated in front; dorsal valve slightly acuminated behind,
its vertex subreflected and truncated ; perforation large, oblique,
nearly complete; cardinal area large, rounded on the sides,
deltidia large, triangular, separate ; mesial ridge broad, rounded,
not very distinct ; ventral valve rounded, slightly lobed in front ;
internal appendage large, 2ds the length of the valve and formed
as in 7. Californica ; margin of the valves entire.

I have only seen a single specimen of this species, which is in
Mr. Cuming’s Collection without locality : it agrees perfectly with
the representation in the Enc. Méth. t. 239. f. 2. still the foramen
is not quite complete, although Lamarck gives “ foramine integro ”
as one of its characters.

33. TEREBRATULA INCONSPICUA (pl. Ixxi. f. 102-104.) xodis.

Testé rotundato-subtrigonali, posticé acuminato-rotundata, an-
ticé subsinuata, obscuré rufa; valvis ineequalibus, glabris; lined
marginali flexuosdi; valvi dorsali rotundato-subtrigond, foramine
maximo, incompleto ; are cardinali lata, ad utrumque latus declivi;
deltidiis mediocribus, laté discretis ; valva ventrali transversim ob-
longi, subplanulata, sulco mediaho lato, subinconspicuo ; margine
valvarum integro.

Q2F2

560

Shell rounded, subtrigonal, acuminated and rounded behind,
slightly sinuated before, dull red; valves unequal, smooth; mar-
ginal line flexuous; perforation large, incomplete, cardinal area
broad, inclining on each side, deltidia of moderate size, widely
separated ; ventral valve transversely oblong, somewhat flattened,
with a broad, rather indistinct mesial groove ; margin of the
_ valves entire.

From the late G. Humphrey’s Collection ; locality unknown.

34, TEREBRATULA PULCHELLA (pl. Ixxi. f. 105-107.) nodis.

Testé subovata, posticé acuminato-rotundata, levi, albida, lincis
nonnullis radiantibus rufis; valvis imequalibus; lined marginali
subflexuosi; valva dorsali subplanulata, postice acuminata, anticé
rotundata, foramine magno, incompleto ; area cardinali inconspicua,
tateribus rotundatis ; ; deltidiis parvis, discretis ; valva ventrali sub-
circulari, planulaté ; ossiculo interno e gnomone porrecto, anticé
posito constante ; margine valvarum integro.

Shell subovate, acuminated and rounded behind, smooth,
whitish with a few radiating red lines; valves unequal, marginal
line somewhat flexuous ; dorsal valve rather flattened, acuminated
posteriorly, rounded in ‘front ; perforation large, incomplete ; 3 car-
dinal area indistinct, its sides rounded ; deltidia small, separate ;
ventral valve somewhat circular, flattened ; internal appendage
consisting of a single promiment gnomon near the front ; margin
of the valves entire.

Found by Mr. Cuming attached to Corals at Calapan, Isle of
Mindoro. Also from the Island of Cocos, Lieut. Swainson ; in the
late G. Humphrey’s Collection.

35. TREREBRATULA LENTICULARIS (pl. Lxxii. f. 108-110.) Desh.
Mag. de Zool. 1841 pl. 41.

Testa orbiculari, lentiformi, levigata, rubra; valvis subineequa-
libus, me’ marginali ex umbone ascendente, deinde rectiuscula,
anticé obsoletissimé subsinuaté; valva dorsali posticé subacumi-
nata, recurva, foramine parvo, integro; ared cardinali planulata,
lateraliter angulaté; deltidiis majusculis, plamis, coalescentibus ;
valva ventrali circulari; ossiculo interno e costa unicé, medianad

1 longitudinis teste, et ramulis duobus ex umbone constante ;
margine valvarum integro.

Shell orbicular, lentiform, smooth, dark red; valves somewhat
unequal; marginal line ascending from the umbo, then nearly
straight; and very slightly sinuated in front; dorsal valve slightly
acuminated posteriorly and recurved ; perforation small, complete ;

361

cardinal area flattened, angular on the sides; deltidia rather large,
flat and united; ventral valve circular; the internal appendage
consists of a single mesial rib one-third the length of the shell
and two branches setting off from the umbones.

From the Straits of Fauveau, New Zealand. Kindly lent to us
by M. Deshayes, who has stated that it not only differs from 7.
Californica in colour, but in the internal appendages. In the only
specimen we have seen these appendages appear to us to be incom-
plete. A specimen of our 7. zaconspicua is attached to it near
the apex.

36. TrerEBRaTuLA ZELANDICA (pl. Ixxu. f. 111-113.) Desh.
Mag. de Zool. 1841 pl. 42.

Test& subtransversd, subrotunda, subacuminata, ventricosa,
crassiuscula, rubra, valvis ineequalibus, radiatim costellatis, costellis
dichotomis; line’ marginali flexuosi, anticé subsinuata; valva
dorsali posticé subattenuata, reflexa, rotundata ; foramine magno,
integro ; ared cardinali magna, rotundaté; deltidus majusculis,
tetragonis, mediané coalescentibus, sulco centrali distincto; ca-
rina dorsali inconspicué, lata, rotundata ; valva ventrali transversim
obovata, anticé subsinuati; marginibus posticis declivibus; ossi-
culo interno prope cardinem e ramulis duobus divaricatis, costa
centrali posticé constante ; marginibus valvarum crenulatis.

Shell subtransverse, nearly orbicular, slightly acuminated, ven-
tricose, rather thick, red; valves unequal, radiately costellated,
the little numerous ridges dichotomous ; marginal line flexuous,
somewhat sinuated anteriorly; dorsal valve slightly attenuated
behind and reflected, and rounded; perforation large, complete,
cardinal area large, rounded; deltidia rather large, trapezoidal,
united in the centre, with a distinct central groove; mesial ridge
broad, rounded and rather indistinct; ventral valve transversely
obovate, slightly sinuated in front; posterior margins inclined
downwards ; internal appendage close to the hinge consisting of
two divaricating branches and a central posterior ridge ; margin of
the valves crenulated.

# From New Zealand; the specimen from which our figure is
taken was kindly lent to me by Madame Dupont.

37. TEREBRATULA TRANSVERSA (pl. xxii. f. 114, 115.) nobis.

Testé transversim subovati, tenui, rudi, glabra, pallescente ;
lined marginali subflexuosa, anticé subsinuata ; valva dorsali ovato-
subtetragoni, reflexd, posticé obtusissimé angulati; foramine
maximo, incompleto; ared cardinali magna, planatd; deltidiis

362

parvis, longé discretis ; carind dorsali inconspicua, rotundata ; valva
ventrali transversim oblonga, anticé rotundata, posticé in angulo
obtusissimo desinente; sulco mediano subinconspicuo, rotundato ;
margine valvarum integro.

Shell transversely subovate, thin, rugose, smooth, of a pale
colour ; marginal line somewhat flexuous, slightly sinuated in front,
dorsal valve of a somewhat tetragonal ovate form, very obtusely
angular behind and reflected; perforation very large, incomplete ;
cardinal area large and flattened, deltidia small, very distant ;
mesial ridge rounded, indistinct, ventral valve transversely oblong,
rounded in front, and finishing in a very obtuse angle behind ;
mesial groove rounded, indistinct ; margin of the valves entire.

In Mr. Norris’s Collection, and in that of M.- Janelle.

38. TeresratuLa Lapraporensis (pl. Ixxi. f. 89, 90.) nobis.

Test& suborbiculari, posticé acuminata, obtusa, crassiuscula,
albida, valvis valdé ineequalibus, radiatim obsoleté costatis ; lea
marginali subflexuosd ; valvd dorsali anticé rotundati, posticé acu-
minata, obtusd; foramine magno, integro; area cardinali magna,
subplanulata ; deltidiis majusculis, coalescentibus ; carina dorsali
inconspicua; valvé ventrali suborbiculari, posticé subacuminata,
margine valvarum crenulato.

Shell suborbicular, acuminated behind, obtuse, thickish, whitish;
valves very unequal, obtusely radiately ribbed ; marginal line some-
what flexuous; dorsal valve rounded in front, acuminated and
obtuse behind ; perforation large, entire ; cardinal area large, some-
what flattened; deltidia rather large, united ; mesial ridge indis-
tinct ; ventral valve nearly orbicular, slightly acuminated behind ;
margin of the valves crenulated.

In the British Museum, from Labrador; C. Goodsir.

39. TerepratuLa ALGornsis (pl. Ixxi. f. 91, 92.) nobis.

Testa suborbiculari, posticé subacuminata, anticé sublobata,
albida ; valvis radiatim striatis, cara dorsali conspicua, rotundata ;
foramine magno, incompleto; margine valvee dorsali minutissimé
crenulato.

Shell suborbicular, slightly acuminated behind, rather lobed in
front, whitish; valves radiately striated; mesial ridge distinct,
roundish; perforation large, incomplete; margin of the dorsal
valve very minutely crenulated.

A single valve of the species is in the British Museum, labelled
“ Algoa Bay ; Bowerbank.”

363

40. Ofthe TerEBRATULA ROTUNDATA, Lam. Hist. nat. des Anim.
sans vert. vi. pt. 1. p. 246. Encyl. méth. t. 239. f.5., it is impos-
sible for us to give any representation, as we have never seen the
shell, and it is not to be found in the Collections of London or
Paris: we almost suspect it to be a fossil and not a recent species :
we earnestly entreat information upon this subject and upon the
existence of M. Le Comte de la Touche’s Collection, where it is
cited by Lamarck.

TEREBRATULA,

LIST OF FIGURES IN PLATES LXVIII TO LXXII.

Fig. Fig.
1, 2, 3, 4. -—- T. Caput-serpentis, Sp.3) 64 to 67. — truncata, 23.
5, 6. — septentrionalis, 4. 68 to 70. — decollata, 24.
7, 8. — Japonica, 5. 71 to 73. —— sanguinea, 28.
9 to 11. — rubra, 6. 74 to 77. — rosea, 29.
12 to 14. — cognata, 8. 78 to 80. — psittacea, 1.
_15 to 17. — dorsata, 9. 81, 82. — nigricans, 2.
18, 19. — Chilensis, 10. 83, 84. — cuneata, 25.
20 to 22. — Soverbii, 12. 85, 86. — lunifera, 26.
23, 24. — flexuosa, 11. 87, 88. — seminulum, 27.
25 to 33. — Australis, 13. 89, 90. — Labradorensis, 38.
34 to 36. — recurva, 14. 91, 92. — Algoensis, 39.
37 to 39. — Pisum, 7. 93 to 95. — cancellata, 30.
40 to 42. — rubella, 15. 96 to 98. — crenulata, 31.
43,44, — picta, 16. 99 to 101. — globosa, 32.
45 to 47. —— rubicunda, 17, 102 to 104. — inconspicua, 33.
48,49. — dilitata, 19. 105 to 107. — pulchella, 34.
50 to 52. — Californica, 18. 108 to 110. —— lenticularis, 35.
53 to 55. — Uva, 20. 111 to 118. — Zelandica, 36.
56 to 59. — vitrea, 21. 114, 115. —— transversa, 37.

60 to 63. — Cranium, 22. 116. — Caput-serpentis, 3.

364

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Algoensis, Sp. 39. f. 91, 92.
aperta, v. decollata, 24.
australis, 13. f. 25 to 33.
Chilensis, 10. f. 18, 19.
Californica, 18. f. 50 to 52.
cancellata, 30. f. 93 to 95.
cognata, 8. f.12, 13,14.
Capensis, v. rubra, 6.

Caput-serpentis, 3. f. 1, 2,3, 4, 116.

Cranium, 22. f. 60 to 63.
crenulata, 31. f.96 to 98.
cuneata, 25. f. 83, 84.
decollata, 24. f. 68 to 70.
dentata, v. australis, 13.
dilatata, 19. f. 48, 49.
dorsata, 9. f.15, 16,17.
detruncata, v. decollata, 24.
erythroleuca, Vv. sanguinea, 28.
Jflavescens, v. australis, 18.
flexuosa, 11. f. 23, 24.
Gaudichaudi, v. dilatata, 19.
globosa, 32. f. 99 to 101.

inconspicua, 33. f. 102 to 104.

Japonica, 5. f. 7, 8.
Labradorensis, 38. f. 89, 90.

lenticularis, 35. f. 108 to 110.
lunifera, 26. f. 85, 86.
nigricans, 2. f. 81, 82.
picta, 16. f. 43, 44.
Pisum, 7. f. 37 to 39.
psittacea, 1. f. 78, 79, 80.
pulchella, 34. f. 105 to 107.
recurva, 14. f. 34 to 36.
rosea, 29. f. 74 to 77.
rotundata, 40.
rubella, 15. f. 40 to 42.
rubicunda, 17. f. 45, 46, 47.
rubra, 6. f. 9,10, 11.
sanguinea, Vv. rubra. 6.

v. rubicunda, I7.
sanguinea, 28. f. 71 to 73.
seminulum, 27. f. 87, 88.
septentrionalis, 4. f. 5, 6.
Soverbii, 12. f. 20, 21, 22.
transversa, 37. f. 114, 115.
truncata, 23. f. 64 to 67.
Uva, 20. f. 53 to 55.
vitrea, 21. f.56 to 59.
Zelandica, 36. f. 111 to 1138.

MONOGRAPHS OF THE GENERA

ORBICULA, CRANIA, HIPPONYX

AND

THECIDIUM.

eee

ORBICULA.

Testa suborbicularis, ineequivalvis, compressa, valvé superiore
depresso-conicé, vertice subcentrali; valva inferiore extis disco
parvo, postico, pediculi adhzesione, processu obtusiusculo intus
terminato ; cardine ligamentoque cardinis nullis.

A nearly orbicular, rather irregular, inequivalve, compressed
bivalve, affixed by a tendinous pedicle, which spreads over a small
disk placed near the posterior part of the lower valve externally ;
in the middle of this disk is a fissure, which divides it longitu-
dinally, which opens into the valve and is terminated anteriorly by
an obtuse process; the upper valve is of a flattened conical form
with a nearly central vertex. The Orbiculz consist almost entirely
of a horny substance, with very little, if any, testaceous matter.

1. OrpicuLa LaMELLosA (pl. Ixxii. f. 1.) Brod. Zool. Proc.
1838. p. 124.

Test& corned, fusca, suborbiculari, subdepressa, lamellis concen-
tricis, elevatis, rugosa.

Shell of a horny substance, chesnut brown, nearly orbicular, rather
depressed, covered with elevated concentric lamella; disk of adhe-
sion oblong, close to the posterior edge, perforation oblong, placed
near the hinder part of the disk.

Found in groups on various parts of the coasts of Peru,
H. Cuming.

2. OrBicuLa Lavis (pl. lxxui. f. 2, 3.) Sow. Trans. Linn.
Soc. vol. xi.

Testa levi, tenuiuscula, apice ex margine remoto.

Shell smooth, rather thin; apex distant from the margin; disk
of adhesion oblong, not close to the posterior margin ; perforation
short, near the hinder edge of the disk of adhesion.

26

566

Found by Mr. Cuming attached to Mytili, at a depth of six
fathoms, off Conception, Chili.

3. OrBicuLa TENUIS (pl. Ixxi. f. 4,5.) nobis.

Testa levi, tenui, apice ad marginem propinquo.

Shell smooth, thin, apex of the upper valve near the posterior
margin; disk of adhesion obtusely triangular, close to the hinder
edge; perforation linear.

4. OrsicuLta Cuminer (pl. Ixxii. f. 6.) Brod. Zool. Proc.
1833. p. 124.

Testa subconicé, suborbiculari, crassiuscula, striis ab apice
radiantibus numerosis, lineis incrementi elevatis decussantibus,
epidermide pallidé fusca.

Shell nearly orbicular, subconical, rather thick, with numerous
strie radiating from the subcentral apex, and decussated by the
elevated lines of growth; epidermis of a pale brown colour.

Found by H. Cuming, at Payta, St. Elena and Panama.

5. Orpicuta strieata (pl. Ixxii. f. 7.) Brod. Zool. Trans.
vol. i. pt. 2. pl. xxii. f. 1.

Testa crassiusculd, subrotunda, substriata, radiatim castaneo-
strigaté ; epidermide tenui fusca.

Shell rather thick, nearly orbicular, slightly striated, radiately
streaked with chesnut colour, epidermis thin, pale brown.

Island of Cana, Guatemala, Malacca, and Corrigedor ; H. Cuming.

6. Orpicuta striata (pl. Ixxiii. f. 8.) Sow. Trans. of Linn.
Soc. vol. xi.

Teste valvulé superiore striis elevatis plurimis, ex vertice ad
marginem decurrentibus.

Shell rather irregularly orbicular, thickish, apex nearly central ;
upper valve with numerous elevated stricz from the apex to the
margin.

This is the species which Lamarck has elevated to the rank of
a genus (named Discina), from not rightly knowing his own pre-
viously established genus Orbicula.

Locality unknown; found in ballast used to mend roads near
London.

CRANIA.

Testa ineequivalvis, sequilatera, (subirregularis) rotundato-sub-

367

quadrata, valva superiore depresso-conica, vertice subcentrali, in
feriore planulata extus adherente; cardine et hgamento cardinali
nullis.

Shell of two unequal valves which are equilateral, and of a
rounded subquadrate form, though rather irregular on account of
its being fixed to rocks, stones, shells, corals, &c.; upper valve of
a flattened conical form, with the vertex near the centre; lower
valve flattened, adhering by its external surface. Hinge and car-
dinal ligament none. Muscular impressions in each valve four, of
which in the attached valve two are near the centre and approxi-
mated (sometimes united), and two are near the posterior margin
and distant. In some species there is a prominence just behind
the central pair which bears a slight resemblance to a nose, so the
shell resembles a front face, whence its name, the posterior mus-
cular impressions being compared to eyes, and the two anterior,
when united, resembling the mouth.

Crania is distinguished from Ordicula by its mode of attach-
ment; and from Hipponyx by its muscular impressions. These
are the only three genera known which are destitute of hinge, and
hinge ligament.

Cranra pPersonata (pl. lxxin. f. 9.) Lam. Haninghaus monogr.
Pore /aleds O.

Testee valvd inferiore ovato-orbiculari, posticé retusd ; cicatri-
cibus posterioribus obliquis subreniformibus, anterioribus in unam
orbicularem confluentibus, tuberculosis; rostello nullo, disco pal-
mato-radiato, limbo anticé incrassato, granuloso.

Lower attached valve of a rounded ovate form, truncated poste-
riorly ; the posterior muscular impressions are somewhat reniform
and the anterior are united together forming one orbicular tuber-
culated impression, without any rostellum; disk with a radiated
palmate impression ; anterior margin thickened, granular.

India; Retz, Heeninghaus. .

We have never met with this species, and have therefore copied
the description from Heeninghaus’ Beitrag zur Monographie der
Gattung Crania (1828) ; and have to acknowledge our obligation
to that gentleman for the drawing which he was so kind as to
communicate.

2, Cranta RINGENS (pl. lxxui. f. 10, 11.) Hening. 1. ¢. p. 3.
f. 2. a, 6.

Teste valvi inferiore suborbiculari, posticé retusa, impressi-
2G2

368

onibus posterioribus transversis, anterioribus in unam transversalem
confluentibus, rostello parvo, disco pedato, limbo antico incrassato ;
valvA superiore subtrapezoidali, cicatricibus posterioribus magnis
limbo interno incrassato, elevato, margine tenui; extus levi,
brunnea.

Found upon corals in the Mediterranean. The upper valve,
which is very rarely seen in England, is rather smaller than the
attached valve, its posterior muscular impressions are large and
prominent, and its outer edge is very thin. This species is but
slightly distinguishable from C. personata.

3. Cranta Norvectca (pl. Ixxi. f. 15, 16, 17.) nobis.
Patella anomala, Mill. Zool. Dan. Patella. distorta, Montagu
Test. Brit.

Testze valva inferiore transversim rotundato-subtetragona, posticé
retusd; cicatricibus posticis magnis ovatis, anticé subangularibus,
anticis discretis, ovatis, in centrum feré coalescentibus; rostello
obtuso; disco palmato-radiato ; limbo antico incrassato, granulato ;
valva superiore tenuiore, rugulosi, subtrapezoidali, brunned, cica-
tricibus posterioribus magnis, limbo interno incrassato, margine
tenul.

There is little to distinguish this from C. personata and C. ringens,
except the separation of the anterior muscular impressions in the
attached valve, by the interposition of what Heninghaus calls a
rostellum “like a nose between the mouth and the eyes”; in the
present species, however, the upper valve is exactly of the same
dimensions as the lower.

Coasts of Ireland and Scotland, abundant in some localities.

4. oe rostrata (pl. lxxii. f. 12, 13, 14.) Hening. lc.
p. 3. fr 3. a, b

Teste: valva ators rotundato-subtrapezoidali, margine postico
rectiusculo, cicatricibus posticis orbicularibus ; anticis parvis, semi-
lunaribus, anticé coalescentibus, rostello parvo, acutiusculo; disco
sinuato, limbo granifero, antics iregulari, incrassato ; valvA supe-
riore tenuiore, alba, subradiatim rugosi, intus costellis duabus
elevatis, radiantibus, ex centro versus marginem posticum decur-
rentibus.

Inferior or attached valve of a rounded, somewhat trapezoidal
form, its posterior margin nearly straight, posterior muscular
impression orbicular; anterior small, somewhat lunulate, united
anteriorly ; rostellum small, “rather sharp; disk with palmated
and digitated impressions; border granulose, irregular and thick-

369

ened in front; upper valve thinner, white, somewhat radiately

rugose, internally with two elevated ridges diverging from the centre

towards the posterior lateral margin ; umbo somewhat posterior.
From the Mediterranean, In Mr. Cuming’s collection.

HIPPONYX.

Testa inzequivalvis, subequilatera, valv& inferiore affixé, com-
pressd, margine plerumque elevato; valva superiore subconica,
vertice ad marginem posticum inclinato; impressionibus muscu-
laribus in utraque valva duabus, posticé coalescentibus, formam
ferri equini conjunctis exhibentibus; cardine et ligamento cardinis
nullis.

Shell inequivalve, nearly equilateral, attached by the lower
valve, which is compressed and its margin generally thickened ;
upper valve somewhat conical, rather inclined toward the posterior
margin, muscular impressions two in each valve, when taken
together somewhat in shape like a horse-shoe, those of the upper
confluent posteriorly.

Distinguished and proved to be a bivalve by Defrance, who first
met with the two valves together in a fossil species. ‘The species
have usually been called Patel/e, because the upper valve alone
was known. Very rarely the two valves have been met with
together. Several species in this complete state have been dis-
covered and brought to this country by Mr. Cuming, from whose
Collection our drawings have been taken.

1. Hipronyx BarBata (pl. xxi. f. 26,27.) Sow. Zool. Proc.
1835. p. 5.

Testa pallidé fulva, subelevato-conicd, radiatim confertim striata ;
margine ventrali producto; epidermide pilosa, margine interno
crenulato.

Shell pale yellowish brown, of a slightly elevated conical form,
covered with radiated close-set striz; ventral margin produced ;
inner edge crenulated ; epidermis coarsely hairy.

Found on the Coral reefs around Toobouai, one of the Society
Islands, by Mr. Cuming.

2. Hrpponyx Mirrura (pl. Ixxii. f. 18, 19, 20.) Defr. le.
Pileopsis mitrula, Lam. Patella mitrula, Auctm.

Testa alba, depresso-conica, concentricé lamellosd, lamellis sub-
confertis, radiatim striatis ; epidermide pilosa.

370

Shell white, of a depressed conical form, concentrically lamellar,
and radiately striated ; lamellz close-set ; epidermis hairy.

Found by Mr. Cuming upon stones among coarse sand in seven-
teen fathoms water, near Lobos Island, on the coast of Peru.

3. Hreponyx susrura (pl. Ixxin. f. 21, 22, 238.) Sow. 2. ¢.
Pileopsis subrufus, Zam. Patella subrufa, Diddw.

Testa aurantiaco-rufescente, subconicd, concentricé sulcata, ra-
diatim striata, striis profundis, marginibus sulcorum crenulatis ;
vertice posticé inclinato.

Shell somewat conical, of an orange reddish colour; concentri-
cally grooved and radiately striated, with deep striz; margin of
the grooves crenulated ; vertex inclined backwards.

Found with H. Mitrula, by Mr. Cuming.

4. Hrpponyx raprata (pl. lxxin. f. 24, 25.) Gray, 1. ¢.

Testé subdepresso-conicd, fulvescente, radiatim costatd, costis
crebris, imbricato-squamosis ; vertice postico.

Shell of a somewhat depressed conical form, and of a yellowish
brown colour, radiately ribbed, ribs very close and fine, with little
imbricated scales; vertex posterior.

Found attached to rocks at Panama and the Gallapagos Islands,
by Mr. Cuming.

5. Hipponyx Ticaonica (pl. xxii. f. 28, 29.) nodis.

Testa suborbiculari, radiatim confertim striata, albidi; vertice
versus marginem postico-dextrum reflexo; epidermide pilos4, ful-
vescente.

Shell suborbicular, with close-set radiating striz, whitish; ver-
tex turned backward toward the right margin; epidermis hairy,
pale fulvous.

From Ticao; H. Cuming.

THECIDIUM, De France.

Testa ineequivalvis, eequilatera, valva altera gibbosa, seepe rostrata,
imperforati, extus affixd, alterd plana operculiformi; cardine ut in
Terebratulis; ossiculo interno in valva plana intus affixo; area
cardinali magna, trigona.

The principal circumstance which distinguishes this genus from
Terebratula is, that there is no perforation at the apex of the
deeper valve. It is found adhering to the Red Coral, in the Medi-
terranean.

371

Turcrpium Meprrerranevum (pl. lxxui. f. 30, 31, 32.) Resso.

Testee valva dorsali gibbosi, posticé rostrata, anticé subbilobata ;
valva ventrali planulata, operculiformi; intis lamellis ad utramque
latus lobulos duos, alterum semilunatum, magnum, alterum parvum
internum efformante.

Shell with the dorsal valve gibbous, produced behind, and some-
what bilobate in front; ventral valve flattened, operculiform ;
internal appendage lamellar, forming two lobes on each side, one of
which is large and semilunate, and the other very small ; they ad-
here throughout to the inside of the ventral valve.

Found on Corals in the Mediterranean.

ORBICULA, CRANIA, HIPPONYX,

AND

THECIDIUM.

LIST OF FIGURES IN PLATE LXXIII.
Fig. 1. Orbicula lamellosa, 1.

2,3. — levis, 2.
4,5. — tenuis, 3.
6. — Cumingii, 4.
7. — strigata, 5.
8. — striata, 6.
9. Crania personata, 1.
10,11. — _ ringens, 2.
12,138,14. — _ rostrata, 4.
15,16,17. — Norvegica, 3.
18, 19, 20. Hipponyx Mitrula, 2.
21, 22,23. — subrufa, 3.
24,25, — radiata, 4.
26,27. — barbata, 1.
28,29, — Ticaonica, 5.

30, 31, 32. Thecidium Mediterraneum.

ea ene

L aebelawmy 5
” | '
ae ai ay wit a

nr

373

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

MARGINELLA.

By G. B. Sowersy, Jun. F.L.S.

Char.Gen. Testa subovata, nitida; spira brevi, obtus4, nonnun-
quam occulté. Apertura elongata, anticé plerumque emarginata ;
columell4 nonnunquam callosi, plicatéi; labio externo reflexo,
plerumque incrassato ; operculum nullum.

Shell oval, smooth. Spire short, obtuse, sometimes hidden by
the deposition of enamel, or included in the last whorl. Aperture
long, generally emarginated at the anterior extremity ; columellar
lip sometimes thickened at both extremities, with folds increasing
in obliquity and length towards the anterior termination, but not
so much so as in Voluta ; outer lip reflected and generally thickened
so as to form a varix; no operculum ; no epidermis.

The shell being almost enveloped by the mantle, has a brilliiancy
of polish equal to the Cowries. This, and the reflected edge of the
outer lip, sufficiently distinguish all the species from the genus
Votuta.

1. Marernetta Fasa (pl. Ixxiv. f.1, 2.), Linn. Syst. Nat. M.
bifasciata var., Zam. Anim. s. vert. vil. p. 357.

M. ovata, griseo-fulva, punctorum magnorum seriebus irregula-
ribus 7 ad 9 sparsim cincté; spira prominulé; anfractibus vix
angulatis, ad angulum crenulatis ; columell4 quadriplicata, labio
externo crasso, paulultim arcuato, pleramque minuté subcrenulato,
posticé subemarginato, anticé attenuato, emarginato.

Oval, greyish buff, with 7 to 9 rows of distant large spots; spire
rather prominent; whorls very slightly angulated, crenulated ;
columella with four folds ; outer lip shghtly bowed, very lightly and
minutely crenulated, emarginated at the base.

There is no doubt of this being the true Voluta Faba of Linnzus;
from Senegal.

2H

374

2. Mareinutia Harpx#rormis (pl. lxxiv. f. 7, 8.), Beck. M.S.

M. angulata, pallidissimé rose4, griseo obscure fasciatdé, punctis
minutis, creberrimis, seriatim ornat&é; spiri subelongata ; anfracti-
bus angulatis, crenulatis; columella quadriplicata ; labio externo
crasso, validé crenulato, anticé emarginato.

It is difficult to describe with precision the difference between
this species and M/. bifasciata ; 1%t is however thicker and more
angular, and the aperture is shorter. From Senegal.

3. Mareretia srrasciata (pl. Ixxiv. f.13, 14, 15.) Lam.
Anim. s. vert. vil, p. 557.

M. ovali, pallidé fulva, griseo nebulatd vel undulata, fasciis dua-
bus nigrescentibus cincti, seriatim creberrimé punctati; spird
brevi, crenulata, vix angulata, obtusd; columellé obliqué quadri-
plicaté ; labio externo subelongato, arcuato, validé crenulato,
anticé emarginato.

More rounded, with the spire shorter in proportion, and the
outer lip more bowed outwards than the JZ. Fada ; the spots are
also much more numerous and minute : fig. 14, with the strong dark
bands, is Lamarck’s shell; fig. 15 is a very beautiful variety with
the bands fainter, and with hghtning-like markings between, from
Mr. Cuming’s Collection; in fig. 13 the bands are scarcely per-
ceptible. From Senegal.

4. MarGIne.ta optusa (pl. lxxiv. f. 11, 12.) nobis.

M. ovali, crassa, pallidé fulva, griseo nebulata, creberrimé seriatim
punctata, fasctis duabus, mterruptis, nigrescentibus, cincté ; spira
breviuscula, obtusi ; anfractibus leviter angulatis; plicis obtusis,
elongatis ; aperturé angusta; columella quadriplicata, anticé acuta ;
labio externo levi, crasso, posticé elongato et angulato, anticé
emarginato.

A remarkable shell im the collection of Miss Saul, differmg from
M. bifasciata and the rest of the group in being much thicker,
with a shorter obtuse spire, with a thickened, smooth outer
lip, which is angulated and lengthened towards the apex ; there
are a few obtuse ribs running nearly all the length of the body
whorl. Locality unknown.

5, MarcIneLia PsEUDO-FABA (pl. Ixxiv. f. 21, 22.), nobis,
Zool. Proc. 1846. M. Faba, Zam. Anim. s. vert. vil.

M. angulata, anticé attenuata, sub-recurva, pallidé fulva, griseo
nebulaté, punctorum irregulorum seriebus 10 sparsim cincti,
ae ae é ae
spird prominula; anfractibus angulatis, ad angulum validé crenu-

375

jatis ; columellé quadriplicaté; labio externo crenulato, crasso,
paululim arcuato, posticé angulato, anticé emarginato, attenuato.

Much more angular than the true WZ. Fada, and has the anterior
part of the body whorl tapering and bent upwards. From Senegal.

6. Mareinetta Apansont (pl. lxxiv. f. 3, 4, 5.), Avener, Sp.
gen. coq. Marginella, p. 5, M. bifasciata, (Lam.), Sow. Gen. of Sh.

M. angulata, posticé sub-attenuatd, sub-recurva; grisea, lineis
nigris obliqué longitudinaliter fasciata; vel rubra, lineis tuscis ,
vel fasciis duabus interruptis, et linis obliquis fuscis ; spira promi-
nuld; anfractibus angulatis, ad angulum leviter crenulatis ; colu-
melld quadriplicaté, labio externo crasso, crenulato; posticé sub-
angulato, anticé emarginato, attenuato.

‘Much like J. pseudo-faba in general form, but decidedly angular
and more elongated ; there are ‘several varieties in colouring, but
all have the undulated oblique lines.

Isle of Gorea, Senegal.

7. MARGINELLA SPLENDENS (pl. Ixxiv. f. 23, 24.), Reeve, Zool.
Proc. 1842, and Conch. Syst.

M. ovali, creberrimé plicata, pallidé rosea, griseo vel rubro nebu-
lata, maculis griseis vel roseis curvatis per seriebus tribus dispo-
sitis; spird product, anfractibus rotundatis; columella plicis
quatuor sub- quadratis, ultimis duabus obliquis; labio externo
anticé emarginato, inttts crenulato, exttis puncte ato.

Like MW. glabella in general form, but finely ridged, and having
three rows of curved spots on the back, besides the minute dots
which cover the shell.

In Mr. Cuming’s Collection ; from Guinea.

8. Mareinetta Berri (pl. xxiv. f. 28, 29.), nobis.

M. angulata, plicata, grisea, fasctis duabus nigrescentibus
cincta, lineis nigris elongatis, creberrimé undati; spird producta ;
columellé oblique quadriplicata ; labio externo crasso, intds crenu-
lato.

The plice or ribs are lengthened so as nearly to reach the ante-
rior part of the whorl; the aperture is shorter in proportion to the
spire, and the outer lip thicker, than im AZ. Adansoni; there are
very minute waved limes all over the shell.

From Professor Bell’s Collection ; locality unknown.

9. Marcinetia srriata (pl. Ixxv.f. 81, 82.) xoédrs.

M. parva, ovali, alb&; anfractibus crenulatis; columellé quadri-
plicata, labio externo crenulato.
9 »)
2 1 2

576

A very minute white shell with crenulated whorls; from North
America, in Professor Bell’s Collection.

10. Marcinetta muscarta (pl. xxv. f. 45, 46, 47.) Lam.
Anim. s, vert. vu. p. 359.

M. angulatim ovata, fulva, vel aurantid ; spird validé producta ;
anfractibus subangulatis, ultimo leviter crenulato, prope labrum
tumido; columella alba, expansi, callosi, plicis quatuor obliquis,
quarum antici sub-retusi; labio externo albo, posticé tumido,
subemarginato, anticé attenuato, poné rotundato, anticé varicem
validam formante.

This species is remarkable for a tumidity near the reflected lip
on the back of the last whorl, and for the callosity of the colu-
mellar lip which is spread over the front.

From the West Indies.

11. Marernetta rormicuta (pl. Ixxv. f. 41, 42.), Lam.
Anim. s. vert. vil. p. 359.

M. angulata, pallidé fulva; spira producti; anfractibus angu-
latis, crenulatis ; apertura angusta; columellé subrecta, plicis qua-
tuor, quarum antici tenui, obliqui; labio externo valido, posticé
angulato, emarginato, in medio incurvo, anticé attenuato, validé
emarginato, poné validé reflexo, anticé ad basin varicis columellari
juncto.

Angular, of a dull brown colour; with the spire produced, the
whorls angular, crenulated. Of the four folds in the columella
the last is thin and oblique. The outer lip is thickened inwards,
with a notch or slope near the posterior end. It is strongly re-
flected, and at the anterior runs into a strong spiral varix.

New Holland.

12. Mareinetta TRANSLUCIDA (pl. lxxv. f. 62, 63.), nobis.
M. sub-clongaté, alba, translucid’; spirad producté; apertura
elongata, columella quadriplicaté, labio externo mtts in medio
incurvo, anticé reflexo, extis validé reflexo, anticé varicem validum
formante.
A small, elongated, white, thin shell, having the outer lip
eracefully bent inwards in the centre, and having a varix at the
lower part of the last whorl. Australia.

13. Marernetia timpata (pl. lxxiv. f. 18,19, 20.), Lam.
Anim. s. vert. vol. vil.

M. ovali, subventricos4, levi, pallidé fulva, lineis undulatis

377

longitudinaliter ornaté; spird brevi, anfractibus subrotundatis ;
columellé callosi, expansi, quadriplicaté; labio externo crasso,
intts leviter crenulato, ad marginem externum lineatim nigro
maculato.

Oval, rather ventricose, smooth, of a pale fawn colour, marked
by distant undulating lines. The spire is short, the aperture
large; the columellar lip thickened and spread over the front of
the last whorl. The outer margin of the reflected lip is marked
by groups of strong, blackish lines.

Common ; from Gambia. The reversed specimen (f. 18), is from
Mr. Cuming’s collection.

14. MarGInetta HELMATINA (pl. Ixxv. f. 38, 39), Rang,
Guerin, Mag. de zool. Kener, Sp. gen. coq. Marginella, p. 10.

M. ovali, levi, griseo maculata, fasciis tribus, nigrescentibus
interruptis cincté; spird brevi, anfractibus paucis, rotundatis ;
apertura elongata ; columella tenui, expansi, quadriplicata ; labio
externo intis minuté crenulato; poné marginem externum sub-
canalifero.

Much smaller and more ventricose than I. imbata, having the
columellar lip thinly spread over a portion of the last whorl, and a
very narrow groove behind the reflected lip. The colour is
spotted grey. From the River Gambia.

15. Marernetta Cuminer (pl. Ixxiv. f. 33, 34, 35.), Petit,
Revue Zoologique ?

M. ovali, levi, ventricosa, grisea, creberrimé seriatim punctata,
maculis nigrescentibus trifasciata, spird brevi, obtusi; apertura
elongata, columellé sub-callosi, paululim expansa, quadriplicata ;
labio externo crasso, rotundato, intis regulariter crenulato, poné
margine acuto, validé canalifero.

Much more ventricose than MW. helmatina, with the outer lip
much thicker, the reflected margin sharper, and a deeper groove
behind it. The variety having the very broad outer lip (fig. 33.)
is in the collection of Mr. Gaskoin; the others are Mr. Cuming’s.
From Senegal.

16. Mareiwetxa Perit (pl. xxiv. f. 31, 32.), Guerin, Mag.
de zool.

M. ovali, levi, ventricosd, pallidé, griseé rubescente leviter fas-
ciatim punctaté; spird brevi, anfractibus paucis, rotundato-sub-

378

angulatis; apertura lati; columellé callosi, expansi; labio ex-
terno crasso intus irregulariter crenulato, exttis margine rotundato,
vix canalifero.

The spire is rather more produced than in M/.Cumingii, the colu-
mella is tumid and spread over a large portion of the body whorl ;
the crenulations on the imner lip are irregular, and the outer margin
is rounded instead of being short as in WZ. Cumingi.

17. MarGInELta GLABELLA (pl. Ixxv. f. 52, 53, 54.), Linn.
Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1189.

M. ovali, ventricosd, levi, rubra vel brunned, prope suturam
precipué, maculis albis conspersa ; spira conica, obtusa, anfractibus
vix rotundato-angulatis ; apertura pyriformi, columella valid’ quad-
riplicata, plicis obliquitate verstis basin crescentibus ; labio externo
crasso, intts crenulato, posticé emarginato, tum in angulum i incur-
vum producto, anticé leviter emarginato.

Oval, ventricose, smooth, of a red or dark brown colour, which
is darkest near the suture, sprinkled with roundish white spots,
those near the suture larger and irregular; the spire is conical,
with the apex obtuse and the whorls slightly rounded; of the four
folds on the columella, those nearest the anterior termination are
the most oblique, the last nearly vertical ; the outer lip is hollowed
out near the suture and then bends forward into a sort of angle.
From Senegal.

18. Marernetta Goopatti (pl. Ixxiv. f.16,17.), Sow. Tank.
Cat.

M. angulatim ventricos4, levi, fulvo-rubescente, maculis albis,
rotundatis, magnis conspersd ; spira conicd, obtusa, anfractibus ro-
tundato-angulatis; columellé quadriplicaté, plicis tenuis; labio
externo crasso, intts crenulato, extis validé reflexo.

Differing from IZ, glabella, in being of a more regular form, in
having the outer lip more thickened and more straightly reflected,
and in having the folds of the columella much thinner and in the
large size of the white spots.

19. Marcinecyia rrrorata (pl. lxxv. f. 43, 55.), Menke, Voluta
glabelloides, Humphreys, M.S.

M. ovali, sub-angulatd, pallidé fulva, in medio rubescente,
punctis albis, confertis, angulatim lineaté; spira producti, anfracti-
bus subangulatis ; columellé quadriplicaté, labio externo crasso,
intis crenulato, margine leviter reflexo.

379

Less ventricose than M. glabella with the mouth shorter in
proportion to the spire, and the outer margin of the reflected lip
less distinct ;_ the shell is beautifully marked by zig-zag lines of
minute white spots.

Mr. Cuming’s and other Cabinets; from Senegal.

20. Mareinenia ruLminata (pl. Ixxviii. f.173.) Kiener, Sp.
gen. coq. viv. Marginella, p. 33. pl. xii. f. 1.

“M. testa ovata, sub-globosd, albidd, maculis rufis, angulosis,
longitudinaliter depositis ornata ; spiri conicd, obtus’; labro intits
albo; varice extts lutescente ; columella quadriplicata.”

“ Habite ocean Atlantique austral, la baie de Bahia.” -«

Not having the shell, we copy the description and one of the
figures.

21. MarGinetia avrantia (pl. Ixxv. f. 49, 50.), Zam. Anim.
s. vert. vil. p. 358.

M. ovali, levi, rubra, albo maculata, columelld quadriplicata,
labio externo aurantiaco, inttis crenulato, extts validé reflexo.

The difference between this and JZ. glabel/a is more easily
observed than described; it is however much less ventricose
and the outer lip more nearly straight; there is also a peculiar
bluntness about the anterior part of the shell; the white irregular
markings are arranged in three interrupted bands across the body
whorl.

Common. From the River Gambia.

22, Marernetta nopata (pl. lxxiv. f. 30.), Hinds, Zool.
Proc. 1844, March.

M. testa elongaté ovata vel sub-fusiformi, luteo-olivaced lineis
nigris subflexuosis longitrorsum ornati, punctis concoloribus con-
spersis ; labio intts denticulato; columella quadriplicata.”

“With the general aspect and character of MW. Cleryii, but
somewhat larger, more broadly shouldered, the longitudinal hnes
studded at intervals with dark spots, and which are somewhat
regularly disposed in the transverse direction ; and lastly the spire
is less elongated and furnished with rather indistinct plhciform
ribs.”

In Capt. Belcher’s Collection, from Cape Blanco, W. coast of
Africa ; found in sand at 12 to 15 fathoms.

23. Mareretta musica (pl. lxxv. f. 36, 37.), Hinds, Zool.
Proc. 1844, March.

“ M.testa ovata, cinereo-olivaced, lineis nigris transversim ornata;

380

spira retuso-conici ; labro paululim incrassato, intis levi; colu-
mellé quadriplicata.”

A smooth shell of a conical form, banded with lines of dark
colour, between which are undulated pale greyish markings.

In Capt. Belcher’s and Mr. Cuming’s Collection; from Cape
Blanco, west coast of Africa, in 12 to 15 fathoms.

24. Mareretta Betcuert (pl. lxxiv. f. 25, 26, 27.), Hinds,
Zool. Proc. 1844, March.

“M. concinné ovata, alba, lineis eleganter punctatis raris, fre-
quentioribus, vel confertis transversim depositis, interdum albo-
fasciata ; spird mediocri, conici; labro incrassato, albo, prope
medium sub-dilatato, intis levi; columell4 quadriplicata.”

Thick, oval, shghtly angulated, smooth, the columella with four
folds, the outer lip thick, particularly in the centre; the marking
consists of bands remote, or close, or finely punctuated lines.

In Capt. Belcher’s and Mr. Cuming’s Collection ; from Cape
Blanco, west coast of Africa; taken in 12 to 15 fathoms.

25. Mareinetta Creryit (pl. lxxiv. f.9, 10.), Petié. Guerin,
Mag. de zool. 1836, pl. 78.

M. sub-elongata, pallidé fulva, griseo obscuré trifasciatd, lineis
nigrescentibus undatis longitudinaliter strigaté; spird producta,
apicé obtusé; apertura breviusculd, columella quadriplicata ; labio
externo sub-crenulato, posticé sub-arcuato, in medio incrassato,
anticé emarginato.

Rather elongated, smooth, with beautiful zebra-like longitudinal
lines.

From Senegal.

26. Marernetta Hamatira (pl. lxxv.f. 60, 61.), Keener. Sp.
gen. coq. viv.

M. parva, nitidd’, ventricos4, rubri; spira product, apice
obtusd ; anfractu ultimo posticé ventricoso; labio externo intis
crenulato, extis validé varicoso; columella quadriplicata.

Small, smooth, red; with a prominent, obtuse spire; the last
whorl swelled near the suture ; the columella has four folds, the
outer lip is crenulated within and forms a strong varix on the
outside.

In Mr. Cuming’s Collection. From Porto Rico.

27. MARGINELLA NUBECULA (pl. lxxv. f.51.), Zam. Anim. s.
vert. M. pyrum. Gronovius ? M. picta, Ditho. cat.

M. angulata, conica, levi, ventricosi, maculis latis, griseis vel

381

rosels, nigro pone marginatis ornaté ; spird producta, anfractibus
angulatis ; apice obtuso; apertura lata; columella quadriplicata ;
labio externo levi, posticé sub-emarginato, tum angulato, anticé
vix emarginato, pone leviter varicoso.

Conical, smooth, with broad patches of a greyish or rosy colour,
edged by dark zigzag lines; the whorls have an angle at some dis-
tance from the suture; the outer lip is smooth, and its external
margin is not very prominent.

From the east coast of Africa.

28. MarGineLba INTERMEDIA (pl. lxxiv.f. 6.pl. Ixxvi. f. 90.),
Sow. Jun. Zool. Proc., 1846. M. nubecula, var. alba, Avener ?

M. ovali, subangulata, ventricosé, obliqué, alba, levi; spira
producta ; anfractibus rotundato-angulatis ; columella quadripli-
cata; labio externo levi, crassa, laté reflexa.

A more oblique and less conical shell than MZ. nubeculata, and
the outer lip is more broadly and strongly reflected.

Mr. Sowerby’s Collection.

29. Mareinecza mosatca (pl. Ixxv. f. 58, 59.), nobis.

~M. conicd, levi, ventricosi, maculis griseis subquadratis, an-
gulatim ornaté; spiri breviuscula ; anfractibus angulatis; aper-
turd lata ; columella quadriplicata, labio externo levi, posticé emar-
ginato, tum angulato, deinde prope angulum emarginato, in medio
sub-incrassato, poné v1x varicoso.
This species has a much shorter spire than JZ. nubeculata, and the
outer lip has a notch near the posterior angle.

30. Manrernetta rosra (pl. Ixxv. f. 56, 57.), Zam. Anim.
s. vert. Vv. vil.

M. ovali, levi, maculis roseis vel fulvis, nigro-marginatis ornata;
spira producta, apice obtusd, anfractibus sub-rotundatis, vel leviter
angulatis ; apertura laté; columella quadriplicata; labio externo
levi, posticé emarginato, tum angulato, deinde laté emarginato,
pone fasciatim maculato.

More oval than JZ. nubeculata, and much less an gular; the
outer lip has a notch near the angle.

West Africa.

31. Marernecya prpertra (pl. xxv. f. 40, 44:.), Zinds, Zool.
Proc. 1844.

“M. testé obovaté, maculis parvis nigris et albidis, interdum
longitudinaliter coalitis, confertim ornat’; spird retusd, conicd;
21

382

btusd, anfractu ultimo rotundaté angulato; spird lined unici
comitaté ; labro incrassato, exttis nigro maculato, intts levi; colu-
mella quadriplicata.
Differing more from JZ, rosea, in general appearance and colour-
ing than in more tangible characteristics.
In Mr. Cuming’s Collection ; locality unknown.

32. Manrcineria axpo-crncta (pl. lxxv. f.48.), 2odis, Zool.
Proc. 1846.

M. sub-conic&, subangulata, levi, spiré productd ; anfractibus
angulatis, ultimo fascia alb& prope angulum, et alterA ad termmum
anticum cincta, inter fascias fusco maculato et punctis nigris picta ;
columella quadriplicata.

Provisionally described from a youug specimen in Mr. Cuming’s
Collection. When full grown it would probably resemble JZ.

nubeculata in form.

33. Marcrinecza Festiva (pl. Ixxv. f. 72, 73.), Kéener, Sp. gen.
coq. Viv.

M. parva, oblonga, levi, pallidé fulva, lineis tribus roseis cincti,
inter lineas, fasciis fuscis angulatim fusco-marginatis ornati; spird
conicé, producté; columellé anticé sub-incrassaté, quadriplicata ;
labio externo intts crenulato.

A richly-marked small species, the only specimen of which we
have seen is in the Collection of Professor T. Bell; locality un-
known.

34. MAanrGINeLLa Fusirormis (pl. lxxv. f. 76, 77.), Hinds,
Zool. Proc. 1844.

M. fusiformi, albida vel pallidé corned ; spira elata obtusi; an-
fractu ultimo gradatim attenuato; labro paululum incrassato, intis
levi; apertura lineari ; columellé quadriplicata.

A small, fusiform, white shell, with the anterior parts of the
whorls slightly angulated ; the columella has four small folds, and
the outer lip is smooth, swelled inwards near the centre.

In Capt. Belcher’s Collection; from Straits of Malacca; taken
in 17 fathoms, mud.

35. MARGINELLA CANDIDA (pl. Ixxv. f. 86, 87.), nodis.

M. parva, ovata, alb&’; spira brevi, anfractibus sub-rotundatis ;
apertura elongata, columella quadriplicata, labio externo intis
crenulato, extts validé reflexo.

383

Described from a small white shell in the British Museum ;
differing from JZ. Margarita im being of a more oval form, having
the mouth much longer and wider, and having the crenulations of
the outer lip less distinctly prominent.

36. Marcrvetta Margarita (pl. xxv. f. 66, 67.), Aiener, Sp.
gen. coq. Viv.

M. parva, ovata, alba; anticé angustatd, spird breviusculd, coni-
ca, anfractibus prope suturam rotundaté sub-angulatis ; columella
quadriplicaté ; labio externo intts dentato, extus validé varicoso.

A small white species not uncommon in Collections, from India.

36. MARGINELLA CHRULESCENS (pl. Ixxvi. f. 153, 154, 155.),
Iam. Anim s. vert. vi. M. prunum, Gme/. Syst. p. 3445.

M. ovali, sub-elongata, cinered, obscuré trifasciaté ; spird conica;
anfractu ultimo versus apicem elevato, anticé marginato ; apertura
elongata, magna, intus validé fuscd ; columella anticé callosi ; plicis
quatuor validis ; labio externo posticé angulatim elevato, anticé
minimé emarginato.

From Panama. Fig. 155 represents a dwarf variety.

38. Mareretta consrricta (pl. Ixxvu. f. 156, 157.), Hinds,
Pro. Zool. Soc. 1844, p. 74.

M. “albida, obscuré trifasciaté; spira retusé conicd; anfractu
ultimo prope medium coarctato ; labio incrassato, medio incurvato,
intiis levi, superné ad spiram adscendente ; ; columella quadripli-
caté.”

In Mr. Cuming’s Collection: locality unknown.

5 ”

39. Marernetta Sapotitya (pl. Ixxvu. f.150,151.), Hinds,
Zool. Proc. 1844.

M. “celongaté ovata, feré sub- cylindraceo- ovaté , cinered vel
glaucescente, “concolore ; spira retuso-conica ; apertura inttis fusca ;
labro Incrassato, recto, albo, posticé fulvo, intts levi ; columella
quadriplicata.”

Differing from JL. eerulescens in being more cylindrical, and in
not having the angular elevation of the outer lip.

In Panama; from 5 to 13 fathoms, sandy mud. Captain
Belcher’s and Mr. Cuming’s Collection.

40. Mareinetia puntcura (pl. Ixxvn. f. 152.),@ray, Breechey’s
Voyage.
M. ca@rulescenti simili, sed spiré magis product’, anfractibus

rotundatis ; colore corneo fulvescente, fasciis obscure purpureis.
212

384

Differmg from M. c@rulescens in the spire being more produced
and in the colourmg, which is buff, with obscure purplish bands.

41. Marernenta cincra (pl. Ixxvi. f. 165, 166.), Kiener,
Sp. gen. coq. viv., p. 21.

M. sub-ovali, posticé sub-angulata, varice tumido, aurantiaco
latera spiram et terminum anticum colligente ; spiraé producti,
anfractibus rotundatis ; apertura angusta; columellé callosa, laté
expansa, plicis quatuor, quarum duabus anticis incrassatis, labio
externo levi, crasso, posticé emarginato.

More angular than J. divaricosa, encircled with a bright orange
callous margin, which surrounds the spire and.is not doubled on
the right side.

Mr. Cuming’s Collection ; locality unknown.

42. MarGINnELLA BiIvartcosa (pl. lxxvu. f.171, 172.), Lam.
Vol. marginata, Born, Mus. t. 9. f. 5. 6.

M.ovali ; varice tumido, uno latere duplicato, latera, spire partem,
et terminum anticum colligente; spird producté anfractibus ro-
tundatis ; apertura angusta; columella callosd, late expansi, plicis
quatuor ; labio externo crasso, posticé emarginato.

Remarkable for the manner in which the lips of the aperture
are extended and thickened round the sides, and at the back of the
shell, nearly enveloping the spire, and forming a double ridge on
the right side.

From Senegal.

43. MarcineLLa amyepaa (pl. Ixxvu. f. 160, 161, 162.),
Kiener, Sp. gen. coq. viv.

M. ovali, ventricos4, pallidé cinerea, ad latera et anticé tumida,
fusco marginati ; spiré conicd, anfractibus albo-marginatis ; aper-
turd intts fusca, anticé sub-dilatataé ; columellé laté expansa, alba,
plicis quatuor, quarum duabus anticis validis, spiralibus; labio
externo albo, crasso, versts apicem elevato, anticé sub-acuto, pro-
ducto. Variat pallidée fulva, mints ventricosd ; variat etiam cinereo-
fusca.

Figures 160-1, may be taken to represent the typical form of
this shell. Fig. 162, represents a rather young specimen of a
less ventricose variety in the Collection of Mr. Cuming, who also
possesses a pale fawn-coloured variety of similar form.

From Senegal.

385

44. MARr@Inecia Quinquepicata (pl.lxxvi. f. 145,146.), Lam.
anim. s. vert. vil.

M. pyriformi, ventricosa, pallidé grisea, anticé ared triangulari
varice marginata ; spird brevissima ; aperturd magna, posticé an-
gulaté ; columellé plicis quinque validis, duabus anticis proximis ;
prope medium anfractis ultimi varice transverso plus minusve

valido, labio externo ad suturam angulatim elevato, tum rotundato,
deinde crasso, rectiusculo, anticée emarginato, extis validé canali-
fero.

Pyriform, ventricose, of a slaty colour, with a broad triangular
varix at the anterior part of the last whorl; the spire short ; the
aperture posteriorly angulated, anteriorly widened ; there are five
thick folds on the columella, and a transverse callosity on the
body whorl above the folds. The outer lip is broad, angular, with
a groove behind the reflected margin.

A common shell; Mr. Cuming has it from Malacca.

45, Marernetza pieeans (pl. Ixxvu. f. 147, 148, 149.), Ged.
p. 3448. Voluta cancellata, Schrieder. Voluta undulata, Chem. et
Voluta strigata, Diddwyn, inclusis.

M. sub-conica, ventricosi, pallidé grised, lineis nigrescentibus,
fasciis albis interruptis, fasciatim cincta, vel lineis interruptis undu-
latis sparsim ornati, anticé varice acuto marginato ; apertura lata,
columella antic’ callosi plicis quinque aurantis quarum duabus
anticis proximis ; labio externo levi, paululiim incurvo, ad extremi-
tates subexpanso, plerumque aurantio, extts validé reflexo.

The variety, fig. 148, 1s the Voluta undulata of Chemn. ; it is
rather more ventricose than the variety, fig. 147, which is J.
elegans of Gmel.

From the Kast Indies.

46. MarcGInELLA TURBINATA (pl. Ixxv. f. 70, 7].), zodrs.

M. turbinata, angulata, pallidé fulva; spira breviuscula, anfrac-
tibus angulatis, ad angulum crenatis ; columellé quadripheata ;
labio externo levi, postice angulato, in medio incurvo, antice emar-
ginato, pone ad basin varicis columellari juncto.

At the base of this and several succeeding species there is a
raised band or varix running from the columella round the
back of the shell into the reflected edge of the outer lip. This
differs from other species of the same group, in being turbinated
in form and crenulated at the angle of the whorls.

Mr. Gaskoin’s Collection ; locality unknown.

386

47. Marcinutza soripra (pl. lxxv. f. 83, 84, 85.), Hinds, Zool.
Proc. 1844.

“M. parva, retusé ovata, cinered, lineis nigris longitudinalibus
validé angulatis, sparsim maculatis; spira retusissimd; labro intts
denticulato; columellé quinqueplicaté, duabus superioribus trans-
versis.”

A conical shell, marked with beautiful dark zig-zag lines. The
columella has five folds, and the outer lip is crenulated. The speci-
men (fig. 85.), which has the lines more minute and more undu-
lated, is im the Collection of Mr. Bell. The others are from Mr.
Cuming’s specimens.

Straits of Macassar; in 11 to 15 fathoms, coarse sand.

48. Marernetia Avstratis (pl. lxxv. f. 64, 65.), Hinds, Zool.
Proc. 1844. p. 75.

“M. testd retusé ovata, albidd vel pallidé corned, spira conico-
retusi; labro incrassato, poné albido, intis levi; columellé quad-
riplicata, versus basin albo fasciaté.”

Of a somewhat turbinated form, and greyish horn colour ;
remarkable for the strong white raised band, or varix, running at
the anterior part of the last whorl into the strongly reflected outer
lip, which is also white.

Mr. Cuming’s Collection; from the north-west coast of Aus-
tralia; taken mm coral-sand at low water. :

49. MarcIneLLa pyemMma (pl. lxxv. f. 78, 79.), obits, Zool.
Proc. 1846.

M. coniformi, levi, pallidissimé fulv’; spird brevi; apertura
elongata ; columell4 minuté quadriplicaté; labio externo levi,
exttis varicosi.

Resembling JL. Saulia in general form, but wanting the coloured
lines, and having the outer lip externally varicose. There is also a
varix at the anterior part of the whorl. The specimen is in the

Collection of Mr. Bell. Locality unknown.

50. Maremetia Savti# (pl. lxxv. f. 68.), zodis.

M. conico-subovali, levi, pallidissimé fulva, lineis rubris binis
cincté; spird brevi; apertura elongata, columella quadriplicata,
plicé ultima subincrassato, labio externo, in levi, medio paululum
incurva, exttis minimé varicosa.

A beautiful small, rather conical, smooth shell with two reddish
les across the last whorl. ‘The spire is very short, the aperture

387

long; the columella’ with four folds, and the outer lip smooth,
scarcely raised from the body whorl at its reflected margin.
From Miss Saul’s Collection ; locality unknown.

51. Marernetita conoratts (pl. Ixxvi. f. 93, 94, 97-101.),
Kiener. Sp. Coq. viv. Marginella, p. 37. M. apicina, Menke.

M. ovato-conicéi, albi, mterdum apice rubra, vel carned fascis-
tribus pallidis griseis ; spird brevi; columellé sub-callos& quadripli-
cati; labio externo levi, plus mintsve crasso, postice emarginato.
in medio sub-incurvo, extis varicoso.

Several varieties occur of this conical species, and some speci-
mens are less angularly conical than others. Figures 93 and 94
were engraved with a view to describing the shell as a separate
species ; subsequent examination, however, proved it so near to the
variety figured at 101, and the gradation from that to the more
conical varieties appeared so complete, that it seems impossible to
separate them.

From the East Indies; variety fig. 100, from Honduras.

52. Mareinecia piapHaNna (pl. Ixxvi. f. 95, 96.), <Kiener.
Sp. gen. coq. viv. Marginella, p. 88. M. pellucida, Pfeffer —?

M. conicd, corned, diaphan’; spird brevi; columella quadripli-
cati; plicis duabus anticis magnis; labio externo levi, anticé
angulato, extus fusco marginato.

Differing from JZ, conoidalis in being transparent, and having a
much thinner outer lip.

From Cuba.

53. Marernetza virrea (pl. Ixxv. f. 74, 75.), Hinds. Zool.
Proc. 1844.

M. coniformi, hyalina, nitidi; spird valdé retusi; labro paulu-
lim incrassato et reflexo, intts levi; columellé plicis quatuor
gracilibus.”

Much more angular and conical than IZ. margarita, with the
outer lip smooth.

In the Collections of Capt. Belcher and Mr. Bell; from the
west coast of Africa.

54. Marernetzta inconspicua (pl. Ixxv. f. 80.), sods.

M. elongato-ovali, levi, palidissimé fulva; spird brevi; apertura
elongata ; columella minuté quadriplicaté ; labio externo levi extis
vix varicosa.

388

A small, pale, oval shell, with short spire, and aperture pro-
portionately lengthened. The outer lip is smooth. The collu-
mellar folds are small. The specimen is in Mr. Bell’s Collection.

Locality unknown.

55. Marcinecta EvANIDA (pl. Ixxv. f. 69.), nodis.

M. elongato-ovali, levi, albi; spira brevi; apertura angustata ;
columella quadriplicata, plicis duabus anticis tumidis ; labio externo
crasso, im medio incurvo, exttis vix varicoso.

The outer lip of this small white species is thick, and bent
inwards so as to narrow the aperture. The last two of the four
folds on the collumella are close together and tumid.

Mr. Bell’s Collection ; locality unknown.

56. Manreinetta minima (pl. xxvii. f. 220.), Guilding.

M. minutissima, alba, pellucidd, subcylindricé, anticé obliqué
sub-angustd ; spird vix exserté; columella anticé ineequaliter tri-
plicaté; labio externo posticé angulatim elevato, intts levi, extis
V1x varicosi.

A very minute, transparent, white, oval shell; with the outer
hp smooth, and three unequal folds on the columella.

From St. Vincents.

57. Marernetta moninis (pl. Ixxvi. f. 117, 118.), Lam.
(Volvaria) vu. p. 363. ,

M. ovali, sub-cylindricd, opacd, nitidd, lacted; spird vix pro-
duct, anfractu ultimo ad apicem tumideé elevato ad latera calloso,
anticé varicoso ; apertnré elongati, columella tumidé expansa, plicis
sex, quarum posticis tribus parvis, antici unica’ parva, sub-retusa ;
labio externo crasso rectiusculo, posticé emarginato, anticé sub-
quadrato, vix emarginato ; extis leviter varicoso.

A small, white, oval or sub-cylindrical species, with the spire
nearly hidden by the tumid elevation of the outer hp. The colu-
mellar lip is spread and thickened so as to form a kind of lateral
edge to the back of the shell, which is continued round the last
whorl. Great numbers of this species are used by the Africans
for necklaces.

From Senegal.

58. Marernenia triticea (pl.lxxvi. £119,120, 121.), Lamark,
(Volvaria) vol. vu. Voluta exilis, Wood’s catalogue.

M. elongata, sub-conica, posticé subangulata, anticé sub-coarc-
tatd, pallidé fulva, fasciis tribus latis, fulvis vel cincti; spira

389

conici; apertura angustatd, eclongati; columellé plicis quatuor
minutis prope terminum anticum; labio externo levi, incurvo,
exttis varicoso.

Elongated, nearly conical, slightly angulated at the posterior
part of the whorls, narrowed towards the anterior termination ;
aperture narrow, long ; columella with 4 minute folds close to the
anterior ; outer lip smooth, externally varicose.

Mediterranean.

59. Marerinetia nitipa (pl. Ixxvi. f. 181.), LZinds, Zool.
Proc. 1844.

M. “clongaté ovati, fuscd, polita, mtidd, concolore; spird
conici, obtusi; labro tenui, acuto, inflexo, pallido; columella
quadriplicaté.”

Of a lengthened oval form, and dark brown colour ; the aperture
narrow, the columella with four oblique folds, the outer lip slightly
thickened, bent inwards near the centre.

In Mr. Cuming’s Collection ; locality unknown.

60. Marernecia inFLexa (pl. Ixxvi. f. 132.), nodis.

M. ciongati, prope medium sub-angulata, levi, fuscd, versts
basin sub-angustatd; spird product’; apice obtuso, suturd alba ;
anfractu ultimo fascié rubri prope suturam cincto : apertura an-
gusta, columellé quadriplicata, anticé spiraliter albi.; labio externo
incurvo, crasso, angulato, anticé sub-dilatato.

A neat, brown shell, narrow, with the spire produced, and the
outer lip angulated near the centre; a white line close to the
suture and a reddish brown band under it. The spire is more
produced, and the angle nearer the centre, than in AZ. nzteda.

Mr. Bell’s Collection.
61. Mareretra Fascrata (pl. Ixxvi. f. 142.), nobis.

M. parva, cylindricé, anticé sub-attenuati, levi, fasctis fuscis
binis, et lineis nigrescentibus quinque cincta; spiri brevi; aper-
tura eclongatd, angustaté; columella validé quadriplicaté ; labio
externo levi, rectiusculo, extiis paulultm incrassato.

A small, cylindrical species, rather tapering towards the anterior
extremity, beautifully banded by brocd zones of brown, edged with
darker brown. The folds on the columella are rather stronger
than in most species of the same group.

Specimens in the British Museum ; locality unknown.

2K

390

62. Marernewra vanrta (pl. Ixxvi. f. 187-141.), nobis. Proc.
Zool. 1846.

M. elongata, leevi, anticé expansa, albi, vel fuscd, vel fusco vel
rubro trifasciata, vel purpureo longitudinaliter et spiraliter inter-
ruptim fasciaté, spird plus minusve producti; apertura postice
angusti, anticé sub-expansd ; columellé quadriplicaté ; labio ex-
terno in medio incurvo, extis leviter varicoso.

Differing from J. dactea, of Kiener, in being wider at the ante-
rior termination, and in the outer lip not being so much elevated.

From the West Indies. The varieties represented by figs. 141
and 188 are from Honduras Bay.

63. Marernutzta nacre (pl. Ixxvi. f. 143, 144.), Kiener,
Sp. gen. coq. viv. Marginella, p. 42.

M. parva, elongata, levi, alb4, anticé sub-coarctaté ; spird brevi
obtusd ; apertura angusté; columella ad basin leviter quadriph-
cat’; labio externo levi, ad apicem elevato.

Small, elongated, white, rather narrowed anteriorly, the outer
lip is raised to the apex.

From the West Indies; common.

64. Marecinecta paLiipa (pl. Ixxvi. f.108.), (Volvaria),
Lamarck, vol. 7.

M. cylindricd, tenui, anticé sub-expans4, pallidé fulv, leviter
trifasciata ; columellé in medio sub-ventricosi, tum arcuato, anticé
obliqué quadriplicataé; labio externo tenui, levi, mcurvo, anticé
expanso, extus vix Incrassato.

A thin, cylindrical shell, with a very short spire, four thin, oblique
folds on the columella, the mouth widened anteriorly and the
outer lip scarcely thickened.

From the West Indies.

65. Marernerya cytinprica (pl. Ixxvi. f. 134.), nodis.

M. cylindrica, tenui, pallidé fulva, leviter fasciaté ; spira brevi ;
columella anticé triplicatd, labio externo levi sub-incrassato.

Less cylindrical, with a more produced spire and the aperture
narrower at the anterior than in DZ. paldida. The outer lip is
also more thickened.

Specimens in the Collection of Mr. Bell. Locality unknown.

66. Marernetia Neciecta (pl. Ixxvi. f. 185, 136.), nobis.

M. parva, elongato-subovali, pallidé fulva, trifasciaté ; columella

39]

quadriplicaté ; apertur&i posticé angustati, anticé subexpansi ;
labio externo in medio sub-incurvo, extis vix incrassato.

A minute species differing from JZ. cylindrica in general form
having a much more produced spire.

Locality unknown.

67. Marcinetta TeNIATA (pl. Ixxvi. f. 128, 129.), nodzs.
Zool. Proc. 1846.

M. ovali, cylindrica, pallidé fulva, fasciis fuscis tribus cincté ;
spira brevi, apertura elongata, posticé sub-angustaté ; columella
plicis quatuor quarum duabus anticis majoribus; labio externo
leevi, laté reflexo.

Differing from I. avena, in having a short spire, and the outer
lip more broadly reflected.

In Mr. Cuming’s Collection. Locality unknown.

68. Marcinetta avena (pl. Ixxvi. f. 130.), Valenciennes,
Kiener, Sp. gen. coq. viv. Marginella, p. 17.

M. parva, oblong’, sub-cylindrica, alb& vel pallidé flavida, sub-
diaphand ; spiri conici; columelli quadriplicaté ; labio externo
levi, prope medium incurvo, extts paululim varicoso.

Small, oblong, rather cylindrical, white, or pale yellowish fawn-
coloured, the spire conical, the columella with four folds; the
smooth outer lip bent inwards near the centre.

In Mr, Cuming’s Collection. From Baclayon, Isle of Bohol.

69. Marernetta Fauna (pl. Ixxvi. f. 126, 127.), nobis.
Zool. Proc. 1846.

M. ovali, sub-cylindric4, pallidissimé carned, spira brevi; colu-
mella obliqué quadriplicata ; labio externo prope medium incurvo,
exttis sub-incrassato.

Slightly resembling JZ. pal/ida, but more oval; the lower part
of the aperture less open, and the outer lip thicker.

Mr. Cuming’s Collection. Locality unknown.

70. MarcGInpLLA RUBELLA (pl. Ixxvi. f.133.), ————?

M. elongato-ovali, pallidissimé rosed, spiré brevi; columella
obliqué quadriplicataé ; labio externo in medio incurvo, extts vix
incrassato.

A smooth oval, pale pink species, with four folds on the colu-
nella, and the outer lip slightly thickened and bent inwards near
the centre.

2K2

392

71. Mareineeta zonata (pl. lxxvi. f. 115, 116.), Kiener,
Sp. gen. coq. viv. Marginella.

M. cylindrica, levi, alba, lincis rubris binis, vel fascia fusca lata,
unicd cincti; spiri brevi; apertura elongata, antic sub-expansi ;
columell4 plicis quatuor ad quinque prope terminum anticum,
quarum anticis majoribus; labio externo subrecto, subincrasato.

Cylindrical, with broad band in the centre of the last whorl,
edged by two dark brown lines, in one variety, and two reddish
limes alone. here are four or five small folds at the anterior
termination of the columella, of which the last are the largest.

From the West Indies. The bi-lneated variety from the Cape
of Good Hope. In Mr. Cuming’s collection.

72. Marernetta Fusca (pl. Ixxvi. f. 122, 123.), zobis, Zool.
Proc. 1846.

M. elongata, sub-ovali, posticé sub-angulaté, anticé laté mar-
ginati, in medio paululiim contracti, fusca vel pallidé purpurea,
fusco-trifasciaté ; spiri breviusculd, apice obtuso ; aperturd angus-
tata, columella’ rectiusculi, plicis quatuor, quarum duabus anticis
albis, prominentibus, spiraliter clongatis ; labio externo albo, ints
in medio i incurvo, exttis fusco, laté reflexo.

Differing from JL. nitida, in the colouring, in the shortness of
the spire, and in the outer lip being more broadly reflected. In
Mr. Cuming’s collection. From the West Indies.

73. MarGIneLLa cRassiuaBrum (pl. Ixxvi. f. 124, 125.),
nobis, Zool. Proc., 1846.

M. sub-ovah, m medio sub-angulata, pallidé griseo-falva; spira
brevi ; anfractibus distinctis, ultimo dilatato, ad spiram elevato ; ;
columellé plicis quatuor, quarum duabus anticis prominentibus,
spiraliter clongatis ; labio externo, crasso, laté incurvo, angulato,
exttis varicoso, ad apicem tumidé elevato.

This species is remarkable for the broad, angular disc formed
by the outer lip, which is much thickened at the back and raised
so as nearly to cover the spire. In Mr. Cuming’s collection.

From W. Indies.

74. ManrGIneLLaA oLIvarormis (pl. Ixxvn. f. 163, 164.),
Kiener, Sp. gen. coq. viv.

M. ovato-oblonga, anticé sub-attenuata ; pallidé carned, obscuré
trifasciata; spira producté; columellé plicis quatuor quarum

393

duabus anticis proximis; labio externo levi, in medio incurvo,
anticé minimé emarginato, extis validé et nitidé emarginato.

Resembling MM. constricta, but not so much contracted in the
centre of the last whorl. From Senegal.

75. MarcIneLLA FRuMENTUM (pl. Ixxvin. f. 221, 222.),
Sowerby, Zool. Proc., 1831. p. 57.

M. ovali, subventricosd, stramined, fasciis pallidé rubris et lineis
undulatis per sericbus dispositis ; spird planaté, circulari, margine
punctata ; apertura albi, anticé emarginaté; columella antic
maculé unic’ fused, plicis quatuor quarum duabus anticis majo-
ribus ; labio externo levi, exttis vix incrassato.

Oval, ventricose, with bands of pale brown between three series
of undulated reddish brown lines across the whorl ; spire flattened,
circular ; columella with four small plaits and a brown spot on the
anterior part, which is swelled. The outer lip is smooth, and
very little thickened at the outside. From the West Indies.

76. MarcGIneLyia PULCHELLA (pl. Ixxvin. f. 2138, 214, 215.),
Kiener, Sp. gen. coq. viv. p. 27.

M. ovali, anticé marginaté, stramined, lineis undatis et angu-
latis, rubris ornatéi; spira celaté, marginati; apertura spiram
superante; columellé anticé tumidd, plicis numerosis parvis,
duabus, anticis majoribus; labio externo albo, intts levi, anticé
emarginato, extts vix incrassato.

Narrow, oval, with a raised edge at both extremities, marked
by undulating and angular lines of light reddish brown. From
Sydney.

77. MARGINELLA CATENATA (pl. lxxvin. f. 225, 226.) Trans.
Linn. Soe. p. 133.

M. parva, ovali, ventricosa, pallidissimé straminea, lincis albis
rubro “angulatim ‘maculatis quinque; spira planat4, circulari ;
columella “quadriplicata 5 labio externo spiram superante, antic’
emarginato, exttis vix crassato.

This small Bristish species is marked by narrow white bands
spotted with red.

78. MareIneLia saciTrata (pl. xxvii. f. 223, 224.), Hinds,
Zool. Proc., 1844.

“ M. testé retuso-ovata, pallida, lineis rufis sagittatis, transversis,

394

alteris longitudinalibus confluentibus, ornat&é; apice puncticulato ;
labro sub-reflexo, intis levi; columella vix quadriplicata.”

Hab. Braails. Cab. Cuming.

The markings are arrow-headed, arrayed in transverse rows,
which are connected by bands of undulating fine lines.

79. Mareinetta puryeta (pl. Ixxvi. f. 218, 219.). xobis.

M. parva, ovali, posticé sub-quadrati, pallidé fulv4, maculis
guttuliformibus in seriebus angulatis dispositis ornata; spira pla-
naté circulari, margine punctatd; aperturd alba, anticé emargi-
nat’; columella’ anticé tumida, plicis quinque, quarum duabus
anticis magnis ; labio externo posticé spiram superante ; exttis vix
incrassato.

This beautifully marked small species differs from IZ. guttata
of Swainson, in shape; the spire is flattened but not hidden
entirely.

In Professor Bell’s Collection.

80. Marernetta outtata (pl. Ixxvin. f. 208, 209, 210.),
Swainson. Zoological Mlustrations. M. maculosa, Azener.

M. ovali, sub-ventricosi, pallidissimé fulv4, maculis guttuliformi-
bus fasciatim ornati; spira celat&i; aperturd alba, angust& anticé
validé emarginaté ; columella anticé varicosa, plicis duabus posticis
parvis, unica lat& valida, alterd magna’ terminali; labio externo
ints levi, extis vix icrassato.

Oval, sub-ventricose, mottled with tear-shaped spots arranged in
bands. The spire hidden; the aperture lengthened; the colu-
mella with two small posterior folds, then one broad and flat,
swelled into a varix, and the last large and oblique. The outer lip
is anteriorly emarginated, smooth within and scarcely thickened
without.

In Mr. Cuming’s Collection; from St. Vincents.

81. Maretnetta muratis (pl. Ixxvii. f. 217.), Hinds,
Zool. Proc. 1844. p. 75.

“M. testa clongaté ovata, feré subcylindraced, lacted, nitida ;
maculis pallidé rufis quadratis transversis ornaté, interdum albo-
marginatis, majoribus per series tres dispositis ; labro vix incras-
sato, sub-inflexo, ints sulcato; columella plicis tribus inferioribus
distinctis, obliquis, alteris superioribus obsoletis transversis.”

The markings are disposed in rows of square patches; the three
largest rows being in the centre and near each extremity.

In Mr. Cuming’s Collection. 'The locality is unknown.

395

82. Manre@iIneLia TESSELLATA (pl.Ixxvin. f. 194-197.), Lan.
Anim. s. vert. vil. p. 361.

M. ovali, alb4, vel stramined, maculis subquadratis magnis fas-
ciatim ornatd; —spird pene celaté, apice fascii rubra circulari
cinct&é; apertura anticé et postice validé emarginatd ; columella
alba, in medio tumida, anticé in varicem tumidum clevat’, plicis
quatuor ad quinque obscuris, ineequalibus; labio externo ints
albo, crenato, extts fusco, varicoso.

A common species from Venezuela, distinguished by the dark
squarish spots arrayed in broad bands with narrow passages
between.

83. MarGINELLA MULTI-LINEATA (pl. Ixxvin, f. 192, 193.),
nobis. Lool. Proc. 1846.

M. ovali, stramined, lineis rubris numerosis cinct’i; spird penc
celaté, apice fascid circulari cincti; apertura anticé et posticé
emarginata ; columella’ alba’, in medio tumida, anticé callosd, plicis
quatuor ad quinque ineequalibus; labio externo albo, intus crenu-
lato, in medio sub-angulato, extts tenuiter reflexo.

On the whole resembling JZ. ¢essel/ata, but it is much shorter,
with the outer lip less varicose on the outside, and coloured by
numerous red lines instead of the square patches.

In Mr. Cuming’s Collection.

84. Marcinetia nterrupta (pl. Ixxvii. f. 201-205.), Lam.
Anim. s. vert. vill. p. 362.

M. ovali, stramined, lineis interruptis, rubris vel nigris cincta ;
interdum fusco-maculata ; spird celata ; apertura anticé et postice
emarginatad, spiram superante, columella. crass’ 4, im medio tumidé
ventricosi, posticé in varicem elevati, anticé expansd, varicosi,
plicis septem irregularibus ; labio externo arcuato, intis crenulato,
extis plus minusve varicoso, nitidé marginato.

Of an oval and rather irregular form, with the spire hidden and
the lips of the aperture raised beyond it; the columella lip is
tumid, at the apex raised into a varix, in the centre swelling so as
to form a ventricose outline and anteriorly raised into a sort of
blunt tooth; it has irregular plaits on the pillar. The outer lip
is denticulated within and neatly marginated without. In colouring
there are many varieties, but all are marked with more or less
interrupted transverse lines.

From Demerara.

396

85. Marcinetta srinis (pl. Ixxvii. f. 206, 207.), nobis.
Zool. Proc. 1846.

M. ovali, stramined, griseo ncbulaté, lineis creberrimis inter-
ruptim cincti; spiri pence celati; apertura angustd, antice et
posticé emarginaté ; columellé ad spiram tumida, anticé varicosi,
irregulariter septemplicata ; labio externo posticé spiram paultdum
superante, intts crenulato, extts nigro maculato, vix marginato.

The spire is less concealed, and the margin of the reflected lip
less distinct than in JZ. enterrupta. The colouring is more mottled.

In Mr. Cuming’s Collection. From Brazil.

86. Marernecta impricata (pl. Ixxvii. f.211, 212.), Hinds,
Zool. Proc. 1844. p. 76.

M. interrupta simila sed angustioré et maculis rufis quadratis
prope medium unifasciata.

It is immaterial whether this be considered as a variety of
M. interrupta, or distinct. It is narrow, and has a row of square
spots near the centre of the last whorl.

In Mr. Cuming’s Collection. Collected at Acapulco, by Col.
Moffat.

87. Marerne ia Kieneriana (pl, Ixxvin. f. 198, 199, 200.),
Petit, Magas. de zool. 1538. p. 110.

M. “testd parva, pyriformi, fulva, maculis albis transversis per
series quatuor dispositis ornati; spiri brevissima, exsertiuscula ;
labro dextro crasso, intts vix crenulato, columellé octoplicaté.”

Pyriform, dark brown or pale yellow, with four rows or trian-
gular white spots edged by angular lines, which are reddish brown
on the yellow ground, or dark grey on the brown. The columella
is thickened and flattened and has folds nearly up to the posterior
extremity almost in the manner of a Cypraa. The outer lip is
finely denticulated.

From Venezuela. Mr. Cuming possesses both varieties.

88. Mareinetta LaBrata (pl. Ixxvi. f. 104,105.), Avener,
Sp. gen. coq. viv.

M. ovato-conica, levi, pallidé rose, fasciis pallidis nigrescentibus
fasciata ; spira brevi; anfractu ultimo posticé ad marginem tumido;
apertura elongata, angustd; columellé quadriplicaté, expansi,
posticé et anticé callosij; labio externo crasso, intus irregulariter
crenulato, extus validé varicoso, aurantid marginato.

397

Conical, with a short spire, smooth, of a pale rose colour with
faint greyish bands. The outer hp extends over the spire and
at the back of it, at the upper part of the body whorl, is a
calosity.

Gulf of Mexico.

88.* ManrGIneLta oBEsa (pl. Ixvi. f. 91, 92.), nobis.

M. labiate similimi. sed magis elongata, spiri magis producti.
This species is more elongated than MM. /asiata, with the spire
more produced. In Professor Bell’s Collection.

89. MaRGINELLA curta (pl. Ixxvi. f. 88, 89.), Sow. Zool.
Proc.

M. conico-subovali, fusco-cerulescente, transversim pallidé fas-
ciati; spiri brevi, conici; aperturdé angustatd, castaned; colu-
mella callosi, expansi, castaneo marginati, quadriplicataé ; labio
externo crasso, levi, posticé validé emarginato, intts albo, extts
castaneo, validé varicoso.

Of a short, conical form, and greyish brown colour crossed by
white interrupted bands in both directions. The columella is
thickened and spread over the body whorl. The outer lip is
smooth, very deeply emarginated at its union with the body whorl.
The inside of the mouth, the outer edge of the inner and outer lips
are of a very deep chesnut colour.

Casma and Samanco, Peru.

90. Marernetta tonetvaricosa (pl. Ixxvi. f. 112, 113.),
Lam. vii. p.358. M. guttata, Diddw. i. p. 526.

M. oblongo-ovali, levi, carned maculis albis, rotundatis sparsa ;
spiré parva, mamelliformi; anfractu ultimo prope marginem pos-
ticé calloso , suturad fusco cincti; aperturd elongata posticé cana-
liculat’é angustaté; collumella callosi, expansi, quadriplicata ;
labio externo crasso, lato, anticé vix emarginato, intis levi, extis
varicoso, fusco fasciato.

Oval, oblong, smooth, of a flesh colour sprinkled with round
white spots ; spire very small, mammeliform, the last whorl swelled
at the posterior part near the margin. The suture is banded with
brown. The aperture is lengthened, the collumellar lip spread
thickly over part of the body whorl, the outer lip very thick and
broad and crossed by rich brown bands.

There is a variety in Mr. Cuming’s Collection, of a pale colour,
without the bands. From Honduras Bay and Jamaica.

21

398

91. MareineLta nivosa (pl. Ixxvi. f. 109, 110), Hinds,
Zool. Proc.

M. “ovata, cinereo-fuscd; maculis lacteis laceratis super lineas
longitudinales dispositis ; spirdretusi; labro sub-recto, incrassato,
albo, ad spiram adscendente, intis infra medium leviter denti-
culato; columella quadriplicata.”

Something like M. longivaricosa, but of a darker colour, having
white spots or interrupted bands, and having the spire much more
produced and conical.

Mr. Cuming’s Collection ; locality unknown.

92. MarGIneLLaA carnea (pl. Ixxvi. f' 102, 103, 114.),
Storer, Boston Journal of Science.

M. oblongo-ovali, levi, pallidissimé fulvd, fasciis latis, tribus,
carneis vel aurantiacis cincti, spira brevi; anfractu ultimo prope
marginem posticé calloso, prope medium sub-angulato; apertura’
angustata, elongatd; posticé canaliculata, columellé callos4, ex-
pansd, quadriplicata; labio externo crasso, lato, anticé paululim
emarginato, intis levi, extts varicoso, fusco-fasciato.

Resembling MW. longivaricosa but having an angle in the last
whorl, and the colour arranged in three broad bands. The spire
is also more produced.

From West Indies; a very strangely coloured variety from
Honduras Bay. Variety, fig. 103, im Mr, Gaskoin’s Collection.

93. MarGineLLa pruinosa (pl. Ixxvi. f. 3.), Hinds, Zool.
Proc. 1844.

M. “ ovata, coarctata, albida, obsoleté trifasciaté ; maculis parvis
lacteis conspersa ; spiri conico-retusd, sub-callosé ; labro incras-
sato, paululim incurvato, intis leviter denticulato ; apertura an-
gusta; columella quadriplicata.

Differing from MM. longivaricosa in having a more produced
spire and a depression in the centre of the last whorl. It is a pale
shell, with spots of white in rows.

Mr. Cuming’s Collection ; from the West Indies.

94, MARGINELLA OBLONGA (pl. Ixxvi. f. 106, 107.), Swazns.
Zool. Illus.

M. carnee similima, sed magis elongata.
Having the character of the MW. carnea; excepting that it is
much longer.

399

95. Marerinetia aneustata (pl. Ixxvit. f. 169, 170.), nodis.
Zool. Proc., 1846. Voluta bullata, Gmel. and Kiener.

M. clongato-ovali, pallidé rubra vel crime, lineis rubris inter-
ruptis fasciatim cincté; spird celaté; apertura elongata, ad apicem
extensi; columella posticé et anticé callos, plicis tribus, quarum
anticé unici magna, pené duplicaté; labio externo crasso, albo,
exttis rubro, laté et tenuiter expanso.

The true J. dudlata is figured so unquestionably in Born and
Chemnitz, that it is a matter of surprise that M. Kiener should
have followed Gmelin in applying the name to this species. JZ.
angustata is narrow, with bands of colour crossing each other in
the two directions, and the spire hidden by the outer lip, which is
thinly and broadly reflected. From the Kast Indies.

96. Mareinecia miztarta (pl. xxvii. f. 227 to 230.), Linn.
Syst. Nat. vol. xm. p. 184. M. oryza, Lam., inclusa.

M. parva, pyriformi, ventricosi, albi vel pallide fulva, fasci’
lata, fusca, in medio cinctd, posticé marginata, spira parva, rubro
cincta; apertura elongata, anticé emarginatd; columella quinque-
plicaté, labio externo uitts crenulato, posticé emarginato, extts
paululim incrassato.

Small, pyriform, white or pale-brown, with a broad brown
band, spire small, encircled with a reddish line; aperture length-
ened, marginated at both extremities; columella thickened, with
about five folds; outer lip crenulated within, slightly thickened on
the outisde.

From Senegal.

97. Mareretta Persicuta (pl. lxxvii. f. 189, 190, 191.),
Voluta Persiula, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1189. M. avellana,
Lam. Anim. s. vert. vol. vil. inclusa.

M. breviter sub-ovali, pallidé fulva, punctis rubris ornata ; spira
celata, apertura spiram superante, posticé et anticé valid’ emar-
ginata, columella callosd, alba, prope spiram varice valido, anticé
ad marginem quinqueplicato, plic’ magna obliqua terminal ; labio
externo posticé arcuato, intus crenato.

This species and J. dineata differ only in the latter having lines,
and the former, spots. While retaining this as, at least, a recog-
nizable distinction, we cannot establish any distinction between
the variety of J. persicula (f. 189.) with large spots, IZ. avellana,
Lam., and the variety having the spots much smaller.

From the river Gambia.

2L2

400

98. MarcineLta Lingata (pl. Ixxvii. f. 185, 186.), Lam.
Anim, s. vert. vol. vii.

M. breviter sub- ovali, pallidé fulva, leis rubris obliqué lineata ;
spiré celaté; apertura spiram superante 5 columella callosi alba,
prope spiram varice valido, anticé ad marginem quinque- -plicato,
picid magna obliqua terminali ; labio externo postice arcuato, intis
crenato, pone spiram validé emarginato, anticé validé emarginato.

Of a shortened oval form, and pale straw colour, with oblique
transverse red lines which sometimes run obliquely into each other,
and are sometimes interrupted. There is a strong notch at the

union of the outer and inner lips, which are both extended beyond
the spire.

99. Marernetta cornea (pl. Ixxvin. f. 183, 184.), Lam.
Anim. s. vert. vil. p. 360.

M. elongato-ovali, corned, obscuré fulvo quinque-fasciata, spiramt
superante; columelli alba, tenuiter expansa, posticé callosi, anticé
spiraliter varicosi, plicis sex ad septem obscuris; labio externo
intis radiatim plicato, anticé pone spiram emarginato, extis an-
gusté reflexo-

Of a lengthened oval form, horn coloured, with five obscure
bands of brown. ‘There is a notch at the juncture of the inner
and outer lips, the inside of which is grooved. From Senegal.

100. Marcinetta sarpa (pl. Ixxvi. f. 174, 175.), Kener.
Sp. gen. coq. viv. Marginella p. 30.

M. ovali, ventricos4, pallidé rosed, obscuré purpureo fasciata ;
spird celatéi; apertura spiram superante; columella callosd, ex-
pansa, posticé varice tumido, anticé tumida, plicis quatuor, quarum
anticis duabus angulatis ; labio externo crasso, inttis acuté dentato,
extis aurantio, laté reflexo, validé varicoso.

Much shorter than JZ. Largillieri, &c., with a neatly toothed
edge to the outer lip. In Mr. Cuming’s collection. Ceylon.

101. Maroine.ia BLANDA (pl. lxxvu. f. 167, 168.), Hinds,
Zool. Proc., March, 1844.

“M. testa ovata, tenw, sardonychid, obsoleté fasciaté ; spira vix
occulta, pallidi; labro incrassato et sub-reflexo, intis levi; colu-
mella albida, sexplicati, plicis superioribus evanidis.”

Hab. Cape Blanco, West coast of Africa, in twelve to fifteen
fathoms.

Not having the shell we copy the figures and description.

401
102. Mareretia Ovuium (pl. lxxvin. f. 188.), nodis.

M. ovali, levi, alba, spiri celaté; apertura spiram superante ;
columella anticé quadriplicata, labio externo integro levi, extts
laté et tenuiter reflexo.

A most complete little Ovadwm but for the folds on the columella.
In Mr. Bell’s collection. The locality is unknown.

103. Marernetta pacrytus (pl. Ixxvin. f. 187.), Lam.
Anim. s. vert. vol. vil.

M. cylindrica, pallidé fulva, spird celaté; apertura spiram supe-
rante, columella plicis quinque, spiraliter extensis; labio externo
leevi, integro, laté expanso.

Cylindrical, pale fawn, with the spire hidden; the aperture
over-reaching the spire as in the genus Ovu/uwm. ‘There are five
folds on the columella. Locality unknown.

104. Marernetia BuLiata (pl. Ixxvii. f. 158, 159.), Born,
Mus. p. 218. Chemn. 159. t. 150. f. 1409, 1410. M. Bellangeri,
Kiener Sp. gen. coq. Marginella p. 27.

M. magna, sub-pyriformi, ventricosi, pallidé carned, leviter
fasciata ; spiri retusi, umbilicaté; apertura intts fulvd, columella
anticé spiraliter callos; quadriplicata, labio externo levi, alba, extiis
validé varicos’, aurantiaca.

This large and elegant species is ventricose at the upper part,
and tapers off towards the anterior. The spire is in a shghtl
hollowed disc. The colour is pale buff, lightly banded, reddish
brown inside the aperture, and the margin of the outer lip orange.
Vig. 159 represents a pale lemon coloured variety in Mr. Cuming’s
collection. ‘The species is from Brazil.

105. Manernexia tricrwcra (pl. xxvii. f.181, 182.), Hinds,
Zool. Proc., March, 1844, p. 76.

“M. test obeso-ovata, cinereo-cerulescente, fusco trifasciata,
labro incrassato, luteo, intus levi; columellé sexplicaté, ad basin
alb; plicis tribus superioribus transversis, supremd paululiim
obsoleta.”

Oval, ventricose, rather narrowed anteriorly, of a greyish colour,
with three reddish brown bands. The spire is hidden, the outer
lip going beyond it. The columella has six folds. Capt. Belcher’s
and Mr. Cuming’s collection. Taken in the straights of Macassar ;
in eleven fathoms, coarse mud.

4.02
106. Marernecya Linactina (pl. lxxvii. f. 176, 177.), nodis.

M. ovali, pallidé lilacind, fascié lata pallidé purpurea cincta;
spird. celaté, umbilicaté; apertura spiram superante; columella
posticé et in medio callos4, anticé paululim tumida, plicis quatuor,
quarum duabus anticis magnis, sub-quadratis ; labio externo crasso
intus irregulariter dentato, extts roseo, validé varicoso, ad margi-
nem sub-canalifero.

Judging from the worn shell in the collection of Mr. Bell, the
species must have been beautiful, the colour being pale lilac,
with a broad band of darker tint, and the onter lip a delicate rose.
This shell differs from WM. L’argilliert in having four folds on the
columella, and in the different form of the columellar swelling at
the posterior end.

107. Mareinetta L’arerirrimri (pl. Ixxvii. f. 178, 179,
180.), Avexer Sp. gen. coq. viv. Marginella p. 43.

M. ovali, pallidé rubra, obscuré trifasciaté, albo maculata ; spird
celataé, umbilicaté; apertura spiram superante; columella posticé
in varicem validem spiram superante elevatd, anticé callosi, plicis
tribus quarum anticd magni maxima, pené duplicati; labio ex-
terno crasso, intus irregulariter crenato, albo, extis aurantio, validé
varicoso, canalifero.

Oval, pale, reddish, with obscure bands and white spots. The
outer and columellar lips are both extended beyond the spire as in
the Cowries, and the latter forms a raised edge near the mouth,
then there are two small folds and one large thick one from which
a small tooth is parted. The outer lip is jagged on the inner edge,
it is externally orange, with a groove behind its reflected edge.
The pale variety, f. 178, is from Mr. Bell’s collection, the others
are Mr. Cuming’s specimens from Bahia, Brazil.

108. MarGInuLia CLANDESTINA (pl. Ixxvin. f.216.), Brown.

M. test minuta, ovato-globulosa, levi, pellucida, cinered ; spird
brevissiméa, labio externo vix denticulato; columella triplicata.

Very minute, pyriform, globose; with a very short spire, the
outer lip very slightly crenulated, three small folds on the colu-
mella. From the coast of Sicily.

MARGINELLA,

LIST OF FIGURES IN PLATES LXXIV TO LXXVIII.

Fig. Fig.
1, 2. M. Faba, Sp. 1. 62, 63. M. translucida, 12.
3 to 5. — Adansoni, 6. 64, 65. — Australis, 48.
6. — intermedia, 28. 66, 67. — margarita, 36.
7, 8. — harpeeformis, 2. 68. — Sauliz, 50.
9, 10. — Cleryii, 25. 69. — evanida, 55.
11, 12. — obtusa, 4. 70, 71. — turbinata, 46.
13 to 15. — bifasciata, 3. 72, 73. — festiva, 33.
16, 17. — Goodallii, 18. 74, 75. — vitrea, 53.

18 to 20. — limbata, 13. 76, 77. — fusiformis, 34.
21, 22. — pseudo-faba, 5. 78, 79. — pygmeea, 49.
23, 24. — splendens, 7. 80. — inconspicua, 54.

25 to 27. — Belcheri, 24. 81, 82. — striata, 9.

28, 29. — Bellii, 8. 83 to 85. — scripta, 47.
30. — nodata, 22. 86, 87. — candida, 35.
31, 32. — Petitii, 16. 88, 89. — curta, 89.

33 to 35. — Cuming, 15. 90. — intermedia, 28.
36, 37. — musica, 23. 91, 92. — obesa, 88.*
38, 39. — helmatina, 14. 93, 94. — conoidalis, 51.

40. — piperita, 31. 95, 96. — diaphana, 52.
41, 42. — formicula, 11. 97 to 101. — conoidalis, 51.
43. — irrorata, 16. 102, 103. — carnea, 92.
44, — piperita, 31. 104, 105. — labiata, 88.
45 to 47. — muscaria, 10. 106, 107. — oblonga, 94.
48. — albo-cincta, 32. 108, — pallida, 64.
49, 50. — aurantia, 21. 109, 110. — nivosa, 91.
51. — nubecula, 27. 111. — pruinosa, 93.

52 to 54. — glabella, 17. 112, 113. — longivaricosa, 90.

55. — urorata, 19, 114. — carnea, 92.
56, 57. — rosea, 30. 115, 116. — zonata, 71.
58, 59. — mosaica, 29. 117, 118. — monilis, 57.

60, 61. — hmeatita, 26, 119 to 121. — triticea, 58.

4.04

Vig. fie.

*” 122, 123. M. fusca, Sp. 72. “173. M. fulminata, 20.
124, 125. — erassilabrum, 73. 174, 175. — sarda, 100.
126, 127. — fauna, 69. 176, 177. — lilacina, 106.
128, 129. — teeniata, 67. 178 to 180. — L’argilieri, 107.

130. — avena, 68. 181, 182. — tricincta, 105.

1381. — nitida, 59. 183, 184. — cornea, 99.

132. — inflexa, 60. 185, 186. — lineata, 98.

133. — rubella, 70. 187. — dactylus. 103.

134. — cylindrica, 65. 188. — Ovulum, 102.
135, 136. — neglecta, 66. 189 to 191. — Persicula, 97.

137 to 141. — varia, 62. 192, 193. — multilineata, 83.

142. — fasciata, 61. 194 to 197, — tessellata, 82.
143, 144. — lactea, 63. 198 to 200. — Kieneriana, 87.
145, 146. — quinqueplicata, 44. | 201 to 205. — interrupta, $4.

147 to 149. — elegans, 45. 206, 207. — similis, 85.
150, 151. — sapotilla, 39. 208 to 210. — guttata, 80.

152. — pulchra, 40. 211, 212. — imbricata, 86.

153 to 155. — ceerulescens, 37. 213 to 215. — pulchella, 76.
156, 157. — constricta, 38. 216. — clandestina, 108.
158, 159. — bullata, 104. 217. — muralis, 8].

160 to 162. — Amygdala, 43. 218, 219. — phrygia, 79.
163, 164. — Oliveeformis, 74. 220. — minima, 56.
165, 166. — cincta, 41. 221, 222. — frumentum, 75.
167, 168. — blanda, 101. 223, 224. — sagittata, 78.
169, 170. — angustata, 95. 225, 226. — catenata, 77.
171, 172. — bivaricosa, 42. 227 to 230. — miliaria, 96.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Adansoni, Sp. 6. f. 3, 4, 5. avellana, see Persicula, sp. 97.
albo-cincta, 32. f. 48. Bellangeri, see bullata, sp. 104.
Amygdala, 43. f. 160 to 162. avena, 68. f. 130.

angustata, 95. f. 169, 170. Belcheri, 24. f. 25 to 27.
apicina, see conoidalis sp. 51. Belli, 8. f. 28, 29.

aurantia, 21. f. 49, 50. bifasciata, 8. f. 13 to 15.

australis, 48. f. 64, 65. bivaricosa, 42. f. 171, 162.

blanda, 131. f. 167, 168.
bullata, 104. f. 158, 159.
cancellata, see elegans, sp. 45.
candida, 35. f. 86, 87.

carnea, 92. f. 102, 103.
catenata, 77. f. 225, 226.
cerulescens, 37. f. 153 to 155.
cincta, 41. f. 165, 166.
clandestina, 108. f. 216.
Cleryii, 25. f. 9, 10.

conoidalis, 51. f. 98, 94, 97 to 101.

cornea, 99. f. 183, 184.
constricta, 38. f. 156, 157.
crassilabrum, 73. f. 124, 125.
Cumingii, 15. f. 33 to 35.
curta, 89. f. 88, 89.
cylindrica, 65. f. 134.
dactylus, 103. f. 187.
diaphana, 52. f. 95, 96.
elegans, 45. f. 147 to 149.
evanida, 55. f. 69.
fabaydtedane.

fasciata, 61. f. 142.

fauna, 69. f. 126, 127.
festiva, 33. f. 72, 73.
formicula, 11. f. 41, 42.
frumentum, 75. f. 221, 222.
fulminata, 20. f. 173.

fusca, 72. f. 122, 123.
fusiformis, 34. f. 76, 77.
glabella, 17. f. 52 to 54.

glabelloides, see irrorata, sp. 19.

Goodallii, 18. f. 16, 17.
euttata, 80. f. 208 to 210.
Harpzeformis, 2. f. 7, 8.
heematita, 26. f. 60, 61.
helmatina, 14. f. 38, 39.
imbricata, 86. f. 211, 212.
inconspicua, 54. f. 80.

405

inflexa, 60. f. 132.

irrorata, 19. f. 55.
intermedia, 28. f. 90.
interrupta, 84. f. 201 to 205.
Kieneriana, 87. f. 198 to 200.
labiata, 88. f. 104, 105.
lactea, 63. f. 143, 144.
L’argilieri, 107. f. 178 to 180.
lilacina, 106. f. 176, 177.
limbata, 13. f. 18 to 20.
lineata, 98. f. 185, 186.
longivaricosa, 90. f. 112, 43.
maculosa, see guttata, sp. 80.
margarita, 36. f. 66, 67.
minima, 56. f. 220.

miliaria, 96. f. 227 to 230.
monilis, 57. f. 117, 118.
mosaica, 29. f. 58, 59.
multilineata, 93. f. 192, 198.
muralis, 81. f, 217.

muscaria, 10. f. 45 to 47.
musica, 23. f.'36, 37.
neglecta, 66. f. 135, 136.
nitida, 59. f. 131.

nivosa, 91. f. 109, 110.
nodata, 22. f. 30.

nubecula, 27. f. 51.

obesa, 88*. f. 91, 92.
oblonga, 94. f. 106, 107.
obtusa, 4. f. 11, 12.
Oliveeformis, 74. f. 168, 164.
oryza, see miliaria, sp. 96.
Ovulum, 102. f. 188.

pallida, 64. f. 108.

pellucida, see diaphana, 32.
Persicula, 97. f. 189 to 191.
Petitii, 16. f. 31, 32.
phrygia, 79. f. 218, 219.
piperita, 31. f. 40, 44.

406

pruinosa, 93. f. 111. similis, 85. f. 206, 207.
prunum, see cerulescens, sp. 37. splendens, 7. f. 23, 24.
pseudo-faba, 5. f. 21, 22. striata, 9. f. 81, 82. .
pulchella, 76. f. 213 to 215. strigata, see elegans, sp. 45.
pulchra, 4.0. f. 152. tessellata, 82. f. 194 to 197.
pygeema, 49. f. 78, 79. teeniata, 67. f. 128, 129.
pyrum, see nubecula, sp. 27. translucida, 12. f. 62, 63.
quinqueplicata, 44. f. 145, 146. tricincta, 105. f. 181, 182.
rosea, 30. f. 56, 57. triticea, 58. f. 119 to 121.
rubella, 70. f. 133. turbinata,| f. 46. f. 70, 71.
sagittata, 78. f. 223, 224. | undulata, see elegans, sp. 45.
sapotilla, 39. f. 180, 131. varia, 62. f.137 to 141.
sarda, 100. f. 174, 175. vitrea, 53. f. 74, 75.
Saulize, 50. f. 68. zonata, 71. f. 115, 116.
seripta, 47. f. 83 to 85.

407

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

As described by W. J. Broderip, Esq., for the ‘Species Conchyliorum ’.

Char. Gen. “ Testa levis, admodum ventricosa. Kpidermis levis,
fusca, tegmine quasi vitreo partim vel omnino obducta. Apex rudis.
Spira brevissima. Columella curva, 2—4-plicata, plicis magnis,
acutis. Labium externum hand reflexum. Basis profundé emar-
ginata. Apertura hians.

“Caput grande, planum, tentaculis remotis, oculis pone tenta-
cula positis. Pallium magnum. Pes maximus. Operculum nul-
lum. Animal carnivorum.

“ Marinum in calidioribus mundi veteris regionibus.

“The genus Cymba seems to form a natural group of testaceous
Mollusca, the shells of which are marked by very strong characters ;
for these are ventricose, sombre, and for the most part, uniform
in colour, and the apex of the spire is so rudely fashioned, that in
the greater part of the species, it may be said to be almost shapeless.
The shells are covered with a smooth, brown epidermis, which is,
in adult individuals, more or less coated (in some instances entirely)
with a vitreous covering or enamel-like glaze, probably secreted
by the mantle. The columella is curved, and the base deeply
emarginate. The food of these marine Trachelipoda consists of
animal substances; they are inhabitants of warm climates, and
there is no direct evidence that one of the genus has been found in
the New World, if we confine the meaning of that term to America
and its Islands; neither is the author aware that any of the shells
of this genus have been found in a fossil state.”

1. Cympa Nepronr (pl. Ixxx. f.14, 17, 23.) Voluta Neptuni,
Gmel.

“©, testa obovat’, ventricoso-tumida, rufo-fuscescente, anfrac-
tus basalis limbo apicem obliteratum preetereunte, carinato, subre-
flexo; columellé 4-plicata.

“Shell obovate, tumid, ventricose, of a brownish red, covered
with a strong brown epidermis, over which an enamel-like glaze is

408

extended from the pillar over about a fourth part of the shell,
leaving the epidermis of the back uncoated. In full grown speci-
mens the spire and apex are entirely concealed, and the upper
border of the body whorl, which is carinated and somewhat re-
flexed, overhangs both, so as to form an open, somewhat round
concavity. The pillar is four-plaited. .

“Tn younger individuals (Fig. 17.) and especially in those lately
produced, the shell is thin, of a brownish red mottled with white,
and the rude apex of the spire appears entirely uncovered.

“From Africa, near the shore’.

2. Cympa Trrronis (pl. Ixxix. f. 8. lxxx. f. 25.) Brod. Sp.
Conch.

“C. testi ovato-tumida, elongata, pallente, anfractus basalis
limbo apicem rotundum supereminente subrefiexo; columella tri-
plicata.

“Shell ovate, tumid, elongated, pale-brown or whitish, covered
with a brownish epidermis, over which an enamel-like glaze ex-
tends from the pillar about as far as it does in Cymba Neptuni.
The rounded apex of the spire in full grown individuals is very
nearly concealed, and is over-hung by the border of the spire and
body-whorl, so as to present the appearance of a shallow winding
excavation, (at the bottom of which the tip of the apex may be dis-
cerned,) differmg entirely in character from that which is observed
in Cymba Neptuni, the aperture is mach less patulous; and the
whole shell is more symmetrical and imelon-shaped ”.

From Africa.

3. Cymba patuta (pl. lxxix. f. 7.) Brod. Sp. Conch.

“C. testa tumida, labium versus gibba, brunneo-rubente, anfractus
basalis limbo excavato subreflexo, apicem subrotundum exsertum
vix pretereunte ; columella 4—phcata; aperturd valde patula.

“Shell tumid, gibbous towards the outer lip, brownish red,
covered with a brownish epidermis, partially coated, as in the last
species, with an enamel-like glaze. The spire is excavated and
open, the rounded apex partly apparent, and the upper border of
the body-whorl carimated, and somewhat reflected. The pillar,
which has four plaits, is straighter than that of Cymba Neptuni and
Cymba Tritonis, and the aperture from the gibbous extension of
the outer lip is very wide. The shells of all the individuals of this
species seen by the author, have the appearance of being full-grown,
and are very much inferior in size to the two species last described ”.

From the African Ocean, near the shores.

4.09

4. CyMBA PROBOSCIDALIS (pl. xxix. f. 2. pl. lxxx. f. 22, 27.)
Brod. Sp. Conch.

“C, testi elongata, ventricoso-cylindracea, pallidé fulva, anfrac-
tus basalis limbo apicem obliteratum pretereunte, producto, patulo,
carinato, subreflexo; columella 4—plicata.

“In wtate provecti, test’ tegmine vitreo penitus adoptera.
Apex in junioribus exsertus subglandiformis.

“Shell elongated, somewhat cylindrical, but ventricose towards
the middle, reddish yellow, which becomes paler in full grown spe-
cimens, covered with a dark brown epidermis, which is entirely
coated in adults with the enamel-like glaze. The spire and apex
are almost entirely obliterated in full grown individuals, and the
reflected upper border of the body-whorl exposes a widae, somewhat
excavated, snout-like area, from which the species obtains its name.
The pillar has four plaits, the last being comparatively small. ‘The
shell grows to a large size. The author possesses a shell of this
species, to which numerous Coronule (Chelonobia, Leach,) and
Crepidule are attached; the animal has buried the majority of
these adhesions under the thickest coat of enamel-like glaze
hitherto observed on the shell of the species”’.

African Ocean, near the shores.

5. Cympa porctna (pl. Ixxix. f. 1, 5, 9, 16, 18. pl. Ixxx.
f. 20.) Lam. Anim. s. vert.

“©. testa subcylindrica pallidé fusci; anfractus basalis limbo
apicem subobsoletum vix supereminente, patulo, tantum non plano,
subcarinato ; columella biphiata.

“Shell subcylindrical, whitish, covered with a thin ash-coloured
epidermis, which is coated by a silvery enamel-like pellicle, extend-
ing over about 2 of the shell. The apex is more visible than in
Cymba proboscidalis, but the spire is entirely concealed. The
upper border of the body-whorl is less reflexed than it is in that
shell, and the area, though very open, is less excavated. In fine
specimens the aperture is of a rich brown colour. The plaits on
the pillar are only two, the shell is very uniform in size to that of
Cymba proboscidalis”’.

Senegal.

6. CymBa RuBicrInosa (pl. xxix. f. 12, 13. pl. Ixxx. f. 19.)
Swain. Kxotie Conch.

“©. testi elongata, subcylindricd, pallidié, anfractus limbo

410

apicem subobliteratum supereminente ; columella triplicaté ; fauce
rubiginosa.

“Shell elongated, irregularly cylindrical, pale, (except on and
near the pillar and in the aperture, where it is of a rich rusty
brown) covered with a pale brown epidermis, which is entirely
coated in old individuals with a brown enamel-like glaze. The
apex of the shell is almost obliterated, and the border of the spire
and body-whorl, which is less sharp than in the species described,
is produced somewhat beyond it, exposing a rounded excavated
area, deeper, but much more contracted than that of the shell of
Cymba porcina. ‘The pillar is three-plaited”.

Australian Seas.

7. Cympa onxa (pl. Ixxix. f. 3, 4, 11.) Linn. Syst. Nat.

“C. testa, ventricos4, pallidé luteo-fulva ; spira brevi, canalicu-
lata, apice subconico, exserto; columella 2-plicata.

“Shell ovate, ventricose, pale fulvous, covered with a thin pale
brown epidermis, which is coated with an enamel-like glaze from
near the pillar to about two-thirds of the shell. The subconical
apex is exposed as well as the spire, which last, together with the
upper part of the body-whorl, is rounded and deeply channelled.
Pillar with two-plaits”’.

Mediterranean.

8. Cympa eraciiis (pl. Ixxix. f. 15. pl. Ixxx. f. 24.) Brod.
Sp. Conch.

“C. testi, subcylindrici, albo rufoque nebulosd ; spird sub-exca-
vati, apice subglandiformi conspicuo ; labii, limbo spiram versus
inflexo; columella 4-plicata.

“Shell subcylindrical, clouded with white and reddish. The
spire somewhat excavated, and the subglandiform apex conspi-
cuous. The area much less, and the channelling much shallower
than in C. eymbium; the pillar, which has four plaits, much straigh-
ter, the aperture narrower, and the whole shell more slender and sym-
metrical. ‘The sharp upper border of the lip is very much inflected
towards the spire, and the shell 1s covered with a thin brown epi-
dermis, which is coated with the enamel-like glaze for about one
third of the shell, beginning near the pillar. There is reason to con-
clude that in very old specimens this coating extends much further”:

9, Cympa cymBium (pl. Ixxix. f. 6, 10. pl. Ixxx. f. 21, 26.)
Linn. et auct.

411

C. testé subovata, albo rufoque marmorati; spira canaliculata,
carinata, apice subglandiformi, conspicuo ; columella 3-plicata.

“ Shell irregularly ovate, marbled with white and brownish red,
covered with a thin brown epidermis, which is coated for about
one third of the shell with the enamel-like glaze, which takes its
commencement near the pillar. The spire is deeply channelled and
carinated, exposing the subglandiform apex, and forming with the
subreflected sharp upper border of the body-whorl, a wide spiral
excavation. The upper edge of the outer lip recedes from the
spire. he pillar, which is very much curved, has three plaits,
and is bordered on the basal half, with a rich chesnut longitudinal
band.”

From Senegal.

CYMBA.

LIST OF FIGURES, IN PLATES LXXIX. AND LXXX.

Fig.
L, 5, 9, 16, 18, 20. C. poreina, sp. 5.
2, 22, 27. — proboscidalis, sp. 4.
3, 4, 11. — olla, sp. 7.
6, 10, 21, 26. — cymbium, sp. 9.
7. — patula, sp. 3.
8, 25. — Tritonis, sp. 2.
12, 13, 19. — rubiginosa, sp. 6.
14, 17, 23. — Neptuni, sp. 1.
15. 24. — gracilis, sp. 8.

As described by W. J. Broderip, Esq., for the “Species Conchylio-
rum”’, Part 2, unpublished.

Char. Gen. “Testa ventricosa, levis, ut plurimum colore vario-
Kpidermis levis vinidi-fusca. Apex spiralis papillaris. Spira brevis.
Columella vix recta, 3-4-plicata, plicis magnis, acutis. Labrum
subacutum. Basis profunde emarginata. Apertura hians.
Operculum nullum. Caput grande, planum; tentaculis lateralibus
remotis, ocellis pone tentacula positis magnis, branchiz satis
magne, dextra majore.

“Pallium mediocre. Pes maximus ovalis.

“ Animal carnivorum.

“ Marinum in calidioribus mundi veteris regionibus presertim
ad Novam Hollandeam.

“The apex or nucleus which in the shell of the sub-genus
Cymba was almost a shapeless mass, takes in that of Melo a well
fashioned and spiral form; with this papillary summit we have the
vivid and elegant colouring which is its almost constant companion.
The suture of the spire no longer rude, is either neatly laid
around the apex so as to touch it, and in some instances overwrap
it, or as in the coronated section is free, slanting out from the apex
and adorned with a diadem of vaulted spmes. ‘The shell of Jelo
is ventricose light melon-shaped. It is generally marked with
a well-defined variety of colour and protected by a smooth greenish
brown epidermis which in some species is very thin but always
wants the glazed coating of Cymba. The papillary nucleus which
never increases after birth, almost presents the appearance of a
piece of workmanship from the turning lathe. The pillar, which is
rarely straight, has from three to four plates sharp and well-deve-
loped. The edge of the outer lip is generally somewhat sharp, the
base is very deeply notched and the aperture, which is unprotected
by any operculum is very wide.”

413

1. Metro Inpicus (pl. Ixxxi. f, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.) Voluta melo,
Solander, Voluta, G'mel.

“M. testé valdé ventricosi, ovato-globosa, flava vel rubro-auran-
tiacd, maculis strigisque castaneis sub-triseriatim tessellata; spira
occultaté, columellé quadriplicaté, epidermide viridi-fuscd, tenui ;
long, 6-9. lat. 33-8. poll.

“Shell very ventricose, ovate, globose, yellow, yellowish red, or
ruddy-orange, tessellated with chesnut spots or stripes disposed for
the most part in transverse lmes which gird the body-whorl. The
spire is entirely covered im full grown shells, and in old individuals,
so is the apex, which in young shells is always bare and prominent.”

Indian Ocean.

2. Meto russeLiatus (pl. Ixxxi. f. 6, 7, 8.) Voluta tessel-
lata, Lam.

“M. test& ventricosd, albido-sulphured, zonis tribus vel duabus
castaneis tessellatis; spmmis decumbentibus, apicem versus conver-
gentibus ; epidermide viridi-fuscd, tenui; long. 6. lat. 4. poll.

“Shell ventricose, of a straw or sulphurous colour, banded with
three and sometimes two zones of tessellated spots. The spines
which are broad at the base and decumbent, converge towards the
apex, the tip only of which in fine specimens rises above them.
Epidermis greenish brown and thin. The immaculate variety is
more frequently found in a fine and sound state. In the beauti-
ful figure by Swaimson a few spots mark the transition from the
youth to the colourless state. I have both the varieties in almost
every stage of transition, but even in those which are entirely
spotless, an examination of the first volution of the spire at the
base of the apex or nucleus will shew, that, in its youth, the shell
was tessellated with spots, though, as it advanced in growth, it
ceased to secrete them”.

3. Metro Airntopica (pl. lxxxi. f. 9. pl. Ixxxii. f. 13, 14, 19.)
Voluta Aithiopica, Linn.

““M. testa obovati, ventricosi, cinnamomeo-lutescente, spinis
brevibus, suberectis, columelli, 3—4-plicati; epidermide tenui,
virescente ; long. 6-12. lat. 4-8. poll.

“ Labro superné sub-angulato, in senioribus apicem spire: trans-
eunte.

“Shell obovate, ventricose, of a yellowish cinnamon colour, the
spines short, frequent, suberect ; pillar with from three to four
plaits ; epidermis thin, of a greemsh brown”.

414

4. Muno navticus (pl. Ixxxn. f. 10, 11, 1%.) Voluta nau-
tica, Lam.

“M. test& ventricosi, tumidi, subglobos4, cinnamomeo-fulva ;
spinis crebris, decumbentibus, inflexis, apicem versus convergenti-
bus, columella 3-4-plicati; epidermide tenui, virescente, long.
6-8. lat. 44. poll.

“Shell ventricose, tumid, of a yellowish cinnamon colour, the
spies numerous, close set, decumbent, converging towards the
apex ; pillar with from three to four plates ; epidermis thin, greenish.

“Tt is possible that this may be only a variety of Melo Bthio-
picus”’.

5. Mero piapema (pl. Ixxxi. f. 16, 17, 20.) Voluta diade-
ma, Lam.

“M. testa valdé ventricosd, fulvo vel castaneo, interdum albo-
marmoraté, spinis brevibus rarioribus; labro superné angulato ;
columella triplicaté ; epidermide virescente tenui; long. 6-13. lat.
4-8. poll.

“Shell very ventricose, of a tawny-orange or chesnut colour,
often marbled with white; the spines short and not frequent ; the
whorl of the spire angulated as well as the termination of the outer
lip. Pillar with three plaits. Epidermis thin, greenish.

“This shell varies extremely both in size and colour. Though
the very young shells of each variety are more or less marbled with
white. The animal ceases to secrete spines as it advances in growth”.

Asia.

6. Meto armatus (pl. Ixxxu. f. 15. pl. Ixxxi. f. 21, 22.)
Voluta armata, Lam.

-“M. testa ventricosi, ovata, superné coarctati, luteo-aurantiaca
albo-marmorata ; spinis longis subrectis; columellé triplicata :
epidermide viridi-fusca tenui ; long. 7. lat. 4. poll.

Shell ventricose, ovate, narrowed towards the spire, of a saffron
orange or chesnut colour, marbled with white. The spines are
long and generally nearly straight, though they are sometimes a
little curved. Plaits on the pillar three, epidermis greenish brown.

“The spines are longer less distant and more numerous than in
M. diadema. They are continued to the edge of the last whorl.
The shell is of far smaller volume than JZ. diadema and measures
Jess across the spines.”

Asia.

415

7. Meo Mitronis (pl. Ixxxi. f. 24, 25.), Gray, in Griffiths’
© Animal Kingdom?’ vol. xii. t. 29. Melo cylindratus, Brod.

“M. testa cylindrata, tenui, albida vel subrosea, maculis strigisque
castaneis angulatis picté; spird sub-preduct&é; spinis brevibus,
basi latis apicem versus incurvis ; columella triplicata; epidermide
tenuissima subvirescente ; long. 7. lat 34. poll.

“ Shell sub-cylindrical, thin, whitish or pinkish, boldly painted
with angulated stripes and spots, which have sometimes a flamy or
lightening-like character in their shape. The spire, somewhat
produced, is adorned with shortish sharp spines, broad at their
bases ‘and incurved towards the apex at their points. The pillar
is three-plaited, though there is sometimes a trace of a fourth plait,
as is the case in many species. ‘The junction of the upper extre-
mity of the outer lip with the body of the shell, is at a lower point
than any of the preceding species, and hence we find the spire
more produced.”

Swan River, New Holland.

8. Meto Bropertrit (pl. Ixxxii. f. 26, 27.), Gray (Voluta)
Griffiths’ “Anim. Kingdom’, vol. xii. t. 26. M. regius, Brod.

“M. testa ventricosissima, tumida, albida strigis maculisque
rubro-castaneis inscripta; spinis brevibus, valdé apertis, frequen-
tisimis; columella quadriplcata, spird productiori; epidermide
sub-fuscd, tenui; long. $-14+ poll. lat. 54-74 poll.

“Shell very ventricose, tumid, whitish, mscribed with stripes
and spots of a reddish chesnut colour. Spies short, very open
and very thickly set. Pillar with four plaits. Spire produced.
Epidermis brownish, thin. This species varies much in size and
colour, and when very old seems to loose the power of secreting
spines. My very large specimen of the bifasciated variety, which
is fourteen inches and a half long, ten and half broad, and seven
and a half in diameter, measured from the upper to the lower side,
was found alive at Manilla, by Mr. J. K. Smith; and 2 do. of the
superior carinated edge of the body-whorl are unarmed with spines.
In this specimen the spire is very well shown, and indeed it is
more produced in this species than in any other”

Manilla.
9. Mr to mucronatus (pl. Ixxxin. f. 23-28.).

“M. testa ovato-oblongd, admodum ventricosa, luted vel castanea
albo-marmorata; spimis magnis, latis, apertis ; columella triplicata ;
epidermide fusca; apertura lata, aurantiaci; long. 138. lat. 9. poll.

416

“Shell ovate, oblong, considerably ventricose, orange, saffron
colour or chesnut, marbled with white. Spines broad, open, and
somewhat distant. Pillar with three plaits. Epidermis brown.
Aperture wide, of an orange colour.”

Moreton Bay, in New Holland.

10. Meio umpriicatus (pl. Ixxxu. f. 18. pl. Ixxxin. f. 29,
30.), Brod.

“M. testa ventricosissima, subcompressa, flava albo-marmorata,
vel alba flavo reticulata, bifasciataé, fasciis transversis nigro-casta-
neis, subtessellatis ; spird apicem longé preetereunte, spinis magnis,
raris; apertura latissima; columella quadriplicaté; epidermide
pallidé virescente, tenuissimd; long. 124. lat. 9. poll.

“Shell very ventricose, somewhat compressed, yellow or reddish-
yellow, marbled with white, or white reticulated with the same colours,
girt with two narrow, blackish chesnut, somewhat tessellated bands.
The spire projects far beyond the apex, which in old specimens is
seen as it were at the bottom of an excavation, while in very
young shells it projects beyond the spire. The spines are large,
long and somewhat distant. The aperture, which is of a light
yellow, or very pale orange, is very wide, measuring upwards of
six Inches and a half in old individuals. The pillar has four plaits,
in some very young shells, and in all the old ones which I have
seen; those of intermediate growth have generally but three. As
the shell increases in growth the colours become less vivid, and
the bands more interrupted, till at last both are almost lost.”

Moreton Bay, New Holland.

LIST OF FIGURES IN PLATES LXXXI. TO LXXXIIL.

1, 2, 3,4, 5. M. Indicus, sp. 1.
6, 7, 8. — tessellatus, sp. 2.
9, 18, 14, 19. — Aithopicus, sp. 3.
10, 11, 12. — nauticus, sp. 4.
15, 21, 22. — armatus, sp. 6.
16, 17, 20. — diadema. sp. 5.
18, 29, 30. — umbilicatus, sp. 10.
23, 28. — mucronatus, sp. 9.
24, 25. — Miltonis, sp. 7.
26, 27. — Broderipii, sp. 8.

Baa a a a a aaa aay ~ ~

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS
SPONDYLUS.

Class, Conchifera. Order, Monomyaria. Fam. Pectinides.

Gen. Char. Testa ineequalvis, auriculata, irregulariter costata et
foliacea ; valva inferiori affixé, area cardinali triangulari ligamenti-
ferd; cartilagine resiliendi in foveam aree cardinalis disposita ;
dentibus duo validis in utrque valva.

The Spondyli are iInequivalve, auriculated, irregularly foliaceous,
ribbed; and generally spinous or foliaceous. The lower valve,
which has an external, triangular area, is attached to sub-marine
substances by a greater or less portion of its surface. The elastic
cartilage of the hinge is placed in a linear grove in the centre of
the cardial area, which terminates im a rounded spoon-shaped
process within. There are two teeth, locking into corresponding
cavities in each valve.

The younger portion of the shell generally takes its form from
the substance to which it is attached, and it is not until the lower
valve in its growth parts from that substance that the true shape
can be known. If this takes place at an early period, the shell is
regular, and generally of an obliquely oval form; but if, as in
some cases, the whole lower surface is in contact with the rock or
madrepore, it is liable to every kind of variation. In some species
there appears to be a tendency to grow more freely than in others,
as in S. regivs, 8S. Cumingii, and more particularly in 8. imperialis,
in which the point of attachment is scarcely perceptible. The
spines, or scales, or imbrications, are also much influenced by the
circumstances and position i which the growth has taken place,
many shells being spinous at one period of their development, and
foliaceous at another. In the lower valve, where the surface ceases
its contact with the rock, there are frequently thrown out broad
foliations, apparently for the purpose of reaching it, and rendering
the position of the mollusc more firmly secure. These variations
are so perplexing and complicated, that it is quite impossible, with
any degree of confidence to define the species, or to fix their limits

418

by permanent characters. The following must be taken as the
nearest approximation which the variations above described will
admit.

1. Sponpytus Americanus (pl. Ixxxvin. f. 42. pl. Ixxxix.
f. 64, 65.), Zam. Anim. s. vert. vol. vi. p. 188. 8S. arachnoides,
Lam. S. longispina, Lam. S. avicularis, Lam., et 8. striato-
spinosus, Chemn., inclusis.

S. testa subrotundata, crassi, asperé; umbone valve inferiori
plerumque producto; area cardinali magna; costis 6 principa-
libus ; squamis subdistantibus, elongatis, erectiusculis, plerumque
palmatis, levibus subtis sulcatis; costis interstitialibus spinis
acutis ornatis; valva inferiori plerumque foliaceis; colore pallidé
fulvo, prope umbones rubro.

This well-known species being somewhat variable in the shape
and disposition of its spmes, has occasioned Lamarck and others
to describe varieties under the name given above. His 8. arach-
noides and his S. longispina, are both varieties with lengthened
spines, which are narrower than in others. Between each of the
six principal rows of lengthened, and somewhat erect, palmated
scales, there are in some specimens three or four rows of spines.
In S. striato-spinosus of Chemn., these intermediate spines are fully
developed, while the larger scales are nearly obsolete. From
America.

2. Sponpytus GapeERopus (pl. Ixxxvi. f. 29. pl. Ixxxviii.
f.41.), Linn. Syst. Nat.

S. test plerumque tenui, subrotundata, vix costata, laminis in
seriebus 6 ad 9 dispositis, erectiusculis, purpureis, levibus, ad ter-
rainas complanatis ; interstitiis creberrime spinis minutis, seriatim
ornatis. Valvd inferior’ foliaced, plerumque alba, vel pallidé
crocea.

The spatule of the true Spondylus Gaderopus are somewhat
distantly arranged in eight or nine rows. They are for the most
part erect, flattened at “the extremity, and grooved underneath.
The interstices are crowded with minute pointed prickles. The
lamine and spines of the upper valve are of a purple colour, which
is strengthened at the roots. The laminz of the lower valve are
generally broad and white, or nearly so. Figure 29 represents
the more common variety, in which the upper valve has a general
purple aspect.

From the Mediterranean. Mr. Cuming’s specimens are from
Malta.

419

3. SPONDYLUS ACULEATUS (pl. Ixxxv. f. 11, 13.), Chemm. t. 44.
f.460. S.dentatus, Chemn. pl. 25. f.1. pl. 27. f. 2.

S. testa ovali, purpured vel fuscd; costis 10 ad 11, spinis bre-
vibus numerosis, aculeatis, erectiusculis, albis ; interstitiis minute
spinosis.

Of an oval form, with ten or twelve rows of white, short, rather
erect, numerous thick spines, upon a purple or brown ground,
covered with very fine spines.

From the Mauritius.

4. Sponpytus Perrosetinum (pl. lxxxiv. f. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
pl. Ixxxvui. f. 49.), Chemn. vol. vii. t. 46. f. 472, 473. S. costatus,
Lam., Knorr. vergn. vol. i. t. 9. f. a. §. multilamellatus, Lam. ?

S. testé ovali, lineatim purpurea, vel fuscd, prope umbones
variegata ; costis 6 validis, albis; squamis erectiusculis, arcuatis,
plicato-palmatis ; interstitiis costis duobus vel tribus validis, plus
minusvé divisis, nonnunquam scabriusculis.

Figures 6, 8, and 10 probably represent S. costatus of
Lamarck. Fig. 9 is from a shell exactly resembling 8. Petro-
silium, as represented by fig. 472,473 of Chemnitz. From the
latter, in which the groves between the intermediate ribs are partly
filled up by lamin, and the palmated scales are nearly obsolete,
to the former, in which the ribs and spatule are fully developed,
we possess specimens presenting an unbroken series of gradations,
rendering it impossible to separate them. Lamarck refers to the
same figures in Chemnitz (472, 473), first, for S. multilamellatus,
his description of which does not agree with them, and afterwards
for his S. Zougispina, with which they agree still less. The orange
variety is represented by the favour of Mr. Norris, from whom we
also received (when too late) a much finer specimen of the typical
variety than our figure (6) represents.

Fig. 6 is from the Mauritius. Mr. Cuming collected var. f. 7
at the Isle of Ticao, Philippines.

5. SponpyLus crocevs (pl. Ixxxvu. f. 31.), Chemmn. vol. vii.
t. 45. f. 165.

S. testa ovali, croced, costis quinque, spinis distantibus crassius-
culis ; interstitis irregulariter costatis.
This species has five or six ribs, with a few thick spines on each.

420

The interstices are smoothly and irregularly ribbed. ‘The colour
is uniformly orange.

West Indies.

6. SPONDYLUS LONGITUDINALIS (pl. Ixxxvi. f. 28, 25,
pl. Ixxxix. f.56.), Zam. Anim. s. vert. vol. vi. p. 191. S. multila-
mellatus, Zam. Chénu. Illust. conch.

S. testa plerumque ovali, costaté; costis principalibus 5 ad 8
creberrimé imbricatis et aculeatis squamis erectiusculis numerosis
planulatis et truncatis; colore vario plus minusve croceo.

The specimens of this very variable species, of which fig. 25
may be considered typical, correspond fairly with the shells in
Lamarck’s collection, as figured by Chénu in the ‘ Ilust. conch.’
When in perfect condition, and fully developed, the ribs are nu-
merous, and sharply imbricated; from five to eight of them are
closely studded with rather erect, flattened, smooth scales, slightly
hollowed underneath.

All the specimens are from the West Indies, excepting the last
mentioned, which is from China.

7. Sponpyivs picerratus (pl. lxxxix. f. 58, 59.), zobis, Proc.
Zool. Soc., May, 1847.

S. testa subrotundata, tenui, costataé; costis 6 ad 8 principali-
bus, vix elevatis, squamis rectiusculis, arcuatis, ad terminos pal-
matis, aculeatim divisis, interstitiis spmosis; colore fusco, vel
rubro, vel purpureo, ad umbones rubro variegato.

The shells here described may possibly be only young specimens
of 8. longitudinalis, with the scales developed in a remarkable man-
ner ; thei peculiarity consists in the beautifully branched and digi-
tated palmations, which terminate the arched outstanding scales.

Taken from ships’ bottoms, at Bermudas. In H. Cuming’s
collection.

8. SPoNDYLUS LINGUA-FELIs (pl. Ixxxviu. f. 50.), Sow., Jun.
Proc. Zool. Soc., May, 1847.

S. testa ovali, crassa, fusca, subtts croced; area cardinali et auri-
culis magnis ; costis numerosis vix elevatis, spinis brevibus, equa-
libus, numerosis, armatis.

A much more solid shell than S. asperrimus, with large hinge,
and of an uniform dark brown colour, which is shown in the in-
terior by a strongly marked brown border. The shell is covered
by nearly equal ribs, which are armed by short thick numerous

421

prickles. The interstices are smooth. In the collection of Mr.
Gruner, Bremen. Locality unknown.

9. SPoNDYLUS TENUISPINOsUs (pl. Ixxxvii. f. 37.), nobis.

S. testé ovali, tenui; costis principalibus 8; spinis elongatis,
tenuis, erectis, numerosis; spinis interstitialibus minuté spinosis,
interstitiis minuté imbricatis ; laminis valve inferiori elegantissimé
foliaceis ; colore pallidé cinereo, prope umbonem rubro variegato,
valva inferiori alba, prope umbonem flavida, rubro radiata.

The only specimens of this elegant shell are in the collection of
Mr. Cuming. The species is distinguished by the thin, sharp, erect
white spines, which ornament the numerous ribs. The upper valves
are of a pale ashy colour, variegated with red near the umbo, and
the under valve is white with beautifully foliated lamine, and a
few graceful spines.

Isle of Zebu, Philippines ; Cuming.

10. SponpyLus asPeRRIMUS (pl. lxxxvii. f. 38.), Sow., Jun.,
Proc. Zool. Soc., May, 1847.

S. testi subrotundata; costis numerosis vix elevatis, subequa-
libus; aculeis brevibus, erectis, creberrimis, subtis canaliculatis ;
interstitiis scabriusculis et spinosis; colore valvee superiori fusco,
prope umbonem variegato, valvee inferiori croceo.

This shell is remarkable for the numerous, nearly equal ribs,
which are armed with very short, erect, equidistant spmes. The
shell is in Mr. Cuming’s collection.

11. SponDYLUS SPATHULIFERUS (pl. Ixxxvi. f. 26. pl. lxxxix.
f. 61.), Zam. anim. s. vert. vol. vi. (synom. exclus.), var. purpurea,
S. violaceus, Lam.

S. test& ovali ventricos4, costis principalibus 6 validis ; squamis
distantibus, ad basin angustibus, ad terminos arcuatis, palmatis,
subdivisis, subtts sulcatis; interstitiis quinque-sulcatis, sulcis im-
bricatis, spinis parvis, vel squamis, ornatis; colore purpureo, vel
rubro, vel fusco, plerumque subtis eroceo tincto, prope umbones
rubro variegato. Variat squamis flavidis.

The scales of the six principal ribs are narrow and erect at the
base, and at the termination slightly arched, flattened, and pal-
mated. They are few in number, and the interstitial ribs gene-
rally have a few smaller and more pointed scales. The colour,
whether brown or purple, is generally dark, and uniform, present-
ing a well-defined border in the interior. ‘The umbones are varie-
gated with red, and the under side of the shell is generally more
or less tinged with saffron. The figure in Plate Ixxxix may be

4.22

regarded as typical. Fig. 26 is a fine shell, with yellow scales, in
the collection of Mr. Norris, and Fig. 24 is from a specimen in which
the scales seem to be accidentally aculeated.

This species is given on the authority of those who have seen
the specimens in Lamarck’s collection, and that of the museum at
Paris, although Lamarck refers to figures in Chemnitz repre-
senting another shell, which Chénu calls §. Lumarchii.

From the West Indies.

12. SponDyYLUS MICROLEPOS (pl. 88. f. 46.), Zam., Anim. s.
vert. vol. vi. p. 192.

S. “test& utrinque rubra, longitudinaliter costaté et striata ;
costis 5 ad 6 squamiferis, squamis ligulatis truncatis exiguis.”

We are favoured with the shell from China, represented, fig. 46,
by Mr. Hanley, and think it may probably be the species to which
Lamarck refers. The five or six principal ribs are notched by im-
bricated rudimentary scales, which near the margin present the
narrow ligulate character above described. The intermediate ribs
numerous and minutely imbricated. There is a yellow shell in
Mr. Cuming’s collection, presenting similar characteristics, and
agreeing equally well at the same time, with the fig. in ‘ Knorr’,
part 6. pl. 13. f. 3. referred to it by Lamarck. The shell described
by Lamarck is red.

13. SponpyLus PicToruM (pl. Ixxxvi. f. 28. pl. Ixxxv. f.17.
pl. Ixxxvii. f. 45.), Chemn. Tab. 69. lit. E. F. Spondylus crassi-
squama, Lam. Anim, s. vert. vol. vi. p. 191. S. princeps, Brod.
Proc. Zool. Soc., 1833, p. 4. 8. dubs, Brod. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1833, p. 4.

S. test& ponderosa, subrotundaté; cardine magno; limbo pro-
funde plicato ; costis principalibus 6, validis; squamis crassis, dis-
tantibus sub-depressis, ad terminos subcomplanatis, paulilum
sulcatis ; costis mterstitialibus 3 ad 6, spinis crassis brevibus, vel
squamis extantibus, sub-palmatis, ineequalibus; colore externé et
ad marginem interné, rubro; variat purpureo, squamis aurantiis.

A ponderous shell, of a deep red or orange-colour, with large
hinge and six principal ribs, with thick scales ; when young, it has
three interstitial ribs, which increase in number with the growth,
so that im the full-grown shell there are seven between each of the
principal ribs. ‘The intermediate scales are few at an early growth,
but merease in frequency, and they are more aculeate than the
others. Mr. Cuming posesses a very young shell, in which the
earliest scales are beautifully vaulted. S$. dudcus, Brod., is a variety

423

im which the interstices are more distinctly striated than in those
which Mr. Broderip has named 8. princeps. By the rule of pri-
ority, both names, together with Lamarck’s 8. crassisquama,
given on the authority of specimens so named in Lamarck’s col-
lection, must give place to that which we have adopted, on an
examination of the figures in Chemnitz. Mr. Cuming’s speci-
mens are from the Isle of Plata, West Columbia, and from the
Gulf of Tehuan. Mr. Sowerby posesses a small shell, which ap-
pears to be a variety of this, but which may be distinct, from China.

14. SponpyLus LevcacantHa (pl. Ixxxvu. f. 35, 36.), Brod.
Proc. Zool. Soc., 1838, p. 5.

S. testa solida, ventricosa, ovali; costis 6 principalibus, squamis
elongatis subarcuatis, levibus, angustis, subttis concavis, ad ter-
minum subtruncatis; interstitiis minutissimé unbricatim striatis,
costis vix elevatis, tribus (media maxim) aculeatis, regularibus,
subarcuatis, ornatis ; colore croceo vel rubro; squamis albis.

This elegant species is named from the beautifully white scales
standing out from an uniform ground of bright orange or scarlet.
The shell is solid, with six principal ribs, armed with strong, even,
and rather lengthened scales, which are shghtly flattened and de-
pressed, but not spread at the ends. Between each rib there are
three rows of scales, some of which are pointed at the ends.

Collected by Mr. Cuming at the Island of Plata.

15. SponpyLus unicotor (pl. Ixxxv. f. 19.), Sowerby, Proc.
Zool. Soc. May, 1847.

S. testa solidd, obliqué ovali, rubro violascente ; costis 6 prin-
cipalibus, squamis crassis, arcuatis, subttis concavis, paululim
palmatis, propé marginem numerosis ; costis interstitialibus, spinis
crassis, brevibus, armatis ; inter costas sulcis nonnullis.

Solid, obliquely oval, of an uniform purplish-red colour, which
is shown in the interior by a strongly defined, deep red margin
round a white centre. The five or six most prominent ribs are
ornamented by strong, arched, hollow spathule, which are slightly
depressed and palmated at the end. The intermediate ribs are
studded with short thick spines near tne margin. Between some
of the ribs there is occasionally a deep groove; in the thickness
and arrangement of the scales and ribs, and in the solidity of the
shell, it resembles S. pictorwm, from which it differs principally in
the more tumid and obliquely oval form of the fully developed
specimens. After figuring M. Gruner’s specimen, we have met

424

with a much more finely coloured specimen in the hands of Mr.
Sowerby, sen., which fully confirms our description. The locality
is unknown.

16. SponpyLvus IMPERIALIs (pl. 88. f. 43, 44.), Chénu, Ilust.
conch. p. 6. pl. 26. f. 2, 3.

S. testé regulari ovali, subdepressd ; ared cardinali parva ; costis
principalibus 6, spinis distantibus elongatis, leviter arcuatis ; in-
terstitiis costis tribus spinis acutissimis triserialibus ornatis.

In this species, which grows much more freely than any other,
the point of attachment is scarcely perceptible, and the cardinal
area is very narrow. ‘The shell is more depressed than S. regius.
The long spines on the six principal ribs are not so erect, nor the
interstitial ribs so numerous as in S.regivs. There are three
between each principal rib, beautifully ornamented by spines
curved outwards. ‘Towards the margin there is a row of smaller
spines on each side of the larger ones. The usual colour is red-
dish fawn between the ribs, and on the ends of the long spines,
while the six principal ribs are white. From China. The white
variety, fig. 43, is in the collection of Mr. Cuming.

17. Sponpyius armatus (pl. Ixxxix. f. 53.), nodis.

S. testa ovali, pallidé fulva; costis principalibus quinque, spinis
rectis, longissimus, extantibus, interstitiis levibus, aculeis parvis
in seriem dispositis.

The description is taken from asingle valve in the British
museum, having five slightly raised ribs, with three or four very
long straight spines on each, some of which exceed the shell in
length. Between the ribs there are a few very small spines. The
rest of the shell is smooth.

18. Sponpyivs Recrus (pl. lxxxvu. f. 30.), Gmed. no. 2.

S. test regulari, ovali; areé cardinali parva; costis 6 principa-
libus, imbricatis; spinis elongatis, distantibus, erectis, ad terminos
subcomplanatis ; interstitiis costis numerosis, imbricatis.

This species generally grows freely, and is consequently regular
in form, and has a small cardinal area. The six principal ribs are
each armed with five or six long, straight spines, which are slightly
flattened at the termination. ‘The interstices have numerous
sharply imbricated smooth ribs. The colour is of a reddish-brown
between the ribs, and on the points of the spines; a white variety
is represented in Chenu’s ‘ Illust. conch.’

From the Sooloo Islands, H. Cuming.

425
19. SponpyLus Cuminett (pl. Ixxxix. f. 62.), nodzs.

S. test regulari, subrotundatdé, subdepressi; ared cardinali
parva; costis principalibus 6, elevatis, levibus; squamis subelon-
gatis, leevibus, arcuatis, palmatis, ad latera palmarum undulatim
fimbriatis ; interstitiis imbricatim striatis ; colore fusco-rubescente.

A free growing species, like 8. regius and 8. imperialis, with a
short cardinal area, of an uniform purplish-brown tint, with six
principal ribs, ornamented by arched palmated scales, the sides
and ends of which are frilled and fluted. The interstices are filled
with numerous imbricated ribs. In Mr. Cuming’s collection.
From the Island of Java.

20. SponpyLus varieGatus (pl. lxxxv. f. 14, 15.), Lam.,
Anim. s, vert. vol. vi. f. 189.

S. testa rotundato-ovali, auriculis subquadratis, costis 6 princi-
palibus; spinis obtusis, rectiusculis, distantibus; interstitiis bi-
costatis, bisulcatis ; colore interstitiarum per lineis angulatis dispo-
sito, prope umbones maculato et variegato.

The five or six principal ribs are characterized by straight, erect,
thick and blunt spines, the interstitial ribs and grooves seldom
present spines or imbrications. The colour is dark variegated
brown, and sharp angulated lines, upon a nearly white ground,
between the ribs. The pale pinkish variety represented by fig. 14,
is in the collection of M. Gruner; the typical specimen, fig. 15, is
from Amboyna.

21. Sponpyius Lamarcxi (pl. lxxxv. f. 20. pl. Ixxxix.
f. 63.), Chenu, Illust. conch. pl. 9. f. 4. p. 6. S. ducalis, var., Zam.
S. spathuliferus, Zam. (?) Chemnitz fig. 474, 475.

S. testa ovali depressa, levi, vel leeviter striaté, purpureo vel
fusco variegati ; margine interiori purpureo ; cardine fusco; costis
principalibus 6, squamis erectiusculis, tenuis, distantibus, compla-
natis, levibus; variat squamis nullis, irregulariter costata.

Shell oval, rather depressed, smooth, or very slightly striated,
purple, variegated with white, with a strong band of dark purple
m the interior; hinge dark brown; six ribs, with distant, thin,
smooth, arched, palmated scales, which in some specimens are
obsolete. This species differs from S. duca/is (if really distinct)
in the absence of the well-defined grey stripes, and in the smooth-
ness of the interstices. We are informed that Lamarck considered
it as a variety of Chemnitz’s 8, ducalis, and Chenu has accordingly
figured it as such, in his plates; but he has subsequently given to

426

it the above name, which is here, with some hesitation, adopted.
The younger shell, figured in Plate lxxxix, is certainly the same as
Chemnitz’s Plate xlvu. fig. 474, 475, referred to by Lamarck as
S. spathuliferus, but differs entirely from those which he has so
named in his own collection.

22. SPoNDYLUS DUCALIS (pl. Ixxxv. f. 16.), Chema. t. 7.
pl. xlvn. f. 477, 478.

S. testa ovali, griseo lineata, prope umbonem variegata, cardine
et auriculis magnis; costis 9 ad 10, vix elevatis, albis; squamis
subarcuatis, palmatis, plerumque distantibus ; interstitiis striatis.

Of an oval form, with broad auricules strippéd with dark grey,
and rather variegated at the apex. There are nine or ten
ribs with short, white, palmated, slightly arched scales. In
many specimens, however, the scales are nearly obsolete. The
grey stripes between the rows of scales form a rather strongly
marked character, in this species, and distinguish it from 8.
Lamarckir.

Locality, “ Indian Seas,” Lamarck. Philippines, H. Cuming.

23. SPONDYLUs FRAGILIS (pl. Ixxxix. f. 57.), nodzs.

S. testa tenui, ovali, tenuissimé striaté, auriculis parvis; squa-
mis erectis, tenuis, numerosis, palmatis, subdivisis, per series 6
principalibus (alternis minoribus), aculeatis dispositis ; interstitiis
imbricatis ; colore palidissimé fulvo, prope umbonem maculis fuscis
interruptim radiato, ad interstitias punctato, ad squamas roseo
tincto; valva inferiori aculeaté, inter spinas scabricula.

Much thinner than the thmnest varieties of §. ducalis, and
having much smaller auricles. The scales are also much thinner
and more gracefully elongated than in that species. The inter-
stices are finely imbricated. The colour is arranged near the apex
in radiating rows of dark angular patches, which near the margin,
are subdivided into minute dots. Mr. Sowerby, sen., posesses two
specimens of this elegant shell, the locality of which is unknown.

24. SponpyLus vaRians (pl. Ixxxvi. f. 21, 22.), Sowerby,
Appendix to Catalogue of Polynesian shells collected by Mr. Sam,
Stuchbury, p. 1. Owen, Article on the ‘ Water-clam’, in Mag. of
Natural History, new series, 1838. Spondylus Delessertii, Chenu.
Tllust. conch. pl. xi. Test. junior, S. obliquus, Chenu. lust.
conch. p. 7. pl. xxiv. f. 5.

427

S. testa ponderosé, minimé libera, plerumque ad umbonem
rubra; area cardinali plerumque elongata, fusco fasciata; valva
inferior! concameraté. Test& juniori levi, triangulari, costis dis-
tantibus, noduliferis radiataé. Testa maturd maxima, ovali, ple-
rumque squamis lingularibus, levibus, depressiusculis, ornata.

From the circumstance of water being retained between the
lamin of the shell in old specimens, this has commonly been
called the ‘“ Water Spondylus.” The young is of a three-cornered
shape, smooth, and of an orange or purple colour, with five or six
beaded ribs, and a very elongated area. The age to which this
form is retained, depends partly upon the period at which the
lower valve becomes free. The full-grown shell is oval, generally
white, except at the umbones, and has numerous long, rather flat-
tened and depressed spathule.

This species was first decided by Mr. Sowerby, Sen., after a com-
parison of the various ages and forms exhibited in the beautiful
series of specimens brought from the Polynesian Islands by Mr. 8.
Stutchbury.

25. SponpyLus LimBatus (pl. Ixxxvui. f. 51.), Sowerby, Jun.,
Proc. Zool. Soc. May, 1847.

S. testa ovali, vix costata, squamis depressis, lavibus, palmatis,
brevibus, in seriebus irregularibus, ineequalibus 6 ad 11 dispositis ;
interstitiis minutissimé striatis; cardine magno; colore squama-
rum croceo, interstitiarum obscuré violaceo, intis limbo pur-

ureo,

: The specimen figured is in the collection of M. Gruner, and
there is also another fine specimen in the British Museum. The
shell is of a loose texture, with seven or eight rows of smooth,
flattened scales, of a brownish orange colour. The interstices are
obscurely ribbed, with occasional imbrications, and are of a dull
purple colour ; which colour constituting the principal pigment, is
shewn in a broad, bright, purple band round the border of the
interior. The hinge-teeth are remarkably large. M. Gruner, G.
B. Sowerby, Sen., and the British Museum have specimens from
the Persian Gulf.

26. Sponpytus Srvensis (pl. Ixxxvu. f. 32, 33, 34.), nobis.

S. testa leevi elongato-ovali, are& cardinali plerumque elongata ;
costis 5 ad 7 principalibus, vix elevatis, squamis levibus, depres-
sis, palmatis ; interstitiis laevibus, costis inzequalibus et squamis
minoribus ; colore pallideé fulvo vel roseo vel albo, prope umbonem
fusco variegato.

428

Remarkable for the smooth, depressed, palmated, spoon-shaped
scales, on the five or seven principal ribs, which are repeated in
miniature in the interstices.

From China.

27. SPONDYLUS AURANTIUS (pl. lxxxiv. f. 1, 2. pl. Ixxxix.
f.55.), Zam. Anim. s. vert. vol. vi. p. 192. an Test. jun. S.
radians, Lam. 8. Nicobaricus, xonnul ?

S. testa ovali, tenui; spinis extantibus subdistantibus subarcu-
atis angustis per series 15 ad 18 dispositis; interstitiis levibus ;
colore spinarum aurantio, inter spinas flavido-rubescente, ad um-
bonem albo, nigro vel rubro variegato, cardine fusco fasciato.
Variat valva superiori albo, nigro radiatim variegato. Variat quo-
que fusco, subtis croceo,

The spines of this species are slender, rather distant from each
other, a little curved and sharp pointed. They are arranged in
from ten to twenty rows. The interstices are smooth. The colour
is, as the name implies, orange, which is ribbed with red between
the spines, while the apex, which is white, with short spines and
presenting those dark spots which form the characteristic of 8.
Nicobaricus. A variety coloured uniformly with dark orange-
brown, and another with the upper valve white, are of frequent
occurrence. Mr. Cuming has the white variety from the Philip-
pines. The greater part of the specimens are from the Sechelle
Islands.

28. Sponpytus Nicoparicus (pl. lxxxvin. f. 48.), Chemn.
vol. vii. t. 45. f. 469, 470. 8S. regius, Zam. Anim. s. vert. vol. vi.
p. 192.

S. testa ovali, tenui; costis vix elevatis numerosis, spinis bre-
vibus, tenuis, subtis concavis ornatis; interstitis striatis; per
series macularum nigrarum vel rubrum radiatim disposito ; variat
purpureo, prope umbones rubro radiatim maculato.

The spines above the slightly elevated; the numerous ribs are
short, and in fine specimens, sharply pointed. The interstices are
striated. The colour is arranged in radiating rows of dark angular
spots, upon a white ground.

The specimen figured is from Bureas, and we have other speci-
mens from the Mauritius. Although the character of this shell
presents a suspicious resemblance to that of the umbo of 8. awran-
tius and 8. zonalis, yet we do not observe, in its approach towards
maturity any disposition in the spines to assume the form by

429

which those species are distinguished; we therefore admit the
species, but not without an impression that it may possibly be
only the young state of those mentioned above.

29. SponpyLus criiatus (pl. Ixxxix. f.52.), wodis. S. acu-
leatus, Brod. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1833, p. 5.

S. testA parva, rotundata, subdepress4, alb&: spinis aculeatis
subrecurvis, frequentibus, gracilibus horrid&; interstitiis minutis-
simé aculeatis.

A small, thin, rounded shell, crowded with long gracefully
curved, extremely slender spines. It is necessary to give a new
name to it, in consequence of the name S. “acudeatus,” having been
previously applied to another species by Chemnitz.

From Lord Hood’s Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. It was found
by Mr. Cuming attached to a piece of coral on the reefs.

30. SponpyLus zonatis (pl. Ixxxv. f. 12, 18. pl. Ixxxvi. f. 27.
pl. Ixxxix. f. 60.), Zam. Anim. s. vert. 6. v.i. p. 183. Chenu.
pl. vu. f. 3, 4. S. Hermaceus, Chenw. Ilust. conch. pl. xxv. f. 3, 4.
p. 6.

S. testa ovali, tenui; costis vix elevatis 20 ad 23, spinis sub-
numerosis, subdepressis, plerumque truncatis, interstitus levibus ;
colore fusco purpurascente, inter spinas fasciatim disposito, umbone
albo, nigro radiatim maculato.

The species nearly resembles S. awrantius, but the spines, or
rather scales, are more numerous, and generally flattened at the
termination. The interstices are smooth. The umbo is white,
spotted with black, as in 8. aurantius and S. Nicobaricus, and the
colour, which is generally purple, is arranged in ribands between
the spines. We had thought of separating the shell represented
by fig. 18, under a new name, and also of admitting Chenu’s 8.
hermmaceus to be distinct, but the shell figured (no. 27), presents
in the central part, the usual character of S. zonalis, near the
margin on the left-hand side, it has the short yellow scales upon a
dark purple ground, for which fig. 18, is remarkable, and on the
right-hand side, the spines which characterize S. herinaceus ; thus
combining the whole.

From the Mauritius, Torres Straits; Mr. Cuming has them
from Isles Ticao, and Minodro, Philippines.

31. SponpyLus canpipus (pl. Ixxiv. f. 3, 4, 5.), Lam. Hist.
nat. anim. s. vert. vol. vi. p. 188.

430

S. testa alba; costis numerosis, inequalibus, angulatis, monili-
feris, nonnunquam rubris; interstitiis striatis.

The ribs are numerous, unequal, angular, with little raised
bead-like notches, which in some specimens are of bright scarlet
colour. We had doubtfully identified this species from the very
slender materials afforded by Lamarck’s description, previously to
seeing Chent’s figure of Lamarck’s shell confirming our view.

Mr. Cuming’s specimens are from Lord Hood’s Island.

32. SponDYLUS Nupus (pl. lxxxvin. f. 39, 40.), Chemn.
vol, ii. p. 235. pl. 203. f. 1989, 1990.

S. testa subtriangulari imbricatim striata; auriculis parvis;
area cardinali elongata; costis 6 albis, parvis, numerosis, minutis-
simé noduliferis; colore rubro. Variat albo, rubro radiatim striato.

A small solid species, with narrow auricules and lengthened
cardinal area, covered with minute beaded ribs. The colour is red,
with six or seven of the principal ribs white; it also occurs white,
broadly striped with red.

The former variety is from the Red Sea, the latter is from the
Phillippine Islands.

33. SponpyLus Gussont (pl. Ixxxix. f. 54.), Costa, Philippi,
Enum. Mollusc. Sicil. vol. i. p. 87. S. minimus, Chenu, Lllust.
conch. ? S. albus, B. M. S. albidus, Brod. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836,
p. 43.

S. testa parva, tenui, ovali, striata, alba; striis minutissimé im-
bricatis.

A small, thin, white, oval, minutely striated shell, with the
strie minutely imbricated. We cannot perceive the difference
between this shell and S. menimus of Chenu, or the one named S.
albus in the British museum.

From the Mediterranean.

34. SponpyLus coccrnevs (pl. Ixxxviii. f. 47.), Zam., Anim.
s. vert. vol. vi. p. 190.

S. testa purpurea, prope umbones radiatim rubro_variegata ;
costis vix elevatis, numerosis ; spinis inzequalibus, brevibus validis.
- The distinction between this species and the variety of S. spa-
thuliferus most nearly resembling it (fig. 61), is that the former is
covered by numerous short spenes, while the spathula of the
latter are less numerous and more distant. It is uncertain whether
fig. 56, which at p. 419 is included as a variety of S. dongitudi-

431

nals, may be an undeveloped specimen of that species, or of S.
coceineus. Fig, 24 may probably be referred to this species.

SPECIES NOT IDENTIFIED.

35. S. amBicuus, Chénu, lust. conch., pl. xxvin. f. 1.

“'T, meequivalvi, superioré fuscia; inferioré croced radiato-cos-
tata et spinosa.”

Very probably a variety of S. zonalis, but possibly distinct.

America.

36. S. Astaticus, Chénu, Illust. conch. pl. xxiv. f. 1, 2.

“'T, ineequivalvi, cinereo vel fusca violascenti, longitudinaliter
costata et spinosi, spimis squamosis truncatis.”

This I suppose to be new, but both the specimens figured are
covered with extraneous matter.

37. S. excavatus, Chénu, Illust. conch. pl. xxix. f. 2.

“'T. ineequivalvi, utrinque violaceo-muticé; costis 9 longitudi-
nalibus, et costis 6—7 ad interstitia.”
Possibly a worn and undeveloped specimen of 8. Cumingit.

38. S. eracttis, Chénu, Ilust. conch. p. xxvi. f. 1.

“T. alba, multicostataé, et tenuiter spinosd, costis intermediis
minoribus spinosisque ; intts alba, ad limbum rosea.”
A small white shell, rather resembling 8. candidus, Lamarck.

39. S. rima, Chénu, Ilust. conch. p. 6. pl. xxiv. f. 7.

«T. violaced albido-maculosa, fusco zonaté ; multicostatd et spi-
nosd; costis minimis approximatis, spinis tenuissimis.”
“Cette espéce est fort voisin du S. radius, mais elle en différe
Ly 4 rd Wy yf x =
par la regularité de ces cotes toutes égales, par la tenuité des épines,
et luniformité de sa coloration.”

40. S. rostratus, Chénu, lust. conch. pl. xxvi. f. 4.
«'T. inequivalvi, albida, violaceo-maculata, longitudinaliter mi-
nimé striata ; costis 10-majoribus ; valva inferiori ventricos&; area,
cardinali maxima, curvata; intis albida.”

432

SPONDYLUS.

LIST OF FIGURES IN PLATES LXXXV. TO LXXXIX.

Half the natural diameter. The figure after each is the number of the species.

Rig. Fig.
1, 2. S. aurantius, sp. 27. | 38. S. asperrimus, 10.
3,4, 5. — candidus, 31. 39, 40. — nudus, 32.
6 to10. — petroselenum, 4. 41. — Gederopus, 2.
11. — aculeatus, 3. 42. — Americanus, var. 1.
12. — zonalis, 30. 43, 44. — imperialis, 16.
13. — aculeatus, 3. 45. — pictorum, 13.
14, 15. — variegatus, 20. 46. — microlepos, 12.
16. — ducalis, 22. 47. — coccineus, 34.
17. — pictorum, 13. | 48, — Nicobaricus, 28.
18. — zonalis, 30. | 49. — petroselenum, var. 4.
19. — unicolor, 15. | 50. — lingua-felis, 8.
20. — Lamarckii, 21. | 51. — limbatus, 25.
21, 22. — varians, 24. 52. — ciliatus, 29.
23. — longitudinalis, 6. 53. — armatus, 17.
24. — spathuliferus, 11. 54. — Gussoni, 33.
25. — longitudinalis, 6. 55. — aurantius, var. 27.
seu coccineus, var. ? 56. — longitudinalis, var. 6.
26. — spathuliferus, 11. seu coccineus, var. P
27. -— zonalis, 30. 57. — fragilis, 23.
28. — pictorum, 13. 58, 59. — digitatus, 7.
29. — Geederopus, 2. 60. — zonalis, 30.
30. — regius, 18. 61. — spathuliferus, 11.
31. — croceus, 5. 62. — Cumingii, 19.
32 to 34. — Sinensis, 26. 63. — Lamarckii, 21.
35, 36. — leucacantha, 14. 64, 65. —- Americanus, 1.

37. — tenuispinosus, 9.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

aculeatus, sp. 3. f. 11, 13.
albidus, see Gussoni, 33.
albus, see Gussoni, 33.
ambiguus, 35, unidentified.

Americanus, sp. 1. f. 42, 64, 65.
arachnoides, see Americanus, lL.

armatus, 17. f. 53.
Asiaticus, 36, unidentified.
asperrimus, 10. f. 38.
aurantius, 27. f. 1, 2, 55.
candidus, 31. f. 3 to 5.
ciliatus, 29. f. 52.
aculeatus, 3.

coccineus, 34. f. 47.
crassisquama, see pictorum, 13.
croceus, 5. f. 31.
Cumingii, 19. f. 62.
costatus, see petroselenum, 4.
dentatus, see aculeatus, 3.
digitatus, 7. f. 58, 59.
dubius, see aculeatus, 3.
ducalis, 22. f. 16.

ducalis, see Lamarckii, 21.
excavatus, 37, unidentified.
fragilis, 23. f. 57.
Geederopus, 2. f. 29, 41.
gracilis, 38, unidentified.
Gussoni, 33. f. 54.
herinaceus, see zonalis, 30.

imperialis, 16. f. 43, 44.
Lamarckii, 21. f. 20, 63.
limbatus, sp. 25. f. 51.
Lima, 39, unidentified.
lingua-felis, 8. f. 50.
longitudinalis, 6. f. 23, 25.
leucacantha, 14. f. 35, 36.
minimus, see Gussoni, 33.
monachus, Chénu, spathuliferus,
var.? LI.
multilamellatus, see longitudina-
lis, 6. and petroselenum, 4.
Nicobaricus, 28. f. 48.
microlepos, 12. f. 46.
nudus, 32. f. 39, 40.
petroselenum, 4. f. 6 to 10, 49,
pictorum, 13. f. 28, 17, 45.
princeps, see pictorum, 13.
radians, Lam., Nicobaricus, 28.
regius, 18. f. 30.
rostratus, 40, unidentified.
Sinensis, 26. f. 32 to 34.
spathuliferus, 11. f. 26, 61.
tenuispinosus, 9. f. 37.
unicolor, 15. f. 19.
varians, 24. f. 21, 22.
variegatus, 20. f. 14, 15.
violascens, see spathuliferus, 11.
zonalis, 30. f. 12, 18, 27, 60.

435

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS
PLICATULA.

Class, Conchifera. Order, Monomyaria. Fam., Pectinides.

Gen. Char. “Testa ineequivalvis, inarticulata, basi (aper) at-
tenuata; margine supero (ventra/) rotundato, subplicato ; natibus
ineequalibus ; areis externis nullis. Cardo dentibus duo validis in
utraque valvaé. Fovea intermedia ligamentum penitts internum
recipiens.” Lamarck.

The Plicatule ave irregular, attached, bivalve shells, with one
muscular impression, and two teeth, locking mto corresponding
hollows in each valve. In the attached valve, there is an external
triangular area at the hinge, but the ligament cartilage in
both valves is internal, being placed in a cicatrix between the
the teeth. All the species are, when freely developed, somewhat
triangular in form, and plicated ; but when fixed by a large portion
of their surface they lose their plicated character, and take the
form of substances to which they are attached, the plication only
commencing when the shell begins to grow freely.

Between species so nearly resembling each other in their defor-
mities, as well as in their regular characters, it is impossible to
distinguished with certainty by any permanent characters. All we
undertake to do is to give a general account of the distinctions
sought to be established by others.

1. Pricatuta Ramosa (pl. xc. f. 1 to 4.), Lam. Anim. s.
vert. vol. vi. p. 184. Plicatula gibbosa, idzd. Spondylus plicatus,
Linn. Gel. p. 3298.

P. testa solidi, crassi; plicis subrotundatis, geminatis; colore
pallidé fulvo, plicis lineis brevibus griseis vel rubris ornatis.

The shell is solid; the plicee are rounded, of average number,
and repeatedly doubled so as to branch out towards the margin.
The colour is arranged in short grey or red lines, on the top of
the folds. Lamarck gives America as the locality. Fig 4 is from
a specimen belonging to Mr. Cuining, from Lord Hood’s Island.

436

2. PLicaTuLa cristata (pl. xc. f. 8.), Lam. Anim. s. vert.
vol. vi. p. 185. PP. reniformis, Zam., inclusa, D’ Ord.

P. testa. solida; plicis paucis, magnis, angulatis, ad angulos
fuscis, ad latera rubro-lineatis. Variat testa alba.

Having the plice larger, more angular, and less numerous
than P. ramosa, and not generally divided, as in that species.
Mr. Dyson has brought a white variety from Honduras Bay; Mr.
Adams has collected the ordinary variety at Jamaica.

3. PricatuLa DEPRESSA (pl. xc. f. 7.), Zam. Anim. s. vert.
vol. vi. p. 185.

P. testa solida, plicis numerosis, raro divisis; colore per lineas
et punctas disposito.

The folds are much more numerous than in the other species,
and very few of them divided. The flatness from which the spe-
cies is named, is merely an accident in the specimen.

4, PricatuLa ausTRALIs (pl. xci. f. 20 to 22.), Lam. Anim.
s. vert. vol. vi. p. 185.

P. testa tenui, subrotundaté, depressé, nigro punctata; plicis
parvis, irregulariter ramosis, imbricatis, interrupts.

The slightly raised ribs are irregularly branched, and occasion-
ally interrupted by turned up points. The shell is generally
spotted with black, but it occurs smooth, and without spots. The
form is not so angular as in other species.

From Australia, Lamarck. Philippines, Cuming.

5. Pricatuta Puiriprinarum (pl. xe. f.5? 9, 10, 11, 18,
14. p. xci. f. 23?) Hanley, Recent Shells.

P. testa solida, rubro vel nigro lineata, plicis magnis, continuis,
angulatis, raro divisis, angulis subimbricatis.

This species has large, angular plicee, more numerous than in
P. cristata, and generally imbricated at the angles. The lines of
colour are longer. In the shells represented by figures 9, 10 and
11, no part of the surface is plicated, because no part has grown
freely. In fig. 23, the ribs and even the lines of growth in the
area to which the lower valve is attached, is shown distinctly on
the outside of the upper valve.

Collected by Mr. Cuming in the Philippine Islands.

437

6. PricaTuLa imBricata (pl. xc. f. 6. pl. xci. f. 15 to 18.),
Menke, Moll. Nov. Hollandiz, p. 35.

P. testa subfoliacea, plicis angulatis, magnis, alternatim divisis,
ad angulos foliis extantibus fornicatis, imbricatis; colore fulvo,
lineis rubris. Variat fusco, et albo, lineis nullis.

The folds are angular, with foliaceous vaulted imbrications, the
average form and number of which are shown in fig. 18. Fig. 6 is
extreme specimen with which we are favoured by Mr. Hanley.
Fig. 15, 16 represent the Chinese variety. Fig. 17 is of a specimen
collected at the Bay of Manila, Island of Corregidor, by Mr.
Cuming. The var. fig. 18 was collected by Mr. David Dyson at
Hondurus Bay.

7. PuicatuLa puBta (pl. xc. f.12? pl. xci. £19. Hanley,
Recent Shells.

P. testa tenui, foliaced, depress subrotundata; plicis brevibus,
interruptis, irregularibus, foliis extantibus fornicatis truncatis non-
nullis ; colore fusco rubescente, fusco maculato, prope umbones
punctato.

Similar to P. australis, but with the interrupted plice more
irregular, and fewer in number, with occasional upturned vaulted
ends.

Collected by Mr. Cuming at the Island of Samar, and at the
Island of Cana, West Columbia.

LIST OF FIGURES IN PLATES XC. AND XCI.

Fig.
1 to 4. P. ramosa, sp. 1. (P. giddosa, Genera of Shells.)
5. — Philippinarum, var. sp. 5.

6. —- imbricata, 6.
7. — depressa, 3.
8. — cristata, 2.

9 to 11. — Philippinarum, 5.
12. — dubia, var.(?) sp. 7.
13, 14. — Philippinarum, 5.
15 to 18. — imbricata, 6.
19, — dubia, 7.
20 to 22. — australis, 4.
23. — Philippinarum, var. (?) sp. 5.

we

438

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS
PEDUM.

Class, Conchifera. Order, Monomyaria. um., Pectinides.

Gen. Char. “Testa inzequivalvis, subauriculata; valva inferiori
hiante; natibus ineequalibus, divaricatis. Cardo edentulus. Liga-
mentum partim externum, in fossulé canaliformi natium pariete
interna affixum. Valva inferior prope basin posticam emarginata.”

Inequivalve, foliaceous, attached by a byssus passing through
an opening in the side of the lower valve. Hinge with a trian-
gular area in each valve, that of the attached valve considerably
largest. Ligament on the area, and the elastic cartilage in a
groove in the centre of the area, terminating in the interior.

Pepum Sponpyiorpeum (pl. xci. f. 1 to 4.), Zam. Anim. s.
vert. vol. vi. p. 154. Ostreea Spondyloidea, Gmed. no. 109.

P. testa cuneiformi, depress4, imbricatim striata, valve infe-
rioris area cardinali magna, lateribus reflexis; colore fulvo, pur-
pureo nigrescente marginato. Variat albo.

Wedge-shaped, flat, with the sides of the lower valve turned
upwards, and the surface striated with rows of raised points. The
young (fig. 2) is much shorter in proportion than the full-grown
shell. The smoothness of var. f. 4 is accidental.

From the Isle of France.

Puate XCI.
Fig. 1. Pedum Spondyloideum.
2. The same, young.
3. White variety.
4, Smooth variety.

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Z a 2 f 2 2 ee
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SS v8 N faed b
2 Ws 5 ELE S - 5%
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i Zz
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z = eX ” ra
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m SS S pass Ce a 2 fa ~
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2 3 a A : = 3S
NI_NVINOSHLIWS LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI_ NVINC
ra a :
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

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