THE STUDENT'S FLOKA OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS. THE STUDENT'S FLOKA itis^ fafantos. BY J. I): HOOKER, C.B., M.D., D.C.L. OXON., IX. D. CASTAB., F.U.S., K.L.S., F.G. DIRECTOR OF THE ROYAL GAEDEK8, KEW. Bonbon: MACMILLAN AND CO. 1870. [The Eight of Translation and production is reserved.] I.OKDOK : CLAY, SOS8, AND TAYLOR, 1'UINTERH, BRICAU 8TRKET HILL. PREFACE. THE object of this work is to supply students and field-botanists with a fuller account of the Plants of the British Islands than the manuals hitherto in use aim at giving. For the number and kinds of plants introduced as composing the British Flora proper, I have been guided by the " London Catalogue of British Plants," 6th ed., 1867 ; being fully satisfied that I should thus best serve the interests of British Botany. The difficult task of determining which of the many doubtfully indigenous or naturalized plants should be regarded as British by adoption or otherwise, or the reverse, has in the successive editions of this Catalogue been settled by tbe two Bota- nists most competent to form an opinion, not only by many years of research and thorough knowledge, but also by matured judgment in such matters; Messrs. H. C. Watson and J. Boswell Syme. It is true that I may think some of the species they have introduced have less claims than some they have rejected, but this applies to very few cases indeed. I have included but one species that is not in the Catalogue, Claytvnia perfoliata, very lately but certainly now established as a colonist. The Ordinal, Generic, and Specific characters have been rewritten, and are to a great extent original, and drawn from living or dried specimens or both. After working them out, I have also consulted the usual British and Continental Floras, and collated the descriptions throughout with Mr. Syme's Edition of English Botany (to the end of Oyperacds}, of the vi PREFACE. descriptions in which work I cannot speak in terms of too high praise. By this method of re-description, whilst I believe I have avoided some errors of my predecessors, I have no doubt made others of my own : such creep into all endeavours to describe most or all of the organs of many species: and if I have made many such blunders, a part may be attri- butable to the fact that various Genera were described amidst constant interruptions, and all under pressure of official duties. The adoption of sub-species will, I hope, prove generally acceptable, though open to abundant criticism in details; indeed, in a good many cases this subdivision is almost purely arbitrary. In defining the sub- species I have been much guided by the views held by British Botanist s, and especially as expressed in the London Catalogue. The terminology employed is intended to be as simple as I think is attainable with a due regard to precision of language. As a rule, I have been guided in the choice of terms by Oliver's " Lessons in Elementary Botany," and I have especially avoided terras applied to single Orders, or of special signification in single Orders or Genera. It is not easy to be consistent in this matter, in a work extending over so many different Orders, and occupying so many months in its preparation ; and I fear that I may have at times forgotten my own principles. For modifications of the fruit the choice of terms presents great difficulty ; and I have therefore very much confined myself to such as are required to avoid periphrasis, as capsule, drupe, berry, utricle, follicle, pod, &c. (about which there is no ambiguity), and to achene for the dry indehiscent carpels of an apocar- pous fruit. For Grasses, Composites, &c. the term fruit is itself sufficiently explicit, its nature being always explained in the Ordinal description. The term nutlet for the parts of the fruit of Borraginea: and Labiatee 1 have borrowed from Asa Gray. The Keys to the Genera are naturally arranged, but in Umbellifera I have added an artificial key, as essential for the determination of a Genus before the whole Order has been studied. I have added no keys to the Species, preferring curt diagnoses which embrace the more PREFACE. vii important characters of the plant ; finding, moreover, from experience, that such keys promote very superficial habits amongst students. For the areas and elevations inhabited by the Species in the British Isles I am wholly indebted to Mr. Watson's accurate works, and espe- cially to his (unfortunately unpublished) " Compendium of the Cybele Britannica," 1868-9. The limits of the more or less local Species are here defined by the counties, and the addition of northwards or southwards indicates that they extend to Caithness and Sutherland, and to Cornwall and Kent, respectively. When a plant is remarkable for its absence in Ireland, this is stated ; and when rare or local in Ireland, its limits are taken from the "Cybele Hibernica" of More and Moore, a standard work. Of the altitudes, I have chosen the highest the Species attains, and indicated the region where this is the case ; where no elevation is given, the Species is not known to ascend to 1,000 feet, and may be assumed to be a " low-ground" plant. To the doubtfully indigenous Species I have added Watson's opinion as to whether they are " colonists " or "denizens," &c. The extra-British distributions I had worked out myself for most of the British plants before the appearance of Mr. Wat- son's " Compendium ; " I have, however, revised them by means of the latter work with great advantage. The estimates of the numbers of Genera in the Orders, and of Species in the Genera, are compiled from the Kew Herbarium, and from many other sources, and are unavoidably very vague ; they serve to indicate to the student the relative extent of these groups. The notices of their affinities and properties are necessarily extremely brief indications. The etymologies I have endeavoured to reduce to really useful limits. Only such English names as are pretty well known are given, and for these I have in many cases been guided by Dr. Alexander-Prior's " Popular Names of British Plants," a very good book. I am greatly obliged to Mr. J. G. Baker for an account of the Genera Rubus, Rosa, and Hieracium, and wish that I had enlisted his services for the aquatic Ranunculi, of which I have admitted too many Sub-species. viii PREFACE. I am also indebted to him and to Professor Oliver for the careful revision of the proof-sheets, and for many valuable facts, opinions, and sug- gestions during the progress of the work. When I commenced this FLORA, it was my intention to have made it a record of those physiological and morphological observations on British plants which have of late given so great an impulse and zest to botanical pursuits ; and towards which I was offered much assistance from my friends Mr. Darwin, Professor Oliver, and Professor Dioksou of Glasgow ; and this intention was my chief inducement to undertake the work. I had, however, made but little progress before I discovered that the num- ber of such observations was so great, and that the value, accuracy, and interpretation of many were so much disputed, that to make even a small selection from them would be a very difficult task, and would have filled a volume far exceeding the dimensions required for students. I do not, however, abandon the hope of being able at some future time ID undertake such a task, in the form of a Companion to the STUM vr'> ROYAL GARDENS, KKW, May I, 1870. SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS (ADAPTED TO THE BRITISH GENEEA). THE arrangement here adopted adheres very closely to the Jus- sieuan as modified by De Oandolle, which, notwithstanding its many defects (inseparable from a linear arrangement), is, I think, as good as any of those subsequently proposed,* and has the great advantage of being that most generally adopted in the Universities and Schools of Great Britain and America, and in systematic works everywhere. Its great defect is the necessity of an Apetalons division, embracing a hetero- geneous mass of Orders, which have rarely any mutual affinities, and are incapable of being naturally grouped. Some of these are obviously allied to Polypetalous or Monopetalous Orders, but cannot be placed in contiguity with these without interfering with other and closer alliances ; some again present cross affinities with two or more often distant Orders ; and the greater proportion have no ascertained affinities. Under these circumstances, and seeing how much the retention of the Apetalous division facilitates the often difficult task of finding the Natural Order of a plant, it appears to me to be premature to depart from the Jussieuan system. CLASS I. DICOTYLE'DONS. Stem when perennial, with pith, one or more concentric layers of woody tissue and a separable bark. Leaves usually net-veined. Whorls of the pirianth in 4's or 5's. Embryo with 2 cotyledons ; the radicle itself usually elongating in germination. DIVISION I. Polypet'alse. Plotters with both calyx and corolla (dichlamydeous). Petals free. (See also the exceptional Monopetalce.) Exceptions : Flowers wanting either calyx or corolla occur in : 1, RANUNCU- LACE.E ; 6, CRUCIFEBJE (5 C'ardamine, 16 Senebiera, and 17 Lepidiuni); 9, VIOIACEJE (apetalous forms of Viola) ; 12, CARYOPHYLLE.S; (8 Arenaria § Cherleria, 9 Sagina) ; 14, PARONYCHiKjE (2 Herniaria, 4 tkleranthus) ; 27, ROSACE* (8 Alchemilla, 10 Poterium); 28, SAXIFRAGES (2 Clirysosple- nium) ; 31, HALORAGE.E ; 32, ONAGRARIEJE (2 LuiUrigia) ; 33, LYTHRACE.E (2 Peplis). * Of these the principal are : that of Brongniart, adopted in the Paris Schools ; of Enrtlicher, in many of the German Schools ; of Fries, by various botanists in Scandi- navia ; and of Lindley (" The Vegetable Kingdom"}, which has been partially followed in England and India alone. x SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. Petals more or less adherent or coherent occur in : 5, FUMARIACE* ; 10, POLY- GALE^: ; 13, PORTULACE.E ; 14*, TAMARISCINK.*: ; 17, MALVACEAE ; 21, ILICI- NE,E ; 29, CBABSULAOKa (2 Cotyledon) ; 30, CUCURBITACE*:. SUB-DIVISION 1. Thalamifio'rse. Stamem inserted on the receptacle (hypogynous) free from the calyx, or on a disk that terminates the pedicel. Ovary superior. Exceptions. Stamens apparently perigynous or epigynous in 3 Nymphceacece (1 Xympltcea) and 14 Paronychiece. See also 30 Droseraceee ; Parnassia in 23 Saxifrages ; and 44 Ericaceae. * Pistil apocarpous, carpels 1 or more ; ovules stitural or lasal. (See also 17 Malvaceae and 20 Geraniaceae.) 1. EANUNCULACE^E. Flowers regular or irregular. Stamens indefinite ; anthers basifixed, opening by slits. Seeds albuminous. — Herbs with al- ternate leaves (except Clematis), (p. 1.) 2. BERBERinEjE. Floivers regular, 3-merons. Stamens definite, opposite the petals ; anthers basifixed, opening by recurved valves. Seeds albumi- nous.— Shrubs ; leaves alternate ; flowers often showy, (p. 12.) ** Pistil syncarpous, 1-celled (except 3 Nymphsoacese), or 2-celled by a membranous septum ; ovules parietal, rarely basal. 3. NYMPH^ACEJB. Flowers regular. Stamens indefinite ; anthers basi- fixed. Ovary many-celled ; ovules scattered over the walls of the cells ; stigmas sessile. Seeds albuminous. — Water-herbs; flowers showy, (p. 1.'5.) 4. PAPAVERACE.E. Flowers regular, 2-merous. Stamens indefinite; an- thers basifixed. Ovules parietal or on the surfaces of partial dissepiments ; style 1 or stigmas sessile. Seeds albuminous. — Herbs ; juice milky ; leaves alternate, exstipulate ; flowers usually showy, (p. 14.) 5. FUMAKIACE.E. Flowers irregular. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 6 in 2 bundles. Ovary 1-celled ; ovules many parietal, or 1 (by suppression ) basal ; style 1 or 0. Seeds albuminous. — -Weak herbs with exstipulate alternate leaves ; flowers usually small, (p. 17.) 6. CRUCIFER.E. Flowers usually regular. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamen* usually 6, 4 longer than the others. Ovary 1-2-celled, of 2 carpels ; ovules parietal ; style 1 or 0. Seeds exalbuminous. — Herbs ; leaves exstipuhttc, alternate ; flowers usually small and ebracteate. (p. 19.) 7. RESEDACE^:. Flmvers irregular. Sepals and petals 4-7 each. Stamens indefinite. Ovary 1-celled, of 2-6 carpels, at length open at the top ; ovules parietal ; stigmas sessile. Seeds exalbuminous. — Herbs ; leaves alternate, stipules glandular or 0 ; flowers small, greenish, (p. 41.) 8. CISTINE*. Flowers regular. Sepals 3-5. Petals 5. Stamens indefi- nite. Ovary 1-celled, of 3 carpels ; ovules parietal ; styles 3. Seeds albuminous. — Shrubs ; leaves usually stipulate ; flowers yellow or red, showy ; petals fugacious, (p. 42. ) 9. VioLACE.fi. Flowers irregular. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5 each. Ovary 1-celled ; ovules parietal ; style 1. Capsule 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds albuminous. — Herbs ; leaves alternate, stipulate ; flowers often ehowy. (p. 43.) SYNOPSIS 'OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. xi 11. FKANKENIACE/E. Flowers regular. Sepals, petals, and stamens 4-6 each. Ovary 1-celled, of 2-5 carpels ; ovules parietal ; style 1. — A lit- toral herb ; leaves opposite, exstipulate ; flowers squall, (p. 47.) *** Pistil syncarpoiis, 1-celled ; placenta free-central or basal. 12. CARYOPHYLLEvE. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals 4 or 5 each. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovules many ; styles 2-5. Seeds albuminous ; embryo curved. — Herbs ; leaves opposite, stipulate or not; flowers usually small and pink or white, (p. 48. ) 13. PORTULACE.«. Flowers regular. Sepals 2. Petals 4 or more. Stamens 3 or more. Ovules 2 or more ; style 1, 2-3-fid. Seeds albu- minous ; embryo curved.— Herbs ; leaves opposite or alternate, quite entire ; flowers small, (p. 63.) 14. PAKONYCHIEJE. Flowers regular. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5 or 0. Stamens 1-5. Ovule 1 ; style 1, 2-3-fid. Seeds albuminous ; embryo usually curved. — Herbs; leaves opposite or alternate, stipulate or not, quite entire or serrulate; flowers small or minute, (p. 64.) 14*. TAMARISCINE.S. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals 4-5 each. Stamens 4 or more. Ovules 2 or more ; styles 3-4.— Shrubs ; leaves minute, exstipulate ; flowers small, (p. 66.) **** Pistil syncarpoiis, 2- or more-celled ; placentas axile. 10. POLYGALE^E. Floivcrs irregular. Inner sepals petaloid. Petals adnate to the staminal sheath. Stamens 8 ; anthers 1-celled. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled ; style 1. — Herbs; leaves alternate or subopposite, exstipulate ; flowers small, usually blue. (p. 46.) 15. ELATINE.E. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals 3-4 each. Stamens 3-4 or twice as many, free. Ovary 2-5-celled ; styles 2-5. Seeds minute ; albumen scanty or 0. — Water-herbs; leaves opposite, stipulate; flowers minute, (p. 67.) 16. HYPERICINE^E. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals 5 each. Sta- mens many, united in bundles. Ovary more or less completely 3-5-celled, cells many-ovuled ; styles 3-5. Seeds exalbuminous. — Herbs or shrubs ; leaves opposite, often gland-dotted, exstipulate ; flowers often showy, yellow, (p. 68.) 17. MALVACE.E. Flou-ers regular. Sepals 5, valvate. Petals 5, con- volute in bud, adnate to the staminal tube. Stamens monadelphoiis ; anthers 1-celled. Ovary many-celled, cells 1-ovuled (in British genera). Albumen scanty or 0 ; embryo crumpled. — Herbs or shrubs ; leaves alter- nate, stipulate ; flowers often showy, (p. 70.) 18. TILIACE.E. Flowers regular. Sepals 5, valvate. Petals 5. Stamens indefinite ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 2-10-celled ; cells 2-ovuled ; style 1. Seeds albuminous. — Trees : leaves alternate, stipulate ; flowers not showy, (p. 72.) 19. LINE^E. Flowers regular. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, convolute in bud. Stamens usually 4-5. Ovary 3-5- (-10-) celled, cells 1-2-ovuled ; styles 3-5. Seeds albuminous. — Herbs ; leaves opposite or alternate, narrow, quite entire, exstipulate ; flowers usually showy, (p. 73.) 20. GERAMACEJE. Flowers regular or not. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5, xii SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. imbricate in bud. Stamens definite. Ovary 3-5-lobed and -celled ; fells 1 - inany-ovuled ; styles 1 or more. Albumen scanty or 0; cotyledons plaited or convolute. — Herbs ; leaves opposite or alternate, usually stipu- late ; flowers often showy, (p. 75.) 21. ILICINE.E. Flowers regular. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5? often con- nate, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 3-5-celled, cells 1-2- ovuled. Seeds albuminous. — Shrubs ; leaves evergreen, alternate, exsti- pulate ; flowers small, (p. 80.) 22. EHPETRACEJB. Flowers regular, dioecious. Sepals 3. /'•/,, /s- n, imbricate in bud. Stamens 3. Ovary 3-9-celled, cells 1-ovulcd. >' dt albuminous. — Small shrubs; leaves evergreen, alternate, exstipulate ; flowers inconspicuous, (p. 81.) SUB-DIVISION 2. Calyciflo'ree. Stamens inserted on the calyx or disk (perigynous or epigynous). — See also the exceptional Thalamiflorcc. Exceptions. Stamens hypogynous in 28 SAXIKUAGEJE (3 Parnansia), and in 30 DBO8ERACE.fi; epipetalous in some 29 CRASSULACRS ; obscurely perigynous in 26 LEGUMINOS^E. * Ovary superior (except some Rosaceae and Saxifrageae). Stamen* /"/•//////<"".<. 23. CELASTRINE.S:. Flowers regular. Calyx 4-5-lobed, and petals 4-5, both imbricate in bud. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the disk. Ovary 3-5- celled, cells with 2 erect ovules. Seeds arillate ; cotyledons foliaceous. — Trees or shrubs ; leaves various ; flowers small, (p. 81.) 24. RHAMXK.K Flowers regular. Calyx 4-5-lobed, valvate in bud. Petals 4-5, minute. Stamens 1 opposite each petal, inserted on the calyx- tube at the edge of the disk. Ovary 3-celled ; ovule 1 erect in each cell. — Shrubs ; leaves alternate or opposite, stipules small ; flowers inconspi- cuous, (p. 82.) 25. SAPINDACE*:, Tribe ACERINE*:. .F/owers regular. CWp 4-8-lobed, and /iifals 4-9, both imbricate in bud. Stamens 8-12, inserted on the dihk. Ovary 2-lobed and -celled ; cells 2-ovuled. Fruit a samara ; cotyledons plaited. — Trees or shrubs ; leaves opposite ; flowers rather small, green, (p. 83.) 26. LEGUMINOS,S:. Flowers irregular, papilionaceous. Stamens 10, subhypogynous or inserted on the calyx-tube, all or 9 of them combined. Ovary of 1 carpel. Fruit a legume. Albumen 0. — Herbs or shrubs ; leaves usually alternate compound and stipulate, (p. 84.) 27. ROSACES. Flowers regular. Calyx 4-5- (rarely 8-9-^ lobed, im- bricate or valvate in bud. Petals 4-5 (rarely 8-9 or 0), imbricate in bud. Stamens usually indefinite, inserted on the calyx-tube or disk, incurved in bud. Ovary of 1 or more 1'ree or connate 1- or more-ovuled carpels. Fruit various. Albumen 0. — Herbs or shrubs; leaves usually alternate, stipulate ; flowers often showy, (p. 105.) 28. SAXIFRAGE*. Flowers regular. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, rarely 0, imbricate in bud. Stamens definite. Carpels fewer tlnn tli< petals, usually 2 connate ; placentas axile, rarely parietal. Fn'it various. Seeds albuminous. — Herbs or shrubs ; leaves opposite or alternate, stipu- late or not ; flowers small, (p. 128.) SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. xiii 29. CRASSULACE^E. Flowers regular. Calyx 4-12-lobed. Petals 4-12. Stamens twice as many as the petals (except 1 Tillcea). Fruit follicular. — Herbs ; leaves succulent, exstipulate ; flowers small, (p. 135.) 30. DROSERACE.E. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many, hypogynous or perigynous. Ovary 1 -celled ; ovules many, parietal. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous. — Glandular herbs ; leaves radical ; flowers small, white or pink. (p. 139..) 33. LYTHRACE.E. Flowers regular. Calyx-lobes 3-6, valvate in bud. Petals 3-6, crumpled in bud. Stamens definite. Ovary 2-6-celled, cells many-ovuled. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds exalbuininous.-^Ierbs ; leaves opposite or whoiiecl, quite entire, exstipulate ; flowers often showy. (p. 146.) ** Ovary inferior. Stamens epigynout. 31. HALORAGEJE. Flowers usually apetalous and 1 -sexual. Calyx-lobes 2-4, valvate in bud, or 0. Stamens 1 or more, definite. Ovary 1-4-celled, cells l-o vuled. Seeds albuminous. — Herbs, often marsh or aquatic ; leaves opposite alternate or whorled, exstipulate ; flowers very inconspicuous, (p. 140.) 32. OXAGBARIEJS. Flowers usually regular. Calyx-lobes 2 or 4, valvate in bud. Petals 2 or 4, twisted in bud. Stamens definite. Ovary 1- 4- celled, cells 1-many-seeded. Seeds exalbuminous. — Herbs; leaves oppo- site or alternate, exstipulate ; flowers often showy, (p. 142.) 34. CtrotTBBITACBJB. Flowers regular, 1 -sexual. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed. Stamens 3. Ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled. Fruit a berry. Seeds exalbuminous. — Herbs with tendrils ; leaves alternate, ex- stipulate ; flowers showy or not. (p. 148.) 35. UAIBELLIFER.E. Flowers usually regular. Calyx-lobes 5 or 0. Petals 5. Stamens 5, incurved in bud. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2 ; ovules solitary. Fruit of 2 separable indehiscent dry carpels. Seeds albuminous.— Herbs ; leaves alternate ; flowers usually umbelled, small, (p. 149.) 36. ARALIACE.E. Flowers of Umbelliferce, but shrubs or trees ; ovary of often more than 2 carpels, and fruit a berry.— Leaves alternate; flowers usually green, (p. 171.) 37. COENACE^B. Flowers regular. Calyx-lobes 5 or 0. Petals 4-5. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 2-celled, cells 1-ovuled ; style simple. Drupe 1-2-celled. Seeds albuminous. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees ; leaves opposite ; flowers usually small, (p. 172.) DIVISION II. Monopet'alje or Gamopet'alse. Flowers with both calyx and corolla (dichlamydeous) ; petals more or less connate into a 2- or more-lobed corolla. — See also various mono- petalous genera under the exceptional Polypetalce. Exceptions : Petals free in 44 ERICACEAE (11 Pyrola and 12 Monotropa) and 59 PLUMBAGKEJ5. Corolla absent in 45 OLEINE.E (2 Fraxinus), and 58 PKI- MULACE.E (4 Glaux). xiv SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 1. Ovary inferior. — (See also 58 PRIMULACE.E (8 Samolus) in 2.) * Stamens epipetalous; see also 43 CAMPANULACE^: (1 Lobelia). 38. CAPRIFOLIACE^E. Flowers regular or not. Corolla-lobes valvatc or imbricate in bud. Ovary 1-5-celled, cells 1- or more-ovulcd. Seeds albuminous. — Shrubs, rarely herbs ; leaves opposite, exstipulate ; flowers usually showy, (p. 173.) 39. RuBiACE.E, Tribe STELLATE. Flowers regular. Corolla-lobes valvate in bud. Ovary 2-celled ; cells 1-ovuled. Seeds albuminous. — Herbs ; leaves whorled or opposite, exstipulate ; flowers- small or minute, (p. 176.) 40. VALERIANS^:. Flowers irregular. Corolla-lobes imbricate. Stamens 1-3 or 5, free. Ovary 1-3-celled, one cell 1-ovuled ; ovule pendulous. Seeds exalbuminous. — Herbs; leaves opposite ; flowers smalL (p. 181.) 41. DirsACEwE. Flowers regular or not, in iuvolucrate heads. Corolla- lobes imbricate. Stamens 4. Ovary 1-celled ; ovule 1, pendulous. Seeds albuminous. — Herbs; leaves opposite, exstipulate; flowers small, (p. 183.) 42. COMPOSITE. Flowers in involucrate heads. Corolla-lobes valvate. Stamens 4-5 ; anthers usually connate. Ovary 1-celled ; ovule 1, erect. Seeds exalbuminous. — Herbs, rarely shrubs ; leaves various, exstipulate ; flowers small or minute, (p. 184.) ** Stamens inserted on the top of tfie ovary. 43. CAMPANULACE^E. Flmoers regular or irregular. Stamens 5, free or connate. Ovary 2-8-celled, cells many-ovuled. — Herbs; juice milky; leaves alternate, exstipulate ; flowers usually showy, (p. 224. ) 44. ERICACEAE, Suborder VACCINIE.E. Flowers regular. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary 4-5-celled. — Slender shrubs ; leaves alternate and exstipulate. (p. 229.) . 2. Ovary superior. Stamens epipetalous (hypogynous in some ERICACEAE, in 52 PLANTAGINE^E (2 Littorella), and in 59 Pwn * Corolla regular, except sometimes in 50 Borragineae and 51 Solancao ; placentas axile or parietal. 44. ERICACEAE, Suborder ERICE.E. Stamens usually twice as many as the corolla-lobes ; anthers opening usually by pores or transversely. — Shrubs or trees, rarely herbs ; leaves various, exstipulate ; flowers small. (p. 229.) 45. OLEINE.E. Calyx 4-fid or 0. Corolla 4-lobed or 0. Stamens 2. Ovary 2-celled, cells 2-3-ovuled. Fruit a drupe or samara. — Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite, exstipulate; flowers small, (p. 237.) 46. APOCYNE^E. Calyx 4-5-tid. Corolla 4-5-lobed, contorted in bud. Stamens 4-5 ; anthers basifixed. Carpels 2, free below. Fruit of 2 fol- licles. — Shrubs ; leaves opposite, quite entire ; flowers often showy. (p. 238.) 47. GENTIANE.E. Calyx 4-8-fid. Corolla 4-8-lobed, contorted in l.nd. frmnais 4-8 ; anthers versatile. Ovary 1-celled; ovules many, parietal. Fruit usually capsular. — Herbs; leaves opposite, quite entire (alternate, 3-foliolate in Menyanthes) ; flowers often showy, (p. 239.) 48. Pt>Li:MuNiA<-K.s. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla 5-lobcd, contorted in bud. SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. xv Stamens 5. Ovary 3-celled ; stigma 3-fid. Fruit capsular. — Herbs ; leaves pinnate, exstipulate ; flowers showy, (p. 243.) 49. CoN,voLVULACEvE. Sepals 5. Corolla 5-lobed, plaited and con- torted in bud. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-celled, cells 2-ovuled ; stigmas 2-tid or styles 2. — Herbs; leaves alternate, simple (0 in Cuscuta); flowers often showy, (p. 245.) 50. BORRAGINE^E. Calyx 5-lobed, valvate in bud. Corolla 5-lobed, im- bricate in bud. Stamens 5. Ovary of 2 2-lobed 2-celled 2-ovuled carpels. Fruit of 4 nutlets. — Hispid or scabrid herbs ; leaves alternate, quite entire, exstipulate ; flowers often showy, (p. 247.) 51. SoLAXE,E. Calyx 5-fid. Corolla 5-lobed, imbricate plaited or valvate in bud. Stamens 5, often cohering. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules many, axile. Fruit a capsule or berry. — Herbs; leaves alternate or in pairs, exstipulate ; flowers small or large, (p. 255. ) 52. PLANTAGINEJE. Sepals 4. Corolla scarious, 4-lobed, imbricate in biid. Stamens 4 ; anthers pendulous. Ovary 2-4-celled ; style and stigma filiform. Capsule 1-4-celled. — Herbs ; leaves alternate or radical; flowers inconspicuous. (Littorella is altogether anomalous.) (p. 257.) ** Corolla irregular, rarely subregular. Placentas axile or parietal. (See also 50 Borragincse and 51 Solaneae.) 53. SCROPHULARIN-E.E. Calyx 4-5-merous. Corolla often 2-labiate, 4-5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, rarely 2 or 5. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules many, axile.— Herbs ; leaves various ; flowers often showy, (p. 259.) 54. OROBAXCHE.E. Sepals 4 or 5, free or connate. Corolla gaping. Stamens^, didynamous. Ovary 1 -celled ; ovules many, parietal. — Herbs, with alternate scales instead of leaves ; flowers rather large, brown or coloured, (p. 275.) 55. LABIATE. Calyx 5-cleft or 2-lipped. Corolla usually 2-lipped. Stamens usually 4, didynamous. Ovary of 2 2-lobed 2-celled 2-ovuled carpels. Fruit of 1-4 1-seeded nutlets.— Herbs or shrubs : stems square ; leaves opposite, exstipulate ; flowers in opposite cymes forming false whorls, rather small, (p. 277..) 56. VERBENACE^E. Calyx cleft or toothed. Corolla tubular, often 2-lipped. Stamens 4. Ovary not lobed, 2-4-celled ; cells 1-ovuled. Fruit a drupe, berry, or of 1-4 nutlets. — Herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite or whorled, exstipulate; flowers small or showy, (p. 295.) *** Corolla regular or irregular. Ovary 1-celled with a free basal 1- or many- ovuled placenta. 57. LEXTIBULARIXE.S:. Corolla 2-labiate. Stamens 2. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. — Marsh or water plants ; flowers rather large for the plant, (p. 297.) 58. PRIMULACE-E. Corolla regular. Stamens usually 5 (4-9) opposite the corolla-lobes. Capsule usually 5-10-valved at the top, or circumsciss, many-seeded. — Herbs ; leaves various; flowers usually showy, (p. 298.) 59. PLUMBAGIXE.E. Petals 5, equal, free or cohering. Stamens 5, oppo- site the petals. Utricle 1-seeded. — Maritime (rarely alpine) scapigerous herbs ; leaves broad or narrow ; flowers small, (p. 3U4.) xvi SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. DIVISION III. Apet'alse or Incomple tse. Corolla and often calyx absent. (For other apetalous genera see the exceptions to the Polypetalcc and Monopetalce. 1. Corolla alone absent (Monochlam'ydece). Flowers 1 -2-sexual, not in cones or catkins, except in the female of 71 CANNABINE^;. — See also 74 CUPULIFEKJE. * Ovary superior, 1-celled (1-celled in Ulmus), usually 1-ovuled ; sliymas 2-3. 60. POLYGONE^E. Flowers usually 2-sexual. Sepals 3-6, green or coloured, imbricate in bud. Stamens 5-8, perigynous or hypogynous. Fruit usually enclosed in 2 or 3 enlarged sepals. Albumen floury ; unbrro curved. — Herbs ; leaves alternate ; stipules sheathing ; flowers small. (p. 307.) 61. AMARANTHACE*:. Flowers 1 -sexual. Sepals 3-5, subscarious, imbri- cate in bud. Stamens 1 opposite each sepal. Utricle 1 -seeded, indehiscent. Albumen floury ; embryo curved. — Herbs ; .leaves usually alternate ux- stipulate ; flowers inconspicuous, green, (p. 314.) 62. CHEXOPODIACE.E. Flowers 1-2-sexual. Calyx 3-5-lobed, herbaceous, imbricate in bud, persistent round the fruit. Stamens 1-5, opposite the sepals. Utricle 1 -seeded, indehiscent. Albumen floury ; embryo curved. — Herbs ; leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate, or stems leafless and jointed ; flowers green, inconspicuous, (p. 314.) 70. URTICEJE. Flowers 1-scxual. — Male: Calyx 4-5-partite. Stamens as many as and opposite the sepals. —Female : Calyx tubular or 3-5-deft. Style simple or 0 ; ovule erect. Albumen fleshy ; embryo straight. — II. s or shrubs ; bark tenacious ; leaves stipulate or not. (p. 331.) 71. CANNABINE.E. Flowers l-sexiisi\.—Male panicled, with 5 sepals and 5 stamens adiiate to their bases. — ^Female fl. in cones. Sepal 1, bract- like. Styles 2, subulate. Albumen 0 ; embryo curved. — Bitter herbs ; leaves stipulate, (p. 333. ) 72. ULMACE^L Flov-ers 2-sexual, fascicled. Calyx 4-8-fid, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, subulate ; ovule pendulous. Fruit a samara. — Trees ; leaves distichous, oblique, stipules caducous, (p. 333.) ** Ovary superior, 1-celled, l-ovuled ; style short or slender, stigma entire. 63. THYMELE/E. Calyx tubular ; lobes 4-5, imbricate in bud. Stamens definite, inserted in the tube. Ovule pendulous. Albumen 0 or scanty; embryo straight. — Shrubs ; leaves quite entire, exstipulate ; bark tenacious; flowers conspicuous, sweet-scented, (p. 322.) 64. ELvEAGXE^. Calyx, in male fl. 3-4-sepalous ; in female or 2-sexual fl. tubular. Stamens 4-8 at the base of the sepals in the male fl. Ovule erect. Albumen 0 or scanty ; embryo straight— Shrubs with lepidnt.: scales; leaves quite entire, exstipulate; flowers inconspicuous, (p. 323.) *** Ovary inferior, 1- or more-celled. 65. LORANTHACE.S. Calyx 4-cleft, valvate in bud. Stamens one adnalc to each calyx-lobe. Ovary 1-celled ; ovule 1, erect. — Parasitic shrubs ; leaves quite entire, exstipulate ; flowers inconspicuous, (p. 323.) SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. xvii 66. SAUTALACE.S;. Calyx 3-5-lobed, valvate in bud. Stamens one ad- uate to each calyx-lobe. Ovary 1-celled ; ovules several, pendulous from a free central placenta. — Shrubs or herbs, often root -parasites ; leaves usually alternate, quite entire, exstipulate ; flowers inconspicuous, (p. 324.) 67. AiusTOLOCHiEjE. C'afyx 3-lobed, or 1-2-lipped, valvate in bud. Sta- mens 6-12, epigynous or gynandrous. Ovary 4-6-celled ; ovules many. — Herbs or shrubs; leaves alternate, exstipulate. (p. 325.) 2. Calyx and corolla both absent (except in Buxus and Mercurialis). (Achlamydece.) Floivers 1-sexual, often in a calyx-like involucre. 68. EUPHORBIACE.E. Male fl.: Calyx 0 or sepals 2 or more. Stamens 1 .or more ; anthers didymous. — Female fl. : Ovary 2-3-lobeu and -celled ; ovules 1-2 in each cell/peudulous ; styles 2-3. A Ibumen copious, fleshy. — Herbs or shrubs ; leaves various ; inflorescence often of many stamens and 1 pistil collected in a small calyx-like involucre, (p. 326.) 69. CERATOPHYLLE*. Flowers 1-sexual, in an 8-12-partite involucre with subulate segments. — Male, of many anthers. — Female, a 1-celled ovary, with subulate persistent style and 1 pendulous ovule. — A sub- merged herb, with whorled multifid leaves : flowers very inconspicuous, (p. 331). 3. Flowers 1-sexual ; males and females or males only in catkins, spikes, or cones, with or without a perianth. — See 71 CANNABINE^E. 73. SALICINE^E. Flowers dioecious, without perianth, both sexes in catkins. — Male: stamens 1 or more to each scale. — Female: Ovary solitary, 1-celled ; stigmas 2 ; ovules many, parietal. Capsule 2-valved. — Trees ; leaves alternate, stipulate ; catkins conspicuous, (p.. 334. ) 74. CiiPULiFERiE. — Flowers mon-dioscious. Males in catkins. Sepals 0 or 5 or more. Stamens 5-20. — Females, sessile in an involucre of free or connate bracts. Calyx superior, 5-6-toothed. Ovary 2-3-celled ; styles 2-3 ; cells 1-2-ovuled. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded, diy, indehiscent, seated in the enlarged involucre. — Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, stipulate ; flowers small, green, (p. 343.) 75. BETULACE-E. Flowers monoscious, in catkins.— Male : Sepals or scales 1 or more. Stamens one opposite each sepal. — Female: Perianth 0. Ovary 2-celled ; stigmas 2, filiform ; ovule 1 pendulous in each cell. Fruit dry, small, indehiscent. — Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, stipulate ; flowers inconspicuous, (p. 345.) 76. MYHICACE^E. Flowers of both sexes in catkins ; perianth 0. — Male of 4-8 stamens; anthers basifixed, bursting outwards. — Female: Ovary 1-celled ; styles 2, filiform ; ovule 1, basal. Fruit a drape. — A gjan- dular shrub ; leaves alternate, exstipulate ; flowers very inconspicuous, (p. 347.) 77. CONIFERS. Perianth Q.— Male flowers of 2-8-celled anthers, usually forming a deciduous catkin. — Female fl. of one or more naked ovules (ovaries of some) on the scales of a cone or head, or of a solitary ovule (Taxus). Albumen fleshy; embryo straight. — Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate opposite or fascicled ; flowers very inconspicuous, (p. 347.) b xviii SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. CLASS II. MONOCOTYI.E'DONS. Stem with isolated vascular bundles scattered through the cellular tissue. Leaves usually parallel-veined. Whorls of the perianth in 3's. Embryo with 1 cotyledon ; the radicle usually remaining undeveloped, but throwing out roots from its crown. Exceptions. Leaves net-veined in 5 DIOSCORE.S, 8 LILIACE^E (1 Paris}, ami 1" AROiDEjE (1 Arum). Flowers 4-merous in 7 NAIADES, and 2-3-merous in 15 GRAMINE^E. DIVISION I. Petaloid ese. Perianth usually petaloid, more or less brightly coloured, rarely green. Exceptions are very numerous, but chiefly in Orders 7 Naiatlece, 9 «/«/«"'. 10 Aroulece, 11 Lemuacece, 12 Typhacece, and 13 Kriocauloneee. 1. Perianth superior. 1. HYDROCHAKIDE^:. Flowers regular, 1-sexual. Perianth 6-partite, outer segments herbaceous, inner petaloid (except in Anacharis). Sdnm-im 3 or more. Ovary 1- or 3-6-celled. Fruit a berry. — "Water-plants ; leaves erect or floating, flowers usually conspicuous, (p. 349.) 2. ORCUIDK<£. Flowers irregular, 2-sexual. Stamens 1 or 2, adnate to the style. Ovary 1-cclled. Fruit capsular. — Herbs of various habit. (p. 351.) 3. IRIDE.E. Flowers 2-sexnal. Perianth 6-partite, petaloid. Stamen • 3, free ; anthers bursting outwards. Ovary 3-celled. Capsule 3-valved. — Herbs ; roots tuberous, or rootstock creeping ; leaves narrow ; (lowers usually handsome, (p. 362.) 4. AMAUYLUDE.K Flowers 2-sexual. Perinnth 6-partite, petaloid. Stamens 6, free; anthers bursting inwards. Ovary 3-celled. 6Wetaloid. Stamens one opposite each perianth-segment. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit various. — Herbs (except Ruscus) of various habit ; flowers usually showy, (p. 377. ) SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. xix 9. JUNCE/E. Flowers 2-sexual. Perianth of 6 brown, scarious seg- ments. Stamens usually 6. Ovary 1-3-celled with 3 basilar, or many parietal or axile ovules. Capsule 3-valved — Kushy herbs ; leaves very narrow ; flowers brown, small, (p. 387.) 10. AROIDE.E. Flowers sessile on a spadix, enclosed in a spathe when young, 1-2-sexual. Perianth 0, or of scale-like sepals. Stamens few or many. Ovary 1- or more-celled. Berry few- or many-seeded. Albumen mealy. — Herbs ; leaves various, often broad, net- veined ; flowers with often conspicuous spathes or spadixes. (p. 393.) 11. LEMNACE.E. Minute floating cellular green fronds. Flowers im- bedded in slits or cavities of the frond, most minute, 1-3 in a spathe. Stamens 1-2. Ovary 1-celled, 1-7-ovuled. — Fronds covering ponds ; flowers very rare and inconspicuous, (p. 395.) 12. TYPHACE^E. Flowers monoecious, in catkins or heads. Perianth 0, or of scales or hairs. Stamens many ; anthers basifixed. Ovary 1-2-celled; style persistent; ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit a drupe or utricle. — Erect marsh or water plants ; leaves linear ; flowers small or minute, in conspicuous spikes or heads, (p. 396.) 13. ERIOCAULONE.E. Flowers monoecious, in involucrate heads. Pe- riantk membranous or scarious ; outer of 2-3 sepals ; inner 3-lobed or of 3 scales. Stamens 2-3 on the inner perianth-segments. Ovary 2-3-celled ; ovule 1, pendulous in each cell. Capsule 2-3- valved.— Usually scapigerous, cellular, marsh or water herbs ; flowers small, dull-coloured, (p. 397.) DIVISION II. Glumaceae. flowers in the axils of the scales (glumes) of spikelets. Perianth 0, or of a few minute scales or bristles (ovary and fruit enclosed in a perigynium in Carex). 14. CYPERACE^E. Flowers 1-2-sexual. Perianth 0 or of bristles, rarely of scales. Stamens 1-3 ; anthers basifixed. Ovary 1-celled ; style 1, stig- mas 2-3 papillose ; ovule 1, erect. Fruit compressed or 3-gouous. Em- bryo at the base of the albumen. — Stems usually solid, 3-gonous; leaves very slender with entire sheaths, (p. 398.) 15. GRAMINE.E. lowers usually 2-sexual. Perianth usually of 2 very minute scales. Stamens usually 3 ; anthers versatile. Ovary 1-celled ; stigmas 1-2 hairy or feathery. Fruit terete, or grooved on one side. Embryo on one side of the base of the albumen. — Stem usually hollow, septate, terete ; sheaths split to the base. (p. 422.) CLASS III. ACOTYLE'DONS or CRYP'TOGAMS. Plants with or without vascular bundles, destitute of proper flowers (i.e. having no stamens, pistils, or floral whorls). Reproduction by minute bodies (spores), which contain no embryo. DIVISION I. Vasculares. Stems with copious bundles of vascular tissue. Reproduction by spores destitute of an embryo, but developing a prothallus in germination. xx SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 1. FILICES. Capsules usually very minute, situated on the edge or under side of the leaf (frond) ; rarely larger, in separate spikes or panicles. Spores of one kind only, developing a prothallus. — Fronds usually i-iivinat'- in vernation, (p. 457.) 2. LYCoroniAOE*:. Capsules not very minute, situated in the axils of the leaves, or of the scales of a cone. Spores of 1 or 2 kinds ; large when present developing a prothallus; small containing autherozoids. — Fronds usually circinate in vernation, (p. 469.) 3. MARSTLEACEJE. Capsules (membranous sacs) very minute, enclosed in the cells of a glob'ose receptacle near the base of the frond. Spores of 2 kinds ; large developing a prothallus ; small containing antherozoids. — Marsh or water plants, rarer on dry soils, (p. 471.) 4. EQrisKT.\ri:.K. Capsules 2-valved, on the under side of peltate scales that are arranged in terminal cones. Spores of one kind only, witli 4 filiform clubbed appendages rolled round them, developing a pro- thallus.— Stems erect from a creeping rootstock, terete, hollow, grooved, septate, simple or with whorled branches and toothed sheaths at the joints, (p. 472.) Clje Sfatenfr Jfka of % gritisjj CLASS I. DICOTYLE'DONS. DIVISION I. POLYPETAL.E. ORDER I. RANUNCULA'CEJE. ANNUAL or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves radical or alternate, opposite in Clematis; stipules 0, or adnate to the petiole. Flowers regular or irregular, 1-2-sexual. Disk 0. Sepals 5 or more, rarely 2-4, deciduous, often petaloid, usually imbricate in bud. Petals 0, or 5 or more, rarely 3, imbricate in bud, often minute or deformed. Stamens many, hypogynous; anthers adnate, dehiscing laterally. Carpels many, rarely 1, usually free, 1-celled; stigma simple; ovules 1 or more on the ventral suture, anatropous, erect with a ventral or pendulous with a dorsal raphe. Fruit of 1 -seeded achenes, or many-seeded follicles. Seed small, albumen copious; embryo minute. — DISTRIB. Abundant in temp, and cold regions ; genera 30 ; species 500. — AFFINITIES. With Serberidece and Papaveracece ; analogies with Alismacece and Rosacece. — PROPERTIES. Usually acrid. — EXCEPTIONAL FORMS (British). Stem woody in Clematis; flowers polygamous in Thalictrum; pedicels bracteolate in Aconitum; sepals persistent in Helleborus; stamens few in Myosurus; carpels connate in Helleborus; follicle solitary in some Delphinia; berry solitary, and stigma dilated in Actcea. TRIBE I. djEMATTDE.ffi. Sepals valvate. Shrubs with opposite leaves. 1. Clematis. TRIBE IT. ANEMO'NEJE. Sepals imbricate. Achenes with 1 pendulous seed. Involucre 0. Sepals 4-5, petaloid. Petals 0 2. Thalictrum. Involucre of 3 leaves. Sepals 4-20, petaloid. Petals 0 3. Anemone. Involucre 0. Sepals 5-8, petaloid. Petals 5-16, conspicuous 3*. Adonis. Involucre 0. Sepals 5, spurred. Petals small, tubular 4. Myosurus. TRIBE III. RANUNCULE-ffi. Sepals imbricate. A chenes with one ascending seed 5. Kanunculus. TRIBE IV. HELLEB OREJE. Sepals imbricate. Follicles many-seeded, except in Actcea. v^ B 2 RANUNCULACE^E. [CLEMATIS. * Flowers reaular. Follicles many-seeded. Sepals petaloid. Petals 0 6. Caltha. Sepals petaloid, deciduous. Petals small, entire 7. Trollius. Sepals herbaceous, persistent. Petals small, 2-lipped 8. Helleborus. Sepals petaloid, deciduous. Petals small, 2-lipped 8*. Eranthis. Sepals 5-6, petaloid. Petals large, spurred 9 . Aquilegia. ** Flowers irregular. Follicles many-seeded. Sepals many, the dorsal spurred 9*. Delphinium. Sepals many, the dorsal arched and hooded 9**. Aconitum. *** Flowers nearly regular. Fruit a \-seeded berry 10. Actsea. 1. CLEM'ATIS, L. TRAVELLER'S JOY. "Woody, usually climbing under-shrubs. Leaves opposite, usually com- pound, exstipulate ; petioles often twining. Inflorescence axillary or terminal. Sepals usually 4, petaloid, valvate. Petals 0. Stamens many. Carpels many, each with 1 pendulous ovule. Fruit a head of sessile or stalked achenes, with long bearded styles. — DISTRIB. All temp, climates, rarer in the tropics; species 100. — ETYM. K\rinarls, the Greek name for this or a plant of similar habit. 1. C. Vital'ba, L.; leaflets 3-5 remote. Old Man's Beard. Hedges and thickets, most common on chalky soil ; not a native of Scotland or Ireland (?) ; fl. July- Aug. — A climbing under-shrub. Leaflets 2-3 in. ovate-cordate, entire toothed or lobed ; petioles persistent when twining. Flowers 1 in. diam., odorous, greenish-white. Sepals 4, pubescent. Achenes hairy ; awns 1 in. feathery.— DISTKIB. Europe, from Holland southwards, N. Africa, W. Asia. 2. THALIC'TRUM, L. MEADOW-RUE. Erect perennial herbs. Leaves compound, stipulate. Flowers panicled or racemed, often polygamous. Sepals 4-5, petaloid, imbricate. Petals 0. Stamens many. Carpels with 1 pendulous ovule. Fruit a small head of sessile or stalked achenes; style persistent or deciduous. — DISTRIB. Temp, and colder regions of the N. hemisphere; species 50. — ETYM. Probably the TJialictrum of Pliny. 1. T. alpi'num, L. ; raceme simple, flowers few drooping, anthers linear apiculate. Alpine and subalpine bogs ; rare in Ireland ; ascends to 4,000 ft. ; fl. July-Aug. — Stem 4-10 in. wiry, simple, often stoloniferous. Leaves 2-ternate ; leaflets £ to i in., suborbicular, glaucous beneath, obtusely lobulate. Raceme drooping, then erect ; pedicels recurved in fruit. Sepals 4, purplish. Stamens 8-20, pendulous. Achenes 2-3, stipitate, curved, ribbed. — DISTRIB. N. and Arctic Europe, N. and W. Asia to Himalaya, N. America. 2. T. mi'nus, L. ; stem more or less striate, panicle lax, flowers drooping, anthers ;;piculate, fruit erect. , Dry places; ascends to 1,800 ft. in the Lake District; fl. July-Aug.— Stem i-4 in. stout, rigid, often "igzag, striate throughout or towards the nodes only, usually furrowed wnen dry. Leaves triangular, 3-4-pinnate ; leaflets variable, ^-1 in. ; lobes 3-6, acute or obtuse ; stipules formed by the sheath- ing leaf-bases. Sepals 4, yellow-green. Achenes 3-6 ovoid, ascending, THALICTRUM.] RANUNCULACE^E. 3 sessile. — DISTEIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to the Himalaya, Greenland. Various forms have sometimes stipellae to the leaflets. Sub-sp. MI'NUS proper ; often glaucous and glandular, stem 6-18 in., leafless at the base, auricles of stipules spreading, achenes gibbous 8-ribbed. — VAR. 1, marit'imum ; branches of broad panicle spreading. Sandy sea- coasts. — VAK. 2, monta'num, Wallroth (sp.) ; branches of deltoid panicle erecto-patent. T. calca'reum, Jord. Sub-sp. MA'JUS, Jacq. ; stem 3 ft. leafy at the base, leaflets large, auricles of stipules reflexed, achenes compressed gibbous 10-ribbed. T. minus, L. Herb., T. flexuo'sum, Bernh. — More common in Scotland. Sub-sp. KOCH'II, Fries (sp.) ; stem 3-4 ft. leafy at the base, leaflets very small, auricles of stipules horizontal, achenes hardly compressed not gibbous. — Lake District, rare. Sub-sp. SAXAT'ILE, Schleich. (sp.) ; stem 1-3 ft., leafy at the base, auricles of stipules reflexed, flowers suberect, achenes not gibbous. — Hills of Cambridge and Somerset. 3. T. fla'vum, L.; stem furrowed, panicle compound, flowers erect crowded at ends of branches, anthers not apiculate. Wet places, from Fife and Argyle southwards, rare in Scotland ; local in Ire- land; fl. July-Aug. — Rootstock yellow, creeping, stoloniferous. Stem 2—4 ft., stout. Leaves 3-nately 2-3-pinnate ; leaflets 1-1^ in., 3-lobed. Panicle sub- corymbose or pyramidal ; flowers pale yellow, often umbelled. Sepals small, 6-10. Anthers" bright yellow. Avhenes small, dark, - 8-ribbed. — DiSTRlB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. Asia. VAR. 1, sphcerocar'pum, Syme ; panicle usually contracted, achenes broadly oblong. — VAR. 2, ripa'num, Jordan (sp.) ; panicle usually lax, achenes oblong. — VAR. 3, Moriso'nia, Gmel. (sp.) ; panicle usually interrupted, fascicles of flowers small, achenes narrow oblong. 3. ANEMO'NE, L. Perennial herbs. Leaves radical, lobed or divided. Flowers on 1- or more-flowered scapes, rarely yellow ; involucre 3-partite. Sepals 4—20, petaloid, imbricate. Petals 0. Stamens many, outer sometimes deformed or petaloid. Carpels many ; ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit a head of sessile achenes, with naked or bearded styles. — -DiSTRiB. Cold and temp, regions ; species 70. — ETYM. avisos, the wind — of obscure application. — All parts very acrid. 1. A. Pulsatil'la, L. ; calyx campanulate, sepals 6 silky, outer stamens reduced to glands, awns long feathery. Pasque-flower. Chalk downs and limestone pastures ; Yorkshire to Berks, and Oxfordshire to Suffolk ; fl. May- June.— Silky, 4-10 in. Rootstock stout, woody. Leaves maturing after flowering, 3-pinnatifid ; segments linear ; involucre sessile, divided to the base into long linear segments. Flower 1^ in., solitary, inclined in bud, dull purple ; peduncle lengthening after flowering. Styles of silky achenes 1^ in. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia to Dahuria. 2. A. nemoro'sa, L. ; sepals 6 (rarely 5-9) oblong glabrous spreading, stamens all perfect, achenes with a straight style. Wood Anemone. Woods and copses ; ascends to 2,800 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. April-May.— Nearly glabrous, slender. Rootstock horizontal, woody. Scape 4-8 in. Leaves few, usually remote from the scape, petioled, 3-foliolate ; leaflets B 2 4 RANVNCULACE^E. [ANEMONE. narrow, subsessile, cut lobed or pinnatifid, involucral like the radical, petioled. Flower solitary, 1-1 £ in. diam. Sepals oblong, white, rarely purple. Achenes downy, as long as the style. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), W. Siberia, N. America. A. APENNI'NA, L. ; leaves 2-nately pinnate, sepals 10-14 narrow pale blue, achenes pointed. Naturalized in plantations, &c, in England, Scotland and Ireland; fl. April. — Glabrous. Rootstock stout, black. Scape 4-8 in. Leaves few, from the base of the scape ; leaflets pinnatifid, subacute, involucral similar. Flower li in. diam. Sepals spreading. Head of ovoid achenes globose. — DISTRIB. Italy to Turkey. 3*. ADO'NIS, L. PHEASANT'S-EYE.: Herbs, annual or perennial. Leaves much divided. Sepals 5—8, pe- taloid, imbricate. Petals 5-16, yellow or red, eglandular. Carpels many ; ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit, a spike or head of many acheues. Styles short, persistent. — DISTRIB. Temp. Europe and Asia; species 3-4. — ETYM. classical. A. AUTUMNA'LIS, L. ; annual, flowers globose, petals broad concave. Naturalized in Suffolk, and S. counties, sporadic elsewhere, and in Scotland and Ireland; an alien or colonist, Watson; fl. May-July. — Stem 8-10 in., erect, branched, very leafy. Leaves decompound, segments small, linear. Sepals greenish. Petals scarlet, with a dark basal spot, suberect, rather longer than the sepals. Head of reticulated achenes, sometimes elongate. — DISTRIB. Europe, W, Asia, N. Africa ; introd. in America. A. MYOSU'RUS, L. MOUSE-TAIL. Small annual herbs. Leaves narrow, all radical. Scapes 1 -flowered, leafless. Sepals 5, rarely 6-7, with a small basal spur behind, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, rarely 6-7, small, narrow, tubular, or 0. Stamens few. Carpels many ; ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit a long spike of densely packed achenes; style short, persistent. — DISTRIB. Europe, S. America; species 2. — ETYM. /u>s and ovpd, mouse-tail. 1. M. min'imus, L. ; spike slender, style very short. Cornfields, &c. from Northumberland southwards ; fl. April-June. — Glabrous, 2-6 in. Leaves erect, many, linear, rather fleshy. Scapes many, slender. Flowers minute, yellow-green. Sepals 5, narrow-oblong ; spur appressed to the scape. Petals 5 ; limb short, ligulate. Spike, of achenes "dense, lengthening to 1-3 in. ; receptacle filiform ; achenes attached by the ventral surface, minute, keeled, mucronate at the back. — DISTHIB. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa ; introd. in America, &c. 5. RANUN CULUS, L. BUTTERCUP, CROWFOOT. Annual or perennial herbs. Lewes entire, lobed or compound ; stipules membranous or 0. Flowers usually panioled, white or yellow. Sepals 3-5, caducous, imbricate in bud. Petals usually 5, rarely 0, glandular at the base. Stamens many. Carpels many; style short; ovule 1, ascending. Fruit a head or spike of apiculate or beaked achenes. — DISTRIB. All temp, regions; species about 160. — ETYM. rana, a frag. KANUNCULTTS.] RANUNCULACErf. 5 SECTIOX 1. Batra'cliium.1 Water-plants. Leaves often submerged and multifid ; stipules membranous. Peduncles usually leaf-opposed, 1-flowered. Petals white ; gland naked, yellow, basal. Achenes transversely wrinkled. 1. R. aquat'ilis, L. ; floating leaves 0 or 3-lobed or -partite, sub- merged 2-3-chotomously multificl, segments capillary or linear, stipules broad, auricles free or 0, receptacle and sometimes the achenes more or less hispid, stigma oblong. Ponds and ditches, ascends to 1,500 ft. ; fl. May-Aug. — A very variable plant. — DISPRIB. All temp, regions, except New Zealand and the Pacific. Sub-sp. HETEEOPHTL'LUS, Auct. (sp.) ; floating leaves rarely 0, submerged suborbicular, segments not in one plane, stipules broad adnate usually auricled, petals large mostly 7-9-nerved, stamens many. Also N. America and Arctic Europe. * Segments of svJbmeryed leaves rather rigid, spreading when removed from the water. — VAR. 1, peita'tus, Fries (sp.) ; floating leaves reniform 3-lobed to the middle, peduncles long, receptacle spherical. — VAR. 2, floribun'chis, Bab. (sp.) ; floating leaves reniform 3-lobed to below the middle, peduncles about as long as the leaves, receptacle spherical. — VAR. 3, confu'sus, Godron (sp.) ; floating leaves 3-foliolate, peduncles slender longer than the leaves, receptacle ovoid. — VAR. 4, Baudo'tii, Godron (sp.) ; floating leaves 3-partite, segments cuneate, peduncles stout more slender upwards, receptacle ovoid. R. aquatilis, var. Symei, Hook, and Arn. * * Seyments of submerged leaves collapsing, and forming a pencil when removed from tlie\water. — VAR. 5, heterophyl'lus proper, Fries (sp.); floating leaves rarely 0, orbicular 3-lobed to or below the middle, segments cuneate ap- proximate, peduncles rather slender about as long as the leaves, receptacle conical. — VAR. 6, pi>endo-jlu'itans, Syme (sp.); floating leaves 0, or 3-lobed to or below the middle, segments of submerged very long, peduncles much longer than the leaves, receptacle spherical. Sub-sp. PANTO'THRIX, Broteri (sp. in part); stem very slender, floating leaves 0, rarely 3-partite or -foliolate, submerged 2-3-chotomously multifid, segments not in one plane, stipules ^-adnate, auricles large, peduncles not tapering about as long as the leaves, petals 5-7 -veined, stamens few, receptacle globose or oblong. Ponds and ditches ; less common than heterophyllus. — VAR. 1, Droue'tii, Schultz (sp.); segments of submerged leaves collapsing when removed from the water, buds oblong or obovoid. — VAR. 2, tncho- phyl'lws, Chaix (sp.) ; segments of submerged leaves spreading when re- moved from the water, buds globose. Sub-sp. CIRCI'NATUS, Sifithorp (sp.) ; floating leaves 0, submerged orbicular subsessile, segments rigid in one plane, stipules narrow altogether adnate not auricled, petals much larger than the calyx 7-9- veined, stamens many, receptacle oblong, style cylindric. Ji. diva'ricatus, Schrank. — A small and very distinct form, also N. American. Sub-sp. FLU'ITANS, LamL (sp.) ; floating leaves 0 or 3-foliolate, submerged cuneate, segments very long (6-10 in.) sub-parallel linear rigid, stipules 1 The species of this section are considered by some authors as forms of one or two, by others as 20 to 30. The comparative length of the stamens and carpels varies with age ; and the shape of the achenes and styles varies with age and the position of the achenes on the receptacle ; these characters are not valueless, but are almost unde- finable. For the subspecies, &c., I have followed Syme ; who has, however, in the 1869 Report of the Botanical Exchange Club, so far modified his views, as to reduce the first four to two. 6 RANUNCULACE& [R J-adnate, auricles large rounded, petals much larger than the calyx some- times 2-seriate, veins many, stamens many short, receptacle conical at length glabrous, style cylindric. — Common, a very large and distinct form. — VAB. Bach'ii, Wirtg. (sp.); leaves shorter almost sessile narrower. —Rare. 8ub-sp. TRIPARTI'TUS, DC. (sp.); floating leaves or all 8-lobed nearly' to the base or 3-partite, segments cuneate, submerged 0 or with collapsing segments, peduncles slender shorter than the leaves, stipules free, receptacle pubescent, style slender deciduous. — Surrey, Pembroke, Cornwall, Ireland. 2. R. Iienonnan'di, Schultz ; leaves uniform floating or subiiicr^vil alternate long-petioled orbicular-reniform, lobes or crenatures broad shallow narrowest at the base, stipules large broad 4-adnate, petals 5-veiiied twice as long as the calyx, receptacle glabrous, style usually termiual. R. casno'sus, Greu. and Godr., not of Gussone. Shallow ponds and ditches from Mid- Scotland south ; south half of Ireland ; ascends to 1,600 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. June- Aug. — Stem branched. Leaven very variable in size, rounded and more crenate than in R. kederaceus. Flower J in. diam.-DiSTRiB. W. Europe. 3. R. hedera'ceus, L. ; leaves uniform usually opposite broadly reni- form 5-angled or -lobed, lobes usually entire broadest at the base, stipules adnate longer than broad, petals narrow 3-veined scarcely longer than the calyx, stamens few, receptacle glabrous, style lateral. R. ccenosiis, Gussone, not of Hook, and Am. Ivy-leaved Ranunculus. Shallow ponds and ditches; ascends to 2,200 ft. in Wales; fl. May- Aug. — Habit of R. Lenormandi. Leaves more or less angled as in the ivy, often with a semi-lunar black patch, lobes rarely notched. Flows very small. — DISTRIB. Temp, and sub- Arctic Europe, S. Africa, Greenland. SECTION 2. Hecato'nia. Perennial, rarely annual. Leaves mostly radical, stipules inconspicuous or 0. Stems 2- or more-flowered. Sepals 5. Petals 5, yellow. Achenes not tubercled (except iu R. ophioglossifolitui). * Leaves undivided ; gland of petals irith a small scale. 4. R. Lin'prua, L. ; perennial, erect, leaves lanceolate sessile 4-am- plexicaul entire or toothed, achenes pitted, style broad. Spear-wort. Marshes and ditches, from Moray south, local in Ireland ; fl. July-Sept. — Glabrous. Roots densely fibrous. Stem 2-3 ft., hollow ; lower nodes rooting. Leaves 6-10 in. £-1 in. broad, veins parallel and reticulated. Flowers 2 in. diam., handsome, sub-panicled. — DlSTlUB. Temp. Europe, N. and W. Asia to the Himalaya. 5. R. Flam'mula, L. ; perennial, procumbent or ascending, leave* petioled linear- or ovate-lanceolate nearly entire, achenes minutely pitted, style minute subulate. Lesser Spear-wort, Wet places ; ascends to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. June-Aug.— Very vari- able, glabrous or slightly hairy, 4-12 in. Loivest leaves petiole^, ovate, upper more lanceolate and sessile. Flower yellow, rarely jf-in. diam. Jlend of achenes small.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia, Africa, and America. Sub-sp. FLAM'MULA proper ; stem prostrate or erect, internodes straight, style of achenes short obtuse. A small form of this passing into the following is found (according to A. Gray) in the N. United States. Sub-sp. BKP'TANS, L. (sp.) ; stem creeping very slender, internodeb RANUNCULUS.] RANUNCULACEJB. 7 arching, style of minute achenes subcylindric, tip recurved. Sandy shores of Windermere and Loch Leven. 6. R. ophioglos'sifolius, Villars; annual, erect, many-flowered, lower leaves long-petioled broadly ovate or cordate, petals scarcely longer than, the sepals, achenes minutely granulate small hairy, style minute. St. Peter's Marsh, Jersey ; fl. June- Aug.— Glabrous or slightly hairy upwards Root fibrous. Stem 6-10 in. or more, slender, decumbent at the base, branched, hollow, furrowed. Peduncles furrowed. Flowers \ in. diam. — DISTBIB. W. and S. Europe. ** Leaves divided, gland of petals without a scale. 7. R. auri'comus, L. ; perennial, leaves orbicular 3-lobed or -partite, segments of lower obtuse cuneate cut, of upper linear spreading sub- entire, sepals spreading pubescent, head of downy achenes globose. Goldielocks. Woods and copses, from Lanark and Moray southwards ; ascends to 1,600 ft. in the Highlands ; rare in the S. and W. of Ireland ; fl. April-May. — Erect, 6-10 in., branched, slender, glabrous or slightly hairy upwards. Radical leaves long-petioled. Peduncles not furrowed, pubescent. Flowt-rs | in. diam. Petals larger than the downy sepals, bright yellow, often imperfect (var. depaitpera'tus). Achenes on tubercles of the receptacle, compressed; style slender, subulate, curved. — DISTKIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia to the Himalaya. — Not acrid. 8. R. scelera'tus, L. ; annual, erect, stem hollow, leaves glabrous 3- lobed or -partite, segments of lower lobed obtuse, of upper linear sub- entire, sepals reflexed hairy, head of small glabrous achenes oblong. Ditches, &c., rarer in the N. ; fl. May-Sept.— Root fibrous. Stem 8-24 in., sub- corymbose above. Leaves variable in lobing, upper a little hairy. Flowers $ in. diam. Achenes many, small, a little wrinkled on the faces, furrowed on the dorsal edge; style minute. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia, N. India to Bengal ; introd. in America, &c. — Very acrid. *** Leaves divided, gland of petals with a small scale. 9. R. a'cris, L. ; perennial, hairy, erect, without runners, leaves 3-7- partite, segments of lower cuneate deeply cut and lobed, of upper linear entire, peduncles not furrowed, sepals spreading pubescent, receptacle glabrous, achenes glabrous compressed margined, style recurved. Meadows, &c. ; ascends to nearly 4,000 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. April-Sept.— Rootstock straight. Stem, 8 in. -3 ft. Leaves usually all petioled, orbicular or 5-angled in outline, uppermost sessile. flower 1 in. diam. Petals spreading. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia ; introd. in America. Mr. Syme has pointed out (Report of Bot. Exchange Club for 1869, p. 8), that the varieties titeve'ni, Reich, (sp.), vulga'tus, Jord. (sp. ), and rec'tusl Boreau (sp.), all enumerated in his English Botany (p. 38), are not the continental plants so called, but forms of £orcea'nus, Jord. (sp.), and tonuphyl'hu, Jord. (sp.). 10. R. re'pens, L. ; perennial, hairy, stem decumbent below with long runners, leaves 3-foliolate or 3-nately pinnatisect, segments cuneate lobed and toothed, those of the upper leaves more entire narrower, peduncles 8 RANUNCULACE^E. [RANUNCULUS. furrowed, sepals spreading hairy, receptacle slightly hairy, achenes com- pressed glabrous margined, style hooked. Waste ground ; ascends to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. May- Aug. — Root- ttock stout, short. Stem 8 in. -2 ft. Leaves petioled, triangular or ovate ; segments variable, middle usually longest. Flowers 1 in. diam. J'ttut* generally sub-erect.— DlSTBLB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia, N. Africa ; introd. in America. 11. R. bulbo'sus, L. ; perennial, hairy, erect, stem swollen at the base without runners, leaves 3-foliolate or ternatisect, segments lobed, peduncles furrowed, sepals reflexed and receptacle hairy, achenes compressed glabrous margined, style short hooked. Meadows, &c.; ascends to 1,500 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. May-June. — Stem 6-12 in., base often as big as a walnut, sometimes corymbose above. Leaves variable in form and lobing. Flowers £-1 in. diam.— DlSTKiB. Europe, Asia, N. Africa ; introd. in America. SECTION 3. Echinel'la. Annual, rarely biennial. Hoots fibrous. Leaves radical and cauline, divided ; stipules inconspicuous. Sepals 5. Petals 5, yellow. Achenes tubercled or spinose, compressed, margin thickened. 12. R. hirsu'tus, Curtis; erect, leaves 3-lobed or -partite, segments obtuse cut, peduncles furrowed, sepals reflexed hairy, petals with a scale over the gland, receptacle hairy, acheues tubercled 'towards the margin, style straight, It. Phil&no'tis, Ehrhart. Waste damp ground from Argyle and Forfar southwards ; rare in Scotland ; absent in Ireland; fl. June-Oct. — Hairy. Stems many, 6-18 in. Leaven variable in lobing. Flowers about 1 in. diam., peduncles with spreading or reflexed hairs. Achenes broad, much flattened. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa. 13. R. arven'sis, L. ; erect, lowest leaves obovate or cuneate toothed, upper 3-partite or -foliolate, segments narrow cut, peduncles not furrowed, sepals spreading, petals with a scale over the gland, receptacle hairy, achenes usually covered with hooked spines, style stout hooked. Cornfields, from the Forth and Clyde southwards, in Ireland near Dublin only; a colonist, Watson; fl. May-July.— Nearly glabrous. Stem 6-24 in., solitary. Leaves variable. Flowers % in- diam., pale. Petals suberect. Achenes few, large.— DiSTRLB. Europe, temp. Asia to India, N. Africa. 14. R. parviflo'rus, L. ; stems slender decumbent, leaves orbicular or reniform 3-lobed, segments toothed, peduncles leaf-opposed or in the forks, furrowed, sepals reflexed, petals 3-5 small oblong, gland with au obscure scale, receptacle glabrous, achenes faced with hooked tubercles, style short nearly straight. Dry banks, &c. from Durham southwards; S. and E. of Ireland, rare ; fl. May- Aug. — Hairy. Stems and branches spreading, 6-18 in. Leaves divided to the middle or less, lowest often entire, uppermost more deeply cut into linear lobes. Flowers 1-^ in. diam. Achenes small. — DISTRLB. Europe from Denmark southwards, W. Asia, IS'. Africa ; introd. in America. SECTION 4. Fica'ria, Dillen. (gen.). Perennial. Leaves chiefly radical, RANUNCULUS.] RAXUNCULACE^E. 9 entire, not beaked. Sepals 3-5. Petals 8-12, yellow ; gland with a scale, Aehenes small. 15. R. Fica'ria, L. ; leaves cordate obtusely angled or crenate. Pilewort or Lesser Celandtiie. Pastures and waste places ; ascends to 2,400 ft. in Wales ; fl. March-May.— Glabrous. Root of stout cylindric tubers. Stem short, decumbent, branched at the base. Leaves variable, on stout petioles with dilated stipular bases. Peduncles stout, axillary, 1-flowered. flowers about 1 in. diam., bright yellow. Head of large subglobose smooth achenes globular ; style minute. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), \V. Asia, and N. Africa. VAE. 1, diver' gens, F. Schultz ; lobes of lowest leaves not overlapping at the base, lowest sheaths narrow. — VAR. 2, incum'bens, F. Schultz ; lobes of lowest leaves overlapping at the base, lowest sheaths amplexicauL 6. CALi'THA, L. MARSH MARIGOLD. Herbs with stout creeping rootstocks. Leaves chiefly radical, cordate. Flowers terminal, few, white or yellow. Sepals 5 or more, petaloid, deci- duous, imbricate. Petals 0. Carpels several, sessile ; ovules numerous, in two series. Follicles numerous, many-seeded. Seeds with a prominent raphe and thickened funicle. — DISTRIB. N. and S. temp, and cold regions ; species 5-6. — ETYM. tcd\a.6os, a cup. 1. C. palus'tris, L. ; leaves orbicular reniform or deltoid toothed. Marshes and ditch-banks ; ascends to 3,400 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. March- May. — A coarse,, glabrous, dark green, showy, very variable pjant. — Root- stock short, horizontal. Stem 8 in. -3ft., suberect, prostrate, or procumbent and rooting from all the nodes. Stipules very large, membranous glairy, quite entire in bud and enclosing the young leaf, as in Magnoliaceve '. (Oickson). Floirers 1-2 in. diam., bright golden yellow. Sepals unequal, obovate or oblong. Follicles £-g in. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia to the Himalaya, N. America. Sub-sp. PALUS'TRIS proper ; nodes not rooting, radical leaves orbicular-reni- form deeply 2-lobed at the base crenate-toothed, sinus narrow. — VAR. 1, rulga'ris, Schott (sp. ); stem ascending many-flowered, flowers 1^-2 in. diam., sepals contiguous, follicles spreading, beak short. — VAR. 2, truerangdrii, Boreau (sp. ) ; stem ascending, flowers many smaller, sepals remote when expanded, follicles spreading, beak longer. Probably C. ripa'ria, Don, and the origin of the double-flowered Calt/M of the garden. — VAR. 3, mi'nor, Syme; stem procumbent, flower solitary ^-1 in. diam., sepals remote, follicles erect, beak short. Mountainous places. Sub-sp. RAD'ICANS, Farxter (sp. ) ; rooting at the nodes, radical leaves deltoid obscurely 5-angled truncate or reniform at the base, toothed, -teeth trian- gular. Forfarshire, Don (known now in cultivation only). 7. TROL'liluS, L. GLOBE-FLOWER. Erect perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or cut. Flov-ers terminal, large, yellow or lilac. Sepals 5-15, petaloid, imbricate. Petals 5-15, small, narrow, claw very short, blade with a glandular pit at the base. Stamens very many. Carpels 5 or more, sessile ; ovules many, 2 -seriate. Follicles, 5 or more. Seeds angled, testa coriaceous.— 10 RANUNCVLACEJS. [TBOLLIVS. DISTRIB. N. temp, and arctic regions; species 9. — ETYM. Trol, a globe, iu old German. 1. T. europse'us, L. ; flower globose, petals equalling the stamens. Moist subalpine pastures and copses, from Worcester and S. Wales northwards, ascending to 3,300 ft. ; N. of Ireland only, and very rare ; fl. June- Aug. — Glabrous. Rootstock short, crowned with rigid fibres. Stem 6-24 in., simple, leafy. Radical leaves petioled, suborbicular, 5-partite, segments cuneate lobed and cleft; cauline smaller, sessile. Flowers 1-1J in. diam., pale yellow. Sepals orbicular, concave. Petals oblong. Stamens short. /•'<>///- cles transversely wrinkled, keeled, beaked. Seeds many, testa black dotted. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic) to the Caucasus. 8. HELLEB ORUS, L. HELLEBORE, BEAR's-FOOT. Coarse perennial herbs. Leaves palmately pedately or digitately lobeil, upper bract-like. Flowers corymbose. Sepals 5, large, petaloid or herbace- ous, imbricate, persistent. Petals small, tubular, 2-lipped. Stamens many. Carpels free, or united below; ovules many, 2-seriate. Follicles few or many, dehisciug at the top. Seeds many, oblong, funicle thickened, testa crustaceous, shining. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia; species 10. — ETYM. (\t?v to injure, and fapAfood. 1. H. vi'ridis, L. ; stem few-flowered annual, radical leaves digitate, cauline sessile, sepals spreading. Woods, hedges, &c. chiefly on chalk in the S. and E. of England, often natu- ralized ; a denizen, Watson; fl. March- April.— Glabrous, dark-green, 1-1 ^ ft. Radical leaves fully developed after flowering ; leaflets 5-7, narrow, serrate, lateral cleft. Flowers inclined, 1^-2 in. diam. Sepals green, oblong. Petals 9-12, minute, shorter than the stamens, curved. Follicles 3; style straight, subulate. — DiSTRiB. Europe, from Holland southwards, exclusive of Russia ; introd. in U. States. Occasionally used aa a substitute for H, officinalis, 2. H. fce'tidus, L. ; stem many-flowered perennial, leaves pedate, sepals erect. Stinking Hellebore. Chalk-pastures and thickets S. and E. of England, rare, naturalized else- where, but indigenous in Suffolk ; a denizen, Watson ; fl. Feb.-March. — Glabrous below, glandular-pubescent above. Stem 1-2 ft. leafless, scarred below. Lower leaves petioled, leaflets 5-7, nearly as in //. viridis, but the outer segments recurved, upper with large sheaths. Flowers drooping, 1 in. diam. Sepals green, bordered with dull-purple, truncate. Petals snorter than the stamens. Follicles 3, wrinkled, glandular, style subulate.— DISTRIB. W. Europe, from Belgium southwards. — Plant foetid and cathartic. 8*. ERAN'THIS, Salisbury. WINTER ACONITE. Low herbs. Rootstock stout, creeping. Radical leaves palmate ; cauline whorled and involucriform. Flower solitary, yellow. Sepals 5-8, narrow, petaloid, deciduous, imbricate. Petals small, clawed, 2-lipped. Stamens many. Carpels 5-6 stipitate. Follicles many-seeded. Seeds ovoid or globose, testa smooth crustaceous. — DISTRIB. Europe and N. Asia; species 2. — ETYM. fpos spring, and &v9os flower. E. HYEMA'LIS, Salisb. ; sepals 6-8 oblong. In plantations, parks, &c., naturalized ; fl. J«vn.-March.— Stem 4-6 in. Radical ERAXTHIS.] RANVNCULACE.E. U'. leave? orbicular, 3-5-partite, segments obtusely lobed ; petiole long. In- , mlucre of 2 sessile lobed bracts. Flower cup-shaped, 1-1^ in. diam. Sepals pale yellow. Petals shorter than the stamens. Follicles as in Helleborus, but free and stipitate. — DISTRIB. W. Europe, from Belgium southwards, 9. AQUILE'GIA, L. COLUMBINE. Erect herbs. Rootstock perennial. Leaves 3-nately divided. Flowers panicled or solitary, handsome. Sepals 5, regular, petaloid. Petals 5, concave, spurred behind. Stamens many, inner imperfect. Carpels 5, many- ovuled. Follicles 5. Seeds many, testa crustaceous smooth or granulated. — DISTRIB. N. temp, zone ; species 5-6. — ETYM. aquila, from the form of the petals. 1. A. vulga'ris, L. ; spur hooked, follicles cylindric hairy. Woods and thickets, but often naturalized, ascending to 1,000 ft. in Yorkshire ; N., E., and W. Ireland; fl. May-July.— Rootstock stout, blackish. Stem, 1-2 ft., slender. Radical leaves fascicled, petioles long, 2-3-ternately divided, segments stalked, lobed, glaucous, glabrous, or pilose beneath. Plovers 1^-2 in. diam., loosely corymbose, drooping, blue or dull purple, (white or red in garden varieties). Sepals ovate-lanceolate. Petals ob- long, spur curved, involute at the tip. Inner stamens reduced to broad wrinkled white filaments. — DISTRIB. Europe, Canaries, Siberia, Asia to the W. Himalaya. 9*. DELPHIN'IUM, I. LARKSPUR. Erect, annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, lobed or cut. Flowers racemed or panicled. Sepals 5, cohering below, dorsal spurred behind. Petals 2-4, small, spurs of the 2 dorsal developed within that of the sepal, 2 lateral spurless or 0. Stamens many. Follicles 1-5. Seeds many, testa coriaceous wrinkled or plaited. — DISTRIB. N. temp, zone ; species about 40. — ETYM. 8eA.iV, from the form of the flower. 1. D. AJA'CIS, Reich, (not L.) ; racemes long, lower bracts lobed, follicles solitary pxibescent. D. Consol'ida, Brit. Fl. (not L. ). Cornfields, naturalized in Cambridgeshire, sporadic elsewhere ; alien or colonist, Watson; fl. June-July. — Annual, pubescent. Stem 10-18 in., slender, sparingly branched. Leaves cut into many narrow linear lobes, lower petioled, upper sessile. Flower 1 in. diam., blue, white or pink. Sepals spatbulate- oblong, spur ^ in. Petals 2. Follicle £ in., cylindric ; style short. Seeds continuously plaited all round. — DISTKIB. Central and S. Europe, N. Africa ; introd. in U. States. — Syme observes that D. Aja'cis, Reich, (and continental authors), is not the plant of Linnaeus (which is orienta'le of Gay) ; hence the present plant should have a new name : but as the names Consol'ida, orienta'li, and Aja'cis are now fixed, it is unwise to disturb the present arrangement. D. Consol'ida, L., has been once found in cornfields in Jersey ; it has glabrous follicles shorter than those of D, Aja'cis, short racemes and seeds with interrupted ridges. 9**. ACONI'TUM, L. MONKSHOOD, WOLFSBANE. Erect perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, palmately-lobed or cut. Flowers panicled or racemed. Sejjals 5, dorsal large, arched, hooded; anterior narrowest. Petals 2-5, small ; 2 upper with long claws, hooded at the tip, covered by the sepaliue hood ; 3 lower small or 0. Carpels 3-5, 12 RANUNCVLACEJE. [AcoxnTM. many-ovuled. Follicles 3-5. Seeds many, testa spongy mgose. — Disruir.. Mountains of the N. hemisphere. — ETYM. classical. A. NAPF.L'LUS, L. ; leaf-lobes pinnatifid, raceme simple dense-flowered. Shady places near streams, native (?) in Wales, Hereford and Somerset, naturalized elsewhere ; a denizen? Watson; fl. July-Sept. — Rootstock fusi- form, black. Stem 1-2 ft., erect, slightly pubescent. Leaven palmately 5-7-partite ; petiole dilated at the base; upper often sessile. /Y«/tY>-.v bracteate and bracteolate, 1-1A in. diam. dark blue, horizontal ; pedicels erect, pubescent. Upper sepal at first concealing the others, then thrown back. Spurs of upper petals conical, deflexed. Filaments dilated below. Anthers greenish-black. Follicles 3-5, sub-cylindric, beaked.— DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia, W. Asia to the Himalaya. — A deadly acrid poison. 1O. ACTffi'A, L. BANE- BEERY, HERB CHRISTOPHER. Erect perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, 3-nately compound ; stipules adiiate. Flowers small, in short crowded racemes. Sepals 3-5, rather unequal, petaloid. Petals 4-10, small, spathulate, or 0. Carpel 1, inany- ovuled ; stigma sessile, dilated. Berry many-seeded. Seeds depressed, testa cmstaceous smooth. — DISTRIB. Colder regions of the N. hemi- sphere ; species 1 or 3. — ETYM. &KT-/I, the Elder, from a fancied resemblance. 1. A. spica ta, L. ; raceme simple, fruiting pedicels slender. Copses on limestone, Yorkshire, Lake District, ascending to 1,000 ft. ; native? Watson; fl. May. — Rootstock stout, black. Stem l-*2 ft., perennial, simple or sparingly branched. Radical leaves on long petioles, 2— 3-teniately-pinnate ; leaflets 1-3 in., ovate, acuminate, lobed and serrate, dark green, glabrous ; stipules adnate, auricles short rounded. Racemes 1-2 in. , solitary or few, oblong ; peduncle pubescent. Flowers $ in. diam., white ; pedicels pubes- cent, spreading in fruit. Sepals obtuse, caducous. J'etals minute or 0. /•'; fo- ments dilated above. Berry ^ in. long, ovoid, nearly black. — DISTKIB. Temp, and Arctic Europe, Asia, and N. America (a red-berried var. ). — Nauseous, poisonous. ORDER II. BERBERID E^E. Herbs or shrubs, erect or climbing ; buds scaly. Leaves alternate, simple or compound, usually exstipulate. Inflorescence various ; flowers often globose. Sepals petaloid. Petals hypogynous, numerous, distinct, mul- tiples of 2, 3 or 4, never of 5, imbricate or the outer valvate. Stamens one opposite each petal ; anthers opening by 2 ascending lids or valves. Carpel 1, 1 -celled ; stigma usually peltate ; ovules 2 or more, basal or on the ventral suture, anatropous, raphe ventral. Fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds albuminous ; embryo various. — DISTRIB. Most cool regions, except Australia and S. Africa; genera 20, species 100. — AFFINITIES. See Mamtnculacece ; allied to Menispermaccce ; analogy in anther with Laurinece and in the 3-nary floral whorls with Monocotyledons. — PROPERTIES. Astringent, and yield a yellow dye. Berries of Berberis acid and eatable. 1. BER BERIS, L. BARBERRY. Spiny shrubs, wood yellow. Leaves spinous-toothed, jointed on the very short petiole, often reduced to 3-7 -fid spines. Flowers racemed, BKRBERIS.] BERBERIDEJE. 13 solitary or fascicled, yellow, globose. Sepals 8-9, outer minute, imbricate. Petals 6, in 2 series, 2-glandular at the base, imbricate. Stamens 6, free. Ovules tew, basal, erect. Berry 1— 2-seeded. Seed oblong, testa crus- taceous, albumen fleshy ; embryo straight. — DISTRIB. N. temp, regions, sub-trop. Asia, temp. S. America ; species 50. — ETYM. Arabic. 1. B. vulga'ris, L. ; leaves obovate spiuous-serrate. Copses and hedges, not uncommon in England, naturalized in Scotland and Ireland ; fl. May-June. — An acid shrub, 4-6 ft. Leaves on the woody shoots reduced to 3-7-forked (rarely simple) spines jointed on to a very short sheath, and bearing fascicles of leaves (reduced branches) in their axils ; leaves on the annual shoots 1-1 ^ in., alternate, shortly petioled. Flowers |-^in. diam., in terminal pendulous racemes, pale yellow; bracts short, triangular. Stigma broad, sessile, black. Berry \ in. long, oblong, com- pressed, slightly curved, orange-red. — DISTRIB. Euvope, temp. Asia, N. Africa ; introd. in U. States. ORDER III. NYMPHJEA'CEJE. Aquatic perennial herbs. Leaves usually floating often peltate, involute in vernation. Scapes 1 -flowered, naked. Floral whorls all free and hypo- gynous, or adnate to a fleshy disk that envelops the carpels. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5 or many. Stamens many. Carpels 3 or more in one whorl, free, or adnate with the disk into a many-celled ovary ; styles as rmany as carpels, stigma peltate or decurreut ; ovules few or many, scattered over the walls of the cells, anatropous or orthotropous. Fruit a berry, its carpels consolidated, or separate and indehiscent. Seeds naked or arillate, albumen floury or 0 ; embryo enclosed in the enlarged amniotic sac. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. ; genera 8 ; species 30-40. — AFFINITIES. With Papaver- acece, but not close ; presents analogies with Hydrocharidece and Villarsia. — PROPERTIES unimportant. 1. NU'PHAR, Smith. YELLOW WATER-LILY, BRANDY-BOTTLE. Flowers yellow, globose. Sepals 5-6, concave. Petals many, small, hypogynous. Stamens many, inserted beneath the disk ; filaments short flattened. Carpels many, together forming a many-celled ovary ; stig- ma peltate, rayed ; ovules many. Berry ovoid, of separable carpels. Seeds small. — DISTRIB. N. temp, hemisphere; species 3-4. — ETYM. Arabic naufar. 1. N. lu'teum, L. ; leaves rotundate, base deeply 2-lobed, lobes usually contiguous, anthers linear, margin of stigma entire or waved 10-20-rayed. Still waters from the Caledonian Canal south; ascends to near 1,000 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. June- Aug. — Rootstock creeping in mud ; bud terminal. Sub- merged leaves membranous, waved ; floating coriaceous ; petioles obtusely 3-gonous at the top. Flower yellow, fragrant, odour alcoholic. Sepals concave. Petals 18-20, obovate -cuneate, thickly coriaceous, with a sub- terminal glandular pore. Berry ovoid, rostrate. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), temp. Asia, N. America. — Rootstock abounds in tannicacid. 14 VAR. 1, ma! jus, Syme; flower 2-3 in. diam., stigma generally entire 15-20 rayed. — VAR. 2, mi' nut, Syme ; flower 1£ in. diam., stigma waved at the margin 10-14-rayed.— Chartner's Lough, Northumb. 2. N. pu'milum, Smith; leaves oblong deeply 2-lobed at the base, lobes at length spi'eading, anthers oblong, stigma lobed at the margin, rays 8-10 reaching the margin. Small lakes in Scotland, and Ellesmere in England, rare ; fl. June- Aug. — Very similar to N. lute urn, var. minus, differing in the smaller more orbicular petals, shorter anthers, and in the stigma. Petiole 2-edged. — DISTRIB. N. and Central Europe, N. Asia. 2. NYMPH.ffi'A, L. WHITE WATER-LILY. Habit of Nuphar, but flowers expanded, white blue or red, and fruit ripening under water. Sepals 4, adnate to the base of the disk. Petals in many series, inner successively transformed into stamens, both adnate to the disk. Carpels many, in 1 series, sunk in the fleshy disk, anil with it forming a many-celled ovary, crowned by the connate radiating styles ; ovules many, anatropous. Fruit a spongy berry. Seeds buried in pulp, all but enclosed in a sac-like fleshy aril. — DISTRIB. Most temp, and trop. regions, except N. Zealand and the Pacific Isles ; species 20. — ETYM. dedi- cated by the Greeks to the nymphs. 1. N. al'ba, L. ; leaves orbicular base cordate quite entire horizontal. Lakes and ponds, ascending to 1,000 ft. in the Lake District ; fl. June-Aug. — Roolstock stout, fleshy ; buds terminal. Leaves 5-10 in. diam. floating, deeply 2-lobed at the base ; lobes contiguous ; petioles very long. Flowers concave. Sepals linear-oblong, white, green at the back. Petals oblong, obtuse, white, with no glandular pore. Outer stamens with petaloid fila- ments. Fruit globose ; stigmatic rays 15-20. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to the Himalaya, N.W. America. ORDER IV. PAPAVERA'CEJE. Annual or perennial herbs ; juice milky or coloured. Leaves radical or alternate, exstipulate. Flowers usually nodding in bud, envelopes and stamens veiy caducous. Sepals 2, concave. Petals 4, crumpled. Stamens very many, hypogynous, filaments slender ; anthers erect, insertion basal, bursting laterally. Ovary 1 -celled, or 2-4-celled by prolonged placentas ; style short or 0, stigmas radiating connate opposite the placentas, or separate and alternating with these ; ovules in many rows on parietal placentas, anatropous, micropyle below, raphe lateral. Capsule dehiscing by pores or valves. Seeds many, small, albumen oily and fleshy ; embryo minute, 2-fid. — DISTRIB. N. temp, zone chiefly; genera 17; species 65. — AFFINITIES. With Fumariacece, Bcrbcridece, Jtanunculaccce, and Cruci- ferce. — PROPERTIES. Narcotic, emetic, purgative or acridly poisonous. * Capsule dehiscing by pores or very small valves. Stigmas 4 or more subsessile, forming a radiating disk 1 . Papaver. Stigmas 4-5, defl exed on a conical clavate style 2. Meconopsis. ** Capsv/e Kioif, blue, from the hue of the plants. 1. G. In'teum, L. ; leaves J-amplexicaul, capsule tubercled. Sandy sea-shores from the Forth and Clyde southwards, and all round Ireland ; fl. June-Oct. — Glaucous, sub-hispid, annual, sometimes perennial. Stem 1-2 ft., branched, erect or ascending. Jiadical leaves 2-pinnatifid, rough with stout hairs ; lobes pointing various ways. Flowers 2-4 in. diam., golden yellow ; peduncles short, glabrous. Petals in opposite dissimilar GLAUCIUM.] PAPAVERACE^E. 17 pairs. Pod curved, a foot long, glabrous ; stigmatic lobes spreading. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia ; introd. in U. States. 5. RCEMERIA, DC. Annual herbs ; juice yellow. Leaves much cut. Flowers long-pe- duncled, violet. Se2)als 2. Petals 4. Ovary 1 -celled ; stigma sessile, lobes 2-4, deflexed, opposite as many slender placentas ; ovules many. (Japsule linear, 2-4-valved nearly to the base. Seeds many, testa rough. — DISTRIB. Cornfield plants of Europe and W. Asia ; species 2. — ETYM. J. F. Rcemer, a German botanist. 1. R. hyb'rida, DC. ; leaves 3-pinnatifid, capsule 3-valved. Glau'dum viola'ceurn, Juss. Dry soil, Swaffham Prior, Cambs and Norfolk ; a colonist, Watson; fl. May- June. — Habit of Papaver Argemone, glabrous or slightly hairy. Stem erect. Leaves 1- or 2-pinnatifid, segments tipped by a bristle. Flower 2-3 in. diam., violet-purple with a black disk. Sepals hairy. Capsule 2—3 in., cylin- dric., hispid above. — DISTRIB. Central and S. Europe. ORDER V. FUMARIA'CE^. Annual or perennial herbs ; juice watery. Leaves usually divided. Flmcers racemose. Sepals 2, small, scale-like, deciduous. Petals 4, in 2 usually very dissimilar pairs ; 2 outer larger, one or both gibbous or spurred ; two inner smaller, erect, often coherent at the tips. Stamens (in the British species) 6, in 2 bundles opposite the 2 outer petals ; anther of central stamen in each bundle 2-celled, of lateral 1-celled. Ovary 1 -celled ; style long or short, stigma obtuse or lobed ; ovules two or more, ainphitropous ; placentas parietal. Fruit a 2-valved many-seeded capsule, or an indehiscent 1 -seeded nut. Seeds albuminous, raphe some- times appendaged ; embryo minute. — DISTRIB. Natives of the temp, and warm N. hemisphere, and S. Africa; genera 7 ; species 100. — AFFINITIES. Close with Papaveracece, near Cruciferoe in the structure of the 'fruit of several. — PROPERTIES. Astringent, acrid, and reputed diaphoretic. 1. FUMA'RIA, L. FUMITORY. Annual, rarely perennial herbs ; usually branched, often climbing. Leaves much divided ; segments very narrow. Flowers small, in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes. Petals 4, erect, conniving ; 2 outer dissimilar, one gibbous or spurred at the base, the other flat ; 2 inner narrow, cohering by their tips, wjnged or keeled at the back. Stamens 6, in 2 bundles opposite the outer petals : one filament usually spurred. Ovary 1-celled ; style filiform, stigma entire or shortly lobed ; ovules 2, on 2 placentas. Fruit 1-seeded, indehiscent, globose. — DISTRIB. Europe, Asia, following cultivation ; species 6. — ETYM. doubtful. — The following species are by many considered as varieties of one. 1. F. capreola'ta, L. ; climbing by the twisting petioles, leaf-segments flat, sepals ovate toothed below at least as broad and -3— | as long as the corolla-tube, lower petal gradually dilated at the tip, pedicels longer than the bracts, fruit globose contracted into a neck at the base not retuse. 18 FUMARIACEX. [FUMAKIA. Fields and waste places ; a colonist, Watson ; fl. May-Sept. — Ftemg 1-2 ft. or more, branched. Lauren 2- pinnate ; segments broad. Floirer ^-£ in. RIII;I,,<* lax-flowered, not much elongated in fruit. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia. Sub-sp. PALLIDIFLO'RA, Jordan (sp. ) ; sepals denticulate i-§ as long as the corolla-tube, petals cream-coloured tipped with purple, fruit longer than broad, neck narrower than the dilated top of the recurved pedicel, with 2 deep pits at the top. — S. W. England. Sub-sp. BoRjE'l, Jordan (sp. ) ; sepals ^ as long as and broader than the corolla- tube, petals pale purple tipped with darker, fruit broader than long, neck narrower than the dilated top of the spreading pedicel, with two deep pits at the top.— Common. Sub-sp. CONFU'SA, Jordan (sp. ); sepals ^ as long and nearly as broad as the corolla-tube, petals pink tipped with purple, fruit subrugose when dry, a little longer than broad, neck broader than the dilated top of the erecto- patent pedicel, with two broad shallow pits at the top. F. agra'ria, Mitten. Sub-sp. MURA'LIS, Sondei- ; flowers smaller and laxer, sepals as in confu'»a, corolla rosy tipped with purple, fruit finely rugose when dry, neck narrower than the dilated top of the erecto-patent pedicel, with 2 inconspicuous pits at the top. — England only, rare. 2. F. officina'lis, L. ; diffuse, leaf-segments flat, sepals ovate-lanceolate ^ as long and half as broad as the corolla-tube, lower petal abruptly dilated at the tip, pedicel ascending longer than the bracts, fruit depressed-spin - rical, rugose when dry, with a large shallow pit at the top. Waste places, ascending to near 1,000 feet in N. of England ; a colonist, Watxon; fl. May-Sept. — Smaller than F. canreolala, leaves more divided, flowers smaller and raceme much elongated after flowering. Mower dark or pale rose-purple. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia ; introd. in U. States. 3. F. densiflo'ra, DC. ; diffuse, leaf-segments flat or slightly channelled, sepals broadly ovate toothed half as long as and broader than the corolla- tube, lower petal abruptly dilated at the tip, pedicels erecto-patent about as long as the bracts, fruit globose rugose when dry, with 2 shallow pits at the top. F. calyci'rui, Bab. ; micran'tha, Lagasca. Waste places, from Forfar and Elgin southwards ; a colonist, Watson ; fl. May-Sept.— Habit of F. officinalin, but weaker, leaf-segments smaller and narrower, flowers smaller, racemes short, much elongated after flowering, flower \-% in. pale, bracts coloured. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia to India. 4. F. parviflo'ra, Lamk.; diffuse, leaf-segments flat or slightly chan- nelled, sepals ovate- or linear-lanceolate toothed ^j-J as long and not half as broad as the corolla-tube, lower petal abruptly enlarged at the tip, pedicels erecto-patent equal to or exceeding the bracts, fruit globose rugose when dry, with 2 pits at the top. F. tenuisecfta, Syme. Waste places, &c. from Mid. Scotland southwards ; a colonist, Watson; fl. June- Sept. — Best distinguished by habit, by the narrow leaf-segments, small pale flowers and minute sepals. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to India. Sub-sp. PARVIFLO'RA proper ; leaf-segments channelled, racemes dense- flowered, sepals triangular-ovate £ as long and j as broad as the corolla- FUMARIA.] fUMARIACEJB. 19 tube, pedicels as long as the bracts, fruit pointed at the top. England, rare. Sub-sp. VAILLAN'TII, Loisel. (sp.); leaf-segments flat, racemes lax-flowered, sepals lanceolate A as long and ^ as broad as the corolla- tube, pedicels longer than the bracts, fruit rounded at the top. — Yorkshire and S.E. England. 2. CORYD'ALIS, DC. Erect herbs, with a tuberous rootstock, or weak and diffuse, or slender and climbing by tendrils. Leaves much divided, alternate or subopposite. Racemes terminal or leaf-opposed. Sepals 2, scale-like. Floral characters of Fumaria, but the ovules more numerous, and fruit an inflated 2-valved capsule. Seeds small, raphe often crested. — DISTRIB. Chiefly Mediter- ranean and Himalayan, a few American and African ; species 70. — ETYM. Greek for a Fumaria. 1. C. clavic'ulata, DC. ; annual, branched, climbing by branched tendrils terminating the petioles. Copses, banks, and thatched roofs; ascending to near 1,000ft.; N.E. of Ireland only; fl. June-Aug. — Stems 1-3 ft., brittle, slender. Leaves: glaucous, pinnate, 3- or digitately 5-foliolate ; segments small, ovate or oblong. Racemes opposed to the leaves ; pedicels very short ; bracts cuspi- date. Flowers % in. , straw-coloured ; spur very short. Pods % in. linear- oblong. Testa shining, granulate.— DISTRIB. W. Europe, from Denmark and Germany to Spain. C. LU'TEA, DC. ; perennial, root fibrous, stems many diffuse, leaves 2-3- ternately pinnate, raceme leaf-opposed, flowers yellow. Old walls; an escape from cultivation; fl. May- Aug.— Roof stock branched. Stem 6-12 in., angular. Leaves on long petioles, leaflets oblong-ovate or obovate, entire or lobed. Peduncles long ; bracts lanceolate, erose. Floivers J-J in. , subsecund ; spur short, thick, incurved. Pod oblong, compressed acu- minate ; style deciduous. — DISTRIB. W. Europe from Belgium southwards. C. SOI/IDA, Hook. ; perennial, rootstock tuberous, stem simple, leaves 2-3-ternately pinnate, raceme terminal, flowers purple. C. bulbo'sa, DC. Banks and cultivated ground, naturalized in England ; fl. April-May. — Very glaucous. Rootstock 1 in. diam. and upwards. Stem 6-10 in., stout, with one or two oblong scales below, and a few leaves about the middle. Leaves on stout petioles ; leaflets broad, flowers 1 in. subsecund, bracts lobed, leafy ; spur longer than the rest of the corolla. Pod narrow, lance- olate ; style persistent. Cotyledons connate. — DISTRIB. Europe, from Den- mark southwards. ORDER VI. CRUCIF'ER.ffi. Herbs. Radical leaves in a rosette, caoiline alternate, exstipulate. Flowers racemed. Sepals 4, free ; 2 lateral (opposite the placentas) often larger and saccate at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 4, free, hypogynous, placed crosswise, imbricate in bud. Stamens 6 (rarely 1, '2, or 4), in 2 series ; 2 outer opposite the lateral sepals ; 4 inner longer, in opposite pairs. Disk with usually 4 glands opposite the sepals. Ovary 2-celled, by a vertical prolongation of the placentas, or 1 -celled, c2 20 CRUCIFF.R^. or with superimposed cells ; style short or 0, st igma simple or 2-lobed, lobes opposite the placentas ; ovules usually many, 2-seriate on 2 parietal placentas, rarely solitary and erect, amphitropous or campylotropous, raphe ventral, micropyle superior. Fruit usually a long or short 2-cdlcd and 2-valved capsule (pod) • valves deciduous, leaving the seeds on the persistent placentas (replum), rarely indehiscent, or transversely jointed with 1 -seeded joints. Seeds small, albumen 0 ; cotyledons large, plano- convex or longitudinally folded, foliaceous in germination, radicle turned up on the back of one cotyledon (incumbent) or facing their edges (accum- benf).— DISTRIB. All temp, regions, but chiefly of the Old World ; genera 172 ; species 1,200. — AFFINITIES. Between Fumariacece and Capparidece. — PRO- PERTIES. All parts are nitrogenous and contain sulphur, are pungent, stimulant, and anti-scorbutic, often acrid. Seeds oily. Testa of cress and others mucilaginous when moistened, owing to the swelling and bursting of superficial cells. A. Pod elongate (much longer than broad}, dehiscing througJiout its length, flat or turgid, not compressed at right angles to the septum. (Pod sometimes short in Nasturtium, its tip sometimes indehixcent in Brassica. See Draba in B.) TRIBE I. ARABIDE7E. Seeds 1-seriate (rarely 2-seriate in Arabis and Nasturtium), cotyledons accumbent. (Flowers white, yellow or lilac.) * Stigmas erect or decurrent on the style 1. Matthiola. ** Stigma, small, simple terminal Lateral sepals saccate. Hairs forked 1*. CJieiranthu*. Pod terete, valves turgid. Seeds minute, 2-seriate 2. Nasturtium. Pod4-angled. Seeds oblong 3. Barbarea. Pod flat, valves not elastic 1-nerved 4. Arabis Pod flat, valves elastic. Funicle filiform 5. Cardamine. Pod flat, valves elastic. Funicle dilated 6. Dentaria. TRIBE II. SISYM BRIE-ffi. Seeds usually 1-seriate, cotyledons incumbent, straight, plano-convex. (Flowers white, yellow or lilac.) Glabrous or hairs spreading, stigma obtuse 7. Sisymhrium. Hairs appressed 2-3-furcate, stigma obtuse 8. Erysimum. Hairs spreading, stigmas decurrent on the style 8*. Hespei-is. TRIBE III. BRAS SICEJE. Seeds 1-2-seriate, cotyledons incumbent, longi- tudinally folded or very concave. (Flowers yellow.) Pod terete or angled. Seeds 1-seriate 9. Brassica. Pod compressed. Seeds 2-seriate, compressed 10. Diplotaxis. B. Pod short (not or not much longer tlutn broad), dehiscing through its whole length, broad, flat or turgid, not compressed at rigid angles to Uif, septum. (Flowers white or yellow.) (Pod sometimes long in Draba ; see Nasturtium in A.) TRIBE IV. ALYSSI NE-flE. Seeds 2-seriate, cotyledons accumbent. Petals entire. Pod oblong, flat, many-seeded..'. 11. Draba. Petals 2-cleft. Pod oblong, flat or turgid 12. Erophila. Petals entire. Pod circular, few-seeded 1 2*. • A lyssum. Petals entire. Pod inflated, many-seeded 13. Cochlearia. TRIBE V. CAMELI NE./E. Seeds 2-seriate, cotyledons incumbent. Tall herb, canline leaves sessile auricled 13*. Camelina. Small scapigerous water-herb. Leaves subulate 14. Subularia. CRUCIFER^. 21 C. Pod short, dehiscing throughout its length, much compressed at right angles to the septum, which is hence very narrow. (Pod indehiscent in Senebiera.) TRIBE VI. LEPim NE.ffi. Cotyledons incumbent, straight incurved or longitudinally folded. (Flowers white.) Pod dehiscent, many-seeded 15. Capsella. Pod didymous, indehiscent, 2-seeded 16. Senebiera. Pod dehiscent, 2-4-seeded 17. Lepidium. TRIBE VII. THLASPID'EJE. Cotyledons accumbent, straight. Pods on horizontal pedicels. (Flowers white.) Pod notched. Petals equal. Filaments without scales 18. Thlaspi. Pod ovate. Petals very unequal. H ilaments without scales 19. Iberis. Pod oblong. Petals unequal. Filaments with basal scales. . . . 20. Teesdalia. Pod oblong. Petals equal. Filaments without scales 21. Hutchinsia. D. Pod indehiscent or with very short valves which cover a few of the seeds only. TRIBE VIII. ISATI'DE^ffi. Pod indehiscent, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded ...21*. Isatis. TRIBE IX. CAKILI'NE^:. Pod transversely 2-jointed, lower joint seedless or 2-celled, 2-valved, 2- or more-seeded, upper joint 1-2-celled. (Affinity with Brassicece. ) Lower joint slender, seedless; upper globose, 1-seeded 22. Crambe. Lower joint 2-edged, 1 -celled ; upper ensiform, 1-seeded 23. Cakile. TRIBE X. RAPHA'NEJE. Pod elongate, 1-celled, many-seeded ; or trans- versely jointed, the joints 1-2-celled, cells 1-seeded 24. Raphanus. 1. MATTHI'OLA, Br. STOCK. Herbs, sometimes shrubby, downy with stellate hairs. Leaves entire or sinuate, Flowers large. Sepals erect, lateral saccate at the base. Petals with long claws. Pod elongate, terete or compressed ; septum thick, often 2-3-nerved ; stigmatic lobes erect, conniving, often thickened or horned at the back. Seeds 1 -seriate, compressed, winged or margined ; cotyledons accumbent. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia, one is S. African ; species 30. — ETYM. After Matthiolus, an Italian physician. 1. M. inca'na, Br. ; shrubby, erect, hoary, leaves oblong-lanceolate entire, pod eglandular. Sea-cliffs eastward of Hastings (now extinct), Ventnor and Freshwater, Isle of Wight; a denizen, Watson; fl. May-June.— -Stem 1-2 ft., branched. Leaves rarely obscurely toothed. Raceme 1-2 in. Flowers 1-2 in. diam., purple to violet. Pod 2-4 in., i in. broad. Seed orbicular, winged. — DISTRIB. W Europe, Canaries, Levant. The "Queen Stock" of gardens, where it is treated as an annual or biennial. 2. M. sinua'ta, Br. ; herbaceous, diffuse, woolly or downy, leaves linear- obovate or -oblong, lower sinuate-toothed, pod muricate and glandular. Shores of Wales, Cornwall, Devon, S.E. and S.W. Ireland, Channel Isles ; . fl. May-Aug. — Stem 1—2 ft., branched above. Root-leaves petioled. Raceme 1-3 in. Flowers 1 in. diam., pale lilac, fragrant at night. Pod 3-4 in., .| in. broad; seeds winged.— DISTRIB. W.Europe, N.Africa, Levant. —Taste alkaline. 1*: CHEIRAN'THUS, L. WALLFLOWER. Herbs or under-shrubs, pubescent with appressed 2-partite hairs. Leaves entire or toothed. Flowers large, racerned, yellow or purple. Sepals erert, 22 -CRUCIFER^:. [('HKIUAXTIIUS. lateral saccate at the base. Petals with long claws. Pod elongate, com- pressed or 4-aiigled ; valves 1 -nerved, flat or convex; stigma capital r <>r with 2 spreading lobes. Seeds 1 -seriate, compressed, cotyledons accumhcut. — DISTRIB. N. temp, and cold regions ; species 12. — ETYM. doubtful. C. CHEI'RI, L, ; leaves lanceolate acute entire. Old walls; naturalized; an alien, Watson; fl. May-June.— Perennial. shrubby below, branched, angled. Leaves 2-3 in. Raceme usually short. Flowers about 1 in. diam. fragrant, orange-yellow (in cultivation red, purple or brown). Pod 1-2^ in., 4-angled; stigma almost sessile; seed shortly winged above. — DISTRIB. Central and N. Europe. 2. NASTUR'TIUM, Br. Branched, terrestrial or aquatic glabrous herbs ; hairs if present usually simple. Leaves entire lobed or cut. Flowers small, usually yellow, some- times bracteate. Sepah short, equal, spreading. Petals slightly clawed, or 0. Stamens 1-6. Pod short or long, often curved, terete, pedicels patent and curved, valves not rigid, convex, obscurely 1 -nerved ; style short or long, stigma simple or 2-lobed. Seeds 2-seriate, small, turgid ; cotyledons accumbent. — DISTRIB. N. temp, and warmer regions; species about 20.— ETYM. doubtful.— United with Cochlcaria by C. Armorada (Horse-radish) and others. 1. N. officina'le, Br. ; aquatic, leaves pinnate, leaflets subcordate si- nuate-toothed, petals white twice as long as the sepals, pod linear. W«t< /•- cress. Watercourses, ascending above 1,000 feet in the N. of England ; fl. May-Oct. — Perennial, glabrous, green or olive-brown. Stem 2-4 ft., rooting, often floating, fistular. Leaflets 3-6 pair. Flowers %-\ in. diam. Jin,;,,,,* short. Hvpoffynotu fflandt 4. Pods ^-1 in., deflexed or horizontal, longer than their pedicels ; valves beaded ; seeds suborbicular, compressed.— DISTRIB. Europe. W. Asia, N. Africa ; introd. in N. America and the colonies, and choking some rivers of N. Zealand, where the stem grows as thick as the wrist. VAU. 1, officina'le proper; decumbent, terminal leaflet broadest and largest. — VAR. 2, siifo'lium, Reich, (sp.); erect, tall, terminal leaflet oblong, all marly equal. 2. N. sylves'tre, Br. ; rootstock creeping, leaves deeply pinnatilid, leaflets many, lanceolate more or less cut nearly equal, petals yellow twice as long as the sepals, pod linear, seeds hardly 2-seiiate. Moist waste places from the Forth and Dumfries southwards, rare in the north ; S. of Ireland, rare ; fl. June- August. — Stem angular, flexuous. Leaves very variable. Racemes short; flowers \ in. diam. Hypogynous glands t\ Pod ^-if in., curved, pedicel very slender longer or shorter than the pod ; seeds minute. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, temp, and subtrop. Asia ; introd. in America. 8. N. palus'tre, DC. ; leaves lyrate pinnatifid, segments few broad unequally cut, terminal of the lower leaves very large, petals yellow equalling the sepals or shorter, pod oblong turgid. N. terredtre, Sm. Damp places from Argyle and Forfar southwards ; fl. June-Oct. — Knot fibrous. &tem 1-2 ft., erect or inclined. Ltacts pinnate or pinnatifid, terminal leaflet NASTURTIUM.] CRUCIFERJS. 23 sometimes 6 in. Flower | in. diam. Pod about as long as its pedicel ; style very short. Seeds angular.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, temp, and cold Asia and America. 4. N. amphib'ium, Br. ; rootstock short stoloniferous, leaves entire toothed or pinnatifid, petals yellow twice as long as the sepals, pod oblong shorter than its pedicel. Armora'cia, Koch. Wet places in England and Ireland ; doubtfully native in Scotland ; fl. June- Sept. — Stem 2-4 ft., erect. Leaves pinnatifid chiefly when submerged, base often ^-amplexicaul. Flowers | in. diam. Pod £ in., pedicels spreading or deflexed; style slender ; stigma large, capitate; seeds small, oblong. — DIS- TRIB. Europe, N. Africa, temp. Asia. 3. BARB ARE' A, Br. "WlNTER-CRESS. Erect, branched, glabrous, biennial herbs. Stem angular. Leaves entire lobed or pinnatifid. Flowers yellow, sometimes bracteate. Sepals suberect, equal. Petals clawed. Pod linear-elongate, compressed, 4-angled, acumi- nate ; valves keeled or ribbed ; style short, stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Seeds 1-seriate, oblong, not margined ; cotyledons accumbent. — DISTRIB. All temp, regions ; species about 6. — ETYM. Dedicated to St. Barbara.— The usually straight and stiff pods, with keeled valves, 1-seriate seeds, and habit, chiefly separate this from Nasturtium. 1. B. vulga'ris, Br. ; leaves toothed or pinnatifid at the base, pod short 4-gonous acuminate broader than its slender pedicel, style straight distinct. Hedgebanks, water-sides, from the Clyde and Elgin southwards ; fl. May- Aug. — Stem rigid, erect, angled, glabrous, simple or sparingly branched. Lower leaves pinnate, rarely pinnatifid, terminal leaflet usually largest ; upper subentire or pinnatifid with amplexicaul auricled bases. Flowers small, bright yellow. Pods f-1 in. ; style £ in. — DISTRIB. Europe, temp. Asia, S.Africa, Australia, and N, America ; ascends to 17,000ft. in the Himalaya. Sub-sp. VULGA'HIS proper ; raceme about as long as broad, petals twice as Jong as the sepals, pods in a dense raceme 3-6 times as long as their pedicels erect rarely spreading, seed lg times as long as broad. — Common. Sub-sp. ARCUA'TA, Reich, (sp. ) ; raceme elongate, petals rather more than twice the length of the sepals, pods in a lax' raceme arched and spreading when young 5-8 times as long as their pedicels, seed more than twice as long as broad. — Rare, Loughgall, Armagh. Sub-sp. STRIC'TA, Andrz. (sp.) ; terminal segment very large, pods in a dense narrow raceme erect 4-6 times as long as their pedicels, seed nearly twice as long as broad. — Rare, Yorkshire, Northampton, Essex. Attains Arctic Europe. Sub-sp. INTERME'DIA, Boreau (sp.); leaf-segments many, petals twice as long as the sepals, pods in a dense raceme erect 4-6 times as long as their pedicels, seeds nearly as long as broad. — Cultivated fields, probably intro- duced.— Intermediate between B. vulgaris and prcecox. 1>. PR^'COX, Br. • leaves pinnatifid, segments narrow, petals 3 times as long as the sepals, pods long and distant scarcely thicker than their veiy stout short pedicels, style very short. American Cress. Roadsides, &c., a garden escape; an alien, Watson ; fl. April-Oct.— Very similar to the preceding, of which I suspect it is a cultivated form. Setds 24 CRUCIFERJE. [BARBAREA. \ longer than broad, twice as large and more orbicular than in B. vulgaris. — DISTRIB. All Europe ; introd. in U. States. — An excellent salad. 4. ARAB IS, L. ROCK-CRESS. Annual or perennial herbs, glabrous or with forked or stellate hairs. Radical leaves spathulate ; cauline sessile. Floivcrs usually white. Sepals short, equal, or the lateral saccate at base. Petals entire, usually clawed. Pod linear, compressed ; valves flat, keeled, veined or ribbed ; stigma simple or 2-lobed. Seeds 1- rarely sub-2-seriate, compressed, often mar- gined or winged ; cotyledons accumbent. — DISTRIB. N. temp, zone ; species 60. — ETYM. From Arabia, the native country of various species. — Differs from Cardamine chiefly in the more strongly keeled non-elastic pod. 1. A. petrse'a, Lamk. ; leaves petioled radical lyrate-pinnatifid, cauline subentire, petals spreading broad clawed, pods spreading. A. his'pida, L. ; Cardani-Hne hastula'ta, Sm. Alps of N. Wales, Shetland, Skye, Cairngorm Mts. and Braemar, ascend- ing above 4,000ft., Glenade Mt. Leitrim ; fl. June-Aug. — Glabrous or hairy, perennial. Stem 8-6 in., branched below. Lenf-segments short. Flowers corymbose, white or purplish. Puils 4-1 in. ; valves 3-nerved. Seeds hardly winged. — DISTRIB. Alpine and Arctic Europe, N. Asia and N. America. 2. A. stric'ta, Huds. ; hispid, radical leaves subpetiolate small obtuse sinuate-lobed, cauline few 4-amplexicaul, petals narrow cunuaU' suberect, pods suberect. Rocks, Bristol and Cheddar, very rare; fl. March-May.— Perennial. ,V./»« 5-10 in., ascending or erect. Radical teares ciliate, hairs forked and simple ; lobes oblong or triangular, pointing upwards. Flowers rather large, cream-coloured. Pods 1 in., 3-6 times as long as their pedicels ; valves 1-nerved ; style short ; seeds oblong, slightly winged above. — DISTRIB. Central Europe, from Spain to Hungary.— Habit of .SV..< /,„/>. Tkalia'na. 3. A. cilia'ta, Br. ; ciliate or hairy, stem leafy, radical leaves entire . C. ama'ra, L. ; leaves pinnate, radical leaflets suborbicular, cauline narrow or deeply toothed, petals large obovate spreading, anthers purple, pods erect on slender pedicels, style slender. River-sides, &c. scarce ; from Mid. Scotland southwards, ascending to near c 1,000 ft. in Yorkshire ; N.E. Ireland ; fl. April^June.— Rootstock slender, stoloniferous. Stem 1-2 ft., ascending, glabrous or hairy. Leaves all alternate. Flowers % in. diam., racemed or panicled. Petals white, creamy. Pods 1-li in., pedicels \-% in.; style slender, stigma minute. — DISTRIB. N. Europe" and Asia to the Himalaya. 4. C. Impa tiens, L. ; leaves pinnate, petioles with stipuliform fringed auricles, leaflets all narrow deeply cut, petals linoar-oboviite or 0, anthers yellow, pods erect on short slender pedicels, style slender. fchady copses, &c. local; from York (ascending to near 1,000 ft.) and Den- bigh southwards ; absent in Scotland and Ireland ; fl. May-Aug.— lt<»>t»t,.,-l.- spindle-shaped. Stem 1-2 ft. , stout, erect, very leafy, glabrous. Leaflets many, petioled. Flowers iin. diam., of ten panicled, white. Puds 9-1 in., very slender ; pedicels | in. — DISTRIB. Europe* temp. Asia to the Himalaya.— The stipuliform auricles, reflexed on the stem, are anomalous structures. 6. DENTA RIA, L< CORAL-ROOT. Herbs with creeping, scaly rootstocks. Radical leaves few or 0 ; cauline often opposite or 3-nately whorled. Flowers large, purple. Sepals erect, eiiual at the base. Petals clawed. Pod narrow-lanceolate ; valves flat, nearly nerveless, elastic ; septum membranous. Meeds 1-seriate, compressed, not margined, funicle dilated; cotyledons accumbent, stalked. — Disinir.. N. temp, regions; species about 20. — ETYM. dens, from the scaly rootstock. ' — Differs from Cardaminc chiefly in habit, and the funiolos. 1. D. bulbif 'era, L. ; lower leaves pinnate, upper simple entire. Woods and copses, rare, Sussex, Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Bucks ; doubtfully a native of Perth, Ayr, and Lanark ; absent from Ireland ; fl. April-June. —Rootxtock annual or biennial, white. Stem 1-2 ft., simple, leafless below. Leaves with few pairs of oblong, entire or serrate ciliate leaflets 1-2 in.; the uppermost leaflets confluent at the base ; upper leaves with bulbs in their axils. Flowers ^-| in. diam. , white or lilac ; pedicels slender. 1'nds erect, rarely ripening.— I) 1ST RIB. Throughout Europe, rare in W. Asia. 7. SISYM'BRIUM, L. HKIKJE-MfSTARD. ' Animal or biennial herbs ; hairs always simple. Radical leave* spreading ; cauline alternate, often anricled. Floivers loosely racemed, usually yellow, often bracteate. Sepals short or long. Petals often narrow and long-clawed. Pod narrow-linear, terete or 4-6-angled or compressed ; valves concave or convex, often 3-nerved ; septum mem- branous, nerveless or 2-uerved ; stigma simple 2-lobed or cup-shaped. Seeds many, 1-seriate, not margined; cotyledons incumbent.— DISTRIB. SISYMBRIUM.] CRUGIFERM. 27 Temp, and cold N. hemisphere ; rare in the Southern ; species 80. — ETYM, doubtful. — Differs from Brassica only in the flat cotyledons, and is united to Arabis by S. Thaliana. The British species present 4 types of pod, represented by 1. S. Thaliana, Irio, and Sophia; 2. S. qffieinale; 3. S. pijli/ceratium ; 4. S. Alliaria. 1. S. Thalia'na, Hook. ; leaves toothed pubescent, flowers white, pods spreading or ascending obscurely 4-angled. Thale-cress. Dry soils, ascending to 1,500 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. May-Sept.— Annual. Stem 6-10 in., slender, nearly leafless. Radical leaves rosulate, oblong, petioled ; cauline narrow, sessile, all entire or toothed. Flowers % in. diam. ; pedicels slender. Pods \-\ in., slender, curved ; seeds minute ; cotyledons usually incumbent. — DLSTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Asia to the Himalaya, N. Africa ; introd. in N. America. 2. S. Ir'io, L. ; leaves runcinate-toothed or pinnatifid glabrous, flowers yellow, pods terete slender suberect. London Rocket. Old walls, &c., Btrwick-on-Tweed and Dublin ; sporadic in other places ; a denizen, Watson; fl. July-Aug. — Annual or biennial. Stem 1-2 ft., branched. Radical leaves petioled ; lobes irregularly toothed, terminal large often hastate. Flowers fa in. diam. Pods 1| in., very many, glabrous, erect, strict, very slender; valves beaded, 3-nerved ; style 0; seeds oblong. — DISTRIB. Central and S. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia to the Himalaya. — Called " London Rocket " because it sprang up abundantly after the Great Fire of 1666. 3. S. Sophi'a, L. ; leaves 2-3 -pinnatifid glabrous or downy, segments narrowly linear, flowers yellow, pods slender terete ascending curved, pedicels very slender. Flixweed, Waste places, rarer in Scotland and Ireland ; fl. June-Aug. — Annual. Stem 1-3 ft., branched above ; branches spreading and ascending, leafy. Leaves 2-4 in., finely divided ; lobes spreading. Flowers | in. diam. Pods 1 in., in long racemes ; valves beaded, 3-ribbed ; style very short. — DISTKIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, West Asia to the Himalaya, N. and S. America. 4. S. officinale, L. ; leaves runcinate-toothed or -lobed hairy, flowers yellow, pods in a leafless raceme subulate terete appressed to the stem. 'ff edge-mustard. Hedgebanks and waste places; fl. June-July. — Stern 1-2 ft., terete, erect, with spreading or redexed hairs ; branches horizontal. Leaves vari- ously cut or lobed, with a tendency to a large terminal lobe. Flowers A in. diam. Pods \ in., tapered from the base into the almost pungent style ; pedicels short, thick. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia to the Himalaya, N. Africa ; introd, in the U. States. 5. S. Allia'ria, Scopoli ; leaves all petioled deltoid or reniform- cordate coarsely toothed or crenate pilose beneath, pods stout long 4-angled, pedicels short stout. Erysimum, L. ; Alliaria, Andrz. Garlic- mustard, Sauce alone, Jack by the hcdgd Hedgebanks, &c., ascending to near 1,000 ft. in England ; rarer in N. Scotland and Ireland ; fl. May-June. — Annual or rarely biennial, glabrous or with a few scattered simple hairs, rank scented. Stem, 2-3 ft., decumbent at the base, then flexuous, erect, simple or sparingly branched. Radical leav>s often 3 in. diam., on long slender petioles, smaller and more reniform than 28 CRUCIFERjE. [ the cauline, which are cuneate at the base. Flowers \ in. diam. Pods 2J in., linear, slightly curved, rigid, subacute ; valves keeled, style very short, stigma truncate. Seeds oblong ; funicle dilated. — DiSTHlB. Europe, N. Africa, temp, and W. Asia to the Himalaya. S. POI/YCERA'TIUM, L. ; prostrate, leaves runcinate-pinnatifid glabrous, flowers yellow, pods 1-3 in the axils of leafy bracts cyliiidric curved spreading. Roadside paths near Bury St. Edmunds, where introduced by Dr. Goodenough ; fl. July-Aug. — Annual, glabrous, very leafy. Leaves often reduced to the large triangular coarsely toothed terminal lobe. Flowers small, yellow. Pods 4 in. , in short leafy racemes, broad at the base, on very short thick pedicels ; valves 3-nerved, very convex, beaded, obtuse ; style evident, short, thick, stigma obtuse. — DISTRIB. S. of France and Mediterranean to the Caucasus. 8. ERYS'IMUM, L. TREACLE-MUSTARD. Annual biennial or perennial hoary herbs, hairs appressed forked. Leaves narrow, entire. Flowers yellow, often fragrant. Sepals erect, equal or the lateral gibbous at the base. Petals clawed. Pod narrow, compressed, 4-angled or terete ; valves linear, often keeled ; repluin usually prominent ; septum membranous or corky ; stigma 2-lobed or entire. Seeds many, 1-seriate, oblong, not winged or winged at the tip ; cotyledons incumbent. — DISTRIB. Temp, and cold N. hemisphere ; species about 70. — ETYM. lpvn-rrx large, handsome. Sepals erect, lateral gibbous at the base. Petals clawed. Pod elongate, terete or 4-angled ; valves Hattish, keeled, 3-nerved; septum membranous ; stigmatic lobes suberect. Seeds many, margined or not ; cotyledons incumbent.— DISTRIB. Europe and temp. Asia ; species 20. — ETYM. «(t\w from flowering iu spring. — Usually combined with Draba, but as distinct as any genus in the Order. 1. E. ver'na, L.; leaves oblong-lanceolate coarsely toothed. Abundant in its common form on walls, paths, &c. ; fl. March-June. — Sub- glabrous or delicately pubescent herb, 1-6 in. Leaven ^-1 in., all radical, rosulate. Scapes slender, flexuous. Flowers £-| in. diam. Pods 4-^ in., on spreading pedicels. — DISTRIB. Europe, temp. Asia to the Himalaya, N.Africa, K America (perhaps introd.).— Seventy forms have been separated by M. Jordan as specific, and cultivated with more or less constancy of character. Sub-sp. VEH'NA proper ; pod compressed, obovate-oblong twice or more as long as broad, cells 20-40-seeded. — Ascends to 1,2UO ft. in Yorkshire. Sub-sp. BRACHYCAR'PA, Jordan (sp. ); pod compressed, orbicular-oblong 1-1^ as long as broad, cells 12-20-seeded.— Walls in Yorkshire, &c. Sub-sp. INFLA'TA, Watson ; pod turgid, ovoid-oblong twice as long as broad, cells 20-40-seeded.— Alpine rocks, Ben Lawers, alt. 2,500-3,000 ft. ; fl. June—July. D. vema ft. Hook. 12*. ALYS'SUM, L. Herbs or small shrubs, often covered with stellate down. Leaves scattered or crowded, entire. Flowers small, white or yellow. Sepals short, equal. Petals short, entire or 2-fid. Filaments sometimes toothed or appeudiculate. Pod short, very various in form ; valves flat, concave or convex ; septum entire or perforate ; stigma simple. Seeds 2-10 ; cotyle- dons accumbent.— DISTRIB. N. and W. Asia andN. Africa; species 80-90. — ETYM. obscure. — A very polymorphous genus, almost every organ vary- ing from the normal iu one or other of the species ; hence 10 genera have been made out of it. A. CALYCI'NUM, L. ; pubescent with appressed stellate hairs, leaves linear-spathulate, flowers yellow, pods suborbicular, sepals persistent. Cultivated fields, rare and sporadic in England and Scotland, not indigenous ; fl. June—Aug. — Annual, hoary. Stem, woody and branched at the base ; branches 3-8 in., rigid, ascending. Leaves |-| in. long, few, scattered, ob- ovate or oblong, obtuse. Flowers small ; filaments with 2 teeth at the base. Fruiting racemes elongate. Pods ^ in. diam. very numerous, on short stiff spreading pedicels, nearly orbicular, turgid with broad thin flat margins, notched at the tip ; style very short. Seeds 1-2 in each cell, narrowly winged.— DISTKIB. Central and S. Europe, W. Asia. A. MARIT'IMUM, L. ; pubescent with appressed 2-partite hairs, leaves linear, petals obovate white, pod obovoid-orbicular, sepals deciduous. Koriiga, Br. ; Lobula'ria, Desv. ; Gltfce, Lindl. Waste places near the sea ; a garden escape ; fl. June-Sept. — Annual or perennial.— Rootstock prostrate. Stem 4-10 in., ascending, leafy. Leaves 1-li in., JQ- jm. broad, linear subacute. Flowers small, odorous; filaments all simple. Pod -fs in., without a border ; pedicels slender, spreading ; valves convex, 1-nerved ; cells 1-seeded ; style slender. — DISTRIB. Maritime S. Europe and W. Asia. D 34 CRUCIFER& [CociiLEARiA. 13. COCHLEARIA, L. SCURVY-GRASS. Perennial herbs. Leaves entire or pinnate. Flmvers small, white. Sepals short, equal, spreading. Petals shortly clawed. Pod sessile or shortly stalked, oblong or globose; valves turgid, reticulate ; septum often impi-r- fect ; stigma simple or capitate. Seeds few or many, 2-seriate, not mar- gined, tubercled. Cotyledons accumbent. — DISTRIB. Temp, and Arctic regions, chiefly littoral or Alpine ; species 25. — ETYM. cochlea, from the form of the leaves. — The native British species form a veiy well denned group of variable littoral plants, confined to N.W. Europe and the Arctic regions ; but there are exotic species with the habit of .AW«/-- * Valves with a dorsal nerve. 1. C. officinalis, L. ; radical leaves cordate at the base, pod sub- globose, valves reticulate, style very short. C. polymor'pha, Syme. Sea-shores and high mountains ; fl. May-Aug. — Stems 4-10 in. glabrous, fleshy. many, ascending from the annual biennial or perennial rootstock. I-'/mn ,>• J-^in. diam. Pod, £-i in. diam., cells 4-6-seeded. — DISTRIB. Arctic and sub- Arctic shores and Alps of W. Europe, N. Asia and N. America.— A valuable antiscorbutic. Sub-sp. OFFICINA'LIS proper ; radical leaves deeply cordate orbicular or reni- form, cauline amplexicaul angled toothed or lobed, pod nearly globose. — Muddy sea-shores. Sub-sp. ALPI'NA, Watson; radical and cauline leaves as in offifinafit, pod rhomboid-oblong narrowed at both ends. C. grmihui! dica, Sm. — Mountains, ascending to near 4,000 ft. Sub-sp. DAN'ICA, L. (sp.); radical leaves deltoid lobed cordate at the base, lower cauline similar petioled, upper amplexicaul also lobed, pod as in alpina. — Sandy and muddy shores, common in England, rarer in Scotland and Ireland. 2. C. ang'lica, L. ; radical leaves oblong-rhomboid or ovate not cordate entire lobed or angled, cauline 4-amplexicaul, pod oblong or obovoid inflated much constricted at the suture, valves reticulate, style slender. Muddy shores, in England, Wigton in Scotland, rare in Ireland ; fl. May-July. — Much larger than any form of C. officinat-is, with branches 10-18 in. Leaves more fleshy, narrower, and pod very different, almost .J in., style longer. — DISTRIB. N. and W. Europe, Arctic and sub- Arctic Asia and America. ** Valves with no dorsal nerve. ARMORA'CIA, Rupp. (gen.). C. ARMORA'CIA, L. ; leaves linear-oblong obtuse deeply regularly crenate, radical long-petioled, cauline narrower sessile, racemes panicled, pods (immature) obovoid on long slender pedicels. Horse-radish. Ditches, corners of fields, &c. ; an alien or denizen (?) Walxon ; fl. May-June. —Rootstock stout, long, cylindric. Leaves 8-12 in., radical 3-5 in. broad, on petioles 1 ft., waved with many spreading reticulate nerves, cordate cuneate or unequal at the base ; cauline many, 4-8 in., ^-1 in. broad, more serrate than toothed. Flowers $ in- diam. Pod never ripening in this country : style slender ; stigma large, capitate ; seeds described as 8-12 in a cell, smooth. — DISTRIB. Origin unknown. I have not seen ripe pods ; it is possibly a cultivated form of C. inacrocarpa, W. and K., a native of Hungary. CAMELINA.] CRUCIFER^E. 35 13*. GAMELI'NA, Crantz. GOLD OF PLEASUKE. Annual, erect herbs. Leaves almost entire, cauline auricled. Flowers small, yellow. Sepals short, equal at the base. Petals obovate. Pod obovoid ; valves turgid, keeled at the base, produced upwards along the base of the style ; margins flattish ; septum membranous ; stigma simple. Seeds many, 2-seriate, not margined ; funicle slender, adnate at the base to the septum ; cotyledons incumbent. — DISTRIB. Europe and temp. Asia ; species 5-10 (all vars. of one ?). — ETYM. xafj-a'1 an(i Mvov, dwarf flax. C. SATI'VA, L. ; radical leaves petioled, cauline oblong-lanceolate. Flax-fields, sporadic, not even naturalized ; fl. June-July. — Stems 2-3 ft., branched above, slender. Radical leaves soon withering ; cauline 1-3 in. , obtuse ; auricles pointed, entire or lobulate. Flowers J in. diam. Petals erect, spathulate. Pods ^-^ in. , on slender spreading peduncles, obovoid, margins flat, thin ; seeds few, oblong, punctulate.— DISTRIB. Central and S. Europe, and temp. Asia.— Seeds used for soap-makers' oil, for feeding poultry, and making oil-cake. 14. SUBUI.A'RIA, L. AWL-WORT. A small submerged perennial scapigerous herb. Radical leaves all subu- late. Flowers small, white. Sepals spreading, equal. Petals small. Pod shortly stalked, oblong or nearly globose ; valves convex, ribbed ; septum membranous ; stigma sessile, entire. Seeds few, 2-seriate ; cotyledons incumbent, incurved, narrowed into the radicle ; the lengthened bases of the cotyledons being turned up, a transverse section of the embryo shows a radicle with apparently 4 cotyledons. — DISTRIB. Arctic, N. and Central Europe, N. Asia, Iceland, N.E. U. States. — ETYM. subula, from the form of the leaves. 1. S. aquat'ica, L. ; leaves cellular, scape naked few-flowered. Gravelly bottoms of subalpine lakes in Scotland, ascending to 2,200 ft. ; Wales, and Ireland ; fl. June- Aug. — Roots of densely tufted glabrous matted white fibres from a small stock. Leaves 1-3 in. , fascicled, terete, gradually tapar- ing upwards. Scapes 1-3 in. Flowers ^ in. diam., submerged. Pods small, J in. ; pedicel short, ascending ; seeds pale brown, punctulate. 15. CAPSELLA, Mozndi. SHEPHERD'S PURSE. Annual herbs. Radical leaves entire or lobed. Flowers small, white, pedicels slender. Sepals spreading, equal. Pod much laterally compressed, oblong or obcuneate or obcordate ; valves boat-shaped, keeled ; septum membranous; stigma sessile. Seeds many, minute ; cotyledons incumbent. — DISTRIB. N. temp, regions ; species 6. — ETYM. Diminutive of Capmla. — Petals tend to be transformed into stamens. 1. C. Bur'sa-Pastor'is, DC. ; pod triangular or obcordate. A weed in all situations, ascending to 1,200 ft. ; fl. March-No v. —Glabrous or hairy, hairs branched. Roots long, tapering. Stems 6-16 in., branched. Leaves rosulate, pinnatifid, rarely entire, upper lobe triangular, cauline auricled. Flowers V& in. diam. Pods J-| in. ; pedicels slender ; style short ; valves smooth ; seeds many, oblong, punctate. — DISTRIB. Temp and Arctic Europe, N. Africa and Asia to the Himalaya; introd. in all temp, climates. D 2 36 CRUCIFEILJ:. [SENEBIEISA. 16. SENEBIK RA, DC. WART-CRF.Ss. Annual or biennial, branched, prostrate herbs. Leaves entire or cut. Flmvers minute, white, in short leaf-opposed racemes. Sepals short, spread- ing. Stamens 2, 4, or 6. Pod small, indehiscent, didymous, laterally com- pressed ; valves subglobose, rugose or crested ; stigma sessile. Seeds 1 in each cell ; cotyledons incumbent or induplicate, gradually narrowed into the radicle. — DISTRIB. Temp, and warm regions ; species 6. — ETYM. J. Senebier, a Genevese vegetable physiologist. — JKapidly spreading weeds in the colonies, &c. The shorter stamens are sometimes absent. Embryo in some species cyclical. 1. B. Corono pus, Poiret ; lobes of fruit not separating deeply wrinkled, the wrinkles forming a crest, style subulate. Corono'pus Ruellii, Gaertner. Waste ground, from Fife southward, rare in Scotland, local in Ireland ; fl. June- Sept. — Habit, &c. of S. didyma, but glabrous, less branched ; foliage larger, less divided ; petals and stamens usually perfect ; pods twice the size, abruptly narrowed into the subulate style, lobes connate ; pedicels very short, thick ; and seeds twice as large. Surface of pod variable as to sculpturing.— DISTRIB. Europa, N. Africa, W. Asia ; introd. in the U. States. S. DID'YMA, Persoon; lobes of fruit separating wrinkled, style minute. Corono'pus, SmJ Waste ground nW the sea from Hampshire westward, S. and W. Wales, S. and W. Ireland\ sporadic elsewhere; a denizen. irus. Sepals short, equal. Petals short or 0. Stamens 2, 4, or 6. Pod oblong ovate obovate or obcordate, much laterally compressed; valves kfeleii, winged or not; septum narrow; stigma notched. Seeds 1 in each eell, rarely 2, pendulous from the septum ; cotyledons incumbent, rarely ;u (".unbent. — DisruiB. Temp, and warmer regions of the globe; species 60-80. — ETYM. Ktir&iov, from the scale-like form of the pods.— Stamen* sometimes deformed. Cotyledons 3-partite in the common Cress. SECTION!. Nasturtias'trum, Oren. and GW/-. /W much compressed, entire or notched, valves keeled, not winged ; style minute. 1. Ii. latifo'lium, Z. ; perennial, erect, radical leaves long-petioled oblong serrate, pod ovoid entire. Dittander. Salt marshes, indigenous in S. Wales, Somerset, Kent, Hampshire, Essex, and Norfolk ; introd. in Fife and Berwick ; S. of Ireland ; fl. July-Aug.— Glabrous, rather glaucous. RooUtock elongate, stoloniferous. Htr.w 2-4 ft., much branched, leafy. Radical leaves often 1 ft. ; cauline narrower, upper jessile. Floirer* minute, in short densely panicled bracteate corymbs. Pod -ft in.; pedicels short; valves not winged.— DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe, W. Asia. LEPIDIUM.] CRUCIFER^E. 37 2. Ii. rudera'le, L. ; annual, erect or prostrate, lower leaves 2-piuna- tifid, pod orbicular-oblong notched. Waste places near the sea, E. and S. of England, rarer and probably not indigenous elsewhere; a denizen? Watson; fl. May-June. — Glabrous or slightly pubescent. Radical leaves much divided, segments narrow ; upper cauline linear, entire. Flowers minute, usually apetalous and diandrous, in terminal and lateral corymbs. Pods A-A in., flat ; pedicels slender, diverg- ing ; valves keeled, almost winged at the top ; seeds compressed. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. W. Asia to the Himalaya ; introd. in U. States. SECTION 2. Lepia, DC. Pod ovoid or oblong, much compressed, notched ; valves broadly winged ; style short. 3. L. campes tre, JBr. ; cauline leaves auricled toothed, anthers yellow, pods concave papillose, style not longer than the notch. Pepjjerwort. Fields and roadsides, from Lanark and Elgin southwards, rare in Scotland and Ireland ; fl. May-Aug. -Glabrous or pubescent, annual or biennial. Stem 6-18 in. , erect, simple or branched. Radical leaven pinnatifid or entire, cauline oblong-lanceolate. Flowers A in. diam. Pods J in., in horizontal racemes, broadly ovate, shorter than the spreading pedicels ; papillae scale-like when dry ; seeds oblong, curved.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to India ; introd. in U. States. 4. L. Smith'ii, Hook. ; cuuline leaves auricled toothed, anthers violet, pods concave slightly papillose, style longer than the notch. L. hirtum, Sin. in part. Fields and roadsides, from Moray southwards, rare in Scotland, ascending to 1,000 ft., and in Ireland ; fl. April- Aug. —Habit of L. campestre but perennial, more down}', with a large style and less papillose pod, probably a form of L. hirtum, L.— DiSTRIB. W. Europe. SECTION 3. Carda'ria, DC. Pod deltoid-cordate, constricted between the valves ; valves hardly keeled, not winged ; style distinct. L. DRA'BA, L. ; stem flexuous leafy, leaves oblong .amplexicaul toothed. Fields, hedgebanks, and railway cuttings, rare and sporadic in Mid. and 5. England, but hardly naturalized ; an alien, Watson ; fl. May-June.— Perennial, hoary or downy. Stem 1-3 ft., branched above. Leaves 1-3 in., auricles converging, lower petioled. Racemes in branched panicles. Flowers | in. diam., white. Pod J in. broad, deltoid with rounded angles, on slender spreading pedicels, disposed in short racemes ; valves slightly papillose, one often smaller or imperfect, enclosing the seed when dehiscing.— DISTRIB. Central and S. Europe, W. Asia ; intrpd. in U. States. 18. THLAS'PI, L. PENNY CRESS. Annual or perennial, glabrous, often glaucous herbs. Leaves quite entire or toothed, radical rosulate, cauline hastate. Flowers white or rose- coloured. Sepals erect, equal at the base. Petals obovate. Pod short, laterally compressed, broader upwards, emargiuate ; valves keeled or winged. Seeds few, not margined ; cotyledons accumbent. — DISTRIB. Temp., Alpine, and Arctic N. hemisphere, rare in South; species 30. — ETYM. The old Greek name of the genus. 1. T. arven'se, L. ; annual, cauline leaves sagittate sinuate-toothed, pod large orbicular deeply notched, valves broadly winged all round, cells 6-8 seeded. Mandate Mustard. 38 CRUGIFER^E. [THLASPI. Fields, &c. rather common ; rarer in Scotland ; east of Ireland ; a colonist, Watson; fl. May-July.— Stem 1-2 ft., usually simple, slender, erect. Jt« .'?-..>• entire or pinnatind, often fleshy. Flowers corymbose, all or the outer only with the 2 outer petals radiating. Sepals equal at the base. Petals white or lilac, the two outer much the longest. Filaments without appendages. Pod broad, much compressed, orbicular or ovate, tip entire or notched ; valves keeled or winged; septum very narrow, of two lamellae; stigma notched. Seeds 1 in each cell, not margined ; cotyledons accumbent ; radicle horizontal or ascending. — DISSTRIH. Mid. and S. Europe, Asia Minor ; species about 20. — ETYM. Iberia (Spain), where many species grow. 1. I. ama'ra, L. ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pods suborbieular. Cornfields and cultivated ground on a dry soil, chiefly in the centre and E. of England, rare in Scotland ; a colonist, \\'<'t.«»i ; ft. July-Aug. — Animal. Stem, 6-9 in., erect, corymbosely branched, ribbed, the rilis minutely downy. Leave* 1-3 in., sessile, scattered, sparingly toothed or pinnatind, often minutely ciliate. Flowers \-\ in. diam., white or purplish. Pods J in. broad, flat, on IBERIS.] CRUCIFER^. 39 short horizontal pedicels, in short racemes ; notch triangular ; valves nar- rowly winged, wings acute above ; style exceeding the wings. — DiSTRiB. W. Europe, from Belgium southwards. — Very bitter. 20. TEESDALIA, Br. Small, annual, glabrous, scapigerous herbs. Leaves rosulate, pinnatind. Flowers minute, white. Sepals spreading, equal at the base. Petals equal, or 2 outer larger. Stamens 4 or 6, with a scale at the base of each filament. Pod broadly obovate or orbicular, emarginate or 2-lobed; valves boat-shaped, slightly winged ; cells 2-seeded ; stigma simple. Cotyledons accumbent. — DISTRIB. S. and "W. Europe and W. Asia ; species 2. — ETYM. Robert Teesdale, a Yorkshire botanist. 1. T. nudicau'lis, Br. ; two outer petals twice as long as the others. Sandy and gravelly places, not rare in England, ascending to near 1,000 ft. in Yorkshire, very local in Scotland, Moray, Aberdeen, Glasgow ; absent from Ireland ; fl. April-June. — Stems 4-18 in., usually many, slender, ascending. Radical leaves 1-2 in. , numerous, lobes broad, spreading. Flowers -fa in. diam. Pods j> in., in racemes 2-9 in., pedicels short slender spreading ; style very short.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia. 21. HUTCHIN'SIA, Br. A small annual herb. Leaves rosulate, pinnatind. Flowers minute, corymbose. Sepals short, equal at the base. Petals small, equal. Fila- ments without scales at the base. Pod broadly oblong, obtuse, much compressed ; valves keeled ; septum narrow ; stigma sessile. Seeds 2 in each cell, compressed, not margined ; funicle slender ; cotyledons accum- bent.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia to N.W. India.— ETYM. Miss Hutchius, a zealous Irish botanist. 1. H. petrse'a, Br. ; sepals about equalling the petals. Limestone rocks W. of England and Wales, from Yorkshire (ascending to to 1,500 ft.) to Somerset ; naturalized on the walls of Eltham churchyard, (where it was planted by Dillenius ?) and of the Mathew cemetery, Cork ; ti. March-May. — Glabrous or sparingly hairy, slender, much branched from the base, 2-5 in. Radical leaves ^-1 in., lobes spreading, obovate, almost petioled; cauline shorter, pinnatifid. Pods ^-^ in., on horizontal pedicels, in a short raceme ; style distinct ; seeds pale. 21*. ISA'TIS, L. WOAD. Tall, erect, annual or biennial branched herbs. Cauline leaves sagittate. Flowers yellow, on slender pedicels deflexed in fruit. Sepals equal at the base. Petals equal. Pod indehiscent, 1 -celled, oblong ovate or orbicular, thickened in the middle ; wing or margin very broad ; stigma sessile. Seed pendulous from the top of the cell ; cotyledons incumbent. — DISTRIB. Temp. Europe, Asia, and N. Africa ; species 25-30.— ETYM. The Greek name of the genus. 1. I. TINCTO'RIA, L. ; pod obovate-oblong, wing broad and thick. Sporadic ; cultivated fields and chalk-pits ; naturalized near Guildford ; an alien, Walton ; fl. July- Aug. — Glaucous, glabrous or nearly so. Stem 1-3 ft., stout, erect, branched above. Radical leaves oblong-obovate or lanceolate ; 40 CRUCIFER^E. [!SATIS. petioles long ; cauline 3-5 in., sessile. Flower* % in. diam. , in crowded panicled corymbs. Pods % in., in short racemes, pendulous, glabrous, brown when ripe, rounded at the tip ; wing hard ; stigma sessile in a minute notch ; seed linear-oblong. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia. — The Ancient Britons stained themselves with this plant ; later, the Saxons imported it ; it is still culti- vated in Lincolnshire. 22. CRAM BE, L. SEA-KALE. Perennial herbs with stout branched steins. Leaves usually broad. Flowers white, in long panicled racemes. Sepals spreading, equal. /,"//'/ISTKII:. Sea- shores of Europe and N. America ; species 2. — ETYM. An Arabic word. 1 . C. marit'ima, L. ; suberect or decumbent, leaves entire or lobed. Sandy and shingly shores, abundant ; fl. June-July. — Annual ; rather succu- lent; branches 1-2 ft., zigzag, ascending. Leaves 2-3 in., fleshy. ]•'/*,, n , -a £ in. diam., corymbose, lilac or white ; pedicels stout. Pods on short thick p3dicels in lax racemes, ribbed when dry; lower joint £ in., broadish upwards; upper \ in., base truncate. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Iceland. — C. america na, which appears to me identical with this, is found on the shrres of the Canadian Lakes, as well as on the American sea-coasts, south to the W. Indies. 24-. RAPH ANUS. L. RADISH. Annual or biennial herbs. Radical leaves lyrate. Ffoirrrft in IOIILC racemes, white or yellow, purple-veined. Sepals erect, lateral saccate :it the base. Pod elongate, indehiscent, or separating intu L-Meded joints, terete or monilifonn, coriaceous or corky, with several superimpose,' 1-seeded cellules ; style or beak of the pod slender ; stigma notched Seeds pendulous, globose ; cotyledons conduplicate or much folded. RAPHANUS.] CRUCIFER^E. 41 DISTRIB. Europe and temp. Asia ; species 6. — ETYM. fid and ^>aiW, iu allusion to its rapid growth. 1. R. Raphanis'trum, L. ; leaf-segments usually few and remote, pod subulate not much constricted at the 4-8 joints faintly ribbed, beak as long as the 2 or 3 last joints. Wild Radish or White Charlock. Cornfields ; ascends to 1,000 feet ; a colonist, Watson ; fl. May-Sept. — Annual, stout, 1-2 ft., erect or spreading, hairy or hispid. Leaves 4-10 in., coarsely toothed or serrate, terminal lobe largest. Flowers f in. diam., white or straw-coloured. Pods 1-3 in., dehiscing at the base above the first seedless segment, which is very small; beak £-|in., subulate, flattened. — DISTHIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to India ; introd. in America. — This, the origin of the garden radish, is probably a form of the next species. 2. R. marit imus, L. ; leaf-segments many approximate horizontal or reversed, alternate often smaller, pod of 2-4 joints separated by a very deep constriction strongly ribbed when dry, beak slender subulate. Sandy and rocky shores from the Clyde southwards, and in Ireland ; fl. July- Aug. —Very near R. Raphanistrum and perhaps the wild form of that plant, but biennial, more hispid ; leaves with more numerous and closer set lobes ; flowers smaller, darker yellow, rarely white ; pod with fewer joints, deeper intervals between them, stronger ribs and a beak as long as the upper joint. — DISTRIB. W. Europe, from Holland to Spain. ORDER VII. RESEDA CE^E. Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple or pinnatiseet ; stipules 0, or minute and glandular. Flowers racemed or spiked, bracteate. Calyx persistent, 4-7*partite, often irregular, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-7, hypogynous, entire or lobed, equal or the posticous larger, open in bud. Disk hypogynous, conspicuous. Stamens usually many, inserted on the disk, equal or unequal, free or connate. Ovary of 2-6 connate carpels, lobed at the top, open between the stigmatiferous lobes ; ovules usually many, on 2-6 parietal placentas, amphitropous or campylo- tropous. Fruit usually a coriaceous capsule, open at the top. Seeds many, reniform, exalbuminous ; embryo curved or folded ; cotyledons incumbent. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia, N. and S. Africa ; genera 6 ; species 20. — AFFINITIES. Too closely allied to Capparidece. — PROPERTIES. Reseda Luteola yields "Weld," a yellow dye ; others are considered acrid. 1. RESEDA, L. MIGNONETTE. Herbs. Leaves entire lobed or pinnatifid ; stipules glandular. Flowers racemed. Calyx irregular. Petals unequal, 2-multifid, the posticous with a membranous appendage on its face. Disk broad dilated be- hind. Stamens 10-40. Ovary sessile or stalked. — DISTRIB. Europe and W. Asia ; species 26. — ETYM. resedo, in allusion to supposed sedative properties. 1. R. Lute ola, L.\ leaves linear -lanceolate 'undivided, sepals 4, stigmas 3. Dyers weed, Weld. 42 RESEDACE^E. Waste places, especially on clay or chalk soils ; doubtfully native in Scotland ; common in Ireland; fl. June- Aug. — Glabrous, 2-3 ft., annual or biennial, branched. Racemes long, spike-like. Ftoicers yellow. 1'etalg 3-5, if 5 upper 3-4-cleft, two lateral 3-cleft,.two lower entire. Dixk large, crenate. »S/«///. «.< 20-24. Capsule depressed,' 3-lobed. Seeds subglobose, black. — DISTHIH. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia ; introd. in U. States. 2. R. In tea, L. ; leaves 2-3-fid or pinnate or bipinnatind, lobes few- distant linear obtuse, sepals and petals 6 very unequal, stigmas usually 3. Waste places, from Dumfries and Haddington southwards, very rare in Ire- land, and perhaps introduced ; tt. June- Aug. — Biennial. Stem, 1-2 ft. , branched, ribbed, papillose. Leaves very various in lobmg. Racemes dense- flowered, conical ; nowers pale yellow. Sepals linear, upper smaller, i '/,/» ,• j,< t,:ls with a 2-lobed claw and 3-tid limb, lateral 2-rid, lower entire. Stamen* 16-20, deflexed. Capsule %-$ in., oblong, 3-toothed. Seeds obovoid, black. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia. R. AL'BA, L. ; leaves pinnate undulate glaucous, sepals 5-6, petals 5-6 all 3-fid, stigmas usually 4. ft. su/ruticuto'sa, L., and ft. fruticulo'sa, L. Waste places, chiefly near the sea, an outcast, naturalized only ; fl. June- Aug. — I follow Bentham in taking the name of alba for this, which most authors agree in considering the same with fraticulosa and .<»///•///;.,//,«,/. Flowers white. Stamens 12-14. Seeds reniform, rough. — DISTRIB. S. Europe and N. Africa. — The true Ji. alba is more often 6-merous than is ORDER VIII. CISTl'NE.ffi. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire ; stipules foliaceous, small, or 0. Flowers terminal and solitary, or in racemes (scorpioid cynics). Sepals 3-5, imbricate, 2 outer (bracts of some) small or 0 ; 3 inner often convolute in bud. Petals 5, rarely 3 or 0, fugacious, convolute in bud. Stamens many, rarely lew, hypogynous, free. Ovary 1-celled, or divided by parietal septa ; style simple, stigmas 3 ; ovules 2 or more, on parietal placentas, orthotropous, funicles slender. Capsule 3-5-valved ; valves placentiferous. Seeds with mealy or firm albumen, testa crustaeeous often mucilaginous; embryo usually curved and excentric. — DISTRIB. Eurupe, N. Africa and W. Asia; rare in N. America; genera 4; species 60. — AFFINITIES. With BUinca and Cappar idea;. — PROPERTIES. A resinous balsam (Ladanum) is yielded by C'-isti. 1. HELIAN'THEMUM, Touni. ROCK-ROSE. Herbs or under shrubs. Petals 5. Stamens many, rarely few. Ovary inany-ovuled, style jointed at the base, stigma capitate or 3-lobed. Embryo hooked, folded or circumflex. — DISTRIB. Europe, W '. Asia and N. America ; species about 30. — ETYM. ?,\ios and &vQfpov, sun-flower. — Various species air dimorphic, some flowers having no petals and few stamens. SECTION 1. Hellan'themum proper. Style elongate, bent upwards. Funiclc thickened. Etnbryo with the radicle bent upwards parallel to the cotyledons. 1. H. vulga're, Gccrtn. ; shrubby, leaves opposite stipulate, margins HELIANTHEMUM.] CISTIXEsE. 43 flat hairy above downy below, pedicels bracteate. H. mirreja'num, Eng. Bot. (a garden variety) ; Cis'tus tomento'sus, Sm. Dry soils, abundant, except in the W. of Scotland and Cornwall, ascending to 2,000 ft., absent from Ireland; fl. July-Sept.— branches 3-10-in., pro cumbent. Leaves oblong, variable. Flowers if-lj in. diam. , yellow ; bracts narrow. Sepals subglabrous, inner apiculate. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, W. Asia. 2. H. polifo'lium, Pers. ; shrubby, leaves opposite hoary and downy on both surfaces stipulate, margins recurved, pedicels bracteate. Stony places, very rare, Brean Downs Somerset, Babbicombe and Torquay ; fl. July-Aug. — Habit of H. vulgare, tut more shrubby, leaves with recurved and even revolute margins, and flowers white. Sepals tomentose, inner obtuse. — DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe, N. Africa. SECTION 2. Tubera'ria. Style straight or 0. Funicle thickened. Embryo annular. 3. H. gutta'tum, Miller ; annual, hoary and hairy, erect, lower leaves opposite exstipulate, upper alternate stipulate. Dry hilly downs in Wales, S. Ireland, and the Channel Is. ; fl. June-Aug. — Stem 6-12 in., 2-3-chotomously branched. Leaves 1-2 in., linear- or obovate- or oblong-lanceolate. Flowers 3-^ in. diam., in unilateral cymes, yellow with a red spot at the base of the cuneate petals. Capsule smooth,— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia. Sub-sp. GUTTA'TUM proper ; pedicels ebracteate. — Cork, Jersey, Alderney. Sub-sp. BREWE'RI, Planchon (sp.); pedicels bracteate. — Holyhead and Anglesea. SECTION 3. Pseudo-cis'tus. Style sigmoid. Funicle not thickened. Emlryo sigmoid. 4. H. canum, Dunal ; shrubby, hoary, leaves opposite exstipulate, pedicels usually bracteate. Cis'tus mar'lfolius, and C. ang'licus, L. Dry banks, rocks, &c. in W. England, from Westmoreland to Glamorgan, and in Teesdale, ascending to 1,800 ft. ; W. Ireland, Arran Is. ; fl. May-July. —Woody, procumbent, much branched, 6-8 in. Leaves £-| in. , ovate or oblong. Flowers £-£ in. diam. , few, yellow. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa and W. Asia. VAR. 1, ca'num proper ; leaves hoary on both surfaces, and hairy above, sepals pubescent and having spreading hairs. — VAR. 2, vinea'le, Pers. (sp.); leaves hoary beneath, nearly glabrous above, sepals hoary and shortly hairy on the edges ribs and margins. ORDER IX. VIOLA'CEJE. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or pinnatisect, margins invo- lute in vernation ; stipules generally persistent. Flowers axillary, regular or irregular, solitary or c'ymose, 2-bracteolate. Sepals 5, persistent, equal or unequal, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, equal or unequal, hypogynous, im- bricate or contorted in bud. Stamens 5, filaments short, broad; anthers free or connate by the broad connective, which is produced beyond the cells. <>rarj sessile, 1 -celled ; style simple, stigma entire cup-shaped or lobed ; 44 VIOLACE^l. [Vioi,A. ovules many on 3 parietal placentas, anatropous. Fruit a 3-valvcd capsule rarely a berry, many-seeded. Seeds small, -fun icle short, albumen flt->liy : embryo straight, cotyledons flat. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. regions; genera 21, species 240. — AFFINITIES with Bixinece, Passiftorecc, and/'/ «///.. niacecc. — PROPERTIES. Emetic and laxative. 1. vi OLA, L. VIOLET, PANSY, HEARTSEASE. Low herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves radical or alternate. Flowers on 1 - rarely 2-flowered peduncles. Sepals sub-equal, produced at the base. Petals erect or spreading; lower largest, spurred or saccate at the base. Anthers connate, connectives of the 2 lower stamens often spurred at tin- base. Style swollen above, straight or oblique at the tip, stigma obtuse or cup-shaped. Capsule 3-valved ; valves elastic. Seeds ovoid or globose. — DISTRIB. All temp, regions ; species 100. — ETTM. The old Latin n:um-. — Flowers often dimorphic, the large-petalled flowering early and oftt-n yielding no seed; the small-petalled or apetalous flower late, and are very prolific. SECTION 1. Nomimium. Upper petals directed forwards. AV /ln. VIOLA.] VIOLACE^E. 45 Jord. (sp.); more hairy, with longer runners (possibly a hybrid of hirta with oilorata). Yorkshire. ** Stem evident. Leaves not enlarging after flowering . Sepals acute or acuminate. 4. V. cani'na, L. ; perennial, leaves long-petioled ovate-cordate or oblong-lanceolate, stipules small narrow, toothed arid ciliate, style hooked, stigma acute, fruiting peduncles erect. Dog-violet. Woods, pastures, and banks ; fl. April- Aug. — Very variable in size, habit, and colour of flower, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves erenate-serrate, varying in the sub-species from broadly ovate and deeply cordate ^ in. , to oblong-lanceo- late and 3 in. ; stipules subulate linear or lanceolate. Bracts at or above the middle of the peduncle, subulate or lanceolate, toothed or serrate. Flowei- Jt-lJ in. cliam., blue, lilac, grey or white. Sepals narrow, acuminate. Cap- sule oblong, 3-gonous. — DISTKIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia to the Himalaya, N. Africa. The following is Mr. J. G. Baker's disposition of the sub-species of this variable plant : — 1. Main stem elongated, branching and flowering. Sub-sp. CANI'NA proper ; rootstock short, stolons 0, leaves narrow ovate-cordate, spur obtuse, anther spurs 5 tunes as long as broad. V. flavicor'nis, Sm. ; pu'mila, Hook, and Am. — Extends into Arctic Europe, Siberia, ^>d Green- land. Sub-sp. LAC'TEA, Sm. (sp.) ; rootstock short, stolons 0, leaves ovate -lanceolate, base rounded or cuneate, petals narrow grey, spur very short, capsule sub- globose. — Heaths, E. England ; confined to W. Europe. Sub-sp. STAGNI'NA, Kitaib. (sp.); rootstock elongated stoloniferous, leaves oblong-lanceolate base truncate, upper narrower, petals pale lilac or white, spur very short, capsule 3-gonous. — Bogs, E. of England, Galway; extends into Siberia. 2. Main stem with a rosette of radical leaves ; 'flowering-stem axillary. Sub-sp. SYLVAT'ICA, Fries (sp.); rootstock 0, leaves broadly ovate-cordate subacute, anther spurs very long, capsule glabrous.— VAB. 1. Rivinia'na, Reich, (sp.); spur compressed furrowed, fruiting sepals with prominent notched auricles.— VAR. 2. Reiclumbachia'na, Boreau (sp.); spar narrower not furrowed, fruiting sepals with minute auricles. Copses and hedge- banks, ascending to 3,000 ft. in Wales and Scotland ; also Arctic and N. American. Sub-sp. ARENA'RIA, DC. (sp.) ; pubescent, rootstock short or 0, stolons 0, leaves broadly cordate obtuse, stipules small, spur short, capsule oblong pubescent. — Upper Teesdale, alt. 2,000 ft., very rare. — Extends into Arctic Europe. SECTION 2. Mela'nium. Upper petals erect. Stigma capitate, hollow, with a pencil of hairs on each side. — No apetalous flower. Stipules leafy. o. V. tri'color, L. ; leaves long-petioled ovate;oblong or lanceolate crenate, stipules leafy pinnatifid, sepals with large auricles, style short straight, stigma capitate, excavated. Heartsease or Pansy. » Pastures, banks and waste places, &c. ; fl. May-Sept. —"Very variable. Stem 4-18 in., branched, erect or ascending, angular, flexuous. Leaves 1-1^ in., lyrate, coarsely and remotely erenate-serrate ; stipules £-£ in. across, very large, spreading like a fan, lobes deep" linear or oblong-obtnse, lateral smaller, middle sometimes leafy. Bracts minute, high up on the peduncle. Flowers 46 VIOLACE^. ~ [ViuLA. i-lj in. diam., purple whitish or golden yellow, sometimes parti-coloured— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to Siberia and N.W. India. — Sub-sp. lu'tea and Curtis'ii are confined to W. Europe from Belgium southwards to Naples. Sub-sp. trf color and arven'sis proper are naturalized in America. Sub-sp. TRI'COLOR proper ; rootstock 0, stem elongate branched, petals spread- ing pale yellow or lilac longer than the sepals, capsule ovoid. — Cultivated ground ; ascends to near 2,000 ft. in the Highlands. Sub-sp. ARVEN'SIS, Murray (sp. ) ; rootstock 0, stem elongate branched, petals erect white or yellowish not longer than the sepals, capsule globose. — Cul- tivated ground ; ascends to near 1,000 ft. in Scotland and York. Sub-sp. CURTIS'II, Forster (sp. ) ; rootstock branched stoloniferous tufted, petals spreading blue purple or yellow rather longer than the sepals, capsule 3-gonous. V. salmi o'sa, Boreau.— Sandy shores, rare, Cheshire to Devon ; S. and W. of Ireland. Sub-sp. LU'TEA, Huds. (sp.); rootstock branched, branches slender with short stems and underground runners, petals blue purple or yellow spreading longer than the sepals, capsule oblong 3-gonous.— Hilly districts from Wales and Notts northwards; ascends to 2,800 ft. in the Highlands and Yorkshire. ORDER X. POLYGA LE^E. Herbs or shrubs, erect or climbing. • Leaves alternate or subopposite, simple, exstipulate. Flowers irregular. Sepals imbricate in bud ; 2 inner larger, petaloid, winglike. Petals 3-5, hypogynous, 2 outer (lateral) free or united with the hooded lower into a tube split at the base behind ; 2 inner equal to the outer, or smaller or 0. Stamens 8, filaments connate in 1 cleft sheath which is usually adnate to the petals ; anthers 1- rarely 2-celled, opening by pores, rarely by valves. Disk small. Ovanj free, 2-celled ; style simple, curved, stigma various ; ovules 1 in each, cell, pendulous, anatropous, raphe ventral. Seeds pendulous, testa often hairy, hilum strophiolate, albumen fleshy or 0 ; embryo straight. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. regions; genera 15; species 400. — AFFINITIES, distant with Sapindacece, Violacece, and PiUosporece. — PROPERTIES. Bitter, emetic, purgative, and diuretic. 1. POLYG'ALA, L. MlLKWORT. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely subopposite or whorled. Flowers in terminal or lateral racemes or spikes. Petals combined below with the staminal sheath. Stamens 8 ; anthers 1-2-celled, opening by transverse pores. Capsule compressed, loculicidally splitting along the edges. Seeds usually downy, with a crested raphe.— DISTRIB. Trop. aud temp, regions ; species 200. — ETYM. v6\vs and yd\a, being supposed to increase the milk in cows. 1. P. vulga'ria, L. ; stems many leafy, leaves alternate lower oblong upper lanceolate, veins of inner sepals anastomosing copiously, capsule oblong- obovate notched, lobes of aril unequal. Heaths and meadows ; ascends to near 3,000 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. June- Aug. — A small wiry perennial, 2-10 in., glabrous or very rarely pulwscent. Rootstock short. Leaves i~li in., rather coriaceous, quite entire. POLYGALA.] - POLYGALE^E. 47 £-.1 in., white, pink, blue, lilac, or purple. Sepals purplish in flower, green in fruit. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, Siberia, and W. Asia. Sub-sp. VULGA'RIS proper, stems ascending, leaves all linear or lanceolate, racemes many-flowered, central bract as long as the flowering pedicel, pedicels sepals petals and capsules not ciliate. — VAR. 1, branches straight, large sepals oblong-obovate broader than the capsule. Common ; ascends to near 3,000 ft. in the Highlands. —VAR. 2, grand' i flora, Syme ; upper leaves large, inner sepals oblong acute, flowers large dark blue. Beubulben, Sligo. Sub-sp. OXYP'TERA, Reich, (sp. ) ; branches flexuous, leaves linear, inner sepals cuneate below shorter and narrower than the capsule, pedicels, &c. glabrous. — Sandy shores, limestones and chalky soils, local. — VAR. cil'iata; branches prostrate tortuous, inner sepals broader than the capsule, pedicels bracts sepals and capsule ciliate. Gogmagog Hills ' Sub-sp. DEPRES'SA, Wenderoth (sp. ) ; stems flexuous, leaves somewhat opposite and distichous, lower oblong spathulate, racemes fewer-flowered, central bract shorter than the flowering pedicel. — Common on heaths. 2. P. calca'rea, F. Schultz ; stem?? many, flowering snoots axillary from the rosulate obovate radical leaves, cauline leaves oblong, inner sepals obovate broader and longer than the capsules, central nerve branched beyond the middle, capsule obcordate, lobes of aril unequal. P. ama'ra, Don, not L. Dry soil and rocks, S. and S.E. England ; Wiltshire to Kent, and Gloucester to Berks ; fl. June-July. — Rootstock branched. Stem 2-6 in. ; leaves more rosulate ; flowers various in colour. The flowering shoots being always axillary from the lower leaves is its best character, giving the plant an umbellate appearance : sub-sp. depressa of P. .vvlgaris is intermediate in this respect. — DISTRIB. Central and S. Europe. — Perhaps only a sub-species of P. vulgaris. 3. P. uligino'sa, Fries; leaves rosulate spathulate, from the axils of which the flowering branches spring, inner sepals oblong or obovate obtuse narrower than the capsule, veins simple or slightly branched free, capsule obcuneate notched, lobes of aril nearly equal. P. austri'aca, Crantz. Very rare, .margins of rills, High Force and Cronkley Fell, Teesdale, alt. 1,800ft. ;'fl. June-July. — Much smaller than either of the above, 2-4 in. Rootstock short. Leaves more fleshy. Flowers deep pink or blue in the British form, which Syme distinguishes as a variety from the German, which is white (Reichenbach's figure is blue), and has the capsule rounded at the base.— DISTRIB. W. Europe (Arctic) from Sweden to Italy. ORDER XI. FRANKENIA'CEJE. Perennial rarely annual herbs or small shrubs, with jointed internodes. Leaves small, opposite, exstipulate. Flowers small, regular, solitary, in the forks of the branches. Calyx tubular, persistent ; lobes 4-6, in- duplicate in bud. Petals 4-6, hypogynous, free, imbricate in bud, claws with an adherent scale. Stamens 4 or more, free or connate at the base ; anthers versatile, 2-celled. Ovary free, sessile, 1-celled ; style slender, stigma 2-5 lobed ; ovules many, in 2 series, on 2-5 parietal placentas, amphitropous with the micropyle below ; funicle slender. Capsult 48 FRANKENIACE^!. [FRANKKMA. enclosed in the persistent calyx, 3-5-valved. Seeds oblong, raphe linear, testa crustaceous, albumen mealy; embryo axile, straight.— DISTIMI:. Temp, and warm regions, chiefly littoral ; genera 1 ; species about 12. — AFFINITY with Carophyllece and Tamariscincce. — PROPERTIES none. 1. FRANKE'NIA. SEA-HEATH. Characters of the order. 1. F. lae'vis, L. ; stem pubescent, leaves with revolute margins. Salt marshes on S.E. coasts of England, Yarmouth to Kent; fl. July- Aug. — Perennial, procumbent. Stems wiry. Leaves £~i in., fascicled or whorled, oblong but linear from the reflexed margins, glabrous, ciliate at the base. Fluirers small, rose-coloured. Capsule 3-gonous. — DiSTRlB. Central and S. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia to India. ORDER XII. CARYOPH YL LE;E. Herbs sometimes woody at the base, with thickened nodes. Leaves opposite, usually connate at the base, entire ; stipules 0, or small and scarious. Inflorescence definite, centrifugal. Sepals 4-5, free or connate, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-5 (rarely 0), hypogynous, rarely perigynous, imbricate or contorted in bud. Stamens 8-10, rarely fewer, maerted with the petals, filaments filiform. Disk annular hypogynous or perigynous, or elongated, or broken up into glands. Ovary free, 1 -celled, or 3-5- celled at the base ; styles 2-5, free or connate below, stigmatose on the inner surface ; ovules 2 9r more, on slender basal funicles, which are often connate into a short column, ainphitropal, micropyle inferior or transverse. Capsule dehiscing by valves. Seeds many, small, often reni- form, albumen floury rarely fleshy; embryo cylindric, curved, radicle incumbent. — DISTRIB. Cosmopolitan, but chiefly Arctic, Alpine, Euro- pean, and W. Asiatic ; genera 35, species 800.— AFFINITIES with Parony- chiece, Portulaczce, and Ctienopodiacece. — PROPERTIES unimportant. TRIBE I. SILE NE.7E. Calyx 4-5-lobed. I>isk elongated, bearing the petals and stamens. Styles free. Stipules 0. * Hilum on, the face of ttie peltate seed. Embryo straight 1 . Dianthus. ** Hilum lateral. Embryo annular. Styles 2. Capsule 4-valved 1*. &;;«/,»,•/,/. Styles 3. Capsule 3-6-valved 2. Silene. Styles 4-5. Capsule 4-5-8-10-valved. Petals appendiculate 3. Lychnis. Petals exappeudiculate 4. Githago. TRIBE II. ALSI NEJE. Sepals free. Disk small. Styles free. * Stipules 0. Capsule cylindric, 6-valved. Petals jagged. Styles 3 5. Holosteum. Capsule cylindric, 8-10-valved. Petals notched (rarely entire).. 6. Cerastium. Capsule globose, 6-10-valved ; styles 3-5. Petals 2-fid 7. Stellaria. Capsule 3, 4, 6, or 10-valved. Styles 3-4. Petals entire 8. Arenaria. Capsule 4-5-valved. Styles 4-5. Petals entire or 0 9. Sagina. ** Stipules scarious. Styles and valves of capsule 5 10. Spergula. Styles and valves of capsule 3 11. Spergularia. DIANTIIUS.] CARYOPHYLLE^!. 49 TRIBE III. POLYCAR'PE.ffi. Sepals free. Disk small. Petals small. Stamens 5 or fewer. Styles combined at base 11*. Polycarpon. 1. DIAN'THUS. PINK and CARNATION. Tufted herbs, often shrubby at the base. Learns narrow, grass-like. Flowers solitary, panicled, or fascicled. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, striate, with imbricating bracteoles at the base. Petals 5, entire or cut, claw long. Stamens 10. Disk elongated. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 2. Capsule 4-valved at the top. Seeds discoid, imbricate upon the columnar pla- centa ; embryo straight.— DISTRIB. Europe, temp. Asia, N.W.America, N. and S. Africa; species about 70.— ETYM. Aids and &v6os, flower of. Jupiter. * Flowers in dense fascicles. 1. D. Arme'ria, L. ; bracts lanceolate downy as long as the calyx, tips, subulate. Deptford Pink. Fields and dry banks from Cumberland to Devon and Kent ; a doubtful native, Watson; fl. July- Aug. — Annual. Stems 1-2 ft., few, strict, erect. Leaves 1-2 in., linear, lower obtuse, upper acute. Fascicles of flowers dichotomous. Cali/x-tube 2-3 in. cylindric, many-nerved. Ffowers % in. diam. Petals distant, narrow, red with dark dots, toothed. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia ; introd. in the U. States. 2. D. pro'lifer, L. ; fascicles of flowers capitate, bracts ovate mem- branous as long as the calyx-tube, inner obtuse. Gravelly pastures S. and E. of England, rare, Windsor, Norwich, formerly near Ryde, Jersey; a doubtful native, Watson; fl. June-Oct. — Annual. Stems few, 6-18 in., sometimes branched above. Leaves short, linear-lan- ceolate, margins scabrid. Heads $ in., many-flowered, enclosed in dry brown bracts. Flowers £-§ in. diam. , opening one by one. Calyx faintly ribbed. Petals contiguous, purplish-red, obovate, emarginate. Capsule ovoid, rupturing the calyx. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia ; introd. in the U. States ** Flowers solitary or loosely cymose. 3. D. deltoi des, L. ; leaves narrow-lanceolate downy and subscabrous, lower obtuse, flower solitary, bracts ovate acuminate half as long as the calyx-tube, petals toothed. Maiden Pink. Fields and banks, dry soil, from Moray and Argyle southwards ; absent from Ireland ; fl. June-Sept. — Perennial, much branched ; branches slender, 1 ft. Leaves of barren shoots ligulate. Flowers f in. diam., rarely 2 together, inodorous. Calyx glabrous, strongly ribbed. Petals distant, obovate, rosy, spotted with white. Capsule cylindric. — DISTRIB. Europe. VAR. 1, deltoi'des proper; faintly glaucous, bracts generally 2, flowers rosy. — VAR. 2, glau'ats, L. (sp.) ; very glaucous, bracts usually 4, flowers white. —King's Park, Edinburgh. 4. D. ere sius, Sm. ; leaves scabrous at the margin, flowers usually solitary, bracts orbicular mucronate 4 times shorter than the calyx-tube, petals jagged and bearded. Cheddar Pink. Limestone rocks, Cheddar ; fl. June-July. — Perennial, glaucous. Rootstock woody, branched. Stems 4-10 in., many. Leaves of barren shoots linear, obtuse, upper -ones of the flowering stems acute. Bracts membranous. E 50 CARYOPHYLLEJE [DiAxrurs. Flower 1 in. diam., fragrant. Petals obovate, rosy, contiguous, teeth J-J the length of the blade. Calyx-tube faintly ribbed. — DISTRIB. Belgium southwards to Lombardy and Hungary. D. CARYOPHYL'LUS, L. ; leaves grooved above, margin smooth, cymes loosely panicled, bracts obovate mucronate 3-4 times shorter than the calyx-tube, petals toothed and crenate. Wild Carnation, Clove Pink. Old castle walls, &c., naturalized; fl. July- Aug. —Perennial, glabrous, glau- cous, stout, much branched and leafy below, 18-24 in. Leaves 4-6 in., recurved. Bracts membranous, tips herbaceous. Flower Ij in. diam., fragrant. Calyx cylindric, faintly ribbed. Petals obovate, rosy, teeth J-| the length of the blade. Capsule ovoid. — DISTRIB. Belgium and France to Italy, Hungary and Greece.— Flowers dimorphic on the same individual ; stamens in one form much longer than in the other. The origin of the garden Carnation. D. PLUMA'RIUS, L. ; leaves all acute 1-nerved, margin scabrous, cymes loosely panicled, bracts 4 rhomboid cuspidate equalling \ of the calyx- tube, petals fimbriate. Wild Pink. Naturalized in Shalford, Surrey ; East Ham, Essex ; Haughmond Abbey, Ludlow and Conway Castles ; fl. June-Aug. — Perennial, csespitose, branched, 1 ft. Flower as in D. Caryophyllus, but smaller, rose-purple, segments of petals $-.J as long as the blade. — DISTRIB. Mid. Europe from Austria to Lombardy and Mid. Russia. — The origin of the Garden Pinks. 1*. SAPONA'RIA, L. SOAPWORT, FULLER'S HERB. Annual or perennial herbs. Radical leaves spathulate, cauline narrower. Flowers in panicled or fascicled cymes, white, lilac, red or yellow. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, obscurely nerved, ebracteate. Petals 5, clawed, entire or notched. Stamens 10. Disk small. Styles 2. Capsule oblong, 2-celled at the base, 4-valved at the top. Seeds reniform, tubercled ; embryo annular. — DISTRIB. Europe and temp. Asia; species 30. — ETYM. Sapo, the plant having been used as a soap. 1. S. OFFICINA'LIS, L. ; glabrous, glaucous, leaves oblong-lanceolate. Hedges, roadsides, and fields, apparently naturalized in S.W. England and N. Wales; a denizen, Watson; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Rootstock white, crci-pin^, fleshy, stoloniferous. Stem, 1-3 ft., straight, ascending. Leaves 2-4 in., 3-ribbed. Cymes in panicled corymbs. Flou-ers 1 in. diam. J'etals obcor- date, lilac or white. Capsule ovoid, 2-celled at the base, on a stout pedicel, enclosed in the fusiform calyx-tube. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia ; introd. in U. States. — A decoction is very saponaceous. Flower often double. X hybrida, L. is a variety with connate upper leaves and monopetalous corolla. 2. SILE NE, L. CATCHFLY. Habit of Saponaria and Dianthus. Calyx inflated, 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Petals 5 ; claw narrow ; blade entire or divided, with usually 2 scales at its base. Stamens 10, the 5-petaline sometimes adherent to the claw. Disk columnar. Ovary 1-3-celled below the middle ; styles 3, rarely 2-5, oppo- site the sepals ; ovules many. Capsule 6-valved at the top. Seeds with a marginal hilum ; embryo annular or J-annular. — DISTRIB. N. temp, hemi- sphere ; species 200. — ETYM. ffla\ov, saliva, from the viscidity of some species. SILENE.] CARYOPHYLLEJE. 51 * Calyx bladdery, nerves reticulate. Capsule incompletely septate. 1. S. inflata, Sm. ; stem erect, panicle many-flowered, bracts scarious, petals deeply cloven, scales obscure. Oucubahis Behen, L. Roadsides and waste places; ascending to near 1,000 ft. in Yorkshire; fl. June- Aug. — Perennial, branched, 2-3 ft., glaucous, glabrous or downy. Leaves 1-3 in., variable, ovate obovate or oblong. Flowers \ in. diam., drooping, white. Capsule globose, top conical. — DISTEIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia to N.W. India ; introd. in the U. States. VAR. puber'ula, leaves downy. Rarer. 2. S. marit'ima, L. ; stems diffuse, flowers 1-4, bracts herbaceous, petals shortly cleft, segments broad with two scales at the base. Sea-shores, abundant, more rare by Alpine streams ; ascending to 3,000 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. June- Aug. — Very nearly allied to S. injtata, easily recognized by the above characters. — DISTRIB. Shores of Europe (Arctic), from Italy westward to the Canaries, and northward to Norway and Finland. ** Calyx cylindric, strongly many-ribbed, closing tightly over the capsule at the top. Capsule incompletely septate. 3. S. con'ica, L. ; hairy and glandular, erect, dichotomously branched, flowers many erect. Pastures and sandy heaths, local ; Kent, Norfolk, Suffolk, Haddington and Forfar ; fl. May-July. — Annual, 6-12 in. Leaves linear, upper acute and ribbed. Calyx % in., ampulliform, 30-ribbed, intruse at the base ; teeth subulate. Petals small, rosy or purple, cleft, with 2 scales at the base of the blade ; gynophore very short. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia to India. *** Calyx with 10 broad nerves. Capsule incompletely septate. 4. S. an erlica, L. ; everywhere hairy and viscid, lower leaves spathu- late, flowers in leafy racemose cymes, calyx-teeth setaceous, petals and scales small entire or slightly 2-fid. Gravelly places from Moray southwards, not rare, probably often an escape ; tt. June-Oct.— Annual, 1-2 ft., erect or diffusely branched. Leaves variable. Calyx b in., membranous with green pubescent ribs. Capsules ovoid, on usually deflexed peduncles. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, N. Asia toX.W. India. VAR. 1, gal'lica, Koch (sp.) ; flowers white or pink, petals 2-fid. — VAR. 2, quinquevul'nera, L. (sp.) ; petals entire white with a red spot. 5. S. acau'lis, L. ; densely tufted, sub-dioacious, leaves small linear- subulate close set, flowers shortly peduncled solitary erect, calyx tubular teeth obtuse, petals notched and with a notched scale. Moss Campion. Wet Alpine rocks, ascending to 4,300 ft. ; fl. June-Aug. — Perennial, forming bright green, moss-like cushions. Leaves $-$ in., channelled above, keeled below, ciliate. Flowers pink, £ in. diam., peduncles lengthening after flowering. Calyx faintly nerved ; teeth with scarious margins. Capsule exserted, subcylindric, 5-toothed. — DISTRIB. Alps of Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; all Arctic regions. 0. S. Oti tes, L. ; flowering stems erect viscid simple few-leaved, radical leaves narrow-spathulate, cymes panicled, flowers small sub- dioecious erect whorled, calyx-teeth obtuse, petals linear, scales 0. E 2 52 CARYOPHYLLEJE. [Sii.i.M:. Sandy fields and roadsides of the E. counties, local ; fl. June-Aug. — Rootstock woody, branched. Stem 1-3 ft. Radical leaves J-3 in., many, slender, puberulous. Panicle narrow, interrupted. Flowers £ in. diam., many, sub- erect, pale yellow-green ; bracts membranous. Calyx obovoid, membranous. Petals entire. Stamens and styles much exserted. Capsule ovoid, rupturing the calyx. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia, W. Asia to Persia. 7. 8. nu tans, L. ; pubescent, stem above and calyx viscid, radical leaves oblong-lanceolate, cauline linear, flowers in panicled or subracemed cymes drooping, calyx-teeth acute, petals 2-partite, scales lanceolate. S. paradoxa, Sm. Nottingham Catchfly. Dry places and walls, Nottingham and other castles, rare ; S. Kent, Dovedale, Orme's Head, Conway, Fife, Forfar, Kincardine, Jersey ; fl. May-July. — Rootstock woody, branched. Radical leaves 2-5 in., tufted, petioled ; cauline small, narrow, sessile. Flower-stems 2-3 ft. Calyx J in.,- tubular, swollen in the middle, membranous, nerves purple. Petals white or pink, segments diverging, narrow, incurved. Capsule erect, exceeding and rupturing the calyx. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, Dahuria, Canaries. — Flowers dimorphic, fragrant at night. **** Calyx cylindric or ovoid, I0-nerved. Capsule without any septa. 8. S. noctiflo ra, L. ; softly pubescent, viscid above, leaves all oblong- lanceolate acute the lower petioled, flowers 1 or few all 2-sexual, calyx-tube long, teeth slender, petals 2 -fid, scales truncate. Sandy fields, on the E. coasts only ; Forfar to Sussex ; fl. July- Aug. — Annual, 1-2 ft., erect, simple or dichotomous. Leaves 3-4 in., ^-1^ in. broad. Flowers erect. Calyx 1 in., narrow in flower ; nerves green. !'• In I." rosy within, yellow outside, segments incurved by day. Capmle as long as, and often rupturing, the calyx. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia, W. Asia to India ; introd. in U. States. — Flowers open at night and very fragrant. 3. LYCH NIS, L. CAMPION. Characters of Silcne, but styles 5. Sepals not foliaceous. Petals with an appendage at the base of the blade. Styles and carpels opposite the sepals. — DISTKIB. N. temp, hemisphere ; species 30. — ETYM. AJx"oy> fr°m the fla,me-likc flowers of some species, — Styles sometimes, but rarely, 3-4, when the species may be referred with equal justice to Silene. * Petals 4-cleft. Capsule 5-tootlied, -without septa. 1. It. Flos-cu'culi, L. ; flowers in loose dichotomous cymes, petals 4 -cleft. Ragged Robin. Moist meadows, copses, &c. ; ascends to near 2,000 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. May-June. — Glabrous. Rootstock slender. Stem 1-2 ft., roughish above. Radical leaves petioled, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; cauline narrow. Flowers drooping, pedicels slender. Calyx $ in/> veins purple; teeth acuminate. Petals rosy, rarely white, segments linear ; scales long, 2-fid. Capsule broadly ovoid, very shortly pedicelled.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia. ** Petals notched or 2-ftd. Capsule 5-toot/itd, rrith incomplete septa. 2. L. Visca'ria, L. ; stem viscid at the nodes, petals notched. Limestone rocks in N. Wales, and trap rocks local, in Mid. and S. Scotland ; fl. June-Aug. — Glabrous, stout, 6-10 in. Rootstock perennial, woody. Radical LYCHNIS.] CARYOPHYLLEM. 53 leaves 3-5 in., very narrow-lanceolate, petioles downy at the margins. Cymes very contracted, panicled, few-flowered. Flowers almost sessile. Calyx ^ in., membranous, purple, dilated upwards; teeth short, acute. Petals obovate, red-purple ; scales short. Capsule broadly ovoid ; pedicel slender, ^ as long as the capsule. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Spain and Greece) to the Caucasus, Siberia. 3. L. alpi'na, L.; tufted, not viscid, cymes compact, petals 2-lobed. Alpine moors and ravines ; Hobcartin Fell, Cumberland ; Little Kilrannock, Perthshire ; Clova Mts., ascending to 3,000 ft. ; fl. June- July.— Glabrous, 4-8 in. liootstock short, much branched. Leaves 1-2 in., crowded, narrow, linear-lanceolate, flowers nearly ^ in. diam., shortly peduncled, bracts red. Calyx nerves faint, teeth rounded. Petals rosy. Capsule ovoid, pedicel half its length. — DISTRIB. Arctic and high alps of Europe (excl. Greece and Turkey), Siberia to Dahuria, Arctic America. *** Petals 2-partite. Capsule \0-toothed, without any septa. Flowers sub-diceciom. 4. Ii. diur'na, Sibth. ; calyx reddish, teeth triangular acute, petals red, capsule subglobose teeth recurved. L. dioica a, L. Red Campion. Damp copses and hedgebanks ; fl. June- July. —Softly hairy, rarely quite glabrous, viscid above. Rootstock slender, branched. Radical leaves 3-6 in. , obovate, petioled ; cauline narrower. Flowering stem 1-3 ft. , erect, flowers in loose dichotomous cymes. Calyx % in., subcylindric, reddish, rarely green. Petals red, rarely white, lobes oblong ; scales lanceolate. Capsule mouth- wide ; gynophore very short. — DISTIUB. Europe (Arctic) to the Caucasus, Siberia to Baikal, Greenland. 5. L. vesperti'na, Sibth. ; calyx greenish, teeth elongate, petals white, capsule conical, teeth short linear-lanceolate erect. White Campion. L. dioica /8, L. Fields, hedgerows, &c. ; fl. June-Sept. — Very similar to the last, and pro- bably only a sub-species. Flotrers rarely reddish, fragrant in the evening. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia ; introd. in the U. States. 4. GITHA'GO, Desfontaines. CORN-COCKLE. Characters of Lychnis, but calyx coriaceous with foliaceous teeth. Petals without scales at the base of the blade, entire. Styles and carpels opposite the sepals. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia, "W. Asia to Persia ; introd. in U. States ; species 1. — ETYM. obscure. 1. G. se'getum, Desf. ; flowers solitary, calyx woolly segments much longer than the petals. Agrostem'ma Githago, L. Cornfields ; a colonist, Watson ; fl. June- Aug. — Annual ; clothed with dense white hairs. Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves 2-5 in., linear-lanceolate. Flowers 1^-2 in. diam. ; peduncles long. Calyx 1-1 ^ in., cylindric-ovoid, ribs strong. "Petals pale purple, limb obovate. Capsule ovoid. 5. HOLOS'TEUM, L. Annual herbs, viscid and glandular. Leaves narrow. Flowers in ter- minal umbel-like cymes. Sepals 5. Petals 5, toothed or notched. Sta- mens 3-5, rarely 10. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 3, rarely 4 or 5 ; ovules many. Capsule subcylindric, with twice as many short terminal valves as there are styles. Seeds concavo-convex, rough ; embryo horseshoe-shaped. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia ; species 3.— ETYM. unknown. 54 CARYOPHYLLE^E. [HOLOSTEUM. 1. H. umbella turn, L. ; lower leaves petioled elliptic -oblong. Old walls and thatched roofs, very rare, Norwich, Eye, and Bury St. Edmunds ; a denizen or native ? Watson; fl. April-May. — Stem 4-8 in., very slender, branched at the base. Radical leaves, £-1 in. ; cauline very few, sessile, ovate or linear. Floicers few, erect ; pedicels £ in., deflexed after flowering, erect in fruit ; bracts small, membranous. Sepals white, edges scarious, obtuse. /'< /"/.« J in., a little longer than the sepals, white or pale pink. Stamens and styles often 3 each. Capsule twice as long as the sepals. Seeds black. — DISTKJB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia to N.W. India. 6. CERAS'TIUM, L. MousE-EAR CHICKWEED. Pubescent rarely glabrous herbs, the hairs articulate, some glandular, others not. Leaves small. Flowers white, in terminal dichotomous cymes. Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, rarely 0, notched or 2-fid, rarely quite entire or much cut. Stamens 10, sometimes 5 or fewer. Ovary 1-celled ; styles usually 3 or 5, ovules many. Capsules cylindric, often incurved, with twice as many short terminal valves as styles. Seeds compressed, often tubercled ; embryo annular. — DISTRIB. All temp, and cold regions; species 40. — ETYM. icepas, from the horn-like capsule. SECTION 1. Moench'ia, Ehr. (gen.). Sepals acuminate, longer than the entire petals. 1. C. quaternel'ltun, Fenzl; glabrous, glaucous, stamens 4. Mcenchia crecta, Ehr. Gravelly pastures, &c. from Northumberland (rare) southwards ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Wales ; fl. May-June.— Annual. Stems 2-6 in., dichotomously branched from the base ; branches slender, stiff. Leaves 1 in., linear, radical sublanceolate ; cauline few, shorter, broader. Flowers few ; pedicels lon^, erect, stiff. Sepals 4, | in. ; margins broad, membranous, white. Petals 4, shorter than the sepals, oblong. Styles 4, short. Capsule subcylindric, as long as the sepals, 8-toothed. — DISTRIB. W. Europe from Holland south- wards and west to Hungary, N. Africa ; introd. in the U. States. SECTION 2. Ceras'titun proper. Petals notched, 2-fid, or erose. * Annual rarely perennial, hairy and viscid except C. triviale. Sepals 4-5, a long as the petals. (Perhaps all subspecies of one.) 2. C. tetrandrum, Curtis; cyme leafy, pedicel usually erect when fniiting 2-3 times as long as the capsule, bracts herbaceous, sepals 4 rarely 5 acuminate glandular margins narrowly membranous, capsule straight. C. atrovirens and pedunculatum, Bab. Sandy and waste places near the sea ; fl. April-Oct. — Stem 4-12 in., dichoto- mously branched from the base. Radical leaves obovate-lanceolate ; cauline usually broader upwards. Flowers J in. diam. Petal* notched, veins branched. Capsule scarcely longer than the sepals. — DISTRIB. W. Europe from Sweden to Spain and westwards to Hungary. 3. C. semldecan'drtim. L. ; cyme few- or many-flowered, pedicels a little exceeding the calyx deflexed between flowering and fruiting, bracts half-membranous, sepals usually 5 glandular acute margins broadly mem- branous, capsule slightly curved. CERASTITTM.] CARYOPHYLLE^!. 55 Walls and banks ; ascending to near 1,000 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. March-May. — Stem 1-10 in., erect or decumbent, sometimes nearly glabrous, branched from the base. Leaves as in C. tetratidmm. Petals erose, with simple veins, shorter than the sepals. Stamens 4-5, or 10. Capsule exserted.— DISTEIB. Europe, N. Africa.— Flowers long before C. viscosum. VAR. ? pu'milum, Curtis (sp.) ; upper bracts with narrow membranous edges, petals notched, veins branched, fruiting pedicel short curved, capsule curved. C.glutino'sum, Fries. — Diy banks, rare, I. of Wight, Bristol, Surrey. — Intermediate in many points between C. tetrandrum and semidecandrum. 4. C. glomera'tum, Thuillier ; cymes at first subcapitate, fruiting pedicels suberect shorter than the sepals, bracts all herbaceous, sepals acute with few glands and narrow membranous borders, petals as long as the sepals 2 -fid rarely 0, capsule twice as long as the sepals curved. C. vul- ya'tum, L. , and vised sum, L. in part. Dry places, ascending to 1,000 ft. in Westmoreland and Scotland ; fl. April- Sept. — Habit of the preceding, but usually larger, less glandular and cymes more fascicled. — DISTHIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, W. Asia to the Himalaya, Iceland, Greenland, &c. ; introd. in U. States. 5. C. trivia'le, Link ; cymes lax, pedicels longer than the sepals re- flexed between flowering and fruiting, primary bracts wholly herbaceous, margins of secondary sometimes membranous, sepals obtuse margins broad membranous, petals 2-fid, capsule twice as long as the sepals curved. G. viscosum L. of Hook, and Am. Waste places ; ascending to 3,600 ft. in Scotland' ; fl. April- Aug.— Similar to C. fflonwratum, but usually perennial, often with leafy barren shoots. Syme alludes to an exotic alpine form that has petals twice as long as the sepals. — All Europe from the Arctic circle southwards, N. and W. Asia to Spits- bergen and the Himalaya, N. Africa ; introd. in U. States. VAR. 1, trivia'le proper; perennial, decandrous, hairs not glandular, sepals pubescent.— VAR. 2, holosteoi'des, Fries (sp.) ; perennial, stem with only 2 lines of pubescence, sepals glabrous. Newcastle and Perth. — VAR. 3, pen- tandrum ; annual, pentandrous, capsule shorter, sepals as in TAR. 1. Sea- shores. ** Perennial, doimy or woolly. Petals 5, twice as long as the sepals, 2-fid. 6. C. arven'se, L. ; stems hairy all round, leaves linear-lanceolate, bracts and sepals subacute, margins and tip membranous, seeds sharply tubercled. Sandy fields and waste places, not uncommon in England, rarer in Scotland ; local in Ireland; fl. April -Aug. —Branches 6-10 in., tufted, ascending. Leaves crowded on the basal shoots. Cymes many -flowered. Sepals oblong- lanceolate, glandular. Capsule a little longer than the sepals.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia to the Himalaya, N. America, Fuegia, Chili. VAR. 1, pubes'cens, Syme ; leaves soft and pubescent, cymes 3-10-flowered. — VAR. 2, Andreu'sii, Syme ; leaves rigid glabrescent, midrib strong below, flowers subsolitary. 7. C. alpi'num, L. ; stems hairy all round, leaves ovate or oblong- ovate obtuse pubescent, cymes dichotomous often 1-flowered, bracts her- baceous obtuse, sepals with often a faint membranous margin, seeds sharply tubercled. 56 CARYOPHYLLE& [CERASTIUM. Alpine and subalpine rocks, England, Wales, and Scotland ; ascending to n ar 4,000ft.; absent from Ireland; fl. June-Aug. — Habit of C. • but leaves much broader and flowers fewer and much larger, f-1 in. diam., with scarcely any glands ; and capsule almost twice as long as the sepals. — DISTRIB. Mountains of Europe, N. America, and all Arctic regions. VAR. 1, laHa'tum, Lamk. (sp.); covered with long woolly hairs. — VAH. 2, pubesfcens, covered with short hairs. 8. C. latifo'liumj Sm. ; stems hairy all round, leaves ovate or oblong obtuse pubescent, flowers usually solitary, lower bracts herbaceous, sepals obtuse margins broadly membranous, seeds obtusely tubercled. Alpine rocks in Wales and Scotland, ascending to 3,600 ft., rare ; fl. May- Aug. — Very like C. ulpinum, perhaps a sub-species of that plant ; it does not precisely accord with the Continental C. l/'Jijni'iiim (itself too near /« «'»/), and is altogether a very doubtful species. — DISTRIB. (of the European form), Alps and Arctic regions, from Lapland to Italy, and from France to Austria ; Greenland and Arctic America. VAH. 1, Smith' ii ; yellow-green, loosely tufted, glandular and hairy, sepals almost eglandular. C. latifolium, Sm. N. Wales and Scotch Alps. — VAR. 2, compaJtum, Syme ; light green, densely tufted, glandular and hairy, sepals glandular. Braemar. — VAR. 3. Edmondstondi, Watson (var. /«/<* linear-oblong, spread- ing, 1-nerved. Petals deeply 2-fid. Styles 3-5, usually 3. Capsule longer than the sepals.- DISTRIB. Alps of Europe (Arctic), Siberia, W. Asia to the Himalaya, all Arctic regions. —Altogether intermediate between Ceras- fi'iin and Stellaria. 7. STELLA'RIA, L. SxiTCQWORT. Slender usually glabrous herbs. Leaves grassy or broad. Flovvrx in dichotornous cymes, white, small. Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals 5, rarely 4, 2-lid or 2-partite. Stamens 10, rarely 8, more or less perigynous. /W. annular, sometimes divided into glands. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 3 ; ovules many. Capsule short, splitting below the middle into as many simple or 2-fid valves as there are styles. Seeds compressed, granulate ; embryo annular. — DISTRIB. All temp, and cold regions; species 70. — KTY.M. Stella, in allusion to the ster-like flowers. SECTION 1, Mala'chium, Fries (gen.). Sepals free to the base. Styles 5, rarely 3. Capsule with 5 2-fid valves. 1. 8. aquat'ica, Scopoli ; slightly glandular above, stems diffuse decumbent angular, leaves ovate-cordate. Cerastium aqiiaticum, L. Borders of ditches, streams, &c. from Cheshire southwards ; fl. July-Aug. — Perennial, titem 1-3 ft., brittle, branched, trailing over bushes. 1-1 ^ in., membranous, lower shortly petioled, acute, sometimes ciliate. STELLARIA.] CARYOPHYLLE^. 57 Plovers \ in. diam., axillary. Sepals lanceolate, enlarged in fruit. Petals white, lobes diverging. Capsule 1 in., ovoid, a little longer than the sepals, peduncle deflexed, curved at the tip. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia. SECTION 2, Stella'ria proper. Sepals free to the base. Stamens sub- perigyrious. Styles 3. Cuj)sule with 6 entire valves. 2. S. nem'orum, L.; stem glabrous or hairy all round, leaves ovate acuminate, lower subcordate long-petioled, upper cauline sessile, cyme lax, petals longer than the sepals. Shady places, from Dumbarton and Moray southwards to S. Wales ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Yorkshire ; absent from Ireland ; fi. May-Aug.— Glabrous or pilose with jointed hairs and slightly glandular. Stem 1-2 ft., stout, terete, brittle, shining. Leaves 1-3 in., membranous, ciliate. Flowers g— 5 in. diam.; pedicels very slender. Sepals lanceolate, obtuse, edges scanous. Capsule ovoid, as long as the sepals ; pedicels spreading or retiexed. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), excl. Greece and Turkey. 3. S. me dia, L. ; stem procumbent with a line of hairs, leaves ovate acuminate, lower petioled, upper sessile, cymes many-flowered, petals shorter than the glandular sepals sometimes 0, stamens 3-10. Chickweed. Cultivated and waste ground, ascending to 2,700 ft. in Scotland ; fl. March- Oct. — One of the commonest and most variable of plants, 6-18 in., easily recognised by the line of hairs on the stem and branches. — DISTRIB. All Arctic and N . temp, regions ; naturalized elsewhere. VAR. 1, me'dia proper ; pedicels pubescent, sepals hairy, petals present, sta- mens 5, seeds punctate and obtusely tubercled. — VAR. 2, Bordana, Jordan (sp.); pedicels pubescent, sepals hairy, petals 0, stamens 3, seeds smaller obscurely punctate and tubercled. —VAR. 3. net/led ta, Weihe (sp.); stem suberect, pedicels pubescent, sepals hairy as long as the petals, stamens 10, seeds as in VAK. 1. — VAR. 4, umlro'sa, Opitz (sp.) ; stem erect or ascend- ing, pedicels almost glabrous elongate, sepals glabrous with raised points, seeds fuscous acutely tubercled. Sussex, Dorset, Somerset, York. 4. S. Holostea, L. ; stem suberect 4-angled, angles rough, leaves sessile connate lanceolate acuminate ciliate, petals twice as long as the almost nerveless sepals. Copses and hedgerows, &c.; ascending to 1,900 ft. hi the Highlands ; fl. April- June. — Perennial. Stem 1-2 ft., decumbent at the base, brittle at the nodes, hairy above. Leaves 1-4 in., rigid. Flowers ^— f in. diam., white, pedicels slender. Capsule globose. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia. — Flowers sometimes double ; petals occasionally laciniate. SECTION 3, Larbrse'a, St. Hilaire (gen.). Sepals united at the base into a conical tube. Stamens very perigynous. Styles 3. Capsule 6-valved. 5. S. glau'ca, Withering; glaucous, glabrous, stem suberect 4-angled, leaves very narrow sessile margins even, pedicels very long axillary, petals longer than the 3-nerved sepals. Marshy places, not uncommon from the Clyde and Forth southwards, rare in Ireland; fl. May-July. — Perennial. Stems 1-2 ft., very slender. Leaves 1-2 in., oblong-lanceolate, or linear-oblong. Flowers %-$ in. diam., few, distant. tracts membranous. Sepals lanceolate, acute, margins broad, scarious. 58 CARYOPHYLLEA. [STELLARIA. Capsule ovoid, as long as the sepals, pedicel spreading.— DISTRIB. Europe. Siberia, W. Asia to the Himalaya, Greenland. 6. S. erraminea, L. ; glabrous, stem suberect 4-angled, leaves very narrow sessile ciliate, cymes branched, petals about as long as the 3-nerved sepals. Meadows, hedgebanks, &c. on a dry soil ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. May-Aug. — Perennial, not glaucous. Stem, 1-3 ft. Leaves as in '.«/.<• rough, shining.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia t<> the Himalaya ; introd. in the U. States. VAR. Ij&phcerocar'pa, Tenore (sp.) ; rigid, sepals ovate-lanceolate, capsule ovoid its pedicel ascending. — VAR. 2, Lloyd'ii, Jord. ; shorter, stouter, more glan- dular, capsule more swollen below. Isle of Wight. — VAR. 3, leptoda'dos, Gussone (sp.) ; weak, sepals lanceolate, capsule narrower its pedicel spreading. 7. A. cilia ta, L. ; pubescent, procumbent or ascending, leaves oblong- spathulate obtuse 1 -nerved ciliate, flowers subsolitary, bracts foliaceous, sepals oblong-lanceolate with 3 hairy ribs much shorter than the petals. Mountains of Sligo, alt. 1,000-1,700 ft. ; fl. June-July.— Perennial, dark green, pubescent with reflexed hairs. Stems 3-6 in., numerous, matted, tips ascending. Leaves i— jf in., petioled. Floicers nearly ^ in. diam. Sepals subacute, margins membranous. Petals spathulate. Capsule ovoid, as long as the sepals. Funicle without an appendage. — DISTRIB. Arctic Europe to the Mediterranean and eastwards to Crete. 8. A. norve pica, Gunner ; procumbent, almost glabrous, leaves fleshy short broadly oblong-spathulate 1 -nerved, flowen 1-2, bracts herbaceous, sepals obloug acute with 3 glabrous ribs much shorter than the petals. Balta Sound, Shetland, and N. Ronaldshay, Orkney ; fl. July- Aug. —Habit, &c. of A. cUiata, of which it may be an Arctic variety, but succulent, with shorter, closer-set leaves, short peduncles, and broader sepals. Funicle without an appendage.— DISTRIB. Norway, Lapland, Finmark, Iceland. SKIT i ox 3. Ammode'nia, Gmcl. (gen.). Fl.owcrs polygamous. Disk glandular, 10-lobed. Capsule fleshy, usually 3-valved. Seeds 1-2, large. Honcken'ya, Ehr. 9. A. peploi des, L. ; creeping, fleshy, leaves ovate acute recurved, flowers 1-3 together axillary subsessile, sepals obtuse. Sea Purslane. Sandy and pebbly shores ; fl. May- Aug. —Perennial, dark green and glabrous. Rootstock creeping ; branches 4-8 in., ascending. Leaves |-J in., decussate, margins cartilaginous. Flowers % in. diam., pedicels compressed. Sepals with membranous margins. Petals of male fl. as long as the sepals, of female shorter. Stamens 10, the alternate shorter. Styles 3-5. Capsult globose. Seeds obovoid, concavo-convex. — DISTRIB. Shores of W. Europe from the Arctic regions to Spain, Arctic America.— Used as a pickle in Yorkshire. SECTION 4. Cherleria, L. (gen.). Flowers polygamous. Sepals united at the base. Petals 0 or minute. Disk with 5 glands. Seeds few, minute. 10. A. Cherle'ria. Fcnzl (sub. Alsine) ; densely tufted, leaves closely imbricate linear-subulate 3-gonous, flowers solitary, sepals obtuse. CypJiel. Lofty Scotch mountains, alt. 2,500-5,000 ft. ; fl. June-Aug. — Perennial, form- ing mossy, yellow-green cushions, 6-12 in. diam., with a very long tap root. Leaves i-| in., obtuse, ciliate, grooved above. Flowers sessile. Sepals 3-nerved, margins membranous. Petals 0, or in the male fl. subulate. (•lands large. Capsule ovoid, shorter than the sepals. Seeds smooth. — DISTBIB. Alps of Central and S. Europe, Pyrenees. SAGINA.] CARYOPHYLLEJE. 61 9. SAGI'NA, L. PEARL-WORT. Very small, tufted, annual or perennial herb's. Leaves subulate, connate at the base. Flowers small, pedicelled. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, entire, sometimes minute or 0. Stamens 4, 5, 8, or 10. Ovary 1 -celled ; styles 4-5, opposite the sepals ; ovules many. Capsule 4-5-valved to the base. — DISTRIB. Temp, and cold N. and S. hemispheres; species 8. — ETYM. doubtful. * Flowers 4- rarely 5-merous. Petals minute. 1. S. apet'ala, L. ; annual, primary and lateral branches all flowering, the latter ascending, radical leaves sub-rosulate, petals minute or 0. Dry banks, wall tops, &c. ; fl. May-Aug. — A slender, almost filiform, wiry herb, 4-10 in. Leaves A-| in., spreading. Flowers ft in. diam., green, , pedicels capillary. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia ; doubtfully indi- genous in the U. States. Sub-sp. APET'ALA proper ; branches ascending sparingly glandular-pubescent, leaves ciliate at the base mucronate, pedicels erect, sepals at length spread- ing obtuse exceeding the capsule. — From Perth and Forfar southwards, rare in Scotland. Sub-sp. CILIA'TA, Fries (sp.) ; decumbent, glandular-pubescent, leaves ciliate mucronate, sepals always appressed to the capsule 2 outer mucronate. — Rather rare. Sub-sp. MARIT'IMA, Don (sp.) ; decumbent or ascending, glabrous, leaves obtuse or apiculate, sepals suberect in fruit broad obtuse. — VAR. 1, maritfima proper ; ascending, slender, internodes long, capsule about equal to the sepals. Sandy .— VAR. 2, deb' His, Jord. (sp.); decumbent, slender, internodes long, capsule a little shorter than the sepals.— VAR. 3, den'sa, Jord. (sp.) ; ascending, slender, internodes short, capsule as in VAR. 2. Cheshunt and Wisbech. — VAR. 4, alpi'na, Syme ; ascending, stoutish, internodes short, capsule shorter than the sepals. Top of Ben Nevis, Don. 2. S. procum'bens, L. ; perennial, stems many, primary shoot flower- less, lateral slender with fascicled branchlets usually procumbent and rooting, sepals spreading in fruit, petals very small. Waste places, paths, banks, &c. ; ascends to 3,800 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. May^Sept.— Branches 1-8 in. Leaves glabrous or ciliate, obtuse, mucro- nate, longer than in S. apetala. Flowers usually solitary, sometimes 5-merous. Styles recurved during flowering. Capsule a little longer than the sepals, pedicels erect or curved at the tip. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia to the Himalaya, Greenland, N. America, Fuegia. ** Flowers 5, rarely 4-merous. Petals half as long as the sepals or longer. (Perennial, with a leafy Jlowerless central stem, many lateral flowering branches, minute subulate leaves, and slender erect \-flowered pedicels. SPER- GELLA, Reich.) 3. S. saxat'ilis, Wimmer ; stems numerous prostrate and rooting, leaves mucronate, petals longer than the glabrous obtuse sepals, pedicels curved erect in fruit, capsule 5-valved almost twice as long as the usually appressed sepals. S. Linncei, Presl ; Spergula saginoides, SHI. Scotch alps north of the Forth and Clyde ; aecending to 2,700 ft. ; fl. June- Aug. — Distinguishable from the 5-merous forms of S. proctimbens only by the longer white petals, erect styles and usually longer capsules with 62 CARYOPHYLLEM. [SAGINA. appressed sepals. — DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine Europe, Siberia, N. America. 4. S. nivalis, Fries; densely tufted, glabrous, leaves acuminate, petals rather longer than the broad glabrous obtuse sepals, pedicel always erect, capsule much longer than the appressed sepals. Ben Lawers, Skye, and Clova Mts. ; fl. June-Aug. — Very much more densely tufted than S. soxotllis, of which it may be a subspecies with shorter petals, and shorter always erect pedicels. — DISTRIB. Norway, Spitzbergen, Green- land. 5. S. subulata, Wimmer ; tufted, more or less glandular and hairy, leaves narrowed to the aristate tip, petals as long as the lanceolate obtuse subglandular sepals, pedicels long slender curved after flowering then erect, capsule ratner longer than the appressed sepals. Spcrgula, Swartz. Heaths, dry pastures, &c. ; ascending to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands ; N. and W. of Ireland ; fl. June-Aug. — This again might be combined with the two preceding. — DISTRIB. Mid. and W. Europe, N. America (doubtfully indigenous, Gray). 6. S. nodo'sa, L. ; glabrous or glandular, stems with many leaf-buds in the axils of the rather remote pairs of subulate acute leaves, peduncles short always erect 1-2-flowered, petals and capsules much longer than the oblong obtuse sepals. Spergula, L. Knotted Spurrey. Moist heaths, and sandy places ; ascending to 1,800 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. July- Aug. — Much the largest and largest - flowered species of the genus. Branches 4— 10 in., decumbent, curved, wiry. Radical leaves A in., cauline usually i-i in. Flowers | in. diam.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia to the Himalaya, N. America. 1O. SPER GULA, L. SrURUEY. Annual herbs, with forked or fascicled branches. Leaves opposite, with abbreviated leaf-buds in their axils, whence the foliage appears whorled ; stipules small, scarious. Flowers white, in stalked panicled cymes. Se- pals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5 or 10. Ovary 1 -celled ; styles 5 ; ovules many. Capsule with 5 entire valves. Seeds compressed, margined or winged ; embryo annular. — DISTRIB. Weeds of cultivation in temp, re- gions ; species 2-3. — ETYM. spar go, from scattering its seeds. 1. 8. arven sis, L. ; leaves linear-subulate ^-terete rather fleshy. Cornfields, &c. ; ascending to 1,000 ft. ; fl. June-Aug. — More or less pubescent and glandular. Stems 5-18 in., branched from the root, geniculate. Leaves £-1^ in., in distant pairs, grooved beneath. Flowers £-1 in. diam., sub- umbellate in racemose terminal cymes ; peduncles slender, spreading or retiexed. Sepals ovate, obtuse, rather shorter than the white petals. Capsule subglobose. Seeds lenticular, tubercled, keeled, naked or papillose. —DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, W. Asia to N.W. India ; introd. in N. America. 11. SPERGULARIA, Persoon. SANDWORT-SPCRREY. Diffuse herbs, with the foliage, inflorescence, and stipules of Spergula. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, rarely 0, white or red. Stamens 10 or fewer. CARYOPHYLLK& 6-3 Ovary 1-celled ; styles 3. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds compressed, often winged ; embryo annular or hooked. Lepigonwm, Fries. — DISTRIB. Temp. and warm regions ; often littoral ; species 3-4. — ETYM. the diminutive of Spergula. 1. S. ru'bra, St. Hilaire ; leaves linear flat, stipules lanceolate cleft, capsule as long as the sepals, seeds plano-convex angular tubercled. Gravelly and sandy soils ; rare in Ireland ; fl. June-Sept. — Pubescent and fmdular, annual or biennial. Stem much branched from the base ; branches 12 in., spreading, prostrate. Leaves |-^ in. Stipules connate, silTery, torn. Flowers \ in. diam., solitary or in subracemose cymes ; peduncles short, spreading or reflexed, erect in fruit. Petals rosy, shorter than the obtuse lanceolate sepals. Stamens 5 or 10.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia to India, N. America. 2. S. mari'na, Cambessedes ; leaves linear ^-terete, stipules deltoid- ovate, capsule longer than the sepals, seeds plano-convex smooth or papil- lose with or without a membranous wing. Sandy, muddy and rocky sea-coasts ; fl. June-Aug. — A more fleshy species than S. rubra, of which it may be ranked as a sub-species, with a generally more woody rootstock and compressed branches. Flowers 3-^ in. diam. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia to India, N. and S. America. Sub-sp. MARI'NA proper ; perennial, glabrous, pedicels shorter than the bracts, flowers large, petals lilac or white as long as the sepals, stamens 10, capsules longer than the sepals, seeds pale-brown papillose, all broadly winged. L. marinum, Wahlb. Arenaria media, L. Sub-sp. NEGLEC'TA, Syme ; annual, pedicels as long as or exceeding the bracts, petals rosy shorter than the sepals white at the base, stamens few, capsule exceeding the sepals, seeds pale-brown almost smooth rarely winged. — VAB. 1, negledta, proper ; glandular-pubescent, pedicels longer than the scarious bracts, seeds papillose. — VAR. 2, sali'na, Presl (sp.); pedicels equalling the foliaceous bracts, seeds not papillose. — VAR. 3, me'dia, Fries (sp.) ; pedicels shorter than the foliaceous bracts, seeds not papillose. Sub-sp. RTJTES'TRIS, Lebel (not of Cambessedes) ; perennial, glandular-pubes- cent, pedicels longer than the bracts, petals as long as the sepals rose-purple, stamens 10, capsule equalling the sepals, seeds obovate dark-brown not winged. — Maritime rocks, rare ; Isle of Wight, Cornwall, Carnarvonshire. 12. POLYCAR'PON, L. Annual herbs. Leaves flat, apparently whorled ; stipules scarious. Flowers small, in crowded bracteate cymes. Sepals 5, keeled, entire. Petals 5, small. Stamens 3-5. Style short, 3-fid ; ovules many. Capsule 3-valved. — DISTRIB. Various warm and temp, regions ; species 6.— ETYM. TTO\VS and Kapirds, from the abundant capsules. 1. P. tetraphyl'lum, L. ; lower leaves in whorls of 4, flowers 3-androus. Channel Islands, Devon and Dorset, in sandy and waste places ; fl. June—July — Stems 3-6 in., prostrate. Leaves $ in. obovate, upper opposite. Flower J in. diam. — DISTRIB. Europe, Asia, Africa, &c. ORDER XIII. PORTULACE.?£. Herbs, rarely small shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate, quite entire ; stipules scarious. Inflorescence various. Sepals 2, imbricate in bud. Petals 4 64 PORTULACEM. [MoNTiA. or more, free or united at the base, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4 or more, free or adnate to the petals, filaments filiform. Disk small or 0. Orn/'/t free, 1-celled : style simple or 3-fid, branches stigmatose all over ; ovules 2 or more, on long free or connate basal funicles, amphitropal, ascending, micropyle inferior or transverse. Capsule dehiscing transversely or 2-3- valved. Seeds 1 or more, compressed, hilum marginal ; embryo terete, hooked or annular and coiled round the mealy albumen. — DISTRIB. Cosmo- politan, but chiefly American ; genera 15 ; species 125. — AFFINITIES. Close to Cariiophylleae, Ficoidece, and Molluginece. — PROPERTIES. Purslane is a good salad and a potherb. Petals united at the base. Stamens 3 1. Montia. Petals free. Stamens 5 1*. Cfm/t,,,,;,,. 1. MON'TIA, L. BLINKS. A small, annual, glabrous herb. Leaves usually opposite. Flowers mi- nute, solitary or few and shortly cymose, white. Petals 5, hypogynous, united at the base. Disk small, hypogynous. Stamens hypogynous, usu- ally 3, opposite and attached to the base of the petals. Ovary -free ; stylos short, 3-fid ; ovules 3. Capsule globose, 3-valved. Sf-eds 1-3, compressed ; embryo annular. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia to the Himalaya, N. America, Arctic and Antarctic regions. — ETYM. J. de Monti, an Italian botanist. 1. M. fonta'na, L. ; leaves spathulate, flowers drooping then erect. Brooks and marshy grounds ; ascends to nearly 3,200 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. "May-Aug. — Pale-green, 1-5 in., usually flaccid, branched, tufted. Leaves yin., opposite or nearly so. Ci/mfx 1- or few-flowered ; flowers ^ in. diam. icts scarious. Petals white, a little longer than the obtuse sepals. Capsule obovoid. Seeds shining. VAR. 1, mi'nor Gmelin (sp.) ; stem short, cymes terminal and axillary, tubercles of seed conical. — VAR. 2, rimt/a'ris, Gmelin (sp.); stems elongate flaccid, cymes all axillary, tubercles of seeds flattened. 1*. CLAYTONIA, L. Glabrous succulent herbs. Radical leaves petioled, cauline alternate and opposite, exstipulate. Flowers in terminal cymes. Petals 5. Stamens 5, opposite and adnate to the bases of the petals. Ovary free ; style entire or 3-fid at the tip ; ovules few. Capsule membranous, 3-valved. — DISTRIB. —America, KW. Asia, Australia; species 20.— ETYM. Dr. J. J. Clayton, an American botanist. 1. C. PERFOLIA'TA, Don; radical leaves rhomboid, cauline 2 connate. A garden outcast, rapidly becoming naturalized in many parts of England ; fl. May-July. — Annual, tufted, fleshy, 6-12 in. Cauline leaves connate into a suborbicular blade. Flow™ small, white. — Not in the Lond. Cat., but too frequent to be omitted.— DISTRIB. N.W. America. ORBER XIV. PARONY CHIE.JE. Annual or perennial generally small, often tufted herbs. Leaves opposite or alternate, quite entire (serrulate and exstipulate in Scleran- thus) ; stipules scarious. flowers very small, cymose, regular, 2-sexual. Sepals 4-5, free or connate, persistent, closing over the fruit. Petals COIIRIGIOLA.] PARONYCHIE.E. 65 small or 0. Stamens hypogynous or perigynous, filaments short free or connate ; anthers small. Disk 0 or annular. Ovary free, sessile, ovoid, 1 -celled ; style terminal, 2- rarely 3-fid, stigmas decurrent ; ovule 1, erect or pendulous from a basal ftmicle. Utricle or achene enclosed in the perianth, 1 -seeded. Seed glohose reniform or lenticular, testa smooth, hilum frontal or lateral, albumen copious or scanty, floury ; embryo straight curved or annular. — DISTRIB. All latitudes, but chiefly warm and dry ; genera 17 ; species 60.— AFFINITIES. Very close to Caryophyllece and Amaranthacece. — PROPERTIES unimportant. Leaves alternate. Petals 5. Stigmas 3 1. Corrigiola. Leaves when opposite not connate. Sepals green, obtuse 2. Herniaria. Leaves opposite. Sepals white, concave with long points 3. Illecebrum. Leaves opposite connate at the base 4. Scleranthus. 1. CORRIGI'OLA, L. STRAPWORT. Annual or perennial prostrate glabrous herbs. Leaves alternate, linear or oblong ; stipules scarious. Flowers minute. Sepals 5, connate at the base, obtuse ; margins membranous. Petals 5, small, white. Stamens 5, perigynous. Ovary ovoid, style short, 3-partite ; ovule suspended from a basal funicle. Achene crustaceous, 3-gonous, dotted or rugose. Testa mem- branous ; embryo annular. — DISTRIB. Europe, Africa, temp. S. America; species 3-4. — ETYM. The classical name for Polygonum, transferred. 1. C. littora'lis, L. ; leaves linear-lanceolate, stipules 4 -sagittate. Sandy places, Helstone, Cornwall ; Slapton sands ne^r Start Point ; fl. July- Sept.— Annual. Stems many from the root, 4-8 in., slender, prostrate or ascending. Leaves %-% in., narrowed into an obscure petiole ; stipules small. Flo'i-f-rs in crowded terminal cymes. Petals as long as the sepals. — DISTRIB. Europe from Denmark southwards. 2. HERNIARIA, L. RUPTUREWORT. Annual or perennial prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite and alternate, narrow. Flowers minute, green, crowded, axil large, 1-2-sexual. Sepals 4-5, connate at the base, obtuse, equal or unequal. Petals 4-5, setaceous, minute or 0. Stamens 3-5, inserted on an annular disk. Ovary ovoid ; style 2-fid or -partite ; ovule erect. Utricle indehiscent. Seed subglobose or reuiform, testa crustaceous shining; embryo annular. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and S. Africa, W. Asia. — ETYM. the classical name. 1. H. gla'bra, L. ; leaves oblong glabrous or ciliate. Sandy soils, rare, Lincoln, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge ; fl. July-Aug. — Root woody, often perennial. Steins 4-6 in., many, prostrate, tufted, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaves £-| in.— DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia, W. Asia. — Probably a var. of //. hirsuta, L., a more southern and eastern plant. VAR. cilia' ta, Bab. (sp.) ; perennial, stouter, forming larger tufts, leaves broader, stipules larger whiter. Lizard Point, Guernsey. Syme remarks that this var. keeps its green colour during the winter of Middlesex, which H. glaln-a proper does not. 3. ILLECEBRUM, /.. A small diffuse glabrous annual herb. Le,aves opposite. Flovxrs minute, white, crowded in all the axils, 1-2-sexual. Sepals 5, white, corky, corn- ' F 66 PARONYCHIE.E. [ILLECEBRUM. pressed laterally, keeled, ending in a subulate process. Petals 5, setaceous, very minute. Stamens 5, hypogynous. Ovary ovoid ; style very short, stiginas 2 capitate ; ovule erect. Utricle o-10-fissured at the base, included in the hardened calyx. Seed oblong; embryo curved, lateral. — DISTUIB. ; Europe from Denmark southwards, N. Africa. — ETYM. doubtful. 1. I. verticilla'tum, L. ; leaves ovate-oblong or spathulate. Sandy bogs, Devon and Cornwall ; fl. July-Aug. — Branched from the root, very slender, prostrate ; branches 4-8 in., ascending, covered throughout with leaves and tufts of white flowers. Leaees £-£ in. Flowers subsessile, shorter than the leaves. Sepals opaque. A. SCLERAN THUS, L. K.NAWEL. Small, low, tufted, annual or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, connate, subulate, pungent, often serrulate ; stipules 0. Flowers minute, green, in axillary and terminal cymes or fascicles. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped or urceolate, hardening over the fruit; lobes 4-5, short, erect. Petals 0. Stamens 1, 2, 5, or 10, inserted on the calyx-mouth. Ovary ovoid; styles 2, filiform stigmas capitate ; ovule pendulous from a filiform basal funicle. Utricle indehiscent. Seed lenticular, testa smooth ; embryo annular.— DISTRIB. Europe, E. Asia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand.— ETYM. e to S. Russia (excl. Spain, Greece, Turkey, and Denmark). ORDER XVI. HYPERICI NE^S. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves opposite, often covered with pellucid glands, entire or glandular-toothed, exstipulate. Flowers terminal, cymose, rarely axillary. Sepals 5, rarely 4, imbricate in bud. Petals as many, hypogynous, usually twisted in bud. Stamens many, rarely few, united in bundles ; anthers versatile. Itisk obscure or of interstaminal glands. Ovary of 3-5 carpels, 1- or 3-5-celled ; styles as many, filiform, stigmas terminal ; ovules few or many, on parietal or axile placentas, anatro]»>u>. raphe lateral or superior. Fruit a septicidal capsule, rarely a berry. exalbumiuous ; embryo straight or curved. — DISTRIB. Temp, and motmtailu of warm regions; genera 8; species 210.— AFFINITIES. Close with Gultiferee and Tcrnstrasmiacce, less close with Elatinece. — PROPERTIES. I)rastic pur- gatives, astringents, and tonics. 1. HYPER'ICUM, L. ST. JOHN'S WORT. >s, shrubs, or small trees. Leaves sessile, often gland-dotted. ->• cymose, yellow. Sepals 5. Petals 5, generally very oblique. Ovary 1 -celled with 3 or 5 parietal, or 3-5-celled with axile placentas ; styles distinct or combined ; ovules many in the cells, rarely ftw. Capsule, M-pti'-idal, phrrntiis adhering to the edges of the valves or to tin- a\i>. Meeds oblong ; embryo straight or incurved. — DISTKIB. All temp, regions ; . — ETYM. obscure. SKITIOX 1. Sepals 5, -unequal. Petals deciduous. Stamens cohering in 5 bundles at the very base only, without intervening glands. o,-/<,-// ineompletly 3- or 5-celled. L H. Androsae'mum, L. ; shrubby, leaves ovate subcordate, cymes corymbose few-flowered, petals very oblique, styles 3 recurved. Tutsan. Hedges and thickets, from Ross southwards ; fl. June-Aug. — Glabrous. M- ,„ l-'J ft., compressed, 4-angled. Leaves 1-3 in., obtuse or acute, glands very minute, close. . F lovers J-^ in. diam. Sepals obtuse, glandular, but not on the margins, about as long a* the petals and stamens. Jiern/ globose, black, incompletely 3-celled.— DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia. II. i ALYCI'NUM, L.; shrubby, leaves sessile oblong obtuse, flowers sub- solitary, styles 5 straight. Hedges and thickets, in various places, undoubtedly naturalized ; fl. July- Sept. — Glabrous, extensively creeping. Stem 10-16 in., subsimple, com- pressed, 4-angled. Leaves 2-4 in., coriaceous, glands rather large, scat- tered. Flotren 3-4 in. broad, shortly peduncled. Outer sepals orbicular, HYPERICITM.] HYPERICINE^E. 69 half as long as the petals. Capsule ovoid, 5-celled towards the base. — DISTRIB. S.E. Europe. SECTION 2. Sepals 5, connate at the base. Petals persistent. Stamens cohering in 3 bundles at the very base only, without intervening glands. Ovary completely 3-celled. Capsule septicidal. * Margins of sepals entire or toothed, eglandular. 2. H. perfora'tum, L. ; stem erect with 2 ridges, leaves oblong ob- tuse with pellucid glands, secondary nerves opaque, sepals erect lanceolate. Woods, copses, and hedgebanks ; ascends to near 1,000 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. July-Sept.— Glabrous. Stems 1-3 ft., branched above, slender, strict, light brown. Leaves f-1 in., obtuse; glands black. Cymes corymbose, many- flowered. Flowers 1 in. diam. Sepals acute, entire or slightly serrate. Petals much longer. Capsule transversely wrinkled ; valves with 2 glandular lines on the back. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia to the Himalaya ; introd. in U. States. 3. H. quadrang'ulum, L. ; stem erect with 4 lines or ridges above, leaves ovate-oblong, cauline subamplexicaul with pellucid glands, primary and secondary nerves transparent. Copses and moist places ; fl. July-Sept. — Very variable, habit of H. perfora- tum. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic) to the Caucasus (excl. Turkey), N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia. Sub-sp. DU'BTUM, Leers (sp.) ; leaves with few pellucid glands, sepals patent and recurved with black glands on the back, petals oblong obtuse quite entire, style as long as the capsule. — VAR. macula'tum, Bab. ; sepals oblong- lanceolate acute slightly toothed. Sub-sp. 2. TETRAP'TERUM, Fries (sp. ) ; leaves with many pellucid glands, sepals erect lanceolate acuminate quite entire, styles half as long as the capsule. — Ascends to 1,200 ft. in Yorkshire. Sub-sp. 3. TTNDULA'TUM, Schousb. (sp. ) ; leaves with many pellucid glands and black glands beneath, sepals ovate-lanceolate acuminate often crenate, styles not half as long as the capsule. H. bceticitm, Boiss. — Bogs, Plymouth and Cornwall. 4. H. humifusum, L.; stems many procumbent with 2 raised lines, leaves oblong without pellucid glands, margins often revolute with black glands, cymes forked, sepals unequal. Roadsides, commons, &c.; ascends to near 1,000 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. July- Aug. — Perennial, glabrous. Brandies 4-10 in., very many, compressed, curving upwards, leafy. Leaves £-^ in. Flower %-% in. diam. — DISTRIB. Europe from Denmark southwards (excl. Turkey), Canaries, and Azores. ** Margins of sepals with glandular teeth. 5. H. linarifo'lium, Vahl ; stems ascending terete, leaves linear ob- tuse, margins revolute, sepals lanceolate acute. H. Knearifolium, DC., &c. Rocky banks, Cape Cornwall, and on the Teign, Tamar and Tavey, Devon ; Channel Is.; fl. June-July. —St&ns 6-15 in., many from the roots, leafy. Leaves ^-1 in. Cymes few-flowered. Flowers \ in. diam. Petals twice as long as the sepals, with black marginal glands. Stamens few. Styles short. — DISTRIB. S.W. and S. Europe, Canaries.— Syme finds in Jersey the H. de- ciiin/ifiix (Petermann) growing with this, intermediate between it and H. I, un, if us am. 70 HYPERICIXEtf. [HYPEKKTM. 6. H. pul'chrum, L. ; glabrous, stems erect slender terete branched above, leaves cordate very obtuse, upper oblong, all with pellucid glands, sepals small oblong. Dry copses, heaths, and commons ; ascending to 2,200 ft. in the Highlands ; tt. June-July.— Very elegant. Steins 1-2 ft, flexuous. Cymes panicled, many-flowered. Leaves |-1 in. diam., irregularly fascicled, pale lilac or whitish. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia to India: introd. in U. States. 3. M. moscha'ta, L. ; hairy, stem erect, leaves 5-7-partite lobes pin- natifid, peduncles erect in fruit, carpels smooth hispid on the rounded bark. Meadows, &c. in a dry soil ; from an alien ? in Mid. Scotland, Watson ; rare in Ireland ; fl. July- Aug. — Perennial. — Stem. 2—3 ft., often purple-spotted. Leaves 1-3 in. diam., long-petioled. Flowers 1-2 in. diam., rosy, rarely white. — DISTRIB. Europe, eastward to Lithuania ; iutrod. in the U. States. 3. LAVATE'RA, L. TREE-MALLOW. Tall, hirsute or tomentose 'herbs or shrubs. Leaves angled or lobod. Flowers axillary. Calyx 5-fid ; involucel 3-fid. Staminal column long, filaments free at its top only. Ovary many-celled ; styles filiform, as many as the cells, inner surface stigmatose ; ovules 1 in each cell.' Fruit a depressed whorl of indehiscent 1-see'ded carpels, separating from the axis. Seed ascending. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa, and 1 Australian : species 18. — ETYM. The brothers Lavater, Swiss physicians. 1. L. arbo'rea, L. ; leaves suborbicular 5-9-lobed plaited crenate. Maritime rocks, England, and Scotland south of Firth of Clyde ; rare in Ire- land ; fl. July-Sept.— Biennial, softly pubescent. Stem 3-6 ft., ver\ erect. Leaves long-petioled ; lobes broad, short, upper more entire. Peduncles crowded, axillary, 1-flowered, shorter than the petioles. /<'/.,,-•, rt 1J in. diam., purple, glossy. Involucel with 3 very large ovate lobes. .S/«'/.< deltoid. Carpels wrinkled. — DISTRIB. Coasts of France, and eastwards to Greece. ORDER XVIII. TILIACE^E. Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed, stipu- late. Flowers cymose ; cymes usually corymbose or panicled. &•/», free or connate below, valvate in bud. Petals 5 or fewer or 0, aestivation various. Stamens many, inserted on the disk, filaments filiform free or uniti'd in bundles ; anthers 2-celled, opening by pores or valves, tumid. Ovary free, 2-10-celled ; styles entire or divided, or stigma sessile ; ovules 1 or more, in the inner angle of the cells, anatropous, usually pendulous with the raphe ventral. Fruit 1-12-celled, dry or baccate, indfhiscent or loculicidal. Seeds various, albumen fleshy; embryo straight with foliaceous cotyledons. — DISTRIB. Chiefly tropical; genera 40 ; species 330. — AFFINITIES with Stcrculiaccce and Malvacece. — PROPERTIES usually mucilaginous, liber of many species yields fibre. TILIA.] TILIACE.E. 73 1. TIL'IA, L. LIME-TREE or LINDEN. Trees with simple or stellate hairs. Leaves oblique, cordate, serrate. ( '//»"•* axillary or terminal ; bract leafy, adnate to the peduncle. Sepals 5. Petals 5, with often a scale at the base. Stamens many, filaments free or united into bundles at the base. Ovary 5-celled ; style simple, stigma 5-toothed. Fruit globose, indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Seeds ascending ; cotyledons broad, crumpled, with involute margins. — DISTRIB. Europe, X. Asia, N. America ; species 8.— ETYM. The old Latin name. 1. T. parvifo'lia, L. ; glabrous, leaves pubescent in the axils of the nerves beneath, fruit crustaceous pubescent. Woods from Yorkshire southwards ; a doubtful native, Watson ; indigenous, Borrer ; fl. July-Aug. — A small tree. Leaves l^-2£ in. diam., ovate-cordate, acuminate, finely serrate, glaucous and glabrous beneath, upper obscurely lobed. Flowers % in. diam. Fruit about | in. diam., faintly ribbed.— DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Greece and Turkey) and Siberia. — This is probably the English wild form of the continental T. europcea. T. INTERME'DIA, DC. ; glabrous, leaves pubescent in the axils of the nerves beneath, fruit woody pubescent not ribbed when ripe. Common Lime. Woods and hedges, not indigenous ; fl. June-July.— This is probably a sub- species of T. eiwopoea,, L., which should include all the rest. T. GRANDIFO'LIA, Ehrhart; twigs pilose, leaves downy beneath, fruit obovate-globose with 3-5 prominent ribs when ripe. Large-leaved Lime. Woods and hedges ; a denizen? Watson; fl. June-July.— A tree 70-90 ft. high, differing very little in foliage and floral characters from T. parvifolia. — DISTRIB. Europe from Denmark southwards. YAH. cor alii' /ia, bark of young branches reddish brown. ORDER XIX. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple, entire, sometimes stipulate. Inflorescence cyrnose. Sepals 4-5, free or connate, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-5, hypogynous, imbricate or twisted in bud. Stamens 4—5, with alternating staminodes or 10 with the filaments inserted on a hypogynous ring ; anthers versatile. Disk 0 or glandular. Ovary free, 3-5-celled ; styles 3-5, stigmas terminal ; ovules 1-2 in each cell, pendulous, raphe ventral, micropyle superior. Capsule septicidally splitting into 2-valved cocci. Seeds compressed, albumen fleshy ; embryo nearly as long as the seed, cotyledons plano-convex. — DISTRIB. All regions ; genera 14 ; species 135.- — AFFINITIES, slightly with Malvacecc and Geraniacece ; more close with Mal]riyhiacece- and Ternstrcemiacece. — PROPERTIES. Mucilaginous, oily, diuretic ; seeds occasionally purgative ; bark fibnms (as in flax). Sepals 5, quite entire 1. Linum. Sepals 4, 2-4-toothed : 2. Eadiola. 1. LI'NUM, L. FLAX. Herbs or small shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, narrow, quite entire ; stipules 0 or glandular. Flowers in dichotomous, panicled, race- 74 LINENS. [Lixt-M. mose or fascicled cymes. Sepals 5, entire. Petals 5, fugacious. Stm/n'/i.t 5, hypogynous, united at the base, alternating with 5 minute staininodcs. Diisk of 5 glands opposite the petals. Ovary 5-celled, cells sometimes divided into 2 ; styles 5 ; ovules 2 in each principal cell. Cocci 5, 1- or partially 2-celled, 2-seeded. Albumen scanty ; embryo straight. — Dis- TRIB. Temp, and warm regions ; species 80. — ETYM. The classical name. 1. L. cathar ticum, L. ; annual, small, leaves opposite, upper alter- nate, buds nodding, petals free. Purging Flax. Heaths and pastures ; ascends to 2,400 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. June-Sept.— Glabrous, glaucous, 2—10 in., very slender. Leaves linear- oblong. Flmri r.< fa-\ in. kessile, rather succulent. Flowers axillary and in the forks, most minute ; peduncles short, erect. Sepals united below, as long as the oblong petals. GERANIUM.] GERANIACE&. 75 ORDER XX. GERANiACE-ffi (including OXALIDE^E and BALSAM I'NE^E). Herbs, rarely shrubby. Leaves opposite or alternate, usually stipulate. Inflorescence various ; flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 5 or fewer, imbricate or valvate in bud. Petals 3-5, imbricate in bud. Stamens usually 5 in irregular flowers, and 10 in the regular, some often deformed. Disk inconspicuous or glandular. Ovary 3-5-lobed, 3-5-celled, produced upwards into a styliferous beak, or with one or more terminal styles ; ovules 1-2 or many in each cell, anatropous, pendulous, raphe ventral. Fruit septicidal or loculicidal, or separating into cocci. Seeds small, albumen scanty or 0 ; embryo various. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. , rarely arctic regions ; genera 16 ; species 750.— AFFINITIES. With Rutacece and Linece.— PROPERTIES. Tribe Gcranicce are often astringent, aromatic, and abound in volatile oil. Oxalidece abound in oxalic acid, and some have eatable tubers. TKIBE I. GERANIEJE. Flowers regular. Sepals imbricate. Stamens alternating with glands. Capsule beaked, of several 1-seeded awned cocci, that separate elastically from the beak. Stamens 10, all antheriferous 1. Geranium. Stamens 5, staminodes 5 2. Erodium. TRIBE II. OXALI DEJE. Flowers regular. Sepals imbricate. Glands 0. Capsule loculicidal ; cells 2- or more-seeded 3. Oxalis. TRIBE III. BALSAMI'NE^:. Flo-wers irregular. Sepals coloured, pos- ticous spurred. Stamens 5. Glands 0. Capsule loculicidal ; cells 2- or more-seeded , 4. Impatiens. 1, GERANIUM, L. CRANE'S-BILL. Herbs, rarely shrubs, with swollen nodes. Leaves opposite or alternate, usually cut or lobed, stipulate. Flowers regular, on 1-2-flowered axillary peduncles. Sepals and Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens 10, free or connate at the base, hypogynous. Disk of 5 glands opposite the sepals. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled, with a long beak terminated by 5 stigmas ; ovules 2 in each cell, superposed. Fruit of 5 dehiscent carpels, terminating upwards in long slender tails, which separate elastically from the styliferous and placentiferous axis. Seeds solitary in the carpels, albumen scanty or 0 ; cotyledons plicate or convolute ; radicle incumbent. — DISTRIB. All temp, especially littoral and sandy regions ; species 100.— ETYM. yfpavot, a crane, from the form of the fruit. — The so-called garden Geraniums are Pelargonia, having irregular flowers, a spurred sepal, perigynous petals, no glands, and few declinate stamens. * Perennial. Peduncles 1-flowered. Sepals spreading. 1. G. sanguin'eum, L. ; pilose, leaves orbicular 5-7-partite, lobes narrow 3-5-fid to the middle, carpels hairy, seeds wrinkled and dotted. Dry rocky places and on sandy shores ; ascends above 1,000 ft. in the High- lands ; local in Ireland ; fl. July-Aug. — Rootstock stout, truncate. Stems 1-2 ft., geniculate ; hairs spreading. Leaves 1-2 in. diam., segments linear- oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or subacute ; stipules ovate, acute. Flowers 1-1 J in. diam., crimson or pink; peduncles very long, 2-bracteate in the middle. Sepals oblong, obtuse, awned.— DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia. 76 OERANIACE.E. [GKHANIUM. VAR, 1, sanguin'eum proper; suberect, hairs scattered. — VAR. 2, fii-oxti-n'tiini, Cav. (sp.); stems decumbent shorter, hairs more copious, flowers pinkish. G. lancas'triense, With. ** Perennial. Stem erect. Peduncles 2-floicered. Sejxils spreading. 2. G. sylvat'icum, L.; erect, pilose and glandular above, leaves or- bicular deeply 7-lobed, lobes cut and serrate, sepals awned, petals notched, capsules smooth hairy, pedicels erect, seeds minutely reticulate. Copses and moist meadows from Worcester and Warwick northwards, ascend- ing to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands; very rare in Ireland; fl. June-July. — Rootstock truncate, creeping. Stem 1-3 ft., branched above. Lmc.ts 3-f> in. diam., radical long-petioled, cauline sessile ; stipules ovate. Flows '_ ~ diam., blue-purple or rose-coloured, cymose at the ends of the bra i if Filaments filiform, ciliate.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, W. Asia. 3. G. praten'se, L. ; erect, pubescent, hairs reflexed, kaves orbicular 7-9-partite, lobes laciniate coarsely serrate, sepals awned, petals notched, capsule smooth glandular-hairy, pedicels deflexed, .seeds minutely reticulate. Moist meadows, &c. from Banff and Isla southwards, ascending to 1,800 ft. in the Highlands; N.E. of Ireland only, very rare ; fl. Jane-Sept.— -fioof- ttock truncate. Stem 3-4 ft., branched above. 'Leaves 3-6 in. diam., all petioled ; petioles of radical very long ; stipules subulate-lanceolate. Fl<> Ti-rs many, 1| in. diam. Sepals with very long awns. Filament* glabrous, cuneate at the base.— DlSTRlB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia. 4. G. pyrena icutn, L. ; erect or ascending, pilose, leaves reniform 7-9- lobed to the middle, lobes cuneate 3-fid crenate, sepals mucronate, petals 2-lobed, capsules keeled pubescent, pedicels deflexed, seeds smooth. Meadows, rarely, if ever, indigenous, from York and Denbigh southwards, Ireland ; a denizen, Watson; fl. June-Aug. — Rootstock fusiform. 1-2 ft., many, decumbent below. Leaves 3 in. broad, radical very long- petioled ; lobes contiguous ; stipules ovate-Janceolate. Flowers % in. diam., bright red-purple. &j>als small, oblong. Claw of petals densely bearded. DISTKIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia to India. G. PH^E'UM, L.; erect, laxly hairy and glandular above, leaves orbi> ul.n or reniform 5-7-lobed lobes cut and serrate, sepals- mucronate, petals waved, capsules hairy wrinkled above, pedicels deflexed, seeds smooth. Woods near parks and gardens, naturalized ; fl. May-June. — 7?W.s7<«7- truncate. Stems 1-2 ft., many. Leaves 3-5 in. broad, radical very lon^- petioled ; stipules lanceolate. Flowers \ in. diam,, dusky purple. N •/«//*• oblong, shortly-awned. DISTRIB. Central and W. Europe. *** Annual or biennial. Stems ascending or decumbent. Peduncles 2-floirered. S"pals spreading. 5. G. mol'le, L. • softly pilose, leaves orbicular 7-9-lobed, segments contiguous, sepals mucronate generally shorter than the notched petals, claw of petals bearded, capsules wrinkled keeled glabrous, seeds smooth. Pastures and waste places, ascending to 1,500 ft. in Yorkshire ; tt. May-Sept. — Brandies 8-12 in. Leaves 1-2 in. diam., lobes broadly irregularly lobed or crenate at the tip, radical very long petioled ; stipules lanceolate. Peduncles axillary. Floirers J-J in. diam., rose-purple or pink. — DISTHIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia. UKKAXIUM.] GERANIACEsE. 77 6. G. rotundifo'lium, L. ; laxly pilose, leaves as in G. molle, sepals mueromite generally shorter than the entire petals, claw of petals naked, capsules keeled not wrinkled hairy, seeds pitted. Hedges and waste places, rare, from Gloucester and Suffolk southwards ; local in Ireland ; fl. June to July. — Branches 6-12 in., slender, geniculate. Lta-fts \-\ in. broad ; stipules short. Flowers %-% in. diam., pale pink. 1'i.t'il* narrow. — DlSTHiB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia to India. 7. G. pusil'lnm, L. ; softly puhescent, leaves as in G. molle but deeper lobed, sepals acute equalling the notched petals, claw of petals faintly ciliate, capsule keeled not wrinkled pubescent, seeds smooth. Hedgebanks and waste places ; rare in Scotland and Ireland ; fl. June- Sept. — Branches 6-18 in.; stipules ovate-lanceolate. Peduncles axillary. Flows \-\ in. diam., many, pale rose-colour. Perfect stamens often only 5. — DISTUIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia ; introd. in America. 8. G. columbi'num,, L- ', nearly glabrous, leaves 5— 7-partite, lobes distant pinnatitid, segments narrow, sepals large acuminate long-awned equalling the entire petals, claw ciliate, capsule not wrinkled keeled glabrous, seeds pitted. Dry copses and pastures, from Forfar and Dumbarton southwards ; rare in Scotland and Ireland; fl. June-July. — Brunches 8-24 in., slender, hairs reflexed. Leaves f-1^ in. broad, long-petioled ; stipules ovate-lanceolate. F/on; ,-x i— •* in. broad, few, rose-purple ; peduncles and pedicels very long and slender. Calyj: angular.— DlSTRlB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia. 9. G. dissec'tum, L. ; pilose and subglandular, leaves as in G. colum- liiiiniii, peduncles very short, sepals long-awned, petals short obovate notched, capsules not wrinkled or keeled hairy, seeds pitted. Hedges and waste places, ascends to near 1,000 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. May-Aug. — Similar to G. columMnum, but petioles and peduncles very much shorter, and calyx and capsules quite different. Stipules ovate, long-acuminate. F/o'i-ers |-£ in. diam., axillary, bright red. — DiSTRlB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia, N. America. **** Annual or biennial. Stems ascending or decumbent. Peduncles 2- flowered. Sepals erect in flower, conniving in fruit. 10. G. Robertia'num, L. ; glabrous or slightly hairy, leaves 5-foliolate, leaflets 1— 2-pinnatifid, sepals long-awned, petals entire narrow, capsule wrinkled keeled, seeds smooth. Herb-Robert. Waste places and hedgebanks, ascends to near 2,000 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. May- Sept.— Plant foetid, reddish. Branches 6-18 in., brittle, leafy. Leaves 1-3 in. broad ; j>etioles ^-1 in.; stipules ovajie. Flowers % in. diam., streaked with dark and light red, sometimes white. Calyx angular. Claw of petals glabrous. Carpels attached by silky hairs to the axis. — DlSTKlB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia to N.W. India. YAK. 1, Jtolx-rtianum proper; glandular-hairy, blade of petal about as long as the claw, carpels with deciduous hairs. — VAR. 2, Rail, Lindl. (sp.); almost glabrous, sepals and pedicels glandular-pubescent, blade of petal shorter than the claw, carpels glabrous. G. modes' turn, Jord. Guernsey and Torquay. — VAK. 3, purpu'reum, Jord. (sp).; as in VAR. 2, but leaves more finely divided Shingly beaches, S. of England. 78 GERANIACE^E. [GEKAMV.M. 11. G. lu'cidum, L. ; glabrous, shining, bright red, bnmdies above with 2 lines of hairs, leaves orbicular 5-lobed, sepals long-awned longer than the petals, capsules wrinkled keeled glabrous or nearly so, seeds smooth. Hedgerows, old walls, &c. from Ross southwards, local ; fl. May-Aug. — Brandies 6-18 in., succulent, brittle. Leaves Jj-1^ in. broad, lobes short obtusely lobulate at the top; petioles l-2£ in.; stipules ovate, acute. Peduncles longer than the petioles. Flowers ^-^ in. diam., rose coloured. Calyx pyramidal, tuberculate. Claw of petals glabrous. Carpel* separating wholly from the axis. — DISTRIB. Europe. N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia to N.W. Himalaya. 2. ERODIUM, L'Heritier. STORK'S-BILL. Herbs with swollen nodes. Leaves alternate, or, if opposite unequal, stipulate. Flowers regular, solitary or umbellate, on axillary peduncles. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, hypogynous, imbricate, 2 upper sometimes deficient Stamens 5, alternating with scale-like staminodes. Disk of 5 glands opposite the sepals. Ovary, fruit and seed as in Geranium, but tails of carpels spirally twisted and usually silky on the inner surface. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, temp. Asia ; rare in S. Africa and Australia ; species 50.— ETYM. IptAStos, a heron, from the form of the fruit. 1. E. cicuta rium, L. ; leaves 1-2-pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, segments narrow cut, peduncles few or many-flowered, filaments entire. Waste places, most frequent by the sea, ascends to 1,200 ft. in N. Wales; fl. June- Sept. — Annual or biennial ; laxly pilose and glandular. Stems at first short, then elongating to 6-24 in., prostrate or decumbent. Leaves 6-18 in., oblong ; stipules lanceolate. Peduncles longer than the leaves, strict. F lovers ^-\ in. broad, umbelled, rosy or white. Petals rather unequal, two often spotted at the base, entire. Carpels hairy with an eglandular subapical pit and usually a shallow curved furrow below the pit ; pedicels reflexed.— DlSTKiB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia to N.W. India. VAR. 1, commix1 turn, Jord. (sp.); two upper petals with a spot at the base, carpels distinctly furrowed. — VAR. 2, triviale, Jord. (sp.) ; two upper petals not spotted, carpels faintly furrowed. — VAR. 3, pilo'sum, Bor. (sp.), petals not spotted, leaflets with more divided segments, carpels not furrowed. 2. E. maritimum, L.; leaves entire oblong or ovate-cordate, margin lobulate, segments crenate, peduncles 1-2-flowered, filaments entire. Sandy and gravelly W. shores, from Cornwall to Wigtonshire ; Farnham, Surrey ; and all round Ireland ; fl. May-Sept. — Small, pilose, annual or biennial. Stems 6-16 in., decumbent. Leaves %-^ in., petioles longer ; stipules ovate. Flowers J in. diam., pale pink. Petals sometimes 0. ('"/•/«/.•< hairy with a deep subapical eglandular pit subtended by a straight deep furrow. — DISTRIB. W. Europe, from France to Italy. 3. E. moscha turn, L. ; leaves pinnate, leaflets deeply sharply irregu- larly serrate, antheriferous filaments toothed at the base. Waste places, &c. from Yorkshire to Anglesea southwards, not indigenous inland ; local in Ireland ; fl. June— July. — Larger than E. cirutarium, covered with spreading hairs, smelling strongly of musk. Stem 2 ft., stout ; stipules broadly ovate, obtuse. Flowers pale rose-purple. Carpels hairy with a glandular subapical pit subtended by a deep curved furrow. — DisTiUB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia. ERODIUM.] GERAXIACE&. 79 3. OX A LI S, L. WOOD-SORREL. Acid herbs. Leaves radical or alternate, stipulate or exstipulate, com- pound, usually 3-foliolate. Flowers on axillary 1- or more-flowered peduncles, regular. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, twisted in bud. Stamens 10, free or connate at the base. Disk 0. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled ; styles 5, stigmas terminal ; ovules 1 or more in each cell. Capsule locu- lioidal, valves adhering by the septa to the axis. Seeds with an elastic dehiscent fleshy coat, testa crustaceous, albumen fleshy ; embryo straight. — DISTKIB. 3 or 4 species widely dispersed, the rest S. African and S. Ame- rican ; species 220. — ETYM. o|u?, add. — Leaflets pendulous at night, often sensitive to light. — Tetramorphic flowers occur ; petaliferous large, others minute apetalous and very fertile. 1. O. Acetosel'la, L. ; pilose, stemless, leaves all radical 3-foliolate, stipules broad membranous, scape 1 -flowered. Wood-sorrel. Moist shady places, ascending to near 4,000 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. April- Aug.— Glabrous or pilose. Rootstock creeping, scaly. Petioles 3-6 in. ; leaf- lets obcordate, ^-§ in., often purple beneath. Scape axillary, slender, 2-bracteate about the middle, floicer g»^ in. diam. Sepals oblong. Petals obovate, white veined with purple, erose, cohering above the claw. Capsule erect, 5-gonal ; cells 2-3-seeded. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, Siberia and W. Asia to the Himalaya, E. and W. N. America. 0. CORNICULA'TA, L. ; pubescent, stems branched procumbent without runners, leaves all cauline 3-foliolate, stipules adnate, peduncles axillary 2-3-flowered, fruiting pedicels deflexed, capsules downy. Waste shady places, local, possibly indigenous in S.W. England, not north of it ; fl. June-Sept.— Very variable in size and habit ; annual or biennial. Stems 6-16 in. Leaves as in 0. Acetosella. Flowers | in. diam., subumbellate, very long-peduncled, yellow. Seeds transversely ribbed. — DISTBIB. Ubi- quitous, except in very cold regions. 0. .STRIC'TA, L. ; subglabrous, stem erect with copious runners at the base, leaves as in 0. corniculata but often whorled and stipules minute, peduncles 2-8-flowered, capsule glabrous, pedicel spreading. A weed in Cheshire and south of it, local ; not indigenous ; fl. June-Sept. — Similar to and distribution of 0. cwniculata, of which it is perhaps a sub- species. A. IMPA'TIENS, L. BALSAM. Herbs, rarely shrubby. Leaves opposite or alternate, stipules 0 or glandular. Flowers irregular, resupinate, on 1- or more-flowered axillary peduncles. Sepals 3, rarely 5, petaloid, imbricate ; 2 anterior (if present) minute ; 2 lateral small, flat ; posterior large, produced into a hollow spur. Petals 3 ; anterior external in bud, large ; lateral 2-lobed. Stamens 5, filaments short broad ; anthers cohering. Disk 0. Ovary oblong, 5-celled ; stigma sessile, 5-toothed ; ovules many in each cell, 1 -seriate. Capsule loculicidal, valves 5, elastic, springing away from the placentas. Seeds smooth or villous, albumen 0 ; embryo straight. — DISTRIB. Mountains of trop. Asia and Africa ; rare in temp. Europe, N. America, N. Asia and S. Africa; species 135. — ETYM. The Latin name, from the ripe capsules burst- [iMi'.vriKxs. ing when touched. — The anterior lateral sepals occur in a few Indian species. Minute flowers, fertilized when still in bud, occur in some. 1. I. Noli-me-tan'gere, L. ; glabrous, leaves oblong obtuse crenate- serrate, peduncles 1-3-tiowered, posterior sepal funnel-shaped gradually contracted into a slender spur with an entire tip. Yellow Balsam. Moist mountainous situations, probably wild in N. Wales, Lancashire, and Westmoreland; in trod, elsewhere; a native? WaUon; fl. July-Sept.— Annual, succulent, 1-2 ft., nodes thickened. Leaves 2-4 in., alternate, , membranous; petioles half as long, slender. Flowers 1^ in., drooping, palu- yellow dotted with red. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia, W. Asia. 1. FUL'VA, Nuttall ; habit and characters of /. Noli-me-tangerc, but leaves acute, serratures more shallow, flowers orange, posterior sepal saccate suddenly contracted into an upcurved spur with a notched tip. Naturalized on river-banks in Surrey, the Clyde, and various other places ; fl. June-Aug.— A N. American plant, naturalized within the last 40 years, and spreading rapidly. ORDER XXI. ILICINE^E OH AQUIFOLIACE/E. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, simple, exstipulate, often coriace.nu and evergreen. Flowers small, in axillary cymes, often polygamous. ''•'//'< 3-6-parted, imbricate in bud, persistent. Petals 4-5, free or connate at the base, deciduous, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4 or 5, hypogyuous, five or adhering to the petals; filaments subulate; anthers oblong. l>ixl • n. iinn-ii free, 3-5-celled, style 0 or short, stigma terminal ; ovules 1, or 2 and collateral, pendulous, raphe dorsal, micropyle superior ; funicle often cupular. Drupe with 3 or more 1-seeded free or connate stones. Seed with a membranous testa, fleshy albumen, and minute straight embryo.— Disrun;. Temp, andtrop. regions, absent from N.W. America; genera 3; species lf.ii. — AFFINITIES. Very close with Olacinece, differing only in the several-celled ovary. —PROPERTIES. Antiseptic and astringent. Holly berries are purga- tive and emetic ; bark yields bird-lime. " Mati " or "Paraguay , the leaf of Ilex Parayiuiycnsis. 1. i LEX, L. HOLLY. Ciiliix 4-5-parted, persistent. Corolla rotate ; petals connate at tl.< or free. Stamens 4, adhering to the base of the corolla. Ovary 4-6-celled ; stigmas free or confluent. Drupe globose, with 4 stones or a 4-fi-ceIkd stone. — DISTKIB. Trop. and temp, regions, abundant in S. America, rare in Africa and Australia ; species 145.— ETYM. doubtful. 1. I. Aquifo'lium, L. ; glabrous, shining, leaves ovate spinescent. Copses and woods, often planted; ascends to 1,000ft. in the Highlands; fl. May-Aug.— A shrub or small tree, 10-40 ft., young shoots puberulous ; hark ashy, smooth. Leaves glossy, 2-3 in., acute or acuminate, with \va\vd spinous cartilaginous margins, those on the upper branches often entire. Cf/mes umbellate, shortly peduncled, many-flowered. Flomrs £ in. diaiu., white, often subdioecious. Sepals ovate, puberulous. Petals obovate, concave. Xiamen* 4, erect. ,SV///,,,//.« 4, sessile. Fruit scarlet, rarely yellow ; stones 4, bony, furrowed. — DISTIUB. Europe from S. Norway to Turkey and the Caucasus ; W. Asia. EMPKTRUM.] EMPETEACE^. 81 ORDER XXII. EMPETRA'CE.ffl. Heath-like evergreen shrubs. Leaves alternate, exstirfnlate. Flowers small, solitary or clustered, axillary or terminal, usually dioecious, regular, bracteolate or not. Se2)aJs 2-3, free, coriaceous or thin, imbricate in bud. Petals 2-3, hypogynous, free, persistent. — MALE fl. Stamens 3-4, alternate with the petals, hypogynons ; filaments long, filiform, free, persistent ; anthers deciduous, 2-celled, bursting inwards, pollen compound. Ovary rudimentary.— FEMALE fl. Staminodes minute. Ovary globose, 3-9 -celled ; styles short, stigmas subulate or dilated : ovule 1, ascending from the inner angle of each cell, anatropous. Drupe depressed-globose, with 2-9 bony 1 -seeded connate or free stones. Seed erect, 3-gonous, testa thin, albu- men fleshy ; embryo straight, slender, axile, cotyledons short, radicle superior.— DISTRIB. Temp, and Arctic N. hemisphere, Chili and Fuegia ; genera 3 ; species 4. — AFFINITIES. Very close to Ilicinece (Decaisne and Maout) ; reduced form of Ericaceae (A. Gray) ; with Buxcce and Euphorliacece (A. DC., &c.).— PROPERTIES unimportant. 1. EMPE'TRTJM, L. CROWBERRY. Flou'frs bracteolate. Sepals and petals 3 each, quite entire. Ovary 6-9-celled ; stigmas 6-9, dilated. Drupe fleshy ; stones free. — DISTRIB. of the Order ; species 1.— ETYM. *v irtrpov, from growing in stony places. 1. E. ni'grum, L. ; leaves linear-oblong margins so recurved as to meet over the midrib. Heaths and rocks, in Scotland, Ireland, and mountainous parts of England ; ascending to 4,000 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. April-June. —Glabrous, tufted ; branches 6-18 in., slender, wiry, spreading and trailing, leafy. ^-|in., crowded, obtuse, reddish in age, sides minutely scabrid, the recurved portion concealing the pubescent under-surface of the leaf, which forms a hollow cylinder closed at both ends. Flowers minute, sessile. Sepals rounded, concave. Petals scarious, subspathulate, pink, reflexed. Fila- ments very long ; anthers red. Drupe {-% in., black (often purple in N. America, red in S. America). Berries eatable.— The structure of the leaf is very curious. ORDER XXIII. Trees or shrubs, sometimes spinous or climbing. Leaves opposite and alternate, simple, stipulate or not. Flowers small, cymose. Calyx small, 4-5 lobed, imbricate in bud, persistent. Petals 4-5, short, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the disk, filaments subulate ; anthers small. Disk flat, tumid, or lobed. Ovary sessile, 3-5-celled ; style entire or 3-5-fid, stigmas terminal ; ovules 2, erect from the base of the cells, anatropous, raphe ventral. Fruit various, dehiscent or not. Seeds erect, usually arillate (the arillus, being produced from the exostome, an fii-illr,(lc\ albumen fleshy or 0 ; cotyledons large, foliaceous. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. plants, genera 40; species 400. — AFFINITIES. ~WifhAmpe- Kdece and Sapindaccce ; less strong with Ilicinece and Rliamnece. — PRO- PERTIES. Purgative and emetic. o 82 CELASTRINE^!. [Ero.NVMrs. 1. EUON'YMUS, L. Sl'IMH.E-TREE. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, persistent ; stipules caducous. Flowers small, in axillary cymes. Calyx 4-6-fid. Petals 4-6, and stamens as many, both inserted on a broad, fleshy, 4-6-lobed disk. Ovary confluent with the disk, 3-5-celled ; style short, stigma 3-5-lobed. Capsule 3-5-lol>ed and celled, angled or winged, loculicidal, cells 1-2 seeded. Seeds with a complete arillode, albumen fleshy ; embryo straight. — DISTEIB. Temp. Europe, Asia, and N. America; species 40. — ETYM. Euonyme, mother of the Furies, the berries being poisonous. 1. E. europpe'us, L. ; leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate serrulate. Copses and hedges, &c. from Lanarkshire southwards ; rare in Scotland, local in Ireland ; fl. May-June. — A glabrous fetid shrub or tree, 5-20 ft. ; bark grey, smooth, twigs 4-angJed green. Leaves 1-4 in., acute or acuminate ; petioles short. Cymes dichotomous, 5-10 flowered ; peduncles 1-2 in. /'A-- rt \ in. diam., greenish white. Capsule ^ in., deeply 4-lobed, pale crimson ; arillode orange. — DlSTRlB. Europe to the Caucasus, N. Africa, W. SiWia. — Wood hard and tough, used for the finer sorts of gunpowder, spindles, &c. ORDER XXIV. RHAM NEJE. Trees or shrubs, often spiny, erect or climbing. Leaves simple, alter- nate or opposite, often 3-5-nerved ; stipules small. Flowers small, BOme- times unisexual, green or yellow. Calyx-tube coriaceous ; lobes 4-5, triangular, valvate in bud. Petals 4, 5, or 0, inserted on the throat of the calyx, small, usually clawed, hooded. Stamens 4-5, inserted with and opposite the petals winch often enclose them, filaments subulate: anthers small, versatile. Disk large, annular, cupular or coating tin calyx-tube. Ovary 3-celled, sessile or sunk in the disk, free or mlnatc to the calyx-tube ; styles short, simple or 3-lobed, stigmas terminal ; ovules 1 in each cell, basal, erect, anatropous, rap he usually ventral. /•',->/ if various, free or girt with the calyx-tube. Seeds compressed, sometime.-, arillate, albumen fleshy or 0 ; embryo large, often green, cotyledons plano- convex.— DISTRIB. Chiefly in warm and temp, regions ; genera 37 ; species 430.— AFFINITIES. With Celastrinece, and certain Euplwrbiacca:.- l'i:u- PERTIES. Purgative. Rliamnus yields a green dye. l. RHAM'NUS, L. BUCKTHORN. Leaves alternate, deciduous. Flmccrs in small axillary cymes, often unisexual. Calyx-tube urceolate. Petals 4-5 or 0. Stamens 4 or 5, very short. Disk coating the calyx-tube. Ovary free, base sunk in the bottom of the calyx-tube, 3-4-eelled ; style 3-4-fid, stigmas obtuse. Dru/x' girt with the calyx-tube ; stones 2-4, 1-seeded. Seeds obovoid, albumen fleshy ; cotyledons flat or with recurved margins ; radicle short. — Temp, and imp. regions, none Australian ; species 60. — Position of raphe variable, dorsal lateral or ventral. 1. R. cathar'ticus, L. ; branchlets spinous, leaves ovate acutely serrate, nerves divergent, flowers 4-merous dioecious. Woods and thickets from Ayrshire southwards, chiefly on chalk, perhaps not wild S. of Durham, rare in Ireland ; fl. May-July.— A rigid shrub, 5-10 ft., 83 much branched ; bark blackish. Leaves 1-2 in., fascicled at the ends of the shoots, subopposite lower down, shortly petioled, young downy beneath ; stipules subulate, deciduous. Flowers \ in. diam., solitary or fascicled in the axils of the fascicles of leaves on the previous year's wood, yellow-green ; pedicels very short. Calyx of the male campanulate, female cupular, lobes acute. Style 4- rarely 2- or 5-cleft. Drupe £ in. diam., globose, black ; stones 4, obovoid, grooved at the back. A Ibunwn longitudinally curved and like a horseshoe ; embryo obcordate, similarly curved. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia ; cult, for hedges in the U. States. 2. R. Fran'gula, L. ; unarmed, leaves obovate quite entire, nerves parallel, flowers 5-merous bisexual. Berry-bearing Alder. Woods and thickets, common in England, Ayr and Moray in Scotland, very rare in Ireland ; fl. May-June.— Shrub 5-10 ft. ; branches slender. Leaves alternate ; stipules subulate. Flomrs J in. diam., few, axillary, greenish- white, pedicels ^ in. Calyx campanulate. Style entire. Drupe k in. diam., globose, black when ripe ; stones compressed, broadly obovoid. Seed of the same form. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia. — Drupes cathartic, when unripe used to dye green ; wood used by gunpowder-makers and called Dogwood. ORDER XXV. SAPINDA CE.JE. Tribe ACERI'SE^E. Trees ; juice often sugary, sometimes milky. Leaves opposite, simple or pinnate, deciduous. Flowers racemed or corymbose, often polygamous, regular ; the lower or earlier in the raceme generally male, the terminal 2-sexual. Calyx 5- rarely 4-12-parted, deciduous, imbricate in bud. Petals as many or 0, imbricate in bud. Stamens S, rarely indefinite, inserted on the disk. Disk annular, thick, lobed or 0. Ovary laterally compressed, 2- rarely 3— 4-lobed and celled ; styles 2, filiform, stigmatose 011 the inner surface ; ovules 2 in each cell, attached by a broad base, super- posed or collateral. Fruit of 2, rarely 3 or 4 spreading samaras. Seed ascending, compressed, testa membranous, inner coat fleshy; cotyledons plaited, radicle long. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia, N. America, Java, most abundant in the Himalaya and Japan ; genera 3 ; species 50. — AFFINITIES. Allied to Celastrinece. The tribe Acerineoe differs from the other plants of the great tropical order of Sapindacece chiefly in the opposite leaves, and stamens inserted on (not within) the disk. — PRO- PERTIES. Sugar is made from the juice of American species. 1. A'CER, L. MAPLE. Leaves simple, entire or lobed. Disk annular. — DISTRIB. of the Tribe. — ETYM. The Latin name. 1. A. campes'tre, L. ; leaves reniform obtusely 5-lobed entire lobulate or crenate, corymbs erect, wings of fruit horizontal. Common, or Small- leaved Maple. Thickets and hedgerows, from Durham southwards ; naturalized in Scotland ; rare in Ireland; fl. May-June. — Small tree 10-20 ft., with spreading branches ; bark rough, fissured ; wood beautiful, fine-grained. Leaves 2-4 in. G2 84 SAPINDACE^E. [Arri:. diam., pubescent when young; petiole 1-1 J in., slender. Corjiml* 1-2 in. Fluirtrs \ in. diam., green, shortly pedicelled. Sepals linear-oliloiiLr. /'• '"/.< similar, but narrower ; wings of fruit linear-oblong, slightly curved, each J in. long. — DlSTRiB. Europe, from Denmark southwards. W. A. PSEUDOPLAT'ANTS. L. \ leaves 5-angled 5-lobed, lobes crenate-serrate, racemes elongate pendulous, wings of fniit divergent. Great Sycamore, Plane of Scotland. Thickets and woods ; naturalized onlv ; fl. May-June. — A tall umbrageous tree, 40-fifl ft. />»//•/• smooth, outer layer deciduous. Li-tifr* 4-8 in. diam., glaucous beneath, lobes acute or acuminate. Flowers as in A. cani/«. in. Leaflets |— £ in., acutely toothed ; stipules large, ^-ovate. Put in I.* slender, articulate" beneath the flower. Flower ^ in., rosy. Pod ^ in., glandular and hairy, as long as the calyx or longer.— DISTRIB. W. of France, Spain, Italy, Greece. 88 LSOUMINOSJB. [TRIGOXELLA. 5. TRIGONEL'LA, L. Herbs, often strongly scented. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ; nerves terminating in teeth; stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers solitary, capitate, or in dense racemes, white, yellow, or blue. Calyx tubular, teeth subeuual. Petals very persistent ; wings longer than the keel, the c laws of both free from the staiuinal tube. Filaments not dilated, upper five or nearly so ; anthers uniform. >'////<; glabrous, stigma terminal; ovules many. Pod various in form, dehiscent in the British species, longer than the calyx. — DISTKIB. Europe, temp. Asia, N. and S. Africa, Australia; species 50. — ETYM. The old Greek name. 1. T. ornithopodioi'des, DC. ; glabrous, prostrate, very slender, leaf- lets obcordate, keel nearly as long as the wings. Trifolium, L. Aporan'- tkus Trif olios' triim, Brornfield. Sandy heaths and gravelly places, rare, from the Forth and Clyde southwards ; East of Ireland very rare ; fl. June-Aug. — Annual or biennial, branching from the base ; branches 2-8 in., slender. Lea/lets J-§ in., toothed, strongly nerved ; petiole £-1 in. ; stipules large, "ovate, long-acuminate. Peduncles solitary, shorter than the petioles, axillary. 1-o-fiowered. Fln,>; ,-x fa in., very shortly pedicelled, white and pink. Pod fc-fa in., linear-oblong, slightly curved, obtuse, partially dehiscent, 6-8-seeded. — DISTRIB. Den- mark, France, Portugal, Italy, and Turkey. — An anomalous species, on account of the length of the keel ; habit of Trifolium siibterraneum. 6. MEDICA GO, L. MEDICK. Herbs. Leaves pinuately 3-foliolate, nerves ending in teeth; stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers small, yellow or violet ; stipules small or C). Calyx-teeth 5, nearly equal. Keel obtuse, shorter than the obloug wings, not adnate to the stamens. Filaments not dilated, upper free ; anthers uniform. Style subulate, glabrous, stigma subcapitate ; ovules few or many. Pod spirally curved or coiled, very rarely falcate, often spiny, rarely dehiscent. — UISTRIB. Europe, W.Asia, N.Africa; speeds 40. — ETYM. The Greek name. * J'> I'nudal. Pod deJiigcent, falcate, annular, or coiled info an op i. many-seeded ; marginal neree 0. 1. M. falcata, L. ; decumbent, flowers subcorymbose, pods linear compressed curved or annular downy. Gravel banks and waste sandy places in the E. counties ; an alien or deni/en, \\'.':<• i-s % in., peduncles longer than tne petioles ; pedicels very short. Pods |-£ in., black. — DISTKIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia to India ; introd. in N. America. *** Annual. Pod indehiscent, coiled into a closed helix, many-seeded; bordered icitlt. tsjti.nes or tubercles; with a strong marginal nerve. (Stems prostrate. Leaflets obovate or obcordate, toothed. Peduncles few-flowvred. Fliers yellow; calyx-teeth subulate, incurved.) 3. M. denticula ta, Willd. ; nearly glabrous, stipules laciniate, pod Hat deeply reticulate with 2 or 3 coils and a double row of spines. E. and S. counties from York and Norfolk to Devon, naturalized elsewhere ; a denizen ? Watson; fl. May-Aug.— Stem 6-24 in., furrowed. Leaflet* |-1 in. Floaers £ m-> umbellate, yellow ; pedicels very short. Pod | in. diam. — DISTKIB. Mid. and S. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia to India ; introd. in N. America. VAR. 1, denticula' ta proper ; spines subulate, half the diameter of the pod. — YAR. 2, apicula'ta, \Villd. (sp.) ; spines of pod very short. 4. M. macula ta, Sibthorp ; nearly glabrous, stipules ^-cordate toothed, pod subglobose faintly reticulate with 3-5 coils and a double row of long curved spines. Pastures and hedgebanks, from York and Durham southwards ; S. of Ireland, doubtfully native ; fl. May-Aug. — Stems 1-2 ft., numerous. Leaflets £-1 in., obovate obcordate or cuneate, with often a black central spot ; stipules herbaceous ; petiole pilose. Flowers fa in., yellow. Pod % in. broad; margin with 4 ridges. — DISTKIB. Europe, N. Africa ; introd. in N. America. 5. M. minima, L. ; downy, stipules 4-cordate faintly toothed, pod subglobose faintly reticulate, with 4 or 5 coils and a double row of close- set hooked spines. Sandy fields, rare ; E. counties, from Norfolk and Cambridge to Surrey, and in Glamorgan ; fl. May-July. — Stems 6-10 in., very many, rigid, prostrate. L< iiflets ^-g in., from narrowly to very broadly obovate. Flowers % in. Pod ^ in. diam., margin keeled.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia. 7. MELILO'TUS, Tourncfort. MELILOT. Annual or biennial, fragrant herbs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, nerves end ing in teeth ; stipules adnate to the peciole. Flowers in axillary racernes, small, drooping, yellow or white ; bracts minute or 0. Calyx-teeth, f», nearly equal. Petals very deciduous ; standard oblong ; keel shorter than the wings, obtuse, not aduate to the stamens. Filaments not dilated 90 LEGUMINOS^. [Mr.i.ii.mrs. upwards, the upper free, or only so above the middle; anthers uniform. Style filiform, stigma terminal ; ovules few. Pod short, straight, thick, hardly dehiscent. Seeds 1 or few. — Warm and temp, regions of the Old World ; species 10. — ETYM. mel and lotus, from the honeyed smell. 1. M. officina'lis, L. ; erect, petals nearly equal, pod ovoid compn-sst-d acuminate reticulate hairy. Fields, &c. from Durham southwards ; very rare in Ireland ; a denizen, \V at. ion; fl. June-Aug. — Annual or perennial. Stem 2-3 ft., much branched. Leaflets ^-11 in., obovate- or linear-oblong toothed ; stipules subulate, very slender. Raceme* 3-4 in. Flowers ^ in., secund, deep yellow, pedicels short. Corolla more than twice as long as the calyx. Pud black when ripe, 1-2-seeded.— DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia, W. Asia to India; introd. in N. America. 2. M. alba, LamJc.; standard longer than the wings or keel, pod ovoid . acute reticulate glabrous. M. vulgaris, Willd. ; leucantha, Koch. //'////< Mclilot. Waste places, not rare, from Norfolk and S. Wales southwards ; Ireland natu- ralized ; an alien or colonist? Watson; fl. July-Aug. — Very similar to M. iilh'cinalis, but -more slender ; flowers smaller, white, in long racemes : pods more ovoid and glabrous, also black when ripe. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia, W. Asia to India ; introd. in N. America. M. ARVEN'SIS, Wallroth ; standard longer than the keel as long as tin- wings, pod ovoid obtuse mucronate transversely ribbed rugose glabrous. Waste places, chiefly in the E. counties, also in Ireland, not indigenous in either; fl. June-Aug. — Habit, &c. of the preceding. Flowert pale-yellow or white. Pod olive-brown when ripe.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Afri. . \V. Asia to N.W. India. 8. TRIFO'UUM, L. TREFOIL, CLOVER. Herbs, usually low. Leaves digitately, rarely pinnately 3-foliolaii ; stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers capitate or spiked, rarely solitary, red, pin-pie or white, rarely yellow ; bracts small or 0, sometimes forming a toothed involucre. Calyx-teeth 5, subequal. Petals persistent ; wings longer than the keel, the claws of both adnate to the staminal tube. Upper stamens free; all the filaments or 5 of them dilated at the tip ; anthers uniform. Style filiform, stigma oblique or dorsal ; ovules lew. Pod small, indehiscent, 1-4-seeded, nearly enclosed in the calyx. — DISTKIH. North temp, and warm regions, rare in Southern ; species 150. — ETYM. in allusion to the 3 leaflets. SECTION 1. Heads axillary. Fertile flowers few. Calyx enclosing 1 lie 1-seeded pod, which at length splits ; its throat naked. Petals < -adin -mis. Pods burrowing in the earth when ripening, then covered by the rdlexed deformed calyces of the other flowers. 1. T. subterra'neum, L. ; very hairy, stipules broadly ovate :i< -ute, calyx-teeth setaceous as long as the tube, deformed calyces slender with r> rigid palmate lobes. Gravelly and sandy pastures, from Anglesea and Nottingham southwards; tl. May-June.— Annual ; covered with spreading soft hairs. Steins ^- ^ ft., LEQUMINO&B. 91 very many, prostrate. Leaflets ^ in., broadly obcordate. Heads of flowers $ in. diam., lengthening after flowering, flowers cream-coloured. Pod orbicular, compressed. Seeds shining. — DISTRIB. -Europe from Holland southwards, N. Africa, W. Asia to N.W. India. SECTION 2. Heads many-flowered, rarely axillary, globose or oblong, pedicels ebracteate. Calyx not inflated ; throat with a ring of hairs or callous constriction (obscure in T. Bocconi) ; teeth ciliate, equal or the lower longest. Petals usually persistent. Pod sessile, 1-seeded. * Heads cylindric or oblong during or after flowering. 2. T. arven'se, L.; softly hairy, leaflets narrow obovate-oblong longer than the petioles, stipules with very long setaceous points, heads terminal peduncled soft cylindric, calyx-teeth persistent longer than the petals plumose. Hare's-foot Trefoil. Dry pastures and fields, from Isla and Ross southwards ; rare and local in Ireland ; fl. July-Sept. — Annual. Stems many, ascending or suberect. Leaflets ^-f in. Heads £-1 in., dense. Flowers minute, white or pale pink.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia ; introd. in America. 3. T. Bocconi, Savi ; pubescent, leaflets obovate, stipules ovate with setaceous points, heads axillary and terminal cyliudric sessile, calyx glabrous teeth straight erect spinescent rather shorter than the petals. Dry places, Lizard and Ruan -Minor in Cornwall, very rare ; a native? Watson,' fl. July.— Annual. Stems 2-4 in. (10-12 in. in cultivation). Leaves shortly petioled ; leaflets |— =| in., glabrous above, variable in breadth. Heads £-J in. flowers white. Calyx with a very obscure ring in the throat. Pod enclosed in the (not ventricose) calyx. — DISTRIB. France, Spain, Italy, to Turkey ; Canaries. 4. T. incarna'tum, L. ; softly pubescent or villous, leaflets broadly obovate or obcordate, stipules obtuse, heads peduncled terminal ovoid or cylindric, calyx hairy teeth shorter than the corolla spreading in fruit. Crimson Clover. Fields and roadsides ; not in Ireland ; fl. June-July. — Annual. Very variable in size and pubescence. Stems rather slender. Leaves shortly petioled ; leaflets f-1 g in. Heads 1-2 in. Flows % in. Calyx-ribs strong. — DISTRIB. S. and W. Europe. Sub-sp. incarna'tum proper ; hairs of stem spreading, calyx-teeth hairy to the tips, flowers bright scarlet. — An escape from cultivation. A common fodder crop. Sub-sp. MOLINE'RII, Ball>is (sp.); hairs of stem appressed, heads shorter, calyx -teeth glabrous at the tips, flowers pale white or rose. — Lizard Point and Kynance Cove, amongst short grass ; native ? Watson. Probably the original form, of which incarnatmn is the cultivated state. ** Heads ovoid or globose. 5. T. ochroleu'cum, L. ; softly pubescent, leaflets obovate or oblong, heads terminal globose at length ovoid, peduncles short subtended by opposite leaves, calyx-teeth spinescent spreading and recurved in fruit, lowest much longest. Dry pastures, local, E. counties, from Norfolk and Bedford to Hants ; fl. June-Aug.— Perennial. Stems ascending 6-18 in. Leaflets J-l in., tip 92 LEGUMINOS^E. [TniFoi.n M. entire or notched ; stipules lanceolate, adnate to the middle. //../•/.< |}-1 in. broad. F hirers pale yellow, brown when old. Calyx ribbed, half as lon.u as the petals. Pod striate, opening by the conical top falling away. — DISTKIB. Europe, from Belgium southwards, W. Asia. 6. T. praten'se, L. ; more or less pubescent, leaflets oblong, stipules membranous free portion appresse-d to the petiole, heads terminal sessilr globose, at length ovoid, subtended by opposite leaves with nmeh-dilati'd stipules, calyx-teeth slender setaceous, erect or spreading in fruit, the lowest longest, lied (Jlocer. Pastures, roadsides, &c., both wild and cultivated •; ascending to 1,900 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. May-Sept.— Annual or perennial. Stems 6-24 in., solid or fistular, robust or slender. Leojttts £-2 in., often marked with a white- spot or lunate band, finely toothed; stipules often 1—1^ in., with long setaceous points. Heads ^-1^ in. diam., pink purple or dirty white. ' tain with a 2-lipped contraction in the throat, strongly nerved ; teeth not exceeding the petals, very slender, unequal. Pod opening by the top falling off.— DISTKIB. Europe (Arc tic), N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia to India ; introd. in N. America.— Extensively cultivated for fodder. 7. T. me dium, L. ; slightly hairy, leaflets oblong obtuse or acute, sti- pules herbaceous free portion spreading, heads subglobose terminal slu.rtly peduncled subtended by opposite leaves, calyx-teeth setaceous spreading in fruit, lowest a little longest. Meadow Glover. Pastures, meadows, &c. ; ascending to 1,300 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. June- Sept. — Perennial. Stems straggling, flexuous. Leajiets 1-2 in., rather rigid, almost quite entire, ciliate. Heads 1-1^ in. diam. Flowers $ in., rose purple. Ciiti/.i--t/. cornicula'tus, L. ; decumbent, heads 5-1 0-flowered, peduncles very long, calyx-teeth, erect in bud, 2 upper triangular converging with an obtuse sinus. Pastures and waste places, ascending to 2,800 ft. in the Highlands; fl. June- Sept. — Variable in habit and stature. Rootstock short, woody, branched, not or scarcely stoloniferous. Stems 4-16 in. , tufted at the base. / - very shortly petioled ; leaflets ^-| in.; stipules ovate or lanceolate. ll«in. 2. V. hirsu'ta, Koch; leaflets 6-8 pair obtuse mucronate, peduncles 1-6-flowered, pod sessile hairy 2-seeded. Common Tare. Hedges and waste places ; fl. May-Aug.— Habit of V. tetrasj>erma, but hairy ; leaflets smaller, more numerous ; stipules often 4-lobed ; pedicels straighter ; flowers smaller, and pods much shorter, sessile, hairy and 2-seeded. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to N. W. India ; introd. in N. America. SECTION 2. Crac'ca. Perennial. Leaflets many. Flowers very many. Calyx-tube gibbous at the base, teeth very unequal. Style equally pubes- cent all round. Pod rather short, stipitate, 3-many-seeded. 3. V. Crac'ca, L. ; tendrils branched, stipules 4-sagittate nearly entire, flowers bright blue. Hedges, fields, and waste places ; ascending to 2,400 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. June-Aug. — Pubescent or slightly silky. Rootstock creeping. >'/./„.« 2-6 ft., angled, scandent or diffuse. Luii-m 1 4 in., sessile ; leaflets :\-l in., linear-oblong, acute or mucronate. Ractme dense, 10-30-flowercd, unilateral ; VICIA.] LEGUMINOS&. 101 peduncles longer than the leaves, pedicels short. Flowers I in., drooping. Calyx-tube short. Pod |-1 in., obliquely truncate, beaked, many-seeded. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to the Himalaya, Greenland, N. America. 4. V. Or'obus, DC.; tendrils 0, stipules ^-sagittate slightly toothed, flowers white tinged with purple. Or'obus sylvatficus, L. Hitter Vetch. Western wooded and rocky districts, from Skye to Somerset ; W. and Mid. Ireland, very rare ; fl. June-Sept. — Sparingly pubescent. Stem, 1-2 ft., erect, stout, leafless or with reduced leaves below. Leaves 2-3 in., sessile ; leaflets f-l| in., linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, or obtuse and mucronate ; petiole produced beyond the leaflets. Racemes loose, 6-20- flowered, unilateral ; peduncles as long as or longer than the leaves ; pedicels much shorter than the calyx-tube. Floivers % in. Pods oblong- lanceolate, 1 in., acute at both ends, glabrous, 3-5-seeded. — DISTRIB. Norway, Denmark, France, Germany. 5. V. sylvat'ica, L. ; tendrils branched, lower stipules lunate toothed, (lowers white with blue veins. Wood Vetch. Rocky woods, not common, from Ross and Elgin southwards ; ascending to near 1,700 ft. in the Highlands ; not uncommon in Ireland ; fl. June-July. — Glabrous. Rootstock creeping. Stems 2-4 ft., usually trailing. Leaves 2-4 in., sessile ; tendrils usually much branched ; leaflets ^-1 in., oblong, obtuse, mucronate, membranous ; stipules with spreading teeth. Racemes laxly 6-18-flowered, unilateral ; peduncles as long as or longer than the leaves ; pedicels nearly as long as the calyx-tube. Flowers jf in. Foils oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at the ends, slightly curved, 3-4-seeded. — DISTHIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia. Six THIN 3. Vic'ia proper. Annual, rarely perennial. Leaflets many. Flowers few, sessile, or on very short pedicels. Style villous below the stigma on the outer side. * Leaflets many. Calyx gibbous at the base. 6. V. se'pium, L. ; perennial, flowers racemose, calyx-teeth unequal shorter than the tube, pod stipitate linear glabrous. Hedges, copses, &c., ascending to near 2,000 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. May-July. — Slightly hairy. Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous. Stem 2-3 ft., climbing or trailing. Leaves 2-5 in. ; leaflets in 6-8 pairs smaller upwards, lowest 'i-l in., ovate, acute obtuse or truncate, mucronate, membranous ; stipules ft-sagittate. Racemes |-J in., 2-6-flowered, subsessile ; pedicels shorter than the calyx-tube. Flomrn £-3 in., dull pale purple. Pod linear, 1 in., beaked, black, 6-10-seeded. Si-e'l with a linear hilum. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, W. Asia. 7. V. lu'tea, L. ; annual, flowers solitary sessile, upper calyx-teeth shorter lower longer than the tube, pod shortly stipitate hairy. Rocky and pebbly places, especially on the E. coast, from Ayr and Kincardine southwards; absent from Ireland; fl. June-Aug. — Sparingly hairy. Rootstock short. Stems 6-18 in., tufted, prostrate. Leaves 1-2 in. ; leaflets $-£ in., 5-7 pairs, linear-oblong, obtuse, mucronate ; stipules small, ovate, acute, lower A-hastate. F/on-ers rarely in pairs, suberect, pedicels shorter than the calyx-tube. FloKers j|-l in., narrow, pale yellow. Pod 1-1^ in., hairy, 102 LEQUMINOSJS. [ViciA. narrow, oblong, acuminate at both ends, beaked, 4-8-seeded. Seeds witli a short hilum.— DISTKIB. Europe from Holland southwards, N. Africa, \\ . Asia. Sub-sp. LJEVIGA'TA, Sin. (sp.), which differs from the type by its glabrous standard and pod, once found on the beach at Weymouth, is now extinct. 8. V. sati'va, L. ; annual, flowers 1-2 axillary subsessile, calyx-teeth nearly equal as long as the tube, pod sessile silky. Hedges and roadsides, but usually the remains of cultivation ; ascends to upwards of 1,000 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. April-June. — Annual, sparsely hairy. Stems many, trailing or climbing, stout in the cultivated form, slender in the wild. Leajlets variable, in 5-6 pairs, &-£ in., ,»„-£ in. broad. Stipules ^-hastate, toothed or entire, often with a dark blotch. Pods 1-3 in., linear, 4-10-seeded, slightly hairy, broadest in the cultivated forms. >,,il<>!t 3-6 in., quite entire ; nerves many, parallel. Peduncles 1-4 in., pedicel as long as the calyx ; bracts obsolete. Flowers £ in., crimson. Calyx-teeth lanceolate, lower teeth longest. Pod 1-2 in., very slender, slightly com- pressed, glabrous. Seeds granulate. — DISTRIB. W. and S. Europe from Hol- land southwards, N. Africa. SECTION 3. Lath'yrus proper. Petioles all with leaflets and tendrils. Calyx gibbous at the base. * leaflets one pair. Flowering peduncles longer tJian the leaves. 3. Ii. hirsu'tus, L. ; stem winged, leaflets linear-lanceolate, stipules small ^-sagittate, peduncles 1-3-flowered, calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate longer than the tube, pods tubercled densely silky, seeds papillose. Fields in Surrey and Essex, very rare ; a colonist, Watson ; fl. June-July. — Annual, almost glabrous except the pod. Stems 2-4 ft., angled and 2-winged, wings herbaceous, T»j in. broad. Leaves scattered ; petioles £-^ in. ; tendrils stout, branched; leaflets 1-2 J in., nerves parallel; stipules with long sub- ulate auricles. Peduncles 2-3 in. ; flowers 2, distant, pedicels as long as the calyx, hairy ; bracts minute, subulate. Flowers ^ in. ; standard crimson, keel and wings paler. Calyx-tube short, obconic. Pod 1^—2 in., ^ in. • broad, stipitate, dilated upwards, 8-10-seeded. — DISTRIB. W. and S. Europe from Belgium southwards, N. Africa. 4. L. praten sis, L. ; stem acutely angled, leaflets lanceolate, stipules very large lanceolate, sagittate, peduncles 3-12-flowered, calyx-teeth sub- ulate as long as the tube, pod glabrous or hairy, seeds smooth. 104 LEQUMINOS&. [LATHYIIVS. Hedges, copses, and meadows ; ascending to near 1,600 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. June-Sept.— Glabrous or slightly hairy. Rootstock creeping. Stem* 1-2 ft., trailing or climbing. Leaflets £-1 in., nerves indistinct ; stipules with spread- ing subulate auricles, petioles ^— j| in. ; tendrils short. Peduncles longer than the leaves ; pedicels as long as the calyx-tube, hairy ; bracts setaceous. F/oirfrs ^ in., racemose, bright yellow. Pods 1-1£ in., sessile, linear, acuminate, many-seeded.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, W. Asia to the Himalaya ; introd. in N. America. L. TUBERO'SUS, L. ; stem angled, leaflets obovate, stipules large ^-sagit- tate, peduncles 2-5 -flowered, calyx-teeth triangular as long as the tube, pod glabrous. Cornfields, Chipping Ongar ; a denizen, Watson ; fl. June- Aug.— Glabrous. Jioof stock creeping, rootlets with small tubers. Stem 2-4 ft., climbing and trailing. Leaflets 1-1£ in., nerves diverging ; petioles and tendrils stout. I'nl uncles very long; pedicels longer than the calyx; bracts subulate. Floors f in., racemose, crimson. Calyx-tube broad. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa.— Root tubers edible. 5. Ii. sylves'tris, L. ; stem winged, leaflets large ensiform, stipules falcate ^-sagittate, peduncles 3-10-flowered, calyx-teeth triangular, upper shorter than the tube, pod glabrous, seeds faintly remotely tubercled. Rocky thickets and hedges, local, often an escape, from Mull and Forfar southwards ; absent from Ireland ; fl. June- Aug.— -Glaucous, glabrous. Root- stock creeping. Stem 3-6 ft., wings herbaceous. Leaflets 4-6 in., £— £ in. broad ; nerves parallel ; stipules large, falcate, with long lanceolate auricles ; petioles winged or not ; tendrils slender, branched. Peduncles 4-6 in., pedicels longer than the calyx ; bracts filiform. Floirers f-^ in., racemed; standard rosy ; wings purplish. Calyx-tube broad, short. Pod 2-3 in., sessile, narrowly winged above, 10-14 seeded. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa. — Very near the garden Everlasting Pea, which occurs here and there as an escape. ** Leaflets 2 or more pairs. Flowering peduncles longer or shorter than the lear-es. 6. Xi. paius tris, L. ; stem winged, leaflets 2-3 pair sword-shaped, stipules lanceolate ^-sagittate, peduncles usually longer than the leaves 2-6-flo\vered, pod compressed glabrous. Boggy meadows and copses, from York and Carnarvon to Somerset and Suffolk, local ; N. and Mid. Ireland, very rare ; fl. June- Aug. — Glaucous, glabrous. Rootxtock creeping. Stems 2-4 ft., climbing or trailing, wings herbaceous. Leaflets 2-3 pair, 2-3 in., nerves parallel ; tendril rather short, branched ; stipules jj in. Peduncles 1-4 in. ; pedicels shorter than the calyx- tube ; bracts minute. Flowers Jj-j{ in., pale blue-purple. Calyjc-tulie short. Pod 1^-2 in., stipitate, reticulate, 6-8-seeded. Seeds smooth. — DISTIUH. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia, E. and W. N. America. 7. Ii. marit'imus, Bigelow ; stem angled, leaflets 3-5 pair oblong, stipules ovate ^-hastate, peduncles usually shorter than the leaves 5-10- flowered, pod turgid glabrous. Pisum maritimum, L. Pebbly beaches, very rare and local ; Orkney, Shetland, Lincoln, Suffolk, Kent, Sussex, and Dorset ; Kerry only in Ireland ; fl. June-Aug.— Glaucous, glabrous, nootttoet long, stout, black. Stems 1-3 ft., creeping at the base, prostrate. Leaflets 1-2 in., alternate or subopposite, nerved, upper gradually LATHYRVS.] LEGUMINOS^S. 105 smaller; petioles 2-4 in.; tendrils short; stipules nearly 1 in. Peduncles stout ; pedicel shorter than the calyx ; bracts minute. Flowers §-| in., purple, fading to blue. Pods 1^-2 in., reflexed, straight, 6-8-seeded. Heeds smooth. DISTRIB. Arctic and Northern Europe, Asia, and America. VAR. 1, marifimiu proper ; leaflets broadly oblong obtuse. Pebbly beaches, S. and E. coast, local, at intervals from Lincolnshire to Cornwall ; Kerry. — VAR. 2, acutifo'lius, Bab. ; slender, straggling, leaves elliptic-lanceolate acute. Shetlands and Orkneys. SECTION 4. Or'obus, L. (gen.). Perennial. Petioles ending in a short point without tendrils. Calyx gibbous at the base. 8. Xi. macrorrhizus, Wimmer ; stem simple winged, leaflets 2-4 pairs, stipules ^-sagittate usually toothed below. Or'ol/us, L. Copses and thickets, &c., ascending to 2,100 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. June- Aug. — Glabrous or very slightly hairy. Rootstock creeping and forming tubers. Leaflets 1-2 in., f-1^ in. broad, nerves parallel in the narrow forms, diverging in the broad ; petioles £-1^ in. ; stipules ^ in., rarely quite entire, very variable. Peduncles slender, as long as or longer than the leaves, 2-6- flowered ; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; bracts minute. Flomrs ^-f in., lurid crimson, fading to green or blue. Calyx-teeth triangular, shorter than the tube, upper very short. Pod subcylindric. Seeds globose.— DISTRIB. Europe. VAR. 1, macrorrhi'zus proper ; leaflets elliptic oblong, acute or obtuse. Wobiis tiii>l>ci-k short ; root- fibres interruptedly tuberous. Stem 2-3 ft., erect, grooved, with few small leaves. Leaves 4—10 in., chiefly radical ; leaflets ^-|in., very many, almost pinnatifid, sessile by a broad base, alternate very small, tojrminal 3-lobed ; stipules of cauline leaves toothed. (Jymet loose ; peduncles slender. Floiffrs ^— ^ in. diam., white or rosy outside. Cafyx-loliet obtuse. O'/-//us, stipules 0, cymes terminal racemose, carpels glabntiis many-ovuled. Moist plantations, not indigenous ; fl. July-Aug. — Stems 3-5 ft., stoloniferous. L< , ,, lifrrif. — Often a well-marked form from its glaucous character. R. ten'uis, Bell Salter, ulmifo'lius, intermddius, and his'pidus are indistinguishable forms ; R. pseudo-id^ us, Lejeune, is probably a hybrid with R. Idceus. ** Stem vith equal scattered prickles, pubescent or hairy, but itith few or no gland- tipped hairs or briMes, arching and rooting at the tip. Calyx densely toruentose, white, (glandular. Sub-sp. DIS'COLOR, W . and N. ; stem with appressed stellate pubescence, prickles strong, leaflets small more persistent than in any other, bright KUBUS. ] ROSA CE^E. 1 1 1 green above densely tomentose and white beneath, flowers pink, sepals always reflexed, drupes small with little flesh. —Abundant everywhere. — VAR. thi/rsoi'deus, Wimmer ; stem stronger and more arching, flowers white, leaflets larger less white beneath, pubescence of stem and leaves looser. — The stellate appressed or very short hairs of the stem distinguish this from all the following. Sub-sp. LEUCOSTA'CHYS, Smith (sp.) ; stem angular between arching and pros- trate with copious spreading hairs and sometimes a few glandular hairs, rachis of panicle densely villous, leaflets finely toothed densely pubescent often white below, terminal one roundish with a point, panicle thyrsoid compound, sepals reflexed, petals often deep red. It. vesti'tus, Weihe ; R. Leightonia'nus, Bab.— Common. Sub-sp. VILLICAU'LIS, Weihe (sp.) ; stem angular with copious spreading hairs but no glandular ones, rachis of panicle densely villous, leaflets finely toothed densely pubescent often white beneath, terminal roundish with a point, panicle thyrsoid compound, sepals reflexed, petals pale. JR. carpinifo'lhts, Bab. not Blox.; R. pampino'sus, Lees. Sub-sp. KUBE'OLUS, Weihe (sp.) ; stem angular arching with no glandular hairs, spreading hairs few and deciduous, leaflets coarsely and irregularly toothed shortly grey-pubescent or finally subglabrous beneath, terminal one roundish with a point often cordate, panicle thyrsoid compound, rachis finely pubescent with copious strong red prickles, sepals reflexed, petals pale. R. Salte'ri, Bab. ; R. calva'tus, Blox. — Connects this group with rhamnifolius. Sub-sp. UMBRO'SUS, Arrh. (sp.) ; stem angular, hairs few and deciduous none glandular, leaflets sometimes 7 finely toothed finely grey-pubescent beneath, terminal roundish or obovate with a point, panicle thyrsoid compound, rachis finely pubescent, sepals reflexed, petals pale. R. macrophyllus, var. 1',,,1,,-ttsug, Bab. ; R. carpinifo'lius, of many English writers, not Weihe. — Common. Sub-sp. MACROPHTL'LUS, Weihe (sp.) ; stem angular, with a few spreading hairs and no glandular ones, leaflets coarsely and irregularly toothed finely grey-pubescent beneath, the terminal obovate or obovate-oblong with a point, panicle thyrsoid compound, rachis finely pubescent, sepals reflexed, petals pale. R. Schlechtendahl'ii, Weihe ; R. amplified 'tits. Lees. Sub-sp. MUCRONULA'TUS, Boreau (sp.) ; stem between arching and prostrate with a few spreading hairs and often a few glandular hairs, leaflets shortly grey-pubescent below, terminal roundish abruptly pointed, panicle sparse often subsimple, rachis densely villous its prickles few and weak, sepals reflexed, petals pale. R. mucronatus, Blox. not Seringe. — Local. Sub-sp. SPBENGE'LII, Weih? (sp.) ; stem weak wide-trailing terete with a few spreading hairs and often a few glandular hairs, leaflets coarsely toothed finely and shortly grey-pubescent or finally subglabrous beneath, often only three on the fully-developed leaves, terminal obovate with a point, panicle broad sparse often subsimple, rachis finely pubescent with few prickles, sepals ascending often leaf-pointed, petals pink. JR. Borreri, Salter ; R. rubicolor, Blox. — A well-marked but local form. *** Sterns with copious bristles and glandular hairs, prickles unequal, often very numerous. + Leaves of the barren shoot 5-foliolate. Sub.sp. DUMETO'RUM, Weihe (sp.) ; stem between arching and trailing sub- cylindric sometimes pruinose, bristles few or many, hairs 0 or few on the 112 ROSACEJS. barren shoots, generally fewer on the rachis of the panicle than in all the following, leaflets broad finely grey-pubescent or subglabrous below, the two lateral pairs much imbricated, the toothing open but not deep, ter- minal suborbicular, sepals reflexed or ascending not leaf-pointed, petals broad, fruit of a few large drupes. R. nemorosus of many, scarcely of Hayne. The glandular representative of corylifolius in fruit, leaves, and prolonged flowering. R. tubercula'tus, Bab., is a variety with subequal prickles, appressed sepals, few bristles and glandular hairs. R. diversifo'lius, Lindl., Bab., is a variety with more copious and irregular prickles and sepal* mostly reflexed. — Common in hedges, very variable. Sub-sp. RAD'ULA, Weihe (sp.) ; stem arching angular, prickles strong subequal. bristles and hairs and glands of barren stem copious, hairs few, leaflets not imbricated grey or often white-pubescent beneath, toothing moderately fine in the typical form, terminal leaflet obovate, sepals reflexed not leaf -pointed, petals broad. — R. ru'dis, Weihe, Bab., is a variety with stronger prickles and leaflets deeply and very irregularly toothed. R. Leightdni and de><,- ticula'tiM, Bab., are closely allied. — Common in hedges. Sub-sp. BLOXA'MI, Lees (sp.) ; stem arching angular, prickles smaller than in the preceding subequal, hairs bristles and glands moderately numerous, leaflets not imbricated moderately coarsely toothed green finely pubescent beneath, terminal suborbicular often cordate, sepals renexed'not leaf-pointed, petals broad. — R. scdber, Weihe, Bab., R. liabhxjto'nii, Salter, is an allied form with stronger prickles and the panicle often very large and lax with patent branches. — R. fusco-a'ter, Weihe, Bab., is a rare form connecting this with villicau'lis. — R. Uriyt/sii, Blox., is an allied form with shortly petioled leaflets and appressed sepals.— Local. Sub-sp. KOEHLE'RI, Weihe (sp.); stem trailing nearly terete, prickles very numerous irregular strongly hooked, bristles numerous, glandular and simple hairs few, leaflets not imbricate pubescence thin grey, toothing moderately coarse, terminal orbicular, sepals reflexed not leaf-pointed, petals broad. — R. in/eJtus, Weihe, a variety with an arching stem, prickles and bristles much less dense.— Local. Sub-sp. HYS'TRIX, Weihe (sp.) ; stem arching angular, prickles weak subequal, bristles glandular and simple hairs moderately numerous, leaflets not imbri- cate green thinly pubescent or finally glabrous below, terminal obovate, toothing fine, sepals ascending remarkably leaf-pointed, petals broad. — R. Lejeu'nii, Weihe, a variety with a large lax panicle with patent branches. — R. rosa'cew, Weihe, a trailing variety with more irregular prickles and narrow petals. — Local. Sub-sp. PAL'LIDUS, Weihe (sp.); stem angular wide-trailing, prickles small copious very unequal, bristles simple and glandular hairs copious, leaflets not imbricate finely toothed densely grey or sometimes white- pubescent below, terminal obovate, sepals reflexed not leaf-pointed, petals narrow. — R. humtfu'sut, Weihe, Bab., and R. folio'sus, Weihe, Bab., are varieties with the leaves prolonged into the panicle. — R. hiatus, Weihe (fuseem, Lees), is a closely allied form. — Common in woods. tf Leaves of barren sftoot Z-foliolate. Sub-sp. OLANDULo'STJS, Bell (sp.); stem subterete trailing, prickles small straight weak, bristles simple and glandular hairs copious, leaves green thinly pubescent beneath, panicle' thyrsoid compound, the bristles of the nichi's very fine and copious, sepals ascending leaf-pointed densely bristly on the back, petals narrow. R. Bdhu'di, Weihe. — R. denta'tws, Blox. is a variety RUBUS.] ROSACES. 113 with less prickly rachis and sepals and membranous leaves green and nearly glabrous beneath. — R. rotundifo'lius, Blox., prickles stronger, leaves more hairy beneath, sepals less distinctly leaf-pointed. — Local. Sub-sp. GUXTHER'I, Weihe (sp.); stem trailing terete, prickles small very unequal, bristles glandular and simple hairs much fewer than in the last, leaves densely shortly pubescent often white below, panicle compound, rachis very wavy, sepals reflexed not leaf -pointed, petals narrow. — Local. Sub-sp. PYRAMIDA'LIS, Bab. (sp.) ; stem trailing clothed as in the last, leaves green thinly hairy beneath, panicle subracemose, rachis straight, sepals ascending leaf-pointed, petals narrow. — Wales and Devonshire. Of li. ±>i]"/< »//.. but the segments are often numerous, the lateral larger, and all more toothed ; stipules small. Ftovxrs 1-1£ in. diam. Calyx-segments red-brown, acuminate, pubescent. Petals yellow," obcordate. Fn< it more or less hisi >i< 1 . — DISTKIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, W. Asia, E. and W. N. America, Fuegia, Australia, New Zealand. 0. intermedium ; Ehr. (hybrid) ; flowers sometimes erect, petals of the form of G. urbanum but deeper-coloured, calyx intermediate between " /•/<<' /<"/« and rivale not reflexed in fruit, fruit usually sessile. — Damp woods, not uncommon (often with rivale, seldom with urbanum, Syme). Bell-Salter produced this hybrid, and it proved fertile. 6. FRAGA'RIA, L. STRAWBERKY. Perennial scapigerons herbs, with creeping stolons. Leaves 3-foliolate, very rarely pinnate or simple ; stipules adnate to the petiole. /'/."• r» white or yellow, often polygamous. Calyx persistent, with 5 bracteoles at its base ; lobes 5, valvate in bud. Petals 5. Stameiis many, persistent. Carpels many, on a convex receptacle; styles ventral, persistent; ovule 1, ascending. Achenes many, minute, sunk" in the surface of a large Heshy receptacle. — DISTKIB. Temp, and mountain regions of the N. hemisphere, S. America, Sandwich Islands, Bourbon ; species 3 or 4. — ETYM. The old Latin name for the fragrant fruit. 1. F. ves'ca, L. ; leaflets usually sessile, pedicels with silky appivs-ed hairs, flowers hermaphrodite. Wild Strawberry. Shady places ; ascending to near 2,000 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. April-May.— Silky and hairy. Rootstock short or long, woody, with a terminal tuft of k-.-i \vs. I!'"liml leaves petioled ; leaflets 1-2 in., obliquely ovate or oblong, coarsely toothed or serrate, plaited ; lateral sometimes cleft ; stipules scarious. Scapes 1-6 in., lateral. Flowtrs £-^ in. diam., in irregular cymes, inclined, white ; bract at the base of the cyme leafy, at the pedicel smaller, stipuli- form ; bracteoles ovate, smaller than the acute calyx-lobes. Pthils obovate. /,'< -•> /ifiir/i- <>f fruit obovoid or globose, red or white covered to the base with achenes, calyx-lobes spreading. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia to the Himalaya, E. and W. N. America. F. KLA'TiOR^-^Ar. ; much larger than F. vesca, leaflets often shortly stalked, pedivels with spreading hairs, flowers sub-l-sexual. A garden escape ; ft April-May.— The cultivated Haut-bois strawberry, whose origin is probably /•'. 7. POTENTIIi'liA, L. ClNQUEFOIL. Perennial herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves compound ; stipules adnate to the petiole. Flower's white or yellow, rarely red, solitary or in corymbose cymes. Calyx persistent, 5- rarely 4-bracteolate ; lobes as many, valvate in bud. Petals as many, sometimes narrow. Stamens many, rarely fe\v and definite. Dink annular or coating the calyx-tube. Carpels many, rarely 1 or few, on a small dry receptacle ; style persistent or deciduous, POTENTII.LA.] ROSACES. 115 ventral or basal ; ovule 1, pendulous. Achenes many, on a dry receptacle. — DISTIIIB. N. temp., Arctic, and mountain regions, 2 are found in the south ; species 120. — ETTM. Potens, from the powerful medicinal effects attributed to some. SECTION 1. Trichothal'amus, Lehm. (gen.). Shrubby. Petals 5, orbi- cular, yellow. Achenes many, hairy, on a very hispid receptacle. 1 . P. frutico'sa, L. ; silky, leaves subdigitately-pinnate. Rocky banks by rivers, local ; Upper Teesdale, Durham, Cumberland, West- moreland ; N. Clare and Gralway ; fl. June-July. — A much-branched, leafy shrub, 2-4 ft. ; bark flaking. Leaves oblong or lanceolate ; leaflets 3-5, i— f in. ; margins entire, revolute ; stipules entire. Flowers 1-1^ in., few, in terminal subcorymbose cymes, golden yellow, sub-1-sexual ; bracts lanceolate, longer than the ovate calyx-segments.— DISTRIB. N. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, W. Asia to the Himalaya, E. and W. N. America.— In Teesdale the flowers appear to be functionally 1- sexual ; those of the sexes differ in appearance. SECTION 2. Coma rum, L. (gen.). Petals 5, small, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, purple-brown. Stamens many. Ac/ienes many, glabrous, on a conical dry spongy downy receptacle. 2. P. Coma'rum, Nestl. ; leaves pinnately 5-7-foliolate. Comarum palustre, L. Bogs and marshes, ascending to nearly 2,800 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. June- July. — Sparingly hairy. Rootstock long, woody; roots fibrous. Stems ^-1 J ft., ascending, purple-brown. Leaves 2-4 in. ; leaflets 1^—2 in., narrow-oblong, obtuse, coarsely serrate, pale below ; stipules large, membranous, free portion often cut. Flowers 1-1^ in. diam., few. Bracts smaller than the ovate-lanceo- late acuminate sepals, purplish ; petals much smaller, dark purplish-brown. — DISTUIB. Europe (Arctic), except Turkey, all N. Asia, E. and W. N. America. — Rootstock powerfully astringent, and yields a yellow dye. SECTION 3. Sibbald'ia, L. (gen.). Petals 5-7, linear-oblong or 0 (yellow in the British species). Stamens 4-10. Achenes 4-10, glabrous, on a concave pubescent receptacle. 3. P. procum'bens, Clairv. ; leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets obovate trun- cate and 3-5-toothed at the tip. Sibbaldia procumbens, L. Stony places on the Scotch alps, from Peebles northward, between 1,500 and 4,000 ft. ; fl. July. —More or less hairy and glaucous. Rootstock woody, depressed, branches leafy at the tip. Leaves 1-3 in. ; leaflets £-1 in. Flower- inif .-items 3-5 in., lateral, ascending, leafy. Flowers J in. diam., few, in terminal close cymes. Petals small. Calyx-seyments lanceolate, acute ; bracteoles linear. — DISTRIB. Alpine and Arctic Europe, Asia from the Himalaya northwards, N. America. SECTION 4. Potentil'la proper. Petals 5, rarely 4, orbicular or obcor- date, usually yellow or white. Stamens many. Achenes many, glabrous or nearly so, on a concave glabrous or hairy receptacle. * Flowering stems annual, from below the crown of the rootstock. 4. P. Tormentil'la, Sibthorp ; stem slender rarely rooting, leaves 3- rarely 5-lbliolate, flowers usually cymose, petals usually 4 yellow, acheues reticulate. Torment-ilia o/icina'lis, Curtis. I 2 116 ROSACES. [PoTKNTII.LA. Heaths, copses, dry pastures ; ascending to 3,300 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. June- Sept.— Slightly hairy. RootstockstoMt, almost tuberous. Stems 6-10in., slender, lateral, prostrate then ascending, leafy, clothed with curly hairs. / sessile ; radical petioled, leaflets £-£ in., obovate-cuneate, 3-4-toothed or -lobed near the tip ; cauline subsessile, leaflets much narrower ; stipules foliaceous, cut. Flowers ^-f in. diam., rarely solitary, yellow. Cali/x- seffments ovate, bracteoles linear, as long.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), W. Siberia, Azores. — Rootstock strongly astringent, used for tanning. VAR. 1, erec'ta, L. (sp.); suberect, cauline leaves sessile 3-foliolate, cyme corym- bose. P. sylvestris, Necker. — VAR. 2, procum'bens, Sibthorp (sp.) ; procum- bent, often rooting, cauline leaves 3-5-foliolate, often petioled, flower.-; very few or solitary. P. mixta, Neck. ; Tormentil'la rep' tans, L. 5. P. rep'tans, L. ; stem slender creeping and rooting, leaves digitutcly 5- rarely 3-foliolate long-petioled, flower solitary on slender axillary peduncles, petals 5 yellow, achenes granulate. P. nemoralis, Nestl. Meadows, waysides and pastures ; fl. June-Aug. — Very variable in size ; usually larger than P. Tormeiitilla, and having besides the above characters bracteoles as broad as the sepals,and flowers g-1 in. diam. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia to the Himalaya, W. Europe from Gothland southwards to Italy (excl. Spain), Canaries and Azores. 6. P. ver'na, L.; stem prostrate, leaves digitately 5-7-foliplate, leaflets obovate or cuneate truncate deeply crenate or lobulate towards the tip, flowers several yellow, achenes smooth glabrous. Hilly pastures and rocky places, local ; from Forfar to Cambridge and Somer- set; absent in Ireland; fl. April-June.— More or less hairy. JtmtM,,,-k woody, branched, tufted. Radical leaves 2-3 in.; stipules with narrow subulate tips ; leaflets £— f in., green on both surfaces ; terminal tooth short ; cauline 1-3-foliolate, their stipules ovate-lanceolate. Floirers few, $ in. diam. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, W. Asia to the Himalaya. 7. P. salisburjren'sis, Hacnke ; stem ascending, leaves digitately 5-7- foliolate, leaflets obovate or cuneate deeply crenate or serrate usually above the middle, flowers several yellow, aehenes smooth glabrous. P. alpcstris, Hall. f. ; P. aurea, Sm. not L. Rocky ledges in alpine districts, Breadalbane, Braemar, Yorkshire, Westmore- land, and Cardigan ; ascends to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. June-July. — Probably a larger form of P. verna, with ascending stems, 4-10 in., larger less truncate leaflets (but not constantly so), and flowers 1 in. diam. — DisTiUB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia, Greenland,Labrador.— Lehmann. Babington, and others adopt Pourret's name of P. muculata for this ; it is coeval with that of *>t //..•/.«, and I have taken the latter because the spotted-petalled form (which occurs on Ben Lawers) is a scarce one. 8. P. anseri'na, L. ; stoloniferous, silky, leaves interruptedly piiuwir, leaflets many deeply serrate or pinnatifid, the alternate minute, flowers solitary yellow, achenes glabrous smooth. Silver Weed. Roadsides and damp pastures ; ascends to 1,000ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. July-Aug. — Softly silky, especially on the leaves (hence silvery) beneath. Koototod slender, branched. Stems 0. Leaves 2-5 in., stoloniferous from their axils ; leaflets £-2 in., alternate, close-set, sessile, obovate-oblong, obtuse, serratures tipped with silky hairs. Flows $-$ in. diam. on solitary axillary slender POTENTILLA.] ROSACES. 117 peduncles ; bracteoles often serrate. — DISTRIB. Temp, and Arctic regions of the N. and S. hemispheres.— Eootstock eaten in times of scarcity in the Hebrides. 9. P. Fragarias'tmm, Ehr. ; leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets obovate, flowers white, achenes pilose below reticulate. Frngaria sterilis, L. Waysides, woods and banks ; ascending to 2,100 ft. in Wales ; fl. March-May. — Similar to Fragaria vesca, but has no runners, nerves of leaflets not sunk above, and fruit very different. More or less pilose or silky. Rootstock stout, woody, branched, depressed. Leaves 2-6 in., tufted ; petioles with spreading hairs ; leaflets ^-1 in. coarsely crenate towards the tip ; very hairy beneath. Flomriny stems or scapes 1-6 in., axillary, slender, naked or 1-2-leaved, 1-3-flowered. Flowers % in. diam. Receptacle with very long hairs (as in P. fruticosa). — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa. ** Flowering stems annual, from the top of the branches of the rootstock. Receptacle hairy. 10. P. rupes'tris, L. ; leaves pinnate, radical 5- cauline 3-foliolate, flowers white. Limestone rocks, Craig Breidden, Montgomery ; fl. May- June. — Hairy, especially below. Rootstock woody, branched. Stems 1-2 ft., erect, branched above. Radical leaves 3-6 in.," petioles very slender; leaflets f-1 in., unequal at the base, oblong or obliquely obovate, irregularly crenate, cauline few, subsessile. Flowers few, ^-1 in. diam. Achenes smooth, gla- brous.— DISTRIB. Europe, from Gothland southwards (excl. Greece), Siberia, Dahuria, N.W. India. 11. P. argen'tea, L. ; leaves digitately 5-foliolate, leaflets cuneate much cut white beneath, flowers yellow. Dry pastures and roadsides ; England and E. Scotland, from Moray south- wards, local ; absent from Ireland ; fl. June- July. — More or less covered, especially the leaves beneath, with white appressed wool. Rootstock short, woody. Stems 6-18 in., slender, suberect or decumbent, branched, leafy ; branches divaricating. Leaves petioled, uppermost sessile ; leaflets ^-1^ in., narrowly cuneate, ^-pinnatifid upwards, margins recurved. Flowers |-^ in. diarn., subcorymbose. A c/ienes smooth, glabrous. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, E. N. America. 8. ALCHEMILLA, L. LADY'S MANTLE. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves orbicular, lobed or deeply divided ; stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers minute, in lax or crowded corym- bose cymes. Calyx urceolate, persistent, 4-5-bracteolate ; lobes 4-5, valvate in bud. Petals 0. Stamens 1-4, inserted on the mouth of the calyx. Disk coating the calyx-tube, and all but closing its mouth by its thickened margin. Carpels 1-5, basal in the calyx-tube ; styles basal or ventral ; ovule 1, basal. Achenes 1-4, enclosed in the mem- branous calyx-tube. — DISTKIB. Natives chiefly of the American Andes ; a few are European, N. Indian, and American ; species 30.— ETYM. Arabic. SECTION 1. Apfcanes, L. (gen.). Annual. Cymes leaf-opposed, dense. Bracteoles minute or 0. Antheriferous stamens 1—2. 1. A. arvensis, LamJc.; leaves cuneate or fan-shaped 3-lobed, lobes cut. Aphaiics, L. 118 ROSACES. [ALCHKMIM.A. Fields and waste places in dry soil ; ascending to 1,600 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. May- Aug. — Hairy, much branched from the base ; branches 2-8 in., erect or prostrate. Leaves J-£ in., narrowed into the short petiole, lobes cuneate ; stipules palmately cut. Flower minute, hidden by the stipuliform bracts. C. — Dry places, especially sandy sea-shores ; ascends to 1,700 ft. in Scotland. £urnet Rose.— DiSTmB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, Siberia to N. China, W. Asia to the Himalaya. Sub-sp. INVOLC'TA, Smith (sp.); leaflets glabrous or pubescent beneath usually doubly -serrate, flowers 1-3, sepals densely glandular on the back more or less pinnate, fruit erect subglobose red. —Banks and hedges. — DISTHIK. Belgium, Switzerland (near Geneva only).— VAR. 1, Sab' i id, Woods (sp. ); prickles ^ in. straight, leaflets with copious compound serratures thinly pubescent above, petioles and peduncles den-. •V. their length strength and curvature. 3. R. rubigino'sa, L. ; bush small, branches erect or arching, prirklcs stout at the base scattered hooked with often glandular hairs and bristles intermixed, leaflets densely glandular aromatic glabrous or thinly hairy, flowers 1-3, sepals subpersistent, fruit globose ovoid or oblong. Bsst distinguished by its suberect habit and copious glandular pubescence, which give.s out the strong sweetbriar odour ; this, however, becomes fainter in the forms that pass into R. caninn&nd R. villosa. — Europe, Siberia, W. Asia to N.W. India ; in trod, in N. America. Sub-sp. RUBIGINO'SA proper ; very sweet-scented, erect, branches compact, prickles with a few bristles and glandular hairs intermixed, peduncles densely bristly, leaflets at length glabrous above pubescent beneath, sepals . ; glandular pinnate, fruit globose. R. Eijlanteria, Woods. —Chalk hills, S. of England, native; probably an escape in the N. of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Stceetbriar. — VAR. 1, permit? ta, Deseg. (sp.) ; leaves and styles glabrous, sepals deciduous, fruit ovoid. Box-hill. Approaches mu-nin'/ni. — VAK. 2, nylvic'ola, Deseg. and Kipart (sp.); less scented, prickles more slender, leaflets hairy and less glandular beneath, styles hairy, fruit ovoid. N. Yorkshire. Sub-sp. MICRAN'THA, Smith (sp.); branches long arched, prickles equal, odour faint, leaflets small more pointed glabrous above, densely glandular below, flower 1'in. diam., sepals deciduous densely glandular with a leafy point and 1-2 leaflets, styles glabrous, fruit urceolate scarlet, disk evident. — Midway between rubiyinom and can inn. — Throughout England ; Ireland. Cork only.— VAR. 1, BriggJU, Baker; large and luxuriant, leaflets larger loss glandular beneath, peduncles and fruit naked, sepals more pinnate eglandular on the back. Plymouth. — VAR. 2, kys'trix, Leman (sp.); Miiall, leaflets narrow glabrous, calyx- tube glabrous, peduncle densely aciculate. Box-hill, Oxfordshire, Bristol. Sub-sp. SE'PIUM, Tknill. (sp.); laxer in habit than rubif/inosa, prickles with a few bristles and glandular hairs intermixed, leaflets small narrowed to both ends glabrous but densely glandular beneath, peduncle and ovoid fruit naked, sepals subpersistent, disk moderate, style.* pubascent. —Surrey. — VAK. 1, liilliet'ii, Puget(sp.); differs only by its leaves rather hairy below and rounded at the base. R. Sf.jtfum, Borrer, E.B.S. Warwickshire.— VAK. 2, puhtnUm'ta, M. Bieb. (sp.); much taller, flowers 1£ in. diam., leaflets larger rounded at the base, sepals more copiously pinnate, fniit ovoid. R. iiuxlora, Fries. England, local.— VAR. '•>. <•/•/// /»//latypkyl/a, Rau.— VAR. 8, Jrondo'sa, Steven (sp.); leaflets smaller flatter ovate-oblong more rounded at the base, fruit smaller globose. R. dumtt- tni'iim, Woods.— VAR. 9, arvatica, Baker ; like urbica, but leaves doubly- serrate, fruit ovoid. Common in the N. of England. *** Leaflets more or less hairy on both surfaces. Peduncles not bristly. VAR. 10, dumeto'rum, Thuill. (sp.); leaflets green terminal often large thinly hairy above softly below simply-serrate, fruit large ovoid, styles villous. R. uncinel'/a, Besser. — VAR. 11, prwino'sa, Baker; leaflets glaucous doubly- serrate, petioles glandular. R. ccesia, Borrer. — VAR. 12, incafna, Woods (sp.); leaflets very glaucous above densely pubescent beneath with few incon- spicuous glands doubly-serrate, fruit large oblong. R. canescens, Baker.. — VAR. 13, iomentel'la, Leman (sp.); flexuous, leaflets short green above very hairy below doubly serrate, petioles prickly, peduncles very short, flowers small white, fruit small short. R. inodora,, Hook. Fl. Lond. **** Peduncles more or less bristly and glandular. VAR. 14, Andevagen'sis, Bast, (sp.), is lutetiana with bristly peduncles. S. of England, rarer in theN. and Scotland.— VAR. 15, rerticillacan'tha, Herat, is. r'>'n«i.l is \vifh ditto. Not uncommon. — VAH. 16, colli'na, Jacq. (sp.), is urlrim with ditto. Surrey and Devonshire. — VAH. 17, cce'sia, Smith (sp.) ; near fu/ii'iiK, but leaflets grey-green, stipules and bracts pubescent on the back. Argyle, Northumberland, Leicester. — VAR. 18, concin'na Baker; prickles much hooked, leaflets very small simply-serrate, petioles not setose pubes- cent, ovary small, styles short thinly hairy. Devonshire. —VAR. 19, 'i't 1-2 in. loner. —DiSTRiB. Europe. VAR. 1. I\i/,-it.t'ter, L. ; leaves shortly acuminate pubescent below when young, base of fruit obconic. — VAR. 2, A ch'ras, Gsertn. (sp. ) ; leaves broader acute or cuspidate flocculent on both surfaces when young, fruit rounded at the base. Rarer. 2. P. Ma'lus, L. ; peduncles umbellate, styles united below, fruit sub- globose indented at the base. Wild or Crab-apple. 126 ROSACES. [PYBUS. Copses and hedges, from the Forth and Clyde southwards ; an escape in Scotland ; wild in Ireland ; fl. May. — A shrub or small tree ; branches spreading. Leaves 1-2 in. , oblong, rounded acuminate or cuspidate at t he- tip, glabrous, or downy below when young. Flowers few, 1-1^ in. diam., pink and white. Calyx-segments woolly. Fruit 1 in. diam., yellow. — DISTRIB. Europe. YAH. 1, ace/ba, DC. (sp.) ; young leaves and tube of calyx glabrous, pedicels slender glabrous or nearly so, fruit drooping. — VAR. 2, mi'tis ; young leaves tube of calyx and stout -pedicels pubescent, fruit erect. SECTION 2. Sor'bus, L. (geu.). Fruit small, 2-8-celled; cells 1 -seeded; endocarp brittle. Flowers iii compound corymbose cymes. 3. P. tormina'lis, Ehr. ; leaves 6-10-lobed sen-ate glabrous wlu-n mature on both surfaces. Wild Service. Woods and hedges, rare and local from Anglesea and Nottingham southwards ; n. April-May.— A small tree, branchlets and young leaves below pubescent. Leaves 2-4 in., oblong-ovate or cordate ; lobes triangular, serrate, acuminate. Flutters \ iu. diam., many, white. Carpels usually 2. Fruit ^ in., pyriforrn or subglobose, greenish-brown, dotted, 2-celled. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa. — Fruit sold in country markets. The true Service (1J. iSorbus, Gaertu. ) is a very different plant, more like the Mountain Ash, and is not u native. 4. P. A'ria, L. ; leaves simple or pinnatifid rarely pinnate at the base, deeply lobed white and Hocculent beneath. Copses and borders of forests, local ; ascending to 1,500 ft. in Yorkshire ; W. and N. of Ireland ; fl. May-June. — A bush or small tree, 4-40 ft. Leaves 2-6 in., very variable, glabrous above, plaited, coarsely irregularly serrate. Flowers | in. diam., in lax corymbs, white. Frtut ^ in. diam., subglobose, dotted red.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia to the Himalaya. — The following sub-species all run into one another ; the leaf characters are taken from 'flowering branches. Sub-sp. A'RIA proper ; leaves ovate or oblong lobulate or hardly lobed beyond the middle snow-white below, nerves 8-13 on each side. — Mid. England southwards. Sub-sp. uui'ic'oLA, Sipiie ; leaves obovate-oblong lobed above, snow-white below, nerves 5-8 on each side. — Local in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Sub-.sp. IXTKRMK'UIA, E/ leaflets 6-8 pan-, 1-1^ in., linear-oblong, subacute, serrate, pale below and hairy along the midrib and nerves. Cymes 4-6 in. diam., compound, corymi'o-r. dense-flowered. Flowers J in. diam., cream-white ; pedicels and calyx villous. lorries % in. diam., globose, scarlet, flesh yellow, 2-4-celled; endocarp almost woody. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia, Dahuria, Madeira. ROSACES. 127 SECTION 3. Mes'pilus, L. (gen.). Fruit large, 5-celled ; cells 1-seeded ; endocarp bony. Flov;ers solitary. P. GERJIAN'ICA, L. (Mespilus); leaves obovate or oblong-lanceolate entire or serrulate. Medlar. Hedges and thickets in Mid. and S. England, but not indigenous ; fl. May- June. — A small much-branched spinous tree. Leaves subacute, pubescent beneath. Flowers 1 \ in. diam. , white ; peduncles i in. Calyx woolly, lobes with dilated foliaceous tips. Fruit £-1 in. diam. , globose, with a large depressed area at the top, and persistent "calyx- lobes. — DISTRJB. Europe from Holland southwards, N. Africa ? W. Asia. 13. CRAT.ffi'GUS, L. HAWTHORN, WHITETHORN. Shrubs or small trees, often spiny. Leaves simple lobed or pinnatifid ; stipules deciduous. Flovxrs in terminal corymbose cymes, white or red ; bracts caducous. Calyx-tube urceolate or campanulate ; mouth contracted ; l.ili-s 5, persistent or deciduous. Petals 5, inserted at the mouth of the < al\'.\. Stamens many. Carpels 1-5, adnate to the calyx-tube ; styles 1 ~>, stigma truncate ; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending. Fruit ovoid or globose, with a bony 1-5-celled stone, or with 5 bony 1- rarely 2 -seeded stones. — DISTRIB. N. temp, regions, chiefly American, ex- tending south into New Grenada ; species about 50. — ETYM. Kpdros, from the strong wood. 1. C. Oxyacan'tha, L. ; spinescent, leaves deeply pinnatifid. Forests and hedges from Moray and Isla southwards, but often only where planted ; ascending to 1,800 ft. in Yorkshire; fl. May-June. — A small round- headed tree, 10-20 ft., much branched. Leaves 1-2 in., very variable, cuneate, shortly petioled, lobes cut or crenate ; stipules leafy, ^-sagittate, toothed. Cymes corymbose, many-flowered. Flowers f in. diam., white ; pedicels and calyx glabrous or pubescent. Anthers pinkish-brown. Carpelx 1-2 very rarely 3. Fruit ovoid or subglobose, usually scarlet, rarely yellow or black. — DiSTRiB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia to India ; introd. in X. America. Suli-.-p. OXYACANTHOI'DES, Tim ill. (sp.); peduncles and calyx-tube glabrous, carpels 2-3. — Not common. Sub-sp. MONOGY'NA, Jaapdn (sp.) ; leaves more deeply lobed or pinnatifid, peduncles and calyx-lobes pubescent, flowers and fruit smaller (appearing later), carpel solitary. 14. COTONEAS'TER, Liiidl. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves coriaceous, often downy ; stipules deci- duous. Flmvers solitary or in few-flowered axillary or terminal cymes, small, white or pink, sometimes polygamous. Calyx-tube turbinate or campanulate ; lobes 5, short, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens many, in- serted at the mouth of the calyx. Carpels 2-5, adnate wholly "or by 'their backs only to the calyx-tube ; styles 2-5, free, stigma truncate ; ovules 2 in each cell, erect. Fruit small, ovoid, globose, or turbinate, with 2-5 bony 1-seeded stones.— DISTRIB. Europe, temp. Asia, N. Africa, Mexico ; species 15.— ETYM. The old Latin name. 1. C. vulgar'is, Lindl . ; leaves broadly elliptic-oblong densely pubescent beneath, cymes lateral, few-flowered. 123 ROSACES. Great Orme'sHead, on limestone cliffs, very rare; a native? Wal.ton ; fl. May- nate, lobas obtuse, margins woolly. Petals small, persistent. Stifles about 3. t'l'-i'it i in. diam., globose, shining, red. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia, Dahuria, W. Asia to the Himalaya. ORDER XXVIII. SAXIFRAGES. Tribes SAXIFRAG'E^E proper and RIBE'SIE/E. Shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite ; stipules 0, or aduate to the often dilated petiole. Calyx free or more or less adnate to the ovary, 5- rarely 4-lobed, valvate or imbricate in bud. Petals 5, rarely 4 or 0, imbricate in bud. Stamens 5 or 10, rarely 4 or 8, perigymms, free ; anthers dorsally inserted, connective frequently glandular at the back. Disk tumid, annular or glandular. Carpels 2 or more, usually connate into a 2- rarely a 1-celled ovary ; styles as many as cells, free or combined, stigmas capitellate ; ovules many, 2-seriate, pla- centas attached to the inner angles of the cells, parietal in the 1-celled ovaries. Fruit a 1-3-celled berry or capsule, or of 2 or more follicles, many -seeded. Seeds small, albumen copious fleshy or homy ; embryo minute, terete or clavate. — DISTRIB. (of the British tribes). Temp, and Arctic regions of the N. hemisphere ; a few occur on lofty tropical moun- tains and in the S. hemisphere ; genera 19 ; species 250. — AFFINITIES. So close to Rosaceae and Crassulaceaz as to be scarcely separable ; also allied to Lythracem, Rhizophorccc, and Droscracece. — PROPERTIES unimportant. TRIBE I. SAXIF'RAGE.ffi proper. Herbs. Flowers 4-5-merous. Ovary 1-3-celled. Petals 5. Stament 10. Fruit capsular. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2 1. Saxifraga. Petals 0. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 2 2. Chrysosplenium. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Ovary 1-celled ; stigmas 3-4 3. Parnassia. TRIBE II. RIBE SIE/E. Shrubs. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a berry. 1. SAXIF'RAGA, L. SAXIFRAGE. Perennial, rarely annual herbs. Leaves various, radical and cauline ; petiole sheathing. Flowers cymose white or yellow, rarely red or purple. Calyx-tube free or partially adnate to the ovary ; lobes 5, imbricate. Petals 5. Stamens 10, rarely 5. Ovary superior or partially inferior, 2-lobed, 2-celled ; styles 2 ; placentas on the inner angles of the cells. Capsule 2-beaked, 2-valved between the beaks, many-seeded. Seeds small, smooth or rough. — DISTRIB. N. and S. temp, and Arctic zones; absent in Australia, S. Africa, and the Pacific ; species 160. — ETYM. Saxiii/i and frango, from this species rooting into rocks and breaking them up. SECTION' 1. Porphyr'ion, Tausch. Perennial. Stems trailing, leafy. Leaves opposite, small, with a pore at the tip, ciliate. Flowers solitary, subsessile. Sepals erect in fruit. 1. S. oppositifo lia, L. ; tufted, leaves small 4-farious ovate-oblong. SAXIFRAGA.] SAXIFRAGES. 129 Alpine rocks, from Wales northwards ; ascending to near 4,000 ft. in the Highlands; N.W. and N. Ireland; fl. April-May. — Glabrous, dark green, depressed. Stems 6-8 in., creeping. Leaves £ in., 4-fariously imbricate, thickened and obtuse at the tip, ciliate with stout bristles. Flowers £ in. diam. , sessile on short annual shoots, campanulate. Sepals obtuse, connate to the middle. Petals obovate, bright purple. Capsule free, \ in. ; beaks diverging, subulate.— DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine Europe, Asia and America, W. Asia to the Himalaya. SECTION 2. Micran'thes, Haw. (gen.V Perennial, stemless, scapigerous. Radical leaves petioled. Cymes dense-flowered. Sepals adnate to the base of the carpels. Petals white. 2. S. niva'lis, L. ; leaves broadly spathulate crenate-dentate. High alps, between 2,000 and 4,300 ft,, of Snowdon, Westmoreland, Argyle, Perth, Aberdeen, and Ben Bulben in Sligo ; fl. July-Aug. — Glandular- hairy on the leaf -margins, scape, bracts and pedicels, 'elsewhere glabrous. RootstocJc small. Leaves ^-1 in. diam., subcoriaceous, red beneath ; petiole 1-2 in. Scape 3-6 in., erect, simple. Floicers ^ in. diam., white, in capi- tate 4-12-flowered cymes. Bracts linear. Calyx-lobes connate, purplish. Capsule with short divergent beaks. — DISTRIB. Alpine and Arctic Europe, N. Asia, E. and W. N. America. SECTION 3. Hydat'ica and Arabide'a, Haw. (gen.). Perennial, scapige- rous. Stem short or 0. Cymes lax-flowered. Sepals almost free, reflexed. Petals white with 2 purple dots above the base. 3. S. stella ris, L. ; stemless, leaves rosulate subsessile cuneate-lance- olate coarsely toothed, scape leafless, filaments subulate. Alpine and subalpine rills, from Wales northwards, and in Ireland ; ascending to 4,300 ft. ; fl. June-July. — Glabrous or sparsely hairy. RootstocJc small, branched. Leaves £- 1 in., subsucculent, ciliate. Scape 3-8 in.; cyme panicled. Flowers few, ^ in. diam. , white ; anthers and pistils red ; bracts linear. Sepals lanceolate. Capsule with suberect slender beaks. — DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine Europe, N. Asia, N. America. 4. S. umbro'sa, L. ; more or less glandular-hairy, leaves petioled orbicular or broadly ovate coarsely crenate or toothed, base rounded cuneate or reniform, filaments dilated slightly upwards. Mts. in W. and S.W. of Ireland ; naturalized elsewhere ; fl. June— July. — Leaves ^-2 in. diam. , rosulate, coriaceous ; petioles ^-l in. , J- terete or flattened. Scape 6-12 in. , leafless. Ci/me panicled ; bracts linear. Flowers J in. diam., white, sometimes sprinkled with red. Sepals reddish. Anthers red. Capsule with short divergent beaks. — DISTRIB. N. of Spain and Portugal. Sub-sp. UMBRO'SA proper ; leaves obovate or suborbicular suddenly contracted into a short broad petiole crenate or toothed. — VAR. 1, umbro'sa proper ; leaves compactly rosulate oblong- obovate crenate. W. and S. of Ireland ; ascending to 3,400 ft.; naturalized in woods elsewhere. London Pride, St. Patrick's Cabbage.— VARv 2,puncta'ta, Haworth (sp.) ; leaves loosely rosu- late orbicular crenate-serrate. — VAR. 3, serratifo' lia, Mackay (sp.); leaves ascending obovate sharply-toothed sometimes with intermediate teeth, var. duplicato-serra'ta, Lond. Cat. K 130 SAXIFRAGES. [SAXII I:\CA. Sub-sp. GE'UM, L. (sp.) ; leaves orbicular more or less reniform or cordate crenate or toothed, petiole slender. — VAR. 1, serra'ta, Syme ; leaves conlatc crenate or toothed. Mts. of Kerry and Cork. — VAR. 2, efegans, Mackay (sp.); leaves abruptly narrowed into the short petiole, acutely toothed. A ' transition form to sub-sp. umbro'sa. — VAR. 3, ci-ena'ta, Syme ; leaves deeply cordate obtusely crenate. A naturalized form, woods, N. of England and Scotland. —VAR. 4, gradilis, Mackay (M.S. sp.); leaves orbicular hairy on both surfaces. Connor Hill, Dingle. Sub-sp. HIHSU'TA, L. (sp.); more hairy, leaves long-petioled broadly ovate margins cartilaginous sharply toothed or serrate rounded at the base or narrowed into the petiole. Kerry and Cork, local and rare. S. AXDKEWSII, Harvey ; leaves linear-spathulate sessile obtuse gla- brous coriaceous, margin membranous ciliate, cyme paniclcd, lilanients subulate, sepals connate at the base hardly adnate to the ovary. Stated to have been found at the head of Glen Caragh, Kerry, but no indige- nous specimens exist. It is identical with S. Gutftriana, Hort., a hybrid between 6*. umlrosa and a species of the Aizoon group. SECTION 4. Hircnlus, Haw. (gen.). Perennial. Stem leafy. Leaves alter- nate, linear-lanceolate or oblong, entire or toothed. Sepals free or 4-adnate to the ovary, spreading or reflexed. Petals yellow. 5. S. Hir'culus, L. ; stem subsimple erect leafy stoloniferous, (lowers subsolitary, sepals free reflexed, capsule superior. Bogs and wet moors, rare and local ; Clackmannan, Lanark, Perth ; ascending to 2,100 ft. in Yorkshire ; Antrim, W. Meath and Tipperary ; n. Aug. — Pubescent above, 4-8 in., branched from the base. Radical leaves ^-1£ in., rosulate, petioled, lanceolate or spathulate ; cauline linear, sometimes faintly serrulate. Flowers 1-2J in. diam. Sejmls ciliate. Petals obovate, dotted red at the base, where there are 2 tubercles. Capsule with short divergent beaks.— DJSTRIB. Arctic and Alpine Europe, N. Asia, N. America, Himalaya. 6. S. aizoi'des, L. ; stems tufted decumbent leafy much branched, leaves linear-oblong crowded below, scattered on the flowering stems, sepals erect connate, adnate below to the ovary. Stony places by alpine and subalpine rills ; ascending to 3,000 ft. in the Highlands ; common in Ireland ; absent from Wales ; fl. June-July.— Often forming bright green cushions a foot across; branches 3-8 in. Leaves i-2in., spreading, lower re Hexed, often ciliate (S. autumna'lis, L.) ; on the flowering stem narrower, strongly ciliate. Flowers 1-10, \ in. diam., orange or golden yellow, dotted red. Calyx-tube obconic. Petals narrowly ol>- ovate-spathulate, distant. Ovary orange, depressed. Capsule with erecto- patent, subulate beaks.— DlSTRlB. Alpine and Arctic Europe, N. Asia, ... America. SECTION 5. Nephrophyl'ltun, Gaud. Annual or perennial. Leaves chiefly radical, broad, palmately lobed. Sepals suberect, more or less connate and adnate to the ovary. Petals white. — Hairs articulate. 7. S. tridactyli'tes, L. ; annual, stem erect many-flowered glandulur- hairy, leaves cuneate 3-5-fid, uppermost entire, petioles broad, calyx-lobes short erect obtuse. SAXIFKAGA.] SAXIFRAGES. 131 Wall-tops and dry places, E. of Scotland, from Caithness southwards, all England and Ireland, ascending to 1,800 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. April-June. — Stem 2-6 in., simple or branched above. Radical leaves ^-1 in., rosulate ; segments linear-oblong, outer cleft. Cyme subracemose ; bracts sub- opposite ; pedicels slender. Flowers £ in. diam., erect, white. Calyx-tube oblong. Petals small. Capsule inferior ; beaks short, divergent.— DiSTRiB. Europe, N. Africa, E. Siberia, W. Asia. 8. S. rivnlar'is, L. ; perennial, stems decumbent rooting 1— 3-flowered, leaves reniform palmately 5-lobed, petioles slender, calyx-lobes acute. Alpine damp rocks and streams, between 3,000 and 3,600ft.; Ben Lawers, Braemar, Ben Nevis ; fl. July-Aug.— Tufted, slender, succulent, 1-4 in., slightly glandular-hairy. Leaves i-1 in. diam., lobes entire ; petioles as long as the stems. Flowers 1-2, | in. diam., erect, white ; bracts leafy, opposite, usually undivided. Cal//x-tube ^ as long as the lobes, hemi- spherical. Petals distant, small, obovate-oblong. Capsule with short diver- gent beaks. — DISTRIB. Arctic and sub- Arctic Scandinavia, Siberia, E. and W. N. America. 9. S. cer'nua, L. ; perennial, stem erect simple 1-3-flowered, leaves petioled reniform palmately deeply crenate, or lobulate, cauline sessile with axillary scarlet buds, calyx-lobes erect obtuse. Schistose rocks near the top of Ben Lawers, alt. 4,000 ft.; fl. July.- — Sparingly glandular-hairy, 2-6 in., leafy. Rootstock with scaly buds at its top. Radical leace* ^-f in. diam., often tinged red ; cauline more deeply lobed. Plovers -Ij-f in. diam. , campanulate, drooping, white, rarely produced in Britain. Calf/x-tube very short. Petals large, obovate.- DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine regions of Europe, N. Asia, America, and the Himalaya. — I doubt if this is more than an alpine and arctic state of S. gramilata. 10. S. granula'ta, L. ; glandular-pubescent, stem erect bulbiferows at the base branched and many-flowered above, leaves petioled reniform pal- mately lobulate cauline sessile, calyx-lobes erect obtuse. Sandy banks and meadows from Aberdeen southwards, ascending to 1,500 ft. in Yorkshire ; rare in Ireland ; fl. April-May. — Gregarious, glandular-hairy. Bulbs as large as a pea, brown. Stem 6-18 in. Radical leaves J-l£ in. diam.; petioles slender ; cauline deeper and more acutely cut. Flowers 1 in. diam., campanulate, inclined or drooping, white. Petals large, obovate. Calyx- lobes as long as the tube. Stic/mas large, reniform. Capsule with slender beaks. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia to the Himalaya, SECTION 6. Dactyloi'des, Tausch. Perennial, tufted, with many floweiiess leafy shoots (except S. ccespitosa). Leaves alternate, palrnately- partite or lobcd. Sepals connate at the base and adnate to the ovary, suberect. Flowers white. — Hairs articulate, glandular. 11. S. csespito'sa, L.; flowerless shoots short densely tufted, leaves cuneate 3-5-lobed, lobes subparallel obtuse, calyx-tube oblong or sub- cylindric, lobes short erect, upper J of carpels free. Very rare and local, Ben Nevis, and Ben Avon, at about 3-4,000 ft. elevation ; fl. July-Aug. — Tufts compact, bright green. Flowering-shoots 2-4 in., sparingly leafy. Leaves with the broad compressed petioles ^-f in., lobed to or beyond the middle, upper cauline undivided. Fencers ^ in. diam., K2 132 SAXIFRAGES. [SAXIKKACA. few, crowded, small, campanulate, white. Calyx green ; lobes short, obtuse. Capsule almost included in the calyx-tube, beaks short, suberect, exsoru-"'( $-1 in.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N.W. Himalaya. VAR. 1, (rroxxula'ria proper ; leaves shining above, fruit glandular-hairy. — VAR. 2, Uva-cris'pa, L. (sp.) ; leaves smaller, ripe fruit glabrous. •SECTION 2. Ribe sia. Branches not spinous. Leaves plaited in bud. Racemes many-flowered. 2. R. alpi'num, L. ; dioecious, leaves deeply 3-5-lobed coarsely serrate almost glabrous and shining beneath, racemes glandular erect in flower and fruit, bracts exceeding the pedicels. Woods in the N. of England, indigenous in Yorkshire, &c., not so in Scotland or Ireland ; fl. April-May. —A small, all but glabrous bush ; branches slender. Leaves 1^-2 in. diam., broadly ovate, lobes usually 3 acute cut and serrate ; slender petiole and both surfaces sparingly hairy. Racemes glan- dular-pubescent ; male 2-2£ in., 20-30-flowered ; female shorter, flowered. Flowers J in. diam., yellowish ; bracts linear. Petals much shorter than the calyx- lobes. Styles very short, cleft. Fruit Jin. diam., globose, scarlet, insipid. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia to Kamtschatka, Hima- laya, N. America, Labrador. 3. R. rn'brum, L. ; leaves 3-5-angled and lobed, base cordate, loins triangular-crenate, racemes drooping in fruit eglandular, bracts shorter than the pedicels. Wild Currant. Woods and thickets from Mid. Scotland southwards, ascending to 1,000 ft. in Yorkshire, usually an escape; not a native of Ireland; fl. Apri — Leaves 2-4 in. diam., glabrous or pubescent above, usually tomentose beneath; petiole pubescent or setose. Racemes 1-3 in., many-flowurcd, pubescent or glabrous, never glandular ; bracts ovate. Floirers $ in. diam. Calyx glabrous, limb flat. Petals minute. Fruit £ in. diam., red, acid. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia to Kamtschatka, N.W. Himalaya, E. and W. N. America. VAR. 1, tylveJtre, Reich. ; leaves hairy above tomentose beneath, raceme pubescent usually suberect in flower and drooping in fruit, flowers purplish. filaments very short, fruit contracted at the top, pedicels equalling or exceeding the fruit. Vars. Smif/tia'nam and Bromfieldia' num., Syme. R. pe/rof'MW, Sm. not of Wulfen.— VAK. 2. x/,t'ni'tnni, Robson (sp.); leaves hairy above when young and tomentose beneath, fruit as in VAR. 1, its pedicel's short. Isle of Skye.— VAR. 3, sati'vnm, Reich. ; leaves glabrous on both surfaces when mature, racemes glabrous always drooping, flowers green, fruit globose. An escape from cultivation. 4. R. ni'grum, L. ; leaves angled ~> 7-lnbed glandular-dotted beneath, lobes triangular acute serrate, racemes drooping lax-flowered, bracts minute, pedicels long. Black Currant. KIBES.] SAXIFRAGES. 135 Woods, &c. from Mid. Scotland southwards, probably always a garden escape ; an alien or denizen, Watson; ft. April-May. — A stout erect bush, smelling strongly when bruised. Leaves 2-3 in. diam., similar to those of Ji. ruin-urn, but rather deeper lobed ; petioles slender, pubescent. Racemes slender, tomentose, eglandular, few-dowered. Flowers £-£ in. diam. ; pedicels £ in. (Jalyx campanulate, glandular. Petals minute. Herri/ | in. diam., globose, black.— DISTKIB. Europe, Siberia, Dahuria, W. Himalaya, ORDER XXIX. Herbs or shrubs, usually succulent. Leaves opposite or alternate, ex- stipulate. Flowers in terminal or axillary cymes, bracteate or not. Sepals 3-5, rarely 10-12 or more, free or connate. Petals as many, free or con- nate, imbricate in bud. Stamens perigynous or almost hypogynous, as many as the petals, or twice as many, when those opposite the petals are adnate to their bases ; anthers dorsally fixed. Hypogynous scales opposite each carpel, rarely 0. Carpels 3-5, rarely more, 1-celled, free, rarely con- nate ; styles short or long, stigma small ; ovules many, rarely few, attached to the ventral suture, erect or pendulous. Fruit of 3 or more mem- branous or coriaceous 1 -celled many-seeded follicles. Seeds oblong, minute, albumen ileshy ; embryo terete. — DISTRIB. Arctic, temp, and warm regions, but chiefly S. African ; genera 14 ; species 400. — AFFINITIES. With Saxi- fragece, and separable only by habit or the hypogynous scales, or both. — PROPERTIES. Astringent roots, acrid foliage, emetic and purgative qualities, and tartaric and malic acids occur. Leaves opposite. Petals 3-5 free. Stamens 3-5 ........................ 1 . Tillsea. Leaves alternate. Corolla 5-lobed. Stamens 10 .................. 2. Cotyledon. Leaves alternate. Petals usually 5, free. Stamens usually 10 ...... 3. Sedum. Leaves alternate. Petals 6-20. Stamens 12-40 ......... 3*. Sempervivum. 1. TIIiIiJE'A, L. Small or minute subsucculent herbs. Leaves opposite, quite entire. Flowers minute, axillary solitary or cymose, white or reddish. Calyx 3-5-lobed or -parted. Petals 3-5, free or connate at the very base. Scales 3-5, linear, or 0. Carpels 3-5 ; styles short ; ovules 1 or more. Follicles few or many -seeded.— DISTRIB. Ubiquitous; species 20.— ETYM. M. A. Tilli, an early Italian botanist. 1. T. muscosa, L.; leaves oblong, flowers solitary subsessile 3-merous. Sandy heaths in England, rare, Norfolk, Suffolk, Hants, Dorset, Devon ; ti. June-July. — Annual. Stems 1-2 in., tufted, decumbent, glabrous, reddish; branches slender, leafy and flowering throughout. Leaves thick, concave, obtuse or apiculate. Flowers rarely 4-merous. Sepals ovate, acuminate, green. Petals smaller, subulate, white. Scales 0. Follicles constricted, 2-seeded. — DISTRIB. W. Europe from Holland southwards, N. Africa. 2. COTYLE'DON, L. PENNYWORT, NAVELWORT. Herbs or small shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate, sometimes peltate. Fluircrs in terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla-tube, urceolate or cylindric, terete or 5-angled ; lobes 5, small, twisted in bud. 136 CRASSVLACEJE. [CoTYU.nnx. Stamens 10, inserted in the tube of the corolla. Scales 5, linear-oblong or 4-angular. Carpels 5 ; styles filiform ; ovules many. Follicles niiiny- seeded. — DISTRIB. W. and S. Europe, all Africa, temp. Asia, Mexico; species 60. — ETYM. KOTV\T^, from the cwp-like leaf of some species. 1. C. Umbil'icus, L. ; leaves peltate orbicular crenate, raceme long. Rocks and walls, especially on the W. coasts from Argyle southwards ; ascend- ing to 1,000 ft. in Wales ; throughout Ireland ; fl. June-July.— Glabrous. RooUtock tuberous. Stem 6-18 in., simple, stout, terete. Radical leaves 1-3 in. diam., petioled, depressed in the centre ; cauline spathulate, upper cuneate. Raceme continued almost throughout the stem, sometimes luafy (var. foliosa) ; bracts minute ; pedicels short, slender. Flowers close-set drooping, green. Corolla cylindric, shortly 4-5-lobed. Stamen* adnate to the corolla-tube, included. — DISTRIB. Europe from France southwards, W. Asia, Mts. of N. and trop. Africa. 3. SE'DUM, L. ORPINE, STONECROP. Succulent herbs, erect or prostrate. Leaves opposite alternate or whorled. Flowers cymose, rarely axillary and solitary, sometimes dioacious. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, free. Stamens 8-10, alternately opposite and often adnate to the petals. Scales 4-5, entire or notched. Carpels 4-5, free or connate at the base ; styles short ; ovules many. Follicles many or few-seeded. — DISTRIB. N. temp, and cold regions, rare in America ; species 120. — ETYM. scdeo, from the squatting habit of the species. SECTION 1. Tele'phium. Rootstock stout, perennial. Stems annual. Leaves broad or concave. 1. S. Rhodi'ola, DC. ; leaves alternate sessile, flowers 8-merous dicecious. RJwdi'ola ro'sea, L. Rose-root. Moist alpine and subalpine rocks, from S. Wales northwards ; ascending to near 4,000 ft. in the Highlands, also on maritime rocks in Scotland ; common in Ireland ; fl. May-Aug. — Rootstock 2-3 in., as thick as the thumb, branched, woody, cylindric, scent of roses ; buds scaly. Stems 6-18 in., fleshy. /,. ,>,-,.< 1-1 £ in., glaucous, larger and more crowded upwards, obovate-oblong or lanceolate, acute, toothed at the tip. Cymes compact, corymbose. i'ln,<-, ,• 1 in. diam., yellow or purplish. Sepals narrow. Petals linear, smaller or 0 in the female flower. Sntles notched. — DISTRIB. W. Europe (Arctic), Hima- laya, E. and W. N. America. 2. S. Tele'phium, L. ; leaves subsessile, flower 5-merous hermaphro- dite. Orpine. Stony hedgebanks and copses, &c. from Argyle southwards, local ; ascend- in Ire" u iv, oloi 6-24 in., stout, green or spotted red. Leaees 1-3 in., rarely opposite below, , . , - ing to 1,2')0 ft. in Yorkshire ; very rare in Ireland ; often a garden escape ; fl. July-Aug. — Rootxtock short, stout ; roots many, elongate, tuberous. Si* •///.< ovate or oblong, obtuse, flat or concave, obtusely toothed or serrate, f ;// dense, corymbose. Flowers $ in. diam., rosy white or speckled. .v.v«//.v ovate-lanceolate. Petals twice as long, lanceolate. — DISTKIB. Europe, Siberia to Kamtschatka, W. Asia to the Himalaya. YAH. 1. pvtpvraJeau, Koch(sp.); upper leaves sessile rounded at the base, carpels furrowed at the back.— VAR. 2, Falm'ria, Koch (sp.) ; more slender, upper leaves all cuneate at the base, carpels not furrowed. Common. SEDI-M.] CRASSULACE^E. 137 SECTION 2. Cepse'a. Annual or biennial. Stem simple. Leaves sub- cylindric. 3. S. villo'sum, L. ; glandular-pubescent, leaves sessile 4-cylindric. Bogs and marshes in hilly districts from York and Westmoreland to Argyle and Elgin, ascending to 2,000 ft. in Yorkshire ; absent from Ireland ; fl. June-July.— Biennial. Stem with a tuft of leaves the first year, lengthening in the second, then slender, 3-6 in., and flowering. Leaves J-^ in., scattered, linear, obtuse. Cyme few-flowered, subscorpioid. Flowers J in. diam., white or purplish. Sepals ovate, obtuse Petals broad, acute.— DISTRIB. W. Europe (Arctic), Norway to Italy and Hungary, Green- land. SECTION 3. Se'dnm proper. Perennial. Stems branched, with many flowerless leafy prostrate or ascending shoots. Leaves cylindric or £- cyliudric. * Flowers white. 4. S. album, L. ; glabrous or slightly glandular, leaves alternate sub- cylindric oblong contracted at the base, petals oblong-lanceolate. Malvern Hills, Gloucestershire, and Somerset, indigenous (Syme) ; a garden escape on walls from Forfar southwards ; an alien, Watson ; fl. July- Aug. — Flotcerless stems prostrate ; flowering erect, 6-10 in. Leaves £-£ in., obtuse, bright green. Cyme corymbose, glabrous. Flowers J-i in. cfiam. Petals twice as large as the green sepals. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia. VAR. 1, teretifo'lium, Haw. (sp.); leaves much flattened above, sepals and petals obtuse. — VAR. 2, micrarithum, Bast.; leaves flattened on both surfaces, sepals rounder, petals more acute. Naturalized in Sussex, Ireland, &c. 5. S. ang'licum, L. ; glabrous, leaves alternate ovoid-oblong gibbous at the base below, petals lanceolate acuminate keeled. Rocks and banks, chiefly by the sea on the W. coasts, but ascending to 3,300 ft. in N. Wales ; all round Ireland ; fl. June-Aug. — Tufts matted, pale green or reddish. Flowering stems 1-2 in., ascending, leafy. Leaves £-^ in., crowded, tumid at the base> Cymes short, scorpioid. Flowers ^ in. diam., few, crowded at the top of the flowering stem, white, or pink. Sepals obtuse, short. Carpels pink.— DISTRIB. W. Europe. 5. DASYPHYL'LUM, L. • glandular-pubescent, glaucous, leaves on the flowerless shoots mostly opposite subglobose or shortly ovoid equal at the base below. Old walls, &c. in Mid. and S. England ; Wales and Scotland, rare ; an alien, \l'n f.-:rn, ; fl. June-July. — Loosely tufted, very glaucous and pink, much branched. Flowerless stems short, with rosulate leaves ; flowering 2 in., flexu- ous, slender. Leaves |-£ in. Ct/me forked, few-flowered. Flowers % in. diam. Petals often streaked with pink.— DISTRIB. S.W. and S. Europe. ** Flowers yellow. 6. S. a'cre, L. ; glabrous, leaves densely imbricate alternate erect terete ovoid-oblong, sepals slightly gibbous at the base, petals lanceolate acuminate. Biting Stone-crop, Wall-pepper. 1 tucks, walls, and sandy places, especially near the sea ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. June-July.— Tufts or cushions 3-10 in. diam. Stem* 3-5 in. L "•'.••- £-£ in., obscurely 6-seriate, broadest at the base, gibbosity in contact 138 CRASSULACE^E. with the stem. Flowers $ in. diam., few, golden-yellow. Sepals obtuse, not half as long as the petals. Anthers yellow. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa. Siberia. — Taste acrid ; is a vesicant, emetic and cathartic. 7. S. rupes'tre, Hudson; glabrous, leaves linear -lanceolate flattened gibbous at the base, sepals oblong not gibbous at the base. Rocks in S.W. England and Wales, rare ; fl. June-July. — Stems stout, loosely tufted, green or tinged with pink ; flowerless with closely rosulate leaves ; flowering 6-10 in., with suberect scattered leaves. Leaees ^-1 in., acute or acuminate, the gibbosity close to the stem. Cymes 3-4 in. diam., branches scorpioid. Flowers § in. diam., golden yellow. Sepals oblong, obtuse. J'"/• pyriform, equalling the sepals. Seeds ovoid. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), W. Asia, E. America from Canada to Brazil. 3. D. ang'lica, Hudson; leaves suberect linear-spathulate, petioles glabrous, testa loosely reticulate. D. longifolia, L. in part. Wet moors, ascending to 1,700 ft. in the Highlands ; rare in S. England and in Ireland ; fl. July-Aug. — Very similar to D. intermedia, but larger. Leaves £ in. broad ; petioles 2-4 in. Scapes 4-8 in. Flowers \ in. diam., 5-8- inerous. Capsule, obovoid, longer than the sepals. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia to Kamtschatka, E. and W. America. D. otova'ta, Mert. and, Koch, with broader leaves, styles often notched, capsule half as long as the sepals, seeds imperfect, is probably a hybrid between this and D. rotundtfoUa. — Scotch moors. ORDER XXXI. HALORA'GEJE. Herbs or shrubs, often marsh or aquatic, with much-reduced or imper- fect perianths. Leaves opposite alternate or whorled, exslipnlate. Flowers often minute and 1 -sexual. Calyx superior; lobes 2, 4, or 0, valvate or slightly imbricate in bud. Stamens 1-8, epigynous in the 2-scxual flowers, filaments usually short ; anthers (except in Callitriche) long, 4-angled, basitixed and bursting laterally. Disk small or 0. Ovary inferior, mostly of 2-4 connate (rarely of 1) carpels; styles or stigmas as many as the carpels, except in Callitriche ; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous, ana- tropous. Fruit 2-4-celled, dry and indehiscent, or of 1-4 small l-smlcM drupes. Seed pendulous, testa membranous, albumen fleshy ; embryo rylimlric, axile, or minute in the base of the albumen. — DISTRIB. Widely dispersed ; genera 9 ; species 80. — AFFINITIES. Usually placed near Onagrariece, but differing in the valvate petals, solitary pendulous ovule, separate styles, fleshy albumen, and embryo, and 1 think much nearer Saxifragcce and Rhizophorcce. — PROPERTIES unimportant. Leaves all whorled, entire. Stamen and style 1 1 . Hippuris. Leaves all or lower whorled, much cut. Stamsns 4 or 8.... 2. Myriophyllum. Leaves all opposite, quite entire. Stamen 1 3. Callitriche. 1. HIPPU RIS, L. MARE'S-TAIL. Glabrous, aquatic herbs. Stems stout, erect, simple, leafy. Leaves whorled, narrow, quite entire. Flowers minute, solitary, axillary, some- times 1-scxual. Calyx-tube subglobose, limb entire. Petals 0. »SV>Kt>'<-V/./», "-/. — PROPERTIES. Purgative and bitter, but many yield by cultivation esculent fruits. l. BRYO'NIA, L. BRYONT. Slender climbing perennial herbs. Leaves 3-5-angled or -lobed. — MALE fl. in racemed corymbose or fascicled cymes. Calyx-lube campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla rotate or campanulate, 5-partite. Stamens 3, rarely 5 ; anthers free or slightly cohering, cells flexuous. — FKMAI.K fl. solitary or crowded, calyx and corolla of the male. Ovary ovoid or globose ; style slender, 3-lid, stigmas simple or 2-lobed. Berry spherical, many or few- seeded. Seeds tumid or compressed. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. ; species 1*2. — ETYM. $puu, to shoot, from the rapid growth of the shoots. 1. B. dioi'ca, L. ; hispid, dioecious, leaves palmately 5-lolir 1. Hedges and thickets in England, rare in the North ; absent from Scotland and Ireland ; fl. May-Sept. — Acrid, foetid. Rootslock of very largo fleshy tubers ; juice nauseous, milky. Stems many, annual, slender, angled, tendrils simple. Leaves 3-5 in. diam., petioled, suborbicular, cordate, lobes sinuate. Cymes of male corymbose, 3-8 flowered; of fern, umbelled. Corolla ^-f in. diam., hairy, greenish. Ovary smooth, stigmas 2-cleft. Berry 4 in. diam., red, 3-6- seeded.— DISTRIB. Europe from Denmark southwards, N. Africa, W. Asia.— Root acrid and cathartic. UMBELLIFERJE. 149 ORDER XXXV. UMBELLIF'ERJE. Herbs. Stems usually fistular, solid at the nodes. Leaves alternate, pinnately or 3-nately compound, rarely simple ; petioles dilated at the base. Inflorescence of usually regular and compound umbels, with an in- volucre of whorled bracts at the base of the primary rays, and of bracteoles at the secondary ; rarely simple or capitate. Flowers small, all 2-sexual and similar ; or outer in each umbel male, with large unequal petals and longer stamens, inner female or 2-sexual. Calyx superior ; limb 0 or 5- toothed. Petals 5, epigynous, usually obovate or obcordate, tip often in- tiexed, imbricate, induplicate, or valvate in bud. Stamens 5, at the base of the disk ; filaments incurved, anthers versatile. Disk epigynous, usually of 2 lobes confluent witli the bases of the styles, rarely free. Ovary 2- celled ; styles 2, erect or recurved, stigmas obtuse ; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous, anatropous, raphe ventral, micropyle superior, integuments con- fluent with the nucleus. Fruit of 2 indehiscent, dorsally or laterally com- pressed carpels, separated by a commissure ; carpels each normally 5- or 10- ridged, attached to and often pendulous from an entire or split slender axis (carpophore) ; pericarp often traversed by oil-canals (vittce). Seed pendulous, usually adherent to the pericarp, testa membranous, albumen copious dense ; embryo minute, next the hilum, cotyledons ovate-oblong or linear, often very unequal. — DISTRIB. Chiefly N. Europe, N. and W. Asia, and N. Africa; rarer in America, S. Africa, Australia, and tropical mountains ; genera 152; species 1,300. — AFFINITIES. Intimate with Araliacece and Cornece. — PRO- PERTIES. 1. Poisonous, acrid, watery sap in jEihiisa, Gonium, Cicuta, (EnantJic. 2. Esculent in Angelica, Samphire, Parsley, Celery, &c. 3. Sugar and starch abound in Carrot, Parsnip, Pig-nut. 4. Milky foetid gum-resins in stems of Asafcetida, Galbanum, &c. 5. Essential oils in the fruit of Anise, Dill, Caraway, Coriander, and Cummin. — The ridges are normally 9 on each carpel ; viz. 5 primary, of which 2 are lateral next the commissure, 1 dorsal, 2 intermediate ; and 4 secondary, alternating with them. The vittse occur between the ridges, rarely in them ; normally there are 6 in each carpel, 4 between the primary ridges and 2 oil the commissural face. SERIES 1. HETEROSCIA'DE^E. Umbels simple, or very irregularly compound, orflomrs capitate. Vittce 0 or obscure. See' 34. Caucahs. TRIBE I. HYDROCOT'YIiEJE. /Wnaterally much compressed ; commis- sure narrow 1. Hydrocotyle. TRIBE II. SANIC ULE-ffi. Fruit subterete, or dorsally compressed ; com- missure broad. Leaves spinous. Umbels densely capitate 2. Ervngium. Leaves palmate. Bracts very large 2*. Astrantia. Leaves palmate. Fruit with hooked spines 3. Sanicula. SERIES 2. HAPLOZYG'IEJE. Umbels compound. Primary ridges the most conspicuous (except in 22*. Conandrum). Vittce usually obvious. TRIBE III, AMMI'NE.ffi. Fruit laterally compressed ; commissure narrow. Section 1. Smyrn'iese. Fruit short, ovoid or didymous ; ridges not winged. Seed grooved in front. Vittae solitary in the interstices; ridges slender 4. Physospermum. 150 UMBELLTFERJS. Vittse several. Disk-lobes depressed ; ridges elevated 5. Conium. Vittae several. Disk-lobes conical ti. Smynmnn. Section 2. Ammi'nese proper. Fruit as in 1, but seed flat in front. * Petals entire, tip acute or shortly inflexed. Vittae 1-2. Leaves simple. Flowers yellow 7. Bupleurum. Leaves compound. Flowers white, dioecious S. Trinia. Leaves compound. Flowers white, 2-sexual 9. Apium. ** Petals 2-lobed, tip long, inflexed. Vittse solitary in the interstices. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Vittae as long as the fruit 10. Carum. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Vittae very short 11. Sis.m. Calyx-teeth ovate, acute. Vittse long 12. Cicuta. *** Petals as in * ; but vittse several in each interstice (except in ^EV/o »«"'<'"/;/). Calyx-teeth acute. Leaves pinnate 13. Sium. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Leaves 2-ternate. Vittse 0 14. .Egopodium. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Leaves various. Vittae many 15. Pimpinella. Section^. Scandicinese. Fruit elongate. Seed grooved iii front. * Vittae many in each interstice, often faint 16. Conopodium. ** Vittse 0, or 1 in each interstice. Fruit. | in.; ridges almost winged 17. Myrrhis. Fruit 1-3 in.; ridges prominent 18. Scaiulix. Fruit i in. ; ridges vanishing upwards 19. Cluerophyllum. Fruit |-J in. ; ridges 0 or obscure 20. Anthriscus. TRIBE IV. SESELINE.JE. Fruit globose or ovoid, not laterally compressed; commissure broad; lateral ridges distinct (except in 22*. r,,, ,'«„,/,,;//,). rarely winged, if so wings of opposite carpels not in contact. Sub-tribe 1. Seseli nese proper. Fruit svbterete; ridges not thickened or corky. Calyx-teeth small. Petals white, notched 21. Seseii. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals yellow, entire 22. Fceniculum. Sub-tribe 2. Corian'drese. Fruit globose ; ridges low, secondar,/ broadest. 22*. Coriandrum. Sub-tribe 3. Cachry'deae. Fruit subterete ; primary ridges acute ; outer coat of pericarp lax 23. Crithmum. Sub-tribe 4. CEnan these. Fruit suliterete; primary ridges thick, lateral forming a corky rim round the carpel. Bracteoles whorled 24. CEnanthe. Bracteoles unilateral 25. Jitlmi-H. Sub-tribe 5. Schultz'iese. Fruit subterete; lateral ridges thickened or winged 26. Silaus. Sub-tribe 6. Seli'neee. Fruit dorsally compressed ; primary ridges broaii f/< /'<•/.-. Seed concave in front 27. Meuni. Seed almost flat in front 28. Ligusticum. Sub-tribe 7. Angel'icese. Fruit much dorsally compressed; lateral ridget broadly winged 29. Angelica. TRIBE V. PEUCEDA'NE7E. Fruit much dorsally compressed ; lateral ridges broadly winged, those of the opposite carpels contiguous (face to face) ; other ridges filiform. Styles short, stout, erect. Wings with thin margins ; vittae as long as the fruit 30. Peucedanum. Wings with thin margins ; vitta? club-shaped 31 . Heracleum . Wings with thick margins 32. Tordylium. UMBELLIFERjE. 151 SERIES 3. DIPLOZYGTEJE. Umbels compound (sometimes simple in Caucalis) ; secondary ridges more distinct than the primary (see also 22*. Coriandrum), spinous in the British genera. Bracts pinnatifid or laciniate. Seed flat in front 33. Daucus. Bracts entire or 0. Seed grooved in front 34. Caucalis. ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA. I. Leaves undivided. Creeping. Leaves peltate 1. Hydrocotyle. Erect. Leaves linear 7. Bupleurum. II. Leaves palmate, or simply 3-nately divided. Umbels subglobose. Fruit prickly. Leaves palmate 3. Sanicula. Umbels in dense heads. Fruit scaly. Leaves spiny .2. Eryngium. Umbels many-rayed. Leaves 3-foliolate 30. Peucedanum. Bracts large, coloured. Leaves palmate 2*. Astrantia. III. Leaves simply pinnate, rarely compound at the base. a. Fruit dorsally much compressed, winged. Border of wings very thick. Petals pink 32. Tordylium. Border of wings not thickened. Petals white 31. Heracleum. /3. Fruit not much compressed, terete or didymous. * Fruit spiny. Seed grooved in front 34. Caucalis. ** Fruit glabrous. Seed flat or nearly so in front, t Petals entire. Carpophore 2-partite Carpophore entire or 2-fid ft Petals notched or 2-lobed. Ridges of fruit slender ; vittse clavate, solitary, short 11. Sison. ....15. Pimpinella. 13. Sium. 34. Caucalis. ....20. Anthriscus. Ridges of fruit prominent ; vittse several, long Ridges of fruit slender ; vittae several, long. . . IV. Leaves 2-3- pinnate or 2-3- ternate. a- Fruit terete or angled, not much dorsally comj * Seed grooved in front, or with involute margins, •f* Fruit muricate or prickly. Ridges of fruit elevated, with strong spines Ridges obscure *H* Fruit smooth, glabrous, rarely pubescent. J Fruit short, ovoid, subglobose or didymous. Flowers white. Ridges filiform ; vittse solitary 4. Physospermum. Flowers white. Ridges thick, waved ; vittse several 5. Coniutn. Flowers yellow. Ridges stout, even ; vittse several 6. Smyrnium. Jt Fruit narroiv, but not beaked. Flowers white. Ridges slender ; vittse numerous 16. Conopodium. Ridges sharp ; vittse 0 17. Myrrhis. Ridges obtuse ; vittse solitary : 19. Chserophyllum. +++. Fruit narrow, beaked. Flowers white. Beak long ; ridges obtuse .... • i i Beak moderate ; ridges obscure 18. Scandix. 20. Anthriscus. 152 UMBELLIFER^E, [HYDROCOTYLE. ** Seed flat in front or nearly so. (Fruit short in all.) t Petals white, entire, with an incurved point. Ridges slender ; vittse 1-3. Carpophore entire or 2-fid ............. 9. Apium. Ridges stout, sharp; vittae numerous ................................ 23. Crithmum. ft Petals yellow, entire or with an incurved point. Ridges slender ; carpophore 2-partite .................................... 10. Carum. Dioecious. Vittee within the stout ridges ................................. 8. Trinia. Bracteoles 0. Vittae solitary ......................................... 22. Fceniculum. Bracteoles many. Vittae 2-3 ................................................ 27. Meum. Bracteoles many. Vittse many ............................................. 26. Silaus. ttt Petals white, obcordate, notched or 2-lobed. H Calyx-teeth distinct. Fruit didymous ; ridges flat ; vittae solitary ............................. 12. Cicuta. Fruit subterete ; ridges thick ; vittae 1-2 ............................... 21. Seseli. Fruit globose ; ridges obscure ; vittae 0 ........................ 22*. Coriandrum. HH Calyx-teeth obscure or 0. Fruit covered with hooked bristles ...................................... 33. Daucua. Bracts and bracteoles linear ................................................ 10. Carum. Bracteoles 0. Ridges slender ; vittse 0 ; styles slender ...14. ^Egopodium. Bracts few or 0, bracteoles many. Ridges obtuse ................ 24. (Enanthe. Bracts and bracteoles unilateral, deflexed .............................. 25. ^Ethusa. Bracts few or 0, bracteoles many. Ridges almost winged ...28. Ligusticum. ft. Fruit much dorsally compressed, broadly winged. * Lateral imngs of the opposite carpels closely contiguous. Petals white, notched. Wings thin, vittae club-shaped ...... 31. Heracleum. Petals various. Wings thin, vittse long ........................ 30. Peucedanum. Petals white. Wings with a thickened border .................. 32. Tordylium . ** Lateral vnngs of opposite carpels trith a space between them. Petals white, notched. Wings thin ................................. 29. Angelica. 1. HYDROCOT'YIiE, L. WHITE-ROT, Small perennial herbs, often creeping. Leaves entire, lobed, or 3-5- foliolate. Umbels usually simple ; bracts few or 0. Calyx-teeth 5 or obso- lete. Petals not inflexed, valvate or imbricate in bud. Fruit much late- rally compressed ; commissure narrow carpophore undivided 2-fid or 0 ; carpels nearly orbicular, with 1-5 ridges on each side ; vittae 0 or slender ; styles filiform, on the flattened disk. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. ; species 70.— ETYM. iiowp and KOTV\I], from the cupped peltate leaf. 1. H. vulga'ris, L. ; leaves orbicular peltate crenate, petiole pilose. Marshes, bogs, &c., ascending to 1,000 ft. in the Lake district ; fl. May -Aug. — Stem filiform, white, creeping, rarely floating. Leaves ^-2 in. diam., 1 or 4 at the nodes ; petioles 2-6 in. Umbels axillary, shortly peduncled. Flowers small, capitate, pinkish-green ; bracts minute, triangular, concave. Fruit & in. diam. ; carpels covered with resinous points, with 2 ridges on each side. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa. 2. ERYNGIUM, L. ERYNOO. Rigid, branched, often glaucous, perennial herbs. Leaves spinous-toothed, lobed or cut. Flowers sessile, in very dense bracteolate heads, surrounded at the base by a whorl of rigid bracts. Calyx-tube scaly ; teeth rigid, ERYXGIUM.] UMBELLIFER^. 153 acute, longer than the petals. Petals narrow, deeply notched, point long, infiexud. Disk-lobes concave, crenulate. Fruit ovoid ; commissure broad, carpophore 0 ; carpels $ -terete, primary ridges obscure 1-vittate ; styles filiform, slender, erect. Seeds flat or subconcave in front. — DISTRIB. Temp, and sub-trop. regions, chiefly S. American; species 100. — ETYM. uncertain. — Very slender vittae often occur in the endocarp. 1. E. marit imum, L. ; very glaucous, radical leaves suborbicular 3-lobed spinous, cauline palmate. Sea Holly. Sandy shores, from Aberdeen and Argyle southwards, all Ireland ; fl. July- Aug. — Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous. Stems 1-2 ft., stout, 3-chotomously branched. Radical leaves 2-5 in. diam., margins cartilaginous. Heads about 3 together, ^-1 in. diam., at length ovoid. Primary involucre of 3 bracts ; partial of 5-7 ovate spinous - serrate bracts ; bracteoles 3-fid, equalling the flowers. Flowers fa in. diam., bluish- white. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa. — Roots formerly candied as a sweetmeat. E. CAMPES'TRE, L. ; pale green, radical leaves pinnately 3-5-foliolate, cauline 2-pinnatiM. Near ballast heaps, Plymouth, Weston-super-Mare, the Tyne, Cardiff, Water- ford, &c. ; partially naturalized; a denizen, Watson; fl. July- Aug. — Erect, 1-2 ft., less glaucous and more branched than E. maritimum. — DISTRIB. Europe, from Denmark southwards ; N. Africa, W. Siberia. 2*. ASTRAN'TIA, L. Erect, simple or branched, perennial herbs. Rootstock short, creeping. Leaves palmately lobed or cut. Umbels simple or irregularly compound ; bracts many, radiating, often coloured. Flowers polygamous, males on shorter pedicels. Calyx-limb campanulate ; teeth exceeding the petals, with long points. Petals notched ; point long, inflexed. l>isk-lobcs cup- shaped. Fruit ovoid or oblong, nearly terete ; commissure broad, carpo- phore 0 ; carpels dorsally compressed, primary ridges equal, with plaited wrinkled or toothed inflated ribs, interstices 1-vittate ; styles filiform. — DISTRIB. Europe and W. Asia ; species 4 or 5. — ETYM. fa-rpov, from the star-like umbels. A. MA'JOR, L. ; leaves with 3-7 ovate-lanceolate serrate lobes. Naturalized in woods, Ludlow and Malvern ; fl. June-July. — Stem 1-2 ft. Hint, 'ral leaves 3-4 in. diam., acute, serratures bristle-pointed ; petiole 4-10 in. ill-art?, i-^ in., ovate-lanceolate, reticulate, white below, above dark green tinged with pink, serrulate. Flowers white or pink ; pedicels filiform. Fr>"'t i in.; styles spreading. — DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe. 3. SANIC'ULA, Z* SAMCLE. Slender, erect, perennial herbs. Rootstock stout, short, creeping. Leaves palmately cut. Umbels small, subglobose, irregularly compound ; bracts leafy; bracteoles few. Flowers usually 1 -sexual. Calyx-teeth as long as the petals, subherbaceous, pungent. Petals minute, deeply notched ; point long, inflexed. Disk-lobes dilated. Fruit ovoid ; covered with hooked prickles ; commissure rather broad, carpophore 0 ; carpels 4-terete, ridges inconspicuous, interstices 1-vittate ; styles filiform. Seed flat in front. — DISTRIB. N. temp, regions ; species 10. — ETYM. sano, to heal. 154 UMBELLIFER^!. [SANICVLA. 1. S. europse'a, L. ; fertile flowers subsessile, males pedicelled. Copses, &c. ; ascending upwards of 1,000 ft. in the N. of England ; fl. June- July.— Glabrous. Stem 1-2 ft. , simple, almost leafless. Ra« •'!. Fruit ovoid, laterally compressed or didymous ; commissure much constrii-tcd, carpophore 2-partite ; carpels subterete or angular, with 3 prominent ribs ; vittae many; styles short, recurved. Seed deeply grooved in fr;>nt. SMYRXIUM.] UMBELLIFERsE. 155 — DISTRIB. Europe, "W. Asia, N. Africa ; species 6 or 7. — ETYM. The old Greek name. — Ridges variable iu prominence and number ; outer coat of the pericarp often loose, with the vittse adhering to the inner. 1. S. Olusa'trum, L. ; cauline leaves petioled 3-foliolate serrate. Waste places, especially near the sea and amongst ruins, from Stirling south- wards, rare ; frequent in Ireland ; a denizen on the coast, an alien inland, Watson; fl. April-June.— Shining. Root stout, biennial. Stem 1-3 ft., solid, furrowed, panicled, branches often opposite. Petioles large, sheath- ing, margins hairy. Leaflets 1J-2 in., broadly obovate or ovate, obtusely serrate or lobed. Umbels lateral and terminal, subglobose ; rays few or many, long or short. Fruit ^in., dark brown. — DISTRIB. Europe from Holland southwards, N. Africa, W. Asia. — Formerly cultivated as a pot-herb. 7. BUPLEU'RUM, L. HARE's-EAR. Annual or perennial, glabrous herbs or shrubs. Leaves simple, quite entire. Umbels compound, many-rayed, or irregular and few-rayed ; bracts and bracteoles many and leafy, or few and small, or 0 ; flowers yellow, sessile or pedicelled. Calyx-teeth 0. Petals hooded, with an inflexed point. Disk-lobes tumid or dilated. Fruit laterally compressed ; com- missure broad, carpophore 2-fid ; carpels 5-angled, primary ridges promi- nent or winged or 0 ; vittse 0 or 1 or more in the interstices, continuous or interrupted ; styles short, reflexed. Seed subterete, flat concave or deeply grooved in front. — DISTRIB. Europe, temp. Asia, N. and S. Africa, N.W. America.— ETYM. obscure. 1. B. rotundif oiium, L. ; annual, stem fistular, leaves perfoliate. Chalky fields, rare, E. and S. counties, from Durham to Somerset ; fl. June- July. — Glaucous. Stem 8-18 in., simple or branched above, terete. Leaves 1-2^ in., lower oblong, upper suborbicular, apiculate; nerves radiating. Bracts 0 ; bracteoles 3-5, ovate, leafy, longer than the many short rays, connate at the base, suberect hi fruit. Fruit broad, £ in. ; vittse 0 ; ridges slender. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia ; introd. in N. America. 2. B. falca'tum, L. ; perennial, stem erect slender fistular, leaves oblong-lanceolate, nerves many parallel, upper broader J-amplexicaul. Hedgerows and fields, between Ongar and Chelmsford ; a doubtful native ; fl. Aug. — Rootstock branched. Stems 1^-4 ft., simple or branched above. Radical leaves 1-3 in., acute ; petiole ^-amplexicaul ; cauline recurved. Umbels very small ; bracts 2-5, short, unequal ; bracteoles 4-5, oblong, aristate. Flowers minute. Fruit | in., narrow ; ridges prominent ; vittse in threes. — DISTRIB. Europe from Belgium southwards, W. Asia to India and Japan. 3. B. tennis's imum, L. ; annual, stem solid, leaves linear-lanceolate acuminate 3-nerverl, bracts subulate. Waste places and salt marshes, from Cheshire and Lancashire southwards and westwards to Dorset ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Stem 6-18 in., erect or procumbent, flexuous, ribbed.. Leaves ^-1 in., rigid, lowest slightly dilated upwards. Umbels axillary, very small, racemed or subspicate along the branches ; bracts 3-5, unequal ; bracteoles similar. Fruit broad, minute, granulate ; ridges prominent ; vittse 0.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia. 4. B. arista'tum, Bartl. ; annual, stem short solid, leaves ensiform pungent 3-5-ucrved, bracts oblong aristate. B. Odontites, Sm. not of L. 156 miBELLIFERJE. Sandy and rocky banks, &c., very rare ; Torquay ; E. Sussex ; Channel Islands, common ; fl. July. — Stem 2-8 in., rigid, simple or forked ; branches stout, divaricate, ribbed. Leaves ^-1 in., lowest sometimes petioled. Bracts 3-5, concealing the umbels, rigid ; nerves strongly reticulate ; margins scarious. Fruit minute, oblong ; ridges slender, smooth ; vittaj solitary. — DISTRIB. Europe from France southwards. 8. TRIN'IA, Hoffmann. HOXEWORT. Glabrous, branched herbs. Leaves pinuately compound. Umbels com- pound, few-rayed ; bracts and bracteoles 1, 2, or 0 ; flowers white, usually dioecious, males with narrower petals. Calyx-teeth 0 or small. Petals acute or with an iuflexed point. Disk-lobes conical or depressed ; margins undulate. Fruit broadly ovoid, laterally compressed or didymous ; com- missure narrow, carpophore 2-partite ; carpels subterete or 5-angled, primary ridges subequal, thick, smooth, rugose or plaited, witli a large vitta inside each. Seed terete. — DISTRIB. S. Europe and temp. Asia ; species 8. — ETYM. Dr. Trinius, a Russian botanist. 1. T. vulga'ris, DC. ; glabrous, bracts 0 or solitary, ridges smooth. Limestone rocks, rare ; S. Devon, N. Somerset, St. Vincent's Rocks, Bristol ; fl. May-June. — Glaucous. Root fusiform, biennial, fibrous at the top. Stem 3-6 in., branched from the base, solid, stout, deeply grooved : branches divaricate. Leaves spreading, petioles and linear segments very slender. Male umbels depressed ; female irregular, rays longer ; bract 3-cleft or 0 ; bracteoles 2-3, linear. Flowers minute. Fruit fa in., ovoid ; styles slender ; segments of carpophore flattened. — DiSTRLB. Europe from Belgium southwards to Greece. 9. A'PIUM, L. (and Helosciadium, Koch). CELERY. Annual or perennial, glabrous herbs. Leaves pinnate or 3-nately com- pound. Umbels compound, often leaf-opposed, or in the forks ; bracts few or 0 ; bracteoles many or 0 ; flowers white. Calyx-teeth 0. Petals entire. acute, or with a short incurved point. Disk-lobes depressed or conical, margins entire. Fruit broadly ovoid, laterally compressed ; commissure constricted, carpophore simple ; carpels 5-angled, primary ridges equal prominent obtuse ; vittaj solitary in the interstices. Seed subterete. — DISTIIIB. Temp, andsubtrop.; species 14.— ETYM. obscure. SECTION 1. A'pium proper. Bracteoles 0. Petals much incurved. 1. A. crave olens, L. ; leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate. Wild Celery. Marshy places by the sea, common in England and Ireland, Cantire in Scot- land ; fl. June- Aug. — Rank-scented. Root fusiform, biennial. Sttm 2 ft., erect, stout, grooved. Leaves 6-18 in.; leaflets £-l£in., cuneato obovate or rhomboid, lower petioled, cut or lobed. Umbels shortly peduncled or sessile. Flowers', greenish- white. Fruit •?* in., roundish; ribs prominent ; vittae solitary ; styles short, recurved, divergent. — DISTRIB. Europe. N. Africa, W. Asia to N.W. India. SECTION 2. Helosciadium, Koch (gen.). Bracteoles many. Petals nearly straight. — Aquatic or subaquatic. 2. A. nodiflorum, Reich.; prostrate or creeping, leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate, leaflets slightly lobed serrate. APIUM.] UMBELLIFEK&. 157 Marshy places, from Isla and Haddington southwards ; fl. July-Aug. — Perennial. Stems 1-3 ft, slender. Leaflets ^-1£ in., very variable, sessile, oblong, crenate serrate or lobulate. Umbels leaf-opposed, sessile or shortly peduncled ; rays unequal ; bracts usually 0 ; bracteoles many, oblong, scarious. Flowers small. Fruit ^ in. ; ribs prominent ; vittse solitary ; styles short, divergent. — DISTRIB. Europe from Belgium southwards, N. Africa. VAR. 1, nodiflo)Jum proper ; stem decumbent, flowering branches rooting at the base only, peduncles short, bracts 0 or 1-2. — VAR. 2, re' pens, Koch (sp.); smaller, stem creeping, leaflets sharply toothed, peduncles long, bracts 2-3 unequal unilateral. Sium repens, Sm. Rather rare. 3. A. inunda'tum, Reich.; decumbent or floating, submerged leaves 2-3-pinnate, leaflets capillary rarely linear, floating leaves pinnate, lower leaflets deeply 3-cleft. Wet places, local ; ascending to 1,600 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. June— July. — Perennial, flaccid, small, straggling. Stem 4-10 in., stout, flexuous. Leaflets of upper leaves Jin., cuneate, cut or lobed. Umbels very small, leaf- opposed, peduncles short, rays 2-4 unequal; bracts 0; bracteoles 4-6, lanceolate, 3-nerved. Flowers minute. Petals incurved. Fruit ^ in., subsessile, elliptic-oblong ; ridges prominent ; vittse solitary ; styles re- curved.— DISTRIB. Europe, from Gothland southwards (excl. Spain and Greece). 10. CA'RUM, L. CARAWAY. Annual or perennial, glabrous herbs. Leaves pinnate or decompound. Umbels compound, few- or many-rayed ; bracts few or 0 ; bracteoles more numerous or 0. Flowers white or yellow, 2-sexual or polygamous. Ca'yx- tccth minute or 0, sometimes unequal. Petals with an inHexed point and usually very deep notch ; of the male flowers often irregular. Disk-lobes conical. Fruit ovoid or oblong, often hispid, laterally compressed, hardly constricted at the commissure, carpophore 2-fid ; carpels 5-angled, primary ridges obtuse, equal, lateral close to the commissure ; vittae 1 (rarely 2) in the interstices. Scedi ^-terete. — DISTRIB. Temp, and sub- trop. ; species 50. — ETYM. The old Latin name. SECTION 1. Ca'rum proper. Roof, fusiform or fibrous. Leaves 1-2- pinnate. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals white, deeply notched. 1. C. verticilla'tum, L. ; root of fascicled fibres, leaves linear pin- nate, leaflets sessile short whorled palmately multifid, segments capillary. Meadows in the W. counties, from Argyle and Dumbarton southwards, local ; N.E. and W. Ireland ; fl. July-Aug.— Root-fibr-es 1-2 in., thickened down- wards. Stem 1-2 ft., erect, striate. Radical leaves 6-12 in., subcylindric ; leaflets curved upwards, capillary-multifid. Umbels regular, flat-topped ; rays 1-2 in. , peduncles slender ; bracts and bracteoles many, slender, short, reflexed. Flowers white or pink. Fruit ovoid ; ridges strong ; vittss large ; styles recurved.— DISTRIB. W. Europe from Holland southwards. C. CAR'UI, L. ; root fusiform, leaves narrow triangular- or linear- oblong 2-pinnate, leaflets cut to the base into linear lobes, bracts 1 or 0, bracteoles 0. Caraway. Waste places, naturalized only ; fl. June-July. — Stem, 10-24 in., slender, branched, striate, flstular. Leaves 6-10 in. ; pinnules opposite, segments acuminate. Umbels rather irregular, peduncles slender. Flowers white, 158 UMBELLIFER.E. outer larger irregular. Fruit oblong, ridges short ; vittae conspicuous ; styles spreading.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, W. Asia to the Himalaya. SECTION 2. Petroseli'num, Hoffm. (gen.). Root fusiform. Leaves pinnate or 2-3-pinnate. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals white or yellowish, scarcely notched. (Intermediate between Apium and Carum.} 2. C. see: etum, Bcnih. ; leaves pinnate, flowers white. Corn Parsley. Hedgebanks and waste places, local, from Hull southwards ; fl. Aug. -Sept.— Glabrous, annual. Stem 2-3 ft., erect, branched, terete, striate, solid. Leaves 4-6 in , oblong ; leaflets J-l^ in., subsessile, lobed or pinnatifid, seg- ments crenate. Umbels small, irregular, rays very unequal, outer i-1 in. ; bracts and bracteoles 3-5, linear or subulate. Flowers minute. Fruit £ in., ovoid ; styles very short, erect. — DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe, from Holland southwards ; W. Asia. 0. PETROSELI'NITM, Bcnth.; leaves 3 -pinnate, flowers yellow. Pctroseli- num sfttivum, Hoffm. Common Parsley. Castle walls and waste places ; a garden escape ; fl. June-Aug. — Glabrous, shining, biennial. Stem. 1-2 ft., erect, much-branched, terete, striate, solid. Leaves deltoid ; leaflets many, i-1 in., close-set, broadly ovate, 3-cleft ; segments cuneate, crenate, of upper leaves few, narrow. Umbel* regular, flat-topped ; rays many, 1-2 in. ; bracts 2-3, often divided ; bracteoles many. Flowers minute. Fruit ,»„ in. , ovoid, green ; styles slender, reflexed. — DISTUIB. Only known as a cultivated plant or an escape. SECTION 3. Bu'nium, L. (gen.). Root a solitary tuber. Leaves 2-3- pinnate. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals white, deeply notched. 3. C. Bulbocast anum, Koch; leaves broadly triangular 3-piiniatc, primary segments petioled, leaflets cut into few slender lobes. Chalky fields, rare, Hertford, Bedford, and Cambridge ; fl. June-July.— Root globose, as large as a chestnut, black. Stem erect, striate, much branched, and patioles flexuous at the base. Leaves 4-6 in., ultimate segments £-4j in., tips callous. Umbels rather irregular, many-rayed ; bracts and bracteoles small, narrow ; p3duncles stout, grooved, angular. F/o/rers white, outer rather larger. Fruit nearly J in. ; ridges stout ; vitiae compr js.sod ; styles short, recurved. — DISTRIB. Europe from Belgium southwards, N. Africa, Siberia.— Pigs are fed on the tubers in Hertfordshire. 11. SI SON, L. Characters of Carum, but vitte very short, often obscure, ori-upying only the upper half of the fruit. — DISTRIB. One species, native of Europo, from France southwards and eastwards. — ETYM. unknown. 1. S. Amo'mum, L. ; leaves pinnate or 2-pinnate below, upper smaller 3-lobed toothed or entire. Moist places, hedgebanks, &c.. from York and Chester southwards, rare in the N. of England ; a native? HV/'.w,, ; H. Aug. -Sept.— Annual or biennial, glabrous, nauseous-smelling. Root fusiform. Stem 2-3 ft., erect, branched, slender, leafy, solid. Leaves 6-12 in., deltoid-oblong; leaflets 1-3 in., shortly petioled, linear-oblong or ovate, base cuneate. Umbeh terminal and axillary, compound ; rays few, slender, unequal ; bracts and bracteoles 2—4, short, subulate, rarely 0. Flo w ers minute, white. Petals broadly obcordate, deeply notched, with a long inflexed point. Fruit ovoid or subglobose ; UMBELLIFERJE. 159 ridges strong ; vittse very short, narrowed upwards ; styles short, recurved, on thick depressed disk-lobes. — Closely resembles Carum segetum. 12. CICU'TA, L. WATER-HEMLOCK, COWBANE. Tall, perennial, glabrous herbs. Leaves pinnate or decompound. Um- bels compound, many-rayed ; bracts few or 0 ; bracteoles many, small ; flowers white. Calyx-teeth acute. Petals with an inflexed point. Disk- lobes depressed, entire. Fruit orbicular or broadly ovoid, constricted at the commissure, didymous, carpophore 2-partite ; carpels slightly com- pressed, primary ridges thick broad flat ; vittae solitary in the inter- stices, tieeds subterete, slightly convex in front. — DISTRIB. Marshes of the N. hemisphere ; species 3. — ETYM. The old Latin name of the Hemlock. 1. C. viro'sa, //. ; root fibrous, leaflets lanceolate doubly serrate. Watery places, from Dumbarton and Forfarshire southwards. Mid. and N. Ireland, local; fl. July-Aug. — Rootstock short, stout, hollow and septate. Stfm 2-4 ft. , stout, leafy, furrowed. Leaves large, deltoid, 2-3-pinnate ; petioles stout ; leaflets 2-4 in. , oblique. Umbels 3-5 in. diam. , long- peduncled, terminal and leaf-opposed, flat-topped, rays long, slender ; bracts 0 ; bracteoles many, short, slender. Flowers minute. Calyx-teeth ovate. Fruit -^ in. broad, broader than long ; styles slender, recurved. — DI.STRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia to Kamtschatka. 13. SI'UM, L. WATER-PARSNIP. Glabrous herbs. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets toothed. Umbels compound, terminal or lateral ; bracts and bracteoles many ; flowers white. Calyx- teeth acute. Petals with an inflexed point. Disk-lobes thick, conical, or depressed. Fruit ovoid or oblong, laterally compressed or constricted at the commissure, carpophore undivided ; carpels 5-angled, primary ridges equal, prominent, obtuse or thickened, lateral next the commissure ; yittae many, in the interstices. Seed subterete. — DISTRIB. N. temp, regions, S. Africa, St. Helena ; species 4. — ETYM. unknown. 1. S. latifo'lium, L. ; leaflets regularly serrate, umbels terminal. Watery places, common in the Fen counties, rare elsewhere ; Falkirk in Scot- land ; loca' and rare in Ireland; fl. July-Aug. — Rootstock short, stoloni- ferous. Stem 5-6 ft., erect, stout, fistular, grooved, branched above. L'"i.>:es large ; leaflets 4-6, 2-6 in., sessile, linear- or oblong-lanceolate ; sub- merged sometimes pinnatifid. Umbels large, flat-topped, rays many ; bracts and bracteoles often foliaceous, large. Flowers small, outer rather larger. /'/•'!/< | in., broadly ovoid, ridges prominent; styles rather slender. — DlS- TRIB. Europe (except Turkey), N.W. Asia to India, N.W. America. 2. S. angrustifo'lium, L. ; leaflets of radical leaves regularly of stem- leaves very irregularly serrate, umbels leaf-opposed. Wet places, from Elgin southwards ; rarer in Scotland and Ireland ; fl. summer. —ftootstock creeping stoloniferous, leafing at the nodes. Leaves 4-8 in.; leaflets of lower leaves 5-10, 1-2 in. , sessile, ovate-oblong ; of cauline leaves fewer, smaller. Stem 1-3 ft., leafy. Umbels with few and unequal rays; bracts irregularly cut. Fruit shorter than in S. latifolium, with more immersed vittse and conical disk-lobes. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia to India. 160 UMBELLIFER^!. 14. JEGOPO'DIUM, L. GOAT-, GOUT-, or BISHOP'S-WEED. Stem stout, glabrous. Rootstock creeping. Leaves 2-3-ternate ; leaflets broad. Umbels compound, many-rayed; bracts and bracteoles few <>r 0; flowers white. Calyx-teeth 0. Petals broad, unequal, point inflexud. Disk-lobes tumid; styles slender, reflexed. Fruit ovoid, laterally com- pressed, carpophore 2-fid ; carpels 5-angled, primary ridges slender equal distant ; vittre 0. Seed subterete. — DISTEIB. Europe, excl. Spain, W. Asia. — ETYM. df£and TTOUS, from the likeness of the leaf to a goat's foot. 1. JE. Podagra'ria, Z. ; leaves deltoid. Herb Gerard. Waste places near buildings or gardens, from Elgin southwards ; a doubtful native; a denizen in N. Britain, Watson; fl. June-Aug. — Glabrous. Hoot- stock white, pungent, aromatic. Stem 1-2 ft., tistular, grooved, branched above. Leaves 4-5 in., uppermost opposite; leaflets sessile, obliquely lance- olate or ovate-acuminate, irregularly serrate. Umbels terminal. 1 small. Fruit fe in., narrow-ovoid. 15. PIMPINEL'LA, L. BrilXET-SAXIFKAGE. Perennial, rarely annual herbs. Leaves pinnate or 3-nately compound. Umbels compound ; bracts 0 bracteoles few or 0 ; flowers white or yellow. Calyx-teeth small, or 0. Petals deeply notched, point lonij inflexed. Disk-lobes thick, conical. Fruit ovoid or oblong, laterally compressed, constricted at the broad commissure, carpophore -2- lid : carpels 5-angled, primary ridges equal slender ; vittae many, in the inter- stices ; styles short or long. Seed subterete, nearly flat in front, usually free from the pericarp. — DISTRIB. N. temp, regions, S. Africa, rare in S. America ; species 70. — ETYM. bipennula, from the 2-pinnatc leaves. 1. P. Saxif raga, L. ; stem terete, radical leaves pinnate, leaflets sub- orbicular, cauline 2-pinnate. Dry pastures from Sutherland southwards, ascends to 1,800 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. July. — Perennial, glabrous or pubescent. RooMock slender, hot. ;.'-rid. Stem 1-3 ft., slender, fun-owed, branched. Leaflets 4-8 pair, very variable, serrate lobed or almost pinnatifid ; lobes of cauline much narrower. I'm In /.< flat-topped. Flowe-s small, white. Fruit J in., glabrous, broadly ovoid; styles short, reflexed.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia to Dahuria. 2. P. mag'na, L. ; stem angular, leaves all pinnate, leaflets of radical ovate subcordate, of cauline narrower. Bushy waste places, local in England, from York and Durham southwards ; rare in Ireland ; fl. July- Aug.— Much larger than P. Saxifraga, but similar, 3—4 ft. ; leaflets often 1-2 in., membranous and broad ; styles longer and more slender ; outer flowers 2-sexual, inner male. — DlSTBlB. Chiefly Western and Mid. Europe, 16. CONOPO'DIUM, Koch. EARTH -xrr. Glabrous or pilose herbs. Rootstock tuberous. Leaves 3-nately divided. Umbels compound, many-rayed ; bracts and bracteoles 0 or membranous ; flowers white, polygamous, outer sometimes radiating. Calyx-teeth obsolete, of outer flowers often irregular, 2-fid, with an inflexed point. J>iak- lobes conical or depressed. Fruit ovoid or oblong, often shortly beaked ; commissure constricted, carpophore 2-fid ; carpels subterete, primary CONOPODIUM.] VMBELLIFER^. 161 ridges slender ; vitta) several in the interstices, often obscure or interrupted. Seed deeply grooved in front. — DISTRIB. Europe, N". Africa, temp. Asia ; species 8. — ETYM. K&VOS and irovs, from the conical disk-lobes. 1. C. denuda'tum, Koch; leaf-lobes linear, bracts and bracteoles 0. Bunium flexuosum, With. Woods and fields ; fl. summer. — Glabrous. Rootstock size of a chesnut, brown. Stem 2-3 ft., slender, terete, flexuous. Leaves 3-ternate, broadly deltoid, on slender petioles ; segments piiinatifid, lobes linear, the central largest. Umbels terminal, drooping when young, 6-10 rayed ; flowers small. Fruit tin., narrow-ovoid, ridges obscure; styles short, erect. — DISTKIB. Western Europe. — Very similar to Carum Bulbocastanum. . 17. MYR'RHIS, Scop. CICELY. Perennial tomeutose herbs. Leaves decompound. Umbels compound, many-rayed ; bracts few or 0 ; bracteoles many, membranous ; flowers white, polygamous. Calyx-teeth minute or 0. Petals with a very short inflexed point. Disk-lobes tumid. Fruit much elongate, hardly beaked, commissure broad, carpophore 2-nd ; carpels very convex at the back, primary ridges equal, hollow, very often rough, prominent ; vittse in the interstices solitary, slender, or obsolete. Seed concave or deeply grooved in front. — DISTRIB. Mts. of Europe and temp. S. America; species 2. — ETYM. The old Greek name. 1. M. odora'ta, Scopoli ; leaves whitish beneath, bracteoles lanceolate. Mountain pastures, usually near houses, from Chester and Derby northwards to Renfrew; ascending to 1,200 ft. in Yorkshire; not indigenous in Ireland ; a denizen or alien, Watson; fl. May-June. — Sparingly and finely hairy. Root fleshy, fusiform. Stem 2-3 ft., leafy, terete, fistular, grooved, branched above. Leaves deltoid, 3-pinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid, lobes serrate ; sheaths large. Umbels terminal ; bracteoles membranous, awned ; flowers small, outer only fertile. Fruit % in., linear-oblong, dark brown, ridges often scabrid ; styles very slender, diverging.— DISTRIB. Europe from France south- wards and eastwards, W. Asia.— Aromatic and stimulant ; once cultivated as a pot-herb, still used in salads in Italy. 18. SCAN'DIX, L. SHEPHERD'S NEEDLE. Annual herbs. Leaves pinnately decompound ; segments small, narrow. Umbels simple or compound, bracts 1 or 0 ; bracteoles several, entire or cut ; flowers white, polygamous, outer often radiating. Cal^x-teeth minute or 0. Petals often unequal, point short inflexed or 0. Disk dilated, margin undulated. Fruit slender, subcylindric, produced into a long beak, carpophore undivided or 2-fid ; carpels subterete, primary ridges broad or filiform, secondary 0 ; vittse solitary in the interstices, often obscure. Seed deeply furrowed in front. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, temp. Asia ; species 8 or 10. — ETYM. The Greek name for a Chervil. 1. S. Pecten-Ven'eris, L. ; fruit ciliate rough dorsally compressed. A cornfield weed from Ross southwards ; ascending to 1,000 ft. in Yorkshire ; a colonist, Watson; fl. June-Sept. — Branched from the base, pubescent with spreading hairs ; branches 6-18 in., rarely more. Leaves oblong, 2-3- pinnate, segments very slender. Umbels terminal and lateral ; rays 1-2 M 1C2 r.MUKLLIFKH.J-:. [ScAXinx. bracteoles many, green, sometimes leafy at the point. Flowers very irregular. Fruit 1-3 in., very slender, scabrid ; styles very short. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia "to N.W. India. 19. CHJEROPHYL'LUM, /.. CHERVIL. Herbs, often hairy. Leaves pinnately- rarely 3-nately decompound. Umbels compound, many -rayed ; bracts 1-2 or 0 ; bracteoles many ; (lowers white, rarely yellow, often polygamous. Calyx-teeth subulate or 0. Petals with a long or short inflexed point. JJi.ik-Jobels subterete, primary ridges equal, obtuse ; vittse solitary in the interstices. Seed deeply grooved in front. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. Asia, N. America ; species 30. — ETYM. \alpa> and v\\ov, from the agreeable odour of the leaf. 1. C. tem'ulum, L. ; stem swollen below the nodes purple-spotted, fruit glabrous, bracteoles reflexed. C. temulentum, Sm. Fields and waste places from Moray and Ross southwards; ascending to 1.200 ft. in Yorkshire; very rare in Ireland; fl. June-July. — Perennial, laxly hairy. Stem 1-3 ft., slender, solid, grooved, leafy, branched. /,"'••• x deltoid, - 2-pinuate, petioles and peduncles very slender ; leaflets ovate, membranous, pinnatifid, crenate. Umbels lateral, drooping when young ; rays unequal, slender ; bracts 0 ; bracteoles small oblong-lanceolate ; (lowers small, white. Fruit £ in., ovoid, narrowed into a slender beak ; styles very short, spreading. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa. 2O. ANTHRIS'CUS, Hoffm. BEAKED-PARSLEY. Annual or biennial, hairy herbs. Leaves deltoid, pinnately or 3-nately decompound. Umbels compound ; nodding when young ; bracts 1, 2, or 0 ; bracteoles many, entire; flowers white, often polygamous. Cal)i.i'-tnih minute or 0. Petals with an inflexed point. Disk-lobes conical or de- ju-e.-sed. Fruit ovoid or oblong, shortly beaked, commissure constrieted, rarpophore undivided or 2-fid ; carpels sub- or ^-terete, primary ridges routined to the smooth or rough upper part ; vittse very slender, Military in the interstices, or 0. Seed deeply grooved in front. — Disrr.ir.. Temp. Europe, Asia, N. Africa, N.W. America; species 10. — ETY.M. unknown. 1. A. vulga'ris, Pers. ; stem glabrous, umbels peduncled leaf-opposed, fruit hispid. Scandix Anthriscus, L. : Ohcerojjhyllum, Lamk. Hedgebanks and roadsides, rather rare in Ireland ; fl. May-June. — Sparingly hairy. Stem 2-3 ft., branched, leafy, fistular, swollen below the nodes. L n'-i.s 3-pinnate ; leaflets ovate, pinnatifid ; segments short, obtuse. r«//« /.< of unequal rays ; bracts 0 ; bracteoles short, oblong ; flowers minute. /'/•«.'« £ in., ovoid, muricate, beak short glabrous, pedicel with a ring of hairs at the tip; styles very short.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia.— Formerly cultivated as a pot-herb. 2. A. sylves'trls, Hoffm. ; stem hairy below, umbels peduncled ter- minal, fruit glabrous. Chcerophyllum syhestre, L. Hedgebanks and woods ; fl. April-June.— Hairy. Stem 2-3 ft., stout, erect, leafy, fistular, furrowed. Leaves 2-3-pinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid, ovate, coarsely serrate. Bracts 0 ; bracteoles oblong-lanceolate, ciliate, green, ANTHRISCUS.] . UMBELL1FEEM. 163 spreading or reflcxed, often pink ; flowers white. Fruit %-% in. — DISTKIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, Dahuria. A. CEREFO'LIUM, Hoffm. ; stem hairy above the nodes, umbels sessile lateral and leaf-opposed, fruit glabrous. Scandix, L. ; Chcerophyllum sativum, Gaertn. Chervil. Waste places, rare ; always an escape from cultivation ; fl. May-July. — Habit of A. vulgaris, but stouter, leaflets broader and flowers larger. Fruit % in., very narrow. — DISTRIB. Europe, excl. Spain and Greece, W. Siberia, W. Asia ? — Root reputed poisonous. 21. SESELI, /,, Biennial or perennial, erect, branched herbs. Leaves 2-3-pinnate or decompound. Umbels compound ; bracts many, few, or 0 ; bracteoles many, undivided ; flowers white. Calyx-teeth prominent or minute. Petals notched, with a long iuflexed point. Disk depressed or conic, undulate or crenate. Styles very short. Fruit ovoid or oblong, subterete, commissure broad, carpophore 2-partite ; carpels dorsally compressed, primary ridges prominent ; vittse 1 or very rarely 2 in the interstices. Seed flat in front. — DISTRIB. Europe, temp. Asia, N. Africa, Australia ; species 40. — ETYM. A Greek name. 1. S. Libano'tis, Koch ; glabrous or slightly pubescent, leaves 2-pin- nate, leaflets pinuatifid. Athamanta, L. Chalk hills, Sussex, Herts, and Cambridge; fl. July- Aug. — Rootstoclc perennial, crowned with fibres. Stem 1-2 ft., stout, erect, furrowed, solid, sparingly branched. Leaflets sessile, variable, ovate, petioles short. Umbels when in flower subhemispheric ; rays many, pubescent ; bracts and bracteoles many, subequal, subulate, ciliate, reflexed ; flowers small, white. Fruit A in., broadly ovoid, pubescent; styles slender, recurved. — DISTUIB. Europe (Arctic), excl. Spain Greece and Turkey, W. Asia to the Himalaya. 22. FOINICUI.UM, Adanson. FENNEL. Tall, glabrous, biennial or perennial herbs. Leaves piunately decom- pound, segments slender. Umbels compound ; bracts and bracteoles 0 ; flowers yellow. Calyx-teeth 0. Petals with a short obtuse point. Disk- lubes large, conical, entire. Styles short. Fruit ovoid or oblong, sub- terete, commissure broad, carpophore 2-partite ; carpels ^-terete, primary ridges stout ; vittse solitary in the interstices. Seed furrowed, flat or slightly concave in front. — DISTRIB. S. Europe, E. Asia, N. Africa ; species 4. — ETYM. The old Latin name. 1. F. vulga're, Gcertn. ; leaves shortly petioled, segments slender. Sea-cliffs, perhaps native from Anglesea southwards and eastwards to Kent, not so elsewhere; S. coast of Ireland; a native? Watson; fl. July-Aug. — Glabrous, perennial. Stem 2-3 ft., terete, striate, polished, almost solid. Leaves much divided ; segments very many, linear. Umbels large, glaucous ; rays very many ; flowers small. Fruit long, ovoid.— DISTRIB. Europe from Belgium southwards, N. Africa, W. Asia to India. 22*. CORIAN'DRUM, L. CORIANDER. An annual, slender, branched, glabrous herb. Leaves pinnately decom- pound. Umbels compound ; rays few ; bracts 0 ; bracteoles few, filiform ; 164 UMBELLIFERsE. [COEIAXDRVM. flowers white or pink, outer often irregular. Cn.lyx-te.cth acute. Petals 2-lobed, point inflexed. Disk-lobes conical. Fruit subglobose or ovoid, carpophore 2-fid ; carpels 4'terete, ridges depressed, slender, secondary broadest ; vittse obscure, solitary under each secondary ridge. Seed globose, dorsally compressed, top and base incurved. — DISTRIB. S. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia ; species 2. — ETYM. ftJpis, from the bug-like smell. C. KATI'VUM, L. ; leaflets of lower leaves ovate lobed and crenate. Waste places in S. and E. of England ; an escape from cultivation ; fl. June. — Stem 1-2 ft., slender, erect, fistular. Leaves membranous, lowest 1-2- upper 2-3-pinnate with narrow leaflets. Umtiei peduncled, rays 5-10 ; bracteoles short, linear, acute ; flowers small, very irregular. Fruit fa in. diam., sub- globose ; carpels cohering ; styles slender, flexuous. — DISTRIB. S.E. Europe, W. Asia. — Three carpels and styles occur. Foetid of bugs. 23. CRITH'MUM, L. SAMPHIRE. A fleshy, glabrous, much-branched herb, woody at the base. Leaves 3-nately compound ; segments quite entire. Umbels compound, many- rayed ; bracts and bracteoles many, short. Calyx-teeth 0. Petals minute, broad, fugacious, point long inflexed. Disk-lobes thick, depressed or subconic. Fruit ovoid-oblong, terete, commissure broad, carpophore 2-partite, outer layer corky loose ; carpels ^-terete, primary ridges thick, acute ; vittse many; styles short. Seed flat in front. — DISTRIB. Coasts of Europe from France southwards, N. Africa. — ETYM. obscure. 1. C. marit imum, L. ; leaflets linear, lax, fleshy. Maritime rocks from Ayrshire southwards, all coasts of Ireland ; fl. June- Aug. — Stem 6-10 in., ascending, flexuous, solid, striate. Leares deltoid ; leaflets few, 1-2 in., terete, subulate or subfusiform ; petioles short, sheaths long adnate membranous. Umbel-s flat-topped, peduncles stout fleshy ; bracts and bracteoles acute, spreading; flowers small, white. Fruit % in., oblong, dark green or purplish. — Yields the well-known pickled condiment. 24. CENAN'THE, L. WATER DttOPWORT. Glabrous herbs, often aquatic. Roots fibrous or tuberous. Leaves 1-2-3- pinnate, rarely reduced to a fistular petiole. Umbels compound ; bracts or bracteoles many, rarely few or 0 ; flowers white, often polygamous and outer rayed. Calyx-teeth acute. Petals notched or 2-lobed, point long inflexed. Disk-lobes conical. Fruit ovoid, cylindric or globose, subterete, commissure broad, carpophore 0 ; carpels ^-terete, 2 lateral primary ridges grooved or much thickened, sometimes obscure ; vittae in each interstice. Seed flat in front. — DISTRIB. N. temp, regions, S. Africa, trop. Australia ; species 20. — ETYM. olvos and &v8os, from the vinous scent of the flowers. * Root-fibres many, fleshy. UmJtels terminal or terminal and lateral, peduncled ; outer flowers of each partial umbel often irregular and male. 1. (Z.fistulosa, L. ; leaves pinnate, stem and petioles terete swollen fistular, fruit narrow obconic angular. Ditches and marshes from Argyle southwards, rare in Scotland : common in Ireland ; fl. July-Sept. — Roots burrowing deep. Stem 2-3 f t. , stoloniferous, and with whorls of slender root-fibres below, thin-walled, constricted at the nodes. Leaves long-petioled ; segments few, narrow, distant. Umbels (EXANTHE.] UMBELLIFERsE. 165 on stout fistular peduncles ; rays short, few ; bracts 0 ; partial umbels ^in. diam., spherical in fruit. Fruits |in., crowded, angular; styles long, erect, spinescent ; carpels cohering ; pedicel not thickened at the top. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa. 2. CE. pimpinel loides, L. ; root-fibres usually tuberous beyond the middle, leaves 2-pinnate, segments broad short entire or acutely cut, fruit cylhulric grooved and ribbed. Meadows and banks, rare ; Worcester and Suffolk to Devon and Sussex ; fl. June-Aug. — Root-fibres slender, their tuber ^ in. or less. Stem 1-3 ft., erect, furrowed. Lower leaves with broad small segments, upper with few long ones, or reduced to petioles. Umbels 6-12-rayed, flat-topped ; bracts 1-8 ; partial umbels crowded ; bracteoles subulate. Fruit ^-i in. ; pedicels short, stout, much thickened at the top ; styles erect, rigid. — DISTRIB. Europe from Belgium southwards, N. Africa, W. Asia. 3. CE. Lachena Hi, Gmelin ; root-fibres usually cylindric, leaves 2-pinnate, segments obtusely-lobed, fruit oblong. CE. pimpinclloides, Sm. Marshes fresh and salt, from Argyle and Haddington southwards ; rare in Scotland ; all coasts of Ireland ; fl. July-Sept. — Very similar to CE. pim- pinelloides, but root-fibres never tuberous ; root-leaves soon withering ; partial umbels not crowded ; fruit ^ in., much broader, rounded at the top ; styles shorter and slender ; pedicel very short, not thickened at the top. — DISTKIB. Europe from Denmark southwards, excl. Greece and Turkey. 4. CE. silaifo lia, Bieberstein ; root-fibres usually fusiform, leaves 2-pinnate, segments cut into narrow acute lobes, fruit subcylindric thickened at the base. CE. peucedanifolia, Sin. not Pollich. ; CE. Smithii, Watson. Moist meadows and ditches, local, from Notts, to Lincoln, and Dorset to Kent ; fl. June- July.— Very near CE. pimpinelloides, but larger, stouter ; root-fibres rarely tuberous in the middle ; rays fewer, longer, stouter in fruit ; partial umbels not crowded; styles short, erect, rigid. — DISTRIB. Europe from Belgium southwards, excl. Spain Greece and Turkey, N. Africa. 5. CE. croca'ta, L. ; root-fibres large fusiform, leaves large deltoid 3-4-pinuate, segments cuneate 2-3-tobed, fruit narrow oblong subcylindric. Marshes and ditches, from Argyle and Elgin southwards ; fl. July. — Root- jibres as thick as the thumb, with yellow or colourless juice. Stem 2-5 ft., stout, branched, fistular. Petioles large, sheathing throughout. Umbels many, rays long ; bracts and bracteoles 0 or many. Fruit £— J^ in. ; styles erect, rigid ; pedicel not thickened at the top. — DISTRIB. Europe from France to Spain and Italy. — A rank poison, often mistaken for celery. ** Aquatics. Root simple, fusiform, with many slender fibres. Umbels lateral or leaf-opposed, subsessile. Flowers all 2-sexual. 6. CE. Phellan drium, Lamk. ; erect floating or ascending, leaves 2-3- puuiatc finely cut, segments pinnatifid, fruit terete narrow-oblong or ovoid twice or thrice as long as the styles. Phellandrium aqiuiticum, L. Ponds and ditches, from Haddington southwards ; rare in Scotland ; fl. July- Sept.— Stem 1-4-ft., very stout. Leaves sometimes submerged with capillary segments ; emersed with broad small obtuse segments. Umbels 7-10-rayed ; bracts 0 ; bracteoles many ; outer flowers slightly irregular. Fruit variable, . [(Ex.YXTfrr. \-\ in. ; styles slender, flexuous ; pedicel not thickened at the top. — Drs- TRIB. Europe, excl. Greece and Turkey, Siberia. Sub-sp. PHELLAyDRiUM proper ; erect, leaves 3-pinnate, segments of sub- merged leaves capillary, fruits twice as long as the styles. Sub-sp. FLUVIAT'ILIS, Coleman (sp. ) ; ascending, leaves 2-pinnate, segments of submerged leaves obcuneate, fruit three times as long as the styles. S. half of England ; Kildare Canal, Ireland. 25. JETHU'SA, L. FoOI/S-PARSLEY. An annual, leafy, glabrous herb. Leaves 3-nately pinnate. Umbels com- pound, terminal and leaf-opposed; bracts 1 or 0 ; bracteoles 1-5, deflr\< ! on the outer side of the umbel ; flowers white, outer often rayed. Calyx- teeth small or 0. Petals notched, with an inflexed point. Disk-lobes broad, depressed. Fruit broadly ovoid, subterete, carpophore slender, N. America. — ETYM. cit9a>, because of its burning qualities. 1. JE. Cyna'pium, L. ; leaves deltoid, leaflets pinnatifid. A weed in cultivated grounds, from Elgin southwards; fl. July-Aug. — Roof. fusiform. Stem 1-2 ft. corymbosely branched, terete, striate, fistular. Leaves 6 in. ; segments |-1 in., membranous, cunoate at the base, loK-s acute ; petioles slender. Umbels small, rays spreading, irregular ; bracteoles 3-5, slender ; flowers irregular, small. Fruit A in., green. — A virulent poison, odour nauseous. 26. SILA US, Besser. PEPPER SAXIFRAGE. Perennial, glabrous herbs. Leaves pinnately decompound ; segments slender. Umbels compound ; bracts 1,2, or 0 ; bracteoles many, .small ; flowers yellowish. Calyx-teeth 0. Petals with an incurved tip, 1>aso broad truncate. Disk-lobes depressed, margins crenate. Fruit ovoid, oblong, subterete, commissure broad, carpophore 2-partite ; carpels 4-terete, ridges obtusely winged ; vittae obscure ; style short, recurved. Seed flattish in front. — DiSTRia Europe, Siberia; species 2. — ETYM. unknown. 1. S. praten'sis, Besser ; leaflets linear-lanceolate entire or 3-lohod. .Meadows and commons, from Fife southwards; very rare in Scotland and Ireland ; fl. July-Sept. —Roohtock elongate. Stem 1-3 ft., angular, grooved, solid, leafless above. Leaves 1-3-pinnate ; leaflets few, .j-^in. Um/- 1-2 in., few or many, incurved ; bracteoles short, margins scarious ; Sovran small. Fruit Jin., dark brown. — DISTRIB. Of the genus. 27. ME'UM, Jacquin. MBIT, BALD-MONEY, SPIGNEL. A perennial, glabrous, very aromatic, tufted herb. Leaves mostly radical, pinnately decompound ; segments setaceous, densely crowded. Umbels compound ; bracts linear, 1-3, or 0; braoteolest 4-8, small; flowers white or purplish. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals acute, narrowed to the base, sometimes with a short inflexed point. Disk-lobes depressed, margins entire. Fruit ovoid-oblong, subterete, commissure broad, carpo- phore 2-partite ; carpels 4-terete, primary ridges winged ; vittoe many ; UMBELLIFERJE. 167 styles very short. >SeerZ concave in front. — DISTRIB. "W. Europe, from Belgium to Austria and Italy. — ETYM. Perhaps the Greek ^tov. 1. M. athamant icum, Jacq. ; stem snbsimple, leaves oblong. Alpine pastures, from Wales and Yorkshire northwards to Moray ; ascending to near 1,400ft. in the Highlands; absent from Ireland; fl. June-July.—,- Rootstock elongate, crowned with fibres. Stem 6-18 in. Leaf-teffmenit multifid, spreading in all directions ; petiole as long as the blade. Umlelt many- rayed ; bracts few ; bracteoles membranous, subunilateral ; some flowers often male only. Fruit brown, ^ in. — Rootstock eaten in Scotland. 28. LIGUS'TICUM, L. LovAGE. Perennial, glabrous herbs. Leaves 1-3-ternately-pinnate. Umbels com- pound, many-rayed ; bracts many, few, or 0 ; bracteoles many ; flowers white pink or yellow. Calyx-lobes small or 0. Petals notched, point long inflexed. Disk-lobes conical, thick. Fruit ovoid or oblong, sub- terete or dorsally compressed, commissure broad, carpophore 2-partite ; primary ridges prominent, acute or winged, lateral often broadest ; vittae many, slender, or obscure. Seed flat, or slightly concave in front. — DISTIMB. N. temperate regions ; species 20. — ETYM. Liguria, where a species abounds. 1. L. scot'icum, L. ; leaves 2-ternately pinnate. Halosdas, Fries. Rocky coasts, local, Northumberland and all Scotland ; N. of Ireland, very rare ; fl. July. — Dark green, shining. Rootstock stout, branched. Stem 1-3 ft., erect, sparingly branched, grooved, terete, fistular. Leufltts 1-3 in., ovate- or orbicular-cordate, 3-lobed or -partite, crenate. Umbel-rai/s 8-12, 1-2 in. ; bracts few, and bracteoles linear-subulate ; flowers white or pink, nearly regular. Fruit ^ in., brown ; ridges winged ; styles short recurved. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), from Denmark northwards, N. Asia, E. and W. N. America. — Leaves eaten as a pot-herb, root aromatic and pungent. 29. ANGEL ICA, L. ANGELICA. Tall perennial herbs. Leaves ternately 2-piunate, segments large. Um- bels compound, many-rayed ; bracts few or 0 ; bracteoles usually many, small ; flowers white or purplish. Calyx-teeth small or 0. Petals with a short inflexed point. Disk-lobes depressed. Fruit ovoid, dorsally compressed, commissure broad, carpophore 2-partite ; carpels broad, flat, lateral primary ridges with flat contiguous membranous wings, dorsal and intermediate elevated ; vittse 1-2 in the interstices. Seed dorsally compressed, flat or slightly concave in front. — DISTRIB. Temp, and sub- Arctic N. regions ; species 18. — ETYM. Angelicus, from its properties. 1. A. sylves'tris, L. ; leaflets petioled obliquely ovate serrate. Damp copses and banks of streams ; ascending to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. July- Aug. — Glabrous, except the inflorescence. Stem 1-5 ft., stout, fistular, striate, green or purple. Leaves 1-2 ft., deltoid ; leaflets 1-2 in. Umbels large, pubescent ; rays very many, 1-3 in. ; bracts 0, or 1-2, deciduous ; bracteoles few, subulate, persistent; flowers white, nearly regular. /•',•"/* &-i in.; styles slender, reflexed.— DiSTMB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia to Dahu- ria, W. Asia. — Aromatic, leaf bitter. 168 UMB&LLIFER& [PEUCEDAXUM. 3O. PEUCED'ANUM, L. HOO'S-FF.NNEL. Perennial, i-arely annual. Leaves pinna tely or 3-nately compound. Umbels compound, many-rayed ; bracts many, Tew, or 0 ; bructeoles many or 0 ; flowers white, yellow, or pink, often polygamous. Calyx-teeth 0 or small. Petals with an inflexed, often 2-fid point Disk-lobes small ; margin often expanded, undulate. Fruit ovoid, oblong or suborbicular, much dorsally compressed, commissure very broad ; carpels flattish, lateral primary ridges of each forming flat contiguous wings, dorsal and intermediate filiform ; vittse 1-3 in each interstice. Seed nearly flat. — DISTRIB. Trop. and temp, regions ; species 100. — ETYM. obscure. SECTION 1. Peuced'anum proper. Perennial. Bracts few or many, bracteoles many. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit with narrow wings. 1. P. officinaie, L. ; leaves 3-ternately pinnate, segments long and narrow, bracts few deciduous, flowers yellow. Sulphur-wort. Salt marshes, very rare, Faversham, Whitstable, and Walton ; fl. July-Sept. — Glabrous. Stem 2-3 ft., terete, solid, furrowed. Leaves oblong, segments 1-4 in., flaccid. Umbels on spreading subopposite branches ; rays many, 2-4 in., spreading; bracteoles short, filiform; flowers minute, central im- perfect, pedicels slender. Fruit |in.; wings narrow ; styles stout, recurved. — DISTRIB. Europe from Belgium southwards, N. Africa, Siberia. — Root yields a stimulant resin ; odour of sulphur. 2. P. palustre, Mcench.; leaves 3-pinnate, leaflets pinnatifkl, seg- ments narrow, bracts many persistent, flowers white. Milk Parsley. Marshes, local, from York and Lincoln to Essex and Somerset ; fl. July- Aug. — Glabrous ; juice milky. Stem 3-5,'ft., terete, fistular, grooved. Let'' deltoid ; leaflets petioled, lanceolate. Umbels 1-2 in. ; rays many, stout, scabrid ; bracts deflexed ; flowers minute. Fruit % in., broadly oblong ; wings narrow, thick ; styles very short.— DISTRIB. Europe, excl. Greece and Turkey, Siberia. —Root abounds in a yellow foetid gum-resin. SECTION 2. Imperator'ia, L. (gen.). Perennial, tracts 0 ; bracteoles many. Calyx-teeth 0. Fruit with broad wings. P. OSTRU'THIUM, Koch; leaves 1-2-ternate, leaflets ovate or suborbicular inciso-serrate, base unequal, flowers white. Master-wort. Moist meadows, rare, N. of England and Scotland, naturalized only; fl. July- Aug. — Glabrous. Stem 2-3 ft., stout, terete, fistular, furrowed. Leaves deltoid ; leaflets few, 1-4 in., large, often confluent ; petiole very long. Umbels large, many-rayed. Fruit J in. ; wings very broad ; styles short. — DISTRIB. Mid. Europe. —Formerly cultivated as a pot-herb and medicine. SECTION 3. Pastina'ca, L. (gen.). Bracts and bracteoles 0. Calyx- teeth 0. Fruit with rather narrow wings. 3. P. sati'vtim, Benth.; leaves pinnate, leaflets sessile ovate inciso- serrate, flowers bright yellow. Wild Parsnip. Roadsides and waste places, from Durham and Lancaster southwards ; a garden escape in Scotland ; a doubtful native of Ireland ; fl. July-Aug. — Annual or biennial, pubescent. Stem 2-3 ft., stout, angled, furrowed, fistular. Leave* PEI-CEDANUM.] UMBELLIFER&. 169 shining ; leaflets 2-5 pair, 1-3 in. Umbel-rays many, stout, long ; flowers small. Fruit i in., broadly oblong; styles very short. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia ; introd. in N. America. — Cultivated since the time of the Romans. 31. HERAC'LEUM, L. COW-PARSNIP, HOGWEED. Biennial or perennial herbs, sometimes gigantic. Leaves 1-3-pinnate ; segments broad, lobed and toothed. Umbels compound, many-rayed ; bracts few, many, or 0 ; flowers often polygamous and outer rayed, white pink or yellowish. Calyx-teeth small or 0. Petals often unequal, the larger or all notched or 2<-lobed, point inflexed. Disk-lobes small, depressed or conical. Fruit orbicular obova£3 or oblong, much dorsally compressed, commissure very broad, carpophore 2-partite ; carpels flat, lateral primary ridges expanded into flat, contiguous, membranous wings, dorsal or inter- mediate slender ; vittse 1 in each interstice, short, thickened downwards. Seed flat. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and trop. Africa, temp. Asia, and N. America ; species 50. — ETYM. The god Hercules. 1. H. Sphondyl ium, L. ; leaves pinnate, leaflets few large lobed. Moist woods and meadows ; ascending to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. June-Aug. — Rough, with rather rigid scattered hairs. Stem very stout, 3-6 ft., fistular, grooved, branched above. Leaves 1-3 ft. ; segments 2-6 in., pubescent beneath, very variable in size lobing and toothing, ometimes narrow and pinnatifid (//. angustifolium, Sm. ), terminal connate t the base ; sheath of petiole broad. Umbel-rays ^-1^ in., many, stout ; ys flowers large, outer very irregular, petals very broad deeply obcordate, white or pink, fruit £-^in., obovoid, retuse ; styles very short. — DISTHIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. Asia. — Stem eatable. 32. TORDYL'IUM, L. Annual, hairy or woolly. Leaves simple or pinnate. Umbels compound ; rays many, or few and unequal ; bracts and bracteoles linear, sometimes small or 0 ; flowers white or purplish, outer often rayed. Calyx-teeth subulate and unequal or 0. Petals with an incurved point, the larger or all 2-lobed. Disk flat and undulate, or conical. Fruit orbicular or oblong, much dorsally compressed ; lateral primary ridges closely contiguous, broad, thickened, dorsal and intermediate slender ; vittae 1-3 in each interstice. Seed flattened.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, temp. Asia; species 12. — ETYM. The old Greek name. 1. T. max'imum, L. ; leaves pinnate, leaflets 1-3 pair pinnatifid. Hedgebanks, Eton, Oxford, and Isleworth; an alien or denizen, Watson; fl. June to July. — Hispid with short hairs, reflexed on the stem. Stem 1-2 ft., slender, erect, deeply grooved, fistular. Leaflets J-l in. , oblong or lanceolate, more or less cut and toothed ; petioles with small sheaths. Umbels small ; rays 6-8, stout, short, hispid ; bracts and bracteoles as many, stiff, short ; flowers small, white or pink, subsessile. Fruit broadly-oblong, hispid, mar- gin thickened glabrous ; styles short, stiff, erect. — DISTHIB. Europe from Belgium southwards. 33. DAU'CUS, L. CAEROT. Annual or biennial, hispid herbs. Leaves pinnately decompound, seg- ments small. Umbels compound ; rays many, outer arching over the 170 UMBELLIFER^E. [DACCOT. inner or few anil irregular ; bracts and bracteoles many or 0, entire or cut ; flowers white, outer often rayed. Calyx-teeth slender or 0. Petals notched, with an inflexed point, often unequal. Disk-lobes depressed or conical. Fruit ovoid or oblong, carpophore undivided or 2-fid ; carpels convex. secondary ridges more prominent than the primary, all, or the secondary only, with rows of spines ; vittse solitary under each secondary ridge. Seed flattish in front— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia ; species 20. — ETYM. The old Greek name. 1. D. Carota, L. ; leaves 3-pinnate, leaflets ovate exit. Fields and sea-shores ; fl. June- Aug. —Hispid. Stem 1-2 ft., branched, solid, furrowed. Leaflets very many, small. Umbels peduncled, rays 1-2 in.; bracts usually pinnatifid, bracteoles lanceolate ; flowers white, central pur- plish. Fruit | in., broadly oblong ; styles short, stout, straight.— DISTKIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. Asia, W. Asia to India ; introd. in N. America. V.VR. 1, Carol! a proper; erect, branches above spreading, leaf -segments narrow subdistant, umbels concave, spines of the fruit distinct usually hooked at the tip. — VAR. 2, aum'mifer, Lunik, (sp.); branches spreading from the base, leaf -segments broader closer, umbels convex, spines of fruit dilated and connate at the base. D. maritime, With. Shores of S. England. 34. CAUCA'LIS, L. Annual, hispid herbs. Leaves 1-3-pinnate. Umbels compound, ter- minal or leaf-opposed, usually of few rays, sometimes capitate ; bracts few or 0 ; bracteoles more numerous ; flowers white or purplish, polygamous, outer often rayed. Calyx-teeth acute or 0. Petals often unequal, the larger notched, point inflexed. Disk-lobes thick, conical. Fruit ovoid or oblong, constricted at the commissure, carpophore undivided or 2-lid ; carpels subterete, ridges with 1 or 2 series of spines ; vittse solitary in e;i<-h secondary ridge. Seed deeply grooved in front. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, temp. Asia ; species 18. — ETYM. The old Greek name. SECTION 1. Cauca'lis proper. Secondary ridges very prominent, with 1 row of spreading spines. Bur-Parsley. 1. C. daucoi'des, L.; leaves 2-3-pinnate, segments oblong pinnatifid. Chalky fields on the E. and S. coasts, from York and Durham southwards ; a colonist, Watson; fl. June-July. — Stem 6-18 in., erect, hispid at the nodes, angular, grooved, solid ; branches spreading. Leaves 3-4 in. ; segments small. Umbel-rays^ 2-5; bracts few or 0; bracteoles linear; male Honors (outer) white or pink, pedicelled, female subsessile. Fruit £-£ in., oblong ; spines hooked, of the secondary ridges longest ; styles short, stout, erect. - DISTRIB. Europe from Denmark southwards, N. Africa, W. Asia. SECTION* 2. Turge'nia, Hoffm. (gen.). Secondary ridges with 2-3 rows of spreading spines. C. LATIFO'LIA, L. ; leaves pinnate, leaflets few subpinnatifid. Cornfields, very rare, Somerset, Hertford, Cambridge ; a colonist or alien, Watson; fl. July. — Hispid. Stem 6-18 in., simple, terete, striate, fistular. Leaflets narrow-oblong, lobes J^| in. Umbel-rays 2-4, stout ; bracts broadly lanceolate, membranous; flowers much as in 6'. daucoides, pink. J-'ruit CAUCALIS.] UMBELLIFER^E. 171 \-\ in., broad ; spines long, nearly equal, rough ; styles short, stout, erect. — DrsTRiB. Europe from Belgium southwards. SECTION 3. Tori'lis, L. (gen.). Fruit covered between the primary ridges with spreading or appressed bristles. Hedge Parsley. 2. C. Anthris'cus, Huds. ; leaves 1-2-pinnate, leaflets broad, umbels terminal compound, bracts 4-6, spines of fruit incurved not hooked. Hedges and waste places, from Moray and Isla southwards ; ascending to 1,350 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. July-Sept.— Hispid more or less. Stem erect, branched, solid, striate, hairs reflexed. Leaflets many, close set, ^ in., pinnatifid or lobed. Umbels 5-12-rayed ; bracts small, subulate ; flowers minute, white or pink, outer pedicelled, fertile. Fruit | in., ovoid; styles short, straight. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia to N.W. India. 3. C. infes'ta, Curtis; leaves 1-2-pinnate, leaflets lax narrow, timbels terminal compound, bracts 0 or 1, spines of fruit spreading hooked. Fields and waste places from Lancaster and Yorkshire southwards ; a colonist, Watson; fl. July-Sept. — Hispid. Stem 6-10 in., much branched, often from the base, angled, solid, leafy. Leaflets pinnatifid, or cut and serrate, oblong. Umbel-rays 2-8, short ; bracteoles linear or setaceous ; flowers white or pink, irregular, outer fertile. Fruit oblong, covered with spines ; styles rather slender. — DISTRIB. Europe from Belgium southwards, N. Africa. 4. C. nodo'sa, Scop. ; leaves 1-2-pinnate, leaflets very small, unibels leaf-opposed simple, spines of fruit spreading hooked and barbed. Dry banks from Forfar southwards, rare in Scotland and Ireland ; fl. May- July. — Hispid. Stem 6-18 in., often prostrate, slender, flexuous, angled, solid. Leaflets pinnatifid. Umbels shortly peduncled, subglobose ; pedicels very short, stout ; bracts 0 ; flowers small, regular, pink ; female subsessile. Fruit J-A in., ovoid, inner of each umbel tubercled, outer with one or both carpels furnished with hooked spines ; styles very short. — DiSTRiB. Europe, from Denmark southwards, W. Africa, W. Asia to India. ORDER XXXVI. ARALIACE.JE. Erect or climbing shrubs or trees ; pubescence often stellate. Leaves alternate, simple or compound ; stipules adnate to the petiole or 0. Flowers regular, 1— 2-sexual, umbellate or capitate. Calyx-limb superior, very short, entire toothed or lobed. Petals 5, often coriaceous, very deciduous, valvate or slightly imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, filaments inflexed ; anthers didymous, versatile. Disk epigynous. Ovary 2- or -more celled ; styles 0, or as many as cells, free or connate, stigma terminal or decurrent on the inner face of the style ; ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, anatropous, raphe ventral, integuments confluent with the nucleus. Drupe or berry with 1 or more 1 -seeded cells. Seed pendulous, testa membranous, albu- men dense, fleshy ; embryo minute, ovoid or oblong. — DISTRIB. Chiefly trop. ; genera 38 ; species 340. — AFFINITIES. Close with Cornece and Um- belliferce. —PROPERTIES unimportant. 1. HEDERA, L. IVY. Climbing shrubs. Leaves undivided or lobed, exstipulate. Umbels panicled ; bracts minute or 0 ; pedicels not jointed ; flowers polygamous. 172 ARALIACEJE. [HEDERA. Calyx-limb entire or 5-toothed. Petals and stamens 5. Disk tumid. Ovary 5-celled ; styles short, connate, stigmas terminal. Berry subglobose, cells with a parchment-like endocarp closely investing the ovoid seed. Albumen lobwlate. — DISTRIB. Temp, regions of the Old World, Australia ; species 2. — ETYM. unkngwn. 1. H. He lix, L. ; shrubby, climbing by adhesive rootlets. Rocks, woods, and walls; ascends to 1,350ft. iu Yorkshire; fl. Oct.-Nov.— Trunk 4-10 in. diam., trailing and flowerless, or ascending, and flowering at the terminal free branches. Leaves very variable, 1-3 in. broad, cordate, 5-lobed, lobes deep or shallow acute or obtuse ; those of flowering branches ovate or lanceolate. Umbels subracemose, subglobose, clothed with stellate hairs ; bracts small, concave ; peduncles ^-1 in. Flowers yellow-green, \ in. diam. ; calyx-teeth deltoid ; petals triangular-ovate, herry black, rarely yellow, globose, £ in. diam.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia to the Himalaya. — The small sylvestral form, with longer leaf-lobes and often pale nerves, never flowers. The so-called Irish Icy, with broad rather fleshy leaves and 8-rayed stellate hairs, is a doubtful native of Ireland. VAR. Hodgen'xii, another doubtfully native Irish form, has deeply 5-7-lobed leaves and 12-15-rayed scaly hairs. ORDER XXXVII. CORNA'CEJE. Shrubs or trees, rarely herbs. leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate. Flowers small, regular, in terminal or axillary cymes, umbels or heads, sometimes involucrate. Calyx-limb superior 0 or small, open or valvate in bud. Petals 4-5, at the base of the disk, valvate or imbricate in bud. Stamens 4-5, inserted with the petals, free; anthers adnate or versatile, burst- ing in front or laterally. Disk epigynous, annular. Ovary 1-4-celled ; style 1, stigma simple or lobed ; ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, anatrojxnis, raphe dorsal or lateral, integuments confluent with the nucleus. Drupe with a 1-4-celled stone, or 1-4 stones. Seed oblong, testa membranous, albumen copious fleshy ; embryo minute or elongate. — DISTRIB. Chiefly N. temp, regions ; genera 12 ; species 75. — -AFFINITIES. Close to CaprifoliacecE and Araliacece. — PROPERTIES unimportant. i. COR'NUS, L. CORNEL, DOGWOOD. Herbs, trees, or shrubs. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate. Flowers small, in dichotomous cymes or involucrate umbels or heads, white or yellow. Calyx-teeth 4, minute. Petals 4, valvate in bud. Stamens 4. Disk tumid or obsolete. Ovary 2-celled ; stigma capitate or truncate. Drupe ovoid or oblong, areolate at the top, stone 2-celled. Cotyledons foliaceous. — DISTRIB. N. temp, regions, Peru; species 25. — ETYM. cornu, from the horny hardness of the wood. 1. C. sanguin'ea, L. ; shrubby, cymes corymbose ebracteate. Dog- wood, Dogberry, Prickwood. Copses and hedges in England, N. and W. of Ireland, rare ; fl. June-July. — Pubescent, 6-8 ft., branchlets and leaves red in autumn. Leaves 2-3 in., petioled, ovate, or ovate-oblong, acute ; lateral nerves subbasal. t'ymet terminal, peduncled, subglobose, dense-flowered. F loiters ^ in. diam., cream-white. Berry small, black. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia, W. Asia. — CORNTS.] CORN ACE JE. 173 Wood used for skewers, formerly for arrows, and indiscriminately with that of Rkamnus Frangula, as Dogwood, by gunpowder makers. An oil used for soapmaking is extracted from the berries in France. 2. C. sue cica, L. ; herbaceous, umbels involucrate. Alpine moors, Yorkshire, Cheviots, and Scotland, ascending to nearly 3,000ft.; fl. July- Aug. — Puberulous with appressed hairs. Rootstock slender, creeping. Stem 6-8 in., erect, forked at the top, 4-angled, scaly below. Leaves J-lin., sessile, in few pairs, oblong or ovate, acute, 5-7-nerved, glaucous below. Umbel in the fork, peduncled ; bracts 4, \ in., white, ovate, acute. Flowers minute, purplish. Drupe I diam., red. — DISTRIB. N. and Arctic Europe, Asia, E. and W. N. America. DIVISION II. MONOPET'ALE^E. ORDER XXXVIII. CAPRIFOLIA'CEJE. Shrubs or small trees, rarely herbs. Leaves opposite, simple, ternately cut, or pinnate, usually exstipulate. Flowers cymose. Calyx-limb superior, 3-5-toothed or lobed. Corolla regular or irregular, sometimes 2-lipped ; lobes 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4, 5, 8 or 10, inserted on the corolla- tube, equal or unequal ; anthers versatile, rarely bursting outwardly. Disk epigynous, glandular, or 0. Ovary l-6.-celled ; style simple or 3-5-lobed or 0, stigmas capitate ; ovules solitary, pendulous from the top of the cell, or many from its inner angle, or solitary in one cell and several in others, anatropous, raphe dorsal or lateral, integuments confluent with the nucleus. Fruit a berry or drupe, rarely capsular, 1- or many-seeded. Seeds small, testa usually membranous, albumen copious, fleshy ; embryo minute, ovoid, rarely large and terete. — DISTRIB. Temp, and sub-trop. regions of the N. hemisphere ; rare in the south, absent in trop. and S. Africa ; genera 14 ; species 200. — AFFINITIES. With Cornece and Rubiacece. — PROPERTIES unimportant. TRIBE I. SAMBU'CE.ffi. Corolla rotate, regular. Ovary cells 1-ovuled ; style short, 2-3-partite, or stigma sessile. Shrubs. Leaves simple 1. Viburnum. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves pinnate 2. Sambucus. Herbs. Leaves 3-nately compound 3. Adoxa. TRIBE II. IiONICE'REJE. Corolla tubular or campanulate. Ovary-cells 1- or many-ovuled ; style slender. Ovary 2-3-celled, cells with several ovules 4. Lonicera. Ovary 3-celled, 1 cell 1-ovuled, 2 many-ovuled 5. Lmnsea. 1. VIBUR'NUM, L. Shrubs or trees ; branches opposite. Leaves simple ; stipules 0 or small. Flowers in terminal or axillary corymbs or panicles, white or pink, jointed on the pedicel, 1-2-bracteolate ; outer sometimes male or neuter, with larger petals. Calyx-tube turbiuate or ovoid ; limb 5-toothed. Corolla rotate, tubular or campanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Disk 0. Ovary 1-3-celled ; style conical, 3-fid, or stigmas 3 sessile ; ovule 1, pendulous in each cell. 174 CAPRIFOLIACEsE. [VinruxrM. Drupe dry or fleshy, terete or compressed, 1- or spuriously 2-3-celled, 1 -seeded. Seed compressed ; embryo minute. — DISTRIB. Temp, and sub- trop. regions of the N. hemisphere, Andes. — ETYM. unknown. 1. V. Lanta'na, L. ; scurfily pubescent, leaves broadly oblong-cordate serrulate exstipulate, flowers all perfect. Wayfaring-tree. Dry copses and hedges, from Yorkshire southwards, naturalized elsewhere ; fl. May-June.— Shrubby, 6-20 ft. ; pubescence stellate. Leaves 2-4 in., rugose, obtuse. C times flat-topped, rays stout. Flows \ in. diam., white, 2-bracteolate at the base. Corolla shortly funnel-shaped. Stamens shortly exserted. JJrupe flattened, £ in., black when ripe. Seed grooved in front. — DISTRIB. Europe from Belgium southwards, N. Africa.— Bark acrid. 2. V. Op'wlus, L. ; subglabrous, leaves 3-lobed stipulate, outer flowers larger neuter. Guelder-rose. Copses and hedges from Ross and Moray southwards ; rare in Scotland ; common in Ireland ; fl. June- July. — Shrubby, 6-8 ft., buds scaly ; branches slender, lenticellate. Leaves 2-3 in., young downy, lobes unequal, serrate ; stipules linear, glandular, adnate to the petiole. Cyme* 2-4 in. diam., subglobose ; flowers white, outer f in. diam., rotate ; inner cream-white, campanulate, ^ in. diam. Drupe $ in., subglobose, compressed, red, translu- cent. Seed compressed, keeled on the flat surfaces. — DISTKIB. Europe, Siberia, Dahuria, E. and W. N. America. 2. SAMBU cus, L. ELDER. Large herbs, shrubs, or trees ; branches stout, pith thick. Leaves pin- nate. Flowers small, in umbellate corymbs or panicles, jointed on to the pedicel, bracteolate. Calyx-limb 3-5-toothed. Corolla rotate or . Pericly'mentim, L.; leaves ovate or oblong upper sessile, flower- heads terminal peduncled. Woodbine or Homysuckh. Hedges and copses ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in Durham ; fl. June— Sept. — Glabrous or slightly pubescent. Stem 10-20 ft., climbing. Leaves 1-3 in., lower shortly petioled, upper sessile, glaucous below. Bracts small. Calyx-teeth persistent. Corolla 1-1 1 in., glandular-pubescent, dirty red outside, yellow within. Berries globose, crimson.— DISTRTB. Europe, N. Africa. L. C'APRIFO'LIUM, L. ; upper leaves connate, heads terminal sessile. Copses in Cambridge and Oxford ; doubtless introduced; fl. May-June. — Gla- brous. Stem twining. Leaves glaucous beneath ; lower petoiled, broadly ovate or oblong ; upper oblong or triangular, connate by very broad bases. Bracts leafy, very large, connate. Calyx-limb short, persistent. Corolla as in L. Periclymenum. Berries globose, scarlet. — DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe. L. XYLOS'TEUM, L. ; leaves petioled, flowers axillary in pairs. '''jji-os. Sussex, Hertfordshire; not indigenous; fl. May-June. — Pubescent. 176 CAPRIFOLIACEM. [Loxu F.KA. Stem suberect. Leaves 2-3 in., shortly petioled, ovate or obovate. /W" /•'•/, .< shorter than the leaves, 2-flowered ; bracts 2, linear ; bracteoles minute. Flowers sessile, connate by the ovaries. Calyx-limb deciduous. C"/'///n £ in. , pubescent, yellow. Berries small, crimson.— DlSTRlB. Europe, Siberia. 5. LINNJE'A, Gronovius. A very slender, creeping, evergreen shrub ; branches ascending, ending in a slender, erect, 2-flowered peduncle. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Flowers nodding, on slender 2-bracteolate pedicels. Calyx-tube ovoid ; lobes 5, narrow, deciduous. Corolla subcarnpanulate ; lobes 5, rather unequal. Siameiis 4, inserted near the base of the corolla, 2 longer than the others. Disk obsolete. Ovary 3-celled ; style filiform, stigma capitate ; ovules many in 2 of the cells, one in the third, pendulous. Fruit obliquely subglobose, 3-celled, one cell 1-seeded, the others seedless. Seed oblong ; embryo cylindric.— DISTRIB. Lapland to N. Italy, cold and Arctic Asia, and N. America. — ETYM. Linnaeus. 1. Ii. borea'lis, Gronov. ; leaves broadly ovate obtuse crenate. Fir forests and plantations, chiefly in Mid. and E. of Scotland, ascending to 2,400 ft.; also doubtfully indigenous in Northumberland and Dorset ; t1. July.— Almost glabrous, except the glandular inflorescence. Stems 3-1'! in., filiform. Leaves in distant pairs, J-f in. , petioled, rarely obovate or orbicular, coriaceous. Peduncles erect, filiform, 2-bracteate at the top. Corolla ^ in., pink, sweet-scented. Fruit very small. — Fruit very rare indeed. I have taken the description of it from Wahlenberg. ORDER XXXIX. RUBIACEJE. Tribe STELLA'T^. Slender herbs, sometimes shrubby below ; stems 4-angled. Leaves whorled, entire. Flowers very small, in axillary or terminal subsessile or peduncled cymes ; pedicels jointed under the flower. Calyx-limb superior, annular or 4-6-toothed or 0. Corolla rotate, bell- or funnel-shaped ; Lilies 3-5, valvate in bud. Stamens 3-5, inserted in the corolla-tube, filaments usually short ; anthers dorsally fixed, didymous. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, stigmas terminal ; ovules solitary in each cell, attached to the septum, pendulous, amphitropous, raphe ventral, integuments confluent with the nucleus. Fruit didymous, of 2 plano-convex indehiscent 1-seeded cocci. Seed ascending, plano-convex, testa membranous adnate to the peril arp, albumen horny ; embryo axile, cotyledons foliaceous, radicle terete. — This Tribe is the representative' in N. temp, regions of the enormous family of Rubiacece, for an account of which I must refer to general works on Botany. — DISTRIB. All cold and temp, regions; genera 7 ; species about 300. — AFFINITIES. With Caprifoliacece and Valerianece. — PROPERTIES unimpor- tant. Rubia yields Madder. Calyx-limb entire or obsolete. Corolla rotate or bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Fruit fleshy 1 . Rubia. Corolla rotate, 4-lobed. Fruit dry 2. Gahuni. Corolla bell-shaped. Fruit dry 3. Asperula. Calyx-limb 4-6-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit dry.... 4. Sherardia. KUBIA.] RUBIACE^E. 177 1. RU'BIA, L. MADDER. Perennial herbs, often woody below. Cymes axillary and terminal. Calyx- limb 0, or annular. Corolla campanulate or rotate, 5-lobed. Styles 2, short, connate at the base, stigmas capitate. Berry didymous or globose, succu- lent.— DISTRIB. Chiefly temp, regions ; species about 50. — ETYM. ruber, from the red dye. 1. R. peregri'na, L. ; leaves 4-6 in a whorl elliptic or oblong. Rocky copses and waste places from N. Wales, southwards and eastwards, to Kent ; local in Ireland ; fi. June-Aug. — Evergreen, shining, 1-2 ft., glabrous except for the recurved prickles on the angles of stem, midrib, and margins of the leaves. Leaves 1-3 in. Cymes panicled, longer than the leaves. Corolla yellowish, i- in. diam., lobes spreading. Stamens short. Fruit small, black, globose and 1-celled, or didymous. — DISTRIB.- W. and S. Europe. 2. GALIUM, L. BEDSTRAW. Annual or perennial herbs. Flowers minute, in axillary or terminal cymes. Calyx-limb annular. Corolla rotate, 4- rarely 5-lobed. Stamens k.. Styles 2, short, connate at the base ; stigmas capitate. Fruit didymous, dry, often hispid or tubercled. — DISTRIB. Chiefly temp, climates ; species about 150. — ETYM. yd\a, from some species being used to curdle milk. * Perennial. Floivers yellow. Fruit glabrous, minute, smooth. 1. G. ve'rtun, L. ; leaves in whorls of 8-12. Lady's Bedstraw. Sandy banks, shores, &c. ; ascends to near 2,000 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. Ju'ne— Sept. — Pubescent; rootstock stoloniferous. Stems many, 1-3 ft., erect or ascending, 4-angled. Leaves % 1 in., linear, deflexed, rough above, mucronate/ margin recurved. Cymes very compound, axillary and terminal, leafy; flowers 2-sexual. Fruit small, black.-— DISTRIB. Temp. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia Dahuria ; introd. in N. America. — Flowers used to curdle milk. VAR. 1, ve'rum proper ; black when dry, flowers golden-yellow: Var; lu'teum, Syme. —VAR. 2, ochroleu'cum, Syme ; greenish when dry, flowers pale yellow. Sand-hills, Deal, with O. Cruciata; perhaps a hybrid. 2. G. Crucia'ta, Scopoli ; leaves 4 in a whorl elliptic hairy above and beneath. G. cruciatum, With. ; Valantia Cruciata, L. Crosswort.' Copses and hedges, from Elgin and the Hebrides southwards ; fl. April-June. — Rootstock creeping. Stems 6 in. -2 ft., slender, decumbent, branched at the base. Leaves ^-1 in., 3-nerved. Ci/mes axillary, few-flowered, peduncles short ; flowers £ in. diam., outer male. Fruit globose, pedicels recurved. — DISTRIB. Europe from Holland southwards, Siberia, W. Asia. ** Perennial. Cymes both axillary and terminal. Flowers white. Fruit glabrous, smooth granulate or rough, very minute. 3. G. palus'tre, L. ; stems rough prickly lax, leaves 4-6 in a whorl obtuse, cymes diffuse, fruiting pedicels divaricate. Marshes and ditches ; ascends to near 2,000 ft. in Northumberland ; fl. July- Aug. — Glabrous except the leaf -margins, black when dry, very variable. liootstock creeping. Stems 6 in. -3 ft., flaccid, decumbent or ascending, branched throughout.' Leaves ^-1 in., shining, oblong linear or lanceolate- oblong, margins with reflexed prickles. Cymes corymbose, longer than the leaves. Corolla- lobes acute. Fruit minute, smooth.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, Siberia, Persia, Greenland. N 178 EUBIACE^E. [GALIUM. VAR. 1, pahuftre proper ; stem smoother, leaves shorter and narrower, branches of cyme patent or reflexed after flowering, corolla and fruit smaller. — VAR. 2, elonga'tum, Presl. (sp.) ; stem thick, branches of cyme not reflexed after flowering, corolla £ in. diam., fruit -fn in. diam. — VAR. 3, Witherin'gii, Sm. (sp.); stem rough with recurved bristles, leaves linear recurved, cyme narrow, its branches short. 4. G. uligino'sum, L. ; stem rough prickly, leaves 6-8 in a whorl aristate, cymes small few-flowered, fruiting pedicels erect. Marshes and ditches, from Banff and Skye southwards; ascending 1,600 ft. in Northumberland ; very rare in Ireland ; fl. July- Aug. — Similar in habit and appearance to G. palwstre, L., but green when dry ; leaves 6-8 in a whorl (rarely 4), always narrower, more rigid, mucronate ; stem more bristly at the angles ; panicle narrower and fruit smaller and granular. — DlSTRlB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, Siberia, Dahuria. 5. G. saxat'ile, L. ; tufted, stem prostrate smooth, leaves usually (5 in a whorl mucronate, cymes small, fnliting pedicels erecto-patent. Rocks, heaths, &c. ; ascends to 3,700ft. in the Highlands; fl. July- Aug.— Glabrous, black when dry. Stems 4-6 in., with many barren shoots, flowering shoots ascending, internodes very short. Leaves £-J in., obovate or linear- obovate. Ci/mes compact, panicled. Corolla-lobes subacute. Fruit minute, rough.— DISTRIB. Europe, W. Siberia. 6. G. sylves'tre, Poll. ; diffuse, stem smooth glabrous or pubescent below, leaves 6-8 in a whorl narrow ciliate aristate, cymes much longer than the leaves, fruiting pedicels spreading. Dry rocky hills and pastures ; ascending to 2,400 ft. in Yorkshire; fl. July- Aug. — Very similar to G. saxatile, but less tufted, more erect and rigid ; leaves narrower, stiff er, awned. — DISTRIB. Europe, except Russia. VAR. 1, monta'num, Vill. (sp.) ; stem strict glabrous acutely 4-gonous, leaves suddenly acuminate, margins slightly revolute, cymes lax-flowered. Q. pusillum, Sm. not L. — VAR. 2, nitid'ulum, Thuill. (sp.) ; stem glabrous or hairy below obtusely 4-gonous, leaves narrower, margin strongly revolute, cymes rather compact. G. comnmtatum, Bab. not Jordan. 7. G. Mollu'go, L. ; stem flaccid glabrous or hairy, leaves 6-8 in a whorl, cymes horizontal, corolla-lobes with slender tips. Hedges and copses throughout England ; ascending to 1,000 ft. in Yorkshire; E. of Scotland and of Ireland, very rare ; fl. July-Aug. — Pale when dry. Stem 1-4 ft. , erect or decumbent, angles hairy or scabrid. Leaves variable, margins with erect or reversed bristles. CytMtuam, panicled many-flowered. Fruit A in. diam., black, shagreened.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia. Sub-sp. EREC'TUM, Hudg. (sp.) ; suberect, leaves linear or lanceolate, cyme with slender ascending branches. Q. aristatitm, Sm. not L. Sub-sp. SCA'BRUM, Wiik. (sp.); decumbent, branches divaricate, leaves obovate-lanceolate, cyme with spreading branches. Q. ela'tum, Thuill. ; G. irwulricum, Gaud. — VAR. Bake'ri, Syme ; leaves linear, cyme few-flowered. *** Perennial. Flowers white. Fruit hispid. 8. G. borea'le, L. ; stem erect, leaves 4 in a whorl lanceolate, cymes axillary and terminal many-flowered. Moist rocks in mountain districts ; ascends to 2,800 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. June-Aug. — Glabrous or pubescent ; blackish when dry. Rootstock creeping. GALIUM.] EUBIACE^E. 179 Stems 1-2 ft., tufted, rigid, sparingly branched above. Leaves ^-1J in., 3-nerved. Cymes panicled ; branches suberect ; bracts ovate. Flower ^ in. diam. Fruit A in. diam., hispid with hooked hairs.— DISTRIB. N. and Mid. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia, Himalaya, E. and W. N. America. **** Annual. Flowers white or greenish. Fruit often large, usually hispid or tubercled. Angles of stem and margins of leaves prickly. 9. G. Apari'ne, L. ; leaves 6-8 in a whorl, cymes axillary 3-9-flowered, pedicels divaricate, fruit large usually hispid. Goose-grass, Cleavers. Hedges and waste places, ascending to 1,200 feet in Yorkshire ; fl. June^July. — Stem 1-5 ft., weak, straggling, often forming matted masses, very rough. Leaves ^-2 in., narrow-lanceolate, usually hispid all over. Fruit purplish. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. Asia, W. Asia to India, temp. N. and S. America. Sub-sp. APARI'NE proper; cymes usually 3-flowered, flowers white, fruit tubercled tubercles crowned by hooked bristles. Sub-sp. VAILLAN'TII, DC. (sp. ) ; cymes 3-9-flo-wered, flowers very minute greenish, fruit hispid with hooked bristles. — Saffron Walden, in fields. 10. G. tricor'ne, With., leaves 6-8 in a whorl, cymes axillary 3- flowered, fruit large granulate on recurved pedicels. Cultivated fields on chalky soil, from Cumberland southwards ; absent in Scot- land and Ireland ; a colonist, Watson; fl. June— Oct. — Habit and appearance of G. Aparine, but leaves narrower at the tip, and the fruiting pedicels very peculiar. — DISTRIB. Europe from Holland southwards, N. Africa, India. 11. G. parisien'se, L. ; sub-sp. anglicum, Huds. (sp.) ; leaves about 6 in a whorl, cymes axillary and terminal panicled kfew-flowered, fruit minute tubercled. Walls, and sandy places in S.E. of England, from Norfolk to Sussex ; fl. June-July.- Ktem diffuse, branched, 6-12 in., without barren shoots. Leaves •ft-rj in., narrow, mucronate, finally reflexed, margins rough with prickles that point forwards. Flowers greenish- white. — DISTRIB. Europe, from Hol- land southwards, N. Africa. — The typical G. parisiense has'hispid fruit. 3. AS FERULA, L. Herbs or small shrubs. Leaves whorled, lower often opposite. Flmoers in terminal or axillary cymes, small. Calyx- limb 4-toothed, deciduous or 0. Corolla funnel- or bell-shaped, 4-fid. Stamens 4. Styles 2, more or less connate, stigmas capitate. Fruit dry or rather fleshy. — DISTRIB. Temp, regions ; species 50 ? — ETYM. asper, from the rough hairs of many. 1. A. odora'ta, L. ; upper leaves 7-9, lower 6 in a whorl. Wood-ruff. Shaded hedgebanks, copses, &c. ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Scotland ; fl. May- June. — Almost glabrous, odoriferous in drying, shining. RooUtock perennial, creeping, often stoloniferous. Stems 6-18 in., subsimple, hairy beneath the Hodes. Leaves 1-1 J in., oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate, ciliate. Cymes sub- terminal, subumbellate. Corolla-tithe J in. diam., as long as the limb, white, lobes obtuse. Fruit small, hispid with hooked hairs. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia. 2. A. cynan chica, L. ; leaves 4 in a whorl. Squinancy-wort. Dry banks, local, from Yorkshire and Westmoreland southwards ; S. and W. Ireland ; fl. June-July. --Glabrous or nearly so, tufted; branches 6-10 in., 180 RUBIACEJE. [Asi-Kiu I.A. ascending. Leaves J-l in., close set, 2 of each whorl much smaller than the others, narrow-linear, mucronate, rigid, recurved, not ciliate. - 2-fid, stigmas capitate. Fruit didymous, dry, crowned with the enlarged calyx-limb, separating into 2 plano-convex cocci.— DISTKIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia. — ETYM. James Sherard, an eminent botanist. 1. S. arven'sis, Z; ; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, lower often opposite. Fields and waste places; fl. April-Oct. — Hispid. Stems 6-18 in., prostrate, spreading from the root. Leaves ^-f in., oblong-lanceolate, acute. C",i,//" lilac, ^ in. diam. Fruit minute, hispid, crowned by the erect ciliate calyx- teeth. . ORDER XL. VALERIA NE;E. Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Flowers small, usually irregular, in dichotomous cymes. Calyx superior ; limb lobed or a feathery pappus, involute in bud. Corolla funnel-shaped, tube equal gibbous or spurred at the base ; lobes 3-5, unequal, obtuse, imbricate in bud. Disk small, epigynous. Stamens 1-3 or 5, inserted at the base of the corolla-tube, filaments free slender exserted ; anthers versatile. Ovary- cells 3, 2 .empty or suppressed, 1 with a solitary pendulous anatropous ovule; style simple, filiform, stigma obtuse or 2-3-lobed. — Fruit small, indehiscent, coriaceous membranous or woody ; cells 1 fertile and 2 small empty or 0,thelattersometimesconfluent. Seed pendulous, testa membranous, inner coat sometimes thickened, albumen 0; embryo straight, cotyledons oblong, radicle cylindric. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, temp. Asia and N. and S. America, unknown in Australia, one sp. is S. African ; genera 12 ; species 185. — AFFINITIES. Close with Dipsacece and Compositce. — PROPERTIES. Aromatic, antispasmodic, sometimes stimulant. Calyx-limb pappose. Corolla-tube gibbous. Stamens 3 1. Valeriana. Calyx-limb pappose. Corolla-tube spurred. Stamen 1. 1*. r, /,/,-,;„//,//.«. Calyx-limb toothed or lobed. Corolla-tube obconic 2. Valerianella. 1. VALERIA N A, L. VALERIAN. Perennial, rarely annual herbs. Radical leaves crowded ; cauline oppo- site or whorled, entire or pinnatifid. Flmvers in corymbose capitate or panicled cymes, bracteolate. Calyx-limb annular, crenulate, developing into a feathery deciduous pappus. Corolla-tube obconic or cylindric, equal or gibbous at the base ; lobes 5, rarely 3-4, unequal. Stamens 3. Stigma capitate. Fruit compressed, coatate, membranous, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — DISTUIB. Temp. Europe, Asia, N. and S. America. — ETYM. valcre, from its powerful medicinal properties ; species about 130. — Flowers sometimes almost dioecious, the female with very imperfect anthers. VALERIANA.] VALERIANEJE. 181 1. V. dio'ica, L. ; cauline leaves pinnatifid, flowers polygamous. Wet meadows and bogs, local, from Fife and Dumbarton southwards ; ascends to near 2,000 ft. in Northumberland ; absent from Ireland ; fl. May-June. — Glabrous, ciliate at the nodes and leaf-margins. Rootstock creeping, stolo- niferous. Stem 6-18 in., ascending. Leaves J-l in., radical long-petioled, ovate or spathulate ; cauline with a large terminal lobe and narrow lateral segments. Cymes terminal, corymbose ; flowers J in. diam., pinkish ; females denser, smaller, darker ; bracts linear. Fruit small. — DISTRIB. Europe. 2. V. officina'lis, L. ; leaves all pinnate. Oat's Valerian, All-heal. Wet meadows and banks of streams ; ascends to near 2,500 ft. in the .Lake district; fl. June- Aug. —Glabrous or hairy below, foetid. Rootstock short, stoloniferous. Leaves radical long-petioled, soon withering ; cauline 2-5 in., sessile; leaflets J-2 in., lanceolate, entire or serrate. Cymes terminal and axillary, corymbose. Flowers 2-sexual. Corolla 4- in., pale pink. Fruit small, narrow, ovoid. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, Dahuria, Japan, W. Asia. — Rootstock a well-known antispasmodic. VAR. 1, offidnoHis proper ; leaflets 6-10 pairs. — VAR. 2, sambucifo'lia, Mikah (sp.) ; leaflets 4-6 pairs. V. PYRENA'ICA, L. ; leaves very large cordate deeply toothed. Naturalized in plantations ; fl. June-July. — A large coarse herb, with no pre- tensions to be considered indigenous. Stem 2-4 ft. Leaves often a foot in diam., upper with a few basal leaflets. Flowers much as in V. ojjicinalis. — DISTRIB. S. of France and Spain. 1*. CENTRAN'THUS, DC. SPUR- VALERIAN. Perennial, glabrous, leafy herbs. Flowers in terminal unilateral panicled cymes, bracteolate, red or white. Calyx-limb annular, crenulate, develop- ing into a feathery deciduous pappus. Corolla-tube compressed, elongate, with a longitudinal septum, spurred at the base ; lobes 5, unequal. Stamen 1. Stigma capitate. Fruit membranous, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — DISTRIB. luirope, N. Africa, W. Asia ; species about 10. — ETYM. Kfvrpos and avdos, from the spurred corolla. C. RU'BER, DC. ; lower leaves lanceolate, upper triangular ovate. Old walls and chalk-pits, naturalized in the S. of England and Ireland, rarer northwards; fl. June-Sept. —Stem woody below; branches 2-3 ft., erect, terete, fistular. Leaves 2-4 in., thick; lower 2-3 in., petioled, lanceolate or subspathulate ; upper sessile, entire or toothed at the base. Cymes long ; flowers dense, secund. Corolla \ in., red or white ; spur slender. Fruit i in., rough, narrow, ovoid, compressed. — DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia. 2. VALERIANEL LA, Tournef. CORN SALAD. Small annuals, dichotomously branched. Flowers solitary or cymose in the forks of the branches, small, bracteate. Calyx-limb toothed lobed or 0. Corolla funnel-shaped, regular, not spurred ; lobes 5, obtuse. Stamens 3. Stigma simple or 3-fid. Fruit compressed, unequal-sided, grooved, 2-3-celled, 1-seeded.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia, N. America, species about 50. — ETYM. Diininutive of Valeriana. 1. V. olitoria, Mosnch; cymes capitate, bracts leafy toothed, fertile 182 VALERIANE&. [VALERIAXELL.Y. cell of fruit corky on the back, empty ones contiguous or confluent, calyx- limb obsolete. Valeriana Locusta, L. in part. LamUs Lettuce. Cornfields and hedgebanks ; a native ? Watson ; fl. April-June. — Glabrous, flaccid, brittle, 6-12 in. Leaves 1-3 in., linear-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, quite entire or toothed, cauline ^-amplexicaul. Flown, minute, pale lilac ; bracts linear, ciliate. Fruit minute, glabrous or hairy. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia ; introd. into N. America. — An excellent salad. V. CARINA'TA, Loisel ; cymes capitate, fruit oblong boat-shaped, fertile cell not corky, empty cells contiguous inflated, calyx-limb indistinct. Cultivated ground, &c. from Yorkshire southwards, naturalized ; fl. April- June. — Probably a variety of F. olitoria, which it resembles in all characters, save those of the fruit given above. — DISTRIB. Europe from Holland southwards, N. Africa, W. Asia. . 2. V. Auric'ula, DC. ; cymes lax, fruit broadly ovoid turgid narrowly grooved in front, fertile cell not corky, empty cells contiguous inflated, calyx with one large unilateral lobe. F. tridentata, Stev. Cornfields, rare, from Fife southwards, and in Ireland ; a colonist, Wntxim ; fl. June-Aug. — Very similar in size, habit, and foliage to F. n/itl' -. Ligiile oblong. Fruit terete or angled 18. Anthemis. Ligule broad, short. Fruit compressed, winged 19. Achillea. Flowers all tubular and compressed 20. Diotis. Outer flowers ligulate, white or yellow. Receptacle naked. Receptacle conic, often elongating 21. Matricaria. Receptacle flat or convex 22. Chrysanthemum. Flowers all tubular. Receptacle naked. Receptacle broad. Epigynous disk broad 23. Tanacetum. Receptacle narrow. Epigynous disk small 24. Artemisia. TRIBE VIII. GNAPHALIE^E. Leaves alternate, quite entire. /«/•../. braclf scarious. Flowers all tubular, outer excessively slender, female. Anther-cells with filiform tails. Style-arms linear, truncate or obtuse, tips papillose. Pappus-hairs very slender, silky. Heads 2-sexual. Receptacle flat, naked ' 25. Gnaphalium . Heads almost dioecious. Pappus of male clavate 26. Antennaria. Heads 2-sexual. Receptacle conical ; bracteoles few 27. Filago. TRIBE IX. SENECION IDE^E. Leaves alternate. F hirers all yellow, tubular and 2-sexual, or outer ligulate. Receptacle naked. . I ntl,<,- -<-,//.„• without tails. Style-arms as in Gnaphaliea, but sometimes tipped with short papillose cones (as in Asteroidece). Pappus-hairs usually very soft (rigid in Doronicum). Invol. bracts in many series 27*. Doroi,:,-,i,n. Invol. bracts hi one series 28. Senecio. SERIES 2. LIGULIFLO'R.E. Flwnen all ligulate. Juice milky. TRIBE X. CICHORA CE-ffi. Leaves alternate. Style cylindric, pubescent above ; arms linear, J-terete, obtuse, pubescent at the back ; stigmatic lines not confluent. Pappus 0 .' 29. Lapsana. Pappus a coriaceous raised border 30. Arnoseris. Pappus of short broad scales 31. Cichorium. Pappus of inner fruits of feathery hairs, often dilated at the base. * Receptacle covered with narrow bracteoles 32. Hypochasris. ** Receptacle naked. Fruit with a long slender beak. Leaves toothed. Outer invol. bracts cordate 33. Helminthia. Leaves quite entire. Invol. bracts narrow 34. Tragopogon. Fruit with a short beak. Invol. bracts 1 -seriate, with a few outer short ones 35. Picris. Invol. bracts 2-3 seriate 36. Leontodon. Pappus of simple hairs not dilated at the base. * Pappus-hairs white, silky (except Crepis paludosa). Fruit with a long slender beak. Fruit compressed, not muricate. Leafy branched herbs 37. Lactuca. Fruit muncate upwards. Scapigerous herbs 38. Taraxacum. Fruit terete, not muricate 39. Crepis, sect. Barkkau&ia. Fruit vrith a short thick beak or 0. Fruit angled or terete, much compressed 40. Sonchus. ARCTIUM.] COMPOSITE. 187 ** Pappus-hairs rigid, discoloured (see Crepis paludosa in *). Fruit compressed. Pappus-hairs in several series 41. Mulgedium. Fruit terete. Pappus-hairs in one series 42. Hieracium. 1. ARC'TIUM, L. BURDOCK. A stout, erect, branching, biennial herb. Leaves alternate, the lower very large. Heads solitary racemed or corymbose, not rayed, purple or white ; involucre globose, bracts imbricate, very many, coriaceous, ap- pressed below, with long, stiff, spreading, hooked tips ; receptacle flat ; bracteoles rigid, subulate. Corollas regular, campanulate ; lobes 5, slender. Filaments papillose ; anthers with a long terminal appendage, cells with subulate tails. Style-arms connate, pubescent below, obtuse. Fruit large, oblong or obovoid, laterally compressed, transversely wrinkled, areolate at the base ; pappus-hairs multi-seriate, short, free, filiform, scab rid. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and "W. Asia ; introd. into N. America.— ETYM. &PKTOS, a bear, from its coarse appearance. 1. A. Lap pa, L. ; leaves ovate-cordate entire or sinuate-toothed. Waste places ; fl. July- Aug. — Glabrous or cottony, 2-4 ft., very variable. Leaves often 1 ft., glabrous above, usually densely cottony beneath. Heads ^-l^in. diam., webbed or not ; peduncle very stout ; invol. bracts slender, angled, rigid, spreading. Corolla and stamens purple, styles white. Fruit compressed, angled, ribbed, grey mottled with black. — Young stalks formerly eaten boiled, and as salad.— The following sub-species and varieties present no constant characters ; I have followed Syme in their discrimination. Sub-sp. LAP'PA proper (sp. ) ; petioles hollow, heads subcorymbose globose glabrous all green, corolla-tube longer than the limb. A. majus, Schkuhr. — From Lancaster and Derby southwards. Sub-sp. MI'NUS, Schkuhr (sp. ) ; heads subracemose more ovoid glabrous or cottony, inner invol. bracts purplish, corolla-tube as long as the limb.— Advances North to Skye. — VAR. 1, mi'nus proper ; root-leaves coarsely toothed, petioles hollow, heads ^-f in. diam. subsessile cottony. Common. — VAR. 2, interim' dium, Lange (sp.) ; root-leaves crenate, petioles with a slender tube, heads arachnoid, lower ones f-1 in. diam., of the raceme peduncled purple. A . pubeiis, Bab. — VAR. 3, wmoro'sMW, Lej. (sp.); root- aves narrower coarsely crenate, crenatures apiculate, heads subsessile 2. CARiii'NA, L. CARLINE-THISTLE. Eigid, spinous herbs. Leaves pinnatifid. Outer invol. bracts leafy, spinous-toothed, spreading ; inner longer, narrower, scarious, coloured, shining ; receptacle flat, deeply pitted, edges of the pits scaly. Corollas all tubular, glabrous, erect ; limb campanulate, 5-toothed. Filaments glabrous; anthers with a terminal appendage, cells with short plumose tails. Style-arms connate into a pubescent cone. Fruit oblong, terete, silky with 2-fid hairs ; pappus-hairs 1-seriate, feathery, connate in threes or fours at the base. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and S. Africa, "VV. Asia ; species about 15. — ETYM. After Charlemagne, who used it medicinally. 1. C. vulgar'is, L. ; heads 2 or more, bracts ciliate. Dry fields and pastures ; from Arran to Elgin southwards ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Northumberland ; local in Ireland ; fl. June-Oct.— Biennial, hoary 88 COMPOSITE. [('AKI.IXA. root tapering. Stem 6-18 in., stout, simple or branched above, purple. Radical leaves 3-5 in., spreading, lanceolate, pinnatifid, spinous, cottony beneath; cauline many, shorter, ^-amplexicaul. Heads j-li in. diam. ; outer bracts cottony, spreading ; middle purplish ; inner j in., narrow, ri^id, acute, yellow, spreading, erect when moist. Bristles of receptacle ri grey. — DISTRIB. Europe ; introd. in N. America. VAR. 1, ni'gra proper ; outer flowers larger, peduncles thickened, appendages dark brown deeply pectinate.— VAR. 2, decip'iens, Thuill.; outer flowers usually larger, peduncles slender, appendages paler less deeply pectinate.- C. nigrescent, Bab. Southern counties. * CENTAUREA.] COMPOSITE. 189 SECTION 2. Cya'nus. Invol. brads with the upper part and margins scarious and pectinate or ciliate. 2. C. Scabio'sa, L. ; erect, leaves deeply pinnatifid segments entire or lobed, peduncles glabrous, involucre globose, bracts with brown pectinate tip and margins, pappus as long as the fruit. Dry pastures and waste places, from Moray southwards, and in Ireland ; fl. July-Sept. — Rootstock woody. Stem 2-3 ft., grooved, sparingly branched, pilose with soft hairs. Leaves 4-10 in. , almost pinnate, segments obovate. Heads 1^-2 in. diam., rayed ; invol. bracts with a broad brown tip which is de.-urrent on the sides of the bracts ; flowers bright purple, fruit grey, pubescent. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia. 3. C. Cya'nus, L. ; erect, leaves narrow entire or lobes few spreading, peduncles cottony, involucre ovoid, margins of bracts deeply toothed scarious, pappus shorter than the fruit. Bluebottle, Cornflower. Cultivated fields, from Moray and Renfrew southwards ; ascending to 1,000ft. in the Highlands ; a colonist, Watson.; fl. June-Sept. — Annual or biennial. Stem 1-2 ft., slender, grooved, sparingly branched. Leaves 2-4 in., variable, sessile, acute, lower ^-lin., upper y^-in. broad. Heads |-lin. diam., cob- webby ; teeth of bracts triangular, spreading, of outer white, of inner brown and white ; bristles of receptacle silvery. Flowers of ray few, large, bright blue ; of disk smaller, purplish. Fruit grey, silky ; pappus dirty white.— DISTRIB. Europe, W. Siberia, N.W. India ; introd. in N. America. SECTION 3. Serid'ia. Invol. bracts tipped by spreading reflexed spines. 4. C. asp'era, L. ; ascending, leaves linear-oblong entire toothed or lyrate, peduncles leafy, involucre globose, bracts tipped with 5 palmately spreading reflexed spines, pappus snorter than the fruit. C. Isnardi, L. Vazon Bay, Guernsey, very rare; fl. July-Sept. — Perennial. Stem 1-2 ft., slender ; branches spreading, sparsely pubescent, tips cottony. Leaves very variable, lower sessile or petioled, lanceolate or oblong. Heads 1 in. diam. ; bracts coriaceous, yellow-brown, spines ^-^ in. ; bristles of receptacle white. Fruit grey, pubescent ; pappus white. --DiSTRiB. France and S. Europe. SECTION 4. Calcit'rapa. Invol. bracts ending in a long strong spine. 5. C. Calcit'rapa, L. ; rigid, diffusely branched from beneath the heads, leaves pinnatifid, lobes recurved aristate, spines of bracts long spreading, with a few smaller on each side the base, pappus 0. Star- Thistle. Dry waste places, rare, from Norfolk and S. Wales to Cornwall and Somerset ; a native? Watson; fl. July-Sept. — Biennial, 1-2 ft., cottony or glabrous; branches leafy, spreading, stout. Leaves 1-3 in., often interruptedly pin- natifid, lobes distant, slender. Heads lateral and sessile, or terminating leafy branches, \ in. diam., spines as long, yellow and channelled above. Flowers rose-purple. Fruit white or mottled brown. — DISTRIB. Europe from Holland southward, N. Africa, N.W. India ; introd. in N. America. C. SOLSTITIA'LIS, L. ; erect, branched, cottony, stems winged, lower leaves lyrate, upper linear entire decurrent, spines of upper bracts long spreading with a few smaller ones at the base, pappus soft. . Fields in E. and S. of England, rare ; introd. with lucern, &c. ; fl. July-Sept. — Annual, much branched, 1-2 ft. Stem rigid, branches twiggy, terminated 190 COMPOSITE. [CEXTAUEEA. by peduncled heads. Leaves very variable. Heads globose, i in. diam., spines as long, not channelled, those of the outer bracts very small. /'/„,.. yellow. Fruit white ; pappus copious, white, as long as the fruit. — DISTIUB. JCurope from Holland southwards, Siberia. 5. SERRAT'UIiA, DC. SAW-WORT. Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate ; radical simple ; cauline usually pinnatifid. Heads solitary or corymbose, sometimes dioecious, purple or white ; invol. bracts many, imbricate, outer shorter, inner more or less scarious at the tip ; receptacle bracteolate. Corollas regular, tubular, limb ventricose, lobes 5, narrow, oblique. Filaments papillose ; anther-cells simple or shortly tailed. Style tumid or papillose or with a ring of hairs at the tip ; arms free or connate. Fruit oblong, compressed, glabrous, smooth ; pappus-hairs multi-seriate, rigid, scabrid, coloured, outer shorter, deciduous. — DISTRIB. Europe, Asia; N. America; species about 30. — ETYM. serrula, from the serrate foliage. 1. S. tincto'ria, L. ; leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, lobes distant serrate. Copses, &c. from the N. of England, ascending to near 1,000 ft., southwards : doubtfully indigenous in Scotland; absent from .Ireland ; fl. Aug. — Glabrous or nearly so. Ktem 2-3 ft., slender, erect, grooved, leafy, corym- bosely branched. Leaves 5-9 in., rarely entire ; lobes linear-oblong, acute or acuminate ; cauline sessile. Heads $-% in., corymbose, subsessile in var. monticola (Boreau sp.), cylindric-ovoid, subclioecious, female largest; invol. bracts ciliate, rigid, striate; outer oblong or ovate, acute ; inner linear-oblong, purplish. Flowers red-purple ; male with blue anthers and contiguous style-arms ; female with white anthers and spreading stvle-arms. Fruit grey, glabrous ; pappus dirty white. — DlSTHiB. Europe, W. Siberia. 6. CARDUUS, L. THISTLE. Erect herbs. Leaves usually spinous-toothed. Heads sometimes dioa- cious, purple, rarely white ; involucre ovoid or globose ; bracts many, imbricated, appressed, narrow, rigid, acuminate or spinous-tipped ; re- ceptacle deeply pitted, covered with brietly bracteoles. Corollas all tubular, tube short, ventricose above, oblique ; lobes 5, narrow, elongate. Filaments free or connate, pilose or glandular ; anthers terminated by a linear appendage, cells usually with toothed tails. Style-arms connate into a cylindrical 2-fid pubescent column, with a ring of hairs at the base. Fruit oblong, compressed or terete, glabrous ; pappus-hairs multi-seriate, filiform, scabrid or feathery, connate at the base, deciduous. — DISTRIB. Chiefly Europe and W. Asia ; species about 150. — ETYM. doubtful. SUB-GEN. 1. Car'duns proper. Filaments free, pilose. Fruit compn •--< ••!. smooth ; pappus-hairs rough not feathery, copious, white, shining. Leaves decurrent, wings of stem very spinous. 1. C. nu tans, L. ; wings of stem interrupted, head large solitary hemi- spheric drooping, invol. bracts subulate-lanceolate, outer spreading and reflexed. Musk- Thistle. Waste places, from Skye and Moray southwards ; ascending to 1,600 ft. in Yorkshire ; rare in Scotland and Ireland ; fl. July-Sept. — Biennial, rarely branched, more or less cottony. Stem 1-3 ft., grooved ; wing sinuous, very CARDUUS.] COMPOSITE. 191 spiny. Leaves 6-12 in., variable, undulate, entire or 1-2 pinnatifid. Heads 1-2 in. diam. ; peduncle slender, and involucre cottony ; outer bracts fin., green, spinous tip long. Flowers crimson. Fruit pale brown, glabrous, granulate. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia ; introd. in N. America. 2. C. cris'pus, L. ; wings continuous, heads small erect fascicled, peduncles leafy, involucre webbed, bracts erect very slender. C. acanthoides, Sm. Hedgebanks and waste places, from Moray and Dumbarton southwards ; ascending to near 1,000 ft. in Yorkshire ; rare in Scotland ; S. of Ireland ; fl. June- Aug. — Annual or biennial. Stem 1-3 ft. , erect, cottony or pubescent above ; branches ascending ; wings narrow, waved. Leaves variable, cottony below, usually pinnatifid ; lobes broad, lobulate. Heads variable, ^— f in. diam. ; involucre ovoid, bracts subulate, webbed. Flowers purple or white. Fruit pale, shining, furrowed. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, Dahuria, N.W. Himalaya. — A hybrid with nutans occurs at Saffron Walden. VAR. 1, cris'jms proper ; leaves hoary beneath, heads crowded, involucre sub- globose.— VAR. 2, polyan'themos, Koch (sp.) ; leaves pubescent on the nerves only, heads crowded, involucre ovoid. — VAR. 3, litigio'sus, Gr. and Godr. ; leaves as in VAR. 2, heads subsolitary, involucre as in VAR. 1. 3. C. pycnoceph'alus, Jacq. ; wings of stem continuous, heads small fascicled, involucre glabrous narrow, bracts broadly subulate-lanceolate with recurved spines. C. tenuiflorus, Curtis. Sandy waste places, especially on the coasb, from Forfar southwards ; rare in W. Scotland, common in Ireland.— Annual or biennial, erect, 1-4 ft., branched, hoary. Leaves oblong- lanceolate, pinnatifid ; lobes broad, sinuate- toothed. Heads f-1 in. , sessile ; invol. bracts few. Flowers pale purple. Fruit grey, shining, minutely pitted, not furrowed. — DISTRIB. Europe, from Denmark southwards ; N. Africa. — C. tenuiflorus is hardly distinguished from C. pycnocephalus by its usually more numerous and smaller heads and outer invol. bracts with a narrow scarious border. SUB-GEN. 2. Cirs'ium, Tourn. (gen.). Filaments free. Fruit corn-pressed, smooth ; pappus-hairs feathery, very slender, white. CNICUS, L. * Upper surface of leaves scabrid. Flowers 2-sexual. 4. C. lanceola'tus, L. ; stem winged, leaves pinnatifid, heads fascicled, involucre ovoid cottony, bracts lanceolate spreading. Spear-thistle. Waste places, &c. ; fl. July-Oct. —Stout, erect, annual or biennial, 2-5 ft. Leaves |-lft., obovate -lanceolate, setose above, cottony below; lobes few, large, 2-fid, toothed, with long stout spines. Heads f-1^ in. diam., few, erect ; peduncle short ; in vol. bracts very many, subulate, midrib strong, spines long. Flowers purple. Fruit striped, smooth, shining. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia ; introd. in N. America. 5. C. erioph'oras, L. ; stem not winged, leaves pinnate, head very large woolly, involucre globose, bracts ciliated, spine slender recurved. Waste grounds in dry soil, local, from Lancaster and Durham ?outh wards ; absent from Ireland ; fl. July-Sept. —Tall, stout, handsome, woolly, biennial, 3-5 ft., branched above. Leaves 1-2 ft., cop'ously setose above and cottony beneath ; lobes distant, slender, usually 2-partite, the divisions spreading upwards and downwards, margins ciliate and spinous. Heads 2-3 in. diam. ; invol. bracts very many. Flou-ers pale purple, anthers blue. Fruit shining, 192 COMPOSITE. [CARIHTS. smooth, mottled.— DiSTRlB. Europe from Holland southwards, W. Asia.— Young parts eatable as salad, and cooked. • ** Upper surface of leaves hairy or pubescent, f Stem branched, very leafy, or 0. Leaves harsh, rigidly spinous. 6. C. acauiis, L. ; stem usually very short, leaves pinnatifid, segments 3_4-lobed, heads sessile or on naked peduncles, involucre ovoid glabrous, bracts appressed ciliate mucronate. Gravellv and chalky pastures in England, from Chester and Lincoln southwards: fl. July-Sept. — Perennial, glabrous or pilose ; usually stemless with one subsessile head, rarely elongate with a leafy branched stem, 8-18 in., and several peduncled heads. Leaves sessile or petioled, oblong-lanceolate, rigid, very spinous. Heads 1-2 in. ; involucre ovoid in flower, campanulate in fruit ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, mucronate ; inner very long, linear. Ftotrers crimson. Fruit smooth, glabrous, brown ; pappus dirty white. — DISTRIB. Europe from Gothland southwards (excl. Greece and Turkey), Siberia, Dahuria, W. Asia.— A troublesome weed in pastures. 7. C. arven'sis, Curtis ; erect, dioecious, rootstock creeping, leaves pinnatifid, heads many, male involucre subglobose, female ovoid, outer bracts with short spreading spines, inner acuminate. Fields and waste places, &c., ascending to near 2,000 ft. in Northumberland ; fl. July-Sept.— Perennial, very spiuous, 2-4 ft.; male and female plants in separate, large patches. Stem angled and grooved, more or less cottony, rarely glabrous. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, lower petioled, upper slightly decurrent, sinuate lobed or pinnatifid, setose or spinous. Heads £-1 in. diam., corymbose; peduncle short; involucre J-f in., bracts appressed, ciliate, tips rigid spinous ; inner obtuse, tips toothed. Floictrs dingy purple. Fruit smooth, shining ; pappus dirty white. — DiSTRlB. Europe, Siberia, W. Asia to India, N. Africa ; introd. in N. America.- — The commonest pest of agriculture. A hybrid occurs between this and C. acauiis. Sub-sp. ARVEN'SIS proper; stem flexuous, leaves pinnatifid very spinous, upper J-amplexicaul. Sub-sp. SETO'SUS, Bieb. (sp.); stem more simple and strict, leaves sessile oblong-lanceolate obtuse sinuate-lobed or subpinnatifid, margins setose.— Orkney, Fife, &c. ; very rare, and supposed to be introduced. 8. C. pains 'tris, L. ; stem winged, leaves decurrent pinnatifid, lobes 2-3-fid, segments acuminate spinescent, heads in leafy clusters, involucre cottony, bracts appressed, outer mucronate, inner acuminate. Wet meadows, ditches, &c., ascending to 2,400ft. in the Highlands ; fl. July- Sept. —Biennial, soft, stout, erect, 2-4 ft., branched, very spinous. Leaves very decurrent, hairy on both surfaces ; lobes narrow. Heads f in. diam. ; involucre J in., ovoid, bracts purplish-green. Flowers dark purple. Fruit pale, narrow, smooth ; pappus dirty white. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia.— Stalks formerly eaten. A hybrid between this and C. pratemis (C. Forsteri, Sm.) is found in bogs in Kent, Surrey, and Sussex, ft Stem usually simple, not winged. Leaves soft, spines few. Heads 1 or fete. 9. C. praten'sis, Hudson; cottony, rootstock stoloniferous, roots fibrous, leaves lanceolate sinuate-toothed or subpinnatifid, heads usually solitary, involucre hemispherical. Cirsium anglicum, Lamk. CARDUUS.] COMPOSITE. 193 Wet meadows, rare, from York (ascending to 1,200 ft.) and N. Wales south wards, and in Ireland ; fl. June-Aug. — Perennial. Stem 10-18 in., terete, cottony. Leaves few, 6-10 in., lower long-petioled, lobes angled not deep or long ; upper J-amplexicaul, auricled. Heads 1-1^ in., peduncled ; invo- lucre cottony ; bracts appressed, outer mucronate, inner slender purple acuminate. Flowers dark purple. Fruit pale, slender, smooth ; pappus dirty white.— DISTRIB. Holland, Spain, France, and Germany.— 0. Wood- wardi, Watson, is, according to Syme, probably a hybrid between acaulis and pratensis ; it has been found in Wilts and Glamorganshire. 10. C. tubero'sus, L. ; rootstock not stoloniferous, roots fusiform tuberous, leaves deeply pinnatifid, lobes remote narrow 2-4 cleft, heads 1-3, involucre ovoid depressed at the base. Meadows, Boyton, Wilts, and near Swindon ; fl. Aug.-Sept.— Very closely allied to C. pratensis, and perhaps only a sub-species of it. — DISTRIB. Europe, from France and Germany southwards. 11. C. heterophyl'lus, L. ; rootstock stoloniferous, roots fibrous, leaves lanceolate serrulate ciliate white beneath, upper entire or pinnatifid, heads few large depressed at the base. Melancholy Thistle. Subalpine pastures and rivulets, from Skye and Ross southwards to Glamorgan and Derby ; ascending to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands ; absent from Ireland ; fl. July-Sept. — Rootstock creeping. Stem 2-3 ft., white, cottony, terete, furrowed. Leaves soft, radical long-petioled, 8-18 in. ; upper often ovate, ^-amplexicaul, cordate at the base. Heads l§-2 in. diam.; involucre ovoid, bracts finely pubescent, appressed, outer mucronate, inner linear. Flowers red-purple. Fruit smooth, small, brown ; pappus-hairs brownish-white. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), except Spain Greece and Turkey, Siberia, Dahuria. — C. Carolorum, Jenner, is a hybrid with C. S.UB-GEN. 3. Sil'ybmn, Gcertn. (gen.). Filaments glandular, connate. Fruit terete, rugose ; pappus-hairs silky, connate at the base. C. MARIA'NUS, Gcertn. ; leaves sinuate or pinnatifid, nerves white. Waste places near gardens, &c., not indigenous ; rare in Scotland and Ireland ; fl. July-Sept. — Glabrous, erect, annual or biennial, shining Stem, 1-4 ft. grooved, not winged. Leaves large, spines strong, stout. Heads globose, 1-2 in. diam.; invol. bracts coriaceous, closely appressed, very broad, with one very stout recurved, terminal, subulate spine |-f in., and several shorter ones at its base, outermost merely spinous-toothed, mucronate ; receptacle fleshy, hairy, not pitted. Flowers rose-purple. Fruit ^ in., oblong, transversely wrinkled, black or grey ; pappus white. — DISTRIB. Europe, from Holland southwards. — Stalks formerly eaten. 7. ONOPOR'DON, L. COTTON THISTLE. Tall, erect, branched herbs. Stems broadly winged. Leaves alternate, decurrent, spinous-toothed. Heads large, purple, rarely white ; involucre subglobose; bracts very many, imbricate, coriaceous, spinescent; receptacle fleshy, pitted, edges of the pits membranous toothed. Corolla* all tubular, ventricose above ; lobes 5, long, slender. Filaments nearly glabrous ; anthers with a terminal appendage, cells shortly tailed. Style-arms con- nate into a 2-fid cylinder, with a ring of hairs at the base. Fruit obovoid, compressed, 4-ribbed, rugose ; pappus-hairs multi-seriate, filiform or flat- o 194 COMPOSITE. [OKOFOBDOar. tened, barbed or toothed, connate at the base. — DISTRIB. S. Europe. W. Asia, X. Africa ; species 20.— ETYM. The old Greek name. 1. O. Acan'thium, L. ; leaves sinuate-pinnatifid woolly. Waste dry places, from Chester and Lincoln southwards ; an alien or denizen, \\'V. /» •pinous-winged to the top. Leaves decurrent, toothed and strongly spinous. Head 1J-2 in. diam. ; involucre much contracted at the mouth, very cob- webby ; bracts subulate, spinescent, recurved, green. Flowers pale purple. Fruit ^ in., mottled grey; pappus-hairs white.— DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia ; introd. in N. America. 8. EUPATOR IUM, L. HEMP AGRIMONY. Herbs or imdershrubs. Leaves usually opposite. Heads few-flowered, white or purplish, in terminal corymbs ; invol. bracts imbricate, 2-3-seriatt-; receptacle flat, naked. Flowers few, all tubular, 2-sexual, 5-fid. Anther- cells without tails. Style-arms long, exserted, cylindric, obtuse, grooved in front, pubescent all over. Fruit angular or striate ; pappus-hairs l-sciiai' . pilose or scabrous. — DISTRIB. Chiefly trop. and temp. American, rarer in the Old World ; species about 300.— ETYM. The classical name. 1. E. cannabi'num, L. ; leaves 3-5-foliolate, leaflets lanceolate serrate. River-banks and moist places ; fl. July-Sept. — Pubescent, perennial, woody below. Stem 2-4 ft., subsimple, terete ; branches short. Leaves opposite ; radical petioled, obovate-lanceolate ; cauline subsessile ; leaflets 2-4 in., lanceolate, coarsely serrate. Heads in dense terminal 5-6-flowered corymbs, whitish or pale purple ; invol. bracts about 10, i in., scarious, linear-oblong, obtuse, outer shorter. Flowers 5-6, longer than the involucre. I'c/i/mf white, scabrous. Fruit angled, and corollas covered with scattered resinous r'nts. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia to Japan, W. Asia to the Himalaya, Africa. — Leaves reputed tonic. 9. PETASI'TES, Tounief. BUTTER-BUR. Perennial herbs. Leaves produced after the flowers, large, broad. Heads purplish or white, subdioecious, in a spiciform panicle terminating an erect brarteate scape ; male heads with a few fern, ray-flowers, female with a few males in the disk ; invol. bracts sub-2-seriate, the exterior few and small ; receptacle flat, naked. MALE fl. Corolla tubular, limb bell-shaped, f»- cleft ; anther-cells simple ; styles exserted, stout, arms connate, ovoid or clavate, papillose, terminated by 2 short small cones. FEMALE fl. Corolla tubular, short, very slender, month obliquely truncate, minutely toothed ; style much exserted, arms short. Fruit cylindric, glabrous ; pappus of many very soft slender hairs (much fewer in the male flowers). — DISTIMI:. Europe, N. Asia, Arctic America; species about 10. — KTYM. WTOO-OS, an umbrella, from the size of the foliage. 1. P. vnlga'ris, Desf. ; leaves reniform or orbicular-cordate irregularly toothed. Tussilago Petasites, L. and T. hybrida, L. Wet meadows and roadsides, from Skye and Moray southwards ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in Northumberland ; fl. March-May. — Rootstock extensively creep- ing, fleshy, stout. Leaves 3 in. -3 ft. diam., white or cobwebby beneath, and when young above also ; petiole long, stout. Stem 4-18 in. , stout, PETASITES.] COMPOSITE. 195 purplish below ; sheath ending in small leaves. Thyrsus 3-10 in., female longest, elongating after flowering ; pedicels slender, shortest in the male, bracts subulate. Male heads g, female ^ in. Fruit striate ; pappus white, silky. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia. 1O. TUSSILA'GO, Tournef. COLTSFOOT. A scapigerous herb, with creeping rootstock. Leaves large, produced after the flowers. Heads yellow, solitary, many-flowered ; invol. bracts 1 -seriate, with a few outer short ones ; receptacle flat, naked. Itay-floviers female, multi-seriate, ligulate, narrow ; disk-flowers male, campanulate, 5-toothed. Antliers without tails. Style-arms connate, clavate, papillose, with 2 very small cones. Fruit of the ray subcylindric, pappus-hairs very slender, multi-seriate, rough ; of the disk imperfect, pappus 1-seriate. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia to N.W. India ; introd. in N. America. ETYM. tussis, from its use as a cough medicine. 1. T. Far'fara, L. ; leaves broadly cordate angled or lobed toothed. Damp heavy soils, ascending to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. March- April.— Rootstock stout ; stolons many, burrowing. Leaves 3-10 in. broad, cobwebby above, densely tomentose and white beneath. Scapes 1 or more, 4-10 in., tomentose, with many oblong appressed scales. Head 1-1 3 in. diam., bright yellow, drooping in bud. Pappus soft, snow-white.— Leaves used for cigar- making and smoked in cases of asthma. Wool made into tinder. 11. AS'TER, L. Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or radical, quite entire or toothed. Heads solitary or many, usually radiate ; disk yellow, ray white blue or purple ; invol. bracts multi-seriate, herbaceous or leafy ; receptacle flat, pitted, edges of the pits toothed. Ray-flowers 1-seriate, ligulate, female ; disk-flowers tubular, 5-toothed, 2-sexual. AntJier-cells simple. Style-arms of the ray-flowers linear with thickened margins, of the disk short, tipped with papillose cones. Fruit compressed ; pappus-hairs multi-seriate, per- sistent, scabrid, unequal. — DISTRIB. Most temp, and cold regions, but chiefly America ; species about 150. — ETYM. from the star-like flowers. 1 . A. Tripo'lium, L. ; leaves lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate. Salt marshes, abundant; fl. July-Sept.— Root fusiform. Stem 2-3 ft., erect, sparingly branched, stout. Leaves 3-5 in., scattered, fleshy, slightly toothed or not, faintly 3-nerved, upper linear. Heads ^-f in., corymbose, campanu- late ; peduncles slender, bracts small ; invol. bracts few, oblong, obtuse, appressed. Ray-flowers whitish or purple, many few or 0 (var. discoideus). i,,'',t pilose; pappus dirty white.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, Siberia, Dahuria. — Used as a bad substitute for Samphire. 12. ERIG ERON, L. Characters of Aster, but ray-flowers multi-seriate; fruit compressed. — DISTUIB. Temp, and cold regions ; species about 80. — ETYM. obscure. 1. E. alpinum, L. ; leaves radical, scape with 1 or few broad heads, liguk'S much longer than the reddish pappus. E. uniflorum, Sm. not L. Alpine rocks, ascending to 3,000ft., Breadalbane and CloTa Mts.; fl. July- Aug. — Perennial, hispid, hairy. Rootstock short. Radical leaves spreading, oblong-lanceolate ; cauline few, linear-oblong. Scapes solitary or few, 6-8 in. O 2 196 COMPOSITE. [EnioERON. Heads 1-3, f in. diam. ; peduncles stout, eglandular ; invol. bracts almost villous, subulate-lanceolate. Ray-flowers very many, purple, ligule very slender. Disk-flowers yellow. Fruit hispid. — DISTHIB. Alps and Arctic regions of Europe, Asia, America ; S. Chili and Fuegia. 2. E. a'cre, L. ; stem leafy branched above, heads £-| in. diam. panicled, ligules scarcely longer than the reddish pappus. Dry banks, &c. in England ; sandy coasts of Forfarshire ; E. and S. of Ire- land; fl. July-Aug. — Annual or biennial, hispidly hairy. Stem 1-2 ft., panicled above. Leaves quite entire ; radical 2-3 in., obovate-lanceolate ; cauline linear-oblong, obtuse, J-amplexicaul. Heads axillary and terminal ; peduncles slender, naked or bracteate ; invol. bracts narrow-linear, hispid. Ray-flowers narrow, pale purple ; disk pale yellow. Fruit hispid. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), temp, and N. Asia, Himalaya, N. America. E. CANADEN'SE, L. ; stem leafy branched above, heads J in. diam. panicled, ligules white, scarcely longer than the white pappus. Introd. from America into waste places in England, common near London ; absent from Scotland and Ireland ; fl. Aug. -Sept. — Annual, sparingly hairy or glabrous. Stem 1-2 ft., corymbosely branched. Leaves all linear- or oblong- lanceolate, quite entire or sparingly toothed. Heads very many, small ; peduncles slender. Invol. bracts slender, green with scarious margins, glabrous. Ray-flowers sometimes faintly purple, disk pale yellow.— DISTKIB. Widely spread over most temp, and warm countries. 13. BELLIS, L. DAISY. Annual or perennial small herbs. Leaves usually all radical, petioled, toothed. Heads solitary, disk yellow, ray white or pink ; involucre cam- panulate, bracts 1-2-seriate, herbaceous; receptacle conical, papillose. Kay-flowers many, 1-seriate, female, ligulate ; style-arms linear, obtuse, margins thickened. Disk-flowers tubular, 2-sexual, 4-5-toothed ; anther- cells simple ; style-arms short, thick, tipped by papillose cones. Fruit compressed, obovate, subhispid ; pappus 0. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. America ; species 3 or 4. — ETYM. bellus, from its pretty appearance. 1. B. perennis, L. ; perennial, stemless, leaves obovate-spathulate. Pastures and m%adows ; ascends to near 3,000 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. all the year. — Glabrous or pilose. Rootstock short, fibres stout. Leave* 1-3 in., fleshy, obtuse or rounded at the crenate tip, midrib broad. Scape 2-5 in. Head f-1 in. diam., solitary ; invol. bracts green, obtuse, often tipped with black. Ray-flowers white or tipped with pink, disk bright yellow.— DISTUIB. 14. SOLIDA GO, L. GOLDEN-ROD. Herbs, often shrubby at the base. Leaves alternate, entire or serrate. Heads usually in branched scorpioid cymes, yellow, rayed ; involucre oblong, bracts multi-seriate, appressed ; receptacle naked, smooth or pitted. Ray-flowers 1-seriate, ligulate, female ; style-arms slender, linear, obtuse. Disk-flowers tubular, 2-sexual, 5-fid ; anther-cells simple ; style- arms 4-terete, tipped with papillose cones. Fruit many-ribbed ; pappus- hairs 1-seriate, scabrid.— DISTHIB. Arctic and temp. N. hemisphere, chiefly N. American ; species about 100,— ETYM. obscure. 1. S. Virgau'rea, L, ; leav«s linear- or lanceolate-oblong. SOLIDAGO.] COMPOSITES. 197 Thickets, rocky banks, &c.; ascending to 2,800 ft. in the Highlands; fl. July- Sept. — Rootstock stout. Stem erect, sparingly branched, 4-24 in., glabrous, or pubescent with curled hairs. Leaves 1-4 in., obscurely toothed, obtuse or acute. Heads crowded, ^ in., shortly ped uncled, golden yellow ; invol. bracts linear, acute, glabrous, green, margins scarious. Ray-flowers 10-12, spreading ; disk 10-20. Fruit pubescent ; pappus white. — DISTEIB. N. temp, and Arctic Europe, Asia, Himalaya, and America. VAR. 1 , virgau'rea proper ; tall, leaves all oblong-obovate quite entire.- — VAR. 2, angustifo'lia, Gaud.; tall, leaves oblong-lanceolate upper narrower often serrate.— VAH. 3, cam'brica, Huds. (sp.); short, leaves broader ciliate, cyme simple, heads larger. Usually in mountainous situations. 15. LINOSY RIS, Cassini. GOLDIELOCKS. Erect, perennial herbs. Leaves crowded, alternate, small, narrow. Heads solitary or corymbose, yellow, not rayed ; invol. bracts in many series, imbricate, shorter than the flowers ; receptacle flat, pitted, margins of the pits fleshy, toothed. Flowers all tubular and 2-sexual, deeply 5-fid ; anthers exserted, cells simple ; style-arms short, with long papillose cones. Fruit oblong, compressed, silky ; pappus-hairs 2-seriate, scabrid. DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia ; species about 10. — ETYM. obscure. 1. Ii. vulga'ris, Cass. ; leaves quite entire. Chrysocoma, L. Limestone rocks, Orme's Head, Worle Hill, and Berry Head ; a native ? Watson ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Glabrous. Stems £-!£ in., woody at the base, ribbed, simple, wiry, leafy. Leaves 2-3 in., very narrow, acute, rather thick, gra- dually narrowed from beyond the middle to the base, dotted, 1-nerved. Heads V-f in. diam., in terminal, dense, hemispheric corymbs ; peduncles slender, bracteate ; involucre gummy, puberulous, its bracts subulate, much shorter than the flowers. Pappus reddish. — DISTRIB. Europe from the Baltic southwards, N. Africa. 16. I NUIiA, /.. Bather rigid herbs. Leaves alternate, erect, entire or toothed. Heads pauicled corymbose or solitary, rayed, yellow ; involucre campanulate, bracts in many series, herbaceous, outer often leafy ; receptacle flat, naked. Ray-flowers female or neuter, 1-seriate, Ijgulate ; style-arms slen- der, obtuse. Disk-flowers tubular, 2-sexual ; anther-cellfc tailed ; style- arms short, terminated by papillose cones. Fruit terete or angled ; pappus- hairs 1-seriate, scabrid, or outer row short. — DISTRIB. Europe, temp, and subtrop. Asia ; species about 50. — ETYM. The old Latin name. * Pappus without an outer series of short bristles or scales. 1. I. Cony'za, Z^C*. ; pubescent, leaves ovate-lanceolate, corymbs branched, fruit terete subglabrous. Conyza, squarrosa, L. Ploughman's spikenard. Copses and dry banks, from York and Westmoreland southwards ; fl. July- Wept. — Biennial. Stem 2-5 ft., erect. Leaves 3-5 in., downy beneath, lower petioled, upper subsessile. Heads § in. ; invol. bracts very unequal, linear- oblong, outer slightly recurved obtuse, inner acuminate ; ligule inconspicuous. Fruit with a few scattered hairs; pappus shining, reddish. — DISTRIB. Europe from Denmark southwards, W. Asia. 2. I. crithmoi des, L. ; glabrous, leaves linear fleshy, heads few in simple corymbs, fruit terete silky. Golden Samphire. 198 COMPOSITE. [INCLA. Maritime marshes and rocks ; Wigton, S.W. Wales, Cornwall, S. and E. of Ireland ; fl. July- Aug. —Perennial, glabrous, yellow-green. Stem 6-18 in., stout, rarely branched, very leafy. Leaves 1-2 in., sessile, gradually con- tracted to the base, entire or shortly 2-4-lobed at the tip. Heads 1 in. diam., on long bracteate peduncles ; invol. bracts linear-lanceolate ; ligule short. Pappus-hairs rigid, unequal, dirty white. — DISTRIB. Coasts of Europe from Belgium southwards, N. Africa. 3. I. salici'na, L. ; leaves linear-oblong toothed and ciliate, upper sessile auricled, heads solitary, fruit terete glabrous. Shores of Lough Derg, Galway ; fl. July-Aug. — Perennial, glabrous or slightly hairy. Stem 12-18 in., leafy. Leaves 2-3 in., rigid, lower obovate-lanceo- late, glabrous above, slightly hairy beneath with reticulate nerves. Heads 1£ in. diam.; in vol. bracts linear-oblong, ciliate, outer leafy reflexed ; ligules slender. Pappus dirty white. — DISTRIB. All Europe. 4. I. Hele nium, L. ; tall, stout, downy, leaves large toothed, heads very large, invol. bracts leafy, fruit 4-angled glabrous. Elecampane. Copses and meadows in England, rare and local ; often naturalized ; wild in Yorkshire (Baker) ; a native ? Watson ; fl. July-Aug. — Rootstock large, succulent. Stem 2-5 ft., very stout, branched. Leaves velvety beneath ; radical 1-1 £ ft., oblong-lanceolate, long-petioled ; cauline sessile, auricled, ovate-cordate, acute. Heads 3 in. diam. ; peduncles long, stout, naked ; invol. bracts broadly ovate, velvety ; ligules long, slender. Pappus pale reddish. — DISTRIB. Europe from Gothland southwards, Siberia ; introd. in N. America. — Formerly cultivated by cottagers as an aromatic and tonic ; its rootstock is still used candied. ** Pappus with an outer row of very short scales. — PDLICAR'IA, Overtn. 5. I. dysenter ica, L. ; woolly or cottony, leaves oblong-cordate J-amplexicaul, ligules long, scales of pappus connate toothed. Flea-bane. Moist places, from Isla and Haddmgton southwards ; rare in Scotland, com- mon in Ireland ; fl. July-Sept. — Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous. Stem branched above, very leafy. Leaves 1 j-2£ in., irregularly waved and toothed. Heads 1 in. diam., few, terminal ; peduncles naked, and involucre densely woolly ; bracts setaceous ; ray twice as long as the disk, very slender. J-'ruit silky; pappus-hairs dirty white, few, unequal. — DISTRIB. Europe from Denmark southwards, N. Africa. — Bitter, formerly used in dysentery. 6. I. Pulicar ia, L. ; pubescent, leaves oblong-lanceolate sessile, ligules very short, scales of pappus free. f. vulgaris, Gsertn. Moist sandy places, rare, from Hereford and Leicester to Dorset and Kent ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Annual, slightly glandular. Stem 6-18 in., irregularly much branched, leafy. Leaves 1-1 £ in., obscurely toothed, base with small auricles. Heads ^-J in. diam., subsolitary, terminal ; peduncles short, stout; invol. bracts subulate, glandular-pubescent; ligules erect. /•'/• terete, silky ; pappus-hairs few, irregular, dirty white. — DISTRIB. Europe from Gothland southwards, N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia. 17. BI'DENS, L. BUR-MARIGOLD. Annual herbs, usually glabrous. Leaves opposite, entire or divided, upper sometimes alternate. Heads solitary or corymbose, not or rarely rayed, yellow ; invol. bracts 2-3-seriate, outer often leafy ; receptacle flattish, with bracteoles under each flower. Ray-flowers, if present, in BIDEXS.] COMPOSITE. 199 1 series, ligulate, neuter. Disk-flowers or all campanulate above, 5-toothed ; anther-cells simple ; style-arms linear, tipped by papillose cones. Fruit compressed, ribbed, ribs often aculeate ; pappus of 2-5 rigid barbed bristles. — DISTRIB. All temp, and trop. regions ; species about 60. — ETYM. From the 2 stiff pappus -bristles of some species. 1. B. cer'nua, L. ; leaves sessile undivided, heads drooping. Watery places from Elgin and Dumbarton southwards ; fl. July-Oct. — Gla- brous, or slightly hispid above. Stem 1-2 ft., stout, succulent, terete, branched above, leafy. Leaves 2-3 in., in connate pairs, oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate. Heads 1-1^ in. diam.; peduncles ebracteate ; outer in vol. bracts leafy, spreading or reflexed ; inner shorter, broadly-oblong, obtuse, streaked with black. Ray-Jloivers few, short, broad, or 0. fruit narrow- obovoid, ribs 4 with reversed bristles ; pappus-bristles usually 4. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia, N.W. India, N. America. VAR. 1, discoi'dea; ray 0. Abundant.— VAR. 2, radio, 'ta ; rayed. Rare and local, England only. 2. B. triparti'ta, L. ; leaves petioled simple or 3-cleft, heads suberect. Watery places from Isla and Clackmannan southwards ; fl. July-Sept. — Habit of B. cermia, but more slender ; leaves often 3-partite ; head smaller ; outer invol. bracts narrower, inner acute, and pappus-bristles 2 shorter.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, W. Asia, N.W. India, N. America. 17*. GALINSffGA. Ruiz and Pavon. Annual trichotomously branched herbs. Leaves opposite, triple-nerved, serrate. Flower-heads small, yellow, rayed; invol. bracts 1 -seriate, margins scarious ; receptacle conical, with entire or 3-fid lanceolate bracteoles under each flower. Ray-flowers female ; tube short, pubescent ; ligule very broad, short, 3-fid ; style-arms linear, obtuse. Disk-flowers tubular, 2-sexual, o -toothed ; anthers short, with a short terminal appendage, cells shortly tailed. Fruit hispid ; pappus of ] series of ciliate scales. — DISTRIB. S. America; species 1 or 2. — ETYM. Don M.M.de Galinsoga, a Spanish botanist. G. PARVIFLO'RA, Cav. ; leaves ovate obtusely-serrate ciliate. Cultivated fields and roadsides ; abundant at Kew, and increasing ; introd- from Peru ; fl. July-Oct. — More or less pubescent. Stem 1-2 ft., slender. Leaves 1-2 in., shortly petioled. Heads in dichotomous cymes, £-Jin. diam.. peduncles ebracteate, glandular ; involucre hemispherical ; bracts unequal; oblong, ciliate. Ray-flowers 4-6. Fruit obovoid, compressed, black ; pappus, scales 10-15, narrow-oblong. — DISTRIB. Trop. S. America. 18. ANTHE'MIS, L. Herbs, sometimes shrubby below, strong-scented. Leaves alternate, 2-pinnatifid. Heads solitary, yellow, with (rarely without) a broad white ray ; invol. bracts imbricate, in few series ; receptacle flat or conic ; brac- teoles membranous, slender. Ray -flowers 1 -seriate, ligulate, female or neuter ; style-arms short, edges thickened, tips obtuse papillose. Disk- flowers tubular, 2-sexual, 5-toothed ; anther-cells not tailed ; style-arms as in the female. Fruit subterete, grooved or striate, crowned with a tumid disk ; pappus 0, or a short membrane. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia ; species about 35. — ETYM. The old Greek name. 200 COMPOSITE. [ANTHEMIS. 1. A. arven'sis, L. ; annual, bracteoles of receptacle mucronate, ray- flowers female white, disk-flowers winged. Corn Chamomile. Fields and waste places, local, from Lanark and Moray southwards ; S. and E. of Ireland, rare ; a colonist, Watson ; fl. June- Aug. — Pubescent or hoary. Stem 1-2 ft., usually erect from a decumbent base, branched. Ltaf-tegmattt £-| in., linear, acute, not dotted. Heads 1-1 ^ in. broad; peduncles rather long, slightly swollen upwards ; invol. bracts scarious, pale, obtuse, inner lacerate, fruit glabrous, subequally ribbed all round, truncate ; disk broad, crenulate. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia ; introd. into N. America. VAR. anf/lica, Spr. (sp. ) ; leaves fleshy pinnatifid, pinnules deeply serrate, receptacle flat. A. maritima, Sm. not L. Sea-coast, Northumberland, Durham. 2. A. Cot'ula, L. ; annual, erect, bracteoles of receptacle setaceous, ray-flowers usually neuter white, disk-flowers winged. Stinking May-weed. Cultivated fields, from Dumbarton and Fife southwards ; rare in the N. of England and in Scotland ; common except in the N.W. of Ireland ; a colo- nist, Watson; fl. June-Sept. — Glabrous or pilose, foetid. Stem 8-18 in., corymbosely branched. Leaves glandular-dotted, segments very narrow. Heads as in A. arvensis, but peduncles more slender and invol. bracts narrower at the tip. Fruit faintly ribbed, more strongly on the back. — DISTEIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia ; introd. in N. America. — Acrid, emetic ; a troublesome weed ; foliage blisters the hand. 3. A. nob ills, L. ; perennial, bracteoles of receptacle lanceolate obtuse, ray-flowers female white, disk-flowers cylindric. Chamomile. Pastures and dry soils, from Anglesea and Durham southwards ; rare and not indigenous in Scotland ; common in Ireland ; fl. July-Sept.— Woolly or pubescent, aromatic. Branding spreading from the root, leafy. Ltaf-qar* ntt linear. Heads 1-1^ in. (Hani. , few ; peduncles long, slender ; invol. bracts pubescent, scarious. Ray-flowers .sometimes 0. Fruit obovoid, terete ; disk- very small, concealed by the inflated base of the corolla. — DISTRIB. France, Spain, Germany, Austria, N. Africa. — Tonic and febrifuge. 19. ACHILLE A, L. Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, entire or divided. Heads corymbose, rayed, yellow, or with the ray white or purple ; invoL bracts oblong, margins sometimes discoloured and scarious ; receptacle narrow, elongate, covered with chaffy bracteoles. Ray -flowers female, few; ligule broad, short. Disk-flowers tubular, 2-sexual, compressed, 5-toothed ; anther-cells not tailed. Fruit oblong, compressed, margined ; pappus 0. — DISTRIB. Europe and N. Asia ; rarer in America ; species about 50. — ETYM. Mythical. 1. A. P tar mica, L. ; leaves linear serrulate, heads few. Sneeze-wort. Meadows, banks, and waste places ; ascends to 2,200 ft. in the Highlands ; tt. July-Sept.— Glabrous or pubescent. Rootttoek creeping extensively. Stem 1-2 ft., erect, rigid, ribbed, sparingly branched. Leaves 2-3 in., sessile, scattered, teeth cartilaginous. Heads corymbose, $ in. diam., hemispheric ; peduncles ebracteate ; receptacle convex, invol. bracts pubescent, rigid, outer lanceolate, acute, margins purple, inner oblong, obtuse. Ray-flawert 8-12, ligule reflexed broad, as long as the involucre ; disk greenish-white. /•'.•'it glabrous, shining.— DISTRIB. Europe except Greece and Turkey, Siberia ; introd. in N. America. — Rootstock pungent, a sialogogue. ACHILLEA.] COMPOSITE. 201 2. A. Millefo lium, L. ; leaves 3-piunatifid. Yarrow, Milfoil. Pastures, ascending to near 4,000ft. in the Highlands; fl. May-Sept.— Glabrous, pubescent or woolly, liuotstack^ extensively creeping, stoloniferous. Stem %-lb in., erect, furrowed, usually simple, leafy. Leaves 2-6 in., linear- oblong, radical petioled ; leaflets and linear-acute segments very close- placed. Heads many, J in. diam., corymbose, ovoid ; peduncles short, stout, ebracteate ; invol. bracts oblong, obtuse, rigid, brown-edged. Ray- flowers many, white pink or purple ; hgule orbicular, shorter than the in- volucre, reflexed ; disk white or yellowish. Fruit glabrous, shining. — DISTKIB. Europe (Arctic), temp, and cold N. Asia, Himalaya, N. America. —A reputed astringent. 2O. DIO'TIS, Desf. COTTON-WEED. An erect, branched, perennial herb, everywhere densely clothed with felted white, grey, or buff wool. Leaves alternate, oblong. Heads sub- globose, discoid, yellow ; involucre campanulate, bracts oblong ; receptacle liattish, bracteolate. Flowers all tubular and 2-sexual, much compressed, 5 -toothed, corky, with 2 wings produced downwards over the ovary as per- sistent spurs; anther-cells not tailed. Fruit angular, crowned by the corolla- base ; pappus 0. — ETYM. Sis and ofis, from the ear-like corolla-lobes. 1. D. marit ima, Cass. ; stems very many, leaves sessile obtuse. Sandy shores, Landguard Fort, Suffolk ; Kerry and Waterford ; St. Ouen's Bay, Jersey ; formerly in other localities on the Evand S. coast of England ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Rootsiock creeping, woody. Stems 6-12 in., stout, ascending, branched at the top. Leaves ^ in., entire or toothed. Heads ^ in. diam., in small dense terminal corymbs ; bracteoles of receptacle oblong, acuminate, with woolly tips. Fruit curved, smooth, glabrous, 5-ribbed. — DlSTRlB. Shores of Europe from France southwards and eastwards, N. Africa. 21. MATRICARIA, L. Annual, rarely perennial, branched herbs. Leaves alternate, much divided ; lobes narrow. Heads yellow, ray white or 0 ; invol. bracts in few series, nearly equal ; receptacle broad, flat or conical, elongate after flowering, ebracteolate. Ray-flowers, if present, 1-seriate, ligulate, female. Disk- flowers tubular, 2-sexual, 4-5-toothed ; anther-cells not tailed. Fruit ribbed or angled, not winged ; epigynous disk large ; pappus 0. — DISTKIB. Europe, N. and S. Africa, W. Asia ; species about 70. — ETYM. From its former use in uterine affections. SUB-GEN. 1. Matrica'ria proper. Receptacle very convex or conical. 1. M. Chamomilla, L.; aromatic, leaves 2-pinnatifid, segments very narrow, invol. bracts without dark edges, fruit 5-ribbed on the inner face. IVild Ohamomile. Fields, &c., from Cornwall to Kent, sporadic north of it, and in Scotland and Ireland; a colonist, Watson; fl. June-Aug.— Habit and appearance of glabrous forms of Aitthemis arvensis and of the following, with the scent, &c. of A. iiobilis, but fainter. Stem much branched. Meads £-£ in. diam., corymbose, ligules reflexed after flowering or 0 ; receptacle elongating during fruiting. Fruit small, grey ; ribs slender, white ; disk oblique.— DISTKIB. Europe, Siberia, W. Asia to N. W. India.— A tonic. 202 COMPOSITE. [MATRICARIA. SUB-GEN. 2. Pyre'thrum, Qcertn. (gen.). Receptacle almost flat. 2. M. inodora, L. ; inodorous, leaves 2-pinnatifid, segments very narrow, invol. bracts edged with brown, fruit with 3 thick ribs on the inner face and 2 pits on the outer above. Fields, &c., ascending to 1,200 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. June-Oct.— Glabrous, very similar to M '. Ckamomilla, but not aromatic, leaf-segments usually large and more slender ; heads larger, 2 in. diam. ; ligules narrower, not reflexed till long after flowering ; receptacle much less conical. Disk of fruit entire or 4- toothed.— DJSTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, W. Asia. VAR. 1, inodo'ra proper ; annual or biennial, stem erect, barren shoots 0, leaf- lobes slender. — VAR. 2, marifima, (sp.); more succulent, perennial, stem ascending, barren shoots 0, heads fewer, receptacle narrower, spaces between the ribs of the fruit narrower. Maritime localities. M. PARTHE'NIUM, L. ; leaves pinnate, segments broad lobulate and cut, fruit equally ribbed all round. Pyrethrum, Sm. Fever-few. Hedgebanks. &c., rare in Scotland, usually a garden escape ; a denizen, Wateon; fl. July-Sept. — Perennial, pubescent and branched above, 1-2 ft. Heads many, ^-| in. diam.; invol. bracts ribbed, border scarious. /.'•<•< j,t'/« „ reading. L cm pper ovate-cordate, amplexicaul. Waste places, roadsides, &c. throughout England ; rare, if native, and Ireland ; fl. July-Oct. — Rather hispid. Root fleshy, 1-3 ft., angled and grooved; branches straight, rigid, spreading. /,"<•<.< glandular-ciliate, oblong-lanceolate, upper ovate-cordate, amplexicaul. Heads many, 1-1 £ in. diarn. ; peduncle thickened in the middle; invol. bracts herbaceous, outer linear-lanceolate, glandular-ciliate. Floiren bright blue, rarely white ; ligule rather broad, truncate, 5-toothed. Fruit angled, pale, mottled. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, N.W. India ; introd. in N. Amorica. — The origin of the cultivated Chicory ; the roots are boiled and eaten, or dried and used as Coffee. 32. HYPOCH-ffi'RIS, L. CAT'S-EAR. Annual or perennial scapigerous herbs with milky juice. Leaves radical, C' lattfid. Heads on simple or dichotomously branched scapes ; invol. ts in many series, imbricate ; receptacle flat, with narrow membranous bracteoles. Corollas all ligulate ; anther-cells shortly tailed ; upper part of style and its short obtuse arms hairy. Fruits striate, scabrous, beak of tha outer very short, of the inner long, slender ; pappus of one row of feathery hairs with usually an outer row of short, stiff bristles. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia ; species 6.— ETYM. doubtful. HYPOCH^RIS.] COMPOSITE. 211 1. H. gla'bra, L. ; annual, leaves narrowly obovate-oblong toothed or sinuate, scapes many branched, involucre as long as the flowers, outer pappus short. Dry fields, &c. from Ayr and Moray southwards ; rare in Scotland ; not found in Ireland ; fl. June- Aug. — Almost glabrous. Leaves spreading, 2-4 in., rarely pinnatifid, obtuse or subacute. Scapes several, 6-12 in., slender or stout, naked or with 1-2 scale-like leaves ; peduncles erect. Heads %-\ in., yellow, cylindric ; involucre subcylindric ; bracts very unequal, few, green, linear, acute. Fruit red-brown ; pappus dirty white, longer than the in- volucre.— DISTRIB. Europe from Gothland southwards, N. Africa, W. Asia. VAR. 1, gla'tsra proper ; marginal fruits not beaked. — VAR. 2, Balbi'sii, Lois (sp.) ; all the fruits beaked. 2. H. radica'ta, L. ; perennial, leaves narrowly obovate-oblong sinuate- or runcinate-pinnatifid, scapes many branched, involucre shorter than the flowers, outer pappus short. Meadows, waste places, &c., ascending to 1,600ft. in the Highlands ; fl. June- Sept. — Hispid, rarely glabrous. Leaves many, 3-10 in., hispid on both surfaces. Scapes 6-18 in., stout ; peduncles with small scale-like leaves. Heads 1-1^ in. diam., yellow; involucre subcampanulate ; bracts many, green, attenuated to the tip, often strongly ciliate on the margin and back. Fruits red-brown, all beaked, strongly muricate. — DISTRIB. Europe, N.Africa. 3. H. macula'ta, L. ; perennial, leaves obovate-spathulate sinuate- toothed, scapes one or few, involucre shorter than the flowers ciliate with curly hairs, outer pappus 0. Achyrophorus maculatus, Scop. Chalk and limestone pastures, rare, Westmoreland, N. Wales, Cornwall, Cam- bridge, Essex ; fl. July- Aug. — Hispid. Leaves sessile, 1-4 in., often spotted above. Scape stout, glabrous above, rarely forked, with 1-2 scale-like leaves. Heads 1 in. diam., yellow ; involucre broadly campanulate ; bracts many, slender. Fruits all beaked, faintly muricate ; pappus white. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia, Dahuria. 33. KELMINTHIA, Juss. OX-TONGUE. Hispid, branched, annual herbs ; juice milky. Leaves alternate, uppermost opposite, i-amplexicaul, toothed. Heads terminal, solitary, yellow ; invol. bracts 2-seriate, ciliate, outer cordate spreading, inner erect ; receptacle flat, naked, papillose. Corollas all ligulate ; anther-cells shortly tailed ; upper part of style and its slender arms pilose. Fruit compressed, trans- versely rugose, beak long erect slender ; pappus of many series of feathery hairs. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa; species 5. — ETYM. e\/j.iv0wv, from the worm-\i\.& fruits. 1. H. echioi'des, Gcertn.; lower leaves sinuate-toothed, upper cordate. Fields and waste places in stiff soil in England, local ; Berwick and Dunbar, doubtfully indigenous ; S. and E. of Ireland, rare ; fl. June-Oct.— Stout, erect, 2-3 ft., paniculately branched, hispid and setose, hairs with tumid bases. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, radical petioled, upper amplexicaul. Head* 1 in. diam., peduncles stout, stiff, rather swollen, diverging, naked ; invo lucre hemispheric ; outer bracts broadly cordate, foliaceous, inner acuminate. Linnlex short. Fruit red-brown, long, curved ; pappus pure white.— DISTRIB. Europe from Holland southwards, N. Africa. P2 212 COMPOSITE. [TRAGOPOGOX. 34. TRAGOPO GON, L. Erect, usually simple glabrous herbs, with biennial or perennial tup- roots ; juice milky. Leaves alternate, entire, amplexicaul. Heads solitary, yellow or purple ; invol. bracts 1-seriatc, usually exceeding the flmvi-rs. narrow, nearly equal, connate at the base ; receptacle convex, naked or fimbriate. Corollas all ligulate ; anther-cells tailed ; upper part of style pilose, arms slender obtuse. Fruit slender, muricate, beak long ; pappus- hairs in many series, rigid, feathery with naked tips, the hairs of the bristles horizontal and interlacing. — DISTKIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia ; species about 20. — ETYM. rpdyos and irt&yuy, goafs-beard. 1. T. praten'si*, L. ; leaf-sheaths much dilated, scape scarcely thickened upwards, flowers yellow. Goafs-beard. Meadows, pastures, and waste places, from Lanark and Moray southwards ; rare in Scotland and Ireland ; fl. June-July. — Glabrous or slightly cottony on the involucre, glaucous. Stem, 1-2 ft., stout, erect, simple or sparingly branched above. Leaves flexuous, slender, gradually contracted upwards from above the dilated sheath, linear towards the tip ; radical with shorter sheaths, keeled, channelled above, midrib tubular. Heads A-2in. diam., yellow ; involucre obconic, bracts about 8, 2-seriate, flat, often streaked with brown, fruit variable in roughness ; beak about as long as the body. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Siberia.— Root edible. Flowers close at noon. VAR. 1, praten'sis proper ; flowers as long as the invol. bracts. — VAR. 2, mi' nor, Fries (sp.) ; flowers i as long as the invol. bracts. The most common form. — VAR. 3, grandiflorus, Syme ; flowers much longer than the invol. bracts. Kent and Surrey, rare. T. PORRIFO'LIUS, L. ; leaf-sheaths slightly dilated, peduncle much thickened upwards, flowers purple. Salsify. Wet meadows, rare and local, nowhere wild ; a denizen, Watson ; May-June. — Habit and chief characters of T. pratetuis, but usually larger, with more muricate fruits ; ligule as long or shorter (var. paririfloi-iis, Syme) than the invol. bracts. — DISTRIB. N. Europe, Siberia. — Occasionally cultivated in England, abundantly on the Continent. 33. PI CRIS, L. Erect, branched, hispid herbs ; juice milky. Leaves alternate, en- tire or sinuate-toothed. Heads corymbose, yellow ; invol. bracts many, unequal, outer spreading ; receptacle flat, naked, pitted. Flowers all ligulate ; anther-cells shortly-tailed ; upper part of style and its slender obtuse arms pilose. Fruit curved, grooved, transversely rugose, not beaked ; pappus-hairs 2-seriate, deciduous, feathery, connate below, outer fewer slender, inner broader at the base, plumose. — DISTRIB. Europe, temp. Asia ; species about 20. — ETYM. irtKpts, from its bitterness. 1. P. hieracioi des, L. ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, upper i-amplexicaul. Borders of fields and waste places in a stiff soil, chiefly in S. and E. of England, from Durham southwards ; absent from Ireland ; fl. July-Sept.— Hispid with stiff" straight curled or hooked hairs. Stem 2-3 ft., stout, corymbosely branched. Leaves 4-12 in., narrow, lower petioled, upper ses-il> •. JI,:«,n,i in size, altitudinal distribution, and area. Usually larger and more slender than alpitium, with broader, narrower, coarsely toothed leaves, much shorter soft hairs, and blacker bristles and glands on the involucre ; heads as large. VAR. 1, pulmona'rium, Sm. (sp.) ; leaves with large irregular teeth, cauline few, involucre dark green ovoid at the base, bracts rather broad outer obtuse, tips woolly, flowers deep yellow, style dark. H. nigreneens, Backh. Alps of Scotland, ascending to 3,000 ft.— VAR. 2, gracileritum, Backh. (sp.) ; green, root-leaves lanceolate, cauline few large, involucre ventricoso black with soft hairs and glands, bracts broad woolly at the tips, ligules nearly glabrous on the back, styles livid. Scotland. Very near alpinum indeed. — VAR. 3, globf/mm, Backh. (sp.); glaucous or green, radical leaves ovate, cauline few small bract-like or 0, buds globose, heads large, involucre rounded at the base at last spherical, bracts appressed, styles yellow. Cairngorm range. — VAR. 4, c/tn/sa/i't/tttm, Backh. (sp.); green, radical leaves ovate sharply coarsely toothed long-petioled, cauline minute narrow petioled, involucre rounded at the base, hairs and glandular hairs short, bracts many, styles yellow or faintly livid. H. rupestre, Bab. Frequent in Scotland, rare in Cumberland.— VAR. 5, senedcens, Backh. (sp.); green, radical leaves lance- olate evenly toothed, cauline linear-lanceolate petioled, heads 2 or more, involucre ovoid at the base, bracts woolly at the tip incurved in bud, styles yellow. Scotch Alps. — VAR. 6, Ungula'tum, Backh. (sp.); green, 15-'24"in., radical leaves few toothed coarsely hairy above, petioles short, cauline few sessile, heads several, involucre broad at length truncate at the base, dark with hairs, bracts straight in bud, styles livid. H. sazl/ragum, Bab. ; //. divarication, Don. Scotch mountains, ascending to 2,500 ft. 5. H. Lawsoni, Sm. (not Villars) • glaucous green, 1-2 ft, stem more or less leafy slightly hairy or glabrous below, radical leaves ovate* lanceolate, petioles shaggy, cauline oblong or ovate broad sessile ani|>If\i- caul, heads 1-5 1-14 in. diam., ligules many, styles livid. Mountain districts of England, Scotland, and Ireland ; ascending to 2,700 ft. ; not found in Wales ; fl. July-Aug. — A handsome species, best characterised by its size, ovate-lanceolate leaves, shaggy petioles, several (rarely 1) large bright-coloured heads, and livid styles.- -DisTRiB. Pyrenees. Sub-sp. ANQ'LICUM, FrUt (sp.) ; petioles long shaggy winged, cauline leaves HIERACIVM.] . COMPOSITE. 221 1-2 ovate, heads 2-5, involucre ventricose rounded at the base, bracts slender, ligules pilose at the tip. H. cerinthoides, Backh. not L. Sub-sp. I'KICUM, Fries (sp.) ; more robust and leafy, radical leaves in a less marked rosette or scattered, petioles shorter, cauline broadly ovate not con- tracted above the base, involucres truncate at the base constricted after flowering, ligules glabrous. //. Lapeyrousii, Bab. not Froel. This, which is confined to Great Britain, bears much the same relation in foliage to angliciim that tridentatum does to vulyatum. 6. H. muro'nim, L. ; green or glaucous, stem 1—2 ft. glabrous or nearly so below, primordial leaves suborbicular, radical in a distinct rosette. ovate cordate or rounded at the base entire or toothed, cauline 0 or very few, heads 2-6 £-1 in. diam. , peduncles floccose and covered with scattered simple and gland-tipped hairs. Woods, heaths, walls and rocks ; ascends to 2,000 ft.; fl. July-Sept.— This is the commonest Hieracium of Britain except Pilosella and sylvaticum, and best distinguished from the preceding by the smaller heads and less robust habit ; and from H. niyrescens by its large size and less villous or hairy stem and involucres ; but there is every transition between these and the follow- ing. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, W. Asia to N.W. India, N. America. — I can make nothing of the following sub-species and varieties, which are adopted from Backhouse's monograph. Sub-sp. MURO'RUM proper ; green, radical leaves toothed slightly hairy, petioles slender, cauline often large and petioled, heads many small, peduncles short, involucre rather ventricose more or less villous with black and gland- tipped hairs, styles livid or yellow. The common form. — VAR. 1, nitid'um, Backh. (sp. ) ; radical leaves dark green lanceolate coarsely toothed, in- volucre more ventricose, style yellow. Aberdeen alps. The passage to //. niyrescens. — VAR. 2, agyreyu'tum, Backh. (sp.) ; radical leaves broader obtuse toothed below, glabrous or hairy beneath and ciliate, cauline sub- sessile, peduncles erect crowded umbellate and narrow turbinate involucres densely floccose, bracts obtuse. Aberdeen alps. Sub-sp. FAL'LIDUM, Backli. (sp.) ; very glaucous, radical leaves ovate or lance- olate conspicuously fringed with long hairs, cauline sessile or the lower petioled, heads 2-6, involucre ventricose ovoid at the base constricted above with few simple or gland-tipped hairs, bracts appressed acute, styles yellow. England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1,000-2,000 ft. Very near H. anglicum.— VAR. 1, cimras'cens, Jord. (sp.); still more hairy and glaucous, stem pilose fragile, peduncles and involucres more densely setose and hoary. H. lasio- phyllum, Backh. — VAR. 2, argen'teum, Fries (sp. ); very glaucous, almost glabrous, stem fragile tubular and subentire radical leaves almost glabrous, cauline sessile or the lower stalked, peduncles long rigid and small involucres with scattered hairs. Sub-sp. C^'SIUM, Backh. (sp.) ; dull glaucous-green, radical leaves coriaceous usually narrowed to a toothed base, glabrous above, cauline 0 or very small and sessile, heads few large, involucre subglobose almost glandless and less hairy hoary with stellate down, ligules bright yellow glabrous, styles livid. Yorkshire and Scotch Mts. Forms the passage to //. sylvaticum. — VAR. 1,- Gibso'ni, Backh. (sp.) ; stem wiry often forked, radical leaves broadly ovate, base obtuse, teeth small spotted with purple, petioles slender short, peduncles rigid floccose and setose, invol. bracts short broad obtuse margins downy, styles yellow. H. hypoclweroides, Gibson. Yorkshire on mountain limestone (this I have not seen). — VAR. 2, flocculo' sum, Backh. (sp.) ; ashy-green, 222 COMPOSITE. [HIF.RA.-II-.M. stem floccose throughout rather leafy, radical leaves more or less toothed narrowed into long petioles stellately downy on both surfaces, caulino largo ^-amplexicaul, involucre ovoid hoary with whitish hairs, bracts acuminate. H. stelliyernm., Backh. not Froal. Clova Mts.— VAK. 3, ol.t.ixlfo'i;,!,,,. Backh. (sp.); yellow-green, stem 1-leaved, petioles densely villous, peduncles spreading, involucres ventricose truncate at the base, ligules pilose at the tips. H. ca:tii'in, var. nhtnaijoH'iiii., Bab. Clova Mts. 7. H. sylvat'icum, Sm.\ green or glaucous, stem 1-3 ft. nearly gla- brous below, primordial leaves lanceolate, radical petioled distinctly alter- nate lanceolate sharply toothed or subpinnutifid, teeth pointing forwards, cauliue 2-8, heads f-1 in. diam. panicled or corymbose and peduncles tioccose and with simple and gland-tipped hairs rarely naked, ligule.s glabrous, styles livid. Banks and copses especially in hilly districts ; ascending to 3,500 ft. in the Highlands ; rare in Ireland ; fl. July-Sept. — Very variable, best distinguishei I from H. murorum by the narrower leaves less crowded in a rosette, and more leafy stem ; but some vars. of murorum, as cvesium and nitiili/m. would rank with this in form of foliage. The more leafy states, as gothiaim and tridentatum, show a passage to boreale and crocatiim. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, Dahuria, N. America. Sub-sp. VULGA'TUM, Fries (sp.); green or glaucous, stem 1-1 ^ ft. hardly leafy, radical leaves petioled in a persistent loose rosette toothed in the middle or nearly entire often spotted, cauline petioled upper sessile, heads many, peduncles straight, involucre cylindric in bud floccose and with gland-tipped hairs, bracts equal alternate subacute. H. mamlatuii,. Sin. Very common.— VAR. 1, dnereum, Backh. ; ashy green or glaucous, stem branched, radical leaves few, cauline subentire, heads nearly glabrous, bracts broad more obtuse. Orme's Head. — VAR. 2, rubetfcens, Backh. ; green, stem robust purplish, leaves ovate, cauline 1-2, heads few large, bracts broad subacuminate. Settle, Yorkshire. Sub-sp. GOTH'ICUM, Fries (sp. ) ; dark green, stem 2-4 ft. rigid slender leafy simple or branched above, radical leaves withering in summer shortly petioled, cauline ovate or lanceolate acute toothed in the middle, upper sessile, heads small few, involucres subglobose dark green glabrous or nearly so, bracts imbricate broad obtuse, ligules glabrous, styles yellow or with livid hairs.— Subalpine districts of York, Wales, Scotland," and Ireland : ascending to 1,000 ft. — Very distinct at first sight, but intermediates occur with Jf. sylvaticum, as also with bvreale. — DlSTRlB. N.W. Europe. Sub-sp. TKIDENTA'TUM, Fries (sp.) ; green, stem 2-5 ft. rigid leafy subcorym- bosely branched, radical leaves 0 or withering in summer obtuse, cauline ovate or lanceolate sparingly toothed in the middle acute rounded at the base, branches and peduncles slender leafless, involucre constricted in the middle after flowering. — Hilly districts of N. of England, ascending to 1,200 ft., also in Cheshire, Surrey, Sussex, and Kent; not found in Ireland. -DrsTKiB. Europe from Norway to Italv and Turkey.— This forms the passage to the Accipitrina group, and should perhaps be referred there. SECTION 3. Accipitri'na. Stolons 0. Rootstock without radical leaves, forming in autumn closed buds that produce leafy stems the following year. Stem erect, very leafy. Invol. bracts imbricate in 2 or many series. 'Ligules glabrous or minutely pilose at the tip. Fruit short, furrowed, without a crenate disk ; pappus-hairs rigid, unequal. HIEIIACIUM.] COMPOSITE. 223 8. H. prenanthoi'des, Villars ; stem 2-3 ft., branches spreading, leaves oblong or linear-oblong reticulate and glaucous below minutely toothed, lower with amplexicaul petioles, upper cordate and auricled, heads in branched leafy corymbose panicles usually thickly clothed with black gland-tipped hairs, peduncles short floccose, ligules pilose at the tip, styles dark or yellowish. Subalpine regions of N. England and Scotland, ascending to 2,400 ft. ; Wicklow only in Ireland; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Stem, rigid, hairy or glabrous, leafy, often much branched. Leaves ciliate, hairy on both sides. Peduncles spreading short, hoary. Heads % in. diam. ; involucre cylindric in bud ; bracts few, outer short. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic and Alpine), Siberia. Sub-sp. STRIC'TUM, fries (sp.) ; stem hollow, leaves glaucous scarcely amplexi- caul lower lanceolate, peduncles erect or ascending longer straighter and involucres more glabrous, ligules almost glabrous at the tip. H. denticula- tum, Sm. ; H. Jiorreri, Syme.— Intermediate between prenanthoLdes and o-ocatum, next to which Syme places it. 9. H. umbella'tum, L. ; stem 1-2 ft. wiry hairy or shaggy below, leaves narrowly linear or oblong-lanceolate sessile narrowed at the base toothed, heads subumbellate and peduncles stellately downy but hairless, bracts many, tips recurved, ligules glabrous, styles yellow. Thickets, &c. in dry and rocky places, from Berwick and Kirkcudbright southwards, ascending to 1,200 ft. in Yorkshire ; local in Ireland ; fl. July- Sept. — Usually very distinct, from its short stem, wiry habit, many narrow leaves, large subumbellate glabrous heads and recurved bracts, but varieties pass into o-ocatum. Leaves generally uniform throughout the plant, teeth small distant, reticulate, stellately downy beneath. Involucre ovoid or subcylindric, dark or pale ; peduncles slender, rigid, bracteate. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia to Kamtschatka, W. Asia to the N.W. Himalaya, E. and W. N. America (//. canadense, Fries). VAR.,fi(ifo'lium, Backh. ; stem leafy throughout, leaves very narrow margins revolute quite entire. Lough Neagh. 10. H. croca'tum, Fries; stem 2-4 ft., glabrous or pilose, 'branches spreading erect or ascending, leaves lanceolate or oblong sessile rounded or truncate at the base toothed or entire often glaucous below, heads lew or many and peduncles downy glabrous or hairy, bracts appressed obtuse, ligules glabrous, style livid or yellow, pappus almost white or discoloured. Mountain districts, from York and Durham northwards ; ascending to 1,200ft. ; E. and N. E. of Ireland, rare ; fl. July-Sept. — Intermediate between umbel- latum and boreale. — DISTRIB. Arctic, Northern, and Mts. of Mid. Europe. Sub-sp. INULOI'DES, Tausch. (sp. ) ; branches erect or ascending, leaves linear- lanceolate entire or toothed glabrous above hairy beneath, nerves indistinct, heads few, involucres generally glabrous.— Teesdale, Scotch alps, Antrim and Connemara. Sub-sp. CORYMBO'SUM, Fries (sp.) ; branches spreading or ascending, leaves ovate irregularly toothed hairy above, glaucous and loosely reticulate beneath, heads many, involucre ultimately truncate sparsely hairy, pappus tawny. //. rigidum, Backh. not Fries. —Scotch alps, Yorkshire, and Antrim. — Leaves of H. boreale, but upper amplexicaul, more glaucous and nerved. 11. H. boreale, Fries ; stem 2-4 ft., very hairy below stellately downy above, branches erect or ascending, leaves broad at the base ovate or ovate- 224 COMPOSITE. [Hii:i:.virM. lanceolate toothed lower petioleil upper broader sessile, heads many in leafy bracteate panicles or corymbs, peduncles floccose, involucre ovoid dark nearly glabrous, bracts broad obtuse, ligules glabrous, style livid or darker. H. sabaudum, Sin. ; H. heterophyllum, Bladon. Hedgebanks and margins of woods, common on railway banks ; rarer in Scot- land ; fl. Aug. -Oct. — Stem often reddish, leafy throughout. Learr* with teeth pointing forwards, lowest with villous petioles. Hemh \-\ in. diam. — DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe, rare in Scandinavia. — Allied to gotldcum, but without radical leaves, heads smaller, invol. bracts more numerous. ORDER XLIII. CAMPANULACEJE (including LOBELIA CE7E). Herbs, rarely shrubs ; juice milky. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Calyx \ or wholly superior ; limb 5-cleft. Corolla epigynous, usually persistent, tube entire or cleft posteriorly ; limb regular or oblique or 2-labiate, 5- lobed, valvate or induplicate in bud. Disk 0 or tumid. Stamens 5, epigy- nous or epipetalous, filaments free or subconnate ; anthers conniving round the style, basifixed, free or cohering, equal or unequal, naked or tipped with a pencil of hairs; pollen spherical or oblong. Ovary 2-8-ceIlrd ; style simple, tipped with a ring of hairs or clothed with deciduous hairs ; stigmas 2-8, hairy on the back, glandular internally, coherent till protruded beyond the anthers, then spreading ; ovules many, axile, horizontal, anatropous, placentas fleshy. Fruit 2- or more-celled, a berry, or a capsule dehiscing above or below the calyx -limb by pores or valves, many-seeded. Seeds minute, testa usually pitted, albumen fleshy ; embryo subcylindric. — DISTRIB. All regions, most abundant in temp, climates; genera 55; species 800. — AFFINITIES. With Goodcniacece, and Cichoracece. — PROPER- TIES. Acrid and often poisonous, diuretic. SUB-ORDER I. Lobelia cese. Corolla irregular. A nthers cohering in a tube. 1. Lobelia. SDB-ORDKR II. Campanule'se. Corolla regular. A nthers usually free. Corolla campanulate, segments broad 2. Campanula. Corolla-segments linear. Anthers free 3. Phyteuma. Corolla-segments linear. Anthers connate 4. Jasione. 1. LOBELIA, /.. Perennial herbs. Flowers in terminal racemes. Calyx-tube ovoid or obconic, limb 5-fid. Corolla very irregular ; tube split at the back ; limb 2-labiate, 2 upper lobes smaller erect or recurved, 3 lower pendulous. Stamens 5, epipetalons ; anthers connate, all, or the 2 lower only, bearded at the tip. Ovary 2-3-celled ; style filiform, included, girt with a ring of hairs, stigmas 2 broad spreading. Capsule 2-3-celled, top exserted and loculicidally 2-3-valved. Testa pitted. — DISTRIB. All but very cold regions ; species about 200.— ETYM. Mathias Lobcl, a Flemish botanist. 1. L. Dortman'na, L. ; leaves all radical submerged subcylindrical 2-tistular, scape slender cylindric fistular, flowers drooping. Gravelly mountain lake-bottoms, Scotland, ascending to 1,650ft.; Cumberland, Wales, Shropshire, and Ireland ; fl. July- Aug.— Roolstock short, stoloni- LOBELIA.] CAMPANULACE^E. 225 ferous; root-fibres white, cellular. Leaves 2-3 in., linear, obtuse, recurved. Scape 1-2 ft., bracteate near the base ; raceme lax, emersed. Flowers ^-1 in., pedicelled ; bracts short, oblong, obtuse. Calyx obconic, terete ; lobes short, obtuse. Corolla pale lilac ; lobes linear obtuse, upper erect, lower longer. Anthers included. Capsule clavate, inclined. — DISTRIB. N. Europe from W. France to Mid. Russia, N. America. 2. Ii. u'rens, L. ; stem leafy, leaves obovate or oblong-spathulate obtuse sinuate-toothed, upper linear decurrent, flowers erect or spreading. Heaths near Axminster ; n. Aug.TSept. — Glabrous or puberulous. Stem 1-2 ft., erect, slender, angular. Leaves 2-3 in., subsessile, teeth callous. Racemes 4-8 in., pedicels very short ; bracts lanceolate, exceeding the 5-angled narrow obconic calyx. FJoieert fin. Calyx-lobes subequal, subulate, shorter than the tube. Corolla blue or purple ; lobes subequal, lanceolate, acute. Capsule erect.— DISTRIB. W. France, Spain, Madeira. —Acrid and pungent. 2. CAMPAN'ULA, L. Perennial, rarely annual herbs. Radical leaves usually petioled, cauline alternate. Flowers spiked or racemed, white blue or lilac. Calyx-tube ovoid or subglobose ; limb 5-fid, lobes flat or folded at the sinus. Corolla campanulate or rotate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, epigynous, filaments short, bases broad dilated ; anthers linear, free. Ovary-cells 3-5, opposite the sepals ; style clavate, with rows of deciduous hairs opposite the anther- cells, stigmas 3-5 filiform. Capmle ovoid or turbinate, 3-5-celled, cells dehiscing below or above the calyx-limb by pores or valves. Seeds usually flattened.- — DISTRIB. All temp, and most trop. climates ; species about 200. — ETYM. campanula, from the ieZZ-shaped corolla. SUB-GEN. 1. Campan'ula proper. Corolla campanulate. wholly inferior, opening by valves or pores below the calyx-limb. * Stem-leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, usually nearly entire. Terminal flower of the raceme opening first. 1. C. rotundifo'lia, L. ; glabrous, stem angled slender, lower cauline leaves lanceolate, upper narrow linear quite entire acute, flowers racemed drooping, corolla broadly campanulate, lobes short recurved. Hare-bell. Pastures heaths and wall-tops, especially in hilly regions ; ascending to 3,500 ft. in the Highlands ; rather local in Ireland ; fl. July-Sept. — Glabrous or slightly pubescent. Rootstock slender. Stem $-2 ft., ascending, simple or branched, sparingly leafy. Primordial leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate- cordate, crenate. Racemes few or many-flowered ; pedicels slender, bracts minute or 0 ; buds erect. Calyx-lobes erect, subulate. Corolla ^-1 in., blue, sometimes white, lobes subacute. Capsule subglobose, valves basal. — DIS- TRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. Asia. E. and W. N. America. VAR. 1, rotundifo'lia proper; cauline leaves all slender, flowers many. — VAR. 2, monta'na, Syme ; lower cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate, flowers subsolitary. 2. C. Rapun'culus, L. ; hispid or glabrous, stem angled, cauline leaves oblong- or obovate-lanceolate obscurely toothed, flowers panicled erect, calyx-lobes very long subulate, corolla broadly campanulate 5-lobed almost to the middle, lobes recurved. 4 226 CAMPANULACE^. [CAMPANULA. Gravelly roadsides and hedgebanks from Stafford southwards ; fl. July-Am,'1. —Biennial; root fleshy. Stem 2-3 ft., simple or branched. /,".-'.! .'!in.. variable, sessile ; primordial broadly ovate, long-petioled. Pf minute, testa shining.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia; species about 10. — ETYM. Doubtful. 1. J. monta'na, L.; hispidly pubescent, leaves obovate-oblong. Heathy pastures and light soils in England, Ireland, and W. of Scotland (Moray only in the E.) ; ascending to 1,000 ft. in Northumberland ; fl. June -Sept.— Habit oi Scabloxa. Annual. Stem 6-18 in., branched from the base. Leaves ^-1 in., radical petioled, cauline linear-oblong, obtuse, waved or. crenate, ciliate. Peduncles long, slender, naked. Heads 1-6, %-$ iu. diam., hemispheric; bracts ovate, acute, as long as the lilac-blue flowers. Calyx-tube turbinate ; lobes subulate. Corolla-lobes at first coherent, per- sistent. Capsule small, subglobose.- DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa. W. Asia. ERICACEAE. 229 ORDER XLIV. ERICA CE^E. Evergreen shrubs, rarely herbs or trees ; (Monotropa is a leafless para- site.) Leaves alternate opposite or whorled, simple, often articulate with the stem, exstipulate. Flowers regular or nearly so. Calyx superior or inferior, 4-5-lid or -partite. Corolla hypogynous or epigynous, usually campanulate and 4-5-toothed or -lobed, rarely of 5 petals ; lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens 4, 5, 8, or 10, hypogynous or epigynous; anthers 2-celled, cells obtuse or with tubular tips, opening by terminal pores or slits, often with basal or dorsal awns. Disk epigynous or hypogynous, annular and lobed or of glands or scales. Ovary 4-5-celled- angled or -lobed ; style terminal or from between the lobes, stigma small simple or 4— 5-lobed ; ovules many in each cell, rarely few or solitary, pendulous from simple or 2-tid axile placentas. Fruit 3-5-celled, a berry or 3-5- valved capsule ; cells many- rarely 1 -seeded. Seeds small, testa reticulate sometimes lax and produced at both ends, albumen fleshy ; embryo minute, clavate.— DISTRIB. Chiefly temp, and cold climates ; genera about 70 ; species about 1,000.— AFFINITIES. With Epacridece.— PROPERTIES unim- portant. SUB-ORDKR I. Vaccin'iese. Buds clothed with scales. Stamens epigynous. Ovary inferior. Corolla campanulate or urceolate 1. Vaccinium. Corolla rotate 2. Oxycoccos. SUB-ORDER II. Eri cese. Buds naked or scaly. Stamens hypogynous. Ovary superior. TBIBE I. ARBUTE.2E. Buds naked. Leaves usually broad. Corolla deciduous. Fruit a berry or drupe. Ovary-cells many-ovuled 3. Arbutus. Ovary-cells 1-ovuled 4. Arctostaphylos. TRIBE II. ANDROMEDE'JE. Shrubs. Buds clothed with scales. Leave* usually broad. Corolla deciduous. Capsule loculicidal 5. Andromeda. TRIBE III. ERICI'NIUE. .Buds naked. Leaves small. Flowers 4-merous. Corolla persistent. Anthers usually connate in bud. Capsule locuh'cidal, rarely septicidal. Corolla 4-fid. Capsule loculicidal, cells many-seeded 6. Erica. Corolla 4-partite. Capsule septicidal, cells few-seeded 7. Calluna. TRIBE IV. RHODORE-ffi. Buds clothed with scales. Leaves usually broad. Flowers 4-5-merous. Corolla deciduous. Capsule septicidal. Corolla urceolate. Anthers 8, with pores 8. Dabeocia. Corolla urceolate. Anthers 10, with pores 9. Phyllodoce. Corolla campanulate. Anthers 5, with slits 10. Loiseleuria. TRIBE V. PYROLE'/E. Herbs. Buds scaly. Leaves chiefly radical. Petals 5, free or connate, concave. Capsule loculicidal. Seeds with a loose testa produced at both ends far beyond the nucleus. 11. Pyrola. SUB-ORDER III. Monotro'pese. Herbs, fleshy. Leaves replaced by scales. Petals perigynous, free or connate, deciduous. Stamem hypogynous. Ovary free. Capsule loculicidal. Seeds as in Pyroleas 12. Monotropa. 230 ERICACEAE. [VACCIXIUSI. 1. VACCINIUM, L. Shrubs ; buds clothed with usually persistent scales. Leaves alternate, often evergreen. Flowers solitary or racemose, white or red. Calyx-tube short ; limb 4-5-toothed. Corolla epigynous, urceolate or campanula^-, 4-5-fid. Stamens 8-10, epigynous ; anther-cells with tubular tips, awned or not. Ovary 4— 5-celled; style filiform, stigma obtuse ; placentas pro- minent, many-ovuled. Berry 4-5-celled, areolate at the top. Seeds angled, testa reticulate. — DISTKIB. Europe, temp, andsubtrop. Asia and America; species about 100. — ETYM. Obscure. 1. V. Myrtil'lus, L.; glabrous, stems erect angular, leaves deciduous ovate serrate, peduncles 1-flowered, anthers with dorsal awiis. WJwrtle- berry, Bilberry. Woods, copses, and heaths, chiefly in hilly districts ; ascends to 4,200 ft. ; fl. April-June. Rootstock creeping. Stems many, 6-24 in., rigid. /,•<<•>.< ^-1 in., nerves reticulate, young rosy. Flowers drooping ; peduncles \ in., naked. Calyx-tube turbinate ; lobes 5, short. Corolla \ in. diam., globose,, rosy tinged with green. Berry i in. diam., dark blue, glaucous. — DISTHIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, Dahuria, W. Asia, N.W. America.— Berries nm<.-]> used for preserves, &c. in northern countries. 2. V. uligino'sum, L. ; glabrous, stem procumbent terete, branches ascending, leaves deciduous oblong or obovate quite entire glaucous be- neath, peduncles 1-flowered, anthers with dorsal awns. Mountain bogs and copses, from Westmoreland and Durham northwards^ ascending to near 3,500 ft. in the Highlands ; absent from Ireland ; 11. .May - June. — Stems 6-10 in., woody, rigid, naked below. Leaves ^-1 in., coria- ceous, obtuse or acute, veins reticulate beneath. Peduncles 1-3 together, J in. Flowers drooping. Calyx-tube hemispheric ; lobes 4-5, broad, obtuse. Corolla J in., pale pink, subglobose. Berry smaller than in V. MyrtiUtu, of the same colour. — DISTBIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia to Kamtschatka, Persia, E. and W. N. America. 3. V. Vitis-Idse'a, Z. ; procumbent, branches pubescent, leaves ever- green obovate dotted beneath, margins revolute, racemes short terminal drooping, anthers awnless. Cowberry. Woods and heaths, chiefly in mountain districts, from S. Wales and Notts northward, also on Dartmoor ; ascends to 3,300 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. June -July. — Stems wiry, rigid, tortuous, branched and naked below ; branches 6-18 in., trailing or ascending. Leaves £-1$ in., glossy green above (like box), bifarious, very coriaceous, margins thickened entire or obtusely ser- rulate, pale below ; nerves not reticulate. Flowers crowded ; pedicels 2- bracteolate. Calyx-tube hemispheric ; lobes 4, broadly ovate, ciliolate. Corolla campanulate. Bei-ry -i in. diam., globose, red. — DISTKIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia to Kamtschatka, E. and W. N. America.— Berry acid. 2. OXYCOCCOS, Tourncf. CRANBERRY. Stems filiform, decumbent or erect, woody ; buds clothed with per- sistent scales. Leaves small, alternate, evergreen. Flowers drooping, on terminal, slender, 2-bracteolate peduncles. Calyx-tube short ; lobes 4. Corolla epigynous, rotate, 4-partite, segments reflexed. Stainens 8, OXYCOCCOS.] ERICACE^!. 231 epigynotis ; anther-cells with tubular tips, not awned. Ovary and fruit as in Vacciniwm. — DISTRIB. N. temp, and Arctic regions ; species 2. — ETYM. 6£vs and /cJ/cKor, from the acid berries. I. O. palus'tris, Pcrs. ; creeping, leaves ovate-oblong, base cordate, margins strongly recurved. Vaccinium Oxycoccus, L. I'eat bogs, usually amongst Sphagnum, local ; ascending to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands ; common in Ireland ; fl. Aug. — Stems puberulous. Leaves ^-^in., scattered, spreading, shortly petioled, deep green above with a median channel, glaucous beneath with reticulate nerves. Peduncles 1-3, lin., capillary, erect, puberulous. Flowers ^ in. diam., red. Calyx-limb minute. L'ni'oHa-lobes linear- oblong. Stamens exserted, filaments pubescent purple ; anthers yellow. • Berry \ in. diam., globose, dark red. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), excl. of Turkey, N. Asia and America. — The berries are an excellent antiscorbutic, and used as such upon long voyages. 3. ARBU'TUS, L. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually evergreen. Flowers in terminal paiiicled racemes, braeteate, white or pale red. Sepals 5. Corolla hypo- gynous, globose or subcampanulate ; lobes 5, reflexed. Stamens 10, on the base of the corolla, filaments short dilated below ; anthers deflexed, ovoid, opening by 2 pores, awns 2 reflexed. Disk annular. Ovary 5-celled ; style simple, stigma obtuse ; ovules many, placentas pendulous from the upper angles of the cells. Berry globose, granulate ; cells 5, 4-5-seeded. Seeds angled, testa coriaceous. — DISTRIB. N. temp, regions; species about 15. — ETYM. The old Latin name. 1. A. Une do, L.'; leaves obovate- or oblong-lanceolate acute doubly- serrate, panicles drooping many-flowered. Strawberry-tree. Woods at Killarney, Muckross, and Bantry, probably indigenous ; fl. Sept.- Oct. — A small rounded much-branched evergreen tree, 8-10 ft. ; bark rough ; branchlets and petioles hairy and glandular. Leaves 2-3 in., petioled. Panicles glabrous, lax ; pedicels short ; bracts deciduous. Sepals short, rounded. Corolla J in., creamy. Berry \ in. diam., orange-scarlet, sub- globose, muricate. — DISTRIB. S. of France, Spain, Mediterranean region. — Berries eatable when perfectly ripe ; made into a wine in Corsica. 4k ARCTOSTAPH'YLOS, Adanson. BEARBERR-Y. Characters of Arbutus, but cells of ovary 5-10, 1-ovuled ; disk of 3 fleshy scales ; and fruit a drupe with 5-10 stones.- — DISTRIB. of Arbutus, but more abundant in America ; species about 12. — ETYM. apitros and ffray pores, awnless. Ovary 5-celled; style slender, stigma capitate. Capsule 5-celled, septicidally 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds shining. — DISTKIU. Arctic regions ; species 3 or 4. — ETYM. Mythological. 1. P. caeru'lea, Sab. ; leaves shortly petioled crowded spreading linear obtuse glabrous. P. taxifolia, Salisb. ; Menziesia, Swartz. Heathy moors, Sow of Atholl, alt. 2,700 ft., extremely rare ; fl. May.— Short, depressed, much branched, woody; branches 5-10 in., tubercled. /,«'*..< PHYLLODOCE.] ERICACEAE. 235 J-J in., rigidly coriaceous, glossy and channelled above, margins reflexed to the puberulous midrib beneath. Flowers few, drooping, in terminal umbel- late corymbs ; pedicels \-\\ in. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, glandular-pubes- cent. Corolla ^ in., lilac, urceolate. Anthers purple. Ovary glandular- pubescent. — DISTKIB. Scandinavia (Arctic), Mts. of W. France, Pyrenees, Siberia to Kamtschatka, E. and W. N. America. 1O. LOISELEU'RIA, Desvaux. A small glabrous depressed, branching, rigid, evergreen shrub ; buds scaly. Leaves small, opposite, quite entire, margins revolute. Flowers on terminal 1 -flowered peduncles, pink, small. Sepals 5. Corolla hypo- gynous, broadly campanulate, 5-fid. Stamens 5, hypogynous, slightly adnate to the corolla ; anthers short, included, slits lateral. Ovary sub- globose, 2-3-celled ; style short, straight, stigma capitate ; ovules many. Capsule 2-3-celled, septicidally 2-3-valved, valves 2-fid. Seeds several, ovoid, testa thick pitted. — DISTJUB. Arctic and Alpine (excl. Pyrenees) Europe, cold and Arctic Asia and America. — ETYM. Loiscleur-Deslony- chainps, a French botanist. 1. L. procum'bens, Desv.; leaves rigidly coriaceous recurved linear- oblong obtuse. Azalea, L. Moorlands on the high Scotch Alps, alt. 1,500-3,600 ft., from Ben Lomond northwards ; fl. May-June.- -Forms flat patches with interlaced rigid woody branches. Leaves |-$ in., crowded, petioled, deep green, glossy, deeply channelled above, beneath densely pubescent, midrib very stout. Flowers usually 2-3, inclined, subcorymbose ; peduncle red, |-^ in., stout, ebrac- teolate. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, red. Corolla fa in. diam., pink ; lobes obtuse. Stamens included. Capsule minute, valves 2-fid. 11. PY'ROLA, Tournef. WINTER-OREEN. Biennial or perennial herbs ; rootstocks slender, creeping ; stems short, almost woody ; buds scaly. Leaves chiefly radical, alternate, broad, petioled, evergreen. Flowers secund, racemose, rarely solitary, white pink or yellowish, nodding ; scapes bracteate ; pedicels bracteolate at the base. Sepals 5V Corolla globose, rarely spreading, of 5 free or slightly connate orbicular petals, subpersistent. Stameiis 10, in pairs opposite the petals, hypogynous, erect or declinate, filaments subulate, tip incurved ; anther- cells opening by terminal pores. Ovary 5-celled ; style erect or decimate, stigma capitate 5-lobed or -cleft ; ovules many. Capsule, globose, 5-angled, 5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved; valves septiferous, usually with tomentose edges ; central column bearing the seeds on fungous placentas. Seeds very minute, elongate, testa produced loose, nucleus minute. — DISTKIB. N. temp, zone ; species about 12. — ETYM. Pyrus, from a similarity iu the foliage to that of the pear. SUB-OEN. 1. Py'rola proper. Flowers racemose. Petals 5, free, incurved. Antlier-cells short, obtuse. Stigmatic lobes short. Valves of capsule cohering by fibres. 1. P. mi'nor, Sw. ; leaves orbicular-ovate obscurely creiiate, stamens erect as long as the short straight style, stigma-rays large. 236 ERICACEAE. [PYIIOLA. Woods, heaths and commons, from Ross and Moray to Kent and Devon ; rare in the S. of England; ascends to 1,500ft. in the Highlands; Mi,l. and N.E. Ireland, rare and local ; fl. June-Aug. — Stem 1-3 in., ascending. /,• am .« usually in a rosette, but sometimes alternate, coriaceous, 1-1J in., contracted into the longer petiole. Scape 8-12 in., slender. Raceme short, bracteoles subulate-lanceolate. Flowers | in. diara., drooping, globose, white tinged with rose. Stamens very short. Style without a ring below the stigma, not lengthening in fruit. Capsule drooping. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), excl. Turkey, E. and W. N. America. 2. P. me'dia, L. ; leaves orbicular-ovate crenate, stamens erect shorter than the straight or slightly decurved style, stigma-lobes minute erect. Woods and heaths, local, from Sussex and Worcester northwards ; ascending to 1,800ft. in the Highlands ; N. and W. of Ireland; fl. July-Aug.— Very like P. minor, but larger and stouter ; leaves broader, sometimes orbicular and If in. diam., and bracts larger. Flowers % in. diam. Style with a ring round the base of the stigma. — DISTRIB. Europe, excl. Greece and Turkey. 3. P. rotundifo lia, L. ; leaves orbicular-obovate, stamens ascending shorter than the long decurved style, stigma-lobes minute erect. Moist woods and copses, rare, from Forfar and Aberdeen to Shropshire and Kent ; ascends to 2,500ft. in Scotland; absent from Ireland ; fl. July-Sept. — Habit and stature of P. minor, but petioles all longer and very slender ; raceme usually longer; bracts larger, spreading; flowers J in. diam.. puro white ; style with a ring below the stigma.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), except Greece and Turkey, N. Asia, Himalaya, N. America. VAR. 1, rotundifo' lia proper ; bracts on the scape few, pedicels a little longer than the lanceolate sepals.— VAR. 2, arena'ria, Koch ; leaves smaller, bracts many on the scape, pedicels as long as the ovate sepals. P. mat-it i nu', Keuyon. Sea-shore, Lancashire. 4. P. secun da, L. ; leaves ovate acute serrate, raceme secund, stamens incurved shorter than the long ascending style, stigma broad lobed. Rocky mountain woods, rare ; Teesdale, Keswick, Dumfries, and from Perth and Argyle northwards, ascending to 2,400 ft. ; N.E. of Ireland, very rare ; tt. July. — Stem straggling, branched ; branches 1-4 in., ascending. Leaves 1-1 £ in., rosulate or alternate, rather thin, reticulate, petioles shorter. Scape slender, 2-5 in., with 1-5 bracts. Racemes 1-2 in., bracteoles linear- oblong. Flowers horizontal, ^ in. diam. Sepals obtuse, erose. Petals con- cave, greenish-white. Sti/le without a ring below the stigma, elongate in fruit. Capsult^ drooping. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, Dahuria, W. Asia, N. America. SUB-GEN. 2. Moneses, SaMsb. (gen.). Flower solitary. Petals slightly adherent at the base, spreading. Anther-cells with tubular tips. Stigmatic lobes long, halves of capsule free. 5. P. tmiflo'ra, L.; scape 1-bracteate at the top, leaves orbicular spathulate sinuate serrate. Moneses grandiflora, Salisb. Woods, chiefly of fir, in the N. Highlands, from the Hebrides, Perth, and Aberdeen northwards. — Stem £-2 in., short, leafy. Leaves £-1 in., alternate, narrowed into a short petiole, rather membranous. Flowers $ in. diam., nodding, then erect. Sepals broad, obtuse, ciliate. Petals almost flat, white, spreading. Filaments curved. Style not terminated by a ring. Capsmlt PYROLA.] ERICACEAE. 237 erect, crowned with the style and persistent elongate stigmas. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), except Greece and Turkey, Siberia, N. America. 12. MONOT'ROPA, L. BlRD's-NEST. Simple, brown or pale, erect herbs ; rootstock scaly. Leaves reduced to scales, alternate. Flowers campanulate, in terminal racemes, rarely solitary, uppermost 5-6-merous, the rest 4-merous. Sepals and petah erect, coloured, membranous, saccate at the base. Stamens 8-10, hypogy- nous, filaments subulate ; anthers reniform, 1 -celled, dehiscing across the top, valves very unequal. Ovary 4-5-celled, 8-10-furrowed ; style colum- nar, stigma discoid ; ovules innumerable, on fleshy placentas filling the cavity. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds very many, minute, testa loose reticulate produced at both ends. — DISTRIB. N". temp, regions ; species 3 or 4. — ETYM. /xoi/oy, one, and Tp6iros, from the curved raceme. 1. M. Hypop'itys, L. ; flowers racemose, sepals and petals erose obtuse. Woods near roots of fir and beech, from Aberdeen and Moray southwards ; local in Scotland ; Mid. Ireland, very rare ; fl. July-Aug. — Probably [a parasite, from its colour and habit. Stem 6-12 in., stout, fleshy, cream- white. Scales oblong. Raceme drooping till after fertilization, then erect. Flowers \ in., many, drooping ; pedicels short, erect in fruit ; bracts scale- like. Sepals irregularly disposed. Filaments incurved, the alternate longer ; anthers reaching the stigma. Style short. Fruit ovoid or globose. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), excl. Greece and Turkey, Siberia, Dahuria, N. America. VAB. yla'bra, Bernh.; all glabrous. — VAR. hirsu'ta, Roth.; bracts ciliate, inner surface of sepals petals stamens and ovary pubescent. ORDER XLV. OLEI'NEJE. Shrubs or trees ; branches opposite ; buds terminal, scaly. Leaves opposite, simple, or pinnate with a terminal leaflet, exstipulate. Flowers in terminal or axillary 3-chotomous cymes, small, white or greenish, 1-2-sexual ; pedi- cels opposite, 2-bracteolate. Calyx inferior, 4-lobed or 0. Corolla hypogy- nous, regular, 4-partite, deciduous, rarely 0, or of 4 free petals, valvate in bud. Stamens 2, anthers dorsally inserted, dehiscence inwards. Disk 0. Ovary 2-celled ; style simple or 0, stigma entire or 2-fid ; ovules 2 collateral in each cell rarely 3, pendulous from the septum, anatropous, raphe dorsal. Fruit 1-2-celled, cells 1- rarely 2-seeded. Seed pendulous, testa sometimes winged, albumen fleshy or horny ; embryo straight, cotyledons flat thin. — DISTRIB. Trop. and temp, regions, chiefly northern ; genera 24 ; species 150. — EXCEPTIONS. (British) Petals 0 in Fraxinus, which has 3-ovulate cells. — AFFINITIES. With Jasminem. — PROPERTIES. Olea europcea yields oil in its fleshy sarcocarp, a bitter bark, and hard durable wood. 0. fra- grans and others yield the odoriferous flowers used to scent China tea. Manna is the produce of several Ashes. Various barks are febrifuges, and that of Ash is cathartic. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-lobed. Fruit a berry 1. Ligustrum. Corolla 0 (in the Brit. sp.). Fruit a samara 2. Fraxinus. 238 OLEIXEJ-. [Licu8Ti:t'M. 1. LIGUSTRUM, Tournef. PRIVET. Shmbs, rarely small trees. Leaves often evergreen, quite entire. Flowers in terminal thyrsoid cymes. Calyx shortly tubular, 4-toothed, deciduous. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-lobed. Stamens 2, included in the corolla-tube. Ovary ovoid ; style very short, stigma 2-fid lobes obtuse ; ovules 2 in each cell. Berry globose, 2-celled, cells 1-2-seeded, flesh oily. Seeds ovoid or angled, albumen hard, cotyledons ovate-lanceolate. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia, especially Japan ; species about 10. — ETYM. ligare, to bind, from a use of the twigs. 1. li. vulga're, L. ; shrubby, leaves oblong-lanceolate quite entire. Thickets in England, from York and Durham southwards ; naturalized in Scot- land ; apparently wild in S. of Ireland, fl. June-July. — A glabrous bush, 4-10 ft., almost evergreen ; branches slender, bark smooth. Leaves 1-2 in., shortly petioled, acute. Panicles 1-3 in. Corolla £-£ in. Berry ^ in. diam., globose, purple-black.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa. — Berries yield a rose- dye and a bland oil used for cooking in Germany. a. FRAXINUS, Tournef. ASH. Deciduous trees. Leaves simple or pinnate, leaflets opposite with an odd one, toothed or serrate. Flowers polygamous or dioecious. Calyx 4-fid or 0. Petals 0, or 4 connate at the base. Stamens 2, hypogynous. Ovary oblong ; stigma subsessile 2-fid ; ovules 2-3 in each cell. Fruit a com- pressed 1 -2-celled samara, winged at the tip, cells 1-seeded. Seed com- pressed, albumen fleshy ; embryo straight, cotyledons broad. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; species about 30. — ETYM. Doubtful. 1. F. excel sior, L. ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate serrate, perianth 0. Woods and hedges, but generally planted, ascending to 1,350 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. April-May. — Tree 50-80 ft. ; bark smooth ; branchlets stout ; buds large, black. Leaflets 1-3 in., 4-7-pair. Floirers small, polygamous, in dense small axillary panicles. Stamens purple-black. Samaras 1£ in., in large drooping panicles, pedicelled, linear-oblong, notched at the tip ; nucleus oblong, ribbed. Seed A in.— DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Greece), N. Africa. - -Wood excellent. A 1-toliolate state occurs, F. litieropltylla, Vahl. ORDER XLVI. APOCY'NE.ffi. Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, often climbing ; juice milky. / opposite, rarely whorled, quite entire ; stipules 0 or rudimentary. Flowers regular, axillary or terminal, solitary or cymose. Calyx 4-5-fid. Corolla hypogynous, funnel- or salver-shaped ; throat naked or with scales ; lobes usually oblique, contorted in bud. Stamens 4-5, on the tube or throat of the corolla, filaments very short often dilated above ; anthers basitixi-d, dehiscence introrse, usually elongate, free or connate and adhering to the, stigma ; cells sometimes obliterated below ; pollen granular. Disk 0 or annular. Ovary of 2 free or connate carpels ; style short, dilated, stigma entire or 2-fid often constricted in the middle ; ovules many, anatropous or amphitropous, placentas marginal. Fruit usually of 2 many-seeded VIXCA.] APOCYNEsE. 239 follicles, sometimes a berry or drupe. Seeds compressed, sometimes winged, hihun basilar or lateral, with often a pencil of silky hairs at the hilar (rarely at the other) end, albumen fleshy or hard or 0 ; embryo straight, cotyledons flat thin, radicle variable in direction. — DISTRIB. Chiefly trop. ; genera 100 ; species 500-600. — AFFINITIES. With Asdepiadece, and Rubiacece. — PRO- VERTIES. Usually poisonous drastic purgatives, or febrifuges. VIN'CA, L. PERIWINKLE. Perennial herbs or slender decumbent undershrubs. Leaves evergreen. Flowers solitary, white blue or purple. Calyx 5 -partite, lobes acuminate, glandular at the base inside. Corolla salver-shaped ; tube hairy inside ; throat thickened angled ; lobes 5, oblique. Stamens 5, filaments short ; anthers inflexed, tipped with a bearded membrane, pollen glutinous. Disk of 2 glands alternating with the carpels. Chary of 2 carpels ; style thickened above, terminated by a cup-shaped reflexed membrane, within which is the short conical entire or 2-lobed stigma. Follicles 2, slender, terete, many-seeded. Seeds subcylindric, testa black tuberculate, hilum lateral, albumen fleshy ; embryo axile. — DISTRIB. Europe, Asia, Africa ; species about 10. — ETYM. vincere, from a use of the stems in binding. V. MI'NOR, L. ; flowerless-stems prostrate rooting, leaves elliptic-ovate margins glabrous, calyx-lobes glabrous ^ the length of the corolla-tube. Woods, copses, and hedgebanks, from Stafford southwards, but often only naturalized; a denizen, Watson; not indigenous in Scotland or Ireland; fl. April-May. — Stems 1-2 ft., trailing, tough, flowering ones short, erect. Leaves 1-1 J in., very shortly petioled. Floicers 1 in. diam.; peduncles not as long. Corolla blue-purple. Fruit rarely found.— DISTRIB. Europe from Denmark southwards (excl. Greece), W. Asia. V. MA'JOR, L. ; flowerless-stems prostrate not rooting, leaves ovate or cordate at the base ciliate, calyx-lobes ciliate equalling the corolla- tube. Copses and hedges, naturalized; an alien, Watson; fl. April-May. — Much larger in all its parts than V. minor ; flowerless-stems not tough, rooting at the tip only ; flowering erect in flower, elongating afterwards. — DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe, N. Africa. ORDER XLVII. GENTIA NE.ffi. Herbs, usually glabrous, erect, 3-chotomously branched ; juice bitter. Leaves opposite, quite entire, rarely whorled (alternate and 3-foliolate in Menyantnes, alternate and floating in Limnanthemum) ; exstipulate. Flmvers regular, solitary, or in 2-3-chotomous cymes. Calyx inferior, 4-8-toothed or lobed ; lobes twisted or valvate in bud. Corolla hypo- gynous, often persistent, rotate campanulate or funnel-shaped ; throat naked fimbriate or scaly ; lobes 4-8, usually contorted in bud. Stamens 4-8, inserted on the corolla-tube, filaments filiform ; anthers introrse, turning over and becoming extrorse during flowering, sometimes twisted. Ovary 1- or almost 2-celled ; style continuous with the ovary or 0 ; stigma 2-fid or 2-lamellar; ovules many, 1-2-seriate on 2 opposite placentas, 240 GENTIANS^!. [CHLORA. horizontal, anatropous. Capsule 1- or incompletely 2-celled, septiridally 2-valved, rarely indehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds minute, testa reticulate, albumen copious fleshy ; embryo minute, cotyledons small, cohering or diverging. — DISTRIB. Chiefly in cold and temp, mountain regions, rarely polar ; genera 60 ; species 450. — AFFINITIES. Close with Apocyiicae. — PROPERTIES. Bitter and tonic. SUB-ORDER I. Gentia'neee. Leaves opposite. Corolla-lobes twisted. Corolla rotate. Stamens 6-8. Leaves perfoliate 1 . Chlora. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens 4. Stigma entire 2. Cicendia. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens 5. Anthers twisted 3. Erythreea. Corolla-tube subclavate. Anthers straight. Stigmas 2 4. Gentiana. SUB-ORDER II. Menyan'these. Leaves alternate. Corolla induplicate. Leaves 3-foliolate 5. Menyanthes. Leaves orbicular, floating 6. Limiianthemum. l. CHLO'RA, L. YELLOW- WORT, YELLOW CENTAURY. Annual or biennial, erect, glaucous herbs. Leaves broadly connate at the base. Flowers yellow, in 3-chotomous cymes. Calyx 6-8-partite. Corolla rotate, persistent, 6-8-partite. Stamens 6-8, inserted on the throat of the corolla. Ovary 1-celled ; style 2-fid, deciduous, stigmas oblong obtuse. Capsule septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, sunk in the placentas. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia ; species 2, — ETYM. xA«P yellow. 1. C. perfolia'ta, L. ; radical leaves obovate-spathulate, cauline ovate. Chalk or clay banks and pastures from York southwards ; S. and Mid. Ireland ; fl. June-Sept. — Glabrous. Stems 1 or more from the root, 6-18 in., terete. Radical leaves 1-2 in., rosulate, obtuse ; cauline smaller, broadly ovate, acute. Flowers J-£ in. diam., many. Sepals slender, lanceolate- subulate. Corolla-lobes bright yellow, oblong, obtuse ; tube finally ruptured by the capsule. Stigma 2-fid. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Greece) from Belgium southwards, N. Africa, W. Asia. a. CICEN DIA, Adanson. Small annual branched herbs. Leaves oblong or filiform. Flowers small, yellow or pink, in 3-chotomous cymes or fascicles. Calyx 4-5-lobed or -partite. Corolla funnel-shaped, persistent ; tube short or 0, throat naked ; lobes 4-5. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the corolla-tube. Ovary 1- or partially 2-celled ; style deciduous, stigma capitellate ; ovules many, on 2 parietal placentas. Capsule 1- or almost 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, immersed in the placenta.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. America ; species 3 or 4.— ETYM. Doubtful. 1. C. filifor'mis, Reich.; leaves subulate, calyx campanulate, teeth deltoid acute, corolla-lobes obtuse equalling the tube. Exacum, Sm. Sandy bays, Pembroke and Cornwall to Sussex ; Cork in Ireland ; fl. July- Oct.— Glabrous. Stem 4-8 in., angled, simple or sparingly branched above, very slender, branches suberect. Leaves ^-^ in. /Yower«4-merous, yellow ; pedicels stout, very long, A-2£ in. Capsule ovoid, £ in.--DiSTRiB. "Europe from Denmark southwards (excl. Russia), Azores. CICEXDIA.] GENTIANS^. 241 2. C. pusil la, Griseb. ; branches spreading, leaves linear, calyx-tube 0. lobes subulate, corolla-lobes mucronate ^ as long as the tube. Sandy commons at Paradis in Guernsey ; fl. July-Sept.— Smaller and more slender than C. filiformis. Stems several, spreading- ; branches divaricate. Leaves \ in. Flowers sometimes 5-merpus, pink ; peduncles slender. Calyx- lobes erect. Capsule fusiform. — DISTRIB. Belgium and France. 3. ERYTHRJE'A, Pers. CENTAURY. Annual herbs. Stems erect, angular. Leaves connate. Flowers small, pink white or yellow, in terminal 3-chotomous cymes. Calyx 4-5-partite. Corolla funnel-shaped, persistent ; tube cylindric, throat naked ; lobes 4-5. Stametis 4-5, on the corolla-tube ; anthers spirally twisted, exserted. Ovary almost 2-celled ; style deciduous, stigmas 2 ; ovules many. Capsule linear, 1- or almost 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute. — DISTKIB. ,Temp. Europe, N. Africa, 1ST. Asia, rare in N. America ; species about 15. — ETYM. epu6p6s, from the red flowers. 1. E. Centaurium, Pcrs. ; radical leaves ovate or oblong-spathulate. Dry pastures and sandy coasts; fl. June-Sept.— Erect, glabrous, 6-18 in., usually branched above. Radical leaves 1-2 in., upper sometimes linear. Flowers J— \ in. diam., many, red or pink. Calyx-lobes linear-subulate. Corolla-lobes oblong, obtuse or subacute. Capsule slender. — DISTRIB. Europe from Gothland southwards, N. Africa ; introd. in N. America. Sub-sp. CEXTAU'RICM proper ; leaves 3-7-nerved, cymes fascicled, lateral flowers pedicelled, calyx-lobes about J as long as the corolla-tube, corolla ^ in. diam., capsule exceeding the calyx. E. latifolia, Engl. Bot.; (a stunted var.). Chironia Centaurium, Sm. — VAR. littm-a'lis, Fries (sp.); margins of leaves and sepals usually puberulous, cymes compact, calyx-lobes longer, corolla rather larger, capsule not exceeding the calyx. — Sandy shores, local ; not found in Ireland. Sub-sp. I.ATIFO'LIA, Sm. (sp.) ; glabrous, 2-4 in., stout, leaves all broad sub- acute 5-7 -nerved, cymes compact, flowers all subsessile, calyx-lobes about as long as the corolla-tube, corolla J in. diam., capsule scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Sand-hills, Lancashire. Sub-sp. PULCHEL'LA, Fries (sp.); glabrous, leaves 3-5-nerved, cymes rarely compact, flowers all pedicelled, calyx-lobes about J as long as the corolla- tube, corolla \ in. diam., lobes narrow, capsule slightly exceeding the calyx. — Wet sandy places ; rare in Scotland ; S. of Ireland only. 4. GENTIA'NA, L. GENTIAN. Herbs of various habit. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary, or in ter- minal cymes. Calyx 4-5-fid or -partite, sometimes spathaceous. Corolla 4-5-lobed, angles sometimes folded and produced, throat naked bearded or with 5 scales. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the corolla-tube, included ; anthers dehiscing extrorsely. Disk annular. Ovary 1 -celled ; style 0 or short, stigmas 2 persistent recurved ; ovules many. Capsule septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds immersed in the broad membranous placentas. — DIS- TRIB. Temp, regions and high mountains, rare in arctic ; species about 150.— ETYM. The classical name. 1. G. campes'tris, L. ; annual, calyx ebracteate 4-partite, lobes very unequal, corolla-tube subcylindric, throat ciliate. B -'12 <:EXTIANEJE. [GENTIANA. Moist especially hilly pastures; ascending to 2,400ft. in the Highlands; tl. July-Oct. — Stem 4-12 in., simple below. Radical leaves obovate-spathulate ; cauline ovate-oblong or lanceolate, acute, 3-7-nerved. Flows 1 in., cymosily panicled, pedicelled. Calyx-tube short ; outer lobes oblong-ovate, acuminate, inner much narrower. Corolla pale lilac ; lobes oblong, acute. C'apxitlc subse.--.-ule.— DiSTRiB. Europe (excl. Tui-key), W. Siberia. 2. G. Amarelia, L. ; annual, calyx ebracteate 5-lobed, lobes nearly equal, corolla-tube subcylindric, throat ciliate. Dry pastures ; ascending to 2,100 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. July-Sept. — Habit and stature of G. campestris, but calyx less deeply divided, lobes 5, much smaller, subulate-lanceolate.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, Dahuria. Sub-sp. AMAREL'LA. proper ; calyx-lobes subequal from half as long to as long as the corolla-tube. Sub-sp. GKKMAN'ICA, Willd. (sp.); larger, stouter, calyx-lobes unequal, '2 broader and more acute, much shorter than the corolla-tube. 3. G. Pneumonan the, L. ; perennial, calyx 2-bracteate, lobes 5 equal, corolla naiTow-campanulate, throat naked. Moist heathy places, from Cumberland to Dorset, and from York and Norfolk to Anglesea, rare and local ; fl. Aug. -Sept. — Rootxti,,-!: short. /#»•/«.< 1-2 ft., few, slender, scaly below, simple or nearly so, leafy above. Leaves 1-1 i in., linear- oblong, obtuse, 1-3-nerved. Flowers 1-2 in., few, axillary and terminal, shortly pedicelled ; bracts 2, long, linear. Calyx-tube obconic ; lobes linear, obtuse, much shorter than the corolla, which is pale blue outside and bright blue within. Capsule stipitate. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Greece and Turkey), N. Asia, N. America (a form). 4. G. ver'na, L. ; perennial, calyx 2-bracteate, lobes 5 equal, corolla salver-shaped, throat with 2-fid scales between the lobes. Wet subalpine limestone rocks of York and Durham, ascending to 2,400 ft. in Upper Teesdale ; Mayo, Galway, and Clare ; fl. May-June. — Tufted, stoloniferous. Radical leaves rosulate, ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, 1-nerved ; cauline few, smaller, oblong. Stem 1-2 in., curved or ascending. Flowers 1 in. diam., solitary, sessile ; bracts foliaceous. •-tube, large, 5-winged ; lobes acute, much shorter than the corolla-tube. Corolla bright bluj3 ; lobes ovate, obtuse. Capsule subsessile. — DISTHIB. Europe from France and Germany to Spain and Turkey, Siberia, W. Asia. 5. G. nivalis, L. ; annual, calyx 2-bracteate, lobes 5 equal, corolla fmiMfl-shaped, throat with a 2-fid scale between each lobe. High alpine rocks of the Breadalbane and Clova Mts., from 2,700-3,000 ft., very rare ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Stem slender, 2-8 in., simple or branched above. Jinilical leaves J-Jin., few, obovate-oblong, obtuse or acute ; cauline smaller, in distant pairs, all 3-5-nerved. Flowers $-$ in., solitary or few, shortly pedicelled ; bracts small, oblong. Calyx narrow-cami>anulate, 5-angled and ribbed; lobes subulate, much shorter than the corolla-tube. ('0os, a flower. 1. Ii. nymphseoi'des, Link; leaves opposite on the flowering-stems. Villarsia nijmphceoidcs, Vent. Still waters, rare, from Norfolk and Gloucester to Sussex ; naturalized further north, and in Scotland and Ireland ; fl. July-Aug. — Rootstock creeping, with alternate leaves. Flowering-stems floating ; their branches short, in the axils of opposite leaves. Leaves all petioled, orbicular, base deeply cordate, quite entire, green shining purple-spotted above, opaque purplish and studded with glands beneath ; petioles of radical leaves long, slender, not sheathing ; of floating leaves shorter, stout, sheathing. Peduncles 1-3 in., crowded. Plovers 1 in. diam., subumbellate, opening one at a time. Sepals linear oblong, obtuse. Corolla bright yellow; lobes erose or fimbriate. Capsule flagon-shaped, green. Seeds few, compressed, winged, ciliate. — DISTRIB. Europe from Denmark southwards, N. Asia, W. Asia to N.W. India. ORDER XLVIII. POLEMONIACEJE. Annual or perennial herbs (rarely shrubs). Leaves alternate, or the lower opposite, entire or divided, exstipulate. Flowers in terminal centri- fugal 2-chotomous cymes, usually blue or white. Calyx inferior, 5-lobed, imbricate in bud. Corolla slightly perigynous, regular or nearly so, 5- nartite ; lobes contorted in bud. Stamens 5. inserted on the corolla-tube, E 2 244 POLEMOXIACE& [PoLEMoxir.M. usually unequal ; anthers fixed dorsally, 2-celled, de.hisi •cnce introrse, pollen subglobose reticulate. Disk fleshy. Ovary 3-celled ; style simple, stigmas 3 linear revolute ; ovules 1 or more, attached to the inner angle of each cell, amphitropous. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved ; valves separating from the persistent axis; cells 1- or many-seeded. Seeds angled or plano-convex, testa spongy sometimes winged, hiluin ventral, albumen fleshy ; embryo axile, cotyledons subfoliaceous. — DISTRIB. Chiefly arctic and temp., especially W. American ; genera 17 ; species about 100. — AFFINITIES. With Convolvulacece. — PROPERTIES unimportant. 1. POLEMO'NIUM, L. JACOB'S-LADDER. Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, pinnate. Flowers corymbose, usually ebracteate. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Corolla rotate ; lobes 5, obovate. Stamens decliuate, inserted on the corolla-throat, filaments dilated and hairy at the base. Disk cup-shaped, crenate. Ovary ovoid ; style filiform, stigma 3-fid ; ovules many in each cell, 2-seriate. Capsule ovoid, 3-celled, many-seeded, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds ovoid, angled, with a short wing or 0, testa thick, abounding in spiral vessels. — DISTRIB. N. temp, and arctic regions ; species about 12. — ETYM. obscure. 1. P. cseruleum, L. ; leaflets 6-12 pairs subsessile. Greek Valerian. Copses and streams, apparently indigenous from Stafford and Derby north- wards to the Cheviots, doubtfully elsewhere ; an outcast of gardens in Scotland and Ireland; fl. June-July. — RootstocJk short, creeping. Steins 1-3 ft., glabrous or pubescent and glandular above, angular, fistular, leafy. Leaves 4-18 in.; petiole very slender, winged ; leaflets f-1^ in., quite entire, ovate or oblong -lanceolate, acute, flowers many, drooping, ^—1 in. diam., blue or white. Calyx campanulate ; lobes oblong, acute. Corolla-lobes spreading, subacute. Capsule erect, included in the calyx. Seeds compressed, angular; testa costate and rugose, shortly winged.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic) to France and Italy, N. Asia, N.W. Himalaya, N. America. ORDER XLIX. CONVOLVULA'CEJE. Herbs or shrubs, usually twining (rarely trees); juice often milky. Leaves alternate, 0 in Cuscuta, exstipulate. Flowers in axillary or tef- minal racemes cymes or heads, rarely solitary, often large, of all colours ; pedicels often articulate with the peduncle and bracteate. Sepals 5, equal or unequal, in 1-3 series, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, regular, tubular bell- or funnel-shaped ; limb 5-lobed or -angled, plaited and contorted in bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube, filaments often unequal and dilated at the base ; anthers sagittate, basifixed, 2-celled, dehiscence introrse, often twisted after flowering, pollen angular or spherical. Disk angular, hypogynous. Ovary of 2-4-connate carpels, 2-4-(rarely l)-celled ; style slender, 2-4-fid, stigmas capitate linear or lamellar ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, erect from its base, 4 in the 1-celled ovaries. Capsule 1-4-celled, 2-4-valved or bursting transversely at the base. Seeds attached to the base of the central column, erect ; testa coriaceous or membranous, often villous, albumen scanty mucilaginous CONVOLVULUS.] CONVOLVULACE^E. 245 (fleshy in Cuscuta); embryo curved, cotyledons very broad thin folded, radicle short (embryo spiral and undivided in Cuscuta). — DISTRIB. Chiefly trop., rarer in the temp, zones ; genera 40 ; species about 650. — AFFINITIES. With Cordiacece and Hydrophyllacece. — PROPERTIES. Often purgative ; some (Batatas) yield esculent roots. SUB-ORDER I. Convolvula'cese proper. Leafy. Albumen scanty. Cotyledons foliaceous 1. Convolvulus. SUB-ORDER II. Cuscu'teee (Presl, order). Leafless parasites. Albumen copious, fleshy. Embryo filiform, spiral 2. Cuscuta. 1. CONVOLVULUS, L. BINDWEED. Slender, often perennial twining herbs ; juice milky. Leaves alter- nate, often cordate or sagittate. Flowers axillary, solitary or corymbose, white pink purple or blue, bracteate or ebracteate. Sepals 5. Corolla funnel- or bell-shaped, limb 5-angled and -plicate. Stamens 5, inserted at the bottom of the corolla-tube, filaments dilated at the base. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, stigmas 2 oblong or linear ; ovules 2. Capsule 2-celled, the dissepiment sometimes imperfect. Seeds 2 in each cell, erect, testa hard. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. regions ; species about 100. — ETYM. convolve, to entwine. SUB-GEN. 1. Convol'vulus proper. Bracts small, placed low on the peduncle. Stigmas slender. 1. C. arven'sis, L. ; leaves hastate or sagittate, entire or sinuate. Small Bindweed. Fields and waste places, from Renfrew and Moray southwards ; local in Scot- land ; chiefly in S.E. Ireland ; fl. June-Sept.— Glabrous or pubescent. Rootstock slender, extensively creeping underground. Stems many, 6-24 in., trailing or twining, slender. Leaves 1-3 in., very variable, apiculate, lobes acute, flowers 1 in. diam., white or pink ; peduncle recurved in fruit, solitary, 1-4-ttowered, 4-gonous ; bracts 2, small, linear. Sepals unequal, broadly oblong, obtuse. Capsw/e 2-celled, globose, apiculate. Seeds 4, obtusely 3-gonous, muricate. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, all N. and W. Asia to N.W. India. — -A pest to agriculture. SUB-GEN. 2. Calyste'gia, Br. (gen.). Bracts 2, large, enclosing the calyx. Stigmas broad. 2. C. se'pium, L. ; stem twining, leaves hastate or sagittate. Hedges and thickets from Isla and Elgin southwards, and in Ireland ; fl. June-Aug. — Glabrous, rarely pubescent. — Rootstock stout, fleshy, creeping. Stems twining, 3-5 ft., slender. Leaves 3-5 in., membranous, entire, obtuse or acute, deeply cordate, lobes rounded or angled. Flowers 2 in. diam., white or pale pink ; peduncle solitary, 1-flowered, 4-gonous ; bracts ovate-cordate or triangular. Sepals subequal, ovate-lanceolate. Capsule iin. diam., globose, apiculate, 1-celled above, 2-celled below. Seeds smooth, obtusely 3-gonous. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia, Dahuria, N. Africa, temp. N. and S. America, Australia, New Zealand. — Rootstock purgative. 3. C. Soldanel'la, L. ; stem procumbent, leaves orbicular or reniform. Sandy sea-shores from Isla and Forfar southwards, rather local in Ireland ; fl. June-Aug. — Glabrous. Rootstock slender, running extensively. Stems 246 CONrOLVULACE^. [COXVOLVULUS. 6-12 in., slender, never twining. Leaves i-^liin. diam., fleshy, usually much broader than long, lobes rounded; petiofe 1-3 in., suddenly dilating at the tip. Flowers 1-1^ in. diam., pale purple or pink ; peduncle solitary, 1 -flowered, 4-quetrous. Bracts ^— f in., broadly oblong, obtuse, shorter than the similar or retuse unequal sepals. Capsule large, incompletely 2-celled. Seeds ± in. diam., obtusely 3-gonous, smooth, black.— DISTRIB. Europe from Belgium northwards, N. Africa, W. Asia, S. temp, regions. 2. CUS'CUTA, Tournef. DODDER. Slender, branched, twining, leafless, pink yellow or white, annual parasites. Flowers in compact bracteatc heads (in all British species), rarely spiked. Calyx 4— 5-tid. Corolla urceolate, persistent ; limb 4-5-fid ; tube naked, or with a riug of scales below the stamens. Stamens 4—5, inserted on the middle of the corolla-tube, included. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, free or connate, stigmas acute or capitate ; ovules 2 in each cell, erect. Capsule 2-celled, bursting transversely at the base, cells 2-seeded. Seeds angled, embryo filiform, undivided, spirally coiled round the fleshy albumen, radicle thickened. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. regions ; species about 40.— ETYM. doubtful. 1. C. europae'a, L. ; sepals erect obtuse, tips spreading, corolla twice as long ventricose above, scales short or 0, stamens included. On nettles, vetches, &c. in England, from York to Dorset, rare ; fl. July-Sept. — Stems as thick as twine, reddish or yellow. Flower-toads i-^m- diam., globose, tinged with red. Sepals fleshy at the base only. Corolla-lutes about as long as the tube, obtuse, spreading. Scales appressed to the corolla-tube, remote, 2-fid. Styles included.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia. 2. C. Epithy'nmm, Murr.; sepals suberect acute shorter than the cylindric corolla-tube, scales concealing the ovary toothed, stamens e.xscrtcd. On Furze, Thyme, Ling, &c. from York southwards ; said to grow in Galloway, Scotland, and formerly near Drogheda, Ireland ; fl. July-Oct. — Stems filiform, very slender, reddish. Heads $-f in- diam., variable in colour. Corolla-lohes spreading. Scales large, incurved. Styles exserted. — DISTRIB. Europe from Denmark southwards, N. Africa, W. Asia. YAH. Trifo'lii, Bab. (sp.), does not seem entitled to sub-specific rank. Mr. E. T. Bennett has sent me, from Hazlemere, specimens of the two forms grown upon heath, one with pink flowers and reddish anthers, and the other ( Trifolii), with white flowers and yellow anthers, the scales in both | the length of the corolla-tube. C. EPILI'NTM, Wdlie ; sepals acute appressed to the equally long in- flated corolla-tube, scales small distant toothed, stamens inclndrd. On Flax in England, Scotland, and Ireland, but not naturalized ; fl. July-Aug. — About as large and stout as C. eurojxea, but usually paler and more succulent. Sepal* fleshy, triangular-ovate. Corolla-lobes obtuse. Scales incurved as in C. Spitkymum, but smaller, distant, often 2-iid. Styles short, included.— DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Russia). ECHIUM.] BORRAGINE^E. 247 ORDER L. BORRAGIN E;E. Herbs, rarely shrubby below, usually hispid scabrid or pilose. Stems terete. Leaves alternate, quite entire or sinuate ; nerves usually strong, SAink above, veiy prominent below ; exstipulate. Flowers regular or irre- gular, bracteate or not, in simple forked spiked or racemed often scorpioid cymes, rarely axillary. Calyx persistent, 5-lobed or -partite, valvate in bud. Corolla hypogynous, rotate tubular campanulatc or salver-shaped ; throat often closed by hairs or hollow folds placed opposite the 5 lobes, imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube or throat, filaments usually short ; anthers dorsally inserted, 2-celled, bursting inwards, often subulate. Disk 0, or confluent with a tumid receptacle. Ovary of 2 2-lobed 2-celled carpels connate at the very base ; style simple, arising from the base of the carpels, stigma simple or 2-fid ; ovules solitary in each cell, ascending, anatropous. Fruit : the 4 lobes of the ovary become indehiscent 1-seeded nutlets, inserted on the receptacle, which is continuous with the base of the style. Seed straight or curved, attachment basal or ventral, narrow or broad, often concave with thickened margins, testa membranous, albumen 0 or scanty and fleshy ; embryo straight or curved, cotyledons foliaceous, radicle superior. — DISTRIB. All climates, abundant in S. Europe and E. Asia; genera 50; species 600. — AFFINITIES. With Verbenacecc, Labiatcc, and Convolvulacece. — PROPERTIES. Mucilaginous and emollient; often abounding in alkalies. Boots often yield purple or brown dyes. — The above character does not include the tropical suborder Heliotropece, chiefly distinguished by the obscurely lobed ovary. TRIBE I. E'CHIE.ffi. Corolla irregular ; throat usually naked. Nutlets in- serted by a flat base on the flat receptacle. Stamens exserted... 1. Echium. TRIBE II. ANCHU'SEJE. Corolla regular ; throat closed with scales. Nut- lets inserted by broad cup-shaped bases on the flat receptacle. Corolla rotate. Anthers exserted, conniving in a cone 1 *. Borrago. Corolla tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers included 2. Symphytum. Corolla salver-shaped 3. Anchusa. TRIBE III. LITHOSPER 3>IE.ffi. Corolla regular ; throat naked or closed by scales. Nutlets inserted by small flat bases to the flat receptacle. Calyx- tube 0. Stamens included. Nutlets stony 4. Lithospermum, Calyx-tube short. Stamens protruding. Nutlets fleshy 5. Mertensia. Calyx- tube long, funnel-shaped. Stamens included. Nutlets smooth. 6. Pulmonaria. Calyx -tube long. Corolla salver-shaped. Nutlets smooth 7. Myosotis. TRIBE IV. CYNOGLOS'SEJE. Corolla regular ; throat naked or closed with scales. Nutlets inserted by broad ventral surfaces on an elevated receptacle. Calyx-lobes leafy. Nutlets granulate 7*. Asperugo. Calyx-lobes not leafy. Nutlets with hooked bristles 8. Cynoglossum. 1. E'CHIUM, Tournef. BUGLOSS. Herbs, sometimes shrubby, usually large, stout, hispid or scabrous with tuberous-based hairs. Leaves entire. Flowers white red purple or blue, in spiked or panicled racemes. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla-tube cylindric or funnel-shaped ; throat dilated ; limb unequally 5-lobed. Filaments unequal, adnate to the corolla below, exserted. Style filiform, stigma 2-lobed. Nut- 248 BORRAGINE^!. [Eciiiu.M. lets 4, inserted by flat bases on the flat receptacle, ovoid or turbinate, wrinkled, scabrid. — DISTRIB. Chiefly S. Europe, and Oriental ; species 50. — KTY.M. ex«, a viper, of disputed application. 1. E. vulga're, L. ; cauline leaves lanceolate or oblong, rounded at the base, cymes short, calyx exceeding the corolla-tube, stamens much pro- truded. E. italwum, Huds. not of L. Vipers Bugloss. Waste ground on light soils in England ; an alien or colonist in Scotland, Watson; S.E. of Ireland ; fl. June-Aug.— Root fusiform, annual or biennial. Stem 1-3 ft., erect or ascending below, stout, leafy. Radical leaves petioled, 4-8 in. ; cauline sessile, acute, rounded at the base. Cymes 1 in. or more, axillary, recurved, lengthening in fruit, panicled towards the ends of the branches ; bracts and calyx -lobes linear. Corolla f in., red-purple in bud, then bright blue, rarely white. Nutlets angular, rugose. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Siberia ; introd. in N. America. 2. E. plantaerin'eum, L. ; cauline leaves linear-oblong cordate at the base, calyx much shorter than the corolla-tube, cymes elongate, stamens slightly protruded. E. viola'ceum, Brit. FL, not of L. S.W. of Jersey ; fl. June-Aug. — Root fusiform, annual or biennial. Stem 1-3 ft., erect or ascending, diffusely branched. Leaves, radical 4-G in., lan- ceolate, petioled ; cauline spreading, obtuse, sometimes dilated at the base. Cymes 4-6 in., spreading, curved. Calyx-lobes subulate-lanceolate. Corolla I in., dark blue-purple. Nutlets as in E. vulgare. — DISTRIB. Spain and Mediterranean region to Greece. 1*. BORRA'GO, Tournef. BORAGE. Annual or perennial herbs, hispid with tuberous based hairs. Flowers in lax forked cymes, bracteate, blue. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla rotate, throat closed by notched scales, lobes acute. Stamens 5, on the throat of the corolla, filaments stout, concave, with an obtuse tooth above ; anthers elongate, mucronate, conniving, exserted. Style filiform, stigma capitate. NutUts 4, rugose, inserted by a truncate concave base on a flat fleshy recep- tacle.— DISTRIB. S. Europe, N. Africa ; species 3. — ETYM. doubtful. B. OFFICINA'LIB, L. ; corolla rotate, scales broad erect notched. Waste ground, near habitations, in England and the Channel Islands only, rare ; an alien, Watson ; fl. June-July. — Root annual or biennial. Stem 1-2 ft., stout, succulent, leafy, branched. Leaves waved or sinuate-toothed, subacute ; radical 4-6 in., ovate-lanceolate, petioles broad, winged ; cauline sessile or contracted towards the auricled base, upper oblong. C'//mes axil- lary and terminal, few-flowered, branched ; pedicels 1-1^ in., decurved ; bracts linear or lanceolate. Calyx-lobes subulate-lanceolate. Corolla j{ in. I 1 I'M in., bright blue ; lobes triangular-ovate. Anthers purple-black, spurred at the back. Nutlets J in.— DiSTEiB. Mid and S. Europe, N. Africa ; introd. in America. — Used as a cordial, but has no sensible properties. 2. SYM'PHYTUM, Toumef. CoMFREY. Perennial coarse hispid herbs, with tuberous or fascicled roots. Leaves, radical petioled, cauline sessile or decurrent, upper often opposite. Flowers in terminal forked cymes, bracteate, white blue purple or yellow. Calyx 5-partitc or -toothed. Corolla tubular, dilated above the middle, SYMPHYTUM.] BORRAGINE^E. 249 shortly 5-toothed, throat closed by elongate ciliate scales. Stamens 5, on the middle of the corolla, filaments slender ; anthers long, included. Style slender, stigma capitate. Nutlets 4, ovoid, smooth, inserted by a broad perforated base on a flat receptacle, rim of the perforation striate. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia ; species 15. — ETYM. doubtful. 1. S. officina'le, L. ; stem broadly winged above, leaves decurrent. River-banks and watery places, from Forfar southwards; a denizen in N. Britain, Watson; frequent in Ireland; fl. May-June. — Hispid and hairy. JRootstock branched ; roots fleshy, fibrous. Stem 1-3 ft., stout, angular, branched. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, radical 4-8 in., petioles long, winged ; cauline shortly petioled. Cymes scorpioid ; flowers drooping ; pedicels ^ in. Calyx-lobes small, narrow-lanceolate. Corolla f in., yellow red or purple. Nutlets £ in., shining.— DiSTKiB. Europe, W. Siberia ; a garden escape in the U. States. — An old styptic ; young leaves sometimes cooked and eaten. VAR. 1, officina'le proper; corolla ochreous. — VAR. 2, pa'tem, Sibthorp (sp*); corolla purple. 2. S. tufoero'sum, L. ; stem hardly winged, leaves scarcely decurrent. Copses in wet places, from N. Wales and York, to Isla and Elgin ; most com- mon in S. of Scotland ; absent from Ireland ; fl. June-July. — Hairy, not hispid, often glandular. Rootstock short, horizontal ; root-fibres slender. Stem 1-2 ft., rather slender, leafy. Radical leaves much as in S. ojficinale in form, but longer petioled. Flowers rather smaller, ochreous — DISTRIB. Mid. Europe from France to Turkey. 3. ANCHU'SA, L. ALKANET. Annual or perennial herbs, usually villous and hispid. Flowers in scorpioid cymes, usually bracteate, blue or purple, rarely white or yellow. Galijx 5 -fid or -partite. Corolla-tube straight or curved, throat closed by hairs or scales ; limb oblique or spreading, 5-partite. Stamens included. Nutlets 4, rugose or granulate, inserted by a very broad deeply concave base on a flat receptacle, rim of the concavity often wrinkled. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia ; species 30. — ETYM. doubtful. SECTION 1. Lycopsis, L. (gen.). Corolla-tube curved, equalling or exceeding the oblique limb. Nutlets with the ring equal at the base. 1. A. arven'sis, Bieb. ; hispid, bristles tuberous-based. Bugloss. Cornfields and waste places in light soils ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in the High- lands ; fl. June-July. — Annual ; root fusiform. Stem simple below, £-1^ ft., angular, rather slender. Leaves, radical 1-4 in., petioled, obovate-lanceolate ; cauline linear-oblong, sessile, acute, margin waved and toothed, upper J-amplexicaul. Cymes 4—5 in., terminal, simple or forked, short, at length elongate, drooping, recurved ; bracts leafy ; flowers subsessile. Calyx-lobes % in., narrow. Corolla ^ in. diam., bright blue, scales white. Nutlets small, reticulate.— DISTRIB. Europe, W. Siberia, W. Asia to N.W. India; introd. in the U. States. SECTION 2. Anchu'sa proper. Corolla-tube straight, equalling or ex- ceeding the limb. Nutlets with the basal ring not produced. A. OFFICINA'LIS, L. ; densely softly hispid, leaves narrow-lanceolate. Ballast hills, Hartley Links, Northumberland ; also found near Glasgow ; an 250 BORRAGINE^E. [AxciirsA. alien, Watson; fl. June-July.— Root stout, biennial. Stem 1-2 ft., angled, simple or branched. Leaven, radical 3-6 in., gradually narrowed into long winged petioles ; cauline oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong, sessile, upper- most ^-amplexicaul. Cymes forked or in pairs, 1-2 in., lengthening to 4-o'in. ; bracts and calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate ; flowers subsessile. Corolla ^ in. diam., violet-blue, scales white papillose. Nvtlets small, brown. — DIST'KIB. Europe, W. Asia. SECTION 3. Caryolo'pha, Fisch. et Traut. (gen.). Corolla-tube straight, shorter than the limb. Nutlets with the ring produced towards the style. A. sKMPEKYiiiENS, L. ; Mspidly hairy, leaves ovate acute. Hedges and waste places from Ross southwards, rare and local, and in Ireland ; 'a denizen or alien, Watson; fl. May-June. — Root stout, perennial. Stem 1-2 ft., simple. Leaves, radical 8-12 in., oblong-ovate, long-petioled ; cauline ovate, shorter petioled. Cymes in pairs, very hispid, subcapitate, long-peduncled, 2-bracteate, not lengthening much, axillary ; pudum-les 2— 3 in., spreading, very slender; bracts ^-1 in., ovate-lanceolate; flowers shortly pedicelled. Calyx-lobes linear. Corolla ^ in. diam., bright blue, scales white. Nutlets small, reticulate. — DISTRIB. W. Europe from Belgium to Lombardy. A. LITHOSPER'MUM, T&urnef. CROMWELL. Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes shrubby, hispid or hairy. / in bracteate cymes. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla funnel- or s;i!\vr-sli:i|ici], throat naked or with 5 tumid folds ; lobes 5, spreading. Slithery oblong. included in the corolla-tube. Style simple, stigma capitate obscurely lobed. Nutlets 4, bony or stony, inserted by a truncate base on