thirty-eight plates.

WITH

EXPLANATIONS;

INTENDED TO ILLUSTRATE

LINN^EUS's SYSTEM of VEGETABLES,

AND PARTICULARLY ADAPTED TO THE

LETTERS on the ELEMENTS of BOTANY.

Bu THOMAS MARTYN, B.D. F.R.^L.S.S.
J % • *

REGIUS PROFESSOR OF BOTANY
IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.

- - - 1" . - —■■■-■

. ■ : 'sL

A NEW EDITION.

- - -

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWNE ;
BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY ; J. CUTHELL ; J, MAWMAN;
LACKINGTON AND CO.; J. BLACK AND SON; AND J. BOOTH.

1817.

■ Xfc5

M'\ .

(Sll

Printed bj’ Nichols, Son, and Bentley,

Red Lion Passage, Fleet Street, London.

NO'/ 15 1913

library

NEW YqKiC
.BOTANICAL

■■ ’ll

ADVERTISEMENT.

Some persons, who have honoured the
Letters on the Elements of Botany with
their approbation, having signified a wish
that the subject might be still farther illus-

i \ \

\ trated by figures, Mr. Nodder, an ingenious

^5

artist, has been employed for this purpose,

and has both drawn and engraved thirty-

v

eight plates. By these, and the explana¬
tions which are given on the opposite page,
the Author hopes that he may have met the
ideas of his friends.

These

( iv )

These Plates, with their explanations,
may be considered as an entire work ; but it
is presumed that they will be much more
satisfactory when studied jointly with the
Letters.

Six plates are given to illustrate Rous¬
seau’s six letters upon the most remarkable
Natural Classes. The rest are intended to
explain the Classes of Linnaeus’s System in
their order, except the thirty-fourth, which
exhibits figures of the most remarkable Nec¬
taries. No general plate, explanatory of the
classical characters, is given ; both because
it has already been elegantly done by Mr.
Curtis, and also may easily be collected from
the particular plates of this work.

Thus

( V )

Thus the character of the Class

monandria is explained in
diandria — —

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA -

- MONOGYNIA

TETRANDRIA -

PEN) NDRIA MONOGYNIA

- DIGYNIA

HEXANDRIA
HEPTANDRIA
OCTANDRIA
ENNEANDRIA ")

DECANDRIA J

DODECANDRIA - -

ICOSANDRIA - -

POLYANDRIA -

DIDYNAMIA - -

TETRADYNAMIA - -

MONADELPHIA -

DIADELPHIA - -

POLYADELPHIA -

SYNGENESIA - -

- POLYGAMIA .ffiGlUALIS

Plate vii.

- VIII.

- IX.

— X.

- XI.

- XII.

v. and xiii.

i. and xiv.

— xv.

— xvi.

— XVII.

XVIII.

XIX.

iv. and xx.

ii. and xxi.

XXII.

hi. and xxiii.

XXIV.
- VI.

— XXV.

XXVI.
SYNGENESIA

- SUPERFLUA

( vi )

SYNGENESIA POLYGAMI A FRUSTRANEA &

- NECESSARIA

- - - - SEGREGATA

MONOGAMIA

GYNANDRIA -

MONOECIA -

DIOECIA -

POLYGAMIA -

CRYPTOGAMIA, FILICES

- MU SGI

- ALG/E

- - - FUNGI

PLATE

XXVII.

XXVIII.

XXIX.

XXX.

XXXI.

XXXII.

XXXIII.

XXXV.

XXXVI.

XXXVII.

XXXVIII.

PLATE

^ /ryscn;,/ , 7y ■/' /. / ,7/k — J
/ /

rf // /,-*>' f/.f

77

'./ /^- / /c/ /7/,’fr/./, j/y 'j/>. /////( 8/+ A//.

PLATE I. LETTER I.

LILIACEOUS FLOWERS.

Lilium candidum. TVliite Lily .

a The flower in bud.
b The corolla expanding.
c The corolla quite open.
d The pistil or pointal. e The germ.

f The style, g The stigma.
h The six stamens. i The filaments.
k The anthers.

I The germ advanced into a pericarp, which
here is a capsule.

m A transverse section of the pericarp, to
show the three cells and seeds.

fi. n.

( 3 )

PLATE II. LETTER II.

CRUCIFORM FLOWERS.

Cheiranthus incanus. Stock- Gilliflower.

a A flower of the stock, showing the four
petals and the cruciform shape of the
corolla.

b A back view of it, exhibiting the calyx,
consisting of four leaflets, and bulging
out at the bottom.

c A single petal separated, to show the
lower narrow part, called unguis , or
the tail ; and the upper spreading
part, named lamina , or the border,
emarg-inate or notched at the end.

d A section of the calyx, with the single
pistil and six stamens in their proper
situation.

e The six stamens, two of which are sensi¬
bly shorter than the other four.

f The pistil separated from the other parts.

g A single stamen.

h The fruit, seed-vessel, or pericarp, called
a silicjiie, opening from the .bottom
b 2

( 4 )

upwards, and showing the two valves,
with the seeds ranged along the dis¬
sepiment, or partition, of the two
cells, and the permanent stigma at
the top.

i k l Figures of silicles, or small short pods
or pouches.

i The flat triangular, or heart-shaped silicle
of the shepherd’s purse.
k The oblong silicle of scurvy-grass, both
shut and open.

I The almost spherical silicle of candy-tuft.

See Letter' XXIII. and Plate XXI.
e Explains the classical character of the
class Tetr adynamia, and
h i k l Explain the characters of the two
orders, Siliquosa and Siliculosa , into
which it is divided.

Plate III

s

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2 I-W-I.' BteAtUue,'.. V B White SC&ti.

( 5 )

PLATE III. LETTER III.

PAPILIONACEOUS FLOWERS.

Pisum sativum. Garden Pea.

Fig. 1. The peduncle or flower-stem of the
pea, showing the papilionaceous
corolla in three different situa¬
tions.

a A young flower not fully expanded.
b An expanded flower, showing the back ;
the standard, or banner, fully dis¬
played, and the calyx cleft into five
parts.

c A side view of an expanded flower,
showing the banner, wings, and keel
in their natural situation.

Fig. 2. The banner ( veocillum ), obcordate
or inversely heart-shaped, and

emargdnate.

O

3. The two wings (alee).

4. The keel ( carina ).

5. The pistil and stamens in their na •

turai situation.

( 6 )

Fig 6. The lower broad stamen, which
involves the germ, terminating
in nine filaments, with an an¬
ther on each.

7. The upper narrow filament, accom¬

panied with the pistil.

8. The pericarp, which is a legume,

or pod, open to show the two
valves and the seeds fastened
alternately to the sutures of the
valves at the back of the le¬
gume. The permanent calyx
is also here exhibited.

Obs. The character of the class Diadel/phia ,
and of the order Decandria, as
also of the natural class of Legu¬
minous plants, is here explained.

^ 2-

Ununi SC Efnjrarcd bvl' /° Ai’tMsr

Pu6/ish#£j3fcn,*7£8.<ii tto A* Streets to £ Mu* SC San

( 7 )

PLATE IV. LETTER IV.

RINGENT FLOWERS.

Fig. 1. Lamium album. TVhite Dead Nettle.

a Part of a whorl of flowers, showing how
they grow in the bosom of a leaf.

b A single flovver, showing the structure
of a labiate or ringent corolla, and of
that of the Lamium in particular.

e The corolla cut away, in order to show
more distinctly the situation of the
stamens, and the classical character.

d The germs, with the style.

e The calyx, with the four seeds within it.

Fig. 2. Antirrhinum majus. Snapdragon .

a The closed ringent, or personate corolla,
in its natural form.

b The corolla opened, to show the situation
of the stamens.

c The capsule, with the permanent style
and calyx.

( 8 )

Fig. 3. Digitalis purpurea. Purple Fox¬
glove.

a A single flower, showing the open bell¬
shaped corolla.

b The inside, exhibiting the situation and
structure of the stamens,
c The germ, with the style.
d The capsule, with the style permanent.
e A section of the capsule.
f A capsule, deprived in part of its outer
skin, to show the interior texture of
the coat.

*

■

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Flare V.

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fttl> i Jfszy j/J<9 as £/>*> , /// v '■ <*r

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( 9 )

PLATE V. LETTER V.

UMBELLATE FLOWERS.

Fig. 1. Apium Petroselinum. Garden

Parsley.

Fig. 2. Aethusa Cynapium. Fool’s Parsley.

a The three long leaflets of the partial in¬
volucre, showing a principal difference
between this and the true Parsley.

Fig. 3. Scandix Cerefolium. Garden Cher¬
vil.

Fig 4. Sambucus nigra. Common Elder.

To show the difference bet wen that
and an umbellate plant.

Fig. 5. The flower of an umbellate plant
magnified, to show the parti¬
cular structure.

Ohs. Instances of compound umbels in Fig. 1,
2, 3, and Fig. 1, 2, of Plate XIII.
A simple umbel is represented at
Fig. 3, Plate XIII.

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I

( 11 )'

PLATE VI. LETTER VI.

COMPOUND FLOWERS.

Fig. ]. Beilis perermis. Common Daisy.

a T1 le flower, which is compound, and of
the radiated kind, having semiflorets
or ligulate florets in the ray, and tu¬
bular florets in the disk.
b A section of the receptacle, with the
florets on it.
c A semi-floret.

d The cylinder of anthers, with the style
perforating it.
e A floret.

Fig. 2. Leontodon Taraxacum. Dandelion.

a The whole compound flower, consisting
entirely of semi-florets, called by Lin¬
naeus ligulate florets.
b A single floscule, or floret,
c The head of seeds.

( 12 )

Fig. 3.

Showing a flosculous flower, or a flower
composed of florets only, called by
Linnaeus tubular florets.
a The whole compound flowers.
b A single floscule.

c The back of a compound flower, show¬
ing the calyx.

Fig. 4. Trifolium pratense. Red Clover.

To show the difference between this,, which
is a head or aggregate of flowers, and
a genuine compound flower, such as
Fig. 1, 2, 3, exhibit.

FI. ATE

f /y t’"/ Ay ./. </.*

i/ti/AS/ff// * /Ay y<ff, scj //'< . A/ f/rree&s/y ($.///* 4 .

,Yy CO..

( 13 )

PLATE VII. LETTER XI.

M0NANDR1A,

Fig. 1. Canna Indica. Indian Shot.

a a a Three different views of the flower,
the corolla cut into six lanceolated
parts, one of the three interior re¬
flected.

h The scabrous germ, with
c The triphyllous perianth, or calyx, ort
the top of it.

d The anther growing to one of the petals,
which serves it for a filament.
e The style, growing to the petaliforna
filament.

f The scabrous capsule.
g Cut open to show the three cells.

Fig. 2. Hippuris vulgaris. Mare s Tail.

a a The germ.
b The stamen.
c The style.

y/y.yy.L,//,. '

.Z/'^/^A'//, y /y '*• y<r ’’Vr/ y,’r/f, /y/& ////4 k',A/ , j

( 15 )

PLATE VIII. LETTER XII.

man dri a.

Fig. 1. Veronica Chamsedrys. TVilcl Speed -
well.

a The wheel-shaped corolla, divided into
four segments, the lowest (b) nar¬
rower than the rest.

c The capsule.

d The oval, wrinkled leaves, indented about
the edge.

Fig. 2. Jasminum officinale. White Jas¬
mine.

a A front view of the monopetalous salver¬
shaped corolla, divided into five seg¬
ments.

b A back view of the corolla.

c The tube of the corolla, with the anthers
lying within it.

d The calyx, with the rudiment of the
fruit.

e A leaf pinnated, with all the lobes dis¬
tinct.'

( 16 )

Fig. 3. Salvia officinalis. Garden Sage,
a A flower.

b The two stamens, showing their singular
structure.

c The pistil separate.

'

V

( 17 )

PLATE IX. LETTER XIII.

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA , GRASSES.

Fig. 1. Lolium perenne. Ray Grass.

As an instance of a spiked grass.

Fig. 2. Dactylis glomerata. Hard Grass.

a The chaff or glume.
b b b The three stamens.
o The two reflected styles, with the feathered
stigmas.

c

n.x.

//tz/Zl/r,/ / , //'fry /r*W, 'fj //rr f/r/ f/rrrr/r, /y i/r./f&f/r

( « )

PLATE X. LETTER XIV.

TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Iris pumila.

%

a The sheath, or spathe.
b The corolla, consisting of six parts,
united at the base,
c c The outer petals, called yhZ/s.
d d The inner petals, called standards,
e e The petal-form stigma, each part con¬
cealing one stamen under it.
f A single stamen.

g The germ, inferior, or below the corolla.
h h The nectary, in a villous line along the
reflected petals.

c 2

> '

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■ Is \ B

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v ! - V- >-■

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Plate XI .

J)mim X'Frynns./U F FX'M.-r;

RMjh J .16* ujS&m tke.lrt .An-/*' fy &■ Wkit* KJa

( 21 )

PLATE XI. LETTER XV.

TE TRAN DRI A.

Fig. 1 . Scabiosa columbaria. Small Scabious.

An aggregate flower, consisting of many flos-
cules.

b A single floscule ; the corolla cut into five
irregular segments, and the germ
crowned with hairs.

c The calyx, with the four stamens and the
pistil.

Fig. 2. Rubia peregrina. Wild Madder.
An instance of stellated plants.

The square stalk : the stellated leaves : the
corolla of four segments : the double
germ below the flower.

Fig. 3. Plantago lanceolata. Ribwort Plan¬
tain.

a The flowers growing in a spike or oblong-
head.

(. 22 )

f The angular scape.

o A single flower, exhibiting the quadrifid
corolla and the very long filaments.

d The germ and style.
e The calyx, inclosing the capsule.

vi.xir.

( 23 )

PLATE XII. LETTER XVI.

PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Fig. 1. Nicotiana Tabacum, Common To¬
bacco.

a A flower-bud.

b A flower, showing the funnel-shaped co¬
rolla displayed.

c The corolla removed, to show the five
stamens and pistil.

d A transverse section of the capsule.

Fig. 2. A flower of Dodecatheon Meadia.

Fig. 3. Convolvulus sepium. Great Bind -
TVeed.

a The corolla, with the involucre immedi¬
ately below it, at Fig. 3.
b The five stamens displayed,
c The germ within the calyx, with the style,
terminated hy the two stigmas.

( 24 )

Fig'. 4. Lonicera Caprifolium. Garden Ho¬
neysuckle.

a A flower, exhibiting the irregular mono-
petalous corolla.

b The tube opened, to show the manner in
which the filaments are fixed.

c The pistil.

Fig. 5. Vinco major. Great Periwinkle.

a The corolla, showing the bending of its
five divisions, and the pentagon form
of the faux, or opening of the tube.

h The calyx divided to the bottom into five
segments ; and the pistil with two
stigmas, one over the other.

c The tube of the corolla opened, to show
the situation of the five stamens and
form of the anthers.

a A single stamen separate.

''/VAV'

( 25 )

PLATE XIII. LETTER XVII.

PENTANDR1A DIGYNIA.

Fig. 1. Sium nodiflorum. Creeping Water
Parsnep.

To show the difference between this plant and
water cresses, represented in Plate XXL

a A pinnated leaf, the pinnae, small or com¬
ponent leaves, longer and narrower
than those of water cresses, serrated
on the edges and pointed at the end ;
the terminating pinna trifid.

b A sessile umbel of flowers.

c A single flower. — d The fruit.

Fig. 2. ScandixAnthriscus. Hemlock Chervil.

To show the difference between that and
Garden Chervil. Plate 5, Fig. 3.

a An umbel of flowers.

b An umbel of fruits.

( 26 )

Fig. 3. Scandix Pecten. Shepherd’s JVeedle,
or Venus’s Comb.

a The umbels, being instances of a simple
umbel.

h The seeds, terminated by the long pro¬
cesses or beaks, which gave occasion
to the names.

( 27 )

PLATE XIV. LETTER XVIII.

HEXANDRIA.

Fig. 1. Tradescantia Virginica. Virginian
Spiderwort.

a The corolla of three petals.

b b The three-leaved calyx.
c One of the fringed filaments.
d The pistil.

Fig. 2. Narcissus Tazetta. Polyanthus Nar¬
cissus.

a The corolla in front, showing the six equal
petals, and the funnel or cup-shaped
nectary.

b A back view of the flower, showing that
the corolla is superior, or on the top
of the germ.

c The spathe.

d The corolla opened, to show the situation
of the six stamens within the nectary.

e The pistil.

/ * '

' .

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IS

■ ' .

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^ •

* *

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,

• ^ ' ' .

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//tf //rf

( 29 )

PLATE XV. LETTER XIX.

HEP TJNDRIA.

Fig. 1. iEscul us Hippocastanum. Ilorse
Cfiesnut.

a The corolla of five petals, and the seven
stamens, with bending filaments.
b The one-leafed calyx, swelling at the base,
and divided at top into five segments,
c The young capsule terminated by the style.
fl A single stamen.

OCTANDRIA.

Fig. 2. Oenothera biennis. Tree Primrose .

a A flower, showing the four-parted calyx,
and the corolla of four obcordate petals.
h The eight stamens, and the pistil in the
the middle, with deflected calyx.
c The pistil, with the filiform style, and the
quadrifid stigma.
d The capsule.

e A transverse section of the capsule, show¬
ing the four cells.
f The seeds.

C 30 )

Fig. 3. Epilobium angustifolium. French
Willow.

a The flower.
h The four-leaved calyx,
c The stamens, four longer and four shorter.
d A single stamen.
e The pistil.
f The capsule.
g A seed crowned with down.

PI. XVI

- '7/ <_ /'re ///v- • A'. //! , \ ,*r/f/r/'.

/ * //{if/ //■>$, rf*i /^t /'fr/ /v/ //'J . / / // / //* \

( 31 )

PLATE XV [. LETTER XIX.

ENNEANDRIA HEXAGTNIA.

Fig. 1. Butomus umbellatus. Flowering

Rush.

a The flower of six petals.
b Th e nine stamens.
c The six capsules.

DECANDRIA MONO GYNIA.

Fig. 2. Dictamnus albus. Fraxinella .

a The flower, with a corolla of five spread¬
ing petals.

b The five -leaved calyx, with the capsules,
c A single filament, with its glandules,

4

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: . ■ ' .

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PI XVII .

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'/fl/lf*/ /. //<t '/ / -I*. /// //£/ // m /.! , S,/ A// .' • - / .

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( 33 )

PLATE XVII. LETTER XX.

DODECANDRIA D 0 DEC A G YN I A .

Sempervivum tectorum. Common Houstleek.

a The flower-stem, with a reflexed range
of flowers.

b A flower in front, showing the corolla of
twelve petals.

c The calyx, with the capsules, after the
flower is past.

d A single capsule.

e The twelve stamens and twelve styles,
separated from the flower.

f A single pistil, exhibiting the germ, style,
and anther.

g Two stamens.

n

'

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1

1

.

V

.

, ' . » V

,

/

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( 35 )

PLATE XVIII. LETTER XXI.

ICOSANDRIA.

, /

Fig. 1. Myrtus communis. Common Myrtle.

a The corolla.
b The fruit or berry.

c A single flower without the corolla, show¬
ing the stamens proceeding from the
calyx.

Fig. 2. Pyrus Cydonia. The Quince.

.

- , . ,v\n ' ’ 1

' • '

, V ■■■ *.),■: t i-

\

PI XIX.

k..

( 37 )

PLATE XIX. LETTER XXL

POLYANDRIA.

Fig. 1. Caltha palustris. Marsh Marigold.

a A flower, showing the corolla of five pe¬
tals, the many stamens shorter than
the corolla, See.

h Another flower, showing that it has no
calyx.

c The capsules, after the flower is past.

Fig. 2. Papaver Rhoeas. Corn Poppy.

a The corolla of four large roundish petals.

b The numerous stamens proceeding from
the receptacle.

e The capsule crowned with its stigma.

Ohs. Fig. 1. is an instance of the order
* Polygynia.

Fig. 2. of the order Monogynia.

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( 39 )

/

PLATE XX. LETTER XXII.

DIDYNAMIA G YMNOSP ERMIA.

Fig. 1. Glechoma hederacea. Ground Ivy .

a The kidney-shaped leaves.
h The ringent flowers.

c A flower opened, to show the situation of
the stamens.

d A flower exhibiting the cruciform appear¬
ance of the anthers.
e The calyxes.
f A single filament.
g The pistil.

DIDYNAMIA ANG10SPERMIA.

Fig. 2, Bignonia radicans. Trumpet Flower .

a The calyx.
b The corolla.

c The corolla displayed, to show the situa¬
tion of the stamens.
d The pistil.

Ohs . The classical character is clearly shown
at Fig. 2. c.

This class was farther illustrated in Plate IV.

• *

f /

\

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n.xxi

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PLATE XXI. LETTER XXIII.

TETR ADYNAMIA.

Sisymbrium Nasturtium. fVater Cress.

a a The pinnated leaves.
b The odd lobe ending blunt.
c The corymb of flowers.
d A single four-petalled cruciform flower.
e A single petal.
f The calyx.

g The calyx, with the stamens.
h A single stamen.
i The silique.

Compare Plate XIII. See also Plate II.

(

‘ .1

AV,vyvV> Vv .nai I rjj> *Q. ' : rw. x

i

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Plate XXII

ZJ/trtm Enanxt 'cU P P Podtb*'

A,6//xheJ i Jfttv ySS,*, r/teAaMaW by D U%u^ Sr Soft .

( 43 )

PLATE XXII. LETTER XXIV.

MONADELPHIA.

Fig. 1. Althaea officinalis. Marsh Mallow,
a The flower, showing the five petals united
at bottom, obcordate or inversely
heart-shaped, and slightly emargi-
nated or end-nicked. In the centre
is the column of stamens, with the
pistils in the middle of them.
b The column of stamens and pistils re¬
moved from the corolla, and showing
the rudiment of the fruit underneath.
c The pistil separate.

d The calyx, exhibiting the nine divisions
of the outer calyx, which is one of
the principal geueric characters.

Fig. 2. Malva sylvestris. Common Mallow,
a The flower as before. The petals nar¬
row, heart-shaped, and much more
deeply end-nicked.

b c The column of stamens, and pistil se¬
rf The fruit, with the double calyx ; the
outer very narrow, the clefts of the

( 44 )

inner broad and large: there are five
of these, and three distinct leaves in
the other ; but all of them could not
be represented. The fruit flat, with
many seeds in a ring, each covered
with its aril, or loose coat.

Fig. 3. Geranium zonale. Horse-shoe
Cranesbill.

ft The flower, showing the corolla of five
unequal petals, with the column of
stamens, very slightly connected at
bottom, and of unequal lengths.

h The calyx, with the column of stamens.
Both these figures show the style
standing up above the stamens, and
terminated bv five stigmas.

J O

e Tl le fruit, with the permanent style and
stigmas ; showing the beaked form of
it, and the five seeds in their arils,
each terminated by a tail, and sepa¬
rating from the beak, a b c show that
the calyx is single and five-leaved.

N, B. These figures serve to explain the class
Monadelphia : and two of the orders,
Decandria , Fig. 3, and Polyandria,
Fig. 1, 2.

FL. XXlfl

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( 45 )

PLATE XXIII. LETTER XXV.

DIA DEL PITTA DE CANDRIA.

Lathyrus latifolius. Everlasting Pea.

Fig. 1. A bunch of flowers, in their natural
size and situation.

Fig*. 2. The banner.

Fig. 3. One of the wings.

Fig. 4. The keel.

Fig. 5. The stamens and pistil in their na¬
tural situation.

Fig. 6. The stamens, showing the simple
filament separate from the com¬
pound one.

Fig. 7- The pistil.

See Plate III.

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( 47 )

PLATE XXIV. LETTER XXV.

P0LYADELPH1A.

Hypericum Ascyron. Garden Tutsan.

a The flower, with a corolla of five petals
and the numerous stamens in the
middle.

b A single pencil or parcel of stamens.

c The permanent five-parted calyx, in¬
cluding the germ terminated by five
pistils.

d Explains the characters of the class and
order — Polyadelphia Polyandria.

'

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im xxv:

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/;.///,?. S’/./.,,

( 49 )

PLATE XXV. LETTER XXVI.

SYNGENESIA POLY GAM I A A<2UALIS.

Fig. 1. Tragopogon porrifolium. Salsafy.

a A flower closed, showing the simple calyx.
b A single ligulate floscule.
c A floscule, deprived of the corolla.
d A seed, with the feathered stipitate down,
e The cylinder of anthers, with the pistil
perforating it, terminated by the two
revolute stigmas.

f The cylinder of anthers alone.

Fig. 2. Carduus nutans. Musk Thistle.

a The compound flower, showing the calyx
all imbricate with thorny scales.
b A front view of the whole compound
flower, composed wholly of tubulous
florets.

c A single floscule or floret.
d The cylinder of anthers.
e The pistil.

E

( 50 )

Fig. 3. Eupatorium cannabinum. Common
Hemp Agrimony .

a A bunch of flowers.
b A single flower,
c A single bunch of flowers.
cl The clown.

4 ' "

Obs. These three figures explain the three
sections of this order. 1. Con¬
taining compound flowers with
ligulate florets only. 2. The
capitate or headed flowers, with
tubulous florets only. 3. The
discoid, or naked discous flowers,
with tubulous florets, but not in
a bead.

Plate XXVI.

/Jnnrri tK ISfUfttryed /r/T

/}*&/(/ /t </ 1 JH*ty /jrfifytij tfte drtYctjr, Ov M 7l7iuc ,C* tVon. .

( 51 )

PLATE XXVI. LETTER XXIV.

SYNGENESIA POLY GAM l A SUPERFLUA.

Doronicum pardalianches. Common Leo¬
pard’s JBane.

a The compound radiated flower, consisting
of regular tubulous floscules in the
disk, and irregular ligulate floscules in
the ray.

b The under part of the flower, showing
the double row of scales to the calyx.

c One of the semi-florets, or ligulate flos¬
cules, taken from the ray, to show
that the seed is naked, or destitute of
down.

d A floret from the disk, the seed of which
is crowned with a simple down.

e A section of the disk, in order to exhibit
the naked receptacle.

e 2

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C 53/ )

PLATE XXVII. LETTER XXVI.

SYNGEN. POLYG. FRUSTRATE A
and NECESSARIA.

Fig. 1. Centaurea montana. Mountain Blue
Bottle.

a The compound flower, showing the neutral
or barren florets on the outside, longer
than the fertile ones in the middle,
and the ciliated scales of the calyx.

b A barren floret.

c A fertile floret, with some of the bristles
at the base.

d The same, divested of the corolla.

e The pistil.

N. B. This serves to explain the order Poly-
gamia Frustranea in the class Syn-
genesia.

Fig. 2. Calendula officinalis. Garden

Marigold.

The compound radiated flower.

The calyx, wirh the seeds in the ray only,
bending inwards after the florets are
decayed.

( 54 )

c The boat-shaped muricated seed, without
down.

d A barren seed, from one of the central
flowrers.

e A fertile floscule from the ray.
f A barren floscule from the disk.

N. B. This serves to explain the order Poly-
gamia Necessaria in the class Syn-
genesia.

I'l.XXYlli.

U\ ra«r/ t ty /'cs / w t #*&£■/*

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( -r>5 )

PLATE XXVIII. LETTER XXVI.

\ * ' ' '

SYNGEN. POLYG. SEGREGATA. '

Echinops sphaerocephalus. Globe Thistle.

a The entire compound flower, consisting
of tubular florets, separated by their
proper perianths ; which determines
this plant to be of the segregate order
in the class Syngenesia.
b A sinuated leaf, the jags ending in spines.
c A single floscule in its calyx.
d A floscule taken out of the calyx, with
the style separate.

e A single subulate leaflet of the calyx, in
three different views.

«1V<

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ri.xxEs:.

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( 57 )

PLATE XXIX. LETTER XXVI.

SYNGENESIA M ONO GAM I A.

s

Viola odorata. Siveet Violet.

a The calyx of five leaves.
b The corolla of five irregular petals.
c The horn-shaped nectary.
d A flower opened, to show the stamens
with the five connected anthers.
e The stamens within the calyx.
f A single stamen.
g The pistil.

h h h The heart-shaped leaves.
i i The young leaves, involuted, rolled in¬
wards, or rather upwards.
k k k The scape, with the double bracte on
the middle of it.

I One of the stolones, or runners, putting
forth roots.

vl

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( 59 )

PLATE XXX. LETTER XXVII.

GYNANDRIA.

Passi flora cserulea. Blue Passion Floiuer.
a The pal mated leaf.

h The corolla and calyx, each of five leaves,
and having the same appearance in
front.

The radiate crown, which is the nectary.
The pistil and five stamens.
e The anthers terminating the filaments,
which spring from the bottom of the
germ, where it meets the pedicle,
upon which it stands.

f S f The three stigmas arising from the
germ.

,

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//, /fct f/yrrr/if. ////>. ////Sr

( 61 )

PLATE XXXI. LETTER XXVIII.

MONOECIA.

Momordica Elaterium. Spirting Cucumber.

a a The male or staminiferous flowers.
b b The female or pistilliferous flowers, with
the large germ below the receptacle.
c The male flower, showing the three fila¬
ments, with double anthers on two
of them, and a simple anther on the
third.

d The germ, surmounted with the style,
divided into 'three parts, each part
sustaining an oblong gibbous stigma.
e The divided part of the style, with the
stigmas.

f Two different views of a single stigma.

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( 63 )

PLATE XXXir. LETTER XXIX.

DIOECIA.

Cannabis sativa. Hemp.

Fig. 1. Female Hemp.

a A single Female flower.
b The seed included within the calyx.

Fig. 2. Male Hemp,
a Male flowers separate.

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FJ. XXXII

f/'rtttt.-Kt. Sy ■'/•. > A- lodrA’t . ^

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( 65 )

PLATE XXXIII. LETTER XXX.

I •

POLYGAMIA MONOECIA.

Acer Campestre. Common Maple,
a a The lobed leaves.

b b Bunches of flowers. — c Perfect. —
d Male, with stamens only,
e A single perfect flower.
f A petal.

g A perfect flower divested of the corolla
and calyx.

h A single stamen.

i The pistil, with the two revolute stigmas,
and the rudiment of the two capsules,
terminating in a wing.
k A male, or staminiferous flower, and a
single petal of it.

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n.xxsi'

( 67 )

PLATE XXXIV. LETTER XXXI.

NECTARIES.

Fig. 1. Aconitum Napellus. j Blue Monk's
Hood.

a a The two recurved pedunculated nec¬
taries.

b A single nectary taken out of the flower.

Fig. 2. Delphinium Ajacis. Garden Lark¬
spur.

a The nectary, continued backward in form
of a horn or spur.

Fig. 3. Parnassia palustris.

a A flower, with the nectarious scales at
the base of the stamens.

b The five heart-shaped nectaries, termi¬
nating in hairs, with a little ball on
the top of each, and placed between
the stamens.

Fig. 4. A petal of the Ranunculus, showing
the honied gland just above the base,
on the inside at a a.

f 2

( 68 )

Fig. 5. Iris or Flag. The nectary, in form
of a villous line, along the middle of
one of the reflex petals.

Fig. 6. Fritillaria Imperialis. Crown Im¬
perial.

a An excavation at the base of the petal,
which is the nectary.

Fig. 7- Asphodelus luteus. Yellow Asphodel.

a The flower, showing the six stamens, each
sitting on its valve, and the six valves
forming an arch over the germ.

b A single filament on its scale, which is
inserted into the base of the petal.

Fi°\ 8. Helleborus fcetidus. Stinking Black¬
Hellebore.

a The tubular nectaries placed in a ring at
the base of the stamens.

h A single nectary.

O J

tt.WVX

sjy I.J/,.

( «9 ;

PLATE XXXV. LETTER XXXII.

CRYPTO GAM1A FILICES. Ferns.

Osmunda Spicant. Rough Spleenwort.

Fig:. L The barren frond.

Fig. 2. The fertile frond.

Fig. 3. A single pinna magnified, with the
scales at a a ; and covers of the
capsules at h h.

Fig. 4. A part of the pinna more magni¬
fied, with the anthers of the rib
at a, and the membrane rolled
back at h h , to exhibit the rudi¬
ments of the seed vessels at c c.

( 70 )

PLATE XXXVI. LETTER XXXII.

CRYP TO GAM I A MUSCI. Mosses.

Brvum pyri forme. Pear Pry urn.

Fig. 1 . The moss of its natural size.

Fig. 2. The anthers yet entire.

Fig. 3. The female flower, while it is yet
inclosed within the inmost leaves.
Fig. 4. The same separated, with the ap¬
pendages, viz. a a the adductors.
hbt he cylindrical jointed threads.

PI. XXXVI.

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PI XXXVI

( 71 )

PLATE XXXVII. LETTER XXXII.

C liYP TO GAM I A ALGA*.

Lichen ciliaris. Ciliated Liverwort.

Fig. 1. The plant of its natural size.

Fig. 2. The same magnified.

a a The male or barren flowers.
b b The females in a state of ripeness.
c c The rooting hairs.

d d The hairs, or cilise, growing on the
extremities.

Fig. 3. The seeds magnified.

( n )

PLATE XXXVIII. LETTER XXXII

CRY P TO GA MIA FUNGI. Funguses.

Agaricus Dillen. giss. p. 185.

Fig. 1. Plants of different ages, and of their
natural size.

a Is the fungus in its perfect or adult state.

b The same in its middle state.

c Small plants just rising.

Fig. 2. A parcel of knotted threads from
the fungus marked b , supposed
to be the stamens.

Fig. 3. A section of the cap ( a ) and la¬
mella (^6) of the same small
fungus magnified.

Fig. 4. The ripe seeds of this fungus much
magnified.

Obs. Th ese four plates are copied from
Hedwig’s Theoria, as it would
have answered little purpose to
figure such minute plants of their
natural size only.

THE END.

Printed by Nichols, Son, and Rentle^ ,
Red Lion Passage, Fleet Street, London.

i’L X.VX N Ll [

*

0

New York Botanical Garden Library

QK 92 .R65 M3 1817 gen

Martyn, Thomas/Thirty-eiaht plates, with

3 5185 00091 4240