| AM “YR w IMPENDERE VERO. . bax) fe Wa “(ATT SIUM) WNPIpued WNT]IT 284i 1e UadoO ST YOOG SY *,,a}20TIPYD usENnd o1 ee oTUe10g,, ‘(E0081 °P) JOPPON S.0pAJOg yDI4apeij4 Aq paaesBua pue UMPIP 13M TTY ‘“anfea JeoTue}Og JoyyINI way} ares sajejg WSTA-AyIy] esau ‘uoies -IjIssejo jueyd Jo wayshs ssnaeuuly astiejndod 0} papuajur aiamM pue uAllep Aq anojz-Ajuam} pue (9 aseD sas fanbruejog eT se cosy ul Ajazesedas pajurad neaessnoy ‘f°c Aq iYysIa pepnjout (¢g/T) Auelog Jo s}UaUIdTy ay UO S1dija7q Byt "sieaX aaJyj-AXIS JOJ Jsod sty} play pue asspraqwied jo Alisyaatup, aur ye Auej}OG Jo JOssazojd se JayeF STU PSMOTIOT (CZSI-SELT) UAWIeW seWOUL "h6ZT ‘OUIUM “Cf pue “gq suOpUuO7 *AUeOg JO s}UsWaTY 9y} UO Slajlj1ae7 24} 01 paidepy Ayjetnoaeg pue ‘satqeyesaa Jo Waysd¢ ssnaeuuly 9}e23SN]]] 02 pepusajuy ‘suotjeuetdxy UA ‘selefq WYsIyq-AIyL ‘uAyIeW sewoUL Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Toronto htto://www.archive.org/details/thirtyeightplatOOmart THIRTY-EAGHT PLATES, EXPLANATIONS; LINN £US’s SYSTEM or VEGETABLES, AND PARTICULARLY ADAPTED TO THE LETTERS on tHe ELEMENTS or BOTANY. By THOMAS MARTYN, B.D. F.R. & L.S.S. RPEGLIUS PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, LE, O: BEDEG: NW: PRINTED FOR J. WHITE, AT HORACE’S HEAD, FLEET-STREET. 1799. ( i) ADVERTISEMENT. re perfons, who have honoured the Letters on the Elements of Botany with their approbation, having fignified a wifh that the fubje& might be ftill farther illuftrated by figures, Mr. Nopper, an ingenious artift, has been employed for this purpofe, and has both drawn and engraved thirty- eight plates. By thefe, and the explana- tions which are given on the oppofite page» lage’ the , Goa ® the Author hopes that he may have met the ideas of his friends. Thefe Plates, with their explanations, may be confidered as an entire work: but it is prefumed that they will be much more fatisfactory when ftudied jointly with the Letters. Six plates are given to illuftrate Rouffeau’s fix letters upon the moft remarkable Natural Claffes. The reft are intended to explain the Claffes of Linnzeus’s Syftem in their or- der, except the thirty-fourth, which exhibits figures of the moft remarkable Nectaries. No general plate, explanatory of the claffical chara¢ters, is given ; both becaufe it has al- ready been elegantly done by Mr. Curtis, and alfo may eafily be collected from the partictlar plates of this work. Thus Thus the characéter of the Claf3 MONANDRIA is explained in — Plate vit. DIANDRIA — — — VIII. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA = = jee MONOGYNIA = — See TETRANDRIA — — — ere PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA as Mis: = DIGYNIA -- vy, and XIII. HEXANDRIA — = I.and XIy. HEPTANDRIA) | Be he Sek il a OCTANDRIA Ca aemneg: — — XVI. DECANDRIA DODECANDRIA — — XVEL- ICOSANDRIA a — XVILI. POLYANDRIA = —— Six. DIDYNAMIA = — bwyjand <2) TETRADYNAMIA — — It.and xxI. MONADELPHIA — = SITE DIADELPHIA — ee Hl. and xxX1it. POLYADELPHIA = — Rev, SYNGENESIA — Ss = Vii POLYGAMIA ZQUALIS — XK&¥. ~-————__— SUPERFLUA WAV Cu J PLATE SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA & } XXVII. NC ECESSARIA —_—— ————————— SEGREGATA XKVEEES —__—_—____—_——MONOGAMIA — EXIT GYNANDRIA _ — — xx ee MONOECIA — _ oe XK DIOECIA — — XK ME? POLYGAMIA — — — REET CRYPTOGAMIA, FILICES = — REV. —— MUSCI — —_ gg bat at Vey) Ks Bees rene eee a.) te Riles Mae itn tae ee Thu 4 ek, f fas hy. is . CAN cs a ew ie ‘ . By fy Lv ay ee : ates er tala ee ¥ bay ‘ A : . j Ais ‘. i fl ior j f r « he i y >a Ate iy. jar ing see Ay ies Nyy MARR er tu Are 7 ‘ ’ ; : oa f } 4 ’ * ? eR i a at 1 7 : ) r) aie | N re fh " vi as 33 a ‘ rp Ce ir] he Wes eet er, oy a ae eed ay ie Niet a : LOL ke eesdbeee, MN chee taalinue ROAR ; Vie ie mn , if a ' uP) ‘ ( =. ' i," a or . rh MS i i Hae 5 iat Bp a ge i | { iD an ot cue A oe ie ¥ ees oss ap Ny re a oi Nye a; “ : PP LP. - 4 a HY cm a) 1 We ik te Tok Pah at od’) Pie, 1 at gett aE ES be Lea IR aig Siemeety ie APR eve, neg ij aaadt pifan uh. s ashe F h 7 ‘ ) bs hi is piso oq & ale basil ire at" aa bs . / Pf Xa Pr emma UL Md | ivili> pat sil shktnl, ie a ae . . } f . yy \ +4 EO RRS car eae, rea cae > cited ae oi i Se Renae b ecaeeu ¥, IL ny On rah oe iy * ie . sbi “pa 27’ abackes at ~ q oy aig aN ‘Dias Lid 4 a a de } A b ae By Mattes 4 Se CA: Eatin Hoan’ ee Saft) ae. pe rhea f Pani ae ecards, 3 A folky Sane ¥ > ae i f * Hei *. awe: Ke : “2 os ea Mme ee + DP paane & hateadidl ae Ot a Madde: rs 44 xy a Og SY (29 PLAT EML. LETTER Il. CRUCIFORM FLOWERS. Cheiranthus incanus. Stock-Gilliflower. A flower of the ftock, fhowing the four petals and the cruciform fhape of the corolla. A back view of it, exhibiting the calyx, confifting of four leaflets, and bulging out at the bottom. A fingle petal feparated, to fhow the lower narrow part, called waguis, or the tail; and the upper {preading part, named /amina, or the border, emarginate or notched at the end. A feGtion of the calyx, with the fingle piftil and fix ftamens in their proper fituation. The fix ftamens, two of which are fenfi- bly fhorter than the other four. The piftil feparated from the other parts. A fingle ftamen. The fruit, feed-veflel, or pericarp, called a filique, opening from the bottom B2 C9 upwards, and fhowing the two valves; with the feeds ranged along the dif- fepiment, or partition, of the two cells, and the permanent ftigma at the top. i & 1 Figures of filicles, or {mall fhort pods or pouches. i The flat triangular, or heart-fhaped filicle _ of the fhepherd’s purfe. k The oblong filicle of feurvy-grafs, both fhut and open. 2 The almoft fpherical filicle of candy-tuft. See Letter XXIII. and Plate XXI. ¢ Explains the claffical character of the clafs Tetradynamia, and h i k 1 Explain the charaéters of the two orders, Sz/iquofa and ieee’, into which it is divided. Plate III. Drawn & Engraved by £ P Nodd& Publisieds Uiew 1738 as thee Ace dives by B White & Seon. Cy ‘PLATE LETTER I. PAPILIONACEOUS FLOWERS. Pifum fativum. Garden Pea. Fig. 1. The peduncle or flower-ftem of the pea, fhowing the papilio- naceous corolla in three differ- ent fituations. a@ A-young flower not fully expanded. 6 Ap expanded flower, fhowing the back; the ftandard, or banner, fully dif- played, and the calyx cleft into five parts. c A fide view of an expanded flower, fhowing the banner, wings, and keel in their natural fituation. Fig. 2. The banner (vexi//um), obcordate or inverfely heart-fhaped, and emarginate. 3. The two wings (ale). 4. The keel’ carina). 5. The. piftil and ftamens in their natural fituation. Loe s wv ee Oaig Fic. 6. The lower broad ftamen, which O bf r involves the germ, termi- nating in nine filaments, with an anther on each. >, The upper narrow filament, ac- companied with the piftil. 8. The pericarp, which is a legume, or pod, open to fhow the two valves and the feeds faftened alternately to the futures of | the valves at the back of the legume. The permanent ca- lyx is alfo here exhibited. The charaéter of the clafs Diadelphia> and of the order Decandria, as alfo of the natural clafs of Legu- minous plants, is here explained. inf sgt * a Drann& Engraved byt PApdaer Published: Mav 1758 as the Act tirects by B. White & Son OF ) PLATE IV. (LETTER We: RINGENT FLOWERS. Fig.1. Lamiumalbum. White Dead Nettle. a Part of a whorl of flowers, fhowing how they grow in the bofom of a leaf. 6 A fingle flower, fhowing the {tructure of a labiate or ringent corolla, and of that of the Lamium in particular. ¢ The corolla cut away, in order to fhow more diftinétly the fituation of the ftamens and the claffical chara¢ter. d The germs, with the ftyle. e Thecalyx, with the four feeds within it. Fig. 2. Antirrhinum majus. Snapdragon. a The clofed ringent, or perfonate corolla, in its natural form. 65. The corolla opened, to fhow the fituation of the ftamens. c¢ The capfule, with the permanent ftyle and calyx. B4 (¢8s1)) Fig. 3. Digitalis purpurea. Purple Fow- glove. a A fingle flower, fhowing the open bell- fhaped corolla. 6 The infide, exhibiting the fituation and ftruciure of the ftamens. c The germ, with the ftyle. d The capfule, with the ftyle permanent. e A fection of the capfule. Ff A capfule, deprived in part of its outer {kin, to fhow the interior texture of the coat. Plate V. Drin& Engraved bv £ PB Nodde Published 1 Mav LSS as the det duvets lv B. White & Son gy PLATE Vi LETTERS UMBELLATE FLOWERS. Fig. 1. Apium Petrofelinum. Garden Parfley. Fig. 2. Aethufa Cynapium. Fool’s Parfley. a The three long leaflets of the partial in- volucre, fhowing a principal difference between this and the true Parfley. Fig. 3. Scandix Cerefolium. Garden Cher- vil. Fic. 4, Sambucus nigra. Common Elder. To fthow the difference between that — and an umbellate plant. Fig. 5. The flower of an umbellate plant magnified, to fhow the parti- cular ftruature, O4/. Inftances of compound umbels in Fig. 1, 2, 3, and Fig. 1, 2, of Plate XIII. A fimple umbel is reprefented at Fig. 3, Plate XIII. 6 + 1A gat Mi ites he ERS VT a d Ko” | anh ae etd avs é 4 ws iN ey ae en he ea Be rae Gi tate ad ks tee id . bi thistpeg 28 atk i asin of aiok seit? sae aio tli tii THING gtk wor! hs ne me mene eet Plog Pe hrs ii ¥ eae a in ae 3 7 % . Had i Phi heise a Ss ilyto 194 nthe cr ; Ff he py h: ss een .! ‘5 ye is 4 i “e 4 ; “e 4 EK ae Stans Lay ad " fn thd wid , to it ‘ee Are af bnaa q i a se at: ow 8h Ayes * = ix it BMb hol ) Ong rat vd ty wt (1. Nether”. Prem & PLATE VI. LETTER VI. COMPOUND ELOWERS. Fig.1. Bellis perennis. Common Dat/y. a The flower, which is compound and of the radiated kind, having femiflorets or ligulate florets in the ray, and tu- bular florets in the difk. 6 A feétion of the receptacle, with the florets on it. A femi-floret. c d The cylinder of anthers, with the ftyle _ perforating it. e A floret. Fig. 2, Leontodon Taraxacum. Dandelion. a The whole compound flower, confifting entirely of femi-florets, called by Lin- nus ligulate florets. & A fingle flofcule, or floret, c The head of feeds. 7 es ae Fig. 3. Showing a flofculous flower, or a flower vee .of florets only, galled by Linnzus tubular florets. a ‘The whole compound flowers. 6 A fingle flofcule. ec The back of a compound flower, fhow- ing the calyx. Fig. 4. Trifolium pratenfe. Red Clover. To fhow the difference between this, which is a head or aggregate of flowers, and a genuine ciniecsall flower, fuch as Pie. I, 2, 3,,exhubit, A ere Oe aera é oes vs Cngreeved by tt le Nicdbleer) 2 Diblesheds ' Hay Vy aA he Vet cevecs; 4 t; BN hele YIon (yy tae) Peat th Vilo ek TT E.R. XE. MONANDRIA. Fig. 1. Canna indica. Indian Shot. aaa Three different views of the flower, the corolla cut into fix lanceolated parts, one of the three interior re- flected. The fcabrous germ, with The triphyllous perianth, or calyx, on the top of it. d The anther growing to one of the pe-' tals, which ferves it for a filament. e The flyle, growing to the petaliform filament. ff The fcabrous capfule. g Cut open to fhow the three cells. Fig, 2. Hippuris vulgaris. Mare’s Tail. aa ‘The germ. 6 The ftamen. c The {tyle. he sabi 4 ‘uke a safe: yf Bry ihre | Swe & 29 oa on + aa od a oe er ee 2a ed 2 ait teh i Ba : ; (: 97) PLATE VII. LETTER Xi. DIANDRIA. | Fig. s.. Veronica Chamzdrys. Wild Speed- well. a. The wheel-fhaped corolla, divided into four fegments,' the loweft (b) nar- rower than the reft. c The capfule. 2d The oval, wrinkled leaves, indented about the edge. Fig. 2. Jafminum officinale. White Fa/- mine. 2. A front view of the monopetalous falver- fhaped corolla, divided into five feg- ments. A back view of the corolla. c The tube of the corolla, with the anthers lying within it. d The calyx, with the rudiment of the fruit. A leaf pinnated, with all the lobes dif- tinct. 7 DN wy C526 ‘) Fig. 3. Salvia officinalis. Garden Sage, a_ A flower. 6 The two ftamens, fhowing their fingu- lar ftructure. ¢ The piftil feparate. 7 i hdl lal Be ix VAS OS aha x f; tres eee ry. ; 7 eet ‘¥ ie La 4 Z i y/ : ? os Lr ¥Cngnaved by Al Nidic.~) ‘ ‘ § Wa - ; Sblechad May ru, ow the Act derech, ty BM VY PLAT E IX) DICT eR. XITi, TRLANDRIA, DIGYNIA GRASSES. Fig. 1. Lolium perenne. Ray Gra/fi. As an inftance of a fpiked grafs. Fig. 2, Dactylis glomerata. Hard Gra/s. a_ The chaff or glume. 666 The three ftamens. c The two reflected ftyles, with the fea- thered ftigmas, romtia POO ssa a ite AyD. wk | Seumomolg ape < at ay We a isi a % . \ 7 . uit | , a “sami boyod Lie Prawn [Tae oc a . ity GO Nadler ¢ Pebli hed + Mey opt, atthe (0b hie tos A ty Mie QS Sopris FLx PLATE .SLET#ER XIV. TRLANDRIA MONOGYNIA, Iris pumila. a The fheath, or fpathe. 5 The corolla, confifting of fix parts, united at the bafe, cc The outer petals, called falls. dd ‘Theinner petals, called fandards. e¢ The petal-form ftigma, each part con- cealing one ftamen under it. f A fingle ftamen. g The germ, inferior or below the corolla. h hk The nettary, in a villous line along the reflected petals. t ’ / * ar t 5 2 . et sa ; ‘ 7 ‘ ad w f ene } “ a3 ins | J ‘ , ' " ns / + sa th i rs \ Be oc) OF A An “ait 0 gations in \ | “allowa at wol n are. wa if tug Plate XI. 3 Dram w Engraved by EP Nodder; & Sore. Lublifhia Moy 2178806 the Act dircels by B. White EAT Ee XL) LECT T BR SV. TETRANDRIA. Fig. 1. Scabiofa columbaria. Small Scabious. An aggregate flower, confifting of many flof- * eules. 6 Afingle flofcule ; the corolla cut into five irregular fegments, and the germ crowned with hairs. c The calyx, with the four ftamens and the piftil. Fig. 2, Rubia peregrina. Wild Madder. Aninftance of ftellated plants. The fquare ftalk : the ftellated leaves: the corolla of four fegments: the double germ below the flower. Fig. 3. Plantago lanceolata. Rzbwort Plan- taiM. a The flowers growing ina {pike or oblong head. C 3 C22 J J The angular fcape. o A fingle flower, exhibiting the quadrifid corolla and the very long filaments. d The germ and ityle. ¢ The calyx, inclofing the capfule. Shablec 0 . 7 FAW, thd « MOC "We o> & a he é, (E70 Lo 4 A Me Ys az ta. a “A ze > Vs “, I D (ZZ Sor oe ( 23>) PEATE Xin’ CET VER XVI. PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Fig. 1. Nicotiana T abacum. Common To- bacco. a_ A flower-bud. b A flower, fhowing the funnel-fhaped corolla difplayed. : c- The corolla removed, to fhow the five ftamens and piftil. d A tranfverfe feCtion of the capfule. Fig. 2. A flower of Dodecatheon Meadia. Fig, 3. Convolvulus fepium. Great Bind- Weed. a The corolla, with the involucre immedi- ately below it, at Fig. 3. & The five ftamens difplayed. c The germ within the calyx, with the ftyle, terminated by the two ftigmas. C4 Sey) Fig. 4. Lonicera Caprifolium. Garden Honey fuckle. a DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Fig. 2. Dictamnus albus. Fraxinella. a The flower, with a corolla of five {pread- | ing petals, & The five-leaved calyx, with the capfules. i) A fingle filament, with its glandules, a ue | Bee sehllods | y ancora © f wun “Leng t Pl. XVig y, vA 4 >. Le pawed ty Gd Acdihe / =I Eh shod 9 Mang pe ieee erects ty BH hile Leon Yat ( 33 ) PLATE XVIL LETTER XX. DODECANDRIA DODECAGYNIA. Sempervivum tectorum. Common Houfeleck. a Og The flower-ftem, with a reflexed range of flowers. A flower in front, fhowing the corolla of twelve petals. | The calyx, with the capfules, after the flower is paft. A fingle capfule. The twelve ftamens and twelve ftyles, feparated from the flower. ? A fingle pittil, exhibiting the germ, ftyle, and anther. Two ftamens, ae 4 he a ian hove ts vi } a a a ‘ “i a \ yi ‘ Sr, i ary i ihaae ws ‘fp ; ae eee at ‘ sh 4 ' ; é ro —h \’, ] ‘ ‘ J . . ; v, F y a hey i wee rote ya ‘" 4 im 7 “i fh tte ae Raf aa ii fed “— a “ i. Wi) by A ' a 4 f ay ae qin cca at Pad Fame eens Ps ea im | : i et + pe pam i hae c ead ei ‘xy AG 1 2a: ot ; ys ue net BMA oy 9} 7 4 \ rr Ne ote ' ‘if “eh el, Nai Koay te as (i ted whee aT BI i Tas ‘ si) atm! fc a ait i a nil = ys iE ye et big rine Cal ea td ! *, Fa) Ly. Veet. $4 Bg SANTOR ‘ee ai) re ba ; titdeay aly sua? att ¥ Pea tort DA ba Ry Aik” hae be i ie W)> A tive ee : . hit ae eaQert of ee i iS y a tp alta ony bd gn ee ee Amu se, “aaoloie st to si ; 8 a i * oY Arie > Pl. Xx Tiny 8 i 350.) PUA TE eek. Le The R SX ViL GYNANDRIA. Paffiflora cerulea. Blue Paffion Flower. a The paJmated leaf. b The corolla and calyx, each of five leaves, and having the fame appearance in front. c The radiate crown, which is the nectary. d The pittil and five ftamens. e The anthers terminating the filaments, _ which {pring from the bottom of the germ, where it mects the pedicle, upon which it ftands. fff The three ftigmas arifing from the germ. i len 1 , or wae Rees inte sp c~- Der ly 2 4 z ny & r yar + SUEte ao ee ze =f. > “Says om. + 45 = > SES SIN * a ee: +> tie * is so ee i roa itl = - = i eu4 yas ‘ ” , * ve sae i F sa i i s meer, os fie ‘ON ‘Naat Hane calag os a > oe hy e ASS HMB a al ies Bat ote sti h- Pe is oo 4 “a ea Aes * At abby Ue ears of! Roy. Lievath: ‘bre i sul “id 7 if ta en wg a OR ga aie ~ a ‘ : 7 ¢ * hy fr, . da. ih 7 ; ma A ee a =" - Mh eae eR iat! Si i “ i ery | ike erat: Wie q ; Pr nek Are a’ oR eal a PLATE S2XhL. BEET ERO XXVIII MONDOECIA. Momordica Elaterium. Spurting Cucumber. aa The male or ftaminiferous flowers. b 5 The female or piftilliferous flowers, with the large germ below the receptacle. ¢ ‘The male flower, fhowing the three fila- ments, with double anthers on two of them, and a fimple anther on the third. _@ The germ, furmounted with the ftyle, divided into three parts, each part fuftaining an oblong gibbous ftigma. e The divided part of the ftyle, with the fiigmas. f Two different views of a fingle ftigma. PL XXXTL. Prawr & a taal ty Ad. Vidilbre Somat Lbdeched : ar My y pa as the lt lowed ty Zs, Whois Sdon Z (;768"") PLATE XXXII LETTER XXIX. DIOECIA. Cannabis fativa. Hemp. Fig. 1. Female Hemp. a A fingle female flower. b The feed included within the calyx. Fig. 2. Male Hemp. a Male flowers feparate. ah re bo ee | ? , ee aaa dent gat Me: @ nee areag! al a); be Thana PIXXXIII. ) va ener & Cngraved ty HK the Nidleler : yy, / ¢ ) Meshal #7. Hay 74s, Es the Mle pe Y Be. Wile 2% Sse : Ce) PLATE XXXINS EET T ER eX. POLYGAMIA MONOECLIA. Acer campeftre. Common Maple. aa _ The lobed leaves. 6b 6 Bunches of flowers. —c Perfed. — d Male, with ftamens only. e Afingle perfect flower. fF A peel. g D rané agrawal by ite hoch her d 2 ~ Pabbshed 1. Men, jj" mille Ut hive, ty ib. White okdon 7 “ “ aR Ay « ener A oR ie SAA TN aa % Age a We ; Aa, is , “ . wh é sie ek “dy my , i : ’ un ‘ cas rz I ie el i 4 " +), pul 24 ‘ Ee Pe x 4 @é ' 5 . rs ‘ Rory . Bi vOu 0 KGS Lately Publifbed by JOHN WHITE. 1. Letters on the Elements of BOTANY. Addreffed to a Lady, by the celebrated J. J. ROUSSEAU. Tranf- lated into Englith, with Notes, and twenty-four additional Letters, fully explaining the Syftem of Linneus. By THOMAS MARTYN, B.D. F.R. and L.5S.S. Profeffor of Botany in the Univerfity of Cambridge. The Fourth Edition. Price Seven Shillings, in Boards. 2. 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Price One Pound Seven Shillings, TP Sa Aa " . \ ay rh 5 ey hy uae ¢ 4 a & ae Youf te row thew ae a ee ae | May? ns . 2 a a > oan , Poh) oh EL ae es iaheinee Do. aren BSC Aa gests eh 4 fee rey LJ ‘ La | ~ ie EEE eaeate | ws Jf , v * - Seay 4 me Soy. &- po 738) Oa, ' - *, 5 ne -. “e, | el at Rie a “ = a - v* ® » i r * i j 7 wr? Lo oi a > thd aed =e ' if - . ye Phy, P aay r 4 fF y * os hy a is ae CP ey q Pe i : ~ 7 | ~y . , 5 A 3 ~ ; . y _ - i dk, ‘ ¢ AY I, *