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LIBRARY OF

THE NEW YORK
BOTANICAL GARDEN

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/* /Jk /Zu/&i*>/ - " $j+ a/A

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THIRTY-EIGHT PLATES,

"WITH

EXPLANATJONSj

INTENDED To ILLUSTRATE

LINNAEUS' s SYSTEM of VEGETABLES,

AND PARTICULARLY ADAPTED TO THE

LETTERS ox the ELEMENTS of BOTANY.

By THOMAS MARTYN, B. D. F. R. & L. S. S.

REGIUS PROFESSOR OF BOTANY
IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR J. WHITE, AT HORACE'S HEAD,
FLEET-STREET.

1799.

LIBRARY
NSW YORK
BOTANICAL

GARDEN

\QKct

t

rm

2~.

, , LIBRARY

iVtj NEW YORK

BOTANICAL
GARDEN

( & )

ADVERTISEMENT.

fK

s

'ome perfons, who have honoured the
Letters on the Elements of Botany with their
approbation, having fignified a wifli that
the fubject might be frill farther illuftrated
by figures, Mr. Nodder, an ingenious
artift, has been employed for this purpofe,
and has both drawn and engraved thirty-
eight plates. By thefe, and the explana-
i tions which are given on the oppofite page,

A 2 the

LO

en

oo

CD
Ui

( i* )
the Author hopes that he may have met
the ideas of his friends.

Thefe Plates, with their explanations,
may be coniidered as an entire work : but
it is prefumed that they will be much more
fatisfaclory when ftudied jointly with the
Letters.

Six plates are given to illuftrate Roufleau's
fix letters upon the moil: remarkable Natural
Claries. The reft are intended to explain
the ClaiTes of Linn anus's Syftem in their or-
der, except the thirty-fourth, which exhibits
figures of the moft remarkable Nectaries.
No general plate, explanatory of the claflical
characters, is given ; both becaufe it has al-
ready been elegantly done by Mr. Curtis,
and alfo may eafily be collected from the
particular plates of this work.

Thus

( V )

Thus the cha rafter of the Clafs

T\f onandria is explained in —

DIANDRIA

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA —

M QNOGYNIA

TETRANDRIA

PENTANDRIA MOMOGYNIA -

DIGYNIA

HEXANDRIA

HEPTANDRIA 1
OCTANDRIA J
ENNEANDRIA")
DECANDRIA J

DODECAXDRIA

ICOSANDRIA ; — •

POLYANDRIA

DID YX AM I A — '

TETRADYNAMIA

MONADELPHIA — ' —

DIADELPHIA ' —

POLYADELPHIA

SYNGENESIA

POLYGAMIA J.QUALIS

i __ S u p ERFLt

Plate

VII.

VIII,

IX.

X,

XI

XII

/, and

X 1 1 1

i . and

XIV

XV.

XVI.

XVII.

XVIII.

XIX.

iv. and xx.

ii. and xxi.

xxii.

in. and xxiii.

xxiv.

— VI.

— XXV.

A X X V I •

f-YXCi;:

( vi )

PLATE
SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANE A & -»

!» XXVII.

NECESSARIA
SEGREGATA XXVIII.

■MONOGAMIA XXIX.

GYNANDRIA XXX.

MONOECIA — — XXXI,

DIOECIA — XXXII.

POLYGAMIA — — . XXXIII.

CRYPTOGAMIA, FILICES — XXXV.

■ MUSCI • — — XXXVI.

— ' ALG.E — XXXVII.

FUNGI — — XXXVIII.

PLATE

l/>f„„;, 5 /,st/,«,r~y/yA /'■ l,r//,; - J

,//,//.,/, ,/,. //„„,:•«; „., //, .'// ,/:-,r/, /y ./>'. ///,'/, ^Jr,, .

t'-'o

PLATE I. LETTER I.

LILIACEOUS FLOWERS.

Lilium candidum. White Lily-

a The flower in bud.

b The corolla expanding.

c The corolla quite open.

d The piftil or pointal. e The germ.

/ The ftyle. g The ftigma.
h The fix ftamens. i The filaments.

k The anthers.
/ The germ advanced into a pericarp,

which here is a capfule.
m A tranfverfe fedion of the pericarp, to
(how the three cells and feeds.

B

I'l. II.

?/

\

f

:/;,//J,./,.u„y.T* „.,//, //+„■ ■■■ - . )

( 3 )

PLATE II. LETTER II.

CRUCIFORM FLOJVERS.

Cheiranthus incanus. Stock-Gilliflower.

a A flower of the ftock, mowing the four
petals and the cruciform fhape of the
corolla.

h A back view of it, exhibiting the calyx,
coniifting of four leaflets, and bulging
out at the bottom.

c A fingle petal feparated, to fhow the
lower narrow part, called unguis, or
the tail ; and the upper fpreading
part, named lamina, or the border,
ema ruinate or notched at the end.
A lection of the calyx, with the fingle
piftil and fix ftamens in their proper
fituation.

e The fix ftamens, two of which are fenfi-

blv fhorter than the other four.
f The piftil feparated from the other parti.

g A fingle ftamen.

h The fruit, feed-veffel, or pericarp, called
a iilique, opening from the bottom

B 2

( 4 )

upwards, and fhowing the two valves,

with the feeds ranged along the dif-

fepiment, or partition, of the two

cells, and the permanent ftigma at

the top.
\ I Figures of filicles, or fmall fhort pods

or pouches.
The flat triangular, or heart-fhaped filicle

of the fhepherd's purfe.
The oblong filicle of fcurvy-grafs, both

fhut and open.
The almoll: fpherical filicle of candy-tuft.

See Letter XXIII. and Plate XXI.
Explains the claffical character of the clafs

Tttr adynamia^ and
i k I Explain the characters of the two

orders, Siliquofa and Siliculofa, into

which it is divided.

Plate n;

Drawn iC Ertymvedbyjr^jfodda:

i

( 5 )

>

PLATE III. LETTER III.

PAPILIONACEOUS FLOWERS.

Pifum fativum. Garden Pea.

Fi°\ I. The peduncle or flower-ftem of
the pea, fhowing the papilio-
naceous corolla in three differ-
ent fituations.
a A young flower not fully expanded.
b An expanded flower, fhowing the back;
the ftandard, or banner, fully dis-
played, and the calyx cleft into rive

parts.
c A fide view of an expanded flower,

fhowing the banner, wings, and keel

in their natural fituation,
Fig. 2. The banner (vexillum), obcordate
or inverfely heart-fhaped, and

emar°:inate.

o

3. The two wings (ala)%

4. The keel (carina).

5. The piftil and ftamens in their

natural fituation,
?3

( 6 )

Fig. 6. The lower broad ftamen, which
involves the germ, termi-
nating in nine filaments, with .
an anther on each.

7. The upper narrow filament, ac-

companied with the pift.il.

8. The pericarp, which is a legume,

or pod, open to fhow the two
valves and the feeds fattened
alternately to the futures of
the valves at the back of the
legume. The permanent ca-
lyx is alfo here exhibited.
Obf. The character of the clafs Diadelphia*
and of the order Decandria, as
alio of the natural clafs of Legu-
minous plants, is here explained.

Plate .IV

... aa ,. ,A- 4.*Jtr,su it ft W5«* & J<»

( 7 )

PLATE IV. LETTER IV.
RINGENT FLOIFERS.

Fig. i. Lamium album. White Dead Nettle.

a Part of a whorl of flowers, mowing how
they grow in the bofom of a leaf.

b A fingle flower, mowing the fh-uclure
of a labiate or ringent corolla, and of
that of the Lamium in particular.

c The corolla cut away, in order to mow
more diftinftly the fituation of the
ftamens and the clafTical character.

d The germs, with the flyle.

e The calyx, with the four feeds within it.

Fig. 2. Antirrhinum majus. Snajidragcn.

a The clofed ringent, or perfoliate corolla,

in its natural form.
b The corolla opened, to mow the fituation

of the ftamens.
c The capfble, with the permanent ftyle

and calyx.

B4

( 8 )

Fig. 3. Digitalis purpurea. Purple Fox-
glove,
a A iingle flower, mowing the open bell-

fhaped corolla.
b The infide, exhibiting the fituation and

irruclure of the ftamens.
c The germ, with the ityle.
d The capfule, with the ftyle permanent.
e A feci ion of the capfule.
f A capfule, deprived in part of its outer
fkin, to ihow the interior texture of
the coat.

Plate V.

JJnai-n X. Etttjntreit byj\ P. Nidda .

( 9 )

PLATE V. LETTER V.
UMBELLATE FLOIVERS.

Fig. i. Apium Petrofelinum. Garden
Par/ley.

Fig. 2. Aethufa Cynapium. Fool's Parfley.

a The three long leaflets of the partial in-
volucre, mowing a principal difference
between this and the true Parfley.

Fig. 3. Scandix Cerefolium. Garden Cher-
vil.

Fig. 4. Sambucus nigra. Common Elder,

To mow the difference between that
and an umbellate plant.

Fig. 5. The flower of an umbellate plant
magnified, to mow the parti-
cular ftruclure.
Obf. Inftances of compound umbels in Fig. I,
2, 3, and Fig. 1, 2, of Plate XIII.
A fimple umbel is reprefented at
Fig. 3, Plate XIII.

~n .vi.

i_.^i

■ ■■//./ -- /; i.,//..

■

II

PLATE VI. LETTER VI.
COMPOUND ILOIVERS.
Fig. i. Bellis perennis. Common Daify.

a The flower, which is compound and of
the radiated kind, having femiflorets
or ligulate florets in the raj, and tu»
bular florets in the difk.

b A fe&ion of the receptacle, with the
florets on it.

c A femi-floret.

d The cylinder of anthers, with the flyle
perforating it.

e A floret.

Fig. 2. Leontodon Taraxacum. Dandelu

O

ion.

a The whole compound flower, confiding
entirely of femi-florets, called by Lin-
naeus ligulate florets.

b A fingle flofcule, or floret.

c The head of feeds.
7

( I* )

Fig- 3-

Showing a flofculous flower, or a flower

compofed of florets only, called by-
Linnaeus tubular florets.

a The whole compound flowers.

b A Angle flofcule.

c The back of a compound flower, mow-
ing the calyx.

Fig. 4. Trifolium pratenfe. Red Clover.

To mow the difference between this, which
is a head or aggregate of flowers, and
a genuine compound flower, fuch as
Fig. 1, 2, 3, exhibit.

ri . vl

. Vrttufn >/.>,,,", — //y ■/. --A ' 1'^,: >

.//,//..'/,;// . tfecy /-.v, «y //„ . /,/ ,/,',../,, /y "'I. '//://■■ '>- €n

( '3 )

PLATE VII. LETTER XI.

MONANDRIA.
Fig. i. Canna indica. Indian Shot.

a a a Three different views of the flower,
the corolla cut into fix lanceolated
parts, one of the three interior re-
fleaed.

b The fcabrous germ, with

c The triphyllous perianth, or ciflyx, on
the top of it.

d The anther growing to one of the pe-
tals, which ferves it for a filament.

e The flyle, growing to the petaliform

filament.
f The fcabrous capfule.
g Cut open to mow the three cells.

Fig. 2. Hippuris vulgaris. Mare's Tail.

a a The germ.
b The ftamen.
c The ftyle.

I'l.Vfll

:/!,//.;/„/,, v,,,, ,,-*>■ ■<- //■■ , a/J:-.-a, 4 /.-. ///^

( i5 )

PLATE VIII. LETTER XIL

DIANDRIA.

Fig. I. Veronica Charnaedrys. Wild Speed-
well,

a The wheel-fhaped corolla, divided into
four fegments, the loweft (b) nar-
rower than the reft.

c The capfule.

d The oval, wrinkled leaves, indented about
the edge.

Fig. 2» Jafminum officinale. White Jaf-
mine.

a A front view of the monopetalous falver-
fhaped corolla, divided into five feg-
ments.

b A back view of the corolla.

c The tube of the corolla, with the anthers
lying within it.

d The calyx, with the rudiment of the
fruit.

e A leaf pinnated, with all the lobes dif-
tin6h

( x6 )

Fig. 3. Salvia officinalis. Garden Sage*
a A flower.

b The two ftamens, fhowing their lingu-
lar ftruclure.
c The piflil feparate.

p>i

/;.,„ ,//y.A:/: l../. . '

:/,://;^,/ ,.. jl,/7... ~, //« .-/-/ *£«**- 4 .^.///u ■ . •'

( i7 )

PLATE IX. LETTER XIIL

TRIANDR1A, \DIGYNIA GRASSES.

Fig. i . Lolium perenne. Ray Grafs,

As an inftance of a fpiked grafs*

Fig. 2. Da&ylis glqmerata. Hard Grafs.

a The chaff or glume.

b b b The three flamens.

c The two reflected ftyles, with the fea-
thered ftigmas.

<A ''^/../s.J/y^,;^//,, //r/,/,.,^, /yd.///,} <-X„

( '9 )

PLATE X. LETTER XIV,
TRUNDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Iris pumila.

a The fheath, or fpathe.
b The corolla, confifting of fix parts,
united at the bafe.
c c The outer petals, called/a/Zf.
d d The inner petals, called Jlandards.
e e The petal-form fUgma, each part con-
cealing one ftamen under it,
f A fingle ftamen.

g The germ, inferior or below the corolla*
// h The neclary, in a villous line along the
reflected petals.

C 2

Plate XI .

-Drmm tC£™mndbyF£. I". /./-,;

Pub/fo'd J&n/JJyS&as elie-jlcl direct,' by B. TITiiu SsSan.

( 21 )

PLATE XI. LETTER XV.

TETRANDRIA.

Fig. i. Scabiofa columbaria. Small Scabious.

An aggregate flower, confirming of many flof-

cules.
b A fingle flofcule ; the corolla cut into five

irregular fegments, and the germ

crowned with hairs.
c The calyx, with the four ftamens and

the piftil.

Fig. 2. Rubia peregrina. Wild Madder.
An inftance of ftellated plants.

The fquare ftalk : the ftellated leaves : the
corolla of four fegments : the double
germ below the flower.

Fig. 3. Plantago lanceolata. Ribwort Plan-
tain.

m The flowers growing in a fpike or oblong
head.

C3

( « )

f The angular fcape.

o A fingle flower, exhibiting the quadrifid
corolla and the very long filaments,

d The germ and ftyle.

e The calyx, inclofing the capfule.

■'St///,.,/,;//. !/„„ y,w,lf,j //' && cdree&, /, ./,'. //. v/, /./„,,

( 23 }

PLATE XII. LETTER XVI.

PENTJNDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Fig. i. Nicotiana Tabacum. Common To-
bacco.

a A flower-bud.

b A flower, mowing the funnel- fhaped

corolla difplayed.
c The corolla removed, to fhow the five

ftamens and piftil.
d A tranfverfe feclion of the capfule.

Fig. 2. A flower of Dodecatheon Meadia.

Fig. 3. Convolvulus fepium. Great Bind-
Weed.

a The corolla, with the involucre immedi-
ately below it, at Fig. 3.

b The five ftamens difplayed.

c The germ within the calyx, with the
ftyle, terminated by the two ftigmas.

c4

( 24 ;

Fig. 4. Lonicera Caprifolium. Garden
Honeyfuckle.

a A flowfr, exhibiting the irregular mono-
petalous corolla.

b The tube opened, to fhow the manner in

which the filaments are fixed.
e The pift.il.

Fig. 5. Vinco major. Great Periwinkle.

a The corolla, mowing the bending of its
five divifions, and the pentagon form
of the faux, or opening of the tube.

b The calyx divided to the bottom into five
fegments ; and the pift.il with two
ftigmas, one over the other,

c The tube of the corolla opened, to mow
the fituation of the five ftamens and
form of the anthers.

d A fingle ftamen ieparate.

//y ■

y/,// -a, ,/, . //„,. ,-.„-. „., d, /// ,/. .,/. , 4 a. /,/,;. , . /,.,. .

( *5 )

PLATE XIII. LETTER XVII.

PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.

Fig. i. Sium nodifiorum. Creeping Water
Parfnep.

To (how thedifterence between this plant and
water crefles, reprefented in Plate XXL

a A pinnated leaf, the pinnae, fmall or com-
ponent leaves, longer and narrower
than thofe of water crefTes, ferrated
on the edges and pointed at the end :
the terminating pinna trifid.

h A fertile umbel of flowers.

c A (ingle flower. — d The fruit.

Fig. i. Scandix Anthrifcus. Hemlock Chervil.

To (how the difference between that and
Garden Chervil, Plate 5, Fig. 3.

a An umbel of flowers.

b An umbel of fruits.

t 26 )

Fig. 3. Scandix Pe&en. Shepherd's Needle^
or Venus's Comb.

a The umbels, being inftances of a fimple
umbel.

h The feeds, terminated by the long pro-
cefles or beaks, which gave occafion
to the names.

w.xcv

£>«»» , ■/:„„.„-//., ■-:■/■■ /-//-.

J,://,;/,/,.//,,,, ,7**, «* //-./,/ ,/;«•/,. / />,. ///,//, ,^C)

( *7 )

PLATE XIV. LETTER XVIII.

HEXANDRIA.

Fig. i. Tradefcantia Virginica. Virginian
Sjiiderwort.

a The corolla of three petals.

b b The three-leaved calyx.

c One of the fringed filaments.

d The piflil.

Fig. 2. Narciflus Tazetta. Polyanthus Nar-
ciffus.

a The corolla in front, mowing the fix equal

petals, and the funnel or cup-maped

neclary.
b A back view of the flower, mowing that

the corolla is fuperior, or on the top of

the germ.
c The fpathe.
d The corolla opened, to mow the fituation

of the fix ftamens within the ne&ary,
e The piftih 9

pi.xv:

</;7n,,„.//y '■>: "■/-. / V

y,//.;/.y,. ,K,y/7«„.,/l, r/r/- ,/;,,/,. /,, /;. //<u' .-./,.,

"'';

7

{ 29 )

PLATE XV. LETTER XIX.

HEPTANDRIA.

Fig. i. JEfculus Hippocaftanum. Horjz
Chefnut.

a The corolla of five petals, and the feven
ftamens, with bending filaments.

b The one-leafed calyx, fwelling at the bafe,
and divided at top into five fegments.

c Theyoungcapfule terminated by the ltyle,

d A fingle ftamen.

OCTANDRIA.

Fie. a. Oenothera biennis. Tree Primrofe*

a A flower, mowing the four-parted calyx,
and the corolla of four obcordate petals,

b The eight ftamens, and the piftil in the
middle, with the deflected calyx.

C The piftil, with the filiform ftyle, and the
quadrifid ftigraa.

d The capfule.

e A tranfverfe fe&ion of the capfule, mow-
ing the four cells.

f

( 3° )

Fig. 3. Epilobium anguflifolium. French

Willow.

a

The flower.

b

The four-leaved calyx.

c

The flamens, four longer and fourmorten

d

A fingle flam en.

e

The piilil.

f

The capfule.

g

A feed crowned with down.

PL XVI

« fin '4-/:/

,/;,//,;/,,/,. /Aryy-,,.,,.,//, ///.,;. A /^ ,/.///,/, . C,

( 3* )

PLATE XVI. LETTER XIX.

ENNEANDRIA HEXAGYNIA.

Fig. i. Butomus umbellatus. Flowering
Rujk.

a The flower of fix petals,
b The nine ftamens.
c The fix capfules.

DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

Fig. 2. Di&amnus albus. Fraxinella.

a The flower, with a corolla of five fpread-
ing petals.

b The five-leaved calyx, with the capfules.

c A fingle filament, with its glandules.

P1.XVB

If

TO

■ ■ i. . .

:/:,/*;<(../,.. „,/v * ,fri j^+ , ,- ,

( 33 )

PLATE XVII. LETTER XX.

DODECANDRIA DODECAGYNIA.
Sempervivum tedtorum. Common Houfeleek.

a The flower-ftem, with a reflexed range

of flowers.
b A flower in front, mowing the corolla of

twelve petals.
c The calyx, with the capfules, after the

flower is part.

d A Angle capfule.

e The twelve ftamens and twelve ftyles,
feparated from the flower.

J A Angle piir.il, exhibiting the germ, ftyle,

and anther.
g Two ftamens.

p

TLXVH1.

,/;,//,.;/„/,.. //„,, y,s, „.j //, Oct J;-. ,$ . A, ./;.///,^ $ . fm

( 35 )

PLATE XVIII. LETTER XXL
ICOSANDRIA.

Fig. i. Myrtus communis. Common Myrtle.

a The corolla.

b The fruit or berry.

c A fingle flower without the corolla, mow-
ing the ftamens proceeding from the
calyx.

Fig. 2. Pyrus Cydonia. The Quince.

D*

Ci » ^/y,;..-,y/y ■'/-'/: L;//.,

.'/;//,.;/.,/,.. /?.,y ytt, «* «4* Ct ' ./',-.,*.. /y/:. ///La ,<'■/'.

( 37 )
PLATE XIX. LETTER XXI.

POLYANDRIA.

Fio-. i. Galtha paluftris. Marjh Mangold.

a A flower,ihowing the corolla of five petals
the many ftamens Ihorter than the
corolla, &c.

h Another flower, fliowing that it has no
calyx.

c The capfules, after the flower is pall.

Fio-. 2. Papayer Rhoeas. Corn PoJ/jiy.

a The corolla of four large roundifh petals,
h The numerous ftamens proceeding from

the receptacle.
c The papfule crowned with its ftigma.

Obf. Fio*. i. is an inftance of the order
Polygynia. Fig. 2. of the order
Monogynia,

D3

l'LUOi

/

/I,//,'./,,;/,. /f„y^S.,r., //• //^,/W,, /, ^. ///,/, Y/.,

( 39 )

PLATE XX- LETTER XXII.

DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA.

Fi°-. i. Glechoma hederacea. Ground Ivy.

0 The kidney-fhaped leaves.

b The ringent flowers.

c A flower opened, to mow the fituation of
the itamens.

d A flower exhibiting the cruciform appear-
ance of the anthers.

e The calyxes.

/ A fingle filament.

g The piftil.

DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA.

Fi°\ 2. Bi^nonia radicans. Trumpet Flower.

<z The calyx.
b The corolla.

c The corolla difplayed, to mow the fitua-
tion of the ftamens.
d The piftil,

Ob/, The claffical charader is clearly mown

at Fig, 2. c.
This clais was farther illuftrated in Plate IV,
D4

Fl.AXi

_r4 — n&J^ /,, s: :/'. i,.,/A

/ <

7

j;,//.:/, /, js.y y,,v, ,., //, . ■/. < t£meAf /,, a. ///^ \" . d .

( 4i )

PLATE XXL LETTER XXIII.
TETRADYNAMIA.

Sisymbrium Nafturtium. Water Crefs.

aa7?he pinnated leaves.

b The odd lobe ending: blunt.
c The corymb of flowers.

d A fingle four-petalled cruciform flower.

e A fingle petal.

f The calyx.

g The calyx, with the ftamens.

// A fingle ftamen.

i The iilique.

Compare Plate XIII. See alfo Plate II.

Plate XXII

3

D,-,m-i, i- r;„„ ve,i fr,JT P JVadJa:

( 43 )

PLATE XXII. LETTER XXIV.

MONADELPHIA.
Fig. i. Althaea officinalis. MarJJi Mallow.
a The flower, fliowing the five petals united
at bottom, obcordate or inverfely heart-
fhaped, and flightly emarginated or
end-nicked. In the centre is the
column of flamens, with the piftils in
the middle of them.

b The column of flamens and piftils re-
moved from the corolla, and fhowino-
the rudiment of the fruit underneath.

c The piflil feparate.

d The calyx, exhibiting the nine divifions
of the outer calyx, which is one of the
principal generic characters.

Fig. 2. Malva fylveflris. Common Mallow.

a The flower as before. The petals nar-
row, heart-fhaped, and much more
deeply end- nicked.

b c The column of flamens, and pifril fe-
parated.

d The fruit, with the double calyx; the
outer vtry narrow, the clefts of the

( 44 )
inner broad and large : there are five
of thefe, and three diitinci leaves in the
other ; but all of them could not be
reprefented. The fruit flat, with many
feeds in a ring, each covered with its
aril, or loofe coat.

Fig. 3. Geranium zonalei Horfe-JIioe
Crane/bill.

a The flower, mowing the corolla of five
unequal petals, with the column ot
flarnens, very flisrn'tly connected at
bottom, and of unequal lengths.

b The calyx, with the column of flarnens.
Both thefe figures fhow the flyle ftand-
ing up above the ftamens, and termi-
nated by five ftisrmas.

c The fruit, with the permanent flyle and
ftigmas ; mowing the beaked form of
it, and the live feeds in their arils, each
terminated by a tail, and feparating
from the beak, a b c fhow that the
calyx is lingle and five-leaved.

N. B. Thefe figures ferve to explain the clais
Monadeljihia : and two of the orders,,
Decandria, Fig. 3, and Polvandrm^
Tm°* t 1

n . xsiii

S/,^,, < /,.;/.:,,■,.//,-> ■/'.!■ M,

.■/"/.:../,.. My y

•/ //< /„,*. /y. /;///.,<■ ■.'.;

( 45 )

PLATE XXIII. LETTER XXV.

DIADELPHIA DECJXDRLL

Lathy rus latifolius. Everlaftmg Pea.

Fi°\ i. A bunch of flowers, in their natural
fize and iituation.

Fi°\ ^. The banner.

Fi«-. 3. One of the wings.

Fig. 4. The keel.

Fio-. 5. The ftamens and piftil in their na-
tural fituation.

Fig. 6. The ftamens, mowing the iimple
filament ieparate from the com-
pound one.

Fio-. 7. The piftil.

See Plate III.

n.xxiv

'/:,u;/.y ,,. //.;/y., «//,//,/ ^;.x,./ *//x>, <./.„.)

f 47 )

PLATE XXIV. LETTER XXV.

POLYJDELPHIJ.

Hypericum Afcyron. Garden Tut/an.

a The flower, with a corolla of five petals
and the numerous ftamens in the
middle.

h A fingle pencil or parcel of ftamens.

c The permanent five-parted calyx, in-
cluding the germ terminated by five
piftils.

b Explains the characters of the clafs and
order— Polyadelphia Polyandria.

n.xxv.

;/

££n

( 49 )

PLATE XXV. LETTER XXVI.

SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA /RQTTJTJS.
Fig. i. Tragopogon porrifolium. Salfafy,

a A flower clofed, fhowing the fimple calyx,

b A tingle ligulate flofcule.

c A flofcule, deprived of the corolla.

d A feed, with the feathered flipitate down.

e The cylinder of anthers, with the pift.il

perforating it, terminated by the two

revolute ftigmas.
f The cylinder of anthers alone.

Fig. z. Carduus nutans. Mujh Thtjiie,

a The compound flower, mowing the calyx
all imbricate with thorny fcales.

b A front view of the whole compound
flower, compofed wholly of tubulous
florets.

c A finer] e flofcule or floret.

o

d The cylinder of anthers.
e The piitil.

E

( 5° )

Fig. 3. Eupatorium cannabinum. Common
Hemp Agrimony,

a A bunch of flowers.

b A Tingle flower.

c A iingle bunch of flowers.

d The down.

Ob/l Thefe three figures explain the three
fedtions of this order. 1. Con-
taining compound flowers with li-
gulate florets only. 2. The capi-
tate or headed flowers, with tu-
bulous florets only. 3. The di£
coid, or naked difcous flowers,
with tubulous florets, but not in a
head.

Plate XXVI ,

nnn^KSl^n^Jt^Fr.XoMl

iti/yhWi .V.;y rS8,aJ rf,. .4* Ju^J.Ji WhUc £■«&

( 5i )

PLATE XX VJ. LETTER XXVI.

SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA.

Doronicum pardalianches. Common Leopard's
Bane.

a The compound radiated flower, confirming
of regular tubulous flofcules in the
difk, and irregular ligulate flofcules in
the ray.

b The under part of the flower, mowing
the double row of fcales to the calyx.

c One of the femi-florets, or ligulate flof-
cules, taken from the ray, to mow
that the feed is naked, or deftitute of
down.

d A floret from the difk, the feed of which
is crowned with a Ample down.

e A feclion of the difk, in order to exhibit
the naked receptacle.

E 2

1M XXVII

:!'')

3 _

. ' ■ ,/, /f,., ,, ,

( 53 )

PLATE XXVII. LETTER XXVL

SYNGEN. POLYG. FRUSTRANEA
and NECESSARIA.

Figr. i. Centaurea montana. Mountain Blue

a

Bottle.

a The compound flower, mowing the neutral

or barren florets on the outride, longer

than the fertile ones in the middle,

and the ciliated fcales of the calyx,

h A barren floret.

c A fertile floret* with fame of the brifiles

at the bale.
J The fame,, diverted of the corolla.
e The piftiL \

N. B. This ferves to explain the order Poly-
gamia Fruftranea in the clafs Syn-
genefia.
Fi°:. 2. Calendula officinalis. Garde®

a

Marigold.
& The compound radiated flower.
b The calyx, with the feeds in the ray only,
bending inwards after the florets are

decayed.

F 2

( 54 )

c The boat-fhaped muricated feed, without

down.
d A barren feed, from one of the central

flowers.
e A fertile flofcule from the ray.
f A barren flofcule from the diik.

N. B. This ferves to explain the order Poly-
gamia NecefTaria in the clafs Syn-
genefia.

^

~^Jt

( 55 )

PLATE XXVIII. LETTER XXVI,

SYNGEN. POLYG. SEGREGATA.
Echinops fphaerocephalus. Globe Thijile.

a The entire compound flower, confiding

of tubular florets, feparated by their
- proper perianths ; which determines

this plant to be of the fegregate order

in the clafs Syngenefia.
A finuated leaf, the jags ending in fpines.
A fingle flofcule in its calyx.
A flofcule taken out of the calyx, with

the ftyle feparate.
A fingle fubulate leaflet of the calyx, in

three different views.

E 4

i'l.xm:.

-r- • ,'y -./^.yr/: i ,//,"

( 57 )

PLATE XXIX. LETTER XXVI.

SYNGENESIA MONOGAMIA.

Viola odorata. Sweet Violet,

a The calyx of five leaves.

b The corolla of five irregular petals.

c The horn-fhaped nectary.

d A flower opened, to (how the ftamens

with the five connected anthers.
e The Itamens within the calyx.
f A fingle ftamen.
g The piftil.

h h h The heart-fhaped leaves.
; i The young leaves, involuted, rolled

inwards, or rather upwards.
k k k The fcape, with the double brade on

the middle of it.
/ One of the ftolones, or runners, putting

forth roots.

■&UJ+.//7 f/„. ,,,//, ,/.r ^ / /: /r/;/f „ ^

( 59 )

PLATE XXX. LETTER XXVII.
GYNANDRIA.

Paffiflora caerulea. Blue PaJJion Flower,

a The pal mated leaf.

b The corolla and calyx, each of five leaves,

and having the fame appearance in

front.
c The radiate crown, which is the nectary.
d The piftil and five ftamens.
e The anthers terminating the filaments,

which fpring from the bottom of the

germ, where it meets the pedicle,

upon which it ftands.
/// The three ftigmas arifing from the

germ.

y

s

A~ ,y /.,:/: /'. irj/.,-

/A//,.;/,./ A.,t. .y,. ., ,/,. //,., ,/;.„.,„. / jj//„fy ]■./„,

( 6i )

PLATE XXXL LETTER XXVIII.

MONOECIA.

Momordica Elaterium. Spirting Cucumber,

a a The male or ftaminiferous flowers.

b b The female or piftilliferous flowers, with
the laro-e germ below the receptacle.

c The male flower, mowing the three fila-
ments, with double anthers on two
of them, and a Ample anther on the
third.

d The germ, iurmounted with the ftyle,
divided into three parts, each part
fuftaining an oblong gibbous ftigma.

e The divided part of the ftyle, with the
ftigmas.

f Two different views of a fingle ftigma.

p

i'l.XYxn.

r*/4^ /-^-

7

^&'.jy7»--jL<**'6»* ■

( 63 )

PLATE XXXII. LETTER XXIX.

D 10 ECIA.

Cannabis fativa. Hemp.

Fi°-. i. Female Hemp.

a A fingle female flower.

b The feed included within the calyx.

Fi°\ 2. Male Hemp.
a Male flowers feparate.

pi.xxxh

'/,-, — &-„„„ i

( 65 )

PLATE XXXIII. LETTER XXX.

POLYGAMIA MONOECIjL

Acer campeftre. Common Maple.

a a The lobed leaves.

b b Bunches of flowers. — c Perfecl. —

d Male, with ftamens only.
e A (ingle perfecl: flower.
/ A petal.
g A perfecl flower diverted of the corolla

and calyx.
h A (ingle (tamen.
i The piftil, with the two revolute ftigmas,

and the rudiment of the two capiules,

terminating in a wins;.
k A male, or (laminiferous flower, and a

Angle petal of it.

ri.xxxi\

&wn .</„., //., . /,7// 1,,/J,:

//',//,:/,v,. /f,ry ,-...■, ,,, //<• //././:■. -r*. /,,/!///;?, x/,i,.

( 6; )

PLATE XXXIV. LETTER XXXI.

NECTARIES.

Fig. i. Aconitum Napellus. Blue Monk's
Hood,

a a The two recurved pedunculated nec-
taries.
b A fingle nectary, taken out of the flower.

Fig. 2. Delphinium Ajacis. Garden Lark"

f/iur.
a The nectary, continued backward in form
of a horn or fpur.

Fig. 3. Parnaffia paluftris.

a A flower, with the nectareous fcales at
the bafe of the ftamens.

b The five heart-fhaped nectaries, termi-
nating in hairs, with a little ball on
the top of each, and placed between
the ftamens.

Fig. 4. A petal of the Ranunculus, mowing
the honied gland iuft above the bafe.
on the infide at a a.
¥2

( 68 )

Fig. 5. Iris or Flag. The nectary, in form
of a villous line, along the middle of
one of the reflex petals.

Fig. 6. Fritillaria Imperialis. Crozvn Im-
perial,
a An excavation at the bafe of the petal,
" which is the neclary.

Fig. 7. Alphodelus luteus. Yellow AfphodeL

a The flower, mowing the fix ftamens, each

fitting on its valve, and the fix valves

forming an arch over the germ.

b A fingle filament on its fcale, which is

inferted into the bafe of the petal.

Fig. 8. Helleborus foetidus. Stinking Black-
Hellebore,

a The tubular nectaries placed in a ring at

the bafe of the ftamens.
b A fingle neclary.

I'l WAV

,/;.//„:/,.,/,..//..,.,-,

( 69 )
PLATE XXXV. LETTER XXXII.

CRTPT0GAM1A F1LICES. Ferns.

Ofmunda Spicant. Rough Sjileenwort.

Fig. i. The barren frond.

Fig. 2. The fertile frond.

Fig. 3. A fingle pinna magnified, with the
fcales at a a ; and covers of the
capfules at b b.

Fig. 4. A part of the pinna more magni-
fied, with the anthers on the rib
at a, and the membrane rolled
back at b b, to exhibit the rudi-
ments of the feed veffels at c c.

( 7° )
PLATE XXXVI. LETTER XXXII.

CRTPTOGAMIA MUSCL Mojfes.

Bryum pyriforme. Pear Bryum.

Fig. i. The mofs of its natural fize.
Fig. 2. The anthers yet entire.
Fig. 3. The female flower, while it is yet
inclofed within the inmoft leaves.

Fig. 4. The fame feparated, with the ap-
pendages, viz. a a the adduclors.
b b the cylindrical jointed threads.

PI XXXVI.

4

-

L> „„„„ > /,„, «/4 ./-. /.' /--^. )

■ ;,//,:/,./,.. //■„,, ,-.'.~ //, "./,/;,,'■■. /; #.///»/. ->■'■>■ ■

pi xxxvn.

Wl

o,.,.,„ ,</;7,r„.,y/ ,/:.r'/; /„,///

PL ATE XXXVII. LETTER XXXII.

CRYPTOGAMIA ALGAL.

Lichen ciliaris. Ciliated Liverwort.

Fig. i. The plant of its natural iize.
Figr. 2. The fame magnified.
a a The male or barren flower;.
b b The females in a flute of ripenefs.
c c The rooting; hairs.

d d The hairs, or cilia:, growing on the
extremities.

Fig. 3. The feeds magnified.

( 7* )

PLATE XXXVIII. LETTER XXXII.

CRYPTOGAMIA FUNGI. Fungufes.
AgaricusDillen. gifT. p. 185.

Fig. 1. Plants of different ages, and of their

.- • - natural, fize.

* . * • . ■ -.

a Is the Fungus in its perfecl ot adult llate.
b The fame in its middle ftate.
c Small plants jufl riling.

Fig. 2. A parcel of knotted threads from
the fungus marked b, fuppofed to
be the ffamens.

Fig. 3. A fe&ion of the cap (a) and la-
mella (b) of the fame fmall fungus
magnified.

Fig. 4. The ripe ieeds of this fungus much
magnified.

Obf. Thefe four plates are copied from
Hedwig's Theoria, as it would
have anfwered little purpofe to
figure fuch minute plants of their

natural fize only.

j

T HE EN D.

v\ x.v.win

'..y,.,.:.//,.,.. /.I,-//-,

/ * /

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