PPD OO
CPSP LOPES NOLS
oth At OO ne himdea ad

PT

—

a ee dead
al ntine al em BO tall dhthoad

5d BD aon
Vitae

Pe
‘ ee.
i

ee

LIBRARY OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

29075

SURVEY

a

a Lee
oe ae
an

=
ri 3
Be

FIRB LDIANA: ZOOLOGY

A continuation of the
ZOOLOGICAL SERIES
of

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

VOLUME 39

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY
Peo) 13
LIBRARY

ve PUSS
\” NATURAL &
HISTORY 4

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
CHICAGO, U.S.A.

5
FLED DIANA. ZOOLOGY
Published by
CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM
Volume 39 APRIL 22, 1959 No. 28

TICKS: ClXODOTDEA) OF ARABIA
With Special Reference to the Yemen’

HARRY HOOGSTRAAL
AND
MAKRAM N. KAISER

DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL ZOOLOGY
UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL RESEARCH UNIT No. 3

INTRODUCTION

Late in 1950, His Majesty Imam Ahmed Bin Yahya Hamid Al-Din,
King of the Yemen, invited the Director of the United States Naval
Medical Research Unit, Cairo, to send a group of experts to make a
brief medical survey of the Yemen for His Majesty’s guidance in future
administration of disease control. The Yemen collections reported
herein, totaling 9178 specimens, were obtained by the senior author
during this study, in January and February of 1951.

For an excellent account of the Yemen, with emphasis on its bio-
logical features, the reader is referred to Scott (1942).

A popular account of this work has already been presented (Hoog-
straal, 1952) as well as a geomedical survey (Mount, 1953; quoted by
Girolami, 1952). Specialized studies resulting from this mission
have since been published as follows: intestinal protozoa and
helminth parasites (Kuntz, Malakatis, Lawless, and Strome, 1953),
serological and bacteriological survey (Mount and Baranski, 1953),
epidemiology of schistosomiasis (Kuntz, 1952), amphibians and rep-
tiles (Schmidt, 1953), mammals and ectoparasites (Sanborn and
Hoogstraal, 1953), Phlebotomus (Theodor, 1953), Nycteribiidae (The-
odor and Moscona, 1954), mosquitoes (Knight, 1958a,b; Mattingly
and Knight, 1956), mites (Radford, 1954), a human intestinal fluke

1The oe and assertions contained herein are the private ones of the
authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the
Navy Department or the naval service at large.

Research Report NM 005 050.39.58.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 59-10695

No. 871 297 May D) 9 1959

rt ~ ry ie

“ Li eal ks Ur

NATURAL nuucoeiTy GE LL
HISTORY SURVEY acd

” 4959 LIBRARY

298 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 39

in a bat (Macy, 1953), a new species of tick (Arthur, 1955), and
Streblidae (Jobling, 1958).

The only previously published data on ticks of the Yemen are a
brief report of mostly questionable records of four species by Fran-
chini (1930), which were repeated by Grimaldi (1934), and Arthur’s
(1955) description of a new species collected during the present mission.

The delay in completing this report has been necessitated by
uncertainties over the identity of Hyalomma species. Of the 9178
specimens collected, 7539 (more than 80 per cent) were of this genus.
Hyalomma species are undoubtedly the most important ticks from
the medical and veterinary standpoint in Arabia, North Africa, and
the Near and Middle East. After considerable field and laboratory
study devoted to this genus, in which the junior author has played
an active and material role, it is felt that specific concepts are now
stable enough so that Hyalomma names utilized herein refer to rec-
ognizable specific entities. An equally perplexing problem contrib-
uting to this long delay has been the status of Yemeni populations of
Haemaphysalis sulcata (Hoogstraal, in press).

Full data and illustrations for most species reported herein have
been presented (Hoogstraal, 1956). Species not mentioned in this
monograph are, in most instances, illustrated and annotated in the
present report. The date of capture of Yemen specimens is not speci-
fied, since all were taken in January and February of 1951. All
specimens from wild animals were either taken from a single host or
the number of hosts is noted in parentheses following the host name.

Available data concerning species of ticks in other areas of Arabia
are provided in the last section of this report.

TICKS OF THE YEMEN

Family ARGASIDAE
Argas persicus (Oken, 1818). The Poultry Argas or Fowl Tick.
Hodeida, sea level: numerous nymphs and adults, in chicken house.

The fowl tick was sought only at Hodeida. It probably also occurs
in the Yemen highlands.

Ornithodoros savignyi (Audouin, 1827). The Eyed Tampan.
Near Hodeida, sea level: numerous nymphs and adults, under tree
beside trail.
Near Ta‘izz, 4000 ft. alt.: numerous nymphs and adults, under
tree beside trail.

“ra 7 ae a : } . ett CU
. ike (r
4q
28 HOOGSTRAAL AND KAISER: TICKS OF ARABIA 299

In the Yemen, eyed tampans are considerably more common in
camel yards and under trees where camels rest than these two records
indicate. People greatly fear their bites and infested sites are famous
for miles around.

Ornithodoros sp. Figure 49.

Near Ta‘izz, 3700 ft. alt.: 1 larva, off Mus musculus bactrianus
(feral).

This large larva, which conforms to none other known, probably
represents a unique species that should not be difficult to discover in
rodent burrows in the Ta‘izz area.

Diagnosis.—Larva (engorged) measures 2.20 mm. long and 1.87 mm.
wide. Lateral margins parallel, posterior margin bluntly rounded,
anterior margin slightly more acutely rounded. Lateral hairs num-
bering approximately 36, equidistantly spaced; those posterior to the
legs longer than those anterior to coxa III. Dorsal surface finely
shagreened; a subcircular squamous area present on anterior half.
Body grooves obscure. Mouth parts concealed from dorsal view,
arising from basis capituli situated midway between coxa I and
anterior body margin; hypostome elongate (not dissected), 2/2 den-
tition, no apparent corona, apex rounded; palpi moderately narrow,

- mall
an
WA /

S
Ne : L
=
SS es =
= = =
— = nace wy. <—— >
ae ys
>

Fig. 49. Ornithodoros sp. (engorged larva): A, dorsal view; B, ventral view.
Ta‘izz area.

300 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 39

reaching apex of hypostome. Legs moderately wide and long, with
small, indistinct coxae and acutely tapered tarsi.

Family IXODIDAE

Amblyomma gemma Donitz, 1909. The East African Highland
Bont Tick.

Ta‘izz, 4100 ft. alt.: 1 male, off cattle.

The single male from the Yemen corresponds to the description
of this species presented by Robinson (1926) and Theiler, Walker,
and Wiley (1956). However, as Doénitz (1909) has already stated,
with his typical perspicacity, A. gemma may prove to be a variety of
A. eburneum Gerstaecker, 1873. The strong suspicion that Dé6nitz
may be right has been aroused from evidence obtained during the
1956 Scientific Working Party on Ectoparasites and Arthropod-borne
Diseases in East Africa. This subject will be thoroughly reviewed in
a later work (Hoogstraal, in preparation), and, therefore, will not be
further discussed here on the basis of a single specimen.

Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricius, 1794). The Tropical Bont
Tick.

Ta‘izz area, 4100 ft. alt.: 3 larvae, 11 nymphs, off Lepus a. arahi-
cus; 4 nymphs, 1 male, off Gazella g. arabica; 2 nymphs, off Vulpes v.
arabica (Jebel Zarba, 7000 ft.) ; 84 nymphs, 148 males, 46 females, off
domestic cattle; 22 males, 3 females, off domestic camels; 1 male,
off domestic dog; 1 male, off human being (engorging on).

Ma‘bar, 7400 ft. alt.: 2 males, 2 females, off domestic cattle.

Half of the specimens from domestic camels at Ta‘izz are strongly
suggestive of A. pomposum (Hoogstraal, 1956, p. 245). Franchini’s
(1930) record of A. variegatum from Hodeida most probably refers to
ticks on highland cattle brought to the coast for slaughter or export.
This tick’s breeding grounds in the Yemen appear to be confined
largely to the irrigated valleys of the middle highlands. The finding
of a large number of nymphs and females on Ta‘izz cattle in January
may indicate that this is the season during which nymphs molt to
adults and females feed in this area.

Aponomma latum (Koch, 1844). The African Snake Tick.
Ta‘izz, 4100 ft. alt.: 1 male, off Psammophis schokart.

Three other specimens of this snake, from Hodeida and Wadi el-
Ghail, were uninfested, as were 10 specimens of other kinds of snakes

HOOGSTRAAL AND KAISER: TICKS OF ARABIA 301

from various localities in the Yemen (see Schmidt, 1953, for rep-
tile data).

It is of some interest that while the single Aponomma tick known
from a snake in southwestern Arabia is a species endemic in the Ethi-
opian Faunal Region, the several specimens of this genus from Vara-
nus lizards in this area represent an Oriental species (see p. 318).

Boophilus annulatus (Say, 1821). The Texas-Fever Tick.

Ta‘izz area, 4100 ft. alt.: 29 males, 804 females, off domestic cattle;
49 females, off domestic camels; 2 males, off domestic dogs; 3 females,
off domestic goats; 2 males, off domestic sheep; 2 males, in house;
1 female, under rock.

Ma‘bar, 7400 ft. alt.: 1 female, off domestic cattle.

No specimens of B. decoloratus, the species common in the Ethi-
opian Faunal Region, were found in the Yemen. Had we realized
this when in the field, we should have made greater effort to secure
material from a wider range of hosts in more localities, in anticipation
of recognizing the presence of small, scattered populations of this
African tick.

Haemaphysalis leachii leachii (Audouin, 1827). The Yellow
Dog-Tick.

Ta‘izz area (Jebel Zarba, 7000 ft. alt.): 2 males, off Vulpes »v.
arabica (see discussion below).

Haemaphysalis leachii muhsami Santos Dias, 1954. The Yellow
Small-Carnivore Tick.

Ta‘izz area (Jebel Zarba, 7000 ft. alt.): 3 males, 1 female, off
Vulpes v. arabica (see discussion below).

Haemaphysalis leachii subsp.

Ta‘izz area: 4 larvae, 9 nymphs, off Acomys dimidiatus homericus
(9); 1 nymph, off Arvicanthis niloticus naso (6).

The immature stages of H. leachii cannot be identified with cer-
tainty to subspecies. The finding of both subspecies on a single
host is not uncommon in Africa.

Haemaphysalis sulcata Canestrini and Fanzango, 1878. The
Middle East Lizard Haemaphysalid. Figure 50.

302 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 39

Ta‘izz area, 4100 ft. alt.: 2 larvae, 19 nymphs (2 females reared
from nymphs), off Agama adramitana; 2 larvae, off Acanthodactylus
boskianus asper; 2 males, off domestic cow.

Ma‘bar, 7400 ft. alt.: 2 larvae, 14 nymphs, off Eremias g. guttulata
(2); 4 males, off domestic cattle.

This species, including populations from the Yemen, has been re-
viewed by Hoogstraal (in press). It appears to form a widely ranging
cline, Yemeni populations of which show an abrupt geographical gra-
dient indicated chiefly by the smooth male scutum with scattered
large punctures and almost complete obsolescence of the dense
small punctures that are characteristic of typical populations of this
species in most other geographic areas. Populations in the moun-
tains of Sinai closely conform to those from the mountains of the
Yemen, and factors associated with altitude are suggested as influ-
encing morphological gradients in these areas.

Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum Koch, 1844 (sensu Pome-
rantzev). The Small Hyalomma.

Hodeida area, sea level to 100 ft. alt.: 286 males, 306 females, off
domestic camels; 24 males, 32 females, off domestic cattle (for slaugh-
ter); 11 males, off domestic sheep; 1 female, off Lepus arabicus subsp.

Ta‘izz area, 4100 ft. alt.: 956 males, 774 females, off domestic
camels; 267 males, 222 females, off domestic cattle; 142 males, 54
_ females, off domestic goats; 7 males, 10 females, off domestic dogs.

Ma‘bar area, 7400 ft. alt.: 11 males, 10 females, off domestic goats.

San‘a area, 7100 ft. alt.: 3 males, 6 females, off domestic camels;
5 males, 7 females, off domestic goats.

The large numbers of engorging females in these collections would
indicate that January and February are within the breeding season
of H. a. anatolicum at various altitudes in the Yemen. For a review
of the anatolicwm complex, see Hoogstraal and Kaiser (in press).
The subspecies anatolicum is the widely ranging, ubiquitous form
previously considered as ‘‘H. excavatum’’ (sensu Delpy) by non-
Soviet workers.

Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum Koch, 1844 (sensu Pome-
rantzev). The Large Anatolian Hyalomma.

Ta‘izz area: 9 males, 4 females, off domestic cattle; 10 males,
1 female, off domestic camels.

é ‘iM
Di .
hi

“ ¢ om & aie
gh) tee res Gis,

“sh NB hi

a) yf a R. D

£)

ene 2 ee
D i viii y

Fic. 50. Haemaphysalis sulcata Canestrini and Fanzango. A, B, male, dorsal
and ventral views; Ta‘izz, from cow. C, D, female, dorsal and ventral views;

reared from nymph from Agama adramitana.

303

304 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 39

This tick ranges through southeastern Europe, northern Africa,
the Near East and Arabia, into southern Russia (Hoogstraal and
Kaiser, in press).

Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844. The Camel Hyalomma.

Hodeida area, sea level to 100 ft. alt.: 297 males, 210 females, off
domestic camels; 47 males, 62 females, off domestic cattle (for slaugh-
ter).

Ta‘izz area, 4100 ft. alt.: 586 males, 405 females, off domestic
camels; 90 males, 77 females, off domestic cattle; 42 males, 48 females,
off domestic goats; 4 males, 4 females, off domestic dogs; 1 male, off
domestic sheep.

Ma‘bar area, 7400 ft. alt.: 1 male, 1 female, off domestic goats.

San‘a area, 7100 ft. alt.: 3 males, 6 females, off domestic camels;
38 males, 34 females, off domestic cattle.

As stated for H. a. anatolicum, it appears that January and Feb-
ruary are within the breeding season of H. dromedarii at various levels
in the Yemen. The 4 pairs of H. dromedarii taken on domestic dogs
at Ta‘izz are of some interest, inasmuch as this tick infrequently para-
sitizes carnivores. Members of Yemeni populations are smaller in
size than those commonly found elsewhere in the geographic range
of this tick.

Hyalomma impeltatum impeltatum Schulze and Schlottke, 1930.
Kratz’s Hyalomma.

Hodeida area, sea level to 100 ft. alt.: 49 males, 148 females, off
domestic camels; 66 males, 53 females, off domestic cattle (for slaugh-
ter); 1 male, off domestic sheep.

Ta‘izz area, 4100 ft. alt.: 11 males, 14 females, off domestic camels;
28 males, 9 females, off domestic cattle; 1 male, off domestic sheep;
1 male, off domestic dog.

San‘a area, 7100 ft. alt.: 1 male, 16 females, off domestic camels;
11 males, 6 females, off domestic cattle.

As in the previous two Hyalomma species, note the high propor-
tion of females. These data also suggest that H. 2. impeltatum may
be more numerous in the lowlands than in the mountains of the
Yemen. Remarks concerning the small size of Yemeni specimens of
H. dromedarti apply equally to those of H. 7. impeltatum. Yemeni
populations do not show the characters of the subspecies somalicum
Tonelli-Rondelli, which was recently found (Hoogstraal and Kaiser,

HOOGSTRAAL AND KAISER: TICKS OF ARABIA 305

in press) to bea valid subspecies of H. impeltatum. It is possible that
owing to the exceptionally small size of individuals in Yemeni popu-
lations, these subspecific criteria are obscured.

Hyalomma rufipes Koch, 1844. The Hairy Hyalomma.

Hodeida area, sea level to 100 ft. alt.: 1 male, 2 females, off domes-
tic cattle (for slaughter); 1 male, off domestic sheep.

Ta‘izz area, 4100 ft. alt.: 68 males, 64 females, off domestic camels;
63 males, 33 females, off domestic cattle; 3 males, 2 females, off domes-
tic dogs; 1 male, off human being (engorging on).

Ma‘bar area, 7400 ft. alt.: 10 males, 3 females, off domestic goats.

San‘a area, 7100 ft. alt.: 53 males, 38 females, off domestic cattle.

The fact that this was the predominant species taken on San‘a
cattle suggests predilection of H. rufipes for high altitude under con- |
ditions in the Yemen. The high ratio of females in these collections
suggests that January and February are in the breeding season of
this species in the Yemen.

Hyalomma spp.

Hodeida area, sea level to 100 ft. alt.: 15 larvae, 26 nymphs, off
Gerbillus cheesmani maritimus (10); 312 larvae, 452 nymphs, off Lepus
arabicus subsp. (6); 1 nymph, off Rattus r. rattus (commensal); 26
nymphs, off domestic camels.

Ta‘izz area, 4100 ft. alt.: 6 nymphs, off Vulpes v. arabica (Jebel
Zarba, 7000 ft. alt.); 17 larvae, 832 nymphs, off Lepus a. arabicus;
16 larvae, off Acomys dimidiatus homericus (9); 28 nymphs, off do-
mestic cattle; 225 nymphs, off domestic camels.

San‘a area, 7100 ft. alt.: 1 nymph, 6 females, off domestic cattle;
2 nymphs, off domestic camel.

Unfortunately, satisfactory diagnostic criteria for immature hya-
lommas have not yet been established. The epidemiological signifi-
cance of the data presented above would be much enhanced if these
ticks could be identified to species. Note the tremendous infestations
of hares and the significant rate of parasitism of gerbils and camels
by immature hyalommas.

Ixodes hoogstraali Arthur, 1955. The Yemeni Russet Tick. Fig-
ure 51.

Six miles south of Ma‘bar, 7400 ft. alt.: 22 females, off Meriones
rex buryt (8).

306 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 39

I. hoogstraali is known only from the 22 female specimens listed
above. Closely related to J. ugandanus Neumann, 1906, of East
Africa, it is tentatively considered as a species of Ethiopian Faunal
Region affinities and endemic in the higher mountains of south
western Arabia. No other species in this genus are known from Arabia.

\
tai Ay Mi Al ful

aN
4 >, oS
ei ;

iy i i
i f i

i

it
YW

i bit
0) f y i y

y
i
if Vy MW,

A Wii pp

ae
i

H MIN
Ay ee '

\ i
St \

A

Di ! a Ni fiwt

Wy ‘
H)]

=~ Alli

ond tfll TD

Fic. 51. Ixodes hoogstraali Arthur, paratype: A, dorsal view; B, ventral view.
Ma‘bar area.

Males of this tick will probably be easily found in the burrows or
nests of Meriones rex buryi near Ma‘bar. Males either do not feed
or feed for only short periods of time, and probably seldom if ever
leave the host’s burrow.

Diagnosis (female).—A pale brown species with dark brown scu-
tum, legs, and capitulum. Unfed individuals measure 2.8 mm. in
length; when engorged they measure up to 5.2 mm.

' Scutum lozenge-shaped, widest anterior to mid-level, narrowing
postero-laterally and abruptly rounded posteriorly; 1.01 mm. long,
0.73 mm. wide. Surface finely punctate with few, short, white hairs
anteriorly. Cervical grooves extending beyond mid-level of scutum,
converging anteriorly, thence diverging. Lateral carinae pronounced
anteriorly, extending to posterior third of scutum.

HOOGSTRAAL AND KAISER: TICKS OF ARABIA 307

CAPITULUM: Basis capituli dorsally mildly convex, faintly crazed,
impunctate, lacking hairs; porose areas superficial, subtriangular; pos-
terior margin straight or slightly concave with short, broadly rounded
postero-lateral junctures in place of cornua; postero-lateral margin
short, slightly divergent; ventrally lateral margins acutely divergent
from anterior margin to mid-length; with broad, retrograde auricu-
lae; thence with parallel lateral margins extending to slightly convex
posterior margin. Palpi reaching apex of hypostome; outer margin
concave, inner margin convex, paralleling outer margin; segment 2
slightly longer than segment 3, combined length of these two seg-
ments 5 times width. Hypostome approximately 0.38 mm. in length;
moderately wide, apex rounded; small corona present; dentition 2/2
in six files, 3/3 in three or four files, and 4/4 in one to three files.

INTEGUMENT with numerous, long, curved white hairs. Genital
aperture situated between coxae IV when unengorged, just anterior
to this level when engorged. Genital grooves narrowly rounded ante-
rior to genital aperture, gradually divergent posteriorly and extending
to posterior margin of body. Anus situated near posterior margin of
body. Anal groove circular, posteriorly with a slightly elongated,
triangular juncture. Spiracular plates oval, transversely elongate,
approximately equaling coxae IV in size.

LEGS: Cozxae not syncoxae; I with a short, broad internal spur,
II and III unarmed, IV with a very small external spur. Tarsus I
gradually tapering beyond haller’s organ; tarsus IV abruptly tapered
from near base to apex.

Male, nymph, and larva unknown.

Note: Illustrations and characters for identifying this species are
provided here only because they are not included in the easily avail-
able generic reviews commonly used for identifying African and
Near Eastern ticks.

Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neumann, 1897. The Red Tick.

Ta‘izz area, 4100 ft. alt.: 4 nymphs, off Lepus a. arabicus; 68 males,
60 females, off domestic cattle; 14 males, 10 females, off domestic
camels; 2 males, off domestic donkey; 2 females, off domestic dog.

Ma‘bar, 7400 ft. alt.: 1 male, off domestic cattle.

Immature stages of this tick usually parasitize larger animals, on
which adults also feed. A number of records of larvae and nymphs
on smaller animals, especially hares, are extant, though difficult to
explain (Hoogstraal, 1956, pp. 647-648).

308 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 39

Rhipicephalus simus simus Koch, 1844. The Glossy Tick.

Ta‘izz area, 4100 ft. alt.: 5 nymphs, off Mus musculus bactrianus
(feral) (2); 18 nymphs, off Meriones rex buryi (7); 23 nymphs, off
Acomys dimidiatus homericus (3); 3 larvae, 8 nymphs, off Arvicanthis
niloticus naso; 55 males, 104 females, off domestic cattle; 8 males,
17 females, off domestic camels; 1 male, 1 female, off domestic
dog.

The large number of R. s. simus taken on cattle in the Yemen is
of some interest (Hoogstraal, 1956, pp. 737-738).

Rhipicephalus sanguineus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806). The
Kennel Tick.

Hodeida area, sea level to 100 ft. alt.: 5 nymphs, off Suncus mu-
rinus sacer (8) (commensal); 2 larvae, 1 nymph, off Mus musculus
bactrianus (commensal) (2); 2 nymphs, off Rattus r. rattus (commen-
sal); 5 larvae, 2 nymphs, off Gerbillus cheesmani maritimus; 16 larvae,
16 nymphs, off Lepus arabicus subsp.; 1 male, 1 female, off Hyaena
h. sultana (captive); 1 male, 1 female, off human being (engorging on) ;
7 males, 7 females, off domestic dogs; 3 males, 3 females, off domestic
eats (all R. secundus Feldman-Muhsam); 2 males, off domestic camel.

Ta‘izz area, 4100 ft. alt.: 1 nymph, off Rattus r. rattus (commensal) ;
7 nymphs, 5 males, 4 females, off Lepus a. arabicus (1 female R. secun-
dus); 16 males, 22 females, off Vulpes v. arabica (Jebel Zarba, 7000 ft.
alt.) (females R. secundus); 15 males, 15 females, off Gazella g. arab-
ica (3) (4 females R. secundus) ; 1 female, off human being (engorging
on); 44 males, 40 females, off domestic cattle (24 females R. secun-
dus); 9 males, 1 female, off domestic camels; 10 males, 6 females, off
domestic dogs; 1 male, 1 female, off domestic sheep; 1 male, 2 females,
off domestic goats.

Ma‘bar, 7400 ft. alt.: 1 male, 1 female, off Vulpes v. arabica
(female R. secundus); 1 male, off domestic cattle.

San‘a, 7100 ft. alt.: 4 males, 4 females, off domestic cattle.

Yemen specimens presented to American institutions were ob-
tained by Dr. B. Feldman-Muhsam who returned a number of them
labeled R. secundus Feldman-Muhsam, as noted in parentheses above.
Weare unable to distinguish this species among non-Palestinian pop-
ulations of R. s. sanguineus.

HOOGSTRAAL AND KAISER: TICKS OF ARABIA 309

HOSTS OF TICKS IN THE YEMEN

SNAKES
Psammophis schokari (Forskal, 1775)

A male Aponomma latum was removed from this snake at Ta‘izz,
but no other snakes (13 specimens representing 5 species) were found
infested in the Yemen.

LIZARDS
Agama adramitana Anderson, 1896

One of these lizards near Ta‘izz bore 2 larvae and 21 nymphs of
Haemaphysalis sulcata. Sixty-eight others taken near Ta‘izz were
free of ticks.

Eremias guttulata guttulata (Lichtenstein, 1823)

Two of 71 specimens examined from Ta‘izz, Ma‘bar, and San‘a
were infested; these 2, from Ma‘bar, yielded 2 larvae and 14 nymphs
of Haemaphysalis sulcata.

Acanthodactylus boskianus asper (Audouin, 1827)

Two larvae of Haemaphysalis sulcata were found on this lizard
near Ta‘izz. Ninety-three other lizards of this form, examined near
Ta‘izz and Hodeida, were free of ticks.

COMMENSAL MAMMALS
Suncus murinus sacer Ehrenberg, 1833

Three of the 25 shrews examined from the bazaars of Hodeida,
where they are extremely numerous, yielded a total of 5 nymphs of
Rhipicephalus s. sanguineus.

Rattus rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Commensal rats appear rarely to be hosts of ticks. Only 3 nymphs
of Rhipicephalus s. sanguineus and one of Hyalomma sp. were found
on the 54 animals examined in the Yemen.

Mus musculus bactrianus Blyth, 1846

Three immature FRhipicephalus s. sanguineus infested 2 mice
from the Hodeida bazaars, but no ticks were found on city mice at
Ma‘bar (2) or San‘a (19).

310 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 39

FERAL MAMMALS

Vulpes vulpes arabica Thomas, 1902

An Arabian fox from 7000 feet altitude on Jebel Zarba, near Ta‘izz,
was infested by 2 nymphal Amblyomma variegatum, 6 nymphal Hya-
lomma sp., 38 adult Rhipicephalus s. sanguineus, 2 males of Haema-
physalis 1. leachti, and 3 males and a female of H. leachit muhsamt.
The second specimen, near Ma‘bar, yielded 2 adult R. s. sanguineus.

Hyaena hyaena sultana Pocock, 1934

The only hyena examined, trapped a few weeks earlier on the out-
skirts of Hodeida, bore 2 adult Rhipicephalus s. sanguineus.

Lepus arabicus arabicus Ehrenberg, 1833

Although this hare is common around Ta‘izz, we obtained only a
single specimen at El Hauban in Wadi Maleh, 3900 feet elevation.
It was infested by 14 immature Amblyomma. variegatum, 49 immature
Hyalomma spp., 4nymphal Rhipicephalus e. evertst, and 7 nymphs and
9 adults of R. s. sanguineus. If this single animal is a satisfactory
indication, hares in the Ta‘izz area may be considered as important
tick hosts.

Lepus arabicus subsp.

Six hares were taken among sand hummocks in the scattered shrub
coastal plain desert around Hodeida, where they are exceedingly numer-
ous. These 6 hosts, which yielded a female Hyalomma a. anatolicum,
764 immature Hyalomma spp., and 32 immature Rhipicephalus s.
sanguineus, indicate that hares of the coastal plain are indeed sig-
nificant hosts of ticks.

Arvicanthis niloticus naso Pocock, 1934

In the Ta‘izz area, 6 grass rats bore a nymphal Haemaphysalis
leachit subsp. and 11 immature Rhipicephalus s. simus.

Mus musculus bactrianus Blyth, 1846

The 2 feral specimens of mice taken on this mission were trapped
at a termite mound in an acacia thicket bordering a seepage area in
Wadi Maleh, 7 miles east of Ta‘izz, 3700 feet elevation. On them was
found a larval Ornithodoros sp., and 5 nymphal Rhipicephalus s. simus.

HOOGSTRAAL AND KAISER: TICKS OF ARABIA 311

Acomys dimidiatus homericus Thomas, 1923

Nine spiny mice were taken in fields and rocky outcrops within
7 miles of Ta‘izz. These yielded 13 immature Haemaphysalis leachii
subsp., 16 larval Hyalomma spp., and 23 nymphal Rhipicephalus s.
simus. Thus, with an average of more than 5 parasites per animal,
Acomys mice appear to be of some importance as hosts of immature
ticks in the Ta‘izz area.

Gerbillus cheesmani maritimus Sanborn and Hoogstraal, 1953

Ticks on the 10 gerbils caught from five to thirteen miles south-
east of Hodeida among the hummocks on the coastal desert were 41
immature Hyalomma spp. and 7 immature Rhipicephalus s. sanguin-
eus. Gerbils undoubtedly play an important role in maintaining the
immature stages of certain ticks on the coastal desert.

Meriones rex buryi Thomas, 1902

Three of the 5 specimens of jirds taken in the fields around Ma‘bar
(7400 feet altitude) were infested by 22 females of Ixodes hoogstraali
and 7 others in the Ta‘izz area by 18 nymphal Rhipicephalus s. simus.
No ticks were found on 4 jirds near San‘a.

Gazella gazella arabica (Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1827)

Three of the 5 gazelles obtained near Ta‘izz bore 4 nymphs and a
misformed male of Amblyomma variegatum and 15 pairs of adult Rhig-
cephalus s. sanguineus.

HUMAN BEINGS
Three Rhipicephalus s. sanguineus were removed while engorging
on members of our party, a male and a female tick at Hodeida and
a female near Ta‘izz. In the latter area, single males of Amblyom-
ma variegatum and Hyalomma rufipes were taken in the same cir-
cumstances.

DOMESTIC ANIMALS
Camels

Ticks removed from camels in the coastal lowlands around Ho-
deida were 507! Hyalomma dromedarii (a large number of which were

1 Numbers refer to adult specimens unless otherwise specified.

312 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 39

engorging females), 542 H. a. anatolicum (over half of which were en-
gorging females), 192 H. 2. impeltatum (approximately four-fifths of
which were engorging females), 26 nymphal Hyalomma spp., and 2
Rhipicephalus s. sanguineus. Large numbers of Ornithodoros savignyi
were also obtained from sand in the shade of a tree beside a camel trail
near Hodeida. Around Ta‘izz, at about 4000 feet elevation, camels
yielded 25 Amblyomma variegatum, 49 Boophilus annulatus, 1730 Hya-
lomma a. anatolicum, 11 H.anatolicum excavatum, 941 Hyalomma drom-
edarti, 25 H. 2. impeltatum, 182 H. rufipes, 225 nymphal Hyalomma
spp., 24 Rhipicephalus e. evertsi, 25 R. s. simus, and 10 R. s. sanguineus.
As at Hodeida, a large proportion of the hyalommas were engorging
females and numerous Ornithodoros savignyt were found under a tree
beside a camel trail. Higher in the mountains, fewer camels were
examined. At San‘a (about 7000 feet altitude), we took 9 H. a. ana-
tolicum, 9'H. dromedarwi, 17 H. 2. impeltatum (including only a single
male), and 2 nymphal Hyalomma sp.

Yemeni camels are heavily tick-infested and more formal col-
lections from them should yield much valuable data concerning
tick biology in the Yemen.

Cattle

Cattle are not maintained in the coastal desert in the Hodeida
area but numerous ticks are introduced on those brought for slaughter.
Cattle are common in many localities higher in the mountains. In
the vicinity of Ta‘izz, cattle yielded the single Amblyomma gemma
(a male) taken during this mission, 84 nymphs and 194 adults of
A. variegatum, 29 males and 804 females of Boophilus annulatus,
2 male Haemaphysalis sulcata, 489 Hyalomma a. anatolicum, 13 H.
anatolicum excavatum, 167 H. dromedari, 387 H. 2. tmpeltatum, 96
H. rufipes, 28 nymphal Hyalomma spp., 128 Rhipicephalus e. evertst,
159 R. s. simus, and 84 R. s. sanguineus. Around Ma‘bar (7400 feet
altitude), 4 Amblyomma variegatum, 1 Boophilus annulatus, 4 (male)
Haemaphysalis sulcata, 1 Rhipicephalus e. evertsi, and 1 R. s. san-
guineus were found on cattle. At San‘a (7100 feet altitude), cattle
yielded 72 Hyalomma dromedarii, 17 H. 7. impeltatum, 91 H. rufipes,
7 Hyalomma spp., and 8 Rhipicephalus s. sanguineus. Although
cattle at Ma‘bar and San‘a were noticeably freer of ticks than those
at Ta‘izz, opportunities for collecting from these animals were much
poorer at Ma‘bar and San‘a than they were at Ta‘izz, and the data
have little or no quantitative significance. The disproportionately
high number of Hyalomma rufipes taken at San‘a, however, is
noteworthy.

HOOGSTRAAL AND KAISER: TICKS OF ARABIA 313

Goats

Less attention was paid to goats and sheep than to camels and
cattle. At Ta‘izz, 3 Boophilus annulatus, 196 Hyalomma a. anatoli-
cum, 90 H. dromedarii, and 3 Rhipicephalus s. sanguineus were found
on goats. Twenty-one Hyalomma a. anatolicum were taken from
goats at Ma‘bar and 12 of the same tick at San‘a, while at Ma‘bar
13 Hyalomma rufipes were also collected.

Sheep

Two Boophilus annulatus, 1 Hyalomma dromedarii, 1 H. 7. impel-
tatum, and 2 Rhipicephalus s. sanguineus parasitized sheep at Ta‘izz.
A few sheep at Hodeida yielded 11 male Hyalomma a. anatolicum
and single males of H. 7. impeltatum and H. rufipes.

Dogs

A male Amblyomma variegatum, 2 female Boophilus annulatus, 17
Hyalomma a. anatolicum, 8 H. dromedarii, 1 H. 7. impeltatum, 5 H.
rufipes, 2 Rhipicephalus e. evertsi, 2 R. s. simus, and 16 R. s. sanguin-
eus parasitized the few dogs examined at Ta‘izz, indicating a remark-
ably high rate and variety of tick infestation in this area. At Ho-
deida, 14 R. s. sanguineus were taken from a few dogs.

Cats
Three cats examined at Hodeida yielded 6 R. s. sanguineus.

Donkey
Two male R. e. evertsi were found on a donkey at Ta‘izz.

WILD MAMMAL SPECIES NEGATIVE FOR TICKS

Number

Species Locality examined
Eidolon: cabaetine (ANdGrSON) 2077 82 650 noc ec ee seis Ta‘izz 1
Nycteris capensis damarensis Peters...............-04-. San‘a, Al‘Asr 28
Hipposideros caffer caffer (Sundevall)................... San‘a (near) 2
Rhinolophus clivosus acrotis Heuglin.................... Ta‘izz 25
Rhinolophus clivosus acrotis Heuglin.................... San‘a, Al‘Asr 1
Rhinolophus:blastt: Peters) cic coe ic fleet eo ei Ma‘bar (near) i:
HIAROIODNUS OST. Petts see eho ci tdi ene ke ee Sees San‘a, Al‘Asr 99
Papistreiis kuntiackuntia (kab) ola eae ce nt ke ee ee Ma‘bar 1
Pipistretius hunts euniie (Can) ace tees. se ayer: ease San‘a 3
Chaerophon pumilis pumilis (Cretzschmar).............. Hodeida, Bajil 7
Myomys fumatus yemeni Sanborn and Hoogstraal........ San‘a (near) 3

314 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 39

Rattus rattus rattus (Linnaeus)! (commensal)............ San‘a 19
Mus musculus bactrianus Blyth (commensal)............ Ma‘bar ut
Mus musculus bactrianus Blyth (commensal)............ San‘a 19
Gerbillus (Dipodillus) famulus Yerbury and Thomas...... Ma‘bar 6
Gerbillus (Dipodillus) famulus Yerbury and Thomas...... Ta‘izz area 6
Meriones rex 0utyy TDOmas), ee ee ee eee hails eee San‘a area 4
Gazella dorcas saudyia Carruthers and Schwarz.......... Ma‘bar area 2
Procavia syriaca jayakart Thomas.................0000: Ta‘izz area 5

TICKS OF OTHER ARABIAN AREAS

Arabia (fig. 52) is here considered as Transjordan, Muscat, Oman,
Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrein, Qatar, Trucial Oman, Yemen, and
Aden (Aden Colony and Aden Protectorate). It may be of interest
to add that in the states north of Arabia, the tick fauna of Palestine
is moderately well known, a report on that of Iraq by the present
writers is in press in the Iraqi Journal of Medical Sciences, and
knowledge of ticks in Syria and Lebanon is meager.

Although the tick fauna of Arabia, except in the Yemen, is far
from rich in variety, there is little doubt that a number of already
described species await discovery there. Practically nothing is
known of the Arabian tick fauna outside of the Yemen. The fol-
lowing records are available, chiefly from the Hoogstraal collection.

TRANSJORDAN

The only tick data from Transjordan result from collections made
by Professor B. Babudieri of Rome, in his capacity as special consult-
ant for the World Health Organization. Professor Babudieri brought
his collections to us for identification. These data have been briefly
discussed in mimeographed reports (Babudieri, 1954, 1955).

Argas persicus

The fowl tick was found in a number of localities, including
Amman.

Argas sp. (reflexus group)

Professor Babudieri kindly presented us with four specimens taken
at El Azraq, an oasis east of Amman, from dust in a hole in a wall in
which a mongoose (“Civetta’’ according to the Professor) lived. We
are presently gathering material for a revision of this group based
on collections from many parts of the world and are unable at the

1 Tick-infested hosts of this subspecies were found in other areas of the Yemen.

HOOGSTRAAL AND KAISER: TICKS OF ARABIA 315

oS \
$y 2
Px eJorosh NV
oS Senin .
Oh geal Arras Ne ys
Nablus Ammo, ye Ni
his aS
Jerustlem =< aa
* \ NS
‘\ ore i]
; 1
TRANS- JORDAN \ oes / KUWAIT

~ _—
aA, 4

em ae *

GULF OF

Royal Farms
e

@ Khafsdughara

SAUDI ARABIA

SEA

ARABIAN

Fic. 52. Map of Arabia, showing political divisions and localities mentioned
in text.

present time to venture a guess on the systematic status of these
specimens.

Ornithodoros coniceps (Canestrini, 1890)

Large numbers of spirochete-infested specimens were found in
houses and stables in Nablus and elsewhere in Marda District, where
they feed on chickens and people. Some of these ticks were used for
the life-cycle studies reported by Davis and Mavros (1956). The
literature on this species has been listed by Hoogstraal (1956, p. 115).

Ornithodoros t. tholozani Laboulbene and Megnin, 1882
Numerous spirochete-infested specimens were found in caves in

Irbid (5 caves), Jarash (1 cave), Madaba (1 cave), Jenin (1 cave),

Tulkharm (2 caves), and Jerusalem (1 cave) (Babudieri, 1954). Spi-

316 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 39

rochetes from some of these populations of this important relapsing
fever vector were tested comparatively with others from Egypt,
U.S.S.R., and Palestine by Davis and Hoogstraal (1956).

Hyalomma a. anatolicum

“This species (as H. excavatum) is particularly numerous in the
eastern desert.”’ (Babudieri, 1954.)

Rhipicephalus s. sanguineus

Professor Babudieri returned with many specimens of the kennel
tick from Transjordan.

Ornithodoros erraticus (Lucas, 1849)

“It should be noted that contrary to what happens in... Egypt
and North Africa, I have (not) found ticks of the genus Ornithodoros
in the burrows of sylvatic rodents (in Transjordan).’”’ (Babudieri,
1954.) This remark would indicate that O. erraticus is absent or at
least rare and localized in Transjordan.

MUSCAT

The following material, identified by us for the British Museum
(Natural History), was collected by Mr. W. Lethbridge in Novem-
ber, 1906.

Hyalomma a. anatolicum

Muscat: 2 males, 2 females, from cow. Matera, Muscat: 2 males,
2 females, from horse.

Hyalomma dromedarii
Multra near Muscat: 5 females, from camel. Muscat: 1 female,
from cow.
TRUCIAL OMAN

Hyalomma a. anatolicum

We have seen several specimens of this tick from Trucial Oman,
without further data.

OMAN, QATAR, KUWAIT, AND BAHREIN

No tick records are available from these areas.

HOOGSTRAAL AND KAISER: TICKS OF ARABIA 317

SAUDI ARABIA

Hyalomma a. anatolicum

Khafsdughara: 85 males, 28 females, off domestic camels, April 5,
1954, J. B. Mimms; 26 males, 22 females, off domestic cattle,
April 5, 1954, J. B. Mimms; 11 males, 2 females, off Jersey bull,
February 8, 1954, J. B. Mimms; 75 males, 10 females, off domestic
horses, April 5, 1954, J. B. Mimms.

Al Karji Royal Farms: 14 males, 6 females, off dairy cattle,
April 20, 1954, J. B. Mimms; 7 females, off steer, April 30, 1954,
J. B. Mimms.

Dammam: 1 male, 14 females, off domestic horses, July 24, 1950,
R. H. Daggy.

Dhahran: 3 males, 2 females, off domestic horses, July 1, 1950,
R. H. Daggy.

Hyalomma dromedarii

Dammam: 5 males, 1 female, off domestic camels, July 24, 1954,
R. H. Daggy.

Khafsdughara: 19 males, 7 females, off domestic camels, April 5,
1954, J. B. Mimms; 1 female, off domestic cattle, April 5, 1954,
J. B. Mimms.

Hyalomma i. impeltatum

Dammam: 9 males, 6 females, off domestic camels, July 24, 1950,
R. H. Daggy.

Hyalomma spp.

Dammam: 24 nymphs, off domestic camels, July 24, 1950,
R. H. Daggy.

Khafsdughara: 4 nymphs, off domestic horses, April 5, 1954,
J. B. Mimms.

Dhahran: 58 nymphs, off domestic horses, July 1, 1950, R. H.
Daggy.

Al Karji Royal Farms: 32 larvae, off dairy cattle, April 20, 1954,
J. B. Mimms.

“SOUTHERN ARABIA’’

The following localities, from labels of material identified by
Hoogstraal from collections of the British Museum (Natural His-
tory), cannot be more closely defined.

318 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 39

Aponomma gervaisi Lucas, 1847

El Kubar, Amini country: 1 male, from Varanus ocellatus.

Gebel Baringo: 1 female, 10 nymphs, from V. ocellatus, Sir H.
Johnstone, collector.

Identification of these Oriental lizard ticks was confirmed by
Dr. G. Theiler. However, the status of various populations refer-
able to this species is moot and likely to further change. At any rate,
it is of interest that the Aponomma parasite of snakes in southern
Arabia is a species endemic to the Ethiopian Faunal Region while
that of Varanus lizards is an Oriental form.

Amblyomma variegatum

Ain, southern Arabia: 1 male, from Arabian wolf, Canis lupus
arabs, B.S. Thomas, collector. This unusual host and locality record
has been reported by Hoogstraal (1954).

ADEN (COLONY AND PROTECTORATE)

Ornithodoros savignyi

Specimens, probably from in or near Aden colony, have been re-
ported by Nuttall et al. (1908), Patton and Cragg (1913), and Cunliffe
(1922). During the Yemen mission, Hoogstraal collected a number
of nymphs and adults from under a tree on a camel trail between
Aden and Lahej.

Hyalomma a. anatolicum

Two males were taken from cattle and 1 female from a camel at
Aden after returning from the Yemen.

Hyalomma dromedarii

Many specimens were taken from camels at Aden after we
returned from the Yemen mission, and collections in the British
Museum (Natural History) contain many specimens also taken from
camels at Aden.

Rhipicephalus s. sanguineus
Schulze (1936, 1941) reported specimens from Aden under the
synonymous name R. macropis, new sp.

Six males and 3 females were taken from a domestic dog at Lahej
(January, Hoogstraal) while we were en route to the Yemen.

HOOGSTRAAL AND KAISER: TICKS OF ARABIA 319

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

No report of results of the United States Navy Medical Mission
to the Yemen is complete without acknowledgment of thanks due to
all levels of the Yemen government for material assistance and hos-
pitality, to Judge Jasper Brinton of the American Embassy, Cairo,
for diplomatic arrangements for this mission, and to Mr. Abdel Aziz
Salah of NAMRU 8, whose efforts as liaison officer considerably en-
hanced the success of the mission.

SUMMARY

Data are provided for the following species of ticks taken in the
Yemen during the United States Naval Medical Mission to the Yemen,
1951: Argas persicus, Ornithodoros savignyt, O. sp., Amblyomma
gemma, A. variegatum, Aponomma latum, Boophilus annulatus, Hae-
maphysalis 1. leachii, H. leachii muhsami, H. leachit subsp. H. sulcata,
Hyalomma a. anatolicum, H. anatolicum excavatum, H. dromedarii, H. 1.
impeltatum, H. rufipes, H. spp., Ixodes hoogstraali, Rhipicephalus e.
evertsi, R. s. simus, and R. s. sanguineus. Other literature on results
of this Mission is also listed. The present Yemen collection consists
of 9178 specimens, of which 7538 (approximately 82 per cent) are
_Hyalomma species.

The following tick species are known from the other political
areas of Arabia: TRANSJORDAN: Argas persicus, A. sp. (reflexus
group), Ornithodoros coniceps, O. t. tholozani, Hyalomma a. anatoli-
cum, and Rhipicephalus s. sanguineus. Muscat: Hyalomma a. ana-
tolicum and H. dromedariit. TRUCIAL OMAN: H. a. anatolicum.
OMAN, QATAR, KUWAIT, and BAHREIN: None. SAUDI ARABIA: H. a.
anatolicum, H. dromedarii, H. i. impeltatum, H. spp. “SOUTHERN
ARABIA”: Aponomma gervaisi and Amblyomma variegatum. ADEN
(COLONY and PROTECTORATE): Ornithodoros savignyi, Hyalomma
dromedarii, H. a. anatolicum, Rhipicephalus s. sanguineus.

REFERENCES

ARTHUR, D. R.

1955. Ixodes hoogstraali, a new species of tick from Yemen. Parasitology, 45,
(1-2), pp. 128-130.

BABUDIERI, B.

1954. Survey on relapsing fever in Jordan, July-September 1954. Preliminary
report. WHO (Alexandria), EM/Epid/3 (Jordan 12), mimeographed. 5 pp.

1955. Survey on relapsing fever in Jordan, July-September 1954. Final report.
WHO (Alexandria), EM/Epid/3 (Jordan 12), mimeographed. Add. 1, 3 pp.

320 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 39

CUNLIFFE, N.

1922. Some observations on the biology and structure of Ornithodoros savignyi,
Audouin. Parasitology, 14, (1), pp. 17-26.

Davis, G. E., and HOOGSTRAAL, H.

1956. The relapsing fevers: a survey of tick-borne spirochetes in Egypt. Atti VI
Cong. Internaz. Microbiol., 5, (1953), pp. 24-25 (abstract).

Davis, G. E., and MAvros, A. J.

1956. Concerning the life cycle of Ornithodoros coniceps (Canestrini, 1890) (Ixo-
doidea, Argasidae). Jour. Egypt. Public Health Assn., 31, (1), pp. 55-59.

DOnITz, W.

1909. Uber das Zeckengenus Amblyomma. Berlin Sitzber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde,
1909, (8), pp. 440-482.

FRANCHINI, G.
1930. Distribuzione degli ixodidi nello Jemen (Arabia meridionale). Reperto di
spirochete nei pidocchi della citta di Sana. Arch. Ital. Sci. Med. Colon., 11,
(8), pp. 449-452.

GIROLAMI, M.

1952. Considerazioni mediche su un viaggio nello Yemen. Arch. Ital. Sci. Med.
Trop. Parasit., 33: 355-404, 21 figs., 1 map.

GRIMALDI, V.

1934. Gli ixodid delle Colonie Italiane e le malattie da essi transmesse. Arch.
Ital. Sci. Med. Colon., 15, (7), pp. 504-513.

HOOGSTRAAL, H.
1952. Yemen opens the door to progress. Nat. Geog. Mag., 101, (2), pp. 213-
244,

1954. Noteworthy African tick records in the British Museum (Natural History)
collections (Ixodoidea). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 56, (6), pp. 273-279.
1956. African Ixodoidea. 1. Ticks of the Sudan (with special reference to
Equatoria Province and with preliminary reviews of the genera Boophilus,
Margaropus, and Hyalomma). 1101 pp., U. S. Navy, Washington, D.C.

(In press.) Geographic and individual variation in the Middle East lizard
haemaphysalid, Haemaphysalis sulcata Canestrini and Fanzango, 1878 (Ixo-
doidea, Ixodidae).

HoocGstTRAAL, H. (Editor)

(In preparation.) Studies on East African ticks, other ectoparasites, and their
hosts; based on materials and data collected by the Scientific Working Party
on Ectoparasites and Arthropod-borne Diseases sponsored by the United
States Naval Medical Research Unit (Cairo) and the East African Veterinary
Research Organization (Muguga, Kenya), 1956. U.S. Navy.

HOOGSTRAAL, H., and KAISER, M. N.

(In press.) Observations on Egyptian Hyalomma ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae).
5. Biological notes and differences in identity of H. anatolicum and its sub-
species anatolicum Koch and excavatum Koch among Russian and other
workers. Identity of H. lusitanicum.

(In press.) Recent developments in systematics of Hyalomma ticks, with keys
to species (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae).

JOBLING, B.

1958. Streblidae from Yemen, with description of one subspecies of Ascodip-
teron (Diptera). Fieldiana: Zool., 39, (17), pp. 185-189.

HOOGSTRAAL AND KAISER: TICKS OF ARABIA 321

KniGut, K. L.

1953a. Two new species of mosquitoes from the Yemen (Diptera: Culicidae).
Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 43, (10), pp. 320-325.

1953b. The mosquitoes of the Yemen (Diptera, Culicidae). Proc. Ent. Soc.

Washington, 55, (5), pp. 212-234.
KUuUNTz, R. E.

1952. Schistosoma mansoni and S. hematobium in the Yemen, southwest Arabia,
with a report on an unusual factor in the epidemiology of schistosomiasis
mansoni. Jour. Parasit., 38, (1), pp. 24-28.

Kuntz, R. E., MALAKATIS, G. M., LAWLEsS, D. K., and STROME, C. P. A.

1953. Medical mission to the Yemen, southwest Arabia, 1951. II. A cursory
survey of the intestinal protozoa and helminth parasites in the people of the
Yemen. Amer. Jour. Trop. Med. Hyg., 2, (1), pp. 13-19.

Macy, R. W.

1953. First report of the human intestinal fluke Heterophyes heterophyes from
a Yemen bat, Rhinolophus clivosus acrotis. Jour. Parasit., 39, (5), p. 571.

MATTINGLY, P. F., and KNIGHT, K. L. ;
1956. The mosquitoes of Arabia. I. Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist., 4, (3),
pp. 91-141.
MOownrt, R. A.
1953. Medical mission to the Yemen, southwest Arabia, 1951. I. Geomedical
observations. Amer. Jour. Trop. Med. Hyg., 2, (1), pp. 1-12.
Mownt, R. A., and BARANSKI, J. R.

1953. Medical mission to the Yemen, southwest Arabia, 1951. III. A serolog-
ical peas Rene aeloeca survey. Amer. Jour. Trop. Med. Hyg., 2, (1),
pp. :

NUTTALL, G. H. F., WARBURTON, C., COOPER, W. F., and ROBINSON, L. E.
1908. Ticks. A monograph of the Ixodoidea. Part 1. The Argasidae, pp. 1-104
and Bibliography (35 pp.). Cambridge University Press.
PATTON, W. S., and CraG«G, F. W.
1913. A textbook of medical entomology. 768 pp. London, Madras and
Calcutta.
RADFORD, C. D.
1954. Some mites of Yemen collected by the medical mission of the United
States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3. Fieldiana: Zool., 34, (28),
pp. 295-313.
ROBINSON, L. E.
1926. The genus Amblyomma, in NUTTALL, G. H. F., et al., Ticks. A mono-
graph of the Ixodoidea, 302 pp. Cambridge University Press.
SANBORN, C. C., and HooGSsTRAAL, H.
1953. Some mammals of Yemen and their ectoparasites. Fieldiana: Zool., 34,
(23), pp. 229-252.
SCHMIDT, K. P.
Bae Amphibians and reptiles of Yemen. Fieldiana: Zool., 34, (24), pp. 253-

SCHULZE, P.

1936. Zwei neue Rhipicephalus und eine neue Haemaphysalis nebst Bemer-
kungen iiber Zeckenarten aus verschiedenen Gattungen. Zeitschr. f. Para-
sitenk., 8, Heft 5, pp. 521-527, 6 text figs.

322 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 39

Scott, H.
1942. In the high Yemen. 260 pp. London.

THEILER, G., WALKER, J. B., and WILEY, A. J.

1956. Ticks in the South African Zoological Survey collection: Part VIII: Two
East African ticks. Onderstepoort Jour. vet. Res., 27, (1), pp. 838-99.

THEODOR, O.

1953. Ona collection of Phlebotomus from the Yemen. Jour. Washington Acad.
Sci., 43, (4), pp. 119-121.

THEODOR, O., and Moscona, A.

1954. On bat parasites in Palestine. I. Nycteribiidae, Streblidae, Hemiptera
Siphonaptera. Parasitology, 44, (1-2), pp. 157-245.

TO a eS ee re

ee

a a Se ee

*

)

UN