BOOK 595.42.N96 v 2 c 1 NUTTALL f TICKS MONOGRAPH OF IXOOOIDEA 3 T153 OOmsSlB 0 Date Due wr 25 THE GENUSAMBLYOMMA By L. E. ROBINSON, ' Ph.D. (Cantab.), A.R.O.Sc. (Lond.) Being Part IV commencing Vol. II OF TICKS: A Monograph of the Ixodoidea BY GEORGE H. F. NUTTALL, F.R.S., C. WARBURTON and L. E. ROBINSON CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON: FETTER LANE, E.C.4 ALSO H. K. LEWIS AND CO., LTD., 136, GOWER STREET, LONDON, W.C. 1 WHKLDON AND WESLEY, LTD.,2-4, ARTHUR STREET, NEW OXFORD STREET, LONDON, W.C. 2 NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN CO. TORONTO: THE MACMILLAN CO. OP CANADA, LTD. BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, MADRAS: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD. TOKYO: THE MABUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA fr* fff* i THE MACMILLAN ^n PART IV (the first part of volume ii) THE GENUS AMBLYOMMA VL TICKS A MONOGRAPH OF THE IXODOIDEA BY GEORGE H. F. NUTTALL, F.R.S., \ - C. WARBURTON and L. E. ROBINSON ^ Q\r C t CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON : Fetter Lane LONDON H. K. Lewis and Co., Ltd. 136 Gower Street, W.C. 1 NEW YORK The Macmillan Co. BOMBAY, CALCUTTA and MADRAS Macmillan and Co., Ltd. The TORONTO Macmillan Co. Canada, Ltd. TOKYO Maruzen-Kabushiki-Kaisha All rights reserved r-^rf;kt' WILHELM DONITZ Bom 27th June, 1838, in Berlin Died 12th March, 1912, in Berlin TO WHOSE MEMOEY THIS FASCICULUS IS DEDICATED THE GENUS AMBLYOMMA By L. E. ROBINSON, Ph.D. (Cantab.), A.R.C.Sc. (Lond.) CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1926 PEIKTED IN GREAT BRITAIN PREFACE AS the Introduction deals with many of the topics which, in the i\ previously published parts of this Monograph, have appeared in the Prefatory Chapter, it would be superfluous to repeat them here. With six exceptions {astrion,fidvum,fuscum, geoemydae, guianense and parvum), types or co-types of which I have not been able to examine, the specific descriptions are original. Many of the species are here figured for the first time, and, of the 130 text-figures, 116 are original. All the drawings were made with the aid of the Abbe-Zeiss camera- lucida. Unless otherwise specified, the scale included in each text-figure represents a length of one millimetre. The photomicrographs (Plates III-VI) were taken with a Zeiss "Planar" lens, using a Wratten K3 light-filter and Wratten panchromatic plates. The immature stages of very few species of Amhlyomma are known, and I have not been able, with such scanty material, to make satisfactory specific descriptions of the larval and nymphal forms. The selection of specific characteristics is difficult, and, until examples of many different species are available for comparison, the descriptions are of doubtful value: moreover, the examination of the immature forms involves the use of cleared and mounted specimens and a high degree of magnification. I have, therefore, excluded the immature forms in my descriptions. A brief diagnosis, embodying the salient specific characteristics, appears for the first time in this fascicle of the Monograph, as a preamble to each specific description. For the coloured plates (I and II) I have to thank Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, who has also lent the blocks for the frontispiece portrait and for Plate VII. In all cases where text-figures other than originals have been used, acknowledgment is made in the legend. Owing to the almost complete intermission of this work, from the time of the commencement of the war in 1914 until 1920, and since then to many interruptions and the pressure of other duties, I cannot presume that errors and omissions have been avoided. I trust that such as may be found will be few in number and not of serious importance. The work was commenced in the Cooper Laboratory for Economic Research, Watford; the greater part was carried on in the Quick Laboratory and the Molteno Institute, University of Cambridge, and it has been completed at the Cooper Technical Bureau, 47 Russell Square, London, W.C. 1. T F "R London June 1925 CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 1 Explanation of Terms and Signs .... 4 Synonymy and Literature relating to the C4enus . 9 Generic Characters 0 Analytical Key for the determination of species of the genus AmbJ yommn : Males 11 Females 18 Specific descriptions of valid specie s: 1. ovale (3*, ? 25 2. coelebs (J, ? . 30 3. ohlongoguttatum ^, ? 33 4. parvum (J, $ . 37 5. parvitarsum ? . 38 6. maculatum (J, ? 40 7. americanum (J, ? . 45 8. cajennense (J, ? 48 9. triguttatum J, ? . . 54 10. geMyi (J, $ 59 11. bispinosum ? . 62 12. loculosum ? 39. postoculatum ? 40. moreliae Sr ? toittw (J, ? albopictum S> ? hirtum S, ? pilosum $ testvdinis ^, $ dissimile c?, ? rotundatum ? exlraoculatum $ papuana ? sabanerae ? 54. supinoi 3, $ 55. cruciferum o cordiferum $ deminutivum ? calcaratum <$, ? multipunctum o . 58 66. postoculatum ? . 21. ? . 58 67. ,, moreliae ^ . 22. geayi ->■ CO e^ (it ".mm ct 200 201 203 206 208 210 211 212 214 217 22S 223 225 226 ^ 228 i FIG. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. -I mblyomma ojprium S " ? • ^. quanicyprium 2 goeldii o • ^, ' " ?.• ., .Hublaeve c? fnscum (coxae only) ,, tJiolloni o • lestudinarium S ? personatum. $ . pelersi 3 ■ IM PAGE 234 236 237 242 243 245 246 248 250 251 254 255 259 261 263 265 ILA. hre.visc'Ui'.Uuiii'^ 232 j .xiooaoijim §mdo98aib 'ifiluoonid .aiaybo^) iaijl iiioit b'HiDd^jai .ijlo ailiiioni S .^, baliiu yniviJ .iloo>l «\Mmnd»j\ Mi\u«o^Wwk .1 .^rdl .bio «ilJiiu£H £ , ''^ bainu gniviJ .xIaoX AWM3wvvi»s\ .k k .jiri .bio adaaw t iimd« , V bainu gnivil io aiuiuo'A .siinoCl »s««v3^ .k .8 .gil .taorl adJ no a^sb TV lo muoioa laiijs ^"^ ynivil io niuJuoy .rioo3 iwusatisA .k .i' .gi'i .bio aiJaaw S iuodjs ^% baino gnivil io niijjjja8 .sJinoG »j««t9^ .k .5 .§i1 .1 .IM .1 .oTl .iiz ,v»V5o\o\:vv.m»^\. A^^^^) '^l -H .0 MaiinVl moil baauboiqaH TICKS PLATE I E.W. and G.H.F.N. dei. Cambridge Uruversity Press TICKS PLATE 1 tht^ aid of a Zeiss binocular dSfcfttii^ iliicMi»;oiv/^|j^daylii'ht. — - WBrr — ' '- A - , _ IIPTION OF PLATE All the ^ ' *"' ■' ' "* In each instance, tftH? st'lfcl'ITfionly is i-epieseuted. Figs. I, 2, and 5 weiv drawn Trom^Spf^cimens widiln about a week of their emergence from the nymphal skin on the journey from the Lower Congo. Fig. L Amblyomma vuriegalum (F.). Living -%*^^ ^: ^..'F^g.S. m-i'VMifomni I splendiduin Gieb. Ijj "^fi^^ '«A •" ,. ^ „ ,; , deAd ai ibe4,ft^M'MiHa.lI»(^. H. F. (1913), Faru.^irkxjt/, vi Nc. l. I'l. .11 aTAJ4 10 KOiTHiHoaaa .idgilyeb yd jqojaoijitn ^mi-yesnib iJBluaouid aeieS « lo bi* arii riJiw nwBib 9i9w euaraiotHja arii [lA niriJrw gaaoiioaqa moii riwBib 9i9w o ba& ,S ,1 .agil .baJnsaaiqgi ai vino muJiiod axli ^aoa^ieni dose nl .o§noO lewoJ erji raoii yomooi ariJ no nhia Ifidqrayn ad J moii aonagiama liedi io ilaaw * iuodjs .'ij gniviJ .(.I) wMiw^ai-\»'i iMWwo^idwvk .1 .gil .b'jiib bn£ bisab , ^ « t« -^ -Sil . $ gniviJ „ „ .8 .§(1 .b'jhb bne hseb ,9 „ „ .^ .gil • c §mviJ .daii) WMbiimsiqaiMVMttO^WMvk .5 .§i1 .bt>hb brui b&eb , ^ « <« -9 -Si'^ .117 .14 ,1 .oM .IV ,\v\joioJs*m»'^ ,{l^i«l) .1 .H .0 ,ll£JiuW moil baauboiqafl i ^ TICKS PLATE Edwin Wilson del. Cambridge. TICKS PLATE III Fig. 1. A))tbbjoin)na hehraeuin ^ Fig. 2. Ainblyomma hebraeum ? TICKS PLATE IV Fig. 1. Ainblyomma jtetersi ^ Fig. 2. Ambli/oiuma splendiduia ^ Fig. 3. Amhlyomiiia (je»niia ^ TICKS PLATE V Fig. 1. Amblyo)inua per,soiialu)ii ^ I I I N Fig. 2. Ainhlyoinimi personaium ? TICKS PLATE VI Fig. 1. Atnhhjoinina t/ioUoni $ Fig- 2. Amhlyomma paulopunctatum $ TICKS PLATE VII Fig. ]. 3 ocj attached to host's head Fig. 2. Engorged $ in characteristic position on host's head (slightly under life-size) Fig. '.i. Engorged ? attaciied to host's body (slightly over life-size) Ambli/omma dissimile infesting Bufo marinus. (From G. E. Bodkin, 1918, Parasitology, xi. PI. II) IXODIDAE Genus: AMBLYOMMA. Introduction. The genus Aynblyomma, by far the richest in species of the Tick genera, is especially attractive on account of the beautiful ornamentation which many of its members exhibit. The geographical distribution of the genus is remarkably extensive, comprising both the Old and New Worlds, with a north and south range extending approximately to the 40th parallels of latitude. Of the eighty-six definitely established species, about one-half are American; some eighteen species are found in Africa; Asiatic species amount to about seven; Australian species six; and the rest are distributed among certain of the Pacific islands. A single species only has been recorded from Europe (Spain). The host range is also very wide, including examples from most of the orders of terrestrial Mammalia, particularly Ungulates. Birds are rarely attacked by the adult forms, but are frequently the hosts of the immature forms (nymphs and larvae) of certain species. The terrestrial Reptilia furnish numerous hosts among the Lacertilia, the Ophidia and the Chelonia. The Amphibia are represented by a batrachian (Bufo). Neumann (1911, p. 82) records a unique case of an invertebrate host of Atnb. variegatum — a slug (Limicolaria) . In his description of Ainb. maculatum (1899, p. 252) he records the occurrence of the species on a beetle {Cercus campestris), an error which he corrects later (1901, p. 305); the host was a deer {Cervus campestris). From the economic aspect the genus Amblyomma is less important, perhaps, than some others {Boophilus, Rhijncephalus and Dermacentor). A single species is definitely known to be the natural means of trans- mission of disease, viz. the African "Bont Tick" {Amb. hebraeum), which is the carrier of the infective virus of a disease affecting sheep, goats and calves in South Africa, and known as "Heart-water," from the characteristic symptom of a considerable serous effusion into the peri- cardial sac. Amb. variegatum, a species commonly found on cattle in Africa, is suspected as being a probable transmitter of Heart- water. 2 Genus Arriblyomma Recently, Maver (1911) has indicated Awh. maculatum as being a trans- mitter of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in man. Leaving out of account the question of disease transmission in the strict sense, many of the species of the genus Amblyomma cause severe injury to domestic stock — bovines, equines, sheep and goats — by the enormous quantities of blood which they abstract from their hosts when present in large numbers, and by the suppuration of the wounds which they inflict, and by general tick worry. Sloughing of the teats, and even of the entire udder, in cows, is by no means a rare occurrence in some parts of Africa where the larger bovine-infesting Amblyommas are common. In some parts of Africa pyolymphangitis and pyaemia of equines is directly attributable to the agency of ticks {Atnb. variegatum and other species), which act as mechanical carriers of the pathogenic organisms present in the soil. Where the ticks are absent the disease does not occur, and where effective dipping measures are practised, the disease tends to disappear. Amb. cajennense, a common species in the West Indies and Central and South America, is often a troublesome pest at certain seasons of the year, when the larvae swarm in thousands in the grass and herbage and attack both man and domestic animals with avidity. According to Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912, p. 141) Amb. maculatum, also an American species, is a source of great annoyance to domestic animals, particularly dogs, horses and cattle. It has a predilection for the insides of the ears where its bites often set up suppuration, and the lesions so formed afford opportunities for attack by the screw-worm fly {Chrysomyia macellaria). The larvae of the fly may destroy more or less completely the supporting cartilage of the ear, leading to an unsightly deformity known as "gotched ear." Before turning from the economic aspect of the Amblyommas, one may quote an interesting medicinal application, recorded by Lahille (1905, p. 153) as foUows: " Je dois noter en passant une curieuse applica- tion des A . maculatum a la medicine des derniers descendants des Indiens du Rio Negro. Lorsque les cors-aux-pieds, assez frequents chez eux et dus a I'usage des bottes de potro s'enflamment, ils prennent deux a trois garrapates et ils les font se fixer autour du cor en guise des sangsues, en ay ant bien soin natureUement de ne pas les blesser ensuite. lis les laissent en place jusqu'a ce qu'eUes tombent ! " The first comprehensive account of the genus Amblyomtna is that of C. L. Koch, in his Systematische Uebersicht uber die Ordnung der Zecken (1844). In that work he creates the genus, and gives very brief descrip- tions of 47 species, many of which have since lapsed into synonymy. Introduction 3 Three years later, in the fourth volume of his Uebersicht des Arachniden- fij/stems (1847), he elaborates his previous descriptions and gives coloured figures illustrating each species, male and female, when both forms are known. In many cases his descriptions are inadequate, but where these leave one in doubt, his figures, though poor, are sometimes sufficient to make the recognition of his species certain. Fortunately, a considerable number of his types are still preserved in the Zoologische Museum, Berlin. Koch laid the foundation of the systematic classification of the ticks, but not until 1897, when Neumann published the first part of his Remsion de la Famille des Ixodides, was any material advance made in so far as the genus Amblyomma is concerned. In the intervening years isolated descriptions of a few new species were published by various authors. Neumann was the first to write really adequate specific descriptions of ticks. In his third part of the Revision (1899) he deals with the genus Amblyomma, describing 86 species of which nearly half were new and most of which are still sound. He also introduces a useful analytical key. In Part iv of the Revision (1901) he describes a few new species and completes the description of many forms of which one sex only had been described previously, and includes a revised analytical key, a comprehensive list of synonyms, and tables showing the geo- graphical distribution and host relationship of the then known genera and species of the Ixodoidea. Since that time Neumann has made numerous additional contributions to the systematic literature, all of which are of the highest value. In 1909 Donitz published his paper, "Ueber das Zeckengenus Amblyomma," in which he urges the im- portance of the ornamentation as an aid to the specific determination of the ornate examples. It is a somewhat remarkable fact that although Koch had commented upon the scutal ornamentation of the males, recognising that it conformed to a definite scheme, none of those who continued and extended his work during the following sixty years, appears to have realised the immense value of a systematic coordination of the various ornate patterns which most Amblyommas display on the scutum. Donitz orders the chaos and reduces what hitherto had been unmethodical description to a coherent plan. The determination of species in the genus Amblyomma is often a matter of great difficulty, because the available morphological characters are few and lend them- selves to little variation in combination. The ornamentation, being directly related to the underlying musculature, presents well-defined and constant features which are helpful in the highest degree, and in my specific descriptions I have made considerable use of Donitz's methods. 4 Genvis Amhlyomma In bringing this brief and incomplete review to a close, one must allude to the important papers published by Aragao, in Brazil. As previously observed, South America has a particularly rich Amhlyomma fauna, including jiumerous small species devoid of conspicuous dis- tinguishing characters. Aragao has had the advantage of access to the fine collection of Brazilian and other South American ticks at the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, a collection which he no doubt has been mainly instrumental in forming. His numerous contributions to the systematic literature are highly important. Space forbids one to make mention in these introductory remarks of all the authors to whose contributions to the literature reference has been made in the subsequent pages, but to whom I now make grateful acknowledgment. I am deeply indebted to Mr W. F. Cooper for the facilities which he placed at my disposal over a considerable period of time, without which it would have been impossible for me to undertake this work. I have also to offer my best thanks to all those who have so generously lent type and other specimens, through the intermediation of Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, especially to the Directors of the Zoological Museums of Paris, Berlin and Hamburg, the British Museum, the Museum of the Ecole nationale veterinaire, Toulouse, and, last but not least, to Professor Nuttall, for the unlimited use which he has allowed me to make of what was originally his private collection, but which he has recently presented to the Molteno Institute for Research in Parasitology, in the University of Cambridge, a collection beyond compare in its wealth of material; also to Mr C. Warburton, for his generous advice and help, particularly in connexion with the many controversial matters which unavoidably arise in a systematic work of this nature. Explanation of Terms and Signs. In my specific descriptions I have used the terminology which has been generally adopted in this Monograph. For the explanation of most of the terms and signs used, I would refer the reader to Part ii, pp. 127-132. In the descriptions of the species of the genus Amhlyomma I have found it necessary to introduce a few additional terms, par- ticularly in the terminology relating to the ornamentation. Gapitulum = the "rostrum," "head" or "false head" of various authors. Basis capituU: cornna, in the well-developed form that they exhibit in some other genera of ticks, are rarely found in the Amblyommas. The term postero-lateral angle has been used with the quahfications salient, non- salient, etc. Exi^lanation of Terms and Signs 5 Palps: the I'elativc Icngtlis of the second aiul thh'd a i tides are often an important feature and should be noted. Hypostome: the dentition is indicated by the sign 3 | .3, 4 | 4, meaning that the specimen possesses tlu-ec or foui' longitudinal files of teeth on each half of the hypostome. In some cases a short mesial file of small denticles is pres(^nt on each side, such cases being signified by 3.] | 3|. Dorsum : In the descriptions of the female the term is applied to the dorsal surface of the body exclusive of the scutum. Venter = the whole ventral surface of the body. Genital grooves: unimportant in the genus Arnhlyomma. Ventral plaques: present in most male Amblyommas; of little use as specific characters except in forms where they attain exceptional dimensions (Anib. longirostre, Amb. geayi). Ventral scutes: chitinous thickenings of the ventral surfaces of the festoons, usually slightly salient at their posterior margin, and sometimes protruding beyond the posterior margin of the body {Amb. incisum, Amb. intecjrum). Ornamentation : In my descriptive nomenclatm-e I have adopted in nearly all cases the nearest equivalents in English to the terms used by Donitz (1909). These equivalents are tabulated as follows: Ocular spot = Augenfleck. Frontal spot = Stirnfleck. Cervical spot = Cervicalfleck. Cervical stripe = Cervicalstrich, -streif . Limiting spot =Grenzfleck. Lateral spots =Seitenflecke. Falciform stripe = Sichelfleck, -streif, Falx. Antero-accessory stripe = Kelchstreif , -strich, vorderer Nebenfleck. Marginal spot = Randfleck. Figs. 1 and 2 are sufficiently explanatory of the nomenclature relating to the ornamentation. Ocular spot: A dark-coloured spot surrounding the eye, more or less expanded on the mesial side of the eye. Cervical spot: A dark spot or patch surrounding the anterior part of the cervical groove, and often encroaching on the scapular field. Cervical stripe: A more or less narrow dark band extending posteriorly from the cervical spot. Limiting spot: A dark spot situated at the postero-lateral margin of the scutum in the 2, and occupying a corresponding position in the c?. Frontal spot : A small spot situated in the lateral field of the scutum between the cervical stripe and the antero-Iateral margin, sometimes isolated, often fused with one or more of the surrounding dark markings. Lateral spots: Three spots in the lateral field of the scutum of the ^, sometimes conjoined to form a lateral bawl, usually represented in the ? by short grooves or shallow dimple-Uke depressions in a corresponding position on the dorsum. Falciform stripe: A crescentic transverse dark stripe in the middle of the scutum of the cJ, its lateral horns usually directed forward and sometimes fused with the neighbouring dark markings. Antero-accessory stripes: A pair of more or less longitudinal dark stripes situated on the mesial side of the lateral spots, often more or less fused with the sur- 6 Genus Amhlyomma rounding dark markings, represented in the ? by a pair of short grooves situated immediately posterior to the scutum. Marginal spots: A series of four more or less distinct pale spots on the marginal ridge or fold between the eye and the external festoon (see Amb. dissimile, Amb. inarmoreum). Sometimes represented by a continuous pale stripe (Amb. limbatum, Amb. cajennense). 4th mg.sp. T.3p. ov.st . fcy 00«3P. P^^fo.st. /JL I3t 1 sp • jJBk^and 1. 3p. ^HL,,3rd 1 .sp. m 1^1 p* ao St. It.sp ov.ep * ^fr.sp. Jk/ 00. sp. QL cv.st. ^\ 1st 1 .sp. jtL^ a.ao. et. Kyi/ 2nd l.sp. , 3rd l.sp y p.ac.Bt. p.md.st. L.E.R fo.st p.md.st. Fig. 1. Ornamentation of scutum in male Amblj^ommas. A, Amb. nuUalli; B, Amb. gemma; C, Amb. niaculatum; D, Amb. petzrsi. a.ac.st. antero-accessory stripe, cv.sp. cervical spot, cv.st. cervical stripe, fc.st. falciform stripe, fr.sp. frontal spot, l.sp. lateral spot, U.sp. limiting spot, mg.sp. marginal spot, oc.sp. ocular spot, p.ac.st. postero- accessory stripe, p.md.st. postero -median stripe. Explmiatiou of Terms and Signs 00 .ap. CT.Sp, ov.sp. It.sp, ,^^^ ^^^ Clt.sp ^^ Fig. 2. Ornamentation of scutum in female Aniblyommas. A, Ainb. peterm; B, A7nh. coelebs; C, Amb. niUtalli; D, Anib. latum, cc'sp. cervical spot, cv.fst. cervical stripe, fr.sp. frontal spot, Jt.sp. limiting spot, oc.sp. ocular spot. Poslero-mediaii stripe: A dark stripe commeuciiig posteriorly at the median festoon and running forwards along the median line towards the centre of the scutum. Sometimes fused anteriorly with the falciform st)ipe; its anterior extremity may taper to a fine point (Amb. astrion, Amb. variegatum) or be expanded into a large knob-like extremity {Amb. eburmum, Amb. marmoreum); represented in the ? by the postero-median groove. Postero-accesiory stripes: A pair of symmetrical stripes, each of which commences posteriorly near the third festoon and is directed forwards in a vertical direction, sometimes inclined towards the middle line, or even horizontal {Amb. integrum,, Amb. crticiferum). The scutal ornamentation of the Amblyommas is usually clearly defined in the living specimens. The dark coloration appears to be mainly hypodermal, for in specimens in which the soft parts have been destroyed by clearing in potash solution for mounting as transparent preparations, the ornamentation disappears almost completely. In alcohol or formalin preserved material, the pale ground colour generally assumes a darker tint, with iridescent red, green and metallic coppery 8 Genus Amhlyomma coloration. If the preservation is adequate the ornamentation usually remains distinct. In dried pinned specimens, the pale ground tends to become lighter coloured, and as a rule such specimens demonstrate the ornamentation very clearly. In cases where the ornamentation has become obscured by defective preservation it is often possible to make it visible by examining the specimens while immersed in alcohol. The ornamentation of the scutum is subject to a certain amount of variation, which is dependent on the relative size or extent of the dark Fig. 3. Amhlyomma hebraeum ^. Diagram showing variation of ornamentation of scutum in 64 examples taken at random from a lot of specimens collected at Gonubie, East London, S. Africa. markings. The general scheme of arrangement and disposition does not vary in individual species. This wiU be evident from an examination of Figures 3 and 4 illustrating the scutal pattern in sixty-four examples of Amh. hebraeum and twenty examples of Atnb. variegatum respectively, taken at random. Generic characters ©8@@ §©60 e@ e © 0 © @ Fig. 4. A mblyomina variegalum cJ. Diagram showing variation of ornamentation of scutum in 20 examples taken at random from a lot of specimens collected in Kenya, E. Africa. Genus AMBLYOMMA Koch, 1844. Synonymy and Literature. Acarus 1758. Linnaeus, C, pp. 615-618—1778. Do Geer, C, p. lo4.— 1794, Fabricius, J. C, pp. 425-434. Ixodes 1805. Fabricius, J. C, pp. 351-356. — 1863. Gerstaecker, C. E. A., p. 344. Cynorhaestes 1804. Hermann, J. F., pp. 63, 67, 68. Rhynchoprion 1804. Hermann, J. F., pp. 69, 71. Amblyommal844. Koch, C. L., pp. 223-231.— 1847. Idem, pp. 15-20, 50-98.— 1861. Fiirstenberg, M. H., p. 208.— 1877. Murray, A., pp. 187-188, 201-203.— 1880. Bertkau, P., pp. 109-110.-1890. Canestrini, G., pp. 483, 486, 488.— 1892. Marx, G., pp. 233, 235.— 1896. Osborn, H., p. 261.-1897. Neumann, L. G., p. 325. —1899. Idem, pp. 107, 108, 109, 200-283.-1900. Ward, H. B., pp. 204, 205 (1900 a); p. 436 (1900 6).— 1901. Salmon, D. E., and Stiles, C. W., pp. 470-477.-1901. Neumann, L. G., pp. 295-313, 319, 320, 321, 322, 327-333.-1905. Lahille, F., pp. 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, .32-42.-1907. Donitz, W., pp. 78-80.— 1909. Donitz, W., pp. 440-482; Rohr, C. J., pp. 147-193.— 1911. Neumann, L. G., pp. 53-92. Adenopleura 1872. Macalister, A., p. 287.-1877. Murray, A., p. 200. Xiphiastor 1877. Murray, A., p. 201. Generic Characters : Metastriata, i.e. with anal grooves embracing the anus posteriorly. Generally ornate with dark spots and stripes on a 10 Genus Arnbly omnia pale ground. Eyes and festoons present. Palps usually long, witli article 2 especially long. Basis capituli of variable form. The o without adanal shields but often with ventral plaques. Spiracles sub-triangular or comma-shaped. Type species: Amhlyomma cajennense (Fabricius). The anal grooves are represented in the majority of the Amblyomnias by a semicircular or V-shaped groove with bowed limbs, which may or may not attain and merge into the genital grooves. From the median portion of this circumanal part of the groove, a median anomarginal groove usually runs posteriorly towards the median festoon. Neither the anal nor the genital grooves are of any specific importance in the genus. The definitely inornate species are few {Amb. sublaeve, Amb. cuneatum and one or two others). Several species which at first were described as being inornate, have shown distinct ornamentation when adequately preserved material has become available. The eyes of most Amblyomnias are flat or only slightly convex and not orbited. In some species they may be very indistinct (e.g. Atnb. helvolum, Amb. sublaeve). In a few species (e.g. Amb. latum, Amb. parvitarsum, Amb. variegatum) they are hemispherical and orbited. The palps may be short, especially in the males of certain species {Amb. fiircula, A^nb. cyprium). The ventral plaques are present in the males of most species and attain exceptionally large dimensions in Amb. geayi and Amb. longirostre. In the case of the latter, this feature led to the placing of the species in other genera {Hyalomm/t, Haemalastor). They bear no relation- ship however to the adanal plates of Rhipicephalus, Boophilus and Hyalomfna. In addition to the features of sexual dimorphism common to all Ixodid ticks, one or two species show further external structural differ- ences in the two sexes (e.g. the coxal and the hypostomal armature in Amb. goeldii). Keji to species 11 Analytical Key to the Species of the Genus AMBLYOMMA. Males. PAGE fMarginal groove continuous . . .2 ,, ,, incomplete or absent . 30 2. \ Coxa I with two long contiguous equal or subequal spurs . . . . .3 Coxa I with one or both spurs short or medium ....... 5 [Scutum elongate oval, spurs on coxa I very 3. < long and acute .... ovale {fossmn form) 25 [Scutum broad oval . . . . .4 J Coxa I with broad flattened spurs . . coelebs 30 ' [ ,, I ,, slender acute spurs . . . oblongoguttatmn 33 Coxae II and III each with a short spur not so broad as long, or barely broader than 5, i long 6 Coxae II and III each with a broad salient I ridge-like spur . . . . . .14 6. [Coxa I with the external spur long and I acute 7 Coxa I with the external spur short or medium, not acute . . . . .10 (Coxa IV with a long spur .... 8 ,, IV ,, ,, short spur .... parvum 37 (Coxa I with a well-developed internal spur. 9 ■ I ,, 1 ,, an insignificant internal spur . maculatum 40 Scutum extensively dark-coloured, with pale ornamentation near the periphery . . americanum 45 1 Scutum with dark-coloured salient spots and I stripes on a pale ground .... cajennense 48 (Coxa I with the external spur longer than the internal spur, marginal groove striated triguttatum 54 Coxa I with equal or subequal spurs . . 11 12 Genus Amhlyomma 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. J7. 19. 20. 21. Basis capituli trapezoidal, ventral plaques exceptionally large ..... Basis capituli rectangular .... [Scutum with extensive pale ornamentation I (Cargados Is., Indian Ocean) . j Scutum with scanty pale ornamentation I (S. America) ...... [Scutum reddish-brown .... y ,, yellowish-brown .... {Palp with a large, transverse retrograde spur on the ventral face of article 1 Palp without such spur .... ^Scutum with conspicuous large discrete punctations interspersed with fine punc- tations ....... Scutum with or without coarse punctations, the latter crowded in places and more or less confluent when present Scutum pale-coloured with scanty brown ornamentation. ..... Scutum entirely dark-coloured, or with large and distinct spots and stripes . [Coxa IV with a long stout spur . [ ,, IV ,, ,, short rounded spur . Scutum extensively dark-coloured, charac- teristic spots and stripes obscured . Scutum with distinct characteristic spots and stripes ...... Scutum with postero-median stripe much dilated at its anterior extremity Scutum with postero-median stripe not ap- preciably dilated at its anterior extremity [Eyes small, hemispherical, orbited [ ,, flat or slightly convex, not orbited jFestoons particoloured .... [ ,, uniformly dark-coloured geayi 5y 12' loculosum 63 13 concolor 66 pseudoconcolor 69 cooperi 72 15 16 20 17 18 crenatum 75 clypeolatum 79 paulopu7iclatum 82 19 marmoreum 86 nuttalli 90 21 23 lepidum 94 22 Key to species 13 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. ' Scutum with punctations coarse and crowd- ed, a red lateral patch enclosed by the con- joined lateral spots and the dark margin ' Scutum with few coarse punctations near the margins, the lateral spots and margin usually confused to form a solid dark lateral patch ...... Festoons, excepting the external, all pale coloured ....... Festoons particoloured, some pale, others dark ....... [Falciform stripe present .... y „ ,, absent .... [Scutum with postero-accessory stripes more I or less fused with the 3rd lateral spots . Scutum with postero-accessory stripes well- separated from the 3rd lateral spots ^Scutum with numerous coarse punctations, postero-accessory stripes small, almost horizontal ...... Scutum with fine punctations, postero- lateral stripes inclined .... Scutum w^ith postero-median stripe much expanded at its anterior extremity . Scutum with postero-median stripe with a small knobbed extremity. {Scutum with a small central vermilion-red spot (West Africa) Scutum without red spot .... Scutum with postero-median stripe in the form of a narrow band, extending at least to the posterior third of the scutum Scutum with postero-median stripe in the form of a squat isosceles triangle, postero- accessory stripes triangular, very large . JMarginal groove distinct .... [ ,, ,, rudimentary or absent pomposum 97 variegatum 101 liehraeum 104 24 25 28 cohaerens 107 26 integrum 111 27 eburneum 116 gemma 119 splendidum 123 29 cohaerens 107 astrion 125 31 37 14 Grenus Amhlyomma 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 3G. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. !Coxa IV with a very long acute spur . ,, IV without a long acute spur Marginal groove interrupted opposite the 5th festoon only Marginal groove not extending posteriorly beyond the external festoon . Marginal groove interrupted behind the eye, scapular angles ventriflexed and pointed . Marginal groove not interrupted behind the eye {Scutum large, elongate, ventral plaques ex- ceptionally large (S. America) . Scutum small or medium, broad oval rScutum much narrowed anteriorly, "bellows- l shaped" [Scutum almost elliptical .... fScutum with pale spots at the posterior end ,, without pale spots at the posterior y end ( Eyes hemispherical, orbited y ,, flat, not orbited . rCoxa I with two spurs \ „ I ,, a single spur I Coxa IV with two spurs I ,, IV ,, a single spur THypostome dentition 3 | 3 4| 4 j Body with long peripheral hairs . ( ,, almost glabrous . Scutum golden-yellow with scanty pale brown ornamentation (Argentine Rep., S. America) ....... Scutum with extensive dark ornamentation (Central and S. America) .... 32 33 furcula 126 brasiliense 129 australiense 134 34 longirostre 137 35 cuneatum 140 36 limbatum, 143 moreliae 148 latum. 151 38 39 albopicfum 155 40 45 41 43 hirtum 156 42 testudinis 160 dissimile 163 Key to species 15 43. 44. Coxal spurs small, very widely separated, trochanters II-IV with spurs (Dutch New Guinea) ....... Coxal spurs medium, not very widely separated ...... Scutum with dark ornamentation clearly defined (Florida, Alabama and Cuba) Scutum with dark ornamentation ill-defined (S. America) . jCoxa III with two spurs ' \ ,, III ,, a single spur. 46. 47. Scutum dark-coloured, with distinct pale ornamentation (India) .... Scutum pale, with feeble ornamentation (Haiti) Coxa I with two long contiguous equal or subequal spurs ..... Coxa I with one or both spurs short or medium ....... papuana 171 44 tuberculatum 174 humerale 179 46 47 supinoi 183 cruciferum 187 48 52 J Coxa I with spurs slender and acute . ovale {striatum iorm) 21 ' [ ,, I ,, stout flattened spurs . . 49 49. 50. JCoxa IV with a long spur . . . .50 [ ,, IV ,, ,, short or medium spur . 51 Scutum ornate, with small pale spots on a dark ground calcaratum 191 Scutum inornate, entirely dark-coloured, punctations densely crowded, ridge-like spurs on coxae II and III slightly bifid . multipunctum 194 Palps short, subcorneal, with a salient ridge surrounding the posterior border of article 2, ventral face of article 1 broadly ex- 51. •' panded nodosum 196 Palps long, subcylindrical, ventral scutes of festoons salient at the posterior margin, bifid ....... incisum 199 16 Genus Amhly omnia PAGE {Coxa II with two spurs, the internal spur very small scutntum 202 Coxa II with a single spur , , . .53 Coxae II and III with a short spur, not so broad as, or barely broader than, long . 54 53. ' Coxae II and III each with a broad curved salient ridge, or a rounded spur much broader than long 66 jHvpostome dentition 3 | 3 . . . .55 ^*- 1 „ „ 4 I 4 . . . .61 55. 56. 57. fCoxa I with moderately long or stout spurs 56 \ ,, I ,, small short spurs . . .58 Scutum large, elongate, with numerous deep and coarse punctations .... variimi 205 Scutum small, punctations fine or medium and shallow ...... 57 Coxa I with two acute subequal spurs, punc- tations fine pacae 209 Coxa I with unequal spurs, the external spur acute, punctations medium and shallow . (Scutum subtriangular, inornate (S. America) \ ,, oval, small . . . . . 59. tnantiquirense 212 fulvum 215 59 helvolum 216 60 60. 61. Scutum ornate, with six symmetrical pale spots, an Aponomma-like species (East Indies and Australasia) .... Scutum indistinctly ornate or inornate (Galapagos Is.) Scutum indistinctly ornate, with an oblique depression extending inwards and forwards from the external festoon . . . boulengen 219 Scutum inornate, characteristic spots and stripes represented by shallow depressions darwini 221 rCoxa IV with a long spur . . . .62 \ ,, IV ,, ,, short spur . . . .63 62 (•)1 05 68 70. Key to species 17 TAGE Scutum with numerous coarse punctations distributed generally (Guiana, S. America) guianense 222 Scutum with few punctations distributed marginally (Australia) .... alholimhalwn 224 rScutum coarsely punctate . . . .04 \ ,, with medium or fine punctations . 65 ''Scutum subcircular, postero-accessory stripes represented by oblique shallow depres- sions ....... cadalurum 227 Scutum broad oval, narrower in front, pos- tero-accessory stripes almost horizontal, not depressed ci/prium 233 Scutum indistinctly ornate, punctations numerous and of medium size (Brazil, S. America) ...... Scutum inornate, punctations very fine (Solomon Is.) . ^„ (Scutum ornate I ,, inornate. ..... _ jHypostome dentition 3 | 3 . I „ „ 4 I 4 . . . . Coxa IV with a broad rounded spur (S. Asia) I Coxa IV with a short triangular spur (S. 1^ America) ....... {Scutum extensively dark-coloured, with very fine punctations .... Scutum with extensive pale coloration Scutum flat, with numerous coarse puncta- tions (S. Asia) ...... Scutum convex, with scanty coarse puncta- tions (Africa) ...... 'Scutum with postero-median and postero- accessory stripes forming a figure re- sembling a bird with expanded wings Scutum with antero-accessory and postero- accessory stripes forming an hourglass- shaped figure ...... 71. pictUHi 238 nitidum 240 69 67 68 goeldii 241 sublaeve 244 fuscum 248 tholloni 249 70 testudinarium 253 71 personatum 257 petersi 26C 18 Genus Amhlyomma' 10. \ 11. { Females. (Coxa I with equal or subequal spurs . ,, I ,, unequal spurs, the external spur much longer than the internal . (Coxa I with medium or short spurs . \ ,, I ,, long spurs .... Coxa IV with two spurs .... ,, IV ,, one spur .... rCoxa II with two spurs .... \ „ II ,, one spur .... Coxae II and III with spurs as long as broad, or not much broader than long Coxae II and III with spurs in the form of a broad salient ridge ..... (Scutum ornate ...... ,, inornate, small (1-5 mm.) Eyes flat or only slightly convex, not orbited hemispherical, orbited {Coxa I with distinct internal spur ,, I ,, insignificant internal spur Coxae II and III Avith broad flat ridge-like spurs . . . . Coxae II and III with spurs barely broader than long Scutum extensively dark-coloured, a pale spot at the posterior angle Scutum pale with dark markings, a small chitinous tubercle at the postero-internal angle of each festoon .... 'Coxa I with a broad flat internal spur, basis capituli very short in proportion to its breadth Coxa I with a small narrow internal spur, palps short and thick, eyes bulging later- l ally beyond the margin of the scutum 3 12 62 •1 76 18 41 7 parvum 37 8 parvitarsum 38 9 maculatum 40 10 11 americcmum 45 cajennense 48 mantiquirense 212 furcula 126 Key to species 10 12. 13. 11. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. !Coxa I with sleudor spurs .... „ I ,, stout spurs .... fCoxa I with very long acute spurs ,, I ,, moderately long spurs, basis capituli short in proportion to its breadtli Hypostome dentition 3 | 3 . ,, ,, 4 14, small chitinous tubercle at the postero-internal angle of each festoon Coxa I with long flattened spurs . , I ,, moderately long stout spurs, a small almost inornate species . j Scutum with extensive pale coloration I ,, extensively dark-coloured Coxa IV with spur broader than long, basis capituli sub-rectangular .... Coxa IV with spur longer than broad, basis capituli sub-triangular .... JHypostome dentition 3 | 3 . I „ „ 4|4. . . . S. American species (including Galapagos Is.) Not S. American species .... (Basis capituli subtriangular ( ,, ,, rectangular .... {Scutum elongate oval, almost lozenge- shaped, hypostome lanceolate . Scutum triangular or cordiform . Cervical grooves in the form of deep oval fossettes, tarsi abruptly attenuated . Cervical grooves deep and narrow anteriorly, continued posteriorly as shallow depressions iCoxa I with stout spurs .... ,, I ,, small spurs .... f Palps with a stout retrograde spur on the ventral face of article 1 . Palps without such spur .... 13 14 ovale 25 oblongogutlalum 33 15 incisum 199 16 pacae 209 coelebs 30 17 nodosum 196 calcaratmn 191 19 30 20 27 21 23 longirostre 137 22 varium 205 geayi 59 bispinosum 62 24 25 26 20 Genus Ainhlyoinnia 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. I Scutum reddish-brown .... I ,, yellowish-brown .... [Scutum with moderately deep subequal I punctations (Galapagos Is.) Scutum with shallow and unequal puncta- tions (Galapagos Is.) (Scutum ornate ...... ,, inornate ...... Dorsum with long stout whitish hairs . ,, without such hairs. Scutum large, cordiform, very coarsely punctate (Cargados Is., Indian Ocean) . Scutum small, triangular, punctations medium (King Is., Australia) .... (Scutum inornate ...... I ,, ornate ...... [Scutum large, broad cordiform, scapular I angles terminating in deflected points (Australia) ...... Scutum triangular, small (Solomon Is.) (Scutum with postero-median field almost devoid of large punctations Scutum with numerous large punctations . Basis capituli with a median depression and a narrow curved groove between the porose area and the lateral margin . Basis capituli without such characteristics . j Porose areas small, widely-separated . I ,y ,, large Cervical grooves extending to the posterior third of the scutum ..... Cervical grooves barely reaching the pos- terior half of the scutum .... [Scutum indistinctly ornate, punctations I medium (S. America) .... Scutum distinctly ornate, numerous coarse punctations concolor PAGE 66 pseudoconcolor 69 boulengeri 219 darwini 221 28 cuneatum 140 29 helvolum 216 loculosum 63 jwstoculatum 146 31 32 australiense 134 nitidum 240 33 36 friguttatum 54 34 limbatum 143 35 alboUmbatum 224 ntoreliae 148 pictum 238 37 Key to species 21 fScutum cordiform or triangular cordifonn . 37. •; ,, triangular, much broader than long y (Sumatra, Borneo) ..... „Q jFoveae con.s])icuous ..... ' \ ,, inconspicuous ..... <,„ (Scutum about as broad as long . \ „ much broader than long (Africa) . 38 40. 42. Porose areas large, circular, almost tangen- tial to the posterior margin of the basis capituli ....... I Porose areas small, widely-separated . {Eyes flat or slightly convex, not orbited ,, hemispherical or strongly convex, or- bited Scutum with pale coloration ,, entirely dark-coloured, punctations coarse and confluent, with irregular ridges and furrows ...... [Scutum triangular, posterior angle narrow I (E. Africa, Sudan to Zanzibar) j vScutum triangular to triangular-cordiform I (Africa generally) ..... ! African species ...... Not African species ..... (Postero-internal angles of festoons salient, ■'' scutum very large, scapular angles pointed Postero-internal angles of festoons not salient rScutum extensively pale coloured 43. 44. 45. 46. 47, I dark coloured Scutum with three large conspicuous and clearly-defined pale spots, a lozenge- shaped spot in each lateral field, and an hourglass-shaped spot in the median field .Scutum without such spots .... geoemydae 230 caelaturum 227 39 40 breviscutatum 232 cyprium 233 quasicyprium 237 44 42 43 pomposum 97 lepidum 94 variegatum 101 45 56 crenatum, 75 46 47 53 paulopunctatum 82 48 22 Genus Amhlyomma 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 'Scutum with few very large punctations scattered over the entire surface, inter- spersed with very fine punctations . . 49 Scutum with numerous mixed coarse and fine punctations, or fine only, on the pos- terior half of the scutum .... Scutum with pale median field contracted to a point at the posterior angle Scutum with pale median field broad and rounded at the posterior angle Scutum very large (5 mm.), punctations mostly very fine, coarser punctations in antero-lateral fields ..... Scutum medium (3 mm.), coarse and fine punctations intermixed Scutum reddish-golden, with very few large dark-coloured punctations Scutum pale yellow, with few medium-sized punctations Scutum with anterior extremity of the pale lateral fields extending forwards beyond the eyes ....... Scutum with pale lateral fields not extending beyond the eyes /'Scutum with large pale spot in the lateral field, very narrow pale annulations on the legs tliolloyii Scutum with small pale spot or spots in the lateral field, legs with broad pale annula- tions 54 [Scutum with median field completely or J almost completely pale-coloured . . 55 Scutum with pale spot at posterior angle only ....... eburneum From eastern Tropical Africa . . . cohaerens „ West Africa (Sierra Leone to Portu- guese Congo) ...... splendidum 50 nuttalli 90 marmoreum 86 51 52 petersi 260 personatum 257 gemma 119 hebraeum 104 249 116 107 123 Keif to species o\> 5G. 57. 58. 59. Scutum inornate, brown, with shallow punc- tations ....... Scutum ornate ...... (American species ..... Not American species ..... I Scutum large (3-5 mm. ; 1-2 mm.), sul)- I cordiform (Surinam, Guiana) . Scutum medium (2-1 mm. < 2-4 mm.), tri- angular (Brazil, Paraguay) (Hypostome dentition 3 | .3 . 00. 01. 62. 03. 04. 05. 00. 07. I 4 14 I Scutum cordiform, posterior angle broad I (Southern Spain) ..... Scutum triangular, posterior angle narrow and truncated (India, Ceylon) . Scutum triangular, pale areas extensive, punctations irregular .... Scutum cordiform, brown, with small irregu- lar pale spots, large discrete punctations . (Hypostome dentition 3 | 3 . { „ „ 4 I 4 . . . . I Body with long whitish hairs ( ,, almost or completely glabrous . (Hairs tufted round the posterior border, palps club-shaped ..... Hairs not tufted, palps long and slender (Scutum ornate ...... ( ,, inornate. . . . . . Scutum extensively pale golden-yellow, with dark areolate punctations (Argentine Rep., S. America) ..... Scutum extensively dark-coloured Scutum with few punctations in the antero- lateral fields, almost absent elsewhere Scutum with medium punctations, regularly distributed sublaeve 244 57 58 59 guianense 222 cooperi 72 00 01 duhitatum 114 integrum 111 testudinarium 253 clypeolatum 79 03 68 04 05 hirtum 156 pilosum 159 66 goeldii 241 testudinis 160 67 dissimile 163 rotundatum 168 24 Genus Amhlyomma 68. 69. 70. Eyes bulging laterally beyond the margin of the scutum (Singapore) .... extraoculatum 170 Eyes contained within the margin of the scutum ....... 69 I^Eyes small, hemispherical, orbited . . latum 151 [ ,, fiat, not orbited . . . . .70 Coxa I with spurs distinctly longer than those on the other coxae, internal spurs on coxae II-IV very small ... 71 Coxa I wdth spurs not distinctly longer than those on the other coxae . . .72 Body with chitinous tubercles at the pos- tero-internal angles of the festoons . . brasiliense 129 71. - Body without such tubercles, internal spurs on coxae II-IV reduced to very fine salient ridges scalpturatum 133 72. I'Scutum cordiform, posterior angle broadly rounded tuberculatum 174 Scutum triangular or triangular-cordiform, posterior angle narrow . . . .73 {Coxal spurs not widely-separated . . 74 ,, „ very widely-separated (Dutch New Guinea) papuana 171 {Coxal spurs, excepting on the first pair, con- joined crassum 177 Coxal spurs distinctly separated . . .75 /'Scutum cordiform, internal spurs not dimin- ishing appreciably in size on the succes- • sive coxae ...... humerale 179 Scutum triangular, internal spurs diminish- ing appreciably in size on the successive I coxae sabanerae 182 jHypostome dentition 3 | 3 . , , .77 '' \ „ „ 4 I 4 . . . .79 VD. 77, 78. Key to species 25 PAGE Coxa III with two distinct spurs (India, Burma) swpinoi 183 Coxa III with a single spur, the internal spur insignificantly small (as in Arnh. cordi- fernm) or absent . . . . .78 rScutum small, inornate, with few coarse I punctations in the antero-lateral fields . deminutivuw 190 I Scutum medium, ornate, punctations nu- l merous ....... scutalum 202 [Scutum with broad posterior angle (Moluc- 79. I cas) ........ corddferum, 188 (Scutum with narrow posterior angle (Fiji Is.) acutangulatum 265 1. AMBLYOMMA OVALE Koch, 1844. Figs. 5 and 6. Synonymy, Literature and Iconography. Amblyomma ovale Koch, C. L., 1844, p. 227, brief description of the q\ 1847, pp. 79-80, description of the S; Tab. XIV, Fig. 52, ^ dorsum (coloured). 1899, Neumann, L. G., pp. 252-253, description of (J. 1911, Neumann, L. G., p. 77, brief description of ,^ and $. Amblyomma striatum Koch, C. L., 1844, p. 228. brief description of the c^: 1847, p. 85, description of the ^; Tab. XV, Fig. 57, <^ dorsum (coloured). 1899, Neumann, L. G., pp. 211-213, description of the S and ?. 1911, Neumann, L. G., pp. 75-76, brief description of ^ and ?. Amhlyomma ohiongum Koch, C. L., 1844, p. 229, brief description of the ?: 1847, pp. 86-87, description of the ?; Tab. XVI, Fig. 58, ? dorsum (coloured). Amblyomma confi.ne Koch, C. L., 1844, p. 229, brief description of the ?: 1847, p. 87, description of the ?; Tab. XVI, Fig. 59, ? dorsum (coloured). Amhlyomma auronitens Berlese, A., 1888, p. 192, description of the Si Tab. XIII, Fig. 9, (? dorsum. 1911, Neumann, L. G., p. 89, brief description of the ^. Amhlyomma fossum Neumann, L. G., 1899, pp. 217-218, description of ^ and ?. 1911, Neumann, L. G., p. 77, brief description of the S and $. After making a careful comparison between numerous specimens of Amb. fossum Neumann, from various parts of S. America, and Amb. ovale (Koch's type, Berlin Museum), I have no hesitation in declaring them to be identical. The principal distinguishing characteristic of Amb. striatum in Neumaim's desci'iption is the absence of the marginal groove. Koch, in his description of Amb. striatum (1847, p. 85), makes the statement "mit einer Randfurche," but later in the same description "olnie deutUche Randfurche." His figure of Amb. striatum (Tab. XV, Fig. 57) shows a marginal groove contouring the festoons. From the examination of several lots of oS I have come to the conclusion that the striatum variety is merely a less strongly chitinised form than the fossum, variety. In one lot comprising numerous ^s collected 26 Genus Amhhjomma from the same host, I have found both varieties with intermediate forms. In another lot of 3 oS from another host, two belong to thefossum variety and the third to the striatum form. This explains the apparent contradiction in Koch's description. The $s are less easily distinguishable in the two varieties; the -striatum form is generally paler in colour, the punctations on the scutum smaller and the venter more haiiy than iji the fossum form. Male (Fig. 5). Diagnosis: A small tick; scutum elongate oval; ornate, with reddish- brown spots and stripes on a pale ground; marginal groove continuous (indistinct or absent in the striatum variety); basis capituli with two small depressions simulating the porose areas of the $ ; hypostome dentition 3 | 3 ; coxa I with two very long, contiguous, pointed spurs; a broad, salient ridge on each of coxae II and III, a moderately long spur on coxa IV. Description. Body: L. 2-7-4-2 mm., W. 1-65-2-7 mm.; contour elongate oval, lateral margins sub-rectilinear or slightly convex, some- times slightly concave at the level of the eyes. Scutum: convex, scapular L.EJ^. Fig. 5. Ambhjomma ovale cj. Scutum, capitulum from dorsal and ventral aspects, coxae, spiracle, tarsi I and IV. (N. 2774.) N.B. In this and the following figures, the dimension line lepresents a length of 1 milhmetre, unless otherwise specified. A. ovale 27 angles truncated; ornate, with reddish-brown spots and stripes on a yellowish ground (in the striatum variety the ornamentation is less distinct and the ground colour is generally paler than in tlie fossum variety); postero-median and postero-accessory stripes short and broad, the latter almost vertical ; lateral spots large, oval, more or less conjoined ; antero-accessory stripes slightly divergent anteriorly; cervical stripes long, tapering posteriorly ; frontal spots elongate (the entire median field is sometimes dark-coloured, obscuring, more or less, the cervical stripes, frontal spots and antero-accessory stripes) ; marginal ridge with a short, narrow, pale stripe bordering the marginal groove opposite the lateral spots; cervical grooves deep anteriorly, often continued for a short distance posteriorly as shallow, divergent depressions; marginal groove commencing some distance behind the eyes, continuous (indistinct or absent in the striatum variety) ; punctations numerous, deep, variable in size and density of distribution in dift'erent examples; eyes moderately large, pale and flat; festoons long, well-defined, dark-coloured or with irregular pale markings especially on the 1st, 3rd and 5th, Venter: pale earthy-yellow, finely wrinkled and punctate, with scattered whitish hairs; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles large, broad comma- shaped; festoons with ventral scutes (dark-brown in the fossum variety) more or less sahent at the posterior margin. Capitulum: L. 0-75-1 -10 mm., basis sub-triangular, postero-lateral angles salient, lateral margins con- vex; with a pair of small depressions simulating the porose areas of the $; palps club-shaped, article 2 about one-and-a-half times as long as article 3; hypostome rather short and broad, spatulate, dentition 3 | 3. Legs: medium, rather slender, pale reddish-brown, narrowly annulate with white at the extremities of the articles; coxa I with two very long, pointed, contiguous spurs, the external slightly the longer and more sharply pointed, with the tip slightly deflected laterally ; a broad, salient ridge on each of coxae II and III ; a moderately stout, pointed spur, of variable length, on coxa IV; tarsi attenuated in talus; pulvilli large. Female (Fig. 6). Diagnosis: A small tick; scutum triangular- cordiform, about as broad as long; ornate, with reddish-brown markings on a pale ground; basis capituli sub-triangular, lateral margins very convex; hypostome dentition 3 | 3; coxa I with two very long, slender, contiguous, pointed spurs; a broad, salient ridge on each of coxae II and III; a single, short spur on coxa IV. Description. Body: L. 4-0 mm., W. 2-6 mm.; contour elongate oval, narrow in front ; dorsum earthy-brown with scattered coarse punctations, 28 Genus Amhlyomma Fig. 6. Anihli/otmno ovale ?. Scutum, capitulum, coxae I-IV, spiracle, tarsi I and IV (N. 2224.) \ marginal groove continuous, festoons well-defined. Scutum: triangular- cordiform, about as broad as long, 2-3 x 2-2 mm.; posterior angle rather narrow, postero-lateral margins rectilinear or slightly convex, antero- lateral margins convex; ornate, with extensive pale coloration in the median and lateral fields; cervical stripes narrow, divergent, usually extending posteriorly to fuse with the limiting spots; frontal spots elongate, sometimes represented by dark-coloured punctations only; scapular angles dark-coloured; cervical grooves deep anteriorly, shallow and divergent posteriorly; punctations numerous, deep, often confluent in places in the lateral fields, variable in size in different specimens; eyes moderately large, pale and flat. Venter: light earthy-brown, with scat- tered hairs or almost glabrous; genital aperture opposite the interspace between coxae II and III; spiracles moderately large, triangular, with rounded angles. Capitulum: L. 1-3 mm.; basis sub-triangular, postero- lateral angles slightly salient; lateral margins convex; porose areas medium, oval, divergent, widely-separated; palps relatively longer than in the 16 mm. $s and Ss sent to Cambridge for deter- mination came off kangaroo, Herberton District, N. Queensland, Australia, Dr Edinger coll. (Berlin Mus. Jr. No. 364/1903; N. 272). The Cambridge collection also contains ^s, off Equus caballus, Albert R., Burketown, Queensland, Australia, v. 1896, presented by Prof. R. Tanner Hewlett (N. 340). Specimens in the Cambridge collection (N. 546, N. 551, N. 552 and N. 553), ScM^wm: triangular, 2-1 x 2-4 mm., posterior angle broad, postero-lateral margins slightly sinuous; ornate, with dark reddish-brown markings on a pale yellow ground; ocular spots and cervical stripes present, a narrow dark border extending backwards from the former along the postero-lateral margin; limiting spots absent, frontal spots represented by aggregations of dark-coloured punctations; a broad, longitudinal dark stripe in the median field, ex- tending from the emargination to the posterior angle; scapular angles A. cooper i 75 pale; cervical grooves narrow, deep and curved anteriorly, shallow and divergent posteriorly; punctations numerous, moderately coarse, dark- coloured, confluent in places, finer in the posterior angle and the scapular angles; eyes of medium size, pale and flat. Venter: yeUowish-brown, glabrous, punctate in posterior half ; genital aperture opposite interspace between coxae II and III; spiracles large, oval. Cajpitulum: L. 1-3 mm., basis rectangular, dorsal surface pale-coloured, postero-lateral angles non-salient; porose areas moderately large, oval, divergent, interval about equal to diameter; palps of medium length, with pale enamelling on dorsal surface; article 1 with a broad, flat, retrograde spur; article 2 contracted proximally, twice as long as article 3; hypostome dentition 3| I 3i. Legs: as in ^, coxal spurs weaker, the spur on coxa IV being shorter than broad; tarsi longer than in (J. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. The foregoing description is based on types in the Cambridge coUection : cJs and $s, off Hydrochoerus capybara, Puerto Cooper, Paraguay, S. America, 1904, Mr W. F. Cooper coll. (N. 70). I have also examined a (J specimen in the Berlin Museum collection (No. 254), no particulars as to origin. Aragao (1911, pp. 159 and 162) records specimens from the State of Kio, Sao Paulo, Minas Geraes and Matto Grosso, Brazil, and gives HydrocJioerus capybara as the usual host, but notes that it is also found occasionally on Tapirus americanus. 16. AMBLYOMMA CRENATUM Neumann, 1899. Figs. 32 and 33. S3rnon., Lit. and Iconogr. : Amblyomma crenatum Neumann, L. G., 1899, pp. 214-215, specific description of ?; Fig. 52, ? dorsum: 1901, pp. 297-298, revision of description of : 18 mm.); dorsum dark-green to greenish- black; marginal groove continuous. Scutum: 3x3 mm., triangular; postero-lateial margins almost rectilinear, antero-lateral margins convex ; posterior angle fairly narrow, scapular angles projecting and pointed; ornate, with median field more or less extensively pale (according to Donitz the scutum tends to become darker as engorgement proceeds); lateral fields dark-coloured with a single, small, pale spot between the limiting spot and the eye; cervical grooves deep and curved with the convexity external, shallow and divergent posteriorly, extending nearly to the postero-lateral margin; punctations numerous, coarse, confluent in places, more especially in the lateral fields; eyes small, brilliant, hemispherical, orbited, colour as in the c?. Venter: dark-green, glabrous; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles large, triangular, with rounded angles. Capitulum: L. 2 mm., basis rectangular, lateral margins convex ; porose areas large, broad oval, interval rather less than diameter; A. variegcUtim 103 otherwise as in the J- Legs: long and stout; coxae similar to those of the 3*, except that the spur on coxa IV is quite short. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. Tropical Africa, ranging from Abyssinia and Somaliland to Portuguese East Africa; introduced into Madagascar, Mauritius and the West Indies. Principally found on cattle, also on sheep, zebra, rhinoceros, and rarely on man. The type came from Africa; the habitat of Guerin-Meneville's Ixodes elegans is given as Senegal and Egypt; Koch's Amb. venustum from Senegal. Neumann (1899, p. 271) records numerous lots of specimens (Paris Mus., Simon, Oudemans and Neumann colls.) from Abyssinia, Zambesi R., Zanzibar, Senegal, Congo, Angola, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, R. Niger, Mauritius and Reunion; off Bos taurus L., Ovis aries L., Equus zebra L., Rhinoceros africanus Cuv., Homo sapiens L., Bitis arietans Gray, and Limicolaria adansoni Pfr. He notes that the species has become naturalised in the West Indies (Guadeloupe), and that a gorged $ was collected by Pohl in Guatemala, Central America. Specimens in Dr Brumpt's collection comprise $s, off cattle, Harar, Abyssinia, a S and ?, off cattle, Djibouti, Somaliland, and a (^ and ?, off cow, from Dahomey. The Cambridge collection contains an abundance of material derived from the following sources: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Nigeria, Belgian Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Nyasaland, Northern Rhodesia, Tanganyika Territory, Portuguese East Africa and South-West Africa; also examples, o£E cattle, from Madagascar, Mauritius, and the West Indies (Antigua). In addition to the foregoing, I have examined numerous specimens sent for determination by the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, from Opelifa, West Africa, Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Nigeria, Uganda, British East Africa and Nyasaland. The recorded hosts comprise cattle, sheep, horse, donkey, dog, cat, goat, hartebeeste, camel, zebra, elephant, buffalo, water-buck, eland, congoni, rhinoceros, wart-hog, Jackson's hartebeeste, sable antelope, reed-buck and bush-buck. 104 GeiiiiH Amblyoiiwia 24. AMBLYOMMA HEBRAEUM Koch, 1844. PI. I, figs. 1, 2 and 4, PI. Ill, figs. 1 and 2, Text-fig. 3. Synon., Lit. and Iconogr. : Amhlyomma hebraeum Koch, C. L., 1844, p. 225, brief description of ^. 1847, pp. 63-64, specific description of S; Tab. X, Pig. 36, c? dorsum (coloured). 1899, Neumann, L. G., p. 266, short description, indicating differences between Amh. hebraetim and Amb. eburneum; Lounsbury, C. P., biology, etc. 1900, Lounsbury, C. P. (V. 1900), pp. 682-687, Tick-Heartwater experiments; (1900 d), pp. 336-340, life- history. 1901, Neumann, L. G., p. 309, notes that Amb. hassaUi is but a synonym of Amb. hebraeum; p. 311, Neumann degrades ^ w,6. annulipes to s^aynonynx: Lounsbury, C. P., pp. 728-743, 1 Fig., life-history and habits. 1904, Lounsbury, C. P., pp. 175- 186, Amb. hebraeum. and Heartwater. 1905, Neumann, L. G., p. 233, note on Amb. hebraeum and alUed forms. 1907, Donitz, W., pp. 82-83, short description. 1908, Howard, C. W., pp. 136-139, specific description (after Neumann), PL XII, Figs. a~h, ? dorsum, ^ capitulum from dorsal aspect, S and $ cheliceral digits; scutum and capitulum of nymph, dorsal and ventral surface of larva, and coxae of (^. 1909, Donitz, W., pp. 455-^56, specific description of c? and ?, with special reference to ornamentation; Figs. 2 and 5, ^ dorsum, $ scutum. 1910, Donitz, W., pp. 441-442, description of ^J and $, notes on biology; PI. XV, Figs. 6 and 7, S dorsum, $ scutum (coloured). 1911, Neumann, L. G., p. 79, brief description of ^ and $. 1915, Nuttall, G. H. F., pp. 409^19, biology, detailed account of raising experiments in Cambridge. Robinson, L. E., pp. 10-16, variability in size. 1916, Nuttall, G. H. F., p. 337, brief description, chiefly relating to coloration; p. 347, notes on biology. 1920, Nuttall, G. H. F., pp. 1, 2 and 5, notes on coloration in the living example; PI. I, Figs. 1 and 4, J scutum ; Fig. 3, 5 scutum, all coloured (herein reproduced, see PI. I). AmbJyommxt aiinulipes Koch, C. L., 1844, p. 230, specific description of J and $: 1847, Koch, C. L., pp. 91-93, specific description of ^ and ?; Tab. XVII, Figs. 64-65, S and $ dorsum (coloured). 1899, Neumann, L. G., p. 267, note associating Amb. annulipes with Amb. hebraeum, and brief description of ^ and $. 1901, Neumann, L. G., p. 311, degrades Amb. annulipes to a synonym of Amb. hebraeum. Ixodes poortnMiii Lucas, H., 1850, p. 41. 1861, Belval, Th., pp. 97-101, description of J and $, coloured Fig. of cJ dorsum and outUne nat. size. Amblyomma distinctmn Karsch, F., 1879, p. 534, specific description of $. Amblyomma hassalli Marx and Neumann, 1899, Neumann, L. G., pp. 271-272, specific description of ^ and $. Male (PI. I, figs. 1 and 4; PI. Ill, fig. 1, text-fig. 3). Diagnosis: A medium-sized tick; scutum with characteristic ornamentation con- sisting of fine black or dark-brown stripes and spots on a pale greenish- white ground; postero-median stripe narrow, knobbed at the anterior extremity, rarely reaching the falciform stripe; postero-accessory stripes short, well-separated from the 3rd lateral spots; festoons all pale excepting the external, forming a continuous pale border to the posterior margin; eyes small, pale, almost circular, slightly convex. Description. Body: L. 4-2-5-7 mm., W. 3-5-4-9 mm., contour oval, widest just posterior to middle. Scutum: smooth, convex; ornate, with A. hebraettni 105 fine black or dark-brown spots or stripes on a greenish- white ground; postero-median stripe narrow, knobbed at the anterior extremity, rarely- reaching the falciform stripe; postero-accessory stripes short, well- separated from the 3rd lateral spots, directed towards the knobbed extremity of the postero-median stripe ; falciform stripe usually isolated, central portion sometimes undeveloped; lateral spots more or less separate, or fused to form a continuous bowed stripe in the lateral field; cervical stripes narrow, tapering posteriorly where they sometimes extend to the lateral horns of the falciform stripe; frontal spot small, separate or connected by a narrow bridge with the cervical spot ; marginal ridge pale-coloured opposite the 1st and 2nd lateral spots; cervical grooves short, deep anteriorly ; marginal groove continuous, very shallow in its anterior part, narrow; punctations for the most part fine, few coarser punctations in the scapular angles and on the peripheral parts of the scutum; festoons pale, excepting only the external festoon, forming a continuous pale border round the posterior margin ; eyes small, pale, almost circular, slightly convex. Venter: dull greenish-yellow, glabrous; festoons with dark-brown scutes, obsolete on the external festoon; ventral plaques very distinct; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles moderately large, triangular, with rounded angles. CajMulutn: L. 2-0 mm., narrow; basis rectangular, lateral margins convex, postero- lateral angles broadly rounded and very slightly salient ; palps long and slender, contracted at base; article 2 nearly three times as long as article 3; hypostome long, spatulate, dentition 3| | 3|. Legs: moderately stout, dark-brown, with narrow yellowish annulations at the distal extremities of the articles; coxa I with two unequal spurs; a salient ridge on each of coxae II and III ; a short, stout spur, little longer than broad, on coxa IV; tarsi short, abruptly attenuated. Female (PI. I, fig. 2; PI. Ill, fig. 2). Diagnosis: A medium-sized tick; scutum triangular, ornate with extensive pale coloration; cervical stripe extending posteriorly to the limiting spot and usually connected with the small frontal spot by a narrow bridge ; scapular fields dark-coloured; punctations fine generally, coarser and crowded in the scapular fields ; eyes pale, almost circular, slightly convex. Description. Body: L. 5 mm., W. 4 mm. (unfed), gorged females may attain a length of 20 mm. or more; dorsum dark-coloured, greenish- brown or -black; punctate and striate. Scutum: 3-0 x 2-9 mm., tri- angular, postero-lateral margins slightly convex, posterior angle narrow and rounded; ornate, with exteusive pale coloration; cervical stripes 106 Genus Amhly omnia extending posteriorly to the limiting spots ; frontal spots small, generally connected witli the cervical stripes by a narrow bridge ; scapular angles dark-coloured from the eyes forwards; cervical grooves deep anteriorly, very shallow behind, where they extend to the posterior third of the scutum; punctations fine on the posterior half of the scutum, coarser and more crowded in the antero-lateral and scapular fields; eyes pale, almost circular, slightly bulging. Y enter: as dorsum; genital aperture opposite interspace between coxae II and III ; spiracles broadly triangular, with rounded angles. Capitulum: L. 2 mm., basis rectangular, lateral margins convex, postero-lateral angles very slightly salient; palps slender, article 2 two-and-a-half times as long as article 3, slightly curved; hypostome long, slightly spatulate, dentition 3| | 2>\. Legs: more slender than those of the male, pale annulations on legs III and IV much more extensive ; spur on coxa IV smaller. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. The centre of distribution is S. Africa, particularly the south-eastern regions, extending northwards through Portuguese East Africa to Tanganyika Territory. Donitz (1907, p. 83) reports specimens, ofE elephant, from the Cameroons, but records of the occurrence of this species from parts of Africa other than those mentioned previously must be looked upon with suspicion. It must be remembered, however, that specimens may be found on imported cattle in parts far removed from the normal habitat. Neumann (1899, p. 266) notes that Lucas's speci- mens {Ixodes poortmani) were found on Cynhyena picta, Cape of Good Hope, and that Belval's specimens were off Boselaphus oreas, Mts. of the Moon. In his description of Amb. hassalli, Neumann records (1899, p. 272) a male, ofi an African buffalo, labelled Amb. hassalli by G. Marx; a 9, from the neighbourhood of the K. Tana, East Africa (Smithsonian Inst.); ^s and $s from Port Natal, Lippert coll. (Hamburg Mus.); a ? from Port Elizabeth (E. Simon coll.); and a tiblyonuiU( ebnrneum,^. Scutum, capitnlura, coxae I-TV. (N. 947.) accessory stripe and directed towards the centre of the scutum ; frontal spot fused with the cervical spot; cervical stripes extending to the limiting spots posteriorly; a small, light-brown triangular spot between the cervical grooves; cervical grooves deep anteriorly, short; punctations line and superficial; marginal groove continuous, commencing some distance behind the eyes; eyes almost circular, pale, slightly convex; festoons parti-coloured; median festoon dark, a very small pale spot at the postero-internal angle of the 4th festoon, the rest with pale spots. Venter: greenish- white ; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles large, triangular with rounded angles; festoons with brownish ventral scutes, in front of which the five plaques stand out conspicuously on the pale background. Capitulum: L. 2-7 mm., basis rectangular, lateral margins convex, postero-lateral angles non-salient; hypostome dentition 4 | 4. Legs : with pale annulations barely one-third the length of the respective article; coxa I with two unequal spurs, the internal 118 Genus Amblyomma spur short and blunt, the external spur longer and more pointed; a broad, flat, plate-like spur on each of coxae II and III; a moderately long spur on coxa IV ; tarsi short, tapering abruptly ; pulvilli barely half the length of claws. Female (Fig. 51). Diagnosis: A large tick; scutum triangular, smooth and shining ; punctations fine ; pale ornamentation limited to a large spot in the posterior angle, and small indefinite pale spots in the lateral fields and between the cervical grooves, the latter spots often absent; eyes almost circular, slightly convex, pale. Description. Body: L. 6-11 mm., W. 6-9 mm., contour elliptical or oblong. Scutum: triangular, posterior angle rather narrow, postero- lateral margins almost straight; ornamentation consisting of a large, pale spot in the posterior angle, and small pale spots in the lateral fields and between the cervical grooves, these small spots sometimes missing; cervical grooves deep anteriorly, shallow behind where they extend to Fig. 51. Amblyomma ebvrnenm^. Scutum, capitulum, spiracle, cox.ae I-IV, tarsi I and IV. (N. 312 6.) A. ebiirneiim 119 the posterior third of the scutum; punctations fine, slightly coarser in the scapular fields; eyes almost circular, pale, slightly convex. Venter: brownish-green, finely punctate; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles large, triangular with rounded angles. Capitulum: as in . Amblyomma postoculatumS,'. Scutum, capitulum, coxae I-IV, spiracle, tarsi I and IV. (Type, Paris Mus.) thickly beset with large, flattened, whitish hairs; coxa I with two unequal spurs, the external spur moderately long; a single, stout, triangular spur on each of coxae II-IV; tarsi gradually attenuated. Description. Body: L. 3-5 mm., W. 2-8 mm., contour elliptical; dorsum dark earthy-brown, thickly beset with long, flattened, whitish hairs ; marginal groove absent ; festoons present. Scutum: \-b x 1-9 mm., triangular, posterior angle narrow, posterolateral margins almost recti- linear; ornate, lateral fields pale, ocular and frontal spots present; median field probably pale (in the type specimen irregular pale spots are visible at the anterior and posterior parts when the specimen is examined in alcohol but there is considerable discoloration due to defective pre- servation); cervical stripes extending nearly to the posterior margin where they fuse with the ? limiting spots (the latter, if present, are obscured by discoloration); cervical grooves short and deep, continued posteriorly by shallow, indistinct and divergent depressions; punctations fairly numerous, coarse in the lateral fields and the anterior half of the median field; eyes large, slightly convex, pale, situated about the anterior third of the scutum. Venter: similar in colour to dorsum, with few large, flattened, whitish hairs on the posterior part; genital / IO-2 \ 148 Genus Amhlyomma aperture opposite the interspace between coxae II and III; spiracles relatively large, broad, comma-shaped. Cajpitulum: L. 1-1 mm., basis rectangular, lateral margins convex, postero-lateral angles non-salient; porose areas medium, oval, shallow, interval rather greater than diameter; palps laterally compressed, with pale marbling on the dorsal surface; article 2 barely twice as long as article 3; hypostome spatulate, dentition 3 | 3. Legs: medium, earthy-brown, narrowly annu- lated with white at the extremities of the articles; coxa I with two, unequal, pointed, widely-separated spurs, the external spur reaching the succeeding coxa; a triangular, pointed spur on each of coxae II-IV; tarsi long, attenuated gradually ; pulvilli small. Description based on the tyj^e, a ?, host not specified, from King Island, Australia (Paris Mus.). 40. AMBLYOMMA MORELIAE (L. Koch, 1867). Figs. 67 and 68. Lit. and Synon. : Ixodes moreliae L. Koch, 1867, pp. 241-242. Amblyomma moreliae Neumann, L. G., 1899, p. 258; 1901, pp. 308-309; 1911, p. 85. Male (Fig. 67). Diagnosis: A small tick; scutum with irregular pale spots in scajjular fields and on marginal ridge; marginal groove present, extending from a little distance behind the eyes to the external festoon ; punctations few, limited to scapular fields and marginal parts of scutum and the festoons; coxa I with two short, triangular spurs ; a single similar spur on coxae II-IV. Description. Body: L. 3-5 mm., W. 2-9 mm., contour oval. Scutum: dark-brown, glossy, with few punctations in scapular fields, the lateral fields and festoons; an irregular pale spot in each scapular angle, two or three smaller and less distinct pale spots on the marginal ridge ; marginal groove deeply incised, extending from some little distance behind the eyes to the external festoon; cervical grooves short, deep, curved; eyes flat and pale. Capitulum: {L. 1 mm.) basis capituli rectangular, postero- lateral angles barely salient; palps club-shaped, article 2 less than one-and-a-half times the length of article 3 ; hypostome dentition 4 | 4. Venter: earthy-yeUow, glabrous; spiracle comma-shaped. Legs: coxa I with two short, sub-equal, triangular, pointed spurs ; a single similar spur on each of coxae II-IV; tarsi attenuated in talus, \ A. moreliae 149 Fig. 67. Amblyomma moreliae ^. Scutum, capitulum from dorsal and ventral aspects, spiracle, coxae I-IV, tarsi I and IV. (Type, Hamburg Mus.) Female (Fig. 68). Diagnosis: scutum cordiform, posterior angle broad; cervical grooves short, curved, terminating in a shallow depression formed of contiguous punctations ; an irregular pale spot in each scapular field; punctations as in ^, a short row of contiguous coarse punctations often forming a row opposite the eyes along the margin of the pale spot. Description. Body: L. 3-9 mm., W. 3-2 mm. (unfed), oval, broadest posterior to middle; dorsum, colour earthy yellowish-brown, glabrous; marginal groove absent, other grooves and festoons normal. Scutum: cordiform, broader than long, 1-9 x 2-1 mm., variable in contour, some- times approaching a triangular form; posterior angle broad; colour reddish-brown, darker round eyes and behind the cervical grooves; an irregular pale spot in each scapular field; punctations as in ^, a short row of contiguous, coarse punctations often present opposite the eyes 150 Genus Amhly omnia Fig 68. Amblyomma moreliae 2. Scutum, capitulum, spiracle, coxae I-IV, tarsi I and IV. (N. 2690 6.) along the external margin of the pale spot ; cervical grooves short, deep and curved, often terminating posteriorly in a depression formed of contiguous punctations (this deep portion is succeeded by an indefinite shallow portion which does not extend to the posterior margin of the scutum) ; eyes moderately large, flat and pale, situated a little anterior to the middle of the length of the scutum. Capitulum: {L. 1-2 mm.) basis capituli rectangular, posterior margin straight; porose areas relatively large, interval equal to diameter; palps and hypostome as in -37, a lengthy, specific description of the . 0-9-1-1 mm.; broad; basis capituli nearly three times as broad as long, postero-lateral angles produced into stout, blunt cornua; palps short, conical, article 1 with a broad, flattened expansion on its ventral face, article 2 with a pronounced, sahent, posterior margin which traverses the ventral face, projects laterally and is con- tinued at the mesial side of the dorsal face into a strong retrograde spine; hypostome short, broad and spatulate; dentition 3 | 3, teeth covering fully two-thirds of the total length. Legs: of medium size, dark-brown in colour; coxa I with two long, stout, parallel, contiguous, blunt, sub-equal spurs ; coxae II and III each with a short, broad spur projecting in a rounded tubercle at its external part; coxa IV with a similar but longer spur; tarsi abruptly attenuated. Female (Fig. 96). Diagnosis: Scutum oval-cordiform, with a Y-shaped pale spot in each lateral field and a small pale spot at the posterior angle; cervical grooves in the form of small, deep, oval pits; punctations numerous, moderately coarse ; capitulum of medium size ; coxa I with two sub-equal, long spurs; a single, short, flattened spur on coxae II-IV. 198 Genus A'niblyomma Fig. 96. Amblyomma nodosum 9. Scutum, capitulum from dorsal and ventral aspects, coxae I-IV, tarsi I and IV, spiracle. (N. 2875.) Description. Body: L. 5 mm., W. 3-5 mm., dorsum dark-brown, rugose and punctate, marginal groove present, festoons well-defined. Scutum: oval-cordiform, 2-5 x 2-6 mm., dark-brown, with pale orna- mentation in the form of a Y-shaped figure in each lateral field and a small, pale spot at the posterior angle ; punctations numerous, moderately coarse, evenly distributed; cervical grooves in the form of small, deep, oval pits, very divergent; eyes pale and flat, situated a Httle anterior to the middle of the scutum. Venter: earthy-brown, punctate, with fine scattered hairs in its posterior half; festoons distinct; genital aperture narrow, situated opposite the posterior margin of coxa II; spiracles rather small, short, pear-shaped. Capitidioti: L. 1-6 mm., basis nearly three times as broad as long, lateral margins convex, posterior margin concave, postero-lateral angles sahent, porose areas of medium size, ovoid, divergent, interval less than diameter; palps long, article 2 with obhque ridge on the dorsal side only, twice as long as article 3; hypo- stome long, dentition 3 | 3. Legs: long; coxa I with two long, stout, sub-equal, contiguous, parallel spurs; coxae II-IV each with a short, broad spur, projecting as a rounded tubercle at the external part, longest A. nodosimi 199 on coxa IV; tarsi less abruptly attenuated than in the S- Gorged $s may attain a size of 10 x 7 mm. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. Neumann records c?s, $s and nymphs, host not specified, from Costa Rica, Lafon coll. (Paris Mus.); 1 ^, found free, Brazil, Goldi coll. Aragao (1911, pp. 159 and 162) reports specimens from Xerem, State of Rio, Pirapora, State of Minas Geraes, and the banks of the Guapore R., State of Matto Grosso and cites as hosts Mynnecophaga juhata L., and Myrmecophaga sp. Nuttall's and Warburton's specimens (N. 36) {Amb. uncatum) comprised 5 c?s, off Tamandua tetradactyla, S. America. The host arrived at the Zoological Society's Gardens, London, 10. xii. 1905, and died 22. xii. 1905. The Cambridge collection also contains S and $, off " Ameisenbar," Guatemala, ex Berlin Mus. (N. 257); a S, off Myrmecophaga jubata, Lassance, State of Minas, Brazil, 1908, the gift of Dr H. de B. Aragao (N. 1269); c^s off Tamandua tetradactyla, ? Zool. Soc. Gardens, London, Dr L. W. Sambon donor, 1905; $, found in cage where 3-toed sloth (Bradypus) had been kept, Ancon, Canal zone, Panama 19. iv. 1913, Dr S. T. Darling coll. (N. 2317), and ^ and ? co-types, from Costa Rica, de Lafon coll., Paris Mus., presented by Prof. L. G. Neumann (N. 2875). 61. AMBLYOMMA INCISUM Neumann, 1906. Figs. 97 and 98. Lit. and Iconogr. : Neumann, L. G., 1906, pp. 206-207, specific description of (J; Fig. 8, posterior part of cJ venter; 1911, p. 76, short description of c?; Aragao, H. de B., 1911, pp. 175-177, specific description of ?; PL XI, Fig. 13, ? dorsum. Male (Fig. 97). Diagnosis: A large species; scutum ornate; punctations large, numerous, unequal, areolate; marginal groove broad and shallow, sometimes indistinct, not continuous; capitulum relatively long; coxa I with two moderately long, stout, contiguous spurs ; a broad, plate-Uke spur, with a cusp at the external extremity, on each of coxae II and III; a short, triangular spur on coxa IV; festoons with ventral scutes prolonged into sahent translucent projections at the posterior margin, some of which are bifid. Description. Body: L. 7-0 mm., W. 4-5 mm., contour oval, a httle wider behind than in front. Scutum: convex, ornate, postero-median 200 Genus Amblyomma Fig. 97. Amhlyomma incisum ^. Scutum, capitulum, venter, spiracle, tarsi I and IV. (N. 1265.) stripe extending nearly to the middle of the scutum; postero-accessory stripes directed towards the centre of the scutum ; lateral spots separate or conjoined, distinct from the marginal dark coloration, the latter a narrow band extending from the eye to the external festoon; antero-accessory stripes and hmiting spots conjoined as a pair of divergent stripes within, and at the level of, the 1st and 2nd lateral spots; frontal spot elongate, narrow; cervical stripes long, barely reaching the hmiting spots; ocular spot insignificant; punctations numerous, moderately large, clustered, areolate; marginal groove short, broad and shallow, sometimes indis- tinguishable; cervical grooves short and deep, sigmoid; eyes medium, flat and pale, situated far forward; festoons well-defined, each marked with an extension of the pale ground of the scutum. Venter: glabrous, with fine punctations ; genital aperture opposite coxa II ; spiracles large, comma-shaped; festoons very distinct, each with a large, ventral scute, the posterior margin of which is produced posteriorly beyond the general body contour in the form of a flat, translucent, chitinous plate, the free margin of which is entire in the median festoon but deeply incised in the A. incisum 201 5th, the notches gradually decreasing in depth as the external festoon is approached. Ca/pitulutn: L. 1-9 mm., basis rectangular with pale enamel- ling on the dorsal surface, twice as broad as long, postero-lateral angles slightly salient; palps with pale enamelling on the dorsal side, with long hairs, article 2 twice as long as article 3; hypostome very spatulate, dentition 3 | 3. Legs: long and stout; coxa I with two moderately long, equal, stout, flattened, parallel spurs; a single, broad, plate-Hke spur, produced into a point at the external angle, on each of coxae II and III ; a single, triangular, pointed spur on coxa IV ; tarsi abruptly attenuated. Female (Fig. 98). Diagnosis: A medium-sized tick; scutum tri- angular, ornate; cervical grooves short, deep, sigmoid; punctations deep, areolate; hypostome dentition 4 | 4; coxa I with two moderately long stout spurs ; coxae II-I V each with a single short spur. Description. Body: elHptical, L. 5-5 mm., W. 3-3 mm., dorsum dark- brown, rugose, with numerous coarse punctations; marginal groove present, continuous. Scutum: 2-5 x 2-8 mm., triangular, ornate; a dark marginal coloration extending from the scapular angle to the hmiting spot; frontal spots small, fused with the marginal coloration; cervical stripes narrow and divergent posteriorly; punctations numerous, large i..b:.t\_. Fig. 98. Amblyomma incisum 2. Scutum, capitulum, venter, spiracle, tarsi I and IV. (N. 1897.) 202 Genus Amblyomma in the anterior half of the scutum, deep, areolate; cervical grooves short and deep, sigmoid; eyes medium, pale and flat. Venter: dark-brown, glabrous, punctations small; genital aperture opposite the interspace between coxae II and III; spiracles large, triangular with rounded angles ; festoons each with a dark-coloured ventral scute bearing a small rounded tubercle at the postero-internal angle. Capitulum: L. 1-6 mm., basis rectangular, more than twice as broad as long; postero-lateral angles rounded and shghtly salient; porose areas small, oval and widely-separated ; palps long, moderately stout ; article 2 twice as long as article 3; hypostome spatulate, dentition 4 | 4. Legs: as in the ^. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. Neumann's description of the species is based on 1 (^, from Cuenca, Ecuador, and 2 ^s, ofE Tapirus sp., from Bolivia (in one of these c^s Neumann notes that the ventral sahent plates of the festoons are not bifid). His later description (1911) cites Tamandua tridactyla (L.). Aragao records the species as being found in Brazil, chiefly on Tapirus americanus, but also on Canis azarae and Cervus cam/pestris, in Baurii, Avanhandava and Sao Luiz do Parahytinga, State of San Paulo, and Cerro Frio and Rio Tambaquari, State of Minas Geraes. The Cambridge collection contains 1 J, off Tapirus americanus, Sao Luiz do Parahytinga, State of San Paulo, Brazil, xi. 1908 (N. 1265) and 1 ? off the same host, from Estado do Espirito Santo, 1908, Brazil (N. 1897), both specimens given by Dr H. de B. Aragao, 62. AMBLYOMMA SCUTATUM Neumann, 1899. Fig. 99. Lit. : Neumann, L. G., 1899, pp. 237-238, specific description of >ia-like tick; scutum triangular, dark-brown in colour, inornate; punctations numerous, small, fine in the median field, a httle coarser in the lateral fields; eyes very indistinct; porose areas oval, rather large; hypostome dentition 4 | 4; coxa I with two very short spurs; a single similar spur on each of coxae I-IV. Description. Body: L. 5-2 mm., W. 4-0 mm., contour elhptical; dorsum brownish. Scutum: 1-45 x 2-03 mm., triangular, posterior angle obtuse, postero-lateral margins shghtly concave; colour dark-brown, inornate; cervical grooves well-defined, deep anteriorly, shallow and divergent posteriorly where they extend to the posterior margin of the scutum; punctations numerous, small, fine in the median field, coarser in the lateral fields; eyes very inconspicuous. Venter: brownish; spiracles broadly comma-shaped. Capitulum: L. (?), fairly long; porose areas oval and of rather large size; hypostome dentition 4 | 4. Legs: pale-brown; coxa I with two very short spurs; a single similar spur on each of the other coxae; tarsi gradually attenuated. The only known examples of this species are the types, a o and a ?, o& a, sea-snake, Solomon Islands, Staff-Surgeon Vidal Sharpe, R. N. coll. (British Museum). 79. AMBLYOMMA GOELDII Neumann, 1899. Figs. 118 and 119. Lit.: Xeuniann, L. G., 1899, pp. 2.38-239, specific description of and $s, off elephant, Kalakunko, 22. VII. 1913 (N. 2507); cjs and 2, off elephant, Yeria, v. 1913, Capt. Stanley and Dr J. Y. Wood colls. (N. 2263 amd 2271). Uganda: $s, off elephant, xi. 1906, E. B. Haddon coll. (N. 218); Scw. B.) 3Ietopoceros cornutus (Latr.) Tropidunis barringtonensis „ delanonis Teiidae Twpinambis (Podinema) teguixin (L.) Varanidae Varanus bengalensis Daud. „ salvator Laur. niloticus L. {saurus Laur.) varius Shaw sp. Amhlyomma albolimbatum „ dis simile PAGE 103 Bufonidae B7(fo vinrinus (L.) (agun) Amblyomma . cajennense 53 „ dissimile 167 „ goeldii 244 „ sp. „ goeldii 244 " rotundatum 169 REPTILIA. LACERTILIA. 227 167 , scutatum 204 „ nuttalli 93 „ darwini 222 " albopictum 156 »» cruciferum 188 „ boulengeri 220 " boulengeri 220 »> maculatum 44 supinoi 186 »> helvolum 219 ,, sublaeve 247 ,, eburneum 119 „ mordiae 150 „ acutangulatum 266 »» australiense 137 „ helvolum 219 268 Gen. et spp. div. Genus Amhlyomma Amhlyomma loculosum (Seychelles) „ marmoreum (Africa) „ rotundatum (Brazil) „ nuttalli (Africa) PAGE 65 90 169 93 OPHIDIA. Viperidae Bitis arietans Merr. A; „ gabonica Diim. et Bibr. Lachesis mutus L. „ (Bothrops) lanceolatns La- cep. = (Trigonocephalus jararaca) Crotalus terrificus Wgm. Boiidae Python spilotes Lacep. = {Morelia variegata Gray) = (Morelia argus Dum. et Bibr.) Python molurus L. „ reticulatus Schn. „ sp. Boa constrictor L. „ imperator Daiid. Eunectes murinus L. Epicrates cenchrys Wagl. Colubridae Leptodeira annulata Fitz. Oxyrhopus neuwiedii Dum. et Bibr. (Scytale coronaium Dum. et Bibr.) Coluber onicephalus {Typhlops sp.t) Xenodon severus L. Spilotes variabilis Wagl. Elaps sp. Zamenis mucosus L. Diemenia textilis Dum. et Bibr. {superciliosa Giinth.) Oxybelis acuminatus Wied. Zamenis (Pytas) korros Schleg. Dipsadomorphus dendrophilus Boie {Triglyphedon dendrophilum Dum. et Bibr.) marmoreum 90 variegatum 103 marmoreum 90 dissimile 167 deminutivum 191 dissimile 167 rotundatum 169 scutatum 204 dissimile 167 limbatum 146 moreliae 150 sublaeve 247 hdvolum 219 marmoreum (Africa) 89 hdvolum 219 deminutivum 191 dissimile 167 fuscum ( ?) 249 goeldii 244 dissimile 167 fulvum 215 dissimile 167 dissimile 167 dissimile 167 helvolum 219 dissimile 167 dissimile 167 goeldii 244 helvolum 219 alboUmbatum 227 dissimile 167 helvolum 219 helvolum 219 Classified List of Hosts 269 CHELONIA. PAGE Testudinidae Nicoria trijuga Schw. Ambhjomma supinoi 186 Emys sp. „ nuttalU 93 Geoemyda spinosa Gray „ caelaturum 230 „ geoemydae 231 „ supinoi 186 „ grand is Gray „ helvolum 219 Testudo argentina Sclater „ testudinis 162 (sulcata Dum. et Bibr.) „ elegans Schoepff „ clypeolaium 81 „ elongata Blyth „ supinoi 186 „ leopardinust „ marmoreum 90 „ mauritanica Dum. et Bibr. „ marmoreum 89 Cinixys erosa Schw. „ clypeolatum 81 Testudo polyphemus Daud. „ tuberculatum 177 Pelomedusidae Podocnemis sp. „ dissimile 167 humerale 181 Gen. et spp. div. crassum (Colombia) 179 cyprium (Asia) 236 sabanerae (Guatemala) 183 MAMMALIA. MONOTREMATA. Ornithorhynchidae Ornitliorhynchus paradoxus Blum. Amblyomma triguttatum Echidiiidae Echidna aculeata Gray „ australiense 57 137 MARSUPIALIA. Macropidae Macropus sp. Didelphyidae Didelphys pusilla Desm. sp. Amblyomma triguttatum „ scutatum „ cajennense 57 204 54 EDENTATA. Bradypodidae Brady pus tridactylus L. „ cucidiiger Wagl. sp. Amblyomma geayi „ varium „ varium „ varium 61 208 208 208 270 Genus Aniblyomma Dasypodidae Dasypus novemcinctus L. Amblyomma cajennense 54 ,, concolor 69 „ villosus Fischer sp. „ cajennense 54 ,j concolor 69 ,, oblongoguttatum 36 „ pseudoconcolor 72 Tolypeutes tricinctus L. „ concolor 69 Manididae Manis aurita Hodgson „ sublaeve 247 „ javanica Fischer „ sublaeve 247 „ pentadactyla L. ,, sublaeve 247 „ sp. „ sublaeve 247 Myrmecophagidae Myrmecophaga jubata L. „ cajennense 53 ,, nodosum 199 „ pictum 240 sp. „ cajennense 53 ,, nodosum 199 „ mantiquirense 215 Tamandua {Myrmecophaga) „ calcaratum 194 „ tetradactyla (L.) „ goeldii 244 „ nodosum 199 „ tridactyla (L.) „ cajennense 53 „ incisum 202 j» pictum 240 UNGULATA. Proboscidia. Elcphantidae I Elephas (Lo.rodon) africanus Amblyomma 1 cohaerens 110 Bhim. tholloni 252 Perissodactyla . Tapiridae Tapirus amcricanus Gm. Amblyomma ', cajennense 63 „ coelebs 33 „ cooperi 75 „ incisum 202 „ oblongoguttatum 36 „ scalpfuratum 134 „ indicus Ciiv. „ testudinarium 256 sp. coelebs 33 „ incisum, 202 „ multipunctum 196 „ ovale 29 Classijied List of Hosts 271 Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceros bicornis L. A mblyomma crenatum 77 „ gemma 122 „ marmoreum 89 „ personaium 260 „ petersi 263 „ variegatum 103 „ lucerius ? „ hebraeum 106 „ petersi 264 „ sondaicus Desm. „ testudinarium 256 {javanicus Cuv.) Equidae Equus cahallus L. „ americanum 48 „ cajennense 53 gemma 122 „ hebraeum 107 parvum 38 tholloni 252 triguttatum 57 „ asinus L. „ hebraeum 107 „ variegatum 103 „ asinus (J x caballus $ „ americanum 48 „ gemma 122 „ pomposum 100 „ zebra L. " variegatum 103 Artiodactyla. Dicotylidae Dicotylcs torquatus Cuv. Amblyomma americanum 48 brasiliense 132 cajennense 53 mantiquirense 215 oblongoguttatum 36 „ labiatus Ciiv. mantiquirense 215 Suiidae Sus scroja L. americanum 48 cajennense 153 „ cristatus Wagn. testudinarium 256 „ jubatus Mill. testudinarium 257 „ larvatus (see Potamochoerus) testudinarium 256 „ celebensis Miill. et Schleg. cyprium 236 „ vittatus Mull, et Schleg. testudinarium 256 „ sp. splendidum (Africa) 124 Potomachoerus {Sus) larvatus (Cuv.) ,, testudinarium 256 PhacocJioerus aethiopicus Cuv. „ gemma 122 Camelidae " variegatum 103 Camelus dromedarius L. „ lepidum 97 ,, variegatu7n 103 Lama vicugna Molina „ parvitarsum 40 272 Genus Amhlyomma PAGE Tragulidae Tragulus sp. Amblyormna testudinarium 257 Cervidae Cervus campestris „ brasiliense 132 202 J, incisum „ maculatum 44 {Odocoileus) virginianus Bodd. „ ovale 29 48 americanum „ sp. jj cajennense 53 ,, oblongoguttatum 36 Giraffidae 122 Giraffa camelopardalis (L.) „ gemma ,, hebraeum 106 camelopardalis var. „ eburneum 119 .schillingsi Matschie Bovidae 264 90 Taurotragm oryx Lydd. » petersi (Antilope oreas Pallas ,, marmoreum Oreas caniia Gray? " hebraeum 106 Boselaphus oreas Smuts) Antilope sp. ,, tholloni 252 114 Bos bubalis L. (indicus) „ integrum „ testudinarium 257 „ taurus L. „ cajennense 53 ,j dissimile 167 ,, gemma 122 ,, hebraeum 106 integrum 114 lepidum 96 maculatum 44 j^ ovale 29 ,, pomposum 100 ,, splendidum 125 jj testudinarium 256 „ triguttatum 57 variegatum 103 Bubalus jacksoni Thomas variegatum 103 Bos (Buffelus) cajfer Matschie cohaerens 110 eburneum 119 hebraeum 106 lepidum 97 marmoreum 90 variegatum 103 „ caffer var. brachyceros Lydd. astrion 126 „ splendidum 124 Capra hircus L. „ americanum 48 „ cajennense 53 ,, hebraeum 107 jj lepidum 97 »> maculatum 44 • 9 variegatum 103 Classified List of Hosts 273 PAGE CatobhjMs (Connochaeles) gnu Amblyomma gemma 122 H. Smith Cephalopus sp. >» hcbrueum 107 Cervicapra sp. ,, varicgaliim 103 Kobus dlipsiprymniis (Ogilby) ,, rnriegatum 103 A. Smith Dicranoccros furcifer Brookes ,, multipunclum 19(j Egoceros {Hippolragus) nigcr H; vriis ,, pomposum 100 „ variegatum 103 Ovis aries L. „ amcricaniurh 48 „ cajennense 53 j» kebraeum 107 ,, maculatum 44 „ variegatum 103 Tragelaphus sp. ,, variegatum 103 Oryx callotis Thomas ,, gemma 122 Strepsiceros sp. „ ■pomposum 100 Alcephalus caama Gray " pomposum 100 RODENTIA. Leporidae Lejms cuniculus L. Amblyomma cajennense 53 „ 7naculatum 44 „ sp. ., maculatum 44 Caviidae Hydrochoerus rapyhura Erxl. „ cajennense 53 Hystricidac Coenda (Sjjhingurus) insidiosus (Licht.)Kuhl. Ccrcolabes villosus Cuv. Dasyproetidae Dasyprocta aguli Hensel „ croconata Wagn Codogenys jmcu L. cooperi dissimile maculatum longiroslre Mustelidae sp. Conepatus suffocans Illig. Procyonidae Nasua socialis Wied, 107 44 140 ., ulbopictum 15G •' longirostre 140 „ brasiliense 132 n. „ scutalum 204 „ brasiliense 132 " pacae 211 CARNIVORA. Carnassidentia. Amblyomma ', amerieanum 48 " concolor 69 J, cajennense 54 „ ovale 29 274 Genus Amhlyomma Canidae Vulpes sp. Lupus sp. Canis azarae Wied. „ familiaris L. „ griseus Gray Cynhyaena picta (Temm.) Viverridae Viverra civetta Schreb. Genetta pardina Is. Geoff. Felidae Felis domestica Brisson „ leo L. ,, onga L. „ pardalis L. „ tigris L. Hyaenidae Hyaena hyaena amencanum 48 maculatum 44 americanum 48 cajennense 53 incisum 202 maculatum 44 ovale 29 nmericanum 48 cajennense 53 hebraeum 107 maculatum 44 ovale 29 pictum 240 variegatuin 103 maculatum 44 hebraeum 106 hebraeum 106 marmoreum 89 americanum 48 variegatum 103 eburneum 119 ovale 29 americanum 48 testudinarium. 256 sublaeve 247 Erinaciidae Erinaceus sp. INSECTIVORA. Amblyomma nuttaili (W. Africa) 93 CHIROPTERA. Noctilio aibiventer Spix. Amblyomma scutatum (nymphs?) 204 PRIMATES. Cebidae Anthropoidea. Aides melanochir Desm. Amblyomma ; quasicyprium 238 Hominidae Homo sapiens L. „ americanum 48 „ cajennense 53 ,, ovale 29 „ variegatum 103 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENUS AMBLYOMMA Europe. 8pain (.Soutlicrn) dabitatum Africa. Sudan Abyssinia Soinaliland West Africa (iSierra Leone, Gold Coast, etc.) Cameroons Congo Nigeria Uganda Kenya (British E. Africa) Tanganyika Territory (Ger- man E. Africa) Nyasaland Portuguese East Africa South Africa Madagascar Seychelles lepidum, mannoreum, uariegaluin lepidum, variegatum gemma, lepidum, marmoreitm, variegatum aslrion, cuneatiim, tmttalU, paulopinictatum, splendidum, tholloni, variegatum cuneatum, hebraeum (1), nuttalli, tlwlloni, variegatum cohaerens (EaateTn), dubitatum {'!), cuneatum, breviscu- tatum, marmoreum, pomposvm, splendidum (Western), tholloni, variegatum nuttalli, splendidum, variegatum cohaerens, cuneatum, gemma, marmoreum, nuttalli, jtaulopunctatum, petersi, tholloni, variegatum, cohaerens, gemma, hebraeum(t), lejndum, marmoreum, personatum, petersi, variegatum gemma, ehurneum, hebrae^im, lepidum, marmoreum, per- sonatmn, petersi, pomposum., tholloni, variegatum marmoreum, petersi, tholloni, variegatum hehraeum, petersi, variegatum hebraeum, latum, marmoreum, nuttalli, petersi (N. Rhodesia), pomposum (N. Rhodesia) variegatum cuneatum, loculosum Asia. India and Burma Ceylon Si am Malay Peninsula Singapore Sumatra Java Borneo New Guinea Philippine Is. clypeolatuin, integrum, sublaeve, supinoi, tcsladinurium clypeolatum, integrum, testudinarium sublaeve caelaturum, cijpriu)n, helvolum, sublaeve, testudinarium caelaturum, extraoculatum, helvolum, geoemydae, helvolum, sublaeve helvolum, sublaeve geoemydae, testudinarium cyprium, papuana americanum (?), cyprium, dissimile (?), helvolum Australasia. Australia albolimbatum, australiense, limbatum, moreliae, post- oculatum (King I.), triguttatum Oceania. Marianne Is. Moluccas Fiji Is. Solomon Is. cyprium cordiferum acutangulatum, quasicyprium (?) nitidum 18-2 276 Genus Amhly omnia North America. United States West Indies Central America. Mexico Guatemala Honduras Costa Rica Panama americanum, cajennense, macvlatum, tuberculatum (Florida, Alabama) albopictum (Cuba), cajennense, cruciferum (Haiti), dis- siniilc, longirostrc (Trinidad), variegatum cajennense, coelebs, dissimile, maculatum, ovale, quasi- cyprium cajennense, dissimile, sabanerae, scutatum., variegatum cajennense, dissimile cajennense, nodosum, ovale cajennense, dissimile, oblongoguttatum, varium South America. Venezuela Colombia Guiana Ecuador Brazil Peru Bolivia Paraguay ■Uruguay- Argentine Republic Chile Patagonia Galapagos Is. cajennense, bispinosum, longirostrc, Tmdtipunctum cajennense, crassum, deminutivum, dissimile, geayi, goeldii, ovale americanum (foreli), cajennense, dissimile, geayi, goeldii, guianiense, humerale, mantiquirense, oblongo- guttatum, ovale, varium incisum, maculatum americanum {fweli), brasiliense, albojnctum, calcaratum, coelebs, concolor, cooperi, deminutivum (1), dissimile, fulvum (1), fuscum (1), geayi, goeldii, humerale, in- cisum, maculatum, mantiquirense, nodosum, oblongo- guttatum, ovale, pacae, parvum, pictum, pseudo- concolor, rotundatum, scalpturatum, scutatum, varium maculatum coelebs, incisum, longirostre, oblongoguttatum, ovale, parvitarsum, scalpturatum cajennense, calcaratum, cooperi, dissimile, maculatum, pseudoconcolor, ovale, scutatum humerale, maculatum cajennense, concolor, furcula, maculatum, ovale, tcstu- dinis, varium maculatum, parvitarsum maculatum boulengeri, darwini, hirtum, pilosum REFERENCES Aragao, H. deB. 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Hirst, A. S. (1914), Report on the Arachnida and Myriapoda collected by the British Ornithologists' Union Expedition and the WoUaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. Trans. Zool. Soc. London, xx. 325-333, Text-figs. XIV-XIX, reprint. Hirst, S., and Hirst, L. F. (1910), Description of five new species of ticks (Ixodidae). Ann. a. Magaz. of Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vi. 299-308, 9 Text-figs. Hooker, W. A., Bishopp, F, G., and Wood, H. P. (1912), The life-history and bionomics of some North American Ticks. U.S. Dept. of Agric, Bur. Animal Industry, Washington, Bull. 106, 239 pp., 15 Pis., 17 Figs. Howard, C. W. (1908), A list of the Ticks of South Africa, with Descriptions and Keys to all the forms known. Annals of the Transvaal Museum, i. 73-172, 14 Pis. Hunter, W. D., and Bishopp, F. G. (1911), Some of the more important ticks of the United States. Year Book U.S. Dept. Agric. for 1910, 219-230, Pis. XV-XVI, issued as " Y. B. separate — 531." References 279 Hunter, W. D,, and Hooker, W. A. (1907), Information concerning the North American Fever Tick, with notes on other species. U.S. Dept. of Agric, Bur. of Entomologij, Bull. No. 72. Washington: 13 Figs., 4 Pis., 87 pp. Karsch, F. (1878), Uebersicht der in Mossambique gesammelten Arachniden. Monatsbericht der K. Akademie der Wissenschafl zu Berlin, pp. 314-338, Pis. I, II. (1879), Arachnologische Beitrage. Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Naturwiss. lii. 561. (1880), Vier neue Ixodiden des Berliner Museums. Mitlheil. d. Miinchener entomol. Vereine, Jahrg. iv. 141, 142. King, H, H. (1908), lird Report, Wellcome Research Laboratories, Khartoum, Sudan, 220-222. PI. XXVI, 2 figs. Koch, C. L. (1844), Systematische Uebersicht iiber die Ordnung der Zecken. Arch. f. Naturg. Berlin, Jahrg. x. Bd. i. 217-239. (1847), Uebersicht des Arachnidensystems, Niirnberg, Heft 4, pp. 136, Pis. I-XXX. Koch, L. (1867), Beschreibungen neuer Ai-achniden und Myi'iapoden. Verhandlungen der K. K. zoolog.-botan. Gesellschaft zu Wien, xvn. 173-250. Koningsberger, J. G. (1900), Onderzoekingen betreffende de Teken (Ixodidae) van Nederlandsch-Indie. Teijsmannia, XI. No. 1. Lahille, F. (1905), Contribution a I'^tude des Ixodides de la R6publique Argentine. Republica Argentina. Anales del Ministero de Agricultura, Seccidn de Zootecnia. Bacteriologia, Veterinaria y Zoologia, ii. No. 2, 166 pp., 13 Plates, 23 Text-figs. Buenos Aires: Imprimerie du Biu'eau M6t6orologique. Latreille, P. A. (1804), Histoire naturelle, ge'nerale et particuliere, des crustaces et des insectes, An XII. vin. p. 411, 8°, Paris. Linnaeus, G. (1758), Systema Naturae. Regnum Animale, ed. 10, pp. 824, Holmiae. Lounsbury, G. P. (1899), The Bont Tick {Amblyomma hebraeum Koch). Agric. J (mm.. Cape of Good Hope, xv. No. 11, 728-743, 1 Fig. (1900), Tick Investigations. Report of the Government Entomologist for the year 1899. Cape of Good Hope Bept. of Agriculture, Capetown, 1900, 19-34, Pis. III-IV. (1900 d), Life-History of a Tick. Entomol. News, Philadelphia, xi. 336-340. (1901), Transmission of mahgnant jaundice of the dog by a species of tick. Agric. Journ. Capetown, xix. 714-724; 10 pp., reprint. (1904). Persian Sheep and Heartwater. Agric. Journ. Cape Town, xxv, 175-186. (1905 j, Rept. Brit. Assoc. Advance. Sci., 1905, 282-291. Lucas, H. (1846), Notice sur quelques especes nouveUes d'lxodes qui vivent para- sites sm- les Serpents {Boa constrictor et Python sebae) et sur I'Ornithorynque {Ornithorhynchtis jMradoxus Blum.). Ann. Soc. Entomol. de France, ser. 2, iv. 53-64, PI. I. (1850), Ann. Soc. Entomol. de France, ser. 2, vni. Bull. p. xli. (1852) {Ixodes variegatus n.sp.) (Secretary's abstract of paper read December 22nd.) Ann. Soc. Entomol. de France, Paris, ser. 2, x. Bidl. pp. Ixxxviii-lxxxix. Martin, J. (1895), Sur une nouvelle espece d' Ixodidae du Congo, Amblyomma quantini. Ann. d. sci. nat. Paris, Zool. (1894), ser. 7, xvm. 267-278, PI. XIV, Figs. 1-11. Marx, G. (1893-1894), Insect Life, vi. No. 4. 280 Genus Amblyomma Maver, M. B. (1911), Transmission of spotted fever by other than Montana and Idaho ticks. Journ. Infect. Diseases, vin. 322-326. Murray, A. (1877), Economic Entomology; Aptera, i. pp. iii-xiii, 3-433, with numerous Text-figures. London: Chapman and Hall (South Kensington Museum Science Handbooks). Neiva, A., and Penna B. (1916). Viajem cientifica pelo Norte da Bahia, sudoeste de Pernambuco, sul do Piauhi e de norte a sul de Goiaz. Mem. do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vin. 74-224. Map and 28 Pis. Neumann, L. G. (1899), Revision de la famille des Ixodid6s (3^ memoire). Mem. Soc. Zool. de France, xii. 107-294, Figs. 1-63. (1901), Revision de la famille des Ixodides (4*^ memoire). Me'm. Soc. Zool. de France, xiv. 249-372, 18 Figs. (1902), Notes sur les Ixodidds, I. Arch, de Parasitol. vi. 109-128, 6 Text-figs. (1904), Notes sur les Ixodides, II. Arch, de Parasitol. vin. 444^64, 2 Text-figs. (1905), Notes sur les Ixodidds, III. Arch, de Parasitol. ix. 225-241. — ■ — (1906), Notes sur les Ixodides, IV. Arch, de Parasitol. x. 195-219, 17 figs. (1907), Note XVI. Ixodide nouveau de I'Australie Amblyomma alholimhatuin n.sp. Notes from the Leyden Museum, xxvni. 218-220, 1 Text-fig., reprint. (V. 1907), Note XI. Quatre nouvelles especes d'lxodides. Notes from the Leyden Museum, xxix. 88-100, 7 Figs. (XII. 1907), Note sur les Ixodidae recueillis dans les iles de roc6an Indien par M. J. Stanley Gardiner. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, ser. 2, Zoology, xn. 193-194. (III. 1908), Notes sur les Ixodides, VI. Arch, de Parasitol. xn. 1-27, 16 Figs. (VII. 1908), Notes sur les Ixodid6s, VII. Notes from the Leyden Museum, xxx. 73-91, Figs. 1-10. ■ (1909), Le pou (V Orycteropus afer et une nouvelle sous-espece d" Amblyomma. Jahrb. d. Nassau. Ver. f. Naturk. in Wiesbaden, Jahrg. 62, reprint, 6 pp., 1 PI. (1911), Ixodidae in Das Tierreich, herausg. v. T. E. Schulze, im Auftrage der K. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berhn. Berlin: R. Friedlander & Sohn. 26. Lieferung, xvi+169 pp., 76 Text-figs. Newstead, R. (1909), Reports of the twenty-first expedition of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Jamaica, 1908-1909. Section I, Medical and Economic Entomology. Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasitol. in. 421-469, Pis. XIII-XV, 2 Text-figs. Nuttall, G.H.F.(1910), New species of ticks. Parasitology, in. 408-416, 7 Figs. (V. 1911), On symptoms following tick-bites in man. Parasitology, iv. 89-93. (1913), Note on coloration in Ticks. Parasitology, vi. 49-51, 1 PI. (1915), Observations on the biology of Ticks. Parasitology, vii. No. 4, pp. 408^56. (1916), Ticks of the Belgian Congo and the Diseases they convey. Bull. Entom. Research, London, vi. No. 4, 313-352, 48 Figs. (1919), Observations on the biology of the Ixodidae. Part III. Parasitology, XI. Nos. 3 and 4, pp. 393-404. (1920), On coloration in Ticks. II. Parasitology, xn. No. 1, 1-6, 2 colom-ed Plates comprising 10 Figs. References 281 Nuttall, G. H. F. (1920a), Regeneration of fhe Mouthparts and Legs in Ticks. Ffiirmlolof/i/, xii. Xo. I, 7-20, (i Text-figs. Nuttall, G. H. F., and Warburton, C. (1908), On a now genus of Ixodoidea together with a description of eleven new species of ticks. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. XIV. .392-416, 4.5 Text-figs. Oudexnans, A. C. (1905), Ambh/omma scxievola n. sp. Enlomol. Berichlen, Xo. .32, p. 21(i. (1906), Amblyo))wm scaevola Oudms. in Resultats de l' Expedition Scientifique N eerlajidaise a la Nouvelle-Guine'e en 1903, sous les auspices de A. Wichmann V. Zoologie, Livr. i. pp. 130-1.31. Packard, A. S. (1869), List of hynienopterous and lepidopterous insects collected by the Smithsonian Expedition to South America, under Prof. James Orton; Appendix to report on Articulates. Ann. Rep. Peabody Academy of Science, pp. 1-14. Paoli, G. (1916), Ixodidi raccolti nella Somalia Italiana meridionale. Media, Florence, XI. No. 1, pp. 269-297, 5 Figs., 1 PI. Ribaga, C. (1902), Acari sudamericani. Zool. Anz. xxv. 502-508. Robinson, L. E. (1911), New species of Ticks {Haemaphysalis, Amblyomma). Parasitology, iv. 478-484, 4 Text-figs. Rohr, G. J. (1909), Estudos sobre Ixodidas do Brasil. (Trabalho do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.) Rio de Janeiro: Gomes, Irmao & C, Rua Assembl6a 32. 220 pp., 5 Plates (photographs), 30 Text-figs, (mostly original). Salmon, D. E., and Stiles, C. W. (1901), The cattle ticks (Ixodoidea) of the United States, llth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U.S. Dept of Agric, Washington, pp. 380-488, Figs. 42-257. Say, T. (1821), An account of the Arachnides of the United States. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., ii. 59-83. StoU, O. (1886-1893), Arachnida Acaridia. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zool. London, pp. v-xxi, 1-55, 21 Plates. Supine, F. (1897), Nuovu Ixodes della Birmania. (Xota preventiva.) Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. di Set. Nat., 2 s., m. fasc. i. pp. 230-238. Warbvirton, G. (1910), On two collections of Indian Ticks. Parasitology, ill. 395-407, 10 Figs. INDEX to the Species of the Genus AMBLYOMMA with Synonyms Valid species in Clarendon type. Synonyms in Roman type. Doubtful and Condetnned species in italics. PAGE Acarus americanus L. = Amblyomma americanum 45 cajeimensis Fabr. =Amb. eajennense 48 nigua de Geer = Amb. americanum 45 variegatus Fabr. = Amb. variegatum 101 Amblyomma acutEingxilatum Neu- mann, 1899 265 adspersum Koch = Amb dissimile 163 agamum Aragao = Amb. rotundatum 168 albolimbatum Neumann, 1907 224 albopictum Neumann, 1899 155 americanum (Linnaeus, 1758) 45 anceps Donitz, 1909 = Amb. co- haerens 1 07 annandalei Warburton, 1910 = Amb. supinoi 1 83 annidipes Koch = Amb. hebraeum 104 arcanum Karsch, 1879 argentinae Neumann = Amb. testu- dinis 1 60 arteriosum L. Koch, 1877 astrion Donitz, 1909 125 atrogenatum Nuttall and Warburton, 1908= Amb. clypeolatum 79 aureolatum (Pallas, 1775) aureum Neumann, 1899 = Amb. petersi 260 auriculare (Conil) Lahille, 1905 = Amb. concolor 66 auronitens Berlese, 1888 = Amb. ovale 25 australiense Neumann, 1905 134 avicola Neumann, 1899 = Amb. longi- rostre 137 badium Neumann, 1901 =Amb. sub- laeve 244 hengalense Rudow, 1870 bispinosum Neumann, 1906 62 boulengeri Hirst and Hirst, 1910 219 Amblyomma brasiliense Aragao, 1908 129 breviscutatum Neumann, 1899 232 caelaturum Cooper and. Robin- son, 1908 227 eajennense (Fabricius, 1787) 48 calcaratum Neumann, 1899 191 clypeolatum Neumann, 1899 79 coelebs Neumann, 1899 30 cobaerens Donitz, 1909 107 comijactum Neumann, 1901 =Amb. testudinarium 253 complanatum Berlese = Amb. macu- latum 41 concolor Neximann, 1899 66 confine Koch = Amb. ovale 25 conspicuum Aragao = Amb. pictum 238 cooperi Nuttall and Warburton , 1907 72 car datum Rudow, 1870 cordiferum Neumann, 1899 188 coronaium Lewis, 1892 crassipunctatum Stoll, 1886-1893 = Amb. varium 205 crassum Robinson, n.sp. 177 crenatum Neumann, 1899 75 cruciferum Neumann, 1901 187 cuneatum Neumann, 1899 140 cyprium Neumann, 1899 233 darlingi Nuttall, 1912= Amb. oblon- guttatum 33 darwini Hirst and Hirst 221 decoratum Koch = Amb. helvolum 216 deminutivum Neumann, 1899 190 deniiculatum Koch, 1844 devium (Koch) Neumann = Amb. mar- more um 86 Index 283 PAO V. Amblyomma dissimile Koch, 1844 l(>;S distinctum Kai'sch=Amb. hcbraeinn 101 dubitatum Neumann, 1899 I 14 eburneum Gerstaecker, 1873 I Hi elephantinum (Linnaeus, IV/iS) extraoculatum Neumann, 1899 ITii tiebiigi Robinson, 1911 =Amb. pacae Aragao 209 fiml)riatum Koch = Arab, helvolum 210 foai Neumann = Amb. petersi 260 foreli Stoll — Amb. americanuin 45 fossum Neumann = Arab, ovale 25 fulvum Neumann, 1899 215 furcosum Neumann = Amb. helvohim 210 furcula Donitz, 1909 120 fuscum Neumann, 1907 248 geayi Neumann, 1899 59 gemma Donitz, 1909 119 geoemydae (Cantor, 1847) 230 giganteum Neumann = Amb. longi- rostre 137 goeldii Neumann, 1899 241 grossum (Pallas, 1775) guianense Neumann, 1907 222 gypsatura Neumann = Amb. humerale 179 hassalli Marx and Neumann = Amb. hebraeum 104 hebraeum Koch, 1844 104 hebraeum magnum Neumann, 1909 helvolum Koch, 1844 210 hippopotamense (Denny, 1843) =H}'a- lomma hippopotamense hippopotami Koch = Hyalomraa hip- popotamense hirtum Neumann, 1906 150 histrio (Fabricius, 1795) humerale Koch, 1844 179 hydrosauri Koch = Apon. hydrosauri (Denny) iguanae (Fabricius, 1794) incisum Neumann, 1906 199 indum (Linnaeus, 1788) infestum Koch = Amb. testudinarium 253 inflatum Neumann, 1901 infumatum Koch = Amb, dissimile 103 integrum Karsch, 1879 1 1 1 irroratum Koch — Amb. dissimile 1G3 laeve Neumann — Aponomma laeve latiscutalum Neumann (a nymph) Amblyomma latum Koch, 1844 lepidum Donitz, 1909 limbatum Neumann, 1899 lincdliit/i (Fabricius, 1794) loculosum Neumann, 1907 longirostre Koch, 1844 PAGE 151 94 143 03 137 longirostrum Cooper and Robinson = Ami), humerale 179 maculatvun Koch, 1844 40 malayanum Neumann = Amb. caela- turum 227 mantiquirense Aragao, 1908 212 marmoreum Koch, 1844 86 mixtum Koch = Amb. cajennense 48 moreliae (L. Koch, 1867) 148 multipunctum Neumann, 1899 194 naponense (Packard, 1869) nausificum Koch, 1844 neujnanni Ribaga, 1902 nitidum Hirst and Hirst, 1910 240 nodosum Neumann, 1899 196 nuttalli Donitz, 1909 90 oblongoguttatum Koch, 1844 33 oblongum Koch, 1844 = Amb. ovale 25 ovale Koch, 1844 25 ovatum Koch = Amb. maculatum 41 pacae Aragao, 1911 209 pacificum Murray = Amb. cypriura? papuana Hirst, 1914 171 parviscutatum Neumann = Amb. ca- jennense 49 parvitarsum Neumann, 1901 38 parvum Aragao, 1908 37 paulopunctattun Neumann, 1899 82 perjmnctatuin (Packard, 1869) personatum Neumann, 1901 257 petersi Earsch, 1878 260 pictum Neumann, 1906 238 pilosum, Neumann, 1899 159 pomposum Donitz, 1909 97 postoculatum Neunnann, 1899 146 prolongatum Neumann = Amb. in- tegrum 111 pseudoconcolor Aragao, 1908 69 punctalum Koch, 1844 pygmaeum Koch, 1844 quadriguttatum Pavesi, 1883 quadrimaculatum Neumann — Amb. helvolum 210 284 Grenus Amhlyomma Amblyomma quantini Martin = Amb. splendidum 123 quasicyprium Robinson, n.sp. 237 rhinocerinus Koch = Derm, rhinocerotis (de Geer) rhinocerotis Koch = Derm, rhinocerotis (de Geer) rostratum (Murray) Neumann, 1901 rotundatum Koch, 1844 168 rubripes Koch = Amb. maculatum 41 rugosum Neumann, 1899 = Amb. niar- moreum 86 sabanerae Stoll, 1886-1893 182 sanguisugum (Linnaeus, 1758) scaevola Oudemans = Amb. cyprium 233 scalpturatum Neumann, 1906 133 sculptum Berlese=Amb. cajennense 48 scutatum Neumann, 1899 202 sparsum Neumann = Amb. marmoreum 86 sparsum var. paulopunctatum Neu- mann = Amb. paulopunctatum 82 splendidum Giebel, 1877 123 spi7iosum Rudow, 1870 strobeli Berlese and Trouessart, 1889 striatum Koch = Amb. ovale 25 sublaeve Neumann, 1899 244 supinoi Neumann, 1905 183 subluteum Neumaim = Amb. crenatum 75 sylvaticum Neumann = Amb. latum 151 tenellum Koch = Amb. cajennense 48 tenimberense Hirst and Hirst = Amb. helvolum 216 testudinarium Koch, 1844 253 testudinis (Supino, 1897)= Amb. su- pinoi 183 testudinis (Gonil, 1877) 160 thoUoni Neunnann, 1899 249 tigrinum Koch = Amb. maculatum 40 triguttatum Koch, 1844 54 trimaculatum Neumann = Amb. paulo- punctatum 82 triste Koch = Amb. maculatum 41 tuberculatum Marx, 1893-1894 174 uncatum Nuttall and Warburton, 1907= Amb. nodosum 196 varani Rudow, 1870 variegatum (Fabricius, 1794) 101 variegatum var. nocens Robinson — Amb. pomposum 97 varium Koch, 1844 205 venustum Koch = Amb. variegatum 101 PAGE Amblyomma versicolor Nuttall and Warburton = Amb. cajennense 49 vittatum Neumann = Amb. oblongo- guttatum 33 v-notatum Nuttall = Amb. geayi 59 walckenaeri (Gervais, 1842) zeylanicum Neumann Amb. clypeolatum 79 Aponomma javanense Cooper and Robin- son, 1908 = Amb. sublaeve ffZ politum Neumann, 1899 = Amb. sub- laeve 244 testudinis (Supino) Neumann = Amb. supinoi 183 Dermacentor indicus Supino, 1897 = Amb. sublaeve 244 Haemalastor crassitarsus Karsch = Amb. longirostre 137 longirostris Koch = Amb. longirostre 137 Hyalomma devium Koch = Amb. latum 151 longirostre (Koch) Neumann = Amb. longirostre 137 Ixodes americanus Fabricius = Amb. americanum 45 auricularius Conil, 1877= Amb. con- color 66 auriscutellatus Koningsberger = Amb. testudinarium 253 boarum Stoll = Amb. dissimile 163 cajennensis Fabricius = Amb. cajen- nense 48 crenatus Say = Amb. cajennense 48 elegans Guerin-Meneville = Amb. varie- gatum 101 flavidus Koch = Amb. dissimile 163 herrerae Dug^s = Amb. cajennense 48 humanus Koch = Amb. dissimile 163 moreliae L. Koch = Amb. moreliae 148 nigua (de Geer) Latreille = Amb. americanum 45 poortmani Lucas = Amb. hebraeum 104 pulchellus Lucas = Amb. dissimile 163 testudinis Conil = Amb. testudinis 160 unipunctata Packard = Amb. ameri- canum 45 ivalckenaeri Gervais = 4m6. ivalcke- naeri Rhipicephalus javanensis Supino = Amb. sublaeve 244 Rhynchoprion americanum Hermann = Amb. americanum 45 Xiphiastor rostratum Murray, 1877 285 NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF AMBLYOMMA Of the 86 species of the genus Amblyomnia, the life-history has been observed and described, more or less completely, in some 10 species only. Our knowledge of the subject is, therefore, still too meagre to allow us to generalise, but, so far as it goes, and excepting the occurrence of parthenogenesis, there are no remarkable differences between the biology of Amblyommas and other Ixodid genera. With a single exception, all the species are three-host ticks, that is to say, they drop off the host to moult and must, therefore, seek a new victim in each life-phase — larva, nymph, and adult. The one observed exception is A. rotundatum [agamum Aragao) which, under certain conditions still unexplained, may pass through the larval or the nymphal moult without detaching itself from the host. It was in the course of the study of the biology of this species that the phenomenon of partheno- genesis was observed, for the first time in Ticks, by Aragao. Since then, Bodkin has observed parthenogenesis in A. dissimile, in which the normal process of pairing of the sexes also occurs. Hitherto, the male form of A. rotundatum has never been seen, and in raising experiments com- prising a succession of generations reproduced parthenogenetically, the very numerous progeny has consisted of females without exception. In A. dissimile on the other hand. Bodkin has recorded the appearance of both sexes among the immediate offspring of a parthenogenetic generation. Amblyomma maculatum The following notes are derived mainly from Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912); the biology has also been studied by Lahille (1905), Hunter and Hooker (1907), and Newstead (1909). When this tick occurs in large numbers, it is a source of great irritation to domestic animals, particularly cattle. Apart from this it is of small economic importance. Oviposition may occur as early as 3 days after the dropping of the female from the host in summer, or it may be delayed to the 9th day. Deposition of eggs continues for 13 to 75 days, according to the air temperature. The minimum incubation period observed by Hooker, Bishopp and Wood was 21 days, at a mean temperature of 81° F. In a case observed 286 Genus Amblyomma by Lahille, a female commenced to lay 10 days after its arrival, and, allowing for the days of the journey to the laboratory, the pre-oviposition period would amount to 12 or 13 days. Larvae hatched out in 50 days (at laboratory temperature, 27th Oct. to 16th Dec). In another case, oviposition commenced in 10 days, and the first larvae hatched in 63 days after the commencement of oviposition. The greatest longevity^ observed in the larva was 179 days. Larvae engorge in 3 to 7 days, the majority dropping off the host on the 4th and 5tli days. The larva-nymph moult may take place as soon as 7 days, but in one recorded case, a larva which dropped off the host in November moulted 121 days later. Nymphs engorge in 5 to 8 days, the majority in 6 to 7 days. In the summer the nymph-adult moult may occur within 17 days of dropping from the host; in the winter the pre-moult period may range from 51 to 71 days. No record of the longevity of the unfed nymph is available. Females may engorge to repletion in 14 days. The greatest adult longevity recorded is between 388 and 411 days. Copulation takes place upon the host, and it would appear that some degree of engorgement is necessary to the development of the sexual instinct. AVhen a male has mated with a female, he usually remains with her until she drops from the host ; he then goes in search of another mate. The males remain attached to the host for long periods after the females have dropped and may mate with many females. This habit accounts for so many males being taken on the host at certain seasons of the year when the females cannot be found. Amblyomma americanum The biology of this species has been studied by Hunter and Hooker (1907), and by Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912), from whose paper the following notes have been compiled. A. americanum has a wide range of hosts, apparently attaching itself to any mammal with which it comes into contact. It is also known to attack birds. It readily attaches itself to domestic animals and man, and, although it is not known to be the vector of any specific disease, it is capable of inflicting very severe bites accompanied by extensive inflammation and suppuration. Attempts, made by Mayo and Morgan, to transmit bovine piroplasmosis by this tick, failed. The tick is reputed 1 Throughout these notes, the word "longevity" means the duration of life of a tick kept unfed from the date of its emergence, from the egg in the case of the larva, and from the previous moult, in the case of the nymph and adult. Biology of A. americanuin 287 to be a serious pest to poultry in some parts of the United States, where the larvae infest chickens in such numbers as to kill them. Oviposition commences 5 to 13 days after the dropping of the engorged female from the host and continues for about a week to a fortnight. The maximum number of eggs observed to be deposited by a female of this species was 8330; the average number amounts to a little more than 3000. In laboratory experiments, the minimum period of incubation was 23 days, in June and July, at a mean temperature of 80-5° F., but out of doors, in July and August, at a mean temperature of 82-5° F., 32 days passed before hatching commenced. Larval engorgement may be completed in 3 days, but the greatest number fall from the host on the 4th day. The longest period required for engorgement was 9 days, which may have been due to the larvae failing to attach themselves at once, or because they became attached at a point where the blood supply was poor. When engorged, the larvae drop from the host and the larva-nymph moult takes place in 8 to 26 days in the summer; in the winter months the period would, doubtless, be much longer. Unfed larvae have survived for 279 days in a tube in a protected place out of doors; in the laboratory, the longevity of the larvae did not exceed 176 days and usually ranged from 2 to 4 months. The minimum observed period for the engorgement of the nymph was 3 days, the majority dropping off the host from the 3rd to the 5th day. In a few cases the nymphs may remain attached to the host for 8 days. In summer, nymphs moult 13 to 16 days after dropping from the host. The longest observed period was 46 days. The maximum longevity of the nymph has been recorded as 476 days. Engorgement is accomplished in 1 1 to 24 days. The greatest longevity of adults recorded was between 393 and 430 days. Copulation appears to take place upon the host and the sexual instinct is not manifested until after several days' feeding. Fertilisation may be essential to engorgement, for females collected from vegetation became attached to the host quite readily, but, in the absence of males, failed to engorge and died in about a month. Males of A. americanum placed upon the scrotum of a bovine to which the females of other species of ticks were already attached, have been found in coitu with these females {Boophilus australis, Amh. maculatum, and Dermacenfor nitens). The males have been observed to remain on the host for more than 1| months after the females have dropped, and a single male is capable of fertilising several females. 288 Genus Amblyomma Amblyomma cajennense The biology of A. cajennense has received attention in the papers of Hunter and Hooker (1907), Newstead (1909), Rohr (1909), and Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912). The last-named authors state that this tick is of economic importance in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas only, where it is very abundant at certain seasons of the year and is a cause of great irritation to horses, mules, cattle and other domestic animals. Stoll has recorded that in Guatemala, the larvae of A. cajennense hang on the grass in clusters of thousands and are a source of great annoyance to travellers. Human beings are often attacked, and cases of severe illness are known to have occurred as the result of numerous bites leading to suppurating sores and the wounds produced by scratching. The following information is derived for the most part from Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912). Oviposition commenced, in one instance, 9 days after the dropping of the female from the host (August, mean laboratory temperature 84° F.), while out of doors, at the same mean temperature, 11 days were required. At lower temperatures, the pre-oviposition period extended to 16, 18, 20 days and more. The average number (13 cases) of eggs laid by one female was 3536. Newstead states that the number of eggs laid by a female amounts to 2000 according to Williams, but that Wortley gives the figure 7240, which is probably nearer the average, and Rohr has recorded a number of 7742 from one individual. The incubation period at an average temperature of 75° F. is stated by Newstead to be 43 to 50 days. The minimum period observed by Hooker and his collaborators was 37 days (mean temperature 80° F.). Under out of doors conditions, with a mean temperature of 66-2° F., the incubation period was 154 days. The maximum larval longevity observed was 386 days. Larval engorgement is completed in from 3 to 7 days, the majority of larvae dropping ojff the host on the 4th and 5th days. The shortest recorded period prior to the larva-nymph moult was 10 days, and this at a mean temperature of 89-8° F. The greatest longevity observed in the unfed nymph was 1 year and 43 days. Nymphs may engorge in as few as 3 days, the majority taking 4 to 5 days. In August, at a mean temperature of 89° F., the nymph-adult moult commenced as soon as the 12th day from the dropping of the Biology of A. cqjennense 289 nymph. The longest time observed to be required for moulting was 105 days, the mean temperature being about 53° F. Adult ticks engorge in from 7 to 10 days. The longevity of unfed adults may certainly exceed one year. So far as is known mating takes place upon the host. Amblyomma marmoreum Although the usual hosts of this tick are Chelonians, Lizards, and occasionally Snakes, it is also a frequent parasite on the Rhinoceros in East Africa, but is rarely found on other mammals. Lounsbury (1905) reports that all his specimens were found on tortoises, excepting a few taken on snakes, and that the adults would not feed on oxen or goats unless they were first partially fed on a tortoise. Larvae and nymphs, on the other hand, are not so particular, for they were found to feed readily on cattle or goats, as well as on tortoises. The larvae will also readily attack birds. Little is known of the details of the life-history. The following obser- vations were made by Lounsbury. A female, collected on the 23rd September, 1903, began to oviposit about the 25th November. Larvae commenced to hatch out on the 23rd January, 1904. Larvae fed to repletion on the scrotum of an ox in 5 days, and on the leg of a goat in 6 days. Sixteen days after the completion of the larval engorgement, nymphs moulted out (in incubator). Nymphs engorged in 7 to 9 days, and the nymph-adult moult took place 82 days later (19th Sept, to 10th Dec.) at room-temperature. These figures indicate that the various life-phases take about the same time as do those of A. hehraeum. Only 5 females were fed to repletion, and of these one dropped from the host in 16 days, one in 20 days, two in 27 days, and one in 45 days. Unlike A. hehraeum, both males and females attach themselves to the host in the first instance without reference to each other. It is not known whether the female seeks the male or vice versa. Amblyomina variegatum Notwithstanding its wide distribution in Africa, and its almost universal presence on domestic cattle, no complete study of the life- history of this species has yet been made. Lounsbury (1905) notes that it is closely allied to A. hehraeum, and that the eggs take the same time to hatch and the larvae and nymphs the same time to feed and moult, as would A. hehraeum under the same conditions. N II 19 290 Genus Amhlyomma Niittall (1915) records observations which he made on material collected as engorged nymphs, from cattle in the Lower Congo (23-30. IV. 1912). When received in Cambridge in June, 1912, most of them had emerged, as adults, from the nymphal skins. Females placed upon calves remained attached for 11 to 20 days, at a temperature ca. 18° to 20° C, and 23 to 33 days, at a temperature ca. 15° C. A female remained attached to the scrotum of a ram for 51 days (temperature ca. 20° C). The males were observed to remain attached to the host long after the females had dropped off engorged; 4 males remained attached for 4 to 8 months. They may even die in situ. Oviposition began 9 to 46 days after the females had dropped from the host; the process lasted 26 to 90 days, and the females survived for 2 to 10 days after it was completed. The number of eggs laid by the female is about the same as in A. hebraeum. Of 10 batches of eggs laid by as many females, 8 failed to hatch (temperature ca. 15° C), while 2 batches hatched at a temperature of 30° C. Larvae emerged from the eggs in 16 to 31 days from the deposition of the eggs. Attempts to raise the larvae failed. The life-history of A. variegatum appears to be essentially similar to that of A. hebraeum. Amblyomma hebraeum Commonly known in South Africa as the "Bont Tick," this species has acquired an evil reputation, and deservedly, for, until a few years ago, it was so prevalent, particularly in the south-western provinces, as to be a veritable scourge to sheep and dairy-cattle. It is the vector of the disease "Heartwater," which affects cattle, sheep and goats, and, moreover, is often the cause of sloughing of the teats in cows, and of other extensive injuries to infested stock by the severity of its bites. For most of our knowledge of the life-history and habits of this species, we are indebted to Mr Charles P. Lounsbury, Chief of the Division of Entomology, Department of Agriculture of the Union Government of South Africa. Concerning the habits of A. hebraeum, Lounsbury writes (1899) "The 'Bont Tick' attacks all kinds of stock farmed in this colony and is not at all averse to fastening on to human beings, black as well as white. Ostriches become affected, and if it were not for their ability to pick off the creatures from most parts of their bodies, they would doubtless suffer severely. It is a matter of common observation that the adult tick, even when abundant on an animal, is confined almost exclusively to the under parts. The favourite Blolofiy of A. hehraeimi 291 places of lodgment are the relatively bare places beneath the shoulders and about the genitals and udder; also between the toes of small stock and beneath the fetlocks of horses. Yet while evidently preferring these places, the tick, at least in its larval and nymphal stages, will thrive even amongst the thick hairs on the sides and back of Angora goats and on the legs of cattle. The adult tick is not at all expert in climbing about in hair, and it is doubtless largely owing to this fact that it does not infest the backs of cattle. On man, the tick in all stages shows a preference for the parts analogous to those most subject to attack in animals. This preference cannot be wholly ascribed to the location of the openings or the arrangement of the clothing, for native children, clothed in modesty alone, are most bitten in the same places." A. hebraeum appears to require a warm, moderately humid chmate. It thrives best in veld shaded by high bushes and quite fails to establish itself in open low grass veld and in the Karroo (Lounsbury, 1905). Shade seems to be necessary to protect its quiescent stages from desiccation. The eggs are particularly sensitive and make it difficult to maintain a proper degree of humidity in raising experiments. The following information is derived from Lounsbury's papers. The female Bont Tick, when fully distended with blood, loosens her hold on the host and voluntarily drops to the ground, where she seeks conceal- ment and appears restless until she succeeds in getting at least the fore portion of her body hidden from the light. The actual operation of oviposition has been described in detail by Lounsbury, but does not diSer from the process as observed and ade- quately described in other species of ticks. In summer time, oviposition commences Avithin 2 weeks or less after dropping from the host, but in cold weather, 10 to 11 weeks may elapse. In one batch of eggs which he had under observation, L. J. Koberts, who assisted Lounsbury in his observations, estimated the number of eggs to be 13,260. Claude Fuller counted 6000 eggs in one batch and estimated the remainder to amount to 11,500. It is probable that the complement varies with different females from 10,000 to 20,000 eggs. The number of eggs laid daily throughout the period of oviposition varies. During one interval of 2 days, only 18 eggs were laid, while on the following day there were no less than 370 in 20 hours, an average of one every 3^ minutes. In summer, or when kept warm in an incubator, oviposition is completed in a much shorter time than in the winter at ordinary temperature, the periods in the instance observed being from 19-2 292 Genus Amblyomnia 3 to 9 weeks. The normal period out of doors in summer is probably at least 6 weeks. The incubation period is variable and is dependent on the temperature and other conditions. Development is very slow in cold weather. Eggs laid in the middle of winter (S. Africa) had not hatched even in the following January. In summer, the period is relatively short and the first eggs hatch a few weeks after the last eggs are laid. Eggs laid on the 26th January, isolated and kept in the office, began to hatch on the 13th April, 1 1 weeks later. Eggs laid in spring and early summer generally hatch before the commencement of the cold weather, but those laid in late summer and during the winter, remain unhatched until the mid- summer of the following year. The shortest adult-larva stage at ordinary temperatures, observed by Lounsbury, took 76 days, and the longest, 279 days. The newly-hatched larvae show a propensity to creep upwards towards the light. Their favourite support is a grass blade and upon one of these, Lounsbury and Roberts counted 2250 larvae on the terminal 2 inches of a narrow blade. The larvae show considerable longevity. Examples hatching out in a small bottle in the laboratory, between the 13th April and the 15th May, were still alive in the following November. Larvae attached to the host show little change in appearance until about the 4th day, when they begin to swell perceptibly. Complete distension is achieved in from 4 to 20 days, the usual time being about 6 days. The time varies according to the host animal and the part to which the tick is attached. With artificial heat (incubator at 90°-100° F.) nymphs moulted out from the larval skins in 15 days, but under natural conditions in winter, even in sheltered sunny situations, no nymphs appeared in less than 7 weeks. Under veld conditions, allowing for variations of season and situation, the period probably varies from 1 to 3 months. Like the larvae the nymphs show a considerable degree of longevity. Specimens kept in the laboratory were still alive and active after the lapse of 15 weeks, and there is reason to believe that, in the open, nymphs may survive for 3 months and more. Engorgement of the nymph takes from 4 to 8 days, a few have been observed to take as long as 30 days. Lounsbury noticed no difference in these limits in nymphs raised on sheep and goats respectively. The nymphal moult took place 1 1 weeks after dropping from the host. The observed periods which elapsed between the dropping of the nymphs and the moulting out of the adult form ranged from 26 to 160 Biology of A. hehraemn 293 days at ordinary temperatures, but in incubated batches the nymph al skins began to rupture in from 18 to 28 days. The absolute longevity of the adult was not studied, but examples moulted 3 months previously were still active. Lounsbury records one instance of an adult which was still alive 14 months after feeding as a nymph. Males attach to the host and feed for 4 to 7 days before they become attractive to the females, and the latter are loth to attach themselves to the host until they have found a male capable of fertilising them. For a few days after the female has found her mate, she distends but little; she then begins to swell slowly and may be half distended by the 5th day. Com- plete engorgement is usually achieved by the 7th or 8th day. Males often remain attached to the host for many months, even a year, and in the course of his sojourn on the host, a male may fertilise several females successively. The complete life-cycle is of variable length. At the very least, LounsBury estimates that 9 months are required, and that, under exceptional circumstances, 2 full years might pass and the cycle be still incomplete. Ordinarily, there cannot be more than 1 generation in the course of a twelve-month. The minimum and maximum times occupied by the successive life-phases as observed by Lounsbury are summarised as follows : Oviposition 3 weeks to 9 weeks Incubation 11 ,, „ 6 months Larval engorgement 4 days ,, 9 days Engorgement to larval moult ... 16 „ ,, 9 or more weeks Nymphal engorgement 4 „ „ 8 days Nymphal moult ... 18 „ „ 11 weeks Adult engorgement ($) 7 „ ,, 8 days Total 147 ,, „ 409 or more days Professor G. H. F. Nuttall carried out, in 1906 and 1913, extensive raising experiments with A. hebraeum, the material for the later experi- ments being the progeny of 2 gorged females sent to him by Mr C. P. Lounsbury. Larvae were placed on the scrotum of a ram in January, 1913, the mean air temperature at the time being 4° C. They engorged to repletion in from 5 to 18 days, the largest number dropping from the host on the 6th to the 9th day. In a second experiment (mean temperature 3-3° C.) the period of engorgement ranged from 5 to 19 days, the majority of the larvae dropping off on the 6th to the 9th day.. In some earher raising experiments conducted in 1906, larvae placed on hedgehogs took 294 Genus Aniblyoimna from 12 to 42 days before dropping from the host. Larvae attached themselves readily to sheep and hedgehogs; nymphs were fed on sheep, goats, and calves, and adults on sheep and calves. Upon hedgehogs, in September (temperature ca. 18° C.) the larvae remained for 12 to 17 days, mostly dropping about the 13th or 14th day; in January (temperature ca. 12° C.) they remained on the host for 5 to 19 days, mostly dropping off gorged on the 8th day. Nymphs remained on sheep for 5 to 18 days, but the greatest numbers dropped off on the 6th and 7th days ; on goats they remained attached for 6 to 22 days, and on calves from 4 to 12 days, mostly 5 or 6 days. Females were found to remain for 6 to 12 days on the ears of calves which were already infested with males. Of 50 males under observation, 21 remained on the calf for 8 days, 10 for 7 days, 8 for 9 days, 5 for 10 days, and 3, 2, and 1 dropped off on the 6th, 11th, and 12th day, respectively. Males remained attached to a calf from 41 to 267 days. *Nuttall notes that a certain amount of humidity is essential during the meta- morphoses. The time required for development, from oviposition to the hatching of the larva, was from 47 to 63 days (temperature 30° C); engorged larva to nymph, 12 to 13 days (temperature 30° C); engorged nymph to adult, 18 to 21 days at a temperature of 30° C. and 44 days at a temperature of 37° C. The mortality at this stage was low, 102 adults emerging from 106 nymphs in one case, and 825 adults from 1145 nymphs in another case. There appeared to be a preponderance of males; thus, among 1242 adults descended from a single female, 747 were males and 495 were females. Gorged females began to oviposit 8 to 11 days after dropping from the host, when maintained at a temperature of 30° C, and the females survived for 1 to 15 days after the operation was completed. Oviposition continued for 24 to 35 days, and the number of eggs deposited by individual females ranged from a minimum of 12,300 to a maximum of 18,500. Nuttall records interesting observations on the longevity of A. hebraeum. Several lots of larvae lived unfed for upwards of 346 days; nymphs lived for 250 days, and some males survived for more than 660 days at room- temperature. Adults, after fasting for 412 days and more, fed normally upon a ram, the sexes paired as usual, and the females oviposited. He raised A. hebraeum in the laboratory through two generations. The life- cycle of the first generation was completed in 240 days, and that of the second generation in 171 days. Biology of A. testudinis 295 Amblyomma testudinis Lahille (1905) has given some information on the biology of this species. On the 6th February, 1903, he received a tortoise [Testudo argentinae) with gorged ticks which presently detached themselves. Oviposition commenced on the 13th February, and the first larvae hatched out 66 days later, on the 20th April. Larval engorgement was completed in 8 days or more, and nymphs moulted from the larval skins 15 to 20 days later, at a mean laboratory temperature of 22° C. The nymphal stage endured generally for about a month, and this was also about the time required by the female to attain maturity and drop off fully engorged from the host. Lahille makes the observation that, in A. testudinis, as in almost all the species of which the males are of a relatively large size, the parasites of this sex remain attached to the host long after the females of their generation have dropped off engorged, and that he has been able to verify the fact that these males may pair with females of the following generation. He placed on a tortoise which harboured 7 old males, 6 young females of another generation. Of these females, 3 only attached themselves to the host, and each of these ultimately laid fertile eggs. Lahille had no doubt but that copulation had taken place, for he did not believe, in the absence of other proof, that parthenogenesis had occurred. Amblyomma dissimile The biology of A. dissitnile has been studied by Newstead (1909), Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912), and others, but especially by Bodkin (xi. 1918), who was the first to observe the occurrence of par- thenogenesis in this species. The usual hosts are Amphibians and Reptiles, and the adult female will engorge only on such animals. Larvae and nymphs, on the other hand, will feed on warm-blooded hosts. A. dissimile is a 3-host tick, and Newstead was in error in supposing that it moulted on the host. Bodkin considers the species to be of small economic importance, but notes that it does occasionally cause the death of toads, which do some good in the consumption of insect pests. He commenced his raising experiments with 3 females captured on toads. They were confined in glass tubes in the laboratory, and oviposition commenced on the 22nd October, 1915. The operation proceeded regularly for about 16 days and the females were dead on the 18th November. 296 Grenus Amblyomtna In an observation made by Newstead, the number of eggs laid by a female was 1784. Hooker, Bishopp and Wood report a count of 1655. At a temperature of 80°-82° F., larvae engorged on a toad in about 15 days on the average (Newstead gives "about a week"; Hooker, Bishopp and Wood, 10 to 16 days on tortoise, 4 to 9 days on bo vines), and moult into the nymphal phase some 15 days later. The greatest longevity observed was 84 days, this in larvae confined in glass tubes stuck in damp sand (Hooker, Bishopp and Wood record the greatest longevity observed by them as 95 days). Nymphs, fed on toads, were fully engorged in 13 to 17 days at an average temperature of 82° F., and in 8 to 14 days at an average temperature of 80-1° F. (Hooker, Bishopp and Wood, 11 to 13 days upon a tortoise, in August, 5 to 8 days on a bovine). Moulting took place 14 to 16 days later (average temperature 82° F.). The average longevity of two lots of nymphs was about 99 days (Hooker, Bishopp and Wood observed a greatest longevity of 130 days). Unfertilised females engorged on a toad (average temperature 82° F.) in 29 to 34 days; in a second series of observations, at an average temperature of 80-1° F., unfertilised females engorged in 37 to 44 days, and fertilised females in 40 to 45 days. Newstead reports 3 females to have engorged in 14, 17 and 23 days respectively. At the same tem- perature, two unfertilised and unfed females lived for 427 days and 496 days, respectively. The second female was placed on a toad on the 451st day and soon became attached. She dropped off, three-quarters engorged, 29 days later and produced fertile eggs in due course without access to a male. Provided that each stage promptly finds a host, the complete life-cycle may be completed in about 153 days: 27 days Oviposition to hatching of larva ... Time allowed for larvae to harden before attaching to the host Larval engorgement 1st ecdysis ... Time allowed for nymph to harden Nymphal engorgement 2nd ecdysis Time allowed for adult to harden Adult engorgement Completion of engorgement to oviposition Owing to the improbability of the tick finding a host without delay in each of its life-stages, the period of the life-cycle is doubtless much longer under natural conditions. JUlllg UU tllC IIUSI, 15 15 7 13 15 10 41 5 Total 153 Biology of A. disshnile 297 Although males and females are present on the host at the same time, Bodkin never observed copidation on the host. Males and females were found to copulate quite readily when placed together in glass tubes. In most cases the act took place immediately, but males that had been kept in captivity for some time showed a reluctance to copulate. The act was observed when females about one-quarter engorged and forcibly removed from the host were placed together with males. Bodkin captured on 30 toads a total number of 55 adult ticks, of which 46 were males and 9 were females. From this observation he surmised that, under natural conditions, the males largely predominate. Hooker, Bishopp and Wood observed that 7 per cent, of 28 individuals moulting to adults were females. Parthenogenesis in A. dissimile. Bodkin obtained absolute proof of the occurrence of parthenogenesis. Two females were carefully bred from ova in the laboratory and then kept in strict captivity in glass tubes, every needful precaution being taken to exclude even a remote chance of males obtaining access. These females engorged normally and laid normal quantities of eggs, all of which, as far as could be ascertained, were fertile. Owing to lack of space and equipment. Bodkin was not able to raise even one-quarter of the larvae derived from the eggs of any one female. Some of the progeny of these ticks were carefully raised and 65 females were eventually secured. Some of the latter were allowed to engorge and to produce another generation. In all. Bodkin raised four successive generations parthenogenetically from the 2 original females and, moreover, these generations were comprised entirely of females. No diminution in size or vigour was noticed. Females of a parthenogenetically developed generation are susceptible to fertilisation. With the object of acquiring experimental evidence of this. Bodkin took 2 females of the 4th partheno- genetic generation and mated them with males captured in the field. Of the progeny of the first female, only 6 reached maturity, and all of these were females. In the case of the second female, 15 of the progeny reached maturity; 1 was a male and the rest were females. It is interesting to note that, in the course of his investigations in Jamaica, Newstead was never able to find males of A. dissiinile, although careful searches were made. 298 Grenus Amhlyonima Amblyomma rotundatum (=agamu7n Aragao) The biology of this species was first studied by Rohr (1909, 118-120) who mis-identified it as ^. goeldii. He was followed by Aragao (1912) who was the first to recognise definitely the occurrence of partheno- genesis in this tick, although Rohr had remarked upon the complete absence of males in the material with which he worked and that 398 nymphs evolved entirely into females. In 1924, Brumpt published an account of his investigations, in which he brings to light other interesting facts which, so far as present knowledge goes, are peculiar to this tick. A. rotundatum is exclusively parasitic on Amphibia and Reptiles. Aragao states that, under natural conditions, he has only met with it on Boa constrictor and Bufo sp. but that all terrestrial forms of cold- blooded animals may serve as hosts for the collective developmental stages of the species. He succeeded in feeding his specimens on terrestrial tortoises, on various snakes (Flaps, Eunectes, etc.) and on lizards (Tejus and Tropidurus). In his experiments, Brumpt has fed the species on divers European snakes [Zamenis viridiflavus, Tropidonotus natrix), on lizards [Lacerta viridis, L. ocellata), on both terrestrial and aquatic tortoises (Testudo graeca, Cistudo lutaria, and batrachians (Bufo viridis, Discoglossus pictus, Rana esculenta). Nymphs, having refused to become attached to Bomhinator pachypus, Rana temporaria, Molge 'palmata, Alytes obstetricans, and Bttfo calamita, rapidly fixed themselves on a grass snake. As Brumpt observes, it is interesting from a general point of view to demonstrate the remarkable parasitic ubiquity of this tick, which, coming from Brazil, will attack a variety of European hosts, which shows, once more, how difficult it would be to put into practice the methods of trophic education suggested by Roubaud for the prophylaxis of the various parasitic diseases, A. rotundatum refuses to attach to warm-blooded animals. The following account of the life-history is mainly derived from Aragao's memoir. The tick usually attaches itself rapidly when brought to the host, excepting at the time immediately following a moult, when the sucking apparatus has not yet acquired sufficient firmness to penetrate the skin, selecting for preference, the thin-skinned parts — the articular folds, between the scales, etc. Animals attacked by A. rotundatum, suffer severely, not only as a result of loss of blood, but especially by the inoculation of toxic sub- Biology of A. rotimdatmn 299 stances into the organism of the host. Even when the ticks are attached in large numbers, loss of blood, over a prolonged period, affords no sufficient explanation in itself for the frequently fatal effect on the host. A toad of ordinary dimensions always failed to survive the simultaneous bites of 10 ticks, and 100 ticks almost caused the death of a boa con- trictor 1^ metres in length. When fully gorged, the female tick drops off the host and crawls about actively in search of some crevice or the shelter of a stone in which to deposit her eggs. As soon as a suitable position has been found, the tick becomes inactive and oviposition commences. The operation may begin within 5 days of dropping from the host, but more often the rest period is about 9 days. The act of oviposition is hastened by an elevation of the air temperature, and to some extent by the degree of humidity, which is most important in connection with the development of the eggs ; these dry up and perish unless they are placed in a moist atmosphere. The act of oviposition continues without inter- mission for 22 to 26 days, only in the last 4 days there may be exception- ally a pause in the operation. The total number of eggs usually exceeds 3000. The actual maximum number observed was 3277. The females die 6 to 8 days after oviposition is completed. In a humid atmosphere the larvae begin to hatch out in 28 to 30 days. At first the newly-hatched larvae are inactive and show no propensity to become attached to the host to which they are brought. After the lapse of 24 hours, however, they commence to move about actively and to collect in detached groups on the walls of the containing vessel. This habit of aggregation of the larvae in groups appears to be an instinctive act of self-preservation and is also exhibited by other species, notably A. cajennense, in the free condition. The maximum larval longevity is at least 3 months. When placed upon a suitable host, the larvae soon begin to feed and engorgement is completed in 6 to 8 days, when about 50 per cent, drop off one by one. The remainder do not leave the host but moult thereon into nymphs which refix themselves to the same host. In an experiment conducted by Brumpt, described below, none of the larvae moulted on the host. The larva-nymph metamorphosis is accomplished much more quickly in the case of the larvae that remain attached to the host; they require 2 days less than the larvae that drop off, these requiring 10 to 11 days. Like the larvae, the nymphs are at first inactive, but in the course of 24 hours, they begin to move about and then collect into groups on 300 Genus Atnbh/omma the walls of the container. Nymphal engorgement is completed in 7 to 10 days, and the engorged nymphs drop ofE the host without exception. Brumpt records an instance of nymphs moulting on the host (see below). Moulting takes place some 13 to 15 days later and all the nymphs transform into females. Two days after emergence from the nymphal skin, the females are ready to feed, and engorgement is completed in 17 to 22 days. The complete life-cycle, in the conditions obtaining in laboratory experiments, occupies at least 90 days. Parthenogenesis in A. rotundatum. For a long time Aragao and his collaborators were puzzled by the fact that the ticks captured on infested animals were invariably females, and that from nymphs collected on the same animals only females moulted out. Rohr had already noted, in the course of his observations of the development of this species, the interesting fact that from 398 nymphs, females alone were obtained. After repeated observations in this direction, Aragao proceeded to carry out careful experiments to elucidate the matter. The ease with which this tick can be raised on cold-blooded hosts facilitated the work to such an extent that he was soon convinced that the occurrence of parthenogenetic reproduction accounted for the absence or rarity of males. As a matter of fact, the male of this species has never been seen. Aragao's conclusions were based on two extensive series of observations, one in which three or four successive generations were bred, and another with a completely closed generation in which the eggs laid by the females proved to be fertile notwithstanding the absence of males. In the course of his experiments in Brazil and France, Brumpt was able to confirm, almost entirely, the observations of Aragao, but in one or two instances important difEerences were noted. He distributed the progeny of a female tick, captured on a snake in the north of Brazil, on 5 toads (ca. 25th October, 1922), and engorged larvae commenced to drop from the hosts during the return to France (from the 5th to 14th November), The curious fact to be noted was that none of the larvae moulted on the toads, and Brumpt asks the question — "Is this a peculiarity of the pedigree of this single tick, or is it due to the influence of environment? " The answer to a part of this question is to be found in a footnote, in which Brumpt states that, among the larvae of the second generation derived from the above-mentioned female, and fed on a fresh water tortoise, a very large percentage moulted on the host. Biology of A. tnhermdatimi 301 The nymphs derived from these larvae (1st generation) were raised easily on various cold-blooded hosts and in due course developed into females. In a particular case which Brumpt reports in detail, the nymphs moulted on the host {Testudo lutaria). Thirty dwarf females, derived from nymphs raised on a terrestrial tortoise which died before they had completed their engorgement, and a certain number of half-gorged nymphs, removed from a snake {Zamenis viridiflavus) possibly 3 days dead, were placed in a linen bag containing an aquatic tortoise. After the lapse of a few hours, all the parasites had attached themselves to the tortoise, which was then transferred to an incubator (temperature 25° C). Eight days later (21st May) the nymphs were well gorged, but, strange to relate, the dwarf females did not appear to have fed, although the controls of the same lot, placed on grass snakes, or re-fixed on tortoises, had engorged normally. On the 29th May the tortoise was removed from the incubator and kept at the laboratory temperature (12°-15° C). From the 29th May to the 8th June none of the nymphs dropped into the tray placed beneath the cage, notwithstanding that they were completely gorged. The dwarf adults proceeded to engorge themselves normally with blood. On the 9th June the temperature rose suddenly, and Brumpt noticed that 5 nymphs, still on the host, had developed into females which sought to attach themselves, and that all the other nymphs were about to moult. On the 10th June 2 more nymphs had moulted, and the tortoise was then placed in an incubator (temp. 20° C.) in order to accelerate the development of the parasites. From the 9th to the 15th June 15 more moults of nymphs took place on the host. In all, 29 adults gorged on this tortoise without killing it. Amblyomma tuberculatum The biology of A. tuberculatum has been studied by Hooker, and the following information is taken from Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912). The adult tick feeds on the Gopher Tortoise (Testudo polyphenius) only ; experimental attempts to attach them to bovines have failed. The nymphs, while usually found on the tortoise, will engorge on bovines. Engorged larvae have been found in large numbers on dogs and rabbits, and in smaller numbers on cattle and birds of prey. Larvae have been found on owls and hawks, but may have crawled from the small mammals which these birds devour. Laboratory observations have shown that the females begin to oviposit 8 to 10 days after dropping from the host (a box-tortoise), at a mean 302 Genus Amhlyomma temperature of 84° F., and deposition continued for 16 to 21 days. The largest number of eggs laid by a single female was 5481, and the average number amounted to 3839. Under natural conditions it is probable that several thousand more eggs are laid, for, in the females observed, they were still of large size when oviposition ceased. The process of oviposition appears to follow the course observed in other ticks. The minimum period of incubation observed was 91 days, at a mean temperature of 71-19° F. From the fact that only a small percentage of the eggs hatched, many of them being black and shrivelled at the time of deposition, it would appear that there was something in the conditions of the experiment unfavourable to development, and it may be that under natural conditions the incubation period is shorter. The greatest larval longevity observed was between 95 and 110 days. The period required for larval engorgement was not determined. Engorged larvae taken from a rabbit in December and kept in the laboratory at a mean temperature of 61-4° F., did not commence to moult until 86 days later. The maximum observed longevity of the unfed nymph was 81 days. Nymphs engorged on bovines in from 8 to 11 days, the majority dropping from the host on the 9th and 10th days. Although the nymphs attached themselves readily to bovines, some trouble was experienced on account of scabs forming around the mouth-parts and causing the ticks to drop before becoming fully engorged. Individuals were found to change their point of attachment several times before imbibing much blood. Upon a cold-blooded host, the process of engorgement is doubtless more protracted. At a mean temperature of 81° F., nymphs commenced to moult 29 days after dropping from the host. Unfed adults survived for as long as 90 days in the laboratory at summer temperature, but it is probable that the longevity would be much greater under natural conditions. Males and females placed upon a tortoise in July attached themselves readily, and the first female dropped off engorged 20 days later, the other 2 females dropping on the 21st and 25th day respectively. Copulation upon the host was not observed to take place, but when the first engorged female was removed from the bag in which the host had been placed it was found apparently in copula with a male which had also dropped from the host. Hooker surmises from this observation that copulation takes place after the female has dropped from the host, but the fact that males were seen to remain attached long after the females had dropped makes this questionable. I 1 Bibliography II] [May, 1915 TICKS A MONOGRAPH OF THE IXODOIDEA By GEORGE H. F. NUTTALL, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., Sc.D., F.R.S., Fellow of Magdalene College, Quick Professor of Biology, University of Cambridge CECIL WARBURTON, M.A., F.Z.S., Christ's College, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society. W. F. COOPER, B.A., F.Z.S., F.L.S., and L. E. ROBINSON, A.R.C.Sc. (L;, 15s. net per volume. Bound in buckram, 18s, 6e?. net per volume. Volumes IV-XIV (1904-14) complete. In Four Parts, paper covers, 21s. net per volume. Bound in buckram, 25«. net per volume. The subscription price is £1. Is, per volume (post-free), payable in advance. Subscriptions may be sent to any Bookseller, or to Mr C. F. CLAY, Manager, Cambridge University Press, Fetter Lane, London, E.G. CONTENTS OF VOL. XIV, NO. 4 (December 1914) Schmidt, Hans. Studies on the Inactivation of Complement by Shaking. Schmidt, Hans. Studies on the Berkefeld-filtration of Complement. EwART, R. J. The Influence of the Age of the Parent on the Vitalit}- of the Child— a First Study, Hewlett, R. Tanner and Revis, Cecil. On the Presence of so-called " Complement " in Milk. Bacot, a., Petrie, George F. and Todd, Captain Ronald E. The Fleas found on Rats and other Rodents, living in Association with Man, and trapped in the Tov^ns, Villages and Nile boats of Upper Egypt. Hort, Edward C. The Sterility of Normal Urine in Man. I TICKS A MONOGRAPH OF THE IXODOIDEA SECOND BIBLIOGRAPHY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS C. F. CLAY, Manager ILonljon: FETTER LANE, E.G. (&\iinbm^: 100, PRINCES STREET ILonDon: H. K. LEWIS, 136, GOWER STREET, W.C. ILontfon : WILLIAM WESLEY AND SON, 28, ESSEX STREET, STRAND ^tio lork: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS ISotnbag anti Calcutta : MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd. ^Toronto : J. M. DENT AND SONS, Ltd. Koftgo: THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA All rights reserved TICKS A MONOGRAPH OF THE IXODOIDEA By GEORGE H. F. NUTTALL, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., Sc.D., F.R.S., Fellow of Magdalene College, Quick Professor of Biology, University of Cambridge CECIL WARBURTON, M.A., F.Z.S., Christ's College, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society W. F. COOPER, B.A., F.Z.S., F.L.S., of the Cooper Laboratory for Economic Research, Watford L. E. ROBINSON, A.R.C.Sc (Lond.), of the Cooper Laboratory for Economic Research, Watford BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE IXODOIDEA II BY GEORGE H. F. NUTTALL, F.R.S., AND L. E. ROBINSON Cambridge : at the University Press 1915 CambrtBgc : PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS PREFACE TO SECOND BIBLIOGRAPHY OINCE the publication of our first Bibliography (1911) a great many papers have appeared which deal with ticks and their relation to disease. We have, moreover, collected a number of references which were omitted from the previous Bibliography. We are indebted to Med.-Rath Dr J. Chr. Huber (Memmingen) for sending a number of titles which we should probably have over- looked. We have also to thank Mr W. E. Collinge, M.Sc, for communi- cating a few titles. The present Bibliography contains 462 titles. Our comments on the contents of the papers cited are enclosed in [] brackets. As stated in the preface to the first Bibliography, we shall be very grateful to readers who may draw our attention to errors or omissions. G.H.F.N. and L.E.R. Cambridge. 2?irf October, 1914. FIRST BIBLIOGRAPHY ERRATA p. 2. Aragao, H. de B. (1908) : Add — also in Brazil-Medico, Rio de Janeiro, xxii. 111-115. p. 2. Aragao, H. de B. (22. xi. 1908) : Add — also reprinted in Trabalhos do Instituto de Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 7 pp. p. 3. Banks, C. S. (1904) : Add— also included with Jobling and Wooley (1904) in Publication No. 14, Dept. Interior. Bur. Govt. Labs. Manila. p. 9. Canestrini, G. and Canestrini, R. (1882 a) : delete reference as it does not relate to ticks. p. 10. for " CMUada" read— Chillida. p. 13. for " Craybill, H. W." read— Graybill, H. W. p. 16. for "Du Buysson (1896)" read— Du Buysson, H. (1897), and add, after '' Entomol."—hXV. 217-226. p. 20. Fiirstenberg, M. H. (1861) : delete reference as it does not relate to ticks. p. 30. Lavarra, L. (1906) : delete reference. p. 42. Moufetius, T. (1634) : Hagen and Burmeister, ii. 5, state that the real author is Conrad Gessner. p. 45. Nordenskiold, E. (1908) : for " pp. 637-672," read 637-674. p. 51. Rainbow, W. J. (1896) : this title was cited from the Zoological Record, but Rainbow informed us in 1911 that he is not the author and he suggests that the paper may be by C. J. Pound, p. 51. Rainbow, W. J. (1904) : delete reference, as a dipterous insect and not a true tick is meant. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE IXODOIDEA. II Aders, W. M. (l. III. 1912), The bloodsucking Arthropods of Zanzibar harmful to Man or Stock-. Zanzibar : Published by the Zanzibar Gov't. Leaflet No. 2. 13 pp. Aitken, C. J. H. (1905), IHncss following a Tick liite. Brit. Med. Jourii., i. 412. Ajutolo, G-. d' (1899-1900), Dell' Argas refle.vus Latreille, parasita dell' uomo. Mem. d. r. Accad. d. Sc. Bologna, 5 s., Vlli. 9. Amberg, E. (1910), Omithodorus megnini Dugts iiii Gehorgang. Arch. Ohrenheil- htnde, lxxxii. 273-274, 1 Fig. Anderson, T. J. (1913), Ticks and biting Insects of Nairobi. Nairobi Laboratory Repts., Jan.-June, 1912, in. 19-20. Anonymous Authors (1897-1901), Taubenzecke {Argas refiexas) in Zeitschr. f. Brieftaubentunde, Hannover, 1897, p. 787 ; 1899, p. 297 ; 1901, p. 264. [Cited by Metz, 1911, p. 4, as appealing for remedies against the tick.] Anonymous (1903), Un cas de parasitisme sur la peau humaine. Natural, canad., XXX. 1.57-162, 2 Figs. (1909), Extincion de la Garrapata. Boletin del Ministerio de Agricultura, xi., Num. 1, 2 y 3. Buenos Aires. Anonymous (m. 1914), Ticks in the West Indies. Agric. News, Barbadoes, xiil- p. 90. Rev. in Bev. of Applied Entomol., s. B, Med. and Veter., ii. 129. [Ticks listed : Argas persicus, Boophilus australis, Amblyomma variegatum, A. hirtum, A. dissimile, Rhipicephalus sungznneus, Boophilus sp., ffi/alomma aegyptium, H. longirostre, Dermacentor nitens, Rhipvephalus sp. Specimens identified by Nuttall and Warburton, for the Imperial Bureau of Entomology.] Anonymous (IV. 1914), The Fowl Tick and Spirochastosis. Agric. Gaz., N. S. M'ales, Sydney, xxv. 349-350, 2 Figs. Rev. in Rev. of Applied Entomol. s. B, Med. and Veter., ii. 116. {Argas persicus, compiled account of fowl spiro- chaetosis.] Aragao, H. de B. (1911), Notas sobre ixodidas brazileiros. — Notes sur les ixodides du Bresil. (Portuguese and French text and title.) Memorias d. Inst. Oswuldo Cruz, III. 145-195, Pis. 11 and 12. [Gives a survey of Brazilian ticks, describes n. spp. : Omithodorus rostratus, Amblyomma pacae, Haemaphysalis leporis var. proxima, figures these ; also figures spp. described by author in 1908 : A. bra- ziliense, A. mantiqicirense, A. parvum, A.pseudo concolor, H. kochi ; also figures A. incisum Nn. and A. oblongoguttatum Koch.] (1912), Contribui9ao para a sistematica e biolojia dos ixodidas. — Beitrag zur Systematik und Biologic der "Ixodidae." Mem. d. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, iv. 96-119, Pis. II (coloured), III, 6 Text-tigs. [Parthenogenesis in ticks: Amblyomma agamum n. sp.] N. II. 1 1 BihUuiimphi/ of the Ixodoidea. If ARA-BEN Aragao, H..de B. (1913), Nota sobre algumas cole9(jes de carraimtos brazileiros. Mem. d. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, v. 263-270, PI. 26. [Amhlyomma conspicuum n. sp. PI. 26, Figs. 1-2 coloured, ^ dorsum aud venter, good.] Archibald, R. G., see Balfour, A. Austen, E. E. (1907), Blo,>d-swi-in/ph., Paris, xvii. 344-347. Also: A^in. de Dermat. et Syph., Paris, 190f), 4s., vii. 604-607. Also: Med. mod., Paris, 1906, XVII. 205. Banks, N. (1912), New American Mites. Proc Entom. Hoc. Washington, xiv. 96-99, 2 Pis. [Otobius n. gen. pro Ornithodorus megnini.'] Barnard, W. C. (1905), Arizona ticks. St. Louis Med. Rec, li. 437. Bateman, H. R., sec Bruce, D. Baume, Wolf, La (1910), Zur Naturgeschichte des Holzbocks, I.rodes ricinus L. Prometheus, xxi. 91-92. Baxter, J. M. (1899), Ta epizoa. Proc. Nat. Hist. Assoc. Miramichi, i. 20-23. [Lxo- didae and other parasites.] Bedford, G. A. H. (1913), A Tick new to South Africa. Second Report of the Director of Yeterinar/i Research {Department of Agriculture), Cape Town, 343-344, PI. 37, 2 Figs. [Ornithodorus megnini Dug6s : Occurrence in ears of cowsat Vryburg, Bechuanaland aud Fauresmith, Orange Free State.] Behr, H. H. (1899), A Californian Tick. Canadian Entomol, xxxi. 229-231. [Effects of bite of Ornithodorus americanus ; identification of species and remarks by Banks, [>. 231.] Beloglazov, G. I. (1914). [Epr9cmic of Piroplasmosis in Horses in the Government of Tobolsk.] Arch. Vet. Naak., St. Petersburg, pt. 1, 45-56. Rev. in Review Applied Entomol., ii., ser. B : Med. and Veter. (vi. 1914), 98. [Equine piroplasmosis in Gov't of Tobolsk occurs usually in spring, runs a severe course. Few ticks found on the horses.] * Belt, T. (1874). The Naturalist in Nicaragua. London : John Murray. 403 pp., with Map and Illustrations. [Pp. 209-210, '' Lcodes bovis," attacking man in the plains of Nicaragua in April especially, also attack snakes, iguanas, birds (particularly curassows) and large mammals. The herdsmen remove them from their persons by means of a ball of wax which they carry for the purpose. The author evidently confused several species of ticks under the name "/. bovis."] Benoit-Bazille, H. (1910), EArgcus rejlexus {Fa,hr.) et son parasitisme chez I'honmae. Mem. Soc, Zool. France, xxii. 261-280, 3 Pis. 2 1—2 BihliO(jyaph\i of the Txode Rodhain, J. Bertolini, G. (1908), L>i ulcuni parassiti del bostiame dell' Agro Romano e della Sardegna. X. Ercolania, Pisa, xiii. 277, 373, 386, 401. Bielitzer, A. V. (1914), [Piro2)lasmo.si.s of Horses in Russia], Arch. Vet. Nauk. St. Petersburg, Pt. 1, 73-78. Rev. in Review Applied EiiUnnol.., il., ser. B : Med. and Veter. (vi. 1914), 98-99. \_Dermacentor reticidatus, and Hyalomma ueyyptium regarded as carriers; their geographical distribution and that of equine piroplasinosis considered ; trypanblue the best remedy.] Bielitzer, A. W., and Marzinovski, E. J. (1908). [Piroplasmosis of horses in Russia, and the role of the tick in its distribution.] Vet. Obozr., Moscow, x. 41-56. Bienarovic, S. K. (1907), [Ticks of North-western Russia as intermediaries .of infection of cattle with enzootic haernoglobinuria.] Arch. vet. nauk., St Petersburg, xxxvii., Pt. 2, 1-43. (1911), [The intervention of a tick in the causation of enzootic haerno- globinuria in North-western Russia ; anatomy, biology, and pathogenicity of the insect, Lvodes reduiHUS.] I'rzegl. vet., Lvov, xxvi. 133, 173. Billings, F. S. (1893), Origincd investigations in cattle diseases in Nebraska. Southern cattle plague. 3rd edit., revised and augmented with many new investigations, and the true place of the tick as a vehicle of infection unquestionably demon- strated. LincoFn, 116 pp., 8". Birdseye, C. (9. m. 1912), Some common mammals of AVestern Montana in relation to Agi-iculture and Spotted Fever. U.S. Dept. Agric, Farmers' Bidl., No. 484. Washington, 46 pp., 34 Text-tigs. see Henshaw, H. W. Bishop, C F. (XII. 1911), Notes on a trypanosome found in a sheep tick, and its probable coimection with the disease known as louping-ill. Veterin. Journ. Lxvii. 709-715, 1 Fig. [Found a "trypanosome" in blood squeezed fi'om a tick taken from diseased sheep at Bellingham, Northumberland. In Sleeping Sick- ness Bull. No. 36, p. 157, it is stated that the tick is Ixodes ricimcs ; it is not stated who determined it.] Bishopp, F. C. (23. VI. 1911). Some new North American Ixodidae, with notes on other species. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxiv. 197-208, PI. II. [Lvodes cooki var. rugosus n. var., (^ and $ descr. Figs. 1-2 ; /. banksi n. sp., ^ Jescr. Figs. 3-6 ; /. kingin. sp., $ 9 descr.. Figs. 7-12 ; notes on /. angustus Neumann ; I. angustus var. woodi n. vai'., 5 , Figs. 10-13 ; notes on /. sculptus Neumann and Haemaphysalis chordeilis Packard, ^ descr.] (XII. 1911) [Review of Nuttall and Warburton, Ticks, pt. 2.] Journ. Eeon. Entomol., iv. 564-565. Concord, New Haven, U. S. A. (19. III. 1912), A new species of Dermacentor and notes on other North American Ixodidae. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxv. 29-38, PI. I. [Ixodes diversifossus Neumann, description of ^ and $, Figs. 7-12; /. texamis Banks; Dermacentor hunteri n. sp., ^ $, Figs. 1-6; Amhlyomnia maculatum Koch.] (31. III. 1913), The fowl Tick. C. S. Dept. of Agricult., Bureau of Entomol. Circular No. 170, 14 pp., 5 Figs. Washington, D.C. [Argas persicus, wrongly called miniatus. Geographical distribution (map) in the U. S., original figs., brief outline of known biology, eradication, etc.] 3 BibUograpliy of the Ixodoidea. II bis-BRU Bishopp, F. C, seu Hooker, W. A. see Hunter, W. D. Bishopp, F. C, and King, W. V. (IV. 1913), Additional notes on the biology of the Rocky Mountain Spotted-fever Tick. Journ. Econ. EntomoL, vi. 200-211. [De)-macentor vcmtsttis Banks.] Bishopp, F. C, and Wood, H. P. (1913), The Biology of some North American ticks of the genus Dennacentor. Parasitology, vi. 153-187, 3 pis. Blacklock, B. (so. XII. 1912), The resistance of Ornithodurus moubata to various sheep dips. Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasitol., vx. 429-433. (1913), Tick, resistance of to sheep dips. Brit. Med. Journ. i. 129. Blanc, Of. (1910), Sur la terminaison du tube digestif des Ixodidae. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xxxv. 219-225, 7 Figs. (1911), Les spirochetes ; contribution a I'etnde de leur evolution chez les Ixodidae. Paris : Jouve & Cie, 129 pp. S". Blanchard, R. (3. I. 1906), Spirilles, Spirochetes et autres Microorganismes a corps spirale. Semaine Medicale, xxvi. 1-5. Also Arch. d. j'arasitol., 1906, x. 129- 149. Summary in Revise Veterinaire, 1906, p. 86. (1906), Spirilla, Spirochaetes, and other spirally-formed Micro-organisms. (Translated from Summary in Liecue Veterinaire, 1906,86.) Journ. Comp. Pathol, and Therap., xix. 68-73. Also Journ. Trop. Veter. Sci. i. 320-329. (1907), Une spirochetose humaine en Colombie. Bull. Acad, de me'd., Paris, 3 s., LVii. 511-515. Boing, see Schuberg, A. Bordan, T. (1898), Az ovantay {Argas rejle.vus Latr.). Rovart. Lapok, v. 133-135. Borthwick (VII. 1905), Tick Paralysis affecting sheep and lambs. Veterinary Journ., London, u.s. xii. 33-34. [Abstract of Eeport to Chief Vet. Surgeon Cape Gov't. Describes tick paralysis cases associated with presence of Ixodes pilostis. Rapid recovery after removal of tick ; dipping preventive.] Bos, J. R. (1900), Agricultural Zoology (Translated by J. R. A. Davis), xx-f 312 pp., 155 Figs., 2nd ed. London: Methuen & Co. [Ticks briefly mentioned on pp. 202-204. Fig. 127 of Ixodes ricinus, sketchy. Several inaccuracies in the description.] Bosi (1829), Histoire des vers et des crustace'es, 2 ed. [(Jited, according to Metz, 1911, p. 1, by Latreille, p. 178, as stating that A. reiiexus occurs in Tuscany. Latreille found it in his own house.] Bouilov, V. (9. IV. 1914), A few words on Piroplasmosis. (Translated from the Russian.) BeTepHHapnaa ^Khshb {Veterinary Life), Moscow, No. 13, 197- 198. Rev. in Review Applied Entomol., ser. B : Med. and Veter. (vi. 1914), ii. 97. [Ticks found on bushes ; 273 piroplasmosis cases in horses in Government of Tambov.] Brand, T. (VII. 1909), Report on the Veterinary Survey of Northern Nigeria. London : Darling & Son, 12 pp. [Ticks : p. 12, detd. by A. S. Hirst, British Museum.] Brown, A, A. (1910a), Tick fever in Fowls. Journ. Agric. Victoria, viii. 96-97, 5 Figs. (1910b) Tick fever or Spirillosis and ]\Ionadinitis of fowls. Australasian Med. Gaz., Melbourne, xv. 689-697. Bruce, D., Hamerton, A. E., Bateman, H. R., and Mackie, F. P. (1910), " Amakebe," a disease of Calves in Uganda, in Reports of the Sleeping Sickness 4 BiblloffrapJni of the Ixodoidea. IT bru CAN Commission of the lioynl Sot: (Loiulon : Darling & Son, Ltd., Printers), No. x. 86-103, PI. X. [Pp. 94-96, experiments with Rliipiccphalus appendiculutun A.u(\ " Aniakebe" ( = Ertst Coast Fever.)] Bruce, D., Hamerton, A. E., Bateman, H. R., Mackie, F. P., and Lady Bruce (1911), Distribution of Ticks in Uganda, in Reports of the Sleepiwi /Sickness Commission of the Royal Sov. (London : Darling & Son, Ltd., Printers), No. xr. 228-243, 1 Map. [Deals with Amhlyomma variegatiim, A. ehurneum, A. tholloni, A. petersi, A.sparsum, A. splendidum ; Rhipicephahis appendic^datus, R. simus, R. capensis, U. evertsi ; Boophihis decoloratus ; Haemaphysalis leachi ; Ornithodorus moubata (map), and 0. savignyi ; Aponomma exornatum ; see also p. 186, examination of 0. mouhata (5) for parasites and (6) for Try p. gamhiense after feeding on infected blood ; results negative.] Bruce, Lady, see Bruce, D. Brucker, E. A. (1898), Sur les pieces buccales des Acariens. Comp. rend. Acad. Sci., cxxvi. (1901), Pieces buccales des Lxodides. Bull. Soc. Entomol. France., Lxx. Brumpt, E. (1909), Existence d'une spirochetose des poules k Spirochaeta gallinarum dans le pays Somali. C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, Lxvi. 174-176. [Argas persicns of small size received from Dirredaoua, where many fowls died. Ticks placed on fowls ; these developed spirochaetosis.] (9. VI. 1909), Sur ime nouvelle spirochetose des poules du Senegal produite par Spirochaeta neveuxi n. sp. Bidl. Soc. Path. E.vot., ll. 285-288. (1912), Le Trypanosoma cruzi evolue chez Conorhinus megistus, Cime.v lectx- lariv.s, Cimex houeti et Ornithodorus mouhata. Cycle cvolutif de ce parasite. Brdl. Soc. de Pathol. E.vot., V. 300-367. Burnet, J. (27. III. 1909), The Role of Blood-sucking Arthropods in the Causation of Tropical Diseases. (Sleeping Sickness.) Medical Times, 231-232. Buy, P. (1907), Histoire naturelle et medicale des Ixodes. Soc. Linn., liii. 93-155, 22 Figs. [Anatomy, classification, propagation of disease by ticks.] Buysson, R, du (15. IV. 1912), Un hymenoptfere p^irasite des Ixodes. Arch, de Parasitol. xv. 246-247, 1 fig. [Occurrence in Ixodes ricinus of a small chalcidid belonging to the Encyrtinae, and genus Ixodiphagus Howard. The author describes both the sexes of Ixodiphagus cauciirtei n. sp. found by E. Brumpt in /. ricinus nymphs captured on deer at Chantilly, Oise, and at Fontainebleau (Oct.-Nov.).] Cambridge, 0. Pickard-, see Pickard-Cambridge, 0. Campbell, W. S. (1901), Fowl Ticks. Agric. Oaz. N.S. Wales, xii. 1285. Canestrini, G-. (1887), Intorno ad alcuni Acari ed Opilionidi dell' America. Atti Soc. Veneto Trentina di sci. not., xi. fasc. 1, 104, PI. IX. [Figs. 3, 5 oi Uaema- physalis micropla Canestrini = B. annulatus var. »zic?'o/)^ms (Canestrini) Neumann, 1901, p. 280. Cited from Neumann, 1897, p. 408.] (29. X. 1897), Contribuzione alia conoscenza degli Acaroidei della Birmania. Ann. Museo Civico di Storia Natxirale di Genova, Serie 2a, xvir. (xxxviii, 417-422. [p. 417, Footnote : Opisthodon Canestrini found to be preoccupied by the author ; he therefore substitutes the generic name Prosopodon, which, however, is but a synonym for Haemaphysalis Koch.] 5 I Bihliograplni of the Ixodoidea. TJ CAR- COW Carazzi, D. (1913), Parasdtologia animale ; animali parassite ed animali trasmetti- tore di malattie parassitorie aW uonio e agli animali domestici. Con indicazioni techniche per la raccolta, preparazione e studio microscopico dei parassiti. Milano, Soo. ed. libraria, 436 pp., 5 Pis., 8". Cardamatis, J. (1911), Des Piroplasmoses et Leishmaniases. Ceatralbl. f. Bakt., 1 Abt., Orig., LX. 511. Rev. in Centralhl. f. Bakt., 1912, Lli. (Referate), 124. Carpano, M. (1912), La febbre della costa nella Colonia Eritrea. Note biologische e morfologisclie sulla " Theileria parvay Clinica Veterinaria, N. 19, 20, 21, and 22, reprint, 46 pp., Pis. l-IIL [R/iipicephalus appendicidatus stated to convey East Coast Fever (due to Theileria parra) in Erithrea.] Carpenter, G. H. (1908), Parasites of Domestic Animals. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc. I. 559. {I.vodes riciniis. Piroplasma bovis. Short note.) Gary, C. A. (1901), Texas or acclimation Fever. Alabama Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 116, pp. 231-289. Chilton, C. (1904). A new species of Ixodes parasitic on the grey duck. Trans. New Zealand Institute, xxxvi. 201-202, PI. X. [Ixodes anatis n. sp. ^ found on Anas superciliosa.] Christophers, S. R. (II. 1912), The development of Leucoci/tozoon canis in the tick, with a reference to the development of Piroplasma. Parasitology, v., 37-48. 2 Diagrams. [Development of Haemogregarina canis and oi Piroplasma canis in Rhipicephalus sanguineus. ] Christy, C. (1905), Tick Fever. Brit. Med. Journ., i. 1726. Clark, F. N. (1910), Stray notes on Ticks. Proc. S. London Entom. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1909-10, pp. 29-33, 2 Pis. Cooley, R. A. (V, 1911), Tick control in relation to Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. A report of co-operative investigati(jns conducted by the Bureau of Entomology and the Montana Experiment Station. Montana Agric. College Exper. Stat., Bull. No. 85. Bozeman, Montana, 29 pp., 1 Fig. on title-page [of Dermacentor ^ ]. ' (II. 1913), Notes on little-known habits of the Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick {Dermacentor venustus Banks). Journ. Econ. Entomol., vi. 93-95 (Dis- cussed on 95-96). Cooper, W. F. (1905), Ticks, 16 pp., containing 19 Figures. Berkhamsted : Wm. Cooper and Nephews. [Short texts describing photomicrographs of Ilaema- physalis punctata : larva, nymph, ^ 5 , details in the structure of the mouth parts, microscopic sections. Many of these served to illustrate the paper read by Nuttall, Cooper, and Smedley (1905), which was published without figures.] see Nuttall, G, H. F. Cooper, W. F., and Laws, H. E. (5. v. 1913), The Tick-killing properties of Sodium Arsenate. Agric. Journ. Union of S. Africa, v. 716-721. Rev. in Rev. Applied Entomol., i. ser. B, 133. Cotton, E. C, and Voorhees, J. F. (1911). The cattle tick as affected by climate. Tennessee Agric. E.vp. Sta. Bull. 94, 119-164, 42 Figs. Couvy, L., see Marchoux, E. Coward, T. A. (1907), Species of British Ticks recorded by Chas. Oldham, Esq., Kelvin, Berkhamsted. Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1907, p. 323. {Haemaphysalis punctata on a plover and Ixodes vespertilionis on bat.) 6 Bibliographii of the Ixodoidea. II CSO-DOD Csokor (1894), Die muschelfomiige Saumzecke {Argas rejlexus). Wiener Land- wirtsch. Zeitung, No. 3. Wien. (Cited by Metz, 1911.) Cunliffe, N. (1913), The variability of Rhipicephalus pulekellus (Gerstiicker, 1873), together with its geographical distribution. Parasitolog//, vr. 204-216, 6 Figs. (1914a), Rhipicephalus sanguineus: Variation in .size and structure due to nutrition. Parasitology^ vi. 372-378, 4 Text-figs. (1904b) Observations on Argas hrumpti Neumann, 1907. Parasitology, vi. 379-381, 1 Text-fig. see Hindle, E. Curtice, C (1896), The Cattle Tick {Boophilus hovis, Riley). Agric. (Jaz., N. S. Wales, VII. 454-466, 3 Pis. (Reprinted from Bull. Texas Agric. Exper. Station, 1892. Life History.) (1900), How to kill Ticks. Kept. Comms. Agric. N. Carolina for 1900, pp. 191-193. (1901), Cattle Tick the carrier of Splenic fever, liept. Comms. Agric. iV. Carolina for 1900, pp. 68-71, 1 PI. (1912a), Progress and prospects of Tick eradication. U. S. Dep't. Agric. Bur. Animal Industry, Washington, xxvii. 255-265. (1912b), Anthrax and Tick Fever. Amer. Yeter. Revieio, XL. 601, 757. (Review in Centralhl. f. Bakt., 1912 (Referate), Llll. 481-482. {Boophilus annulatus, possible carriers of anthrax.] Darling, S. T. (1910), Panama Ticks. Journ. Econ. EntomoL, iii. 222 [short note]. Davidson, J., see Robinson, L. E. Davis, B. F., and Petersen, W. F. (IV. 1911), Complement deviation in Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Journ. Infect. Diseases, viii. 330-338. Dawson, C. F. (X. 1902), Texas Cattle Fever and Salt-sick. Florida Agric. Experi- ment Station, Dept. Yeter. Sci., Btdl. No. 64, 524-550, 1 Pi. (2 Figs.). De Land, Florida. [Describes Texas fever, biology of B. anmdatus, preventive measures, etc.] Dieffenbach ( ), Corpora aliena in corpore humano. Rust's Magazine. [Cited by Hagen, x., 1887, p. 124, as reporting strange cases of ticks, etc., in the human ear.] Doane, R. W. (1912), An annotated list of the literature on Insects and Disease for the year 1911. Journ. Econ. EntomoL, v. 268-285. [Ticks and disease, 31 references.] (1913), An annotated list of the literature on Insects and Disease for the year 1912. Journ. Econ. EntomoL, vi. 366-385. Rev. in Rev. Applied EntomoL, i., ser. B, 222. (11. 1914), Disease-bearing Insects in Samoa. B^dl. EntomoL Research, London, IV. 265-269, 3 Pis. Rev. in Review Applied EntomoL, ser. B : Med. and Veter., vol. II. (v. 1914), pp. 82-83. [Dogs infested with R. sanguineus.] Dodd, S. (III. 1910), Spirochaetosis of Fowls in Queensland. Journ. Compar. Pathol, and Therap., xxiii, 1-16. [Transmission of disea.se by inoculation and by Argas persicus, description of symptoms, etc. A. pcrsicus, when starved, remained infective seven mouths.] 7 Bihliograph]! of the Ixodoidea. 11 DOD-DUT Dodd, S, (1910), Spirochaetosis in fowls in Queen.slaud. ,/onrn. Comp. Pathol, and Therap., 1-17. (Cited by Hauer, 1912, p. 495.) (VI. 1910), Piroplasmosis of Cattle in Queensland. Journ. Compar. Pathol. and Therap., xxiri. 141-159. [Boophilus australis tran.smits Piroplasma hige- minum and a Piroplasma of the mntans type in Queensland.] Donitz, W. (1906a), Zecken als Krankheitsiibertrager. Ber. Senckenhery. Nat. Ges. Frankfurt a. M., 1905, 39-52. (1906b), Die Zecken unserer Haustiere als Krankheitsiibertrager. Verdhandl. d. deutsch. Kolonialkongr. (1905), Berlin, 275-284. Dordelmann (1906), Die Taubenzecke. Zdtschr. f. Brieftaitbenkimde, Hamiover, p. 350. (Cited by Metz, 1911). Downing, J. E., see Thompson, W. Drake -Brockman, R. E. (6 and 16. IV. 1913), Ticks and Relapsing Fever in Somali- land. Reports to the Colonial Office (London). Rev. in Rev. Applied Entomol., I., ser. B, 116. (XI. 1913), On the Occurrence of an Epidemic of Relapsing Fever in Bulbar, British Somaliland. Journ. Lond. Sch. Trop. Med., ii. 195-199, 2 Charts. Also rev. in Rev. of Applied Entomol., ii., ser. B, 8-9. [Lists Hyalomma aegyptium, Rhipicephalus pulchellus, R. simus, R. sanguineus, Boophilus sp., Ornithodorus savignyi, Argas persicus as occurring at Bulbar. 0. savignyi in soft soil or sand of floors of native huts and thereabouts. Said to be common in coast towns ; called "Kudkudeh" or " Kudkuda " (all other ticks called "Shillin"). Bites irritate; scratching produces infection and ulceration. A. persicus common in huts of those keeping fowls. Dozens of larvae on every fowl examined. Somalis say it never attacks them, and they have no name for it. Thinks Spirochacta duttoni has been imported.] Dschunkovsky, E. (1912), Persian Relapsing fever (Miana). Med. Ohozr., Moskow, Lxxvii. 995-1005, 3 Pis., 1 Table. (1913), Das Riickfallfieber in Persian. Deutsche med. WocJienschr., xxxix. 419. (27. II. 1913), Das Riickfallfieber in Persien. Deutsche med. Wochenschr., 419- 420, 2 Figs. Dschunkovsky, E., and Luhs, J. (IX. 1909), L Entwickelungsformen von Piro- plasmen in Zecken. IL Leishmania beim Hunde in Transkaukasien. IL Zur Frage iiber die Erforschung der Protozoenkrankheiten des Gefliigels in Trans- kaukasien. IX. Inter nat. tierdrztl. Kongress im Haag, Sept. 1909. 15 pp. 1 PL, reprint. {^Piroplasma higeminum stated to undergt) development in Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Hyalomma aegyptium; P. annulatum said to develop in R. sanguineus and P. avis develops in R. bursa.'] (IX. 1909a), Protozoenkrankheiten des Blutes der Haustiere in Transkaukasien. IXth Inter nat. tierdrztl. Kongress im Haag, ix. 1909, 19 pp., 2 Pis., reprint. [Lists the ticks found in Transcaucasia and determined by A. Birula and A. S. Hirst. All of the authors' ticks have since been examined by Nuttall and Warburton.] Dug^S, A. (1903), [Las Garrapatas de Mexico]. Mem. Soc. dent. Ant. Alzate Mexico, XVIII. 187-194, 35 Figs. Dutton, J. E., Todd, J. L., and Hanington, J. W. B. (1907), Trypanosome trans- mission experiments. Ann. Trop. Med. and ParasitoL, i. 201-229. [Ticks, pp. 215-216, infection experiments with 0. mouhataAuA T. gambiense — negative.] Dutton, J. E., see Newstead, R. Blhliograplm of the Txodoidea. II EAT— GAG Eaton, E. M. (1913), A case of tick-bite followed by widespread transitory muscular paralysis. AuMndasian Med. Gaz., Sydney, xxxill. 391-394. Eaton, Cleland and others (16. VI. 1913), Tick-bite. Joum. Trop. Med. and Hyg., 188-189. Also in Rev. Applied Entomol, i., ser. B, 189. Eckard, B., see Kleine, F. K. Edwards, C. W, (I. 1914), Ccittle-tick eradication. Philippine Agric. Review, Manila, vii. 44-45. Rev. in Review of Applied Entomology, ser. B (iv. 1914), pp. 59-60. [Deals in a general way with tick-pest and eradication by dipping.] EUenberger, W. P. (1909), The eradication of cattle ticks in the South. Amer. Vet. Rec, New York, xxxv. 651-662. see Graybill, H. W. Eysell, A. ^IV. 1912), Beitriige zur Biologic der Zecken. Archiv f. Schiffs- und Tropen-Hyg., xvi., 205-212, 7 Figs. [Deals with (1) copulation, nothing new ; (2) mechanism of bite in ticks. 5 figs, original but of no special interest.] Fantham, H. B. (1911), Some researches on the life-cycle of Spirochaetes. Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasitol., v. 479. Rev. in Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1912, Referate, Lii. 68-69. Field, F. E., see Minett, E. P. Flu, P. C. (1911), Die Aetiologie der in Surinam vorkommenden sogenannten " Boschyaws," einer der Aleppobeule analogeu Erkrankuug. Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1 Abt., Orig. LX. 624, 637, 1 PL, 3 Text-tigs. [Ticks : p. 634.] Francis, M. (1896), Preventive Measures for Farm or Range Use. Agric. Gaz., N. S. Wales, vir. 466-468. Franco, F. R. (1906-7), Apuntes sobre el Argas reflexus de Bogota. Rev. med. de Bogota, 103-105. Fricks, L. D. (1913), Rocky Mountain Spotted (or Tick) Fever ; sheep grazing as a possible means of controlling the wood tick {Derinacentor andersoni) in the Bitter Root Valley. Public Health Reports, Washington, xxviii. 1647-1653. (1914), Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever ; a report of its investigation and of work in tick eradication for its control during 1913. Pub. Health Reports, Washington, D.C., xxix. 449-461. Fricks, L. D. (1914 a). Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever : some investigations made during 1912 by Passed Asst. Surgeon T. B. McClintic. Public Health Reports, Washington, xxix, 1008-1020. Friedberger, F., and Frohner, E. (1908), Lehrbuch der speziellen Pathologic und Therapie der Haustiere. Stuttgart : F. Enke. 2 vols., 8vo. Froggatt, W. W. (1900), Notes on a collection of ticks, determined by Professor Neumann. Agric. Gaz., N.S. IFa^es, xi. 540-542. [2 n. spp. without description.] (III. 1912), The Fowl Tick. Agricultural Gazette, N. S. Wales, Misc. Publ. No. 1,509, pp. 254-261, 4 Figs. {Argas persicus.) Frohner, E., see Friedberger, F. Fumouze (1873-74-77), Sur le Argas persicus. Bull. Soc. Ent. France, ser, 5, in., IV. and v. [Cited by Bonnet, A. (1907), p. 164.] Gager, S. H. (1910), A preliminary check list of the parasites of Indian domesticated animals. Joum. Trop. Veter. Sci., Calcutta, v. 65-71. [P. 69, Ticks listed, determinations doubtful.] N. II. 9 2 BibUof/raphy of the Ixodoidea. II GAL— GIL Galli-Valerio, B. (1908), Le role de« arthropodes dans la dissemination des maladies. Centralbl. /, Bakteriol., xli. 353-360. (1909), Notes de parasitologic et de technique j'arasitologique. Centralbl. f. Bait., 1 Abt., Orig., li. 538-545, 3 Figs. [P. 539, known species of Amhlyomma, Apono7Hma, HaemaphT/salis, I/i/alomma, Ixodes, Boop/nlus {^^ Margaropus"), Rhipicephalus listed from various countries ; Neumann's determinations ; pj). 543-544, notes on biology of /. ricinus.'\ (26. IX. 1910), Notes de parasitologic et de technique parasitologique. Centralbl. f. Bal-t., ] Abt., Orig., lvi. 43-47. [Pp. 45, 46, biology of Ixodes ricinus.] (7. X. 1911), Notes de parasitologic et de technique parasitologique. Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1 Abt., Orig., lvi. 358-363. [Merely records : Ixodes hexagomis from Mibstela foina, collected 28. x. 1910 at Chailly, near Lausanne, by Dr. Cerny; Rhipicephalus sangv.ineus from Erinaceus algirus aud Lepus timidus, i. 1911, at lie de Djcrba, Tunisia, collected by Weiss ; Hyalomma aegyptium, ditto, from cattle ; Amblyomma sp. from Erinaceus algirus, ditto ; 0. savignyi from cow, ditto. Ticks determined by L. G. Neumann.] (1911), Rechcrches sur la spirochetiase des poules de Tunisie et sur son agent de transmission : Argas persicus Fischer. 2mc memoire. Centralbl. f. Bakteriol., 1 Abt., Orig., LXi. 529-538. (1912), Notes de Parasitologic. Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1 Abt., Orig., lxv. 304-310. [Ticks : p. 310, biology of Ixodes ricinus, effect of humidity on hatching of eggs, 12 lines.] (1914), Rechcrches sur la spirochetiase des poules de Tunisie et sur son agent de transmission : Argas persicus Fischer. 3*^ memoire. Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1 Abt., Orig., Lxxir. 526-528. Gamble, M. (15. v. 1914), A list of Blood-sucking Arthropods from the Lower Congo, with a Vocabulary. Joitrn. Trop. Med. and Hyg., xvii. 148-150. [P. 149 lists 0. mouhata and known spp. of Ixodidae det. by Nuttall and Warburton ; gives native names.] Garden (1912), East Coast Fever in Nyasaland. Ann. Kept. Dept. Agric, Nyasaland, 1912, pp. 31-36. Rev. in Rev. Applied Entomol., i., ser. B, 52-53. Gedoelst (1911), Synopsis de Parasitologic. [Ticks mentioned on pp. 145-155. Reference supplied by J. C. Huber.] Gen^, G. (1844), Sulla generazione degli issodi. Atti Riunione Sci. Ital., Milan, 367-369. Also abstract in Anji. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xviii., 1846, No. 118, pp. 160-162.) Gestro, R. (1904), Leonardo Fea cd i suoi viaggi. Ceuni biografici. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, serie 3, i. (xli.), 95-152, 4 Maps, reprint. [Lists Fea's collections ; species named by Supino : Dermacentor feae, D. longipes, D. auratus, D. indicus ; Haemaphysalis birmaniae, H. hystricis ; Opisthodon canestrinii, 0. asiaticus, 0. gestroi ; Ixodes testudinis, I. birmanensis, I. varanensis, I. bengalensis, I. granulatus, I. globulosus ; Rhipicephalus java- nensis, R. flams, R. bhamensis, R. haemctphysaloides.^ Gilruth, J. A. (VIII. 1910), Note on the existence of spirochaetosis affecting fowls in Victoria. Proc. Roy. Soc, Victoria, xxiii. n.s., pt. I. 102-104. {Argas persicus associated with fowl spirochaetosis.] (X. 1912), The introduction and spread of the cattle tick {Boophilus annulatus var. microplus) and of the associated disease, tick fever (Babesiasis), in Australia. 10 2—2 Bibliography of the Ixodoidea. II GOL— GRE Proc. Roy. Soc, Victoria, xxv. n.s., pt. i. 17-22; reprinted in Queensland Agric. Journ., 351-357 ; to be continued. Goldi, E. A. (1913), Die sanitarisch-pathologische Bedeutung der Insekten und venvandten Gliedertiere, namentlich als Krankheits-Erreger und Krankheits- Uebertrdger. Berlin, 155 pp., 8°. Gonder, R. (1911), Die Entwicklung von Theileria parva, dem Errcger des Kiisten- tiebers der Kinder in Afrika. Arch. f. Protistenk., xxir. 170-178, Pis. X-XI. [Only incidental mention of "ticks" as vectors.] Goodall, T, B. (1913), About Acarina ; their habits, hosts, practical methods of examination for, and life-history. Veterinary Journ., lxix. 112, 170, 224. Gray, C. E., see Theiler, A. Graybill, H. W. (14. VI. 1911), Studies on the biology of the Texas-fever tick. U. S. Dep't Agricult.., Bur. Animal Lidustry, Washington, Bull. 130, 42 pp., 3 Figs. (30. VII. 1912), Methods of exterminating the Texas-fever tick. U. S. Bep't Agricult., Farmers' Bull. No. 498, Washington, 42 pp., 19 Figs. (1913), The action of arsenical dips in protecting cattle from infestation with ticks. Washington : Government Printing Office. 27 pp., 8°. (15. IV. 1913), The action of arsenical dips in protecting cattle from infestation with ticks. U. S. BepH of Agricult., Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C, Bidletin 167, 27 pp. see Ransom, B. H. Graybill, H. W., and EUenberger, W. P. (ll. XII. 1911). Directions for constructing a vat and dipping cattle to destroy ticks. U. S. DepH Agric. Bureau Animal Industry, Circular No. 183. Washington, D.C. : Gov't Printing Office. 15 pp., 1 Fig. [plans for concrete dipping vat]. Graybill, H. W., and Lewallen, W. M. (9. ix. 1912), Studies on the biology of the Texas-fever tick. (Supjolementary report.) U. S. Dep't Agricidt., Bur. Animal Industry, Washington, Bidl. 152, 13 pp. Greenway, H. G. (VII. 1907), Fever caused by Tampans. Transvaal Agric. Journ., Pretoria, v. 1029-1030. [Letter to the Editor from Zaagkuilsdrift, Piennars River. The author camped in a "nice clean-looking native hut" on the route to " Klopper Pan " ; his party slept on the floor, and were severely bitten by tampans, which were found next day in such numbers in their kits that the latter were put into the river for seven days to get rid of them. After two days unbearable irritation of the skin, followed by big red blotches all over the body ; on the fifth day, much swelling and lassitude ; on the eighth day, fever, repeated every seventy hours for six weeks (102'*-103"5° F.). The natives of the party escaped effects ; an English companion suffered similarly, whilst a Boer was only ill and badly swollen and marked for about 16 days.] GrefB.er (1911), Quelques considerations sur des parasites phtiriasiques et acaria- siques provoquant chez leur bote un etat de maigreur ou de cachexie motivant la saisie. L'Bygiene d. I. Viande et du Lait, v. 65. Rev. in Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1912, LI. (Referate), 567-568. [Mentions Argas rejlexus, occurrence on pigeons.] Greig-Smith, R., and Meek, A. (1897), Investigations into the Cause of Louping 111. Veterinarian, Lxx. 249-262, 1 PI. [Supposed transmission by ticks.] Greig-Smith, R., see Meek, A. 11 Bibliography of the Ixodoidea. II gue — HAL Giiell, A. R. (1913), El baiio de irmuer.sioii para el extenuinio de la garrapata. Boletin d. Fomoito, >San Jose, Costa Rica, III. 192-194, 1 Fig. llev. in Rev. Applied Entomol., ^., ser. B, 159. Gu6rin (1868), (Ixode) Corps etranger de I'oreille datant dii 1 dec. 1866 (Mdxique) sorti le 4 juillet 1867, ayant vecu apr^s sa sortie deux moia environ. Oaz. des hopit., No. 5, )). 19. [Ondthodorus megimiil Title communicated by J. C. Huber.] Gulliver (1872), Argas refiexus s. Rhynchoprion columhae. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., IX., 4th ser., p. 242. [Cited in bibliogr. by Metz, 1911.] (1872), Eggs and newly-hatched young of Ixodes dugesii and Argas reflexus. Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., London, x., 4th .ser., p. 230 et seq. [Cited in bibliogr. Metz, 1911.] Hadley, P. H. (29. X. 1909), Notes on the parasitism of Cytodictes nudus and Ilaemaphysalis chordeilis. (Contribution No. 6 from the Division of Biology of the Rhode Island Agricult. Experiment Station, Kingston, R. I.) Science, New York, xxx. 605-606. (P. 606, H. chordeilis, determined by N. Banks, found to kill young turkeys at Norwich, Vermont, U. S. A.) Hadlington, J. (IV. 1914), The Fowl Tick. Agric. Gaz., N. S. Wales, Sydney, XXV. ;345-.'349, 2 Figs. Rev. in Rev. of Applied Entomol. s. B, Med. and Veter., II. 115-116. \^Argas persicus in relation to poultry-keeping ; preventive measures.] Had wen, S. (1910), Note on the finding of Haemaphysalis punctata at Winnipeg, Manitoba. Canadian Entom., XLii. 221-222, 1 PI. (1912), The life-history of Ixodes angustus (Banks). Proc. Brit. Columbia Entomol. aSoc., Vancouver, No. 1 n.s. (Report of Meeting held 9. xii. 1911), 37-38. Reprinted in Rep. Vet. Dir.-Oeneral, Canada, Dept. Agric, 1912, 92-99, Pis. II- VI. [/. angustus raising notes, /. texanus mentioned.] (1912-13), The life-history of Dermacentor variabilis. Parasitology, v. 234-237. (1913), Preliminary note on'" Tick Paralysis." Letter from Veterinary Director- General. American Veter. Revieio. [Cited by Hadwen in Parasitology (x. 1913), VI. 297.] (1913a), Address on "Tick Paralysis." Proc. Brit. Columbia Veter. Assoc. [Cited by Hadwen in Parasitology (x. 1913), vi. 297.] (X. 1913), On " Tick Paralysis " in sheep and man following bites of Derma- centor venustus. Parasitology, vi. 283-297, Pis. XXI and XXII. Hadwen, S., and Nuttall, G. H. F. (X. 1913), Experimental "Tick Paralysis" in the dog. Parasitology, vi. 298-301. [Used Dermacentor venustics.] Hagen, H. A. (X. 1887), A living Ixodes said to have been four months in the ear of Man. Entomologica Americana, Brooklyn, N. Y., iii. 124-125. [Tick removed alive from the ear of a man from a cattle ranch in Arizona. The tick measured 12x6 mm., and moulted about a month after removal. It must have been Ornithodorus megnini.] Hall, M. C. (1912), Our present knowledge of the distribution and importance of some parasitic diseases of sheep and cattle in the United States. 27th Ann. Rep. Bureau of Animal Industry (1910), 419-463, 2 Pis., 18 Text-figs. Reprinted as U. S. Dept. of Agricult., Bur. An. Industry, Circular 193. Washington, D.C., 1912 [Original pagination retained. Plate XXXV, Fig. 1 {Boophilus annulatus $ , replete ; photograph), 424-428. Very brief account of piro- 12 Bihliography of the Ixodoidea. IT HAM— HIR plasmosis in cattle ; Fig. 45, P. bovis (not original) ; Fig. 4G, map giving distribution of B. anmilatus in U. S. A.] Hamerton, A. E., see Bruce, D. Hanington, J. W. B., see Button, J. E. Hart, G. H., see Mackellar, W. M. Hauer, A. (1912), Untersuchungen iiber die Wirkung des Mittels 606 auf die Hiihnerspirillose. Centmlbl. f. Bait., I. Abt., Orig. LXli. 477-496. [Valuable summary of literature on fowl spirochaetosis with good bibliography.] Hays, W. J. (1869), The moose tick. American Naturalist, ii. 559, Fig. [Title communicated by J. C Huber.] Hazen, E. H. (1871), Cattle tick in the human ear. American Natiiralist, v. [Title communicated by J. C. Huber.] Henry, M. (X. 1913), The Tick problem in New South Wales. Agric. Oaz., N. S. W., Sydney, xxix. 829-837. Eev. in Rev. Applied Entomol., r., ser. B, 232-233. Henshaw, H. W., and Birdseye, 0. (1911), The mammals of the Bitter Root Valley, Montana, in their relation to Spotted Fever. U. S. Dep't Agric, Bttr. Biol. Surv., Circular 82, pp. 24, 12 Figs. Herring, L. T. (m. 1911), Texas Tick Fever and Brahma Cattle. American Veter. Rev., N. Y., 1910-11, XXXVIII. 756-761. Abstract in Journ. Trop. Veter. Sci., Calcutta, VII. 135-136. [States pure breed and Brahma crossed with native cattle are less liable to tick infestation than native cattle, although they are susceptible to piroplasmosis in Texas.] Hibbard, R. P., and Neal, D. C. (XI. 1911), Some observations on the blood of dairy cows in tick-infested regions. Journ. Infect. Diseases, ix. 324-342. [No mention of the species of tick infesting the cattle.] Hindle, E. (VI. 1911), The transmission of Spirochaeta duttoni. Parasitology, v. 133-149. [Experiments carried out in Prof. Nuttall's laboratory to determine the manner in which 0. moxibata transmits spirochaetosis.] (X. 1911), The relapsing fever of Tropical Africa. Parasitology, iv. 183-203. 2 Maps and 1 Chart. [A short summary. Brief mention of 0. moubata and its relation to the disease. Map 1 shows geogr. distribution of the disease. Map 2 (after Merriman) that of the tick.] (XII. 1911), On the life-cycle of Spirochaeta gallinarum. (Preliminary note.) Parasitology, iv. 463-477, 4 Figs, and 1 diagram. [Development of fowl spirochaete in Argas persicus.] (read 29. I. 1912), The inheritance of spirochaetal infection in Argas persicus. Proc. Cambr. Philos. Soc, xvi. 457-459. (III. 1912), Attempts to transmit Fowl Pest by Argas persicus. Bidl. Soc. Med. Exotique, Paris, v. 165-167. [Fowl-pest virus still potent after nine days, but not after fourteen days, in the gut of A . persicus at 22-28° C. The virus does not traverse the gut wall of the tick. The tick not a host for the parasite, and incapable of conveying the disease.] see Nuttall, G. H. F. Hindle, E., and Cunliffe, N. (13. I. 1914), Regeneration in Argas persicus. Para- sitology, VI. 353-371, 4 Figs. Hindle, E., and Merriman, G. (1912), The sensory perceptions of Argas persicus (Oken). Parasitology, v. 203-216. Hirst, S. (VI. 1914), Report on the Arachnida and Myriapoda collected by the 13 Bibliography of the Ixodoidea. II HOO— JEN British Ornithologists' Union Expedition and the Wollaston Expeciition in Dutch Now Guinea. Trans. Zool. Soc. London, xx. 325-333, Text-figs. XIV- XIX, reprint. [Pp. 327-330 : Description of n. sp[). : Amhlijomma papuana, Haoiuiplnjsalis norae-ijuineae.^ Hooker, W. A., Bishopp, F. C, and Wood, H. P. (1912), The lifo-liistory and bionomics of some North American Ticks. (J. S. Dep't Agricalt., Bur. Animal Industry, Washington, Bull. lOG, 239 pp., 15 Pis., 17 Figs. Howard, C. W. (18. VII. 1911), An experiment in fumigation of ticks. Parasitology, V. 165-1(38. [Clayton apparatus for sulphur fumigation tried experimentally for the destruction of ticks : Boophitus, Amblyomvut, Ithipicephalus, Oridtho- dorns, in all stages, on cattle transport ships. A replete A. hehraeum survived and oviposited after twelve hours' exposure to 15 per cent, of gas. All other ticks destroyed.] Howarth, S. (1897), Parasite of Tortoise. Science Gossip, n.s., in. 23G, 1 Fig. Remarks : By T. Sheppard, p. 282 ; by J. Burton, p. 283. Hudson, W. H. (1903), T/tc Naturalist in La Plata, 394 pp., illustrated by J. Smit. London : J. M. Dent & Co., 4th ed. [Mentions "Ixodes" on pp. 141-144 with a figure. Contains nothing worth noting.] Hunter, W. D., and Bishopp, F. 0. (17. Xi. 1911), The Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick, with special reference to the problem of its control in the Bitter Root Valley of Montana. U. S. Dep't Agric, Bur. of Entomol., Bull. 105, Washington, D.C., 47 pp., 3 Text-figs., Pis. I-III. [Illustrates geographical distribution, $ ,'^ ,o and L of Dermacentor vemistus, ^ and $ of D. albipictns, bibliography.] (1911), Some of the more important ticks of the United States. Fear Book U. S. Bept. Agi-ic. for 1910, 219-230, Pis. XV-XVI issued as " Y. B. separate— 531." {^Argas persicus, Ornithodorus megnini, Amhlyomma americanum, A. mactdatum, Dermacentor vemistus, D. occidentalis, D. variabilis, Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris, Boophilus a7imdatiis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, a few of these figured (photographs).] Hunter, W. D., and Mitchell, J. D. (1909), A practical demonstration of a method for controlling the cattle tick. U. S. Dep't Agric, Birr. Animal Industry, Washington, Circular 148, 4 pp. Hutcheon, D. (1901), Heartwater in Sheep and Goats. Agric. Journ. Cape of Good Hope, XIX. 302-314, 2 Figs. {Amblyomma hebraenm, "carrier" of disease.] (1903), Heartwater in Sheep and Goats. The experiments of Dr. Purvis. Agric. Journ. Cape of Good Hope, xxii. 438-443. Hutyra, F. and Marek, J. (1909). Spez. Pathol, n. Ther. d. Haustiere. Jena: ( ). Fischer. 2 vols. Iches, Lucien (1908), Les Garrapates. Bull. Soc. nation. Acclimat. France, LV. 385-393, 1 Fig. Jarvis, T. D. (1910), The Acarina, with a Host Index to the Species found in Ontario. 40th Ann. Rep. Entomol. Soc, Ontario, 1909, 82-109, 5 Pis., 18 Figs. Jennings, A. H. (1912), Some notes on the tick Ornithodorus talaje Guc'rin. Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington, xiv. 77-78. 14 Bibliography of the Ixodoidea. 11 JUN— KNU Jungels(1911), Vorlaufige Mitteilung iiber Spirochatenerkrankungcu der Huhiicr in Deutsch-Ostafrika. (Note.) Arch. f. Sddffs- u. Tropen-Hyg., -aw. bA\. Keferstein, A. (1837), Naturgeschichte der- sckadlichen Insekten. Erfurt. [Ticks : pp. 113, 122, 157; reference communicated by J. C. Huber.] Kersey (1872), Notes on Ixodes dugesii. Quart. Journ. Microsc. Set., n.s., xir. [Cited by Bonnet, 1907.] Kieflfer, C. F. (1907), Intermittent Tick Fever ; preliminary report on a new type of fever due to tick bite (Ixodiasis). Journ. Amer. Med. Assoc, XLViii. 1154- 1158. King, H. H. (1908), Ticks. 3rd Report Wellcome Research Laboratories., Khartoum, 220-222, pi. XXVI. [Brief description of Argas persicus, Ornithodorus savignyi. Coloured pi. of A. marmoreum $ 9) Hyalomma aegyptium^ 9) 0. savignyi., A. persic7is. Lists other species occurring in Soudan : Boophilus, Rhipicephalus, Apo?iomma.'\ ■ (1911), Ticks. Atk Rept. Wellcome Research Laboratories, Khartoum. Vol. b : General Science, 128-130. [Argas brumpti found at Gebelein ; other known species of Ixodes, Haemapkysalis, Dermacentor, Aponomma, and Amblyomma listed.] King, W, v., see Bishopp, T'. C. Kinghorn, A., Yorke, W., and Lloyd, L. (lo. vi. 1913), Final Report of the Luangwa Sleeping Sickness Commission of the British South Africa Company, 1911-12. Ann. Trap. Med. and Parasitol., vii. 183-302, 11 Pis. Rev. in Rev. Applied Entomol., i., ser. B, 168-172. [0. moubata.] Kleine, F. K., and Eckard, B. (1913), Ueber die Lokalisation der Spirochaiten in der Riickfallfieberzecke {Ornithodorus moubata). Zeitschr. f. Hyg. u. Infektions- krankh., Lxxiv. 389-394. Knab, F. (IV. 1912), Unconsidered factors in disease transmission by blood-sucking insects. Journ. Econ. Entomol., v. 196-200. [P. 200: casual reference to ticks; nothing original.] Knuth., P. (1911), Feststellung von Haemaphysalis punctata beim Rinde im Kreise Apenrade. Berliner tierdrztl. Wochenschr., No. 48 ; also in Beiheften z. Arch. f. Schiffs- und Tropen-Hyg., xvi. Repr., 12 pp. 8 Figs, [of /. ricinus, I. hexagonus, reproduced from Nuttall, Warburton, Cooper and Robinson, Ticks, pt. ii., and H. punctata reproduced from Nuttall, Cooper and Robinson, 1908]. (1912 a), Kommen auch in Deutschland beim Rinde verschiedene Arten von Piroplasmen oder ahnliche Blutparasiten vor ? Berl. tierdrztl. Wochenschr., No. 17, 10 jjp., 4 Figs., reprint. [Lvodes ricinus and Haemaphysalis punctata referred to as carriers.] (1912b), Erwiderung auf den Artikel des Herrn Kreistierarztes Witt : Die Malaria des Rindes (Milzzerreissung). Berl. tierdrztl. Wochenschr., No. 40, 20 pp., 4 Figs., repr. [Brief mention of ticks : /. ricinus.'] (17. VII. 1912), Bemerkungen zu dem Artikel des Herrn Prof. Ur. Miessner betreffend die Milzruptur des Rindes bzw. perakute Form der Haimoglobinurie des Rindes in Bd. lxii. p. 471 dieses Centralblattes. Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1 Abt., Orig., Lxv. 296-303. [Pp. 299-300 : Ixodes ricinus and Haemaphysalis punctata referred to, in relation to bovine piroplasmosis in Germany.] 1913, Weitere Beobachtungen iiber Haemaphysalis punctata als wahrschein- 15 Bibliogrcq)hy of the Ixodoidea. 11 KOB— LAW lichen Ubertriiger des Erregerx der iunercu Yerblutuug- (Milzruptiir) beim Rindo. Bed. tieriirztl. Wochensclir., Nos. 47 and 48, 10 pp., repr. Kobert, R. (1900), Lehrhuch der Into.vicationen, spec. Theil, 2 Aufl. [Refers to A. persicus ; reference communicated by J. C. Huber.] Koch, R. (1904), Rhodesian Red water or African Coast Fever. Agric. Journ. Cape of Good Hope, XXIV. 33-43. Kohl-Yakimoff, N., see YakimoflF, W. L. Korsch.ann, J. (1910), Beitriige zur Kenntnis des seuchenliaften lilutharnens der Rinder auf (irund eigener Beobachtungen und Untersuchungen. Osterr. Monatsschr. f. Tierheilk., xxxv. 481. Rev. in Centrcdbl. f. Bakt., 1911, l. Referate, 11-12. [^Ixodes ricinus in relation to bovine piroplasmosis in Miihren.] Kiinssberg, K. von [ne'e Samson] (l. IX. 1911), Eine Anticoagulindinise bei Zecken. Zool. Anzeiger, xxxviii. 263-268, Figs. 1-2. [Ornithodorus moubata, with mention of Ixodes 7nci7ius.'\ Laat, J. E., Van der (1913), Las garrapatas, grave plaga que debe desaparecer. Boletin Fomento, San Jose, Costa Rica, iii. 259-263, 2 Pis. Rev. in Rev. Applied Entomol., i., ser. B, 159. Laboulb^ne and M^gnin (1885), Les Argas du Mexique. Journ. Anat. Physiol., XXI. [Cited by Bonnet, 1907.] Lahille, F. (1909), Un viaje por el mundo de las garrapatas. Revista del Jardin Zoo- logico de Buenos Aires, vi. 203-219, Oct. 1909, 287-341, Figs. 1-20, Jan. 1910. [Cited in bibliogr. by Wolfi'hugel 1911.] (1911), La fecundidad de la garrapata comun del ganado y los varios periodos de su vida, su nombre cientifico. Boletin del Ministerio de Agricultura, xiii. 185-200. [Cited in bibliogr. by Wolff hligel, 1911.] (1913), Nota sobre Ixodes de la Republica Argentina y la medicion de las Garrapatas. Boletin del Ministerio de Agricultura, Buenos Aires, reprint, pp. 2-14, 9 Figs. {Ixodes nuttalli n. sp. ; 7 original figures illustrating I. nuttalli, I. loricatiis.] (II. (1914), Nota sobre la presencia accidental eu Buenos Aires de unas Garrapatas de Camello. Bol. Minist. Agric. Buenos Aires, xvii. 289-293, 3 Pis. [Ei/alomma aegi/ptium found on camels imported from Dakar and from the Canary Islands.] Lamoureux, A. (1913), Presence d'Ortiithodorus moubata dans im foyer de fi^vre recurrente a la cote ouest de Madagascar. Bull. Soc. pathol. Exot., vi. 146-149. Laurie, D. F, (1912), The Poultry Tick. Dep't Agricult. of ,S'. Australia, Adelaide, Bull. Xo. 74, 32 p]j., 31 Illustrations. Laveran, A., and Pettit, A. (1910), Sur le role d'Hyalomma aegyptium L. dans la propagation de Haemogregarina mauritanica Ed. et Et. Sergent. C. R. Ass. fran^. Av. Sc, xxxviii. 723-726. Laws, H. E. (1911), Note on the eradication of Ticks by the Starvation Method. Agric. Journ. Union of South Africa, i. 570-579. (V. 1911), Eradication of Ticks by the Starvation Method. (Second article.) Agric. Journ. Cape of Good Hope, xxxvii. 9-19. (VI. 1911), The eradication of Ticks by the Starvation Method. Veterinary News, Loiidon, viii. 343-345 ; 357-360. 16 Bibliography of the Ixocloidea. 11 LAW— LLO Laws, H. E. (VI, 1913), The Tick-killing properties of Sodium Arsenate. A poor ; bibliography (partial) ; contains interesting matter.] Michael, A. D. (1899), Acari [of Lake Urmi]. Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool. XXVII. 407, 1 PI. \_Argas persii\ British K. Africa, 1911-12. Eev. in Rev. Applied EntotnoL, I., ser. li, 21-22. Neave, S. A. (1911), Rei)ort on a Journey to the Luangwa Valley, North-Eastern Rhodesia, from July to September, 1910. Bull. Entomol. Res., i. 1910-11, 303- 317. With 7 Text-figs, and Map. [Brief mention of occurrence of Ornithodorvs mouhata on pp. 313 and 316.] (1912), Notes on the Blood-sucking Insects of Eastern Tropical Africa. Bull. Entomol. Re.^., iii. 275-324, Pis. X and XL [Ticks— in Local lists of Blood- itucking Arthropods ; also native names of certain species.] Neumann, L. G. (1908), A new Indian Tick, Ornithodorus lahoriensis. Journ. Trap. Veter. Set., Calcutta, iii. 462-467, 4 Figs. [Merely a partial translation of Neumann, iii. 1908. Note vi (pp. 17-21), with a sketchy coloured plate showing 0. lahorensis in dorsal and ventral aspf^ct. The name misspelt " lalioriensis."'] (1909) Parasites et maladies parasitaircs des oiseau.v domestiqnes, 230 pp., 89 Text-figs. Paris: Asselin et Houzeau. [Ticks: briefly describes ^r^as, pp. 55- 61 ; Figs. 36-38 of A. reflexus capitulum, and $ in dorsal and ventral aspects ; p. 38 Ixodidae defined.] (1910a), Description de deux nouvelles esp^ces d'lxodinae. {Aponomma oude- mansiu. sp. ^ , Rhipicephalus deltoideus, n. sp. (^ $ .) Tijdschrift ooor Entomologie, Liii. 10-17, PI. I, reprint. (1910b), Ixodidae. Wiss. Ergehn. schwed. zool. Exped. Kilimandjaro, iii., Abt. 20, 17-30. [Three nn. subspp. of Ixodes, Rhipicephalus, De?'macentor.] (1911 a), Ixodidae in Das Tierreich, herausg. v. T. E. Schulze, im Auftrage der K. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin. Berlin : R. Friedlander &; Sohn. 26. Lieferung, xvi4-109 pp., 76 Text-figures. [Important.] (1911b), Note rectificative a propos de deux especes 6!Ixodinae. Archiv d. Parasitologie, xiv. p. 415. [^Ixodes stilesi n. nom. pro /. elegans Neum. non Guerin.] (1911c), Note sur Dermacentor reticulatus Fabricius. Insecta Ann., i. 40,41. Observation d'une malade piqu(5e par un Dermacentor reticulatus Fabricius, par Stephen Fras, 41-42. (10. I. 1912), in Lonnberg, E. (1912), Scori)ions, Solpugidsand Ixodides collected by the Swedish Zoological Expedition to British p]ast Africa, 1911 : Ixodides by L. G. Neumann, Arkiv for Zoologi, vii., No. 4, reprint, pp. 4-8. [Known species listed : Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, R. armatus, R. pulchellus, R. sanguineus, R. simus; Hyalomma aegyptium; Amblyomma hebraeum, A. mar- moreum ; Dermacentor rhinocerotis ; Ornithodorus savignyi.] (1. VI. 1913), H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute. Pediculidae, Siphonaptera, Ixodidae. Supplementa Entomologica herausg. vom Deutschen Entomol. Museum, No. 2, pp. 134-137, 2 Text-figs. Berlin-Dahlem. [Argas vesper- tilionis, Amblyomma testudinarium Koch, Dermacentor atrosignatus Nn., Boophilus annrdatus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, and Haemaphysalis birmuniae recorded ; H. formosensis n. sp., ^ and $ , described and figured.] (1913), Un nouveau sous-genre et deux nouvelles especes d'ixodides. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xxxviil. 147-151, 4 Figs. {Rhipicephalus [Pterygodes] falrus ^ 21 I I Bihliofiraphy of the TxodoUJea. TT neu— NUT described and figured from Tunisia, also Amhlyomma hrimnnti 9 from Guiana ; Amhl. ffoeldii Nn. and .1. geayi listed from Guiana.) Neumann, L. Gr. (XI. 1913), Arachnides. I. I.vodidae. (In Voyage de Ch. Alluaud et Ti. Jeannel en Afrique orientale (1911-1912). Rt'sultats scientifiques.) Pp. 25-35, 5 Text-figs., reprint. Paris : A. Schulz. [Ixodes ulluaudi n. sp., Rhipicephalus jeanneli n. sp. and known sp. of Ixodes, Huemaphysalis, Denna- ecntor, Amhlyomnio, and Rhipicephalvs.] Neumann, R. 0. (2. III. 1909), Ueber das Verhalteii der Spirochiiten des Riickfall- fiebers im Tierkiirper mid die experimentelle Uebertragung der Parasiten dureh Zecken und Liiuse. Mnnchen. med. Wochenschr., Lvr. 477. [Ornithndorvs moubata transmits »S'. duttoni and S. gallinarum to rats and fowls respectively. Some unfed nymi)hs sm-vived seven months at 25° C] Neveu-Lemaire, M. (1912), Parasitologie den animaux domestiques, 1257 pp., 770 Text-figs. Paris : J. Lamarre et Cie. [Ticks : pp. 962-994, Figs. 606-639, of which two are doubtfully original.] Newstead, R. (1906), On the bionomics of Ornithodorus mouhata, the intermediary host of human tick fever. Proc. Assoc. Econ. Biol., i. 74-77. Newstead, R., Button, J. E., and Todd, J. L. (1907), Insects and other Arthropoda collected in the Congo Free State. (Being the 7th Interim Report of the Expedition of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine in the Congo, 1903-05.) Ann. Trop. 3Ied. and Parasitol., I. 1-112, PI. I-VI, 21 Text-figs. [Ticks: pp. 98-100, A^nhlyomma hebraeum Koch ; A. splendidiim Giebel ; A. varie- gatum (Fabr.) ; Hyalomma aegyptunn L. ; Haemaphysidis leachi (Audouin) ; Margaropus anmdatus ; M. annulatus var. calcaratus (Birula) ; Rhipicephalus bursa Can. and Fan. ; R. capensis Koch ; R. nitens Nn. ; R. simus Koch ; R. sanguineus (Latreille.)] Niles, E. P. (1901), Animal Parasites, vii. Agric. Exp. Sta., Virginia, Bidl. 114, 83-95, 5 Figs. Noc, see Simond, A. Noel, p. (1904), EAcarus telariiis. Naturaliste, Paris, xxvi. 131. (1906), L'Argas rejlexus. Naturaliste, Paris, xxviii. 132-133. (1909), Les Argas de I'instituteur. Naturaliste, Paris, xxxi. 146-147. (1910), Coast Gall-sickness — Cattle. Agricult. Journ., Cape of Oood Hope, xxxvii. 455-458. Nordenskiold, E. (1911), Zur Anatomic und Histologie von Ixodes ricinus, in. Zool. .Tahrb., xxxii. 77-106, Text-figs. A-C, Pis. VI-VII. Nuttall, G. H. F. (1904), Ticks and Tick-transmitted Diseases (Epidemiolog. Soc). The Lancet, CLXVii. 1785-1786. (1910), On Haematozoa occurring in wild animals in Africa. Parasitology, 108-116, 2 Pis. New species of ticks {Ixodes, Amblyomma, Rhipicephalus). Parasitology, in. 408-416, 7 Figs. (V. 1911), On symptoms following tick-bites in man. Parasitology, iv. 89-93. [Effects due to the bite of Amblyomma hebraeum and Boophilus decoloratus larvae reported to author from various sources.] (X. 1911), Notes on Ticks, I. (1) Ixodes caledonicus, description of male, together with considerations regarding the structure of the foot in male Lvodes. (2) Types of parasitism in ticks, illustrated by a diagram, together with some 1 i Bihllography of the Ixodoidea. Tl NUT— o 'FA remarks upon longevity in ticks. (3) Regarding the loss of life in ticks occurring on wandcrini;- liosts. Panisitoloiiy, I v. 175-182, 2 Figs. Nuttall, G. H. F. (II. 1912), Russian Ixodoidea. Bull. Soc. Med. Ea-otique, Paris, V. 120-122. (('ritical remarks and corrections relating to a i)aper by YakimofF, Winogradotf and Kohl-Yakinioff. Bull. Soc. Med. Exotique, Pai'is, v. pp. 34-41.) (II. 19l2a), Notes on Ticks, II. (1) New Species {Amhlyomma., H(xemaphysulis) ; (2) I.vodes putus : description of the hitherto unknown larval stage. Parasitology, V. 50-60, 9 Figs. (II. 1913), The Herter Lectures. I. Si)irochaetosis. Parasitology, v. 262- 274 ; also Johns Hopkins Hasp. Bidl., xxiv. 33-39, 9 Figs. [Ticks and spiro- chaetosis.] (IV. 1913a), Note on colouration in Ticks. Parasitology, vi. 49-51, 1 PI. (IV. 1913 b), Observations on the Biology of Ixodidae. Part I. Dealing with : Ixodes pittus (Pickard-Cambridge, 1876), Neumann, 1899. (2) Ixodes canisuga Johnston, 1849. (3) Ixodes hexagonus Leach, 1815. (4) Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758), Latreille, 1804. (5) Haemap)hysalis leachi (Audouin, 1827), Neumann, 1897. (6) Zrrte«i(/^/;?/sa^w'p?mcto^c/ Canestriniand Fanzago, 1877. {!) Hyalomma aegyptium (Linnaeus, 1758), Koch, 1844. (8) Rhipicephalus appendicxdatus Neumann, 1908. Parasitology, vi. 68-118, 2 Text-figs. (VII. 1913a), Notes on Ticks. III. On four new Species of /a;o(fe9. Parasitology, VI. 131-138, 4 Figs. [/. kcmpi, I. daveyi, I. oldi, I. ricinoides n. si)p.] (VII. 1913b), Parthenogenesis in Ticks. (Preliminary Note.) Parasitology, vi. 139-140. (VII. 1913c), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus : Variation in Size and Structure due to Nutrition. Parasitology, vi. 195-203, 4 Figs. (X. 1913), The Herter Lectures. III. Piroplasmosis. Parasitology, vi. 302- 320 ; also Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., xxiv. 307-316, 22 Figs. [Ticks referred to.] (14. V. 1914), "Tick Paralysis" in man and animals. Further published records, with comments. Parasitology, vii. 95-104. Nuttall, Gr. H. F., see Had wen, S. Nuttall, G. H. F., and Hindle, E. (X. 1913), Conditions influencing the trans- mission of East Coast Fever. Parasitology, vi. 321-332. [Rhipicephalus appendiculatus experiments.] Nuttall, G. H. F., Robinson, L. E., and Cooper, W. F. (Vii. 1911), Bibliography of the Ixodoidea, pp. vi + 68. [2004 titles of publications dealing with ticks and their relation to disease] ; in Nuttall, Warburton, Cooper and Robinson : Ticks. A Monograph of the Ixodoidea. Cambridge University Press. Nuttall, G. H. F., and Warburton, C (v. 1911), Ixodoidae Section I. Classification. Section IL The Cienus I.vodes, pp. xi.K-|-348, 4 plates, 193 text-figs., including two Appendices by Nuttall and Merriman ; in Nuttall, Warburton, Cooper and Robinson : Ticks. A Monograph of the Ixodoidea. Cambridge University Press. O'Farrell, W. R. (1913), Preliminary note on a new Flagellate, Crithidia hyalommae sp. nov. found in the tick, Hyalomma aegyptium (Limiaeus, 1758). Journ. Trop. Med., XVI. 245. (XII. 1913), Hereditary Infection, with special reference to its occurrence in Hyalomma aegyptixim infected with Crithidia. hyalommae. Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasitol., vir. 545-562, Pis. XXXVIII-XL. 23 i BlhlUHfvaph]! of the Ixodoidia. J I OLD— PIX Old, J. E. S. (15. I. 1909), C()iitril)vition to the study of trypanosomiasis and to the geographical distribution of some of the ])lood-siu-king insects, etc. Jovrn. Trop. Med. and Hyg., London, xii., 15-22 ; rei)i'inted in Journ. Trap. Veter. Sci., Calcutta, IV. 395-416. [Pp. 411-415 relate to ticks found liy the author in Nyasaland, the same having been examined by Nuttall and Warbui-ton.] Olivier. E. (1908), Une invasion d^Argas reflexus. Bull. Soc. entomol. France, 1908, 23S. Oudemans, A. 0. (1910a), Over Acarina. T/Jdsc/ir. EntovioL, hiu. 62-64. (Rudi- mentary stigmata in larvae of I.rodidae.) (1910b), Acarologische Aanteekningen, xxxiv. Zijii Ai'gasidae jonger of ouder dan Ixodidae ? Entomol. Berickten, iii. 103-109. (1910c), A short survey of the more important Families of Acari. Bull. Entomol. Res., I., 105-119, 22 Figs. [Pp. 106-108, brief mention of ticks, with two poor &gnreii of Rhipicephahis sangimieus $ and Ornithodorus mouhata 9 respectively.] Pagenstecher ('1859-1862), Ueber Argas reflexus, Verhandl. d. naturhist. med. Vereiv^ zu Heidelberg, ii. 122. (Cit. Metz, 1911, bibl.) Pavesi, P. (1883), Considerazioni sull' acarofauna dell' Abissinia. Readiconti del R. Instituto Lombardo, ser. it., xvi., fasc. ix., reprint, 5 pp. Pease, H. T. (X. 1908), Spirochaetosis in Fowls due to the Fowl Tick {Argas perstcus). Agric. Journ. of India, in. (pt. IV.), 309-322, Text-figs. 4-7. Pakes, W. C. C. (1912), The Science of Hygiene. A Text- book of Laboratory Practice for Public Health Students. New Edition, revised by A. T. Nankivell, M.D., D.P.H. Methuen & Co. Ltd., London. 164 pp., 80 Figs., 20x13 cm. [P. 141, Ticks referred to in 14 lines, an incredibly bad figure supposed to represent Ixodes ricinus. Grave misstatements.] Panzer ( ), Deutschlands Insekten, Krustazeen und Araelinoideen. Fortsetzung, Heft 189, No. 1. [According to Metz, 1911, p. 2, contains the first reference in German literature to Argas reflexus, which had been stated to occur only in France and Italy.] Pentz, J. P. (1910), Ticks and Stock Diseases. Agric. Journ. Cape of Good Hope, XXXVI. 475-477. Petersen, W. P., see Davis, B. P. Pettit, A., see Laveran, A. Phillips, J. M., and McCampbell, E. P. (1908), Infectious Jaundice due to Piro- plasma commune. Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1. Abt., Orig., XLVii. 592-608, 1 PL, 4 Figs., 1 Chart. [? Pseudojjarasites — negative "transmission experiments" with Dermacentnr nccidentalis and fleas.] Pickard-Cambridge, 0. (1876), On a new Order and some new Genera of Arachnida from Kerguelen's Island. Family Lrodides. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pp. 260, 261, Fig. 1. (VI. 1885), A contribution towards the knowledge of the Arachnida of Epping Forest. Trans. Essex Field Club, iv., pt. 1, pj). 41-49. [Records Ixodes ricinus on bushes and trees, p. 45.] Piot Bey, J. B. (1914), Maladies transmises par les Tiques. Xth Internal. Veterinary Congress, London. Reprint 7 pp. [issued in advance of Congress]. Pixell, H. L. M. (1913), Notes on Toxoplasma gondii. Proc. Roy. Soc, London, Lxxxvii., s. B, 67-77, 1 PI, 24 I I I i Bihliographfi of the Ixodoidea. J J POC — REN Pocock, R. T. (1911), "Ticks" in Encycl. Britannica, 11th ed., vol. xxvi., pp. 936- 937, 1 Fig. [Short account of ticks containing some erroneous statements, i.e. that the hypostome is used for piercing the skin of the host ; moubata is misspelt monbata ; Argas persicus is stated to have been carried from Europe (!) to S. Africa ; Dermaeentor reticulatus is stated to transmit canine piroplasmosis and possibly Rocky Mountain Fever ; heartwater and piroplasmosis in sheep are confused ; ricinus is misspelt vicinus. The inticcurate figui'e of Hyalomma aegyptium ^ is copied from Savigny (1826 !).] Poisot, see Balzer. Pons, C, see Rodhain, J. Power, W. M., sec Theiler, A, Price, T. M., see Melvin, A. D. Prowazek, v. (1906), Morphologische und entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuch- ungen iiber Hiihuerspirochaten. Arb. a. d. Kais. Gesundheitsamte, xxiir. 554. R. (? 1914), Os carrapatos sob ponto de vista agricola. (Ticks from the agricultural point of view.) Chacaras e Quintaes, S. Paulo, vii. 43-48, 2 Figs. Rev. in Review of Applied Entomology, vol. ii., ser. B (iv. 1914), p. 57. [Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Boophilus annulatus in Brazil ; bovine piroplasmosis and trypan- blue treatment.] Rainbow, W. J. (1906), A synopsis of Australian Acarina. Records of the Australian Museum, vi. 145-193. [Pp. 163-171. Ixodoidea occurring in Australia are listed together with their hosts. Listed are Argas reflexus, A. persicus, Uaema- physalis papuana, H. leachi, H. longicornis Nn., Boophilus annulatus, B. australis, Ixodes ornithorhynchi, I. tasmani, I. holocyclus, Aponornma trimacu- latum, Ap. decorosum, Ap. hydrosauri, Ap. concolor, Ap. eci7ictum, Ai7iblyomma triguttatum, A. limbatum, A. postocidattcm, A. moreliae. Mostly taken from Neumann.] Ransom, B. H., and Graybill, H. W. (1912a), Investigations relative to arsenical dips as remedies for cattle ticks. U. S. DepH Agricidt., Bur. Animal Industry, Washington, D.C., Bull. 144, 65 pp., 6 Pis., 1 Fig., reprint.. (1912 b) The use of arsenical dips in tick eradication. TJ. S. Dept Agric, Bur. Anim. Industry, Washington, D.C., 267-284, 7 Pis. Rawson, L. (1899), The Poultry Bug or Tick (Austral. Tropicult.). Queensland Agric. Journ., iv., 355-356, 443-445. Raymondaud (1886), Sur VIvodes, parasite peu connu de I'homme. Congr. period, internat. d. sc. me'd. Compt. -rend., CoTpenha.gen (1884), i., Sect, de path, gen., etc., 48-64. Reiber (1882), Kote sur 1. zool. d. 1. cathedr. de Strasbourg. Bull. Soc. H. N. Colmar, 22 and 23, pp. 215. Reichert (1910), Ueber Linimente (Kreolin ; Kresol-, und Wiener Teerliniment, und deren klinische Bedeutung. luaug. Dissert. Giessen. [Cited by Metz, 1911, p. 16, as having apparently been the first to test insecticides on Argas reflexus, but only mentions it incidentally.] Relation (1890) of Ticks to Texas Cattle Fever. Report Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., 107-1 10. Rengarten (rv. 1895), [Reisebericht (iber Argas persicus.] Neue Dorpi'sche Zeitung, Dorpat. [Cited by Kobert, q.v.] N. II. 25 4 1 Bibliograpliy of the Ixodoidea. J J rep— RUC Report (1. VII. 1913), of the Tdsmanian Agricultural and Stock Department. Holiart, Ta.sia;iiiia, p. 14. Rev. in Rev. Applied Entomol., II., ser. B, 1. Ribaga, C. (1902), Acari sudamericani. Zool. Anz., xxv. ;j02-508. [Ambli/omnia neumaani ii. 8[).] Ricketts, H. T. (1911a), The transmission of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever by the bite of the Wood Tick, Dermacentor oecidentalis. In Contributions to Medical Science, Chicago, 288-290. (1911b), Further observations on Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Derma- centor oecidentalis. In Contributions to Medical Science, Chicago, 291-298. (1911 c). Observations on the virus and means of transmission of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. In Contributions to Medical Science, Chicago, 299-311. (1911 d). The role of the Wood Tick {Dermacentor oecidentalis) in Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, and the susceptibility of local animals to this disease. In Contributions to Medical Science, Chicago, 312-323. (1911 e), Further experiments with the Wood Tick in relation to Rocky Moun- tain Spotted Fever. In Cojitributions to Medical Science, Chicago, 324-332. (1911 f) A summary of investigations of the nature and means of trans- mission of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. In Contributions to Medical Science, Chicago, 333-342. Ricketts, H. T., and Wilder, R. M. (1910), The relation of Typhus Fever (Tabar- dillo) to Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Arch. Internal Med., v. 361-370. Robertson, W. (1902), Heartwater in Sheep and Goats, Agric. Journ. Cape of Good Hope, XXI. 315-335. Robinson, L. E. (XII. 1911), New species of Ticks {Haemaphysalis, Amblyomma). Parasitology, iv. 478-484, 4 Text-figs. [Description of Haemaphysalis silacea n. sp. (^ $ ; Amblyomma variegatum var. nocens n. var. ^ ; and A, fiebrigi n. sp. (^ ? .] see Nuttall, G. H. F. Robinson, L. E., and Davidson, J. (17. IV. 1913), The Anatomy of Argas persicus (Oken, 1818). Part 1. Parasitology, vi. 20-48, Pis. I-VI, 31 figs., 2 text- figs. [Introduction, pp. 20-24 ; External Anatomy, pp. 24-45.] (13. X. 1913), The Anatomy of Argas persicus (Oken, 1818). Part II. Para- sitology, VI. 217-256, Pis. XIV-XVII (2 coloured), 17 figs., 8 text-figs. [Technique, pp. 217-220 ; Integument, pp. 220-222 ; Alimentary Canal, pp. 222-241 ; Blood Vascular System, pp. 241-245 ; Respiratory System, pp. 245-250 ; Excretory System, pp. 250-252.] (31. 1. 1914), The Anatomy of Argas persicus (Oken, 1818). Part III. Para- sitology, VI. 382-424, Pis. XXV-XXVIII (1 coloured), 19 figs., 8 text-figs. [Muscular System, 382-394 ; Nervous System, 394-402 ; Genital Organs, 402-420.] Rodbain, J., Pons, C, Van den Branden, P., and Bequeart, J. (1913), Rapport sur les travaux de la missioti, scientijique du Katanga {Oct., \^\0-Sept., 1912). Bruxelles : Hayez. [Pp. 7-27 ; relates to relapsing fever ; refers to geographical distribution of Ornithodorus moubata ; notes a few fresh localities along Lualaba R. and Katanga district of S. Congo.] Rucker, W. C. (6. IX. 1912), Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. U. S. Public Health Reports, xxvii., No. 36, reprint, 21 pp. [History, distribution, symptoms, pathology, etc. ; Dermacentor andersoni Stiles 1905 description, biology, pro- phylaxis. A good bibliography !] 26 4—2 Bibliography of the Ixodoklea. II SAC— SIM Saceghem, R. van (m. 1914), Les Tiques. Les maladies qu'elles transmettent ; les moyens de les detruire. Bull. Agric. du Congo Beige, v. 73-87. Rev. in Rev. of Applied Entomol. s. B, Med. and Veter., ii. 111-115. [A historical review ; species listed of Amhlyoinma, Boophilus, Haemaphy sails, lihipi- ccphalus ; tick eradication.] Saikovitsch, J. W. (1911), Ueber Rinderpiroplasmose im Rjasanschen Gonverne- ment. Vestnik obsch. Veterinarii, No. 2 (Russian), 4-line review in Zaitschr. f. Immunit'dtsforsch. II. Teil, vol. iv. p. 135, states piroplasmosis occurs in this part of Russia, being transmitted by /. ricinus. Salmon, D. E. (1910), Should we discard " Boophilus" for " Margaropus" 1 Amer. Vet. Itevieio, New York, xxxviii. 230-232. Samson, K. (1910), Zecken als Krankheitsiibertrager. Nat. Wockenschr., xxv. 721-725, 3 Figs. Sant' Anna, J. F. (VI. 1911), On a disease in man following tick-bites and occurring in LourenQo Marques. Parasitology, iv. 87-88. [Effects due to bites of larvae oi Amhlyomma hehraeum and Rhipicephalus simus.^ Schellack, C. (1909a), Ubertragungsversuche der Spirochaete gallinarum durch Argas rejlexus Fabr. Centralbl. f. Bakt., XLVi. 1 Abt. Originale, 486-488. Rev. in Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Tropen-Hyg., xiii. 161. (1909b), Versuche zur Ubertragung von Spirochaeta gallinarum und Spiro- chaeta obermeieri. Arb. a. d. Kais. Gesundheitsamte, xxx. 351. Rev. in Arch, f Schiffs- ti. Tropen-Hyg., xiv. 388. Schroeder, E. C. (1907), Notes on the cattle tick and Texas fever. 22«o? Ann. Rep. Bur. Anim. Indust., U. S. Dept. Agric, pp. 49-50. Schuberg, A., and Boing (1913), Ueber den Weg der Infektion bei Trypano- somen- und Spirochatenerkrankungen. Deutsche med. Wochenschr., xxxix. 877-879. Rev. in Centralbl. f. Bakteriol., LVii. Referate, Beihefte, 226-230. Scbuckmann, W. von (1913). " Die schmarotzenden Gliederfiissler," in Handb. d. Hygiene, herausg. v. j\I. Rubner, M. v. Gruber and M. Ficker. Leipzig : S. Hirzel. Vol. iii. pp. 342-370. [Ticks: pp. 352-359, Figs. 181, 182, PI. XXXII. Nothing original, figures poor and antiquated.] Schiitz, W. (1905), Ueber die Pyrosomenkrankheiten der Rinder. Arch. wiss. prakt. Tierk., xxxi. 317-329. [Transmission by Ixodes.] Sergent, E. (1909), Determination des insectes piqueurs et siiceiirs de sang. 298 pp., 229 Figs. Paris : Octave Doin et Fils. [Ticks : pp. 3-21, Figs. 1-24, condensed account taken mostly from L. G. Neumann ; nothing original.] Simond, A., and Noc (1909), Sur 1' existence de la spirillose des poules k la Martinique. Compt. rend. Soc. de Biol., 714-716. [Sjjirochaetosis occurs especially in I\Iay to Dec. in fowls, associated with Argas persicus.] Simpson, J. J. (1911), Entomological Research in British West Africa, I. Gambia. Bull. Entomol. Res., ii. (1911-12), 187-240, 14 Text-Figs., and map. [Ticks: List of species encountei-ed, p. 218 ; native names, p. 219 ; instructions for collecting ticks, pp. 232-234.] (1912a), Entomological Research in British West Africa. II. Northern Nigeria. Bidl. Entomol. Res., ii. (1911-12), 301-356, Pis. VII-XVI and map. [Ticks : List of species encountered, pp. 322, 328, 346 ; piroplasmosis (canine), p. 354.] 27 Bibliography of the Ixodoidea. II SIM— SUW Simpson, J. J. (1912b), Entomological Research in British West Africa. III. Southern Nigeria. Bull. Entomol. Res., ni. 137-194, Pis. II-V. [Ticks : Occasional mention of occurrence, and list of species in Records of Blood-sucking Insects and other Arthropoda from Southern Nigeria, p. 185.] (XI. 1913), Entomological Researches in British West Africa. IV. Sierra Leone. (With a map showing the distribution of Glossina and Sleeping Sickness, and 10 photographs by the author.) Bull. Entomol. Res., iv. Part III, 151-190, Pis. XVIII-XXII, and map. [Pp. 184, 185 : List of species of ticks found, with native names.] (IV. 1914), Entomological Research in British West Africa. V. Gold Coast. Bull. Entomol. Res., v. pp. 1-36, Pis. I-IV. [P. 30 : lists ticks found on travels on behalf of Imperial Bureau of Entomol.] Sinclair, J. M. (22. VIII. 1910), Report of Committee of Enquiry on African Coast Fever, Southern Rhodesia. Rhodesia : Govt. Piinting Office, Salisbury. Skinner, B. (24. VIII. 1907), Preliminary note upon ticks infesting rats suffering from plague. Brit. Med. Journ., II. 457., [Species of tick not stated ; found CD Mus rattus at Nowshera, N. W. Provinces of India.] Sluiter, 0. P. and Swellengrebel, N. H. (1912), De dierlijke parasieten van den mensch en van onze htdsdieren, 2 druk. Amsterdam : Scheltema & Holkema. 526 pp. , 1 PI. roy. 8°. Smallwood, W. M. (1913), A Te.vt-Book of Biology. 285 pp., 13 Pis. and 243 illustrations. London : Bailliere, Tindall and Cox. [Brief mention of ticks. Nothing original.] Smith, Of. Elliot (1910), An address on the mechanism of infection in Tick fever and on the hereditary transmission of Spirochaeta duttoni in the tick. Lancet, CLXXVIII. 11-14. Sobernheim ( ), ]lvih.nQVH]i\voGh^iB {Spirochaete gallinarum). Handb.d.pathog. Mikroorgan., v. KoUe u. Was.sermann. Erg.-Bd. i. 590-594. Stewart, J. L. (XII. 1908), Clinical phases of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Med. Sentinel, Portland, Oreg., U. S. A. Stiles, C. W. (1911), Tick (Ixodoidea) Generic Names to be included in the " Official List of Zoological Names." Nature, London, lxxxviii. 42 ; also in Science, N.S. xxxiv. 812 (1912). Stockman, S. (1908), Red-water in England and its Carriers. Journ. Comp. Pathol. and Therap., xxi. 225-232 ; also Veterinary Journ., LXIV. 538-545. (31. III. 1909), Redwater. (In) Ann. Rep. Proceedings under " The Diseases of ihiimals Act" for 1908, pp. 12-17. (1911), " Ticks : The habits of British Ticks found on Sheep and Cattle " in Board of Agricidture and Fisheries, Annual Reports of Proceedings under the Diseases of Animals Acts, etc., for the year 1910 (London : Darling & Son), pp. 23-32. Also in Journ. Comp. Pathol, and Therapeutics, xxiv. 229-237. [Raising notes, etc., relating to Haemaphysalis cinnaharina var. punctata, brief mention of I.xodes ricimcs.] Supino, F. (1897), Nuovi I.codes della Birmania. Padova : Stab. P. Prospering Con 12 tavolc. [Cited by Gestro, R., 1904, p. 32 ; also by Cauestrini, 1897.] Suworow, E. K. (1908), Ixodes reduvius, Eine anatomiscbe Skizzo. Trav. Soc. Natural. St. Petershourg, Sect. Zool. et Physiol., xxxviii. 139-219 in Russian ; 28 Bibliography of the Ixodoidea. TT SWE— THE 220-223, bibliography, partly in Russian ; 225-239 condensed version in German ; Pis. IV-V. Swellengrebel, N. H., see Sluiter, C. P. Taschenberg, 0. (1889), Bihliotheca zoologica (1860-1880), Ticks, ii. 1273, 1277 [nothing new ; reference supplied by J. C. Huber]. Taylor, F. H. (v. 1913), Report of Entomologist. Report for the Year 1911 of the A ustralian Inst. Tropical Med., Tmunsville, 22 pp. 3 pis. Rev. in Rev. Applied Entomol., ii. ser. B, 11-12. Temple, I. U. (read 24. VI. 1912), Acute Ascending Paralysis, or Tick Paralysis. Medical Sentinel^ Portland, Oregon, U. S. A., ix. 1912, 8 pp., reprint. Theiler, A. (1906), Transmission and inoculability of Spirillosis in Cattle. Joum. Trop. Veter. Sci., Calcutta, i. 421-431. [Abstract from J?i?i. Rep. Transvaal Dept. Agric] (1908), Weitere Versuche, das Ostkiistenfieber durch Zecken zu iibertragen. Zeitschr. f. Itfektionskrankh. d. Haustiere, iv. 265-278. (1909), Quelques observations concernant la transmission du Piroplasma bigeniimim par les tiques. Bull. Soc. Pathol, Exot., ir. 384. Rev. in Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Tropen-Hyg., xiv. 787. (1910) Anaplasma marginale (gen. and spec. nova). Report Oov't Veter. Bacteriologist, Pretoria, 1908-9, p. 7. Rev. in Centralhl. f. Bakt., 1911, L. (Referate), pp. 10-11. [Boophihis decoloratus mentioned as "carrier."] (20. VII. 1911), Transmission of Amakebe by means of Rhipicephalus appendi- culatus, the brown tick. Froc. Roy. Soc. London, LXXXIV. ser. B, 112-115. ["Amakebe" a native name for East Coast Fever in Uganda. Gorged nymphs of R. appendiculatus were taken from infected animals and sent to Theiler ; the adults which issued, infected calves at Pretoria. The brown tick the commonest in Uganda.] (1911a), tjber Zecken und die von denselben verbreiteten Krankheiten der Haustiere Siid-Afrikas. Schioeizer Archiv f. Tierheilk., Liii. 1. (Rev. in Centralhl. f. Bakt., 1912, LI. (Referate), 498.) (1911 b), Transmission of Amakebe by means of Rhipicephalus appendicidatus, the brown tick. Proc. Royal Soc. Lond., s. B, Lxxxiv. 112-115; also Joicrn. Trop. Med., xiv. 275-276. • (1911c), Some observations concerning the transmission of East Coast Fever by Ticks. \st Rept. Director Veter. Research, Pretoria, 208-223. (1911 d), Diseases, Ticks, ;ind their eradication. Agric. Joum. Union South Africa, i. 491-508, 4 Pis. (1911-12), The transmission of Gall Sickness by Ticks. Veterinary Record, London, xxiv. 630-633. ■ (1912 a), Uebertragung der Anaplasmosis rnittels Zecken. Zeitschr. f. Infek- tionskra7ikh. d. Haustiere, xil. 105-116. (1912b), Weitere Beobachtungen, betreftend die Uebertragung von Kiisten- tieber vermittelst Zecken. Zeitschr. f. Infektionskrankh. d. Haustiere, Berlin, xri. 26-42. (1912 c), Some observations concerning the Transmission of East Coast Fever by Ticks. Trans. R. Soc. South Africa, ii. 319-338. (1913), Inquiry into Dips and Dipping in Natal. Agric. Joum. Union of 29 I i Bibliography of the Ixodoidea. JT the— TUT 8. Africa, v. 51-67 ; v. 249-263 : rev. in Rev. Applied Entomol., ser. B, pp. 82-85. Theiler, A., Gray, C. E., and Power, W. M. (1914), Diseases transmitted by Ticks ; their Cla.ssification, Treatment and Eradication [followed by summaries in French and German]. Xth International Veterinary Congress, London. Reprint 17 pp. [issued in advance of Congress]. Theobald, F. V. (1905), Flies and Ticks as agents in the distribution of disease. Nursing Times, London, i. 461, 483. (1906), Report on Economic Zoology for the Year ending April 1, 1906, pp. 12-13. [Sheep ticks.] Thompson, W. and Downing, J. E. (lO. II. 1912), The live-stock industry of Honduras. U. S. Dep't Agric., 'ilth Ann. Rep. Bur. Animal Industry for the Tear 1910, pp. 285-295, Pis. XXII-XXV, 1 map. [The authors sent by U. S. Gov't to discover what stock diseases exist in Honduras. They report that* Boophilus anmdatus occurs throughout th^ country, causing ravages among cattle during dry season ; heavy mortality due to piroplasmosis occurs in im- ported non-immune cattle. Native cattle owners deny that the ticks are infected, because native (immune) cattle are not noticeably aflFected — this being the same opinion as that expressed in Porto Rico some years ago.] Todd, J. L. (XII. 1912), Tick bite in British Columbia. Canadian Medical Assoc. Journ., II. 1118, repr. 2 pp. [Reports relating to effects of bites of ticks spp. which reached author by correspondence ; paralysis and sometimes death followed.] see Button, J. E. see Newstead, R. Tofohr, 0. (1912), Blutlause und Zecken im Terrarium. Blatt. Aquar.-Terrar.-ifde, XXIII, 418-421. Tonnel (1906a), Note sur VArgas rejlexus. Echo me'd. du 7iord, Lille, x. 340-342. (1906b), Semaine med., p. 552. [Cit. by Galli- Valeric, ix. '07, p. 191 as attributing the spread of furunculosis (due to Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus) in a family to the bites of J. reflexus, the tick acting as a carrier.] Townsend, C H. T. (VI. 1913), The possible and probable etiology and transmission of Verruga fever. Journ. Econ. Entomol., vi., 211-225. (IX. 1913), Progress in the study of Verruga Transmission by Bloodsuckers. Bull. Entomol. Res., iv. 125-128, Pis. X-XIL [Occurrence of " Ixodes lagotis Gervais " in the adult, nymphal and larval stages on the vizcacha {Lagidixim peruarum Meyer) in Peru. Ixodes spp. found on native rats in the higher Andean region and also on birds. Argasid larvae found on goat-sucker and ground owl, also Ornithodorus sp. in mud houses in Chachapoyas region, Peru. 0. talaje occurs on sea-birds on guano islands and along Peruvian coast. Specimens of these ticks have been received by Professor Nuttall. Experiments with Verruga transmission negative.] TuUgren, A. (1901), On Lvodes arenicola Eichwald. Entom. Tidshr. Arg. xxii, 102. \^ = Hyalomma aegyptitim^ Tuttle, T. D. (XII. 1908), Some indications for State control of Rcjcky Mountain Tick fever. Med. Sentinel, Portland, Oreg., U.S.A. (1910), Rocky Mountain Spotted (Tick) Fever, hth Bien. Rept., State Board Health, Montana, 9-12. 30 Bibliography of the Ixodoidea. 11 URI WIL Uribe Botero, A. (1906-7), El Argas rejlexus, parasito del lioiiibre. Rev. med. de Bogota, 200. Van den Branden, F., see Rodhain, J. Verney, F. A. (1907), The influence of fro«t on tick life. Natal Agric. Journ. and Mia. Rec, X. 1550-1 r)")^. Vinogradoff, A. A., see YakimoflF, W. L. Vladimiroff ( ), " Hiihnerspirochate " in Kolle and AVas«ennann Handb., etc., IV. 2. Voorhees, J. F., see Cotton, E. C. Warburton, C (12. III. 1912), Notes on the genus Rhipicephuius, with the descrip- tion of new species, and the consideration of some species hitherto described. Parasitology, v. 1-20, 12 Figs., reprint. (XII. 1912), The Acarina of the Seychelles. Trans. Linnean Soe. London (2nd Ser. Zoology), xv. 349-360, Pis. XVII-XIX. [Records Rhipicephahis sanguineus from dog, at Mahe, p. 360. AVith a supplementary note by J. Stanley Gardiner.] (1913), On four new species and two new varieties of the Ixodid Genus Haemaphysalis. Parasitology, vi. 121-130, 8 Figs. see Nuttall, G. H. F. Ward, H. B. (IV. 1913), Article "Arachnida" in Reference Handbook of Medical Sciences, New York : Wm. Wood & Co., vol. i. 502-516, 26 Figs. [Ticks : pp. 510-515, Figs. 274-286 of which Fig. 286 of Amblyomma americanum is original but shows no details ( $ gorged).] Watkins-Pitchford, H. (1911a), An illustrated pamphlet on Tick-destruction aiid the eradication of East Coast Fever and other S. African diseases by dipping. Natal, Maritzburg, and Durban : P. Davis and Sons. 125 pp. (1911b), Dipping and Tick-destroying Agents. Agric. Journ. Union South Africa, II. 33-79, 2 Pis., 4 Figs. Weber, E. (1863), Argas refiexus. 29. Jahresher. d. Mannheimer Vereins f. Natur- kunde, Mannheim. Pp. 28 et seq. [Cited by Metz, 1911, p. 2, as having observed A. refiexus in Mannheim. Allowed tick to bite his forearm : no eflFect produced.] Weiss, A. (1912), Addition au catalogue des arthropodes piqueurs de Djerba. Arch, de VInstitut Pasteur de Tunis, 1902, No. iv. 227. [Occurrence of Ornithodorus savignyi again recorded (see also Ibid. 1911, No. iv. 268-274) in fields about Djerba, Tmiisia, at base of olive trees near dwellings where cattle occasionally stay. Bites man readily. Also found about Ben-Gardane and on frontier of Tripoli in vii. 1912. It is called "Tobbiah" by indigenes of Tunisia who know it well.] Wenyon, C M. (X. 1911), Oriental Sore in Bagdad, together with observations on a gregarine in Stegomyia fasciata, the Haemogregarine of dogs and the flagellates of houseflies. Parasitology, iv. 273-344, Pis. XII-XVI, 36 Text-figs. [Development of Haemogregarina canis in Rhipicephahis sanguineus.'] Wienholt, A. (15 VI. 1909), The Tick trouble in Queensland. The Pastoralist's Review..., 5-7. Wilder, R. M., see Ricketts, H. T, 31 Bibliofjraphy of the Ixodoidea. IT WOL ZIE Wolbach, S. B. (1914), The di«tril)utioii and morphology of Spirodtueta duttoni and tSpiruchaeta korld in experimentally infected ticks {Ornithodorus moubata). Journ. Med. Research, xxx. 37-48, 3 Pl«. Wolffhiigel, K. (1911), Lou Zoopardsitos de lus animalcs domesticos en la Rep/Mica Ar Part II. Dealing with: 1. Amhlyomma hehraewn Koch, 1844. 2. Amhlyomma variegatum (Fabrieius, 1794) Koch, 1844. 3. Amhlyomma splendidum Giebel, 1877. 4. Dermacentor reticidatus (Fabricius, 1794) Koch, 1844. 5. " Dermacentor veniistus Banks," 6. Haemaphysalis cinnaharina Kooh, 1844. 7. Haemaphysalis condmia Koch, 1844 8. Haemaphysalis iiwmis Birula, 1895. 9, Hyalomma aegyptium (Linnaeus, 1758) Koch, 1844. 10. jy^a^pwwa symcuw Koch, 1844. 11. Ixodes putus (Pickard-Cs^mbridge, 1876) Neumann, 1899. 12. Mhipice- phalus appendiculatus Neumann, 1901. 13. Rhipicephalus bursa Canestrini and Fanzago, 1877. 14. Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1804) Koch, 1844. Nuttall, G. H. F. Artificial Parthenogenesis in Ticks. Index of Authors. Index of Subjects. TICKS A Monograph of the Ixodoidea Fart I. THE ARGA8IDAE, viii+ 104 i:^., 116 text figures and 3 plates. Royal Svo. 5s. net. Part II. IXODIDAE, xix + 243 pp., n2 text figures and 4 plates. Royal Svo. 125. net. Port III. THE GENUS HAEMAPHYSALIS {Ready shortly). BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE IXODOIDEA L Os net. This book will deal with the Classification, Structure and Biology of Ticks, the study of the group, having occupied the authors for several years. Practically all that has been published on the subject has received adequate consideration. The book will be issued in parts, which will be complete in themselves. The complete bibliography to the work appears as a separate Fasciculus. ■ VMUKIUOE : flUNXElJ BY JOHN CLAY, JX.A. AT THE UKIVE»8ir-S PRE8K. Bibliography] [July, 1911 TICKS A MONOGRAPH OF THE IXODOIDEA By GEORGE H. F. NUTTALL M.A., M.D., Ph.D., Sc.D., F.R.S. Fellow of Magdalene College Quick Professor of Biology in the University of Cambridge CECIL WARBURTON M.A., F.Z.S. Christ's College, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society W. F. COOPER and L. E. ROBINSON B.A„ F.Z.S., F.L.S. A.R.C.Sc. (Lond.) BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE IXODOIDEA By GEORGE H. F. NUTTALL, L. E. ROBINSON and W. F. COOPER CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON: FETTER LANE. C. F. CLAY, Manager AND H. K. LEWIS, GOWER STREET EDINBURGH : lOO, PRINCES STREET BERLIN : A. ASHER & CO. LEIPSIC: F. A. BROCKHAUS NEW YORK : G. P. PUTNAM's SONS BOMBAY . ANftvCAtjCVTg'A tjtJ^ACWM4»M.^,4<^ CO., LTD. m THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK THE JOURNAL OF HYGIENE EDITED BY GEORGE H. F. NUTTALL, M,D., Ph.D., Sc.D., F.KS QUICK PROFESSOR OF BIOLOGY IN THB DNITERSITT OF CAMBRIDGE IN CONJUNCTION WITH JOHN S. HALDANE, M.D., F.R.S. ARTHUR NEWSHOLME, M.D., F.R.C.P. IffiADEB IK PHYSIOLOGY IN THE JIEDICAL OFFICER TO THE CNIVBEbTrY OF OXFORD LOiOAL GOVERNMENT BOARD CHARLES J. MARTIN, SLB., D.Sc, F.R.S. DIRECTOR OF THE LISTER INSTITUTE OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, LONDON The Journal of Hyaiene is issued as material accumulates. A volume containing four or more parts ana about 600 pages, with plates and figures, is issued annually Volumes I, II, and III (1901-3) ccnnplete. In Four Parts, paper covers, 15s. net per volume. Bound in buckram, 18s. 6/i. net per volume. Volumes IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX and X (1904-10) complete. In Four Parts, paper covers, 21s. net per volume. Bound in buckram, 25s. net per volume. The subscription price is £1. Is. jjer volume (post-free), payable in advance. (Plague Numbers, Price 6s. net each.) Subscriptions may be sent to any Bookseller, oi; to Mb C. F. CLAY, Manager, Cambridge University Press, Fetter. Lane, London, E.C. CONTENTS OF VOL. XI, NO. 2 (July 1911) Dudgeon, Leonard S. A Diphtheria-like Bacillus causing Cellulitis in the Region of a Spontaneous Fracture in a Case of Tabes Dorsalis. Hamill, J. M. On the Bleaching of Flour and the Addition of so-called " inaprovers " to Flour. M0NlER-V7iLLlAMS, G. W. On the Chemical Changes produced in Flour by Bleaching. Drew, G. Harold. A Note on some Attempts to cause the Formation of Cytolysins and Precipitins in Certain Invertebrates. Atkin, E. E. The Relation of the Reaction of the Culture Medium to the Production of Haemolysin. (1 Chart in text.) Morgan, H. de R. Attempts to Reproduce the Tj'phoid-carrier State in the Rabbit. (With Plate III.) Browning, Carl H. and Wilson, G. Haswell. On the Alterations in Haemolytic Immune-body which occur during the Process of Immunisation. Sudmersen, H. J. and Glenny, A, T, Immunity of Guinea-pigs to Diphtheria Toxin and its Effect upon the Offspring. Nankivell, a. T. The Sand Filtration and Purification of Chalk Watere. (1 Chart.) Dean, George. Suppurative Cholecystitis with Cholelithiasis in a Human " Carrier " of the Bacillus enteritidis of Gaertner. Rankin, T. Thomson. A Medium for Bacilliis diphtheriae (Potassium- sulphocyanide Neutral-red Glucose Serum). CoplANS, Myer. Differential Media for recognition of B. diphtheriae and Associated Organisms. Walker, Cranston. Upon the Inoculation of Materia Morbi through the Human Skin by Flea-bites, Congress of Hygiene, Publications Received, 4 TICKS A MONOGRAPH OF THE IXODOIDEA BIBLIOGRAPHY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ILonUon: FETTER LANE, E.G. C, F. CLAY, Manager ^ i.'i ^ 1^11^ in ^ aSiinbuxQij: 100, PRINCES STREET Uontion: H. K. LEWIS, 1«6, GOWER STREET, W.C. BnHn: A. ASHER AND CO. lLnp?is: F. A. BROCKHAUS lath) lork: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Bombag nnti Calrtitla: MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd. I All rights reserved TICKS A MONOGRAPH OF THE IXODOIDEA By GEORGE H. F. NUTTALL M.A., M.D., Ph.D., Sc.D., F.R.S. Fellow of Magdalene College Quick Professor of Biology in the University of Cambridge CECIL WARBURTON M.A., F.Z.S. Christ's College, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society W. F. COOPER and L. E. ROBINSON B.A., F.Z.S., F.L.S. A.R.C.Sc. (Lond.) of the Cooper Laboratory for Economic Research, Watford BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE IXODOIDEA BY GEORGE H. F. NUTTALL, F.R.S., L. E. ROBINSON and W. F. COOPER Cambridge at the University Press 191 1 CambriliKE: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVEESITY PRESS I PREFACE TO THE BIBLIOGRAPHY IT was onr original intention to issue the complete bibliography of the Ixodoidea after all the parts of this work had appeared, but, owing to the unavoidable delay attending the publication of the separate parts and the present need of the bibliography for purposes of reference, we find it inadvisable to retard its publication any longer. This bibliography deals with ticks and their relation to disease ; we trust that it will prove useful to workers engaged in the study of the subjects to which it relates, for it has entailed much labour owing to the literature being very scattered. Our bibliography contains 2004 titles and includes full references to all the important papers hitherto published on ticks, as well as to papers of lesser merit. A few papers dealing more especially with the diseases which ticks convey have been included because of the general information they contain and the aspect they afford of the important part which ticks play in pathology ; some of these papers, moreover, contain useful bibliographies. Since it is certain that references to future literature will be required in connection with the forthcoming parts of this work, we propose to append any such references in the form of Addenda at the end of the succeeding parts so that they can be detached and added to the main bibliography. We would advise our readers to bind the bibliogrnphi/ separately ; some blank pages, provided at the end, are intended for the reception of any additional references supplied on Addenda slips. Throughout the book the Harvard System of References to the bibliograpiiy has been adopted. Wherever an author has been cited in the text the date of publication (and usually tlie page) has been added in brackets. In the following bibliograpiiy the names of the authors are given in alphabetical order, the names being followed by the date vi Preface to the Bibliography of publication, the title of the paper and the Journal, etc. where the paper was published. The Roman numerals after the name of the Journal or book indicate the number of the volume, and the figures printed in ordinary type refer to the page. In some cases a short comment upon the contents of the publication accompanies the re- ference ; comments not followed by initials are by G. H. F. N., others are initialed by L. E. R. or W. F. C. Unless otherwise stated in the text or reference the quotations are from the original papers. In a number of cases titles have been cited from short bibliographies given by other authors, the original papers being either inaccessible or not having been as yet consulted by us in the original. The bibliographies referred to are by Hunter and Hooker, 1907, Salmon and Stiles, 1901, and Stiles and Hassall's Index, 1902, which is still appearing (abbreviated to H. and H. bibl., S. and S. bibl. and S. and H. bibl. in our bibliography) Some references are taken from Neumann, Huber, and other sources, including the Zoological Record and the Bibliographia Zoologica {Zool. Anzeiger). L. E. Robinson and W. F. Cooper have checked a number of the references. We are indebted to C. Warburton for kindly aiding with the translation of some extracts from the writings of classical authors. We shall be very grateful to readers who may draw our attention to errors or omissions in the bibliography. G. H. F. N. L.E.R. AND W.F.C. Cambridge, July, 1911. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE IXODOIDEA Abn Mansur MuwaflFak (?), vide Robert, Histol. Studien, in. pp. 14.3, 153. Cit. Huber bibl., 1910, p. 21. Absolon, Ph. 0. K. (1899), Ueber die Fauna der Hohlen des mahrischen Devonkalkes. Zool. Am., XXII. 321-325. (Refers briefly to the occurrence of Eschatocephalus gracilipes Frauenfeld, on Chiroptera hibernating in caves, (l.e.r.)) Aclogue, A. (1905), Les Argas. Le Cosmos, N.S., liii. 536 (inaccessible). (1907), Le mode de nocuite des Argas. Le Cosmos, N.S., lvi. 33-36. Agassiz, L. (1846), Nomenclatoris zoologici Index Universalis, continens nomina systematica classium, ordinum, familiarum et generum animalium omnium, tarn viventium quam fossilium, secundum ordinem alphabeticum vnicum disposita adjectis homonymiis plantarum, necnon va7-iis adnotationihus et emendationibus, pp. viii + 393, 4°, Soloduri. (Only lists genera : Argas, Ixodes, etc.) Ajutolo, G. d' (1898), Nuovi casi di Argas rejlexus parassita dell' uomo. Rend. Accad. 1st. Bologna, li. 222-223. (1900), Argas rejlexiis parassita dell' uomo. Mem. Accad. Bologna, 8 pp., 4 Figs., 4«. (Cit. Huber, bibl. 1910, p. 21.) Aldrovandi, U. (died 1605, publ. posth. 1638), de Insectis. Citations, translated by us, from extracts of the Latin original in Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 4 : Lib. v. pp. 559 et seq., cap. v. the author gives the names of the tick in different countries: Hundlaus, Zecke, Holzbock (Germany); Hondtsluejis (Belgium); Rezna, Garapato (Spain). He would explain the Italian word cecca as derived from the gut ending blindly, thus reverting to the myth of Pliny. P. 554: "one often notices that dogs, on leaving home, are free from Ticks (ricinus), but on retmniing from the fields, where there is much thick, tall grass, they are infested by both kinds, great and small." P. 561, Pliny praises the blood, obtained from ticks, as a remedy for chronic ulcers. " If a fistula succeeds to an old disease. ..the blood of a tick which an ox has nurtured" will cure the condition. Allan, R. R. (1881), Septicaemia from a Tick Wound. Lancet, ii. 403. (Cit. Nuttall, 1899, p. 42.) Allen, W. E. (20. XII. 1905), Internal Morphology of the American Cattle Tick. Studies from the Zool. Lab., University of Nebraska, No. 67, 4 PL, pp. 245-280 ; also Trans. American Micr. Soc, xxvi. 245 et seq., 4 Pis. Almy (10. X. 1901), Nouveaux cas de piroplasmose canine. Bulletin de la Soc. centr. de med. veter., pp. 375-380. see Nocard. N. I. 1 1 1 I i Bihliograph]] of the Ixodoidea ALT-ARI Alt, K. (1892a), Die Taubenzecke als Parasit dcs Menschen. Miiiichen. med. Wochenschr., xxxix. 531-533, 2 Figs. (Cit. Nuttall, 1899, p. 45, A. reflexus.) (1892b), Die Taubenzecke als Parasit des Menschen. Tkiermed. Rundschau, Halle a. S., vi. 265-269. (1 Sept. ; A. rejiexus.) (1893), Die Taubenzecke als Parasit dcs Menschen. Centralbl. /. BacterioL, XIV. 468. (Rev. by Kniippel.) Amaral Leal, J., and Sant'Anna, J. F. (1909), Omithodorus tnoubata in Lourenyo Marques. Arch. Med. Li'sboa, ii. 87-88. Anderson, J. F. (1903), Si)otted fever (Tick fever) of the Rocky Mountains. A new disease. Treasury Dept., Public Health and Marine Hosp. Service of the U.S., Hygienic Laboratory Bulletin, No. 14, 50 pp. (3 col. plates, 2 photos, charts and maps). Anon. (?), Australian Ticks. Amer. Micr. Jotmx., xxi. 123. Anonymous author (1702), An extract of some letters sent to Sir C. H. relating to some microscopal (sic) observations. Commvmicated by Sir C. H. to the publisher. Philos. Trans., London, xxiii. 1362 (1702-1703). (Found a small black tick attached to his arm after a walk in the woods. Describes the mouth- parts and refers to figs, which do not accompany the text. His description of the hypostome of the " wood-tick " might apply to that of ricinus $ . In the " dog-tick " there were 8 teeth in a row on the " snout " (hypostome), which is aptly compared to the proboscis of a swordfish.) Aragao, H. de B. (1908), Algumas novas especies de carrapatos brazilieros. Trabalho do Instituto de Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, reprint 19 p^J. no figs. {Haemaphysalis kochi, Amblyomma lutzi { = A. cooperi Nutt. and Warb.), Amblyomma braziliense, A7nblyomma parvum, n.spp.) (8. VI. 1908). Mais luna nova es})ecie de carrapato brazileiro. Brazil-Medico (Rio de Janeiro), xxii. 251-252 {Amblyomma mantiqidrense, n.sp.). (22. XI. 1908), Mais um novo carrapato brazileiro. Brazil-Medico (Rio de Janeiro), xxri. 431-432 {Amblyomma pseudoco7icolor, n.sp.). Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), Hist. anim. ed. Frankf. 1587 (full quotations from the Greek original are given by Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 2). We glean the following: p. 142, 1 : " Ticks (/cpoT-coi/es) come out of the grass." P. 151,22: "The ass has no lice nor ticks ; oxen have both... among dogs Cynorhaestes {Kwopaia-Tai) are plentiful." Theodorus Gaza interprets the lattei as meaning ricinus, "a disgusting parasitic animal"; Cratander's (ed. Basil., 1534) Latin version reads "the tick {ncimis) is natural to dogs and takes its name Cynorhaestes from the dog" ; Gaza, on the other hand, renders Kporci)i' = redivus [7-eduvius] : "except the ass, which not only has no lice, but is even immune to the tick." Aristotle {Rhetoric, lib. ii. cap. ii. ed. Didot, 1848, vol. i., p. 370, b) recounts a story of ^Esop : "A fox, crossing a river, got into difficulty ; she had many ticks adhering to her body. A hedgehog wandering that way pitied her and asked her if she wanted the ticks pulled off, but she did not ; when the hedgehog asked her 'why,' 'because,' said she, 'they are already full of me and they are drawing very little of my blood, whereas if you tear these out, other famished ones will come along who will take the little blood that is left to me.'" The name of Croton is derived from the tree called KpoT-coi/ whose yellowish, greasy seed resembles the tick. The saying " more healthy than a tick " appears, according to Zenobius, A.D. 200, to refer to the belief that the tick possessed no vent. 2 1—2 I Bibliography of the Ixodoldea ARI-BAN Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), The Works uf Aristotle translated into English under the Editorship of J. A. Smith and W. D. Ross. Vol. iv. : Historia Animalium by D'Arcy W. Thompson, Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1910. (P. 552 a, 15 occurs the passage: "The tick is generated from couch grass.") Ashburn, P. M. (1908), A comparative study of Tsutsugamushi Disease and Sjjotted or Tick fever of Montana. Boston Med. Surg. Journ., CLViii. 749-761. Ashburn, P. M. and Craig, C. F. (I. 1908), A comparative study of Tsutsugamushi disease and sjjotted or tick fever of Montana. Philippine Jo urn. of Set., B. Med. Sci., in. 1-29. (A useful summary of what is known about spotted fever.) Ashworth, J. H. (20. ill. 1909), Some recent work on Ticks. Veterinary News, VI. 133-134. (Brief reference to hatching of /. ricimcs eggs as cited in our text p. 300, otherwise nothing original.) Audouin, J. V. (1827), Description de VEgypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant I'exp^dition de I'armde frangaise, publie par les ordres de sa majeste I'empereur Napoldon le Grand, ^d. 2, xxii. Zoologie. (1832), Lettres pour servir de materiaux k I'histoire des Insectes. Premifere Lettre, contenant des Recherches sur quelques Araign^es parasites des genres Pte'ropte, Caris, Argas, et Ixode, adressee a M. Leon Dufour. Ann. d. sci. nat., Paris, XXV. 401-425, Pis. IX, Figs. 8-10 ; XIV, Figs. 1-4. (Argasidae and Ixodidae.) (1836), "Arachnida" in Todd's Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology, i. 200. (Classification according to Dugtjs; p. 203 mouth-parts of .4 j-^«s described, also spiracle of/, erinacei. Cit. Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 12.) Aurivillius, C. W. S. (1886a), En fasting sasom endoparasit (/.foo?es). Ent. Tidskr., Stockholm (2), vii. 105-111, Figs. 3. (1886 b), Un Ixode endoparasite (Resume of foregoing). Ent. Tidskr., vii. 139-142. Austen, E. E. (1906), An insect enemy of the disseminator of human tick fever in Angola. Journ. Trop. Med., Lond., ix. 113. (Describes Phonergates bicoloripes, sent byWellman.) Baldasseroni, V. (1908), '■'■Ixodes ricinus" L. infetto da embrioni di Filaria. Bull. Soc. En torn. Ital., Anno xxxv. 171-174. Balfour, A. (1904), First Report of the Wellcome Research Laboratories at the Gordon Memorial College, Khartoum. Printed by the Department of Education, Sudan Government, Khartoum. 83 pp. Numerous figures. 6 coloured plates. 28 X 20 cm. Banks, C. S. (1904), The Australian Tick {Boophilus australis Fuller) in the Philippine Islands. [Publication] 14, Btireau of OooH Lab's., Biological Lab. {Manila). Bull. No. 2, {Ento7nological Division), pp. 13-21, Figs. 1-23, reprint. Banks, N. (1895), The Acarina of Colorado. Ann. New York Acad. Sci, viil. 417-434. {Dermucentor americanus L. and Rhipicephakts s^. are only listed.) (1899), Reports upon the insects, spiders, mites, and myriapods collected on the Commander Islands Expedition. The Fur Seals and fur-seal islaiids of the North Pacific Ocean, Pt. 4, pp. 328-351. (Lists Lvodes borealis, supposes 3 \ Bibliography of the Ixodoldea BAN-BAT /. fimbriatus Kramer and Neuniaii to be the male. Cit. Hunter and Hooker, 1907, p. 73.) Banks, N. (1901 a), Acarina in " Some Spiders and other Arachnida from Southern Arizona." Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, xxiii. 590. {A. persicus and Ixodes sp. not identified.) (1901 b), Some Araclniida from New Mexico. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila- delphia, Liii. 568-597. {A. persicus found at Deming.) (1902b), Papers from the Hopkins-Stanford Galapagos Expedition, 1898-1899, vol. VII., Entomological Results (6), The Arachnida. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., IV. 70, PI. II, Fig. 9. {Argas transversa, n.sp., and mention of Amblyomma pilosum Nn. both at Albemarle Island.) (1904a), Some Arachnida of California. Proc. California Acad. Sci. (3), iii. 331-376, PL XLI, Fig. 57 (Zoology). (1904 b), A treatise on the Acarina or Mites. Proc. U. S. National Mus., xxviir. 1-114, 201 text-figs. (Ticks : pp. 42-49, Figs. 71-85.) (1904 c). The Arachnida of Florida. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Pfiila., LVi. 120-147. (Boophilus annulatus Say, Ixodes- scapularis Say, Dermacentor americamis Linn., Amblyomma tubercidatum Marx, only listed.) (1907), A catalogue of the Acarina, or Mites, of the United States. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxil. 595-625. (VIII. 1907), [Classification of ticks, summary of paper]. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington, viir. 62. (Cit. Banks, 1908, p. 14.) (1908), A revision of the Ixodoidea, or Ticks of the United States. U. S. DepH of Agricidt., Bureau of Entomology, Technical Series No. 15. 60 pp., 10 Plates. Washington, D.C. (issued 6. vi. 1908). (1908 a), Tick-borne diseases and their origin. Journ. Econ. Entomol. i. 213-215. (I.-III. 1910), New American Mites {Arachnoidea, Acarina). Proc. Entomolog. Soc, Washington, Xll. 2-12, PI. I-III {Ornithodorus marginatus, n.sp. and Ixodes aequalis, n.sp.). (VI. 1910), Three new ticks from the United States. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington, x. 170-173, Figs. 12-17. {Dermacentor modestus, Aponomma inornata, Ixodes texanus.) Barber, C. A. (1894-95), Notes on Ticks. Leeward Islands Agricult. Journ. 1894, No. 2, p. 36 ; No. 3, p. 57. Reprinted in Journ. Trinidad Field- Naturalists' Club, II., pp. 161, 183, 197, 228, 252. See also Agric. Gazette, New South Wales, VI. 717. (1895), The effects produced by ticks upon their hosts. From the Leeward Islands Agricultural Journal, 1894. Reprinted in Journ. of the Trinidad Field- Naturalists' Club, pp. 197-204. (27. VI. 1895 and 8. VIII. 1895), The Tick pest in the Tropics. Nature, lii. 197-200, 1 Fig.; also Agricult. Journ., Cape Town, xviii. 419-421. Barnes, A. W. (1896 a). Tick fever in Queensland. (Read before Centr. Queensland Farmers' and Selectors' Ass., Aug. 1.) Vet. Journ. and Ann. Compar. Pathol., Lond., XLiii. 300-303. Discussion, pp. 303-305. (S. and H., bibl.) Batelli, A. (1891 a). Note auatomo-fisiologiche sugli Ixodini. Monitore zool. ital., Firenze, Anno II, No. 4, pp. 78-84 ; No. 5, pp. 98-104, 1 Fig. Bihliofircqihy of the Ixodoidea BAT BER Batelli, A. (1891 b), Anatomical and physiological notes on Ixodiclae. (Abstract of Batolli, 1891 a.) Journ. Roy. Micr. Sac, Lond. 2nd ser., xi. 731-732. (1892 a), Note anatomo-fisiologiche sugli Ixodini (conimunicazione preventiva). Bull. Soc. entotn. ital., I'^irenze, xxiii. 218-235, 1 Fig. (1892 b), Notes on Ixodidae. (Abstract of Iktelli, 1891 a and 1892 a.) Journ. lio//. Micr. Soc, Lond. 2nd ser. xil. 602-603. (Cit. S. and H. bibl., 1902.) Bayle-Barelle, G. (1824 a), Degli insetti nociri alV uomo, alle bestie, all' agricoltura, (die ortaglie, ec. ec. Goi mezzi che im))iegar si debbono per distruggerli o tenerli lontani, e rimediare a' mali che possano a ercagionato. Opera riprodotta da A. Ascona. x. pp. 1 PL, 143 pp., 4 Pis. 12°, Milano. (S. and H. bibl.) Beardslee, H. C. (1884), Cattle tick on human body. Bull. No. 4, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Ajjric, Washington, pp. 84, 85. (S. and S. bibl.) Beille, L. see Dubreuilh. BeinaroviC, S. K. (1909), Die Milben N.-W. Russlands als Vermittler der Infection des Hornviehs mit Haemoglobinurie. 1-te Mitt. Anatomic, Biologic und pathogene Natur von Ixodes reduvius. Arch, veterin. nauk. St Petersburg, xxxvii. 1-43. [Russian.] Belval, Th. (1861), Note sur V Lvodes poortmani. Bull, de VAcad. roi/. de Belgiqtie, (2 ser.) .Ki. 97-101, 1 coloured plate. Beneden, P. J. van (1873), Les parasites des Chauves-Souris de Belgique. Mem. de VAcad. Roij. de Belgique, XL. 8. {Lvodes lividus van Beneden : only a nominal sj). found but once on Vespertilio pipistrellus, referred to in two lines, detailed description promised.) (1883), Animal Parasites and Messmates. 3rd ed., 83 Figs., 274 pp. London : Kegan Paul, Trench and Co. (brief mention of Ticks). see Gervais. Bennewitz (1838 a), Der Holzbock, als Schmarotzerthier auf der Haut des Menschen beobachtet. Journ. d. pract. Heilk., Berlin, lxxxvii. 126-128. (Cit. S. and H. bibl, 1902.) Berlese, A. (1885), Acarorum systematis specimen. Boll, della Soc. Eat. Italiana, XVII. 121-144. (1888), Acari Austro-Americani. Ibid. xx. 193. (1888-1892), Acari, Mi/riopodaet Scorpioneshucusque in Italia reperta. Padua. [Re Ticks : see Fasciculi 47 and 49(1888), 55 (1889), 58 (1891), 61 (1892).] (1889), Acari africani tres illustrati. Atti d. Soc. vetieto-trentina di sc. naturali, X. 289-300, PI. VII, Figs. 2-4. (Cit. Neumann, re Il7/al. utriculus Berlese and Orn. savignyi Audouin.) (1897), Ricerche sugli organi e sulla funzione della digestioue negli Acari. Rirista di Patologia vegetale, Padova, v. 129-195, PI. VIII-IX, Figs. 36. Berlese, A., and Trouessart, E. (1889), Diagnoses d'Acariens nouveaux ou peu connus. Bull, de la Bibliotheque scientif. de V Quest, II. 130. (Cit. Neumann re Amblyomma strobeli Berlese and Trouessart.) Bernard, H. M. (read 21. IV. 1892, publ. 1894), Some observations on the relation of the Acaridae to the Arachnida. Linnean Soc. Journ. — Zoology, xxiv. 279-291, PI. XX. (19. IV. 1893), Notes on some of the digestive processes in Arachnids. Journ. Roy. Mierosc. Soc. 1893, pp. 427-443, PI. VI. Bihliography of the Ixodoidea ber-BLA Bertkau, Ph. (1880), Verzeichniss der von Prof. Ed. van Beneden auf seiner im Auftrage der belgischen Regierung unternonimeuen wisseiischaftlichen Rei.se nach Brasilien und La Plata i. J. 1872-1875, gesammelten Arachniden. Mem. couron. et Mem. d. sav. etrangeren puhl. par I'Acad. Roy. d. sci., d. Icttres et des heaiLV-arts de Belgique, Bruxelles, XLiii. pp. 120, Pis. I, II. [Ixodidae mentioned pp. 109, 110, not figured.] (1881), Bruclistucke aus der Lebens-, namentlich Fortpflanzung.sge.schichte unserer Zecke, Ixodes ricinus. Verhandl. d. naturhist. Ver. d. preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens. Jahrg. 38, Bonn 1881, Sitzungsberichte, pp. 145-148. Besanez, W. and G. (1848), Guania ein wesentlicher Bestandtheil gewisser Secrete wirbelloser Thiere. (Jdehrte Anzeigen herausgeg. v. Mitgliedern d. K. Bayer.- Akad. d. Wissensch. xxvii. (Cit. Batelli, 1891, p. 99, re urinary seer, in Arachnida.) Bianconi, G. A. (1867), Sul Rhynchoprion columhae Herni. o Argas reflexus Latr. con una Tavola. Mem. dell' Accad. d. so. delV Istituto di Bologna (2), vii. 107- 112, 1 PI. Bielitzer, A. W. (1908), Untersuchungen iiber die Piroplasmose der Pferde im Jahre 1907 im Gouv. Rjazan. Arch, veterin. nauk. St Petersburg, xxxviii. 123-160, 235-263, mit 4 Taf. u. 1 Tab. [Russian.] see Marzinowski. Billings, F. (1893), Southern Cattle Fever {Texas Fever). 3rd ed. Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.A., 1893 (rev. in Baumgarten's Jahresb., 1893, p. 139. Cit. Nuttall, 1899.) Birch- Hirschf eld, F. V., and Johne, A. (1889 a), Die thierischen und pflanzlichen Purasiten des Menschen {und der Hausthiere). In F. V. Birch- Hirschfeld's Lehrb. der pathol. Anat. 4th ed., vol. i. : Allgemeine pathologische Anatomic. Leipzig, pp. 276-397, 73 Figs. (S. and H. bibl.) Bird, Wm. N. D. (1899), Texas fever tick {Boophilus bovis), Tenn. Farmer, Nashville, XIX. 1-5, Figs. 1-6. (Inaccessible. S. and S. bibl.) Birula, A. (1894)., Ixodes calcaratus, n.sp. Arb. Zool. Lab. St Petersburg, 1894, p. 137 ; also in Trudui St Petersb. Obsch. (Russian), xxiv. 137. (1894 and 1895), Ixodidae novi vel parum cogniti Musei Zoologici Academiae Caesareae Scientiarum Petropolitanae. i. Bidl. de I'Acad. Imp. des Sc. de St Pe'tersbourg, ser. 5, ii. (4), April, pp. 353-364, Pis. I, II. Bishopp, F. C. (30. III. 1911), The distribution of the Rocky Mountain Spotted- fever Tick. U. S. Dept. of Agric, Bureau of Entomol., Circular No. 136, 4 pp., 1 Map. {Dermacentor venustus Banks.) Blanchard, R. (?), "Parasites Animaux" in Bouchard's Traite de Pathol. G^nerale, vol. II. Paris. ■ • (1890), Traite de la Zoologie inedicale, ii. 883 pp.. Figs. 388-883. (Refers to different Argasidae.) (23. X. 1891), Penetration de VIxodes ricinus sous la peau de I'homme. Compt. rend. Sac. Biol., Paris, s. 9, iii. 689-691. (1908), L' Argas reflexus et les maladies infectieuses. Bull. Soc. Entomol., France, 238-241. (V. 1909), L'Insecte et I'Infection, histoire naturelle et medicale des arthropodes pathogenes. Premier fascicule : Acariens, 160 pp., 197 illu.strations in the text. Paris : Librairie Scientifique et Litteraire. I Bibliography of the Ixodoidea blU-BRA Blumenbach (1830), Handbuch der Naturgeschichte. (Includes ticks in the genus Acarus, being characterised by "Oculi duo ad latera capitis, tentacula duo articulata." Citation from Pagcnstecher, 1861, p. 9.) Bocquillons (?), Sturia med. fra gli Aracnidi, p. 113. Cit. Biaiiconi, 1867, p. 107. (Casual reference to Argas rejlexus.) Bolivar I. (1909), El ''Argas rejle.viis" en Espaiia. Bol. Soc. Espah. Hist. Nat. ix. 157-161. Bonnet, A. (17. VIII. 1903), Sur le dcveloppement post-embryonnaire des Ixodes. C. R. Acad. Sciences, cxxxvii. 419, 420 ; also Bidl. Inst. Pasteur, i. 828. (1906 a), Sur I'anatoniie et I'histologie des Ivodes. C. R. Acad. Paris, CXLII. 296-298. (1906 b), On the Anatomy and Histology of the Ixodidae. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. XXVII. 509-511 (transl. of Bonnet, 1906 a). (1906 c), Sur Ics organes genitaux males et de la spermatogen^se chez les Ixodes. Compte Rendu de V Assoc. Francaise pour V Avancement des Sciences, 35 Session (Lyon), 2e Partie, pp. 544-549, 5 Text-Figs. (Paris, 1907.) (1907), Recherches sur I'anatomie comparee et le developpement des Ixodides. Ann. Univ. Lyon, N. Ser., i. Fasc. 20, 1-185, Pis. I- VI. (1908), Aper9u sur I'anatomie et la classification des Ixodes. Faune fran§aise des Ixodides. Arch, de Parasitol., xii. 224-267, 44 Text-Figs. (General structure, biology and classification of ticks.) (X. 1908), Eschatocephahis flavipes (Koch), nouvel Ixodide pour la faune frangaise. Arch, de Parasitol., xil. 325-327, 3 Figs, (doubtful sp.). Bordier, A. (1882), L'argas persicua. Journ. de Therapeutique, ix. 131-133. (Cit. Nuttall, 1899, p. 47.) Borrel and Marchoux (1905), Argas et spirilles. Compt. rend. Soc. hiol., LViii. 362- 364. {A. persicus.) Bosch.ulte (1860), Argas rejle.rus, ula Parasit an Menschen. Virckow's Archiv, xviii. 554-556. (Cit. Nuttall, 1899, p. 44.) (1879), Ueber den Argas reflexus. Virchoiv^s Archiv, lxxv. 562. (Cit. Nuttall, 1899, p. 40.) Bosenberg, H. (1905), Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Spermatogenese bei den Arachnoiden. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Anat., xxi. 515, 3 pis. Brandes, G. (1892 a), Ueber die Argasidae. S.B. Ver Sachs. Thiir., pp. 17 and 22. (1892b), Ueber die Familie der Zecken. Ber. ii. d. Sitzungen d. naturforsch. Gesellsch. zii Halle im Jahre 1892, 8-11. (1894-5), Zur Anatomic von Ixodes. Zeitschr. Naturiviss., lxvi. 405. (1897), Argas 7-eflexus als gelegentlicher Parasit des Menschen. Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. n. Parasitenk., xxii. 747-752. (Cit. Nuttall, 1899, p. 45.) Braun, M. (1883), Die thierischen Parasiten des Menschen nebst einer Anleitrmg zur praktischen Beschdftigung mit der Helminthologie filr Studirende und Aerzte, pp. i-viii-M-233, Figs. 72. (See Braun, 1895.) (1895), Die thierischen Parasiten des Menschen: ein Handbuch fiir Studirende und Aerzte, Wiirzburg, ed. 2, pp. 283, Text-Figs. 147. {Lvodidae, see pp. 257- 259, Figs. 127-130, none original.) (XI. 1906), The Animal Parasites of Man. London : John Bale, Sons and Danielsson, Ltd., 3rd edition, 453 pp., 294 illustrations in text. 26x17 cm. (Ticks, pp. 360-374, Figs. 236-239, none original and all poor. Numerous mistakes.) 4 I Bibliography of the Txodoidea BRA BUT Braun, M., and Liihe, M. (1910), .1 lluadhook of I'l-actical ParaHilolorj;/, traimlatcd \iy Linda Forster. 2(i8 pp., 100 Tcxt-FigH. London : John Bale, SoriH and DanielsHon, Ltd. (Ticks very inadequately described on pp. 177-180. Fig. 88 of /. ricimis 9 after Pagen.stecher 1801 (!); Figs. 89, 90 of f^ venter and 9cai)ituhiin (after drawings hy A. Danipf) arc very good.) Brown, A. A. (1902), " Fowl Tick (J j'^as ?niniaSpirocha(ita gallinarum, Pi. PL, dans le Sud-Oranais. Transmission de cette rnaladie par Argas jjersicas. C. It. Hoc. Biol. Paris, Lxv. 132-134. Burmeister, H. (1835-43), Zool. Handatlas. (Refers to mouthparts of d(jg tick. Cit. Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 11.) (1837), Handbuch der Natimjeschichte, 858 pp., 12'', Berlin. (S. and S. bibl.) ■ (1856), Zoonomische Briefc, ii. 428. (Mentions salivary glands of Ixodes as Ixiing large, notes 6-legged larvae ; cit. Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 16.) Busk, G. (27. IV. 1842), Observations on the young cf a species of Ixodes from Brazil. Trans. Microscop. Soc, I. 88-91. Plates 9 and 10. Butler, T. (1902), The breeds of beef cattle and beef production in North Carolina, iXorth Carolina State Bd. Agric, Bull. 24, No. 7. (Pp. 48-51 deal with : "Cattle tick an obstacle to the development of the cattle industry." H. and H. bibl.) (1903), Report of State Veterinarian in liept. Coram. Agric. North Carolina for 1902, pp. 40-47. (Regarding the cattle quarantine, the extermination of the cattle tick, losses from tick fever, and the tick an obstacle to the improvement of the quality of the cattle of the State. H. and H. bibl.) (1903 a), The cattle tick and its relation to the cattle industry of North Carolina. North Carolina State Bd. Agr., Bull. 24, No. 5, pp. 28, Figs. 2. (II. and H. bibl.) (1903 b), The cattle tick and the quarantine restrictions. North Carolina State Bd. Agric., Bull. 24, No. 10, pp. 30-37. (H. and H. bibl.) 8 4 Bibliography of the Ixodoidea BUT-CAR Butler, T. (1906), Progress made in extomiinating the fever tick {Boup/iilu.s (umu- latvs) in Xortli Carolina. Xorth Carolina Dcpt. of Agric. CVrt'?iecnsla7id. Report of the Principal Veterinari/ Surgeon and Bacterio- logist for the Financial Year 1908-1909, Brisbane, Australia. (Pp. 16-20 Tick Fever, or Spirochaetosis of Poultry in Queensland, associated with presence of Arga.^ persicus. Curative treatment with soamin.) Dodson, W. R. see Dalrymple. Doflein, F. (1909), Lehrb. der Protozoenkunde. 2nd ed. Jena ; Gustav Fischer, 914 pp , 825 Text-Figs. (P. 682, development of Karyolisus lacertarum occurs, according to Schaudinn, in /. ricinus; p. 331, Figs. 284 a and b, Argas persicus in dorsal and ventral aspects, p. 332, Figs. 286 a and b, Orn. moubata; p. 695, brief mention of ticks in relation to piroplasmosis.) Dolly, C. (1894), Synonymatic table of the animal parasites of man and of the animals commonly associated with him. A7t illustrated Dictionary of Medicine, Biology, and allied Sciences, etc., by George M. Gould. Philadelphia, pp. 978- 1021, Figs. (S. and S. bibl.) Dbnitz, W. (1905), Die Zecken des Rindes als Krankheitsiibertrager. Sitzungsber. der Gescllsch. natwforschender Freunde, Berlin, Jahrg. 1905, No. 4, pp. 105-134, repr. 1 Plate. (1906), Ueber Afrikanische Zecken. Sitzungsber. d. Gesellsch. nattirforschender Freunde, Berlin, Jahrg. 1906, No. 5, pp. 143-148, 8 Figs., reprint. (1907), Die toirtscliaftlich wichtigen Zecken mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung Afrikas. 127 pp., 38 Figs, and 6 Plates. Leipzig: J. A. Barth. (1907 a), Die Texasfieberzecke, Boophilus anmdatus, und das Ixodinengenus Margaropus. Sitzungsber. d. Gesellsch. naturforschender Freunde, Berlin, Jahrg. 1907, No. 6, 8 pp., reprint. (IX. 1907), Insekten als Verbreiter von Krankheiten : Die Zecken. Ber. U. d. XIV. Internat. Kongr.f. Hygiene u. Demogr., Berlin, 23-29 Sept., 1907, ll. 179-188. (1909), Ueber das Zeckengenus Amblyomma. Sitzungsber. der Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin, Jahrg. 1909, No. 8, 440-482, Figs. 1-15. (Important.) (1910), " Die Zecken Slidafrikas." In Schultze's Zool. u. anthropol. Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westl. u. zentr. Sudafrika ausgefiihrt in den Jahren 1903-1905. Denkschriften der Med.-Natuno. Gesellsch. zu Jena, xvi. Jena : Gustav Fischer. Reprint, pp. 397-494, Pis. XV, (coloured) XVI a, XVI b, and XVII. 34x26 cm. {Important: classification considered, S. African species listed and described, biology, morphology, relation to disease discussed. On p. 475 describes Rhip. evertsi var. mimetica n. var., p. 481 Rhip. follis n.sp., p. 122 Haem. obtusa, n.sp. Most excellent illustrations.) (1910 a), Zwei neue afrikanische Rhipicephalusarten. Sitzungsber. d. Gesellsch. natrirforsch. Freunde, Berlin, Jahrg. 1910, No. 6, pp. 275-280, Figs. 1-4. Reprint. {Rhipicephalus dux, R. glyphis, n. spp.) Dougherty, M. S. see Newell. Douglass, A. (1898 a), Paraffine for ticks. (Abstract.) Agric. Journ., Cape Town, XII. 498-499. Dowson, J. (1. VI. 1895), Poisonous tick. Brit. Med. Journ., i. 1201. (Followed by a short note by R. I. Pocock.) 15 Blhliogvaphu of the Jxodoldea DUB DUP Dubreuilh, W. (1900), " Dennatozoairos" in I'vatlque dcrmatologique. Vol. i., S", Paris : M.isson. Dubreuilh, W., and Beille, L. (1896), A^'.s- parasites de la peau humaine. 185 i^p., 22 Text-Figs. Paris : Massoii et Cic. (Date taken from Hul)er, 1899, p. 15 ; original undated ; ticks referred to pp. 68-84, Figs. 4-8.) Du Buysson (1896), Observations sur Ics accidents produits par la piqftre des Acariens du genre Aiyas. Ann. Soc. EntomoL, 10 pp. (Cit. Huber, bibl., 1899, p. 15.) Dug^s, Alf. (1876), Repertorio de Guanajuato, Mexico. (Cited by Megnin, 1885, pp. 463, 466, etc., who gives translated extracts and reports on subsequent personal communications received from Dug^s and Aleman. Also cited by Neumann, 1892, Malad. Parasit., p. 101.) (1883), NaMraleza de Mexico, v. 195. (Cited by Megnin, 1885, pp. 465, 472, who gives a figure of A. megnini Dugfes. Cited by Neumann, 1896, p. 16.) (1884), Turicata y garrapata de Guanajuato. La NaturaUza, Periodico cientifico de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia natural, vi. (1882-1884), Mexico, pp. 195-198, PI. IV. (MS. dated Nov., 1882.) (22. V. 1888), Description d'un nouvel Ixodide. B^dl. Soc. Zool. France, xiir. 129-133, Figs. 1-3. (1891), La Natvraleza (2), i. 20, 1 PI. (Cit. Neumann, 1896.) (1893), Un nuevo Ixodide. Naturcdeza, ii. 164. Dug^S, A. L. (1834a), Recherches sur I'ordre des Acariens en general et la famille des Trombidies en particulier ; Premiere memoire. Ann. de sci. nat., Paris, ser. 2, I. Zool., pp. 5-46, PI. I. (Reprint paged 1-42.) (1834 c), Recherches sur I'ordre des Acariens ; Troisifeme memoire. Remarques sur la famille des Gamases. Ann. de sci. nat., Paris, ser. 2, ii. Zool., pp. 18-63, Pis. VII, VIII. (Reprint paged 1-44.) (1836), Recherches sur I'ordre des Acariens en general (i) et la fixmille des Trombidies en particulier (ir). Remarques sur la fixmille des Hydracnes (iii). Ann. des Sc. nat., 2<' ser., Zool. vol. i,, reprint pp. 42, PI. I (i. Memoire) ; ihid. pp. 30, Pis. X, XI (II. Mem.) ; ibid., vol. ii. pp. 46, Pis. VII and VIII. Dug^s, A. L., and Milne Edwards (no date), " Arachnides " in Le Regne Animal, by G. Cuvier. Paris: Masson. (Figs, illustr. Ixodoidea on Pi. XXVII.) Dujardin, F. (1844), Sur les acariens, en particulier sur les organes de la manduca- tion et de la respiration chez les animaux. Conipt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, XIX. 1158-1161. (Buccal and sucking apparatus.) Dum^ril, C D. (1822), Article '^Lxodes" in Dictionnaire des Sciences naturelles, XXIV. 55. (Extracts cited by Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 9. Ticks described under "insectes parasites aptferes," contains no information worth noting.) (1829), Article '■'■ Tiqiie" in Dictionnaire des Sciences natwelles, Liv. 401. (Extracts cited by Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 9. Nothing worth noting.) {I860), Tnstitut. Sect. 1, No. 1373. (Reference given thus by Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 10, who cites matter of no value from the article. Dumeril states that Croton ricinus of dogs also occurs on lizards.) Duplain (1885), Observation sur un cas de parasite du genre Ixode. Loire med., St-Etienne, iv. 57. Duplay, see Reclus. 16 Bibliograph}/ of the Ixodoidea dup-FAB Dupr^ (1819), Voi/age en Perse fait dans les annees 1807, 1808 et 1809, ii. 324. Paris. (Lengthy quotations of essential parts in Fischer de Waldheini (1823), Laboulb(ine (1867), and Laboulb5ne and Megnin (1882) : A. persicus.) D'Urban, W. S. M. (1903), Birds killed by Ticks. Zoologist, LXi., 4. s. p. 108. (Two gorged ticks (sp. not stated) found attached about eye of a stock dove picked up dead with eye destroyed ; other ticks on bird's head, totalling 6-8 in number. Also found a dead warbler with 2 large ticks on throat and head.) Dutton, J. E., and Todd, J. L. (XI. 1905), The nature of human tick-fever in the eastern part of the Congo Free State (dated 28. in. 1905). Liverpool School of Tropical Aledicine — Memoir xvii., 18 pp., 9 Charts ; see also Brit. Med. Journ., II. 1259, 1260. Edington, A. (1898), Redwater, Texas fever, or tick disease. Agric. Journ., Cape Town, XII. 690-696. (S. and H. bibl.) Efisio, M. (1892), Saggio d' un catalogo metodico dei principali e piti comuni auimali invertebrati della Sardegna. Bollettino delta Societa Romana per gli studi Zoologici, i. (6), 246-282. (S. and S. bibl.) Eichwald (1830), Zool. specialis, ii., p. 63, PI. II, Fig. 18. {Ixodes arenicola. Cited by Cervais and by Neumann, 1899, p. 165, from Gervais.) Ellison, A. (1903a), Birds killed by ticks. Zoologist, Lond. (743), 4. s. (77), v. 7, May 15, p. 194. (Refers to midges, no word of ticks!) Elmassian, M. (lO. X. 1910), Sur les glaudes salivaires chez quelques especes de tiques. Arch. zool. experim. et gen&ale, XLV. 379-419, Pis. VIII-IX, 7 Text- Figs. {Argas persicus, Boophilus anmdatus, Hyalomma aegyptium), reprint. Entomological Research Committee (25. xi. 1909), Instructions to Collectors. Issued by the Eutomol. Res. Com. (Tropical Africa) and printed for the use of the Colonial Office. Misc. No. 241, 20 pp. London : printed for H. M. Stationery Office, by Darling and Son Ltd. Ercolani, G. B. (1859), Nuovi elementi teorico-pratici di medicina veterinaria; Dei parassiti dei morbi parassitarii degli animali domestici, pp. 550, Bologna. (S. and S. bibl.) Ernouf, Baron (1880), Le Caucase, la Perse, etc., daprhs les relations de M. de Thielmann, p. 256. Paris, 1880. (.4. persicus, cit. Huber, bibl. 1899, p. 16.) Evans, W. (IV. 1906), Some Invertebrata, including Ixodes horealis, from St Kllda. Ann. of Scottish Xat. Hist., pp. 83-88, 1 Fig. (of/, horealis), reprint. (I. 1907), Some Scottish Ixodidae (Ticks). Ann. of Scottish Nat. Hist., pp. 34- 37, reprint. Fabricius, J. C. (1775), Syst. Entomologiae, p, 810. (Only lists, under Acarus, some of the names included in Fabricius, 1794, p. 425.) (1787 a). Mantissa insectorum sistens species nuper detectas adiectis synonymis, observationibus, descriptionibus, emendationibus, vol. il., 382 pp., 8", Hafniae. (1794), Entomologia systematica, emendata et ancta, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus, iv. pp. 472 4- index, pp. 5, Hafniae. (Ticks: see pp. 425-434.) (1805), Systema antliatorum secundum ordines, genera, species adjectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus, pp. xiv-f-15-372-l-30, 12", Brunsvigae. N. I. 17 3 BihUogra2)hy of the Ixodoldea FAI-PRA Fairmaire, E., and Simon, E. (1882), Rccoltes entomologiqiies de M. A. Burdo sur le trajot dc Zanzil)ar uux grands lacs. €. R. de la Soc. Entom. de Belijiqite, xxvi. 60 {Amhlyomma hippopotamense Denny). (Cit. Neumann.) Fanzago, F. sec Canestrini. Feldmann (1905a), Uebcr Filaria perstans \m Bczirk Bukoba. ii. Thoil niit 1 Tafcl. Arch. f. Sclnffs- u. Tropen- Hygiene, ix. (2), 62-65. QQOSb), On Filaria perstans in the Bukota District. (Transl. by T. S. Kerr of the preceding: Feldmann, 1905a.) Journ. Tropical Medicine, viii. (8), 125-126. (Should be "Bukoba" ; author's name also misspelt by translator.) Ferg (1814), Remarques sur les insectes de Surinam dont la piqfirc est nuisible. Bihlioth. med., Paris, An 11, xxxiv. 100-101 ; also (same title) Aim. de Me'd. de Harles (S. and H. bibl.). Ficker, M. and Rosenblatt, S. (1907), Argas miniatus und Hiihnerspirillose. Hygienische Rundschau (Berlin), xvii. 1114-1118, 5 Figs, (reproductions of photogz'aphs of A. persicus, eggs, larva, o, S , ^ ■, poor). Firth, see Notter. Fischer de Waldheim, G. (1823), Notice sur I'Argas de Perse (Mallfeh de Mian^h) decrit par les voyageurs sous le nom de punaise venimeuse de Miana. Mem. Soc. imp. de nat. de Moscou, vi. 269-283, PI. XXIII, Figs. 1-11. (Figs. 1, 2 /. camelinus, 3-7 I. ricinus, 8-11 Argas persicus Fischer n.sp. Gives an account of known species of ticks, quoting other authors.) (1824), Du Mallah de Miana, insecte de Perse, dit punaise venimeuse. (Abstract of Fischer von Waldheim, 1823, by J. J. Virey.) Journ. de Pharm., Paris, x. (5), Mai, pp. 242-245. (Note by Latreille, p. 245.) Fischer, H. (1849). See Gene, 1849. Fitch, A. (1856 a). First and second report on the noxious, beneficial and other insects of the State of New York. Made to the State Agricultural Society, pursuant to an appropriation for this purpose from the Legislature of the State. 336 pp., 35 Figs., 4 Pis., 8-', Albany. (1872), Fourteenth report on the noxious, beneficial, and other insects of the State of New York. Annual Rept. (1870), 1872, Trans. N. Y. State Agric. Soc, XXX., pp. 355-381. (Pp. 363-373 describes : /. americamcs, I. quinqticstriatus, I. robertsoni, I. cr^iciarius, I. (?) odontalgiae.) Fitz, R. H. see Wood, H. C Foley, see Brumpt. Francis, F. see Connaway. Francis, M. (1889), Report of the veterinarian. Te.vas Agric. Exp. Sta., second Annual Report, 1899, pp. 55-60. (Brief account of the southern cattle plague and its treatment, with notes on joint experiments by the Texas and Missouri Stations. H. and H. bibl.) (1892 a). The cattle tick ; preventive measures for farm and range use. Bidl. 24, Texas Agric. Exper. Station, Bryan, pp. 253-256, 1 Fig. (S. and H. bibl.) (1894), Veterinary Science. Bidl. No. 30, Texas Agric. Exp. Sta., March, pp. 436-458, Pis. I-III. (S. and S. bibl.) (1896 a), Dipping cattle for ticks, as practised at the Texas Experiment Station. Texas Farm and Ranch, Dallas, xv. 2-3, Figs. 1-7. (S. and H. bibl.) (1896 b), Ticks and Redwater. Journ. Bur. Agric, Adelaide, viii. 210-213, 7 Figs, (same as Francis, 1896 a. S. and H. bibl.) 18 3—2 Bibliography of the Txodoklea fra-FUL Francis, M., and Connaway, J. W. (1899), Texas fever. Texas Agric. Exp. 8ta. Bull. 53, pp. 53-106, Fig.s. 13. (H. and H. bibl.) Frauenfeld, G. (1853), [Esckatocephahcs gracilipes]. Verhandlungen des K. K. zooL- bot. Vereins in Wien, ill. 55-58, PI. P'igs. 4-5($). (1854), Ueber einen bisher verkannteu Laufkafer...ferner einige von Schmidt in Schischka neu entdeckte Hohlenthiere. Abhandl. des zool.-bot. Vereins in Wien, IV. 23-34 (.see pp. 27-30 re Ticks). (1867), Zoologische Miscellen, XI. (Das Insektenleben zur See). Verhandl. der K. K. zoolog.-botan. Oesellsch. zu Wien, xvii. 461-462. Freer (1898), The tick plague. Agric. Journ., Cape Town, xiii. 256-260. (S. and S. bibl.) Frey and Leuckart (1847), Vergleichende Anatomie der wirbelloseyi Thiere, pp. 139, 151, 154. (Describe intestine of tick. Cit. Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 13.) Frisch, J. L. (1724), Beschreibung von allerlei Insecten in Teutschland, nebst niitzlichen Anmerkungen and nothigen Abbildungen von diesem kriechenden und fliegenden inlandischen Gewlirme, zur Bestatigung und Fortsetzung der griindlichen Entdeckung, so einige von der Natur dieser Creaturen heraus- gegeben, und zur Ergantzung und Verbesserung der andern. Theil v., pp. 55, 27 tab. (Passage re oviposition is cited verbatim by Fischer in his translation of Gene [see Gend, 1849, p. 17, foot-note].) (1736), Beschreibimg von allerlei Insekten in Teutschland, vol. v., cap. ix., pp. 41-42, PI. II, Fig. 19. (Apparently a later edition of the foregoing, passages quoted by Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 4. Ticks occurring on dogs are known as Zacken, Tiicken and Tacken in German, Low German and Old German respectively. Occur on hunting dogs, especially when kept in wooden kennels, also picked up by them in the woods etc. Ticks occur on young swallows and other young birds in nests. Ticks 8-legged. Observed oviposition.) Fritsch, G. (1875), Ueber die sogen. "Giftwanze von Mianah." Sitzungsber. d. Gcsellsch. natvrf. Freunde zu Berlin, pp. 61-G4. {A. persiciis, cit. Huber, bibl., 1899, p. IG.) Froggatt, W. W. (1901), The fowl tick {Argas americamis Packard). Agric. Gaz., N. S. Wales, xii. 1349-1352, PI. (inaccessible). (1906), Notes on fowl-tick and poultry. Agric. Gaz., N. S. Wales, xvii. 14-18. ■ (1906 a). Description of a new tick belonging to the Family Argasidae. Proc. Linn. Sac. ^Vew South Wales, xxxi. 401. (Argas lagenoplastis n.sp. (l.e.r.)) Fuchs (1842), AUgemeine Pathologic der Haussiiugethiere, p. 177. (Brief mention of Ticks. Cit. Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 12.) FuUager, J. (1874a), A Canterbury Arachnid, new to the British Fauna. Science Gossip, 1874, pp. 121, 122, Fig. 86. (1874b), The Canterbury Tick {Argas rejlexus). Science Gossip, 1874, p. 234, Fig. 164. FtiUeborn and Mayer, M. (1908), Ueber die Moglichkeit der Uebertragung patho- gener Spirochaeten durch verschiedene Zeckenarten. Arch. f. Schiffs- ic. Trap.- Hyg., XII. 31. Fuller, C. (XI. 1896), The bovine tick-fever. Agric. Gazette, N. S. Wales, vii. 760-787, Pis. I-V, 3 Text-Figs. 19 Bibliography of the Ixodoidea FUL-GEE Fuller, C. (1897), A Fuwl-infeating Tick {Aiyus ap. [sic]). Agric. O'az., JV. S. Wales, VII. 59U. (16. III. 1899), The coiuinoa blue tick of Cape Culony and its rekitioiisliip to the lied Water tick of N. America and Australia. Ayric. Journ., Cape Town, No. 9, 8 pp. i-epr. (V. 1899), Notes on the Queensland cattle tick, and its relationship to the Texas fever tick and the blue tick of Cape Colony (South Africa). Queensland Agric. Joxirn., Brisbane, iv. 389-394, 3 diagrams. Eeprint. (Relates to Boophilus australis Fuller and B. annulatiis ; the paper is reprinted in Salmon and Stiles 1901, pp. 428-432, including the figures.) Fiisslin, J. C. (1775), Verzeichniss schweizer Insekten,, p. 59. (Only lists Acarus reduvius "Holzbock" and A. ricinus "Hundsbock" after Linnaeus ; notes occurrence of ricinus on cats. Cit. Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 6.) Fumouze (1873), Sur un Acarieu de la famille des Ixodes, Argas persicus. A nn. Soc. Entomol. (Cit. Huber, bibl., 1899, p. 16.) Fiirstenberg, M. H. (1861), Die Kriitzmilb^^u der Menschen und Thiere, pp. i-v + 1-240, Taf. I -XV, i", Leipzig. (S. and S. bibl.) Galli-Valerio, B. (IX. 1907), Les insectes comme propagateurs des maladies : Le role des arthropodes dans la dissemination des maladies. Ber. ii. d. XI V. Internat. Kongr. f. Hygiene u. Demogr.., Berlin, 23-29 Sept., 1907, li. 189-194. (A short review of progress to date, refers briefly to ticks.) (1908 a), Spirochetiase des poules determinee a Lausanne avec Argas persicus Fischer de Tunisie. Note preliminaire. Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasit., Abt. 1 Orig. XLVii. 494-495. (1908 b), Notes de Parasitologie, Ibid. XLVii., pp. 608-612, 1 Text-Fig. (See pp. 611-612, observations on biology of Ixodes hexagonus and /. ricinus, ovipositing 9 '« shown in figure.) (1909), Recherches sur la spirochetiase des poules de Tunisie et sur son agent de transmission ; Argas persicus Fischer. Ibid. L. 189-202, 8 Figs. Gamgee, J. (1869), The splenic or periodic fever of cattle. Reports on the diseases of cattle in the U7iited States, made to the Commissioner of Agriculture, Washington, pp. 89-161, Fig. 18. (S. and S. bibl.) (1871), Our domestic animals in health and disease, II, division 3, pp. xvi-|-613. Figs. 149-237 (238). (S. and S. bibl.) Garner, R. (1844), The Natural History of Staffordshire, etc. London : John van Voorst, 551 pp., with unnumbered plates. (On p. 331 he merely lists "Cam vespertilionis, on the common bat," the latter probably Vesperugo pipistrellus. Caris = A rgas. { h. e. R. )) Gaubert, P. (16. v. 1892), Recherches sur les organs des sens et sur les systfemes tegumentaire, glandulaire et musculaire des appendices des arachnides. Theses pi'esentees a la Faculte des Sciences de Paris. Paris : G. Masson, pp. 184, 4 Plates. (Relates to sense-organs etc. in spiders.) de Gay (1849-51). See Gervais (same date). de Geer, C. (1778), Memoires pour servir d Vhistoire des insectes, vii., pp. iii-xii4-950, Pis. I-XLIX. {See "Mitte ricinoide," pp. 98-106, and PI. V, Figs. 16-19, PI. VI, Figs. 1-8.) Bihllography of the Ixodoidea GEN-GOR Oen6, Or. (1844), Memoria per .servire alia storia naturale degli issodi. Mem. d. R. Accad. Torino, 2d ser. ix. (1848), 751-786. (1849), Beitriige zur Naturgeschiclde der Zechen von Professor J. Gene in Turin. Aus dem Italienischen, mit Ainnerkungen von Dr H. Fischer, Privatdocent zu Freiburg, pp. 34, 4°. Freiburg im Breisgau : F. X. Wangler. George, C. F. (1876), On " The Blyborough Tick " {Argas Fischerii). Journ. Quekett Microsc. Club, iv. 223-225, Pis. XXI and XXII ; also Sc. Gossip, 1877, O.S. xiir. 104. Gerstaecker, C. E. A. (1860), A rgas reflexvs Latr., ein neuer Parasit des Menschen. Virchow's Arch., xix. 457-470, PI. XV, Figs. 1-0. (1863), "Arthropoden" in Handhuch der Zoologie, by Peters, Carus and Gerstaecker. Leipzig, ii. 1-421, 8«. {See Ocarina, pp. 343, 344.) (1873), Gliederthiere Ostafrika's von C. v. d. Decken's Reise, pp. 464-470. {Amhl. ehnrneum, Dermacentor pidchellus, 0. savignyi.) Gervais, P. (1842), Ann. Sac EntomoL, xi., pp. xlviii and 47. (Cit. Neumann, 1899, p. 157.) (1844), Acferes Phryueides, Scorpionides, Solpugides, Phalangides et Acarides, Dicferes Epizoiques, Aphaniptferes et Thysanoures, in vol. iii. of Walckenaer's Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Apteres, pp. i-viii, 1^76, Paris. (1847), in vol. IV. of Walckenaer's Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Aptferes, pp. i-xvi, 1-623, Paris. (1849-51), in de Gay's Historia fisica y politica de Chile. Zoologie, iv. 44, PI. V, Fig. 8. (Cit. Neumann.) see Walckenaer. Gervais, P., and van Beneden, F. J. (1859), Zoologie medicale; expose methodique d%i regne animal. 2 vols., 8", Paris. Gibert, J. M. (1896), U Argas reflexus et son parasitisme chez I'homme. Thhe : Bordeaux, 60 pp., 8°, illustr. (Cit. by Mosler and Peiper (1904, p. 373) who state author observed general symptoms after bite of A. reflexus in man.) Giebel, C. G. (1874), Insecta Epizoa. Die Parasiten der Siiugethiere und der Vogel. Leipzig. {Tide cited by Riley, 1888.) (1877), Amblyomma splendidum, eine neue Zecke von Bos brachycerus. Zeitschr. f. die ges. JVaturwissensrhaft, XLix. 293-295. {Amblyomma splendidum, Giebel.) Goeze (1780), Naturforscher, xiv., p. 111. {Acarus ricinus in large numbers on squirrels and jays. The author remarks "man konnte jetzt hinzufiigen : habitat in avibus," Mouthparts illustrated on PI. V, Fig. 5. Cit. Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 6.) Gomez, L. see Ricketts. Gonder, R. (1906), Achromaticus vesperuginis (Dionisi). Arb. a. d. Kaiserl. Gesundheitsamte, xxiv. 220-226, PI. IV. (1908), Studien iiber die Spirochaete aus dem Blute von Vespertigo kuhlii. Keys. u. Bias. (Natterer). Arb. a. d. Kaiserl. Gesundheitsamte, xxvii. 406-413, PI. VI. Gordon, P. R. (1898), Report of the Chief Inspector of Stock and Registrar of Brands for the year 1898, 4 pp. Brisbane : E. Gregory, Government Printer. (1900), Report of the Chief Inspector of Stock and Registrar of Brands for the year 1900, pp. 16. Brisbane : G. A. Vaughan, Govt. Printer. 21 BlhUography of the Ixodoidea GOR-HAL Gordon, P. R. (l. X. 1900), Results of dipping tests. Queensland Agric. Journ., 1900, pp. 387-390. Reprint. (Tick eradication.) (1901), Report of the Chief Inspector of Stock and Registrar of Brands for the year 1901, 5 pp. (34x21 cm.). Brisbane (Queensland): G. A. Vaughau, Govt. Printer. Graham -Smith, G. S. see Nuttall. Gray, C E., and Robertson, W. (1902), Redwater in Rhodesia. Agric. Journ., Cape of Good Hope, xxi. 435-458. (1902), Report upon Texas fever or redwater in Rhodesia. Argus Printing and Publish. Co., Ltd., Cape Town, pp. 27, Pis. XXII. (H. and H. bibl.) Gray, E. see Theiler. Greig-Smith, see Meek. Grimbert, L. see Guiart. Grube, A. E. (1859), Verzeichniss der Arachnoiden Liv-, Kur-, und Ehstlands. Arclt. fiir die Xaturkiinde Lio-, Ehst-, und Knrlands, Dorpat, ser. 2, l., pp. 417- 48G, Figs. 1-8. (S. and S. bibl.) Griitzner, P. (1902), Ueber die Wirkung der Zecke auf thierisches Blut. Deutsche med. Wochenschr., Jahrg. xxviii. pp. 555, 556. Gu^rin-M^neville (1829-1843), Iconographie du regne animal, de G. Cuvier. Arachnides, PL VI, Figs. 1-6, pp. 16, 17. (1849), Description de Vxirgas talaje. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., pp. 342, 343, PI. II. Guiart, J. (1911), Les Parasites inoculateurs de maladies. Paris : E. Flammarion, 18x12 cm., 362 pp., 107 Text-Figs. (Pp. 124-126 brief mention of ticks, Fig. 44 of 5 ? Boophilus ; pp. 131-132 mention of Argus moxibata [sic] and A. persicus with Figs. 48, 49, poor; a semipopular treatise.) Guiart, J., and Grimbert, L. (1906), Diagnostic Chimique, Microscopique et Parasito- logique. Paris : F. R. de Rudeval, Editeur, 960 pp., 500 Figs. {Ixodidae : pp. 656, 666, Figs. 401-410, of which 402 and 410 of fft/al. aegyptium and 0. moubata are original but very sketchy. The text is compiled from various authors.) Gulliver, G. (1872), On a Canterbury Arachnid new to the Briti.sh Fauna. Quart. Journ. Mier. Sci., xil. N.S., 205, 206. Gulliver and Gulliver (ca. 1871), Reports of East Kent Nat. Hist. Soc Abstracts of paper in Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., April-Oct., 1872. (Cited by Fullager, 1874a, p. 121.) Gurlt (1843), In Gurlt and Hertwig's Magaz. f d. gesammte Thierheilkunde, IX. 22, PI. I, Fig. 18. (Brief mention of /. ricimhs and reticulatus and the structure of their mouthparts. Cit. Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 12.) Hadwen, S. see Nuttall. Hahn, C. W. (1834), Die Arachniden, II., p. 62, Fig. 152. (/. reduvius.) Hahn, C. W. and Koch, 0. L. (1831-48), Die Arachniden. Niirnberg, 16 vols., 563 PI. {Title cited by Riley, 1888.) Haller, G. (1880), Die Milben als Parasiten der Wirbellosen, insbesondere d. Arthropoden, pp. 90, Figs. 17, 8«. Halle: Schwetschke. (S. and S. bibl.) (1881 a), Vorlaufige Bemerkungen liber das Gehororgan der Ixoden. Zool. Am., IV. 165-166, 1 Fig. (Brief review also in Journ. Roy. Microsc. Soc, 1881, I. 449.) 22 Bibllo(/}'cq)hf/ of the Ixodoldea HAL-HIR Haller, G. (1881b), Die Muiidtheile iitid systematische Stellung der Milbeii. Vor- liiufige Mittheilung. Zool. Am., iv., pp. 380-386. {Re raoiithpart« of Acari.) (1882), Beitrag zur Kenntniss dcr Milbenfauna Wiirttemberg.s. Jahreshefte des Vereins fur vaterliindische Naturkwuic in Wiirttcmberg, xxxvui., Stuttgart, pp. 293-325, PI. V. (See especially pp. 309-312, re I.vodidac, and Figs. 4 and 5.) Hardy, C. (1869), Forest Life in Acadie. (Murray, 1877, p. 194, quotes a passage therefrom regarding ticks on moose.) Hart, G. H. sec MacKellar. Hart, J. H. (1899), The tick of the domestic fowl and fowl fever. Bulletin oj Miscellaneous Information, Trinidad, ill. Bull. 19, Pt. 11, April, p. 180. Hassall, A. (1900), Note on the chicken tick (Argas americanus). \^th Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry, 1899, U. S. Dep't of Agric., pp. 496- 500, Figs. 16-22, PI. XVI. (Reprint dated 1901.) see Stiles. Haug (28. VIII. 1894), Ixodes im Meatus auditorius externus bei 17-jahr. Burschen, der im Walde geschlafen hatte. Entfernung nach Todtung durch Sublimat- losung. Miinchen. med. Wochenschr., No. 35. (Huber, bibl., 1910, p. 24.) Heller, A. (1880), Die Schmarotzer mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der fiir den Menschen wichtigen, 74 woodcuts, 1 Map, 230 pj). Miinchen and Leipzig : R. Oldenbourg. (P. 154, less than a page devoted to " The tick," contains nothing original or worth noting.) Heller, C. (1858), Zur Anatomic von Argas persicus. Sitzungsherichte d. Kaiserl. Akad. Wie7i, xxx., Math.-naturwiss. Klasse, pp. 297-326, Pis. I-IV. Henking, H. (1882), Beitrage zur Anatomie, Entwickelungsgeschichte und Biologie vou Tromhidium fidiginosum Herm. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., xxxvii. 553-663, Plates 34-36. (Structure etc. comparable to that of ticks.) Herbst (1787), Vide Borowsky's Naturgeschichte der Insekten, p. 140. {Acariis ricinus and A. marginatus mentioned. Nothing of interest judging from citation in Pagenstecher, 1861, j'- 7.) Hermann, J. F. (1804), Memoire apterologique, An xii, pp. 63-71, Pis. IV, VI, VII, Strasbourg. Herrera, A. L. (1905), Los Parasitos del Ganado. Com. Parasit. Agricola., circ. 8, pp. 22-25, Figs. 31-34. (H. and H. bibl.) Heusinger (1847), Reck. d. pathol. comparee, i., p. 603. (Huber, bibl., 1910, p. 21.) Heyden, C. von (1826), Versuch einer systematischen Eintheilung der Acariden. Isis von Oken, Jena, i. Heft 6, pp. 608-613, (His system is reprinted in Michael, 1883, pp. 32-34.) Hill, W. E. (1897), Texas fever in Kansas (and California). \2th Ann. Rep. Bur. Animal Industry, U. S. Dept. Agric, 1895, Washington, D. C. (Cit. Nuttall, 1899.) Hinde, S. L. (1897), La Chute de la domination des Arabes du Congo. Th. Falck and Cie, Bruxelles. Chap, xii., p. 3. (Refers to fever about Kasongo attributed by natives to tick-bite.) Hirst, S., and Hirst (IX. 1910), Description of five new species of ticks (Ixodidae). Ann. a. Magaz. of Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vi. 299-308, 9 Text-Figs. (Ambl. darivini, Amhl. boulengeri, Ambl. nitidum, Ambl. (? Apon.) neglectum and Ambl. (Apon.) tenimbei-ense.) Bihliofiraphif of flie Jxodohlea HOE -HUB Hoehr, F. (VII. 1893), Furtlicr concerning tlic now chicken plague in Texas. Insect Life, V. 348. Hoeven, J. von der (1850), Naturgeschichte der loirhellosen Tliiere. (Brief Latin de.scription of ticks. Mentions that only the females of ridnm attach them- selves to host. Argas included under Gamasei. Cit. Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 14.) Holland, W. J. (IV. 1898), Concerning Ticks. Canadian Entomologist. London, Ontario, xxx. 9G, 97. Hooker, Sir J. (1854), Himalaya Journal. (Cited by Michael, 1892, p. 204, re colour-changes in Txodidae.) Hooker, "W. A. (1908a), Life-history, habits and methods of study of the Lxodoidea. Jovrn. Econ. Entomol., i. 34-51. (Good original observations.) (1908b), A review of the present knowledge of the role of ticks in the transmission of disease. Journ. Econ. Entomol.., i. 65-73. (A useful digest of some recent work.) (1909 a), Some Host Relations of Ticks. Journ. Econ. EntomoL, ii. 251-257. (1909 b), Note on an extra nymphal moult of Argas miniaius. Proc. Entomol. Sac. Washington, xi. 109-110. (XII. 1909), The geographical distribution of American Ticks. Journ. Econ. Entomol, II. 403-428. see Hunter. Howard, C. W. (17. VI. 1908), A note on the distribution and hosts of Ixodes pilosus hnwardi Nn. Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Africa, I. 126 (published vii. 1909). (VII. 1908), A list of the Ticks of South Africa, with Descriptions and Keys to all the forms known. Annals of the Transvaal Museum, i. 73-172, 14 PI. (VIII. 1909), A new species of Haemaphysalis from South Africa. Ann. Transvaal Museum, i. 219-223, PI. XXXIV (10 figs.). Reprint. {Haema- physalis africana C. W. Howard, August 1909 = Haemaphysalis hoodi War- burton and Nuttall, June, 1909. The author describes the S, ^ ,o and L and illustrates them in the plate.) (VIII. 1909), Note on the copulation of ticks. Ann. Transvaal Mus. i. 225. Reprint, 1 p. (Records finding Rhipicephalus ecinctus Nn. : an unfed female and male supposedly copulating. No particulars as to position of male mouth- parts etc.) Howard, L. 0. (VII. 1895), Note on the chicken tick. Insect Life, vii. pp. 417, 418. (1907), A chalcidoid parasite {Ixodiphagus texanus gen. et sp. n.) of a tick {Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris). Entomol. News, Philadelphia, xvili. 375- 378, PI. (1908), Another chalcidoid parasite of a tick. Canad. Entomol, Toronto, XL. 110-115, PI. V. (1909), Economic loss to the people of the United States through insects that carry disease. U. S. Dep't Agric, Bur. of Entomol, Bull., No. 78, 40 pp. (Incidental mention of ticks on p. 7.) see Riley and Howard. Hubbard, H. G. (1894), The insect guests of the Florida land tortoise, Gopherus {Xerohates) polyphemus. U. S. Dep't Agric, vi. 306. {Ornithodorus americanus Marx (Ms.) in the burrows and on tortoise — Amhlyomma tuberctdatum Marx n.sp. on the tortoise.) 24 Bibliography of the Ixodoklea hub-JAC Huber, J. Ch. (1899), Bihliographie der klinischen Entomologie, 1899 (Argas, Ixodes), Heft 2. Jena : Fromann. (1910), Bihliographie der klinischen Entomologie. (Hexapoden, Acarinen), Heft 2, 2nd ed. (Ixodoidea, pp. 18-25. Contains several titles which have been incorporated in our bibliography.) Hunt, J. S. (VIII. 1897), Tick Fever. Progress Report to the. Chief Inspector of Stock on experiments conducted at Hugheaden. Reprinted in Queensland Ag^'ic. Journ., I. 104-106. (16. XII. 1897), Diseases in Animals (Tick Fever). Progress report on the reproductive forms of the micro-organism of tick fever, with some observations on the relationships and nomenclature of that disease. Queensland Agric. Journ., 1898, ii. 211-220; reprint 10 pp., 2 Pis. (9. IX. 1898), Xotes on the natural history and prevention of Texas fever. Reprint, 10 pp. Brisbane : E. Gregory, Govt. Printer. see Pound. Hunt, S. (1898), Tick fever. Queensland Agric. Journ., pp. 235-236. (H. and H. bibl.) Hunt, S., and Collins, W. (1896), Queensland Report on tick fever, also Report of investigations at Hughenden on Texas fever, vii.-x., 1896, by Dr Wynne, with appendix, map, temperature charts, lithographs. 43 pp. Brisbane : E. Gregory. Hunter, W. D. (1907), Note on the occurrence of the North American Fever Tick on Sheep. U. S. Dep't Agric. Bur. Entom., Circ. No. 91, pp. 1-3. (1908), A tentative law relating to the incubation of the eggs of Margaropus annulatus. Journ. Econ. Entomol., i. 51-55. Reprint. (1909), A practical demonstration of a method for controlling the Cattle tick. U. S. Dep't Agric. Bur. Anim. Industry, Circ. No. 148, pp. 1-4. Hunter, W. D., and Hooker, W. A. (1907), Information concerning the North American Fever Tick, with notes on other species. U. S. DepH of Agriculture, Bur. of Entomology, Bull. No. 72. Washington : 12 Figs., 4 Plates, 87 pp. Husemann, T. (1862), Handhxich der Toxicologic, p. 248. (^4. persicus: cit. Huber, bibl., 1899, p. 16.) Hutcheon, D. (1900), Redwater and its history. Agric. Journ., Cape Town, XVII. 331-339, 395-409. (1900), History of heartwater. Ibid., xvii. 410-417. (1903), Virulent redwater in the Transvaal. Ibid., xxiii. 39-60. Uliger, K- (1807), Anmerkung zu Chabrier's Bemerkung liber die Fortpflanzungsweise der Gattung Ixodes Fabr. Magazin fiir Insektenkunde, vi. 368-370. (S. and S. bibl.) Jackschath, E. (1901), Die " Malaria" der Rinder in Deutschland. Centralbl. Bakt. Parasit., Abt. 1, xxix. 585-589, 1 Text-Fig. (Little original, figure bad {Piroplasma), states he found " Ixodes reticulatus s, reduvius " on affected cattle; chiefly clinical.) N. I. 25 4 Bibliography of the Ixodoidea JAN-KAR Janson, J. L., and Tokishige, H. (1892), Filaria umuitis und andere bei Hunden in Japan vorkoninicndc Parasitcn. Mitth. d. deutsch. Ges. f. Natur- u. Volker- knw.h- Oxtasiens in Tuh'o, v. 349-3G0, Taf. xi.-xii. (S. and S. bibl.) Jelgersma, B. (1901-1902), Ixodes ricimis (houtteek ; houtluis ; elsluis). Med. Weekbl., Amsterdam, viii. 285. Jobling, J. W., and WooUey, P. G. (1904), Texas fever in the Philippine Islands and the Far Ea«t. i\ S. I). Tla/-, Bur. Govt. Laboratories, Bull. 14, pp. 5-11, Pis. XV. (11. and H. bibl.) Johannessen, A. (1885 a), Akut polyuri hos et barn efter stik af Ixodes riciniu. Norsk Mag. f. Loegevidensk., Kristiania, 3. rrekke, xv. 401-41-t. (1885b), Acute Polyurie bei einem Kinde nach dam Stiche eines Ixodes ricinus. Archiv f. Kinderheilk., vi. 337-350. (Cit. Nuttall, 1899, p. 43.) Johne, A. see Birch -Hirschf eld. Johnson, L. C. (1884), [Cattle tick, Ixodes hovis']. Bull. No. 4, Div. of Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, p. 78. (S. and S. bibl.) Johnston, G. (1849), The acarides of Berwickshire specifically described. Proc. Berwick Nat. Club (1842-1849), ii. 371. (An abstract from this paper was kindly supplied by Mr William Evans of Edinburgh, g.h.f.n.) Joly, G. (1901), Maladie eruptive du cheval produite par des nymphes d'lxode rt'duve. Rev. vet., Toulouse, LViir. 514-516. (/. ricimcs on horse.) Jordens, D. J. H. (1801), Entomologie und Helminthologie des menschlichen Korpers, oder Beschreibung und Abbildung der Bewohner und Feinde desselben unter den Insekteu und Wiirmern, i., pp. xxviii + 319, Taf. i.-xv. (S. and S. bibl.) Joseph, G. (1882), Systematisches Yerzeichniss der in den Tropfstein-Grotten von Krain einheimischeri Arthropoden, nebst Diagnosen der vora Verfasser entdeckten und bisher noch nicht beschriebenen Arten. Berlin, entomol. Zeitschr., xxvi. 1-50. (Ixodidae : pp. 16, 17.) Jourdain, S. (1901), Pieces buccales des Ixodides (Acar.). Bidl. Soc. Entom. France, Paris, (6) p. 142. Kalm, P. (1754), Nachricht von einer Art Insekten in Nordamerika Waldlaus genannt. Abhandl. d. Kbnigl. sckwed. Akademie, xvi., translated by Kastner, 1758, p. 20. (Description "Acarus ovalis, planus, ruber, macula dorsali alba," called skoglus in Swedish, ticks or seed-ticks in English, remained attached for a month to a dog and attained an inch in length. Survived over a month after removal and laid over 1000 eggs ai)iece. The author may have been describing a species of Amblyomma. Cit. Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 6.j Karsch, F. (29. IV. 1878), Uebersicht der in Mossambique gesammelten Arachuiden, Monatsbericht der K. Akademie der Wissenschaft zu Berlin, pp. 314-338, Pis. I, II. (Ixodoidea, pp. 336-338, PI. I, Fig. 4, of Amblyomma petersii Karsch, nat. size, uncoloured.) (1878), Ueber einige von Herrn J. M. Hildebrandt im Zanzibargebiete erljeutete Arachniden. Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Naturwiss., Berlin, ser. 3, iii. (Li. d. ganzen Reihe), pp. 311-322, PI. VIII {Ornithodorus). (1879 a), Westafrikanische Arachniden gesammelt von Dr Falkenstein. Zeitschr. f. die ges. Naturiviss., Lii. 336. {Amblyomma arcanum Karsch (L.E.R.).) 26 4—2 Bibliography of the Ixodoidea KAR-KOC Karsch, F. (1879 b), Zwei neue Arachniden des Berliner Museums. Mittheil. der Miinchener entomol. Vereine, Jahrg. in. 95, 96. \^'' Margaropus nov. gen. ; Margaropus Winthemi, n.sp."] (1879 c), Arachnologische Beitriige. Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Nahirwiss., Lii. 534. (Abstract.) (1880), Vier neue Ixodiden des Berliner Museums. Mittheil. d. Miinchener entomol. Vereine., Jahrg. iv. 141, 142. Kelso, J. E. H. (1903), Birds killed by Ticks. Zoologist, LXi., s. 4, p. 155. [Note on a Wagtail sp. caught on ship in Red Sea with several ticks attached to its head. See D'Urban, 1903, same subject.] Kerr, T. S. (15. IV. 1905), Remarks on the paper by Feldman (1905) entitled "On Filaria perstans in the Bukota District." Joicrn. of Tropical Med., viii. (8), 126. (Should read "Feldmann" and " Bukoba.") Kilborne, F. L. see Smith, T. King, W. W. (27. VII. 1906), Experimental Transmission of Rocky Mountain spotted fever by means of the tick : preliminary note. U. S. Pub. Health and Mar.-Hosp. Service, Pub. Health Rep., Wash., xxi., 863, 864. Kirk, T. W. (1887), On I.codes Maskellii, a Parasite of the Albatross {Diomedea exidans). Trans, and Proc. New Zealand Institute, 1886, xix., pp. 65-67 (issued V. 1887), no figux-e. Klein, L. A. (1907), Methods of Eradicating Cattle Ticks. U. S. DepH of Agriculture, Circidar No. 110, 16 pp., 3 Figs., Washington. Kleine, F. K. (1906), Kultivierungsversuch der Hundepiroplasmen. Ztschr. f. Hyg. u. Infektionskrankh., Leipz., liv. 10-15, 2 PI. Kner (1855), Lehrbuch der Zoologie, p. 235. (Ixodea a family in the order Acarina. Little information and inaccui-ate at that. Cit. Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 15.) Knuth, P. (1905), Experimentelle Studien iiber das Texasfieber der Kinder {la tristeza) in den La Plata Staaten. Berlin : Verlagsbuchhandlung von Richard Schoetz, 1 Map, 4 Figs., 6 Tables, 96 pp. Kocb., C. L. (1835-1844), Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden. Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Fauna. Herausg. v. Heri'ich-SchaflFer, 40 parts. Regensburg. (1844), Systematische Uebersicht liber die Ordnung der Zecken. Arch. f. Naturg., Berlin, Jahrg. x. Bd. i., 217-239. {N.sp. and genera from diflferent parts of world. Mode of copulation. Argasidae, Ixodidae, .Rhipistomidae. 10 genera.) (1847), Uebersicht des Arachnidensy stems. Niirnberg. Heft 4, pp. 136, Pis. I-XXX. see Habn. Kocb, L. (1867), Beschreibungen neuer Arachniden und Myriapoden. Verhand- lungen der K. K. zoolog.-botan. Gesellschaft zu Wien, xvii. 173-250. (Ixodidae : pp. 241-243.) (1872), Apterologisches aus dem frankischen Jura. Abhandl. d. natitrhist. Gesellsch. in Niirnberg, v. 149. (1875), Aegyptische und Abyssinische Arachniden gesammelt von Herrn C. Jickeli beschrieben und abgebildet. 96 pp., 7 Pis., 4". Niirnberg : Bauer and Raspe. {0. savignyi, p. 1.) 27 I Bibliography of the Txodoidea KOC-KON Koch, L. (1877 a), Japauesische Amclinideii uiid Mjriapodeii. Verhandl. der K. K. zooloi/.-botan. GeseUsch. Wien, xxvu. 735-798. {Ixodes: pp. 786, 787.) (1877 b), Verzeicbniss der bei Niirnberg bis jetzt beobachteten Arachniden. Abhandl. d. naturhist. GeseUsch. zu Niirnherg, vi. 113-198. (P. 196: Rhipicephalus expositicius, i\.st^. = Haevmphysalis punctata Canestrini and Fanzago.) Koch, R. (1898), Reiseherichte ilher Rinderpest, Bid)uiienpest i/i Jndien und Afrika, Tsetse- oder Surrakraiikheit, Texas- Fieber, tropische Malaria, Schwarzwasserfieber. Berlin : J. Springer, 138 pp. (Cit. Nuttall, 1899.) (1898 a), Bericlite liber die Ergebnisse der Expedition des Gebeiniermedicinal- rathea Dr Koch im Schutzgebiete von Deutsch-Ostafrika. Centralbl. f. BakterioL, 1 Abi, XXIV. 200-204. (Berichte datirt 10 u. 12 Feb., 1898. Cit. Nuttall, 1899.) (1903), Interim Report, Bulavvayo. (Cited by Donitz, 1905, p. Ill, as stating that R. sanguineus transmits coast fever of cattle in S. Africa — should be R. appendicidatus which Neumann formerly mistook for R. sanguineus.) (VII. 1903), The cattle disease in Southern Rhodesia. Transvaal Agric. Journ., I. 112-117. (East Coast Fever investigations. Pp. 116-117 brief mention of ticks found in S. Rhodesia and elsewhere.) (1903 and 1904), Reports on Rhodesian Redwater or African Coast Fever. Salisbury : Argus Printing and Publishing Co. [Also (translated) in Arch. f. Tierheilk., 1904. Cited by Lichtenheld, 1908, p. 272.] (29. II. 1904), Fourth Report on African Coast Fever. (Oflficial), 10 pp. repr. (23. XI. 1905), VorlJiufige Mittheilungen uber die Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise nach Ostafrika. Deutsche vied. Wochenschr., p. 1866. (1906), Ueber afrikanischen Recurrens. Berlin, klin. Wochenschr., xliii. 185, 10 Figs. Kolenati, F. A. (1856 and 1857), Die Parasiten der Chiroptern, pp. 51, iv. Taf., 8°, Dresden. (The usual date cited is 1857, but Dr Hassall informs me that the Siime paper appeared in 1856, without the plates, although the latter are cited in the text. Consequently, species attributed to this publication must bear the date 1856.) (1857), Meletemata entomologica. Einige Arachniden der Caucasischeu Lander u.s.w. Bull. Soc. Imperiale des A'^aturalistes de Moscou, xxx. 399-444, PI. V-VI. (Ticks, see pp. 431-439, PI. VI, Fig. 52, I.vodes cornuger Kolenati.) (1858), Synopsis prodroma der auf Chiroptern als Epizoen vorkommenden Lausmilben, Carida Kolenati. M'ie7i. entomol. Monatsschr., "Wien, ii. pp. 4-7. (1860), Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Arachniden. Sitzungsber. der mathem.- naturw. Classe der K. Akad. d. Wissensch. Wien, xl., p. 573-581, Pis. 1-3. Kollar (?), Bildlichen Naturgeschichte des Thierreiches, ii. 274, Fig. 7. (Cited by Heller, 1858, p. 297.) see Pohl. Kolle, W. (1903), Ueber Texasfieber. Verhandl. d. deutsoh. Kolonial-Kongr. zu Berlin, lO.-ll. Oct. 1902, pp. 294-304. Koningsberger, J. C. (1900), Onderzoekingen betreffende de Teken (Ixodidae) van Nederlandsch-Indie. Teijsmannia, xi.. No. 1. (Cit. Neumann, 1901, p. 303.) (1903), De Runderteken en bloedzuigende Vliegeu van Nederlandsch-Iudie. Veeartsenijk. Blad. v. nederl.-Indie, Batav., v. 15 (2), 141-147, PL, Figs. 1-14. 28 Bihliograplni of the Ixodoidea KOS-LAB Koschny, Th. F. (II. 1901), Das Texas-Fieber der Einder. Tropenpjlanzer, Berlin, V. 5 (2), 01-65. Kossel, H. (1902), "Die Haeniogh^biimrie der Rinder," in Kolle and Wassermann's Handh. d. pathogenen Mikroorganismen. Berlin : Gustav Fischer, Liefening 4-5, pp. 841-864, PI. Ill (of Piroplasma). {See pp. 853 et seq. re I. ricinus, etc., in relation to i)iropla.smosi.s.] Kossel, H., and Weber (1900), Ueber die Haemoglobimu-ie der Rinder in Finland. Arb. a. d. Kaiserl. Ges.-Amt., xvii. (/. ricinus in relation to piroplasmosis in cattle.) Kossel, H., Schiitz, Weber, Miessner (1903), Ueber die Hamoglobinurie der Rinder in Deutschland. Arheiten a. d. Kaiserl. (lesundheitsamte, Bd. xx. Heft 1, 77 pp., 3 Plates. (Very good photomicrographs illustrating the structure of Ixodes ricinus.) Kotzebue, M. de (1819), Voyage en Perse a la suite de Vamhassade Russe en 1817. Paris, VIII. 180. (For lengthy quotations of essential parts see Fischer de Waldheim (1823), also Laboulbtjne (1867), and Laboulbfene and Megnin (1882).) (1819), Narrative of a journey into Persia, in the suite of the Imperial Russian Embassy, in the year 1817. Translated from the German, viii 4-328 pp., Pis., London. Kramer, P. (1877), GrundzUge zur Systematik der Milben. Arch. fUr Natur- geschichte, Berlin, Jahrg. XLiii., Bd. i., pp. 215-247. (1878), Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte der Milben. Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Natiirwiss., Berlin, ser. 3, in. (li. der ganzen Reihe), pp. 519-561. Kramer, P., and Neuman, C. J. (1883), Acariden wahrend der Vega-Expedition eingesammelt. Ur-Drega Expedit. Vetenskap. Jakttagelser, in. 518, PI. {Ixodes putus Pickard-Cambridge.) Krapf (1882), Suaheli Dictionary ; Triibner and Co., London. (Cited by Dutton and Todd, 1905, pp. 3, 18 as stating : "■Pasi, plural Papasi, ticks, an insect said to cause fever in one who is bitten by it.") Kiichenmeister, F. (1855), Bie in tmd an dem Kdrper des lebenden Menschen vorkom- menden Parasiten, i. Abt. : Die thierischen Parasiten, 486 pp., 9 Plates. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner. {See pp. 421-424, re Ticks, one poor text-fig. of Ixodes ricinus after Gurlt, the same figure is also found in Ziirn (1872).) Kiichenmeister and Ziirn (1879), Parasiten, p. 538, et seq. {Argas, cit. Huber, 1899, p. 14.) Laboulb^ne, J. J. A. (1867), article ^^ Argas" in Dechambre's Dictionnaire encyclop. des sci. med., vi. 53, 54. (Quoted verbatim by Laboulb^ne and Megnin, 1882, pp. 325-327.) (1867), "Ixodes" in Diet, encyclop. des sci. med. (Cit. Rey, 1892.) (1881), Note sur des Argas de Perse envoyes par le Dr Tholozan. Ann. Soc. entom. de France, Paris, 6 s., v. 1, Bull. (16), Ixxxviii-lxxxix. (1882), Sur le parasitisme de V Argus reflexus. Ann. Soc. entom. de France, Paris, 6 s., v. 2, Pt 2, Bull. (7), xcviii-xcix. see Desnos, see Megnin. 29 Bibliogra2)hy of the Ixodoklea lab-LEB Laboulb^ne, J. J. A., and M^gnin, J. P. (1882), Momoire sur le.s Argas de Perse. Journ. de Vanat. et de la physiol. Paris, xviii. 317-341, Pis. XXI-XXIII. (1882), Sur les Argas de Perse. C. R. Soc. de bioL, Paris, v. 34, 7 s., v. 4, p. 577. Lahille, F. (V. 1905), Contribution a I'etude des Ixodides de la R^publique Argentine. Itepnhlica Argentina. Anales del Ministero de Agricidtura, Seccion de Zooternid, Bacteriologia, Veterinaria y Zuologia, Vol. II., No. 2, 166 pp., 13 Plates, 23 Text-Figs. Buenos Aires : Imprimerie du Bureau Metdorologique. Latreille, P. A. (1795), Magazin encyclopedique, iv. p. 15. (Cit. Michael, 1883, P- 29.) (1796), Precis des caracteres gene'riqms des insectes, disposes dans un ordre naturel. An V. pp. xii + 201, 12°, Brive. {Carios (sic) : p. 177.) (1804), Histoire naturelle, gemrale et particidihe, des crustaces et des insectes. An XII., VIII. pp. 411, 8°, Paris. {Cans: p. 55.) (1806), Genera crustaceorum et insectorum, l. pp. xviii + 302, Tab. i-xvi. {Caris : p. 161.) (1829), Crustacds, arachnides et partie des insectes. Cuvier's Le r^gne animal, Paris, IV. pp. 584, 8". {See Ixodes, pp. 287-290.) (1835), Ueber Caris vespertilionis. Isis von Oken, Jena (6), pp. 511, 512. Lavarra, L. (1905), Sopra una nuova specie di Haemaphysalis {acideata). Boll. Soc. Zool. Ital., (2), V. 255-258. (1905), Note sugli organi digerenti e genitali degli Ixodini. Boll. Soc. Zool. Ital, (2), VI. 150. (1906), Sugli organi digerenti e genitali degli Lvodidi. Boll. Soc. Zool. Ital., VII. 148-154. Laveran, A. (17. I, 1903), Au sujet du role des Tiques dans la propagation des Piro- plasmoses. C. R. Soc. Biologie, Liv. 61-63. Laveran, A., and N6gre (lO. VI. 1905), Sur un protozoaire parasite de Hyalomma aegyptium. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., LViii. 964, 1 Fig., reprint. Laveran, A., and Valine (1905), Sur un cas de transmission par des Ixodes de la spirillose et de la piroplasmose bovines. C. R. Acad. Sci., CXL. 1515-1517. {Boophilus decoloratus transmitting Spirochaeta theileri.) Leach, W. E. (1815), A tabular view of the external characters of four classes of animals, which Liune arranged under Insecta ; with the distribution of the genera composing three of these classes into orders, etc., and descriptions of several new genera and species. (Read April— June, 1814.) Trans, of the Linnaean Society, London, xi. 306-400. (Ixodoidea : pp. 396-399.) (1824), Isis, p. 11. (Cit. Neumann, 1899, p. 157 re I. plmnbeus Leach.) Lebedinsky, J. (1900), Zur Ilohlenfauna der Krym (Russian, only this sub-title in German), Mem. New Russia Soc. Naturalists, Odessa, xxiii. 47-64, Pl.- Figs. 1-22. Russian, reprint. (Pp. 57, 63 and Fig. 14 relate to ''Ixodes erinacei," said to differ from L ricinus in that coxa I bears no spine. It is probably /. hexagonus, but the figure is unrecognizable and there is no description.) (? 1902), Zur Hohlenfauna der Krym (Russian, only this sub-title in German). Mem. New Russia Soc. Naturalists, Odessa, xxv. 75-88, Pis. I-II, Figs. 1-47. Russian, reprint undated. (P. 81 : lists Eschatocephalus seidlitzii L. Koch and figures its tarsus on PI. II, Fig. 31; Esch. frauenfeldi h. Koch and figures its 30 Bibliography of the Ixodoidea LEG LIG tarsus on PI. II, Fig. 32 ; Ixodes ohliqims (,'. L. Koch, dorsum and venter shown in PI. II, Figs. 33-33 a (poor; may depict /. vespertilionis 9)- The foregoing ticks found near Kizilkoba, Crimea. P. 84 lists Hyalomma rufipes C. L. Koch ; figured in PI. II, Figs. 43, 43 a, a very bad figure of ^ Hyalomma, possibly aegyptium ; found in cave at lograph on top of Yaila above Yalta, Crimea. All of these ticks foimd in caves; there is no mention of hosts.) Legendre (1858), Pustula maligna durch Stich eines Holzbocks. Tod. Gaz. de Paris, III. (Refer. Schmidt's Jahrb., Vol. cv. (Cit. Iluber, bibl, 1910, p. 24.)) Leidy, J. (IX. 1890), Remarks on Ticks. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1890, pp. 281-282. Reprinted (1904) in Smti/isonian Misc. Collections, Vol. XLVi., and as a part (No. 1477), being the author's collected papers. (See pp. 227-229 re Ticks.) Leuckart, see Frey. Lewis, L. L. (1897), Texas fever. Bull. A^o. 27, Oklahama Agric. Exp. Sta., pp. 8-15, map. (S. and S. bibl.) (1899), Texas fever. B2dl. No. 39, Oklahama Agric. Exp. Sta., pp. 1-28, Figs. 1-5. (S. and H. bibl.) (1900), Means of preventing Texas fever. Oklahama Agric. Exp. Sta. Report, pp. 26-28. (H. and H. bibl.) Lewis, R. T. (1892 b), Note on a species of Ixodes found upon a South African lizard. Jouni. Qiiekeit Microsc. Club, London, s. 2, v. 10-14, PI. I. (Ixodes varani Lewis, 1892 = Aponomma exornatum (Koch).) (1892), Note on the process of oviposition as observed in a species of cattle tick. Journ. Roy. Microsc. Soc, pp. 449-454, PI. VII, Figs. 1-8, also pp. 574, 575. (1898-1900), Notes on some Australian ticks received from Mr C. J. Pound. Journ. Quekett Microsc. Club, London, s. 2, vii. 222-228, also A7n.. Month. Micr. Jotirn., Washington (1900), xxi. 123-127, 1 PI. (1900), A contribution to the life-history of Ixodes reduvius (Linn.). Journ. Quekett Microsc. Club, London, s. 2, vii. 381-386, PI. XXI, Figs. 1-5. (read 21. VI. 1901), A further note on Ixodes reduvius (Linn.). Journ. Quekett Microsc. Club, London (Nov. 1901), repr. pp. 153, 154. Leydig, F. (1855), Zum feineren Bau der Arthropoden. (Miiller's) Arch. f. Anat., Physiol, u. iviss. Med., Jahrg. 1855, pp. 376-480, Pis. XV-XVIII. (1857), Lehrbuch der Histologic des Menschen und der Thiere, pp. xii 4-551, 271 Figs. Hamm : Grote'sche Buchhandlung (C. Miiller). Lichtenheld, G. (1908), Ergebnisse der von R. Koch ausgefuhrten und vorgezeich- neten Forschungen iiber das Kiistenfieber der Rinder in Deutsch-Ostafrika Zeitschr.f. Hyg., LXi. 261-272, Pi. IX, 1 Map. Ligni^res, J (1900), La '■'■ Tristeza'' ou mcdaria bovine dans la republique Argentine, pp. 172, 16 Plates, 8'', Buenos Aires. (1901), Exi)erimental transmission of bovine Malaria, 39 pp., 11 Plates, 4 Charts, 1 Map. (Translated by A. J. Boyd.) Queensland Agric. Journ., Vol. IX., Part II. Brisbane : G. A. Vaughan, Acting Gov't Printer. (1901), Sur la "Tristeza." C. R. Vie Congr. intern. Med., iii. Sect. Bad. Parasit., 108-116, 2 Figs. [Transmission by Ticks.] 31 1 Bibliography of the Ixodoidea lin-LOU Linnaeus, C. (1746), Fauna Saecica sistens Animalia Sueciae Regni: quadrupedia, aves, amphibia, ptsccs, inseeta, vermes, distrthuta per classes et ordincs, genera et species, etc., pp. 411, Tab. i-ii., 12", Lugduni Batavorum. (1758), Systema Naturae. Regmim Animalc, ed. 10, pp. 824, Holiniae. {Acarus, vide pp. 615-618.) (1760), Systema Nat., etc., I, Hal. Magdeb. Praef. J. J. Langius. (S. and S. bibl.) (1761), Fauna Suecica sistens Animalia Sueciae Regni: majnmalia, aves, amphibia, pisces, inseeta, vermes, distrihuta per classes et ordines, genera, et species, etc., ed. 2, y>\i. 578, Tab. i-ii., 12", Stockholmiae. (S. and S. bibl.) Linstow, 0. von (1894), Die Giftthiere und Hire Wirkung auf den Menschen, 148 pp., 54 Figs. Berlin: Aug. Hir.schwald. (Brief reference to Ticks (Argas), pp. 120- 121.) Lintner, J. A. ("J. A. L.") (1874), The cattle tick. Cultivator and Country Gentleman, Albany, xxxix., p. 631. (S. and S. bibl.) Livingstone, D. (1857), Missionary Travels arid Researches in South Africa, etc., 711 pp. (Ticks : pp. 382, 383, 628, 629.) London: John Murray. (1874), The last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, from 1865 to his death, continued by a riarrative of his last moments, etc., by H. Waller. 2 vols., 360 + 346 pp. (Ticks: vol. II. pp. 33, 115.) London: J. Murray. Losado, F. (1890), Ixodismo (efectos que produce en el hombre la mordedura del ixodo comun 6 garrapata de los perros). Correo Med. Castellauo, Salamanca, VII. 193 ; 225. (Inaccessible.) Lounsbury, C. P. (1895), Fowl ticks (letter from T. W. Parker answered by C. P. L.). Agric. Journ., Cape Town, viii. (25), pp. 657, 658. (Argas persicus.) (IX. 1899), Tampans or fowl ticks (Argas reflcvusl). Agric. Journ., Cape Town, XV. (6), 421-422, Figs. a-b. (23. XI. 1899), The bont tick. Amblyomma hebraeum Koch. Its life-history and habits. Agric. Journ., Cape Town, xv. 728-743, 1 Fig., reprint 16 pp. (1899a), Pig lice, alias Tampans. Ibid. xv. (4), Feb. 16, p. 240. (Tampan = Ornithodorus.) (1899b), Ticks. Report of the GovH Entomologist for the year 1898. Cape of Good Hope DepH of Agric, Cape Town, 1899, pp. 43-46, PI. IX. (1900), Tick Investigations. Report of the GovH Entomologist for the year 1899. Cape of Good Hope DepH of Agricidture, Cape Town, 1900, pp. 19-34, Plates III-IV. (Heartwater and Red water infection experiments with Amblyomma hebraeum, with notes on biology of this and other species : Hyal. aegyptium, Rhip. evertsi. Boo. decoloratus, Rhip. capensis, Ambl. devinm, Orn. savignyi, Argas persicus.) (V. 1900), Tick-heartwater experiment. Agi-ic. Journ., Cape Town, xvi. (11), 682-687, 3 Charts. (1900a), Notes on some South African Ticks. Proc. 12th Ann. Meeting of the Assoc, of Econ. Entomologists. Issued by U. S. DepH of Agric, Division of Entomology. Bidletin No. 26, n.s. Washington, pp. 41-48. (Amblyomma hebraeum, Hyal. aegyptium. Boo. decoloratus, Rhip. evertsi, Orn. savignyi^ Arg. persicus.) (1900b), Insect bites and the effects thereof. Canadian Entomologist, xxxil. 17-24. (Bites of ticks, not insects. Argas, Orn. savignyi or tampan.) 32 Bibliography of the Jxodoidea LOU Lounsbury, C. P. (1900 c), Tick-Hcartwater experiment. Report of the Gov't Entomologist for the year 1900. Cape of Good Hope Dep't of Agriculture^ Cape Town, 1901, pp. 12-22. (1900 d), Life-History of a Tick. Entomol. Netr.% Philadelphia, xi. 336-340. ( A mhlyomma hehrae iiiii.) (21. XI. 1901), Transmission of malignant jaundice of tlic dog by a species of tick. Agric. Journ., Cape Town, xix. 714-724 ; 10 pp., reprint. {Haemaphysalis leachi.) (1902), (Tick investigations) Tampan not associated with heartwater (p. 65)— Tick- Heart water investigations (pp. 2-4, 29-74) — Tick Malignant Jaundice investigations (pp. 4-9)— Tick, catching and destruction (pp. 3, 4, 49, 71), Pis. IV-VI. Report of the Gov't Entomologist for the year 1901, Cape of Good Hope DepH of Agric. Cape Town, 1902. (Tampan = On«?7Aoo?on<.. 200; nonsensical description.) MacKellar, W. M., and Hart, G. H. (1911), Eradicating cattle ticks in California. U. S. Bep't Agric, 26th Ann. Rep. Bur. Animal Industry for the year 1909, pp. 283-300, PL XV, Text-Figs. 7-10. (Eradication of Boophilus, the figures relate to dipping vats etc.) MacLeod, J. (1884 a), La structure de I'intestin antcrieur des arachnides (prel. note). Bidl. Acad. Belgiii^u', Annee Liii., 3 ser., viii. 377-396. Figures. [Brief notes re sucking apparatus of Argas."[ (1884 b), Recherches sur la structure et la signification de I'appareil respiratoire des Arachnides. Arch. d. Biol., v. (Cited by Samson, 1909, p. 233.) Mally, C. W. (IX. 1904), Notes on the so-called Paralysis Tick, Ixodes pilosus. Agric. Jouni., Cape Town, xxv. 291-296, repr. 8 pp., no figs. Manson, P. (1903), Tropical Diseases. A Manual of the Diseases of Warm Climates. 3rd ed. Cassell and Co., London, 756 pp. {Be Ornithodorus moubata see pp. 713, 714.) (1908), Tropical Diseases. A Manual of Diseases of AVarm Climates. Loudon : Cassell and Co., Ltd., 876 pp. (Ticks described, pp. 202-205 and figm'ed on coloured PI. IV : Boophilus (? annulatus) 5, Ixodes ricinus 9 [both gorged], Or7i. moubata, A. persicus, all in dorsal aspect.) Manteufel, P. (1909), Ueber den gegenwiirtigen Stand unserer Kenntnis von der Bedeutung der Arthropoden als Uebertriiger von Infektionskrankheiten bei Wirbelthieren. Zoolog. Zerdralbl., xvi. Nr. 2/3, pp. 41-81. (Arachnoidea, pp. 52-63, a review of the literature on disease-transmission by ticks etc.) see Schuberg. Marchoux, E. see Borrel. Marchoux, E., and Salimbeni, A. (IX. 1903), La Spirillose des Poules. Ann. de I'liist. Pasteur, xvii. 569-580, repr. Marescaux, 0. (1903), How to get rid of ticks on cattle. [Abstr. from Proc. Jaraaica Agric. Soc, Feb. 21st.] Agric. News, Barbados (24), ii., Mar. 14th, p. 88. Mariano, M. (1902), Di una nuova specie di acaro dell' ordine dei Metastigmata, gen. Argas {Argas andresi n. s^.). 6 pp. Camerino. (1904), Idem (i). Zool. Anz., Leipzig, xxvii. (22), June 28th, 704-706. [MS. dated June, 1902.] Marlatt, C. L. (H. VIII. 1899), A Californian Tick. Canadian Entomologist, p. 229, repr. {Argasi found in Santa Lucia Mts.) Marotel, G. (1906), Le role des tiques dans la propagation des piroplasmoses et des spirochetoses. Etat actuel de la question. Journ. de me'd. vet. et zootech., Lyon, June 30th, pp. 349-362, Figs. 1-5. Martin, J. (1895), Sur une nouvelle espfece d'lxodidae du Congo, Amblyomma quantini. Ann. d. sci. nat., Paris, Zool. (1894), 7 s., xviii. 267-278, PI. XIV, Figs. 1-11. { = Ambl. splendidum Giebel.) Martini, E. (1904), Insekteu als KrankheitsUbertrager. Moderne iirztliche Bibliothek, Heft 11, 25 Figs., 39 pp. Berlin: Leonhard Simion Nf. [A brief review, contains nothing original about ticks; the latter mentioned on pp. 31-35.] 36 I i Bibliography of the Ixodoidea MAR-MAY Martini, E. (1907), Ueber die llimlerzeckeu Schaiituug.s und ihre Beziehungeii zu deu dortigen Piroplasmosen. Arch. f. lichiffs- u. Tropen-Ht/g., xi. 740-743. (Found Piroplasma bovis and Theileria parva in cattle, P. canis in dogs. Booph. annulatus, Ilyal. acgyptium, Haem. neumanni found on cattle.) Martiny (1854), Naturyeschichte der fiir die Heilkuade wiclUiyen Tluere. (P. 436, Zecken, Fani. Ixodidae, including 2 genera: Argus and Ixodes. Cit. Pagenstecher, 18G1, p. 15.) Martius, see Spix. Marx, G. (1892 a), Notes on the Classification of the Ixodidae. Proc. Eatomol. Soc. Washington, II. 232-236. (Cynorhoestea proposed as a Sub-order of Acarina to include all ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae, Eschatocephalidae, Haemalastoridae, Rhipistomidae) under 2 groups : Catastomata, Antistornata.) (1892b), On the morphology of the ticks. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington, II. 271-287. (Historical sketch re Antistornata; larvae, adults, detailed morphology.) (1894 and 1895), {Amhlyomma tuberculatum, n.sp.). Insect Life, vi. No. 4. (1895), Obituary Notice of his Work. Plate illustrating following species published in connection with obituary, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. iii. pp. 195- 201 : Rhynohopnon spinosum { = Ornithodorus megnini, nymph), Oraithodonis americanus { = 0. megnini, adult), Argas americanus. Marzinowski, E. J., and Bielitzer, A. W. (1909), Piroplasmose des Pferdes in Russland und die Rolle der Zecke Dermacentor reticulatus bei ihrer Verbreitung. Zeitschr. f. Hyg. u. Infektionskr., LXiii., pp. 17-33, Pis. II-VII repr. (Pis. II-III of Z). reticulatus, egg, larva, ^ and ^, very poor.) Maskell, W. M. (1885), On a parasite of the penguin. Trans, and Proc. New Zealand Institute, 1884 (is.sued V. 1885), xvii. 19-20, PI. VIII, Figs. 12-14. {Ixodes eudyptidis Maskell.) (20. I. 1897), On some tick-parasites of the Kiwi ^Apteryx mantelli, Apt. australis]. Trans, and Proc. New Zealand Institute, xxix. 290-293, PI. XVII. {Ixodes apteritidis and Ixodes aptericola Maskell.) Massey, A. Y. (1905), Spirillosis in Portuguese West Africa. Journ. Trop. Med., VIII. 225. (Describes a case of spirochaetosis in man.) Mauldin, C. E. see Newell. Mayer, A. (1904), The Cattle Tick problem. [Letter to the editor.] Breeder's Gaz., Chicago, XL VI. p. 129. (1905), Total eradication of the fever -transmitting tick from the pastures of the South. [Letter dated Apr. 20th, in Morgan, H. A. (1905).] Bull. Agric. Exper. Sta., Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville, xviii. p. 10. • (1906), The cattle tick in its relation to southern agriculture. U. S. DepH Agric, Farmers' Bull, No. 261, pp. 1-22, reprint. (Essay of a general character.) Mayer, M. see Fiilleborn. Mayo, N. S. (1897), Texas fever. Bull. No. 69, Kanms Agric. Exp. Sta., pp. 124-134. (Cited in bibb by Salmon and Stiles 1901 ; stated by Hooker 1908 b to have published a paper "Some diseases of cattle" Ibid, in which he confirmed the observation by Morgan (1899, p. 134) that Amblyomma americanum does not convey piroplasmosis.) 37 ( Blhllofjraphy of the Ixodoidea mcc MEG McCulloch, C. (1899), The prevention of Texas cattle fever and the amended laws controUing contagious and infections diseases. Virginia Ayr. Exp. iita., Bull. 104, pp. 167-180, 1 pL (H. and H. bibl.) McFarland, J. (1910), Biology : General and Medical. Philadelphia and London : W. B. Saunders Co. 440 pp., IGO Figs. (Pp. 317-320 brief reference to ticks ; Fig. 113 of Orn. monbata, very bad. Nothing original.) Meaden, C. W. (1893), Ticks on an Iguana. Trinidad Field Club, I. 222. Meek, A. (1897), On Louping-IU and its connection with the Tick. Veterinarian, LX.x. 698-709. Meek and Greig-Smith (V. 1897), (Regarding ticks and louping-ill in sheep). Veterinarian (cit. Nuttall, 1899, p. 42). M^gnin, P. (1867), Note sur un nouvel Ixode, parasite du Cheval. IJ Insectologie agricole, I. 107, PI. IV. {Ixodes pustularum; translation of this in Murray, 1877, p. 191.) (I. 1868), La famille des Ixodes. Journ. de me'd. vete'r. milit., vi. 423. (1876), Presentation d'un parasite colossal de I'ordre des Acariens et du genre Ixodes. Bull, de la Soc. centr. de me'd. vete'r. Rec. de me'd. ve'te'r., iii. 831. {Ixodes africanus 'Megnm ==■ Hyalomma uegyptium (Linn.). Cit. Neumann.) (1876 a), Memoire sur I'organisation et la distribution zoologique des acariens de la Famille des Gamasides. Journ. de I'Anat. et de la Physiol., Paris, xil., May-June, pp. 288-336, Pis. VII, VIII. (1876 b), Presentation d'oeufs pondus par I'ixode recueilli sur un bceuf d'Afrique. Rec. de me'd. vet., Paris, Aug. 30th, p. 985. . (1876 c). Note sur la faculte qu'ont certains acariens avec ou sans bouche de vivre sans noiurriture pendant des phases entiferes de leur existence et meme pendant toute leur vie. Journ. d'Anat. et de Physiol., xii. 603-606. [Nymphal forms of Ixodidae, etc., " without mouths " live on stored nutriment.] (1878), Presentation d'lxodes recueillis sur des bceufs algeriens et maroccains. Bull. Soc. Entomol. France, 5 s., viii,, pp. xci, xcii. (Copulation etc.) (1880 a), Les Parasites et les Maladies Parasitaires chez Vhomme, les animaux domestiques et les animaux sauvages avec lesquels ils peuvent etre en contact; in- sectes, arachnides, crustace's, pp. 478, Figs. 65, Pis. XXVI, 8°, Paris. (Ticks: pp. 106-136, 322, 344, 363, 403, 422.) (1882), Experience sur Taction nocive des Argas de Perse. Compt. rend. Soc. de Biol., Paris, Ser. 7, iv. 305-307. (1885), Les Argas du Mexique. Journ. de VAnat. et de la Physiol., Paris, xxi., 460-474, Pis. XX, XXI, Figs. 1-10. (1888), Ixodiden. Encyd. d. ges. Thierh. u. Thierzacht (Koch), Wien u. Leipzig, V. 198-200, Figs. 902-903. (1892), Les Acariens Parasites. {Encyclopedic Scientifique des Aide-memoire.) Paris: Gauthier-Villars et Fils. 40 Figs., 182 pp., 12». {See pp. 25-67: Chapter ii., " Famille des Ixodides.") (1895a), Les parasites articides chez Vhomme et les animaux utiles {maladies qu'ils occasion nent). 2. ed. des parasites et maladies parasitaires, augmeutee d'un appendice sur les parasites des cadavres. 2 vols., 1 p. 1., 510 pp. ; atlas, 1 p. 1., 26 1., 26 pp., 8°. Paris : G. Masson. (Cit. Index Catal. Surgeon (JeneraVs Libr., Washington, vol. x. 1905.) 38 Blbliograpliy of the Ixodoylea meg meu Mdgnin, P. (16. X. 1895), Snr les preteiidn.s rnloH pathogbniques des Tiques on Ixodes. Bull, de I'Acad. de Med., xxxiv. 3') 4 369, Fig.s. A-J. (10. I. 1903), Du role des Tiques ou Ixodes dans la propagation des Firoi)laH- nifi.sos. C. It. Soc. Biologie, LV. 4-6, also (rev.) Bull. Inst. Panteur, i. 35. (1903), Un dernier mot sur le role des Ixodes dans la propagation dt-s l)iroi)lasmosos. C. R. Soc. de Biol., lv. 147-148. [Discussion, p. 149.] (7. II. 1903), Encore un mot sur la biologie des Ixodes. C. R. Soc. de Biol., LV., Feb. 13th, 175-176. [Discussion, p. 176.] (1904), Sur la biologic des tiques. Journ. de VAnat. et Physiol., xl. 569. see Laboulb^ne. M^gnin, P., and Laboulb^ne (1882), Sur les Argas de Perse. Compt. Rendus Soc. Biol., Paris, Sir. 7, iv. p. 577. {See full paper under Laboulbbne and Megnin.) Meikle, J. (I. 1905), [Dipping cattle for ticks.] [Address before Farmers' Conference, Salisbury, Nov. 7th, 1904.] Rhodesian Agric. Journ., Salisbury, Suppl., 12-13. Melvin, A. D. (1905), Report of the Chief of the Bureau for the Fiscal Year ended June 30, 1905. U. S. Dept. Agric., 22nd Antinal Report of the Bureau of Animal Indx(,stry, Washington, D.C., j>p. 9-48. (P. 16, regarding tick extermi- nation, mention of Boophilus annulatus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus.) (1906), Report of the Chief of the Bureau for the Fiscal Year ended June 30, 1906. U. S. Dept. Agric., 2Zrd Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D.C., pp. 9-63. (Sec j^p. 23, 28, 46 regarding tick eradication; also later parts of the report, viz. pp. 101-112; also pp. 339-346 regarding quarantine regulations against Texas Fever.) (1906 a). How to get rid of cattle ticks. (J. S. Dept. Agric, Bur. Animal Industry, circular 97, pp. 1-4, 1 PI. ("Deals with the hand-picking and greasing, the tie-rope or picketing, and the two-tield methods." Cit. H. and H. bibl.) (1907), Report of the Chief of the Bureau for the Fiscal Year ended .June 30, 1907. U. S. Dept. of Agric, 2Ath Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D.C., pp. 9-84. (See pp. 10, 15, 23-25, 56 regarding cattle tick eradication and quarantine measures; also pp. 421, 424, 433, 451, 452, 458, 462, 463 regarding regulations against Tevas Fever.) (1908), Report of the Chief of the Bureau for the Fi.scal Year ended June 30, 1908. U. S. Dept. of Agric, 2^th Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D.C., pp. 9-81. (States p. 12 that during less than 3 years 64,000 square miles of land in the Southern States have been cleared of cattle ticks. See further pp. 22, 48, 53 also in relation to Texas Fever. Pp. 434, 462 regulations against Texas Fever.) Merriman, G. sec Nuttall. Messenger, E. H. (1904), Poultry ticks. Queensland Agric. Journ., Brisbane, xi. (2), Aug. 1st, p. 114. Meuleman, E. (VIII-IX. 1908), Le role des Ixodes dans la propagation des maladies contagieuses. Ann. de Med. Veterin. (Bruxelles), reprint 22 pp. (Causerie faite a la Soc. de Med. Veterin. du Brabant le 10 mai 1908.) (Nothing original.) (1908), Le role des Ixodes etc. Ann. Soc. zool. malacol. Belgique, XLiii. 149-166. 39 I BibUograjjJi}/ of the Ixodoidea MEZ-MON Mezincescu, D., and Calinescu, J. (1909), Spirillose des ponies et Anjas persicus en Koumanic. BuU. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, ii. 292. Michael, A. D. (1883), British Orihatidae, Vol. i., p. 5. (Mentions Ixodidae incidentally ; qxioted regarding classification. Vol. ii. published 1887. London: Royal Society.) (1892), [Discussion on Lewis's paper before the Royal Micr. Soc.]. Journ. It. Micrnsc. Soc, 1892, p. 446. (V. 1892), Ticks. XaUiral Science [London and New York], i. 200-204, 3 Text-Fig.s. (Figs., after Canestrini and Pageustecher, poorly reproduced.) (1903), Remarks upon specimens of ticks of the genus Ixodes. [Secretary's abstr. of pa}»er read Feb. 28th.] Proc. Zool. Soc. London, (12), p. 177L Miessner, see Kossel. Miller, W. McN. (1895), Texas Ccxttle fever. Bull. No. 31, Nevada Agric. Exp. Sta., pp. 11. (S. and S. bibl.) Milne, A. D. see Ross. Milne Edwards, see Dug^s, A. L. Milner, E. (1858), De animalibus animalium parasitis novoque eorum genere isopodorum ordini adscrihendo, In. Diss., pp. 30, Bonnae. (S. and S. bibl.) Mingazzini (1898), Zoologia medica, pp. 245-249. {A. reflexus, cit. Huber, 1899, p. 16.) Miyajima, K. see Shibayama. Modder, E. E. (1907), The transmission of yaws by ticks. Journ. Trop. Med. and Hug., (a) 1 June, p. 187, and (b) 15 Nov., p. 361. (Believes " Lvodes bovis" transmits yaws from diseased to healthy cattle. Ticks prevalent in native huts together with framboesia. Brings no proof whatever in support of the hypothesis. The second paper is perhaps as worthless as the first.) Mohler, J. R. (1905), Texas Fever (otherwise known as Tick Fever, Splenetic Fever, or Southern Cattle Fever), with methods for its prevention. U. S. DepH Agricxdt., Bureau Animal Industry, Washington. Bulletin No. 78, 48 pp., 3 coloured plates (of ticks) and 3 Text- Figures. (Describes .symptoms, pathology, treatment and methods of tick destruction. Pp. 13-15 brief description of B. anmdatus, D. reticidatus, D. elect as, Ambl. americanum, I. ricinus, I. hexa- gonus, Argus persicus (miniatus), Orn. 7negni?ii, all of which are figured in the coloured plates.) (1906 a), Texas or tick fever and its prevention. CS. Dep't Agricult., Farmers^ Bull. No. 258, pp. 1-46, Figs. 1-6. (Condensed re-edition of the preceding. Cit. H. and H. bibliogr.) MoUers, B. (XII. 1907), Experimentelle Studien liber die Uebertragung des Ruckfall- fiebers durch Zecken. Ztschr. f. Hyg. u. Infektionskr., Lviir. 277-286. Moniez, R. (1896), Traite de Parasitologie, pp. 499-509. (Refers especially to A. refiexus, mentions other Argasidae; cited in Huber, bibl., 1899, Heft 2 and 1900, Heft 4.) (1896), Traite de Parasitologie animale et vegetale appliquee a la Me'decine. 8", Paris, VIII. -1-680 pp. (Divides the family Ixodides into 2 genera : Argas ?in6. Lvodes, which he states (p. 488) have been sub-divided into several sub-genera. Ticks also mentioned on p. 496. Moniez contributes nothing to the subject and only confuses the nomenclature. We are indebted to Prof. Neumann for an abstract from the worthless original.) 40 Bibliography of the Jxodoidea MON-MOT Montagu, G. (1808), An account of the larger and lesser species of horse-shoe bats etc. Trans. Linnean Soc, London, ix. 162-173. (Original description of Acari on bats useless. Leach, ibid. 1815, xr. p. 399, says the Acari were I.vodea pari Leach 1815 ; there is nothing to prove this beyond Leach's statement.) Moore, F. W. J. (1895), Not scab in Australia but ticks. Agric Journ., Cape Town, VIII. (15), July 25th, 380-381. Moquin-Tandon (1860), Elements de Zoologie me'dicale. (Cited by older authors re ticks and in Hubcr's bibliography, 1900, Heft 4.) (1861), Elements of Medical Zoology, translated and edited by Robert Thomas Hulme, pp. 423, Figs. 124, London. (S. and S. bibl.) Morgan, H. A. (1894), Report of the Entomologist. Bidl. No. 28, s. 2, Louisiana Agric. Exp. ^ta., pp. 982-1005, Figs. 1-8. (S. and S. bibl.) (1899a), Ticks and Texas Fever. Bvll. No. 56, ser. 2, Louisiana Agric. Exp. Sta., pp. 128-141, Pis. I-IX. (1903a), How can we exterminate the cattle tick? Proc. Louisiana State Agric. Soc. and Stockbreeders' Assn., 1903, pp. 77-79. ("Emphasizes the necessity for cooperation among the farmers." H. and H. bibliogr.) (1903b), The cattle-tick situation. Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci., 1903, pp. 72-74. (Notes are given on the life-history of the tick. H. and H. bibl.) (1905), The Texas Fever Cattle Tick Situation and the Eradication of the Tick by a Pasture Rotation System. Bull. Agric. Exper. Sta., Louisiana State University and A. and M. College, s. 2, No. 82, 1 Fig., 15 pp. — .- (I. 1905), Texas fever cattle tick : Pasture methods of eradication. Bull. Agric. Exper. Sta., Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville, xviii. 10 pp., 3 Figs. [Letter from Mayer, A., p. 10.] (1. VI. 1906), Cattle tick extermination : Feed-lot and pasture rotation methods. Press Bull. 23, Agric. Exper. Sta., Univ. Tennessee [n.p.], [4] pp., 8 Figs., 1 Map. see Dalrymple. Mosler, F., and Peiper, E. (1894), Thierische Parasiten, 1st ed., in Nothnagel's Specielle Pathol, u. Therapie, vi. 345 pp., 124 Figs., 8°. Wien : Alfred Holder. (Pp. 320-322 brief mention of ticks, nothing original, including two figures. See note to 2nd ed.) (1904), Tierische Parasiten, 2nd ed., 376 pp., 162 Figs. Wien : Alfred Holder. (Brief reference to Ticks on pp. 344-346 ; one Fig. of Argas reflexus after Pagenstecher ; contains nothing original except that a Fig. (No. 140) of Ixodes ricinus after Kuchenmeister is described in the legend as Dermanyssus gallinae ! This correct in the 1st ed., p. 320.) Mosquera, B. see Palacios. Mosso (14. I. 1899), Pouvoir anticoagulant de V Ixodes ricinus. La Presse Me'dicale, (4), (Soc. etrangferes), p. 20. Review in Rec. d. med. vet., ser. 8, vi. p. 181. Motas (read 27. XII. 1902), La piroplasmose ovine, "Car§eag." Comptes Rendus Soc. de Biol, Liv. 1522-1524 (1903). (25. IV. 1903), Sur le role des Tiques dans le developpement de la piropla.smose ovine (Car9eag). 2nd note. C. R. Soc. Biologie, LV. 501-504. (1904), Contribution a I'etude de la Piroplasmose ovine (Car§eag). Arhiva Veterinara, Bucharest, 7 Figs., 50 pp. repr, [RhipicephaliLs bursa transmits Piroplasma ovis.) N. I. 41 6 i Biblioffraph}/ of the Ixodoidea MOT NEU Motas (II. 1905), Transmission exin'rimeiitalo, do la Piroplasmoso l^oviiic par les Tiqucs. Arhiva Veterinara, Bucharost, ir. 2 p}). (cutting). see Nocard. Moufetius, T. (1634), Insectonim sive minimorum animalium tlieatram, pp. 20 + 328, with many tigs., London, fol. (De ricino et reduvio, pp. 271-273 ; l.e.r.) Miiller, Joh. (1831), Ixodes ophiophihis, eine none Zeckenart, auf ciner Schlange gefunden, und I)eschrieben. Nova Acta Pki/s.-Med. Acad. Caesar. Lcop.-Carol. Naturae Curios., Vratislaviae et Bonnae, xv. 233-242, PI. LXVII, Figs. 1-5. (Undeterminable species, possibly an Aponomma.) Miiller, P. W. J. (1817), Bemerkungen iiber einige Insekten ; (4) Ueber die Begattung und Fortpflanzung der Ixoden. Magazin der Entomologie, ii. I)p. 278-289. (Cited by Gene 1844; also in transl. of Gene 1849, p. 6, also by Pagenstecher 1861, p. 8: refers to copulation in Ixodes.) Muriay, A. (1877), Economic Entomology ; Aptera, i. pp. iii.-x.xiii., 3-433, with numerous text-figures. London : Chapman and Hall (South Kensington Museum Science Handbooks). {See Ixodoidea, pp. 180-204, 28 F'igs., of which 9 appear original (?) ; all poor however and mostly copied from C. L. Koch, 1847.) Ndgre, see Laveran. Nelson, J. C. (1897), Crude petroleum for ticks. [Letter to editor, dated ]May 20th.] Agrv: Journ., Cape Town, x. (12), June 10th, 697-698. Neumann, 0. J. see Kramer. Neumann, L. G. (1888), Traitedes maladies parasitaires non-microhiennes des animaux doinestiques, pp. 673, Figs. 306. Paris. (1892a), Traite' des maladies parasitaires non-microbiennes des animaux domes- tiques, 2. ed., pp. 767, Figs. 364. Paris. (1892b), A treatise on the parasites and parasitic diseases of the domesticated animcds, pp. 800, Figs. 364. (1896), Revision de la famille des Ixodides. I. Argasines. Mem. Soc. ZooL de France, ix. pp. 1-44, Figs. 1-36. (1897), Revision de la famille des Ixodides. (2*^ memoire.) Mem. Soc. Zool. de France, x. 324-420, Figs. 1-4"). (1899 a), Revision de la famille des Ixodides. (3" memoire.) Mem. Sue. ZooL de France, Xll. 107-294, Figs. 1-63. (1899b), Anomalies d'lxodides. Arch, de Parasitol., Paris, ii. 463-465, Figs. 1, 2. (1900), Notice sur la collection d'lxodidae de M. C. G. Schillings (Weiherhof, Giirzenich bei Diiren), 4 pp., 8", Toulouse. (Cited by Neumann, 1907, p. 16. Impossible to procure, Neumann himself does not possess a copy and a letter of mine to Schillings remains unanswered. Privately printed and all the copies sent to Schillings.) (1901), Revision de la famille des Ixodides. 4« Memoire. Mem. Soc. Zool. de France, xiv. 249-372, 18 Figs. (1902a), Notes sm- les Ixodides, I. .1/r/;. de Parasitol, vi. 109-128, 6 Text- Figs. (1902 b), Note sur une collection d'Ectoparasites recueillis en Abyssinie par M. le Baron C. von Erlanger. Arch, de Parasitol., vi. 293, 294. (Of ticks there are listed species of Amblyomma, Uaemaphysalis and Rhipicephalus.) 42 6—2 I Bibllographff of the Ixodoidea neu Neumann, L. G. (1902 c), Sur Li transmission des maladies microbiennes par les Ixodides. Arch, lue'd. de Toulouse, viii. 457; 481. (1903), Acariens parasites. Result. Voyage Delgica ZooL, 6 pp. {Ixodes put us.) (1904), Notes sur les Ixodides, II. Arch, de FarasitoL, viii. 444-464, 2 Text-Figs. (1905), Notes sur les Ixodides, III. A}-ch. de Parasitol., ix. 225-241. (1905 a), A Treatise on the Parasites and Parasitic Diseases of the Domesticated Animals. Translated by G. Fleming. 2nd ed. revised and edited by J. Maqueen. 900 pp., 365 illustrations. London: Bailli^re, Tindall and Cox. 22 X 15cm. Price 21/- net. Cloth. (1906), Notes sur les Ixodides, IV. Arch, de Parasitologic, x. 195-219, 17 Figs. (X. 1906 Date of MS.), Note XVI. Ixodide nouveau de I'Australie Amhlyomma alboliiiihatum, n.sp. Notes from the Leyden Museum, xxviii. 218-220, 1 Text- Fig, reprint. (1907), Notes sur les Ixodides, V. Arch, de Parasitologic, xi., pp. 215-232, Figs. 1-14. (4 n. spp. : Rhipicephalus (2), Margaropus, Argas.) (1907 a), Ixodidae. Wisseiischaftliche Ergehnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen E.v'peditioii nach dem Kilimandjaro, clem Meru und den umgehenden Massai- steppen Deutsch-Ostafnkas 1905-1906 unter Leitung von Prof. Dr. Yngve Sjostedt, pp. 18-30. Herausg. v. d. Konigl. Schwed. Akad. d. Wiss. Uppsala, 1907. {Ixodes ugandanus djaronensis now suhsp., Rhipicephalus si7nus planics nov. subsp., Dermaeentor rhinocerotis perraaculatus nov. subspec. and known species.) (II. 1907), Description of two new species of African Ticks. Annals of Trop. Med. and Parasitol. (Univ. of Liverpool), I. 115-120, Figs. 22-25. (V. 1907), Note XI, Quatre nouvelles espfeces d'lxodides. JVotes from the Leyden Museum, xxix. 88-100, 7 Figs. (XII. 1907), Note sur les Ixodidae recueillis dans les lies de I'ocean Indien par M. J. Stanley Gardiner. Trans. Linn. 8oc., London, 2 ser., Zoology, xii. 193- 194. {Ambly omnia locidosum n. sp.) (III. 1908), Notes sur les Ixodides, VI. Arch. d. Parasitologic, xii. 1-27, 16 Figs. (VI. 1908), A new variety of Ixodes pilosus (Koch). Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Africa, I. 125 (published VII. 1909). (/. pilosus var. howardi.) (VII. 1908), Notes sur les Ixodides, VII. Notes from the Leyden Museum, XXX. 73-91, Figs. 1-10. (1908 a), Description d'une nouvelle esp^ce d'lxodine. Bull, du Mus. d'hist. nat., Paris, No. 7, pp. 352-356, Figs. 1-2 {Rhipicephalus sulcatus n.sp., c? ? ). (1908 b), A new species of tick from the Transvaal. Ann. Transvaal Mus., I. 170-172, PI. VII, Figs. f-i. {Rhipicentor vicinus n.sp. = ^. nuttalli Cooper and Robinson.) (1909), Le pou ^Orycteropus- afer et une nouvelle sous-espbce 6!Ainblyomma. Jahrb. d. Nassau. Ver. f. Naturk. in Wiesbadoi, Jahrg. 62, reprint 6 pp., 1 PI. (P. 6 Amblyomma hebraeum magnum, n. subsp., not figured.) (1910), Sur quelques esp^ces d'lxodidae nouvelles ou insuffisamment connues. Ann. d. Sci. nat. ZooL, 9 ser., pp. 161-176, Figs. 1-12. 43 i Bihliograpliy of the Ixodoidea neu-NIT Neumann, L. G. (VIII. 1910), Sur trois types d'lxodiiiae de Kolenati apparteiiant ail Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Bull, du Mus. d'hist. nat., 1910, No. 4, p. 191. Neveu-Lemaire, M. (1904), Purasitologie animale, 2nd ed. {Precis de Me'decine, No. 1), 218 pp., 301 Te.\t-Figs. Paris : F. R. de Rudeval. (Ixodoidea: 151-157, 4 Figs. ; none original.) Newell, W. (v. 1907), A simple plan of eradicating the Cattle Tick by the Pasture Rotation Method. State Crop Pent Commission of Louisiana, Circular No. 14, 4 pp. (1. VII. 1907), Regidations of the State Crop Pest Commission of Louisiawx for facilitating eradication of the Texas Fever Cattle Tick in Lincoln and Claiborne Parishes. 12 pp. Baton Rouge, La. Newell, W., and Dougherty, M. S. (1906), The Cattle Tick. Studies of the Egg and Seed Tick stagi'S. A simple method of eradicating the Tick. State Crop Pest Commission of Louisiana, Circular No. 10, 32 pp., 8 Figs. Baton Rouge, La. Newell, W., and Mauldin, 0. E. (I. 1908), Report upon the eradication of the cattle tick in Lincoln and Claiborne parishes. State Crop Pest Commission of Louisiana, Circ. No. 21, 4 pp. reprint. New South Wales (1896), Intercolonial Stock Conference. Report of the Proc. of the Meeting of E.cperts held in August, \89G. Pp.17. (32 x 20 cm.) Sydney : Chas. Potter, Gov't Printer. Newstead, R. (XI. 1905), On the External Anatomy of Grnithodorus moubata. Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Memoir xvii. pp. 21-26, 1 Map, Pis. I-IV. (30. XII. 1905), On the pathogenic Ticks concerned in the distribution of disease in man, with special reference to the differential characters in Ornitho- dorus moubata. Brit. Med. Journ., pp. 1695-1697; also Lancet, CLXix. pp. 365- 385. (1906), Insects and ticks in relation to animal diseases. Vet. Journ., London, LXli. (xiil. n.s.) 428-430. (1909), Reports of the twenty-first expedition of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Jamaica, 1908-1909. Section I. Medical and Economic Entomology. Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasitol., lii. 421-469, PI. XIII-XV, 2 Text-Figs. (IV. 1910), Tick and other blood-sucking Arthropoda of Jamaica. Bulletin of the Dep't of Agriculture, Jamaica, i. 145-175, Pis. 41-49. Nicolle, C, and Comte, C. (1905), Sur le role possible de Uyalomma aegyptium, dans I'affection hemo-gregarinienne de Testudo mcmritanica. C. R. Sac. Biol., Lvni. 1045. Niles, E. P. (1897), The cattle tick in Virginia. Bull. No. 76, Virgina Agric. Exp. Sta., n. s., VI., pp. 45-50 ; also Southern Planter, pp. 326, 327. (S. and S. bibl.) (1898 b), A preliminary study of ticks. Bull. Xo. 86, Virginia Agric. E.vp. Sta., U.S., VII., pp. 25-30, Pis. 4. (S. and S. bibl.) Nitsch (1818), Article "Acarina" in Ersch and Gruber's Encyclopaedic, s. 1, Vol. i. 246 et seq. (Follows Latreille, the Riciniae including two genera, Ixodes and Argas. Cit. Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 9.) 44 Bibliography of the Txodoidea NOC-NUT Nocard, E. (lO. X. 1901), Discussion following communication by Almy, q.v. (1902), Sur la frequence en France et sur le diagnostic de la piroplasmose canine. Bull, de la Soc. centr. de med. veter., \). 716 (rev. by Ch. Porcher in Centralbl. f. Bakteriol, 190.3, xxxiri. 412). Nocard and Almy (28. III. 1901), Une observation de piroplasmose canine. Recueil de med. ve'ter., 8 ser., T. viii. 1901, including (Annexe) Bull, de la Soc. centr. de med. ve'ter., n.s., T. xix. pp. 192-195. Nocard and Motas (IV. 1902), Contribution a I'etude de la piroplasmose canine. Annales de V Institut Pasteur, T. XVI. pp. 257-290 (Plates); also Bulletin de la Soc. centr. de med. veter., 8 s^r., ix. pp. 253-283, 2 Figs. Seance du 1 Mai, 1902. Nordenskiold, E. (31. I. 1905), Zur Anatomic und Histologic von Ixodes reduvius. Zool. Anzeiger, xxviil. 478-485, 7 Text-Figs. (1906 a), Zur Anatomic und Histologic von Ixodes reduvms (concl.). Zool. Anzeiger, xxx. 118, 8 Figs. (This and the preceding paper are preliminary notes to Nordenskiold, 1908, q.v.) (1906b), Bin eigenartiges Driisensystem bei Ixodes. Zool. Anzeiger, xxx. 484. (1908), Zur Anatomic und Histologic von Ixodes reduoius. Zool. Jahrh., 1908, pp. 637-672, 2 Text-Figs., 3 Plates. (Important.) (13. VII. 1909), Zur Spermatogenese von Ivodes reduvius. Zool. Anzeiger, XXXIV. 511-51G, 10 Text-Figs. (5. X. 1909), Zur Ovogenese und Entwickelungsgeschichte von Ixodes reduvius. Zool. Anzeiger, xxxv. 30-35, 4 Text-Figs. (1909 c), Zur Anatomic und Histologic von Ixodes reduoius, II. Zool. Jahrh., 1909, pp. 449-464, PI. XXX. (Important.) Nordlinger (1855), Die kleinen Feinde der Landwirthschaft, p. 20. (Brief mention of ticks on grass, attack man and animals, notes branching intestine. Cit. Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 15.) Norgaard, V. A. (1897), Dipping cattle for destruction of ticks. \1th Ann. Rep. Bur. Animal Industry, U. S. Dep't Agric, 1895. Washington, 1897. (Cit. Nuttall, 1899.) (1898), Cattle dipping, experimental and practical. U. S. DepH Agricidt., Yearbook, 1898, pp. 453-472. (Experiments, principally with saturated solutions of sulphur in extra dynamo oil.) (H. and H. bibl.) Notter and Firth. (1908), The Theory and Practice of Hygiene. 3rd ed., 993 pp. London: Churchill. (Pp. 606-609 deal briefly with ticks. Plate XIII, Text- Figs. 125, 126. Contains no original matter.) Nuttall, Gr. H. F. (1898), Neuere Untersuchungen iiber Malaria, Texasfieber und Tsetsefliegenkrankheit. Hygienische Rundschau, viii. 1084-1103, 1137. (Ticks in relation to piroplasmosis, p. 1096.) (1899), On the role of insects, arachnids and myriajjods, as carriers in the spread of bacterial and parasitic diseases of man and animals. A critical and historical study. Johns Hopkins Hospital Reports, viii. 154 pages, 3 Plates. (1899), Die Rolle der Insekten, Arachniden und Myviapoden als Trager bei der Verbreitung von durch Bakterien und thierische Parasiten verursachten Krankheiten des Menschen und der Thiere. Eine kritisch-historische Studie. Hygienische Rundschau, ix. 209-220, 275-289, 393-408, 503-520, 606-620 (translation of the above). 45 \ Bibliography of the Ixodoidea nut Nuttall, G. H. F. (1900), Hole des Insectes, ties Arachnides et des Myrtapodes dans la transmission et la dissemination des maladies bact&iennes et parasitaires de Vliomme et des aniinau.v. fitude critique et historique. Traduit de I'anglais par le Dr Levrier, Mt'deoiu de Ire Classe des Colonies. 161 pp. Bordeaux: Iniprinierie du Midi, P. Cassignol (translation of the above). (1904), Canine Piroplasmosis, I. Jow?v?. of Hygiene^ iv. 219-257, PI. XII-XIII, 7 Charts. (Pp. 220 et seq. ticks in relation to piro[)lasniosis ; pp. 227 et seq. Haemaphysalis leachi, Plates XII-XIII, Figs. 1-7, photos of larva, nymph, female; experimental transmission of canine piroplasmosis by ticks.) (1905), Ticks and tick-transmitted diseases. (Paper read 9. xii. 1904.) Trans. Epidemiol. Soc, London, N.S., vol. xxiv., Session 1904-1905, pp. 12-32, 1 Map. (XII. 1907), Directions for the collection of bloodsucking Insects and other Arthropods concerned in disease transmission. Printed for the use of the Colonial Office, etc. Misc. No. 213, 6 pp. (London.) (VII. 1908), The Ixodoidea or Ticks. Journ. Roy. Inst. Puhl. Health, xvr. 385-403, 7 Figs., 1 Diagr. (original). Harben Lecture, I. (VIII. 1908), Spirochaetosis in Man and Animals. Jotirn. Roy. Inst. Publ. Health, xvi. 449-464. Harben Lecture, II. (Argasidae in relation to disease.) (IX. 1908), Piroplasmosis. Harben Lecture, III. Journ. Roy. Inst. Publ. Health, xvi. 513-526. (Ticks mentioned which transmit the disease.) (XII. 1910), New species of Ticks {Ixodes, Amblyomma, Rhipicephalus). Parasitology, ill. 408-416, 7 Figs. (28. II. 1911), The adaptation of ticks to the habits of their hosts. (Abstract of following paper ; read before the Cambridge Phil. Soc.) Cambr. Univ. Reporter, xli. 681 ; also Proc. Cambr. Philos. Soc, xvi. 189-190. (31. III. 1911), On the adaptation of Ixodoidea to the habits of their hosts. Paradtology, iv. 46-67, 26 Text-Figs. Nuttall, G. H. F., Cooper, W. F., and Robinson, L. E. (vi. 1908), The structure and biology of Haemaphysalis punctata, Can. and Fan. Parasitology, I. 152- 181, Plates XII-XVI, 9 Text-Figs. (X. 1908), On the structure of "Haller's Organ" in the Ixodoidea. Parasitology, I. 238-242, PI. XVIII, 1 Text-Fig. (XII. 1908), On the structure of the spiracles of a Tick— Haemaphysalis punctata Canestrini and Fanzago. (2 Plates.) Parasitology, i. 347-351. Nuttall, G. H. F., Cooper, W. F., and Smedley, R. D. (1905), The buccal apparatus of a Tick {Haemaphysalis punctata C. and F.). Repr. 2 pp. British Assoc, Adv. Sci., Meeting held in S. Africa. Nuttall, G. H. F., and Graham- Smith, G. S. (vii. 1905), Canine Piroplasmosis, II. Journ. of Hygiene, v. 237-249 (Plate IX) [followed by Graham-Smith, Canine Piroplasmosis, III., Morbid Anatomy (2 Charts and 2 Plates) ; Wright, Canine Piroplasmosis, IV., On certaui changes in the blood]. (1906), Canine Piroplasmosis, V. Journ. of Hygiene, vi. 586-651, Plates XI-XIII, 23 Text-Figs. (1907), Canine Piroplasmosis, VI. Journ. of Hygiene, vii. 232-272, Plates I-III, 14 diagrams. (VI. 1908), The mode of midtiplication of Pirophisma bovis and P. pitheci in the circulating blood compared with that of P. canis with notes on other 46 ^ Bihliographii of the Ixodoidea nut-OUD species of Piroplassma. (Plate XI, ami Diagrams T-IV.) Parasitologi/, i. 134-142. Nuttall, G. H. F., and Graham -Smith, G. S. (X. 1908), Notes on the Drug Treatment of Canine Piroplasmosis. Parasitology, I. 220-226. (X. 1908), The development of Piroplasma canis in culture. (Plate XIX, 1 Text-Fig.) Parasitology/, I. 243-260. (IX. 1909), Theileria parva: attempts at cultivation. Parasitology, il. 208-210. (IX. 1909), Note on attempts to infect the fox and jackal with Piroplasma canis. Parasitology, ii. 211-214. (IX. 1909), Note on immunity in canine piroplasmosis. Parasitology, ii. 215-228. Nuttall, G. H. F., and Hadwen, S. (VII. 1909), The successful drug treatment of canine piroplasmosis together with observations upon the eftect of drugs on Piroplasma canis. Parasitology, II. 156-191, 1 Text-Fig. (IX. 1909), Further experiments upon the drug treatment of canine piroplas- mosis. Parasitology, ll. 229-235. (IX. 1909), The drug treatment of piroplasmosis in cattle. Parasitology, ii. 236-266, 7 Charts. Nuttall, G. H. F., and Merriman, G. (1911), The process of copulation in Ornithodorus mouhata. Parasitology, iv. 39-45, 1 Text-Fig. Nuttall, G. H. F., and Strickland, C. (23. XI. 1908), The presence of anticoagulin in the salivary glands and intestine of Argas persicus. Parasitology, i. 302-310. Nuttall, G. H. F., and Warburton, C. (read 28. Xii. 1907, printed 1908), On a new genus of Ixodoidea together with a description of eleven new species of ticks. Proc. Camhr. Philos. Soc. xiv. 392-416, 45 Text-Figs, (genus Rhipicentor founded etc.). Nuttall, G. H. F., Warburton, C, Cooper, W. F., and Robinson, L. E. (X. 1908), Ticks. A Monograph of the Lxodoidea. Parti. The Argasidae. 104 pp. -f 35 pp. (Bibliography). 3 Plates, 116 Text-Figures. Nuttall, G. H. F. see Warburton. Oken (1818), Sogenannte giftige Wanze in Persien. Isis, 1818, pp. 1567-1570, PI. XIX, Figs. 1-4. (1835), Allgemeine Naturgoschichte, v. 662. (Brief reference to Zroc/es and Argas. Cit. Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 11.) Osbom, H. (1893), Methods of attacking parasites of domestic animals. Insect Life, Washington, vi. 163-166. (Measures against ticks on cattle; discussion.) (1896), Insects affecting domestic animals : an account of the species of importance in North America, with mention of related forms occurring in other animals. U. S. Dep't of Agricxdt., Division of Entomol., Bidletin No. 5, N.S. (Washington, D.C.), 302 pp., 5 Plates, 170 Figs. (1899), Fur Seals and Fur Seal Islands of the North Pacific Ocean, iii. 553. (Cited by Banks, 1908, p. 53, re /. arcticus Banks.) Oudemans, A. C. (l. III. 1905), Amblyomma scaevola nov. sp. Entomol. Berichten, No. 22, p. 216. 47 Bihliography of the Ixodoldea OUDPAL Oudemans, A. C. (1906), Amblyomma scaevola Oudms. in Resultats de V Expedition Srientifique Neerlandaine a la Nouvelle-Guime en 1903, sous les auspices de A. Wiclunann., Vol. v., Zoologie^ Livr. i. pp. 130-131. Packard, A. S. (1869), List of hymenopterou.s and lepidopterous insects collected by the Smith.sonian ex])editiou to South Amei'ica, under Prof. James Orton ; appendix to report on Articulates, Ann. Rept. Peahody Academy of Scienee, pp. 1-14. (Contains descriptions of following species of American forms : Ixodes perpunctatus^ unipunctata { = Amblyomma amcricanum), leporis-palustris {Flaemaphysalis), chordeilis, bovis { — Boop/nlus annidatus), bibronii, naponensis (S. A.), albipictus (N. A.), 7iigrolineatus, cookei. (H. and H. bibl.) ■ (1869 a), Report of the curator of Articulata. First Ann. Report Trustees Peabody Acad, of Sci., Jan., pp. 52-69. (S. and S. bibl.) (1869 b), Guide to the study of insects, and a treatise of those injurious and beneficial to crops : for the use of colleges, farm schools, and agriculturists, pp. vii + 702. Pis. XI, woodcuts 650, 8", Salem. (S. and S. bibl.) (1872), "Arachnida" in i\ S. Geological Survey of the Territories, etc., p. 740, Fig. 68. {Argas americanus : description reprinted by Osborn, 1896, p. 256.) (1873), Descriptions of new in.sects. Arachnida. Sixth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geolog. Survey of the Territories for 1872 (Hayden), pp. 740-741, Figs. 65-68. (1876), Guide to the study of insects and a treatise on those injurious and beneficial to crops etc., 5th ed. New York: H. Holt and Co. 715 pp., 15 PI., 672 Figs. (Ticks : pp. 661-663 ; Fig. 638 (poor) of /. albipictus Packard ; PI. XIII, Fig. 11 of /. unipunctata Packard.) (1893), Note on A. americanus. Insect Life, v. 267, 348. (1895), Note on the chicken tick {Argas americanus Pack.). Insect Life, vii, 417, 418. Pagenstecher, H. A. (1857), Verhandl. Ver. Heidelberg, i., p. 46. (Cited by author in Zeitschr. f. wiss. ZooL, xi. 119.) (1861), Beitrlige zur Anatomie der Milben, Heft 2, Ixodes ricinus. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 45 pp., 2 Pis., 35x27 cm. (Important. On pp. 2 et seq. the author gives extracts from classical literature relating to the earliest mention of ticks : we cite some of these in this bibliograjihy ; pp. 16 et seq. relate to detailed account of the structure and biology of /. ricinus (illustrated by plates) ; pp. 39 et seq. contain description of /. vulpis, I. ornithorhynchi, I. sturni, I. lacertae, I. ameivae.) (1861 a), Zur Kenutniss des Ixodes ricinus. Briefliche Mittheilungen an Herrn Prof, von Siebold. Zeitschr. f. vjiss. Zoologie, xi. 162-163. (ISQlh), [Argas re/le.vus.] Virchoio's Arch., xix. {x 457. (Cited by Pagenstecher, 1862.) (1861c), Zur Anatomie von Argas rejlexus. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zoologie, xi. 142- 155, PL XVI. Figs. 1-13. (1861 d), Ueber Argas reflexus. Heidlb. Jahrh. d. Literatur, Liv. 568-569. Palacios, G. D., and Mosquera, B. (1905), Tripanosomiasis y fiebre de Tejas. Laboratorio del Hospital Vargas (Caracas), Boletin No. 2, pp. 43-50. 48 I Blhliography of the Ixocloidea pal-PLA Pallas, p. S. (?1766), Spicilegia Zoologica, fasc. ix., p. 41, PI. Ill, Fig. 10. (Pafen- stecher, 1861, p. 6, states that this work was pubh"shed before 1767 ; Neumann gives the date at 1775, citing the author in relation to Amblyomma (?) aureolatum (Pallas).) {VIll), Naturgcscliichte merkwlirdigcr Thierc. Part 2, pp. 67 et seq. (Transla- tion of foregoing by Baldingcr ; cited by Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 6, who states that the author's three species : Aearusricinus^ reduvms and cardinalis, are one and the same species. A. grossus is also described. The descriptions too vague to be of any use.) Panzer, G. W. P. (1795), Faunae Insectorum Germankae Initia. (Fasc. 59, n. 23, Acarus frontalis Panzer; fasc. 90, n. 22, Acarus pliimbeus Panzer. Cited by C. L. Koch, 1844, p. 234.) Patton, W. S. (9. IV. 1910), Preliroinary Report on a new Piroplasm {Piroplasma gibsoni sp. nov.) found in the blood of Hounds of the Madras Hunt and subsequently discovered in the blood of the jackal (Cams aureus). Bidl. Soc. Pathol. E.votique, Paris, III. 274-280. {Haemaphi/salis bispinosa and Rhipice- phalus sp. found on jackal.) Pavesi, P. (1884), Aracnidi del regno di Scioa. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, xx. 102. (Cit. Neumann.) (1884), Materiali per lo studio della fjxuna tunisina. II. Aracnidi. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, xx. pp. 483-485. Peiper, E. see Hosier. P^ju, G. see Raj at. Perroncito, E. (1882), / Parassiti delV uomo e degli animali utili, p. 459. (See next title.) (1901), / Parassiti dell' uomo e degli animali utili e le pin commit malattie da essi prodotte. Profilassi e cura relativa, pp. 276, Text-Figs., 25 Plates. Milano : F. Vallardi. (Pp. 561-568 relate to ticks, 2 Figs., one after Gurlt, the other very similar to Blanchard's of A. persicus.) Perrucci, P. (1907), Osservazioni sulla malaria equina (piroplasmosi). Clin, vet., ]\[ilano, sez. scient. bimest., xxx. 159-185, Pis. I-II. (Inaccessible.) Petronius (about A.D. 60), Petronii Arbitrl fragmentum Tragurii repert. ed. 1663. (Latin citation in Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 3, which we translate freely: p. 40 " you see a louse on someone else, but can't see a tick (ricinum) on yourself.") Pickard-Cambridge, 0. (1878), An account of the Collections made in Kerguelen Land during the Transit of Venus Expedition (1874-1875). Zoology : Arachnida. In Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc., London, clxviii. 222, PI. XIIT, Fig. 4. {Ixodes pntus, nymph, described as Hyalomma puta^ (1889), On a new species of Haemaphysalis C. L. Koch, imported into England by Syrrhaptes 2}aradoxus. Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., London, in., 6th Ser., p. 406, 2 Text-Figs. {Haemaphysalis peregrinus, badly descrilied, types lost, imdeterininable.) Planchon, L. (1895), Observations sur la resistance vitale de VArgas refle.rus Latr. Feuille des Jeun. Naturalist., (3) xxvi. 29. (Cit. Huber, bibl., 1899, p. 15; inaccessible.) Plateau, P. (1876), Note sur les phenomfenes de la digestion et sur la structure de I'appareil digestive chez les Phalangides. Bidl. Acad. Roy. d. Sci. Belgique, N. I. 49 7 4 i Bibliography of the Ixodoklea ple por 2 s., XLil. 719-754, PL, Figs. 1-29. (Bears indirectly ui)on the same subject in ticks.) Plehn, A. (1902), Tropenhygiene. (Cited by Werner, 1906, p. 779, as stating tliat the natives of German K. Africa have long referred fever to bites of " papasi " (Suaheli for tick).) Pliny (A.D. 77), Historia naturalis, ed. Sillig, 1858, Vol. ii., lib. xi. 116. (Latin citations from the original in Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 3, which we translate as follows : p. 282 " there is an animal (occurring) at the same season (summer ?), living on blood, with its head always fixed, and swelling ; (being) one of the animals which has no (anus) exit for its food, it bursts with over repletion and dies from its actual nourishment. This (animal) never occurs on mules, (it is) frequent on cattle, (it occurs) sometimes on dogs, on which all (kinds of lice) are found ; on sheep and goats the one only (is found)." In Vol. iv. xxviii. 256, p. 239 : " if a woman's loins are smeared with the blood of a tick taken from a black wild bull, Osthunes says she cares no more for sexual intercourse.") Ibid., XXX. 82, p. 404, seers attach much importance to this "most disgusting animal, since it has no exit to its gut nor is there any limit to its capacity for living long without food." The gorged tick bursts after some days through satiety; "when tied to the left ear of a dog they calm all its pains. They use it in auguries from the vitals, for if the sick man gives an answer to the seer who has brought it, asking about his disease, there is a certain hope of life," etc. Ibid., XXX. 106, p. 410 : "the blood of a tick heals erysipelas." Ibid., xxx. 134, p. 419 : " The blood of a healthy pulled-out tick is said to act as a depilatory." Pocock, R. I. (23. I. 1900), On a collection of insects and arachnids made in 1895 and 1897, by Mr C. V. A. Peel, F.Z.S., in Somaliland, with descriptions of new species. 9. Chilopoda and Arachnida. Proceedings Zool. Soc. of London, 1900, Text, pp. 49-51 (relate to ticks), PI. Ill, Figs. \-\d, 2-2/ (1900), Rare English ticks. Zoologist, 4 s., iv. 326-327. {Dermacentor reticulatus on sheep and hogs, Haemaphysalis punctata on hedgehogs, Hyalomma affino (accidental).] (1901), (Description of Boophilus anmdatus, with coloured plate, being "Appendix C" included by Sambon, L. W. and Low, G. C. (1901) in their paper entitled " The Mosquito- Malaria Theory "). Med. Chir. Trans., lxxxiv. 497-552. (The plate includes somewhat sketchy but well-coloured figures of 9 a^nd larva of B. annulatns ; the eyes omitted.) (1903). See Christy, 1903, p. 188. (1907), Article "Ticks," in A System of Medicine by many Authors, edited by Allbutt and EoUeston (London : Macmillan), vol. ii. Part il., pp. 187-203. (Partial Bibliography, contains numerous inaccuracies.) Pohl and KoUar (1823), Brasiliens vorziiglich Idstige Insecten. Wien. {Argasidae: title cit. in Huber, bibl., 1899, p. 14 ; inaccessible.) Poppig (before 1855), niustrirte Natvrgeschichte, iv. 53, Fig. 2845. (Cited by Kiichenmeister, 1855, p. 422, as giving a good figure of the mouthparts of the " Egyptian tick.") Porter (1821), Travels. (Die giftigen Wanzen m Persien. Froriep. Not. i. No. 12 : cited thus in Huber, bibl., 1899, p. 10, as referring to ..1. persicus.) 50 7—2 I Blhliographi) of the Ixodoklea POU-RAN Pound, C. J. (12. II. 1895), Redwater disease in cuttle in the Gulf Distriv.t {Progress Report), 20 pp. Brisbane, Queensland : E. Gregory, Gov't Printer. (1895), Redwater disease in cattle. Veterinarian, London, XLi. (n. s.) 389-395, 443-454. (1895-6), (Piroplasmosis in cattle in Australia). U. S. Dep't of Agric, Bureau of A niinal Industry, I2tk and l^th A nmial Reports. (Pp. 86-95 ; full abstracts of Pound's report are here quoted by Salmon. Biology of Boophilus also dealt with.) (30. IX. 1897), Ticks and Redwater. Agric. Journ., Cape Town, xi. 304. (1. IX. 1897), Tick fever. Queensland Agric. Journ., i. 258, 2 Figs. (1898), Tick fever in cattle. Journ. Quekett Microscop. Club, vii. 118-119. [Inoculation ; local names in Queensland.] (1899), Notes on the cattle tick. Its developement, life-history, habits and geographical distribution. Proc. R. Sac. Queensland, xiv. 28-38. [Boophilus: bionomics.] (VII. 1899), Tick Fevei-. Observations on ticks and tick fever at the Indooroopilly Experiment Station and at St Helena. Queensland Agricult. Journ., V. 81-86, Pis. CXX-CXXI. Reprint, 6 pp. (1900), Tick fever in cattle. Amer. microscop. Journ., xxi. 123-127. Pound, G. C, and Hunt (1895), See article "Texas Fever in Australia," in \2th Annual Report, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Dep't of Agricult., pp. 85-95. Washington, 1897. (Git. Nuttall, 1899.) Price, T. M. (1905), The preparation of emulsions of crude petroleum. V. S. Dep't Agric, Bur. Animal Industry, Circ. No. 89, 4 pp. (Cattle spraying.) Purvis, C. (1901-2), Some South African animal diseases. Proc. Scottish Microsc. Soc, III. 284-293, PI. XX, reprint. (Brief mention of some tick-transmitted diseases; semipopular address.) Railliet, A. {\^Q), Elements de zoologie me'dicale et agricole, pp. xv -1-1053, Figs. 705, 8°. Paris. (1893), Traite de zoologie inMicale et agricole, fasc. 1, pp. 736, Figs. 494. (1895), Traite de zoologie medicale et agricole, 2nd ed. Paris : Asselin et Houzeau. (Ticks: pp. 703-718, Figs. 478-488.) Eainbow, W. J. (1896), Redwater or Cattle Tick Plague in Queensland. Veter. Journ., 1896, p. 75. (1899), The Queensland cattle tick. Rec. Austral. AIus., Sydney, iii. 131-133. (1904), A new bat tick. Rec. Austral. Mus., Sydney, v. 78-79, PI. IX, Figs. 1-14. Rajat, H., and P^ju, G-. (1906), Piroplasmes et piroplasmoses. Journ. de med. vet. et zootech., Lyon, LVii. 619-629, Figs. 1-4. Rangel, R. (1905), Note preliminar sobre la peste boba y la desrengadera de los equideos de los Llanos de Venezuela (Tripanosomiasis). Laboratorio del Hospital Vargas (Caracas). Boletiu No. 2, pp. 11-39, 2 Col. PI. Ransom, B. H. (1905), How parasites are transmitted. Yearbook of the Dep't of Agric. Washington, D.C (appeared 1906), pp. 139-166, Figs. 9-58. (P. 145 and Figs. 14-16 refer briefly to ticks. Nothing original.) 51 i i i Blhllography of the Ixodoklea ran-RIC Ransom, B. H. (20. VIII. 1906), Some unusual Lost relatious of the Texas Fever Tick. U. S. Dep^t Ayricalt.^ Bur. Anim. Industry, Circular No. 98, 8 pp. reprint. Baspail, F. V. (1839), Hech. d'hist. nat. sur les insectes niorbipares. (Jaz. des Iwpitaux {2), I. p. y. (Cited by Terrenzi, 1893, pp. 73-7G, and Braun, 1895, p. 258, in cotuiection with Argas rejlexus.) Ray, J. (1710), Historia insectorum, pp. xv + 375 ; appendix, pp. 377-400, London. Raymondaud, E. (1885), Un chapitre a ajouter a I'histoire pathologique des affections parasitaires. Esquisse inonographique du genre Lvode, consider^e dans ses rapports avec la pathologic. Jouni. Soc. da med. et pharm. de la Haute-Vieane, Limoges, 1884, viii. 129; 161. (Also): C.-R. C'ongr. p&iod. luternat. d. sc. m4d. (1884), Copenh., (1886), I., sect. d. path, gen., etc., 48-64. Also Programme deliuitif du Congrfes de Copenhague, p. 9. "R. E." (1874), Argas reflexus. Science Gossip, 1874, p. 161. Reaney, M. F. (V. 1907), Spirillosis in domestic fowls. Brit. Med. Jour a., i. 1118. (Only a note.) (XI. 1907), Fowl spirillosis. Ind. Med. Gaz., xlii. 401, 402. (2 Figs., bad.) Reclus, A. (1880), Explorations aux isthmes de Panama et de Darien, en 1876, 1877, 1878. Le Tour du Monde, 1880, xxxix. 396-398. (Cit. Nuttall, 1899, p. 48.) Reclus and Duplay (1890), Traite de chir., r., p. 323. ("Rigabert a constate la transmission du charbon chez une femme par un Lvode." Citation in Huber, bibl., 1910, p. 24.) Redding, R. J. (1889), Cattle ticks and Texas fever. Georgia Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 49, pp. 228-229. (H. and H. bibl.) Redi, Francesco (1730), Esperienze intomo alia generazione degV insetti, ed. Acad. Milan, 1819, op. iir., p. 180, PI. IL (A passage quoted by Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 4, reads : "Nello stesso modo fe disegnata la zecca del capriolo e della tigre," the tick of the lion is larger than that of the tiger and is distinguished by its colour.) Report (1896), Of the Intercolonial Stock Conference, Iteld in Sydney, JV. S. Wales, Aug. 1896. 10 pp. Sydney : Chas. Potter, Gov't Printer. Rey, E. (1867), Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Naturwiss., xxix. 192. \^I.vodes sulcatus Koch, 1844, found on Sitta europaea ; abstract of paper read before Naturw. Ver. Sachs, u. Thuring., Halle.] (1892), [Regarding "Lxodisme'' in man]. Note read before the Soc. Acad, de Toulon, and published in Bulletin de la Soc. francaise cC Hygiene. (Largely reprinted by Megnin, x. 1895.) Ribaga, 0. (1903), Diagnosi di alcune specie nuove di Hydrachnidae e di un Ixodidae del Sud America. Ann. d. R. Scuola di Agric. in Portici, v. reprint, 28 pp., PI. I-IL (P. 25, Amhlyomma neumanni Ribaga, also PI. II, Figs. 56, 58, 59.) RickettS, H. T. (7. VII. 1906), The Study of "Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever" (Tick Fever?) by Means of Animal Inoculations : A Preliminary Communication. Journ. Amer. Med. Ass., Chicago, LVii. 33-36. (4. VIII. 1906), The Transmission of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever by the Bite of the Wood Tick {Dermacentor occidentalis). Ibid., LVll. 358. 52 Blhlioyraplin of the Ixodoidea RIC-RIL Ricketts, H. T. (6. X. 1906), Further Observations on Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Deruiacentor occuh-ntnlis. Journ. Amer. Med. Assoc, Chicago, lA'll. 1067-1069. (1907), Further experiments with the wood-tick in relation to Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Ibid., xlix. 1278-1281. (1. I. 1907), Observations on the Virus and means of Transmission of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Journ. Infect. Dis., iv. 141-153. (P. 142, Derma- center occidentalis, a 3-host tick; p. 151, tlie ^ and 9 both transmit the disease.) (6. VII. 1907), The role of the Wood Tick {Dermacentor occidentalis) in Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, and the susceptibility of Local Animals to this Disease. A Preliminary Report. Journ. Amer. Med. Ass., Lix. 24-27. (1. XII. 1907), A summary of investigations of the nature and means of transmission of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Trans. Chicago Path. Soc, vii., pp. 73-82 (read 14. x. 1907). (1908 a), Spotted fever report No. 1. General report of an investigation of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, carried on during 1906 and 1907. Rep. State Bd. Health Montana, Helena, 87-130. (1908 b), Spotted fever report No. 2. A report of investigations carried on during the winter of 1907-1908 and spring and summer of 1908. Rep. State Bd. Health Montana, Helena, 131-190. (30. I. 1909), A microorganism which apparently hp»s a specific relationship to Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Journ. Am. Med. Assoc, Lil. 379-380. (Bacillus-like bodies, similar to B. inflxienzae, found in Dermacentor eggs laid by infected tick. Similar bodies in salivary glands, gut and ovaries of infected $ tick ; absent in normal adult ticks. The bodies agglutinated by an immune serum.) (20. XI. 1909), Some aspects of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever as shown by recent Investigation. Med. Record, New York, lxxvi. 843-855. Ricketts, H. T., and Gomez, L. (so. III. 1908), Studies on Immunity in Rocky Mountain Fever. Journ. Infect. Diseases, v. 221-244. Riley, C. V. (1869), Remarks on the Ivodes hovis. Reports on the diseases of cattle in the United States, made to the Commissioner of Agriculture, Washington p. 168. (S. and S. bibl.) (1870), Seed ticks under bark of apple trees. American Entomol., ii. 160. (S. and S. bibl.) (1887), Poisonous Insects. Reference Handh. Med. Sci., v. 741-760, Figs. 2971-3020. (S. and S. bil)l.) — — (1888), An enumeration of the published synopses, catalogues, and lists of North American Insects, together with other information intended to assist the student of American Entomology. U. S. Dep't of Agriculture. Division of Entomology. Bulletin No. 19 (Washington, D.C.), pp. 77. (1893), Report on a small collection of insects made during the Death Valley Expedition. U. S. DepH Agric, Biol. Surv., jV. A. Fauna, No. 7, Part II, p. 252. (Lists seven species of Ixodidae — determined by Dr Marx. Cit. H. and H. bibl.) see Walsh. 53 1 Bihliography of the Ixodoidea ril-ROH Riley, C. V., and Howard, L. 0. (1889), The Texas cattle-tick. [Reply to a letter dated June ITtli, I'roui J\J. Francis, June 24th.] Insect Ldfe, Washington, ii. p. 20. (1893), The cattle tick affecting hor.se.s. Insect Life, Washington, V. p. 2G7. (IV. 1895), A new chicken plague in Texas, and the cattle tick affecting horsea. Insect Life, v. 267, 348. (Further abstracts of pai)ers on ticks in general (unimportant), Ibid., vi, 58, 165.) (1899), The Texas cattle tick. Insect Life, ii. 20. Bisso, A. (1826), Uistoire naturelle des principales productions de V Europe meridionule et principalement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes Maritimes, vol. V. viii-(-402, Pis. I-V, Paris. (S. and S. bibl.) Bivolta and Delprato (1880), Omithojatria, p. 314. {A. rejiexus, cit. Huber, bibl., 1899, p. 16.) Robert, J. 0. (1897), Acclimation fever, or Texas fever. Mus. Agric. Exp. Sta., Bull. 42, pp. 32, Figs. 4. (H. and H. bibl.) (1901), Texas fever. Miss. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 69, pi). 1-15, Figs. 4. (H. and H. bibl.j (1902), Tick fever or murrain in Southern cattle (commonly termed Texas fever). Miss. Agr. £.vp. Sta., Bull. 73, pp. 1-24, Figs. 2. (H. and H. bibl.) Roberts, L. J. (1899), Ticks and their destruction. Agric. Journ., Cape Town, xiv. 369^375. Robertson, F. H. (1905), Fowl tick experiments. Journ. Bep't Agric. West Australia, XII. 561-563. (H. and H. bibl.) (1909), The tick pest. Journ. Bep't Agric. West Australia, xviii. 368-371, 3 Figs. Robertson, W. (1901), Malignant Jaundice in the dog. Journ. Camp. Path, and Therap., Edinburgh and London, xiv. 327-336, Figs. 1-5. (Pp. 332-336, ex^jeriments with Haemaphysalis leachi.) (5. VI. 1902), Malignant Jaundice of the Dog. Agric. Journ., Cape Town, XX. 675-685. (1904 a), African Coast Fever. Ibid., xxv. 262-268, 1 Plate, 15 Figs. {Rhipicephalus appendiculatus). (1904 b), Sulphur internally as a preventive against the attacks of ticks. Agric. Journ., Cape Town, xxv. 588-590, Figs. 1-?. see Gray. Robinson, L. E., see Cooper, W. F., see Nuttall. Roger, J. (1906 a). Note sur une piroplasmose equine observee en Algerie. Bull. Soc. centr. de me'd. vet., Paris, lx. 120-124. (Ticks found on horses, regarded as probable carriers.) (1906 b), Sur I'existence de la piroplasmose equine en Algerie. Bull. Soc. centr. de med. vet., Paris, lx. 379-380. (Short abstract, same as preceding.) Rogers, B. A. (1892), Texas fever and ticks. Daniel's Te.vas Med. Jown., Austin, VII. 357-360. Rohr, C. J. (1909), Estudos sobre Ixodidas do Brasil. (Trabalho do Institute Oswaldo Cruz). Rio de Janeiro : Gomes, Irmao & C, Rua Assemblea 32. 220 pp., 5 Plates (photographs), 30 Text-Figures (mostly original). 54 BihUography of the Ixodoidea rol sal RoUinat, R., and Trouessart, E. (1897), Sur la reproduction dcs chauvcs-souris. II. Les Rhinolophcs ct Note sur leur parasites dpizoTques. Mem. de la Soc. Zool. de France, x. 114-138. {See re Ixodidae, pp. 136, 137.) Roncisvalle, D. M. (1891), Sui fenomeni niorbosi prodotti nell' uomo da un ixodide dououiiiiato Ilyalomma ufgijptium, L. Nota preliminarc. B(jII. mens. Accad. Gioenia di sc. nat. in Catania., n.s. (17), 2-4. (1899), Intorno agli cfFetti morbosi dcgli Ixodidi sull' uomo. Atti dell' Accad. Gioenia di Sc. Nat. in Catania., Lxxvi. (Cited by Pcrroncito (1901, p. 562) re ticks attacking man. Also cit. in Entomol. Netvs, Philadelphia, xi. p. 506.) Rosenhauer, W. G. (1856), Tkiere Andalusiens, pp. 412-413. (Misquoted by Neumann as by (J. L. Koch.) Ross, P. H., and Milne, A. D. (26. XI. 1904), Tick Fever. Brit. Med. Joiirn., ii. 1453-1454. (Discovery of Spirochaetae in relapsing fever in Uganda by Drs Ross and Hodges ; all of the patients attributed the disea.se to tick bites. Ticks collected by Milne in camps where cases occurred, were determined as 0. mouhata.) Rudow, F. (1870), Einige neue Ixoden. Zeitschr. f. d. ges. JVatunviss., xxxv. 14. Ruthe, see Troschel. Sabbatani, L. (1898), Fermento anticoagulante dell' Ixodes riciniis. Gior. d. r. Accad. dimed. di Torino, 4 s., iv. 380-395. {Also, transl. (same title). Arch. ital. de biol., Turin, 1899, xxxi. 37-53.) Saenz de la Calada, C. (1904), Piroplasmosis del caballo. Gac. de med. zool., Madrid, 4 epoca, xxviii. 19-25. (Inaccessible.) Salimbeni, A. see Marchoux. Salle, A. (1845), [Argas talaje]. Mag. de zool., Paris, 2 s., vii. 2 pp. (1849), Rev. Mag. Zool., p. 342. (Description of sufferings from Argas {Orni- tliodorus) talaje, translated in Murray, A., 1877, pp. 183, 184.) Salles (1902), La tique et le porrigo ou dartre ulcereuse du bauf. Progres vet. (10), p. 193. {Ixodes reticulatus.) Salmon, D. E. (1884), Geographical distribution of Southern cattle fever. In Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry. U. S. Comm. Agr., Report, 1884, pp. 252-258, Pis. 3. (Discusses occurrence of fever in Va., N. C, S. C, Ga., Teun. Maps show limits east but not west of Mississippi river. Cit. Hunter and Hooker, 1907, p. 68.) (1895-6), Texas Fever in Australia and the United States. U. S. Dep't of Agric, I2th and \Zth Annual Report of the Bureatc of Animal Industry. (Pp. 86-95 ; contains full extracts from Pound's report on the subject. See also pp. 109, 318 regarding Texas Fever, dipping cattle and Boophilus in the United States.) (1900), Experiments to determine the cause and dissemination of Texas fc\er. American microscop. Journ., xxi. 199-203. [Hatching of eggs of Boophilus annulatus of first importance.] (1904), Relations of Federal Government to control of contagious di-sease of animals. U. S. Dep't Agric, Yearbook, 1903, pp. 491-506 ; i:)p. 505 et seq. {Boophilus annulatus.) 55 I i Bibliography of the Ixodoidea sal say Salmon, D. E., and Smith, T. (1892), Southern cattle fever (Texas fever). U. S. Df'pU A(/ri(\, Bin: A/u'itial liidnMrif, special report on diseases of rattle and cattle feeding, pp. 428-438, Pis. 42-44. (H. and H. bibl.) Texas fever, or Southern cattle fever. U.S. DepH Agric.y Bur. Animal Industry, Giro. 69, pp. 1-13. (Reprint from special report on diseases of cattle, revised, 1904, by Salmon and Moliler. Cit. Hunter and Hooker, 1907.) Salmon, D. E., and Stiles, C. W. (1901), The cattle ticks (Ixodoidea) of the United States. 17^/? Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. DepH of Agrie., Washington, pp. 380-488, Figs. 42-257. (Bibliography.) Sambon, L. W. (1900), Ticks and Tick Fevers. Jovrn. of Tropical Med., ii. 217-223. (1907, also 1909), The spotted fever of the Rocky Mountains. Allbutt's Syst. Jfed., London, ii. 307-313. Sammonicus, Quint. S. (3rd Century, A.D.), de re medica, ed. 1540, 35. (Citations from Latin original in Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 3, which we translate as follows : p. 185 "the tick (ricinus) is a disgusting insect, called croton by the Greeks, sticking on to cattle, dogs and other animals without moving, when once it has fixed itself, infecting and torturing them acutely." He then quotes Plinv (q.v.) regarding the absence of an anus in ticks, etc.) Samson, K. (1908), Die Eiablage und die Larva der Zecke Rhipicephahis sanguineus. Sitzungsbericht d. Gesellsch. naturf. Freunde, Berlin. (I. 1909), Zur Anatoniie von Ixodes ricinus L. hiatig. Dissert, z. Erlang. d. Doktorw. Philos. Fakult., Berlin : G. Schade, 35 pp., 6 Text-Figs. (The more complete paper is the following.) (1909 a), Zur Anatomie und Biologie von Ixodes ricimis L. Zeitschr. f. iviss. Zool., xcili. 185-236, 4 Plates, 18 Text-Figures. (Important : anatomy, histology, biology.) (1909 b), Zur Spermohistiogenese der Zecken. Sitzungsher. d. Gesellsch. naturf. Freunde, No. 8, pp. 486-499, PI. IX, 7 Text-Figs. (Spermatozoa in /. ricinus and 0. nioubata.) Sanchez, J. (1893), Accidentes producidos por las garrapatas. In Sanchez's Zool. me'd. me.ric, 8°, Mexico, 21. Fangalli, G. (1884), Reminiscenze del Congresso medico internazionale tenutosi a Copenhagen nel p. p. Agosto. Rendiconti R. Istituto Lomhardo d. Sci. e Lettere, 2 s., xvii. 823-837. {Ixodes, see pp. 830-831.) Sant'Anna, J. F. see Amaral. Santori, F. S. see Celli. Savigny, J. (1826), Description de I'Egypte. Planches de zoologie. Arachnides, PI. IX. Say, T. (1821), An account of the Arachnides of the United States. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., ii. 59-83. (Pp. 75-79, describes the following species of Ixodes : annulatus, orbicidatus, crenatus, erraticus, variabilis, punctidatus, scapularis, fuscous (fusctts).) (1859 posth.). The complete writings of Thomas Say on the Entomology of North America. Edited by J. L. Le Conte, with a memoir of the author by G. Ord. In two Vols. New York : Bailli^re Bros. (Vol. ii., pp. 19-22, reprinted descriptions of Ixodes spp. given in Say, 1821, q.v.) 56 1 Blhlloffraphj/ of the fxodoklea SCH Schaudinn, F. (1904), Generations- und Wirtswechsel bei Trypanosoma and Spirochaete. Arb. a. d. Kais. G'esundheitsamte, Berlin, xx. 387-439, 20 Text- Figs. (P. 428, development of Kuryolysus in a mite (Milbe) briefly mentioned ; it has been since stated by several authors that the " mite " was /. ricimis^ but I cannot obtain positive information on the subject.) Schellack, C. (is. IV. 1908), Uebertragungsversuche der Spirochaete gallinanun durch Argas refiexus Fabr. Centralhl. f. Baht., XLVi. pp. 486-488. (A full .account appeared in the following paper.) (1909), Versucho zur Uebertragung der Hiilinerspirochiiten und Rekurrens- spirochaten durch Wanzen und Zecken. Arb. a. d. Kaiserl. Gesundheitsamte (Rerhn), xxx., pj). 351-362. Schlechtendal, D. H. R. (1891), Ueber das Eierlegen der Ixodes-(Zecken-)Weibchen. Jnhresbericht d. Ver. f. Natnrkunde zu Zwickau, 1891, pp. 11-14. (Very poor description of the process of oviposition in an undetermined species of Ixodid tick of unknown origin, supposedly from Persia.) Schlimmer, J. L. (1874), Terminologie medico-pharmaceutique et anthropologique francaise-persane stir les maladies endemiques et particulieres les plus interessantes des hahititnts de la Perse. Teheran. (Extracts cited by Bordier, 1882, p. 132.) Schmidt, A. (1903), Die Zeckenkrankheit der Binder — Haemoglobiuaemia ixodio- plasmatica bourn — in Deutsch-, Englisch-Ostafrika, und Uganda. Arch. f. tviss. n. praht. Tierheilk.., xxx., 42-101. (Compilation with partial bibl.) Schnee (1908), Ueber das Vorkommen von Argas in Deutschland. Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Tropen-Hyg., xii. 32. Schneidemuhl, Gr. (1896), Lekrbuch der Vergleichenden Pathologic und Therapie des Menschen und der Hausthiere fiir Thierdrzte, Arzte und Studirende, 2. Lief., pp. 209-448, 8". Leipzig. Schrank, P. (1781), Enumeratio Insectorum Aust}-iae, iii. 1. (Brief description of ticks. Nothing worth noting, judging from citation in Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 7 ; vol. and p., but no date, given by Latreille, 1829.) Schroeder, E. 0. (1900), A note on the vitality of the Southern cattle tick. C S. Dep't Agric, Bur. Animal Industry, 16th Ann. Report, pp. 41-42. (1905), Notes on the cattle tick and Texas Fever. U. S. Dep't Agric, 22nd Annual Report Bur. Animal Industry, pp. 49-70. {Boophilus anmdatus, its biology, effects as a parasite, relation to Texas fever, eradication.) Schroeder, E. C, and Cotton, W. E. (1900), Growing noninfected ticks and afterwards infecting them. U. S. Dep't Agric, IGth Annual Report, Bureau Animal Industry, 1899, Washington, pp. 33-41. (1905), The persistence of the Texas Fever organism in the blood of Southern Cattle. U. S. Dep't Agric, 22nd Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C, pp. 71-78. (P. 78, the extermination of the tick recommended as the only remedy.) see Smith, T. Schuberg and Manteufel (21. I. 1910), Ueber erworbene Immunitat gegeu Rekurrens bei Ornithodorus moubata. Zeitschr. f. Immunitdtsforsch. u. e.vper. Therap., iv. 512-.515. Schiitz, see Kossel. N. I. 57 8 4 Bibliograjihy of the Ixodoldea SCO-SMI Scopoli (1763), Entomologia carniologica, p. 387. (Only describes Acarm ricinus from Frisch and Linnaeus as follows : " fusco-ferrugiueus, ovatus, macula dorsali subrotunda nitida fusco exarata, lineis depressis obsoletis obliquis quatuor." Citation from Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 6.) Seba (before 1804), Thesaums, Vol. ii., PI. 84, Fig. 3. (Cited by Miiller 1831, p. 233, as being the first to record ticks on reptiles : an American snake.) Seccombe (1907), Paspalum for tick country. Queensland Agric. Joarii., Brisbane, XIX., p. 142. Senger, J. C. (1897), Killing ticks on cattle. Rural New Yorker, lvi. (2451), p. 37. (S. and S. bibl.) Shadbolt, G-. (1845), On a British species of Ixodes found upon cattle. Ann. a. Magaz. of Nat. Hist., xvi. 64. (Occurrence of ticks, species not stated, in large numbers on cattle on borders of Epping Forest in Essex. Nothing worth noting.) Shaw, G. (1806), General Zoology, vi. ii., Insecta, p. 465. (Citations from this author in Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 8. Shaw i-efers to " Acarus ricinus or tick." Nothing worth noting.) Shibayama, G., and Miyajima, K. (1906), Piroplasma in Japan. (Japanese text.) Saikingaku Zasshi, Tokio, (114), p. 25. (Inaccessible.) Shipley, A. E. (VIII. 1909), The ectoparasites of the red grouse {Lagopus scoticus). Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 309-334, Pis. XXXV-XLVII, reprint. (P. 326, brief mention of/, ricinus and other ticks ; nothing original except the statement that gamekeepers in Ross-shire attribute death of young black-game to attacks of ticks — this requires investigation.) Siebold (?), Zeitschr. f. Physiol., iv. 189, PI. XVI, Fig. 7 c. (Cited by Heller, 1858, p. 308, re Ixodes anatomy. Inaccessible.) Siebold, C. Th. von, and Stannius, H. (1846-8), Lehrh. der vergleich. Anat., 2 vols. : xiv-f 679 pp., xii -1-482 pp., Berlin. (Vol. i. by von Siebold, 1848 ; p. 528, vide description of salivary glands, intestine and malpighian tubes etc. in Lvodes.) Siebold, K. T. E. von (1850), " Parasiten," in Handiviirterb. d. Physiol, mil Riicksicht auf physiol. Path., Braunschweig, ii. pp. 641-692. (S. and S. bibl.) Simon, E. (1879), Les Aracknides de France, Vol. vii. see Fairmaire. Simonds, J. B. (1865), Observations on parasites ard parasitic diseases affecting domesticated animals. Journ. Royal Agric. Soc, (2) i. 33-72. [Ticks, especially Ixodes ricinus etc., on animals, and methods of treatment.] Simpson, J. 0. (27. IV. 1901), Case of a parasite — Argas (or Ornithodorus) megnini Dugfes — in each ear. [With a note by E. G. Wheler, q.v."] Lancet, i. 1197- 1198, 3 Figs., also: 7 pp., 3 Figs. repr. Skinner, B. (1905), Rats in relation to plague. Brit. Med. Journ., 11. 427, 622, 3 Figs, and 1 Map. {Hyalomma aegyptiuni, occurrence on rats in India, ticks determined by Nuttall.) Smedley, R. D. see Nuttall. Smith, R. G. (1899), The tick fever parasite. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, xxiv. 585-595. [Brief account of piroplasmosis in cattle ; a compilation from other authors' writings.] 58 8—2 Bibliography of the Ixodoidea SMi STE Smith, T. (1893), Die Aetiologie der Texasfieberseucbe des Rindes. Centralbl. f. BakterioL, xiii. 511-527. (Cit. Nuttall, 1899.) (8. VII. 1899), On the Aetiology of Texas Cattle Fever, with special reference to recent Hypotheses concerning the transmission of Malaria. New York Med. Jour a., 17 pp. reprint. see Salmon. Smith, T., and Kilborne, F. L. (1892), Texas fever and cattle ticks. (Letter to editors, dated Apr. 8th.) Veterinarian, London, LXV. i a., xxxviii. 351-352. (1893), Investigations into the Nature, Causation and Prevention of Texas or Southern Cattle Fever. Bulletin No. I, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. DepH of Agricidt., Washington, 301 pp., 10 Coloured Plates. (Cit. Nuttall, 1899.) Smith, T., Kilborne, F. L., and Schroeder, E. C. (1893), Additional observations on Texas cattle fever. Ibid., Bull. No. 3, pp. 67-72. Sonnenberg, E. (1908), Die Piroplasmosis der Schafe und ihre Beziehung zur sogenannten Bradsot der Schafe. Berl. tierdrztl. Wochenschr., (35), 609-610. Soulid, see Claude. Spicer, W. W. (1874a), The Canterbury tick. Science Gossip, lxxiv. p. 185. (1874b), Ibid., p. 209. Spix and Martins (?), Reise in Bradlien, i. 173. (The ticks, called "carabatos," are a great plague ; they cluster in vast numbers on vegetation and attack passing persons. Recommends brandy, tobacco infusion or tobacco smoke aa remedies. Cit. Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 7.) Spreull, J. see Dixon. Squier (?), Staaten von Centralamerika. (Cited, without further reference, by Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 7, as stating that it is the custom in Hondiu"as to remove ticks from the skin by passing a ball of soft wax over them. ) Starcovici, C. (1893), Bemerkungen iiber den durch Babes entdeckteu Blutparasiten und die durch denselben bervorgebrachten Krankheiten, die seuchenhafte Ilamoglobinurie des Rindes (Babes), das Texasfieber (Th. Smith) und der Car9eag der Scliafe (Babes). Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. etc., Jena, xiv. 1-8. (A review, brief mention only of ticks.) Steddom, R. P. (1906), The first season'.s work for the eradication of the cattle tick. 'iZrd Ann. Rep. Bur. Animal Indust., U. S. DepH Ayric, Washington, 101-112. (1907), Report of cooperative work on tick eradication. Bidl. 97, B^lr. Animal Indust., U. S. Dep't Ayric, Washington, 12-20. (1908), How to get rid of cattle ticks. Circ. 97 (Revised) of the Bur. of Animal Industry. Breedei'^s Oaz., Chicago, Liv., p. 180. Stephens, J. W. W. (1907), Ticks as transmitters of disease. Nature, London, Lxxv. 523-524. Stewart, J. D. (2. XI. 1906), The cattle tick : tick infestation, tick fever, and preventive measures. Ayric. Gazette of New South Wales, xvir. 947-952, 1155-1157. (1907), The cattle tick : tick infestation, tick fever, preventive measures, and treatment. (Continuation of 1906.) Ibidem, xviii. 561-570, 6 Figs., 651-655, 1 PL, Figs. 1-12. 59 i Bibliography of the Ixodoidea STI STO stiles, C. W. (1892), The histology o{ Boophilm. (Author's abstract.) Pruc. Entomol. Soc. Washington, II. 303-304. [Anatomy, abstract of few lines.] (1904), Preliminary report upon a zoological investigation into the cause, transmission, and source of the so-called "spotted fever" of the Rocky Mountains. (Letter to Surgeon- General Wyman, dated July 22nd.) Puh. Health Rep., U. S. Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv., Washington, xix. 1649-1650. (1905), A zoological investigation into the cause, transmission, and source of Rocky Mountain " spotted fever." U. S. Treasury Dep't, Public Health and Marine- Hospital Service, Hygienic Laboratory, Bull. 20, pp. 1-121. (1908), The common tick [Dermacentor andersoni) of the Bitter Root Valley. Publ. Health Rep., U. S. Publ. Health and Mar. Hosp. Service, Washington, xxiii. 949. (VIII. 1910), The taxonomic value of the microscopic structure of the stigmal plates in the tick genus Dermacentor. Treasury DepH, Publ. Health and Marine Hosp. Service of the United States. Hygienic Laboratory Bulletin, No. 62, Washington, D. C. 72 pp., Plates I-XLIII. (Important.) see Salmon and Stiles. Stiles, C. W., and Hassall, A. (26. III. 1901). Notes on parasites, 55-57. A pupa- like stage in the development of the spinose ear tick {Ornithodorus megnini) of cattle. U. S. DepH of Agr., Bureau of Animal Industry, Circular No. 34, 2 pp., repr. (1901 b), Notes on Parasites 56 : Boophilus australis present in Cuba, Porto Rico, Venezuela, and India. Circ. No. 34, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. DepH Agric, Washington, pp. 2-3. (1902 et seq..). Index Catalogue of Medical and Veterinai-y Zoology. Issued by the U. S. Dep't of Agric, Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. (still appearing in parts). Stockman, S. (1903), Rinderpest and redwater in cattle. Vet. Rec, Loudon, xv. 634-637. (1904 a). Some points to be considered in connection with Rhodesian redwater. Transvaal Agric. Journ., ill. 87-94. (1904 b), Rhodesian redwater, vel East African coast fever, vel tropical piroplasmosis. Report of the Transvaal Dep't of Agric, 1903 to 1904, pp. 40-66. (1905), Report of the work of the Veterinary Division. Transvaal Dep't of Agric. Annual Report for the Year 1903-4. Pretoria : Gov. Printing and Stat. Off., pp. 37 et seq. (P. 41 East Coast Fever transmitted by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and \ R. simtis, p. 48 dipping cattle to destroy ticks, p. 55 ticks in relation to outbreaks, p. 63 grass burning.) (VIII. 1908), Redwater in England and its carriers. Proc. National Veterin. Assoc. (London.) Reprint 13 pp. (4 temperature charts). (Notes occurrence of Redwater in cattle and the presence of Ixodes ricinus in England ; transmitted Redwater experimentally by means of Haemaphysalis punctata adults, fed as nymphs on infected cattle.) see Theiler. Stoll, 0. (1886-1893), Arachnida Acaridia. Biologia Centrali- Americana, ZooL, London: pp. v-xxi, 1-55, 21 Plates. {Re Ticks see pp. viii-ix, xix, 18-24, Plates XII-XIV.) 60 Bihliographij of the Ixodoldea STR-TAS Strebor (1906), [Aloes and Ticks]. Agric. Journ., Cape Town, xxviii., p. 123. (Letter of 5 lines to editor ; harmless decoction of aloes said to keep ticks temporarily oflF horses.) Strickland, C. see Nuttall. Sulzer (1776), Ahgekurzte Gcsckichte der Insekten, p. 415. (Without importance. Cited in Pagenstecher, 18G1, p. 6, as not knowing if his Fig. 7 in Part 29 repi'esents rediioius or marginatus. The figure shows festoons, consequently it is not an Ixodes. In 1777, in the author's article "Milbe"' in Neuer Schauplatz der Nattir, v. 658, reduvius and ricinns are vaguely distinguished by differences in colour.) Sundevall, C. J. (1833), Conspectus Arachnidarum Lund. In Acad. Carolina. (Michael, 1883, p. 34, gives Sundevall's classitication.) Supino, F. (1897), Nuovi Ixodes della Birmania. (Nota preventiva.) Atti Sac. Veneto-Trent. di Sci. Nat, 2 s., iii. fasc. i. pp. 230-238. (Preliminary note to the following.) (dat. IV. 1897), Considerazioni sulla sistematica degli Ixodes. Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. di Sci. ±Vat., 2 s., 1898, III. 241-252, Pis. XIl-XIII, Figs. 1-23. Suworow, E. K. (1906), Predvaritelnoe soobshchenie ob anatomii Ixodes reduvius. (Russian text.) Trav. Soc. imp. d. nat. de St Fe'tersb., xxxvii. 310-315, 1 Fig. Resume in German, 366-367. Sweet, G. (VIII. 1910), A species of Argas, apparently new to Science. Froc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, xxiii. n.s., Pt. 1, pp. 15-18, PI. II {Argas victoriensis, n.ep. founded on a larva !j. Szovits (1828), Ueber die Wanzen von Miana. Froriep. Not., xxil. No. 478. {A. persicus, cit. Huber, bibl., 1899, p. 16.) Szoyka, G. (1903), A kutydk piroplasmosisa es haemoglobinaemiaja. Allat. lapok, Budapest, xxvi. 1-14. (1903), Piroplasmosis mid Haemaglobinaemie der Hunde. Deutsche tierarztl. Wochenschr., Hannover, xi. 234-236. Taruffi (?), (Cited by Perroncito, 1901, p. 564, as describing a case, reported by Cosson in 1856, of a man who suffered from the effects of the bite of Ixodes ricinus. No reference given.) Taschenberg, E. L. (1873), Mitteilung Uber die einheimische Saumzecke. Zeitschr.f. d. gesammt. Naturwiss., XLi. 381-383. (Cited by Brandes, 1897.) (1874), The Canterbury tick {Argas reflexiis). Science Oossip, 1874, p. 171. (1880), Die Schnabelkerfe, fliigellosen Parasiten, und als Anhang einiges Ungeziefer, welches nicht zu den Insekten gehort. Fraktische Insektenkunde. 5. Theil. 238 pp., 43 Figs. Bremen: M. Heinsius. (Ticks: pp. 150-153; describes Ixodes spec, Argas rejiexus, and gives 2 small original figures ; the large "adult" Argas (!) has only 6 leg.s.) (1900), Die Insekten, Tausendfussler und Spinnen, being vol, ix. of Brehm's Thierleben. Leipzig u. Wien. 764 pp. (Ixodoidea ; pp. 733-741.) Taschenberg, 0. (?), Einiges Uber nlitzliche und schadliche Thiere. Die iVattir, XLVi. (Cited by Lucas, 1898, who .says the paper is interesting re poison of Argas ; inaccessible.) 61 Bibliography of the Ixodoldea ter THE Terrenzi, G-. (1893-1894), Sopra un Acaro {Argus rejlexus) trovato per la prima volta in Italia parassito sull' uomo. Riv. Hal. Sci. Fat., xiv. 73-76, 97, 98. Theiler, A. (1903 a), Equine malaria and its sequelae. Jo^irn. Comp. Path, and Therap., Edinburgh and London, xvi. 97-120. (Ticks suspected as carriers, no clear evidence as yet.) (1903 b), Les piroplasmoses dans I'Afrique australe. Rev. vet., Toulouse, LX. 625-639, 670-682. (1903 c), Die Piroplasmoscn in Siid-Afrika. Fortschr. d. Vet. Uyg., Berlin, I. 133-147. (1903-1904), The Ehodesian tick fever. Transvaal Ayric. Journ. (1903), I. 93-110, PI. XV (Pp. 106-108, experiments with Rhipicephalus shipleyi Nn.) ; (1904), II. 421-438. (1904 a), Rhodesian tick fever. Rep. S. African Assoc. Adv. Sci., pp. 201-220. (1904 b), The transmission of East Coast fever by ticks. Tra7isvaal Agric. Journ., III. 71-86. (1904c), East Coast fever. Journ. R. Army Med. Corps, London, iil. 599-620. (Ticks vide pp. 602-620.) (1904 d), Spirillosis of 'cattle. Journ. Compar. Path, and Therap., Edinburgh and London, xvii. 47-55. (Ticks suspected carriers.) (1904 e). Die Piroplasmosis des Maulthieres und des Esels. Zeitschr. f. Thiermed., Jena, viii. 382-388. Reprint. (P. 387 spread attributed to ticks of undetermined species. ) (1904-5), Experimentelle Uebertragung der tropischen Piroplasmosis der Rinder mittels Zecken. Fortschr. d. Veterinar-Hygiene, Berlin, ii. 257-268. (1905 a). Report of the Government Veterinary Bacteriologist. Transvaal DepH of Agric, Annual Report for the Year 1903-4. Pretoria : Gov't Printing and Stat. Off. (P. 135-150 the transmission of East Coast Fever by ticks, experiments with difterent species, bionomics of Boophilus decoloratus, Hyalomma aegyptimn, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, R. evertsi, R. siimis, Amblyomma hehraeum ; pp. 190-202 heart- water in cattle and A. hebraeum.) (1905 b). Transmission and inoculability of Spirillum theileri Lavei'an. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, s. B., Lxxvi. 504-6. See also Transvaal Dep't Agric, Ann. Rep. Dir. Agric, 1904-5 (1906), pp. 123-151. (1905 c). Maladies des troupeaux dans I'Afrique du Sud. Bidl. Inst. Pasteur, III. 617, 657. (1905 d), Notes on Piroplasmosis of the horse, the mule, and the donkey. Ann. Rep. Govt. Vet. BacterioL, Pretoria, 1903-1904, 95-98. (VII. 1905), Further notes on piroplasmosis of the horse, mule, and donkey. Transvaal Agric Journ., iii. 706-716, (also) Journ. Compar. Path, and Therap., xviii. 229-239. (1906), Report of the Gov't Veter. Bacteriologist. Transvaal DepH of Agric, Annual Report of the Director of Agriculttire for the Tear 1904-5. (P. 88 time an area remains infected with East Coast Fever ; prevalent species of ticks : H.aegyptium, A. hehraeum, R.simus, R. evertsi; p. 94 })iroplasmosis in equiues; p. 123 transmission of spirochaetosis in cattle by B. decoloratus.) (XII. 1906), Transmission of equine piroplasmosis by ticks in South Africa. Journ. Compar. Pathol, and Therap., xix. 283-292. 62 Bibliography of the Ixodoidea the Theiler, A. (1907), Transmission of equine piroplasmosis by ticks in South Africa. Transranl Dep't of Agric, Report of the Gov't Vetcr. Bacteriologist for the Tear 1905-6. Pp. 10, 105-116. Pretoria; Gov't Printing and Stat. Off. (Experiments with Boophilus decoloratus and Rhipicephalus evertsi, the first negative, the second positive.) (1907), Further notes on Piroplasma viutans — a new species of Pirophiama in South African cattle. Part 2. Journ. Compar. Path, and Therap,, Edinburgh and London, xx. 1-18. (1908), Transvaal Dep't of Agric, Report of the Gov't Veter. Bacteriologist for the Year 1906-7. Pretoria : Gov't Printing and Stat. Oft". (Pp. 45 et seq. Further notes on Piroplasma imitans — a new species of Piroplasma in South African cattle. Experiments with Boophilus decoloratus. Pp. 70 et seq. Further transmission experiments with East Coast Fever : negative with B. decoloratus and A. hebraeum^ positive with R. append.iculatus., R. evertsi., R. capensis, R. sinms.) (1908 a), Experiments with English and South African redwater. Transvaal Agric. Journ.., Pretoria, vi. 534 543. (1908 b), Weitere Versuche, das Ostkiistenfieber durch Zecken zu iibertragen. Zeitschr. f. Infektionskr. etc. d. Ilaustiere, Berlin, iv. 265-278. (1908 c), The influence of cold on ticks and Piroplasma parvum. Bidl. Soc. de path, e.rot., Paris, i. 451-454. {Vide 1909a.) (I. 1908), The prevention and eradication of stock diseases in South Africa. Transvaal Agric. Journ.., vi. 217-233. (Sismi-popular article, refers to redwater etc. and mentions ticks.) (IV. 1908), Further transmission experiments with East Coast Fever. Transvaal Agric. Journ., vi. 413-425 (same as in Theiler, 1908 and 1908 b). (1909 a), The influence of cold on ticks and Piroplasma parvum. Transvaal DepH of Agric, Report of the Gov't Veter. Bacteriologist for the Year 1907-8. Pp. 10-12. Pretoria : Gov't Printing and Stat. Off". (Experiments with Rhipicephalus appendicidatus, R. evertsi and Boophilus decoloratus in relation to East Coast Fever of cattle.) (1909 b), Transmission des spirilles et des piroplasmes par differentes esp^ces de tiques. Bidl. Soc. path, exot., Paris, ir. 293. (1909 c). Diseases, ticks, and their eradication. Transvaal Agric. Journ., Pretoria, vii. 685-699. Theiler, A., and Gray, E. (1906-1907), Veterinary hygienic principles applicable to stock in South Africa. Transvaal Agric. Journ., iv.-v. (Article of a general character.) Theiler, A., and Stockman, S. (1904), Some observations and experiments in connection with tropical bovine piroplasmosis (East Coast fever or Rhodcsian redwater). Journ. Compar. Path, and Therap., Edinburgh and London, xvii. 193-203. (Field experiments, dipping, influence of season.) (1905), Further experiments to determine how long an area remains infected with East Coast Fever. Jo^irn. Compar. Path, and Therap., xviii. 163-171. Theobald, F. "V. (1905), Flies and Ticks as agents in the distribution of disease. Proc. Ass. Econ. Biol., i. 1-10. 63 Bibliography of the Ixodoidca tho URI Tholozan, J. D. (1882), Dcs plK'nom6ncs morbicles produits par la piqAre des parasites voisins des Ixf)dcH, les Argas de Perse. Mem. Soc. Biol, p. 15. (.1. 'perskus, cit. Hulter, bibl., 1899, p. 17.) Thorell, T. (1882), Descrizione di alcuni Aracnida infei'iori doll' Arcipelago Malese. Annali del Mtiseo civico di St. Nat. di Genova, xviii. 62, PI. VI, Figs. 40-45. {Haemaphysnlis papuana Thorell.) Thurow, E. W. (1891), Ticks from Texas. (Letter to editors, dated Aug. 22Dd, 1890.) Insect Life, Washington, iii., p. 413. Tidswell, F. (1899), Some further Observations on protective-inoculation against Tick- fever. Sydney: Dep't of Agriculture, N. S. W., Misc. Pub. No. 321, 16 pp. Tiraboschi, C. (1904), Les rats, les souris et leurs parasites cutanes dans leurs rai)ports avec la propagation de la peste bubonique. Arch, de Parasitologie, viii. 161-349, 72 figs. {Ixodidae, pp. 334-337, 4 Figs, nothing original.) Todd, J. L. see Button. Tokishige, H. see Janson. Tonnel (14. XI. 1906), JJ Argas reflexus parasite de rhonime. Semaine Med., No. 46, p. 552. (Abstract of paper which appeared in a i-ecent number of VEcho med. du No7'd.) Townsend, C. H. T. (1893), Ticks in the ears of horses. Journ. N.Y. Entomol. Soc, I. pp, 49-52. (0. megnini.) (1894), Ticks in Jamaica. Museum Notes No. 44. U. S. Dep't Agr., vi. 58. {Hyalomma dissimilis Koch, a plague there ; suggests means of extermination by enemies.] (1894-5), Names of Jamaican Ticks and their hosts. Journ. List. Jamaica, i. 380. (1895), Note on the chicken tick (Argas anwicanus Pack.). Lisect Life, Washington, v. 417-418. Traill (1838), Notice of Argas persicus, a species of bug, found in Mianneh, in Persia, and reported to be poisonous. (Title only.) Rep. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sc, London (7th Meet., Liverpool, Sept., 1837), vi. Tr. of Sect., p. 98. Treviranus, G. K. (1831), Ueber den Bau der Nigua (Acarus americanus L., Acarus nigua De Geer). Zeitschr.f. Physiologic. Heidelberg and Leipzig, iv. pp. 185-191, Taf XV., XVI. (S. and S. bibl.) Troschel and Ruthe (1859), Lehrhueh der Zoologie, p. 257. (Family Ricini includes Argasidae and Ixodidae ; they follow C. L. Koch's classification. Brief reference. Cit. Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 16.) Trouessart, E. L. (1891 and 1892), Considerations generales sur la classification des Acariens, suivies d'un essai de classification nouvelle. Revue des sci. nat. de I'ouest, Paris, i. pp. 289-308; ii. pp, 20-54. (S. and S. bibl.) (ca. 1895), Les parasites des habitations humaines, 168 pp., 53 Figs. Paris : Masson. (Ticks: pp. 122, 123, Fig. 50; little about ticks, and nothing original.) see Berlese, see RoUinat. Tucker, G. (1908), Ticks on dogs. Queensland Agric. Journ., Brisbane, xx. p. 230. Urich, F. W. (1893), Determination of a Trinidad Tick. Trinidad Field Nat. Club, I. 268. 64 BlhUofp'apli}/ of the J.codoideci UTI-WAR utility (1899), The poultry tick. The Agric. Gaz., Tasmania, vi. p, 185. (S. and S. bibl. Inaccessible.) Valine, sec Laveran. Vallot, N. (1801), Observation sur les effets de la piqtire d'un insects connu viilgaireinent au departeinent de la Cote-d'Or sous le noin dc pou de bois. Rec. period, soc. de med. de Paris, xi. 264-271. (Inaccessible. (Jit. bibl. Nuttall, 1899.) Varro, M. Terentius (116-27 B.C.), Be rustica lib. II. de re pecuaria cap. ix. 16, p. 248, ed. Hallens, 1730 (Latin passages cited by Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 3). Eeconimends the inunction of the ears and toes of dogs, " because flies, ticks (ricini) and fleas" produce sores in these situations. Hallens defines ricinus as a dog-louse, sheep-louse or cow-tick (Kuhtecke). Verrill, A. E. (1870), The external parasites of domestic animals : Their effect and remedies. Fourth Annual Report of the Secretary of the Connecticut Board of Agriculture (1869-70), 1870, pp. 72-122, Figs. 1-47. (S. and S. bibl.) Vincenheller, W. G. (1906), The cattle tick in Washington and Benton counties. Ark: Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 90, pp. 131-141. Vogt (1869), "Nedeiias Amt" (cited by Nuttall, 1899, p. 43, after Johannessen, 1885). (Ixodes riciiius, effects of bite on man.) Voigt, F. S. (1838), Lehrbuch der Zoologie, iv. 179. (Defines genus Ixodes {ricinus), other matters briefly mentioned. Cit. Pagenstecher, 1861, p. 11.) Wagner, E. (1876), Manual of General Pathology, translated from the sixth German edition by John van Duyn and E. C. Seguin, pp. x+728, 8", New York, Wm. Wood and Co. (Brief mention of ticks.) Wagner, J. (1892), Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Milben. Furchung des Eies, Entstehung der Keimblatter und Entwicklung der Extremitaten bei Ivodes. Zool. Anzeiger, xv. 316, (1894), Die Embrionalentwicklung von Ixodes calcaratus Bir. Tradui St Petersh. Obsch., xxiv. 214. Travaux de la Soc. d. naturalistes de St Petersb., XXIV., Livr. 2. Wagner, R. (1841), Icones Zootomicae. Handatlas 7Air vergleichenden Anatomic. 35 Tafeln mit 1039 Figuren. Leipzig: Leopold Voss. [Gives figures (XII, XIII, Plate 25) of Ixodes plumbeus and its gut after Dugfes (1834 c, Plate 7).] Walckenaer, C. A. de, and Gervais, P. (1837-47), Histoire naturelle des Insectes (Suites a Bufton). Aptferes. 4 vols., 52 Pis. Paris : Roret. (First work on general classification of J^^era. Apt^res: pp. 234-251.) Wallace, R. (1908), Report on tick, redivater, or Texas fever in cattle {Piroplasma bigemimcm or P. bovis) its cause, treatment, and prevention. Edinburgh : Oliver and Boyd, 30 pp., 5 Figs. (Compiled from papers by other authors. Con- stitutes a Report to the Agent-General for Queensland.) Walsh, B. D., and Riley, C. V. (1868), Ticks and Texas Fever. American Entomologist, I. 28. (S. and S. bibl.) Warburton, C (VI. 1907), The Ticks infesting Domesticated Animals in India. Imperial Department of Agriculture in India, Bull. No. 6, Calcutta, 13 pp., 15 Figs. N. I. 65 9 Bibliography of the Ixodoidea WAR-WEL Warburton, C. (4. VII. 1907), Notes on Ticks. Joitrn. Economic Biol, li. 89-95, PL VII. (7. IV. 1908), On some new and obscure species of the genus Haemaphy salts of the Ixodidae. Proc. Camhr. Philos. Soc, xiv., 508-519, 11 Figs. (XII. 1910), On two collections of Indian Ticks. Parasitology, iii. 395-407, 10 Figs. see Nuttall. Warburton, C, and Nuttall, G-. H. F. (Vi. 1909), On new species of Ixodidae, with a note on abnormalities observed in Ticks. Parasitology, II. 57-76, 26 Text- figures. Ward, H. B. (1900a), The ticks of Nebraska. Ann. RepH Nebraska State Board of Agricult., 1899 ; also as '■'■Studies from the Zoological Lab. Univ. of Nebraska," pp. 193-205 (repr.). Figs. 1-6. (1900b), Arachnida. Woods Refer. Handb. of the Med. Sci. Revised edition, i. 428-437, Figs. 243-260. Weber, see Kossel. Webster, F. M. (1893), Ticks on chickens. Ohio Farmer, Cleveland, lxxxiv. (8), p. 149. (S. and S. bibl. Inaccessible.) Weed, C. M. (1888), A chicken tick. Prairie Farmer, LX. (1), Jan. 7, p. 3. (S. and S. bibl. Inaccessible.) Weichselbaum, A. (1898), Parasitologic. Handbuch der Hygiene, Jena, ix. (2 Lief.), pp. X 4- 63-336, 78 Figs. (S. and S. bibl.) Wellman, F. C. (1905 a), Case of relapsing fever, with remarks on its occurrence in the tropics and its relation to tick fever. Joxirn. Trop. Med., London, viii. 97-99. (1905b), Relapsing fever ; its occurrence in the tropics and its relation to tick fever in Africa. American Medicine, Phila., x. 151-155. (1905c), Notes on the Tropical Diseases of the Angola Highlands. The Amer. Soc. of Trop. Med., vol. i. 1904-1905, reprinted from : New York Med. Journ. and Philad. Med. Journ. for Aug. 12, 19, 26, and Sept. 2, 1905. 13 Figs., 49 pp., reprint. (1906a), Human trypanosomiasis and spirochaetosis in Portuguese South-West Africa, with suggestions for preventing their spread in the Colony. Journ. of Hygiene, Cambridge, vi. 237-245. (1906b), On a hemipterous insect which preys upon blood-sucking arthropods and which occasionally attacks mammals (man). Journ. Trop. Med., Lond., ix. 97. (1906c), Sobre um iusecto hemiptero que se alimenta do propagador da Espiril- hose humanae ataca occaaionalmente o Homem. Polytechnia, vol. iii. Nos. 4, 5, 7 pp., 1 Fig., reprint. (1906 d), A note on the habits of Ornithodorus moubata (observations of two gravid females). Journ. Trop. Med., Lond., ix. 215. (1906 and 1907), On Ornithodorus moubata Murray ; a di.sease- bearing African tick. Medicine, Detroit, xii. 493-499, and Am. Soc. Trop. Med., li. bound reprints. 16 pp., 4 Figs. (1907), Preliminary notes on some bodies found in ticks — Ornith. moubata (Murray) — fed on blood containing embryos of Filaria perstans (Manson). Brit. Med. Journ., ll. 142. 66 Bibliofjraphy of the Ixocloidea WER WIL Werner (1906), Zur Epidcmiologio des afrikanischen Eecurren.s. Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Tropen-Hyg.., x. 776-781. (Discusses the epidemiology of spirochaetosis in German E. Africa and its history, with incidental mention of ticks.) Westwood, J. 0. (1877), The President's Address. Proc. Entomol. Soc, London, 1877, pp. xxxvii-lx.Kxi. (Refers briefly to the " Blyborough tick" on p. Ixii.) Wetzl, J. (1906), Ucber die Piroplasinose der ITunde. Zeitachr. Tiermed., X. 309, 3 Figs. Wheler, E. G. (1899 and 1900), Classification of British Ticks. Science Gossip, 1899, pp. 363-365 ; 1900, pp. 11, 12, 37-41 (17 Figs.). (1899 a), Ticks and "Louping 111." Science Gossip, v. 5-7, 48-50, 100-110, 20 Figs. (1899 b\ Louping 111 and the Grass Tick. Journ. Royal Agricult. Sac. of England, 3 s., X. Reprint 27 pp., 7 Figs. (The same Figs, as in Wheler, 1899.) (1901), Note on a remarkable stigmatic organ in the Nymph of Ornithodorus megnini (Dug^s). (2 Figs, in text.) Journ. Quekett Microscop. Club, ser. 2, viii. 61, 62 ; also Journ. Netv York Entomol. Soc, 1893, pp. 49-52, also included under Simpson, 1901, q.v. (1902), Parasitically inoculated diseases. Trans, of the Highland and A gr. Soc. of Scotland, 20 pp., repr. (III. 1906), British Ticks. Journal Agric. Sci, Cambridge, i. 400-429, Pis. V-X. Wherry, W. B., and Wellman, F. C. (1909), Ticks on the California Ground Squirrel. Entom. JVezvs, xx. p. 370. White, A. (1846), List of Annulosa (principally Insects) found on the journey of Henry H. Methuen, Esq., see Appendix to H. H. Methuen, Life in the Wilder- ness, or Wanderings in South Africa; p. 363, PI. II, Fig. 4. {Argas trans- gariepimis.) (1852), Appendix. Journal of voyage in Baffin's Bay, by P. C. Sutherland, ii., p. ccx. (Nominal species of Ixodes.) Wickson, E. J. (1892), Ticks in the ear. Pacific Rural Press, March 19, p. 264. (S. and S. bibl. Inaccessible.) Wilkinson, see Daniels. Williams (1897), Louping 111. Further re.searches into the causation and prevention of louping ill, or tumbling in sheep. Ixodic toxaemia. Princ. and Pract. of Vet. Med., p. 568 (see moreover Trans. Highland Agric. Soc, ix.). (Cit. Nuttall, 1899, p. 43.) Williams, S. R. (1905), The Anatomy of the Texas Cattle Fever Tick, Boophilus annulatus Say. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xxxii. 313-334, PI. 18-22. Willoughby, C. L. (1904), Cattle ticks and Texas fever ; immunizing experiments in Georgia. Georgia Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 64, pp. 143-182, Figs. 9. (H. and H. bibl.) Wilson, L. B., and Chowning, W. M. (1902), Report on the investigation of so- called " Spotted fever." \st Biennial Report of the Montana State Board of Health fro))i its ci-eation, 15 March 1901 to 30 Nov. 1902, 25 pp. (see Postscript). (1. I. 1904), Studies in Pyroplasmosis Hominis ("Spotted Fever" or "Tick Fever" of the Rocky Mountains). Journ. Infect. Diseases, i. 31-57, with Map, Charts and Plates I-II. 67 Bihliographji of the Ixodoidea win zur Winkler, W. (1888), Das Herz der Acarinen ncbst vergleichenden Bemerkungen iiber das Herz der Phalangiiden und der Chenietiden. Arb. a. d. zool. Inst. Wien, VII. 111-118, Plate IV. [Anatomy of heart of Gamasidac, Ixodidae ; /. ricinus larval heart, Plate IV., Fig. 4 ; see p. 114.] Wood, C. M. (1892), The Cattle Tick. American Nat., xxvi. 530. Wood, H. C, and Fitz, R. H. (1897), The Practice of Medicine, pp. .x + 1088, 8", Philadelphia. (S. and S. bibl.) Woods, P. T. (1898), Insects afltecting poultry. Farm Poultr>/, ix. pp. 102, 103, Figs. 19, 20. (S. and S. bibl.) WooUey, P. G. see Jobling. Wright, C. (1869), The cattle tick. American Nat., ill. 51-52. (S. and S. bibl.) Wynne, E. R. (1896), Report of investigations at Hughenden on Texas or Tick fever. (Included (pp. 40-42) in Report by Hunt and Collins (1896), q.v. (w.F.c.)) Yakimoff, W. L. (l. XII. 1909), Die Zecken und Piroplasmen des Igels. Centralbl. f Bakteriol., 1 Abt. Lii. 472-477, 1 coloured plate. {Piroplasma.) Zezell, P. (1780), Act. suec. 1780, translated by Kastner (1784) under the title Neue Ahhandlungen aus der Naturlehre, i. 228. (Refers to Acari reduvii, called "festing" in Swedish; ca.se described of tick partly buried in an umbilical tumour, condition known as " Psydracia ab acaro reduvio." Application of oil useless, but brandy effective followed by use of forceps. Cited from Pagen- stecher, 1861, p. 7.) Ziirn, F. A. (1872), Die Schmarotzer auf und in dem Korper unserer Hausslingethiere, soivie die durch erstere veranlassten KranJcheiten, deren Behandlung und Verhiitung. Theil I : Die thierischen Parasiten. (4 Tafeln.) 236 pp. Weimar : B. F. Voigt. (A very short account of ticks on pp. 37, 38, only 2 species mentioned, and one of these, "7. ricinus ^," badly figured. No original matter.) (1882), Die Krankheiten des Haxisgefiiigels, p. 78, {A. reflexus, cit. Huber, bibl., 1889, p. 16.) see Kiichenmeister. Cambridge: printed by john clay, m.a. at the university press PARASITOLOGY A SUPPLEMENT TO THE JOURNAL OF HYGIENE Edited by George H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Biology in the University of Cambridge, and A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College. When the Journal of Ilygie^ie was founded it was announced that papers on Parasitology " in relation to hygiene and preventive medicine " would be published in its pages. It has however been felt for some time that the Journal was becoming unduly burdened with papers dealing with the anatomy of mosquitoes, fleas, protozoa and other parasites — of great importance in themselves — but having only an indirect relation to hygiene and preventive medicine. The remarkable development of parasitology in recent years, and the increase in our knowledge of the part played by parasites in human and animal diseases, demand a means of publication, in the English language, of original papers dealing with the subject in its widest sense. It is proposed in future to relegate all such papers to Parasitology. Papers on the subjects we have mentioned are now scajttered in journals of -widely different character, into some of which they are but grudgingly admitted. "We trust that Parasitology will fulfil the purpose the editors have in view, of encouraging the study of parasitology, especially in relation to disease, by providing a means for the publication of papers relating to pathogenic and disease-transmitting parasites. It is therefore hoped that this publication will appeal not only to medical men at home and abroad, but to veterinarians, zoologists and agriculturalists. Parasitology, though a supplement to the Journal of Hygiene, will be issued in the form of a separate yearly volume of four to five hundred pages. The parts will be issued when sufficient material has accumulated. The first three volumes are now ready. The subscription price is ^1. Is. per volume (post-free), payable in advance. Subscribers to the Jou/rnal of Hygiene may obtain single numbers of Parasitology at the reduced price of 5s. net, or may become subscribers at the reduced rate of 155. Subscriptions may be sent to any Bookseller, or to Mr C. F. CLAY, Manager, Cambridge University Press, Fetter Lane, London, E.C. (The Contents of the last number of Parasitology is given on the next page) PAEASITOLOGY (co7Ui7med) CONTENTS OF VOL. IV, NO. 2 (July 1911) Daeling, S. T. The probable mode of infection and the methods used in controlling an outbreak of equine trypanosomiasis {Murrina) in the Panama Canal zone. Sant' Anna, Josi: F. On a disease in man following tick-bites and occurring in Louren^o Marques. NuTTALL, George H. F. On symptoms following tick-bites in man. Seidelin, Harald. An iron-haematein stain. With remarks on the Giemsa stain. (With Plate V.) SwELLENGREBEL, N. H. and STRICKLAND, C. Some remarks on Dr Swingle's paper "The transmission of Trypanosoma- lemsi by rat fleas," etc. SwELLENGREBEL, N. H. Note on the morphology of Herpetomonas and GHthidia, witli some remarks on " physiological degeneration." (With 12 Diagrams.) WooLLEY, Paul G. and Huffman, Otto V. The ova of Schistosoma japohicum and the absence of spines. HiNDLE, Edward. The transmission of Spirochaeta duUoni. Woodcock, H. BL A reply to Miss Porter's note entitled "Some remarks on the genera Crithidia, Herpetomonas 3.nd Trypanosoma^ Porter, Annie. Further remarks on the genera Grithidia, Herpeto- monas and Trypanosoma, and Dr Woodcock's views thereon. Howard, C. W. An experiment in fumigation of ticks. Merriman, Gordon. The geographical distribution of Omithodqrus movhata (Murray, 1877). (With a Map.) Maxwell- Lefroy, H. Notes on entomological boxes. TICKS A Monograph of the Ixodoidea Now ready. PART I. THE ARGASIBAE, viii + 104 pp., 116 text figures a^d 3 plates. Royal Svo. 5s. 7iet. Part II. IXODIDAE, xix + 243 pp., 192 text figures and 4 plates. Royal Svo. 12*. net This book will deal with the Classification, Structure and Biology of Ticks, the Study of the group having occupied the authors for several years. Practically all that has been published on the subject has received adequate consideration. The book will be issued in parts, which will be complete in themselves. The complete bibliography to the work appears as a separate Fasciculus simultaneously with Part II. CAMBBI0GK : PBINTED BY JOHN CIJLT, M.A. AT THB tTNITIBSITY PBES3.