Canvas tise 9. SS XS ~ RRA SST VESKH RAN \ ~S \\ RSs AA \ AN WN RRS ~»~°n°wy WR NS RAS S SS AA SS XQ Wes x . \ SOV . SS AN SS SANS MOKxw Ly SS Mie. QS oa RERERR We i |b THENEWY f paeenervon Ip —< i apts Eas LIBRARY THE NEW York BOTANICAL GARDEN BRONX. WN ry ‘BS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KENTUCKY. TIMBER AND BOTANY. B COMPRISING SEVEN REPORTS ON THE FORESTS AND BOTANY OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE STATE. STEREOTYPED FOR THE SURVEY BY MAJOR, JOHNSTON & BARRETT. YEOMAN PRESS, FRANKFORT, KENTUCKY. 1884. CONTENTS. [The figures refer to bottom paging. ] PAGE, REPORT ON THE FORESTS OF GREENUP, CARTER, BOYD, AND LAW- Peete B. COUIN DUBS elo). tees eo Se Jet a eee a) eee eee ee REPORT ON THE BOTANY OF BARREN AND EDMONSON COUNTIES . REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF GRAYSON, BRECKINRIDGE, OHIO, AND BENNO CKe COUNTINS:: saci ihcisiat a toe, dy Gian Meee ene ear eee REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE NORTH CUMBERLAND: BELL AND Peet AN COUNTERS ao ecole eke. colts. con's ony a eshte A ate een eee ie ee REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE TRADEWATER REGION: CALD- WELL, LYON, CRITTENDEN, HOPKINS, WEBSTER, AND UNION OGD yO Seen a rn ae Me Roe Ce ee Res erm ok Rea, ey tL pha REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE DISTRICT WEST OF THE TENNES- ee y bts TH Be PU RCEASH war Ss cane) reach att eu een eee REPORT ON A BELT OF TIMBERS ON A LINE EAST AND WEST FROM PoOLUMbBUS: LO POUND: GAPS. c.bs. ab SiR oriie: ey, Soe deel ax A ALA eR AEA 59 79 103 RY RK f i PabPACE TO SECOND EDITION (NEW SERIES). It being necessary to publish a new edition of the Reports of the Geological Survey, it is thought proper to change the arrangement of the reports in the several volumes. This is advisable in order to bring together in one volume the several reports relating to a given subject or locality. In the first edition (second series) the volumes were made up of reports, regardless of subjects treated, and in order to learn all that may be published of a locality, the reader must examine sev- eral volumes. For instance, the reports on the iron ores and the iron manufacture of Greenup, Carter, Boyd, and Lawrence counties is in volume 1, and the Report on the Geology of the above named counties is in volume 2. The Chemical Reports nd the reports on the Timbers are scattered through four a Be otumes. This arrangement of reports could not have been \ JAN 191996 Barnhart Lbs avoided in the early history of the Survey without a delay in the publication of the volumes. It is thought that the arrangement in this edition will more fully meet the wants of the public, and will render the reports more valuable. The first volumes of this edition will comprise the fol- lowing: Chemical Analyses, Reports on the Eastern Coal Field; Reports on the Western Coal Field; Reports on Timbers. Other volumes will be published from time to time, preserving the same order of grouping reports. Some of the preliminary reports contained in the first edition have been omitted, in order that there may be no duplication when the final reports are published. I am of the opinion that enough preliminary or reconnoissance work has been done by the Survey, and the work will be directed with a view of securing (so far as the means will permit) complete reports on the geology, soils, timbers, etc., of the various regions IV PREFACE. studied. As the stereotyped plates of the omitted prelim- inary reports are preserved, new editions may be ordered should there be a demand for them. A change has also been made in the size of the volume by decreasing the size of the margin, which, it is thought, will make the volume a more convenient size, both for library use and for sending through the mails. JOHN R. PROCTER, State Geologist. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KENTUCKY IN. -S- “SHALER, —-Direcror- REPORT ON THE FORESIs OF GREENUP, CARTER, BOYD & LAWRENCE COUNTIES. BYeN. 5S. SHALER, AND A} Re GCIVANDAEL: REPORT. ON THE FOREST TIMBER OF GREENUP, CARTER, BOYD & LAWRENCE COUNTIES. INTRODUCTION. The questions, both scientific and economic, which are con- nected with our forests, are at once numerous and of very great value. The student finds himself led to the study of the laws determining the growth and succession of the trees; the way in which they are connected with the underlying rocks; the history of their creation or appearance in their present places, and many other similar matters. Some of this class of ‘questions are purely scientific; that is to say, they do not connect themselves with any immediate monetary result. The plan of this Survey contemplates their study quite as much as if they were of pecuniary value; but these scientific results will find their place in the memoirs of the Survey which will be specially devoted to purely scientific matters, while the re- ports are to be given to the questions of economic value. It must not be supposed, however, that the separation of these two classes of treatises will be absolute; science is so far the handmaiden of the arts that it must always go with them if they are to retain their best value. The reader will, for in- stance, notice, that along with the common names of the trees in this report are given also the scientific names of the species. «In no other way would it be possible to make it certain just what sort of tree was meant by the name; for the familiar name of a tree may vary from place to place, while the scientific name is the same for all countries, and enables us to designate the given kind of tree, so that all botanists can make sure of it. The way in which the timber is distributed, with reference ito the underlying rock and the quality of the soil, are also 2 3 4 REPORT ON THE FOREST TIMBER OF questions at once scientific and economic in their value. These are only a small part of the questions where the scientific and the practical values come together, but they serve in a small way to show the essential connection between the two. Hitherto all the descriptions given of forest timber have been very indeterminate, as far as concerns the size and num- ber of the different kinds of trees on given areas. In laying out a plan for the work of the Kentucky Survey, it seemed desirable to take an account of our forests in such a fashion that it would be possible to obtain precise statistics concerning” every important feature capable of being accurately measured. It was obviously necessary to count the number of trees to the acre on several different exposures in each district, taking ac- count of the different species, so as to show their relative pro- portions and average size. Mr. Crandall has been charged: with the execution of this plan, and he has perfected it in several essential particulars. His method of indicating the distribution of the species of trees on different slopes of the same hill is entirely original, and expresses the facts in an ad- mirable manner. It is in the plan of the Survey to carry this. same system of delineation over the whole of the State, with a view to give a record of the present condition of our forests, in order that their changes in coming time may be determined, and especially that their economic value may be properly ap- preciated. I am satisfied that, by properly husbanding our timber resources, they will in fifty years become one of the most important of the varied sources of wealth to our State. A large part of the eastern coal-field of Kentucky is not tillable land. The lofty and rugged ridges between the valleys are natural nurseries of timber. While they will not serve for other forms of cultivation, they will yet do admirably for the raising of many of the most valuable woods for our various arts. So large a part of the Valley of the Ohio is arable land, that the future sources of timber for its use are very limited. They will be found in the lofty ridges of the Apalachian Moun- tains where the steepness of the slopes will forbid plow till- age. 4 GREENUP, CARTER, BOYD AND LAWRENCE COUNTIES, 5 I deem it quite likely that within the time of the next generation these hill lands will become as valuable for timber- raising as the average lands of the valley are for other forms ‘of culture. They are naturally suited to all the most valua- ble woods of the Mississippi Valley. At the present value of black walnut, an acre of this timber forty years old, growing as thickly as it is able to stand, should be worth several hund- red dollars; of hickory and locust of second growth the value is about as great. There are few crops of the ordinary soil which will give as great average returns when labor and inter- est are deducted. A very great advantage in our Kentucky forests is the comparative immunity from fires. In most valua- ble timber regions this danger is so great as to reduce the value of such lands as investments. In many thousand miles -of travel through the timbered districts of Kentucky, I have mever seen an acre of forest seriously damaged by fire. Inthe present state of our American life, when men are hardly will- ing to wait for the yearly harvests to mature, it seems almost too much to hope for the far-seeing thrift that will look forward ‘to fruits to be gathered at the end of forty years; yet these en- terprises that take hold on a distant future will become more -attractive, with a growth of capital and an increase of confi- ‘dence in life. But in fact a large part of the value of such ‘growths as our forests would give when artificially planted would be immediate ; at five years young hickories have a value ; and the trees removed by trimming out each year, should pay ‘an interest on investment. The black locust becomes valuable in ten years, or nearly as soon as a pear orchard, and for thirty years thereafter should give a steady supply of timber. With each succeeding year these woods become more and more val- uable as the original forests become stripped of their scanty ‘supply. The best black walnut is already priced with mahog- any in Europe, bringing several dollars per cubic foot. The -abundant water-ways of the Ohio Valley will always make its regions of permanent forests of peculiar value. There is another and most important reason for retaining tthe forest covering of our eastern hills. The surface of that 5 6 REPORT ON THE FOREST TIMBER OF country is so rugged that nearly seven eighths of its area lies: in slopes of great steepness. If stripped of their timber, the water will not lie on these slopes much longer than on the house tops. By the forest covering a large part of the water is retained. as by a sponge, and is allowed to filter away slowly into the streams. A heavy rain of say five inches in depth, falling within say two days, will have at least one half of the precipi- tated water retained for some days in the mat of decaying leaves of the forest, which would otherwise be precipitated at. once into the streams. To strip away the forests is to double the amount of water thrown at one stroke into the rivers. A glance at the map of the Big Sandy or Chatterawha Valley will show that this stream has a great many branches, and gathers. the water from about five thousand square miles of mountain- ous country. Every part of this area is made up of narrow valleys and steep hillsides. As it is, the floods of the Lower Sandy rise to about fifty feet above the low-water stage of the river, and are formidable in their violence. If the country should ever become stripped of its timber, the consequences. would be disastrous in the highest degree. Some of the val- leys of a similar character in Europe, which have been reck- lessly stripped of their timber, have become almost devastated! by the violence of the floods. There are several such cases. in France where the soil has been in good part stripped away since the timber was removed, and the government has been, compelled to intervene in order to restore the forests. When this restoration has been accomplished, an immediate change for the better has been brought about. Thus we see that there are two good reasons for endeavoring to retain the forests of - the Big Sandy Valley. Firstly, that they may remain a source of supply for valuable timber, which each year must enhance in price on account of the increasing population of the Ohio. and Mississippi Valleys; secondly, on account of the safety of the agricultural and mining interests of the region which must be located along the valleys, and thus be in great danger from any increase of the floods which now sweep them. 6 GREENUP, CARTER, BOYD AND LAWRENCE COUNTIES. 7 It may be urged in addition that the best interests of this valley demand that the streams, even to their second and third branching, should be used as a means of bringing out the min- eral and timber stores. This will require the extensive use of locks and dams; and these structures, already difficult to construct on account of the violence of the floods, would be- come quite impossible if their force is increased, as it will be by the destruction of the forests. The mineral region of Eastern Kentucky has a precious heritage in its forests, ores, and coals. All the skill of legislation, and all the discretion of private enterprise, should be directed to securing the best products from these resources, avoiding destructive waste. This cannot be done except by preserving the forests without great reduc- tion from their present area. If the State, or the counties thereof, still own large tracts of forest timber, it would be | clearly in the line of true policy to retain those areas as public domains in the interest of coming generations. Throughout Switzerland and other parts of Europe the communal forests, rarely large in area, are the most precious of the public do- mains. From them the citizens derive in many cases sums so large as to form a considerable element in their private rev- enues. Every county in our mountain districts that will put aside as public land ten thousand acres of forest, worth to-day as many dollars, will, at the end of a century, have a princely domain. There is, in a word, no gift that the present genera- tion can make to the future so precious and so noble as un- touched areas of our magnificent forests. For us it requires little forbearance to spare what will be to them a most precious heritage. IN: 5. SHAE, INTR@DUGIORY LETTER: Professor N. S. SHALER, Director of the Kentucky Geological Survey: The accompanying brief report on the Timber of Eastern Kentucky is made up from observations made during the prog- ress of the geological work in the field which it includes. The work on which it is founded is, therefore, secondary, and somewhat unsatisfactory in details. It may serve, however, as an introduction to a study of the forest growth of this sec- tion. A: R. CRANDALL, Assistant Ky. Geological Survey. REPORT ON THE TIMBER GROWTH OF GREENUP, CARTER, BOYD & LAWRENCE COUNTIES, IN EASTERN KENTUCKY. By awk CRANDALE. The timber of Eastern Kentucky might, from its suitableness to meet two classes of wants, be considered with reference to use in iron-making, or as fuel; and with reference to the uses which give rise to a demand for lumber and other forest pro- ‘ducts. Following this division of the subject, a very large proportion of the forest growth would fall under the latter head- ing. But as practically the purpose to which it will be turned -depends not so much on the character of the timber itself as on the character of the demand for it—a demand shaped largely by such accidents as the facilities, or want of facilities for transportation—it will be as well, perhaps, to treat the subject in amore general way, or simply as to the kinds of forest trees and their distribution. The difficulties which now stand in the way of bringing the ‘more valuable timber of Eastern Kentucky into market, inev- itably turn it to furnace use where furnaces are within reach ; -and where neither furnaces nor marketing facilities give imme- -diate value to the forests, the timber that is not burned in the ordinary process of clearing and fencing land, or that is not wantonly destroyed, awaits the developments of time only to -determine whether the more valuable part shall be turned to use in a wide range of wood manufactures, or consumed in- -discriminately with the rest in the smelting of the ores which abound in this region. 9 IO REPORT ON THE FOREST TIMBER OF The subject may be conveniently divided, however, so as to: present it with reference to a number of questions which nat- urally arise with the study of the forest growth. After the occurrence of species, the number and size of the various trees,. of scarcely less importance is their geographical distribution ; the effect of varying surface conditions, as found in a hilly country, and also the effect of varying exposure. Not alto- gether foreign to an economic view of the subject is the ques- tion of geological distribution, or the assemblages of species. on particular geological formations. It is possible that gener- alizations may be reached by which the forest growth will give an important clue to geological formations. A sufficient num- ber of observations have not yet been made to warrant such generalizations for this field. But it is important that the facts. should be so recorded as to facilitate a careful study in this. direction, when additional data shall have been gathered from a wider range of country. This branch of the subject will, therefore, be left for future treatment. No complete list of the kinds of trees found in this section can yet be given, as, indeed, only a beginning has been made in so considerable a task as is involved in even a preliminary study of the forest trees of so extended and so varied a field. Still enough has been done to foreshadow good results, both economic and scientific. In the presentation here made, it is taken for granted that the value of the different kinds of wood for the various pur- poses to which they are suited, is too well known to require special mention. For the present also the question of facili- ties for transportation and marketing will be left to the enter- prising, in the hope that a simple statement of facts will serve equally well to encourage practical solutions of the question to the advantage of all parties interested. The accompanying tables show approximately the relative abundance of the more common species of trees. These tables are made up from studies made partly by Mr. J. A. Monroe and partly by myself. The timber on an acre (esti- mated or paced) is included in each observation; and when 10 GREENUP, CARTER, BOYD AND LAWRENCE COUNTIES. II: practicable, observations were made so as to give an account: of the number of trees representing each species. First, in: the bed of the valley, including also, in most cases, about an, equal area of slope; second, the side hill at that part of the slope which appeared on all accounts to be most nearly a. medium between hill-top and valley; and third, the top of the. hill or ridge, including more or less slope. The tables are so. arranged as to give the relative abundance of different species. for a number of localities at these levels, The per cent. of each species in a given locality, the per cent. of each species. at the several levels for all localities included, and the per cent. of each species in the whole timber growth of the country, are: also given; the counts chosen being regarded as representa-. tive for this part of Eastern Kentucky. It should be remarked’ here that in some instances an unusual growth of certain spe- cies, from some cause to which it is important to call attention,. has been included; but with such qualifications as are made in the general mention of species, the tables will be found reason-- ably correct. qI2 TABLE JI.—Old Forest Growth. REPORT ON THE FOREST TIMBER OF ee SPECIES. SWihite Oak wie len cts e Wlackioak ts estis- us Chestnut oak. . . . Measles SNA oe SORIEL OAKS ten io: leis 2 BCCCH mie steiner ements Maple rite tan ont Glenys Gly gobo Gao. ish A Gooua oo oe Yellow poplar... . “CAN eH 6 G5 & BE No Ey eee SONG Gog bo Gg! ¢ SVCAINOLE sot tonne cuts BUCKY EN ce ielasiones HOLE aera olaek hols Black walnut... 2) White walnut... . Hemlock). <1. Wine’, 22.2 <0 “12 Near head of | Blain, 1 mile trish Creek,| above mouth Lawrence} of Cherokee County. Creek, Law- rence Co'ty. * * 00z 0} OS1 ‘(a10 ‘] Jo UOZIOY) apIs{[ty > asvureip aaoqe OS€ 0) oof ‘(8 ‘ON “a Jo uoztOY) aspry * 00£ 0) OSz ‘(L ‘ON “CD JO UOZIIOY) [IY Jo doy, “ON Jo uoziioy) Ad[[VA ‘(€ ‘on ‘cD eaoqe) apmstItH * AYLVIO] OF *JUId Jaq ‘cd Jo uozi10y) Try jo doy, * + APLpLIO] OF *]UId J3ag I * (Z ‘ON ‘—d Jo uozoy) Aa]TVA “*xa ‘AA *S f0S1 0] OOF ‘("d € ‘ON jo uozLIOY) IpISsT[TH (a10 YooTY ulvut Jo uoztI0Yy) AdTTeA * + AyI[VIO] 10 “UID Og tties in Car- ter, Lawr’ ce, and Boyd. * Aaypea ‘(*G *G “Huod) ureyg jo yoy Joanv’T] * aansodxa *Ay fo0z ‘("S *S SuruoyRyA) YO JsoT Jo pray * OSE ‘syaard SY AA puL S>pIMpLyD uUdaa\joq aplAIq Little Fork of | Various local- Little Sandy, GrahamHiill, Carter Co’ ty. * * APIPWOOT OJ *WUBd Jag } a} 2 3| 5", a1 ol Y a ads 216/90 o R (e) NIG WwW . wn e) 14|20|25].224 25 ro}-133 25|.080 6].023 25] . | - |.O95)51 IO} . 25|15|-152] . Bll ealusn oO 5 .O1g] . 18] . .065 31|10!.156 *(*S put “GS ‘SG AplaannA JO UozoY) AaTTeA “xa “a ("TJ “qaevo-qng pue “sg ‘Ss ‘suod jo uoziuoy) apIs|[IF * ('g *§ “Su0D eaoqe) IH © 8 8 ls we 8 ny oss 6. 6 Se eaDT aay "yueo Jog Slash Branch Laurel Fur- nace Greennp Co. GREENUP, CARTER, BOYD AND LAWRENCE COUNTIES. ad TABLE I.—Old Forest Growth—Continued. 1 2 SPECIES. White oak. . Black oak. . Chestnut oak. Post oak . . Other oaks Beech Maple . Chestnut Hickory. Yellow poplar Gun -.<- Ashi. 3 Linden . Sycamore . Buckeye Elm. . Black walnut White walnut Hemlock . . Pine ss Raccoon Fur- nace Lands, Greenup Co. "(2d ‘1 “ON jo uozu0y) AaTTeA, *(o0z ‘€ “ON pue Z “ON Sd U9AMJaq) IPIS|TIPY *_advureip aaoqe yaay Oo€ ‘(£ “oN “D Jo uoztioy) [Iq jo doy, * *AjlpBVIOT AOJ “UID Jag *(*9 9 ON jo uoztioYy) AalTeA *xd “WI “SG OST 0} OOI ("9 Q “ON JO UOZLIOY) apisTTiAy GoGo) ST 60) Go 17 II oO nD > of 0 O “oof *(°S *S Suluoyeyp uoztiuoy) py jo doy, Eust Fk., near} Ellington s, Cannonslureg, ad of Al[LIOT AOJ *yUAD I9g "(7D BON Jo uoziuoy) Aapu, o$z 0} oS: *(°S *S SuruoyvpY jo uoztioy) apis|ipy * OSE 03 OOF *(*S “Sg Suruoyry aaoqe) [rq jo doy, Bear Creek, * AWPVIOT OF “UID Jag aS - A UU Oo oO ° ©) * + KayeaA—sorj1[VI0] [Te AOZ UID 19g * IpIS[[IY—sarjl[Voo] [Te 1oF *]UId Jag .061|. 120}. -O17|.046]. .278].069] . . 116] .046). 020} .032]. - 030}. 120}. 2}.064].058}. -031].046]. .007].018). .026].023 .007| . .047].009]. . .067|.106}. “yy Jo doy—sarjiTVo0] [Je Of *yUId Jag .026].015] . .037|.021| . .003]- -002 |. * sal}l[B9O] [[e 10y *yUId Jog 14 REPORT ON THE FOREST TIMBER OF Table I is made up from counts of old forest trees. Table AI of second growth. It will be noticed that the white oak (Quercus alba, L.) has a wider range and a greater development in numbers than any other species. In size, it ranks with the largest of the hard wood trees, often reaching a diameter of three and a half feet. It is probable that, along with its adaptation to a wide range ‘of surface conditions in its growth, there is some variation in the quality of the wood; but it occurs in nearly all valleys, and ‘well up on the slope of most hills, in such size, and apparently ‘of such quality, as is usually sought after for the purpose for which it is most valued. In many instances of growth on a_ ‘southern or southwestern exposure, it is comparatively small in size. The same may be said of the tops of many hills; but | the average size and height is such as to warrant a very liberal -estimate, wherever the forest remains, for that alone which is available for lumber. In point of number the white oak makes up about seventeen per cent. of the forest growth. Its large average size gives it still greater prominence. cS The black oak or yellow bark oak (Quercus tinctoria, Ber- tram.) has a range not unlike the preceding... It also consti- tutes a large per cent. of the forest growth. A considerable number of smallish trees, which doubtless represent to some extent a second growth, are included in most of the observa- tions of Table I, giving undue prominence to this species. It will be noticed that, in the table of second growths, it is still more prominent, showing an adaptation to a wide range of ‘surface conditions. It would seem from these observations that the black oak is less fitted by the strength and durability of its wood to attain great age than is the white oak, though instances are not wanting in which it reaches a size equally as large. The chestnut oak (Q. castanea?) often predominates on the ridges, extending its range downward in a rapidly decreasing proportion, rarely being found in the valleys. In this section, while it frequently attains a large size, it is generally inferior ‘in height to the white or black oak. This is doubtless owing 14 ’GREENUP, CARTER, BOYD AND LAWRENCE COUNTIES. 15 partly to exposure to sweeping winds, and partly to the rocky character of the ridges on which it abounds. Further back in the country, and especially as noted on Laurel Mountain, where it is abundant over the greater part of the slope, the chestnut oak is not inferior in height to any of the oaks. While this is suggestive as to the cause of the disparity in height noted in the field covered by this report, it also gives rise to questions relating to its distribution, questions which may, however, with the suggestion, be left for further investigation. The post oak (Q. obtustloba, Michx.), a tree of medium size, is less abundant. It is found in various exposures in scattered growth. Its wood is very close, hard, and durable. The other oaks noted, but which, for want of accurate dis- tinction in some of the counts, are thrown together in the tables, are the red oak (Q. rubra, L.), which is abundant in many places. It reaches dimensions scarcely less imposing than those of the white and black oak. The Spanish oak (Q. falcata, Michx.), which occurs mostly as second growth, but also as large trees, especially in Law- rence county. The laurel oak (Q. zmbrecaria, Michx.) also occurs in small size at a number of. points in each county. Along Blain, and especially for some distance above the Falls, trees of large size are found. | The black jack or barren oak (Q. zzgrva, L.) occurs in various ‘exposures, but mostly on the more barren and rocky slopes. The oaks constitute about forty-two per cent. of the forest Fees. The beech (Fagus ferruginea, Art.) ranks with the chestnut oak in abundance; but in distribution it is quite unlike that tree, being found mostly along the foot of the hills. It some- times becomes prominent well up the slope, and not unfre- quently occurs in scattered growth along the highest ridges. It often shows a diameter of three feet, and is on many ac- counts one of the most interesting trees in this section. The maple is also abundant in some valleys, having a range mot unlike the beech. The sugar tree or rock maple (Acer 15 16 REPORT ON THE FOREST TIMBER OF saccharinum, Wang.) makes up a very large proportion of the maples. Along the banks of streams the white maple (Acer dasycarpum, Ehrhart) is common, while an occasional red maple (A. rubrum, L.) is found, as also the ash-leaved maple ~ (Negundo acerotdes, Manch). The latter tree affords a wood that is perhaps better suited for making small patterns or models than any other of our native trees. The numerical proportion of the maple, as of all those trees which have their greatest development along river and creek bottoms, has been greatly reduced by the clearing of land. Good sugar orchards have to be sought for the most part in unsettled localities. The chestnut (Castanea vesca, L.) is found in all localities, and in such size as to give it a prominence much greater than is shown by its per centage in the tabular view. In the table of second growths an increased proportion is shown. The dwarf chestnut or chinquapin (C. pumzla, Michx.) has not been noticed in this section. The hickories are represented by many large trees. Table I, however, includes a considerable number of smallish trees, giving, perhaps, undue prominence to the hickories; but this fact is largely offset by the great number of small hickories, which are a common feature of the undergrowth, and which afford a large supply of hoop-poles. The yellow poplar, the tulip tree or whitewood (Lzrzodendron tulipifera, L.), occurs in all localities. It ranks in size above all the other trees of Eastern Kentucky, unless the sycamore be excepted, which occasionally reaches immense size. The tulip tree ranges in size from two to five feet in diameter, hav- ing a cylindrical trunk of great length. The young tree is highly ornamental, both in form and foliage. Few small trees. of this species are included in Table I, yet in number of indi- viduals it makes up about five per cent. of the forest growth. The gum tree or black gum (WVyssa multiflora, Wang.) grows in all localities, and is represented here and there by a tree at all levels in nearly all exposures. Its value as a suitable wood for wheel-hubs, and for other purposes for which a cross-fibred 16 GREENUP, CARTER, BOYD AND LAWRENCE COUNTIES. Lye wood is desirable, will doubtless give rise to a demand for this now somewhat despised tree. The ash (mostly Fraxinus Americana, L., or the white ash, but including two or three other species of rarer occurrence) is represented by some trees of large size, but by more of a smallish size, which may be regarded as a second growth in the old forest. The linden or basswood is abundant in some shaded valleys and on some moist slopes. In the tables it falls below its pro- portional number, as do some other species, from the difficulty of selecting average localities for all the species. The sycamore (Platanus occidentalis, L.) occurs along the river and creek bottoms as a large tree of irregular growth, sometimes reaching a diameter of six or seven feet. In second growth timber it is sometimes found along the slopes of hills, and even on the tops of ridges, as along the ridge road from Ashland to Clinton Furnace, 350 feet above drainage. The buckeye (4sculus flava, Att.) occurs as a large tree low down in the valleys. In second growth it occurs higher up the hillsides, but somewhat rarely. The elm is represented by several species—the U/mus Amer- zcana, L.,or the American elm; U. fulva, Michx., slippery elm, and U. alata, Michx., winged elm. The first named being the common species. The others occur here and there as trees of moderate or small size. The walnut trees (/uglaus nigra, L.), black walnut and (/. cinerea, L.) white walnut or butternut, have about the same range, the former being most abundant. The value of this wood seems to be little understood in this section, as it is often used for fencing, or wantonly destroyed. It does not occur in great numbers in any particular locality, but is found along the hillsides and in the valleys of the smaller streams scattered among the other trees. Occasionally trees of great size are met with, as notably on Rock-house Branch of Jourdan’s Fork, in Lawrence county. In the second growth the walnuts both show an increased percentage. It would certainly prove a wise policy to encourage the growth of both; but particularly of the TIM. I1.—2 17 18 REPORT ON THE FOREST TIMBER OF black walnut, the demand for which is rapidly outrunning the supply. The hemlock or hemlock spruce (Adzes Canadensis, Michx.) is restricted in its range to shaded ravines and rock-bound creeks. Cliffs and ledges of coarse sandstone, and particularly of the conglomerate sandstone, when near the bed of the creek, are often covered or surrounded by an almost exclusive growth of hemlock and laurel—trees and shrubs which make slight competition for the more open soil. The hemlock is not limited to coarse sandstone formations, however. It is found, less frequently, clinging to or growing along ledges of lime- stone, as on Tygert’s creek, where it is associated with cedar, and also covering the steep faces of the Waverly sandstone, as exposed along some of the streams west of Tygert’s creek. The pines are represented by several species; the yellow pine (Pinus mitis, Michx.) being the common species. The white pine (P. stvobus, L.) occurs on Buffalo creek, in Carter county. It is represented here by a few scattered individuals only. The scrub pine (P. zwops., Azt.) is more common in second growth, as on the hills around Louisa. The red cedar (/untperus Virginica, L.) grows in many localities low down in valleys or on bluff-like hills; but it has a much more marked development along the outcrop of the sub- carboniferous limestone than elsewhere. Besides the trees mentioned in the tables, there are others of less common occurrence, as also a number of small trees and,of shrubs, which, though they do not largely affect the character of the old forest, are worthy of mention. The poplar (Populus grandidentata, Michx.) occurs at sev- eral points on low ground. The persimmon or date-plum (Diospyrus Virginiana, L.) is found in nearly all localities. Attention has been called to this tree by a number of writers as one likely to repay with valua- ble fruit an intelligent effort to cultivate and improve it. The cherry is represented by two species (Prunus serotina, Ehrhart and P. Pennsylvanica, L.), the former occasionally 18 4 GREENUP, CARTER, BOYD AND LAWRENCE COUNTIES. 19 growing to good size, as instanced by the beautiful tree in front “of Mr. Scott’s house, at Olive Hill. The common locust (Rodzxa pseudacacia, L.) occurs without — apparent regard to level or exposure. The honey locust (Gleditschia triacanehos, L.) is limited to the lower grounds. The cucumber tree (Wagunolia accuminata, L.) is found rarely an Carter and Lawrence counties. It is a large tree, and equally as valuable for lumber as the tulip tree. The umbrella tree (Magnolia umbrella, Lam.) occurs in great ‘numbers on the waters of the Chatterawha or Big Sandy, also -on some of the tributaries of the Little Sandy. It is a small but interesting tree, and one that is very desirable for purposes of shade and of ornamentation. In Eastern Kentucky it grows mostly along the streams. In Tennessee I have noticed it covering a hill to the exclusion of other trees. It is likely, therefore, that no difficulty would be experienced in transplant- ing it to higher land and dryer soil. The water birch (Letula nigra, L.) is abundant on the banks -of some of the larger streams, like Tygert’s creek, the Little Sandy, and Blain. The black birch (Betula lenta, L.) was noted as a small tree at a number of points. The hackberry ( Celtis occtdentalts, L.) has an occasional rep- ‘resentation of moderate size. The sweet gum (Lzguzdamber styraciflua, L.) was noted at a number of points along the border of Greenup and Lewis counties as an occasional tree of small growth. It has a con- siderable development, both in number and size, om Lick creek, near Louisa, in Lawrence county. The mulberry (Morus rubra, L.) is found at wide intervals in the valleys and on the hillsides. A spreading tree, often of considerable size, and always bearing an abundance of rich fruit in its season. The willows frequently border the streams with various -growths, from the shrub to the large tree. 19 20 REPORT ON THE FOREST TIMBER OF The catalpa (C. dzgnonordes, Walt.) is found both on cultivated and on wild lands. Whether native in the latter instance is uncertain from observations in this field. The hop hornbeam or lever wood (Ostrya Virginica, Willd.). occurs only rarely and in small size. Water beech (Carpiznus Americana, Michx.), is abundant everywhere, sometimes reaching eight to ten inches in diame- ter. It is a very close-grained wood, and may be made val- uable for turning by boiling or saturating with water before drying. The dogwood (Coruns florida, L.) is also abundant through- out. It rarely reaches a diameter of ten inches, but it grows. a more regular and shaft-like trunk than the preceding, while it is equally close-fibred, and more readily seasoned for use. The Juneberry or service berry (Amelanchier Canadensts, Torr & Gray) has an occasional representative. Sassafras (.S. officinale, Nees.) is common, and usually asso- ciated with the sour tree or sorrel tree (Oxvdendrum arboreum,, eG) The pawpaw grows in dense thickets along the foot of most hills, extending up ravines and reaching up hillsides in lessen- ing numbers. It is sometimes found near the tops of hills 250 to 300 feet above drainage. American holly (//ex opaca, Ait.) is usually found associated with hemlock and the laurels in rocky and broken areas. The redbud ( Crrc7zs Canadensis, L.), the black haw ( Viburnum pruntfolium, L.), spicewood (Benzoin oderiferum, Nees.), hazel- nut (Corylus Americana, Walt.), and the witch hazel (//ama- melis Virginica, L.) are occasionally met with. Sumach (Rhus copalina, L.), alder (Alnus serrulata, Ait.),. and several species of thorns, are more common. The haw- thorn occurs near Ashland, probably introduced. Leatherwood (Dirca palustris, L.) has been noted at several points west of Tygert’s creek. The crab apple and the wild plum sometimes. make up a part of thickets, which appear to be a wild growth. Grapevines, the climbing bittersweet, the Virginia creeper, as well as the poison ivy, frequently overrun the smaller trees 20 GREENUP, CARTER, BOYD AND LAWRENCE COUNTIES, 2I and shrubs, or cling to the larger trees. Other climbing vines and many small shrubs mignt pe aaaed, but may well be reserved for a more extended catalogue of plant species. SECOND GROWTH. The character of the timber growth, which springs up where ‘old forests have been removed, has been made the subject of some investigation—the furnace lands affording an opportunity for comparing the second and also the third growth with that of the original forest. There seems to be very little difference between the second growth and the third as to the species represented, or as regards the numerical proportion of the species. It is deemed sufficient for the present purpose to present a tabular view of such observations as appear to be representative of the second growth in this section. Table II affords an easy means of comparison with the original growth -of timber. It will be noticed at once that the assemblage of species is very similar to that of the old forest. A little closer compari- son will show that the changes indicated are such as to add to, rather than detract from, the value of the second growth. This is equally true, whether regarded as fuel for the furnace ‘or as growing timber for future market. Those trees, which grow chiefly on bottom lands and near creeks, show a falling off in number for the reason that the Jands at this level are so generally under cultivation as to limit observations to the slopes and the tops of hills. It is well known that in many localities the character of the ‘second growth is quite unlike that of the original forest; and often the new growth is made up of species so inferior for fuel, or any of the purposes for which wood is in demand, that it is of little economic value. An interesting and important field for investigation is opened here; but for the present it will suffice to call attention to the importance of the fact where the second natural growth and the succeeding ones are not inferior to the old forest growth. This is readily seen from an illustra- tion furnished by the locality in question. Notwithstanding 21 22 REPORT ON THE FOREST TIMBER OF the abundance of mineral coal, the value of charcoal iron is: such as to warrant the building of charcoal furnaces where both timber and ores are abundant; and as the consumption. of timber in iron-making rapidly sweeps away the old forest, it is of no small importance that nature instantly sets about replacing in kind what is consumed from year to year by the furnace. The statistics of Mt. Savage Furnace, which may be taken. as a representative instance, show a consumption of about twelve thousand cords of wood per year, or for an average blast of a little more than three thousand tons iron product. Allowing thirty to thirty-five cords of wood to the acre—a. low estimate for hill and valley—gives a yearly decrease in, forest area of from three hundred and fifty to four hundred acres. From the best information obtained in this furnace region, it appears that from twenty-three to twenty-five years’ growth is required to give an average of thirty to thirty-five cords of wood per acre. From this it appears that a tract of nine to ten thousand acres is sufficient for the establishment of a perpetual charcoal furnace of ordinary capacity. 22 GREENUP, CARTER, BOYD AND LAWRENCE COUNTIES. 23 TABLE T1.—Second Growth. Hunnewell Fur.| Star Fur. Lands,| Buena Vista Fur-| Buena Vista. Fur- Lands, 23 years") 24 years’ growth..| nace Lands, 22| nace Lands, Boyd: growth. years’ growth, County. ; Sei | St st) a pete keene! | oe See es | | & |e | en eeeeesiieo | te Q a Q ~ 5 Q. => a => Pelee Vr ake Lae | P| ee ee ee ne Cea ae) Aca Pond me Gaited) <9) | [oe i) = = —> - = a 5 = — a a a) rs | ee ae gS ee eis = Jo|s = fo! s = o | 8 = Sra >] Me mo is} a a IS) we => = a ieee) cet tes hy | es ato. a r fo) . is SPECIES. feud ae 5 S bs S ee 2 Sie) Webel? Ve le| pee sau Neos ee Sa ee up| kesh S B. |e- Seo Smal ere We he 8) 8 Seles are ma seis alte Sais oe Lo OMiPion|n os - _ . o LS) os S| & Soe: Soles a. iS ro) < ibs . WO . . = a 2 Q : : 2 lis : : : . oO re) . ‘ a} . ° ; 5 =] . gq ia’) ° White oak... . 30 | 34 | -194 | 40 | 46 | .248 | 38 | 36] .214 | 20 | 34] .172 Blackoak. ... ..| 36] 40] .237] 18 | 34 | .150 ] 28 | 26 | .150 | 32 | 20 | .165 Chestnut oak. . 2| 4] .o19] 8 | 8 | .046 9 12 | 20) .e92 6 O19 Peweak.. 5... 2 006 2 .006 Otheroaks, . Bon 244 6237 1) 30) ned 127 | 20 | 26 133 | 16 | 26 | .134 Beech... 4 | .o12 | 12 035 | 12 035 8 .025 a 2 006 ; 6 O19 Chestnut . 4 o12 | 26 | 16 | .121 | 14 040 | 12 | 10 | .070 Hickory... . 10 | 4] .043 |] 16 | 18 | .098 | 18 | 30 | .139 }| 20 | 26 140 Yellow poplar. . . @} 6S) Yo5344 1S | 8. 7075. 0 SS) -egh 5 6 O19 GMS os A sk 6 | .o19 O17 Oo See 54-4] 6289 6) 6°) .035 4.) .O%g: Dimden.-. .. . : PMESUIORC 6s oss) Ses Buckeye. . . : . Elm SPLee ie eS Vay we e . . . . . e e ° Black walnut. . 12) || 3 |) .002 : 6 | 18 | .069 | 20 | Io | .095 White walnut... . .{ 4| 6{| .031 21 067 Hemlock . . 5 3% 50% oe ies: ay se clk odict aul PES $OZGA. «| YG"! e464) et eal 40690) BA oi) One ee IR MS Se | gD oT La ra| |MPU a LEE) LS eal PaaeLby Pt ceh [S inee a *e 24 REPORT ON THE FOREST TIMBER OF TABLE T1,—Second Growth—Continued. Clinton Furnace| N’r Grayson, Car-| Buffalo Furnace, near head of Olda- town Cr’k, North Lands, Boyd Cty. ter County. SPECIES. White oak. . Black oak. . Chestnut oak Post:oak>. Other oaks . Beech’ i545 Maple Chestnut . Hickory. . Yellow poplar . Gams +. 3 FASTIN de lig ars Linden. . Sycamore. . Buckeye . , Bini st eae te Black walnut White walnut . Hemlock . . Piney. 3% 24 ae) © re) @ = = h S = 2) G 2 = = “=< * -o0z 03 Off *(*9 8 ‘ON Jo uozIA0Y) [Ty yo doy, - oS 07 001 “(*2) Z ‘ON JO UOZIAOY) OpIST [LET ‘oo1 0) 0§ ‘(L ‘oN *D pur aso “"T Jo uOZ0Y) apIs|[ty * 00z Noqe “(*9g F ‘ON Jo UOzIoY) [IY Jo doy, Aypeooy] 1OJ “WUD Jog Fork. * aSvurerp aaoqe o$1 0} oo: “(*d Z ‘ON JO UOZTIOY) OpIS|IH * advurvap aaoqe oSz ‘([vog £ ‘oN Jo uozt0y) aplAid Ajpesoy AOF “UID Jag 3241.80 32 38 | 30 32 16 14 12 2 6 40 | 16 12 6 22 2 16 8 | 14 6 16 12 5 4| 3 8 7 12 2 eA 4 SAIII[CIOT ][e 1OF "JUGS 19g ~ Tit. JO Spits .049 ~O22 * T1y Jo doz--sarnwooy []e 10J “JUV Og . * *soIqI]VOO] [[e 1OF "UBD Jog GREENUP, CARTER, BOYD AND LAWRENCE COUNTIES. 25 DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES AS AFFECTED BY TOPOGRAPHICAL FEA- TURES. In the first tabular view the effects of these conditions which arise from the hilly character of Eastern Kentucky may be traced in considerable detail. A careful study of this table will place many of the facts which belong to this phase of the subject at the disposal of the reader, and any general conclu- sions touching the question may well be reserved for such modification as may follow from more extended observation. The effect of varying exposure is less satisfactorily shown than that of varying height from drainage. Generally the direction of slope is given; but a sufficient number of obser- vations have not been included to make the presentation rep- resent the facts for more than a small part of the almost numberless variations in exposure, which result from the irreg- ularities of the drainage. Some very good illustrations of the effect of exposure, as regards direction, are found in the hills formed by the Waverly sandstone, which are sometimes knob- like, and, therefore, present a good example of varying ex- posure in a small field. The diagram on the following page, which is made up from observations on some of the knoblike hills on Triplet creek, in Rowan county, will serve to call attention to some of the facts which belong to this branch of the subject. Special investiga- tion in this direction would develop many interesting facts. The steepness of the surface, as well as the direction of exposure, has much to do with the distribution of species; and as the peculiarities of hill profiles may often be referred to the character of the rocks out of which the hills are carved, as it were, by the agencies of erosion, the effects of varying ex- posure are more or less intimately associated and blended with those effects which properly belong to the question of geolog- ical distribution. A discussion of the relation of the two phases of the subject may, therefore, be left for a fuller pre- sentation of the whole question. 25 26 26 REPORT ON THE FOREST TIMBER OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KENTUCKY. Ne.-S) “SHALER, “Director: REPORT ON THE -BOTANY BARREN AND EDMONSON COUNTIES. BY JOHN HUSSEY, Botanica. AssisTanr, WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY N. S. SHALER. at) ? pd ‘ . = pe. er a . ty f 3 e m4 INTRODUCTION. The following report of Professor Hussey, Botanical Assist- ant of the Survey, is published in advance of the completion of the work of which it forms a part, in order that there may be some immediate record of the economic and scientific value of the forest trees and other plants of Western Kentucky. I am satisfied that the very great importance of the store of woods useful in the arts found in Western Kentucky has been greatly overlooked, and deserves immediate attention. The finest hard-wood forests known to me in any country lie between the Louisville and Nashville Railroad and the Mississippi river. I am confident that there is no other region on this continent. where as large a mass of timber useful in the arts, and contig- uous to transportation, can be found. The arts into which these varieties of wood enter are mul-. tifarious, and of the greatest economic importance. I am sat- isfied that there is no point in America where so extensive: opportunities exist for the creation of a direct trade in hard- wood with Europe. For many years wine-cask staves have: been shipped from this district to New Orleans, and, though by the imperfect organization of the business half a dozen profits. are paid before they come to the coopers’ hands in France, they pay the best profits that are made on the oak timber in this district. By very little effort the casks could be made on the French models on the ground, and shipped as bundles of staves to Europe. A precisely similar industry exists in the shipment of sugar-boxes from the State of Maine to Cuba, the parts being bound up in ‘“shooks” and bundles. By this arrangement the value of this industry to our people would be greatly increased. The demand from this source is very great, and steadily increasing. Another most promising industry has. yet to be begun on this ground, though existing elsewhere in 29, ~4 REPORT ON THE BOTANY OF less favorable portions of this country, viz: the making of car- riage-parts hubs, felloes, and other elements in such structures, for export. For this purpose the new growth of timber on the barrens, as well as much of the slow growth oak, hickory, &c., -of other parts of this district, is peculiarly fitted, having all the properties of second growth. All along the tributaries of Green river we have admirable trees for such industries; places where water-powers can be utilized at actual contact with per- manent navigation for steamers directly connecting with New Orleans by the cheapest possible carriage. The ample stores of oak and other ship timbers along this stream suggests the possibility of developing another industry here. Good ship timber can be had in this district at one third the lowest prices ruling on the Atlantic seaboard. Food is scarcely half as dear. So I am confident that a given tonnage would not cost one third what it would in transatlantic ports, as far as these elements of cost are concerned. Coal for run- ning saw-mills, where steam-power is preferred, can be had for about two-dollars and a half a ton. When built, ships would not want forcargo. They could be laden with timber or grain, and could be taken without risk to New Orleans each winter, though drawing as much as twenty feet of water. This is be- yond all needs of vessels of this class. Used in this fashion, there is an immediate and most important source of wealth © in our vanishing forests, which exceeds computation. Again and again, on the borders of Green river, I have seen, in a few dozen acres of tobacco clearings, enough noble ship timber going to utter waste by fire or decay to have built half a dozen large merchantmen. If sucha demand could be created, there are tens of thousands of acres in every Green River county that would be worth a hundred dollars per acre for their ‘timber alone. In a certain way, the hard-wood timber of Western Ken- tucky is a more immediate and satisfactory source of wealth than its coal or iron. It takes less capital to develop an indus- try in it, and the competition will be far less considerable. At ‘the same time, in the class of population it attracts to the State, 30 BARREN AND EDMONSON COUNTIES. 5 and the variety of industry it brings in its train, the industries in wood are superior to all other forms of manufacturing. The scientific questions connected with our Western forests are even as interesting as those of an economical nature. While they must be reserved for special discussion in the memoirs of the Survey, where, as matters of purely scientific value, they will find their proper place, a brief statement of some of the most important points may be admitted here. In connection with the ancient barrens or prairies, which gave their name, in itself a misnomer, to Barren county, one of the most fertile regions in the State, we have two important ques- tions: First, as to the origin of the treeless conditions which prevailed there when our race first came into the region; and secondly, how the retimbering was effected. The discussion of the first of these questions will lead us far into the difficult problems connected with the origin of prairies. I would only suggest, that inasmuch as the forests came back on the stop- page of the fires, to which reference is made in the following report of Professor Hussey, it is not unreasonable to look to for sweeping fires as the cause of the first destruction of the timber. We have seen within a few years: how forest fires, once gaining headway in an unusually dried forest, may sweep over hundreds of miles of territory. A practice of firing prai- ries long continued might in time extend their limits from the regions where they are natural, from the absence of sufficient rainfall, over more and more of the forest area, until the prairie area had been driven from the Upper Missouri into the central regions of the Ohio Valley. This seems to me the most satis- factory method of accounting for the change. The rapid restoration of the timber in Kentucky and parts of Indiana and Ohio, while the prairies of Illinois show but little tendency to restore their timber, is less easily to be ex- plained. Iam inclined, after considerable study of the matter, to conclude that the ‘‘barrens”’ or prairies of Kentucky had not been long stripped of their timbering, the period of open con- ‘ditions having endured for such little time that the seeds of the trees had not all decayed in the soil. In no other way could the 31 4 REPORT ON THE BOTANY OF exceedingly rapid return of the forests be explained. It has. not yet been possible to adopt the statistical plan of studying our western forests shown in the report on the forests of Greenup county, &c. When this is done, it will be seen that. the new or second-growth forests on the “barrens” is not nearly as diversified as the other and older forests; there being far more variety in the trees of the old than there is in the new forests. Assistant John R. Proctor, of the Kentucky Survey, has made some important observations as to the Western forests. of the old “barrens,” going to show that the conglomerate or beds just below the coal form a natural limit to this once tree- less area on the west. The detail of these observations will properly find a place in the proposed memoirs on the distri- bution of the forest trees of Kentucky. N. S: SHALBE 32 oie INTRODUCTORY LEVIER: Professor N. S. SHALER— Sir: The accompanying report is, as you will see, on the basis of actual collection. The number of plants in the list could have been greatly augmented had I placed in it plants observed, but not collected. The first part is a list of the collections actually made, arranged according to the catalogue of Mr, A. Be @urctiss. which follows the order of Gray’s Manual. The second part is made up of Notes on Distribution, Ter- ritory Collected Over, and Botanical and Economical Notes. This part could have been greatly enlarged; but I thought that it would be better to await the results of a further prosecution of the Survey, to enlarge upon the peculiarities, the richness, and the economical value of the Flora of Kentucky. Respectfully, JOHN HUSSEY. LaFayette, Inp., March 15, 1875. TIM Le 33; REPORT ON THE BOTANY BARREN AND EDMONSON COUNTIES. - By > JOHN: HUSSEY; TERRITORY COLLECTED OVER. My collections were made in the western part of Barren county, or that part west of the Louisville and Nashville Rail- road, in the Cave region, and in the county of Edmonson. My observations in Barren county would lead me to the conclusion that the traditions which are current as coming from the settlers are true; that is to say, that when the whites first came to these parts, it was, indeed, a barren region, destitute at least of trees. On the more level parts of this county the trees are yet small in size and few in species. The size of the trees alone would settle the question as to the length of time in which the present forest has stood, especially when taken in connection with the absence of the remnants of an older forest in the matter of fallen trunks and stumps. On the line of sandstone-capped hills seen rising between the line of the railroad and Green river are to be found larger trees than any in the more level portions of the county, showing that when the rest of the county was bare of trees, there were some crowning these hills. The limited number of species found in Barren county would itself be conclusive of the question of the recent intro- duction of forest growth into this region. The most of the oaks are of the following species: Quercus, coccinea, rubra, nigra—the latter species very numerous. Ad/éa is found, but not abundant; also zmdricaria and obtustloba, about the numer- ous sinkholes. I saw no poplars, no tulip trees, linn, beech, black walnut, or butternut. 34 BARREN AND EDMONSON COUNTIES. 9 The largest trees are oaks, about fifteen inches in diameter three feet from the ground. I saw scarcely a willow or a maple of any kind. The soil is a stiff limestone, considerably impreg- nated with iron, making it of a red color, and not highly pro- ductive of ordinary cereals. The surface is very uneven, being full of sinkholes, formed by the falling in of the cavernous passages which form a network under this whole district. The celebrated Mammoth Cave is only one of the hundreds of cav- erns of this remarkable region. Not in the trees only, but also in the herbaceous flora, was the limited number of spe- ‘cies noticeable. It is well understood that the aborigines of this country were accustomed to burn over the surface of the prairies; but for what purpose it does not seem to be perfectly understood. There may have been several considerations which led them to this quite universal custom. It has been said that they thus destroyed the old culms of grass, and cleared the way for the springing of the tender shoots in the spring. They may also have had in view the destruction of hurtful insects, as the grasshoppers, by destroying their eggs, or of noxious serpents, which must have been destroyed in immense numbers by the annual fires on the prairies. Another reason may have had consideration; the tall dead grass would be liable to be fired by accident at any time, and thus human life and many villages be endangered in the night, or in times of high winds, with no means of escape; but if at a certain time, when all are on the lookout, the firing should take place, there would be no danger to life or property. This habit of firing the prairies must have exerted a wide influence on the character and distribution of plants in the parts of our country where prairies existed. Certain plants could not survive the fires. The annuals must have been greatly diminished by the custom. Those which were peren- nials under ground, would suffer less than any other class of plants. The fire swept off everything above the surface— seeds not covered by the soil, young plants of trees; but the well-protected living roots of herbaceous perennials, with the nourishment of another crop of shoots stored away safely be- 35 10 REPORT ON THE BOTANY OF neath the sod, suffered no damage. But as these fires were annually kindled, how did it happen that here and there all over the broad prairies clusters of trees withstood their de- structive influence, and lived and flourished? The reason of the deficiency of trees on the prairies has been held by some to be the absence of the nutriment in the soil which they required, or the fineness of the soil, which was supposed to be unfavorable to the growth of timber trees. This latter view, taken in connection with the fact that the knolls on which the clumps of trees are generally found are composed of more porous ma- terial, as sand or gravel, seemed to receive confirmation. But the fact that all kinds of trees do grow well when planted and protected in prairie soil, upsets both these theories without fur- ther refutation. The soil is not too finely divided; it does not lack the necessary constituents. Not taking into consideration how a country may have been deprived of a forest—whether by the ravages of insects, a succession of unfavorable seasons, or by a conflagration alone, or connected with one or all of the foregoing causes, or by any other cause—when once de- prived of a forest, annual fires would likely prevent its restora- tion while they were continued. If the fires were purposely kindled, and at a certain time, so that the villages could be protected against their ravages, the inhabitants would do it by clearing away the dead grass from the vicinity of their dwell- ings. In fact the grass would perish to the roots around their villages from being trampled upon and burnt out by the fires. in and about their habitations. It is not beyond supposition that the aborigines themselves, for various reasons, might scatter the seeds of trees intentionally or accidentally, from the mast with which they must have provided themselves for winter consumption. They would occupy the knolls, if such there were, for their villages. The aboriginal well knew where the beds of gravel were, as is proved by the use he invariably made of them as repositories of his dead. Throughout West- ern and Southern Ohio scarcely a terrace gravel-bed has been dug out and removed for road-making, but has been found to have been used as a place of interment for his dead. 36 BARREN AND EDMONSON COUNTIES. If I had no opportunity to learn by observation how extensive the prairie was, a part of which extended into that portion of Barren county in which I collected. It evidently extended ‘some distance south or southeast of Bowling Green; but how far it did extend in this direction or eastward, I had no oppor- tunity to observe. To the westward, in Edmonson county, there is evidence of the treeless condition existing. The very numerous ravines, valleys, and hillsides, become covered with tree growth first. The large tulip trees, hemlocks, sugar ma- ples, beeches, and chestnuts found in these less exposed localities, prove that generations of tree growth have passed since their seeds were scattered here; but the uplands show, that long ‘since the deep valleys and hillsides were covered with forest growth, these were almost or entirely bare. Notwithstand- ing this, however, Edmonson county was forest-covered a gen- eration before Barren county. Taking the two counties together in which my collecting was done, they differ very much in surface character. In Bar- ren county the prevailing rock is limestone, except on the caps of the high hills, where sandstone is found. But in Edmonson county the heavy conglomerate and sandstone of the carbonif- erous period prevails at all points. The deep gulches cut by the numerous tributaries of Nolin and Bear creeks give a very different character to the geography of this county from that of Barren. These gulches must considerably modify the éli- mate; at least in them and beneath their immense walls of conglomerate and sandstone the extremes of heat and cold are greatly modified, and protection is furnished to several species of plants not found out of these places in this region. BOTANICAL NOTES. The list accompanying this will show the limited number of species found in the counties collected over. To give a correct understanding of the list, I should state that my collecting was confined to the months of May, June, July, and a few of the first days of August. The weather was unusually dry, which I Suppose exerted an unfavorable influence upon the number of . 37 12 REPORT ON THE BOTANY OF species. When it is borne in mind that this region is widely separated from the Allegheny Mountains, that it is not a high region, the presence of Adzes Canadensis will be unexpected; but this makes a large growth in the gulches of Edmonson county. The //ex opaca attains the size of fifteen to eighteen inches in diameter, and forty to fifty feet in height.. The little shrubs, JZztchella repens and Gaultheria procumbens were found. in abundance there. } dendron, redbud, mulberry, black walnut, beech, black hick- ory, etc. ET LOCATION III—STATION (A). REMARKS. Uaisi, C2) 35s Omnia amr . . .8| Area, 2,500 square yards. Location, Ir Bieckeoak. 2 5. |. ee ASH RON GAREULS miles from Leitchfield, on Falls of Rough Perens eOAK, -. obiec cts @eeibs > @ = 2 road. Formation Chester. Note the ab- LP OF) a UG. te Grose o I sence of liriodendron on the Chester DOERERCMASERGT GN ef (eye) cel 6) cles, fe alte I again. Average diameter of trees, 19. inches. Some dogwood and hickory not shown in the plot. Situation, hill-top, with a long western slope. STATION (B). REMARKS. White oak (0. f.).14 av. diam..21 in. | Station B is a bench of the hill slope, 2,500: White oak (y. f.) . square yards in area. It shows well the Pin oak (y. f.). . 15 oC = Brg, St decrease of white oak in the young tim- Pinjoak (o. f.) . . ber, as well as the timber taking its place.. Black oak (o. f.) . Black oak (y. f.) . 13 “ sou, its Post oak (y. f.).. 5 ce Pat ge Rostioak {o. f.). . Pig hickory (0. f.), 2 cc . 16% ** Pig hickory (y. f.), 8 a Spee ss fronwood. . I The small perches! are about the same. LOCATION IV—STATION (A). REMARKS. Black sugar maple . 8)... di . Location, lowlands on Pleasant Run, one White sugar maple. 7 ea) ape mile from Falls of Rough. Area, 2,500: Black walnut (y. f.).4 square yards. The timber here is dis- Sycamore (y. f.).2 oC Bee iguG tinctly swamp. Shag. hickory. . diamipeen | 24s I Chinquapin oak . . 2 Red elm (small) . . 2 Hawthorn. . . = 2 IBMEKEYE 606. s,s 1 Willow’... Nv In the Rough Creek region hackberry and box elder, prick-. ly ash, liriodendron, white and red elm, spicewood, hickory, three varieties, white oak, beech, and the other common for- est timber, is noted. Owing to the making of two long sec- tions off the regular belt of timber, during which I made only running notes, the next plot of ground on which I numbered’ and averaged the timber was about ten miles from Cloverport. 71 I4 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF GRAYSON, LOCATION V—STATION (A). . REMARKS. White oak . . . .6 av. diam. . . 19 in. | Location, hill top 10 miles from Cloverport. Blackioak.= 9s «8533 oe Se 2a Area, 2,500 square yards. Pin oak, etc., Chestnuts...) 5. (:) meute. veh eionseteel ne utente A: AC ReOe eta ier ie em ed OO / “ Bickdtys i septa eee eo ole tet et ee oh te er te ar ne) nee we 8% * ACH eStrttt yy Soi ai eeu colved Ve dhelite Nici Rolvel ye a oe cr nO dso, ch to ss Suamisi Gales we oe tate aio Aeea pin ee Walia alia) a Xe ia) (amd x eee Mex . . « 2G gree LALIOGENGTON'. ~ piel euler ene ona) Yo te selnver is tely otic! “e Men oh fel tor veymermte Mey veers 10 di PLA CKE OUI oi toes) ee ionuel tetas ° Ach ree Get Co) Capo MONG o: oy ©) st Pin: One pratt lec herrea ack Lier aMmetine i sion ie de te. hele bsloe) verde ehmaies aeaet aa a DOO WOOds stot shiv tae Si Bib) ohne) le tel sil tel. ‘oliel irs), je\veitloionueniel bolt nh. o hl ommta sf Shear, Wee. at: iS 24 cia eek tae reese alia ie tee delle) cao #4) 6 os! 2) SYCAMIOLEG.. clue’ Welt hehe iceman tine sue Te. Fac, ie). tol esAtglog eh eblem ees tnemEl se WWiltttevash vin oo. aes eee si, Suen jotieita: te Mok elt isha Siar uenae sate Rome ee ae a Maple... 0) ee phe ts OI 2 ene ee PCS Pe 8 tee ee 72 BRECKINRIDGE, OHIO, AND HANCOCK COUNTIES. [5 This table is not absolutely perfect, for no such tables could be. For instance, black walnut should appear in it, as a small amount of old forest walnut is found on the waters of Beech Fork of Clover Creek. But if I had introduced a section from that locality, walnut would have had a prominence which it cannot claim in Western Kentucky. For the same reason I ‘did not introduce a section from any prominent creek bottom, where there would probably be 100 beech trees per acre, and no other timber at all. However, the table is as accurate as it is possible to get it, and fairly represents the timber of all the counties under consideration. Now let us go over the tables and take the young forest timber only. In the same way we shall find its composition to be: MEME ret 1 eh es el en afi oat (wile rate voaieergs jie) ay vecdiehi's © Wiese 9.4 per cent. POS, Gale ote valep eon Oe Onecare OMe aoc eh eiewer os sane etoms 3 sa nearly. Blackvoak i) .'< 3 ; See SiG Aa at cnaoh IO tact eee ee oO Ue 36 ORDER LAURACE—LAURELS. Genus Sassafras. Common sassafras, Sassafras officinale (Nees.) Genus Benzoin. Spicewood, Benzoin odoriferum (Nees.) ORDER ROSACEZ—ROSEWORTS. Genus Cerasus. Black cherry, Cerasus serotina (D. C.) Genus Prunus. Red and yellow plum, Prunus americana (Misch.) Genus Cratagus. Hawthorn (not a native) Cratagus oxycantha (L.). ORDER ARTOCARPACEZ—ARTOCARBS. Genus Morus. Red Mulberry, Morus rubra (L.) ORDER LEGUMINOS&. Genus Gleditschia. Honey locust, Gleditschia triacanthus (L.) Genus Robinia. Black locust, Robinia pseudacacia (L.) Genus Cerets. Redbud (Judas tree), Cercis canadensis (L). ORDER ACERACEAi—MAPLES. Genus Acer. Red maple (trident), Acer rubrum tridens (L). White maple, A. dasycarpum (Ehrh.) Sugar maple, A. saccharinum (L). Black sugar maple, A. nigrum (Mx.) . Genus Negundo. Box elder, Negundo aceroides (Moench), ORDER SAPINDACEA—SOAPWORTS. Genus ALsculus. Ohio buckeye, A%sculus glabra (Willd.) ORDER ANACARDIACE—SUMACHS, Genus Rhus. Smooth sumach, Rhus glabra (L.) Large sumach, R. typhina (L.) ~20 I. 78 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF GRAYSON ORDER RUTACEA—RUEWORTS. Genus Xanthoxylum. Prickley ash, Xanthoxylum americanum (L.) ORDER BIGNONACE2Z—TRUMPET FLOWERS. Genus Catalpa. Catalpa, Catalpa bignonioides (Walt.) ORDER MAGNOLIACEZ. Genus Liriodendron. Tulip tree (erroneously called yellow poplar), Lirio- dendron tulipfera (L.) ORDER BERBERIDACE&. Genus Berberts. Berberry, Berberis vulgaris (L). ORDER ANONACEZ. Genus Asimina. Common papau, Asimina triloba (Dunal). ORDER HAMAMELACEZ—WITCH HAZELWORTS. Genus Liguidambar. Sweet gum, Liquidambar styraciflua (L.) ORDER EBENACEZ. Genus Dyospyros. Persimmon, Dyospyros virginiana (L.) ORDER ERICACEZ. Genus Oxydendrum. Sorrel tree, Oxydendrum arboreum (D. eS ORDER CAPRIFOLIACEA. Genus Sambucus. Pith elder, Sambucus canadensis (L.) Genus Viburnum. Black haw, Viburnum prunifolium (L.) ORDER CALYCANTHACEZ. Genus Calycanthus. Sweet shrub, Calycanthus floridus (L.) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KENTUCKY. N. S. SHALER, Director: i Pea OokeE ON THE TIMBERS OF THE NORTH CUMBERLAND: BELL AND HARLAN COUNTIES. BY PAPAYEDT Ei) DEE RIESE: INTRODUCTORY LETTER. Professor N. S. SHaver, Devector Kentucky Geological Survey: ~ Dear Sir: I herewith send you a report on the timbers ef the North Cumberland, which is a continuation, both in method and purpose, of a previous report on the timbers of four counties of Western Kentucky. The study upon which the present report is based was made during July and Au- gust, 1876, and was sufficiently exhaustive to insure accuracy and a reasonable degree of completeness. Very respectfully, LAFAYETTE H. DeFRIESE. New York, March 20, 1877. TIM. 1.—6 81 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE NORTH Cuge@ BERLAND—BELL AND HARLAN COUNTIES. The method of study pursued in investigating the timber of the North Cumberland necessarily differed somewhat from that indicated in a former report on the timbers of Grayson, Breckinridge, Hancock, and Ohio counties.* The reason is; that the latter counties are comparatively level, are largely settled, and their timbers had to be studied with reference to the effects which clearing away the old forests would have upon the future timber growth of the counties. In the pres- ent report, on the contrary, the country is almost impassably mountainous; comparatively a very small proportion of land has been cleared, and the mountains are still crowned by their vast and primitive growths. The end to be attained in this report is, evidently, to give a conception as clear as possible of the present condition of these timbers. I have, therefore, not done so much plotting of ground and numbering of trees as was given in the former report; for it is manifestly very difficult, if not impossible, for the mind to pass from the con- sideration of a few detached and poorly representative plots of ground, of a few hundred square yards each, to the com- prehension of a vast forest whose area comprehends millions of acres. Another difficulty lies in the way of giving a clear impres- sion of the timbers under discussion. They grow upon a per- fect net-work of mountains. There is no regular gradation of timbers on these mountain chains; so no fairly representative one can be chosen and studied which will give data for a re- port upon, and a clear comprehension of, the whole. On the contrary, the mountains are sharply divided into those whose forest must rank among the finest in this or any other coun- * See report on the timbers of those counties, 3e CUMBERLAND—BELL AND HARLAN COUNTIES. 5 ‘try and those whose timbers are, at best, only tolerably good, often mediocre. There are no intermediate chains. To the former class belong the Black Mountain and its spurs; to the latter class, the Brush, Pine, and Cumberland mountains. [I tried to find out the reason of this extraordinary difference in the timbers of mountain ranges which are all intermingled, and whose geological composition is essentially the same. My opinion is, that the difference is due to the position of the underlying rocks. In the Pine, Cumberland, and Brush moun- ‘tains these rocks have an average dip of 14° to 25°. The re- sult is, that in passing up one face of the mountain we climb directly up the dip, which so nearly coincides with the slope of the mountain that the beating of summer rains and the action of winter snows keep the soil washed off nearly down to the ‘rocks themselves, leaving no ground for the roots of a massive forest growth to take hold and flourish in. The result is a ‘stunted growth of hardy trees, whose roots are spread out on the surface of the barely covered rock below, such as moun- ‘tain chestnut oak and rather small sizes of chestnut, red oak, ‘pin oak, and the various pines. On going down the opposite side of these mountains, the continual masses of outcropping rocks, forming a steep and precipitous descent, leave no room for other timbers than the Rhododendron (wild rose bay), Kal- mia latifolia (American laurel), and such shrubs as cling to the faces of rocky cliffs. On the Black Mountain and its spurs, on the other hand, the rocks are horizontal, and the slowly accumulating detritus clings to their surfaces, whose position opposes the slope of the mountain at such an angle as to hold the detritus in place. A loose soil accumulates, in which an abundance of forest weeds spring up, and the decay of leaves and of these an- nually dying weed-tops constantly adds richness and depth to the soil already in position. The consequence is, that, in the parts of the Black Mountains familiar to me, even on the ‘steepest slopes, there is a rich alluvial soil of from two to four feet in depth. For this reason, there is a growth of -chestnut, tulip tree (yellow poplar), black walnut, white and . 83 6 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE NORTH blue ash, birch, linden, and white hickory, that I have never seen surpassed. As no mountain could be chosen for study which would fairly represent the timber of the country, my method was to make sections across Black Mountain and its spurs, and also across Brush and Pine Mountains. I chose some as nearly representative locality as possible at which to cross the moun- tains, and at every hundred barometric feet in height, more or less, I noted the proportion, size, and condition of growth of all the timber distinctly visible from that point. This method will, of course, give the height above drainage at which any species disappears or is introduced. I tried also to get the proportional effects of alluvial soil and of nearness to water upon what are known as swamp timbers. It is well known that some timbers are found only on bottom lands, and never appear very high above water-level; but, whether this fact is due more to the presence of the detritus from the hills, which always forms an alluvial soil along the streams, or whether the presence of water is absolutely essential to their growth, I was not able to determine. In the former case, the same timbers would grow on such soils, whether close to water or not. An experiment, showing whether these swamp timbers. will grow on alluvial soils high above water, or whether they will grow near water without an alluvial soil, would be very. interesting. My own opinion is, that the soil, not the water, is the essential part with most of them. I was led to this. opinion by noticing that little benches, high up on the moun- tains, where there is no constant drainage, but where deep. alluvial soil has accumulated, grew most of the swamp tim- bers; but, as a certain amount of water always found its way during rains into these depressions, it was impossible to get data enough to warrant more than a mere conjecture. In regard to the relation between the old and the young forest growths in this region, with the exception of walnut — timber and of other timbers in certain localities, I see no rea- son why the present proportions between the two should be materially changed in the near future. 84 CUMBERLAND—BELL AND HARLAN COUNTIES. 7 The walnut timber is as ruthlessly destroyed in Eastern as in Western Kentucky. I saw a magnificent walnut tree, forty inches in diameter, with a trunk of more than fifty feet in length, cut for rails—a tree worth hundreds of dollars sac- rificed for a few panels of fence. No care whatever is taken either to preserve the old forest walnut now standing or to encourage the young growth. Besides this, except in cer- tain localities, there is a practice of yearly ‘‘burning off the woods,” which is doing almost irreparable injury to the forests in those parts of Black and Brush mountains where the tim- bers are finest. Especially in the Black Mountains, there is a very heavy growth of weeds that yearly die down, and, with the fallen leaves, make a perfect mass of highly combustible material. Late in the fall, when these are driest, they are set on fire, and the heat is great enough to kill every bush that has appeared during the year. As this is done year after year, there is no chance whatever for a young forest growth to start. The consequence is, that in those parts of Black Mountains where the present forests are most dense and valuable, there is not a single young tree or bush to be found. In many places this practice has been going on so long that the old forest is rapidly dying out with age, and there is nothing coming on to take its place. If the practice -of burning off the mountains is not stopped immediately, at any rate long enough for a new forest to get a permanent hold, so that fire cannot destroy it, before many years a mountain as rich in valuable timbers as any I know of in this country will be almost, if not entirely, stripped of its precious products. Some extra care should certainly be taken to pre- serve and perpetuate so rich a forest of such timbers as black walnut, black, white, and blue ash, white hickory, tulip tree, black birch, etc. So valuable are the ashes and the white hickory now becoming, that a Paris carriage manufacturing firm is thinking seriously of establishing a spoke factory in some part of Kentucky, where these timbers can be most easily obtained. Already there is a very large trade going ‘on in Lzvtodendron or tulip tree (called yellow poplar) timber, 85 8 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE NORTH logs of which are cut from the mountains and floated down the Cumberland in immense numbers every winter. How- ever, I see no reason to apprehend any near exhaustion of this timber, if more care is taken to prevent the killing of the. young growths by fire, which certainly should be done. At. least a dozen species of the most valuable timbers in the mar- kets of the world now grow in large quantities on the Black Mountain ridges. Their extinction would be even more than a State calamity. In fact, Kentucky alone might, at the ex- pense of a few hundred dollars, have exhibited at Philadel- phia, in 1876, a collection of timbers which would have rivaled. the timber exhibit of any foreign country in the quality, vari- ety, and value of its woods. I deem it best, before commencing a more minute consid- eration of the effect of different soils, height above drainage,. etc., upon different timbers, to refer generally to some pecu- liarities that struck me, in the distribution and growth of cer- tain varieties of trees. As black walnut is the most valuable of the timbers, I shall commence with that. I made a section. across Black Mountain, starting on the Cumberland river, at Hezekiah Hall’s, not far from the dividing line between Bell. and Harlan counties. My barometer, at the starting point, stood 1,870. At a height of about 1,300 baromettiowiecs above the datum point, and about 500 barometric feet be- low the crest of the mountain, I found a remarkable belt of the finest old-forest walnut timber that ] have ever seen.. The trees are more scattering now in this belt than they have been; for the trunks of several of the finest, which.had fallen during the year, were still lying there. There is no under- growth of any kind whatever to be found within the compass. of this belt, owing to the practice before mentioned of burn- ing off the woods yearly. The belt to which the walnut tim- ber is almost wholly confined, here,is only of the width covered’ by a height of a little more than 100 barometric feet; that is, at the lower edge of the belt my barometer registered about 3,100, and at the upper edge about 3,240. Ona steep moun- tain side this forms a very narrow strip of ground. About 86 CUMBERLAND—BELL AND HARLAN COUNTIES. ‘e) 300 barometric feet below this walnut belt I noted a bed of outcropping coal sixteen inches thick. The walnut itself is growing on a very rich loamy soil, partly detritus and partly decayed vegetable matter, about two feet deep, almost en- tirely devoid of undergrowth of trees, but perfectly matted with a rank growth of forest weeds, fully ten feet high in places. This walnut-growing belt winds along the mountain as far as I had time to trace it (which was not very far, how- ever), always at about the same height above the river below. I noticed that it was just under the top crest of the mountain, and crossed precisely at the heads of the various little streams that flowed from under that crest and made their way to the river below. One of the many magnificent walnut trees that I found in this peculiar belt was fourteen feet six inches in circumference, with a curling but straight and beautiful trunk, sixty feet in length. In an area of twelve hundred and fifty square yards in this belt the principal timbers were: ; liaeik Tyallinls 2a acne 6; averace diameter.) .) a. 40 inches. Eee eee Mamet AR At the. 6) fone) 0) ode. Gye SUG oe NT (retention, fol Be 20a 00° DSERCEISUMNe Ys i) Us) Say 8 ee Sle es 3; one of them with diameter 34 ‘* LinJhu. 24) 0 Seite Saga er 6 waverave/ diameter nai yeitents 2am oF But this plot of ground was a choice one. There isnot such an average of walnut as that even in the belt here spoken of. Another case of peculiarity in the growth of certain tim- bers which [| noted, is that of the hemlock (Adzes canadenszs) of Eastern Kentucky. In this part of the country the hem- lock is confined wholly, so far as I know, to Conglomerate formations; so that the presence of this timber, in any local- ity in this part of Kentucky, is a guarantee that the geolog- ical formation there is Conglomerate. Of course, in other parts of the country, hemlock grows on other than Conglom- erate soils; and of course, too, not all Conglomerate soils of Kentucky grow hemlock. Through all the coal regions of Western Kentucky I never saw a single tree of it. But not only is the hemlock of Eastern Kentucky confined to Con- glomerate formations; it is also never found very high above local drainage. In the whole course of Cumberland river, from Cumberland Gap to near its head waters, and on all the 87 10 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE NORTH various small streams that rise in Brush, Black, Pine, and Cumberland mountains, and flow into Cumberland river, I -have never seen a single hemlock more than one hundred barometric feet above local drainage, except in one spot. That was shortly after crossing the Harlan county line in as- cending the Cumberland, where I found some hemlock trees on top of the bluff, that here rises precipitately from the river to a height of two hundred feet. But even in this case, although the ‘trees are two hundred barometric feet above the river, on the opposite side of the hemlock from the river is a considerable depression, through which a branch runs most, if not all, of the year; so that this is not strictly an exception to the statement that I never saw a hemlock, in this part of Kentucky, growing more than one hundred feet above local drainage. So far as my observation extends, therefore, the presence of a hemlock tree in Kentucky proves two things: Conglomerate formation, and water, present part of the year at least, within one hundred barometric feet. The last peculiarity of growth that I shall notice ‘here, is that of the white oak. Ina former report on the timbers of some parts of Western Kentucky (volume II, page 339) I mentioned the want of hardihood in the white oak, inferred from the fact that Spanish oak, red oak, pin oak, etc., when left to free competition with the white oak, in the course of time choke it out and supplant it. In Eastern Kentucky, where the mountains are sufficiently high for exposure to dif- ferent points of the compass to preduce.a marked effect on the timbers, I found a confirmation of my former opinion in regard to the comparative sensitiveness of the white oak. In making a section across Black Mountain, along what is called Hall’s branch, not far from the Harlan county line, the hills on either side of the hollow are quite steep and high, and form a synclinal, one face of which is exposed to the north, the other to the south. The formation and soil of the two faces were exactly the same, so far as I could see, and both were heavily timbered. But on the hillside exposed to the south about forty-five per cent. of the whole timber was of 88 CUMBERLAND—BELL AND HARLAN COUNTIES. If the most massive and splendid white oak, often four feet in diameter and ninety feet high. Here there was less than one per cent. of Lzrzodendron (yellow poplar, so-called). On the northern exposure opposite, on the contrary, about thirty-five per cent. of the timber was massive Lzrzodendron, many trees of which were six and seven feet in diameter, with trunks sixty to eighty feet high. Here the white oak formed less than one per cent. Of course this is a very striking example, and it could not be said that difference of exposure every- where in these mountains produces such a marked effect upon the white oak. But altogether, my observations convinced me beyond a doubt that the white oak is not so hardy a tree as it is often supposed to be. There are not many valuable timbers in Eastern Kentucky which I have not already noticed in a former report on West- ern Kentucky timbers. Of course the black walnut, already noticed, and the black birch, of which there is a considerable quantity scattered through the Black and Brush Mountains, are the most valuable timbers. But, as in Western Ken- tucky, the people seem to attach very little importance to either. The Lzrzodendron is largely floated out every winter, as I mentioned before, for lumber. The white hickory and black and blue ash rank next in value; and they all abound, in the Black Mountain especially. Owing to the abundance of water-power, the accessibility, in large quantities, of these timbers, and their great demand in carriage-making, I see no reason why the near future should not see many spoke fac- tories, ax-handle and hammer-handle factories, and carriage factories, in this part of Kentucky. Already the eyes of some large carriage factories are turning toward these tim- bers, and they only need to be better known in order to ‘become a good source of revenue to the people. The red maple, which is growing more and more into favor in cabinet work, also abounds in Bell and Harlan counties. The linden (Stlia Americana) is also found in large quantities through these mountains, and is very valuable in cabinet work, panel- ing, etc. The pines, especially the pitch pine (Pius rigzda) 89 jhe REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE NORTH and the yellow pine (/vzus mts), are very abundant in parts. of the mountains, particularly Pine Mountain. They are too well known to need especial mention, except to say that not a pine is to be found in those counties of Western Kentucky, on which my former report was made, so far as I could dis- cover. I know of no especial reason for their total absence from that part of Kentucky. Certainly the want of mountains. in Western Kentucky is not a sufficient explanation; for pine woods are often low and flat, though I do not know of any in Kentucky that are so. Other timbers found in Eastern Ken- tucky, that do not grow in such parts of Western Kentucky as I have studied, are the magnolias (Magnolia acuminata, M. umbrella, and M. frasert), hemlock, Rhododendron (maximum), and American laurel (Kadlmza latifolia). I shall now proceed to give in detail the most important of the sections made, in the order in which they were made. Between ten miles above Pineville and Browning creek the exposure of the mountain facing the river shows Lzrzoden- dron, hemlock, beeches, chestnut, red oak (called often water oak by the people), the three magnolias given above, Rhodo- dendron (maximum), American laurel, red and white maple, trident red maple, white oak, pines (wz¢zs and 7zgzda), the various hickories (mostly shell-bark), dogwood, sourwood, and Stuartia (Stwartia virginica). A section was made up Browning creek to Brush Mountain, and across Brush Mountain to Cumberland Mountain. Up Browning creek, to the last crossing before starting up Brush Mountain, the timbers noted were white oak (which predom- inates), pin oak, pig hickory, chestnut oak, mulberry, red elm, buckeye, papaw, sycamore, shag hickory, white walnut (in: considerable quantities), black walnut (small quantity), white ash (very fine and large), grey birch, linden (77/2a Americana and 7. heterophylla alba), white elm, black cherry (only one or two), winged elm, white hickory, the magnolias, hemlock, sweet gum, and black sumach. I should say here that, in making sections through the mountains, I give the timbers, not in the order in which they probably predominate, but in go CUMBERLAND—BELL AND HARLAN COUNTIES. 13. the order in which they are met with. This is very necessary, especially in going up a steep mountain side, as it marks the height above drainage at which different timbers grow. In starting up Brush Mountain, the timbers remained sub- stantially the same for a barometric height of four hundred: and sixty feet. They are the magnolias, chestnut, hemlock (for the first fifty feet only), black gum, white oak, white. maple, beech, tulip tree, black hickory, grey birch, black. oak, pin oak, red oak, white hickory, sycamore (along Mid- dle Branch), black walnut (in small quantities), white walnut,. holly, black locust, red elm, shag hickory, and red maple (very- large). The formation is conglomerate. Ata height of four hundred and sixty feet chestnut oak is first seen. There are also black ash, red oak, witch hazel, and scattering pines. Height in | TIMBERS. barometric REMARKS, ‘ feet. Pines, chestnut, chestnut oak, The absence of all the other timbers here- black gum, and rock maple. 720 is due not so much to height as to vicin- ity of a slide, which had precipitated the- crest of the mountain down to nearly: this height. Pines (?. mztts and P. vigida). . 965 Here we come to a bluff that has fallen. from the top of the mountain, and hence the absence of all timber except dwarf pines. This throw lasts for a height of three hundred feet. Black locust, chestnut, chestnut At this height the fall from the mountain oak, black birch, magnolia cu- top is crossed, and we again find the tim- cumber, pin oak, Lzvodendron, bers that normally belong to the moun- SWeeG Pepper, etC. 2s s+ so < 1300 tain side. All of these timbers are very heavy. = Chestnut oak almost entirely. . 16co Here we meet with another slide from the mountain top, which normally belongs just below the one at a height of 965 feet. Very evidently that was originally the mountain crest, and fell first. This underlay it, and fell at a later date. Ge- ology shows plainly that both have fallen; but their relative positions originally TP argue from the botany alone. OI 14 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE NORTH TIMBERS. ‘Pin oak, black oak, pig hickory, Liriodendron, chestnut, and chestnut oak Height in barometric feet. REMARKS, The mountain top here is level and broad, showing the slide of the rock cliffs that once capped it. So the timber here is not that which geologically belongs to the top of the mountain. 1940 An irregular spur of the Black Mountain, almost at right- angles to the last sec ‘the following timbers: tion, gives, on its southern exposure, TIMBERS. “Sweet gum, beech, red maple, shag hickory, black ae white oak (very massive), hol- ly, Lzitodendron, black locust, magnolia umbrella, black gum, white walnut, grey birch, black Height in barometric feet. REMARKS. The character of the undergrowth here is somewhat different. It consists of aza- leas, mountain oak, red oak, chestnut, dogwood, and some white oak, hickory, etc. oak, and chestnut . . base. -Liriodendron, white oak, shag hick- It will be noticed that sweet gum, the mag- ory, water beech, black oak, red nolias, and holly disappear during the maple, black hickory, white ma- first hundred feet. ple, chestnut, june-berry. . 100 “White oak, water beech, chest- The shag bark hickory here disappears. nut, witch hazel, Lzzzodendron, june-berry, black locust, black oak, pig hickory, rock maple, post oak, sourwood, dogwood, OU Ce cee iy SOE tap wh eae kate 200 Mountain chestnut oak, black oak, | Here the undergrowth becomes very heavy, white and rock maple, Lérioden- black oak and red oak predominating. dron, white oak, pig pagal Mountain chestnut oak makes its first dogwood, etcy. 300 appearance also. Rhododendron maximum, moun- A cliff of horizontal sandstone here changes tain chestnut oak (in great the character of the timber almost com- quantities), pine (s¢zs), black pletely. hickory, American laurel, sour- WOOK BIGEC chi ot 2 aaela Xe 6 330 CUMBERLAND—BELL AND HARLAN COUNTIES. 15; Height in TIMBERS. barometric REMARKS. feet. Dwarf chestnut oak, dwarf pine, The sandstone cliff here still continues, dwarf and post oak, rock maple, but at a dip of 14°. It evidently be-. sourwood, and American laurel 400 longs to the mountain top, but has slid down, for the rocks of Black Mountain: are horizontal in their normal position. White oak, chestnut oak, chest- These timbers evidently belong to a posi-- nut, black gum, and pin oak tion geologically below the 400-foot are the old growths. . 560 level. a In passing up the Cumberland from White Rock toward Mount Pleasant, the timbers are mostly white oak, beech, chestnut, red oak, Spanish oak, maple, etc., except where a ridge of the mountain juts down to the river, when pin oak, pines, mountain chestnut oak, black oak, etc., are introduced. Shag and white hickories are plenty along the bases of the mountains, pig and black hickories higher up. Hemlock abounds all along the little streams, to a height cf fifty bar- ometric feet above drainage. After crossing over into Harlan county, I made a section to. the top of Black Mountain, up Gray’s branch, and came down a different way, so as to get two sections. The results are here given in detail: Height in TIMBERS. barometric REMARKS. feet. White oak, black oak, red oak, The walnut timber here is only young black gum, black walnut, ma- growth, confined to open spots. ples, beeches, etc. ..-. . . -| ‘base. Beech, sugar maple, white maple, The mere list of trees here gives no idea Liriodendron, red oak, linden, of the splendor of the forest. The L77- black gum, white oak, white odendroms are five to seven feet in diam- hickory, shag hickory, grey eter, with trunks sixty to eighty feet birch, and blue ash... .. 100 long. The white oak timber is also ex- tremely heavy, and the blue ash as fine as any I ever saw. ee ee ee 93. 16 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE NORTH Height in TIMBERS. barometric REMARKS. feet. ‘Grey birch, beech, white maple, No perceptible change in the splendor of Liriodendron, blue ash, buckeye, the forest. red oak, black gum, spicewood, magnolia umbrella, etc. . . 200 Liriodendron, chestnut, shag hick- The linden is yet scattering, as it is found ory, red oak, beech, white oak, mostly in this part of Kentucky high up linden, maple, dogwood, etc. . 340 on the mountain side. The timbers are all heavy. Liriodendron, chestnut, shag hick- | The Lzzodendron remains as heavy as ever. ory, red bud, red maple, linden, The shag hickory is also very fine. qutie-berry, netC.2 suet a 480 ‘Growth same as above, with the The linden first becomes very abundant at addition of ironwood.... . 580 this height in ascending the mountain. Linden, chestnut, and Lz7zodendron are the chief timbers at this height. Liriodendron, chestnut, white ash, white hickory, red oak, linden, buckeye, ironwood, dogwood, aS ae 700 At this height a sixteen-inch vein of coal crosses the hollow. The blue and the Liriodendron, chestnut, white ash, blue ash, and most of the 700- feet timbers. . 850 white ash are very fine indeed. Black walnut, chestnut, Lzrzoden- The splendor of the forest here can hardly dron, white hickory, linden, be imagined. The belt of walnut before IMMLEKAVEs 4. Cl Ce yar 9 ge sel oe ie $ 1050 mentioned begins to show itself here, while the Lzzvdendron, chestnut, and white hickory are of the finest. Black walnut, buckeye, Lzrzoden- At this height crosses the curious belt, 25 dron, white ash, sugar maple, per cent. of whose timber is old forest linden, white hickory, etc... 1250 walnut. In size and quality these trees have no superior in this country, so far as I know. Chestnut, red oak, rock maple, The walnut timber gives out below this black locust, pig hickory, ete. 1375 height, and a ledge of rock here gives high mountain timbers. Linden gives out above this height. ‘Chestnut (dwarf), pin oak, white CUMBERLAND—BELL AND HARLAN COUNTIES, 17 Height in TIMBERS. barometric REMARKS. feet. Red oak, buckeye, blue ash, white The ledge of rock above mentioned is hickory, Liriodendron, chestnut, crossed before reaching this height. black birch, shag hickory, pin The growth of white hickory so far BMCL Cer (eG. 2 58 ne Ae 1600 above drainage is noticeable. It can be met with only on the richest ground at this height. Here the top of the mountain is reached, oak (dwarf), black gum, Amer- as the timbers indicate. The fact that ican laurel, rock maple, sour- there is so little change of timbers, PNOMEC ECS he. fou ictal wife el. Ve 1790 where the differences of level are so great, shows that the underlying rocks are horizontal and hold the soil, so that it forms a rich loam from the bottom to the top of the mountain. Notice here that this is not the height of the mountain above the river below, but only its height above the point at which I started up it, which was some three hundred feet above the river level. In passing down the mountain by a different route, but few variations from the above tables were met with. The ‘““sweet shrub’’ was one of these. The belt of walnut was found encircling the mountain at about the same height. as given above. The timbers on a spur of Black Mountain shooting off near the last section will suffice to give the differences between the timbers of the main range and one of its spurs: Height in TIMBERS. barometric REMARKS. feet. ‘White oak, black oak, red maple, The exposure here is south, and white oak beech, buckeye, black hickory, is by far the predominant timber. It is black gum, linden, etc... .. base. not usual to see linden so low, and only one tree was found here. ‘Buckeye, black walnut, white oak, White oak still predominates. A small Liriodendron, chestnut, pig hick- amount of black walnut, not more than ory, linden, and sugar maple . 120 twenty inches in diameter. Only one linden tree. 95 18 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE NORTH Height in TIMBERS. barometric REMARKS, feet. White oak, blue ash, black oak, White oak is here reduced in size and im- linden, chestnut, pig hickory, portance. Linden is more plenty, and sourwood, chestnut oak, water the first chestnut oak appears. birch, maple, etc... . . + « 250 Chestnut oak, june-berry, black | Here white oak almost wholly disappears, hickory, sourwood, white ma- as well as ash and linden. ple, and black oak ..... 300 | Chestnut, chestnut oak, black oak, Here the timber is almost wholly chestnut sourwood, dogwood, black gum, oak, and evidently belongs higher up: Seb Srey Sod 1k od ae 400 than that found upon the top of the bench given below. | White oak, white and pig hickory, The timber on top of this bench of the black locust, black walnut, red spur is fully equal to that at its base. I maple, black oak, Lzriodendron, had not time to cross completely over ClO ke el acryee eet not 500 the spur. A section made on a spur of Pine Mountain, two miles below Mount Pleasant, gives the timbers mentioned below: | Height in TIMBERS. barometric REMARKS. feet. White oak, beech, black oak, Zz7- The timber on Pine Mountain, at its most todendron, white sugar maple, favorable points, is scrubby and ordi- red oak, sourwood, chestnut, nary. It is so even here at its base. black gum, grey birch, etc. . 100 Chestnut oak, chestnut, black oak, Here the mountain side is a perfect talus Liriodendron, dogwood, black mass of fallen stones and débris. Tim- gum, sourwood, and grey birch 250 ber more or less dwarf. White oak and beech have disappeared. Rhododendron (maximum), chest- Here there is a vast cliff of sandstone, dip- nut (dwarf), sourwood, moun- ping 22%° west southwest, from which tain oak (dwarf), etc... .. 350 the talus above was thrown. Timbers all dwarf. The cliff is about eighty feet high. Zzrzodendron disappeared at the cliff mentioned above. 96 CUMBERLAND—BELL AND HARLAN COUNTIES. Ig Height in TIMBERS. barometric REMARKS. feet. Pine (?. metis,) chestnutand chest- This is the top of the spur. Timber is all nut oak (both dwarf), dogwood, small—pine predominates. sourwood, and American laurel 500 I now give a section across Pine Mountain proper. ‘It is triple-crested at this point (two miles below Mount Pleasant) ; that is, it is composed of three mountains, as it were, mashed in together, with their tops all distinct. The southern expos- ure is a very long and gentle slope, so that almost half a mile is sometimes gone over in a single hundred barometric feet. Height in TIMBERS. barometric REMARKS. feet. White oak, black oak, chestnut, Along the base of Pine Mountain here the maple, Lzriodendron, hickories, timbers are very good—often, indeed, ieee base. | quite heavy. Chestnut, chestnut oak, white oak The chestnut here is very large, while the (in small quantities), pin oak, white oak is small and has almost disap- black oak, pine(P. mzzézs), etc. 200 peared. Very little change of timber from the level above, except that white oak has wholly 340 disappeared on the first spur or crest of the mountain. Pine (P. mts), chestnut, chestnut oak, black oak, and other tim- Bersa@bout as last. . ... American laurel, chestnut oak, chestnut and black oak growing scarce chestnut, black oak, etc... . 430 and other timbers coming in. Under- growth very heavy—pin oak, hickory, black oak, pine, etc. Mountain chestnut oak, scrub ; Here there is quite a change in the timbers, Mountain chestnut oak, American Here we reach the top of the first crest.. laurel, black gum, pine, chest- The timber is almost wholly chestnut DS CCE Se 550 oak. White oak, chestnut, black oak, This is a divide between two crests, is lower 0 a a cr a 520 down barometrically than the last station, and gives very heavy white oak and chest- nut timbers. TIM. I1.—7 oF 20 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE NORTH Height in TIMBERS. barometric REMARKS. feet. Chestnut oak, black gum, sour- The timber here is again that of a high wood, pine (/. mtis,) etc. . . 790 mountain side. The mountain slopes | only 7° southeast. Timber precisely the same as Another mountain crest. The slope of the BDOVER ie) | kat aie ome eee 1050 mountain between these two points has been so gradual that no change in timber has taken place. Chestnut, white oak, black locust,| | This is a low divide between two crests ANids CHESEDILE Oak: Smee weantet ch fe 1 1030 again, and the chestnut and white oak | are very heavy. fos. * White oak, chestnut, grey birch, This is the mountain top at this point; but sugar maple, hickories, etc.. . 1185 in reality it is a gap in the mountain, where the distance down to Beech Fork, on the north side, is only a few hundred feet. The south exposure of Pine Mountain, as given above, is a gradual slope, whose steepness is just equal to the dip of its rock, and is about five miles long. On the north side, on the contrary, the rocks jut out, forming an almost precipi- tous descent to the waters of Beech Fork, at the base of the mountain. On the north side, where the rocks are not too precipitous, red oak, Lzrzodendron (very heavy), ash, and hick- ories are found. The total absence of Lzrvzodendron on the south exposure, except right at the base of the mountain, and the total absence of white oak on the north exposure, deserve careful notice. By merely glancing through the tables given above, it will be seen that, as a rule, subject of course to exceptions, near the base of a mountain such timbers as white oak, beeches, black ash, the magnolias, Lzrzodendron (yellow poplar), red oak, white and shag hickory, etc., are found. That none of these timbers, except the Lzrtodendron, reaches half way up the mountain, but are gradually replaced by chestnut, black oak, pin oak, pig and black hickory, linden, etc. That most CUMBERLAND—BELI. AND HARI COUNTIES. 21 -of these again give out on nearing the top of a mountain, and mountain oak, dwarf chestnuts, the pines (especially P. mitisand vigida, or yellow and pitch), etc., take their places... That the most marked change dependent upon exposure to different points of the compass is found in the case of the Lzrzodendron and white oak, the former flourishing most on northern expos- ures, the latter on southern. That the principal change noted in this part of Kentucky, due to geological formation, is fur- nished by the hemlock, which is found only on Conglomerate ‘soils. These and other minor inferences can be deduced from a study of the tables. The difference between the timbers of Eastern and West- ern Kentucky is not marked enough to be worthy of special notice beyond what kas been given to it in previous pages. ‘So it only remains ', give a table of all the timbers met with dn Bell and Harla: counties, which will be found below: OkKDER CUPULIFERAX—MASTWORTS. 1. Genus Quercus. White oak, Quercus alba (L.) Post vak, Q. obtusiloba (Mx.) Cheztnut oak, Q. castanea (Muhl.) Red oak, Q. rubra (L.) Black oak, Q. tinctoria (Bart.) Pin oak, Q. palustris (Mx.) Scrub oak, Q. illicifolia (Willd.) Dwarf chestnut oak, Q. prinoides (Willd.) Spanish oak, Q. falcata (L.) Swamp white oak, Q. bicolor ( Willd.) 2. Genus Castanea. Common chestnut, Castanea vesca (L.) 3. Genus Fagus. Common beech, Fagus sylvatica (L.) Ned beech, F. ferruginea (Att. ) 4. Genus Corylus. Hazelnut, Corylus Americana (Walt.) 5. Genus Ostrya. Hop hornbeam, or ironwood, Ostrya virginica (Willd.) 99 22 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE NORTH ORDER JUGLANDACEA—WALNUT. 1. Genus Juglans. White walnut, Juglans cinerea KL.) Black walnut, J. nigra (L.) 2. Genus Carya. Pig hickory, Carya glabra (Torr.) Shag hickory, C. alba (Nutt.) White hickory, C. microcarpa (Nutt.) Black hickory, C. tomenlosa (Nutt.) ORDER CONIFERA—CONIFERS. 1. Genus Pinus. Pitch pine, Pinus rigida (Miller). Yellow pine, P. mitis (Mx.) 2. Genus Adtes. Hemlock, Abies canadensis (Mx.) ORDER ACERACEA—MAPLES. 1. Genus Acer. Red maple, Acer rubrum (L.) Var. trident, A. rubrum tridens. White maple, A. dasycarpum (Ehrh.) Sugar maple, A. saccharinum (L.) Black sugar maple, A. nigrum (Mx.) ORDER MAGNOLICE&. 1. Genus Magnolia (magnoliads). Cucumber tree, Magnolia acuminata (L.) Umbrella tree, M. umbrella (Lam.) Ear-shaped magnolia, M. fraseri (Walt.) 2. Genus Liriodendron. Tulip tree (yellow poplar), Liriodendron tulipfera (L.) ORDER OLEACEA—OLIVEWORTS. 1. Genus Fraxinus. Black ash, Fraxinus sambucifolia (Lam.) White ash, F. Americana (L.) Blue ash, F. quadrangulata (Mx.) 2 CUMBERLAND—-BELL AND HARLAN COUNTIES, ORDER BETULACE4—BIRCHWORTS. Genus Betula. Black birch, Betula lenta (L.) Yellow Birch, B. excelsa (Ait.) Red birch, B. nigra (Ait.) ORDER ERICACEA—HEATHWORTS. Genus Kalmia. American laurel, Kalmia latifolia (L.) Genus Oxydendrum. Sourwood, Oxydendrum arboreum (D. C.) Genus Rhododendron. Rose bay, Rhododendron maximum (L.) Genus Azalea. Azalea, A. viscosa (L.) Genus Clethra. Sweet pepper, Clethra acuminata (Mx.) ORDER TILIACEAA—LINDENBLOOMS. Genus Tilia. Basswood, Tilia Americana (L.) White basswood, T. hetrophylla alba (Vent.) ORDER ANACARDIACEA—SUMACHS. Genus Rhus. Black sumach, Rhus glabra (L.) Mountain sumach, R. copallina (L.) ORDER ROSACEA—ROSEWORTS. Genus Cerasus. Black cherry, Cerasus serotina (D. C.) Genus Amelanchier. Wild service or june-berry, Amelanchier canadensis (Torr. and Gr.) ORDER LEGUMINOSA—LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. Genus Robinia. Black locust, Robinia pseudacacia (L.) Genus Cercis. Redbud or Judas tree, Cercis canadensis (L.) 23 Iolt 24 I. I. I. 102 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE NORTH x ORDER HAMAMELACEA—HAZELWORTS. Genus Liguidamber. Sweet gum, Liquidamber styraciflua (L.) Genus Hamamelts. Witch hazel, Hamamelis Virginiana (L.) ORDER AQUIFOLIACEZ—HOLLYWORTS. Genus Llex. American holly, Ilex opaca (L.) ORDER LAURACEA—LAURELS. Genus Benzoin. Spicewood, Benzoin odoriferum (Nees.) ORDER CORNACEA!—CORNELS. Genus Cornus. Dogwood, Cornus florida (L.) Green dogwood, Cornus alternifolia (L.) Genus Nyssa. Black gum, Nyssa multiflora (Wang.) Swamp black gum, Nyssa uniflora (Walt.). ORDER ARTOCARPACEA—ARTOCARPS. Genus Morus. Mulberry, Morus rubra (L.) ORDER PLATANACE—SYCAMORES, Genus Platanus. Sycamore, Platanus occidentalis. (L.) ORDER SAPINDACEZ—INDIAN SOAPWORTS. Genus Aisculus. Big buckeye, A%sculus flava (Ait.) Small buckeye, A. pavia (L.) ORDER ANONACEAI—ANONADS. Genus Asimina. Papaw, Asimina triloba. ORDER CAMELLIACEA. Genus Stuartia. Stuartia, S. Virginica (Cav.) ORDER CALYCANTHACEA—CALYCANTHS. Genus Calycanthus. Sweet-scented shrub, Calycanthus floridus (L.). BGEEULOGICAL SURVEY OF KENTUCKY. Ne Ss, SHALER, sDirecror; POE, Ouks’ ON THE TIMBERS OF THE TRADEWATER REGION Bae OWELL, LYON, CRITTENDEN, TIOPKINS, WEBSTER, AND UNION COUNTIES: BY LAPAY ETT Echo Der RIESE: STEREOTYPED FOR THE SURVEY BY MAJOR, JOHNSTON & BARRETT, YEOMAN PRESS, FRANKFORT, KY. 103 INTRODUCTORY LETTER. New York, September 17, 1877. Professor N. S. Suater, Director Kentucky Geological Survey: I submit herewith a report upon the timbers of the Trade- water River Region of Northwestern Kentucky. Owing to the favorable situation of this region, to its geological charac- ter and the minute but important changes in its surface soils and to the drain which has been made upon its timbers within the last few years, which is liable to increase rather than diminish in the future, I know of no part of Kentucky that furnishes a more interesting or important field for the study of some of the problems connected with the growth, decay, and succession of timbers. Such of these problems as my limited time and opportunity would permit me to consider, I have briefly discussed in the following pages. I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness, and that of the Survey, to the Elizabethtown and Paducah Railroad for facil- ities of travel afforded, as well as to the many private indi- viduals who, by their kindness, have helped to forward my labors. Very respectfully yours, EAP AVETTES hi DePRIinSk. 105 mePORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE TRADEW A- TER REGION-—-CALDWELL, ‘LYON: CRIT: TENDEN, HOPKINS, WEBSTER AND UNION COUNTIES. GENERAL REMARKS. I need say but little in regard to the method of timber- study pursued in these counties, as it is almost identical with: that described in a former report on the timbers of neighbor- ing counties. In speaking of and tabulating the characteris- tics of the timbers of different localities, it will be noticed that I have changed my points of study to suit the changed condi- tions of the timbers. For instance, where there is a heavy drain constantly made upon the forests by cutting and floating out timbers, I have tried to find out about the rate at which valuable timbers are disappearing, and to compare that with the character and growth of the young forest trees, in order~ to arrive at the effects of such drain upon the future forests. of Kentucky. Again, in another locality, where some other cause is Operating to produce other effects, or where similar effects are produced by different means, I have paid especial attention to this changed condition of things and so on. The valuable timbers in this part of Kentucky are chiefly the following, which are important in the order given: white oak, liriodendron (yellow poplar), white and black ash, white hickory (or second growth hickory of any variety), white elm, black walnut, post oak, sweet gum, bartram oak, and cotton tree. And when I say that these timbers are important in the order given, I take into consideration their value as a source of wealth to the State, which depends upon three things: the- market value of the timber, the amount of it found in the- 107 6 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS country and the use to which it is put. Of course, the market value of walnut is greater than that of any other timber in Kentucky, and, if that alone were considered, walnut would head the list of valuable timbers; but the comparatively small quantity of it now found in the country places it low in the scale. White oak niust, therefore, be considered the most valuable timber of the Kentucky forests. In this part of Kentucky, it is the principal forest tree along all the streams, and on the more or less level, sandy soils. But, as a rule, in these counties it is not spread over the hills as in some parts of the State. On lands not more than twenty-five to forty-five feet’ above local drainage, and on loose sandy soils at almost any height above drainage, the white oak forms about 4o per cent. of the forest timbers. In hilly regions, however, the white oak usually gives way to black oak, scarlet oak, and post ‘oak, at a height of about forty-five feet above local drainage. But not all of this white oak, scattered along the streams and through the woods of the interior part of the State, is avail- able at present; nor is it likely to be for years to come. A large part of it must be looked upon merely as a reserve for the distant future, when the more convenient forests shall have been stripped of their white oak wealth by the enormous ‘drains now made upon them. And in the following pages, unless the contrary is distinctly stated, I shall confine my dis- cussion of the rate of disappearance of white oak timber from the forests to available white oak—that is, to white oak that is sufficiently convenient to some railroad, or to some stream large enough to float it out, to be procured without too great outlay. It should be kept in mind that the supply of this timber, which is too remote from present means of transporta- tion to be considered here, inasmuch as there is no drain upon it and cannot be for years to come, is almost without limit. This possible reserve, however, should not be allowed to blind the people to the dangers that threaten the white oak in all places where it is exposed to heavy drains. For, after all, the expense of reaching timbers so distant from means of convey- ance would cause a necessary resort to them to be almost as 108 OF THE TRADEWATER REGION. a) great a calamity as the total disappearance of those timbers. Besides, whenever a resort to such timbers does become neces- sary, then the same rates of disappearance will apply to them which are now found to apply to those timbers subject to a present drain. For the present, therefore, I shall speak chiefly of available white oak, and from this point of view. The valuable white oak timber of the Tradewater region is. to be found within one or two miles of Tradewater river, on either side, and low down on the larger tributaries of that river, where the streams are of sufficient size to float out the logs. The same may be said of all the other timbers which I have given as the valuable ones, with the possible exception. of the post oak, which grows abundantly along all the hill- tops. The question of immediate interest is, therefore, what is the presext timber supply, and what the rate of consump- tion in these available localities? If the supply seem inex haustible to one who rides hurriedly through miles and miles of massive white oak, sweet gum, hickories, etc., all the more impressive, if not alarming, is the truth which closer investi- gation forces upon him. Especially is this so of the white oak and liriodendron (yellow poplar). A careful calculation, extending along the whole available part of the Tradewater- river and its tributaries, convinced me that about 30 per cent. of the valuable white oak, which forms so large a proportion of the forest timbers in these localities, has been tut out within recent years, while the young forest will furnish only about 5 per cent. of this timber to take its place. So that, since the drain upon the timber resources of the Tradewater region commenced, about 25 per cent. of the entire available white oak timber has disappeared. And even of that left standing, the timber found is larger and more valuable in proportion to. its distance from a stream capable of floating it. The effect of this drain upon the liriodendron (yellow poplar) is still more striking. In all the St. Louis limestone regions of Caldwell, Lyon, and Crittenden counties, along streams where yellow poplar ought to flourish, only now and then could a tree be found. When I inquired if it did not 1UQ» $ REPORT ON THE TIMBERS -grow in this region, I was invariably informed that there once was a great deal of poplar in these localities, but that it had -all been cut out. The same is true, to an alarming extent, throughout the whole Tradewater country. High up on the Tradewater river, and on small and inconvenient tributaries, considerable quantities of liriodendron are to be found; but I know of no convenient locality in which any considerable body of really valuable yellow poplar timber now exists. It is per- fectly safe to say that fifty per cent. of all the available timber of this kind has been cut out. : The sweet gum seems to be plenty, and the white elm more or less so; but it was impossible to form any idea of the future forests of these timbers. The drain upon them now, though considerable, is largely local. The biack-walnut is now mostly second growth, and seems to be small, rough, and limby. The reason is, I think, that it grows up only in open places, where it does not have to compete with other timbers. It is there- fore confined to fence-rows and road-sides, where the ground is hard-trodden, or else to waste places where the soil is ex- ceedingly poor. This gives it the character of a dwarf or scrub timber, which the old forest growth did not have. DRAINS ON TIMBERS. The principal drain upon timbers of the Tradewater region at present, outside of the local saw-mills to be found along all the streams where good timbers abound, is made by the spoke factory of Booth, Dulaney & Co., at Kuttawa, Lyon county. It is called a spoke factory, though in reality the firm manu- facture, in addition to wagon and buggy spokes, hubs, felloes, axles, etc., nearly all modern implements used about the farm, such as axe-handles, broom-handles, ox-yokes, ox-bows, ete. A large part of the rived spoke timber (white-oak) used by the factory is obtained from the Tradewater region. I was informed by a gentleman who has had many years of expe- rience in that branch of business, that the best and most durable white oak timber in the United States comes from “the Tradewater and its tributaries. IIo OF THE TRADEWATER REGION, 9 Probably the reason of this is, that the white oak which comes from too far south grows up rapidly, and, exposed to long summers and short winters, is too sappy for the best wagon timber, while, on the other hand, that obtained from too far north, owing to slow growth and exposure to long win- ters, is too brittle for long wear. This is merely a suggestion, however. At any rate, the timbers from this part of Ken- tucky are in great demand; and while I was in Kuttawa I met Mr. S. N. Brown, of Dayton, Ohio, who owns one of the largest hub and spoke factories in the West, who was then in Kentucky preparing timbers to ship to his factory. Messrs. Booth, Dulaney & Co. use post oak altogether for heavy wagon hubs now, and say it outwears any other timber that can be used. Certainly their supply of that is unlimited. A hill variety of white elm is used for buggy hubs, and white hickory alone for buggy spokes and rims. White hickory is also used for wagon axles, double-trees, etc., and the white oak for spokes, bolsters, sawed felloes, etc. The firm employ one hundred men constantly, thirty of whom are engaged in cutting and floating logs, the products of which are shipped to mearly every State in the Union. They pay from ¢5 to $7 per thousand feet for logs rafted to them, or from $10 to $15 per acre for good timber lands. Except the white oak, they bring most of their timbers from up the Cumberland; but when one considers what an amount of white oak timber is here worked up into wagon materials monthly, he can easily see what an enormous drain is made upon a region whose available tim- bers are limited. Add to this the almost countless little saw- mills scattered along on every branch and creek in-this whole region of country, which can easily shift from place to place as the timber is exhausted, and one can readily comprehend what a sweeping destruction of forest timbers is going on. Strangely enough, as yet the great factories of Paducah have not turned their attention toward the Tradewater as a con- venient source of timber supply for them; but we may expect this as soon as the Cumberland and the Tennessee river tim- ‘bers begin to be exhausted. When this time comes, should Ill 10 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS it ever come, an additional drain of 6,000,000 feet of timber per year will be made upon the Tradewater country. It is. needless to say that, with such an additional demand upon it, the valuable available timbers of this part of Kentucky would be exhausted in a few years. For I shall show, further on in this report, that there is little hope of a young forest which can take the place of the old one now passing away. SPECIAL TIMBER VARIATIONS. It should be noticed that in a former report * I spoke of a peculiar, and, in many respects, remarkable belt of timbers. crossing the Hartford and Cloverport road, about twelve miles from Cloverport, and running a slightly varying east and west - course across Breckinridge and Ohio counties. The ground is high and nearly level, and the soil a loose, damp, sandy formation. The belt is about five miles wide. In passing down the Tradewater I found a timber belt, which, from its. width, the formation of the soil, and the character of the tim- bers, I believe to be a continuation of the belt formerly spoken of. It is about six miles wide and crosses Hopkins county between Garnettsville (now Dalton) and Providence. In this. strip of woods the white oak, liriodendron (yellow poplar), white and blue ash, white hickory, black walnut (most of which has been cut out), are unsurpassed in size and beauty. They form a marked contrast to the timbers on either side of the belt. If these two belts be the same, as I believe them to: be from similarity of characteristics, we have the remarkable phenomenon of a belt of the finest timbers extending, so far as observed, for more than one hundred miles, through other forests where the timbers are good, but not extraordinary, and following the general course of the Ohio river, though at no point, so far as I know, nearer to the river than ten miles. The belt is certainly not a level-topped, sandy range of hills. bordering the Ohio, for there are numerous hills and hollows between it and the Ohio, on none of which is the timber especially noticeable. . %* See page 65. 112 OF THE TRADEWATER REGION. If But there is one difference between this timber belt east of Green river, and the same (if it be the same) west of that river, which deserves especial attention: that is, the belt east of Green river is remarkable for its massive chestnut tim- ber, often more than five feet in diameter, which forms a large per centage of the forest trees. West of Green river, how- ever, I was not able to find a single chestnut in all the coun- ties passed through, and all those of whom I inquired said that they had never seen a chestnut on the west side of Green river in that part of Kentucky. Certainly this is remarkable. The geological formation on the opposite sides of Green river is exactly the same, so far as I could determine, and is, so far as the surface is concerned, mostly the sandstone of the coal measure group. The regular pebbly conglomerate seldom appears here, even on the hill-tops. | Certainly, in the belts spoken of, I could detect no difference whatever. Both (if they be two, and not, as I think, the same) are high, level, or nearly so, damp and sandy, and the massive timbers of the two are exactly the same, with the exception of the chestnut. If it be true, as I was informed (and it certainly is, as far as I was able to investigate), that no chestnut is found in this part of Kentucky,west of Green river, the reason why the chest- nut should jut up against this river, and find in it a perfect barrier to its westward course, is worthy of investigation. .With the limited time for study at my command, I could dis- cover no cause for such a phenomenon. While speaking of timber variation, I wish to notice the question of the succession of forests in Kentucky and to mention the results of some observations made by me in that direction. In the report before referred to (vol. II, this series), I gave my reason for believing that the present forests of white oak will be supplanted, in the future,by black oak; red oak, Spanish oak, and such timbers, of which black oak will be the leading timber. ‘Two questions present themselves to me in this con- nection for solution: 1. Is it merely the white oak that is supplanted by the black oak, while of other timbers each will TIM. 1.—8 Il3 ‘= REPORT ON THE TIMBERS be succeeded by one differing from itself, but not necessarily black oak; or is black oak taking the place of all timbers alike? In other words, will the future forests of Kentucky consist of about the same timbers as the present forests, ex- cept that each timber will appear in the place of some other, and in a different locality, or will some one timber supplant all alike, and be the leading forest tree of Kentucky in the future? 2. In case it should be found that no regular rotation of forests is taking place, but that some one timber is sup- planting all others, in what way can the present distribution of timbers be best secured ? In reference to the first question, I noticed that in all those localities along the Tradewater, if the immediate borders of the streams be excepted, where the white oak forests are now finest, but where the present timbers are fast disappearing on account of the drain constantly made upon them, that the undergrowth has about the same per centage of black oak that the present forest has of white oak—on an average about 40 per cent. Very little white oak, indeed, will appear in the future forest, even in regions where now it most appears. I then noticed carefully localities where the present predominant timber is black oak, red oak, post oak, or hickory, and in each case I found that the undergrowth contained from 25 to 40 per cent. of black oak, while no white oak at all appeared. It seems to be an inevitable conclusion, therefore, that the present valu- able timbers of Kentucky are disappearing, and that the comparatively worthless black oak is to be the universally pre- dominant tree of the future. This is not true of the hickory, of which there will be as large per centage in the future as there is in the present forests; while of white elm and white ash, on account of the comparatively small proportion of these timbers, except in somewhat low lands, I found it impossible to obtain data enough to warrant a conclusion. My opinion is, that they, too, will almost disappear when those in the present forest are removed or die down. Of the swamp tim- bers proper, such as sweet gum, sycamore, red elm, maple, etc., | see no reason to expect a change; but of the white oak i1l4 OF THE TRADEWATER REGION. 13 and liriodendron (yellow poplar), which, after all, are the great stapie timbers of Kentucky, I believe the time will come, and that far sooner than those who have not investigated the sub- ject suspect, when they will disappear entirely from our forests, unless some earnest effort is made to avoid such a calamity. The second question then presents itself, viz: How can the present variety and distribution of Kentucky timbers be main- tained? Ihave two methods to suggest, neither of which will, I fear, be acted upon until the people become alarmed at the condition of their forests, and show more energy in caring for and perpetuating them than they have shown in the past. One of these methods is to plant trees of the same kind as rapidly as the old timbers are cut away, or as the land is exhausted and ‘turned out,” and to keep down other growths until the planted trees get a start. This needs no discussion. It is the method that mast be adopted in introducing a new variety of timber into a forest, as well as in perpetuating some varieties. I believe that the black walnut, for instance, can be preserved only in this way. The second method, which can be employed only where, as is the case to a large extent in Kentucky, the present forest is the kind desired, is perhaps the more available of the two. It is well known to all observers of timber growth, that if a tree be cut down toward the spring of the year, just before the sap begins to rise, a large number of shoots or “‘sprouts’’ will spring from the stump of the fallen tree. If those who are cutting timber to float out would cut as late in the winter as possible consistently with meeting the spring freshets, the sap rising in the stumps of the lately cut trees would cause this growth of shoots. Then if the undergrowth of the dif- ferent varieties, which already have such a start as to soon smother the tender bushes springing from the stumps of the fallen trees, were merely cut away, these bushes would get such a start as to hold their ground, and the present forest timbers would be preserved in about their present proportions. This would really require very little labor; and, while I have mever seen the experiment tried on a large scale, I believe it 115 14 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS would be entirely successful. Certainly,if the present forests of Kentucky can be preserved by so small an outlay of thought and labor now, it is of the highest importance to the people to see that this source of wealth to the State is not allowed to waste away. Otherwise, their descendants of a few genera- tions hence will be compelled to go through the slow and laborious process of planting and cultivating those very tim- bers which are so abundant to-day, and which, by a little care on the part of their forefathers, might have been left to them as a rich inheritance. | SOME EFFECTS OF TIMBER CLEARING. It is a lamentable practice in most farming regions of Ken- tucky, when a piece of ground becomes somewhat exhausted, to clear another piece and tear down the fence of the former to inclose the latter, leaving the worn-out lands exposed to the ravages of stock, in addition to washing rains. The conse- quence is, that cattle eat down each little bush or weed, on the lands thus suddenly exposed, as fast as it appears. As the soil has been lately cultivated, and is comparatively loose, a few heavy rains start myriads of ‘‘gullies”’ in the ground, whose only protection against such washes was removed by ‘‘turn- ing the land out,” and allowing the cattle to eat down the little herbage and bushes that might otherwise have cemented the surface soil. A few years of such exposure gives the *‘ washes ” such a start that no amount of care and labor can preserve the land from utter destruction. If one reflects upon how many farmers there are in Kentucky, and that the vicious system of culture pursued by them consists, in the greater part of the State, in thus clearing a piece of land, working it without manure or much rotation of crops, year after year, until ex- hausted, a process which, on an average, requires only five or six years, when they abandon it and clear new ground, one can realize how many acres of the land of Kentucky are thus annually ‘‘turned out.” Aside from the destruction of valua- ble forests entailed by such a system of cultivation, the effects upon the soil and climate of the regions thus cleared are very 116 OF THE TRADEWATER REGION. 15 serious. Granted that in the course of years other forests will spring up in such districts, I have elsewhere shown that these new forests will be comparatively valueless, so far as the timbers are concerned. Of course, their presence would pre- vent the further washing of the soil and change of climate produced by barrenness, but nothing more. In fact, however, I see little hope of a worn-out soil thus exposed ever re- clothing itself with timbers of any kind. Timber growth upon such exhausted soils is so slow that its battle with washing rains would be doubtful, even with the best protection that could be given it; but when to the washing of rains is also added the ravages and trampling of cattle, and other such things incident to a totally exposed piece of once cultivated soil, I believe that the chances of a new forest growth are exceedingly poor. I have myself seen a piece of exhausted land that had stood thus, as I was informed, for twenty years. In it I measured washes fourteen feet deep and twelve feet wide, while almost every square yard was crossed by a “rut”’ or “gully” of greater or less size. A few scraggy persimmon bushes occupied the still unwashed spots; but it seemed to me inevitable that the entire two hundred acres of once fertile ground would soon have its surface soil completely washed away. If the farming lands of Kentucky were level prairie lands, the facts here spoken of would not be so serious; but, on the contrary, the ground is hilly or rolling, and the effects of reckless destruction of forests on such lands are always fatal. JI have not seen these effects better stated than in the JLondon Spectator of June 16, 1877, which says: “The evidence that the great floods which have from time to time, during the last half century, been so destructive in Switzerland, and in many districts of France and Italy, have been mainly caused by the felling of the forests on the high grounds, appears to be overwhelming. In the department of the Loire especially, it was universally remarked, that the wooded grounds suffered no change, while in the denuded districts, the whole soil of cleared and cultivated fields was ‘swept away, and the rocks laid bare. ‘The same was seen in 7 16 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS ie the upper Rhine in 1868. The clearings in the province of the Ardeche have produced the most melancholy results with- in the last thirty years, one third of its area having become barren; and new torrents had, in 1842, destroyed 70,000 acres. of land, an evil which has been going on ever since that time. The denudation of the crests of the Vosges has done infinite harm in Alsace. Many places in Provence, rich and inhab- ited half a century ago, have become deserts. Thousands of torrents have been formed within the last dozen years on the southern flank of the Piedmontese Alps and in Dauphiny, and grassy slopes have been converted into stony chasms by the cutting of the woods above. In the department of the lower Alps, between 1842 and 1852, 61,000 acres went out of culti- vation from this cause. In Italy, the demand for Italian iron during the wars of Napoleon I, the trade with England being cut off, necessitated vast cuttings of wood for fuel, and the effects are felt to this day, especially in the valley of the Po. In fact, there is scarcely a country on the continent of Europe in which the reckless destruction of forest has not been ad- mitted, both in popular belief and by the verdict of science, to have been the cause of misery, of the amount of which the majority even of well-informed persons in England have little conception.” Change the names in this article to those of the hills and mountains of Kentucky, and the process now going on in our State will be startlingly described. Another result of the reckless clearing up of forests and destruction of timbers is the effect produced upon the climate. I shall have little to say upon this subject, for it lies without the proper sphere of my inquiry. It is a fact, thoroughly proved by experience, that in the far West, as civilization pushes itself backward, clearing up the forests as it goes, the change in climate brought about in a few years is very marked. The winters grow bleaker and colder, the springs later, and the summers drier and more subject to alternations of violent storms and long droughts. The reason for this I believe to. be as follows: Heavy forests produce two effects upon cli- 118 | | ec gS OF THE TRADEWATER REGION. 17 mate in winter—they break the cold, bleak winds that sweep over the country, and give it protection in that way; and they add actual warmth to it from what I believe to be the fact, that the temperature of a living tree never falls quite so low as that of the surrounding atmosphere in exceedingly cold weather. Let the difference be ever so slight, where a coun- try is thickly studded with trees, each one a very little warmer than the atmosphere about it, the effect of the whole upon the climate will be very appreciable. In summer, too, where millions of trees are drawing up water from their deeply-set roots to be evaporated from the leaves, the atmosphere must always be more moist and pure than it would be were it to receive no such water supply to give back in dews at night. This moisture prevents, to some extent, the long droughts to which a country without forests is subject, and, added to the purity of an air washed in fresh dews nightly, tends to prevent the violent storms of wind and lightning which result from a long heated and impure atmosphere. I am well aware that Mr. Meehan, and others equally profound and scholarly, argue that ‘‘forests are the result, not the causes of climate,’’ and I am also aware that there are many obvious facts which point, in a certain degree, to that conclusion. Thus, for instance, one might mention the difference between a tropical forest and that of a temperate or frigid climate, or even point to the difference between timbers at different heights, and therefore different temperatures, on the same mountain. Such argu- ments, however, only go to show that certain timbers are best adapted to certain climates, and that originally there would be no forest at all on a piece of ground not naturally adapted to a forest growth, or that whatever forest did appear, would be the one best adapted to the soil, temperature, and other con- ditions of growth. But they by no means show, or tend to show, that a given wide range of country would be exactly the same, so far as climate is concerned, whether it were barren or covered with heavy forests. This subject, in its details, however, even were it properly a part of my discussion, is too complicated for further notice, and demands more investiga- £19, 18 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS tion than I could give to it. A course of long and careful inquiry in this direction, by some able meteorologist and bot- anist, would be of almost incalculable benefit. TIMBER IN DETAIL. I shall now proceed to give in detail an account of the tim- bers to be found in the counties under discussion, and their local variations. In the immediate vicinity of Princeton the principal timbers noted were bartram oak, white ash, red oak, black oak, swamp white oak, sugar-tree (black), black hickory, white hickory, and liriodendron (yellow poplar). Bartram oak is seldom found, except in low, damp soils, or along streams; but near Princeton considerable quantities appear in a flat woodland quite high and dry. A large per centage of white ash also appears in the same woodland, which lies about one mile from Princeton. With the exception of this woodland, the timbers are mostly cleared away for two or three miles around. The formation is Sub-carboniferous limestone, of Chester Group on high ground, and of St. Louis limestone on low grounds. In going toward Eddyville, the principal swamp or lowland timbers are, in addition to those given above, yellow birch, pin oak, sweet gum, white and red elm, sycamore, black wal- nut, and such small growth as flowering dogwood, pith elder, redbud (in small quantities), etc. These. alternate with the hill timbers, which are white oak, black oak, scarlet oak, black hickory (scrub), post oak, etc., with some laurel oak, on both low and high grounds, though in the latter case it is always along fence-rows. There is probably 20 or 25 per cent. of white oak among the forest timbers here; but among the bushes and young trees little or no white oak is to be found. The timbers remain essentially the same in all the region of country between Princeton, Eddyville, and Mille- ville, the swamp timbers being quite good along South Fork and the other small streams in the neighborhood. There is little present drain upon the forests through here, except where the timbers are cut for local saw-mills. 120 OF THE TRADEWATER REGION. . 19 About six miles from Princeton, and not far from the junc- tion of the Hopkinsville and Parkersville roads, a very large ‘spring gushes out from the base of a reddish limestone bluff. Scattered all over this bluff are cedars of various sizes, which I mention as a matter of curiosity rather than of value, as in no other place in this part of Western Kentucky have I seen a member of the coniferous order. A few water poplars (cot- ton trees) appear along the streams between Princeton and Eddyville, but they are scattering. On the southern slopes of the low hills near Eddyville the white oak is quite good, but not remarkable. Along the Cumberland river, in addition to the timbers already given, hackberry, shag hickory, and honey locust appear. There is quite a marked change in the timbers on the long slopes facing the Cumberland river, near Eddyville. They become very heavy and fine, though the ‘most valuable of them have been cut out. The reason of such change is, that we here pass from the loose rocky or poor shaly limestone of the Chester Group, which is found all along the high ridge road for two or three miles, until the cavernous St. Louis limestone bordering the river is reached. Another peculiarity noticed in the report in volume II, this series, observation all through this Sub-carboniferous forma- tion confirmed: that is, that the liriodendron (yellow poplar) does not grow on the upper or shaly Chester. If found there at all, it is very scattering, as well as dwarfed, and of no value. The dryness and thinness of the upper Chester soil is doubt- less the cause of its absence. After leaving Eddyville and turning toward Dycusburg, one passes from the St. Louis limestone into the thin Chester of the ridges again. Liriodendron almost wholly disappears, except on streams, and but little white oak is found for some miles. Bartram oak, some hackberry, white walnut (so characteristic of the Ohio river regions), sycamore, white and red elm, etc., are found along the streams; but the forests are not very valuable between Eddyville and Dycusburg. From this state- ment we may except the post oak, which forms 4o per cent. of the ridge timbers, and which is now used in making hubs 121 20 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS for heavy wagons. But I noticed that on these ridges the undergrowth was largely black oak and scarlet oak, which seem to be replacing even the post oak. On the limestone formation along Livingston creek there has once been a con- siderable amount of liriodendron timber; but that has been cut away, so that scarcely any is now to be found. In going from Dycusburg back toward the head waters. of the Tradewater river, there are some very fine bodies of timber, especially white oak and liriodendron. Along all the small streams and on low grounds, as well as on high grounds in some localities, these timbers are found in great abundance, forming together about 50 per cent. of the forest trees, and are massive and valuable. The liriodendron timber here spoken of, though, does not appear until the cavernous. St. Louis limestone, within about four miles of Fredonia, is. reached; but from this place to Fredonia there is little varia- tion in size, value, or quality of the timbers. They consist of white oak, black and shag hickory, liriodendron, Spanish oak, black oak, and red oak, with bartram oak, white and red elm, beeches, sugar maple, black gum, sweet gum, and small quantities of honey locust and black walnut at a less height above water level. These timbers remain essentially the same for about three miles beyond Fredonia toward Dalton (formerly Garnettsville), where we pass from the limestone to a coarse, reddish, Sub-carboniferous sandstone, the country becomes quite hilly and broken, and the timbers grow more or less strongly marked into upland and lowland timbers, the two alternating with reference to height above drainage. Even on Sinking Fork of Livingston creek, four miles from» Fredonia, no limestone is found. The timbers are the usual! swamp ones—swamp white oak, white oak, pig and shag hick- ory, red and white elm, bartram oak, some white ash, ete. These become very fine about six miles from Fredonia, all along the foot-hills, while the ridges furnish post oak, black oak, scarlet oak, black hickory, and other timbers more or less scrubby. The forest, after leaving Fredonia, cannot be considered very valuable until Donaldson creek is reached, 122 OF THE TRADEWATER REGION. 2F fully ten miles from Fredonia. There are local spots of valu- able timbers, but they are in a hilly, out-of-the-way part of the country; and are not available. The Donaldson creek region cannot be said to be convenient of access, but probably before many years the branches that form its head waters will be pen- etrated for the old forest walnut that is still scattered along them. These walnut trees vary from twenty to forty inches in diameter—one I noted measuring five feet in diameter, with a straight trunk of sixty feet. But they are largely cut away, even now, to supply local demand. The white oak and less valuable timbers need scarcely be taken into consideration in this locality, as no exigency of the near future is likely to compel a resort to resources so remote from means of .trans- portation. It is enough to say, that along all the streams and branches which go to make up the head waters of Tradewater river white oak, bartram oak, liriodendron (yellow poplar), white and black ash, shag and pig hickory, with more or less white hickory, black walnut, red and white elm, and sweet gum, are found, most of them in great abundance and of the finest kind in size and quality. The hills are covered with post oak, black oak, Spanish oak, and the usual hill timbers. After turning down Tradewater river from Dalton (errone- ously marked on the preliminary map ‘‘Chalk Level’’), not a great deal need be said in a cursory view of the timbers. The sectional tables, which commence on page 23, will have to be relied upon largely for an accurate knowledge of the nature and distribution of the timbers. The rate at which the forests are now cut away could not be exhibited accurately in tables, but that has already been noticed; so I shall do no more here than to note briefly special points of interest con- nected with the timbers on the Tradewater river between Dalton and the Ohio. On Lick creek, a few miles above Dalton, among the finest sweet gums found in Kentucky are noted, varying from two and one half feet to four feet in diameter; shag hickory from three feet to three and one half feet in diameter, white oak three and one half feet, and liriodendron four feet, are also 123 | 22 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS ‘found in great abundance. The formation is a wide and marshy swamp in the coal measures. Black walnut is scarce, and pin oak is large and noticeable immediately on the creek. After crossing Lick creek one enters the splendid “belt” of ‘timbers elsewhere noticed. The ground is high, level, sandy, and moist. The liriodendron and white oak are unsurpassed, and the white, shag, and pig hickories and white ash are of the finest. Bartram oak, which usually grows on low or moist grounds, flourishes. The undergrowth is composed principally of hickory and black oak, of which about equal proportions exist. I have only noticed one other location in Kentucky, of any considerable extent, where the black oak has a rival for the first place among the undergrowth. On Clear creek a great deal of swamp laurel oak is found, often twenty-six inches in diameter. Near Providence the fine “belt” timber gives out again, one passes from the high, level, sandy soil onto a rolling formation, whose foot-hill tim- bers are largely white oak, which gives way to post oak, black oak, scarlet oak, and black hickory toward the hill-tops. But little change is noted in the timbers until Crab Orchard creek is crossed. Then one traverses a flat, white, sandy level, where Spanish oak, red oak, post oak, and black hickory form the entire forest. The belt is narrow, and the normal timbers are met with after crossing it. It is worth notice that the western cottonwood is found on Crab Orchard creek, where also the white ash is very fine. After crossing Crab Orchard creek the road is almost im- perceptibly ascending, and one soon reaches the top of a high, level ridge, varying from one to three miles in width, which forms a water-shed that lasts nearly to the Ohio river, with one or two streams cutting across it between Crab Orchard creek and the Ohio. Along the foot-hill exposure of this ridge toward Tradewater the white oak, liriodendron (where it is not cut away), white ash, sweet gum, and other valuable timbers abound. Along the road itself, owing to the naturally high position above drainage, a change of level of a few feet is sufficient to make the white oak give way to post oak and 124 OF THE TRADEWATER REGION. 23. black oak, or véce versa. The white oak is found only in little depressions along the road. After reaching the high hills and: deep hollows, upon nearing the Ohio river, the same change of timber with the height above drainage takes place, the only difference being that it takes a much greater change of level to produce a corresponding change in the timbers. TIMBER TABLES. The following tables are given consecutively in the order in which they were taken. The area represented by a table varies from twenty-five hundred square yards to five thousand: square yards, more or less. I call a tree decayed where large and prominent branches. are dead, or where the body of the tree is not sound, or where: it shows general evidences of unsoundness. Average Number de- Name. Number. diameter. | Number dead. cayed. WpeantuamnOadle sea. aos. celts 4 26 inches I I MeduGak. 0 8 is 4 aoe. o 4 rae eat fo) I IAGEIOAKS ours Sho; owls: ests 2 2 ORs oO I Swamp white oak... ..... 2 sits) UE o fo) SITHCCHASIN tc, Sys) svn ves 7 20-28* ‘ I I Broarmaple ss ks eas 2 24, es fo) fo) Pye hickory . 2). '5 . «+ « 2 oh Pee fe) fo) iBlaek hickory. 2.9.3. I 20, mace fe) fo) Location, flat woods near Princeton; formation, ‘St. Louis. limestone; undergrowth very scarce. Average Name. Number. diameter. Dead. Decayed. pRGraT TFEG aa OO ea 36:6 15 20 inches I 3 SSA CY | 5 an a 5 I we fe) I Ruiniterniekory . 66)... 6 ss . 3 small fe) fo) Nwittetelme. els) Sieh ee cele 3 Nomen fe) I Blackwalnvt. .. . 2°. sient: 3 I-20 ‘ fe) I SSCL 0 OS Se ee oaks Ake I LP nl fo) I MaeaTGTB Ys 08.04 20 3), a: Vente) at xa 3 small fo) fo) Location, a creek swamp four miles from Princeton. — Liri- odendron trees are in the vicinity, though not in the section. 125 ~24 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS Average Name. Number. diameter. Cut. Dead. Decayed. Blackioak,. : ; . - 17 18 inches 4 fo) 2 Searlet oak<). 0. : 2 170 ei ° fo) fo} IPB yel ie 7 EXC Sep otc 6 TAN ues fo) fo) I Wostioak >: ie Ne os 4 To" eres fe) fo) I Black hickory .. . 2 LA at fo) fo) fe) Among the smaller timbers are black gum, flowering dog- wood, and pig hickory, with a great deal of upland laurel oak in spots. White oak does not appear in the locality. Loca- tion high, level, limestone formation, about seven and one half miles from Eddyville. Cut timber means timber more or less freshly cut; otherwise it would be impossible to classify iL: Average Name. Number. diameter. Cut. Dead. Decayed. White.oak’... 4.40 « 25 23 inches. 8 I 3 Ried alk «oi. \s 00 ee 53 206 6 fo) fo) ° Blackroalk: \., tert) I FS) 0588 fo} ro) I Liriodendron (poplar) 4 Eoin {* 2 oO ° Pig hickory aie 2 20% teas oO fe) fo) Dogwood, sassafras, black gum, etc., are small growths. Among the undergrowth black oak and white oak are in the proportion of two to one; while in the old growth it will be noticed their proportion is one to twenty-five. Location, a hill sloping 6° south, situated about five miles from Eddyville. Name. Number. Average diameter. Blache ales- rc: 5 Wieuact baste tenes y OMe eerie led ka we ZZ 16 inches. Spanish .Odle. uy) Meni e8 ohtsrteces Wee (ua Sented Yom ep tein 16 12 0056 SCATlet Oak cste Nakah let trea Pe Mee eee el rete ate 7 IO) Fe BOStiGaks, ye vfs. See ce) ee eee RNR rio iol ol Ip ite) Be 2 Sh shift are ft ne Seen ermine Rrmire Ween oh teape ae ac AN 4 I Location, about four and one half miles from Eddyville, on Dycusburg road. The forest out so far is nearly altogether second growth, and the character of the timbers is worthy of 126 OF THE TRADEWATER REGION. 25 notice, as indicating the nature of the forest that will succeed the one now passing away. Name. Number. Pie) Dead. Decayed. MOStHOUI sf ss fe an sn eeepc 14 17 inches. fe) 3 STACK SOD KA. acy, 3 oh Yelle nin ees 6 idoyny 00% i I PSR AIETIORK a) sr ke os) we fel ese 7 Tay age fe) 2 BME GMOS Keates sro) es) uci oh eos) fon re I NG ete fo) I EM PGIOCICOTY faces) ye Si ue) ey ss e: 2 I mA, GL fe) oO fplackyhickory.. <9. « & Nec 2 iii GU fo) I Location, a long-rolling, upper Chester formation, about three miles from Dycusburg. Absence of liriodendron (yel- low poplar) on the upper Chester is to be noted. Name. Number. eres Dead. Decayed. iameter. \ W/L Glo | sai 14 28 inches. 2. 3 RGINOAK rate) ea gs Sis wat cat 2 mis, OC ° I IBISOINIIGKOGY. cf . «= 6 we 5 20 de fo) I FeeOICKOL Ye is Js se 6 a I TS ou fe) fo) Liriodendron (poplar)...... [ 238 oO fe) White elm, black gum, sassafras, etc., are small growth. Black oak forms 50 per cent. of the undergrowth, although it does not appear in the old growth. Location, a foot-hill about three miles from Dycusburg, on the Fredonia road. Name. Number fee Dead. Decayed. iameter. ANAS, CEN Sih Geis ean ioi 9 80 scGatcene 15 32 inches. I 2 Liriodendron (poplar) ..... .- 9 543, 8G o 2 PaGOalel cy, om. be) en el ©. <6) ce 3 ster Gt oO I ‘SIGS LN oye oree oun eG) Oe OF ee I Zoi ise fe) oO COMING COG 6, vote of st vot Se 3 Pomme fo) oO BVT PASI Gs. (ret ch oh fe eo es er I 28) 8 ee fe) fo) Location, three miles from Fredonia; formation, cavernous, ‘St. Louis limestone, overlaid by a reddish clay. Land very ich. Timber remains heavy on to Fredonia. 127 26 REPORT ON TILE TIMBERS Name. Number. pee Dead. Decayed. iameter. Waite noa ke is) eels ye ees toa 13 18-30 inches fo) 3 SUIS A OAK se, tele Meee eae 5 2Boue fo) 2 Blacktoak..ih ss seen seneee I To fee fo) ° Liriodendron (poplar). .... . 2 ZO} is fo) fo) phan Hickory S& BPOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KENTUCKY. Ne S: “SHALER, Direcror,. REPORT ON Sit TIMBET Ss OF THE DISTRICT WEST OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER, COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE PURCHASE DISTRICT. BY L. H. DeFRIESE. INTRODUCTORY LET SBE: N.S. SHAter, Director Kentucky Geological Survey: Dear Sir: In the following report on the timbers of that part of Kentucky lying west of Tennessee river, some dis- tinctive features of that district will be noticed. First, that the timber changes are due not, as in the parts of Kentucky previously studied by me, to geological changes, but mostly to topographical changes. Second, that the whole of the Pur- chase is comparatively level. Third, that a very small change of level usually produces a marked effect upon the timbers, and thus prevents the monotony which might be expected. Fourth, that no other part of Kentucky offers such facilities for studying the ultimate effects upon the timbers of the fires by which the woods were regularly burned for a great number of years. I have endeavored to make the most of my limited opportunity for observation in all these directions. I wish to tender my thanks to the people of the Purchase. for kindness shown me while I was among them. Very respectfully, LAFAYETTE yi Dehihire si: New York, November, 1877. 139» Seek? ON. THE TIMBERS OF THE. DISTRICT Wrst OF THE TENNESSEE dived. GENERAL REMARKS—GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY. There is probably no part of Kentucky where topography has more, and geology less, to do with the distribution and general character of the timbers than in what is known as the Purchase—that -is, that part of the State lying west of the _ Cumberland river. From this it may be inferred, at once, that the species of timbers met with are pretty much the same throughout the entire seven counties which go to make up. the region under discussion. There are upland timbers and lowland timbers, but there are few of those marked changes in forest growth which one meets with where timbers are more influenced by geological structure than by topography. Of geological change, if we except one or two spots where the limestone extends across the Cumberland river, there is none sufficient to affect timber growth. The whole of this Pur- chase region, with the exception mentioned, is apparently of tertiary age, and consists of more or less rounded whitish or reddish pebbles. In what may be called the bed-rock of the region, these pebbles are cemented together with clay, contain- ing a good deal of iron, into an extremely hard and tough reddish conglomerate, called by the people 2702 cement. Over- lying this cemented rock there is a bed of loose pebbles and sand varying from a few inches to fifty feet thick. Where the pebbles themselves form the surface of the soil, it is needless to say that the timbers consist of black jack and scrub oak. There are no mountain axes in this part of Kentucky to diversify the topography, but, owing to the peculiarity of the formation, a difference of level of only a few feet will, in most localities, completely change the character of the timber. From this it follows that the number, size, and distribution 141 “6 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE of streams are of the greatest importance in considering the present and future value of these Purchase timbers. The streams are important in considering the /udwre value of the timbers, because, as I have previously shown,* wherever the white oak is the principal forest tree, other timbers are succeeding it as fast as it is cut away. This succes- sion takes place much slower on bottom lands than else- where, for there are few swamp timbers to supplant white oak, and there is no danger of upland timbers doing so along streams. The water timbers are strongly marked, and it seems impossible that they could ever be supplanted by up- land timbers. So there is far less tendency in swamp white oak to disappear along the streams, than there is in the up- land white oak to disappear from the body of the Kentucky forests. The same may be said of other swamp timbers, so that the number and character of the streams are very im- portant. A glance at the map of this part of Kentucky will show that, in these seven counties, there are no less than five streams o« importance, alon all of which the timbers are very fine in- OR 8 deed, and are likely to remain substantially the same in kind. Besides these large streams, smaller creeks and branches form a perfect net-work over the greater part of the region. Leav- ing out of consideration the timbers along these streams, the forest growth varies considerably in these counties. Speak- ing generally, the timbers through the eastern parts of Mar- shall and .Calloway counties are good, as are also those through the western parts of Hickman and Ballard. A belt extending directly through the Purchase country, embracing less than one third of it, with its centre line passing through Mayfield, will contain about all of the poor timber to be found in this entire corner of Kentucky. And, inasmuch as Mayfield creek passes through almost the entire length of this central belt, and its tributaries and those of Little Obion river ramify through it in every direction, along all of which streams the timbers are very fine, it will be seen that this *See Report on Tradewater Timbers. 142 DISTRICT WEST OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER. 7 comparatively poor strip of forest country is not devoid of valuable timber growth. There is an area of more or less flat table land lying south of Wadesboro, between East Fork of Clark river and the head waters of Mayfield creek, in which, if we except a few small streams, no water is to be found. I call especial attention to the position of this strip of table land here, for it becomes of importance further on in the Report, in the discussion of the succession of timbers. DRAINS UPON THE TIMBER AND THE TIMBER RESOURCES OF THIS DISTRICT. At Paducah there are several extensive timber establish- ments, the principal of which are those of Langstaff, Orm & Co., and McKnight & Co. The former firm claims to have the fastest saw in the world, with which they cut 8,204 feet of lumber per hour. They average 80,000 feet of lumber per week the year round, and keep their yard stocked with 2,000,- 000 feet of ready-sawed and dried lumber. The principal tim- bers cut are, of course, white oak and liriodendron (yellow poplar); but, in addition to these, are also elm, ash, hickory, sweet gum, cotton tree, yellow pine, cypress, walnut, cherry, etc. The white oak, gum, and cypress are obtained, to a considerable extent, from the State of Kentucky, from which they get about one third of their timbers. The value per thousand feet of these timbers, in the log, at Paducah, is as follows: Oak, $6 to $10; poplar, $5 to $8; walnut, $10 to #¢15; white hickory (second growth), $10; sweet gum, $3 to #5; cotton-wood, $3 to $5; pine, $8; cherry, $10 to $15, and so on. McKnight & Co. saw 2,000,000 feet of lumber annually, about 50,000 feet of which is walnut. More than two thirds of all the timber sawed in Paducah is brought down the Ten- nessee river, which forms a convenient and cheap means of transportation for the vast forests that crowd its banks from its mouth to its head. However, the Paducah lumber estab- lishments have largely drained the lower Tennessee district, and the timbers are now floated down from far above. The time will come, though I think not soon, when the Purchase 143 8 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE region and the Tradewater country will be called upon to fur- iish the timbers which are now furnished by the upper Ten- nessee. The only practical difficulty in the way is, that Clark river, the only stream penetrating the Purchase which is available for floating timber to Paducah, is so flat and sluggish, and has so little fall, that the floating of any con- siderable raft of timber upon it will be a matter of some difficulty. The admirable timbers that grow all along the smaller streams of the Purchase country can be reached only by local saw-mills or by railroad. Lumber establishments at . Hickman can float timbers down Mayfield creek and Obion river. At present, so far as I am aware, the drain upon the tim- bers of the Purchase region comes from the establishments at Paducah and from local mills. The two Paducah firms men- tioned above saw an average of 6,160,000 feet of lumber an- nually. Not more than one third of this amount is obtained from Kentucky, and, at most, not more than 2,000,000 feet of it can come from the Purchase. If we count an average of ten good lumber trees to an acre, which would be a low aver- age along the streams in this part of Kentucky, and allow 500 feet of sawed lumber for each tree, which would also be a low average, we shall have 5,000 feet of good lumber in each acre of ground. At that rate, these two firms, to obtain their 2,000,000 feet of lumber, annually strip 400 acres of ground of its valuable timbers. That is very little, com- pared with the hundreds of thousands of acres of fine tim- bers lying along all the streams in this part of Kentucky. It is impossible even to estimate the amount of timber used by the local saw-mills, which are scattered along all the streams wherever a good body of timber is to be found, and which change their location as the timber is exhausted. | think it safe to say, though, that they saw from 3,000,000 to 5,006,000 feet of lumber annually. If this be true, at the estimates given above, they now clear-up from 500 to 800 acres of tim- ber land yearly, and something like an annual timber drain of 1,200 acres is made upon the Purchase country. This tim- 144 DISTRICT WEST OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER. 9 ber, in the unsawed log, is worth about $50,000. There are not less than 500,000 acres of land in the Purchase which will come within the above estimate of timber production; so, at this estimate, only about one four hundredth of the valuable timbers 1s now cleared-up annually. At this rate, the timbers can easily reproduce themselves, and the drain is not at all an alarming one. At the same rate, considering one third of the land to be under cultivation, the present forest of the Purchase alone would be worth $10,000,000 or $15,000,000. Even if the present drain upon the Tennessee river country were all turned to the Purchase, less than 2,500 acres of tim- ber annually would be destroyed, or only about one two hun- dred and fiftieth of the whole. The forests could easily reproduce themselves at that rate, except in the upper wood- lands, where, as I have elsewhere shown,* other timbers take the place of the white oak as that is cut away. Of course,all this timber weaith is not immediately available, and it is well that it is not so. Upon the whole, there is not much to be feared in regard to the present or future timber supply of the Purchase region. It is scarcely possible that a greater de- mand than the last estimate will be made upon it at any time in the near future. When such demand is made, however, it will probably be concentrated along the Clark river, where the facilities for cheap transportation are best, and, in that case, a few years would suffice to strip this stream of its most valuable forests. But the reserve supply of timbers, as I have shown above, is so great that no prospective demand can cause a dearth of them. There is one great difficulty, as I have previously hinted, in getting at the splendid forests of the Clark river region, and that is, that the stream is comparatively shallow, its bottom very flat, and the water sluggish. The difficulties of rafting on such a stream are greater than they would at first seem. For instance, the lumber establishments at Paducah desire their logs brought to them in their entire length, varying from thirty to seventy feet, so that they can cut from them plank of * Report on Tradewater Timbers. TIM. 1.—IO 145 se) REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE any length demanded by their customers. The finest timbers on Clark river are hickory and white oak; but a green hickory or white oak log, forty to sixty feet in length, will not float and it takes great buoying power to keep it up. Not only is Clark river too shallow for such logs, but it is not wide and open enough to allow the passage of rafts large enough to support them. On the Tennessee river, a wide raft of tens of thousands of feet is formed, in which such logs as these alternate with seasoned poplar, which is sufficiently buoyant to support the whole. The stream is broad and deep enough, and has sufficient fall to allow of the easy transportation of these enormous rafts. Of course the only way out of the difficulty is to form small rafts, of only a few logs; but as it is comparatively a good deal more expensive to float a small raft than a large one, we need not expect to see much demand for the Clark river timbers, until those along the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers have become sufficiently scarce and inconvenient of access to render the cost of pro- curing them as great as that of floating the Clark river tim- bers. TIMBER VARIATIONS. The timbers in this part of Kentucky differ very little, in kind, from the timbers on the older formations of the State. The only new timber met with is the cypress (bald cypress), which is now found immediately on the banks of all the Jarger streams, on all marsh lands and swampy grounds. Its presence is not due to the formation, for it appears else- where from New Jersey southward, on various formations. Wh it does not appear in other parts of Kentucky, I do not know, unless it be that a low, level, moist country is required for its growth. But changes of timbers are often, so far as can be discovered, capricious. Magnolias are found in great abundance on the upper Cumberland; down towards the Ohio I have not met with a single one. So it may be, so far as regards geological formations, with the cypress. The timber is light, fine-grained and durable, and 146 DISTRICT WEST OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER. Lei the trees along the large streams,in this part of Kentucky, grow to a height of eighty to one hundred feet, with trunks from three to seven feet in diameter. There is a marked peculiarity in regard to the growth of the beeches in the Purchase. They are not found in great numbers along the large streams, as they are in the Rough creek region, along the North Cumberland, and in nearly every other part of Kentucky. Along the principal streams, here, very few beeches are met with, and they can hardly be said to form a part of the timbers along Clark river, Little Obion river, and Mayfield creek. They are scattered through the bottoms of small streams, but are “not conspicuous even there. A Kentucky swamp without beeches strikes one peculiarly. I could not see any reason for their general absence from the bottom lands of this part of Kentucky. The abundance of Spanish oak in the Purchase country is worthy of note. Nowhere else,here, have I seen that timber form so conspicuous an element of the forest growth. Hickory does not form a large percentage of the upland forest timbers, and one will often travel for a mile or two without seeing a single hickory tree. Along the streams -and on low grounds, however, the hickory is very fine and valuable. I know of no finer bodies of hickory timber in this country, than are to be found along Clark river and May- field creek. The shagbark, pignut, and white hickories are the finest varieties, and of these I have often counted, within sight of where I stood, a dozen which would average ninety feet in height, with diameters of from two to four feet. Chestnut, whose unaccountable presence on one side of Green river, and absence on the other side, I noticed i, a former report (Tradewater Timbers, vol. V, this series), seems ‘to be as arbitrarily distributed in the Purchase as anywhere. About five miles from Benton there is a little creek running into East Fork of Clark river, called Chestnut creek. It heads up between two high hills, whose faces form a topo- graphical synclinal. On these two hill slopes, facing each 147 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE other, a few chestnut bushes are found; but they stop abso- lutely and abruptly at the tops of these two slopes, and on the other sides of the same hills not a chestnut bush is to be found. Nor is there any chestnut in any other part of this section of the country. I was told that there were a few bushes five or six miles off on Middle Fork, but I did not see any. How these chestnut bushes came to grow upon the faces of these two hills I cannot imagine; for they could not have come from seeds floated down the stream, inasmuch as the mountain above the head of the stream has no chest- nut on it, and never has had any so far as I could find out. The people have recognized the peculiarity of the growth, as is indicated by the name of the stream. A few chestnut bushes were found in one or two other spots in the Purchase, whose presence and limited distribution are as hard to account for as those of the Chestnut creek timbers. There is a considerable amount of black walnut scattered through the Purchase country, most of which is found high up on the heads of streams. There is more or less of it found on the head waters of all the streams, but an especially large quantity is met with on Brush creek and on the streams that form the North Fork of Obion river. There is no market for walnut timber in this part of Kentucky and no value is attached to it. It is ruthlessly cut and sawed by the little saw-mills that spring up wherever there is a local demand for lumber. It sells for about three dollars a tree, and a piece of walnut timber that would bring $150 in New York is considered dear at $4 or $5. There is an amount of improvidence shown by Kentucky people in dealing with their forests which would astonish any other civilized people. It is not shown in regard to the walnut alone. In the wide flat woods south of Paducah there is considerable valuable white oak, which is all the more valuable because it is within a few miles of its best market; but I constantly noticed the people cutting this white oak for fuel, notwithstanding the woods are full of Spanish oak and black oak, which make fully as good fire-wood, and are valua- ble for nothing else. As a rule, the tree nearest to the house 148 ee DISTRICT WEST OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER. 13 of the owner is the first one sacrificed, regardless of its value. Within a few years, by the time the timber establishments of Paducah-turn to the Purchase for their supplies, this flat woods will be almost stripped of its white oak timber, and only the Spanish oak and black oak, which are everywhere succeeding the white oak, though comparatively valueless, will be left as “brands snatched from the burning,” The distribution of the liriodendron (poplar) timber in the Purchase is about the same as that of the white oak. It is found in great abundance on nearly all the streams, large and small, and the principal demand for-it is that made by local mills, which, of course, waste large quantities of it. But the reserve supply for future use is so great that no present apprehension need be felt. The finest body of upland white oak and liriodendron in this part of Kentucky is probably be- tween Dublin and Clinton, near the line of the two western railroads across the Purchase. To this statement a rather curious exception must be made. About six miles from Clin- ton the white oak suddenly disappears, even from low grounds, and on a belt about one mile wide it is almost wholly absent. Here, black and Spanish oak are very fine and heavy, and ‘with them are liriodendron, white elm, etc. About seven miles from Clinton the white oak abruptly begins again, and forms, as it did before, about forty per cent. of the forest growth. I cannot account for this gap in the white oak, un- less it be that long ago a hurricane passed through the region and destroyed all the timber in its track, in which case, as I have elsewhere shown, Spanish and black oak would succeed the white oak in the new forests. In the flat woods south of Paducah, referred to above, the timbers often alternate most curiously. Here white oak is the principal, almost the only, timber; two hundred yards ‘distant, Spanish oak and black oak have succeeded the white oak; at the same distance further on, these timbers have ‘disappeared, and only post oak or hickory is to be seen, and all this without the slightest change of level, or the least ‘apparent reason therefor. In places, all these timbers grow 149 14 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE together; again, they grow only in streaks. After passing this flat woods, there are two principal causes of change in the timbers: one is change of height above drainage, which always produces corresponding changes in the species of tim- bers; the other is change in the position of the gravel beds. relative to the surface of the ground. Underlying the whole of the Purchase country is a bed of pebbles, whose thickness I could not accurately ascertain. This pebble bed is, in some parts of the country, as much as fifty feet below the surface of the ground; in others, for miles, it is on a level with the surface, whose whole formation consists of these pebbles. I did not have the time or the means to investigate the course of these pebble beds, but wherever they lie near to, or form the surface soil,the timbers are very poor, and consist mostly of black-jack and scrub oak. The fine timbers are always. found where these beds are at a considerable depth below the surface soil. I might call attention here, in passing, to two irregular marsh-ponds of the Purchase, one a few miles south of Pa- ducah, the other a few miles north of Mayfield. They are low, undrained marsh lands, the former irregularly round, the latter oblong, and both heavily timbered with swamp timbers. Buzzard pond, as the one near Paducah is called, contains a. great deal of bartram oak, over-cup, the people call mt Cypress pond, near Mayfield, takes its name from its prin- cipal timber. It is one of the cypress swamps often found in. the Southern States. SUCCESSION OF TIMBERS. Between Murray and Mayfield there is a considerable area. of more or less flat table land, through which no water passes, except the extreme head waters of West Fork of Clark river, and a few other little branches, most of which are dry nearly all the year. I was surprised, after leaving Benton and pass- ing into this table land, to find that the woods consisted only of saplings or tall, slim, young trees, from forty to seventy feet in height, but not more than twelve to twenty inches im 150 DISTRICT WEST OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER. 5 diameter. At a distance, this forest appears very heavy on account of the height and extreme density of these young timbers; but on nearer approach, not an old tree can be found. This peculiar growth extends beyond Murray, and, as I afterwards found, occupies the entire table land, to: which I have previously called attention. I examined closely this young forest, and found that its principal timbers are black oak and red oak, and _ that scarcely a single white oak is to be found. My study of the Trade- water timbers had convinced me, that wherever the present forests of Kentucky are, by any means, destroyed, white oak does not form an element of the new forest growth, but that it is wholly supplanted by black oak and red oak. (See Report on Tradewater Timbers, vol. V, this series.) I at once concluded that the whole forests of this table land had been destroyed thirty or forty years ago, and that the new forest had succeeded that universal destruction of timbers in which the white oak had perished forever. I then passed off into the head waters of West Fork of Clark river and those of Mayfield creek, and noticed that as soon as these streams became large enough to have considerable bottoms, and to have water in their beds the year round, that in these bottoms the old forest timbers, consisting of white oak, pop- lar, and other timbers commonly met with, still exist. But these timbers are limited strictly to the swamp, at whose margin they give way abruptly to the young forest. Of course, the mystery was at once solved. Fire is the only agency that could destroy the forests over such a wide area, and leave none but the timbers in damp places standing intact. I had before studied the effects of burning off the woods upon the forest timbers, and had pointed out the fact that the people living along the foot of the Black Mountains of Kentucky are rapidly destroying some of the finest tim- bers in the United States, by pursuing this practice year after year. (See Report on North Cumberland Timbers, vol. IV, this series.) It immediately suggested itself to me that the 151 16 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE cause I had seen in operation in the Black Mountains had completed its work in this part of the Purchase. I called on Mr. Waterfield, one of the oldest residents of this part of Kentucky, who lives about six miles from Mur- ray, for information. He told me that thirty years ago this: whole region of country was a perfect prairie, in which not a single bush was to be found, except along the streams, and that this result was due, as I had suspected, to the practice of burning off the woods yearly, in the late fall or early spring, for the sake of the ‘‘range.” This practice, when continued: year after year, produces two results, both of which I pointed out in speaking of the Black Mountain timbers: it kills off the old forest growth more rapidly than it would be re- moved by the ordinary agents, by burning and crisping the outer bark every year, and exposing the body of the tree to dampness and decay and the ravages of worms, and it de- stroys, every fall or spring, the bushes which have grown up since the preceding spring, and which have not yet attained sufficient size to withstand the heat. Evidently, if this pro- cess is kept up long enough, the old forest will have passed away, and no new one will have come on to take its place. Suppose this stage to have been reached over an extensive area of almost unwatered country: of course, during the next summer, after the last old tree had passed away and the young bushes had been burned down in the fall or spring, leaving the country absolutely bare, many other young bushes would spring up from seeds and roots still buried in the ground, and, if let alone, would form such a forest as we now see in this part of the Purchase. But if we suppose the pro- cess of burning to be continued year after year, it is evident that, before a great many years had passed, the last of the buried seeds would have sprouted, and the last root have exhausted itself and died. We should then have a vast ex- panse of country, not only without a tree or bush, but without a single seed or root from which one could come. Such are now the great prairie lands of the Western States, and such has been the cause which, in my opinion, led to their barren- 152 DISTRICT WEST OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER. 17 ness of forests. These prairie lands were deprived of their primeval forests by a long continuance of the practice which the Indians pursued of burning off the woods yearly for the purpose of gathering nuts and hunting game. The calamity is irreparable, and Illinois, instead of boasting of the $300,- 000,000 worth of timbers such as now form the glory of Ken- tucky, must go through the slow and expensive process of planting and culture to replace the forests which she has so lamentably lost. JI am inclined to think that the burning of the woods in the strip of country under discussion did not go so far as to exhaust the buried seeds and roots of the timbers; for, although the strip burnt over is comparatively so small, and so surrounded by heavy forests, that, had such been the ‘case, seeds from these forests would quickly have spread over the burnt area, nevertheless it seems that, in that case, the young trees nearer the margin of the surrounding woodlands would be larger and older than those in the centre of the burnt district. To a certain extent, this is actually the case; but, from a close examination, I came to the conclusion that this appearance was due, not to the fact that the buried seeds -and roots over the whole area had been killed and new sup- plies been furnished from the surrounding forests, but to the fact that, as settlements pushed into these burnt areas, the limits burned over became more and more restricted every year until the burning ceased entirely. This process would give to the present young forest the appearance of being regular and heavy, and yet of gradating into somewhat older growth as one approaches the limits of the burnt district. Besides, inasmuch as the country here. slopes toward the north and all the streams flow in that direction, if the forest ‘destruction had been complete and the seeds of the new for- est had been furnished from the surrounding old forest, the trees of the new forest would have grown gradually larger as one approached the southern limit of the burnt area. The exact opposite is the case, and the young forest trees grow Jarger as we approach the old forests on the zorth of the burnt district. This shows that the present irregularity of the 153 18 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE young trees is due to the fact that settlements pushed south- ward in this part of Kentucky, and that the limit of the burnt: area was pushed a little further south each year for some years before the burning ceased altogether. Luckily for the prairie lands of the United States, they are nearly all level, or the loss of their timbers would have led to: so great a destruction of the lands themselves, by torrents, that no amount of human labor and ingenuity could ever have retrieved them. If the same process of forest destruction goes on in the mountainous regions of the North Cumber- land, until the timbers there are entirely destroyed, nothing can avert from that country the calamity which reckless de- struction of forests is now producing in the mountain regions — of some parts of Europe. (See Tradewater Timbers, vol. V, this series.) One of the most important results to be reached from a study of this once burnt district of the Purchase is, however, that my former conclusions in regard to the disappearance of the white oak are correct. Here is a strip of country, sur- rounded on all sides by vast forests of white oak, such as. once evidently occupied this district itself, which is suddenly entirely stripped of its forest growth, except that immediately along its streams. In the new forest which succeeds this. destruction scarcely a single white oak is to be found. This, taken in connection with previous observations which showed: that the white oak is wanting in the young forest growth in all parts of Kentucky, whatever the character of the old growth, seems to prove conclusively that the white oak can- not hold its own in competition with black oak, red oak, and such timbers. TIMBER IN DETAIL. Starting out from Paducah southward along Clark river, for some miles there is found a flat table land with grayish soils, the curious alternation of whose timbers I have previously noticed. Upon this very little undergrowth is found, and what little there is consists almost wholly of black oak and Spanish oak. 154 DISTRICT WEST OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER. 19 In the Clark river bottom, four miles from Paducah, consid- erable cypress is found. The shag hickory, sweet gum, and white oak, even this near to Paducah, are very fine and heavy, and vary from twenty-four to forty inches in diameter. A good deal of liriodendron, often four feet in diameter, is also found, as well as some white ash, redbud, etc. Black locust and iron-wood are also met with. Six miles from Paducah, about thirty per cent. of the timbers is white oak, and about six per cent. of them liriodendron. Black oak forms about fi.teen per cent. of the old forest growth, and of the young forest growth, which is very heavy, about thirty-five per cent. Black, shag, and pignut hickories and Spanish oak are the other forest timbers. These timbers remain essentially unchanged, with the exception of local alterations, for a distance of five miles. Here the road becomes a more or less bare, white sandy ridge, with Clark river off to the right. Along the road,the timbers for some miles are not valuable, and consist nearly altogether of black oak, Spanish oak, black-jack, post oak, and black hickory. On Clark river, the bottom is wide and the timbers are very valuable. On Tennessee river, off to the left of the road as I traveled towards Benton, the valuable timbers are nearly all cut out. White oak and liriodendron, as well as white ash, are found on nearly all the small streams. About five miles from Benton the country becomes more hilly, and the timbers more sharply divided into upland and lowland timbers. The former are Spanish oak, black oak, post oak, black-jack, and black hickory; the latter are white oak, white ash, liriodendron, white elm, shag hickory, syca- more, and red birch. Bartram oak is also found along all streams. The hilly character of the country continues for about one mile, when the East Fork of Clark river is reached. The swamp land, or bottom, here, is fully two and one half miles wide, and the timbers throughout the whole are of the very finest. The white oak is often four feet in diameter, with height in proportion, sweet gum forty inches in diam- eter, black and shag hickory thirty-six inches in diameter, with beautiful trunks, sixty feet in height without a limb. 1550 20 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE Bartram oak is very heavy, and white elm is good and plenty. Liriodendron is not very large, nor are white and black ash. The best have been cut out right along the road by a small saw-mill near the crossing. But those’ timbers are very fine all through the Clark river bottom, and as this is usually from one to three miles wide, there lies along it a vast body of exceedingly valuable timbers. Between Benton and Watch creek, two miles from Benton, towards Murray, the road is hilly and the timbers poor, con- sisting of red oak, black oak, and post oak, black-jack and_ black hickory. On Watch creek, the usual lowland timbers are found—white oak, liriodendron, black walnut, sycamore, birch, white elm, and red elm, with some shag hickory. After crossing Watch creek, for a distance of five miles, ; there is alternate hill and level. The surface soil in these levels is composed of whitish gravel, which is not cementéd together. The timber is almost wholly black-jack. Even on Wade's creek there is little change in these timbers. Imme- diately along the banks of the creek, most of the swamp timbers are found, but they are not large nor valuable, except near the mouth of the creek, where they become similar to those of East Fork of Clark river. If we except alone Rockhouse and Bee creeks, on both of which good lirioden-. -dron, white oak, black and white ash, white hickory and black walnut are found, the timbers are very poor through the high, hilly country from Wade's creek to Murray. The timbers along East Fork are very valuable even this high up; but the river bottom is growing much narrower, and the body of timber along it much smaller. The timbers remain essen- tially unchanged from Murray to the Tennessee line. In turning from Murray, back toward Mayfield, one enters upon the level sandy table land before referred to, where the entire forest consists of bushes. These bushes are tall and slim, and stand so thickly on the ground that the forest could never be worth very much even if the timbers were valuable in kind; but this they are not. Of these timbers, black oale forms about forty-five per.cent, red oak and scrub hickory 156 DISTRICT WEST OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER, Pe Mh Hiteen per cent. each, post oak thireeeityper cent, Spanish oak nine per cent., and white oak two per cent. Black- . jack alternates with black oak, and in some places is the only timber met with. From this composition we can form an instructive idea of what is to be the future forest of Kentucky,. in case no action is taken to perpetuate the present distribu- tion of timbers. The monotony of this young forest growth is broken on reaching West Fork of Clark river, where timbers very sim- ilar to those of East Fork are found, except that the bottom of West Fork is narrow, and the timbers are proportionally small and unimportant. White oak, sweet gum, and lirio- dendron are its most valuable timbers. After crossing West Fork, the country is somewhat more broken; but the same young forest is met with until one nears Farmington. Here the timber, though still all young and of the same composi- tion, is evidently older than that between Farmington and Murray, and clearly shows that the practice of burning off the woods ceased here before it did in the latter locality. About five miles from Mayfield the old forest growth is reached again, with considerable white oak, laurel oak, and pig hickory in the lower grounds, and pest oak, black oak, Spanish oak, and black-jack in the higher grounds. A change of level of fifteen feet is sufficient to produce this change in the timbers. About three and a half miles from Mayfield, Mayfield creek is reached, and the timbers become very valuable. They consist of white oak and liriodendron, which, together, form about forty per cent. of the swamp timbers, sweet gum, shag and white hickory, black ash and white ash, cypress, bartram cak, winged elm, and swamp laurel oak. A small saw-mill near the creek crossing does a great deal of local work. The timbers along Mayfield creek are every where very fine, and as the bottom is wide and the creek very tortuous, running through more or less of five counties of the Purchase, the body of timber that lies along it is very valuable. It will be difficult, however, to float out a large part of this timber, because, during a SY 22 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE considerable part of its course the creek is not large enough to float out timber, and even where it is large enough, the sluggishness of its waters is a practical difficulty. After crossing Mayfield creek, there is a stretch of country about ten miles across, between Mayfield and Clinton, which is very hilly, and whose timbers are not valuable. They con- sist nearly altogether of black oak, Spanish oak. black hickory, post oak, and black-jack. Very little white oak is found and less liriodendron. This lasts until the head waters of Skegg’s Fork and of Bowen’s creek are reached. South of this strip of comparatively valueless timbers, however, there is a section -of country whose forests are very fine: I mean that belt of country comprising the numerous creeks that form the head waters of Mayfield creek and North Fork of Obion river. This section, about fifteen miles square, is a perfect net-work of creeks, no less than eighteen of which flow across it in some way or other. The timbers along these head-water creeks are very heavy and dense, and the white oak, lirio- dendron, hickories, etc., are of the finest. Here, too, are found the most valuable old forest walnut trees to be met with in the Purchase. Bayou de Chien creek heads in near this section also, and contains along its bottoms a valuable body of timbers, similar to those of Mayfield creek and Clark river. Going farther north again, about ten miles from Mayfield, toward Dublin, one enters upon a tract of country where the ‘surface gravel wholly disappears, and is found at a depth varying from twenty to forty feet. Here the general forest timbers become good again, and pignut hickory and white oak extend to the hill-tops. About two miles from Dublin the forest is splendid, and furnishes white oak, liriodendron, hick- ories, white elm, black locust, redbud, etc. On the high hills black oak, Spanish oak, and red oak are found. The white oak through here forms fully forty per cent. of the forest tim- ‘bers. Turning northward from Clinton, the timbers remain about the same as those between Dublin and Clinton until North Fork of Obion river is reached. Here the white oak, “158 ——e—e DISTRICT WEST OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER. 23 hickory, liriodendron, sweet gum, bartram oak, and cypress are unsurpassed. The bottom of North Fork varies from one half mile to three miles in width, and is a broad belt of the most beautiful and valuable timbers throughout the entire length of the river. A great quantity of pin oak and swamp daurel oak is also found on North Fork. After passing North Fork the country is rather hilly again, until the region of Little Mayfield creek is reached. Through this hilly section, however, there is a great deal of white oak and liriodendron, the latter amounting to an average of prob- ably eight*per cent. of the forest timbers. There is a valua- ble body of timber off to the east of Blandville, on the net- work of creeks, consisting of Wilson’s Fork, Mahon’s creek, Sugar creek, and others which are tributary to Mayfield creek. Of course, the bottom lands on Mayfield creek grow wider as we approach its mouth, and the body of timbers along its banks grows more extensive and valuable. But north of Milburn, before reaching the net-work of creeks referred to, there is a section of. country where the white ‘oak ceases to be a forest timber. It is found only on the lowest spots of ground, and, elsewhere,is superseded entirely by black oak and Spanish oak. _ About thirteen miles from Paducah, on the Blandville road, we again meet with the more or less grayish table land lying south of Paducah, throughout which white oak, black oak, Spanish oak, post oak, and black hickory are irregularly scattered, alternating one with another in a seemingly un- -accountable way. TABLES. The following are tables of the timbers met with in various parts of the Purchase. The areas usually cover twenty-five hundred square yards of ground, more or less, are chosen at intervals of four to eight miles along the road, and are as nearly representative as such tables could be made. They are given in the order in which they were taken, which will ‘be gathered from the previous section, “Timber in Detail.” 159 24 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE . 1 Average Name. Number. | sens Cit: Decayed. : WV rte eralige) | 8, 8. ist 5) Yen ne aero 16 | 20 inches 3 2 POStOale jn. iu: \ See omens ia 10 | 19, 58 oO I Black oaks, 4.225 s9c/te se aceee 3 biag oes fe) ° BlackwhickOry,.. 5/5.) sinew mane 3 | TON a | fo) fo) Undergrowth of black oak and black hickory. Small growth of black gum, dogwood, black sumach, and winged elm. Small growth refers to the comparatively small and unimportant timbers, and is distinguished from undergrowth or bushes. Location, two miles from Paducah. Name. Number. Pein oe Dead. Decayed. lameter. WVbibexoaice. 25 eter nee Sie ae ee 8 20-32 inches oO 2 Black oaks 2. fons: 2m ie Amey Beats! ue Ore 5 22irecr fo) 4 Teariodendronke +...) ashok, stint 2 PAay SOG fo) ° Black Hickory, . 0 <)/s.\5 3 «1% 5 20) GES 2 fo) Shag vbickory 6 2 <2 (atest seeds 3 ifeye GL fo) ° PIS PHICKOL Ye.) eee ene ene 2 Loy fo) oO ——— Bushes ‘consist chiefly of black oak and red oak, though about five per cent. of white oak is found among them. Small growth, as in last section. Location, a flat ridge bordering Clark river, about five and a half miles from Paducah. | ! Name. Number. ee Dead. | Decayed. | diameter. | WVIHDEC TOD 9 J dea-et el ote A 2 22 inches. fo) fo) lacie OAK. yes molto! isles Mesias. te 7 21) os 2 2 REG) OAK nite ns cal op eee oh ate | 2 jie) OL O° I Wiinttevélin. 7 3=' “peeks ee! oust otes | I 20)ee fo} fo) Black hickory is in the neighborhood, but not in this section. Black oak, red oak, and white oak are about evenly divided among the bushes in this spot—the only place I have noticed where there is a greater proportion of white oak among the bushes than among the old trees. Location, level sandy ridge, about thirteen miles from Paducah. 160 DISTRICT WEST OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER. 25 Name. . Number. Fie Dead. Decayed. ~ lameter. NGM ee ble 16 26 inches. I 3 PREMNOAKS cs ss 6 “GrOnS (ofp 2 22ers fo) I EKA, nas, fel s fe ss I 2 oO fo) [Etim @@IR: 6 JA" eS SiR aetna sree are ener I 20mm fo) fo} No hickory nor liriodendron in the locality. White elm, black gum, and catalpa are found among the small growth. Location, a depression or hollow about five miles from Ben- ton. Name. Number. ae Dead. Decayed. lameter. ‘ini Cl Sa SAE a a a rr 9 40 inches. fo) 2 ibantnam oak. . 2: ..« » «6 aincinte 3 BoE fe) I HetMOdendrons: . 6. ss # ss 7 Doses I I ECP OUI M Me 2) ae ei tet ay Sy 8 5 BGR te fe) I IaCkeMICKOLY.. . « > © « © «| 3 20lee oO oO BEIAewOICKOTYy ole fe ls te ee 2 Bort fo) o AVEO NTM | os oss) a ers, ish es 3 A. OC fe) I “WINS. QED S98 TARA Ue Seana esas I 22H is oO fo) MU RESSMer Mee ch.) Ga! te; e 3, es I 2 35) eS fe) | I The section is on the East Fork of Clark river, four miles from Benton. The swamp here is three miles wide, with timbers as fine all through. Large amount of pin oak, syca- more, red birch, and considerable black ash are also found. : Average Name. Number. aie Dead. Decayed. lieci Qalk. gh goa ea ee 17 19 inches. 2 4 PMIETISMO yr. C2) lelivchsc. @ is aes 13 2Ore es I 2 SamismOnkes fi. 6. cs e308 Z2Oro fo) I Post oak in this locality, but no hickory. Location, a hill- top, about one mile from Benton. Average Name. Number. avatar: Dead. Decayed. LPS. Gal) eal or 8 18 inches. fe) 2 ‘STDIN STOL, OYE at ee 7 BAY pas I BM. POM eae m. Silene ee I TOD pcs oO oO 161 26 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE Among bushes and small growth, in addition, are black hickory, persimmon, dogwood, sassafras, and black-jack. No white oak in the neighborhood at all. ‘These timbers remain unchanged, except on streams and at the bases of hills, till the forest of young timber, previously spoken of, is reached. Location, high ridge, about five miles from Murray. | Name. Number. ike Sy Height. II EVe ror eee gion SO 6 4 6 oS Saleotterc 18 II inches, 35 feet. ed Gallas. sus Svicr on ilerene ee eae A or GOR Gare 5 Tl wees 301ee SM OFM ee a a Ga G10 A 6 Pies) Gee vie Fh 14 oe By O8 Wihite;oake . (2's) Gv uenee Men idenes el) ore ale fe I one 2A Scrub hickory; 6; episeeneeneocene Bs A Prva as = obs 7 poy Gil Tow IZ ROM asi) Gc 6 0 om fouceolano < 6 ZO Shs The young timbers are exceedingly thick,on the ground, all over the country, and the table is a good average of their character. The small amount of white oak, and the large. amount of black oak, on low and high ground alike, in these woods, which have grown up within twenty-five years, is wor- thy of notice and earnest consideration. This is the character of the forests until Mayfield creek, three and a half miles from Mayfield, is reached. Location, six miles from Murray, a nearly level table land, very fertile. Name. Number. rea tr Dead. Decayed. White odki.. (20. 64. Ss ees 9 24 inches. fo) I (iresdendromysm. us) te tienes cient 8 Byoy Oe I I souseran 75 by oo aaa Ob ec 6 oops. AG fo) ° Wihitte hiekoOny vers) ts) 70a euros I ay 90 fo} fo} SACP ICK OLY cits, settee un ie) ol sould 2 aso) OU fo) I BeOaks 54. a B setae vo Wa 2 Bei. 2S fo} ° BantraiieOdke ts estes es) ise te) cane stee 3 ELS} aC oO I Wihittenasbis memreuteitsdrs) eaaie Meetloiitts I 26) aes fe) fo} Winged elm, black gum, water birch, maple, sycamore, and cypress are also found in the locality, which is Mayfield creek bottom. 162 DISTRICT WEST OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER. 27 Name. Number. oe Dead. Decayed. iameter. PUMIASIAIG ce we ek ew 10 20 inches. I 2 sopemism Om... ee ee le 8 22 fe) I POs. So5l Ok G8 Sw 4 ate oO oO SERA GEROVAKSg sie ro. - Sol ata ache my ee, oe 4 20m Se ° I WreLOdkK SS Se. Sk ey I ron fe) oO eee ACh cp 2 1c ee fe 8? se ow im I Owe ° fe) BEIMEKGEMICKOLY. = << . 6 bs 2s 3 rites 10 fo) fo) ! White oak and liriodendron not numerous in this locality. ‘The oaks in the table alternate as leading timbers here. ‘There is a good deal of white oak in the forest here, but none of note in the locality of the table. Location, more or less level, ridge country, about seven miles from Mayfield, itoward Clinton. Name. Number. ee Dead. Decayed. lameter. WMPCEOAKES 5 ke cw Se Ss 13 20-44 inches. I 3 WEG GeMOLOD oe sh iem ec oe ss ie 5 Z0n 6" oO 2 SOWECE MUM 05 6 oe oe Se 6 2BGE8 fo) 2 pSpamish@ale . . 2 ee 8 8 ew 3 2 Ss I fo) Bizel@@nke. 5. 3a 8 Aarne 4 gisy ou fo) I muna OAK. :. 5.6 003 «es 6s 3 SOM mas fe) fe) RIPSDTEKONY. . 0 = 6 2 is 8 ww 2 265555 ° fo) BSOURICKOEY .o0s 66 6) 6s 3 25 ee oe fo) I WWE ASIN 2 cs ¢ «se ee BS 2 2 oO fe) WSIAGRASD sts Fs 8 Ge I 2 GS fo) ° PeCUMCHEN | Tstls) 6. fo 6 6 6 r s 2 ph ag fe) o Cypress exists in great plenty right along the banks of the ‘river. Location, North Fork of Obion river, between Dublin -and Clinton. Name. Number. unueees Dead. Decayed. MURS st soe eS he Se 12 26 inches. I 2 Spanish oak . . 2... Ono: 3 2ar es fo) I “LDS 102 ey ere 2 F2OR JCS fe) oO iackoak . }. ss < siete sia fie 4 Ad) OG fe) I Winvodendrom.. . . . « i netarad be 2 7AS (UC fo) Qo PEaIGKORY = Ge 5. Sle cece a, es 2 2ae Ss fe) fe) imale Hickory... oe ww ee I 2656 << ° fe) 28 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE The white oak through here forms about forty per cent. of the forest timbers, the liriodendron about four or five per cent. Hickory is very fine. Undergrowth mostly of black and Spanish oak, with some post oak, considerable hickory,. and small amount of white oak. Location, open upland for- est, between Dublin and Clinton. Name. Number. floes: Dead. Decayed. diameter. Wihite yale. eixel te, ee) ] UU I 1 S VT LOTS Ae '} Sel Fy TY A cc act J ————————— ‘SUaIWLL *UOTJLULIO J "U0T]BI0'T ‘yy Say sjawoieg ee Ee ‘ON HIAVL *yvo YOu qnios puv *Yvo ynUysayS UreUNOU ‘you l-povlg *aUeS *do}-11TH "yaoy Sght ‘(quo A[Uo) JnUJsayD puv “vo ysod ‘yo yaTAvos ‘yvo yortq ‘\Sdaquiy Jo Jue. aad Aj10}) yo ynuysayO urezyUNOW “otUeG “TTY Jo yous, "yaa OOFI ‘jnuysayo atwos pue yvo ysod YIM ‘auleg “awIeG “aUILS "yaay OVI “yvo NUYSAYO ULeJUNOU YI “9U’S *QWIeG “aWIS "yay OOFI “yvo qnios pu ‘A1Oy IY YOLTG ‘Kroyory Sid ‘yvo ystuedg ‘(staquiyy yo “Ue. aad Azx1s) Ywo yourg “JUULS *OpIS-[[IY WO sUlVg yoay O6£1 *yvo Yst -uedg puv ‘poomBop ‘wns youtq ‘poomM-UolT ‘Kroyory Sid pue “IDALI aassouUaT, Wor a]tul Yovtq ‘yo youyq “wo pat (saaquayy Jo "JWI rad Ayy) YLO SLYAA |'PUOISAWTT SNOTDITIS | PHO noqe ‘AjUNOD BSUL, UL [[LY-IOOT “yaay OSEI eee ee ies SS ———— ae *SUAAWIL, “UOTPVWAO J U0T]BI0'T ‘yySray olAjaurorVg ee. _ Stes a) 5) en eee General Remarks on forest growth in Kentucky . oe 5 ee « Geological formation, drainage, and exposure, effec ts of, on mies 3 bh 64 Geology and topography of the Purchase district, and their effects upon the dit: tribution and general character of the timbers. . . . . . -. . 143 to dS Glasgow Junction and Mammoth Cave, topography of the region 1 between . 194 to- 197 Grayson, Breckinridge, Ohio, and Hancock Counties, report on the tim- y=) sh) ae ee Mme e iter Mrmr st et oe Gg sk tables of observations on timber of: . ... . -« ©» « s 6 « » » » 6 OUMhOmmeE Green and Little Barren Rivers, tiers OD, «'.h.'6.o: ce te ike le) sium en 234 INDEX. ° x Greenup, Lawrence, Boyd, and Carter Coa Crandall’s (A. R.) report on the forest timber of. ..... 4 oct SR a ee 3 Growth of timbers, brief review of the causes affenting thie : tes tr 2 Ps eae Hardwood of Barren and Edmonson counties . . . 4] Hancock, Breckinridge, ose and Ohio Counties, Feport on pie fins bersvole seers. 3 : A eee ey tS eee aS 9 bo) tables of epeeevanions on Be gy of aN eas Daas eae G9) to Te Harlan and Bell Counties, report on the Hiibers of ie North (aed and, 79 to 102 tables of the timbersof ..... fae i ee (Sh ar Oy Hazard, Perry county, topography and abet ot the region betwee Whitesburg, Letcher county,and.... . Si al ky yates wie Puss a oO EE Mt ee ee TOM ONG Hemlock and laurel abundant on coarse sandstone. ............. «(18 conditions of the growth of, where found, &c............~. - 185, 186 Hopkins County, timbers of. (See Tradewater Region.) Hopkinsville, timbersnear. . . mache . 193, 194 Hussey’s (Prof. John) report on ate botany of BAver aa Ramen counties, 27 to 58 Irvine and Big Hill, topography and timbers near... . . 2 io ese ete oe Kentucky river, topography and timbers near and above Beattyy ville along the . 202 timbers, report on belt of, from Columbus to Pound Gap, by Lafayette H. 10S SAVE }=7<) Oe hy hate ase PMR Omen on ere Oe LL egy MUNN Caer er OCT ihoy Redes Laurel and hemlock abundant on coarse sandstone. . .......... Pats Lawrence, Greenup, Boyd, and Carter Counties, Crandall’s (A. R.) report on the forest timberof.... . Pay Betis dou 3 Letcher and Perry Counties, Hobonreiiy and funbere of . Be abeanpdor aa SAllsv site) 20% Lincoln County, topography and timbers of... . . . . ee oe eel O87 toe200 Linden Trees, conditions of their growth; their distribution, ee: api kes, telsoy ober Liriodendron Tulipifera abundant on coal measures and St. Louis limestone, rare on Chester shales . .*. . aii: Soh Fe Oe OD “List (complete) of timbers found in the fuddewatet Ravion (Caldwell, Lyon, Crit- tenden, Hopkins, Webster, and Union counties). ...... . . 132 to 136 of timbers found on the timber lands traversed by a section from the Missis- sippi river to Pound Gap. riage. Hh, \apeial ou fps, A ei chee rerad ele OmLORL Oo of the timbers found in the Pure nuke aieuiel: au 4a! ay sattien doanealret gs eres ie all Oem ela ieeclo- barren and Green Rivers, timberson .......%. :..2..5 . 197 Locust (black) and black walnut timber, valueof. .............. 5 Lyon County timbers of. (See Tradewater Region.) Magnolias, conditions of their growth; their distribution, &e. . . . . - . 186, 187 Mammoth Cave, topography of the region between Glasgow Junction and. . 194 to 197 Method of studying timbers adopted. . . .. . : {Rae os Oe Worth Cumberland and Bell and Harlan pountes: ‘abort on TT timbers of the. 79 to 102 Maks, classificationof. .......-. eben fate tee econ silent BS Ohio, Hancock, Grayson, and Brackintdee Gounties, report on the tim- ISETSUO NEN ee ys) eevee Meh tes cr tegen, ceo eciey hl eee ey Gunes cik a! Se ee UDO SN tables of observations on anne Ole eilghinierepte cals tewey st cris va TOSmUONia Paducah, value, in 1877, of timbers in the log, At... .-. 21.5.2... 2s 148 Percentage, increased, in second growth of black walnut trees ........ #17 Perry and Letcher Counties, topography and timbers of. ..... . 205 to 207 235:- 4, gf": s A INDEX. : Pines, conditions of the growth of; where found, &e. . ....... . + 183 to 18 it Pine Mountain and Pound Gap, topography and timbers of. . . . . . 207, 208 Poplar (yellow), properly called liriodendron tulipifera, or tulip tree, abundant on a4 coal measures and St. Louis Limestone, rare on Chester shales. . . . 64, 65 | Pound Gap and Pine Mountain, topography and timbers of . . . . . . 207, 208 Prairie Fires, influence of, on character and distribution of plants ..... . 935 - Proportion, relative, of different kinds of trees in Eastern Kentucky ..... 10 Purchase District, abundance of Spanish oak in the... .......... 147 black walnut, where found inthe. . . 148 geology and topography of the, and their ence upon me dintbatian oi general character of the timbers inthe ............ . 141 to 143. list of timbersfound in:the. =... « «.3'. « se) cle 6) eee nen CT CEO report on.the timbers of.the ;. ... . . ss «+ «+ © » =a 2 =» « « = Jie succession of timbersm the .°.-.. «<6 6+. s o = © © fon senes csimemelca ll mniomminaey summary of report on timbers in the - ....+.+s-+++-+e-e-s 166, 167 tables showing the occurrence of timbers in the ........ . - 159 to 166 timbers in detail, as found in the ..-....-+++..«... . «154 to 159 timbers of the. ... . Misi Merry ot s ls timber resources of, and drains upon the Genbers in the . .‘.°...-. . J43Stomiae timber variations in the Shes owt skyde “iia yet len el ve Oyu tel aire tC a Red River, timbers on West Fork of... ... : 194 Relative Abundance of different nda of trees in encteth. Kentucky, t isbles of, We 13 Remarks (general) on forest growth in Kentucky. ........ +. - .176 to 181 on the various species of forest trees. . . . . 6 © «0 8 ee so 6 © = Doe on timber growth in special localities PRON a 181 to 183 Report on a belt of Kentucky timbers, extending Haas aa West along the South- central part of the State, from Columbus to Pound Gap, by Lafayette H. DeFriese . . : ae. .» « oe Lise on the timbers of Grayson, pcamuaee Ohio, and Hancock counties . 59 to 78 . on the timbers of the district West of the Tennessee river, commonly known as the Purchase district, by Lafayette H. DeFriese. ..... .- 1389 to 170 on the timbers of the North Cumberland, Bell and Harlan counties . 79 to 102 on the timbers of the Tradewater Region (Caldwell, Lyon, Crittenden, Hop- kins, Webster, and Union counties), by Lafayette H. DeFriese . . 105 to 136 Restoration of timber... - 60 ecu tte eee ss 4s sw en Rhododendron. (See Magnolias.) Second Growth of black walnut trees, increased percentage in ........ I7 of timber in Eastern Kentucky - fw te ate ms ates Oe of timber in Eastern Kentucky, table of... . . . «= 15 6 + = 6° See Silver Creek, topography and timbers near . . . redo 2 lll Shaler’s (N. 8.) introduction to Crandall’s report on ‘Goeeat es én 3 introduction to Prof. Hussey’s report on the botany of Barren and Edmon- son counties Pee cero GC! Soil and timber growth of Barren county... .......+..... +. 34 to 40 Spanish Oak in the Purchase district, abundance of...» . 2. +... +++. IAT Special Localities, remarks on timber growth in . ...... +. ~ 181 to 183 Species of timber as affected by topography . . - . - + + ee ee ee ee ee 2D Succession of timbers in the Purchase district ermcprreriarmee a. 15(0) (a) lee, Summary of report on timbers in the Purchase district. . . .. +++ . . 166, 167 256 * INDEX. 5 ’ Table of second growth of timber in Eastern Kentucky... ..... .. . 23, 24 of the timbers of Bell and Harlan coynties .......... 99 to 102° Tables of observations on timber in Grayson, Pees nie and Hancock counties. . me . 69 to 72 of relative Ebiuidance of differens Minds of ly ‘ees in Busioin eniiicey: 12 13 of the timbers found in the Tradewater Region (Caldwell, Lyon, Crittenden, Hopkins, Webster, and Union counties) . : ee eloetomlail showing the distribution of timber as affected by height above drainage, in the section from the Mississippi river to Pound Gap ee eee 2 ON tome. showing the occurrence of timbers in the Purchase district. . . . 159 to 166: Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, timbers onthe. .......%. .191, 192 Timber, black walnut and black locust, value of 5 clearing in the Tradewater Region (Caldwell, Lyon, > Grittetidene Hopeme Webster, and Union counties), some effects of . . pee te tole Oy distribution as affected by height above drainage, in the section from the Mississippi river to Pound Gap. ¢ Baio ced te be Alle} voy EAS effects of exposure, drainage, and geological fornia on : 64 growth and soil of Barren county . wees (otal ogee) sn see TOME) Prowihan Kentucky, ceneral remarkcsiom- . s/4 = fee ely een OMtomlall srowth in special localities; remarks On = . = 2 =. = = 5 « «4 - «= LO to Iso in detail, as found in the Purchase district... . . oo fe lot rtonl 59 in detail, to be found in the Tradéwater Region (Caldwell, Lyon, Orilvenden. Hopkins, Webster, and Union counties) : : : See eee lO toml2a in Grayson, Breckinridge, Ohio, and Hancock couceaet ‘aples of observations Gites Ne fee Aa at eee Rel pe a al a, . 69 to ot Barren and Edmonson counties, economical noteson. . .....-. . resources of, and drains upon the timber in the Purchase district . « 143° to restoration of Pal ee ayn EME SRO cSt dey Haak GI Aida second growth of, in astern i entae ey A Srleeaeh Gane CRAnrenes ote e eect eles ep aame Species Ol, a5 alected by topography. - 9. .f 9. 0) 1a 5 eta wee table of second growth of, in Eastern Kentucky... . . Paeon tables for the Tradewater Region (Caldwell, Lyon, Gritiaidun, hgmene Webster, and Union counties)......... RRA ie. fk ee Oto value of an acre of . . : AED ea ONO, sO DAG OG os go aS WET GH Tan MVEA GEM a? Bb Di oko oo bb oO GS OH & DS variations in the Purchase district... . . to Sa hor ey Det ld 146 to 1 variations (special) in the Tradewater Region (Caldwell, Lyon, Crittenden, Hopkins, Webster, and Union counties) .— . . Py fetes ta NT Timbers and Topography near and above Boattyvillé, alone the Wentuciey river hee [a abbenstetencen ee tanes near Big Hill ee Tying, EEG MODERNE ROGAL Olt cab amnees co PAIL. INEM SNIPER Sg A? Gilda GMO Gamo) Audi AhOmo ldo. Ocoee aise ies COUIUY etn te okie vest Heine) ie! ee ce wet at ttore, ss im, eh eRe Re of Pine Mountain and Patina Gan ar bic. inte fe in Sse ees eee of the region between Hazard, Perry county, an Whitesburg, Letcher county, 2 to Timbers, brief review of the causes affecting the growth of... . +... 225, found eastward from Columbus, on the Mississippi. . . .. .. + - 188 to found in the Purchase district, list of . . . «+0 .-.ee+e-+++- 167 to 72 40 146 9 oO 6 INDEX. “Timbers found in the Tradewater Region (Caldwell, Lyon, Crittenden, Hopkins, Webster, and Union counties), complete listof. ........ . 1382 to 136 fonnd ou West Forkof Clark river © 272 =. « = - eoletomuge on the timber lands traversed by a section from the NMessiasipnn aS to Pound Gap, list of. a ea ee PN RO a, - » « 226 to 232 what kinds and where found in the Teadewater Region (Calaggetl ‘Tyan Crittenden, Hopkins, Webster, and Union counties) . . -...-- 131, 132 ‘Topography and geology of the Purchase district, and their effects upon the dis- tribution and general character of the timbers. . ...-.. . . 141 to 148 and timbers near and above Beattyville, along the Kentucky river ... . 202 and timbers near Big Hill and Irvine. . . . . 2. «++ «22+ «201, 202 and timbers near Silver Creek ~ © < 2.2 5 22 2s» ss 0 © os 2 and timbers of Lincoln county. . ..- +s ws. + +. 2 «+++ « 18 toe and timbers of Pine Mountain and Pound Gap .... +... +. - 207, 208 of the region between Glasgow Junction and Mammoth Cave. . . . 194 to 197 and timbers of the region between Hazard, Perry county, and Whitesburg, Letcher county : + pcs ime Se Bah Satidy, Rs ge Gh ke Sw aes Og, a ak as affecting species of timber. . . . 2 « «ee eee + es oe i 5) 7 aes “Miyageun, and economic value Of wood. «3. 2 6 ss 6: 2c 50 = of ve a oC Tradewater Region (Caldwell, Lyon, Crittenden, Hones ebater and Union counties), complete list of timbers found inthe ....... 132 to 136 general remarks on the timbers of the. . . . . ., » = = », LO sto mIene (Caldwell, Lyon, Crittenden, Hopkins, Webster, anil Taian connties), special timber variations in the . PRs ator , «« « « « « LIZ ogee (Caldwell, Lyon, Crittenden, Hopkins, Biehstee, ae Tinian ote some effects of timber clearing in the. ...-.-...- os was = DIB 238 (Caldwell, Lyon, Crittenden, Hopkins, Webster, and Tene counties), timber in detail to be found in the. . 6 sos s s.0 5 © » 6 wi as « [o eO TOME INDEX. ‘ i “‘Tradewater Region (Caldwell, Lyon, Crittenden, Hopkins, Webster, and Union counties), timber tables forthe ... . . RTM isl vers) 5) se LOOM tomo Treeless Regions, origin of, in Western Kanuri Ste). le ay Sn gery eS, 5) “Trees, forest, remarks on the various species of. . . » . ss « + « » «ge: 14 to 21 relative proportion of different kinds in Eastern Kentucky ........ 10 tables of relative abundance of different kinds of, in Eastern Kemnicky lames Tulip Tree, abundant on coal measures and St. Louis limestone, rare on Chester plialesee™ shee. Sew ir a rere ae: Me eer ewan cans ae OVO Union County, eee of. (See Tradewater Region.) Maite ecconomic oljand trade iImswood. =. . « s+ <) es so, ses en scenen nO of anacre of timber . . . Me Oe NaS UKO ver c -Gco ONGHG > of black walnut and black feest Peiben.. wi, lve, Ae) Tey sIuMel seme) Botetons-aeet EC a of forest trees ce PME ee ES of timber in Western i earueian SS Re Cerrar Boo) 6.40 a 29 isthe tunbersror Western Kentucky ..- . 5... 1 5 2 Ws adeee aie 66 to, 74 Variations (special) of timber in the Tradewater Region (Caldwell, Lior Crit- tenden, Hopkins, Webster, and Union counties). ...... . . 112 to 116 NValnuith (black) andiblack locust timber, value of., = = 2 1 coils er einen eeine 5 (blaek)> where found in the Purchase district... ..« «<_< s « s a= « 6 = 148 trees, black, increased percentage in second growth. ........e.. (LV Webster County, timbers of. (See Tradewater Region. ) Western Kentucky, origin of treeless regionsin ........+.ee.s... 381 VANE LO LeltSHtIIMOGLS? cynis MOu oe tenes alot kai’ «| “so. ow de, nett sets etecel® cults wren oieea OGM COME value of timber in. . Sct el ee Oe eee oe. Cee ds. OG. Le! West Fork of Clark river, timbers found on. . ......2....+..2.. 191 of Red river, timbers on... . Shale oe oS where eee ae Oe Whitesburg, Letcher county, Caaneraphy nil ‘Gaatere a the region between Elazard- Perry Colmby; ome oj Ns od ke a se) oy ee ONG Wood, economic value of, and trade in. . . . Ji neh ds. Sa ee Yellow Poplar, properly called liriodendron failipitees, or ‘balk oe abundant on coal measures and St. Louis limestone, rare on Chester shales. . . . 64, 65 239 TANTEI | 3 5185 00221