Historic, archived document
Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices.
pe?
Q
SOUTH DAKOTA
~ Alan W. Green
USDA Forest Service Resource Bulletin INT-12 — INTERMOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION FOREST. SERVICE, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
USDA Forest Service Resource Bulletin INT-12 July 1978
TIMBER RESOURCES OF WESTERN SOUTH DAKOTA
Alan W. Green
INTERMOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION Forest Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Ogden, Utah 84401
RESEARCH SUMMARY
Reports findings of the comprehensive survey of western South Dakota's 1.4 million acres of forests, which include 1.2 million acres of commercial forest land. Presents statistics on area, volume, growth, mortality, and timber use. Also describes species, volumes per acre, stocking, site quality, ownership, trends in product harvesting and other factors that bear on timber management. Opportunities and problems related to future development are discussed.
THE AUTHOR
ALAN W. GREEN is Acting Project Leader of Renewable Resources Evaluation at Intermountain Station. His career has included research in silviculture and regeneration, economics of timber production, and foreign forestry resources. In addition toa degree in economics, he holds both bachelor and master of science degrees in forestry from Purdue University.
alee
FOREWORD
This report presents basic statistics on western South Dakota forest area, timber volume, growth, mortality, and removals. It also discusses the outlook for future timber supplies from State and privately owned for- est land.
The area covered in this report includes all of Harding, Butte, Lawrence, and Fall River Counties, as well as all lands west of the 103rd Meridian in Meade, Pennington, and Custer Counties. Timber statistics for South Dakota reported by Choate and Spencer (5) were for the entire State and so cannot be compared directly with data reported here.
Data are from timber inventories conducted from 1971 to 1974 by the South Dakota State Department of Game, Fish, and Parks, Division of For- estry; and the Rocky Mountain Region, Forest Service, in cooperation with the Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, Ogden, Utah.
103°
alata
A 2-MINUTE SUMMARY
There are 1,246,800 acres of commercial forest land in western South Dakota; 63,200 acres less than in 1970 (7).
Most of it is in public ownership, but farmers hold over 154,000 acres, 70,000 acres less than in 1960.
Land productivity is relatively low, but climate and soils make good tree growth possible. Average annual net growth is 32 ft? per acre per year.
There are 1.6 billion ft? of wood, 5.6 billion bd.ft. (International 1/4-inch rule) of sawtimber. Pennington, Lawrence, and Custer Counties have the most timber.
Mortality is low, but increasing due to greater insect activity.
Because of prolific regeneration and resultant dense stands, an intensive thinning program is required to keep stands in a productive condition.
State and private lands have the potential to produce in excess of 12 million ft? per year. Only about 192,000 acres are presently operable, with a potential output of 8.5 million ft? per year.
Planned output for State and private lands is about 6.2 million ft3
per year from the operable area. In order to assure wildlife, grazing, recreation, and esthetic goals are achieved, managed stands will have fewer trees than would be required to maximize timber output.
Removals from National Forest and private ownership have increased since 1970.
Maintaining markets for small size material and management money are
key items for achieving planned goals and objectives for western South Dakota's forest resources.
iv
SIGNIFICANT CHANGES
The area of commercial forest land is 63,200 acres less than reported in
S701 7a) Commercial forest land owned by farmers is 70,000 acres less than in 1960 (4).
Growing stock volume and sawtimber volume increased 6 million ft? and 2.2 billion bd.ft., respectively, since 1960 (4).
Sampling techniques, revtsed land classtftcatton, and changes
tn land status account for much of the reductton tn area. The loss of farmer-owned CFL ts due, in large part, to wtthdrawals for nontimber uses.
The tnereases tn volume are due, tn part, to growth rates tn excess of removals over the pertod and, tn part, to changes tn sampling techntques used in more recent tnventories.
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . A 2-MINUTE SUMMARY . SIGNIFICANT CHANGES A BRIEF HISTORICAL FLASHBACK . TODAY'S FOREST . The Size of It Who Owns It ane How Productive Is It Timber Kinds and Sizes How Is It Used THE TIMBER RESOURCE How Much Wood Growth--Mortality .
Removals
PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE WOOD SUPPLIES FROM STATE AND PRIVATE LAND
Potential Versus Available Output Available Output. The Existing Timber Resource Stand Age and Size Sigerelilitei 1 6 6 6 oe c Growth and Mortality Opportunities for Increasing Timber Supplies In Total ABOUT THE BLACK HILLS NATIONAL FOREST Resource Use and Management Direction Consequences of Timber Management . Recreation WENEGIR! 6 20. No 6.0 obo te Grazing and Wildlife OthenvEifiects .. : Key Issues for Future . PUBLICATIONS CITED . APPENDIX .
Glossary Tables
A BRIEF HISTORICAL FLASHBACK
Any discussion of western South Dakota forests is primarily one of the Black Hills. This 4,500 square mile uplifted granite, limestone, and metamorphic rock island in the Great Plains is a major geographic landmark of the United States, attracting hundreds of thousands of visit- ors each year (12). These visitors are more likely to look at the Black Hills as a suitable setting for Gutzon Borglum's transformation of Mt. Rushmore than an important source of timber. But although the area is heavily used for recreation, significant values are derived from the water, wildlife, livestock grazing, and timber associated with the forest.
The values of the timber and related resources of the Black Hills have been recognized for more than a century. Before 1870, these were the hunting grounds for Plains Indians. The ponderosa pine forests were subject only to the vagaries of nature and to fires set by the Indians to drive game. As a consequence, the stands of timber were generally sparse or open (10).
With the discovery of gold and the subsequent opening of the area to white settlement came significant changes in the use and nature of the forest. The timber resources were exploited for mining and the attendant construction of houses and other buildings, and later to supply timber needs for construction of railroads (3,10). Fires con- tinued to go unchecked. Concern for what was happening to the resources of the Black Hills led to much of the area being set aside as a forest reserve in 1897. That reserve later became the Black Hills National Forest.
The increased density and vigor of the timber, consequences of protection and management of the forest since the turn of the century, are clearly seen in the remarkable comparative photographs taken from the same locations in 1874 and 1973.1
1 Photographs courtesy of Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota.
The 1874 photographs were taken by William H. 11lingsworth during a 60-day expedition into the Black Hills to gather extensive information about the terrain and resources. The expedition of some 1,200 troopers of the 7th Cavalry and assigned civilians was under the command of Lt. Col. George A. Custer, elevated to the rank of Brevet Major General for the occasion (10). Custer and his command left Fort Lincoln for the northwestern edge of the Black Hills July 2, 1874. Two years later (June 26, 1876), he was to die in the battle of the Little Bighorn.
The ''today'' pictures were taken by Richard H. Sowell, South Dakota State University, for Dr. Donald R. Progulske during a study to show man's impact on the environment and resources of the BiltaekeiHiinlulisie amine Progulske publication (10) is a delightful and most informative look at the history and development of the Black Hills.
ps VF 3y ms ae
General Custer's 1874 encanpment near Dearfield, looking up Silver Creek, near the confluence of Castle Creek....
.-.and in 1973 (above). (Below) another 1874 view of the sane encampment area...
ee
&
TODAY'S FOREST
About 20 percent of the land area iS) fOtmeSteaee
and 9] percent of the forest is
classed commercial.
«ANG in 1973.
The Size of It
There are nearly 1.4 million acres of forest land in western South Dakota. Over 1.2 million acres are classed as commercial forest land (CFL), suitable and available for timber-growing activities. About 11,000 acres of productive forest land are reserved from cutting because of uses that preclude timber harvesting. Most of this land is in Mt. Rushmore National Memorial, Wind Cave National Park, and Jewel Cave National Monument.
Land Class Area (Thousand acres)
Commercial timberland 1,246.8 All other forest land: Productive reserved eal
Other reserved (ats) Other forest nonreserved 108.1 Total forest land MS 367 23 Nonforest land SoS Total land area 6,878.8
Most of the noncommercial forest land is relatively unproductive; either the site conditions are unfavorable for economic production of useful wood, or the sites are occupied by kinds of trees not commercially useful.
Who Owns It
Over 80 percent of the commercial forest land is publicly owned or administered:
Owner Group Area Percent of Total (Thousand acres) The bulk of the Public: CFL is publicly Federal 961.0 TIA owned. State 67.0 5.4 County and municipal 3.4 OZ. Subtotal 1,034.4 82.7 Private: Forest industry* ar I Farmer 154.6 12.4 Misc. private 60.8 4.9 215.4 Wia3 Total 1,246.8 100.0 The principal owner is the Forest Service. Its 952.5 thousand acres represent 76 percent of the total The Forest Service and 83 percent of the publicly owned commercial forest has the most CFL. land. The biggest part of its holdings are the Black
Hills National Forest in Pennington, Custer, Meade, and Lawrence Counties with minor areas in Fall River County, and small areas of the Custer National Forest in Harding County.
*Forest industry data have been combined with miscellaneous private data to avoid disclosure of an individual owner.
Collectively, private
individuals own more CFL than any Owner except the Forest Service.
Some poor soils and exposed bedrock reduce the average productivity of
the land.
But the land is well suited for growing crops of timber.
Ninety-four percent
of the CFL is growing
ponderosa pine.
The Bureau of Land Management administers most of the other federally owned commercial forest land.
Other publicly owned land belongs to the State, administered and managed through the State Department of Game, Fish, and Parks, Division of Forestryan es biggest single holding is Custer State Park.
Privately owned commercial forest land is dominated by small private owners, largely farmers, who collectively control 154,000 acres, or 12 percent of the total and 72 percent of all privately owned commercial forest land. This is 70,000 acres less than reported for 1960 (4). These holdings are rather evenly distributed throughout the seven counties.
How Productive Is It
Compared to other important timber producing areas in the West, the commercial forest land in western South Dakota is not highly productive. Only about 3 percent of the land is capable of growing as much as 60 ft? of wood per acre per year.
Shallow soils with low moisture-holding capacity are common. Also, there are many areas where exposed bedrock prevents the establishment of trees. In such areas, stands tend to be sparse-to-open, and over a given time period cannot produce the amount of wood possible with more dense stands.
But although the productive capacity of the CFL is limited, the area is well suited to timber culture. As Boldt and Van Deusen (3) point out, ''This basic premise is neither speculative or theoretical--its validity has been demonstrated by actual forest responses to nearly a century of consumptive use.''!
Timber Kinds and Sizes
Were it not for some 24,000 acres of spruce type (mostly in Lawrence, Penning- ton, and Custer Counties), the softwood (evergreen) forest would appear to be a single species, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). As a forest type, it occupies nearly 1.2 million acres of the CFL.
Hardwoods are not a significant resource for timber purposes.
Two-thirds of the
CFL area is occupied
by sawtimber stands.
Hardwoods (broadleaf spe- cies) cover only about 50,000 acres and include localized pockets or small stands of aspen (Populus tremulotdes) , as well as a mixture of oak and other species in the hills, and considerable cottonwood (Populus deltotdes) along major streams and rivers.
Sawtimber stands dominate the commercial forest land in all counties. Although Custer, Lawrence, and Pennington Counties have the most sawtimber stand area, Lawrence County has the highest proportion of sawtimber and none of the coun- ties has less than 50 percent of the CFL in that size class.
This does not mean there are no small trees in these stands. Stand-size classification can be misleading in terms of the diameter distribution simply because of the way stand sizes are defined?.
Butte, Harding, Meade
DS
Custer
Pereent of commerctal Fall River forest land by stand- size class.
Lawrence
Pennington
All Counties
Percent of Total
0 25 50! :60:" 570) °80)=.90"" 100
[|] = @Z@
SAWTIMBER POLES SEEDLING/ NONSTOCKED SAPLING
3Softwood sawtimber trees need be only 9.0 inches d.b.h. (hardwoods, 11.0 inches); sawtimber stands need have only half the total stocking in sawtimber and poletimber trees, with sawtimber at least equal to pole timber stocking.
Only @,700 acres are classed as nonstocked.
Visitors won't
find grizzly bears
or wolves...
but they may see some 60 varieties of other animals, as well as birds and fish.
Major nontimber
uses of the forest
include outdoor recreation.
There is little nonstocked area and most of it is in Fall River County. This attests to the ease with which natural regeneration becomes established following har- vesting activities.
How Is It Used
The grizzly and the grey wolf are gone and the black bear and mountain lion are rarely seen. But, there is abun- dant wildlife to be seen by the hundreds of thousands of people who annually visit the Black Hills.
Deer, elk, wild turkey, antelope, beaver, buffalo, and even Rocky Mountain goats and Big Horn sheep can be found. Many of these animals and birds have been introduced or reestablished over the past 50 years or so. (12). In the streams and lakes, fishermen find several varieties of trout, most of which have been introduced and maintained by the State.
Outdoor recreation is the dominant use of much of the forest today. Management of the forest is designed to in- tegrate recreation opportunities, esthetics, protection of wildlife habitat, and production of usable wood. Tree har- vesting is a necessary part of maintaining wildlife habitat and a varied landscape, as well as a healthy forest.
The diverse recreation opportunities of the Black Hills National Forest are used at the rate of about 2 million visitor-days annually. Much of the recreational activity is in developed sites for camping, picnicking, and boating. However, about 70 percent of the present use is for dispersed activities such as hiking, hunting, and sightseeing, the most common activity (12).
Livestock grazing, though sometimes a contro- versial issue, is a con- trolled use on the Black Hills National Forest during the summer. In 1975, 26,900 cattle and horses and 4,700 sheep grazed over 125,000 animal unit months on the National Forest (12).
THE TIMBER RESOURCE
Although only about 1.6 percent of the
total wood volume in the Rocky Mountain States is in western South Dakota, it is an important resource.
Custer, Lawrence, and Pennington Counties are the most heavily timbered.
Nearly three-fourths
the volume is in trees less than 15 inches d.b.h.
Volume by
dtameter class
How Much Wood
In 1974, CFL in western South Dakota contained an esti- mated volume of 1.7 billion ft°,1.6 billion of it in growing
stock trees, most of it softwood timber.
About 1.25 billion
ft? are in sawtimber size trees (9.0 inches d.b.h. and larger for softwoods and 11.0 inches for hardwoods), estimated at
5.6 billion bd.ft. bd. ft. more than in 1960 (4).
The bulk of the standing volume is in and Pennington Counties, the latter having Lawrence County accounts for hardwood volume (8.6 million ft?). cubic foot volume
million ft.
VOLUME (Thousand cubic feet)
300
250
200
150
100
50
in trees less than 15
DIAMETER CLASS
(International 1/4-inch rule), 2.2 billion
Custer, Lawrence, the most, 589 about half the
73 percent of the inches d.b.h.
22, 24°26) 28) 290i
Net annual growth
is higher than the average of the Rocky Mountain States.
Ninety percent of the
growth occurs on 90 percent of the Clrika gs
but growth rates vary by county.
Insect activity is increasing in some areas...
and mortality may be underestimated in terms of current conditions,
Growth — Mortality
In spite of the low productivity of the forest land, relative to the rest of the Nation, growth of timber in western South Dakota is above average for the Rocky Moun- tain States. Gross annual growth is about 43.7 million ft? or 35 ft? per acre. That is about the average for the other States. However, a low estimated mortality rate (3 ft? per acre compared to 11 ft? for all the Rocky Mountain States and about 9 ft? for the Nation), results in a net annual growth of growing stock of 32 ft? per acre, 8 ft* more than the average.
About 90 percent of the net annual growth is in Custer, Lawrence, and Pennington Counties, about the same proportion as CFL area, but that does not mean all the counties are equally productive:
County Average net annual growth (ft3/A/yr)
Butte, Harding, 32
Meade Custer 28 Fall River 21 Lawrence 36 Pennington 34
All counties 32
Recent increases in mountain pine beetle activity indicate that current tree mortality is probably somewhat higher than that found during the last inventory. Hardest hit seems to be Lawrence County, but no current accurate estimate of the amount of damage is available. There is a real need for damage survey in areas of most severe infestations.
Western red rot and other fungi have caused sub- stantial volume losses in older stands (8). But, the continuing conversion of older stands to faster growing young stands will significantly reduce the impact of thesendiliseasesuasi welll vasimthatmon; insects is) se
lt should be noted also that in contrast to ponderosa pine areas in other parts of the West, the Black Hills ponderosa pine is free of dwarf mistletoe (1, 3).
Snowbend and windthrow losses vary from year to year, but currently are the third ranked cause of mortality. Snowbend and breakage occur more often in sapling and small pole-size stands; windthrow is a more common hazard to large pole and small sawtimber sizes (3).
10
A record high
volume of 17.9 million ft?
WaSmeut mimi O74 2.
but, 700,000 ft? were left as logging residues.
Seventy-five percent
came from National Forests, the rest from private land.
Output from all lands is expected to increase.
Removals
In 1974, 17.9 million ft? of roundwood products were harvested (11), two-thirds of which were saw logs, amounting to 76.7 million bd.ft. (International 1/4-inch rule). The remainder, about 6 million ft? were pulpwood, poles, posts, and fuelwood.
Removals from grow- ina stock were 17.7 mil- lion ft? (or 44 percent of net growth) and about 0.114 million ft? came from dead trees. The latter represents only about 0.2 percent of the salvable dead volume and 9 percent of the annual estimated mortality.
Three-fourths of the total output came from National Forest and almost all the rest from private land. More than half the total came from Lawrence County.
The estimated output for 1977 (appendix tables 10 and 11) is about 19.7 million Fteoanick present trends continue. That would represent an increase of 31 percent over 1970.
Sawtimber removals are expected to total] 82 million bd.ft. for saw logs and account for about the same proportion as in 1974. "Other removals'' associated mainly with land withdrawn from timber use, are expected to account for about 1 percent.
PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE WOOD SUPPLIES FROM STATE AND PRIVATE LAND
The future timber supplies from western South Dakota will be influenced by (a) the management goals of the owners or managers of the resource; (b) the potential of the land to grow wood; (c) the condition of the existing resource; and (d) the amount of money available for silvicultural treatment.
The major supplier will, of course, be the Black Hills National Forest. The
planned cut through 1986 is in excess of 36 million ft? per year (5).
Because the bulk
of the remaining CFL ts tn State and private ownershtp, the remainder of the report will examine the timber resource on those lands, an area of about 242,000 acres, excluding Custer State Park.*
State and private
CFL has the potential
for producing about 12.4 million ft?
of wood annually.
Even if achieving the
potential were considered desirable,
that level of output
would be impossible
to reach at present...
because not all the land is operable...
Potential Versus Available Output
Potential output of timber is a function of land pro- ductivity and the level of management or silvicultural practices applied to the timber resource (5). Given current and prospective future on-site costs for silvi- cultural treatments, State and private lands have the capacity of producing 12.4 million ft? per year under a management program of a precommercial thinning at 10 years, commercial thinnings every 20 years, and a final harvest at the end of a 110-year period. Stand density would have to be maintained between 120 and 140 ft? of basal area per acre.
That output could be reached only if (a) the entire CFL area were operable; (b) the forest resource were managed strictly for timber production; (ec) the forest were fully regulated, and (d) suffictent funds were avatl- able for on-site cultural activities when needed.
The fact is, however, nearly 20 percent of the CFL is now considered ''tnoperable.'' Along with a prudent logging operation that would protect the soil and other associated resources, steep slopes and other conditions make harvesting and management impossible or unwise with present harvesting techniques.
*Custer State Park is excluded from much, but not all, of the more detailed examination of the resource that follows. Although timber will be harvested from the Park, such removals will be requirements to enhance the other values and meet the overall management goals of the Park, rather than representing any specific timber production goal.
ANNUAL OUTPUT (Million cubic feet)
50
Timber output foregone in favor of nontimber values generated by planned management.
LAND POTENTIAL
AVAILABLE POTENTIAL
oo™™ eo” P\ ry | L@ le? ® 2] | a | | | PRESENTLY | eo” | INOPERABLE ag 90,339 ACRES | | | OPERABLE 192,209 ACRES l | | | |
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
ANNUAL MANAGEMENT COSTS ON-SITE (Thousand dollars)
Potenttal output and avatlable output, State and privately owned CFL,
and more management money is needed.
To grow the potential of the operable area would cost about $245,000 a year.
Managing the currently
inoperable area will cost more.
Management plans propose levels of output less than the land's potential...
western South Dakota.
There are over 30,000 acres of dense young stands needing thinning. The State has placed these lands in the inoperable category because present and prospective future (short term) management money available is insufficient to realistically include them in its management plans. (The Black Hills National Forest has a similar situation; such lands are included in the Marginal land component) .
At current costs, potential output on the operable area is estimated at 8.5 million ft2, and would cost $245,000 annually for on-site management activities. For the 192,000 operable acres, this would amount to about $1.28 per acre per year.
Should the entire 90,000 acres of inoperable area become available for harvest and management, an additional 3.9 million ft? of wood could be produced annually at an estimated additional cost of $140,000 or $1.55 per acre per year.
The State Division of Forestry has timber management plans for each county. technical and financial assistance to private owners and coordinated programs with other public agencies, these plans include a proposed target timber harvest for all
The likelihood of this happening is small, however.
Because its forestry program includes
non-Forest Service lands. The timber management objectives outlined in these plans are much the same as the Forest Service's multiple use goals. Timber is considered to
be an important available commodity to be grown and utilized along with other commodity and noncommodity goods and services. Therefore, there is no intention to assume
a management posture to maximize timber output on State- owned land or to recommend such a program to private owners.
Maximizing timber output would require stand densities to favor other forest nearly twice those planned. Only with a more open forest resources and values. can the nontimber objectives for livestock range, wildlife
habitat, water production, esthetics, and other recreational uses of the forest land be achieved.
Planned output could Available Output -- The difference between potential
be achieved by and available output (planned for period following achieve- intensively managing ment of full regulation) indicates the trade-off between fewer acres... timber and the nontimber values achieved.
Because of uncertainty as to whether private owners will in fact act in accordance with plans, the ''available output'' has to be considered as the probable upper limit.
8 LOW SITE LAND
HIGH SITE LAND |
x 4 ‘ Wy \2 er randy
ANNUAL OUTPUT (Million cubic feet) on
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 CUMULATIVE ACRES (Thousands)
Potential and planned output for operable area, State and private Lands.
Looking again at the potential and planned output, by intensively managing all the high-site land now operable but the overall manage- and an additional 42,000 acres of low-site land, the total ment objectives would planned output could be achieved. In other words, only not be met. 136,000 acres would need to be intensively managed rather
than 192,000 to get the same annual output. This would
result in a savings of about $66,000 annually. But, in terms of overall management objectives, that would be a false saving.
The 56,000 acres of unmanaged land would not provide the water, wildlife, range and esthetic value objectives; nor would the intensively managed areas. Why? Because maximizing timber output on the 136,000 managed acres would require stand densities so high that good wildlife browse and herbage production would not be possible. The
unmanaged areas would soon grow into such densities that they would provide about the same nontimber values as the
high density, managed stands and little timber. They would also look worse.
Herbage Production ——»
Basal Area/Acre —>
To achieve the planned Achieving the available potential timber output is potential output of not just a matter of scheduling intermediate cuts and
timber and nontimber harvesting. There are specific conditions that exist now, values, the manager with respect to timber stands and to the forest in general, must begin with that need to be examined. The manager must begin with existing timber the current timber resource and manipulate it during the
and nontimber next few decades in a manner that will result in a timber resources. resource of a kind and condition that will allow both future
timber and nontimber goals and objectives to be met.
The Existing Timber Resource
Softwood timber Stand Age and Size -- Although there are some stands as stands are old as 240 years, the bulk of CFL is occupied by stands in relatively young... the 50- to 130-year class, with heaviest concentration in
the 50- to 100-year-old class.
Nearly 60 percent of the CFL is occupied by sawtimber
stands: Stand stze Area % Cumulative % class but over half Old growth sawtimber 21,493 9 9 are sawtimber Young growth sawtimber 116,601 48 57 size. Poletimber 62,129 26 83 Seedling-sapling 36,629 15 98 Nonstocked 5,424 2 100
Even though such a large proportion of the CFL is classed as sawtimber, board foot volumes per acre are relatively low; 96 percent of the area is carrying stands with volumes less than 10,000 bd.ft. per acre. The board foot-cubic foot ratio of 4.4 indicates that the average size of trees in these stands is relatively small.
Ninety-eight percent of the CFL is stocked with trees...
but some acres have too few trees, some have too many.
Inadequate stocking
is tough to deal with except over a longer time frame.
Much of the CFL will be under
some even-aged management system, with a two-cut
shelterwood harvest
to regenerate the stand.
Stocking -- Only 5,400 acres (2 percent of the total) are considered nonstocked. No doubt part of the non- stocked area is unable to support trees and its burned sections lack sufficient seed to naturally restock such areas within a reasonable period.
However, having 98 percent of the CFL area classed as stocked doesn't mean there are just the right number of trees nor that only good trees are included. Eleven percent of the area actually capable of growing trees is either bare or is occupied by cull trees:
Area occupted by
Stockable Growtng stock
area trees Cull trees lo trees” Nr INCOSE 3S 211,482 188,110 3,490 19,882 % of total 89 2 9
Both situations are equally unproductive for timber.
An acre 60 percent stocked with growing stock trees is considered to have an adequate number of trees. About 33,000 acres of CFL are less than 50 percent stocked with live trees and some 64,000 acres are less than 60 percent stocked with growing stock trees. An estimated 40,000 acres have more growing stock trees than are needed to use the site effectively.
The latter condition is somewhat easier to deal with in a short time frame. A thinning program can bring over- stocked stands into a more productive condition rather quickly and is consistent with other management goals. Understocked areas are not so easily dealt with, especially small treeless areas scattered through the forest. Over time, many such areas will ''grow'' into a more desirable condition and better utilize the site. They can also be planted, but at considerable cost. Planting, however, is much used to restock larger areas without a sufficient seed source.
Stand Denstty and Structure.--One of the objectives of the State's planned forestry program is to bring the State and privately owned CFL under full management and ful] regulation within 30 years through its public assistance program. Although many kinds of silvicultural treatments can be used (depending on the nature and condition of existing unmanaged stands), most will take advantage of the tendency of ponderosa pine to establish itself in even-aged stands. Intermediate harvest every 20 years with a two-cut shelterwood regeneration cut at final harvest is the system generally thought most appropriate for ponderosa pine in the Black Hills (1, 3).
“This area represents open areas in sparse stands in which trees could grow.
Average stand density is about 80 ft2 of basal area per acre...
but, there is more in small- size trees than desired.
Square-foot basal area by diameter class for the average acre.
When fully regulated,
only 30 percent of the
total basal area will be in trees less than 10 inches in diameter.
A continued thinning program, emphasizing removal of smaller trees, is needed.
Once the acreage of CFL is all under management, it would be occupied by individual stands of different ages and tree sizes. On a per-acre basis, the average of all these stands would have a density of about 80 ft? basal area distributed among the diameter classes as shown by the dotted line.
Currently, the average of all stands (some managed and some not), is about 80 ft? of basal area but dis- tributed by diameter classes as shown by the solid line.
The apparent imbalance in basal area distribution indicates both the existence of stands needing thinning and the fact that the forest is not yet ina fully regulated condition.
— £
12 10 e g C2 8 a & A Under full 6 “<<—_— Management & regulation
BASAL AREA (Square feet per acre)
& & a C4 & o &
2 4 6 8 1OI IZ 4 16)" 18). 20
D.B.H. CLASS (Inches)
In a fully regulated situation where a variety of roundwood materials (pulp, poles, and saw logs) are pro- duct objectives, the basal area in trees less than 10 inches d.b.h. should be about 40 percent of that in trees 10 inches d.b.h. and larger; or, 30 percent of the total basal area’ (6).
Currently the average stand has 40.6 ft* basal area (about 50 percent) in trees less than 10 inches d.b.h.
Removing more of the smaller diameter trees (thinning from below) automatically will increase average stand diameter. Normal tree growth, during the period between thinnings will increase the diameter of residual trees and, therefore, the basal area in each diameter class.
iy)
Nontimber benefits achieved through timber management activities stretch the nontimber
resource management
dollars.
Heavy thinning in stagnated stands can produce some startling results.
There is a good case for thinning investments.
If the annual harvest
could be increased at the same rate as volume growth...
Fewer but larger trees will be the result and will create a more open forest capable of meeting both timber production and other management objectives. In addition, maintaining the vigor of young stands will help control mountain pine beetles and reduce mortality losses.
As an example of what thinning stagnated stands can do, Boldt (2) reported in a case study in 1970 some startling results of a sequential thinning effort.
A 70-year-old stand containing 2,000 trees per acre, with an average diameter of 4.2 inches was thinned
from below to 476 trees, then 7 years later to 105 trees. The result: in an 1]l-year period, removal of smaller trees increased diameter growth of remaining trees, and a stagnated sapling stand was transformed into a smal] sawtimber stand averaging 9.1 inches d.b.h.
Such a thinning program may not always be prudent, however, because of the susceptibility of residual trees to damage from snow or wind. A series of lighter cuts is usually recommended to reduce the likelihood of such losses 163).
How good is an investment in precommercial and commercial thinnings? Although the forest land is not as productive as that of other timber-producing areas in the West, there are opportunities for generating both timber and nontimber values.
The major silvicultural requirement for growing timber is stocking control. The average cost for pre- commercial thinning in young stands is about $60 per acre. On an average site, a management regimen consisting of one precommercial thinning and three commercial thinnings to a growing stock level of 80 ft? would generate a total output of some 4,600 ft? per acre over a 100-year rotation. That is about 30 ft? per acre per year more than if no thinning were done. Also, an additional 20 cents per acre per year worth of forage would be produced. There are several ways to look at and interpret such an "opportunity."
First, if there is sufficient old-growth sawtimber reserve, the ''allowable cut effect'' would indicate that an additional 30 ft? per year could be harvested for each acre brought under such a management regimen. Assuming a stumpage value of $0.25 per ft3, that represents an increase in income per acre of $7.50 per year, in addition to the annual income from grazing estimated at $0.20 per acre per year.
If the rotation were 110 years and the thinning were done at 20 years, there are 90 years in which the grazing income and the additional wood values would be captured.
the rate of return on the $60 thinning is
about 11 percent.
If capturing the "allowable cut effect'' is not possible, the rate of return is about 5 percent.
A: With management.
Year Stand Age
0 20 20 40 40 60 60 80 80 100 Harvest 90 110 Harvest
All All Grazing B: With no management.
0 20 Nothing 80 100 Harvest 90 110 Harvest
All All Graze
Activity
The rate of return on the initial $60 investment
generating this series of annual
But, again,
incomes remember this rate of return could be earned
is 11.05 percent.
only tf the annual cut could be tnereased at the same rate as the expected average annual yteld tnecrease.
Given the following management schedules,
in terms
of the difference in yield between such a management program and the ''do nothing but harvest'' plan, the rate of return is about 5.05 percent:
Precommercial thin Commercial thin Commercial thin
Commercial thin
Total
Total
Volume Removed Cost Income* cu. £t. 0 $60 0 400 20 $100 500 20 125 700 20 175 1,500 30 375 1,500 30 375 4,600 ain = 10 AUM 0 20 0 0 0 700 $30 $475 600 30 150 1, 300 03 AUM 0 06
*Assume stumpage value of $0.25/cubic foot.
Gross growth is now 8 million — ft?’ per year
but could be increased.
Mortality is probably
understated...
and so net growth may be
less than estimated.
Difference in:
Volume Removed Net Cost or
CUSSsEtr Income* 0 -$60 400 + 80 500 +105 700 +155 800 +200 900 +225
Even though they cannot be measured in monetary terms,
other key values--scenery, water yield, and fire hazard reduction--are also generated.
recreation,
Growth and Mortality -- Gross
private land
is about 8 million ft
wildlife habitat,
aeOweh on State and per year.
A program
to adequately stock the nonstocked or understocked ance could increase the gross growth to about 11 million ft3
annually.
Mortality is difficult to estimate, especially with
the inventory procedures used.
Also,
increased insect
activity since the inventory has made a substantial increase in the number of trees dying, and therefore, a
reduction in net growth.
There
is some evidence that
mortality actually may be 3 or 4 times that calculated from the basic inventory data.
19
Future timber supplies will be influenced
by land use objectives of owners and by bringing additional areas of CFL under management.
Management objectives for State-owned
land have been established.
Objectives of non- industrial private owners vary, and can change.
Increased wood prices could bring inoperable areas under manage- ment.
The estimated annual mortality of softwood growing stock and major causes are:
UM fe?
Insects V2 Disease 56 Weather 36 Other 2D)
Total 189
Opportunities for Increasing Timber Supplies
Basic factors that will influence future timber supplies from State and private lands include: (a) land use policies and programs for joint resource use on State lands; (b) objectives of nonindustrial private timberland owners; (c) technical advances in logging and utilization to bring currently inoperable areas under management; and (d) management money for stocking control.
A fully integrated resource use and protection posture is State policy, and land use policies and management objectives are already established. Management will be directed toward enhancing scenic values, recreation opportunities, and critical winter range for deer and elk, toward protecting the critical watersheds, reducing wildfire hazards, controlling mountain pine beetles, and maintaining the timber stands in a productive condition. Proposed timber supplies that reflect these nontimber land use objectives have been established for these lands and are included in the county timber management plans.
The intent of small private owners, largely farmers, who hold much of the non-Federal CFL is an important matter. Although cut- ting has been increasing on such lands, substantial areas of other- wise productive forest land are being withdrawn from timber use in favor of summer or year-round homesite development. In 1960, the area of CFL in farmer owner- YY Yl ship was estimated at 224,000 1960 1977 acres, some 70,000 acres more
than V977> (Cb).
Farmer Owned CFL
yf YU
The CFL now considered inoperable supports a good supply of timber. Harvesting it without damage to other important resources is not possible at the present. The price of wood will influence the speed with which cable, balloon, or helicopter techniques wil]
*
20
invade the Black Hills.
Access to timber is good.
Regeneration is a naturale
but usually comes in too great numbers.
Continued thinnings will be necessary...
and much material will be available
for pulp, posts,
and poles.
A major increase in timber output would mean giving up other forest values.
Markets for merchantable material and management money are key items for...
Access is not much of a problem. Almost all the CFL is within 5 miles of a haul road and 90 percent is less than 1.5 miles of an existing road. In addition, 90 percent of the CFL is within 35 miles of a sawmill or other wood-processing plant. Access to railroads is not quite as good.
Probably the most critical issue for future timber supplies has to do with stocking control. Regeneration in cutover stands is generally of little concern to managers after harvest. The frequent heavy seed crops combined with timely and abundant spring and summer precipitation make overstocking of seedlings the rule (1, 2, 3). Forty thousand seedlings per acre are not uncommon.
Such constant and heavy regeneration makes thinning a necessity for sustaining a reasonable growth rate and concentrating the growth on larger more valuable trees.
Intermediate thinnings pay for themselves through pulp, posts, and pole sales. The usual management regimen is a precommercial thinning, addi- tional entries for commercial thinning every 20 years, and ending with two shelterwood cuts for regeneration.
InTotal -- Aside from making maximum timber output the sole objective of forest management (which would mean giving up much, if not all, the nontimber values now being generated), there are only a few ways supplies from State and private forest lands will be increased. First, there needs to be a...
Precommercial and commercial thinnings are requirements to maintain or
a Continued program of stocking control.
increase output. Again, maintaining and expanding markets now for merchantable small materials are necessary to avoid a slowdown in otherwise commercial thinnings. Such thinnings on behalf of growing sawtimber trees make total
2)
continued and in- creased stocking Teontnolle
Better utilization...
and cutting more usable dead wood will help.
Three-fourths of
CFL area is
producing all the growing stock growth.
Replacing slow or no- growth trees with
GS trees would theoretically increase output
about 4 million
S252 6 4M eee ft?’ per year.
But it probably won't happen for at least 30 years.
Logging techniques not now being used in western South Dakota...
and more management money are the keys to capturing wood from the now inoperable area.
management less expensive (net income rather than net cost action) and reduce the volume of usable wood left lying in the woods. Which brings up...
MB Increased utilization. Better utilization of usable wood during logging operations could increase wood supplies. Present logging residues are estimated to be about 700,000 ft? per year.
Mill residues are being well utilized at the present except for sawdust and shavings. Slabs, edgings, and trimmings are being converted into chips and most of the bark is being utilized (11). But, meanwhile, back in the woods, there are lots of...
MB Salvable dead trees. The volume of products realized from dead trees could be increased. -In 1974, the total
of such volume was 114,000 ft? for all ownerships. That represents only 0.2 percent of the total volume of salvable dead material. If more such trees could be economically removed, not only would timber supplies be increased,
but there would also be room for...
WB More growing stock trees. It is estimated that only about 183,000 acres (75 percent of total) of State and private CFL are occupied with growing stock (GS) trees. The Open area and that occupied by cull or dead trees and stag- nated stands contribute little to current growth. In effect then, the approximately 8 million ft? of gross growth
is being generated on three-fourths of the area. It would seem reasonable that getting the nonproducing area stocked with growing stock trees would increase growth and there- fore supplies of timber. The theoretical possibility is that the potential of 12 million ft? per year can be achieved.
Here is a situation that is, however, probably only masquerading as a 4 million ft? opportunity. Nearly a third of the CFL is now inoperable and the acreage of the inoperable area not stocked with GS trees is not known. Also, establishing more GS trees on understocked operable areas can only happen gradually over the next 30 years, the planned period for achieving regulation. In the long run, the biggest opportunity for increasing supplies is to...
|| Bring as many inoperable areas as possible under management. The areas totaling 90,000 acres now included in the ''inoperable'' category have the potential to grow nearly 3 million ft? per year. Probably not all such areas can be brought under management. But, getting even part of the potential will require two important things: logging techniques not now being used to manage the new stands and money.
Such high-priced methods as balloon, cable, or heli- copter logging will result in higher prices for the products generated. More management money will be required. It costs more to operate on steep slopes than on flat ground. Also, there will be more acres to treat annually once the steeper slopes in the inoperable area are opened up.
22
ABOUT THE BLACK HILLS NATIONAL FOREST
Planned management of the timber resources of the
Black Hills National
Forest will...
increase timber
output to 190 milion IbdEh eee:
provide more varied and pleasing land- scapesy..
Resource Use and Management Direction
Use and management of the resources of the Black Hills National Forest are directed toward sustaining the high quality environment while capturing the multiple benefits potentially available from the existing resources (12).
Major objectives are to enhance key values of scenery, recreation, and wildlife, as well as providing timber, watershed, and range values. And one of the most important vehicles for achieving these goals is manipulating the timber resource.
Consequences of Timber Management
The timber management proposed for the Black Hills National Forest® will result in an annual output of 36 million ft? of roundwood, (190 million bd.ft. Scribner rule or 213 million, International 1/4-inch rule), a substantial increase over current output (152 million bd.ft. Scribner). All associated resource values will be affected in a positive way, even though planned timber output will not reach as high a level as would be 1977 2000 possible if the goal were to maximize timber production.
Wood Output
Recreation
Recreational use of the National Forest is expected to rise to an estimated 3 million visitor-days by 1990. Scenery is important to Black Hills visitors, else they would not be there. Increased harvesting and thinning will reduce the visual monotony of dense stands and create a more varied landscape.
Visual Quality —>
1977 2000
6The effects of management are from the final Environ- mental Impact Statement for the timber management plan on the Black Hills National Forest (12).
23
Water
increase water Reducing stand densities will provide more water. supplies by 7,500 Planned management is estimated to increase surface flow acre feet... by 2,000 acre-feet per year and subsurface water by about
5,500 acre-feet during a year of average rainfall. More snow will reach the ground and drift. This will result in a slower and larger addition to streamflows in the spring.
Grazing and Wildlife
Planned management activ- ities for the timber will in- crease both the acreage avail- able for livestock arazina and the amount of herbage produced. Also, wildlife habitat will increase in area and quality. The values so generated by increased tree removals are substantial.
Water Quantity
1977 2000
To maximize wood output, stands should be maintained double big game browse at about 120 to 140 ft2 of basal area per acre. At such
and provide a three- density, herbage production is only about 60 pounds per fold increase in acre (9, 12). If a cow could walk through such a stand, grazing potential... she would need about 32 acres of it to feed herself and
her calf for a month, at the recommended utilization rate of 40 percent.
At the planned stand density of about 80 ft? of basal area, there will be 260 pounds of herbage per acre (9, 12), requir- ing only about 10 acres to feed them for a month. That is more than a threefold increase in qrazing capac- ity over that from a program to maximize wood output. In addition, wildlife browse production will double to 40 pounds per acre per year.
Available Forage
1977 2000
Other Effects The proposed timber management plan would also help and reduce mortality control the present mountain pine beetle outbreak and from pine beetles reduce chances for future losses by increasing the vigor and potential loss of stands susceptible to attack. The overall effect would to wildfires. be to reduce mortality and increase net growth.
24
The key issues are
maintaining markets
for small-size GRrEES. ..
and adequate management money.
In addition, the poten- tial for destructive wild-
> fires will be reduced and 3 so also the probability of s loss of timber and associ- 2 ated resource values. 2 ie o Ww
1977 2000
Key Issues for Future
The prospects for the future of the resources of the Black Hills National Forest pivot on the same basic issues as for State and private lands: markets and manage- ment money.
If lack of markets for small trees slack off, thinning may become more costly. Fewer acres would be treated annually and the total benefits associated with the sched- uled thinning would be reduced.
25
PUBLICATIONS CITED
Alexander, Robert R.
1974. Silviculture of central and southern Rocky Mountain forests: a summary of our knowledge by timber types. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-120, 36 p. Rocky Mt. For. and) Range: Exp. (Stne. Pty Collins; toile:
Boldt, Charles E.
1970. Sequential thinnings boost productivity of a ponderosa pine stand in the Black Hills of South Dakota. USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM-172, 7 p. Rocky Mt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ft. Collins, Colo.
Boldt, Charles E., and James L. Van Deusen.
1974. Silviculture of ponderosa pine in the Black Hills, the status of our knowledge. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-124, 45 p. Rocky Mt. For. and Range Exp Stk, Bt.7 Coliduns, Coliox
Caporaso, A. P.
1964. Forest area and timber volume in western South Dakota. USDA For. Serv.
Res. Note INT-20, 4 p. Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah. Choate, Grover A., and John S. Spencer, Jr.
1969. Forests in South Dakota. USDA For. Serv. Resour. Bull. INT-8, 40 p.
Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah. Green, Alan W.
1976. Assessing the timber situation on a working circle using inventory data. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-183, 43 p. Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah.
Green, Alan W., and Theodore S. Setzer.
1974. The Rocky Mountain timber situation, 1970. USDA For. Serv. Resour. Bull.
INT=105 75°p.." intermts For. and Range: Exp, Stni.5).0gden),, Utah. Hinds, Thomas E.
1971. Decay of ponderosa pine sawtimber in the Black Hills. USDA For. Serv.
Res. Pap. RM-65, 11 p. Rocky Mt. Fon~ and Range Exp. Stme, Ft. Collins, Colo. Pase, Charles P., and Richard M. Hurd.
1957. Understory vegetation as related to basal area, crown cover, and litter produced by immature ponderosa pine stands in the Black Hills. Im Proc. Soc. Nile IOlko8 SPECS y Weiag 5) [es
Progulske, Donald R.
1974. Yellow ore, yellow hair, yellow pine--a photographic study of a century of forest ecology. South Dakota State Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 616, 169 p. Brookings.
Setzer, Theodore S., and Michael K. Barrett.
1977. Western South Dakota timber products output and plant residues. USDA For.
Serv. Res. Note INT-233, 7 p. Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah. USDA Forest Service.
1977. Environmental statement for timber management plan for the Black Hills
National Forest. USDA For. Serv., RM Reg., Lakewood, Colorado.
26
APPENDIX
Glossary and Tables
Forest land
Commercial forest land.
Deferred forest land
Unregulated forest land
Noncommercial forest land
Productive-
reserved forest
land
Unproductive forest land
Nonforest land
Glossary Land Use Classes
Land at least 16.7 percent stocked by forest trees of any size, or formerly having had such tree cover, and not currently developed for nonforest use. (Note: Stocking is measured by comparison of basal area and/or number of trees, by age or size and spacing with specified standards. The minimum area for classification of forest land is 1 acre. Roadside, streamside, and shelterbelt strips of timber must have a crown width of at least 120 ft to qualify as forest land. Unimproved roads and trails, streams, or other bodies of water or clearings in forest areas shall be classed as forest ho lessmthanm!|ZOeftonnmwidthy) Also see definitions for land area, commercial forest land, stocking, unproductive forest land, and water.
Forest land producing or capable of producing crops of industrial wood and not withdrawn from timber utilization (Note: Areas qualifying as commercial forest land have the capability of producing in excess of 20 ft3 per acre per year of industrial wood under management. Currently inaccessible and inoperable areas are included, except when the areas involved are small and unlikely to become suitable for production and industrial wood in the foreseeable future. )
National Forest lands that meet productivity standards for commercial forest, but are under study for possible inclusion in the Wilderness System.
Portions of commercial forest land and the noncommercial forest land that will not be utilized for sustained timber production.
(1) Unproductive forest land incapable of yielding crops of industrial wood because of adverse site conditions, and (2) productive-reserved forest land.
Forest land sufficiently productive to qualify as commercial forest land, but withdrawn from timber utiliza- tion through statute, administrative designation, or exclusive use for Christmas tree production.
Forest land incapable of producing 20 ft? per acre of industrial wood under natural conditions, because of adverse site conditions. (Note: Adverse conditions include sterile soils, dry climate, poor drainage, high elevation, steepness, and rockiness.)
Land that has never supported forests and lands formerly forested where use for timber management is prevented by development for other uses. (Note: Includes areas used for crops, improved pasture, residential areas, city parks, improved roads of any width and adjoining clearings, powerline clearings of any width, and 1- to 40-acre areas
28
Ownership
National Forest
land
Bureau of Land
Management lands
Miscellaneous Federal lands
Other Federal lands
State, county, and municipal lands
Other public
Farmer-owned lands
Forest industry
lands
Forest types
Major forest
type
Commercial species
of water classified by the Bureau of the Census as land.
If intermingled in forest areas, unimproved roads and nonforest strips must be more than 120 ft wide and clear- ings more than | acre in size to qualify as nonforest land.)
Qunershtp Classes
Property owned by one owner, regardless of the number of parcels in a specified area.
Federal lands that have been legally designated as National Forest or purchase units and other lands under the administration of the Forest Service, including experimental areas and Bankhead-Jones Title II! lands.
Federal land administered by the Bureau of Land Management.
Federal lands other than National Forest lands, lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management, and Indian lands.
Federal lands other than National Forest lands, including lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management, Bureau of Indian Affairs, and other Federal agencies.
Lands owned by States, counties, and local public agencies or municipalities, or lands leased to these governmental units for 50 years or more.
All Federal lands other than National Forest lands, and State, county, and municipal lands.
Lands owned by farm operators. (Note: These exclude land leased by farm operators from nonfarm owners, such as railroad companies and States.)
Lands owned by companies or individuals operating wood-using plants.
Forest Type and Tree Spectes
A classification of forest land based upon the species forming a plurality of live-tree stocking. (Note: Types shall be determined on the basis of species plurality of all live trees that contribute to stocking; that is, up to a maximum of 16 percent at each plot point based upon a 10- point location.)
A grouping of local forest types into about 10 eastern and 10 western groups. The groupings are based upon similar and associated species.
Tree species presently or prospectively suitable for industrial wood products. (Note: Excludes species of typically small size, poor form, or inferior quality, such as hawthorn and sumac, scrub willow, and alder.)
29
Noncommercial
Species
Sof twoods
Hardwoods
Growing stock
trees
Rough trees
Rotten trees
Cull
Salvable dead
trees
Mortality trees
Diameter classes
Tree size class
Seedlings
Saplings
Tree species of typically small size, poor form, or inferior quality that normally do not develop into trees suitable for industrial wood products.
Coniferous trees, usually evergreen having needles or scalelike leaves.
Dicotyledonous trees, usually broad-leaved and deciduous.
Class of Timber
Live trees of commercial species meeting specified standards of quality or vigor; excludes cul] trees.
(1) Live trees of commercial species that do not contain at least one 12-foot saw log or two noncontiguous saw logs, each 8 ft long or longer--now or prospectively-- and/or do not meet regional specifications for freedom from defect primarily because of roughness or poor form; (2) all live trees of noncommercial species.
Live trees of commercial species that do not contain at least one 12-foot saw log, or two noncontiguous saw logs, each 8 ft long or longer--now or prospectively--and/or do not meet regional specifications for freedom from defect primarily because of rot; that is, when more than 50 percent of the cull volume in a tree is rotten.
Portions of a tree that are unusable for industrial wood products because of rot, form, or other defect.
Standing or down dead trees that are considered merchantable by regional standards.
Growing stock trees dying from natural causes during a specified period, usually annually.
Diameters and Size Classes
A classification of trees based on diameter outside bark, measured at breast height (4-1/2 ft above the ground). (Note: ''d.b.h.'' is the common abbreviation for diameter at breast height. Two-inch diameter classes are commonly used in Forest Survey, with the even inch the approximate midpoint for a class. For example, the 6-inch class includes trees 5.0 through 6.9 inches d.b.h., inclusive.)
A classification of trees based on diameter at breast height, including sawtimber trees, poletimber trees, and saplings and seedlings.
Live trees less than 1.0 inch d.b.h.
Trees 1.0 to 5.0 inches d.b.h.
30
Poletimber trees
Sawt imber trees
Net volume
Growing stock
volume
International
1/4-inch rule
Gross growth
Net annual growth
Mortality
Allowable cut
Timber removals
Timber products
Trees at least 5.0 inches d.b.h., but smaller than sawtimber size.
Trees exceeding poletimber size. In the Intermountain States, the minimum d.b.h. for softwood sawtimber is 9.0 inches and for hardwoods 11.0 inches.
Volume
Gross volume less deductions for rot, sweep, or other defect affecting use for timber products.
Net volume in cubic feet of live sawtimber trees and live poletimber trees from stump to a minimum 4.0 inch top (of central stem) outside bark. Net volume equals gross volume less deduction for rot and missing bole sections.
The standard board-foot log rule adopted nationally by the Forest Service for the presentation of Forest Survey volume statistics.
Growth and Mortaltty
Annual increase in net volume of trees in the absence of cutting and mortality. The total includes ingrowth and accretion.
The increase in net volume of a specified size class for a specific year. (Note: Components of net annual growth include the increment in net volume of trees at the beginning of the specific year that survive to the year's end, plus the net volume of trees that reach the size class during the year, minus the net volume of trees that died during the year, minus the net volume of trees that became rough or rotten during the year.)
Number of sound-wood volume growing stock trees dying from natural causes during a specified period.
Timber Cut
The volume of timber that could be cut on commercial forest land during a given period under specified manage- ment plans aimed at sustained production of timber products.
The net volume of growing stock trees, removed from the inventory by harvesting, or by such cultural operations as timber-stand improvement, land clearing, or changes in land use.
Roundwood products and plant byproducts. (Note: Timber products output includes roundwood products cut from growing stock on commercial forest land, and from other sources, such as cull trees, salvable dead trees, limbs, and saplings, or from trees on noncommercial and nonforest lands, and from plant byproducts. )
SHI
Roundwood products
Plant residues
Logging residues
Other removals Rotation
Industrial wood
Site class
Stand-size class
Sawt !mber stands
Poletimber stands
Logs, bolts, or other round sections cut from trees for industrial or consumer uses. (Note: Includes saw logs, veneer logs, and bolts, cooperage logs and bolts, pulpwood, fuelwood, piling, poles, hewn ties, mine timbers, and various other round, split, or hewn products.)
Wood materials from manufacturing plants not utilized for some product. (Note: Includes slabs, edgings, trimmings, miscuts, sawdust, shavings, veneer cores and clippings, and pulp screenings.)
The unused portions of trees cut or killed by logging.
The net volume of growing stock trees removed from the inventory by cultural operations, such as timber stand improvements, land clearing, and changes in land use.
The period of years between establishment of a stand of timber and the time when it is considered to be ready for cutting and regeneration.
Qualtty All roundwood products, except fuelwood. Site
A classification of forest land in terms of inherent capacity to grow crops of industrial wood.
Site classifications are based upon the mean annual growth of growing stock (not including thinnings) attain- able in fully stocked stands at culmination of mean annual growth. Height-age relationships are usually used as indicators of the specified volume-site class.
Stand Stze Classes
A classification of forest land based on the size class of growing stock trees on the area, that is, saw- timber, poletimber, or seedlings, and saplings. (Note: Only those trees that contribute to no more than 16 percent stocking at a plot point, based upon a 10-point location, will be considered in determining stand-size class.)
a. Stands at least 16.7 percent stocked with growing stock trees, with half or more of total stocking in sawtimber or poletimber trees, and with sawtimber stocking at least equal to poletimber stocking.
b. Stands at least 16.7 percent stocked with growing stock trees in which half or more of this stocking is in poletimber and/or sawtimber trees, and with poletimber stocking exceeding that of sawtimber.
B2
Sapl ing-seedling c. Stands at least 16.7 percent stocked with stands growing stock trees in which more than half of the stocking is saplings and/or seedlings.
Nonstocked d. Commercial forest land less than 16.7 percent land stocked with growing stock trees.
Stand Denstty and Stocking
Stand density A quantitative measure of a stand in terms of square feet of basal area, number of trees, or volume per acre. It reflects the degree of crowding of stems within the area.
Stocking A relative term used to describe the adequacy of a given stand density in meeting the management objectives.
Basal area The cross-sectional area of a tree stem, in Square feet, at a point 4.5 ft above the ground. Basal area per acre is the sum of the basal areas of all the trees on the acre.
Growing stock Basal area (square feet) per acre that will remain after level thinning when average stand diameter is 10 inches or more.
33
*qusecozed go°oO ueyUQ SSOT,,
*snsusD ey} FO Nesazang 93yy Aq puet se peuTsep 3nq ‘spazepuejs uoTIeENTeAY seodznosey eTqemeusy Aq JojeM se pesseTO see COE‘ SepnTOUT,
“OL6T ‘Sse3eaS peaTUMQ ey JO eezy AeqeM pue pUeT ‘snsueD sey Jo nesrzng °*Ss*n wor4,
“uUeTPTASW PAEOT SY FO Som SeTQUNOD UO ZhuTUUSd pue ‘epeow ‘7eqAsNnD JO suotqyzAod syW ATUO apn TOUT seTqeq AeAe,[ [Te pue STUL
1°08 Q°T (,) Ca T°8T 6°61 0°OOT Te}OR JO QuedIeEg S°TIs’s T° 80T Er ee ar 8°9PT‘T E°LOE‘T 8°818‘9 TeIOL
ES ioscccs econ yy See LS Pee VSTCOr a COE), ~SCO Ges oraes uozbuTuued Z*O9T O°LT -- -- 8° PEE 8° TSE 0°2TS sousTMeET Sacco 8°SE -- -- S*Ls €°€6 Q°STT‘T FoaTY TTed O° 18h 0°92 oe O°OT T° 7Z9€ €°86E €°6L8 ze4sND T°609‘€ P°O7 -- -- 6°78 €°€OT VICELAS epesyw ‘butpaey /e334n¢q
------------------ - sation pupsnoyg ------------------
eoze ?peAaeseazuOU =: peATeseT =: peazesez : 3 3 : € pueTrzsquty eoze puet eoze puet puelt :4SseZTOJ T9yuAO:ASeATOJ AOYAO: eaTAONporg: pe A : Aqunog ee §=—- TUTOTOUMIOD qsoezo0y Te VOL Tea0L I 4sezOJUON : pueT 3SeTOF ASYIO TTW : : : : :
ZZ61 “bv2zOyDG YANOg Utezsam fssp1o punz aofpu pun fiqzunoo fig vedo puvq--"*T eTqeL
34
*MOTTOZ 3eYUR SEeTqeq TIe pue sty uo *ZOUMO TENPTATPUT Ue JO SANSOTOSTp pTOAe OF eR2eATAd SNOSsUeTTSOSTW YIM peuTquOoD useq sey ArAsnput 388104,
8°907'T S*600 8° VEE G°LS EEGs 6°78 sdtyszeumo TW 8°09 Geng f° 6C o°S Ome LET e7zeATad snosueTTeostw 9° PST 0°87 LS QE EG? 8° TP 9° 8T Aour7e J == = == = == == jAFFSNpUT qzserz04 Uae Gauls iDeac = == EO) Tedtotunu pue AjunoD o°L9 6°0 xe O°e L°SS O°S a7e3S Og S°*O os G°O -- -- [Tezepey SNOsueTTeOsSTW -- -- -- -- -- -- ueTPUL G*L ae T°S E10 8°0 Seri Wid S°*7S6 VLE €°6S72 v°6Tt GONE C° UD 3Ser04 TePUOT EN --- etre te rrr tte ee - - - SadaD pupsnoyg - ----------------- uojbutuueg : SOUsTMET j AZIATY TTed ; zeysng meow TeIOL : : B : g ‘Butpzey ‘/eqqng sseTO dtyuszeumo A L N O
2261 ‘o,oyDG YZNOg Utezsem fhzunoo puo sspjzo d1rysdeumo Aq puvjdequiz 7o1odtauuoo fo vadp--"2% eTqeL
35
*sazoe OS ueYZ SseT,
Tz9e c*zee €*ee 9°T == Ss pep S*0F 6°% -- == -- == -- = == = == $°9S T ps pc == == --_t°e9e Q°Lez O'ee oT == == TeqoL
Ot Tt aS = = = S$" So = = = = == = == = == rand TT = = = == Tis == == == == pex00RSUON 0 (,) a= a oo S°6 o°6 -- -- -- -- buttpeas pue buttdes
bres 8°78 OF == = = p°It 6°OT s° = == == == -- -- -- -- -- 9°9 $°9 T -- -- -- ps9 ps9 -- -- -- -- Aequtzetod v €
4 -- -- -- °L8T 97z9T =O EZ a°T -- -- Zaqutqmes :sadA3 4S9703 TIW
Ot e T == = == o e = = = eee = = = == ae = = = = == oe ca ic == == == TeqoL
== = == == =S == = == = == =e aS == == == =e == == = == = = — = op aes == -- -- -- pex903SUON
1 Te o> == -- -- buttpees pue burtdes () eS ew = = or = ss as aa = Ae =e ae 2s 5 = =s a = = = -- () () -- = a= == TIOMMTI2TOd oe e° t on = om ZaquTAMeS
2 SPOOMPIeH
g°t Te 8°c Os = == == -- -- -- = -- = == = = = aS = = =e =S = ==nONe Tt ez L aS = TeIOL = co = a == aS ae oe a = = ea == aS == =S =o =a == = = = SS == = == == == pexo03SUON aa = == == —o =o = ==, == == -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- but{pees pue buttTdes ow CS ee om -- -- -- -- AaqUTzZeTOd EG iUs 8°~ {iD cas a= == == == “= -- -- -- -- -- -- -- =< = -- -- -- -- -- Chas i 8° Ls -- -- ASMUT AMES :aonads-1ata
S*Lse c*Tee Vit CRN 6 = c= 6'zy 0" 0b 6°Z =s == Soaao= -- -- -- -- -- $°9S Tbs pee == == --__T°8Sz UIZEZM TO 6° -- =- TeIOL
THE Ta == == = - TT ie ==) SS = == pex903SUON
Qo (D) i =- oo AAG b6 oe -- -- -- b6uttpees pue buttdes
pes 8°78 Oy oS <= o> bit 6'0T s* -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- = 9°9 s'9 ir -- -- -- ps9 ps9 -- -- -- -- TaquTzeyod b €
2S ce <r — zest CHeOT T°0z 6° ==, = ASqUTIMeS rautTd esorepuog zaysno
18 Te Se Es Wee
( ) -- -- -- poexXd0RSUON 6 oo -- -- Buttpeass pue but tdes LT -- == oe ZequtzeTod
S°s t = -- ZEqUTAMeS
:sedAq 3seX0Z TIW
= = == = == == = == == zt Pet te == == = s" a = == == TeqOL
= =s == a == — == — = = = aa == a5 =a == == = == -- pex03SUON () —— == -- -- Buttpees pue butrtdes z =o = = ae. Aaqutyzetod €° z° =o ao -- ABCUTIAMES : SPOOMp1eH
Te == == TeqOL
= == — == => =e = = =e =a == == == == == paxoo zSUuON eae Sm = — oo => on me = oe =n — aw m7 co — me a = on a om on = — -- -- -- -- -- but{pees pue buttdes ae -- =< -- eo am — = - == -- -- -- -- -- Zaqutjzayod Go () z To == om = = cin -- -- eo == So om = aa -- -- oo == on => | GS (7) z° v0 -- -- aaquTqmes reonads-atyq
Bias (D) ss == 9°92 o'ez 9't -- -- -- = == = = = = Z's Ly Sc" = = ==) Cee. GSE IE @ = => TeqOL j = yy abe -- -- PpexXSO03SUON
( 6 mo -- -- Buttpees pue buttdes z -- -- -- ppt L°2t Ltt -- -- -- TaquTqetod TSS () — -- Zaqurymes apeay rautd esozapuog ‘Butprzey ‘aang
Beha aaa ele el Es Eis hil mo hmm ed mdm ae ml a mame meg mes ed =m d BOLOD) DUDBNOY,T me mom med em me meme am Salm me men me mY NS AS ma nla em Nom ta male ah
6b-0% = b8-0S *61T-S8*P9T-O2T*+S9T* TeqOL 7 6p-07 + P8-0S *6TT-S8*P9T-OZT*+S9T? SSeT azts-puejs 3 SSPTO 93TS : SSETO 29TS
otTqnd 29430 : 3sai0qy TeUCTIEN
230, SSETO 89TS g, EY SSPTO 93TS ES SSETO 93TS
sdtysizeumo Tv : azeATad TeyI0 3 AZZSNpuT 3Sex0g
TeqIOL + 6b-07 = P8-0S *61T-SB:P9T-OZT?#+S9T: *_6b-07 = b8-0S *61TT-S8*P9T-OCT*+S9T* 5 6-07 = P8-OS +6TT-S8*P9T-O7T?+S9T
pue ad&3 Asez0g : pe)
226 “bzo¥DG Yy2NO0g uLazsem fssD]0 2318 Pup ‘ssv12 az29-punis ‘adhy yseuo0f “dnoub aaumo ‘hizunoo hq pun] daqunz 1p2wdeumoo fo Dady'--"€ eTIeL
“sete Os ueYa sseT,
Tsp (56 = == 6'S9 bres. carat = == ==. = == =. == == Es 9°6 Bre 8°T =o aes Ss £°6S2 e'pet BEE Gall! =s == TeI0L
s= = = = aa out (4a ¢ os a — os pax203SU0N
3 ( os es oo z°0u z°O0T a == -- -- Bbut[pees pue burtdes
T (e == == == TT9 t'T9 <7 = = = Zaqurzetod
59) e°T 3 a =: 8°98T 8° TST B° ee CHRD aS == azequtqmes :sadAQ 4serOJ TTIW
crema = === 6267 Ist e'b ES == See == == SS = SSieOe ore a = == == Sr tt 0°6 Crd == = = Te30L
= = = == = = ae == == -—= -- -- -- -- -- -- = — == = == = == == -- -- == pax003SUON (aaa -- == == -- but{Tpaes pue buttdes sz 5 at -- -- TaqutzeTod EES eZ -- -- -- AEqUTIMES
: SPOOMPIeH
ay 3° =s weer Le st == == eae == == = = =S Ge s* ix == == == we et S°S 9° == =a TeqIOL = -- =— = = SS SS == == —— -- -- -- -- -- pexd0RSUON = om = == == os a ee — rates os —— — -- -- -- -- == -- == -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- But{Tpees pue buttTdes xo oss er ees = ox) on = -- -- -- -- -- AaqurtzeyTod Zale 9° -- -- o°b Tre Sst. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Lz Ge z -- -- -- pe eT s°s 9° -- -- AequUTAMeS :aonaids-1tg
Tz SiS! OM oo os Te30L
o'r Pa = = oS = paxD03SuON 0°6 == -- -- -- but[Tpees pue buttTdes 9°8¢ == — -- -- Aaqutzaytod c°SPT S°S@ we — -- zequrymes :autd esozapuog BQuUaAMeT
ats ili => SS PS b'6T £'8t Ort Te = == Te30L
eve 8 £
aoe r T == == Ssh se = == =e = = pa4903SUON
tL = Pe ass Pare ee aa ae Se os 8° 3° ss =e eis ae Ss: s* =< -- -- -- butTpess pue but{des
€°9 L (ee () oS on == 98S 97s om =a oo =A Aaqutzeqod
0-79 8 8 eet zz ort ue = 5 aera mes: :sadAQ 4se203 TW
= == -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- = -- -- -- = == == = = = = -- = -- =- -- -- -- TeIqOL
a aS =o = == a = = = = = -- =- = -- -- = == == == == = == == = -- -- pexX203SUON — om == =< = == -- a= -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- bur{pees pue burtdes oo = = = a5 a = — as ee -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- = -- -- -- -- -- Aoqutzeytod
en -- -- -- = = -- = -- = == -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Zaqutqaes
: spoomp2ey:
= a @ = === == == == = === = == == == = == == == == == == ze @ = == TRIOL
<= =o == = == == aS =S = = == == == == == -- -- -- -- -- a -- -- -- = -- pex903SuoN — oo as orm a oe — a os =o — = => — == == -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- but{pses pue burtdes as as = == = a on oo -- oe oes =< == == -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0 - -- -- -- -- -- LOqMTAeTOd (29 () oo — = — = es as cay eS == -- =- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- erat -- Ge () -- -- zequrgqmes :aonads-1Ta
ee 8 ES De == == == 60 Cues Ts == == TeIO4
6°e Ss p == == == oe == = paxD03SUON TL == == -- -— -- -- -- -- -- -- 8° 8° -- -- -- == ) 1S; s° -- -- -- -- b6utTpees pue burtdes E59) L L 0°99 8 8
() -- -- -- 9° 9°s -- -- -- -- Aaqurzetod BL -- -- -- == ‘Ver wet (880) To -- -- ZequTqmes rautd esorzapuog JOATY Tled
S555 2 2 ee eH ee ee ee ee ee ee ee eee ee ee ee = = = = = 80D) pupsnoyg - - - - re eee eS RF er He ee eee eee
¢ p8-0S ‘61T-S8*P9T-OZT*+S9T
SSPTO 39TS
i p8-0S *61TT-S8* F9T-O7T*+S9T*
SSPTO 3397S
? P8-0S *6TT-S8*P9T-OZT*+S9T
sdtysiauso [IW
e3eAtad 29430
SS¥TO 83TS Azzsnput 4ser0g
TeIOL
SSETO 93TS
+ 6-07 + P8-OS *6TT-S8*P9T-O7T?+S9T
6b-0% = b8-OS =6TT-SB*h9T-OZT#+S9T
SSPTD 99TS
oTrqnd 28430
3S210q TeuoT EN
sSeT9 azts-pueqs pue edAQ 4ser04
Ajunod
("uos) € eTaeE
"sere OG UeYQ
L* vot vs
5 Ts eee v = = == == = == == == == 6"8L Cy ae = == ES =m cS ‘8 6°L 9° == o == 6°P vy s° =— == == == — == == -- -- oT S‘T ie == = = ORC, o°% (a0) == aad a 6°s8 9°18 fp -- o= == Z*£e TOE Te -- -- == = -= -- -- -- -- p°sT T'st ee a5 ad aa BOVAS broe 6° =o oo aie 9"SOE 8°86 39 ss a 2 6° PS boos sp —— == ==) == == == == -- -- Lara 8° IT 9° = a -- = €°8Ez 9°98% L*T = T= = 8°9b8 O°LTL é-pzt 1's SS b° 22 T°pOT €°8T =o a ==) == = = == -- S*6P zsh e°b = = S2 Gly) CYLOS Ue ZOl LSS =>, Se b°6P L7bE EO a= = == 1°92. 8°02 £°s == = == == == == = -- == BE Tse Be = 2 SScnor 8°bT Lp == == = 9°s o's a <= -- -- (AG L'@ s" -- -- -- = -- -- -- -- -- bv €° Te -- -- -- 0% oz =5 == == =p 69 £°9 3° == -= -- pez 6'T s° -- -- -- = -- -- -- -- -- ce v Ge -- -- -- O'b o'r == == == oo 6°9E blz s°6 a = = S*0@ z*9l e°p == -- -- == -- -- -- -- -- 6°z bez s* -- -- a> che 88 aa = =m oS E" be 6°S 6ST S*Z ES ES zs eke Ded = =- -—- = = == = = == Te cH z =- == -- pet €°Z 9° eT S*z =n == a4 6°S 6st S*Z -- -- z's Ue, Vz -- -- -- = -- -- == -- -- jis Se z -- -- -- p'BT €°z ote sz -- -- TEcT’T £°090'T 8"60T 9°% = = TU pat T's9t__O"6T == -- == == =- = = -- == bbl 0°OL ver =- == == _9"bT6 g*sz7e_ p98 9S. =o == s*8 6°L CF == a =O 6°b bb cs == == -- == =-- -- -- -- -- 9°T s*T Gs -- -- == 9/1072 o°z (y) S> == == £°08 9°9L Le a =— == 0°0€ blz 9% -- -- -- = -- -- -- -- -- o°st 8°bT z° -- -- -- €°Se bye 6 == == -- L° 862 S*z6z z‘9 ts => =5 s*zs s*8p o'r == = = am -- -- -- -- -- 6°IT ptt S° -- -- -- €°vez Ch 4 ot Sa A 6 ao = aa 9° SBL L*€89 £°66 9°% ad a L°96 8° bs 6°TT oe — =I a — J — -- -- 6°SP €°tp 9°e a> =~ > (he 22) 9°9SS 8°es8 OE a — S*60b £°Z9€ VA SIO = == S*6E EMaa 6's == =- == = == == == == = 97% [ard ve == == == _pLge S*97E BBE Ue: =a == 9° 9° —— = = = = == == — — = = = = 5 =e = == == = = == = 9° 9° = = = == 6°LT e°LT 9° == =e 2m Bre ze a == -- -- = -- -- -- -- -- a z (ae) -- -- -- 6°ET 6°ET -- == == —— S*B0T b° Lot WL = == = ast Loy ort -- -- - -- -- -- -- -- z°T THT Te -- -- -- 9°T6 9°16 -- -- -- -- S* 782 O°LEz beep =z =- -- 0°02 L°st ep -- -- -- = -- -- -- -- -- zt 6° Os -- -- == €*192 bozz BBE 14 = oo s°9 6" oT == == = =- == = == a= == ae = == == = == = = Sy) ep oT = = = (iP Lt -- -- —_ me on a os me as a = =e os = = a = =e a ya a we “ “ et ex ae ae evr el -- -- -- -- = -- -- eas =a Soe -- on 2 ee a = ae a = = cert €°T = = = a5 S*b 62 90 == =- -- = -- -- -- -- -- =- == -- -- = -- Ss = _ a os Sor 5 6'Z 9°T as om --
Swe 6° Se Cam == = 9 == Ey == == = == == = == ==
S*L 6 Sees Wat -- -- 9° -- 3° -- -- -- =e -- -- -- -- -- () -- () -- -- -- 69 6 6'b Let == == SS6e S956 O88 O'T == == 6 BE QrbemeceS == == = == == = = == oz ard ca == == == O° bSE (ESOC GianeLe Ema OME == == > or = = = = Ss = == = = == = = = = = = = = = = = Tags or = =e = = Z°LT 9°9T 9° -- -- -- Bre cE o -- -- -- = -- -- -- -- -- z z (oy) -- -- -- 7eT wet = -- -- -- CLOT EL IOl) | tte = -- -- LST 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- at UT Ty -- -- -- £706 €°06 == -- -- -- Score, acsOeup —w'696) SO°T -- -- eT ZS eee -- -- -- = -- -- -- -- -- cand 6'0 £°0 -- -- -- 6*6b2 9°92 e°ze- 0° -- --
Sau0D | pUuDEnoyy i=" =a = Se Te Ee. ag orcad ae oo aaa me $8-0S =6TT-S8*P9T-OZT*+S9T * 6v-07 + p8-OS *6TT-SB?P9T-OZT?+S9T* d SSETO 9397S Tee OLRTs SSeTO 0397S UE
Aaysnpuy yser10g 5 OFtqnd 20430 :
= 6b-07 b8-OS =6T1-S8*P9T-OZT#+S9T? [eI0L + 6-02 = PB-O0S *6TT-S8:b9T-OCT?+S9T: :
g SSPTO 39TS f : SSPTO 99TS 2 ESBS sdtyszeumo T1W azeATAd 29430
6p-07 ¢
Te3OL 6p-07 = bB8-OS *6TI-SB8*b9T-OZT*+S9T : SSETO 99TS
4SeI0qZ TEUOCTIEN
TeqoL pex03SUON Bbuy{Tpees pue buttdes Tequtzetod zaquyrqzaes :sedAZ 4sez103 TIW
TeIOL pex203SUON buyTpees pue buttdes ZequyzeTod xequyqwes = Spoomp1zeH
TeqOL pex03SUON BurTpees pue butTdes ZequytjzeTod TSMUTAMES seonads-aTg
TeqOL pax03SUON but{Tpess pue BbuttTdes zaqutzeTod Zaquyrqaes :eutd esozrepuog
Te;0L pexd09SuON 5uttTpees pue burtdes tequyzeTod TEqUTZMeS :sedAQZ 4Se103 TI
TeIOL pex903SUON buy {pees pue buttdes ZequtzeTod AOqUT AMES : SPOOMP2eH
TeIOL pex03SuON HuttTpees pue burtdes zequt3eTod ZEqUTAMeS saonids-1ata
TeqOL pex203SuON Sut Tpees pue buttdes zequyzeTod ZequtqMes :eutTd esozepuog
SSPTO ezTs—pueqs pue adA3 yse10g
saT}UNOS TTW
uojbutuued
Ajuno9
a —@®HAYD
(*uoo) "Ee eTqeL
‘a[TNA YOUT-P/T TeuoTzeureAUl
ZES‘9D9 = ZZLIOLZ v10‘869'P 897'ST9‘S ZES ‘607 -- T99‘6L LoB‘Ese'T 090‘E79'T setoads [tv
vEO'OT ae Tc6 98e'L Tve‘ ST yss'9 = vS8 €88'8 T6z‘9T SPOOMp1AeH 86P'9E9 == T08 ‘692 879‘ 069'D L£76‘96S°S 8L6‘ 7202 == L£08‘8L V86‘PPE'T 69L‘979'T SpooMmy gos
SeTqUNOS TIw
7Sv'6TT Sa Ts6‘9 SPL‘ LL8'T 8rT‘7o0’z 400'SP == 66L'2 €00‘ TPS 608‘88S setoeds TIy 96L =5 80 6tS‘z SEE 800 == 87 O8T’€ 959'€ spoompizeH 9S9'8TT == €06'9 9T7‘SL8‘T SLL‘000'2 6SS‘ bP == TOLLS? €7e‘Les €ST‘S8S Spoom 730s uojbutuueg OT9‘EPE == ZET‘6P ZVL‘Ove'’T VEP‘eceL'T LT6‘'96 == L8T‘vT O7T‘OBE p77‘ tev setoeds TIy £90'Z == ITE OLT‘? 8ys‘9 cpe‘e == OSS v77'v 9T9'8 SPOOMpATeK €vVS‘ TE ae 128’sP ZLS‘9EE‘T 9€6‘97L‘T SLO‘ £6 => LEQ‘ET 968'SLE 809'780 SPOOMAIOS aouermMey 6PL‘ er == 000‘S Z9v'PL TCAISTALY GLE‘OT == sTs‘T OET ‘Ez €ze' Tp setoeds TIv OLT == Le 6 90¢ leks) == 8 80 90T spoompzeH 6LS‘€D == €L6‘'D €SP'PL SOO‘ EzT SZe ‘OT == ots ‘T Z80°E7 LTz‘Tv SpOOM4soOs
ABATY TTed
OTP’ s9 = eve’ Let 7S8‘Tre'T S09‘ 70S‘T pSe'Sz == 922/95 OTP‘ 9SE 068‘LEP setoeds [tv
06 == S T6E€ 980 BET a Tt TS aE OTP‘T SpoompireH
oze’s9 =. BEE LET Ton‘ Te7'T 61IT‘POS‘T 9T0'Sz == S8T‘9S 6L7‘'SGE O8b'‘9ED Spoomyzyos ze4sno
TIE! vl == 962‘ZT ET?‘ E9T 028‘ 6b2 6L6‘'SZ co Te9'P voc‘ es pis‘es setosds TTy
T16'9 SS O€sS L82 SCLEE 9L6‘T == Lee OO€ €0S‘zZ SPOOMPAPH
007‘L9 =5 99L‘TT 976‘Z9T 760‘ 77 €00‘ PC == vor’? v06‘7S TEES Spoomzyos
apesy, ‘burpzey ‘oqqnd
Se a a PO SOG PUR SNOU IT a =i eae eng eet ------- - - gaaf o1gnd puosnoyzs - -------- eqzeatad : Azjsnput : STrTqna =: qsert0y : sdnoib > e3eatTad : AazQRsnput : oOT{Tqnd : 4serog : sdnozb : Renna Z3yUI0 > 4sezo0qg : 23uA0 > [eRUOTIeEN + ZeumMo [Tv : Z3y30 : 4sez0q : 239u30 : TeuotjeN : ZauMO [Ty : at 3
L261 *220yNDG yZnoOg Usezsan SdnodB aaumo pup “spoompany pun spoomzfos
‘Hqunoo Aq DU] aqui, 7JoOLOTauUOD UO AEquLZrDS pun yooys Burmoab fo aumzoa qey--*y eTAeL
39
ee ed
O€ ZOT’ LZ 761‘ LZ Lv6‘€ gge'c SEE‘9 978’PT 6bT’PT Sl6'8z T6éz‘9T 694'979'T O090‘EP9'T PE0‘SE 89h’0L9'T 729S‘SOL‘T Set jUNOD TTY -- Lv9‘0T Lv9‘0T sSSe‘T £98 81z‘c ZLo’e BECET. 6P6‘L 999'€ €ST‘S8S 608/886 €89‘8 0P6'009 €79‘609 uojbutuuedg €T 6@P'L pp‘ L €vs‘T 9LL 619‘Z 8s8'9 9Sb'P PIE‘TIT 919'8 809‘78P pee‘ 6p O€e'LI 697'S6D 66S‘71S SOueTMeT -- ZvE ZvE ST 0z SE L8 €6S 089 90T Liz‘ tv €ze‘ Tp 80z TLT‘tP ose'zp ZeATY TTed -- ple’L pL8‘L 66P 979 Stila LEV se 866‘E 680‘L OTp‘T O8p‘9ED 068‘LED O0P‘S 826‘8bP BLE‘ PSP zeqsnD LT 0L8 L88 SEZ €0T BEE BTL Sze €vS‘T €0S‘z Tie ‘Ts vIs‘€s ELv‘E€ 60T’ES z78S'98 epeow ‘putpazeH /9q9ng -------------------------- - Zaaf aignd pupsnoyy - ----------------- - ee ee eee eee SPpOOM : SpoOmM :SeToOSsdsS : SPOOM : SpOOM :SaTOedsS: SpoOM : SPpOOM : SeTOeds : SpOOM : : SetToeds +: spoom : : Setoeds : , : 3 5 s SPOOMA FOS : SPpOOM}A FOS : Ajunop -pzeH } -330S : TTIW ? -pzeH : -330S : TTIW = -pazeH : -a30S : TIW ? -pazeH : : TTw : -pazeH : : TTIW :
$o00z} peep eTqeaTtes
$9023 [TNO ueqQ joy
s90a3 TINO punos
yoo 3S HutMor5
SasseTO AequT? TIv
2261 %DZOADg YyZnOg uUsezEsem Sspoompavy pub spoomgzfos pun “ssp]a dequiz *Aqunoo fq pun] dequiq 1oLoteuuoD uo caquiz fo eumjzoa Zay--"S eTAeL
4O
VI8‘€s €0S“Z TOE’ z Z0Z TLE tS 8L6 eee ‘os TeIOL 819 v6S v6S ae vz -- vz +0°67 GE -- == == SE = GE 6°8¢ = 0° L< OLD 707 vO? == 997 2S 997 6°97 = 0° SZ 619 L6 L6 -- 72S 6 €TS 6°02 = O°€Z 9Z0‘T CEL CEL -- 06 Tv €98 6°GC = 0s ic €8P‘Z OS 0S =~ €€p'Z ev o6e‘z 6°0Z - O°6T G97‘? raat GEL == EST‘? OL €80‘'P 6°8T - 0°21 Oe L NES, TE om 68T‘L 08 60T‘L 6°91 = 07ST Z7S9‘TT LOT LOT == SvS‘TT BET LOv." Lt 6°VT - O°ET Z6L‘ET €0Z TOz Z 68S‘ET 9ZT €9p‘ET ich = OF tb TSO‘ LT BETZ Ozz 8T €18‘9T O8T €€9‘9T 6°OT - 0°6 LO8‘vT CVE 982 9S GOn‘PT S8T O8z‘PT 6°8 - O°L OLL‘6 €0D LG 92T ELE‘6 90T L9z‘'6 6°9 = O'S epeow ‘butpazey ‘o44n¢g
-------------- - Zaaf o1gno pupsnoyy ---------------
setoeds [Te spoompzey : spoompzey : ocee 2 SpoOmMRyFOS : s9oOnAds : SuTd | 3 (SSUudoUT) TeqoL Te30L ° 23430 ° : TeI30L ° o4TUM > eBSOASPUOd =: sseTo azsjoWweTp
SGOOMadAUWH : Sede OUR as OLS : pue Ajunop
ZZ6I *D2ONDd YyAnog uUsozsem fsa1oeds pun ‘ssv70 AeqZowv1p ‘Aqunoo fq puvj,Aequrq. 7DLoteWUOD UO YyooZSs bu1modb fo eumMjoa 4ey--° 9 eTAeL
4]
068‘LEP ORY AL OL9 OPL O87 ‘9E7 9TO‘OT por ‘97P TeIOL
G9E 9 9 -- 6SE -- 6SE +0°6Z
L¥9 -- -- -- Lv9 -- Lv9 6°87 - O°LZ BEO‘E € € ~- Geo‘Ee -- Geo‘Ee 6°97 - 0°SZ gg8e‘s -- -- -- G8E‘S €€7 ZSGT‘S 6°P2 - O°E? SSSeaat S S -- ZE8‘TT STS LTe‘TT 6°72 - O°TZ 90S‘E€Z Z Z -- VOS‘EZ 819 988‘7Z 6°07 - O°6T Pee‘cE L iL a LESEES T99 9IL‘ZE 6°8T - O°LT 690‘ 6P Z Zz -- LOv‘6P Ope’T Ltt‘ 8P 6°9T - O°ST GE9‘E9 OT OT -- Gz79‘€9 68e‘T 9€7'79 6°PI - O°ET POS‘EL 09 9S v DPD‘EL €6T‘T TG CAGE Sra = Orr 896‘PL 61Z Aig (Epa 6PL‘PL Geo‘T TULAeL 6°OT - 0°6 Z7E6‘E9 LEV VIE €cT G6p‘ £9 VGL' T TVlL‘T9 6°8 - O°L
O77‘ Ee 659 €7Z 9€0 TOG‘ EE BLL E8L‘ZE 6°9 - 0°S
azeasng -------------- - gaaf o1gnd pupsnoyy --------------- setoeds [Te : Spoompzey spoompizeyu usdsy SPOOM}FOS aonads outd (seyoutT) moe : TeIr0L : Z9UIO ; 8 TeIaoOL > OQTUM > eSOTBpPUog sseTO ZoOjoWeTp : SGOOMaGCUWH : SGT OLOeM DeasOnsS pue AjuNoD (*Uu0d) 9g eTqeL
42
"JeeF OTGNO puesnoy? c*O ueyI sseT,
ECE EL 90T ZL VE ELEY, TES 989‘0P Teq0L TS =- -- -- TS -- TS +0°6Z 69 -- -- -- 69 -- 69 6°82 - O°LZ 621 LE LE -- 76 -- 76 6°97 - 0°SZ €62 -- -- -- €67 6 V8z 6°0Z - O°EZ S9G -- -- -- S9G 6€ 97S 6°72 - O°TZ os7‘T -- -- -- OS7‘T Oz O€c‘T 6°0% - O°6T LSE‘ -- -- -- LSE‘Z 6T BEEtT 6°8T - O°LT 9720‘'P -- -- -- 9720‘ 79 Z796‘E 6°9T - O°ST TL8‘S (7) (1) -- TL8°S 80 €78°S 6s Vile =. Omak vOL‘9 T iD -- €0L‘9 LL 979'9 6°@T - O°TT O¢r’s 62 €Z 9 T6e‘8 vOT L8z’8 6°OT - 0°6 VeD‘L OT L € PLD‘L per ose‘ 6°8 - O°L VOT‘? 67 v G2 SLO‘? LZ 800’? 6°9 - 0°S ZPATY [Ted
-------------- - gaaf o1gned pupsnoyg ---------- er rr oe
ee ods tte SPOOMpzey spoompizey eae Spoomyyos aonads : autd (SeyoUT) Tea01 9 TeWIOL 4 z2y430 8 : TeIOL > = SaTUM : esozepuog : sseTO As Vouetp
2 SGdOOMadGUWH : SGdOOMLaAOS : pue Ajunop
(*uod) 9 eTqez
43
pes’ Isp
VCC‘ 16P c{s"*t POT’S 809‘78P PLL‘ OE TeIOL TZ6 OLT OLT -- TSL =~ TSL +0°6Z vL9 -- -- -- vL9 08 6S 6°82 - O°LZ 918'2 88 88 -_- 88L‘Z 9E7z CSG ‘2 6°97 = 0°SZ SSS 66 6S -- €6P'S STE BLT*S 6° = O°EZ tO" Ti Let LET -~ v86‘OT 0L8 VIt’OT 6°72 - O°TZ 69L‘ Te €S eS -- QTL" Tz LIv‘T 667'0Z 6°0@ = O0°6T OEL"* BE LOZ LOZ -- 67S‘ 8E Ete" 2% LTz’9€ 6°8T = O°LT TES"ES €L EL -- BLT‘ES Zot‘ 920‘0S 6°9T = O°SGT 9GS‘0L OST Ost -- 90P‘OL Bg9'€ 8PL‘99 6°vT - O°ET €8t’cs €62 8Tt GLT 068‘?8 6777S T99‘6L 6°¢Tt = Ott L81‘88 T60‘T L6OE 769 960'L8 1tt'S $86'T8 6°OT - 0°6 GLE‘ OL veo’z 85S OLb'T Tre ’s9 O6£‘P TS6*¢9 6°8 + O°4% €ZO'CP 192" ZOOS" T 6SL‘Z ZOL" LE p00’? BGL‘EE 6°9 = 0°S sduUaeAMeT
-- ee ee ee ee ee + + = Goal O1gnNd pupsnoyg - - -------- - ee ee
setoads tte : Spoompzey : Spoompzey uedsy SPOOM}zFOS eonads sutd 3 (seyout) e707 : Ter0L : A940 : $ TeAOL : 8aTUM 2 esozepuog : sse[O Zoe ZoueTp
: SGdo0oOoMaGUWH : SGO0OOMLaOS : pue AjuNoD
(*UOd) 9 STIL
Kl
Sa ac a a nee et
608‘88S 9g9"€ GSe"T TOE"? €ST‘’SBS ZECS ET T76‘S9S TeAoL 0z9 06 v6 — 92S ~< 9%S +0°6Z Ges — -~ -- ses “+ GE8 6°82 - O°LZ 9ZL‘E 80 8P -= 8L9‘E -- 8L9‘'E 6°97 = O°SZ Z0L‘9 as —— sa ZOL‘9 80€ vee'9 67 = 0 eZ T86‘€T SL SL -- 906‘ET ZLO PEC "ET 6°7Z =~ 0°12 009‘ Lz tL ae oS 87S‘ LZ QTT’T Zlv ‘92 6°0¢ + 0°6T RGR A S8 Ss 3 209‘'CV €60'T 671’ TP 6 6T = O°LT Z9L’7Z9 OV Ov ene ZZL* 79 Ely? 672/09 6°9T = O°ST 69T’ Ee 92 97 = €vl‘es CLL S TEr’os C°Vt = Glet 671“ ZOT Z6T T6 TOT Lee" TOT T98'Z 9L0"66 Get = Onte €97'SOT DPS Z6T ZSE 616 ‘POT 666'Z 026‘ TOT 6°OT = 0°6 Z7S0‘68 TO06 E82 819 TST’88 Gti < 6E0'S8 ae} eS (O72 €v0'0S 6LS'T 6rEe O€7"T v9" 8T 988‘T 8LS'9P 6°9 = O°S uojbutuuedg ------------+ - - Gaaf o1gnd pupsnoyy - - ----------+--- a ee ie eer ee : SGdOOMadAUWH : Sdoomaibaos : pue AjunoD
(*u0d) 9 eTqeL
BS
nnn EEE Tt SSS
090‘E€79'T T6Z‘9T OT6‘L T8e“8s 69L‘979'T TEs‘ T9 BE7‘S9G‘T TeIOL
GLS‘Z 798 798 -- ea eee -- WEY +0°6Z
097‘Z -- -- -- 097‘z 08 OsT‘z 6°82 - O°LZ
6E7‘OT O8€ Ose -- 6S8‘6 9EZ €79'6 6°97 - 0°SZ
TSS‘8T 9ST 9ST -- S6e‘8Tt vL8 KAGE 6°72 - O°E7%
OS‘ 8E 6EE 6E£ -- T6T‘8E LETS 7SO‘9E€ 6°22 - O°TZ
809‘9L (bf EEG -- TEp‘OL pIz‘e CHEE 6°02 - O°6T
697‘ TZT Il? Tl? -- 8S0‘TZT GGG‘? €0S‘9TT 6°8T - O°LT
B7L‘9OLT OPT OPT -- 78S‘9OLT 600‘/L ELS‘69T 6°9T - O°ST \O =>
€88‘PEZ €62 €62 -- 06S’PEZ Gp6‘L Gv9‘97Z 6°PVT - O°ET
ZTE‘ T8z 60L LOD 782 €9S‘08Z 9876 LEOSEL? 6°7@L - O°TT
680‘ 6Z AE e¢e VL8 LUC 896‘T6z 67Z0’OT 6£€6‘T8Z 6°OT - 0°6 |
0S9‘SPZ GIL 8tP'T 9L7‘Z 976‘ Trz S9T‘6 LOLS? 6°8 -O°L
99T‘ OPT TE6‘9 GSe’zZ OLS‘ GET‘EET T08‘9 PEv‘9OZT 6°9 - 0°S
soTtqzunod TTIW -------------- - gaaf o1gnd pupsnoyg - --------------
sotoeds [Te + Spoompzey SPOOMpreY i See > Spoom3yos : oonads : outd : (seyouT) Teq,OL SI RSRIONG eR a eNO) SUE Ane eas MeO weer Riciee it SSCTD TeZoOWeTpP : SEG5O) OuMeG Mia cH : Sd2O7OuMelndeOas : pue AQuNoD
(*U0d) 9 eTqeL
078‘6PZ 87L‘L STL‘L ET ANOMEA LA L720‘ G90‘8EZ 6L7‘E OVT‘e OVT‘E -- 6E€T == 6E€T 661 -- -- -- 661 -- 66T L8S‘Z Tvo'T TvO'T -- 97S‘T == 97S‘T KASES LLY LLY -- PVO‘E 6S G86‘Z 6L9'S €09 €09 -- 90'S 0Sz 978'P DEG‘ PT Dre DET -- 069‘PT 092 O€P' PT 60S‘ bz 99S 99S -- €86‘EZ O@P €9G‘EZ 900‘6€ GST SST -- TS8‘8E€ LLD PLE‘8E UOETES L2s Les -- V6T‘LS LT8 LLE‘9G L60‘9S SLE 796 €T ZZT‘SS EEL 68E' PS 807‘ 7P ) @) 0) 8bc'7P eLOnmE BEG. LY,
---- - - - - 87nd Yout-p/T TDUO14DUAeZUT *Zeef Pavog puwpsnoyg - - - ---- -
TeIOL
+0° 67 teas <0) (Le 639 Ca Ome Gave sO RES 65C. Ca = OME 650 /Ca= SOR 638E =) OAT 629 =F OmSir Gavile=sOR er 6k ORE 6°OT - 0°6
epeo, ‘Hbutpzey /944ng
: a eu Ss : fore) 2 nad 5 3 ou setoeds {Te spoompizeu spoompizey moder SpOomM3 FOS sonads utd (SSyoUuT) TeAOT : Te AOL : Z39uUI0 3 A TeqIOL > «O8aTUM 2 eSOZepUuog sse[TO ZeRZoweTp : SGOOMdAUWH : S°a0 O ML 4 OS pue AjunoD
ZZ6L *DLOND YANog uUsojzsem fsai1oeds pup ‘*ssv7a deqzouw1p ‘fiqunoo Aq pun] dequz2 JDLateuuoD uo daquiqzaws fo aUNzOA 7eN--* 12 eTAeL
A
S09’P0S‘T 980 890 8T 6TT‘POS‘T 960‘0P €Z0’09P‘T TeIOL
age te ve ve == 96T‘Z che 96T‘Z +0°6Z TZE€ -- -- -- Reese == lene 6°ee = 0° £e 6S2'LT aT. [AE -- eve 20 =~ Cte LE 6°9% - O°GZ ofr‘ oe -- -- -- Of‘ O€ OLP‘T 096‘8z 6°PZ - O°E% LOL‘ S9 vz PZ -- EPL‘S9 LOT‘E 9Lg'z9 6°ee = O'le T8S‘8ET OT OT -- TLS‘8€T GELo© Svs ‘PET 6°0% = O°4T 066‘88T OV Ov -- 0S6‘88T 796‘E 986‘P8T 6°8T - O°LT L7L‘ 792 VT vT =- STE C9 GOv‘L 80€‘SSZ 6°9T = O°ST 999‘90€ 0S 7S -- Z09‘90€ 672‘8 ELE‘86Z 6°?T - O°ET 9L8‘L6Z €6Z SLZ 8T €89‘L6Z L76‘9 9S9‘06Z 6° eéL = Ont 89€‘O6T ) ) fo) 89€ ‘O6T 807 ‘6 O9T‘ TST 6°OT - 0°6 zeysnod
-- - - + = - - 87M YOUI-f/[ TDUO1ZDUAEQUT “Zoef Pavog pupsnoyy - - ----- -
soetoeds tre 7 Spoompzey > Spoompzey : uedsy + SPOOMAFOS : sonads 3 outd : (seyoutT) ener $ TeI0L : Z39UI0 : : TeI20L > O3TUM : eBSOZTepuog : sseToO zs jeueTp : SGdOOMdCUYVH 3 Sd O70. M ht O0S 2 pue AjunoD
(*uoo) £ eTqeL
48
Tte*eer 902 902 -= GOO’ECT v7z'Z T8L‘O7T TeIOL 6PE -- -- -- 6PE -- 6PE +0°6Z TS? oa ated -- TS? = ISP 6°8Z - O° Le LTé L6T L6T ~ OzS ~ OzS 6°9Z - O°SZ BOLT 7 = —- 89L‘T LS REESE 6°VS = O°EZ osz‘€ == = =~ ogz*e GEZ STO‘E 6°22 - O°T2 ETS *é -- == ald eta’ sé Eat Té6ée‘L 6°0Z - O°6T €tS‘ET -- -- -- ESET SIT GOP‘ET 6°8T - O°LT 969 TZ “= -= == 969‘ TZ P8e ETE ‘TZ 6°9T - O°ST Sv9'8z Z Z ~~ €79'8z v8z 6SE‘8Z 6°PT - O°ET 6EE‘9Z £ L -- ZEE ‘OZ CUP 068 ‘Sz 6°eT = OTT 196‘8T 3) @) 0 T96‘8T €8S 8Le‘ST 6°OT - 0°6 ZOATA TTed
-~- 7 > mm ONL YOUL-p/] TOUO1ZDUAeZUT Sqeaf Ppabog pupsnoyy ---~---- -
setoeds TTe : Spoompzey =: spoompzey =: gods 2 SpoomZyjos : eonazds : eutd 3 (seyouT) Ter04 : TeWOL : Z24I40 2 3 TeIOL 2 O83TUM R esorzepuod : sseToO ZSjRoueTp
: SGOOMGUWH ; SGOOMBLaAOS ; pue Aqunop
(7uQd) 4 eTAeL
49
p8P‘EeL’T 87S‘9 979'¢ 776 9€6‘97L‘T LOZ‘ ECT 699‘€09'T TeIOL
€9S°¢ 786 786 (Re T8s‘P == T8s‘?P +0°6Z L06‘€ -- -- -- LO06‘€ ISv 9G7‘E 6°82 - O°LZ Go7‘9T 897 897 -- BGLAGit v6C‘T Cpr’ vr 6°97 - 0°SZ OL6‘TE LL LTE -- €S99‘TE 876‘T G7L‘6Z2 Ove = "Oe L8S‘7c9 OOL OOL -- L88‘T9 600‘S 8L8‘9¢S 626ée = Ol Ke O7S‘OET €672 €62 -- L7Z‘OET GvO’8s ZS GCE 6°07 - O°6T 99L‘ CZ 8CT'T 8zZT‘T -- B8E9‘E7 OVO’ ET 86S‘0TZ 6°8T - O°LT (o>) LN €89‘06Z2 S6E S6E -- 887 ‘062 Oke8T 8L0‘ZLZ 6°9T - O°ST v98‘7SE 99L 99L -- 860‘ 7ZSE 719/072 98P7‘TEE 6°7VT - O°ET V86‘OLE 660‘T LLS 776 G87‘ 69€ E7767 797‘ OVE 6°ZT - O°TT Gv‘ ere 0 0 0 GEv‘ Eve GSP‘Sz 086‘LTZ 6°OT - 0°6 SOUSIMET
----- - - = 87nd YOUI-fF/IT [DUOLZDULEZUT “4Zoaf pPavog pupsnoyy, - - - - - - - -
: Spoompaey : Spoompzey : 2 SpOOMAjOS : oonads : outd : Soyout ! setoeds [Te eee i eal geaae! - uedsy | Reon ; F : : (seyouT) | eae : TEAL eee cLSUI@ I a: : Tea | f. Oa kUM. e: keSOTopUOd a: SSPTO ZzeVOUeTp : SGiOs Or MiG. at WH . SaGSOFOR Meh ORS: : pue AjunoD
(°uod) L eTqer,
81‘ 7007 ELE *e L98'Z 90S GLL‘000'Z vvr'sSs LES" St6s 4 TeIOL
Tt9%e OvS OPS == TLO‘E -- TLO“€ +0°6Z 66L‘P -- -- == 66L‘P -- 66L‘? 628C = OF 8Z0‘TZ 8SZ 8SZ -- OLLA0¢ -- OLL‘0Z 6°92 - 0°SZ PEL‘ LE -- -- -- V6L‘LE Sv6'T 678‘SE 6°PS - O°EZ SEP‘ LL PSE VBE -- ZSOLL Tvl’? TI6‘ZL 6°22 - O°TZ VEL‘ POT G8E G8E -- 6SE ‘POT Z09'9 LTLLEGT 6°02 - O°6T ZLO0‘SHZ UL, TLV a T09‘vPT OT6’8 T69‘SET 6 Oil = 021 ZGL‘ LEE LUZ LUC = GEG‘ LEE 0S9‘PT G88‘7ze 6,91 = O04GiE 788‘SOP Led LO ao LVL‘SOP S68‘ST 758 ‘68€ 6570 = 0; en p08‘9¢P T86 GLY 90S €78‘S7P SLb‘9T BE ‘60P 6561 = OLE 77‘ 6LZ 0 ) 0 V27‘6LZ 98L‘9T BER‘ 79Z 6°0OT - 0°6 uo but uueg
- - - - - - - = 87nd YOUL-F/[T TOUO1ZDUAeUL SZeef Pavog pupsnoyy - - - - --- -
setoeds [Te ; SPpoomprzey Spoompzey uedsy spoom3jos : eonads : eutd (seyout) TeaOn : TeIOL : ZEUIAO : 3 TeIOL > O8QTUM 2 esOotepuog : sseTO ZojeweTp : > @)0-O0 M @ eV : SdOOMMLuaAOS : pue Ajuno)
(*u0d) , eTqeL
51
897‘ ST9“S Tre ST 788‘9T 6SP7‘T L76‘96S'S 8S50‘6SZ 698‘LEE'S TeIOL
a
ZEO‘ST 969'P 969'7 -- 9€€‘OT -- 9€€‘OT +0°6Z LLO‘ET == == —= LVOTET TSP 979’ZT 6 8a = Oe 96L‘LS T86‘T T86‘T -- S18‘SS v6z‘T T7s‘ bs 6°9% - 0°SZ €8p‘SOT v6L v6L aS 689‘ POT 6507'S O€7 ‘66 6° = O° EZ 6TL‘ PTZ tee © bie t -- 800‘ETZ Z08 ‘ZT 902002 6°22 = 0°12 T6z'9SP ZE6 ZE6 -- 6SE ‘SSP P6L‘8T G9S‘9EP 6°02 - O°6T 006‘ 969 GO7‘Z SOz‘Zz == G69‘ 69 ZSP'92 €vz‘899 6°8L = O'LT 798‘ TS6 T8L T8L =< €80‘TS6 97T' TP LS6‘606 6-94, = OUGt OA TSt 1 987‘T 98b‘T -- P8z‘OST‘T LE8‘SP Lby'vOT‘T 6°0T - O°ET COT 8Z1-T GGL‘E 967'Z 6S0‘T Gve‘PLI‘T 008‘€¢ SPS‘OCT‘T 6°2T - O°TT 9ET‘ PLL ©) ©) 0) 9ET‘ PLL EVO'ES €61T’ Ted 6°OT - 0°6
seTquNOD TTy ------ - - 87nd YOUI-p/T ToDUCLZoOULaZUL Szeaf pabvog pupsnoyy - - - --- - -
a ee eee ee (seyour) TeqOL ioe geen eaten UO, oe ia SUED OM SAU ets Seo Te bu eds: SSeTO TejeUeTP : SadOOMaGUWH ; SdOOMLaOS : pue Aquno9
(*u0d) 2 eTqeL
52
"43 puesnoy; g*o ueYR sseq, ‘QZ “pq puesnouy ¢s‘o ueuy sseq,
"OTNA YOUT-p/T Teuotzeuzequr,
Tv8‘9z -- 870"L 766‘ PET 188/89T 9189 = ppe‘T 6eT‘ TE 656'6€ setoeds Ttw ZLS _ LL v19 €97‘T SOS == pL 9L9 Ss7c't SpoompieH 69792 = TL6‘9 BLE‘ PET 819‘ LOT TLe‘9 == 0L8‘T €9p'O€ DOL‘ 8E SPOOMAZOS
sstTqunoos [Iw
zZ0z‘S == 662 v6z'ES S6L'8S 6LP‘T = 66 Soe’et €88/eT setoeds [Iv est oad 6 ce? S6E cot = 6 cvc €Se SpoompizeH 6970'S Re 062 T90‘ES oor‘ ss BEET -- 06 £90’2T OES‘ET Spoom3zos uoqbutuueg 06€'ET == z00’Z L98‘6€ 6S7'SS €06‘Z -- 6£P 9€L'8 8L0'ZT setosds [Iv 8TE aS 6S BLT SSS 90€ == os Pte 0L9 SPOOMpPAeH ZLO‘ET == €76‘T 689‘6E VOL‘ DS L6S‘Z == 68E t7v‘s8 80P‘TT SPOOMAzOS SOUSAMET 67S‘T = PLT 9E7'Z 6ET'P O€S -- 8S Log S6l'T setoeds TIy Zz -- (3) L 6 T _ (¢) v S SPOOMPAeH Lzs‘T -- PLT 6cb'Z OfT’b 67S -- 8s £09 O6T'T SPOOM}AzFOS Zeaty [Ted 9692 == 0S8‘€ ELT VE 61L‘ OP 688 -- PET‘T 6ST‘8 Z6T‘OT setoseds [Iw € -- (2) Sst 88T LZ -- z 96 ScT SPOOMpP1AePH €69'Z == 0se‘€ 886‘EE TEs’OV z798 -- ZUL‘T £90'8 L90‘0T spoom3yos ze ysno pc0'P -= ECL 7272'S 696'6 SLO'T -- PO? Asso T19'Z setoeds T1W 96 aS 6 TL 9TT 69 -- €T 0z ZOT SPOOMPAeH 876'E -- DIL T1z’s €58'6 900‘T -- I6T eTe‘T 60S‘Z SPOOMAZOS
epeow ‘butpzey ‘944ng
---------- 1 29et panoqg pupsnoyy - - - ------- --------- - jaaf o1gnv punsnoyy - --------- azeatad > Azysnput : otTqnd : 4seit04 : sdnoib : azeatid : AaAsnput : oTTqQnd > 4sert0g sdnoib k zeui0 2 4ser04 : 23uI0 > TBUCTReEN +: ZeUMO TTIW : z9u10 : 4selr0j : zeu30 : TBUOTIEN : ZaUMO TTIW : Be)
ZZ6L ‘dD ZOYDg YRZNOg Usazsam Sdnoub azaumo pun “spoompavy pun spoomfos ‘Aqunoo fq pup] dequiz 1DLateuuoe uo dequi_mvs pun yoo4s Burmoab fo yzmoub zonuuv 2eN--"8 eTaeL
55
"33 "Pq puesnoyz s*Q ueYR SseT, *,33 puesnoyz g*o ueyy sseT,
“OTN YOUT-p/T TeuoTIeureAUT,
a ee ee 899 SS 6SS STP ‘ST Sv9'9T SLE = PCL Té6p’e T6L‘E setoeds [tv Sz oo T =I 97% 8 oS T -- 6 SpoompireH £09 mS 8Ss 8Ip‘sST 619‘9T 89T —— eer Tép‘e z7BL‘€ Spoomzyos
seTqUNOD TTIW
ST = (¢) e819 86T'9 TI == T ZOP‘T pr‘ T setoeds TIv
=r == ae == = a == cai -- -- SpoompieH ST == (¢) €8t‘9 86T‘9 TT == iL zOP‘T vIp'T Spoom3zyos uojbutuuedg Se a ee ee eS eee £90 2 6S ose‘? 7L8'V STTt == 91 796 €60‘T setoeds TIv So a == oS ao € aS T — i] SpoomMpreH £90 a 6S ose’y Z7L8'0 ert = ST 796 680‘T Spoomzyos sOUdsIMeT nnn. — s €S oS 9 Z9OT WAG cr = ie 6€ cs setoeds [Iv ae a == = eo aS ae -- -- SPOOMPAeH €S a 9 cot T22 ZT oe oe T 6E£ Zs SPpOOMAJOS aeaTeY TTed 6é == 980 PST’ 699'P 6 == pot OS6 €90'T setoeds [Iv oe me = =O a aa a eee -- -- spoompiely 62 a 98D ST‘? 699'DP 6 ay pot 0S6 €90‘T SPOOM4FOS Zeysnp 80T = 8 69S S89 6¢ So a BET 69iE setoeds [Iv 14 =o T ES 92 S == (2) == S SpoomMpizeH €8 == L 69S 6599 ve ame G 8eT pot SPOOMAFOS opeow ‘butpzey ‘e94nd See asia, 9001 DuDOG) PUDSNOY Ta = ie = = --------- - gaaf o1qno pupsnoyy - --------- = Sq enTIdae i mATTSNpUT ME OTTand) =. 2 = 4seiounn 1-5 sdioabyismp OAPATAC MES EARISNPUT) 59) OE TENG! -s)ucqSeo timc tinh) (SMO yen :eeenn ee mn gC zey420 B 4sort04 : 22430 2 TePUOCTIeEN +: ZeUMO TTY : zaui0 : 4sot0g 2z9uz0 : TRUOTIEN : ZeUMO TTV : ENTE)
Z2Z6L ‘“v2OYDd YyAnog utozsem Sdnoub daumo pup Sspoompany puv spoomsos ‘Agunoo fiq pun, dequiz 7DoueuuoD uo Aaequizmps puv yoo7s burmo0ub fo h3z127pzAOW JONUUy--*6 ETICL
54
Table 10.--Projected output of roundwood projects from timberlands by county, softwoods and hardwoods, and owner group; western South Dakota, 1977
:All owner : National : Other) (9) Forest: Other
County groups |: Forest : public : industry :. private
-------- Thousand cubte feet --------
Butte, Harding, Meade
Softwoods 1,076 672 i! -- 403 Hardwoods Sam Sie: ie So te All species 1,076 672 1 -- 403
Custer Softwoods 3,451 2,982 85 -- 384 Hardwoods Sie = a = Es All species 3,451 2,982 85 -- 384
Fall River Softwoods -- -- == ie ss Hardwoods -- -- es eu par All species -- -- = aes ae
Lawrence Softwoods 10,329 7,085 81 oe 3,163 Hardwoods aS me mS == -- All species 10,329 7,085 81 Sc 3,163 Pennington Softwoods 4,800 3,922 49 -- 829 Hardwoods -- -- -- -- -- All species 4,800 3,922 49 -- 829
All counties
Softwoods 19,656 14,661 216 oi 4,779 Hardwoods a os S= == =e All species 19,656 14,661 216 =a 4,779
2p)
soetqunos TIw uojbutuued aousIMeT
aeaATy ITPA ZeA4sNnD
apeew ‘Hutpzey ‘eqqng
setqunoo TI uo jbutuuedg QoUusIMeT
aeaTy [Ted zaqysno
epeew ‘Hbutpzey ‘eaqqng
6Tb‘T O€0’T STL’9 == -- 809‘z soe ‘ez aS €60‘78 Pel‘ PIT €LT‘LIT
6PE 857 T8z‘T == == ZvS St6‘'P eS LSv‘ Tz STZ ‘82 778‘ 87
8PL 7S 76L‘E = a p6c'T STE‘PT => SS9'TP 9SP'09 9PL‘T9
DC ZLT 8S6‘T [> == EGE €8S‘7Z =o OLP‘PT BEL‘6I VST‘ Oz
BL 8S p8z =e a Sv SLY‘T == TIS‘? ste'9 TSsp'9 ------------- - - - = = = 87nd YOUL-p/T TOUOLZDUAaZUT ‘zeal Puvog pupsnoyy - - - - - --------------
Ov~ TO8 SEL'T A aS 6SS OOT‘? a S86‘7T 69€‘6T OTr’0z
8S 002 6ZE ae = OTT 898 == poe‘e LOL‘? S96‘?
L72T €cD 078 == == 8L7 81S‘z oS 8859 voz‘OT VSL‘OT
(Ad GE €0S airs == 9ST SSD — 687‘Z €0p‘€ BLS‘E
€T Sv €L —— = 6 6SZ mo DIL SSO‘T ELEAT
--- ------------------- - 4aaf o1gnea pupsnoy, - - - - - ---- --- ----- ---
: : szequtjZ wtezy : poom : : : 3 : : : 5 :
sTeaousaz : senptset : snosueTTeostu : Terzqsnpur : srequty : setod eT rooonc nat SbOT isco cc sj9onpoad ; sTeaowuert :
Zaui0 butbboy ouTW , Te TFOTEUNIOD ZVaua/\ TI TeOL
‘poompteny
4sqSOq: SNOSsULTTSOSTW:
2261 “D20YDG YAZNOG UdezseMm fs_DAOWet AeYyZO PuD Ssanprsed bu1bb07 *sqonpoud poompunou ‘Aqunoo Aq pup] 4equ2z4 1DLeceMUOD UO Aaqu1zmps pub yooZs burm0eab worf s_vaower peqoelodg--"TI eTaqeL
Ajunoo
56
[
!
; aK
2 sayy pes 4) .
Green, Alan W. 1978. Timber resources of western South Dakota. USDA For. Serv. Resour. Bull. INT-12, 56 p. Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah 84401.
Reports findings of the comprehensive survey of western South Dakota's 1.4 million acres of forests, which include 1.2 million acres of commercial forest land. Presents statistics on area, volume, growth, mortality, and timberuse. Also describes species, volumes per acre, stocking, site quality, ownership, trends in product har- vesting and other factors that bear on timber management. Oppor- tunities and problems related to future development are discussed.
KEYWORDS: timber supplies, forest land, statistics.
Green, Alan W. 1978. Timber resources of western South Dakota. USDA For. Serv. Resour. Bull. INT-12, 56 p. Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah 84401.
Reports findings of the comprehensive survey of western South Dakota's 1.4 million acres of forests, which include 1.2 million acres of commercial forest land. Presents statistics on area, volume, growth, mortality, and timberuse. Also describes species, volumes per acre, stocking, site quality, ownership, trends in product har- vesting and other factors that bear on timber management. Oppor- tunities and problems related to future development are discussed.
KEYWORDS: timber supplies, forest land, statistics.
yy U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:1978—777-095 / 16
Headquarters for the Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station are in Ogden, Utah. Field programs and research work units are maintained in:
Billings, Montana
Boise, Idaho
Bozeman, Montana (in cooperation with Montana State University)
Logan, Utah (in cooperation with Utah State University)
Missoula, Montana (in cooperation with University of Montana)
Moscow, Idaho (in cooperation with the University of Idaho)
Provo, Utah (in cooperation with Brigham Young University) ;
Reno, Nevada (in cooperation with the University of Nevada)
‘
ay
» sn