Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. THE TIMBER SUPPLY SITUATION in : Florida / iE IO Fan Bhec4t_ NORTHEAST ¥ tb id FOREST SERVICE United States Department of Agriculture Forest Resource Report No. 6 ri Cass sig ) a \ * CHARLOTTE ie Lee J Figure 6.—Location of primary wood-using plants in Florida, excluding sawmills, 1948. To a large extent, the pulp mills compete directly with the sawmills for the available supply of timber. All but a fifth of the pulpwood cut in 1948 was from trees of saw-timber size, i.e., pine trees 9.0 inches and larger, and half of it was from trees 11.0 inches and larger—the size of timber from which 90 percent of the sawlog volume is cut. An increasing number of tops formerly left in the woods following logging operations are being used for pulpwood; in 1948 tops accounted for 15 percent The Timber Supply Situation in Florida of the total pulpwood production. In Florida, virtual- ly all of the pulpwood is cut from pine. Timber Used for Other Wood Products Such products as fuel wood, fence posts, and farm timbers, which, for the most part, are cut on the farm for use by the farmer, constitute a very small drain on the forest. Although fuel wood accounted for 10 percent of the total volume cut for primary forest products in 1948, it accounted for less than 1] Fo Lastlhen tice nemrpronainmmonncinecemnentneunctne F—430115 Ficure 7.—In 1948, timber cut for pulpwood in Florida accounted for 38 percent of the commodity drain on the forest, nearly equalling the amount cut for sawlogs. 2 percent of the commodity drain on the forest. The reason for this is that only 13 percent of the 352,000 cords of fuel wood was cut from sound live trees of commercial species. Almost one-half was from dead material, mainly pine stumps, fallen branches, and dead trees. One-fourth of the fuel-wood production was from cull trees and scrub oak. Wood is still the most used fuel for heating rural homes, but the use of other fuels is becoming in- creasingly common. Also, in recent years most of the tobacco farmers have converted to oil for tobacco curing. As a result, production of fuel wood in 1948 was only 27 percent as great as in 1936. The production of all other wood products ex- a : : eal cept pulpwood, poles, and piling followed the down- (9) 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945° 1946 1947 1948 ward trend of lumber. Between 1936 and 1948, the YEAR a ; production of veneer logs and bolts from Florida Figure 8.—Pulpwood production, Florida, 1939-48. timber dropped 28 percent, the production of hewn 12 Forest Resource Report No. 6, U. S. Department of Agriculture ties by 56 percent. Fence-post production fell off 39 percent. 7 The production of poles and piling has more than tripled since 1936, mainly because of the accelerated demand for poles in the construction of rural electric- transmission lines and the greater use of smaller poles. Timber used by 27 miscellaneous plants in making a wide variety of products, such as handles, laths, shingles, and shuttle blocks, accounts for about 1 percent of the commodity drain on the forest. Timber Used for Naval Stores The production of naval stores does not constitute a commodity drain on what is normally regarded as the timber supply. However, this industry is an im- portant part of Florida’s forest products industries, to be considered in the over-all picture. Further- more, naval stores operations greatly affect both growth and quality of pine timber in the State, as well as forest practices in general, and in this way indirectly influence the timber supply. Naval stores include two primary products, tur- pentine and rosin. In the past, these were obtained entirely from the crude gum of slash pine and long- leaf pine (fig. 9) and from pitch-soaked pine wood, including old-growth stumps. However, in fairly re- cent years an increasing quantity of sulfate turpen- tine is produced as a byproduct of the pulping proc- ess. In the naval stores season ending March 1950, 48 percent of the turpentine in the United States was produced from crude gum, 30 percent from pine stumps and lightwood, and 22 percent from pulpwood (19). About 46 percent of the rosin is pro- duced from crude gum and the remainder from dead pine wood (1/9). a7 F — 426184 Ficure 9.—The trend in gum production in Florida is downward. In the 1948-49 season only 14 million trees were being | worked, compared to 36 million in 1936. The Timber Supply Situation in Florida 13 Tall oil, a byproduct of the sulfate (Kraft) pulp- ing process and a substitute for rosin, especially in the manufacture of soaps and in the processing of molds for metalworking, is an important recent addi- tion to the family of naval stores products. Since 1944, the national production of tall oil has amount- ed to about 10 percent of the weight of rosin pro- duced. An important part of this tall-oil production comes from the Kraft pulp mills in Florida (22). The total annual production of turpentine and rosin in the South has remained fairly constant since 1900. However, the amount produced from crude gum has steadily declined. In 1920, more than 90 percent of the turpentine and rosin produced in the United States was derived from crude gum (26). In the late thirties the proportion dropped to less than 80 percent, and in the 1946-47 season it was below 50 percent. In Florida the production of tur- pentine from crude gum dropped from 8.3 million gallons in 1922 to 3.0 million in 1950 (26, 19). This decline in production is reflected in the re- duced number of trees being worked for turpentine. EACH DOT REPRESENTS AN AVERAGE OF 100,000 FACES cele aes . Ficure 10.—Distribution of working naval stores faces, Florida, 1949-50. 14 Forest Resource Report No. 6, U. S. Department of Agriculture In 1934-36, 36 million trees were faced in Florida; by the 1948-49 season, only 14 million trees were faced. During this period production has declined less in Northeast Florida (fig. 10) than in other sec- tions of the State. Three-fourths of the working trees are now located there, compared to two-thirds at the time of the first Forest Survey. Several factors contribute to the decline in gum production. One is the competition of the wood naval stores industry with the gum naval stores in- dustry for relatively limited markets. Improvements in processing techniques along with the development of highly mechanized methods of extracting stumps have made it possible for the wood naval stores indus- try to market products approximately comparable in price and quality with products made from crude gum. At the same time, the cost of producing gum has gone up—especially the cost of labor, which accounts for two-thirds of the cost of making a barrel of gum (21). To keep laborers from seeking work in the growing industrial sections, it has become necessary for gum producers to pay higher wages for a shorter working day. Also, the production of gum naval stores is not easily adapted to the alternate periods of over- The Timber Supply Situation in Florida supply and undersupply accompanied by extreme price fluctuations which characterize the naval stores industry. As wood naval stores industries captured a larger and larger share of the market, the production of crude gum became increasingly less attractive as a financial venture. In view of these developments, which have taken place in the past two decades, many gum producers decided to reduce their crops or turn to other occupations. The result has been a steady decline in the number of faces worked. Two types of plants use old-growth longleaf and slash pine stumps, and other pitch-soaked wood. De- structive-distillation plants produce pine tar, pine oil, charcoal, and a small amount of turpentine by plac- ing the wood in retorts and subjecting it to intense heat. Steam-distillation plants use chips from stumps and resinous stem wood, which is first steamed to remove the turpentine and other volatile oil and then boiled in solvents to remove the rosin. In 1948, there were three destructive-distillation plants and one large steam-distillation plant in Florida. These and plants outside the State used more than 700,000 tons of pine stump wood. 15 Florida’s Timber Supply KKK DY Drain in Relation to Supply LL TOGETHER, Florida has more than 140 million cords of live timber 5.0 inches and larger (table 5). Not all of this volume, however, is equally well suited to filling rather spe- cific timber needs of the forest industries. Almost a third of it has little or no commercial value, because more than half of the hardwood volume and a fourth of the cypress volume is in cull trees and in the top portion of saw-timber trees. This material may have a potential use for fibre or chemical products, but at present it is suitable mainly for fuel wood. Ninety- four percent of the live timber used for primary forest products in 1948 came from pole-timber trees, the sawlog portion of saw timber, and the upper stems of pine saw timber. Pines are most heavily cut in relation to the sup- ply. In 1948, the commodity drain on sound, live pine timber 5.0 inches and larger amounted to 4.5 percent of the growing-stock volume measured in cubic feet, compared with 1.6 percent for cypress and cedar and 1.3 percent for hardwoods. The supply of large timber of all species is espe- cially low in relation to the demand. Fifty-five per- cent of the commodity drain is on trees 13.0 inches and larger, but this size of timber makes up only a fourth of the inventory volume. Commodity drain on timber 13.0 to 19.0 inches was 6.2 percent of the volume of this size of timber, and on timber 19.0 inches and larger, 11.5 percent, compared to 3.1 percent for all growing stock 5.0 inches and larger. Much more large timber would be cut if it were available. Much of Florida’s saw timber is small and widely scattered. The largest remaining block of old-growth timber is in the cypress swamp in Collier County, and this area is being rapidly cut over. Of the total 20.6 billion board feet in Florida (table 6), two- thirds occurs in saw-timber stands. Only 13 percent of the total volume is in large saw-timber stands, which average around 5,500 board feet per acre. More than half of the saw timber is in small saw- timber stands averaging 4,000 board feet per acre and the remainder (a third) occurs as single trees or in small groups of trees scattered throughout the pole and sapling stands and poorly stocked areas (fig. 11). Sixty-two percent of the saw timber is pine, 15 percent cypress, and the remainder, various hard- wood species including water oak, sweetbay, black- gum and sweetgum. Most of this remaining hard- TaBLe 5.—Volume of all live trees on commercial forest land by species group and kind of material, Florida, 1949 Kind of material Pine Cypress and cedar Hardwoods All species Million Million Million Million Saw-timber trees: cords Percent Percent cords Percent cords Percent Sawlog: portion. ==. -2-- see 27.9 46 58) 33 10.2 16 44.4 31 Upper‘stem=*2>- 4s a- e 6.6 11 -6 8 2.4 4 10.6 7 Pole-timbertrees2s— Us saa eee 24.2 40 a) 42 15.2 24 47.3 33 Cull trees: Sound lao 22s ee a. a Seen 1.2 uS) 7 22.7 36 252 18 Rottens2: =. SSS Mee ST se eee 2 1 8 10 13.0 20 15.0 11 otale=o2e2 2 oe ae 60.1 100 9 100 63.5 100 142.5 100 1 Includes hardwood limbs. 16 Forest Resource Report No. 6, U. S. Department of Agriculture TaBLe 6.—Net volume} of live saw timber by species group and stand-size clase, Florida, 1949 zs ; Poorly stocked a : Large Small Pole- Seedling and Species group ? saw-timber stands | saw-timber stands timber stands sapling stands pounds ane > All stands Million Million Million Million Million Million bd. ft. bd. ft. bd. ft. bd. ft. bd. ft. bd. ft. Pine are Bee eRe 1,128 6,291 1,973 684 2,615 12,691 Cypress and cedar________ 244 2,292 373 95 182 3,186 Soft hardwoods-_-_--__---_ 821 1,639 349 167 106 3,082 Hard hardwoods-_________ 455 647 280 109 144 1,635 Total, all species___ 2,648 10,869 2,975 1,055 3,047 20,594 Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent IA speciess=soae 2 = Sas 3 53 14 5 15 100 1 Log scale, International 14-inch rule. 2 See appendix for species included in group, p 56. wood timber is low quality. Average lumber-grade yields by log grades for common Florida hardwoods Figure 11.—A third of Florida’s saw timber is in trees scat- tered singly or in small groups throughout 18 million acres of sapling and pole stands and poorly stocked areas. (Photo courtesy Florida Forest Service.) The Timber Supply Situation in Florida are shown in table 7. Only 12 percent of the hard- wood volume is in select and Grade | logs. A third of it is in Grade 3A logs which will yield mainly poor-quality lumber, and over another third is in Grade 3B logs which are primarily suitable for cross ties and construction timbers. Florida’s timber supply is concentrated in the northern part of the State. With 63 percent of the commercial forest area, Northeast and Northwest Florida together have 80 percent of the State’s saw timber and 78 percent of all growing stock. The intensity of commodity drain on the timber supply likewise varies in different parts of the State. In 1948, it varied from 8.1 percent of the growing stock 5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger in Suwannee County to less than 1.0 percent in several counties— mainly in the lightly timbered counties in the south- ern part of Florida (fig. 12). Five counties, Suwan- nee, Duval, Pasco, Hillsborough, and Marion, with 8 percent of the growing stock in the State sustained 18 percent of the commodity drain. TaBLe 7.—Florida hardwood lumber grade yields Log grade Lumber grade Select 1 2 3A 3Bl Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent OAS Sees eae a 35 30 11 213 | a No. 1 Common___-_ 33 30 34 1951 | eietn ster No. 2 Common__-_-_ 15 7) il a 27 39 63 No. 3 Common__-_- 7 19 28 40 37 whotal Sse ss 100 100 100 100 100 1It is expected that Grade 3B logs will be cut into ties, timbers, blocking, construction boards, etc., and not into standard grade lumber. 17 ‘ cS zs WE: 2- == -6 sil 3 a) 153 Lowland hardwoods_ el -8 8 1 -8 Upland hardwoods_- 5) ail P74) Mere aes .6 Crib oaks=--72 22-5 nef -6 260 |2eessooe Lcd, Ralms= 23 tessa = os | So RS Aa Se ee 1, |SS2ee | All types___-- 76 5.9 5.8 2.2 2125 1 See description of forest types in appendix, p. 55. 2 Includes 29,100 acres of shortleaf pine type and 20,600 acres of redcedar type. oak. The low prairie lands east and west of the Everglades support still another kind of forest. Open stands of slash pine grow on the higher and usually better-drained flatlands, while cypress dominates the many ponds and swamps. Half the Forest Land Fair to Good Quality About one-half of Florida’s commercial forest land, 10.7 million acres, is rated fair to good for timber- growing purposes (table 9, fig. 19). Fair sites are capable of growing pine trees 55 to 64 feet high in 50 years, and hardwood trees with two merchantable 16-foot logs when mature. On good sites, pines will attain a height of 65 feet or more in 50 years, and hardwood trees will have at least three merchantable logs when mature. Two-thirds of the fair and good timberland sup- ports pine forests. Over half of this land is rated good timber-growing land. In 60 years this kind of land, when fully stocked, will have a stand of about 17 thousand board feet per acre. This is an average annual yield of 280 board feet (fig. 20). On the average, the remaining fair-quality pine land will yield about 10 thousand board feet per acre in 60 years, an annual yield of about 160 board feet. Po- tential pulpwood yield in 40 years varies from three- fourths of a cord per acre per year on fair sites to about one cord on the good sites. Three and a half million acres of fair and good land support hardwood and cypress forests. About a third of this area is rated good quality. Here the mature trees normally have a merchantable length TaBLe 9.—Quality of commercial forest land by forest types, Florida, 1949 Quality of forest land Forest type Area Poor Fair Good Million acres Percent Percent Percent Longleaf pine_--=-_ = =-=— 7.3 55 25 20 Slashipine== =!222 222525 6.0 47 24 29 Loblolly-pine:!=:—s>==—= = ail 5 15 80 ‘Pondépines=2-- = ee a: (?) (?) @) Sandtpines=e .a ene 4 (2) (2) 2) Cypréss=ee Ses 133 18 52 30 Lowland hardwoods- ---_- 2.8 17 57 26 Upland hardwoods---_--- .6 66 32 2 Scrubroak:=s2s5= ss 169 2) 2) @) Palms es Se ere ail () (2) ?) Allitypes-=sss2- 2155 43 31 26 1Includes 29,100 acres of shortleaf pine type and 20,600 acres of redcedar type. 2 Land not classified, but generally is poor-quality forest land. F—459794 Ficure 20.—Florida has 3.8 million acres of good pine tim- berland which, when well stocked, can grow about 280 board feet per acre per year on a 60-year rotation. 26 Forest Resource Report No. 6, U. S. Department of Agriculture oO a << PERCENT OF COMMERCIAL FOREST LAND IN COUNTY THAT RATES FAIR AND GOOD 24 49 74 Ficure 21.—Distribution of fair and good timber cropland in Florida, by county, 1949. of at least three logs. Such sites are usually found on forest land is rated fair and good, and in Hamilton bottoms or well-drained deep soils such as are fre- | and Union Counties over 95 percent. quently used for agricultural purposes, but good On the other half of the commercial forest land stands of cypress and water tupelo often occur in in the State, possibilities for growing timber are the deepest and wettest swamps. more limited under present conditions. Approximate- The most productive forest land occurs in the ly half of the longleaf and slash pine types are on northeastern part of the State (fig. 21). Here the poor-quality forest land. This is land which is not quality of a large part of the forest land compares capable of growing pine trees taller than 54 feet in favorably with the best in the South. In a group of 50 years (fig. 22). Growing saw timber on these sites 11 counties, 75 percent or more of the commercial is a slow process; even when well stocked it takes The Timber Supply Situation in Florida 27 Ficure 22.—About 7 million acres of slash and longleaf pine in Florida are on poor-quality forest land, which has limited timber-growing possibilities. (Photo courtesy Florida Forest Service.) about 100 years to grow 10 thousand board feet per acre on the best of these areas. This amounts to a mean annual growth of only 100 board feet. Many areas are not so productive as this; areas such as the dry oak ridges and some of the poorly drained flats with an underlying hardpan are so poor that even old-growth trees seldom exceed 12 to 14 inches in diameter. The prospect of growing pulpwood timber on a short rotation on these poor sites is better. Pine on many of these sites makes fairly rapid growth for the first 30 or 40 years. When fully stocked they could be expected to grow from 15 to 20 cords of pulpwood per acre in 40 years or, on the average, nearly a half cord per acre per year. The big problem is to keep these poorer sites stocked with timber. More than half of the area of slash pine type growing on poor-quality forest land is in South Florida; another 19 percent is in the central part of the State. Four-fifths of the longleaf pine on poor sites is on dry, sandy ridge land in Northwest and Central Florida. In addition to the longleaf and slash pine on poor land, there are 770,000 acres of pond and sand pine which, in general, have rather low timber-growing potentialities. Also, nearly two million acres of dry, sandy ridge land are covered with scrub oak (fig. 23). — A large part of this area once had fair stands of longleaf pine. If some way could be found to elim-— inate the scrub oak cheaply, the land could be plant- ed and much of it could be expected to grow from a fourth to a half cord of pulpwood per acre per year and a limited amount of small sawlogs. Less than a fifth of the cypress and lowland hard-_ wood types is on poor-quality forest land. This is land on which mature hardwood trees on the aver- age do not have more than one merchantable 16-foot log in them. In addition to the commercial forest land, in 1949 Florida had more than a million acres of idle agri- cultural land. Some of this, of course, soon may go back into agricultural production, but a substantial — part will never be cultivated again and is available for timber production. Much of this abandoned cropland has good timber-growing possibilities. Many 13- to 15-year-old slash pine plantations in Florida show an average growth of more than 2 cords per acre per year. 28 Forest Resource Report No. 6, U. S. Department of Agriculture —— F — 433920 Ficure 23.—Much of the nearly two million acres of Florida’s scrub oak land could be made to produce pine again if a way could be found to eliminate the scrub oak cheaply. Timber Yields Could Be Greatly Increased In spite of the fact that so much of Florida’s ¢om- mercial forest area is poor quality, the State has tre- mendous timber-growing possibilities. It has 7 mil- lion acres of fair- to good-quality pine land which, if fully stocked, is capable of growing 1,600 million board feet a year. Current pine growth is only 837 million. Looking at it another way, this area alone is capable of growing enough additional pine timber to double the amount used for both lumber and pulpwood production in 1948. This potential growth leaves out entirely the pos- sible growth on 7 million acres of poor longleaf and slash pine sites, the growth on nearly 800 thousand acres of sand and pond pine land, and on 2 million acres of poor upland hardwood and scrub oak Jand. If fully stocked, this area could grow as much as 900 million board feet of pine sawlogs, or 4.5 million cords of pulpwood a year. Of course, per-acre yields on much of this land probably would not justify the The Timber Supply Situation in Florida intensive management that would be required to keep this land fully stocked. Yet, even if this land averaged only 50 percent stocked, it could be expected to con- tribute a fourth of a billion feet of sawlogs, plus a million cords of pulpwood to Florida’s annual timber needs. In addition to this pine-producing land, the State has 3.5 million acres of fair to good land supporting hardwood and cypress timber which is estimated to be capable of growing annually 750 million board feet. This is 2% times current growth and 3% times current use. In short, Florida could grow two to three times as much timber as it is now growing. Producing near capacity, the State’s forest land could grow enough timber to support 170 additional medium-size saw- mills (annual production of 5 million board feet) or 20 additional medium-size pulp mills, plants with capacity of 100,000 tons of pulp a year. Further, the hardwood-using industry could be expanded 4 or 5 times its present size. 29 Forests in Poor Condition to Grow Timber DD More Than Half the Forest Land is Poorly Stocked HE poor condition of the forest growing stock, rather than a lack of productive capacity of the forest land, keeps Florida from growing more timber. The main reason why timber growth is so low in Florida is that so much of the forest land is lying idle when it could be grow- ing trees. In 1949, 12.4 million acres, 58 percent, of the forest land was either unstocked or poorly stocked with sound trees of commercially valuable species. Some of this land, of course, is recently cut-over land and other land which can be expected to restock naturally in a reasonable time if protected from re- peated wildfires. However, 7.1 million acres do not have enough seed trees to insure reasonably prompt natural restocking. Four-fifths of this large area without adequate seed trees is poor-site land (fig. 24); 3.7 million acres is pine types and 1.9 million is upland hardwood and scrub oak types. Virtually all of the land without enough seed trees on the fair and good sites, 1.5 million acres, is slash and long- leaf pine land. FOREST LAND MILLION ACRES Y UPLAND HARDWOOD AND jen tres YY) caus oak TYPES Figure 24.—Distribution of poorly stocked land without adequate seed trees, by site quality and forest type, Flor- ida, 1949. KEK The poorly stocked forest land without seed trees is distributed throughout the State but is especially prevalent in Central and South Florida and in sev- eral counties of Northwest Florida. Over half, 3.8 million acres, of the total lies in the central and scuthern part where much of the forest land is poor in site quality. Another three-fourths of a million acres are on the dry sand ridges of Okaloosa, Walton, Washington, and Calhoun Counties west of Talla- hassee. The distribution of the nonrestocking forest land on the fair and good sites differs from that on the poor sites. This 1.5 million acres, which would rate first priority in a planting program, lies almost en- tirely north of Lake Okeechobee and occurs only sparingly in the western part of the State. About 700,000 acres are in Northeast Florida. More Than a Third of the Live Trees Are Culls A serious obstacle to natural restocking and plant- ing alike is the large number of low-grade trees on many areas (fig. 25). In 1949, 37 percent of all the live trees in the State were culls. These are trees which are so rotten or so rough and deformed that, at the present time at least, it would not pay to cut them for sawlogs. They also include the trees under saw-tiumber size that are so defective and deformed that they show no promise of ever becoming mer- chantable for sawlogs. Various species of oak, mainly scrub oak, make up the largest share of the cull trees (fig. 26). As pointed out previously, some of these poor-quality trees are suitable for pulpwood or ' fuel wood. However, they greatly reduce stand pro- ductivity by taking up space that could be occupied by trees of more desirable form and species. Mainly because of the dense stocking of scrub oaks, large areas of the dry, sandy ridge land which formerly grew commercial stands of longleaf pine have completely failed to restock following cutting. For the same reason, even where an adequate seed 30 Forest Resource Report No. 6, U. S. Department of Agriculture Ficure 25.—Many areas remain unproductive because cull trees prevent young trees of desirable form and species from becoming established. (Photo courtesy of Florida Forest Service.) SPECIES LIVE TREES . eee YELLOW PINES OTHER SOFT WOODS |SOFT-TEXTURED::: HARDWOODS |HARD-TEXTURED HARDWOODS O 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 MILLION TREES cuts Ficure 26.—Number of trees, by quality class and species | group, Florida, 1949. SOUND TREES source is present, restocking with pine is taking place very slowly over much of the longleaf pine type. Nearly half of all the cull trees in the State are on The Timber Supply Situation in Florida these dry sites in longleaf pine, upland hardwood, and scrub oak stands. Of the cull trees under 5.0 inches d.b.h., only the scrub oak species were recorded. Other small trees and shrubs of low value which frequently hinder the establishment of desirable tree species include wax- myrtle, ironwood, sassafras, gallberry, titi, button- bush, and palmetto. Heavy cutting of the best-quality trees and most valuable species has left the lowland hardwood and cypress stands with a large proportion of large cull trees in them. Nearly two-thirds of all the live hard- wood trees 13.0 inches and larger in the State are culls. Shortage of Large Timber Another undesirable condition which is general throughout Florida is the striking shortage of large timber (fig. 27). A small number of large trees in relation to the number of small trees is a normal 31 k , Desirable Stocking 10 DIAMETER CLASS (Inches) HARDWOOD AND _ CYPRESS TYPES \_, Desirable Stocking DIAMETER CLASS (Inches) Figure 27.—Comparison of actual with desirable stocking of sound trees, by diameter class and forest type, Florida, 1949. condition even in well-managed forests, but the num- ber of trees 11.0 inches and larger (all species) should make up about 9 percent of the total number of trees 1.0 inch and larger.? In Florida, however, trees 11.0 inches and larger make up only 3.6 per- cent of the total in pine types and 4.9 percent in hardwood and cypress types. Perhaps even more significant than the present shortage of large timber is the trend in volume (fig. 28). The number of trees 13.0 inches and larger decreased for all species throughout the State since the first forest survey. The number in the 10-inch class increased mainly because of the large ingrowth of young trees into this size class. The number of trees in the 12-inch class did not change much. At the time of the first survey the average volume per tree of all pine trees 9.0 inches and larger was 89 board feet; in 1949 it was 77 board feet—a 13-per- cent decrease. The average volume of hardwood trees 13.0 inches and larger® was 126 board feet in 1949—23 percent less than at the time of the first survey. °Based on stocking standards used by the Forest Survey. See appendix, p. 56. ® Hardwood trees in the 12-inch class were not recorded as saw timber at the time of the first survey, so no compari- son of trees smaller than 13.0 inches is possible. Smaller timber means lower board-foot yields. Yield studies (27) show that the average annual — erowth per acre for a 30-year-old fully stocked slash pine stand 7 inches d.b.h. and over (site index 70) is 267 board feet (International Rule), compared to 410 board feet for a 50-year-old stand. Thus, annual saw-tumber growth could be increased by merely letting the trees grow larger before cutting them. PINE DIAMETER CLASS (Inches) | J INCREASE DECREASE Figure 28.—Change in number of trees, by diameter class and species, Florida, 1934-36 to 1949. The board-foot difference arises mainly because such — a large part of small trees, when sawn into lumber, goes into sawdust, slabs, and edgings. In cubic feet, — in stands 2 inches d.b.h. and over, the average an-— nual growth of a 30-year-old stand exceeds that of a 50-year-old stand. Pine Types Decreasing, Hardwoods Increasing Between 1934—36 and 1949, the area of pine types decreased by 2.3 million acres, a 14-percent reduction (fig. 29). This was accompanied by a considerable increase in the number of hardwood saplings and — poles and in the number of cull hardwoods. A good deal of the decrease in pine types has taken place on the dry, sandy sites. Poor site quality 32 Forest Resource Report No. 6, U. S. Department of Agriculture TYPE AND YEAR PINE 1934-36 & AREA 1949 HARDWOOD 1934-36 1949 CYPRESS 1934-36 1949 10 MILLION ACRES Ficure 29.—Area of major forest types, Florida, 1934-36 and 1949, fa gers coupled with a dense understory of scrub oak and other poor-quality hardwoods has prevented the re- generation of longleaf pine over a large area. Nearly half of the trees in the 2- and 4-inch diameter classes in the longleaf pine type are scrub oak and other cull hardwoods. Thus, cutting the merchantable pine leaves a residual stand of undesirable hardwoods and rather unfavorable conditions for the establishment of more pine (fig. 30). The scrub oak type has in- creased by 600,000 acres since the first survey, and the upland hardwood type by 400,000 acres. There appears to be little chance of many of these areas coming back to pine unless some of the hardwood cover at least is eliminated. Where a seed source is absent, which is true in many instances, planting wil] also be necessary. The million-acre increase in the area of lowland hardwood types since the first survey is mainly the result of cutting the cypress and pine out of the mixed softwood-hardwood stands. The cypress type decreased by 200,000 acres and loblolly pine by 200,- ¥ Bae Wo Ef ae eae? hardwood types. The Timber Supply Situation in Florida 33 000 acres. As in the case of longleaf pine type on dry sites, the perpetuation of pine on many of these low, moist areas fringing the river bottoms is going to require the elimination of the understory of hard- woods during the period of stand regeneration. On the best of the sites, growing high-quality hardwoods, or a mixture of pine and hardwoods, rather than pure stands of pine, may prove to be the most prof- itable course to follow. Large Number of Worked-Out Trees In the 15 years since the first survey, commendable progress has been made in utilizing the 20 million worked-out naval stores trees that clogged the pine stands in the mid-thirties. The pulp industry, by cre- ating a new market for millions of cords of wood that could be cut from worked-out timber, has been a significant factor in bringing this about. 34 ; Forest Resource Report No. 6, U. S. Department of Agriculture By 1949, despite annual additions as naval stores — crops were worked out, the total number of worked- out trees had been reduced to 7.8 million. Nearly 2 million of these were in Northwest Florida and about 700,000 were in the central part of the State. All together, they amounted to less than 4 percent of the total number of turpentine pines of saw-timber size and their presence does not materially reduce timber yields in these two areas. In Northeast Florida there are about 5.2 million worked-out trees. Here, 6 percent of all longleaf and slash pine trees of saw-timber size are worked out, plus nearly a half million 7- and 8-inch trees. Cubic- foot growth on these trees is about a third less than on round trees, and mortality losses are high. They should be cut as promptly as possible, unless they are needed for seed, in order to make way for new growth. Reasons Why Forest Conditions Are Poor YY Fire—The Number One Problem ANY of the undesirable forest conditions in Florida are the result of land-use prac- tices—practices associated with farming, turpentining, and logging. Of these practices, fre- quent burning of the woods has most influenced the character of the forest. Since the days of the early white settlers, woods burning has been practiced with a deep-seated con- viction that it is as essential to the proper handling of wooded land as plowing is to growing cotton. In 1926, it was estimated that at least 75 percent of the pine land in the State burned over annually and that not more than 10 percent ever escaped fire for 3 years in succession (1). Not until as recently as the mid-thirties was there any appreciable downward trend in the area burned by wildfires. This long history of frequent burning of the stands had two main effects on the character of the forest. First, it served to extend the occurrence of the fire-resistant longleaf pine to the very edges of the swamps, bottom lands, and upland hardwood lands. The second, and perhaps the more important, ef- fect of repeated burning was that of keeping the stands open and understocked. Even though longleaf pine existed over a wide area only by virtue of re- peated fires, these same fires took a heavy toll of young trees before they became large enough to sur- vive the flames. This annual toll of young trees by fire, coupled with the uncertain seed-bearing habits of longleaf pine, made the restocking of the stands a very slow process. Even in many of the virgin stands, the trees were widely scattered. Full stocking in these stands frequently represented a gradual accumulation _ of trees over many years. There is little doubt that the too frequent fires down through the years have been responsible for a good deal of the poor stock- _ ing in Florida. Fire protection on other than national-forest land had its beginning in Florida with the enactment, by The Timber Supply Situation in Florida KKK the 1927 State Legislature, of a law creating a Board of Forestry. One of the provisions of this law author- ized the Board to enter into cooperative agreements with landowners for the prevention and control of woods fires. The landowners paid for half the cost of prevention, and, in most instances, for the cost of fire suppression. Federal funds made available to the State under the provisions of the Clarke-McNary Law were used to offset private expenditures, while the State provided the funds for a skeleton organiza- tion to supervise the work (5). By 1935, the Board had succeeded in extending organized fire prevention and control to 1.4 million acres of private forest land (6). However, real prog- ress in reducing the area burned over annually by fire took place after 1935. The strengthening of fire laws and a basic set-up for county cooperation was followed by a steady increase in area under organ- ized protection (fig. 31) and significant reductions in the total area of forest land burned over annually (fig. 32). As of July 1, 1950, more than 30 of the 67 counties were under organized fire protection (fig. 33). This area, together with national-forest land and protection units comprising parts of 19 other counties amounted to over 14 million acres, or two- thirds of the total forest area in the State. Estimates of area burned over, of course, are nec- essarily rough—especially on unprotected area. How- ever, the trend is unmistakable. During the 5-year period 1930-34, the average annual burn amounted to nearly three-fourths of the total forest area in the State. By 1946, the annual burn had dropped to less than a fifth of the total forest area. During 1950, 63 percent of the unprotected area and 3 percent of the protected area was burned over by wildfires, resulting in a total burn of about 4.8 million acres. This reduction in wildfires accounts to a large ex- tent for the significant increase in amount of young timber and the replacement of longleaf pine by slash pine over extensive areas of the better flatwood sites, which took place between the two forest surveys. The 35 MILLION 14 Ficure 31.—Forest area un- der organized fire protec- tion in Florida, 1929 to July 1, 1950. 1932 eset a 1936 1938 1940 YEAR 1942 36 1944 1946 1948 Figure 32.—Forest area burned over annually on protected and unprotected land, Florida, 1932 to 1950. ALL FOREST LAND PROTECTED OVER 2/3 PROTECTED jis TO 2/3 PROTECTED |__| None TO !/3 PROTECTED | NO FOREST LAND PROTECTED al NONFOREST LAND : SCALE O10 29 32 40 50 EO Miles [i Figure 33.—Florida counties with organized fire protection as of July 1, 1950. increasing backlog of young timber has resulted in the upward trend in growth, as every year more and more young trees grow into merchantable sizes, add- ing their volume to the growth. Also reflecting better fire protection is the reduction in mortality. Improved fire protection, along with its beneficial effects, has also created some problems. Complete exclusion of fire on some areas has contributed to the 2.3-million-acre decrease in pine types by per- mitting dense understories of hardwoods to become The Timber Supply Situation in Florida established in pine stands, thus preventing pine re- generation. Also, in some areas, the extension of tit? thickets from swamps and ponds to the flatwoods land has impeded the establishment of slash pine. Even where the accumulation of vegetative growth or “rough” did not seriously interfere with regenera- tion, a serious fire hazard was frequently created so that when fire did occur, it was especially destruc- tive. In 1943, the Mount Carrie Fire on the Osceola National Forest on land which had been protected 37 from fire since the early thirties resulted in the com- plete destruction of even merchantable stands over a large part of the 9,000 acres burned. For a long time, public fire protection agencies, drawing on experience in other sections of the coun- try, have been reluctant to regard fire in the southern woods as anything but bad. However, recent experi- ence and the results of carefully conducted studies have made it increasingly clear that fire, when prop- erly used, can be a valuable tool in the management of many southern pine forests. Fire is effective in killing titi, gallberry, myrtle, and other commercially worthless species which encroach and occupy good pine sites in thickets so dense as to exclude pine reproduction (/0). Fire effectively controls brown spot disease which in some instances prevents the establishment of longleaf pine (28). Where the rough is thick, seeds which germinate fail to reach mineral soil and die. Burning the rough prior to seedfall often results in excellent pine regeneration (10). These studies further show that slash pine stands will tolerate moderate burns after saplings reach a height of 12 to 15 feet (J8). Longleaf pine is a good deal more fire resistant. In the Coastal Plain, at least, there is little evidence that even repeated fires at frequent intervals cause site deterioration (J/). As a result of these studies, the.techniques for the use of prescribed burning as a silvicultural tool in the longleaf-slash pine region have been worked out and published (18), (23), (2). These findings in no way minimize the urgent need to reduce the area burned over by wildfires. Every year wildfires take a heavy toll of timber, es- pecially the seedlings and saplings which are so vital to the future supply (fig. 34). Also, there is a need to improve prescribed-burning practices. Areas are sometimes fired without adequate consideration of burning conditions and without taking the necessary steps to protect blocks of young growth within the burned area. Thus, in spite of the progress made in FIGURE 34.— The effect of fire. on 1 slash pine regeneration. The area on the right has been protected from Te while the area on the left has been burned over annually since 1940. (Photo courtesy Florida Forest Service.) 38 Forest Resource Report No. 6, U. S. Department of Agriculture a se te ae Nee re nee the past 15 years, woods fires are still Florida’s num- ber-one forest problem. Grazing and Timber Growing Cattle raising in Florida is rapidly growing in importance. Between 1940 and 1945, the number of cattle and calves increased from 721,000 to 1,115,- 000, a 55-percent increase (24). The trend has con- tinued upward since 1945. In 1948, the gross cash income of Florida farmers from cattle and calves amounted to 31 million dollars (7), equal to more than half the value of sawlogs, poles, pulpwood, and other rough wood products harvested from the forests. Cattle raising has an important bearing on forest conditions and the timber supply outlook. A great many of the cattle in Florida are scrub, or piney- woods cows, which generally depend entirely upon native grass on wild land (much of it forest land) for feed. The cattle themselves are seldom concen- trated enough to do much damage to the young trees by trampling. The damage to the timber comes almost entirely from the age-old practice of annually burning the woods to improve the cattle range. The owners of the cattle frequently own very little land themselves, and run their cattle on other people’s land. Thus, a great deal of the burning is done by people who are not interested in timber values. As has been pointed out, both timber growing and cattle raising are important sources of income in Florida. The question arises: To what extent is the sacrifice of timber values justified, or necessary, in improving cattle range? To fully answer this ques- tion, more information concerning the management of forest range and its relation to timber production is needed, including the income that might be ex- pected from alternative or integrated uses of various types of land. However, information now available indicates that Florida’s forest land could be made to produce more of both timber and beef, and that the conflict between timber growing and grazing is not as great as it seems to be (/8). Further, methods of harmonizing timber and cattle production will vary considerably according to the relative importance of _ the two industries, which varies markedly in differ- ent parts of the State. In the northern part, timber production greatly overshadows cattle raising as a source of income from forest land. Yet many cattle are raised there; according to the Bureau of the Census, 40 percent of The Timber Supply Situation in Florida all the cattle and calves on farms in the State in 1945 were in Northeast and Northwest Florida (fig. 35). A large part of these were scrub cattle, which depend entirely on native range for feed. Experience on the Olustee Experimental Forest in northeastern Florida indicates that with only native range and piney-woods cows the timberland manager is seldom justified in sacrificing timber values to benefit the cattle (1/8). The damage to timber values caused by annual burning to improve the cattle range is usually far in excess of the returns from the cattle. However, under proper management some cattle can be grazed on forest land without interfering with timber production (fig. 36). This means adjusting cattle stocking to the carry- ing capacity of an annual burn of 10 to 15 percent of the area instead of the 30- to 50-percent usually preferred by operators who use prescribed burning primarily to obtain better forage to increase cattle gains (18), (3). With burning keyed in this way to the needs of the timber and without the use of im- proved pasture, it is estimated that 50 acres of flat- woods forest land will provide enough feed for one cow grazing throughout the year. The returns from such yearlong grazing would not be high but they would materially help in meeting the expense of taxes on the land. Also, grazing is beneficial in reduc- ing the fire hazard by retarding the build-up of flammable undergrowth, such as gallberry and pal- metto (3). Herd management studies on native forest range at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station have shown the advantage of seasonal grazing and supplemental feeding on the range when the nutritive value of native forage is deficient (8). This permits growing a better grade of cattle and results in a greater annual crop of larger calves. In Central and South Florida, the timber-growing possibilities on much of the forest land are open to question. In contrast to conditions in the northern part of the State, concessions to timber values at the expense of the production of grass may not be justified on certain areas. However, this question has never been studied adequately. Here is a real need for research on both the technical and financial as- pects of land use in Central and South Florida. Many people feel that much more timber could be raised along with cattle in the southern part of the State, and a greater total income produced from 39 EACH DOT REPRESENTS O00 CATTLE AND CALVES SCALE Oo 10-20 3. 40 50 60Mites Sr Figure 35.—Distribution of cattle and calves on Florida farms, 1945. the land. The common practice is to run cattle en- tirely on natural range or unimproved pasture. The land is poorly stocked with trees, and at the same time produces such poor forage, that the landowners can raise only scrub cattle. Returns from both timber and cattle are very low. An increasing number of landowners are finding it more profitable to convert part of the land into improved pasture and use the remaining wild land as a supplemental or seasonal source of feed. This not only greatly increases the carrying capacity of the land, but permits the land- owner to raise improved breeds of cattle. At the present time, little consideration is given to the tim- ber-growing possibilities on the remaining unim- proved land. However, it seems probable that by keeping fire out of selected blocks long enough to permit forest regeneration, a crop of trees could be grown without greatly reducing the value of the land as a source of supplemental feed. In some instances, planting might be justified. 40 Forest Resource Report No. 6, U. S. Department of Agriculture | F-433869 Figure 36.—Although timber is by far the most important source of income from forest land in the northern part of the State, it is possible under proper management to raise some cattle without interfering with timber production. Gum Production and Timber Yields Some practices associated with gum _ production, which is confined to slash and longleaf pine, con- tribute to undesirable forest conditions. In the past, it was the custom to rake the debris away from working trees to protect them from frequent wild- fires. The fires, on the other hand, served to keep the woods free of undergrowth and to make it easier for the turpentine workers to move about in the stands. However, this frequent burning took a heavy toll of young trees and helped to keep the stands open and poorly stocked. Often little effort was made to confine these fires to any particular area; they frequently escaped to adjoining areas to add to the annual damage caused by other wildfires. Gum production conflicted with timber production in other ways. The practice of hanging cups on all trees in the stand above a certain diameter is the principal reason for the present serious shortage of large timber. Prior to the establishment of the Naval Stores Conservation Program in 1936, it was com- mon practice to chip all trees in the stand 8 to 9 inches and larger. Some 7-inch trees, and occasionally trees as small as 6 inches were cupped. Chipping The Timber Supply Situation in Florida affects a tree in several ways. First of all, it reduces growth; according to studies of wood-chipping meth- ods, diameter growth may be reduced by a third to a half. Even after chipping stops, especially if chip- ping is deep, trees often do not recover normal growth (/8). However, recent studies show that bark chipping has very little effect on growth. A second effect of chipping these small trees was to reduce their quality for wood products. Many a potential pole or saw-timber tree is suitable only for pulpwood by the time it is worked out. Mortality among small turpentined trees was par- ticularly high. Chipping, burning of the faces by wildfires, and subsequent borer attacks so weakened the trees that large numbers were broken down by the wind every year. These were usually left lying on the ground and were eventually burned up in subsequent fires. Thus, since most of the young-growth timber was worked for gum as soon as it became large enough, very few small trees had the chance to grow into quality saw timber. This absence of young timber to replenish the supply of saw timber accelerated the already rapid decline caused by heavy cutting. 41 Bs $ ; E Z i Pave Figure 37.—The practice of selective cupping leaves part of the trees in the stand unworked to grow and become more valu- able for both naval stores and timber products. (Photo courtesy Florida Forest Service.) Gum production does not conflict with timber pro- duction nearly as much now as it did in the past. One reason is that a much smaller proportion of the timber is being worked for naval stores. Also, more and more operators are adopting improved practices. The raising of the minimum diameter of trees worked represented an especially significant improve- ment in turpentining practices. Before 1936, in most sections, about one-third of all the trees cupped were less than 9 inches in diameter. Now, largely because of the Naval Stores Conservation Program, practically no trees smaller than 9 inches are cupped (20). This has contributed to a marked reduction in the num- ber of small trees which die or blow over every year. The rise of the pulp and paper industry has also been an important factor in reducing timber mortal- ity resulting from turpentining. Worked-out trees which were too small or too low in quality to make sawlogs were once left in the woods to die or blow over; now they are cut for pulpwood. One of the main reasons for the significant increase in young timber and the accompanying increase in net growth since the first forest survey has been this reduction in the loss of timber in stands worked for naval stores. As pointed out previously, pine mortal- ity in 1948 was only 14 percent of what it was in 1934-36. An increasing number of operators are improving the quality of their worked-out timber, without reducing their returns from gum production, by bark chipping and using acid to stimulate the gum flow. On the Olustee Experimental Forest, trees that had been chipped and treated with sulfuric acid every 2 weeks during the naval stores season for a period of 5 years were practically equal in quality to round trees (9). Contrary to the prevalent practice of cutting off the worked portion of the tree, the faces were left on the logs. Both the bark-chipped face and the pitch soaking beneath the faces were entirely removed in normal slabbing of the logs and 42 Forest Resource Report No. 6, U. S. Department of Agriculture edging of the lumber. The lumber from behind the face was in no way affected by the presence of the face. Progress in getting general adoption of the bark- chipping and acid method has been reasonably good considering that the gum naval stores industry is not susceptible to rapid change in operating methods. The techniques for this method were worked out in 1944, but satisfactory equipment for the application of acid was not available until several years later. In 1950, a fourth of the gum naval stores producers were using acid to stimulate gum flow. Another practice which improves the value of the worked-out trees for wood products is hanging the cups in such a way as to permit removing all the nails and metal from the trees when turpentining has been completed. Because of the damage to saws, stumpage prices for timber with nails in it are con- siderably less than for nail-free timber. Selective cupping is another practice which serves to reduce the conflict between gum and timber pro- duction (fig. 37). Instead of working all trees above a certain diameter, only those trees which should be removed from the stand to improve its quality and growth are worked. Leaving the best trees to grow means not only greater gum yields in the future but also more and better quality timber. Turpentining | only those trees that are scheduled for early re- moval has another advantage. It avoids excessively long turpentining periods that characterized older methods. The fresh faces resulting from shorter periods of turpentining have much less timber de- fect than older faces, which usually get burned and become wormy and pitch-soaked. Research findings in recent years have made avail- able to landowners practical improvements of dem- onstrated value for increased gum production and for a integration of gum and timber production to obtain the maximum value from both. In spite of the fact that this information is available in clear | “how-to-do-it” style, there still remains a big job in getting general adoption of improved practices. Cutting Practices and Forest Conditions | Poor methods of timber harvesting are contribut- ing to poor stand conditions. Although an increasing number of landowners and forest industries are im- proving their cutting methods, it still is a common practice in Florida to clear-cut all the timber large enough to make pulpwood (fig. 38). The effect of ig type of cutting varies depending upon the char- |The Timber Supply Situation in Florida acter of the stand and quality of forest land. Even when all of the merchantable timber is removed, a scattered residual stand of spindly and defective trees is often left. Many of these recover and in time grow large enough to bear seed. With pro- tection from wildfires, the better sites restock quite readily. But this is a slow process which greatly increases the time required to grow another crop of timber. Further, foresters fear that these residuals left to restock the land are sometimes inherently slow-growing and poor in quality. There is the danger, then, that this practice will result in a steady degradation of the quality and growth characteristics of the timber in subsequent genera- tions. Unfortunately, these heavily cut areas are often subjected to repeated burning. Not only are the seedlings which get started repeatedly killed, but the number of seed trees and potential seed trees is steadily reduced. In spite of the readiness with which the good sites regenerate naturally, in 1949 nearly a half million acres of good-quality pine land (site index 70 or better) were so completely denuded that planting will be required to bring them back into forest production in a reasonable length of time. On poor sites, heavy cutting is an even more serious threat to stand productivity. At best, re- generation is slow and uncertain, particularly in the case of longleaf pine. The delay in restocking caused by cutting all of the seed-bearing trees permits the establishment of a heavy cover of scrub oak and other undesirable shrubs and hardwoods over ex- tensive areas of dry, sandy ridge sites. Largely be- cause of the presence of scrub oak on such sites in 1949, 2.8 million acres of poorly stocked long- leaf pine type and nearly 2 million acres of scrub oak type were not expected to restock naturally with commercial species. Since the first survey, the scrub oak type has increased by 600,000 acres. A great deal of the heavy cutting in Florida is associated with the practice of diameter-limit cupping for gum production. Because many of the stands are even-aged, cutting the worked-out trees frequent- ly leaves the area virtually denuded of timber. Raising the minimum diameter of working trees from 7 to 9 inches and reducing the number of trees being work- ed has resulted in an increase in the number of round trees in worked-out stands, but it still is possible to find instances where small round trees have been cut along with the worked-out timber. 43 Some clear cutting is done in connection with preparing the land for improved pasture, citrus orchards, and other farm crops. While land clearing for agriculture is active in certain areas, notably in Central Florida, for the State as a whole the amount of clear-cut land which is actually converted to agri- cultural use is rather small. Poor cutting practices not only contribute to poor stocking, but species composition and stand quality are likewise affected. Heavy cutting of the pine has converted many mixed _pine-hardwood stands to pure hardwood types, and, in part, ac- counts for the million-acre increase in lowland hard- wood types between the two forest surveys. Cutting of the most valuable species and highest quality trees has left hardwood stands with an extremely high proportion of poor-quality trees. These not only take up growing space and interfere with the development of the more valuable young growth, but they frequently grow very rapidly following esis F — 421475 Ficure 38.—Cutting which leaves the land without an adequate seed source is still a common practice in Florida. cutting and add to the volume of cull trees. Also, many of the trees left are of such poor quality that they soon become culls. The large increase in both the proportion and quantity of cull hardwood tim- ber in Florida since the first forest survey is, for the most part, the result of this practice of “high-grad- ing” the stands. Land Ownership and Forest Practices Land-use practices affecting forest conditions vary widely, depending upon who owns the land. Many of the undesirable practices contributing to poor forest conditions arise from the fact that a great deal of the forest land is owned by people who have little or no interest in growing timber. A large proportion of the timber cut comes from this class of ownership. In 1945, 87 percent of the privately owned forest land in Florida was owned by people who were not associated with the wood- 44 Forest Resource Report No. 6, U. S. Department of Agriculture using industry. Farmers own about a fifth of this area; the remaining area is owned by people en- gaged in a wide variety of occupations. Among the private owners are naval stores and railroad operators, bankers, doctors, and local mer- chants. Some of these owners, of course, do recog- nize timber values, and make an effort to manage their land to realize these values. However, the pri- mary interest of most of these owners is not timber growing. They either are not aware of the potential returns from timber on their forest land or they are so absorbed in other occupations that they give little attention to timber growing. This lack of inter- est in managing their land for timber crops is re- flected by the kind of cutting being done on these ownerships. In 1945, two-thirds of the cutting on pri- vate ownerships, exclusive of lumber and pulp com- panies, was rated poor or destructive. In contrast, all of the cutting on pulp company Although cutting practices on land owned by lumber companies was land was rated fair or better.’ not so good as that on pulp company land, it was still substantially better than the cutting on owner- ships not associated with the wood-using industry. About half of the cutting on lumber-company land “was rated poor; very little of it was rated destructive. Forest land in public ownership amounts to about B23 million acres, or about 10 percent of the total area. Two million acres of this is in Federal owner- ship including the national forests, and 223,300 acres is owned by the State. The remainder is in “Good cutting requires good silviculture that leaves the land occupied by desirable species in condition for vigorous growth in the immediate future. Fair cutting marks the be- ginning of cutting practices which will maintain on the land a reasonable stock of growing timber in species that are de- sirable and merchantable. Poor cutting leaves the land with limited means for natural reproduction, often in the form of poor-quality trees of undesirable species. Destructive cutting leaves the land without timber values and without means for natural reproduction. ) The Timber Supply Situation in Florida county and municipal ownership. In 1945, two-thirds of the cutting on publicly owned land rated fair or better; most of the remainder was poor. Land ownership affects not only cutting practices but also other practices that have a bearing on timber production. While other uses are permitted on forest land owned by public agencies and forest industries, they are usually fitted into timber-pro- duction plans. An effort is made to prevent wild- fires. Grazing is usually controlled. Some companies have bought cattle to run on their own land in order to better control the burning done by others in connection with cattle raising. Others permit grazing only under provisions which stipulate the location and size of the area that can be burned annually to improve the range. Naval stores practices on these ownerships usually are not allowed to interfere with timber values. Only selective cupping is permitted on national forests. turpentining of their timber because of the difficulty Some forest industries refuse to allow any of insuring practices that will not damage the timber values. Forest industries and public agencies own but a fifth of the forest land, yet during the 1949-50 tree- planting season they planted 59 percent of the total area planted in Florida. The proportion of forest land in this class of ownership has increased since 1945. Pulp and paper companies in particular have added large acreages to their holdings. It appears likely that with the increased awareness of timber values, many private owners not associated with forest industries have improved their forest practices since 1945. However, there still remains the difficult task of getting many thousands of small owners with a wide variety of interests to recognize the potential returns from their timberlands and to adjust their management practices accordingly. What Needs to be Done KKK DY N BRIEF, the findings of the 1949 forest survey reveal that, although the timber supply outlook in Florida has improved in many ways since the first forest survey, some of these gains have been offset by further deterioration in other ways. The principal gain was the increase in growth brought about by a substantial increase in the amount of young timber, coupled with a marked reduction in mortality. As a result of this increased growth, along with a reduction in commodity drain, during the year 1948 both saw-timber and all growing-stock growth exceeded drain for the State as a whole. However, in spite of these encouraging improve- ments, many undesirable forest conditions that existed at the time of the first forest survey have become worse. Florida now has less area of pine types and more area of scrub oak, more area of poor quality hardwood type, more volume of cull hardwoods, and smaller volume of large, quality timber. There is still far too much poorly stocked land, and in some areas too many worked-out turpentine trees in the stands. These undesirable conditions are not entirely the result of past practices; many of the factors giving rise to these conditions are still active. In spite of the improvement in forest practices since the first survey, indiscriminate and careless burning of the woods for range improvement and other reasons, poor naval stores practices, and poor cutting practices are still prevalent enough in Florida to cause further serious deterioration. A continuation of these prac- tices not only threatens to nullify past gains but to retard the build-up in forest productivity. To meet its own need for wood products and also to contribute its share of timber to the national goal,* it is estimated that Florida should plan to grow twice as much saw timber and three-fourths 8 National goal for annual growth placed at 20 billion cubic feet of all timber, including 72 billion board feet of saw timber, by Forest Service reappraisal of the forest situa- tion in 1945. again as much timber 5.0 inches and larger as it did in 1948. This would mean increasing saw-timber growth from a little more than a billion board feet to more than 2 billion, and growing-stock growth from 370 million cubic feet to nearly 650 million. Before any substantial progress can be made toward the achievement of this goal, corrective action along several lines must be stepped up. 1. Reduce the loss of timber due to fire. The first and most important step toward reducing fire damage is the extension of organized fire protection to all forest land in the State. But the job of reducing fire losses does not stop with organized fire protec- tion; in many cases it will have to be followed by intensive effort to get better enforcement of fire laws, and by education*aimed at making local people aware of the harm done by indiscriminate burning. Even when landowners realize that they should protect their land from wildfires, they frequently need information and technical advice on how to use fire safely and effectively (fig. 39). Still more re- search on the techniques of prescribed burning and their relation to timber management, turpentining, and grazing is needed. 2. Integrate timber growing and grazing. A good deal, perhaps most, of the damage to timber values caused by fire would be eliminated if burning in connection with cattle raising could be controlled. The landowners themselves, especially those in the northern part of the State, are becoming increasingly aware of timber values and are becoming more and more interested in controlling the burning on their land. The big job is that of restraining the people who run their cattle on other people’s land and have no stake in the timber. The recently adopted fence law in Florida, which requires that stock be kept off State highways, promises to be an important step in this direction. The law will require fencing range land adjacent to State highways. Landowners can then control grazing by refusing to permit the building of a fence on their land or by making the 46 Forest Resource Report No. 6, U. S. Department of Agriculture <5 AA AAP TERINR ap ta J Figure 39.—Where fire is needed to keep down the “‘r scribed burning practices. (Photo courtesy of Florida Forest Service.) building of fence contingent upon abiding by certain restrictions in the use of fire. Further, cattle owners — will often be discouraged from running their cattle on other people’s land when faced with the expense of building a fence. What is also needed to resolve this apparent con- flict between cattle raising and timber growing is a better knowledge of the technical and financial aspects of the two uses on various types of land throughout the State. Studies are needed to deter- mine the proper balance between timber and cattle production—the balance that will result in realizing the maximum income from the land. The results of such studies would enable landowners and protection agencies to gear their protection efforts to the timber values involved. 3. Integrate naval stores production with timber growing. Improved methods of naval stores produc- The Timber Supply Situation in Florida according to pre- tion have been pretty well worked out. As pointed out in an earlier section, studies show that by using these improved methods it is possible to integrate gum production with timber growing without signifi- cantly reducing the growth or value of the timber for forest products. The job ahead is mainly one of getting these practices generally adopted. This calls for distributing information to landowners, conducting demonstrations, and making available technical advice and aid. 4. Improve forest cutting practices. A continuation of present cutting practices threatens to nullify a good deal of the effort to improve forest conditions along other lines. Steps should be taken to encourage commercial forest landowners to leave an adequate number of seed trees of desirable species and form following cutting. Also, partial cuttings aimed at increasing the growth and quality of the stand should be encouraged. 47 5. Step up the planting program. All together, Florida has 7.1 million acres of forest land which, because of inadequate seed source, are not expected to restock. About a half million acres of this is rated good-quality forest land, about a million acres is fair, and the remainder poor-quality land. In general, most of the planting effort should be directed toward restocking the more productive land first. However, there are landowners who have little else other than poor-quality forest land. Even though the returns from their investment in planting may be low, these owners still may wish to restock their land rather than let it lie idle. During the 1949-50 planting season, a total of 43,- 000 acres was planted in Florida. At this rate, it would take 35 years to plant just the 1.5 million acres of fair- and good-quality nonrestocking forest land. To do the job in 20 years would mean stepping up the annual planting to 75,000 acres, or nearly double the area planted during the 1949-50 season. A large part of this 1.5 million acres of nonrestock- ing fair- and good-quality forest land is suitable for machine planting (fig. 40). About 1.3 million acres is made up of areas that are at least 10 acres in size and sufficiently firm, level, and free of stumps and rocks or scrub timber to permit the operation of a tractor-drawn planting machine. The remaining area would have to be planted by hand. 6. Work out ways of restocking the less productive forest land. One reason for concentrating the plant- ing effort on the more productive land is that methods of getting the poorer land restocked have not been very well worked out. All together, Florida has 5.6 million acres of poor-quality land which is Ficure 40.—Florida has 1.5 million acres of fair- and good-quality nonrestocking forest land. About 1.3 million acres of this is suitable for machine planting. (Photo courtesy of Florida Forest Service.) 48 Forest Resource Report No. 6, U. S. Department of Agriculture 2 in A | 7 i | : unlikely to restock naturally for many years. Of this, 2.1 million acres is longleaf pine type and 1.7 million acres 1s scrub oak type. Originally, most of this area was covered with merchantable stands of longleaf pine. For the most part, slash and loblolly pine, the species usually recommended for planting, do not thrive on these dry, sandy ridge soils. Although long- leaf pine is the species best adapted to this type of land, attempts to get it established have not been successful. Most of these areas, however, are capable of growing fair stands of longleaf pine. The problem is to find an effective way of getting them established again following the removal of the merchantable stand. A stepped-up program of research on both the basic and applied aspects of natural and _ artificial regeneration of longleaf pine on the poorer sites is needed. Florida also has 1.5 million acres of poor-quality slash pine land which is not restocking. Nearly a million acres of this nonrestocking poor-quality slash pine land is in South Florida. This part of the State needs more forest industries; it has the potential timber-growing capacity to support more. But until large parts ofthis nonrestocking land can be brought back into forest production, opportunities for ex- pansion in this region are very limited. There is evidence that fire protection coupled with simple management practices would make reforestation in the southern part of the State a financially attractive venture. A growth study in Lee County showed that where fire was excluded or very diameter growth was more than double that on areas burned annually or frequently. However, a thorough investi- gation of both the technical and financial aspects of reforestation and timber management in this part of the State is needed. 7. Make better use of available timber. Shifts in the kind of timber used for various products would help to prevent further deterioration of forest condi- Tare, tions. There is a need to ease the commodity-drain pressure on the rapidly disappearing supply of large timber which is the base for the maintenance and future expansion of the lumber industry. One way to do this is to reduce the amount of pulpwood cut from large timber. In 1948, 29 percent of the pulpwood was cut from trees 13.0 inches and larger. A shift of the cut to smaller sizes would seem to be feasible in view of the rapidly increasing supply of - small timber. Another saving could be made by in- The Timber Supply Situation in Florida creasing the amount of pulpwood taken from tops of pine trees cut for sawlogs. In 1948, the tops. of pine trees cut for sawlogs amounted to about 233,000 cords. Of this, 187,000 cords were used for pulpwood. About 15 percent of the total pulpwood cut came from tops in 1948; with better coordination between sawlog and pulpwood operations, it should be possi- ble to increase this proportion to 20 percent. Also, a greater amount of pulpwood could come from thinnings. In 1949, 860,000 acres of pine stands were overstocked. While most of the excess stocking was made up of trees too small to make pulpwood, these overstocked stands contained about 1.6 million cords of trees 5.0 inches and larger in excess of what is required to fully stock them. A significant increase in the amount of timber available from thinnings can be expected when the large backlog of young timber in these overstocked stands reaches mercial size. com- In 1949, there were 7.8 million worked-out trees in the State. A heavier cut of these low-quality trees would leave more round trees to grow into quality saw timber. The possibility of easing the commodity- drain pressure on the timber supply by utilizing saw- mill wastes for pulp also should be investigated. 8. Guide the development of forest industries. The establishment of new industries that would compete with existing industries for timber already in short supply should be discouraged. Temporarily at least, Florida has little room for new sawmills. There is probably room for a moderate expansion of the pulp and paper industry providing the cut from thinnings, tops, worked-out timber, and low-grade hardwoods is stepped up. However, it would be desirable to keep the commodity drain at about the current level for a while to permit a substantial part of the young timber to grow into quality saw timber to build up the badly depleted supply. Florida has a large amount of low-grade hard- woods which is not being used. There are more than a billion and a half board feet of low-grade hardwood timber (Grade 3B logs) and 22.7 millions cords of sound cull hardwood trees. Here is an opportunity for the establishment of new industries able to use this raw material in the manufacture of such prod- ucts as fibre, alcohol, or molasses. Information on the location, amount, and quality of this type of timber should be made available to prospective new in- dustries. ; In spite of the adequate supply of round trees, an 49 expansion of the naval stores industries under existing practices would be very undesirable. This would serve only to convert a larger proportion of potential quality saw timber into low-grade, worked-out tim- ber. There is already too much of the latter type of timber in the State. An expansion in naval stores operations under improved practices, however, such as selective cupping and bark chipping, is desirable and should be encouraged. Although present opportunities for the establish- ment of more forest industries in Florida are limited, the future holds promise of substantial expansion, once growth can be brought more nearly in line with the potential capacity of the forest land. When this future expansion can take place depends upon how rapidly the corrective measures suggested are put into practice. 50 Forest Resource Report No. 6, U. S. Department of Agriculture Literature Cited »DHYH— —KKK (1) Baker, H. L. (15) 1926. FOREST FIRES IN FLORIDA. The Fla. For- 1950. FOREST RESOURCES OF NORTHWEST FLORIDA, estry Assoc. 36 pp., illus. 1949. U.S. Forest Serv. Southeastern For- (2) BrckForp, C. A., AnD NEwcoms, L. S. est Expt. Sta. Forest Survey Release 32, 36 1947. PRESCRIBED BURNING IN THE FLORIDA FLAT- pp., illus. [Processed.] woops. U. S. Forest Serv. Fire Control (16) " Notes 8(1): 17-23, illus. 1950. FOREST RESOURCES OF SOUTH FLORIDA, (3) Brswe.y, H. H., anp OTHERS. 1949. U.S. Forest Serv. Southeastern For- 1942. FOREST GRAZING AND BEEF CATTLE PRODUC- est Expt. Sta. Forest Survey Release 33, 21 TION IN THE COASTAL PLAIN OF GEORGIA. pp., illus. [Processed.] Ga. Coastal Plain Expt. Sta. Cir. 8, 25 pp., (17) illus: 1950. FOREST STATISTICS FOR FLORIDA, 1949. U. (5). (6) | | Bryan, Mackay B. 1950. TIMBER PRODUCTION AND COMMODITY DRAIN FROM FLORIDA’S FORESTS, 1948. U.S. Forest Serv. Southeastern Forest Expt. Sta. Forest Survey Release 34, 35 pp., illus. [Processed.] FioripA Forest SERVICE. 1932. SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT, JULY 1, 1930- JUNE 30, 1932. 36 pp., illus. 1936. BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE FLORIDA FOREST AND PARK SERVICE, JULY 1, 1934-JUNE 30, 1936. 61 pp., illus. FLoripA STATE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. 1949. SOME FACTORS OF FLORIDA’S ECONOMY, 1946-1948. Fla. Dept. Agr. 17 pp. GeEorGIA COASTAL PLAIN EXPERIMENT STATION. 1950. THIRTIETH ANNUAL REPORT, 1949-1950. 151 pp., illus. GruscuHow, G. F. 1950. AcID-TREATED TURPENTINE BUTTS YIELD QUALITY SAW TIMBER. Naval Stores Rev. 60(22): 22-23, illus. HarTMANn, A. W. 1949. FIRE AS A TOOL IN SOUTHERN PINE. U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1949: 517-527, illus. HEYWARD, FRANK, AND BaRNETTE, R. M. 1934. EFFECT OF FREQUENT FIRES ON GHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FOREST SOILS IN THE LONGLEAF PINE REGION. Florida Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bul. 265, 39 pp., illus. MANUFACTURER’S RECORD PUBLISHING Co., INC. 1949. THE BLUE BOOK OF SOUTHERN PROGRESS. 172 pp., illus., Baltimore, Md. McCormack, J. F. 1949. FOREST RESOURCES OF NORTHEAST FLORIDA, 1949. U.S. Forest Serv. Southeastern For- est Expt. Sta. Forest Survey Release 30, 36 pp., illus. [Processed.] 1949. FOREST RESOURCES OF CENTRAL FLORIDA, 1949. U.S. Forest Serv. Southeastern For- est Expt. Sta. Forest Survey Release 31, 36 pp., illus. [Processed.] The Timber Supply Situation in Florida 21) 22) S. Forest Serv. Southeastern Forest Expt. Sta. Forest Survey Release 36, 73 pp., illus. [Processed.] McCuL.tey, R. D. 1950. MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL SLASH PINE STANDS IN THE FLATWOODS OF SOUTH GEORGIA AND NORTH FLoRIDA. U. S. Dept. Agr. Cir. 845, 57 pp., illus. NAvAL Stores REVIEW. 1950. INTERNATIONAL YEARBOOK. New Orleans, La., 114 pp., illus. Ostrom, C. E. 1945. HISTORY OF GUM NAVAL STORES INDUSTRY. Chemurgic Digest 4(13): 217, 219-223, illus. Rysera, M. E. 1950. BETTER TOOLS FOR GUM PRODUCTION. Na- val Stores Rev. 60(22): 14-16, illus. SHINGLER, G. P. 1951. STATUS OF THE NAVAL STORES INDUSTRY. Naval Stores Rev. 61(8): 14, 15, 22, 23. Squires, JoHN W. 1947. PRESCRIBED BURNING IN FLORIDA. Jour. Forestry 45: 815-819. UniTepD STATES BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. 1946. FLORIDA: STATISTICS BY COUNTIES. U. S. Census of Agr. 1945, Vol. 1, pt. 18, 162 pp. 1949. CENSUS OF MANUFACTURERS, 1947, FLORIDA. U. S. Dept. Com. Series MC109, 8 pp., illus. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, 1924. STATISTICAL ABSTRACT OF THE STATES, 1923. 878 pp. Unitep STATES ForEsT SERVICE. 1929. VOLUME, YIELD, AND STAND TABLES FOR SECOND GROWTH SOUTHERN PINES. U, S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Pub. 50, 202 pp., illus. WAHLENBERG, W. G. 1946. LONGLEAF PINE. Charles Lathrop Pack For- estry Foundation, Washington, D. C. 429 pp., illus. UNITED 51 ee Appendix DY Survey Methods The forest survey of Florida used aerial photo- graphs as a basis for preliminary estimates of forest area and stand-class area. A stratified sample of forest plots was located on the photographs and was then carefully cruised on the ground. The county was the basic work unit. Detailed statistics by survey units and counties have been issued in five publica- tions. (13; 14,-15;16;-17); Area Estimates Acreages of forest and other land were estimated with the use of a dot grid placed on every third contact print along each flight line in each county. (In parts of South Florida suitable photography was not available so the dot grid was used on Soil Con- servation Service maps made up from small-scale aerial photographs. In Taylor County lack of both photographs and Soil Conservation Service maps necessitated the use of a Florida Forest Service type map.) The proportion of dots falling on forest land when applied to the gross area of the county, as reported in 1940 by the Bureau of the Census, yielded a preliminary estimate of the acreage of forest and other land-use classes in each county. This estimate was revised after field checks were made of a sample of both forest and nonforest ground plots. All together approximately 148,000 of these dots were classified. Every third dot classified as forest in the preceding step, about 27,500, was further classified into forest type, stand class, and density class by careful stereo- scopic analysis of a one-acre plot surrounding the dot on the photograph. The proportion of plots falling in each classification when applied to the forest area of the county gave the total area in each classification. These totals were revised after a sample of plots was checked for proper classification on the ground. In estimating the areas of various categories of land, there were two possible sources of error: (1) errors in classifying the dots and plots or in compiling Se | the data, and (2) sampling errors. In this survey every effort. was made to maintain a high order of - accuracy in the collection and compilation. Frequent checks were made and a continuous program of training was carried out. The sampling intensity was sufficient to provide an estimate of the forest acreage of the State with a standard error of = 0.4 percent. This indicates the probabilities are two out of three that the actual forest area is within = 0.4 percent of the value given, exclusive of measure- ment and computing errors. Volume Estimates = Timber cruisers made a detailed on-the-ground tally of photo plots in each stand-size class to obtain volume, growth, cull, and mortality data and to check the accuracy of the photo classification. The number of plots tallied varied according. to the stand-size classe; i.e., every 3d large saw-timber photo plot, every 4th small saw-timber, every 6th— pole-timber, every 13th seedling and sapling plot, and every 26th poorly stocked or nonstocked plot was taken. The total amounted to 3,542 one-fourth acre plots, although these were classified by forest type and stand-size class on a one-acre basis. An addi- tional sample of 916 plots, classified as agricultural on the photographs or maps, was taken to provide a check on land-use changes since the date of photo- graphy. In estimating timber volumes, the sources of error include (1) errors in classifying field plots and in compiling the data, (2) sampling errors, (3) in- accurate measurements of tree diameter, height, form, and cull, and (4) errors resulting from im- proper construction or use of tree volume tables. As in the case of area determinations, every effort was made to obtain accurate classifications, measure- ments, and final statistics through frequent checks and training. The volume tables used also were checked and found to give reasonably accurate results. The standard error of estimate of the board- 52 Forest Resource Report No. 6, U. S. Department of Agriculture’ foot volume of saw timber in the State is -£1.7 percent; a corresponding error for the total volume in cords was not computed, but it should be smaller. Growth Estimates Net growth was computed only on live saw-timber and pole-timber trees. Cull trees and hardwood limbs were not included in growth calculations. Measurements for growth calculations were obtained from increment borings taken from me- chanically selected trees on the sample plots measured for volume estimates. A total of 5,242 sample trees 3.0 inches and larger in diameter were bored. In general, computational procedures consisted of add- ing the volume of small trees that grew to mer- chantable size or grew into a higher diameter-class group during the preceding 10-year period to the growth of the trees that remained in a particular diameter class. Sample tree diameters were increased by using the measured diameter growth of trees of the same diameter class. For instance, the average diameter growth of 8-inch trees was based on the growth of trees that were 8 inches in diameter at the start of ‘the growth period, not on the last 10 years’ growth of an 8-inch tree. Also, an allowance was made for bark growth during this period. The projected vol- ume of the sample tree was then expressed as an annual percentage increase through the use of com- pound interest tables, and these percentages were applied directly to the growing-stock Mortality was obtained by special studies on the ground plots, and the total annual loss was deducted from total growth. volume. _ Growth of turpentined trees was determined by a special field study involving ring counts and radial growth measurements on stump and_ stem cross- sections of worked-out trees cut on logging and pulp- wood operations. Drain Estimates Following the completion of the forest inventory of Florida in 1949, the Southeastern Forest Experi- ment Station and the Florida Forest Service co- operated in a field survey to determine the volume of raw forest products used in Florida or shipped to out-of-State users in 1948. A complete canvass of sawmills and primary nonlumber plants in Florida and adjoining areas was made to obtain 1948 pro- duction of logs, bolts, and stumps. Contacts with The Timber Supply Situation in Florida treating plants, railroads, large utilities, and exporters were made for data on hewn cross ties, poles, and piling. The 1948 production of fuel wood, fence posts, and farm timbers was estimated through an area sample. Small areas totaling approximately one per- cent of the area of the State were selected mechan- ically from the Master Sample of Agriculture, a sampling system used by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics in agricultural sampling work. A complete canvass of each area was made to determine the amount of the items produced during 1948. The data were then expanded to give county and State totals (4). Additional information was needed to convert the 1948 production data to commodity drain. To obtain this, a separate study was made on a random selection of the woods operations for each of the 10 leading products. The study was made on active operations in order to determine: (1) the extent of over- utilization or waste, compared to Forest Survey standards, in trees cut for the various products; (2) the species, tree sizes, log diameters, and quality of material used; (3) the species, size, and quality of trees ruined in cutting and logging operations; and (4) other information, such as bark thicknesses and length of bolts, for use in converting the in- formation to the different units of measure. Reliability of the Data.—Four general sources of error could affect the accuracy of the data used in the production and commodity drain estimates. These are reporting errors, canvassing errors, errors in compiling data, and sampling errors. Most producers of fuel wood, fence posts, and farm timbers, as well as some small sawmills and other manufacturers, furnished estimates of produc- tion rather than actual bookkeeping records. In- dividual errors caused by this are not likely to be large and may tend to be compensating; but it is not possible to measure them. Enumerating work was done by men familiar with the locality who had been especially trained to do accurate canvassing work. All records and computations were carefully checked to eliminate possible error. Sampling errors (standard errors of estimates) are the only errors that can be evaluated. They are measures of the reliability of the estimates based on the size of the sample and individual variations within it. 53 The sampling error for the total cubic-foot com- modity drain estimate was +£1.8 percent, as shown by the following tabulation: Error of cubic- foot estimates Product: (percent) Sa wilog siecle eae ck mic tee eee ea 25 Bulpwood=t2s ee ie ne ee ae 2D NEES oot at telat fe tel eg Sg eon 5.3 Polesrand: piling =2] Seis eas awe ee 6.3 FLEW CrOSS?: Gessner = aU cen ree eae 16.4 re WOO Casati eae 6.1 (OYA NCS ieee eee eae Se mal a pee 4.4 Alle productss2= See ese ea 1.8 This indicates the chances are two out of three that the actual commodity drain was within 1.8 per- cent of the estimated. Sampling errors shown apply only to State totals. As the totals are broken down by counties and species groups, their reliability diminishes. The sampling error was computed only for cubic- foot commodity drain. However, the reliability would be slightly higher for board-foot commodity drain and approximately the same for standard-cord com- modity drain. The sampling error in the production estimate would be very low, since a complete canvass was made except in the case of fuel wood, fence posts, and farm timbers. Computation of the production estimate was mainly a matter of combining indi- vidual reports to obtain county and State totals. Public Land Ownership Information on the forest area and timber volume in Federal, State, county, and municipal ownership was obtained in the following manner. The area under Federal jurisdiction was obtained from super- vising agencies. Various Florida State agencies pro- vided the figures for forests, parks, and other State- owned lands. County and municipal ownerships were obtained at county courthouses and city halls. In general the boundaries of these tracts were outlined on the aerial photographs or Soil Conservation Service maps, and dot counts were made to determine the acreage of forest and nonforest land. Forest plots were classified by forest type and stand class in each publicly owned area, thus giving the area by these classifications. Average volumes per acre by type and stand-size class, derived from survey unit summaries, were then applied to obtain volumes. Definitions of Terms Used Land-Use Classes Forest land area—Includes (a) lands which are at least 5 percent stocked with trees of any size and capable of producing saw timber or other wood products, and (b) lands from which the trees de- scribed in (a) have been removed to less than 5- percent stocking but which have not been developed for other use, subdivided into the following classes: 1. Commercial—Forest land which is (a) pro- ducing, or physically capable of producing, usable crops of wood (usually saw timber), (b) economically available now or in the future, and (c) not withdrawn from timber utilization. with- drawn from timber utilization through statute, 2. Noncommercial—Forest land (a) ordinance, or administrative order, but which otherwise qualifies as commercial forest land and (b) incapable of yielding wood products (usually saw timber) because of adverse site conditions, or so physically inaccessible as to be unavailable economically in the foreseeable future. Nonforest land—Land that does not qualify as forest land, subdivided as follows: 1. Active agriculture—Land under cultivation or in pasture, including farmyards and work lots. 2. Idle agriculture—Land previously cultivated or pastured but now idle or abandoned and having less than a 5-percent stocking of trees. Oo . Marsh—Low, wet areas characterized by a heavy growth of grass and reeds and -an absence of timber. 4. Sand dunes and beaches—Nonforested sand dunes and coastal beaches. 5. Urban and residential and industrial suburban areas, schoolyards, cemeteries, roads, railroads, power lines, and other rights-of-way. other areas—Includes towns, 6. Water—Includes lakes, bays, and _ estuaries over 40 acres in size and streams, canals, and sloughs at least one-eighth of a mile in width which are classed as “inland water” by the Bureau of the Census. Smaller lakes and ponds between | acre and 40 acres in size, 54 Forest Resource Report No. 6, U. S. Department of Agriculture and waterways between 120 feet and 660 feet in width, which are classed as land area by the Bureau of the Census, are also included as water areas. Forest Types? Pine types—Stands in which softwood species comprise at least 25 percent of the dominant and codominant trees with the named pine species pre- dominating. Scattered stands of shortleaf pine and spruce pine are included with the loblolly pine type. Cypress—Stands in which softwood species com- prise at least 25 percent of the dominant and co- dominant trees with cypress or white cedar predomi- nating. Lowland hardwoods—Stands in which mixed hard- woods such as water tupelo, blackgum, sweetgum, white oak, water oak, red maple, and ash comprise at least 75 percent of the dominant and codominant trees. Found along rivers, small streams, and in swamps and bays. Upland hardwoods—Stands in which mixed hard- woods such as red oak, white oak, post oak, hickory, ash, sweetgum, elm, and yellow-poplar comprise at least 75 percent of the dominant and codominant trees. Found on the drier upland sites and on low rolling hills bordering the flatwood zone. Scrub oak—Stands in which scrub species such as blackjack, bluejack, turkey and laurel oaks pre- dominate and in which sound commercial species comprise less than 5 percent of satisfactory stocking. Palms—Stands in which there is at least a 5- percent stocking of merchantable palm trees and less than 5-percent stocking of other sound commercial species. Stand-size Glasses Saw timber—Stands with saw-timber trees having a minimum net volume of 1,500 board feet net, International %-inch log rule, per acre in sound, live, softwood trees 9.0 inches d.b.h. or larger, or hardwood trees 11.0 inches d.b.h. or larger. Two classes of young saw-timber stands are recognized: 1. Large saw timber—Saw-timber stands having more than 50 percent of the net board-foot volume in softwood trees 15.0 inches d.b.h. or larger, or hardwood trees 17.0 inches d.b.h. or larger. 9Refers to types discussed in text but not to types listed in table 18. The Timber Supply Situation in Florida 2. Small saw timber—Saw-timber stands having 50 percent or more of the net board-foot volume in softwood trees less than 15.0 inches d.b.h., or hardwood trees less than 17.0 inches d:byh: Pole timber—Stands failing to meet the saw- timber stand specification, but at least 10 percent stocked with pole-timber and larger trees (5 inches d.b.h. and larger) and with at least half the stocking in pole-timber trees. Seedling and sapling—Stands not qualifying as either saw-timber or pole-timber stands, but having at least 10 percent stocking of trees of commercial species and with at least half the minimum stocking in seedlings and saplings. Eight hundred seedlings or saplings per acre are considered full stocking. Nonstocked and other areas not elsewhere classi- fied—Areas not qualifying as saw-timber, pole-tim- ber, or seedling and sapling stands. Diameters D. b.h. (diameter at breast height) —Stem diameter in inches, outside bark, measured at 4% feet above the ground. Diameter class—All trees were tallied by 2-inch diameter classes, each class including diameters 1.0 inch below and 0.9 inch above the stated midpoint, e.g., trees 7.0 to and including 8.9 inches are in the 8-inch class. Tree Classification Growing stock—Net volume in cubic feet of live saw-tiumber trees and live pole-timber trees from stump to a minimum 4.0-inch top (of central stem) inside bark. Saw-timber trees—Net volume in board feet, International 14-inch rule, of softwood trees at least 9.0 inches d.b.h. and hardwood trees at least 11.0 inches d.b.h., with not less than one merchantable log 12 feet long, or with not less than 50 percent of the gross volume of the tree in sound timber. Pole-timber trees—-Straight-boled trees between 5.0 inches d.b.h. and saw-timber sizes. Sound cull trees—Live trees of saw-timber or pole-timber size which meet required specifications of freedom from rot but will not make at least one merchantable sawlog, now or prospectively, according to regional specifications because of roughness, poor form, or species. Volumes shown in the text for sound 55 cull trees also include the limbs, in sections 4 feet long and at least 4.0 inches in diameter inside bark, of sound saw-timber-size hardwoods. Scrub oak and noncommercial species such as ironwood, blue beech, sassafras, etc., are included in this group. Rotten cull trees—Live trees of pole-timber and saw-timber sizes that fail to meet regional specifica- tions of the proportion of sound volume to total volume. Palms—All species of Sabal 5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger with at least 12 feet of clear stem. All palm trees were considered to be free of rotten defect. Species Groups Softwoods—All of the pines, eastern redcedar, Atlantic white-cedar, pond cypress, and baldcypress. _ Soft-textured hardwoods—Black and water tupe- los, sweetgum, soft maple, magnolia, and sweetbay. The other soft-textured hardwoods include cotton- wood, willow, basswood, and yellow-poplar. Hard-textured hardwoods—All of the oaks, hick- ories, ash, river birch, elm, hackberry, and sycamore. Volume Estimates Board-foot volume—The volume in board feet, measured by the International %-inch rule, exclusive of defect, of that portion of saw-timber trees of softwoods 9.0 inches d.b.h. and larger and hardwood trees 11.0 inches d.b.h. and larger, between. the stump and the upper limit of merchantability for sawlogs. Volume in cords—The volume in standard cords (including bark) of the sound portion of trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger, between stump and a minimum top-stem diameter of 4.0 inches inside bark, and the volume in hardwood limbs, in sections 4 feet long and at least 4.0 inches in diameter inside bark. Volume in cubic feet—Same as volume shown in cords except bark is not included. International %-inch log rule—A rule for esti- mating the board-foot volume of 4-foot log sections, according to the formula V = 0.905 (0.22D? — 0.71D). The taper allowance for computing the volume in log lengths greater than 4 feet is 0.5 inch per 4-foot section. Allowance for saw kerf is ¥%/, inch. Standard cord—A stacked pile, 4 x 4 x 8 feet, of unpeeled round or split bolts, estimated to contain, on the average in Florida, 72 cubic feet of softwoods (wood only) or 71 cubic feet of hardwoods (wood only). Gum Naval Stores Conditions Round timber—A minimum of 15 longleaf and slash pine trees 9.0 inches d.b.h. or larger per acre that have never been worked for naval stores. W orking—Longleaf and slash pine trees that are now being worked for naval stores. 1. Front-faced—Turpentine tree species on which the front or first face is now being worked. 2. Back-faced—Turpentine tree species. on which the front face has been worked out and on which a back (second or third, etc.) face is being worked. Resting—Longleaf and slash pine trees with a worked-out front face at least 5 feet high and on which back-facing has not been started. Abandoned—Longleaf and slash pine trees on which faces less than 5 feet high were discontinued. Worked-out—Longleaf and slash pine trees on which two or more faces at least 5 feet high have been worked out and with no possibility of supporting another face. Stocking Stocking is the extent to which growing space is effectively utilized by present or potential growing- stock trees of commercial species. The number of stems present by d.b.h. classes was used as a basis for stocking classification. Areas having the minimum numbers of trees listed below, either in a single diameter class or in combinations, were considered fully stocked. Minimum number trees per acre D.b.h. (inches) : DoE MONS Wey PROTO EAC iy ANS ee re 800 4 es BS ee SS a a 600 Gi ee ae ee ed RS er 450 Git Ba ew) Se ee Ee a Se ey eee 300 QS eas EP EAE Ren a ee ee 200 [PD Pt Re GEE aa II SE) A = SI 150 DA a A ES aT Rn AES ce 110 Growth and Drain Net annual growth of saw timber—The change in net board-foot volume during the calendar year in the live saw timber on commercial forest land re- sulting from natural causes exclusive of catastrophic 56 Forest Resource Report No. 6, U. S. Department of Agriculture losses. Includes the gains accruing from the growth of small trees into saw-timber sizes during the year. Net annual growth of growing stock—The change in cubic-foot volume during the calendar year in the stem volume of all live trees 5.0 inches and larger resulting from natural causes, excluding catastrophic losses. Includes the gains accruing from the growth of saplings into pole sizes during the year. Annual mortality of saw timber—The net volume -removed from live saw timber during the calendar year through death from natural causes. Catastrophic losses are not included. Annual mortality of growing stock—The net vol- ume removed from the growing stock during the calendar year through death from natural causes. Catastrophic losses are not included. Commodity drain on saw timber—The net board- foot volume of live saw-timber trees removed from commercial forest land during the calendar year as timber products and logging waste. Commodity drain on growing stock—The net cubic-foot volume of growing-stock trees removed from commercial forest land during the calendar year as timber products and logging waste. Common and Botanical Names of Principal Tree Species | Lumber or trade name Recognized common name Eastern redcedar _____ SOFTWOODS Botanical name Bednar ced se ee @Medariene dyes ek Cedar whites: =: 2-2 es eee Southern redcedar ______ Atlantic white-cedar ____ Juniperus virginiana. J. silicicola. Chamaecyparis thyoides. Taxodium distichum. Cypress — Palin seer Se ae Ne Palmettor esa & oat pees ---- Reaanpein anny eas] PONG CY PLOSS ses ua T. ascendens. Sabal sps. Loblolly pine ~~----____ Pinus taeda. neers a as See are ae Re 2 IG) 9 eesti epee Shortleaf pine —2=-=— 7 Slashi pine: <2s 220s sees Ss Spruce: pine $222 S223. ssi Recognized common name Longleaf pine 22-2 ee P palustris: Pond:piney 22S a ee Ps rigida var. serotina: | Pine, southern yellow _-_________ SANs pine sac Sees ee ene P. clausa. P. echinata. es Va tea guerre P. elliottit (syn. “P. caribaea’ U.S. authors) sale erick IETS P. glabra. HARDWOODS Botanical name Basswood ~~-_---__-=—_ American beech ___----_~ River. birch 222 === Sweet birch: =—2-_ = BB UCK eyesore ete es Se Buckéye. S25 sos HButternu tes =o ee Butternut $232 ses 552 = RG herny 7a ie ae ee eS Black-cherry; 22232222255 Fraxinus sps. Tilia sps. Fagus grandifolia. Betula nigra. B. lenta. Aesculus sps. Juglans cinerea. Prunus serotina. Populus sps. Cornus florida. Ulmus sps. Nyssa sylvatica. Liquidambar styraciflua. Celtis occidentalis. Carya sps. Ilex opaca. Gleditsia triacanthos. Silver maple | Cottonwood _~---------_---___ Cottonwood ~___-__-__- i DWoswoodgsee a ta Mrs oe Cee Flowering dogwood ~____ Plime SO heat ara a Bilimily. 2o So Saitek neice Sie BG unis blackee oe serosa ee Black tupelo (blackgum) BiG rit sahe Clee rees oes eat ole Sweetoum ss seine ik lac berry sae a ee eS SS Hackberry 32 se 2 Sask Prlickoryasemoonnna tS E 2 eS Mickory si 202s sane ceo Elo ype ease Os SSeS American holly ~~----__ Biloneylocuste see se Hloneylocus tease er sees mee oo EE ee | Hornbeam CHER ear tapi Se VES NT American hornbeam __~_ Plronwoodweee 22 eee Eastern hophornbeam ___ Black locustza2 so isa } Southern magnolia —~____ anoweetbayr seen Be oe Boxelderig = See ee Redsmapless=2 Carpinus caroliniana. Ostrya virginiana. Robinia pseudoacacia. Magnolia grandiflora. M. virginiana. Acer negundo. A, rubrum. A. saccharinum. SSE AEE i cel et Red mulberry _-~-~-_-__ Morus rubra. 57 Lumber or trade name HARDWOODS—Continued Recognized common name Botanical name Quercus velutina. . marilandica. . cinerea. . falcata var. leucophylla. . laurtfolia. . palustris. . coccinea. . sShumardiu . falcata. . falcata var. pagodaefolia. . catesbaei. . nigra. . phellos. . montana. . virginiana. . lyrata. . stellata. . prinus. . alba. Diospyros virginiana. Cercis canadensis. Sassafras albidum. Oxydendrum arboreum. Platanus occidentalis. Nyssa aquatica. Juglans nigra. Blackioak 22 ste see Blackjack oaki sss ses are aie Q Blucjacksoakw == ese Sees Q Gherrybark;oak===—==s2 = alee Q Teaurelis Oa ke en ee ee eee Q Pintoak Sosa a See ea ee Q @aksered ea 2 ee Scarletioak (Sees es eee eee Q Shumard* oak === 3 Sess Q SouthemPmredtoak= Sees ie eee Q Swamp:red=oak=23=55=— = eee Q Rurkey2oak- =e Raia eee Q Wiatersoak: +327 Ese =e ee Q Willowsoak: == 22 — Ss ht Seen Q Chestnutsoaks ast s es Seis ee ree) TIVE s © ae ee eet vas Dien eae Q : Overcup; Oaks ses be a a a oe Q Oakiawhite == = eee Post ee een ate eee Te eS O Swamp: chestnutzoak= 22s) === sees Q Win t 0 zal cee een BE Sere Q Persimmon 22a = = ee Common-=persimmons 228 Ses eee IRV bot ge eee Soe a Bastern=red bud 222s se en See DASSAlT AS warren eer aeie ete ale eo Sassafras _-___-____ Fae ene eee ae SOurwoodtve sss a ee Sourwood Se estan an Sr ee Ae RW = Sycamores sss ee ees American sycamores = =n =e Mupeloe sine stes2s = eee ae a Weaterstupel oss ee ees Wali t es ee ee ee ae Black walnut rao ate Soe irae Se rae es Willow pcos Se See See Beales Willow. es Salix sps. Yellow-poplar Forest Survey Standard Tables As each State throughout the Nation is reported upon by the Forest Survey following initial or re- surveys, a standard set of tables presenting informa- tion on forest area, ownership, timber volume, growth TasBLe 10.—Land area by major classes of land, Florida, 1949 Class of land Land area Forest: Thousand acres Commiercia) 222 a eee 21,451 Noncommercial: Reserved from commercial timber use - - - 46 Unproductive for timber use__--_-_-___- 1,550 Lotalive: 22s S58 Se ee 23,047 Nonforestitet2 = Soe ee ee eee 11,681 Total; alliclassess= S222 55 Soe ee eee 34,728 ' Includes 249 thousand acres of water according to Survey standards of area classification, but defined by the Bureau of Census as land. Liriodendron tulipifera. and drain will be presented. With such tables, forest statistics for any region or group of States can easily — be compiled. Standard tables prepared for the State i of Florida, based on the 1949 survey, appear on the © following pages. TaBLe 11.—Commercial forest land area by ownership and stand-size class, Florida, 1949 Saw- Pole- | Seedling! Nonstocked Ownership class Total | timber | timber gue and other stands | stands | Sapling areas! stands Federally owned Thousand| Thousand) Thousand| Thousand| Thousand ; or managed: acres acres acres acres acres P| National forest___}| 1,025 212 327 213 273 Indian==2o-se==2- 36 (?) (?) 1 35 Other === = 920 141 110 56 - 613 otal sseseseeee 1,981 353 437 270 921 States at =e eee 223 35 16 7 165 County and municipal 56 6 4 2 44 Privates=oos = a oeee ee 19,191 2,839 3,073 2,017 11,2629 Total, all ownerships-_-_-_|21,451 3,233 3,530 2,296 12,3927 ' Includes areas not elsewhere classified. * Less than 500 acres. Forest Resource Report No. 6, U. S. Department of Agriculture TasLe 12.—Area of commercial forest land, by major forest types, Florida, 1949 Forest type! Thousand acres Wongleaf-slash piness2225 soe eas eee 12,993 Loblolly-shortleafspines- 2222 i223 see eee 1,144 Oak=hickory tases cn ea Seen ow ee ane oe 22,481 Oak=pines! see Sete eee lee See 654 @Oak-oum=-cypress= 22st ee eee eens 4,179 otal aes ss se a ek SAO 21,451 1 Forest-type acreages in this table were computed on a cubic-volume basis except for seedling and sapling stands, where number of stems was the criterion. Specifications required 50 percent of the cubic volume of num- ber of stems of the indicated species except for the hardwood-pine type which required 25 percent pine. 3 Includes upland hardwoods and scrub oak types shown elsewhere in this report. TaBie 13.—WNet volume of live saw timber and growing stock on commercial forest land, by stand-size class, Florida, 1949 Stand-size class Saw timber Growing stock Million bd. ft. Million cu. ft. Saw-timber stands_____.________--_-_- 13,517 3,933 Pole-timber stands.___-__.--_-_-_---_- 2,975 1,914 Seedling and sapling stands____________ 1,055 442 Nonstocked and other areas not else- wherei classified 22 Sana Se eee 3,047 1,068 eV otal eee a ied ae 20,594 7,357 Tasie 14.—WNet volume of live saw timber and growing stock on commercial forest land, by ownership class, Florida, 1949 Ownership class Saw timber | Growing stock Million bd. ft. Million cu. ft. Federally owned or managed: INational*forests 282 ah es ier eS 1,331 520 Gaye PER eae eh ak ce es eee ae 12 6 Others sen ese RE Ee 948 346 GL Oba ee eee ee ene 2,291 872 SS Ea Oe epee lee Se epee Sale 201 71 County and municipal________________ 39 15 Private sce ewes Ss eee eee 18,063 6,399 Total, all ownerships____________ 20,594 Ese hy) The Timber Supply Situation in Florida TaBLe 15.—WNet volume of live saw timber and growing stock on commercial forest land, by species, Florida, 1949 Species Saw timber | Growing stock Million bd. ft. Million cu. ft. Softwoods: Longleaf and slash pines__.._-----_-_ 10,768 3,631 Shortleaf and loblolly pines__-----_- 1,302 324 Other southern yellow pines_-_--_-_-_ 621 196 Cypressa se Sei ees PE 3,095 1,199 Other eastern softwoods__________- 91 24 PIO tal se dean nee a Sa ie 15,877 5,374 Hardwoods: Wihite oaksis i 22422 see 319 98 Red-oaks22 asso 252 3 ee ES 768 295 Soft:maples2:= See sees lees seek 190 121 sweetgums = 2282s ee 629 237 Tupelo and blackgum________-___- 1,578 654 DNC) « este DD Seg A TE OAD ag 208 117 HMickoryssouo sie eats Sa ee 157 57 IBASSWOOG2 so ese eS eas 25 10 Mellow=poplarsss=- 222s eos 22 Se 40 19 Other eastern hardwoods-_-_-_-__-_-_- 803 375 Mo tales Sea ares oak a es 4,717 1,983 Totalxallvspectes sis ssa e es SAN wees 20,594 PEELE TasBLe 16.—Net volume of live saw timber on commercial forest land by diameter-class group and selected species, Florida, 1949 Diameter-class group Species 9.0 to 12.9 13.0 to 18.9 19.0 inches inches inches and d.b.h.! d.b.h. larger d.b.h. Million Million Million bd. ft. bd. ft. bd. ft. Longleaf and slash pines 7,592 2,905 271 Shortleaf and loblolly Pinesisl eas ae es 449 696 157 White and chestnut oaks 44 105 170 Tupelo and blackgum _-_ 424 834 320 Sweetgum 222: So2ce SEs 143 370 116 Yellow-poplar_-_------- 12 283 |2o eee ae es 1 10-inch diameter class not included for eastern hardwoods. 59 TaBie 17.—Net volume of all timber on commercial forest land, by class of material and species group, Florida, 1949 Class of material Total Softwoods | Hardwoods Growing stock: Million Million Million Saw-timber trees: cu. ft. cu. ft. cu. ft. Sawlog portion_--_-_- 3,502 2,687 815 Upperistenis-=—-=— = 771 592 179 Lotalo ose esas woe ee 4,273 35279 994 Pole-timber trees___-_-_- 3,084 2,095 989 Total growing stock---- 15397 5,374 1,983 Other material: Sound cull trees: Saw-timber size_____- 1,086 96 . 990 Pole-timber size-_---_- 1,431 86 1,345 ‘Total-t e222 SS ke 2,517 182 2,335 Rotten cull trees _--_-_--_- 1,167 168 999 Hardwood limbs_--_------ 281) S-e Reese 281 Total, other material__- 13,965 350 3,615 ‘Total;all'classes === 2 esse 11,322 5,724 5,598 1 Includes 1,009 million cu. ft. of palms. TasiLe 18.—WNet annual growth, annual mortality and com- modity drain of live saw timber and growing stock on commercial forest land, Florida, 1949 Saw timber Growing stock Item Soft- | Hard- Soft- | Hard- Total woods | woods Total woods | woods Million | Million | Million | Million | Million | Million bd. ft. bd. ft. | bd. ft. cu.ft. | cu.ft. | cu.ft. Net annual growth___} 1,125 935 190 370 291 79 Annual mortality ---_ 105 78 27 36 27 9 Commodity drain-___- 937 824 113 232 206 26 60 Forest Resource Report No. 6, U. S. Department of Agricultu z TaBLe 19.—Total output of Sinks products from all timber, Florida, 1948 A ; M cubi Timber product Standard unit Number |. iudin = fects Sawlogs (for lumber and Sawnities) === see Mebdstt wate 546,900 88,820 Veneer, bolts22=2422 2522 |2== do2 = 2s 86,200 13,590 Cooperage bolts_-__----]--- doles 10,500 1,640 Pulpwood bolts__------- Standard cords? 1,221,200 96,960 Fuel wood2= <=—==-- 24 |=— doz sae 351,700 28,400 Chemical-wood=- === =|=—2 donee ee ss 608,700 39,560 Piling -sb se ee Tinear feet 2— === 1,048,500 740 Poles = See (Pieces==-> == 373,200 5,330 Post (round and split)--_|_-- do2 aS 1,710,400 1,120 Hewn' ties 2222 se doze == 1,402,100 8,340 Miscelianeous-__-__--_--- Mi civitvasse = 1,520 1,520 Total;all-tintbers= | 2222 s— ee | eee eee 1 Board feet, International 14-inch rule. ? Standard cords—rough wood (unpeeled). A pile of stacked wood 4 feet by 4 feet by 8 feet within its outside surface. i MAJOR FOREST TYPES — FLORIDA 1950 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRIGULTURE - FOREST SERVICE SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION - |. T. HAIG, DIRECTOR LEGEND LONGLEAF - SLASH PINE OAK - HICKORY LOBLOLLY PINE OAK - GUM-CYPRESS SAND PINE UNPRODUCTIVE FOREST OAK - PINE [|_| Prarmie om wars SCALE IN MILES \ OenreQ——_10 203040