TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES DOROTHY E. BLISS AND DOROTHY M. SKINNER THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NEW YORK: 1963 alt cb oan “i wire oa jy & : RATES TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEB Ul ¢ ELO2ToOo TOEO g APU 1OHM/TEaw NNT TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES DOROTHY E. BLISS Associate Curator Department of Living Invertebrates The American Museum of Natural History and Research Assistant Professor Department of Anatomy The Albert Einstein College of Medicine DOROTHY M. SKINNER Assistant Professor Department of Physiology and Biophysics New York University School of Medicine THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NEW YORK: 1963 a ~ x ae ~ VAAL ry \ a qh Jy os > eo >» if PREFACE May we introduce this work with an explan- ation of its general organization and its contents? In Section 1, Introduction, we have traced the historical development of the study of invertebrate tissue respiration from its be- ginnings late in the nineteenth century up to the present time. In doing so, we have placed par- ticular emphasis on the influence exerted by new apparatus and techniques. We have pre- sented graphically the distribution of studies among various phyla and classes of inverte- brate animals. From this initial survey it should be apparent to the reader how rapidly the field of invertebrate tissue respiration is developing and how broad and active it remains today. While scanning the literature, we found a wealth of usable data. Section 2, the principal portion of this volume, contains these data, ar- ranged to indicate the variation in respiratory rate with animal and type of tissue, with amount of tissue, with concentration and type of sub- strate, with sex of the animal, with season of the year in which the assay was made, and with many other factors. Owing to such an abundance of material, we found it necessary to limit our coverage as re- gards specific enzymes and enzyme systems. Thus, while Section 2 includes many examples of endogenous respiration, for the most part it omits reference to enzymes other than those of the citric acid cycle and the electron trans- port system. Furthermore, whereas data from an original paper containing few entries usu- ally appear in their entirety, those from a more extensive study have been selected (1) to afford representative sampling and (2) to illus- trate principles and hypotheses. Footnote su- perscript ‘‘t’’ appears after any bibliographi- cal reference in Section 2 if there are more data in an original paper than appear in Sec- tion 2. Although the data contained in Section 2 refer to tissues derived from invertebrates of many species, the section includes no information regarding the respiration of protozoans, nor does it deal with respiratory rates of sperms and of fertilized or unfertilized eggs. Many types of tissue preparations are men- tioned in Section 2. These include whole organs, slices, teased tissues, minces, cell suspensions, homogenates, and fractions (nuclear fraction, mitochondria, microsomes, or soluble fraction). The arrangement of data in Section 2 is phy- logenetic, according to the classification ad- vocated by Hyman (1940-1959, vol. 1). Since phylum and class are the categories most fre- quently selected for mention by biochemists and experimental biologists, we have not in- cluded references to other higher categories. The valid scientific name of each animal and at least one of its common names appear in this section. In a Systematic Index (see Section 9) a scientific name, if no longer valid, can be traced to the presently correct one. In order to tabulate the data on invertebrate tissue respiration, we found it necessary to convert figures on oxygen uptake from the units employed by a given investigator into one of several selected expressions of metabolic rate. Thus in Section 2, data appear as the mean number of microliters of oxygen per hour per milligram of nitrogen, protein, wet weight, or dry weight, or alternatively as *‘enzymatic activity,’’ with footnotes indicating the units in which enzymatic activity is given. The complete list of footnotes, which are arranged in an ar- bitrary, not sequential, order, is repeated on each page of Section 2, although a reference to every footnote may not appear on every page within the body of the table. Wherever we have converted our units, we have indicated this fact by the footnote super- script ‘‘a’’ after the data. When possible, we have changed all expressions for concentration of reactants into molarity and have noted this vi TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES also by the superscript ‘‘a.’’ We have omitted all reference to standard deviation and stand- ard error. Within the table comprising Section 2 is a column bearing the title ‘‘ Remarks.’’ It con- tains miscellaneous information about the salt solutions and inhibitors used, the methods employed for determining nitrogen content, the composition of various gas phases, and so on. In this column we have noted, for example, that during an assay cytochrome c was present in the complete system, that P/O ratios ap- pear in an original paper, or that specimens used in a particular study were collected dur- ing winter and spring. In other words, items that we consider vital for proper evaluation of the data appear in this column. There are many unfilled spaces in Section 2. The reader should clearly understand their significance. The scientific name and common name of an animal appear only once for each work. Such usage is also true for temperature, providing there is no change in this factor during a given study, and also for apparatus, when only one type is used throughout the study. The author or authors and the date of publica- tion are given once for each work. Thus, an unfilled space in the first, second, third, and last columns signifies that the same animal was used by the same author at the same temperature and with the same apparatus as previously noted. Quite a different meaning should be read into an unfilled space in columns 4 through 15. In these columns such a blank space usually indicates that no information regarding the point in question appears in the original paper. In a few instances, however, an un- filled space in columns 4 through 15 relates to data or descriptive material which, in our opinion, is either unsuitable for inclusion or of questionable interpretation. In Section 3 we have analyzed the data on invertebrate tissue respiration, giving em- phasis to principles and relationships that the data illustrate. We have noted particularly the effects of metabolic inhibitors and the influ- ence of sex, age, composition of the suspending medium, surgery, injury, and stage in the molt cycle or life cycle on tissue respiration in various invertebrates. In some instances we have based our analysis in part upon in- formation contained within an original paper but not included in Section 2. A discussion (Section 4) follows the analysis of data. It is concerned not only with the mate- rial presented in tabular form in Section 2 and analyzed in the subsequent section but also with broad principles and hypotheses suggested in the various original papers. This discussion seeks to examine selected data in terms of the light that they may shed upon these principles and hypotheses. A list of abbreviations and symbols used in Section 2 appears in Section 5. Wherever pos- sible, abbreviations are identical with those given in Webster’s New International Dictionary, second edition, unabridged, 1958. Section 6 consists of the Glossary, which is intended to give in a cursory way some under- standing of the many technical terms used in this work. For the most part, this glossary does not include terms that appear in Webster’s New International Dictionary, second edition, un- abridged, 1958. In Section 7 (Guide to Literature), we have made suggestions for supplementary reading on tissue metabolism and other pertinent fields. Here we have listed books and articles that deal with such topics as cell structure, electron microscopy, intermediary metabolism, and man- ometric methods, to name a few. Popular, semi- popular, and semi-technical references bear an asterisk. The complete citation for each book and article appears in the Bibliography (Section 8). Section 9 consists of three indexes. In the first, designated the Systematic Index, there is a page reference for every mention of a given animal in this volume. Insofar as we are aware, the generic and specific names appearing in this work are valid. Occasionally an author has used an invalid name in an original paper. By use of the Systematic Index, the reader can trace the invalid name to the presently correct one. Also indexed here are common names of animals cited in the present work. In the Author Index, there is a reference for every Citation in this volume (exclusive of the Bibliography). The third and last index deals with the vari- ous subjects of which there is mention in this work. No paper on invertebrate tissue respiration PREFACE vii that has come to our attention since February 1, 1960, have we analyzed for inclusion in this work. On the other hand, we have cited without analysis some papers that have appeared since that time. The closing date does not apply to entries in Sec- tions 7 and 8, which we have continually revised to include pertinent recent publications. May we request that any reader who finds errors or omissions in this volume bring them to our attention? Should usage justify such ac- tion, we may eventually assemble and publish any data appearing in new studies or in those inadvertently omitted from the present work. Persons to whom we owe a debt of gratitude are many. In the first place, we thank Dr. William R. Harvey, Dr. Melvin V. Simpson, and Dr. Heinrich Waelsch, all of whom offered valuable advice re- garding the content and format of certain entries. For verifying scientific names and making suggestions regarding generally accepted com- mon names, we thank Dr. Elisabeth Deichmann, Dr. William K. Emerson, Dr. G. E. Gates, Dr. Willard D. Hartman, Dr. Libbie H. Hyman, Mr. Morris K. Jacobson, and Mr. John C. Pallister. Valid names of Crustacea came from the sys- tematic index included in Waterman (1960). Ac- cording to the preface, Dr. Fenner A. Chace, Jr., acted as referee on all taxonomic citations pertaining to the Crustacea. Hence, for their indirect assistance, we are grateful to Dr. Chace and Dr. Waterman. For suggesting or verifying definitions of terms included within the glossary we thank Dr. H. E. Coomans, Dr. Emerson, Dr. Henry Har- bury, Dr. Hyman, Dr. Mary Ellen Jones, Dr. Sam Katz, Dr. Sasha Malamed, Dr. Berta Scharrer, and Dr. Simpson. For permitting inclusion of unpublished mate- rial, we thank Dr. Rose Robyns Coelho and Dr. Harvey. The unpublished data submitted by Dr. Harvey appear in his thesis for the Ph.D. de- gree, Harvard University. For permission to quote a passage from Cancer Research, we thank the University of Chicago. For her patient, experienced editorial advice and guidance, we express appreciation to Miss Ruth Tyler, Editor of Scientific Publications of the American Museum of Natural History. With- out her, this volume would never have reached its final stages. For giving freely of their time and still re- taining their patience despite the trying nature of their tasks, we thank Miss Ana Uscocovich, Mrs. Phyllis Fish, and Miss Joan Ruff, typists. For considerable assistance in the initial stages of the work, when references had to be tracked down and unwanted ones eliminated, we acknowl- eged particularly the help of Mrs. Patricia Cannon Sprague. For other assistance of vari- ous sorts during the course of compilation, we are grateful to Mrs. Jane Rouillion Boyer, Mr. William F. Mussig, Mr. Frederick V. Weir, and Mrs. Mary Weitzman. For their competent help in the tedious task of preparing the indexes, we thank Mr. Arnold Ross and Miss Susan E. Bliss. We have a special word of thanks for mem- bers of the staff of the Library of the American Museum of Natural History, who furthered in no small way the progress of our work. We also express our gratitude to Dr. Charles M. Breder, Jr., and to members of the Publica- tions Committee of the Council of the Scientific Staff of the American Museum of Natural His- tory for making possible the preparation and printing of this volume. Lastly, we gratefully acknowledge the sup- port of the National Science Foundation through grants (NSF G-4006 and NSF G-11254) to one of us (D.E.B.), and also the support of both the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness and the National Cancer Institute of the United States Public Health Service through predoctoral and postdoctoral fellowships to the other (D.M.S.) while she was at Radcliffe College, Brandeis University, and Yale Uni- versity. We have tried to produce an accurate refer- ence on tissue respiration in invertebrates. For all errors that remain, we accept full re- sponsibility. DOROTHY E. BLISS DOROTHY M. SKINNER December 15, 1961 CONTENTS (© ui EA mass ‘ oy ra \. x PCOEAC Giay seeatonk etch cs eco Wet eee eet eee MaRS es te ane atoieee CR ena a ee Vv Sectionals: Introduction sc 4 sie sh achel ce cam 2 uch Gye. oleic Gu ebsehl a ouMsp nel tolls naydeRs cops)ptonie ay ikon opt out cnet 1 Section 2: Presentation of Data: A Table of Respiratory Rates of Invertebrate Tissues ....... 7 TDYo ner b (esi ees Wes yen a rere Chae Cue et Cerne AO ee Ha Dreamer eehcun ha Gito caca cus to, ohcs Guat ont ee, OREM ONOE dana, of aho..d 60 0 9 IDEMOSPONSTACH re ackcn cnc tlc MeCMe ncn nem nicl -ii-nr) ili cit-Nicm anim m-RCyR one-line om nm nemne mn 9 Woelenteratays 3 pic face acorn on eee suas name Meare ata Cmte R ene yee Corin at oem ibs lshyobeoy Aor: Inunenyotandee dcr wii: ooo C oeort GO Osoldanl a Doo cno.o blo Oc BeodIO ore ot 08 0 11 S\e\ i ol VeyACE Ye ahcmeo in tao Gut "A a ban olOlsieap iol clon Gibido-cka ¢. dio D God Too Oooo ob GO 11 AMUN OZ OAlns } N ire) {oo} _ Tt S o) ie) o co) N ne) he) Mm t+ t + Ve) wo wo wo D o ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® YEAR OF STUDY Fig. 6. Frequency distribution of methods used in studies on invertebrate tissue respira- tion from 1929 through 1959 arranged according to year in which the studies were published. Methods pee are: A. Manometric (Warburg, fj ; unspecified, 4 ). B. Differential (Barcroft, 7] ; Fenn, N; Thunberg, =; unspecified, J ). Cc. Ncrorolumetnics D. Chemical (Winkler and micro-Winkler). E. Spectrophotometric. F. Polarographic. G. Miscellaneous. Section 2: PRESENTATION OF DATA: A TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES ANIMAL PHYLUM Class Scientific name Common name Apparatus PORIFERA Method and Tissue and Type of Preparation PROCEDURE TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES Endogenous Respiration or Substrate Added Amount of Tissue RESULTS Microliters of Oxygen per Hour per Milligram REFERENCE Temp. aire Demospongiae Cinachyra cavernosa Sponge Dysidea crawshayi Sponge Geodia gibberosa Sponge Slices Endogenous Slices Endogenous =}. Dry weight given for Robbie (1949)* tissue minus skel- etal material (Same as above) Robbie (1949)* Slices Endogenous (Same as above) Robbie (1949)* is (Same as above) ul Robbie (1949)* (Same as above) Robbie (1949)' Without phenol Gordon, Spiegel, and Villee (1955) With phenol (0.2%) With insulin (4 units) containing phenol (0.2%) Without phenol With phenol (0.2%) With insulin (4 units) containing phenol (0.2%) Without phenol With phenol (0,2%) With insulin (4 units) containing phenol (0.2%) Dry weight given for | Robbie (1949)' tissue minus skele- tal material es Robbie (1949)* es (Same as above) Ircinia fasciculata 25 Warburg Slices Endogenous 5 Stinker sponge Lissodendoryx 25 Warburg Slices Endogenous 4 isodictyalis Sponge Microciona prolifera 37 Warburg Finger-like projections Endogenous ca, 200 mg. | 1 Red oyster sponge (apical portions): Slices (Same as above) Endogenous ca, 200 mg. | 1 (Same as above) Endogenous ca, 200 mg. | 2 Finger-like projections Pyruvate (1x 107 M®) 1 (apical portions): Slices (Same as above) Pyruvate (1 10~ M8) 3 0.146% (Same as above) Pyruvate (1X 10~ M®) 4 0.164° ae Finger-like projections Glucose (5.6 X 107 M®) 4 0.110 (apical portions): Slices a (Same as above) Glucose (5.6 X 107° M °) 6 Ores (Same as above) Glucose (5.6 x 10~ M®) 7 0.146 Pseudaxinella 25 Warburg Slices Endogenous D, 0.7 rosacea (formerly Axinella rosacea) Sponge | + Spheciospongia sp. 25 Warburg Slices Endogenous 1 al 0.4 Sponge Tedania ignis 25 Warburg Slices Endogenous 6 2.9 Fire sponge *Estimated or calculated from available data. Initial concentration. ©Final concentration. ‘Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. ©Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. fA log een c]/mg. wet wt./min- 8A log erricytochrome c|/mg. protein/min. hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, protein of non-collagenous component). 1A log [ferricytochrome c]/mg- protein/min. JA log [CyFe**]/min. KActivity/mg.N when standard activity = 4 log (CyFe**) < final tissue dilution At 100 ‘ 1Activity/mg. protein when activity = Alog [cytochrome c] At (min.) ™my moles cytochrome ¢ reduced (mg. N)* min. "mu moles DPNH oxidized (mg-N)™ min. mp moles cytochrome c oxidized (mg. N)"* min. PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg. tissue/5 min. at 1 1 1 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- chrome c taken as 2.8x 107 cm.?/mol-)- (Same as above) Robbie (1949)* 90. D. of clear supernatant when measured at 520 mu ‘AO. D./mg.- protein/min. 5Moles DPN reduced/g. wet wt-/hr. tAdditional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in original paper and not included in Section 2. TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES PROCEDURE ANIMAL PHYLUM Class Temp. Method and Scientific name a Apparatus Common name Tissue and Type of Preparation Endogenous Respiration or Substrate Added Amount of RESULTS Microliters of Oxygen per Hour per Milligram Enzymatic Activity 11 REFERENCE Terpios fugax Warburg Slices Endogenous 1 (Same as above) Robbie (1949) Sponge Tethya aurantia 25 Warburg Slices Endogenous 1 (Same as above) Robbie (1949)* Sea orange (sponge) COELENTERATA ies Physalia 25 Warburg Tentacles Endogenous 3 17 Robbie (1949)* physalis (formerly Physalia pelagica) Portuguese man-of-war Scyphozoa 7 (AGAQNC Cassiopea 25 Warburg Tentacles Endogenous 10 0.6 Robbie (1949) frondosa Umbrella Endogenous 18 0.7 Jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca 25 Warburg Umbrella Endogenous 2 0.8 Robbie (1949)* (formerly Pelagia cyanella) Jellyfish Anthozoa || Condylactis Warburg Tentacles Endogenous hi 3 Robbie (1949) gigantea Sea anemone Gorgonia flabellum 25 Warburg Branches: Cell Endogenous 2 2) Dry weight given Robbie (1949) Purple sea fan suspension for tissue minus skeletal material Plexaura flexuosa 25 Warburg Slices Endogenous 13 3.0 (Same as above) Robbie (1949) Purple gorgonian IES —— — a ASCHELMINTHES —— a Nematoda Ascaris lumbricoides 39 | Warburg Muscle: Homogenate Laser (1944)* Pig ascarid “Muscle pulp’’ Endogenous 1.3 “Muscle pulp’’ Succinate 1.3 (0.02 M) “*Muscle pulp’’ Succinate 11.0% Methylene blue (0.02 M) added “Muscle pulp’” Succinate 27:56 Methylene blue (0.02 M) added; also cata- SEstimated or calculated from available data. Initial concentration. ©Final concentration. ‘Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. fA log [cytochrome c]/mg. wet wt./min- 8—A log [ferricytochrome c]/mg. protein/min. hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, ©Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. __ protein of non-collagenous component). 1A log [ferricytochrome c]/mg- protein/min. JA log [CyFe**]/min. i ———SssSS KActivity/mg. N when standard activity = 4 log (CyFett) a final tissue dilution hy; TOO 5 1Activit /mg. protein when activity = Alog [cytochrome c] At (min.) ™mp moles cytochrome c reduced (mg. N) ‘min. * Nm moles DPNH oxidized (mg. N)~* min. * ©mu moles cytochrome c oxidized (mg. N)* min PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg- tissue/5 min. at 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- chrome c taken as 2.8 107” cm.?/mol-)- 1 lase and ethanol added to remove H,O, formed as a product of the re- action 90. D. of clear supernatant when measured at 520 mu. TAO, D./mg: protein/min. SMoles DPN reduced/g, wet wt./hr. t Additional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in original paper and not included in Section 2 ANIMAL PHYLUM Class Scientific name Common name Ascaris lumbricoides Pig ascarid Ascaris lumbricoides Pig ascarid Parascaris equorum (formerly Ascaris megalocephala) Horse ascarid Temp. 2c. 25 Method and Apparatus Warburg Warburg Warburg ®Estimated or calculated from available data. Initial concentration. ©Final concentration. ‘Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. ©Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. Tissue and Type of Preparation “‘Coenzyme-free muscle pulp”’ “‘Coenzyme-free muscle ” pulp Muscle: Homogenate (‘‘coenzyme-free muscle pulp’’) Muscle: Particulate fraction (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) Muscle of body wall: Cell Suspension (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) fA log [cytochrome c]/mg. wet wt./min. (ernieviaeNrare ¢]/mg. protein/min. 8A log PURZOIGIE DIUIROE TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES Endogenous Respiration or Substrate Added Succinate (0.02 M) Succinate (0.02 M) Amount of Tissue Succinate (0.025 M) Pyruvate (0.02 M) Pyruvate (0.02 M) Pyruvate (0.02 M) + succinate (0,02 M) Pyruvate (0.02 M) Pyruvate (0.02 M) Pyruvate (0,02 M) Endogenous Endogenous Glucose (0.22 M*) Succinate (0.05 M?) MD log (CyFe**) KActivity/mg- N when standard activity = final tissue dilution Microliters of Oxygen per Hour per Milligram 0.85 0.07187 0.0406* 0.0304* 0.0607" 0.0443° 0.0749° 0.0457° ™mu moles cytochrome c reduced (mg. N) ‘min. * Nmu moles DPNH oxidized (mg-N)~ min. * hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For Bt axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, protein of non-collagenous component). 1A log [ferricytochrome ¢]/mg- protein/min. JA log [CyFet**]/min. i : lActivity/mg. protein when activity = Alog [cytochrome c| At (min.) mu moles cytochrome c oxidized (mg-N)~* min. * PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg- tissue/5 min. at 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- chrome c taken as 2.8x 107” cm.?/mol.). RESULTS Enzymatic Activity Methylene blue added Methylene blue added; also cata- lase and ethanol added to remove H,O, formed as a product of the reaction In 100% 0,; catalase and ethanol added to remove H,O, formed as a product of the reaction All assays: P/O ratios in orig- nal paper Gas phase: O,; un- dialysed superna- tant of perienteric fluid added Gas phase: O,; di- alysed supernatant of perienteric fluid added Gas phase: air; di- alysed supernatant of perienteric fluid added (Same as above) (Same as above) Gas phase: air; di- alysed supernatant of perienteric fluid added; with DNP (3 x 10> M) Gas phase: air; di- alysed supernatant of perienteric fluid added; with DNP (8 x 10 M) 13 REFERENCE Bueding and Charms (1952)* Chin and Bueding (1954)¢ In physiological sa- line; gas phase: air In distilled water; gas phase: air Durrani (1958) 90. D. of clear supernatant when measured at 520 mu. TAO. D./mg- protein/min. 5Moles DPN reduced/g. wet wt./hr. ; tAdditional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in original paper and not included in Section 2. TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES 15 ANIMAL PROCEDURE RESULTS Microliters of Oxygen per Hour ee Method and Tissue and Type Endogenous Respiration Amount of Rae REFERENCE Scientific name 2G. Apparatus of Preparation or Substrate Added witrogen [Protein] yeh [erty Activity Common name Weight |Weight i aia ai —— Aplysia sp. Warburg; Nerve Endogenous 22.9 mg. 0,52 Nerve unstimulated; in] Meyerhof and Reniners also differential dry wt. artificial sea water Schulz (1929) manometer with urea and bicar- bonate Aplysia sp. 25 Warburg Gizzard: Slices (from Endogenous 0.33 Ghiretti, Ghiretti- Sea hare frozen tissue) Magaldi, and Tosi Gizzard: Slices (from Endogenous 0.06 With KCN (1 * 107 M)| (1959) frozen tissue) Gizzard: Slices (from Succinate (0.01 M°) 1.80 frozen tissue) Gizzard: Slices (from Succinate (0.01 M°) + malonate 0.96 frozen tissue) (0.01 M°) Gizzard: Slices (from Succinate (0.01 M°) + malonate 0.90 frozen tissue) (0.01 M*) + fumarate (0,003 M°) Gizzard: Slices (from Fumarate (0.003 M°) 0.30 frozen tissue) Gizzard: Slices (from Citrate (0.01 M°) 0.64 frozen tissue) Gizzard: Slices (from Malate (0.01 M°) frozen tissue) specified Buccal mass muscle: Particle preparation (from frozen tissue) (Same as above) Gizzard muscle: Particle preparation (from frozen tissue) (Same as above) Succinate (1.7 x 10-* M) + cytochrome c (1,8 X 107 M) Reduced cytochrome ¢ (2.5 X 10> M) Succinate (1.7 x 107 M) + cytochrome c (1.8 x 107? M) Reduced cytochrome c (2.5 X 107 M) With KCN (1 x 107° M) With KCN (1x 107 With KCN (1 107 Mm) All assays: For units of enzymatic activ- ity, see footnote r Buccal mass muscle: Allassays: Proteinde- Particle preparation termination by meth- (from frozen tissue): ods of Lowry et al, (195 1) and Kalckar (1947) 30,000 x g. DPNH (2 X 10“ M) + cytochrome c 0.301 With KCN (1x 107 M) (1.8 * 107° M) 107,000 x g. DPNH (2 10~ mM) + cytochrome c 0.113 With KCN (1 10~ M) (1.8 x 1075 m) Gizzard muscle: Particle preparation (from frozen tissue); 30,000 x g. DPNH (2 x 10~* M) + cytochrome c 0.262 With KCN (1 10-* My (1.8 * 107 M) 107,000 x g. DPNH (2 x 10~ M) + cytochrome c 0.076 With KCN (1 107 mM (1.8 * 107° M) apetimeted Js calculated from available data. fA log [cytochrome c]/mg. wet wt./min. KActivity/mg.N when standard activity = ™mu moles cytochrome c reduced (mg- N)* min. * 40. D. of clear supernatant when measured at 520 miu aan a ey eA log farcicytactrorie ¢]/mg. protein/min. A log (CyFe**) e final tissue dilution "mp moles DPNH oxidized (mg. N)"* ming ee Ey e. Ben SBS ain La aie Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized Meles\ substrate canyerted/kllojprotein/hour, (For t 0 ; °mp moles cytochrome ¢ oxidized (mg. N) min. tAdditional fonelratenpidata nt invertebrate tissues axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, protein of non-collagenous component). 1A log [ferricytochrome c|/mg. protein/min. iA a Verrfevtgeprem d] PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg. tissue/5 min. at 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- chrome c taken as 2.8% 107’ cm,?/mol.). cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. ©Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. present in original paper and not included in arpa oleae when activity = Section 2 Alog [cytochrome c] At (min.) ANIMAL PHYLUM Class Scientific name Common name Aplysia limacina Sea hare Busycon sp. Conch Helix aspersa Dented garden snail or petit-gris Helix pisana Little edible land snail Helix pomatia Vineyard snail or Burgundy snail Helix pomatia Vineyard snail or Burgundy snail ®Estimated or calculated Initial concentration. ©Final concentration. ‘Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. Temp. a OF Method and Apparatus TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES PROCEDURE Tissue and Type of Preparation Midgut gland: Crude homogenate (from frozen tissue) Midgut gland: Particle preparation (from frozen tissue) 30,000 x g. 107,000 x g. Buccal mass muscle: Particle suspension (from frozen tissue) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (1.8 x 107 M) (1.8 x 10 M) (1.8 x 107 M) Endogenous Respiration or Substrate Added DPNH (2 x 10* M) + cytochrome c DPNH (2 * 10~ M) + cytochrome c DPNH (2 X 10~* M) + cytochrome c Amount of Tissue Endogenous Succinate (0.01 M®’S) ¢ (6 X 10~’ M°) Ascorbate (0.01 M®’°) c (6 X 1077 M°) Ascorbate (0.01 M?’°) + cytochrome| 4.5 mg. Hydroquinone (0.01 M*"°) Hydroquinone (0.01 M®’°) + cytochrome c (6 X 107” M°) dry wt. p-phenylenediamine (0.01 M Pp-phenylenediamine (0.01 M®’°) + cytochrome c (6 x 10” M°) Succinate (0.01 M®’°) + cytochrome} 4.5 mg. dry wt. dry wt. 4.5 mg. dry wt. 4.5 mg. BIE) 4.5 mg. Warburg Warburg j Manometer from available data. ©Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. + — Muscle, white: Thin sheets or slices Glucose (0.011 M®) Heart Midgut gland: Slices Heart Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous fAlog Bi ae Di ¢]/mg. wet wt./min. &—A log erricytochrome c]/mg. protein/min. hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, protein of non-collagenous component). iA log Veyisvseprreme ¢]/mg. protein/min. iA log [CyFet*]/min. KActivity/mg.N when standard activity = final tissue dilution Blog (CyFe**) ¥ at lActivity/mg. protein when activity = Alog [cytochrome ¢] At (min.) RESULTS Microliters of Oxygen per Hour per Milligram With KCN (1x 107 M With KCN (1 x 10™ M) With KCN (1x 10~ M) 17 REFERENCE Ghiretti, Ghiretti- Magaldi, and Tosi (1959) 1 ™mp moles cytochrome c reduced (mg. N)_* min. "mu moles DPNH oxidized (mg-N)~ min. * mu moles cytochrome c oxidized (mg. N)"* min PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg. tissue/5 min. at 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- chrome c taken as 2.8x 1077 cm.?/mol-). 1 5SMoles DP In isotonic chloride solution In salt solution: Na*/Kt=5 Nat /Kt=20 In isotonic chloride solution In Baldwin’s (1938) phosphate solution In isotonic chloride solution Villee, Lichtenstein, Nathanson, and Ro- lander (1950) Cardot, Faure, and Arvanitaki (1950)* Cardot, Faure, and Arvanitaki (1950) Baldwin (1938)* Cardot, Faure, and Arvanitaki (1950)* 90. D. of clear supernatant when measured at 520 mun TAO. D./mg- protein/min. reduced/g. wet wt./hr. t Additional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in original paper and not included in Section 2 ANIMAL PHYLUM Closs Temp. Method and Scientific name °c. Apparatus Common name Helix pomatia Manometer Vineyard snail or Burgundy snail Helix pomatia Warburg Vineyard snail or Burgundy snail Helix vermiculata 23 Warburg White-lipped edible land snail Levantina hierosolyma| 37 Spectrophoto- (formerly Helix meter; also hierosolyma) tetrazolium Jerusalem land method (see snail Kun and Abood, 1949) 2Estimated or calculated from available data. PInitial concentration. ©Final concentration. ‘Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. ©Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES PROCEDURE Tissue and Type of Preparation Midgut gland: Suspension (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) Midgut gland: Mitochondria (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) Endogenous Respiration or Substrate Added Endogenous Endogenous Succinate (0.033 M®’°) Succinate (0.033 M®"°) d-Ketoglutarate (0.01 M*’°) d-Ketoglutarate (0.01 M*’°) Endogenous Succinate (0.033 M®’S) Malate (0.01 M®"°) Malate (0.01 M2'° + DPN (3.3 x 10% M??°) d-Ketoglutarate (0.01 M®’°) d-Ketoglutarate (0.01 M?’°) + DPN (3.3 X 10 M#?°) Slices of: Cerebral ganglion Pedal ganglion Midgut gland Gut buccal mass Esophagus Midgut Mantle Kidney Columella muscle Female duct Albuminous gland Body wall Dart sac Foot: fore Foot: middle Foot: rear Heart Midgut gland: Homogenate (20%) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) Midgut gland: Homogenate (20%) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Amount of Tissue Active Hibernating Active Hibernating Active Hibernating Dry [| SPECIMEN RESULTS Microliters of Oxygen per Hour per Milligram Enzymatic Activity Succinate (0.014 M?’°) Succinate (0.013 M?’°) Succinate (0.013 M?’°) Succinate (0.013 M*’°) Succinate (0.013 M?'°) REMARKS All assays: Cytrochrome c (1 x 107° M‘) present All assays: Method of nitrogen determination not specified 19 REFERENCE Rees (1953)' Kerkut and Laver- 20 4.00 In Baldwin’s (1938) ack (1957)' phosphate solution 18 2.89 (Same as above) 23 2.78 (Same as above) 24 1SSi7, (Same as above) 24 2.68 (Same as above) 24 2.56 (Same as above) 24 1.76 (Same as above) 27 2.24 (Same as above) 24 1.80 (Same as above) 24 1.03 (Same as above) 22 1.20 (Same as above) 24 0.78 (Same as above) 22 0.66 (Same as above) 17 0.81 (Same as above) 12 0.67 (Same as above) 13 (Same as above) 0.92 mg. In isotonic chloride Cardot, Faure, and dry wt. solution Arvanitaki (1950)* During estivation 0.025 For units of enzy- Eckstein and Abra- matic activity, see ham (1959) After estivation: footnote q 10-15 hr. 0.075 24 hr. 0.187 48 hr. 0.115 5-6 da. ves 0.101 During estivation 0.114 After estivation: 10-15 hr. 0.130 24 hr. 0.222 48 hr. 0.321 5-6 da. 0.496 am 90. D. of clear supernatant when measured at 520 mu fA log [cytochrome c]/mg. wet wt./min. 8—A log Gfarrteytselrome ¢]/mg. protein/min. hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, protein of non-collagenous component). iA log [ferricytochrome c]/mg. protein/min. jA fea Ate aterm s] KActivity/mg. N when standard activity = A log (CyFe**) 2 final tissue dilution t T00 1Activity/mg. protein when activity = Alog [cytochrome c¢] At (min.) ™mp moles cytochrome ¢ reduced (mg. N)_* min. "mp moles DPNH oxidized (mg-N)™ min. * — ©mu moles cytochrome c oxidized (mg. N)* min- PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg. tissue/5 min. at 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- chrome c taken as 2.8% 1077 cm.*/mol.). 1 TAO, D./mg. protein/min. SMoles DP reduced/g, wet wt-/hr. tAdditional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in original paper and not, included in Section 2. ANIMAL PHYLUM Class Temp. Method and Tissue and Type Scientific name Ge Apparatus of Preparation Common name TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES PROCEDURE Endogenous Respiration or Substrate Added Endogenous Lymnaea stagnalis Warburg Albumen gland: Pond snail Particulate fraction, largely mitochondria Posterior adductor muscle: Strips Yellow portion White portion Yellow portion White portion Anodonta cellensis Not Polarograph (cited as Anodonta} specified celensis) Fresh-water mussel 25 Crassostrea gigas (formerly Ostrea Mantle: Slices gigas) Gill: Pieces Oyster Mantle: Slices Gill: Pieces Mantle: Slices Gill: Pieces Crassostrea gigas 25 Warburg Heart (formerly Ostrea gigas) Heart Oyster Gill Gill Mantle Mantle Crassostrea gigas 25 Micro-Winkjer Gill (formerly Ostrea gigas) Oyster SEstimated or calculated from available data. Initial concentration. ©Final concentration. ‘Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. ©Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. JA log [CyFet*]/min. fA log [cytochrome c]/mg. wet wt./min. &—A log [ferricytochrome ¢]/mg. protein/min. hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, protein of non-collagenous component). iA log [ferricytochrome ¢]/mg. protein/min. Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous A log (CyFe**) < 50-100 mg. wet wt. 50-100 mg. wet wt. 50-100 mg. wet wt. 50-100 mg. wet wt. 50-100 mg. wet wt. 50-100 mg. wet wt. 50-100 mg. wet wt. 50-100 mg. wet wt. 50-100 mg. wet wt. 50-100 mg. wet wt. 50-100 mg. wet wt. 50-100 mg wet wt. 500° meg. wet wt. =I Microliters of Oxygen per Hour per Milligram Enzymatic Activity 21 Amount of Tissue REFERENCE P/O ratios in original paper Cytochrome c (5* 10° M°) present Nitrogen determina- tion by micro-Kjel- dahl procedure Weinbach (1956)* Brecht, Utz, and Lutz (1955)* Gas phase: 90% N, and 10% 0, (Same as above) Kawai (1958) Gas phase: 90% CO and 10% O,; in dark- ness (Same as above) Gas phase: 90% CO and 10% O,; in light (Same as above) 2 yrs. (11 cm.) 2 yrs. (11 cm.) 0.207 2 yrs. (11 cm.) 0.53% 2 yrs. (11 cm.) 0.26 2 yrs. (11 cm.) 0.298 2 yrs. (11 cm.) KActivity/mg.N when standard activity = final tissue dilution 0.86- 1.44 ™mu moles cytochrome c reduced (mg. N) ‘min. * mu moles DPNH oxidized (mg-N)~ min. * 1 Bt At (min.) 00 1Activity/mg. protein when activity = Alog [cytochrome c] * Om moles cytochrome c oxidized (mg. N)"* min. PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg. tissue/5 min. at 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- chrome c taken as 2.8% 107’ cm.?/mol.). Gas phase: air Kawai (1959) Gas phase: 90% CO and 10% 0,; indarkness IGas phase: air as phase: 90% CO and 10% O,; in dark- ness Gas phase: air es phase: 90% CO and 10% O,; in dark- ness In sea water Okamura (1959)* 90. D. of clear supernatant when measured at 520 mu. TAO. D./mg- protein/min. SMoles DPN reduced/g, wet wt./hr. tAdditional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in original paper and not included in Section 2. : : ’ 7 TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES 23 ANIMAL PROCEDURE RESULTS Class Temp. Method and Tissue and Type Endogenous Respiration Amount of per Milligram REFERENCE Scientific name PGs Apparatus of Preparation or Substrate Added Tissue Common name Crassostrea virginica Thunberg [Adductor muscle: Pieces Hopkins (1930)* (formerly Ostrea micro-respi- Gray portion Endogenous 6.8-13.5 cm. long Pee cies en enad White portion Endogenous 6.8-13.5 cm. long 1905) Crassostrea virginica Mantle: Jodrey and Wilbur (formerly Ostrea Marginal zone Endogenous Florida oysters (1955)* virginica) Pallial zone Endogenous Florida oysters Virginia oyster Central zone Endogenous Florida oysters Succinate (0.05 M) Mantles isolated for 2-7 days Succinate (0.05 M) Mantles freshly dissected 25 : Pieces Succinate (0.01 M) 15 Mantle: Pieces iso Citrate (0.01 M) 26 Mantle: Pieces Citrate (0.01 M) Zz : Pieces Malate (0.01 M) 20 Not Spectrophoto- : Homogenate Succinate (0.1 M) 8.0-11.5 cm. long 0.03 For units of enzy- specified meter matic activity, see footnote d : Homogenate Cytochrome c (4.5% TOm M®) 8.0-11.5 cm. long 0.61 For units of enzy- matic activity, see footnote e ———— Crassostrea virginica Warburg Endogenous 180-220 mg. 0. 156° Maroney, Barber, (formerly Ostrea wet wt. and Wilbur (1957) virginica) Endogenous 180-220 mg. 0.181° With DNP (1x 10° M) Virginia oyster wet wt. Endogenous 180-220 mg. 0.2877 With DNP (1x 10° M) wet wt. Endogenous 180-220 mg. 0.135" With DNP (1 107 M) wet wt. os —_+—— Cristaria plicata Warburg Endogenous 10 4-6 yrs. 1.8 Higashi and Fresh-water mussel Kawai (1959)" Endogenous 6 4-6 yrs. 0.7 Endogenous 6 4-6 yrs. 0.5 Endogenous 5 4-6 yrs. 0.8 Adductor muscle: Striated Endogenous 4 4-6 yrs. 0.14 Smooth Endogenous 4 4-6 yrs. 0. 14 Driessena sp. Warburg Gill: Epithelium Endogenous 18.7 R.Q. 0.87 Wernstedt (1944) (cited as Method of nitrogen de- Dreissensia) termination not spec- Mussel ified Peeiineaer caleulaiad from available data. alee [e tochrome c]/mg. wet wt./min. ? KActivity/mg-N when standard activity = ™mu moles cytochrome ¢ reduced (mg. Nn min. Bee supericicat when measured at 520 mu : ae —A log [ferricytochrome c]/mg. protein/min. A log (CyFe**) final tissue dilution "mu moles DPNH oxidized (mg-N) TTL ieee + D./mg- protein/min sFinal concentration. hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For D a “100 v ©mp moles cytochrome c oxidized (mg. N)~? min * SMoles DPN reduced/g. wet wt./hr. F Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, Was era v vaveinwhenvactivity= PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg. tissue/5 min. at ‘Additional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues pokeatany ¢ per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. __ protein of non-collagenous component). Alo oes c] rig 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- present in original paper and not included in ecrease in log of molar concentration of reduced 1A log [ferricytochrome c]/mg. protein/min. SLOP DEVIC HFeMes Ss), chrome c taken as 2.8x 1077 cm.2/mol:)- Section 2 cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. JA log [CyFe**]/min. At (min.) ANIMAL PHYLUM Class Scientific name Common name Method and Apparatus Gryphaea angulata Portuguese oyster Hyriopsis schlegelii Fresh-water mussel Isognomon alata (formerly Pedalion alata) Tree oyster Warburg ®Estimated or calculated from available data. bInitial concentration. ©Final concentration. ‘Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. ©Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c¢ per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES PROCEDURE Tissue and Type of Preparation or Substrate Added Mantle: Whole Endogenous Pieces Endogenous Gill: Whole Endogenous Pieces Endogenous Muscle: Whole Endogenous Pieces Endogenous Midgut gland: Endogenous Pieces Mantle Endogenous Mantle Endogenous Mantle Endogenous Gill Endogenous Gill Endogenous Gill Endogenous Muscle Endogenous Muscle Endogenous Muscle Endogenous Midgut gland Endogenous Midgut gland Endogenous Midgut gland Endogenous Gill Endogenous Mantle: Edge Endogenous Lobe Endogenous Heart Endogenous Adductor muscle: Striated Endogenous Smooth Endogenous Endogenous ey [e ace ¢]/mg. wet wt./min- 4 log [ferricytochrome c]/mg. protelninine hMolee substrate converted/kilo pestelpe pau (For axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, protein of non-collagenous component). 1A log eyeateyprame ¢]/mg- protein/min. JA log [CyFe**]/min. Endogenous Respiration Amount of 6 yrs. 6 yrs. 6 yrs. 6 yrs. KActivity/mg. N when standard activity = 4 log (CyFe**) final tissue dilution f T00 lActivity/mg. protein when activity = Alog [cytochrome ¢ At (min.) 10-15 mos. 30 mos. 10-15 mos, 30 mos. 10-15 mos. 30 mos. 10-15 mos. 30 mos. RESULTS Microliters of leer ot is aer eae per Hour per leer ot is aer eae _ 3 nme moles cytochrome ¢ reduced (mg. N)* min: * "mu moles DPNH oxidized (mg-N)-? min. * ome moles cytochrome c oxidized (mg. N)* min. PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg: tissue/5 min. at 10°C. (extinction « coefficient of Poona cyto- chrome c taken as 2.8x 1077 cm.?/mol. —1 25 REFERENCE Chapheau (1932)* Higashi and Kawai (1959) = Robbie (1949)' 90. D. of clear supernatant when measured at 520 mun FAO. D./ protein/min. 5Moles DPN. reduced/g. wet wt./hr. tAdditional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in original paper and not included in Section 2 TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES 27 ANIMAL PROCEDURE ee SPECIMEN ee RESULTS PHYLUM Microliters of Oxygen per Hour Class Temp. Method and Tissue and Type Endogenous Respiration Amount of per Milligram REFERENCE Scientific name 216. Apparatus of Preparation or Substrate Added Tissue : Common name Mactra sp. Warburg Muscle: Thin sheets or Glucose (0.011 M®) 5 Villee, Lichten- Clam slices 4 stein, Nathanson, Gill: Thin sheets Glucose (0.011 M*) and Rolander (1950) Mercenaria mercenaria 28 Thunberg micro- | Posterior adductor muscle Hopkins (1930)¢ (formerly Venus respirometer Pieces mercenaria) (see Thunberg, Red portion Endogenous 5.3-13.5 cm. long Quahog 1905) White portion Endogenous 5.3-13.5 cm. long Red portion Endogenous <6.5 cm. long Red portion Endogenous >9 cm. long White portion Endogenous White portion Endogenous Mercenaria mercenaria 20 Differential Adductor muscle (red): Endogenous 0.157° Winter and spring Hopkins (1946) (formerly Venus volumeter Thin sections mercenaria) (modified (Same as above) Endogenous 0. 108° Winter and spring Quahog Thunberg; see |(Same as above) Endogenous 0.139% Summer and autumn Hopkins and (Same as above) Endogenous 0. 103° Summer and autumn Handford, 1943) | Mantle: Pieces Endogenous 3255 Winter and spring Mantle: Pieces Endogenous 1.040% Winter and spring Mantle: Pieces Endogenous 0.912% Summer and autumn Mantle: Pieces Endogenous 0.815" Summer and autumn Gill: Pieces Endogenous 1.597% Winter and spring Gill: Pieces Endogenous 1.590% Winter and spring Gill: Pieces Endogenous 1.603" Summer and autumn Gill: Pieces Endogenous 1.316% Summer and autumn (Same as above) : Pieces Endogenous 16 2-6 yrs. 1.546* From water 25°-28° C. : Pieces Endogenous 16 7-20+ yrs. 1.189% From water 25°-28° C. : Pieces Endogenous 15 4 yrs. vu From water <20° C. : Pieces Endogenous 15 22-27 yrs. 1.747° From water <20° C. Mercenaria mercenaria | 20 Differential : Pieces Endogenous 25 mg. 21 1.295" Sea water (s.g. 1.025), | Hopkins (1946)t (formerly Venus volumeter dry wt. R.Q. 0.90% mercenaria) (modified : Pieces Endogenous 25 mg. 21 1.144% Sea water (s.g. 1.025). Quahog Thunberg; see dry wt. With HCN (1x 10 M) Hopkins and : Pieces Endogenous 25 mg. 5 1.819° Sea water (s.g. 1.015). Handford, 1943) dry wt. R.Q. 0.94% : Pieces Endogenous 25 meg. 10 1.417% Sea water (s.g. 1.015). dry wt. With HCN (1X 10 M) ar amet peleulated monusvollsple dala: ‘Alog Lecce c]/mg. wet wt./min. , “Activity/mg- N when standard activity = mm moles cytochrome ¢ red aad (ings Ny min. * SOs meee pernstons when measured at 520 mu pti c ntration. 8—A log [ferricytochrome ¢]/mg: protein/min. D log (CyFett) final tissue dilution mu moles DPNH oxidized (mg. Lees SM le DP i Bs ced/q, wet wt./hr. inal’ concentration. hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For Spans TOO * ©mu moles cytochrome c oxidized (mg. N)* min. oles Lee 3. “eae ‘Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. ©Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, protein of non-collagenous component). 1A log [ferricytochrome c|/mg. protein/min. JA log [CyFe**]/ min. lActivity/mg. protein when activity = Alog [cytochrome ¢ At (min.) PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg. tissue/5 min. at 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- chrome c taken as 2.8x 1077 cm.?/mol.). tAdditional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in original paper and not included in Section 2 TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES 29 ANIMAL PROCEDURE RESULTS PHYLUM Microliters of Oxygen per Hour Class Temp. Method and Tissue and Type Endogenous Respiration Amount of per Milligram Eneymatie REMARKS REFERENCE Scientific name .C. Apparatus of Preparation or Substrate Added Tissue Wee cae Activity Weight |Weight Common name Mantle (central portion): Endogenous 20 mg. 0.771% Sea water(s.g. 1.025) Pieces dry wt. (Same as above) Endogenous 20 mg. 8 0.3037 Sea water (s.g. 1.025). dry wt. With HCN (110 M) (Same as above) Endogenous 20 mg. 7 0.8517 Sea water (s.g. 1.015) dry wt. (Same as above) Endogenous 20 mg. 3 0.2748 Sea water (s.g. 1.015). dry wt. With HCN (1x 107 M) Adductor muscle (red): Endogenous 100 mg. 3 0.07127 Sea water (s.g. 1.025) Pieces dry wt. (Same as above) Endogenous 100 mg. 3 0.0278" Sea water (s.g. 1.025). dry wt. With HCN (1 107 m) (Same as above) Endogenous 100 mg. 3 0.0603° Sea water (s.g. 1.015) dry wt. Mya sp. Warburg Gill: Thin sheets Glucose (0,011 M*) 10 0.2807 Villee, Lichtenstein, Soft-shelled clam Nathanson, and Rolander (1950) a Mytilus sp. 17 Winkler Gill Endogenous 67° me. 5 1.56% In sea water (S=15°/9)} Schlieper (1931)* Mussel dry wt. Gill Endogenous 50° mg. 4 2.499 In isotonic NaCl dry wt. solution Gill Endogenous 67° mg. 5 173 In sea water (S=15°/,,) dry wt. Gill Endogenous 55° mg. 5 2:37" In isotonic KC1 dry wt. solution Gill Endogenous [90% mg. 6 1.267 In sea water (S=15°fy) dry wt. Gill Endogenous 74° mg. 6 2. 16° In isotonic CaCl, dry wt. solution Mytilus crassitesta 25 Warburg |Gill Endogenous [50-100 mg. 8 cm. long 0. 26° Gas phase: air Kawai (1959) Mussel wet wt. ill Endogenous {50-100 mg. 8 cm. long lo. 13 Gas phase: 90% CO wet wt. and 10% 0,; in darkness Mytilus edulis 7.5 Warburg Retractor muscle of foot |Endogenous 9 0.018% |0.11 In buffered artificial |Glaister and Kerly Edible mussel sea water (1936)* 15 Warburg (Same as above) Endogenous 13 0.037% 0.22 (Same as above) 25 Warburg (Same as above) Endogenous 13 0.040% |0.24 (Same as above) Mytilus edulis Gill Endogenous | 11 5.7-7.0 cm. long 1,92° ale artificial sea water | Pieh (1936)' Edible mussel (S=15°4,) Gill Endogenous 11 5.7-7.0 cm. long 3.107 In isotonic NaCl solution Mytilus 23 Twarbure Heart: Ventricle only Endogenous 1.18 In sea water Cardot, Faure, and galloprovincialis Arvanitaki(1950)* Mussel (Same as above) Endogenous 0.90 In isotonic MgCl, (Same as above) Endogenous 0.70 In isotonic CaCl, In salt solution: (Same as above) Endogenous 1.42 Na‘+Ca‘*+Mg** =e ae Same as above) Endogenous HH Na‘t+Ca‘t+Mg** 7) aan pESstimated or calculated from available data. fA log [cytochrome c]/mg. wet wt./min. *Activity/mg. N when standard activity = Mm moles cytochrome ¢ reduced (mg. N)_*min-* aaa oh last super later when measured at 520 mu. Initial concentration. —A log [ferricytochrome c|/mg. protein/min. A log (CyFet*t) _ final tissue dilution "mut moles DPNH oxidized (mg-N)™* mine? yes =n . a Sere iene is ©Final concentration. hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For aH me 100 * ©mu moles cytochrome ¢ oxidized (mg. N)"* min. t ples aes ao pees tebrate tissue ‘Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, UAeeivityys rotein When activity = PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg- tissue/5 min. at Additional DCE LUCHCY/ CELG) anise are e eee cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. protein of non-collagenous component). NPS rise if 3 e cl ul 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- present in original paper and not included in Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced iA log [ferricytochrome c]/mg- protein/min. eat Wi A chrome c taken as 2.8% 1077 cm.?/mol-)+ Section 2 cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. iA i esrievtge prom At (min-) = TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES 31 ANIMAL PROCEDURE RESULTS PHYLUM Microliters of PARIS SD ae oer a per Hour Class Temp. Method and Tissue and Type Endogenous Respiration Amount of per PARIS SD ae oer a REFERENCE RO MiTIE meme °C¢, Apparatus of Preparation or Substrate Added Tissue Dry Common name Weight Noetia ponderosa Thunberg micro- | Posterior adductor Hopkins (1930)* (formerly Arca respirometer muscle: Pieces : ponderosa) (see Thunberg, | Red portion Endogenous eee 5.0-6.9 cm, long 0.0312* Ark shell 1905) ay Pane White portion Endogenous 285° mg. 5.0-6.9 cm. long 0.01792 wet wt. Ostrea circumpicta Heart: Ventricle only Endogenous 15 cm. long 0.061° Resting heart Nomura (1950)* Oyster A (Same as above) Endogenous 15 cm. long 0.088 Weighted heart Pecten sp. Warburg Gill: Thin sheets Glucose (0.011 M*) 0.222% Villee, Lichtenstein, Scallop Nathanson, and Muscle of mantle: Glucose (0.011 M*) 0. 130° Rolander (1950) Thin sheets or slices Pecten irradians 28 Thunberg micro- | Adductor muscle: Pieces Hopkins (1930)* Scallop respirometer Gray portion Endogenous 5,.0-8.2 cm. long 0.0767%| (see Thunberg, 1905) White portion Endogenous 5.0-8.2 cm. long 0.04242 Pinctada martensii 25 Warburg Gill Endogenous 2 yrs. DIA Latter half of June Kawai (1957)* Pearl oyster Pallial margin Endogenous 2 yrs. 0.9 (Same as above) Midgut gland Endogenous 2 yrs. 0.8 (Same as above) Gonad Endogenous 2 yrs. 0.6 (Same as above) Foot muscle Endogenous 2 yrs. 0.6 (Same as above) Epithelium of middle Endogenous 2 yrs. 0.4 (Same as above) part of mantle edge Epithelium adhering to Endogenous 5 2 yrs. 0.17 (Same as above) inner surface of shell Adductor muscle Endogenous 5 2 yrs. 0.15 (Same as above) = Gill Endogenous 10 0. 36 Latter half of June Gill Endogenous 5 0.43 Middle of July to end of August Gill Endogenous 6 0.51 Middle of October Gill Endogenous 8 0.56 End of December to middle of January Pinctada martensii 25 Warburg Gill Endogenous 50-100 mg. 2 yrs. (6 cm.) Gas phase: air Kawai (1959) Pearl oyster wet wt. Gill Endogenous 50-100 mg. (Same as above) Gas phase: 90% CO wet wt. and 10% 0,; in | darkness Mantle Endogenous 50-100 mg. 2 yrs. (6 cm.) 0.15% Gas phase: air wet wt. Mantle Endogenous 50-100 mg. (Same as above) 0.07° Gas phase: 90% CO wet wt. and 10% 0,; in darkness _| Midgut gland aa 50-100 mg. 2 yrs. (6 cm.) O27e Gas phase: air wet wt. Mideut gland Endogenous 50-100 mg. (Same as above) 0.15" Gas phase: 90% CO and 10% 0,; in pestimated or calculated from available data. PInitial concentration. ©Final concentration. 4 Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. ©Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. Nee [e tochrome ¢]/mg. wet wt./min. log [ferricytochrome c|/mg, protein/min. hMelex substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, protein of non-collagenous component). iN log [ferricytochrome ¢|/mg- protein/min. jA log [CyFe**]/min. MD log Su EActlviy Ange N when standard activity = final tissue dilution le o lActivit Ae protein when activity = Alog [cytochrome c¢] At (min.) mm moles cytochrome c reduced (mg. N) * min. "mu moles DPNH oxidized (mg-N)~ min. ©mu moles cytochrome c oxidized (mg. N)* min. PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg. tissue/5 min. at =i ie =i 10°C. (extinction coefficient of ele cyto- chrome c taken as 2.8% 107’ cm.?/mol- SMoles DP darkness 90, D. clear supernatant when measured at 520 mu FAO. D./ protein/min. oN reduced/g, wet wt./hr- tAdditional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in original paper and not included in Section 2 ANIMAL TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES BARSORGCIE DIUsRGE PHYLUM Class Scientific name Common name Method and Apparatus Temp. PiGs Pinna muricata (probably refers to Atrina serrata) Pen shell respirometer 1905) Saxostrea commercialis Warburg Australian rock oyster Thunberg micro- (see Thunberg, Tissue and Type of Preparation Posterior adductor muscle: Pieces Gray portion Endogenous White portion Endogenous Endogenous Respiration or Substrate Added Amount of Tissue Pedal retractor muscle: Endogenous Pieces Adductor muscle: Endogenous Homogenate (Same as above) Endogenous (Same as above) Endogenous mg. /ml.) 300 mg. (100) mg. /ml.) 150 mg. (50 mg, /ml. ) 600 mg. | Adductor muscle: Homogenate Endogenous 600 mg. SPECIMEN 14.2-28.8 cm. long 14.2-28.8 cm. long 16.5-28.2 cm. RESULTS Microliters of Oxygen per Hour per Milligram Saxostrea commercialis Warburg Australian rock (1 x 107M) Muscle: Homogenate oyster Cephalopoda Eledone sp. 16 Warburg; also Octopus differential manometer Loligo pealeii 25 Warburg Squid 2Estimated or calculated from available data. Initial concentration. ©Final concentration. SDecrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. ©Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. (Same as above) Endogenous 600 mg. (Same as above) Endogenous 600 mg. (Same as above) Endogenous 600 mg. (Same as above) Endogenous 600 mg. (Same as above) Endogenous 600 mg. (Same as above) Endogenous 600 mg. Muscle: Homogenate Succinate (0.02 M°) 600 mg. Muscle: Homogenate Succinate (0.02 M°) + cytochrome c | 600 mg. Cytochrome c (1 * 107 M°) + ascorbic acid (0.01 M°) 400 mg. Mantle nerve and stel- late ganglion Endogenous (Same as above) Endogenous 0.63" Gill Eye: Endogenous Retina Endogenous “*Cornea’’ Endogenous Lens Endogenous fAlog eee c]/mg. wet wt./min- ®—A log [ferricytochrome c]/mg. protein/min. hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, protein of non-collagenous component). iA log [ferricytochrome c|/mg- protein/min. JA log [CyFe**]/min. s] KActivity/mg. N when standard activity = D log (CyFe**) y final tissue dilution At T00 1 Activity/mg. protein when activity = Alog [cytochrome c] At (min.) ™Mmy moles cytochrome c¢ reduced (mg. N) ‘min. * "mu moles DPNH oxidized (mg-N)~* min. * ©mu moles cytochrome c¢ oxidized (mg- he min. PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg- tissue/5 min. at 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- chrome c taken as 2.8% 107” cm.?/mol.)« 1 Enzymatic 33 REFERENCE Activity Hopkins (1930) Duration of Humphrey (1946)* homogenization: 1.5 minz Temp. of UGE homogeni- zation: 1.5 min.) 37°C 1 min. Temp. of 3 min. { homogeni- 5 min zation: 20°C. 1 min. 3 min.| 37°C. 5 min. 1.5 min. 37°C. Humphrey (1947)* Meyerhof and Schulz (1929) Nerve and ganglion unstimulated; in artificial sea water with urea and bicarbonate Nerve and ganglion unstimulated; in Maja serum (pre- sumably Maja blood) Robbie (1949)* 90. D. of clear supernatant when measured at 520 mu TAO. D./mg. protein/min. SMoles DPN reduced/g. wet wt./hr- tAdditional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in original paper and not included in Section 2. ANIMAL PHYLUM Class Scientific name Common name Loligo pealeii Squid TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES PROCEDURE Method and Apparatus Tissue and Type of Preparation Temp. Eilers Giant nerve fiber: Homogenate Not specified Spectrophoto- meter Axoplasm Homogenate Axoplasm axon: Homogenate (Same as above) Fibrous sheath and small nerves surrounding giant Endogenous Respiration or Substrate Added Succinate (0.017 M°) + cytochrome ¢ (1.7 X 107° M®) (Same as above) Cytochrome c Cytochrome c Succinate (0.017 M°) + cytochrome c (1.7 X 10° M°) Cytochrome c Fin nerve: Homogenate Fin nerve: Homogenate Stellate ganglion: Homogenate Stellate ganglion: Homogenate Succinate (0.017 M°) + cytochrome ce (1.7 10 M°) Cytochrome c Succinate (0.017 M°) + cytochrome c (1.7 x 107° MS) Cytochrome c Muscle: Homogenate Muscle: Homogenate Loligo pealeii Squid Loligo pealeii Squid Loligo pealeii Squid Loligo pealeii Squid ®Estimated or calculated from available data. nitial concentration. inal concentration. 4 Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. CF i Continous flow Stellar nerve: respirometer (oxygen cathode) Giant axons alone Panying small nerve fibers Giant axons plus accom- Succinate (0.017 M°) + cytochrome c (1.7 x 107° M°) Cytochrome c Endogenous Endogenous Not Spectrophoto- Giant nerve fiber: Specified] meter Homogenate of: Whole nerve Cytochrome c Isolated sheath Cytochrome c Mitochondria of: Axoplasm Cytochrome c Isolated sheath Cytochrome c Axoplasm Cytochrome c 15 Micro-volumeter | Giant nerve fiber: (see Scholander | Entire fiber Endogenous Claff, Andrews, Entire fiber Endogenous and Wallach, Isolated sheath Endogenous 1952) Isolated sheath Endogenous 38 Fluormetric Giant nerve fiber: measurement of Isolated sheath: iso Citrate TPNH Homogenate Axoplasm iso Citrate 38 Fluormetric Giant nerve fiber: measurement of Isolated sheath: DPNt Homogenate Axoplasm A log JA log [CyFe** min, sales [e Teens ¢]/mg. wet wt./min. erricytochrome c]/mg. protein/min. BMelex substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, protein of non-collagenous component). A log [ferricytochrome ¢]/mg- protein/min. Pay LataN N when standard activity = 4 log iy Microliters of ee per Hour per ee Wet Dry Weight |Weight Amount of 4.8 147 103 mm moles cytochrome ¢ reduced (mg. N)* min. * , final tissue dilution "mp moles DPNH oxidized (mg. N)~* min. * FAO lActivit ee protein when activity = Alog [cytochrome c¢] At (min.) ome moles cytochrome c oxidized (mg. N)~* min-* ailelen DPI PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg. tissue/5 min. at 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- chrome c taken as 2.8x 107’ cm.?/mol.). Section All assays: For units of enzymatic actiy- ity, see footnote f Mean value from 8 nerves Mean value from 5 nerves All assays: For units of enzymatic actiy- ity, see footnote g |All assays: Protein de- termination by method of Lowry et al.(1951) Based on total protein Based on protein of non-collagenous component All assays: For units of enzymatic activ- ity, see footnote h All assays: Protein de- termination by method of Lowry et al. (1951) + protein/min. 35 REFERENCE Cooperstein and Lazarow (1950) Connelly (1952) Foster (1956)* Coelho et al., cited by Schmitt and Geschwind (1957)° Also Coelho (per- sonal communica- tion) Roberts, Coelho, Lowry, and Craw- ford (1958)° 90. D. as Slat supernatant when measured at 520 mu fraduced/¢s wet wt./hr. 2. tAdditional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in original paper and not included in TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES ANIMAL PHYLUM Class Scientific name Common name Warburg Squid 23 (Sci. name not given) Squid (Sci. name not given) Not specified Octopus sp. Warburg; also Octopus differential manometer Octopus macropus 24 Warburg Octopus Method and Apparatus PROCEDURE Tissue and Type of Preparation Head ganglion (minced) Glucose (0.01 M) (Same as above) Pyruvate (0.05 M°) (Same as above) (8 x 107° M9") Trunk containing giant Pyruvate (0.05 M°) axon (minced) (Same as above) (8 X 107° M2") Axoplasm (extruded) (8 x 10° M?"°) Remaining tissue (minced) (8 x 10-° M2?°) Endogenous Respiration or Substrate Added Pyruvate (0.05 M°)+ cytochrome c Pyruvate (0.05 M°)+ cytochrome c Pyruvate (0.05 M°)+ cytochrome c Pyruvate (0.05 M°)+ cytochrome c Amount of Tissue 38.07 mg. wet wt. 41.7% mg. wet wt. 89.0 mg. wet wt. 45.0° mg. wet wt. 131.0% mg. wet wt. 44.0° mg. wet wt. 98.07 mg. wet wt. Trunk containing giant axon (ground) Axoplasm (extruded) Head ganglion (ground) Cytochrome c (8 X 107° M#’°) Cytochrome c¢ (8 x 107° M2’°) Cytochrome c (8 X 107° M®’%) Remaining tissue (ground)] Cytochrome c (8 * 107° M2?) Heart: Slices Endogenous Mantle nerve Endogenous Mantle nerve Endogenous Salivary gland: Endogenous Slices (from frozen tissue) (Same as above) Endogenous (Same as above) Endogenous Octopus vulgaris Octopus Warburg ®Estimated or calculated from available data. Initial concentration. ©Final concentration. “Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. ©Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. Glucose (0.011 M®) Glucose (0.011 M*) Glucose (0.011 M®) Retina Optic ganglion: Slices Midgut gland: Slices fA log [cytochrome c]/mg. wet wt./min. 8—A log iherciey taehtante ¢]/mg. protein/min. hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, protein of non-collagenous component). 1A log [ferricytochrome c|/mg- protein/min. iM log [CyFet**]/min. 55.0° mg. wet wt. 110.07 mg. wet wt. 44.07 mg. wet wt. 58.0% mg. wet wt. 24.5 mg. dry wt. KActivity/mg.N when standard activity = final tissue dilution dD log (CyFe**) SPECIMEN RESULTS x Microliters of Oxygen per Hour per Milligram Wet ] Dry Weight | Weight — Nitrogen |Protein vi inks 1.34% 3.23 0.63° 10.6° 0.94% $.23° 0.50 9.0 Bt lActivity/mg. protein when activity = Alog [cytochrome ¢] At (min.) T00 0.48 0.28 Enzymatic Activity REMARKS 37 REFERENCE Nachmansohn, Steinbach, Machado, and Spiegelman (1943)' i Gas phase: 0, Nerve unstimulated; in Maja serum (pre- Nerve unstimulated; in artificial sea water lacking urea or bicarbonate sumably Maja blood) Barron (1958) Meyerhof and Schulz (1929) 0.88 0.54 0.83 {_______ and 5% 0, Gas phase: 95% CO and 5% 0,; in dark- ness Gas phase: 95% CO and 5% 0,; in light Gas phase: 95% N, Ghiretti-Magaldi, Giuditta, and Ghiretti (1958)* ee 1.42 0.86 ™Mmpt moles cytochrome c reduced (mg. N) ‘min. * mu moles DPNH oxidized (mg-N)* min. ties mu moles cytochrome c oxidized (mg. N)* min. PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg. tissue/5 min. at 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- chrome c taken as 2.8% 107’ cm.?/mol.)+ 1 0. 88 =e SMoles DP Vincentiis (1952) 90. D. of clear supernatant when measured at 520 mu TAO. D./mg- protein/min. reduced/g. wet wt-/hr. tAdditional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in original paper and not included in Section 2. TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES 39 ANIMAL PROCEDURE RESULTS Microliters of Oxygen per Hour Class Temp. Method and Tissue and Type Endogenous Respiration Amount of per Milligram Enzymatic REFERENCE Scientific name SiGe Apparatus of Preparation or Substrate Added Tissue Protein Wet Dry Activity Common name Octopus vulgaris Manometer Mantle and tentacles Succinate (0.05 M°) Ghiretti-Magaldi, Octopus (skinned muscle): Giuditta, and Particle suspension Ghiretti (1957)* (from frozen tissue) (Same as above) Succinate (0.05 M°)+ cytochrome c (2.5 x 10° M°) (Same as above) Ascorbic acid (Same as above) Ascorbic acid + cytochrome c (2.5 X 107° M°) (Same as above) Quinol (Same above) Quinol + cytochrome c (2.5 x 107° M°) (Same as above) p-phenylenediamine (Same above) p-phenylenediamine + cytochrome c (2.5 x 10° M°) Octopus vulgaris 24 Warburg Gas phase: Ghiretti-Magaldi, Octopus Optic ganglion Endogenous Air Giuditta, and Optic ganglion Endogenous 0, Ghiretti (1958)° Kidney Endogenous Air Kidney Endogenous 0, Salivary gland Endogenous Air Salivary gland Endogenous 0, Gill Endogenous Air Gill Endogenous 0, Branchial heart Endogenous Air Branchial heart Endogenous 0, Branchial gland Endogenous Air Branchial gland Endogenous 0, Midgut gland Endogenous Air Midgut gland Endogenous Q Mantle muscle Endogenous Air Mantle muscle Endogenous 0, Central heart Endogenous Air Sepia officinalis 20-22 Endogenous 50-100 mg. 0.637 In sea water Cardot, Faure, and Cuttlefish wet wt. Arvanitaki (1950)" Endogenous 50-100 mg. 1 0. 18 In isotonic MgCl, wet wt. In salt solution: Endogenous 0.73 Nat + Catt +Meptt Na? +Cat* +Mgi*_ 4) K* Endogenous 0.61 Nat + Catt + Mgt 5, kt ANNELIDA ae a) = = a Chaetopterus sp. 25 Warburg Muscle: Thin sheets or Glucose (0.011 M*) Villee, Lichten- Parchment worm slices Sabella pavonina Feather-duster worm or peacock-worm 17 Micro- Winkler ®Estimated or calculated from available data. Initial concentration. ¢Final concentration. ‘Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. ©Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. Isolated crown Endogenous fAlog [cytochrome c]/mg. wet wt./min. &—A log Warsievrochrome ¢]/mg. protein/min. hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, protein of non-collagenous component). iA log [ferricytochrome c]/mg- protein/min. JA log [CyFe**]/min. sl KActivity/mg.N when standard activity = y/mg A log (CyFet**) : Bt final tissue dilution 00 y 1Activity/mg. protein when activity = Alog cytochrome c At (min.) 1.152° ™mu moles cytochrome ¢ reduced (mg. N) ‘min. * Nmp moles DPNH oxidized (mg. N)~* min. * °mu moles cytochrome c oxidized (mg. N)* min. PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg. tissue/5 min. at 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- chrome c taken as 2.8% 107” cm.?/mol.)- 1 stein, Nathanson, and Rolander (1950) Fox (1938) 90. D. of clear supernatant when measured at 520 mu TAO. D./mg- protein/min- : reduced/g, wet wt./hr. t Additional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in original paper and not included in Section 2. SMoles DP + - = 7 7 ‘. a el y . a hp aoe) eee DDS Seis ar . ANIMAL PHYLUM Class Temp. Method and Scientific name es Apparatus Common name TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES PROCEDURE Tissue and Type of Preparation or Substrate Added Endogenous Respiration Amount of Tissue Clitellate Clitellate Clitellate Clitellate Clitellate worms worms 41 REFERENCE Enzymatic Activity First hour: in air Second hour: in CO First hour: in air Second hour: in air Ewer and Fox(1940) All assays: Segmenta- tion approximate O’Brien (1957)' All assays: Segmenta- Sabella pavonina Barcroft Body wall: Slices Succinic acid (0.001 M) 11 Feather-duster worm Body wall: Slices Succinic acid (0.001 M) 11 or peacock-worm Body wall: Slices Succinic acid (0.001 M) 11 Body wall: Slices Succinic acid (0.001 M) Td) Clitellata | =a | | Eisenia foetida Not Warburg Viscera: Mince Manure worm or specified Segments 1-9 Endogenous brandling Segments 30-34 Endogenous (clitellum) Segments 40-49 Endogenous Segments 60-69 Endogenous Segments 90-100 Endogenous Not Warburg Body wall: Mince specified Segments 1-9 Endogenous Segments 10-19 Endogenous Segments 20-29 Endogenous Segments 40-49 Endogenous Segments 60-69 Endogenous Segments 90-100 Endogenous 27 Warburg Body wall: Mince Segments 1-9 Succinate + cytochrome c Segments 10-19 Succinate + cytochrome c Segments 30-34 Succinate + cytochrome c (clitellum) Segments 35-40 Succinate + cytochrome c Segments 55-60 Succinate + cytochrome c Segments 100-110 Succinate + cytochrome c Not Warburg Viscera: Homogenate Wet wt. specified Segments 1-9 Endogenous 200 mg. Segments 30-34 Endogenous 200 mg. (clitellum) Segments 40-49 Endogenous 200 mg. Segments 60-69 Endogenous 200 mg. Segments 90-100 Endogenous 200 mg. Not Warburg Body wall: Homogenate Wet wt. specified Segments 1-9 Endogenous 200 mg. Segments 40-49 Endogenous 200 mg. Segments 60-69 Endogenous 200 mg. Segments 90-100 Endogenous 200 mg. 27 Warburg Body wall: Homogenate ®Estimated or calculated from available data. nitial concentration. ©Final concentration. ‘Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytochrome ¢ per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. ©Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. Segments 1-9 Segments 10-19 Segments 30-34 (clitellum) Segments 35-40 Segments 55-60 Segments 100-110 Succinate + cytochrome c Succinate + cytochrome c Succinate + cytochrome c Succinate + cytochrome c Succinate + cytochrome c Succinate + cytochrome c ley [e eet ¢]/mg. wet wt./min. J log erricytochrome ¢]/mg. protein/min. KActivity/mg. N when standard activity = final tissue dilution A log (Cy AD) Clitellate worms 0.482 tion approximate Clitellate worms 0.307 Clitellate worms 0.277 Clitellate worms 0.237 Clitellate worms 0.31% Clitellate worms 0.448 All assays: Segmenta- Clitellate worms 0.787 tion approximate Clitellate worms 0.697 Clitellate worms 0.63" Clitellate worms 0.62° Clitellate worms (OFS Sie Clitellate worms 0.76° All assays: Segmenta- Clitellate worms 0.046% tion approximate Clitellate worms 0.025 Clitellate worms 0.028" Clitellate worms 0.029" Clitellate worms 0.031° All assays: Segmenta- Clitellate worms 0.053" tion approximate Clitellate worms 0.026° Clitellate worms 0,041° Clitellate worms 0.076 All assays: Segmenta- Clitellate worms 1.0207 tion approximate Clitellate worms 0.8702 Clitellate worms 0.700" Clitellate worms 0.660 Clitellate worms 0.550" Clitellate worms 0.860° ™mi moles cytochrome c reduced (mg. N) +m Nmu moles DPNH oxidized (mg. N)~! min. aut Fiala substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, protein of non-collagenous component). iA log [ferricytochrome ¢]/mg- protein/min. iA log [CyFe**]/min. t T00 5 1 Activity/mg. protein when activity = Alog [cytochrome c¢] At (min.) mu moles cytochrome c oxidized (mg. N)~* min PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg- tissue/5 min. at 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- chrome c taken as 2.8 107’ cm,?/mol-). 90. D. of clear supaiiotent when measured at 520 mu TAO. D./ protein/min- 5Moles DPN. reduced/g. wet wt./hr. tAdditional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in original paper and not included in Section 2. TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES 43 NIMAL PUR JOUG ED LUTE SPECIMEN RESULTS A Microliters of Oxygen per Hour per Milligram PHYLUM Fee Enzymatic REFERENCE Class Temp. Method and Tissue and Type Eneagene Ss eae of ene . issue Scientific name °c. Apparatus of Preparation Sreueetiste é Nitrogen Protein] whe [wert Common name In gas mixture of 20% | Johnson (1942) ; 0.632 Lumbricus terrestris 15-18 Barcroft Body wall: Slices Endogenous Large worms and 80% N i (2.5-5 g.) 2 Earthworm or night crawler ; Large worms 0.685" In gas mixture of 20% : Endogenous Body wall: Slices [4 (2.5-5 g.) 0,, 20% CO, and 60% N, 5 Allassays: Segmenta- | O’Brien (1957)* i od ll: Mince , : ' Octolasium cyaneum 2 y ne ae Berio crieen nee Clitellate 0.55% tionfapproximare Blue worm cere 5 Clitellate worms 0.348 Segments 35-40 Succinate + cytochrome c eine cain Segments 55-60 Succinate + cytochrome c a ie cems BUS Segments 100-110 Succinate + cytochrome c diel DELeaWOrmis 0,52 ; Body wall: Homogenate fut assays: Segmenta- Segments 1-9 Succinate + cytochrome c Clitellate worms i tion approximate Segments 35-40 Succinate + cytochrome c Clitellate worms Segments 55-60 Succinate + cytochrome c Clitellate worms Segments 100-110 Succinate + cytochrome c Clitellate worms Earthworm Not Microrespi- Ventral nerve cord Endogenous R.Q. 0.8-0.9 spacarapipies (Sci. name not specified rometer asoglu ( ) given) Muscle at rest Brecht, Behrens, Leech Polarograph Smooth muscle of back: Endogenous andBartele (Sci. name not Fragments (1954)* given) ARTHROPODA Merostomata si Limulus polyphemus 25 Cardiac ganglion Endogenous 100 mg. Mean resting value Dann and Gardner Horseshoe crab wet wt. from 3 experiments (1930) (5 + gan- glia pooled) Cardiac ganglion Endogenous 100 mg. Mean resting value wet wt. from 3 experiments (5 + gan- pooled) Limulus polyphemus 24 Warburg Claw nerve Endogenous 0.082° Chang (1931) Horseshoe crab t Limulus polyphemus 31 Differential Optic nerve: Pieces Guttman (1935) Horseshoe crab volumeter (see Proximal 1/5 Endogenous 2 (os Gerard and Medial 1/5 Endogenous 2 for Hartline (1934)| Distal 1/5 Endogenous 2 \\ fos! 28 (Same as above) | Optic nerve: Pieces Proximal 1/5 Endogenous 2 (oy Medial 1/5 Endogenous 2 oy Distal 1/5 Endogenous 2 on 16 (Same as above) | Optic nerve: Pieces Proximal 1/5 Endogenous 2D \\er Medial 1/5 Endogenous 5 (oy Distal 1/5 Endogenous 5 oy an ns q d at 520 Estimated or calculated from available data. fAlog [e tochrome ¢|/mg. wet wt./min. KActivity/mg- N when standard activity = Mm moles cytochrome © reduced (mg. NT min. * ESAT an eee PU when measured a bil Initial concentration. 8—A log Warleytochtame ¢]/mg. protein/min. D log (CyFe**) _ final tissue dilution mu moles DPNH oxidized (mg- N) Mindceiees a SM a DPT ay, et cwtcAhire ©Final concentration. hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For Bt - T00 * °mp moles cytochrome c oxidized (mg. N) min. ayn saa aes iestereata Caanveerebrateliastes ‘Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, 1 Activity/mg. protein when activity = PMoles cytochrome ¢ reduced/mg. tissue/5 min. at ie ae Ber Bel iaaae aad coaiinel dealin cytochrome c¢ per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. protein of non-collagenous component). Algae tochroma c| 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- Be Ae 2 9 ROP. ©Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced 1A log [ferricytochrome c]/mg. protein/min. = 09 USYISCUOM SAE, chrome c taken as 2.8% 1077 cm. /mol-)- REROt cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. JA log [CyFe**]/min. At (min.) ANIMAL PHYLUM Class Temp. Method and Scientific name eM cy, Apparatus Common name Limulus polyphemus 24 Differential Horseshoe crab volumeter (see Gerard and Hartline, 1934) 20 (Same as above) 24 (Same as above) 24 (Same as above) 24 (Same as above) Limulus polyphemus Horseshoe crab Crustacea TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES PROCEDURE Tissue and Type of Preparation Optic nerve: Pieces Axon: Proximal 1/5 Endogenous Medial 1/5 Endogenous Distal 1/5 Endogenous Sheath: Proximal 1/5 Endogenous Medial 1/5 Endogenous Distal 1/5 Endogenous Retina Endogenous Forebrain Endogenous Foregut Endogenous Muscle Endogenous Not specified Heart: Slices Endogenous Endogenous Respiration or Substrate Added Astacus sp. Warburg; also Nerve Endogenous Crayfish differential manometer Callinectes sapidus 26 Fenn (modified) Claw nerve Endogenous Blue crab 20 (Same as above) Claw nerve Endogenous 20 (Same as above) Claw nerve Endogenous 20 (Same as above) Leg nerve (1st walking Endogenous leg) Callinectes sapidus 27 Warburg Gill Endogenous Blue crab Gill Endogenous Gill Endogenous Midgut gland Endogenous Midgut gland Endogenous Midgut gland Endogenous Carcinus maenas 24 Warburg Endogenous (formerly Carcinides maenas ) Endogenous Green crab Endogenous Carcinus maenas 20-25 Warburg Muscle: Homogenate Endogenous (formerly Muscle: Homogenate Succinate + cytochrome Carcinides maenas) Muscle: Homogenate Succinate + cytochrome Green crab Muscle: ®Estimated or calculated from available data. Initial concentration. ©Final concentration. Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. ©Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome ¢ per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. Muscle: Muscle: Homogenate Homogenate Homogenate Succinate + cytochrome Succinate + cytochrome Succinate + cytochrome fA log [cytochrome c]/mg. wet wt./min. 8A log Hercicytachrome ¢]/mg. protein/min. hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, __ protein of non-collagenous component). *A log [ferricytochrome c]/mg- protein/min. JA log CyFe**]/min. A log (CyFe**) re Amount of Tissue AAQ Qaq Microliters of Oxygen per Hour per Milligram t At (min.) 11 11 40Q 40Q Enzymatic 45 REFERENCE Activity Shapiro (1937)* ay meas Nerve unstimulated; in Ringer’s solution A £.p.=-0.8° C. Meyerhof and Schulz (1929) Mean value for 19 claw nerves Mean value for 20 claw nerves Mean value for 11 claw nerves Mean value for 11 leg nerves Lindeman (1939) Vernberg (1956) In artificial sea Pieh (1936)' water (S=32%p) In brackish water (S=15%o) In NaCl solution With eyestalks With eyestalks With eyestalks Without eyestalks With eyestalks With eyestalks All assays: Arbi- trarily selected pairs (bracketed) of simultaneous de- terminations on tis- Sues prepared at Same time Eyestalk extract added to homoge- nate Scheer, Schwabe, and Scheer, (1952)* KActivity/mg-N when standard activity = final tissue dilution 0 lActivity/mg. protein when activity = Alog [cytochrome c¢] ™mu moles cytochrome ¢ reduced (mg. N) ‘min. * "mp moles DPNH oxidized (mg-N)~* min. * ©mu moles cytochrome c oxidized (mg-N)* min. PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg. tissue/5 min. at 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- chrome c taken as 2.8x 107’ cm.?/mol.). 1 90. D. of clear supernatant when measured at 520 mu FAO. D./mg. protein/min. SMoles DPN reduced/g. wet wt-/hr. tAdditional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in original paper and not included in Section 2 TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES 47 ANIMAL PROCEDURE [SPECINEN | RESULTS PHYLUM Microliters of Oxygen per Hour Class Temp. Method and Tissue and Type Endogenous Respiration Amount of per Milligram REFERENCE Scientific name Pigs Apparatus of Preparation or Substrate Added Tissue Wet Dry Weight | Weight Common name Carcinus maenas 20 Barcroft Muscle: Extract Fructose Molting With KCN Krishnan (1954)¢ (formerly Carcinide (Same as above) Fructose Soft-shelled With KCN maenas) (postmolt) Green crab (Same as above) Fructose Hard-shelled With KCN (intermolt) (Same as above) Fructose Premolt With KCN With eyestalks Muscle: Extract Fructose 0 da. With KCN (Same as above) Fructose 3 da. With KCN (Same as above) Fructose 12 9 da. 0.226 With KCN (Same as above) Fructose 12 15 da. 0.384% With KCN Without eyestalks (Same as above) Fructose 0 da. With KCN (Same as above) Fructose 3 da. With KCN (Same as above) Fructose 9 da. With KCN (Same as above) Fructose 15 da. With KCN Gill Midgut gland Clibinarius vittatus (formerly Clibinarius vittatius) Hermit crab Endogenous Endogenous 17 0.3257 Vernberg (1956) 22 0.622° Gecarcinus lateralis Integumentary tissues Endogenous Intermolt 0.53 Skinner [ms] Purple land crab Integumentary tissues Endogenous 0.85 Homarus americanus Ventral ganglionated Endogenous Chang (1931) American lobster nerve cord All peripheral leg nerves | Endogenous Claw nerves Endogenous Nerves of walking legs Endogenous Homarus americanus | Not Spectrophoto- Leg and claw nerves: Succinate (0.017 M+ cytochrome c 0.052! For units of enzy- Foster (1956)* American lobster specified| meter Homogenate (1.7 * 10% M°) matic activity, see Leg and claw nerves: Cytochrome c 1.48 footnotes indicated Homogenate All assays: Leg and claw nerves: Cytochrome c 1.88 Protein determina- Nuclear fraction tion by method of Leg and claw nerves: Succinate (0.017 M°)+ cytochrome c 0.837! Lowry et al. (1951) Mitochondria (1.7 x 10 M°) Leg and claw nerves: Cytochrome c 14.9" Mitochondria Leg and claw nerves: Succinate (0.017 M°)+ cytochrome c 0.057! Supernatant (Orie stops M°) Leg and claw nerves: Cytochrome c 1.08 Supernatant Eee or calculated from available data. fAlog [e tochrome ¢]/mg. wet wt./min. kActivity/mg- N when standard activity = ™Mmu moles cytochrome ¢ reduced (mg- N)7? mino? 40. D. of clear supernatant when measured at 520 mu cFinal Zp al &A log [ferricytochrome ¢]/mg. protein/min. A log (CyFe**) s final tissue dilution Mm moles DPNH oxidized (mg. N)* mine? noe om a aoe . proteln ula. ih dDacresseiin lance D we : ait Moles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For aaa \ ae | (1|| ae ©mu moles cytochrome ¢ oxidized (mg. N) min. t oles reduced/g. wet wt./ hrs . ine in log of mo ppeeutotion of oxidized axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, 1 Activity/mg. protein when activity = PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg. tissue/5 min. at Additional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues SDE eee Is Bet inure for 1:15 tissue dilution. protein of non-collagenous component). Aloailtc hoe bets ¢] 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- present in original paper and not included in g of molar concentration of reduced 1A log [ferricytochrome c]/mg- protein/min. eS eee i -7 cm.7/mol.). Secti cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. jA log [CyFet**]/min. At (min.) chrome ¢ taken as 2.8% 10°” cm.*/mol ) pote TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES 49 [| SPECIMEN RESULTS ANIMAL P)RUO) CE DU IRIE Microliters of Oxygen per Hour ee Temp. Method and Tissue and Type Endogenous Respiration Amount of Leen es eee REFERENCE Sclantiticiname. Co Apparatus of Preparation or Substrate Added Tissue Activity Common name - and claw nerves: All assays: ee Poteet Succinate (8.3 x 10~ M?’°) CNR (8.3 x 10° M?"°) present Mitochondria Fumarate (8.3 X 107 M®’°) All assays: P/O ratios in original paper Mitochondria Malate (8.3 x 10 M®2'°) All assays: Protein determina- Mitochondria Citrate (8.3 x 107° M®*°) tion by method of Lowry et al. (1951) Mitochondria o-Ketoglutarate (8.3% 10~ M®"°) Homarus gammarus Muscle: Homogenate Succinate + cytochrome c With eyestalks Arbitrarily selected Scheer, Schwabe, (formerly Homarus Muscle: Homogenate Succinate + cytochrome c Without eyestalks Pair of simultaneous| and Scheer (1952) vulgaris ) determinations on Lobster tissues prepared at Same time Lobster Warburg Muscle Endogenous Kermack, Lees, (Sci. name not and Wood (1954)* given) Warburg Midgut gland Endogenous Warburg Midgut gland Cytochrome c Warburg Midgut gland Cytochrome c + p-phenylenediamine Libinia dubia Gill Endogenous 21 0.214° Vernberg (1956) Spider crab Gill Endogenous 14 ey 0.2087 Gill Endogenous 7 ce) 0.2667 Midgut gland Endogenous 20 0.346° Midgut gland Endogenous 13 fou 0.3547 Midgut gland Endogenous 7 g 0.3917 i Libinia emarginata 23 Thunberg, modi- Claw nerve Endogenous | 70 mg. wet 8° 0.1167 In sea water con- Shanes and Hop- Spider crab fied (see Hop- wt. (nerves taining ca. 12 mM kins (1948)' kins and Hand- of 4 speci- In artificial sea water ford, 1943) mens with the following pooled) mM/liter of Kt: Claw nerve Endogenous (Same as 362 0.09062 10) above) Endogenous (Same as 8° 0.131° 15 above) Claw nerve Endogenous (Same as 24° 0. 162° 30 above) Claw nerve Endogenous (Same as an 0. 1448 40 above Claw nerve Endogenous (Same as Ae 0.0697" 70 above) nerve Endogenous (Same as 125 0.0479° sa above) Soe from available data, oe [e tochrome c]/mg. wet wt./min- 4 KActivity/mg. N when standard activity = ™mmu moles cytochrome c reduced (mg. Nn min? 30. D. of clear supernatant when measured at 520 mu PEhvaliconcentration: hM og peri eyiecitone el fpasaersteln/ mins A log (CyFet**) : final tissue dilution "mu moles DPNH oxidized (mg- N) ming? ta eae Dont By Reni dDecrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized eee jeans) converted’ Kile ie spel nts at 00 ‘ ae moles cytochrome ¢ oxidized (mg: N) Tyne tAdditi I ee ‘iret a Nate ae iecanebrata tissues cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. a at! EE PotaMeresei ni ater y. pois ‘Activit /mg. protein when activity = Moles cytochrome £ reduced/mg. tissue/S min. at : oe ele 1 ms er and not included in ©Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced in‘ion farrleytachrore, eli porn a Alog [cytochrome ¢] | 10°C. isxflnerien continent elena GAGE ieee a Sealy cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. iA rea errisytgehrem SP i At (min.) chrome ¢ taken as 2. CMe /mOlals 1 ANIMAL PHYLUM Class Scientific name Common name Method and Apparatus Temp. Warburg; also differential manometer Maja sp. Spider crab Menippe mercenaria Stone crab Ocypode quadrata Warburg (formerly Ocypode albicans) Ghost crab Pachygrapsus Scholander- crassipes Wennesland Striped shore crab microrespiro= meter (see Wennesland, 1951) Palaemon squilla (formerly Leander adspersus) Shrimp Warburg ° ke *Estimated or calculated from available data. nitial concentration. ©Final concentration. ‘Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. *Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES RESULTS Microliters of Oxygen per Hour per Milligram PROCEDURE Amount of Tissue Endogenous Respiration or Substrate Added Tissue and Type of Preparation 12.93* mg. dry wt. Endogenous 22.93" mg. dry wt. Endogenous Gill Endogenous Gill Endogenous Gill Endogenous Midgut gland Endogenous Midgut gland Endogenous Midgut gland Endogenous Gill Endogenous Gill Endogenous Gill Endogenous Midgut gland Endogenous Midgut gland Endogenous Midgut gland Endogenous 13.4 mg. wet wt. (3 brains pooled) 13.5 mg. wet wt (3 brains pooled) 12.5 mg. wet wt. (3 brains pooled) Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Leg muscle (teased) Endogenous 0.0475° (Same as above) Endogenous 0.0500% (Same as above) Endogenous 0.0270% Muscle: Homogenate Endogenous With eyestalks 0.005 (Same as above ) Succinate + cytochrome c With eyestalks 0.013° (Same as above) Succinate + cytochrome c With eyestalks 0.010 (Same as above) Succinate + cytochrome c Without eyestalks 0.007% (Same as above) Succinate + cytochrome c With eyestalks 0,004 (Same above) Succinate + cytochrome c With eyestalks 0.006 * a, [cytochrome c]/mg. wet wt./min- *Activity/mg.N when standard activity = mb moles cytochrome ¢ reduced (mg. N)* min. * 4 log ieanteytechrose ¢]/mg. protein/min. Slog (CyFe**) _ final tissue dilution "mu moles DPNH oxidized (mg-N)~ min. * hMolex substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For rk ETc ae U omit moles cytochrome c¢ oxidized (mg-N)~* min." axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, protein of non-collagenous component). iAlog feyeetsynrome ¢]/mg. protein/min. JA log [CyFe**]/min. PMoles cytochrome ¢ reduced/mg. tissue/5 min. at 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- Big ee a pen when activity = chrome c taken as 2.8% 10~7 cm,?/mol.). Alog [cytochrome c¢] At (min.) Nerve unstimulated; in artificial sea water with urea and bicarbonate Nerve unstimulated; in Maja serum (pre- sumably Maja 8.5 Acclimati- 16.0 zation temp. (°C.) 23.5 8.5 Acclimati- 16.0 zation temp. (°C. ) 23.5 All assays: Arbi- trarily selected pairs (bracketed) of simultaneous deter- mination on tissues prepared at same time Eyestalk extract added to homogenate| (me. protein/, min. reduced/g, wet wt./hr- 51 REFERENCE Meyerhof and Schulz (1929) Vernberg (1956) Vernberg (1956) Roberts (1957) Scheer, Schwabe, and Scheer (1952)* 90. D. or clear super net ant when measured at 520 mu tAdditional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in original paper and not included in TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES 53 ANIMAL PROCEDURE [SPECIMEN RESULTS Microliters of Oxygen per Hour LUM ana fees Temp. Method and Tissue and Type Endogenous Respiration Amount of per Milligram Enzymatic REFERENCE Scientific name Bis Apparatus of Preparation or Substrate Added Tissue Activity Common name Pandalus borealis 6 Not specified Dorsal extensor abdomi- | Endogenous 0.038" Specimens from Fox and Wing- Prawn nal muscle Kristineberg, field (1937) Sweden 10 Not specified (Same as above) Endogenous 0.065% Specimens from Kristineberg, Sweden Pandalus montagui 6 Not specified Dorsal extensor abdomi- | Endogenous 0.040" Specimens from Fox and Wing- Pink shrimp nal muscle Kristineberg, field (1937) Sweden 10 Not specified (Same as above) Endogenous 0.070% Specimens from Kristineberg, Sweden 10 Not specified (Same as above) Endogenous 0.077% Specimens from Plymouth, England 16 Not specified (Same as above) Endogenous 0.094" Specimens from Plymouth, England Panopeus herbstii ot Warburg Gill Endogenous 0.319% Vernberg (1956) Mud crab Gill Endogenous 0.3142 Gill Endogenous 0.325% Midgut gland Endogenous 0.536" Midgut gland Endogenous 0.565° Midgut gland Endogenous 0.552° Panulirus argus 25 Warburg Midgut gland Endogenous 4 3.0 Robbie (1949)° Spiny lobster Leg nerve Endogenous 5 1.1 Leg muscle Endogenous 2 1.0 Pugettia producta 15 Warburg Midgut gland: Slices Endogenous 61 1.73 Belding, Field, Kelp crab (Same as above) Endogenous 23 | 1,92 Weymouth, and (Same as above) Endogenous 33 g 1.57 Allen (1942)* Sesarma cinereum 27 Warburg Gill Endogenous 10 0.911% Vernberg (1956) (formerly Sesarma Midgut gland Endogenous 14 0.357% cinerea) Marsh crab Uca minax 27 Warburg Gill Endogenous 33 0.373" Vernberg (1956) Red-jointed fiddler Gill Endogenous 2 | 0.359° crab Gill Endogenous 7 io) 0.422° Midgut gland Endogenous 41 0.383% Midgut gland Endogenous sp) || (os! 0.419% Midgut gland Endogenous 9 ce) 0.255% Uca pugilator 27 Warburg Gill Endogenous 27 Vernberg (1956) Fiddler crab Gill Endogenous 1s |o Gill Endogenous 12 io) Midgut gland Endogenous 34 Midgut gland Endogenous 24 fon Midgut gland Endogenous 10 g paenieg or calculated from available data. fA log [cytochrome c]/mg. wet wt./min- KActivity/mg. N when standard activity = ™mu moles cytochrome c reduced (ma- Ny" mins? Oe surements when measured at 520 mu gist concentration. &—A log [ferricytochrome ¢]/mg. protein/min. A log (CyFe**) final tissue dilution Nmu moles DPNH oxidized (mg. N) PU i eh 5M le DPr pest oaa/aawet el hr ve concentration. P ane hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For area. Tagen TOO * ©mu moles cytochrome ¢ oxidized (mg- N) Was tAddit | i rea Sa on’ invertebrate Serica ecrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, 1 Activity/mg. protein when activity = PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg- tissue/5 min. at itional respira ony i erate cytochrome ¢ per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. protein of non-collagenous component). Alogfe tases cl 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- present in original paper an not included in *Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced iA log [ferricytochrome c]/mg. protein/min. = oalleee chrome c taken as 2.8% 1077 cm.?/mol.)- Section 2. cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. jA log [CyFe**]/min. At (min.) = ANIMAL PHYLUM Class Scientific name Common name Method and Apparatus Insecta TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES PERRORGIE DURE: Tissue and Type of Preparation Amount of Tissue Endogenous Respiration or Substrate Added Acheta domesticus Fenn (formerly Gryllus domesticus ) House cricket Fat body: Residues (mitochondria) o-Ketoglutarate Citrate (1 x 10~? M?"°) SPECIMEN RESULTS Microliters of Oxygen per Hour per Milligram Enzymatic Activity 55 REMARKS REFERENCE Protein determination] Young (1959)° by method of Lowry et al. (1951) Apis mellifera 37 Warburg Flight muscle: All assays: Hoskins, Chel- Honeybee Mitochondria Me 3 Cytochrome e : delin, and New- (Same as above) Iso Citrate (1.3 X 107 M®*’*) (2.7% 1055 M="°) burgh (1959)* (Same as above) o&-Ketoglutarate (1x 107 M?’°) present (Same as above) Succinate (1x 10~ M#’°) All assays: (Same as above) Malate (1 * 107° M2’°) Protein determina- (Same as above) Fumarate (1 10~° M?’°) tion by method of Weichselbaum (1946) Belostoma spp. 25 Volumetric micro-| Flight muscle (teased) Endogenous 10-20 mg. Adult 1.16 4.23 In Wilder and Smith | Pérez-Gonzdlez Giant water bug respirometer wet wt. saline and Edwards (see Scholander,| Leg muscle (coxal le- Endogenous 10-20 meg. Adult 0.308 1.43 In Wilder and Smith (1954)* 1942) vator, teased) wet wt. saline Blattella germanica 30 Fenn Fat body: Residues irene Nymph 10.0 Protein determination] Young (1959)* German cockroach (mitochondria) by method of Lowry et al, (1951) Bombyx mori 30 Manometer Midgut: Homogenate Endogenous Sth instar larva In distilled water Ito, Horie, and Silkworm (Same as above) Endogenous Sth instar larva In sucrose (0.25 M) Ishikawa (1958)' (Same as above) Endogenous Sth instar larva In NaCl (0.125 M) (Same as above) Endogenous Sth instar larva In KCl (0.125 M) (Same as above) Succinate (0.045 M??°) 5th instar larva All assays: 2Estimated or calculated from available data. nitial concentration. ©Final concentration. ‘Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. *Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. (Same as above) Cytochrome c (5.5 x 107° M®’°) + p-phenylenediamine (4.5 x 10 M2"°) IL Midgut: Mitochondria (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) Succinate (0.045 M?'°) Succinate (0.045 M®’°) Succinate (0.045 M@’°) Cytochrome c (5.5 x 10> M®’°) + p-phenylenediamine (4.5 x 107 M?°) Cytochrome c (5.5 X 107° M®’°) + p-phenylenediamine (4.5 x 107? M3s¢) Cytochrome c (5.5 X 107° M3"°) + p-phenylenediamine (4.5 x 10 M*"*) Cytochrome c (2.5 ¥ 1073 M8'°) Cytochrome c (2,5 x 107° M@"°) Succinate (0.01 M®’°) Fumarate (0,01 M*’°) Malate (0.01 M?'°) O-Ketoglutarate (0.01 M®'°) Citrate (0.01 M?’°) fA log [ cytochrome ¢]/mg. wet wt./min- 8A log [ferricytochrome c]/mg. protein/min. hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, protein of non-collagenous component). 1A log [ferricytochrome c]/mg- protein/min. JA log [CyFet*]/min. Sth instar larva Sth instar larva 1676 Sth instar larva 14.0 5th instar larva 25.8% Sth instar larva 139.47 Sth instar larva 375m 5th instar larva 161.3" Sth instar larva 31.5 Sth instar larva 14.4 Sth instar larva 229 Sth instar larva 158 Sth instar larva 122 Sth instar larva 101 Sth instar larva 35 KActivity/mg- N when standard activity = 4 log (Cy Fe**) final tissue dilution Bt : ~ 100 1Activity/mg. protein when activity = Alog [cytochrome ¢ At (min.) ™mu moles cytochrome ¢ reduced (mg. N) ‘min. * "mu moles DPNH oxidized (mg. N)* mine * - ©mu moles cytochrome c oxidized (mg. N)* min. PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg. tissue/5 min. at 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- chrome c taken as 2.8% 107? cm,?/mol.)+ 1 Nitrogen determina- tion by micro- Kjeldahl procedure Fractionating medium; KCI (0.9%) Sucrose (0.25 M) KCI (0.9%) + EDTA (0.01 M) KCl (0.9%) Sucrose (0.25 M) KC! (0.9%) + EDTA (0.01 M) Without cyanide With cyanide (1. 107? M) All assays: Nitrogen determina- tion by micro-Kjel- dahl procedure 90. D. of clear supernatant when measured at 520 mu FAO. D./mg- protein/min. SMoles DPN reduced/g. wet wt-/hr. tAdditional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in original paper and not included in Section 2. ANIMAL PAR JOIGiE DURE PHYLUM Class Temp. Method and Tissue and Type Endogenous Respiration Amount of Scientific name eit o Apparatus of Preparation or Substrate Added Tissue Common name Calliphora erythro- Differential Flight muscle: o-Ketoglutarate Sarc osomal cephala manometer Sarcosomes protein Bluebottle fly content: 1.0-1.5 mg. Flight muscle: o-Ketoglutarate (Same as Sarcosomes above) Flight muscle: o-Ketoglutarate (Same as Sarcosomes above) Calliphora erythro- Differential Flight muscle: o-Ketoglutarate Sarcosomal cephala manometer Sarcosomes protein Bluebottle fly content: 1.0-1.5 mg Flight muscle: &-Ketoglutarate (Same as Sarcosomes above) Carpocapsa pomonella 20 Warburg Muscle Endogenous (cited as Cydia Muscle Endogenous pomonella) Muscle Endogenous Codling moth Fat body Endogenous Fat body Endogenous Fat body Endogenous Fat body Endogenous Fat body Endogenous Galleria mellonella 30 Fenn Fat body: o-Ketoglutarate Greater wax moth Residues (mitochondria) TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES Hyalophora cecropia (formerly Platy- samia cecropia) Cecropia moth Hyalophora cecropia 25 (formerly Platy- samia cecreopia) Cecropia moth Warburg ®Estimated or calculated from available data. Initial concentration. ©Final concentration. ‘Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. ©Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. Midgut: Washed homogenate (Same as above) (4.8 x 10° M°) (4.8 x 10° M°) (Same as above) (1.6 x 10% M°) (Same as above) (1.6 x 10 M°) Wing Endogenous fA log [cytochrome c]/mg. wet wt./min- &—A log [ferricytochrome c]/mg. protein/min. hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, __ protein of non-collagenous component). iA log [ferricytochrome c|/mg. protein/min. iA log [CyFet**]/min. Succinate (0.013 M°) + cytochrome c Succinate (0.013 M°) + cytochrome c Ascorbate (0.014 M°) + cytochrome c Ascorbate (0.01 M°) + cytochrome c KActivity/mg.N when standard activity = 4D log (CyFet*) . final tissue dilution Aten ee aa Up lActivity/mg. protein when activity = Alog [cytochrome c] At (min.) 8-10 da. 15-17 da. Diapausing pupa RESULTS Microliters of Oxygen per Hour per Milligram 57 REFERENCE All assays: P/O ratios in original paper All assays: Method of protein determi- nation not specified Lewis and Slater (1954)* Slater and Lewis (1954)' All assays: P/O ratios in original paper All assays: Method of protein determi- nation not specified Graham (1946)* 5.1 ™mp moles cytochrome ¢ reduced (mg. N)_* min. * "mp moles DPNH oxidized (mg. N)~* min. * 3 mu moles cytochrome c oxidized (mg. N)* min. PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg. tissue/5 min. at 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- chrome c taken as 2.8% 107” cm.?/mol-). 1 Based on total dry weight Based on defatted dry weight Based on total dry weight Based on defatted dry weight R.Q. 1.22 Protein determination] Young (1959)' by method of Lowry et al, (1951) All assays: Method of nitrogen deter- mination not spe- cified Without malonate Sanborn and Williams (1950)' With malonate (0,01 M°) Without malonate With malonate (0.01 M°) Harvey (MS b) 90. D. of clear supernatant when measured at 520 miu TAO, D./mg- protein/min. SMoles DPN reduced/g, wet wt-/hr. t Additional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in original paper and not included in Section 2 ANIMAL PHYLUM Class Scientific name Common name Hyalophora cecropia (formerly Platysamia cecropia) Cecropia moth Initial concentration. ©Final concentration. 4 Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. *Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. Not specified ®Estimated or calculated from available data. TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES PROCEDURE Amount of Tissue Endogenous Respiration or Substrate Added Tissue and Type of Preparation Method and Apparatus Unchilled pupae: Time after pupation: Succinate (0.01 M°) + cytochrome c 2-3 da. (3 x 10% M°) (Same as above) Wing epithelium: Homogenate (Same as above) 10 wks. 2-4 6-12 Chilled pupae: Length of chilling: Succinate (0.01 M°) + cytochrome c 6-12 11 wks. 6-12 36 wks. 6-12 6-12 (3 x 10° M*) (Same as above) Wing epithelium: Homogenate (Same as above) Pupae chilled for 11 wks, and then re- turned to 25°C.: Time after return: 1 da. Succinate (0.01 M°) + cytochrome c (3 x 107° M°) (Same as above) Wing epithelium: Homogenate (Same as above) 5 da. Microliters of Oxygen per Hour per Milligram Developing adults: Time after initiation of development: Wing epithelium: Succinate (0.01 M°) + cytochrome c 2 da. Homogenate (3 x 10° M°) (Same as above) (Same as above) 7 da. (Same as above) (Same as above) 13-14 da. (Same as above) (Same as above) 18-19 da. Unchilled pupae: Time after pupation: Wing epithelium: DPNH (7.5 10° M‘) 6-12 2-3 wks. Homogenate (Same as above) (Same as above) 6-12 10 wks. (Same as above) DPNH (7.5 107° M°) + cytochrome c 6-12 2-3 wks. (7.5 x 1075 MS) (Same as above) (Same as above) 10 wks. Chilled pupae: Length of chilling: Wing epithelium: DPNH (7.5 x 107° M°) 5 wks. Homogenate (Same as above) (Same as above) 37 wks. (Same as above) DPNH (7.5 X 10°° M°) + cytochrome c 5 wks. (7.5 x 10° M*) (Same as above) (Same as above) 37 wks. Developing adults: Time after initiation of development: Wing epithelium: DPNH (7.5 x 10°° M°) 2-4 2 da. Homogenate (Same as above) (Same as above) 2-4 9 da. (Same as above) (Same as above) 2-4 18-19 da. (Same as above) DPNH (7.5 x 10° M‘) + cytochrome c 2-4 2 da. (7.5 x 10° M°) (Same as above) (Same as above) 2-4 9 da. (Same as above) (Same as above) 2-4 18-19 da. fA log [cytochrome c]/mg. wet wt./min. 8—A log [ferricytochrome ¢]/mg. protein/min. hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For Ar axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, protein of non-collagenous component). iA log [ferricytochrome c]/mg- protein/min. JA log [CyFe**]/min. s] KActivity/mg. N when standard activity = 4 log (CyFe**) ee final tissue dilution ‘on 'Activity/mg. protein when activity = Alog [cytochrome ¢ At (min.) "mu moles DPNH oxidized (mg-N)™* min. ©mu moles cytochrome ¢ oxidized (mg- chrome c taken as 2.8% 107’ cm.?/mol-)- ™mu moles cytochrome ¢ reduced (mg. Nie mine > mine PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg. tissue/5 min. at 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- [SPECIMEN RESULTS Enzymatic Activity 27 180 350 240 59 REFERENCE All assays: For units |Shappirio and of enzymatic acti- vity, see footnote m All assays: Nitrogen determination by method of Kabat and Mayer (1948) All assays: With KCN (1 x 107 M°) All assays: For units of enzymatic acti- vity, see footnote n All assays: Nitrogen determination by method of Kabat and Mayer (1948) Williams (1957b)* 90. D. of clear supernatant when measured at 520 mu FAO, D./mg- protein/min. SMoles DPN reduced/g. wet wt-/hr. tAdditional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in original paper and not included in Section 2 ANIMAL PHYLUM Class Temp. Method and Scientific name °c. Apparatus Common name ®Estimated or calculated from available data. nitial concentration. ©Final concentration. Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. *Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES PROCEDURE Homogenate (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) Homogenate (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) Wing epithelium: Homogenate (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) Wing epithelium: Homogenate (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same above) (Sdme as above) (Same above) Tissue and Type of Preparation Wing epithelium: Wing epithelium: DPNH (7.5 X 10~ M°) + cytochrome c (3 x 107 MS) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) DPNH (7.5 x 107° M°) + cytochrome c (3 x 10 M°) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) DPNH (7.5 X 10 M°) + cytochrome c (3 x 10° M°) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) DPNH (7.5 X 10~° M°) + cytochrome c (3 x 10 M°) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) above) (Same as above) (Same as above) fA log [cytochrome c]/mg. wet wt./min. &—A log lfarstayieehpome ¢]/mg: protein/min. hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, protein of non-collagenous component). iA log [ferricytochrome c|/mg. protein/min. JA log [CyFe**]/ ‘J Endogenous Respiration or Substrate Added Microliters of Oxygen per Hour per Milligram Amount of Tissue Unchilled pupae: Time after pupation: 2-3 da. Chilled pupae: Length of chilling: 5 wks. 36 wks. 5 wks. 36 wks. Pupae chilled for 11 wks. and then re- turned to 25°C.: Time after return: 1 da. 5 da. 1 da. 5 da. Developing adults: Time after initiation of development: 2 da. 7 da. 13-14 da, 18-19 da. 2 da. 7 da. 13-14 da. 18-19 da. ™mp moles cytochrome ¢ reduced (mg. N) ‘min. * "mp moles DPNH oxidized (mg-N)*ming* mu moles cytochrome ¢ oxidized (mg. N)* min. PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg. tissue/5 min. at 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- chrome c taken as 2.8 1077 cm.?/mol.). KActivity/mg. N when standard activity = A log (CyFet**) re final tissue dilution Ot 00 . 1 Activity/mg. protein when activity = Alog [cytochrome ¢ s At (min.) 61 a RESULTS REFERENCE All assays: For units of enzymatic acti- vity, see footnote m 100 All assays: Nitrogen determination by method of Kabat and Mayer (1948) 16 All assays: With KCN (1x 107 mM) 63 With antimycin A (1.2 pg-/ml.) (Same as above) With antimycin A (1.2 Bg. /ml.) (Same as above) ith antimycin A (1.2 pg. /ml.) (Same as above) With antimycin A (1.2 pg. /ml.) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) 90. D. of clear supernatant when measured at 520 mu FAO. D./mg- protein/min. SMoles DPN reduced/g. wet wt./hr. t Additional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in origina! paper and not included in Section 2 ANIMAL PHYLUM TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES PROCEDURE Endogenous Respiration Method and Tissue and Type ee asa or Substrate Added Scientific name Apparatus of Preparation Common name Wing epithelium: Cytochrome c (2 X 10~ M°) Homogenate (Same as above) (Same as above) Wing epithelium: Cytochrome c (2 x 10° M°) Homogenate (Same as above) (Same as above) Amount of Tissue RESULTS Microliters of Oxygen per Hour per Milligram 63 REFERENCE Unchilled pupae: Time after pupation: 2-3 da. 10 wks. Chilled pupae: Length of chilling: 11 wks. 36 wks. Cytochrome c (2 x 10* M°) Wing epithelium: Homogenate (Same as above) (Same as above) Pupae chilled for 11 wks. and then re- turned to 25°C.: Time after return: lda. 5 da. A A ) Wing epithelium Cytochrome c (2 x 10° M°) Homogenate (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) Hydrophilus ater Volumetric micro-|Flight muscle (teased) Endogenous Water scavenger respirometer beetle (see Scholander |Leg muscle (coxal leva- |Endogenous tor, teased) Succinate (0.2 M) + cytochrome c (2 x 107 M°) Cytochrome c (8.7 x 107° M°) + ascorbic acid (0.0114 M°) Leucophaea maderae Thoracic muscle: Madeira cockroach Homogenate (Same as above) Leucophaea maderae Madeira cockroach Thoracic muscle (teased) |Endogenous (Same as above) Endogenous (Same as above) Endogenous (Same as above) Endogenous Locusta migratoria Manometer Migratory locust Muscle: Suspension Endogenous (Same as above) Succinate (0.033 M°) + cytochrome c (1x 1075 M°) Sarcosomes Succinate (0.033 M°) + cytochrome c (1 107° M°) ®Estimated or calculated from available data. Initial concentration. ©Final concentration. 4 Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. *Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. fA log [cytochrome c]/mg. wet wt./min. 8—A log [ferricytochrome c|/mg. protein/min. hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, protein of non-collagenous component). 1A log [ferricytochrome c]/mg. protein/min. JA log [CyFe**]/min. 4M log (CyFe**) % Bt 1 Activity/mg. protein when activity = Alog [cytochrome ¢] At (min.) Developing adults: Time after initiation of development: 2 da. 7 da. 13-14 da. 18-19 da. ca. 150 mg. wet wt. ca. 150 mg. wet wt. ca, 150 mg. wet wt. ca, 150 mg. equiv. tol mg. N Sarcosomes equiv. to 0.3 mg. N : Various ages : 30 da. With corpora allata Without corpora allata All assays: For units of enzymatic acti- vity, see footnote o All assays: Nitrogen determination by method of Kabat and Mayer (1948) In Wilder and Smith saline In Wilder and Smith saline In Belar’s solution (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) All assays: P/O ratios in original paper All assays: Method of nitrogen determina- tion not specified Pérez-Gonzdlez and Edwards (1954)' McShan, Kramer, and Schlegel 1954)" Samuels (1956) Rees (1954)' KActivity/mg. N when standard activity = ™mp moles cytochrome © reduced (mg- bir min. * final tissue dilution "mu moles DPNH oxidized (mg. N) mings 0 * Omu moles cytochrome ¢ oxidized (mg. N)™* min. PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg: tissue/5 min. at 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- chrome c taken as 2.8% 107” cm.?/mol.)- 90. D. of clear supernatant when measured at 520 mu. TAO. D./mg. protein/min. SMoles DPN reduced/g, wet wt-/hr. tAdditional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in original paper and not included in Section 2. ANIMAL PHYLUM Class Scientific name Common name Melanoplus differ- entialis Differential locust Melanoplus femur- rubrum Red-legged grass- hopper 23 Musca domestica House fly Periplaneta americana American cockroach 25 25 Method and Apparatus Differential volumeter (see Rotta and Stannard, 1939) Differential volumeter (see Rotta and Stannard, 1939) Warburg Warburg 3Estimated or calculated from available data. Initial concentration. ©Final concentration. ‘Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytqchrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. *Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. Tissue and Type of Preparation Muscle of hind femur Muscle of hind femur Muscle: Homogenate (Same as above) Muscle: Soluble fraction (sarcoplasm) Muscle: Particulate fraction (Same as above) (Same as above) Leg muscle (teased) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) PROCEDURE TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Hexoses (0.13 M2’) Endogenous Endogenous Succinate (0.13 M®'°) Fumarate (0.13 M®’°) Endogenous Endogenous Glucose (0.01 MS) Glucose (0.01 M°) Pyruvate (0.01 M°) Pyruvate (0.01 M°) Citrate (0.01 MS) Citrate (0,01 MS) o-Ketoglutarate (0.01 M°) a-Ketoglutarate (0.01 M‘) Malate (0,01 M°) Malate (0,01 M‘) Succinate (0.01 M°) Succinate (0,01 M°) fA log Secrets ¢]/mg. wet wt./min. f 8A log erricytochrome c|/mg. protein/min. hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, protein of non-collagenous component). 1A log [ferricytochrome c]/mg. protein/min. 1A log [CyFe**]/ min. Endogenous Respiration or Substrate Added Amount of per Milligram 10-15 mg. dry wt. /ml| (Same as above) Equiv. to 10-15 mg. dry wt. /ml, (Same as above) (Same as above) ca, 200 mg.| 10 wet wt. ca, 200 mg. |} 16 wet wt. ca, 200 mg. | 16 wet wt. ca. 200 mg. | 18 wet wt. ca, 200 mg. wet wt. ca, 200 mg. wet wt. ca. 200 mg. wet wt. ca, 200 mg. wet wt. ca, 200 mg. wet wt. ca, 200 mg. wet wt. ca, 200 mg. wet wt. ca, 200 mg. wet wt. ca, 200 mg. wet wt. ca, 200 mg. wet wt. 40 Q 40 Q 40 QA tO Qti0 QA 4 Q 0 GQ Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult KActivity/mg.N when standard activity = A log (CyFe**) x final tissue dilution At Too lActivity/mg. protein when activity = Alog [cytochrome c] At (min.-) ™mu moles cytochrome ¢ reduced (mg. N) ‘min. "mp moles DPNH oxidized (mg. N)~* min. * ©mu moles cytochrome ¢ oxidized (mg-N)* min. PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg. tissue/5 min. at RESULTS Microliters of Oxygen per Hour 12.8 5.4 =) | 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- chrome c taken as 2.8x 1077 cm,?/mol.)- R.Q. 0.82 All assays: Cytochrome c (2.5 * 10 M®°) present In Belar-phosphate buffer (Same as above) R.Q. 0.96%. In Belar- phosphate buffer R.Q. 0.99%. In Belar- phosphate buffer In Belar-phosphate buffer (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) 90. D. of clear supernatant when m TAO. D./mg. protein/min. SMoles DPN reduced/g. wet wt./hr. 65 REFERENCE Gilmour (1941) Gilmour (1941) Sacktor (1955)' Barron and Tah- misian (1948)' easured at 520 mu tAdditional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in original paper and not included in Section 2. =, FY ANIMAL PHYLUM Class Scientific name Common nome Periplaneta americana | Not American cockroach Periplaneta americana American cockroach Periplaneta americana American cockroach Periplaneta americana American cockroach Periplaneta americana American cockroach specified 38 30 Method and Apparatus Spectrophoto- meter Warburg Warburg Volumetric micro- respirometer (see Scholander, 1942) ®Estimated or calculated from available data. nitial concentration. ©Final concentration. ‘Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. “Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES PROCEDURE Tissue and Type of Preparation Homogenate of: Nerve cord Brain Muscle Heart Fat body Testes Accessory glands Foregut Midgut Hindgut Malpighian tubules Coxal muscle: Homogenate (Same as above) (Same as above) Endogenous Respiration or Substrate Added Cytochrome c (1.3 X 107° M®’°) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) Succinate (0.0187 M) Succinate (0.187 M) Succinate (0.187 M) + malonate (3.3 x 10~ M) Coxal muscle: Homogenate (Same as above) Coxal muscle: Homogenate (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) iCoxal muscle: Homogenate (Same as above) Leg muscle: Homogenate (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) Four coxal muscles: Homogenate Cytochrome c (0,8 X 10~ M) Cytochrome c (9.4 x 10> M) Succinate (0,11M) + cytochrome c (3.2 x 10 M) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) Succinate (0.1 M) Cytochrome c (4.78 10~° M)+ ascorbate (0.026 M®) Succinate (0.025 — 0.05 M) + cytochrome c (1X 10° M) (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) Cytochrome c (8.4 x 10~ M’°)+ ascorbate (0.4 M®’°) (Same as above) Leg muscle (coxal levator, teased) (Same as above) 8A log fA log [cytochrome c]/mg. wet wt./min. ectleyinehrene ¢|/mg. protein/min. hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, __ protein of non-collagenous component). iA log [ferricytochrome c]/mg. protein/min. iA log [CyFe**]/min. Flight muscle (teased) Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous KActivity/mg. N when standard activity = A log (CyFe**) e Amount of Tissue RESULTS QAAQ™AQAAAAA QW Zo ee 3 ee 14 : 10-20 da. : 95-185 da, : 95-185 da. 1,88 7.30 1.21 |4.54 1.55 6.2 1.04 |4.41 eS Mm moles cytochrome c reduced (mg- N)> min. ? final tissue dilution Nm moles DPNH oxidized (mg-N)~ min. * é Bt 1 Activity/mg. protein when activity = Alog [ cytochrome ¢] At (min.) ©mu moles cytochrome c oxidized (mg. N)"* min. PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg. tissue/5 min. at 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- chrome c taken as 2.8% 107” cm.?/mol-)+ eee 00m Microliters of Oxygen per Hour per Milligram All assays: For units of enzymatic acti- vity, see footnote k All assays: Nitrogen determination by modified micro-Kjel- dahl procedure (see Folin and Farmer, 1912) Cytochrome c (3.2 107 M) present (Same as above) (Same as above) Succinate (0,11 M) present (Same as above) 0.001 pg./flask 0.01 pg. /flask 0.03 pg. /flask 0.05 pg. /flask With KCN (0.02 M®) All assays: Nitrogen determination by method of Ma and Zuazaga (1942) [In Wilder and Smith saline (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) 67 REFERENCE Sacktor and Boden- stein (1952)* Harvey and Beck (1953)' Allen and Richards (1954)* Morrison and Brown (1954)* Pérez-Gonzalez and Edwards (1954)' 90. D. of clear supernatant when measured ot 520 mu FAO. D./mg. protein/min. SMoles DP reduced/g. wet wt./hr. t Additional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in original paper and not included in Section 2. TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES 69 ANINKE PROCEDURE RESUEMS Microliters of Oxygen per Hour oe Method and Tissue and Type Endogenous Respiration Amount of per Milligram Enzymatic REE Ee Scientific name Apparatus of Preparation or Substrate Added Tissue Dry Activity Weight Nitrogen Common name Periplaneta americana| **Room Spectrophoto- ee Gls units Ludwig, Barsa, American cockroach | temp.’’ meter vile ee ee Aiea. , note j Leg muscle: Homogenate Cytochrome c se) Adult 0.156 Homogenate diluted 1:10,000 (Same as above) Cytochrome c co) Adult 0.174 Homogenate (1:10,000 in alcohol (10%) (Same as above) Cytochrome c co) Adult 0.087 Homogenate (1: 10,000) in alcohol (10%) + DDT (1 x 107 M) f: | All assays: For units | Sacktor and Thomas Periplaneta americana | Not F Spectrophoto- oe of: Gytochrome ¢ (2x 10-5 M) 10 | o Adult 0.177 of enzymatic acti- (1955) i specified] meter juscle } American cockroach Pi + succinate (1.5 x 10“ M) vity, see footnote 1 Gre Rue (Same as above) 10 C Adult 0.034 All CRORE With KCN Midgut icumelashabave) 10 | O | Adult 0.045 (1 x 10~ M) 5 Ss bove) 10 o Adult 0.125 All assays: Protein Hindgut (Same as above o 1 0.054 determination by Malpighian tubules (Same as above) 20 Adult i Fat body (Same as above) 10 | O | Adult 0.063 method of Lowry Brain (Same as above) Aja) || (or Adult ee et ae Cae Ae Necyeicord Sa) ai Thorsen Moncdtant , , Block (1953) Homogenate of: Muscle (Same as above) 10 ce) Adult 0.045 Foregut (Same as above) 10 Q Adult 0.054 Midgut (Same as above) 10 Adult 0.038 Hindgut (Same as above) 10 Adult 0.066 Malpighian tubules (Same as above) 20 Q Adult 0.029 Fat body (Same as above) 10 2 Adult 0.049 Brain (Same as above) 20 Q Adult 0.026 Nerve cord (Same as above) 10 Q Adult 0.019 on nN iB Kubista (1956 Periplaneta americana 25 Warburg Metathorax Endogenous Balen Adult 0. Ger ubista ( ) American cockroach Metathorax Endogenous 6 Q oh Metathorax Endogenous 6 Nymph eto Prothorax Endogenous 4 Adult 0, 88 Mesothorax Endogenous 4 : Metathorax Endogenous 4 Same 4 animals Abdomen Endogenous 4 ee Sa Saas ai Periplaneta americana 30 Warburg Leg and wing muscle Succinate (0.05 M) + cytochrome c -5 mg. Adult: 1-5 da. Brooks (1957) American cockroach destined to be pigmented (1* 107° M) wet wt. (“‘pink’’): Homogenate ILeg and wing pigmented Succinate (0.05 M) + cytochrome c_ 7.5 mg. Adult: 15-65 da. (“*pink’’) muscle: (1 x 10M) wet wt. Homogenate eg and wing non-pig- Succinate (0.05 M) + cytochrome c_ 7.5 mg. o Adult: 1-60 da. 10.4 mented (‘‘white’’) muscle; (1 = 1075 M) wet wt. Homogenate Benuned or calculated from available data, fA log [cytochrome c]/mg. wet wt./min. KActivity/mg.N when standard activity = ™mu moles cytochrome ¢ reduced (mg- N)T mine Fae cay Sumer mune sakant when measured at 520 mu. eile concentration. 8A log lienriesTochrone ¢]/mg. protein/min. Blog (CyFet*) — final tissue dilution "mu moles DPNH oxidized (mg. N) mins? “ SMol: DPN. Bye advan weiner ffir ie inal concentration. _- hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For t x T00 ; ©mu moles cytochrome c oxidized (mg. N) min. tAd Es, ets Set vines tebrate ti es Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath veneers tel h Rites PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg. tissue/5 min. at Additional respiratory data on invertebrate tissu cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. protein of non-collagenous concent Z Rin me fe i ail SV ASUMIY = 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- present in original paper and not included in ©Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced 1A log [ferricytochrome c]/mg. protein/min. SHI LEYASEDKEMeIE chrome c taken as 2.8 1077 cm.?/mol.). Section 2. cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. iM log [CyFe**]/min. At (min.) TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES PARJOVGIE DEW IReE ANIMAL PHYLUM ron Class Temp. Method and Tissue and Type Endogenous Respiration Scientific name icy Apparatus of Preparation or Substrate Added Common name Leg and wing muscle anatomically identical with ‘‘pink’’ muscle of older adult males: Homogenate Leg and wing pigmented (‘*pink’’): muscle: Homogenate (1 107° M) Succinate (0.05 M) + cytochi (1x 107 M) Succinate + cytochrome c Ascorbate + cytochrome c Ascorbate + cytochrome c Periplaneta americana American cockroach Fat body: Homogenate (Same as above) Fat body: Mitochondria Succinate (0.05 M) + cytochrome c Amount of Tissue rome c {7.5 mg. Periplaneta americana Spectrophoto- Fat body: Homogenate Malate 10 pe. American cockroach meter wet wt. Fat body: Homogenate Malate 10 peg. wet wt. Periplaneta americana Warburg Fat body: Homogenate Endogenous American cockroach (Same as above) Succinate Fat body: Residues -Ketoglutarate (mitochondria) (Same as above) iso Citrate Phormia regina 25 Warburg Muscle: Sarcosomes Ascorbate + cytochrome c Black blow fly Same as above) (Same as above) Same as above) Succinate (0.013 M°) + cytochrome c (1 x 107 M°) Same as above) (Same as above) Same as above) Malate (0.04 M) + cytochrome c (4 x 107° M) Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) Succinate (0,013 M°) + cytochrome c (1x 107° M°) (Same as above) (Same as above) Sarcophaga bullata 30 Warburg horacic muscle, includ- | Succinate (0.05 M) + cytochrome c 2.5-5.0 Fleshfly ing flight muscle: (1.5 x 107 M) mg. /ml. Homogenate wet wt. (Same as above) (Same as above) (Same as above) a ae 71 SPECIMEN RESULTS Microliters of Oxygen per Hour per Milligram Enzymatic REFERENCE Activity Witogen [Protein] y Adult: 1-70 da. 53 All assays: Nitrogen | Nelson (1958) 150° determination by 700% microdiffusion (see Conway, 1950) Oo | Nymph 1.63 10 | For units of enzyma- | Young (1958) 3 tic activity, see Q Nymph 1.21 107 | footnote s All assays: Protein determination by method of Lowry et al. (1951) Young (1959)' Adult: 1 da. 7900* All assays: Nitrogen | Watanabe and Adult: 3-22 da. 4000%— determination by Williams (1951)* 4500% semimicro-Kjeldahl Adult: 21 da. 1172 technique Adult: 26 da. 1780 Adult: 13 da. 461 Adult: 19 da. 726 Adult: 5 da. Adult: 9 da. Adult: 4-8 da. All assays: Nitrogen determination by method of Ma and Zuazaga (1942) Allen and Richards (1954)" Adult: 4-8 da. 814 15.6 Sceliphron cementarius 38 Warburg (2 x 107° M°) Flight muscle: Homogenate| Succinate (0.2 M°) + cytochrome c Adult 128 Kramer (1954) Mud dauber wasp 10 ‘Spectrophotometer Schistocerca gregaria Frat body: Homogenate Desert locust (2.4 x 107 M®) SEstimated or calculated from available data. Initial concentration. ©Final concentration. ‘Decrease in log of molar concentration of oxidized cytochrome c per minute for 1:150 tissue dilution. ®Decrease in log of molar concentration of reduced cytochrome c per minute for 1:100 tissue dilution. fAlog [cytochrome c]/mg. wet wt./min. 8A Jog |ferricytochrome ¢]/mg. protein/min. hMoles substrate converted/kilo protein/hour (For axoplasm, protein = total protein; for sheath, protein of non-collagenous component). 1A log [ferricytochrome c|/mg. protein/min. JA log [CyFet*]/min. DPNH (2.5 X 10 M) + cytochrome c KActivity/mg.N when standard activity = = [Fer units of enzyma- |Kilby and Neville 7* 10 tic activity, see (1957)° footnote p With KCN (9x 10~ M) " 90. D. of clear supernatant when measured at 520 mu ™mu moles cytochrome ¢ reduced (mg. N) * min. SAOsEaeee ran one "mu moles DPNH oxidized (mg.-N)~* min. * D log (CyFet*) z final tissue dilution Bt 1 Activity/mg. protein when activity = Alog [cytochrome ¢ At (min.) " SMoles DPN reduced/g. wet wt-/hr. tAdditional respiratory data on invertebrate tissues present in original paper and not included in Section 2 mu moles cytochrome ¢ oxidized (mg.N)-* min PMoles cytochrome c reduced/mg. tissue/5 min. at 10°C. (extinction coefficient of reduced cyto- chrome c taken as 2.8% 107’ cm.?/mol-). ~ 100 ; ? TABLE OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF INVERTEBRATE TISSUES 13 RESULTS Microliters of Oxygen per Hour en Milligram REFERENCE ANIMAL PHYLUM Class Temp. Scientific name Common name PROCEDURE Method and Apparatus Tissue and Type of Preparation Amount of Tissue Endogenous Respiration or Substrate Added Schistocerca infumata Volumetric Flight muscle (teased) Endogenous 10-20 mg. ° We 1.67 In Wilder and Smith Pérez-Gonzdlez South American microrespi- wet wt. saline and Edwards locust rometer (see Leg muscle (coxal leva- Endogenous 10-20 mg. 1,22 In Wilder and Smith 1954)" Scholander, tor, teased) saline 1942) Tachycines asynamorus| (formerly Diestram- mena japanica) Japanese or green- house stone cricket KubiSta (1956) Femur, intact Femur, intact Femur, cut Endogenous Endogenous Endogenous eel sare Tenebrio molitor 30 Warburg Succinate (0.25—0.75M) + Yellow mealworm cytochrome c (1.5—3 x 10™ M) Tenebrio molitor Fat body: Residues o-Ket oglutarate Protein determina- Young (1959)' (mitochondria) tion by method of Lowry et al, (1951) (Same as above) Yellow mealworm Warburg 12 0.7 Robbie (1949)* 11 0.6 Telea polyphemus Polyphemus moth Harvey (MSb) Flight and leg muscle: Homogenate (Same as above) Adult: 15-30 da. All assays: Nitrogen determination by method of Ma and Zuazaga (1942) Allen and Richards (1954)' Adult: 15-30 da. ECHINODERMATA Holothuroidea Isostichopus badionotus (formerly Stichopus mobii) Sea cucumber Intestine Branchial tree Endogenous Endogenous Thyone sp. Sea cucumber Muscle: Thin sheets or slices Glucose (0.011 M*) Villee, Lichten- stein, Nathanson, and Rolander (1950) s) a = o = Cv i= 5 0 ertnes or calculated from available data. Tents tochrome c]/mg. wet wt./min. kActivity/mg.N when standard activity = ™mH moles cytochrome c reduced (mg. N)* min. * 40. D. of clear sunernplens when measured at 520 mun midgut gland > muscle of foot; Kerkut and Laverack, 1957 Pelecypoda Crassostrea gigas: Gill > heart > mantle; Kawai, 1959 Cristaria plicata: Gill > heart > mantle > adductor muscle; Higashi and Kawai, 1959 Gryphaea angulata: Gill > midgut gland > mantle > muscle; Chapheau, 1932 Hyriopsis schlegelii: Gill > heart > mantle > adductor muscle; Higashi and Kawai, 1959 Mercenaria mercenaria: Gill > mantle > muscle; Hopkins, 1946 Pinctada marvtensii: Gill > midgut gland > muscle of foot; Kawai, 1957 Cephalopoda Octopus vulgaris: Optic ganglion > branchial heart > gill > central heart > midgut gland > mantle muscle; Ghiretti-Magaldi, Giuditta, and Ghiretti, 1958 Arthropoda Merostomata Limulus polyphemus: Forebrain > foregut > optic nerve (axon) > muscle > optic nerve (sheath); Shapiro, 1937 Crustacea Callinectes sapidus: Midgut gland > gill; Vernberg, 1956 Clibinarius vittatus: Midgut gland > gill; Vernberg, 1956 Lobster (sci. name not given): Midgut gland > muscle; Kermack, Lees, and Wood, 1954 Libinia dubia: Midgut gland > gill; Vernberg, 1956 Menippe mercenaria: Midgut gland > gill; Vernberg, 1956 Ocypode quadvata: Gill > midgut gland; Vernberg, 1956 Panopeus herbstii: Midgut gland > gill; Vernberg, 1956 Sesarma cinereum: Gill > midgut gland; Vernberg, 1956 Uca minax: Midgut gland > gill in male; gill > midgut gland in female; Vernberg, 1956 Uca pugilator: Gill > midgut gland; Vernberg, 1956 Insecta Belostoma spp.: Flight muscle of adult > leg muscle; Pérez-GonzAlez and Edwards, 1954 Hydrophilus ater: Flight muscle of adult > leg muscle; Pérez-GonzAlez and Edwards, 1954 Periplaneta americana: Flight muscle of adult > leg muscle; Pérez-Gonzdlez and Edwards, 1954 Schistocerca infumata: Flight muscle of adult > leg muscle; Pérez-Gonzalez and Edwards, 1954 SEX DIFFERENCES IN RESPIRATORY RATE The following studies deal in part with the differences in respiratory rate between males and females; in some cases the differences are slight. Arthropoda Crustacea Callinectes sapidus: Midgut gland, gill; female > male; Vernberg, 1956 Libinia dubia: Midgut gland, gill; female > male; Vernberg, 1956 Menippe mercenaria: Midgut gland, gill; female > male; Vernberg, 1956 Ocypode quadrata: Midgut gland, gill; male > female; Vernberg, 1956 Panopeus herbstii: Midgut gland, male > female; gill, female > male; Vernberg, 1956 Pugettia producta: Midgut gland; male > female; Belding, Field, Weymouth, and Allen, 1942 Uca minax: Midgut gland, male > female; gill, female > male; Vernberg, 1956 Uca pugilator: Midgut gland, gill; male > female; Vernberg, 1956 Insecta Carpocapsa pomonella: Muscle, fat body of larva; female > male; Graham, 1946 Leucophaea maderae: Thoracic muscle; rate of female approximately equal to rate of male; Samuels, 1956 Periplaneta americana: Leg muscle of adult; male > female; Barron and Tahmisian, 1948. Leg 78 TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES muscle of adult; male > female; Allen and Richards, 1954. Flight and leg muscles of adult; male > female; Pérez-Gonzdlez and Edwards, 1954. Many tissues of adult; with exception of foregut, male > female; Sacktor and Thomas, 1955. Metathorax of adult; male > female; Kubista, 1956. Fat body of nymph; male > female; Young, 1958 Sarcophaga bullata: Thoracic muscles of adult; female > male; Allen and Richards, 1954 Tenebrio molitor: Flight and leg muscles of adult; female > male; Allen and Richards, 1954 VARIATION IN RESPIRATORY RATE WITH AGE Mollusca Pelecypoda Crassostrea virginica: Adductor muscle; decline in endogenous respiratory rate with age (from shell length of 5.0 cm. to one of 14.7 cm.); Hopkins, 1930 Gryphaea angulata: Mantle, gill, muscle, midgut gland; decline in endogenous respiratory rate with age (from 10-15 mos. to 6 yrs.); Chapheau, 1932 Mercenaria mercenaria: Posterior adductor muscle; decline in endogenous respiratory rate with i age (from shell length of 6.5 cm. to one of 9 cm.); Hopkins, 1930. Adductor muscle, mantle, gill; decline in endogenous respiratory rate with age (from 2-6 yrs. to 7-20 yrs.), except respir- | atory rate of gill tissue of both size classes essentially the same during winter and spring; : f i : : i E I Hopkins, 1946 { VARIATION IN RESPIRATORY RATE DURING CRUSTACEAN MOLT CYCLE Arthropoda f Crustacea Carcinus maenas: Muscle; cyanide-insensitive respiration (with added fructose) lowest just before | ecdysis, then rising during ecdysis and in the post-ecdysial, soft-shelled stage, with maximum rate during intermolt; no oxygen uptake in the absence of fructose or glucose; Krishnan, 1954 Gecarcinus lateralis: Integumentary tissues; endogenous respiration just before ecdysis 1.6 times that during intermolt period; Skinner (MS.) VARIATION IN RESPIRATORY RATE DURING INSECT LIFE CYCLE Arthropoda Insecta | Calliphora erythrocephala: Flight muscle; a-ketoglutaric oxidase activity relatively high during first seven days after adult emergence, lower during eighth to tenth day, then up again at 15 to [ 17 days; Lewis and Slater, 1954; Slater and Lewis, 1954 Hyalophora cecropia: Wing epithelium; fall in the activity of several enzymes within 24 hours of I pupation, and then a marked rise in their activity during adult development; Shappirio and Williams, 1957b I Periplaneta americana: Leg muscle; no marked difference in respiratory activity between 10- to 20-day adults and 95- to 185-day adults; Allen and Richards, 1954 | Periplaneta americana: Leg and wing muscle, pigmented (‘‘pink’’) or destined to be pigmented; respiratory activity low in nymphs, higher in 1- to 5-day adults, and still higher in 15- to 65- day adults; Brooks, 1957 [ Phormia regina: Muscle; cytochrome oxidase activity higher in 1-day adults than in 3- to 22-day adults; activity of certain other enzymes higher in older than in younger adults; Watanabe and I Williams, 1951 ANALYSIS OF DATA 79 VARIATION IN RESPIRATORY RATE WITH SEASON Mollusca Pelecypoda Mercenaria mercenaria: Gill, mantle, muscle; in general, endogenous respiratory rate highest in winter and early spring and lowest in August and September; Hopkins, 1946 Pinctada martensii: Gill; rise in endogenous respiratory rate from June to the middle of January; Kawai, 1957 VARIATION IN RESPIRATORY RATE WITH SALINITY Mollusca Pelecypoda Mercenaria mercenaria: Gill, mantle, increase in endogenous respiratory rate with lowered salinity; adductor muscle, decrease in rate with lowered salinity; Hopkins, 1949 Arthropoda Crustacea Carcinus maenas: Gill; increase in endogenous respiratory rate with lowered salinity; Pieh, 1936 EFFECTS OF VARIOUS IONS ON RESPIRATORY RATE Mollusca Gastropoda Helix aspersa: Heart; rise in endogenous respiratory rate with increasing concentration of K* ion, compared to the concentrations of Na+, Cat*, and Mg*t; Cardot, Faure, and Arvanitaki, 1950 Pelecypoda Mytilus galloprovincialis: Ventricle of heart; same as above; Cardot, Faure, and Arvanitaki, 1950 Cephalopoda Sepia officinalis: Nerve; same as above; Cardot, Faure, and Arvanitaki, 1950 Arthropoda Crustacea Libinia emarginata: Claw nerve; rise in endogenous respiratory rate with increasing concentra- tion of K+ ion to a maximum at 40 mM K’, then sharp drop in endogenous respiratory rate; Shanes and Hopkins, 1948 GRADIENT OF RESPIRATORY RATE ALONG LONG AXIS OF BODY Annelida Clitellata Eisenia foetida: Viscera and body wall; U-shaped gradient in the endogenous respiratory rate and in succinoxidase activity along the long axis of the body; O’Brien, 1957 Octolasium cyaneum: Body wall; U-shaped gradient in succinoxidase activity; O’Brien, 1957 Arthropoda Insecta Periplaneta americana: Prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax, abdomen; decrease in endogenous respiratory rate from prothorax through metathorax, and then a rise in respiratory rate in abdomen; Kubista, 1956 GRADIENT OF RESPIRATORY RATE ALONG A NERVE Arthropoda Merostomata Limulus polyphemus: Optic nerve; at 31° and 28° C., endogenous respiratory rate highest in 80 TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES medial region of nerve, but at 16° C. rate highest in proximal region; endogenous respiratory rate at distal end lower than at proximal end; Guttman, 1935 Limulus polyphemus: Optic nerve; at 24° C., endogenous respiratory rate highest in medial region of nerve; gradient much more pronounced for axon than for sheath; Shapiro, 1937 RESPIRATORY RATE AFTER REMOVAL OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS Arthropoda Crustacea Carcinus maenas: Muscle; respiration (with added succinate) lower after eyestalk removal, higher again after addition of eyestalk extract; Scheer, Schwabe, and Scheer, 1952 Carcinus maenas: Muscle; cyanide-insensitive respiration (with added fructose) much lower than its pre-surgical level three days after eyestalk removal; remains low (but shows a gradual slight increase in level) up to 15 days after surgery; Krishnan, 1954 Homarus gammarus: Muscle; respiration (with added succinate) lower after eyestalk removal; Scheer, Schwabe, and Scheer, 1952 Palaemon squilla: Muscle; respiration (with added succinate) lower after eyestalk removal, in some cases higher again after addition of eyestalk extract; Scheer, Schwabe, and Scheer, 1952 Insecta Leucophaea maderae: Thoracic muscle; endogenous respiration of animals without corpora allata 1.2 times that of animals with corpora allata; Samuels, 1956 RESPIRATORY RATE FOLLOWING INJURY Arthropoda Insecta Tachycines asynamorus: Muscles of hind femur; endogenous respiratory rate of cut muscles 1.4 times that of the intact muscles; KubiSta, 1956 Section 4: In Section 2, data on tissue respiration in in- vertebrates are presented; in Section 3 some of these data plus others from the same investiga- tions are analyzed. In the present section we DISCUSSION discuss the broader implications of certain stud- ies presented here and suggest some conclusions regarding invertebrate tissue respiration that may be drawn from them. ENZYMES OF CITRIC ACID CYCLE Respiratory activity of a tissue preparation, or fraction thereof, when measured in the pres- ence of added substrate, can be attributed solely to an enzyme acting on the added substrate only if controls are included to indicate any incre- ment of respiratory activity due to action of other enzymes on other substrates that may re- sult from oxidation of the original substrate. For example, in order to determine the authentic a-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase activity of insect sarcosomes, one should measure, as did Lewis and Slater (1954), the respiratory rate of the preparation first in the presence of a-ketoglutar- ate and subsequently in the presence of a-keto- glutarate plus malonate, the latter being a sub- stance that inhibits succinic dehydrogenase. One may then attribute a difference in respiratory rate to authentic a-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase activity (although one must still recognize the possibility that, with malonate present, accumu- lation of succinate may affect the rate at which a-ketoglutarate is oxidized). Without controls such as described above, one may not necessarily conclude that, because a particular citric cycle substrate is metabol- ized, only the enzyme acting specifically upon that substrate is being assayed. Other compo- nents of the chain of enzymes may be concerned with the reaction, and the assay may be a meas- ure of their activity as well. Consequently in Section 2 we make no mention of individual enzymes or enzyme systems. We in- dicate merely that a given assay measures endog- enous respiration or, alternatively, respiration in the presence of added substrate or substrates. Although the data of Section 2 do not always justify a conclusion regarding the activity of any particular enzyme of the citric acid cycle, never- theless they clearly indicate that at least some enzymes of that cycle are present in the tissues of invertebrates. For other reviews dealing with this subject, see Krebs (1954), Gumbman, Brown, and Tappel (1958), and Hammen and Osborne (1959). CYTOCHROME SYSTEM There is convincing evidence for the presence of cytochrome oxidase as the terminal oxidase in tissues of certain mollusks and arthropods (see data of Section 2; see also Shappirio and Williams, 1957a, 1957b: Tappel, 1960; Pablo and Tappel, 1961; Sacktor, 1961). The possibility that cytochrome oxidase may be part of the terminal electron transfer system of other in- vertebrates, including some sponges and coe- lenterates, is suggested by the work of Robbie 81 (1949). Cyanide sensitivity is usually taken to indicate that cytochrome oxidase and certain other enzymes may be involved in the terminal electron transport system. Except under unusual conditions (see pp. 82-83) cyanide insensitivity is generally considered evidence for the non- involvement of these enzymes. With cyanide as a respiratory poison, Robbie recorded marked inhibition of endogenous respiration in all in- vertebrate tissues so treated, with the exception 82 TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES of the subumbrella of the jellyfish (Cassiopea Ffrondosa) and the branchial tree of the sea cu- cumber (Jsostichopus badionotus). Concentrations of cyanide employed by Robbie ranged from 1x 107? to 1 x10-5 M. The fact that even the lower concentrations of cyanide were inhibitory suggests that the cyanide may have been acting on cytochrome oxidase. It should be added here parenthetically that cyanide is a less specific inhibitor of cytochrome oxidase than is azide. Furthermore, although both cytochrome oxidase and tyrosinase are in- hibited by carbon monoxide, the inhibition of cytochrome oxidase is reversible by light, whereas the inhibition of tyrosinase is not. Possibly the inhibition of endogenous respira- tion produced by cyanide in Robbie’s study was due to an inhibition of catalase, peroxidase, or tyrosinase. Such a possibility, however, is slight, for the concentration of these enzymes in animal tissues is too low for them to be playing a major role in respiration. The lower concentrations of cyanide that Robbie found to be effective (e.g., 1 x 10-° M) also rule out the possibility that the inhibition depended upon a reaction of this poison with carbonyl groups in keto acids of the citric acid cycle. Laser (1944) has found that cyanide can cause an increase in respiratory activity. When he added 0.01 M cyanide to muscle homogenates of Ascaris lumbricoides containing methylene blue, Laser noted an increase in the rate of respira- tion greater than that shown by homogenates con- taining methylene blue but lacking high concen- trations of cyanide. Apparently cyanide can combine with oxaloacetate to form a complex that, unlike oxaloacetate itself, is incapable of competitively inhibiting succinic dehydrogenase. Neither cytochrome oxidase nor cytochrome c is enzymatically detectable in muscle homogen- ates of the nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides and Litomosoides carinii, although a low level of cytochrome c and cytochrome oxidase activity is apparent in muscle homogenates of the trematode Schistosoma mansoni (Bueding and Charms, 1952). However, a pigment with the same absorp- tion maxima as reduced cytochrome c has been demonstrated spectroscopically in tissues of Pavascaris equorum and A. lumbricoides (Keilin, 1925) and in those of A. lumbricoides at the temperature of liquid air (Keilin and Hartree, 1949). Thus the conclusion that these parasitic nematodes have a unique terminal electron trans- port system (Bueding and Charms, 1952) re- mains open to question. Because the respiration of the diapausing Cecropia moth is unaffected by cyanide and carbon monoxide, Schneiderman and Williams (1954a, 1954b) postulated that a terminal oxidase other than cytochrome oxidase functions during pupal diapause. Subsequently, by use of low tem- perature spectroscopy (see Keilin and Hartree, 1949), which intensifies the absorption bands of the cytochromes 10- to 20-fold, Shappirio and Williams (1957a) observed that cytochrome oxi- dase is still present in diapausing Cecropia pupae. During their study, in which they care- fully traced the activity of the enzymes of the terminal electron transport system in wing epithelium during a portion of the life cycle, Shappirio and Williams (1957b) found that the activity of cytochrome oxidase falls to low (but still detectable) levels during diapause and then rises during adult development. They also found (1957a) that the concentration of this and other respiratory enzymes drops markedly during pupal diapause and then rises again during adult development. Significantly, however, whereas during diapause the concentration of cytochrome c is less than 5 per cent of its pre-diapause level, that of cytochrome oxidase remains relatively high (20% of its non-diapause level). Recently Harvey and Williams (1958a, 1958b) and Kurland and Schneiderman (1959) reinvesti- gated the question of the terminal oxidase in diapausing pupae. Respiration of the whole ani- mal throughout diapause is relatively insensitive to inhibition by carbon monoxide, azide, and cyanide. Nonetheless, Harvey (1956), Kurland and Schneiderman (1959), and Harvey and Williams (1961) showed that injury-stimulated and dini- trophenol-stimulated uptake of oxygen by dia- pausing pupae is indeed sensitive to carbon monoxide. Furthermore, in their independent investigations, Kurland and Schneiderman (1959), studying total uptake of oxygen, and Harvey and Williams (1958b), studying the heart beat of un- injured diapausing pupae, demonstrated that at low oxygen tensions the diapausing pupa is carbon monoxide sensitive. The manometric studies were measurements of the total gas uptake in the presence of either oxygen or oxygen and carbon monoxide mixtures. That diapausing pupae may consume carbon monoxide as well as oxygen has | | ! DISCUSSION 83 recently been shown by Harvey (1961), who found that carbon monoxide can stimulate oxygen up- take (see also Kurland and Schneiderman, 1959) and that 5 per cent of the total gas consumed may be carbon monoxide. On the basis of their findings, these several workers have concluded that during pupal dia- pause in Cecropia (and also in three closely related species of saturniid moths) cytochrome oxidase does serve as the terminal oxidase. They account for the fact that respiration of diapausing pupae at reasonable oxygen tensions and when unstimulated by dinitrophenol or by injury is apparently carbon monoxide-, azide- and cyanide-insensitive by pointing to the excess of cytochrome oxidase in most tissues of dia- pausing pupae compared to the low concentra- tions of cytochrome c (Shappirio and Williams, 1957a, 1957b). Thus, although a large portion of the oxidase may be inhibited by a respiratory poison, enough oxidase remains unbound to per- mit the transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to molecular oxygen. Clearly the apparent insensitivity of diapausing pupal respiration to the inhibitors of cytochrome oxidase is not an actual insensitivity. Provided that respiration is stimulated or, alternatively, provided that the oxygen tension is lowered sufficiently for the concentration of uninhibited cytochrome oxidase to become rate-limiting, a sensitivity to carbon monoxide, azide, and cyanide during pupal dia- pause can be demonstrated. CYla! COMPARISON OF RESPIRATORY RATES OF VARIOUS TISSUES Let us leave the subject of respiratory en- zymes and their inhibitors at this point and dis- cuss certain other aspects of invertebrate tissue respiration that have been investigated in the papers cited in this volume. Among the most in- teresting work is that which concerns the com- parative respiratory rates of different tissues. In three investigations (Shapiro, 1937, on Lim- ulus polyphemus ; Kerkut and Laverack, 1957, on Helix pomatia; Ghiretti-Magaldi, Giuditta, and Ghiretti, 1958, on Octopus vulgaris) ganglionic tissue proved to have the greatest endogenous respiratory activity. In general, ganglionic tis- sue respires most rapidly, foot or leg muscle most slowly, and various other tissues at inter- mediate rates (Chapheau, 1932; Shapiro, 1937; Hopkins, 1946; Kawai, 1957; Kerkut and Laverack, 1957; Ghiretti-Magaldi, Giuditta, and Ghiretti, 1958; Higashi and Kawai, 1959; Kawai, 1959). Among insects, flight muscles have consistently higher endogenous respiratory rates than have leg muscles (Pérez-Gonzalez and Edwards, 1954). In most brachyuran crustaceans the mid- gut gland has a higher endogeneous metabolic rate than has the gill. However, in certain active terrestrial and intertidal species, the gill ex- hibits a greater respiratory activity (Kermack, Lees, and Wood, 1954; Vernberg, 1956). A comment concerning the particulate frac- tions assayed by Ghiretti-Magaldi, Giuditta, and Ghiretti (1957) is advisable. In order to facilitate homogenization, these investigators chose to freeze the tough muscles from the mantle and tentacles of Octopus vulgaris before fractionat- ing them. In later work on Octopus (Ghiretti- Magaldi, Giuditta, and Ghiretti, 1958), they again used frozen muscle tissue for their preparations. In still later studies on Aplysia, the sea hare (Ghiretti, Ghiretti- Magaldi, and Tosi, 1959), frozen buccal mass muscle, frozen midgut gland, and frozen gizzard muscle were employed in the preparation of slices and particles. Since freez- ing disrupts both cells and intracellular organ- elles of most tissues, the particulate material used in these investigations may well have been fragmented. SEX DIFFERENCES IN RESPIRATORY RATE The results of studies dealing in part with sex differences in respiratory rate present no clear picture. In some species of brachyuran crusta- ceans, the respiratory rate of both midgut gland and gill is higher in the female than in the male; in other species the reverse is true; in still 84 TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES other species the respiratory rate of the midgut gland is higher in the male while that of the gill is higher in the female (Vernberg, 1956; Belding, Field, Weymouth, and Allen, 1942). Among insects, the cockroach (Periplaneta americana) exhibits a certain consistency as regards sex differences in the respiratory rate of its various tissues. With the exception of the foregut, all tissues in the male cockroach re- spire at a higher rate than do those in the female (Barron and Tahmisian, 1948; Allen and Rich- ards, 1954; Perez-Gonzalez and Edwards; 1954: Sacktor and Thomas, 1955; Kubista, 1956; Young, 1958). In several other species of insects, how- ever, tissues of the female have a higher respir- atory rate than have those of the male (Graham, 1946; Allen and Richards, 1954), Furthermore, Samuels (1956) found that the endogenous respir- ation of teased thoracic muscle is approximately equal in both sexes of the Madeira cockroach (Leucophaea maderae). VARIATION IN RESPIRATORY RATE WITH AGE Studies on the variation in endogeneous respir- atory rate with age have been carried out on three species of pelecypod mollusks, namely, the oys- ters Crassostrea virginica (Hopkins, 1930) and Gryphaea angulata (Chapheau, 1932), and the qua- hog Mercenaria mercenaria (Hopkins, 1930, 1946). In each of these species the respiratory rate was found generally to decline with advancing age. What effect aging may have on the respiratory rate of arthropods is not easy to evaluate. The level of respiratory metabolism in crustaceans and insects depends so completely upon the stage of an animal in the molt cycle or life cycle that its relation to the animal’s chronological age is often obscure. VARIATION IN RESPIRATORY RATE DURING CRUSTACEAN MOLT CYCLE Increase in size in arthropods is discontinuous and periodic. It occurs only at the time of ecdy- sis when the old exoskeleton is cast off, to ex- pose the new soft one underneath. Through uptake of water, as in some crustaceans, or uptake of air, as in some crustaceans and insects, the soft new exoskeleton is rapidly enlarged to greater dimensions before it becomes hardened by tanning and, in the case of crustaceans, cal- cification. Growth (i.e., increase in the amount of body tissue), although a more extended proc- ess than is increase in size, nevertheless is timed to coincide with other preparations for ecdysis and with subsequent post-ecdysial events. Two studies involving the respiration of crusta- cean tissues during the molt cycle are cited in Section 2. In the first (Krishnan, 1954), the cyanide-insensitive respiration (with added fructose) of muscle from the green crab (Car- cinus maenas) proved to be lowest during the period just preceding ecdysis; the rate of respir- ation rose during the soft-shelled stage immedi- ately following ecdysis and reached a maximum during the intermolt period. In a second study, Skinner (MS) traced changes in endogenous respiration shown by integumentary tissues of the land crab (Gecarcinus lateralis). Oxygen up- take is highest during the period just preceding ecdysis, being 1.6 times that recorded during the intermolt period. The apparent contradiction between these two sets of results can be ex- plained as follows: metabolism of muscle can be expected to be maximal during the non-growth, intermolt stage when the animal is active, while the metabolism of integumentary tissues pre- sumably will be highest during the premolt period when these tissues are synthesizing the new exoskeleton. To induce pre-ecdysial changes, ecdysis, and (if the animal survives) post-ecdysial altera- tions in a decapod crustacean, one need only remove both eyestalks, for in these structures are certain neurosecretory cells (X organ cells) that synthesize and release a neurohormone capable of inhibiting molting. Before its release, the molt-inhibiting hormone is stored within the eyestalks in the sinus glands, which consist of DISC USSION 85 swollen endings of neurosecretory cells that synthesize the hormone. Krishnan (1954) has studied the effects of eye- stalk removal on the rate of tissue respiration. Three days after performing this operation on Carcinus maenas, he found the respiratory rate of muscle from animals without eyestalks to be decidedly lower than that of muscle from unoper- ated crabs. Krishnan noted, nevertheless, that when all his data were plotted, the resulting curves for the two groups of animals were simi- lar. They differed mainly in that the curve for unoperated crabs was displaced to the right of the curve for operated crabs by a distance representing six days. In other words, compara- ble decreases (and subsequent increases) in respiratory rate of muscle occur in operated and unoperated animals, although in the latter only after a lag of six days. Krishnan did not offer an explanation of these observations. The levels may be related to the stage of the animals in their molt cycle. If the unoperated crabs were gradually approaching molt, the respiratory rate of their muscle would reflect this and would yield a curve resembling that of premolt crabs without eyestalks. Because eyestalk removal accelerates molt-preparatory processes, how- ever, the two curves would remain separated in time. It may be noted that Bliss (1953), working with whole specimens of Gecayrcinus lateralis, found the respiratory rate to be high immediately after eyestalk removal and to remain high throughout the entire period preceding ecdysis. Thus a difference exists between the respira- tory rates of animals without eyestalks and of their isolated tissues during the premolt period. As mentioned above, a molt-inhibiting hor- more occurs in the eyestalks of crustaceans. In the preparation of an extract, the eyestalks are homogenized, boiled, and centrifuged, and then the supernatant is removed for use. In this way, an investigator obtains a protein-free extract, the chemical composition of which is in other respects unknown. Several workers have attempted to demon- strate a direct effect of crustacean molt-inhibit- ing hormone on tissue respiration by the addi- tion of such eyestalk extracts to homogenates. Scheer, Schwabe, and Scheer (1952) have re- ported that, in general, homogenates of mus- cle from eyestalkless individuals of the green crab (Carcinus maenas), the lobster (Homarus gammarus), and the shrimp (Palaemon squilla) respire at a lower rate than do homogenates of muscle from unoperated individuals, and that the rate increases after the addition of eyestalk extract to the homogenates. However, the data submitted by these authors show that the effects are rather small and quite variable. Further- more, their data indicate that the addition of eyestalk extracts to homogenates of muscle from Palaemon squilla in some cases increases and in others decreases the respiratory rate. As noted above, crustaceans and their excised tissues respire at different rates according to stage in the molt cycle. Variability in results, therefore, may be related to stage. Schwabe, Scheer, and Scheer (1952) consider that synthe- sis of the new exoskeleton begins during the late intermolt period, that is, in late stage C. This concept does not agree with that of Drach (1939), according to whom the synthesis of a new exo- skeleton begins during the early premolt period, that is, in early stage D. If Drach’s criteria, which are accepted by the majority of workers (see Renaud, 1949; Travis, 1955; Charniaux- Cotton, 1957; Skinner, 1958, [ MS]; Passano, 1960), are valid, the variability in the results of Scheer, Schwabe, and Scheer (1952) may be attributed to the fact that some of their animals were in the intermolt stage and some were in the premolt stage. For several species of crustaceans, Kuntz (1946) noted that low concentrations of sinus gland extract increased the rate of reduction of methylene blue by midgut gland and that high concentrations decreased the rate. A more com- plete report of this work has not appeared. In a series of experiments on Carcinus maenas (Skinner and Bliss, unpublished data), we found that homogenates of midgut gland con- taining extracts of one to five sinus glands re- duced methylene blue at essentially equivalent rates. On the other hand, homogenates that con- tain leg muscle equal in wet weight to two sinus glands carry out this reduction one and one-half times faster. The variability of results in experiments of this kind emphasizes the need for the use of (1) more highly purifiéd hormonal preparations, and (2) more definitive systems, such as those containing isolated mitochondria or submito- chondrial particles. 86 TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES VARIATION IN RESPIRATORY RATE DURING INSECT LIFE CYCLE Just as the respiratory metabolism of crus- taceans is correlated closely with the stage of the animal in the intermolt cycle, so the res- piratory rate of an insect varies with the phase of the insect in its life cycle (see also pp. 82-83). Brooks (1957) reported the respiratory activity of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana) to be low in pink muscles of the leg and wing from nymphs, higher in those of adults just after emergence, and still higher in those of older adults. On the other hand, no clear difference was detected by Allen and Richards (1954) in the leg muscle of young (10- to 20-day) adults when compared with older (95- to 185-day) adults. Lewis and Slater (1954) and Slater and Lewis (1954) found that the activity of the a-ketoglutaric oxidase system in the flight muscle from adults of the bluebottle fly (Calliphora erythrocephala) was relatively high right after adult emergence, lower from the eighth to the tenth day, and high again from the fifteenth to the seventeenth day. RESPIRATORY RATE FOLLOWING INJURY Kubista (1956) reported that the endogenous respiratory rate shown by isolated muscle of a cut femur in the stone cricket (Tachycines asynamorus) was 1.4 times that shown by muscle of an uncut femur. When making respiratory measurements on tissues of a diapausing pupa, one must exercise caution, for injury alone can increase the meta- bolic rate both of the pupa (whole or subdivided) and of its isolated tissues (See Schneiderman and Williams, 1953; Harvey, 1956, 1961, MS a; Shappirio, 1960). EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT ON RESPIRATORY RATE With regard to the magnitude of the respira- tory rate at various seasons, it appears that endogenous oxygen uptake is greater in certain tissues of pelecypod mollusks found in the North Temperate Zone during the winter and early spring than at other times during the year (Hopkins, 1946; Kawai, 1957). Two investiga- tions concerned with the effects of salinity on respiratory rate have revealed a general rise with increasing dilution, as in the gill and mantle of the quahog Mercenaria mercenaria (Hopkins, 1949) and the gill of the green crab Carcinus maenas (Pieh, 1936), or a fall, as in the adductor muscle of M. mercenaria (Hop- kins, 1949). EFFECT OF VARIOUS IONS ON RESPIRATORY RATE Increasing concentrations of the potassium (K*) ion induce a rise in endogenous respira- tion in the heart of Helix aspersa, the dented garden snail, and Mytilus galloprovincialis, a mussel, as well as in the nerve of Sepia offici- nalis, the cuttlefish (Cardot, Faure, and Arvanitaki, 1950). With the claw nerve of the spider crab (Libinia emarginata) there is a rise in endogenous respiratory rate with increasing concentrations of K* ion up to a maximum of 40 mM per liter, then as a sharp drop (Shanes and Hopkins, 1948). GRADIENTS IN RESPIRATORY RATE In the brandling or manure worm (Fisenia foetida) the respiratory rate varies along the length of the worm. If one plots respiratory rate against distance from the head, a U-shaped curve with maxima at head and tail results. A similar U-shaped curve of succinoxidase activ- DISC USSION 87 ity occurs along the length of the blue worm, at 16° C.). The axon of Limulus shows most of Octolasium cyaneum (O’Brien, 1957). Guttman the activity when compared with the sheath. (1935) and Shapiro (1937) recorded inverted, Lastly, KubisSta (1956) found a decrease in the U-shaped curves in respiratory rate along the rate of oxygen uptake along the thorax of the length of the optic nerve of Limulus polyphemus, cockroach (Periplaneta americana), with a rise the horseshoe crab, at 28° C. to 31° C. (but not again in the region of the abdomen. Section 5: ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ABBREVIATIONS For the most part, the abbreviations listed below are identical with those given in Webster’s New International Dictionary, sec- ond edition, unabridged, 1958. ca., circa cm., centimeter, centimeters cm.?, square centimeter or centimeters da., day, days equiv., equivalent exp., experiment f.p., freezing point g., gram, grams hr., hour, hours log, logarithm max., maximum mg., milligram, milligrams pg., microgram, micrograms pl., microliter, microliters min., minute, minutes ml., milliliter, milliliters mo., month, months mol., mole, moles no., number O.D., optical density R.Q., respiratory quotient S, salinity sci. name, scientific name s.g., specific gravity sp., species (singular) not indicated by author spp., species (plural) not indicated by author temp., temperature wks., weeks wt., weight yrs., years SYMBOLS CHEMICAL SYMBOLS AND FORMULAS ADP, adenosine diphosphate ATP, adenosine triphosphate Catt, calcium ion CaCl,, calcium chloride CO, carbon monoxide CyFe'*, ferrocytochrome c (reduced cytochrome c) CyFe**, ferricytochrome c (oxidized cytochrome c) DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DNP, 2, 4-dinitrophenol DPN or DPN’, oxidized diphosphopyridine nucleotide DPNH, reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (versene) HCN, hydrocyanic acid H,O,, hydrogen peroxide 89 Kt, potassium ion KCl, potassium chloride KCN, potassium cyanide M, molar concentration; molarity; molar mM, millimol, millimols Mg**, magnesium ion MgCl,, magnesium chloride N, nitrogen (element) Ng, nitrogen (gas) Na*, sodium ion NaCl, sodium chloride Na*/K~, ratio of sodium ions to potassium ions Os, oxygen (gas) P/O, ratio of phosphate formed to oxygen utilized; referred to as the P/O ratio TPN, triphosphopyridine nucleotide TPNH, reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide 90 o, male ©, female a@, alpha A, delta HL, micron my, millimicro- (prefix) (mg.N)~!, 1/mg.N p, para TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES MISC ELLANEOUS SYMBOLS 10-% 1/100,000 or 0.00001 >, more than <, less than /, per °/oo, parts per thousand t, time x g, times the acceleration of gravity °C, degrees Centigrade Section 6: absorbancy: Synonymous with optical density; equal to -logy) T, where T=transmittancy; molar absorbancy index or extinction coeffi- cient is the absorbancy of a l-molar solution through a l-cm. light path. accessory glands: In insects and other inverte- brates; secretory organs associated with re- productive function. adductor muscle: In bivalve mollusks, a muscle that closes the valves of the shell. albuminous or albumen gland: In the higher gastropod mollusks; a part of the female re- productive system, it secretes an albuminous material around the egg before the shell is added. The albuminous material serves as food for the developing embryo. antimycin A: An antibiotic isolated from Strep- tomyces spp.; inhibits the oxidation of suc- cinate at the level of the Slater factor. ascorbate: The salt of ascorbic acid; a reduc- ing agent used to reduce cytochrome c. axoplasm: The cytoplasm of a nerve fiber. Barcroft respirometer: A differential respirom- eter consisting of two flasks connected to a manometer. In this closed system one flask serves as a thermobarometer; the other, as a tissue chamber. As the tissue consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, which is absorbed by alkali, both volume and pressure in the respiration chamber change. The differ- ence in pressure between the two flasks is measured on the column of the manometer. brachyuran: Pertaining to the true crabs or Brachyura. branchial or respiratory tree: In sea cucumbers (Echinodermata), consists of two long, branch- ing tubes that arise from the cloaca and ter- minate blindly in the anterior portion of the body cavity; functions in respiration and ex- cretion. buccal mass: In mollusks, exclusive of bivalves; a more or less compact mass of muscles and GLOSSARY cartilage that supports and operates the radula. catalase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conver- Silt sion of hydrogen peroxide to water and mole- cular oxygen. citric acid cycle: Another name for tricarboxy- lic acid cycle or Krebs cycle; the primary mechanism by which the aerobic oxidation of metabolic intermediates to carbon dioxide and water takes place. clitellate: Indicative of the fact that an annelid, such as an earthworm or a leech, is sexually mature and bears a clitellum. clitellum: A glandular thickened region that secretes a capsule for eggs and may assist in attachment during copulation. collagenous: Pertaining to collagen, a protein that is found in large amounts in connective tissue. columella muscle: In gastropod mollusks; is attached to the columella (central column) and serves to retract the body of the animal into the shell. corpora allata: In insects; glands that secrete a hormone (juvenile hormone) capable of pre- venting metamorphosis while permitting larval molting; also involved in the control of reproduction. coxal muscles: In insects, crustaceans, and other arthropods; muscles of the coxa, which is the first segment of a leg and which effects the articulation of the leg with the body. cytochrome c: A heme protein, the position of which in the terminal electron transport chain is such that it may be reduced from the ferric (Fet++) to the ferrous (Fe'*) form by cyto- chrome cy, cytochrome J, flavoproteins, or certain added reducing agents; also may be oxidized by cytochrome oxidase or by certain added oxidizing agents. cytochrome oxidase (cytochrome a3): A heme protein that oxidizes cytochrome c and reduces molecular oxygen; its activity is inhibited by cyanide, azide, and carbon monoxide, the in- hibition by carbon monoxide being light re- versible. cytochrome system: A group of respiratory 92 TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES enzymes of primary importance in cellular respiration. The members of the chain are thought to be aligned as follows: succinate DPNH—flavoproteins—cytochrome b— cytochrome c—scytochrome @—cytochrome oxidase hydroquinone (or) ascorbic acid (or) p-phenylenediamine. dart sac: Found in one superfamily of land snails, the Helicacea; consists of a muscular caecum arising from the vagina and contains a fine-pointed calcareous shaft. The shaft is exchanged by the hermaphroditic partners during courtship and serves as a releaser stimulus for courtship behavior. dehydrogenases: Enzymes that are generally DPN- or TPN-linked and that catalyze the oxidation of certain metabolites. Neither DPN nor TPN, however, is required by suc- cinic dehydrogenase, which transfers elec- trons to the cytochrome chain directly. dialysis: A method for the separation of large molecules from small by means of their un- equal rates of diffusion through natural or synthetic membranes. diapause: The condition of arrested growth, de- velopment, or reproductive activity that occurs at a given stage in the life cycle of many arth- ropods, notably certain hemimetabolous and holometabolous insects. differential manometer: See Barcroft, Fenn, and Thunberg respirometers. digestive diverticula: See midgut gland. 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP): Dissociates or un- couples ATP synthesis from aerobic respira- tion. diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN): Or coen- zyme I; a hydrogen acceptor that is reduced by a variety of substrates in the presence of specific dehydrogenases; in turn, it reduces a flavoprotein. ecdysis: In arthropods, the act of shedding or casting the exoskeleton (shell). electron transport system: See cytochrome system. endogenous respiration: Respiration without added substrate. endoplasmic reticulum: An intracellular cyto- plasmic system consisting of tubules and vesicles that form a continuous network of membrane-bound cavities; some of the mem- branes have small granules (ribonucleopro- tein particles) attached to them, so that these membranes may appear rough-surfaced. ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA): Or versene; a complexing agent used to chelate divalent metals and so effectively remove them from solution. extinction coefficient: See absorbancy. eyestalk extract: The supernatant obtained when eyestalks of a decapod crustacean are homog- enized, boiled, and centrifuged. fat body: In insects, a tissue that fills the body cavity and contains large amounts of fat, pro- tein, and glycogen. femur: The third (counting distad) and often the broadest segment of the leg of an insect. In the metathoracic leg, the femur may be con- siderably enlarged to contain the muscles used in jumping (as in a grasshopper or cricket). Fenn respirometer: A type of differential respirometer; consists of two vessels con- nected by a horizontal capillary tube contain- ing an oil drop. As volume or pressure changes within the respiration chamber, the oil drop moves. flavoproteins: A group of conjugated proteins of primary importance in the electron trans- port system. fluorescence: The light emitted by a molecule as a result of absorption of radiation from an external source; persists only during irradia- tion; is of longer wave length than is the in- cident light. giant axon: A type of nerve fiber of exception- ally large diameter; found in lower verte- brates and in certain invertebrates, including annelids, crustaceans, insects, and cephalopod mollusks; permits rapid conduction of nerve impulses. gizzard: In Aplysia and other Aplysiomorpha (opisthobranchiate mollusks), most of which feed by cropping live seaweeds with paired jaws and radula. The gizzard has two cham- bers, an anterior one for masticating and a posterior one with delicate teeth for straining. hemimetabolous: Refers to an insect that under- goes incomplete metamorphosis (egg —> nymph—adult). hepatopancreas: See midgut gland. holometabolous: Refers to an insect that under- GLOSSARY 93 goes complete metamorphosis (egg— larva— pupa —adult). homogenate: Ideally, a cell-free suspension ob- tained by grinding tissues in such a way that cell structure is destroyed. hydroquinone: A reducing agent used to reduce cytochrome c. Krebs cycle: See citric acid cycle. larva: Immature, wingless, generally worm- like form into which holometabolous insects hatch from the egg and in which they remain until they change into pupae. liver: See midgut gland. malonate: The salt of malonic acid; a dicarbox- ylic acid that competitively inhibits the oxida- tion of succinic acid. Malpighian tubules: Tubular organs opening into the midgut or hindgut of insects; gener- ally believed to be excretory in function. mantle: In mollusks, the fold of the body wall which, in shell-bearing forms, lines and secretes the shell. microsomes: An operational term referring to the fraction obtained when homogenates freed of large particulate matter are centrifuged at high centrifugal forces; the fraction ob- tained is composed essentially of fragments of ruptured endoplasmic reticulum (see defi- nition) and its attached particles. midgut gland: Name preferred by many inver- tebrate zoologists for the digestive gland of mollusks and crustaceans; in mollusks, some- times called hepatopancreas, digestive diver- ticula, or liver; in crustaceans, often called hepatopancreas or liver. mitochondria: Intracellular particles (average diameter, 14) containing the enzymes and co- enzymes that comprise the electron trans- port system; involved in oxidative phosphory- lation, and citric and fatty acid oxidations; can be collected ina relatively homogeneous fraction by centrifugation (at 5000 x g) of a homogenate from which nuclei and cellular debris have been removed by a low-speed centrifugation. molt: A term frequently used, as in this volume, to indicate the growth processes undergone by arthropods both before and after ecdysis, as well as during ecdysis. nymph: Immature stage into which hemimetab- olous insects hatch from the egg. optical density: See absorbancy. oxidative phosphorylation: The process by which adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inor- ganic orthophosphate are converted to the high-energy compound adenosinetriphosphate (ATP); energy for this conversion is derived from the transport of electrons through the terminal electron transport system. pallial: Refers to the mantle, especially of a mollusk. particulate fraction: Any of several fractions that are usually obtained from a tissue homog- enate by differential centrifugation. pedal retractor: In mollusks, a muscle that re- tracts the foot. perienteric: Refers to the cavity that surrounds the digestive tract. p-phenylenediamine: A reducing agent used to reduce cytochrome c. P/O ratio: Ratio of inorganic phosphate esteri- fied (to ATP) to the oxygen consumed during the aerobic oxidation of a metabolite; denotes the efficiency of utilization of energy made available by the transfer of electrons through the electron transport system. polarograph: An instrument used in polarog- raphy, which is concerned with oxidation- reduction reactions at an electrode. If poten- tials are measured while known currents are flowing through the cell, and these two param- eters are plotted against each other, a curve is obtained from which the character and con- centration of a given material can be ascer- tained. pupa: The intermediate, quiescent form as- sumed by holometabolous insects following the larval stage, or stages, and prior to the adult stage. quinol: See hydroquinone. radula: A chitinous, tooth-bearing ribbon used by mollusks, exclusive of bivalves, for rasping food into minute particles. respiratory quotient: Ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide produced to the volume of ox- ygen consumed during respiration. retractor muscle of foot: See pedal retractor. sarcosomes: Mitochondria of muscle. Slater factor: A component of the electron trans- port chain operative between cytochrome 0D and cytochrome c¢; inhibited by antimycin A. spectrophotometer: An instrument for the quan- titative measurement of the transmission of light of a given wave length through a solution, 94 TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES the transmission of the solvent being set at unity or at 100 per cent. stellar nerve (see Connelly, 1952): In cepha- lopod mollusks; this term presumably re- fers to the large nerve trunks that run from the brain to each stellate ganglion; these nerve trunks are usually called the mantle or pallial nerves. subumbrella: In jellyfishes; the concave or oral surface of the umbrella (see definition). succinoxidase system: An enzyme system that includes succinic dehydrogenase and part of the electron transport system; catalyzes the oxidation of succinate to fumarate and trans- fers the electrons so removed to oxygen via a portion of the terminal electron transport system. Thunberg respirometer: A type of differential respirometer. tricarboxylic acid cycle: See citric acid cycle. triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPN): Or co- enzyme II; a hydrogen acceptor which is re- duced by a variety of substrates in the pres- ence of specific dehydrogenases; in turn, it reduces a flavoprotein. umbrella: The gelatinous bell-shaped or disk- shaped structure that comprises the greater part of the body of a jellyfish. volumeter: A closed-system, constant-pressure respirometer with two flasks connected by a manometer and with an additional calibrated arm permitting direct measurement of changes in volume that result from respiration in one flask; the second flask serves as a thermo- barometer. Warburg respirometer: A single-flask, constant- volume manometer in which the consumption of oxygen is measured as a function of a change in pressure. Winkler method: A chemical method for the determination of dissolved oxygen based on the oxidation of manganese. Section 7: GUIDE TO LITERATURE Popular, semi-popular, and semi-technical references are indicated by an asterisk. BIOCHEMISTRY: GENERAL REFERENCES Baldwin (1957) Fruton and Simmonds (1958) Long, King, and Sperry (1961) CELL FRACTIONS Allfrey (1959) De Robertis, Nowinski, and Saez (1960) Duve (1957) Green and Jarnefelt (1959) * Hogeboom, Kuff, and Schneider (1957) Lehninger (1951) Novikoff (1957, 1959, 1961) Palade (1958) Siekevitz (1957)* CELL STRUCTURE (See also under Subcellular Morphology) De Robertis, Nowinski, and Saez (1960) Mercer (1961) Siekevitz (1957)* Wilson (1925) Zamecnik (1958)* CITRIC ACID CYCLE Baldwin (1957) Colowick and Kaplan, vol. 1 (1955), vol. 3 (1957) Cross, Taggart, Covo, and Green (1949) Green (1949, 1951, 1954, 1957, 1958*) Gumbman, Brown, and Tappel (1958) Hammen and Osborne (1959) Hogeboom, Kuff, and Schneider (1957) Krebs (1954) Lehninger (1951, 1960*) Long, King, and Sperry (1961) CRUSTACEANS: CONTROL OF MOLTING Arvy, Gabe, and Scharrer (1956) Bliss (1956, 1959, 1960) Carlisle and Knowles (1959) 95 Kleinholz (1957) Knowles and Carlisle (1956) Passano (1960) CRUSTACEANS: GENERAL BIOLOGY (See also under Invertebrates) Balss (1940-1957) Korschelt (1944) CRUSTACEANS: HORMONES (See also under Invertebrates) Carlisle and Knowles (1959) Kleinholz (1957) Knowles and Carlisle (1956) Koller (1960) CRUSTACEANS: NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEMS (See also under Invertebrates) Bliss (1956, 1959, 1960) Carlisle and Knowles (1959) Kleinholz (1957) Knowles (1959) Knowles and Carlisle (1956) Koller (1960) Passano (1960) Scheer (1960) Turner (1960) Welsh (1955, 1961a) CRUSTACEANS: PHYSIOLOGY Buddenbrock (1945-1954) Waterman (1960-1961) CYTOCHROMES Baldwin (1957) Chance and Williams (1956) Cooperstein and Lazarow (1951) De Robertis, Nowinski, and Saez (1960) Green (1958)* Green and Hatefi (1961) 96 TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES Horecker and Stannard (1948) Keilin (1925) Keilin and Slater (1953) Lehninger (1960,* 1961*) Long, King, and Sperry (1961) Lundeg&rdh (1959) Morrison (1961) Pablo and Tappel (1961) Sacktor (1961) Schneider and Potter (1943) Shappirio and Williams (1957a) Stannard and Horecker (1948) Tappel (1960) ELECTRON MICROSCOPY Bargmann, Peters, and Wolpers (1960) Bessis (1960)* Clark (1961) Colowick and Kaplan, vol. 4 (1957) De Robertis, Nowinski, and Saez (1960) Novikoff (1957) Palade (1956, 1958) Selby (1959) Sjostrand (1957) ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM Chance and Williams (1956) Green (1954, 1957, 1958,* 1959) Green and Hatefi (1961) Green and Jirnefelt (1959)* Lehninger (1960,* 1961*) Long, King, and Sperry (1961) Potter and Reif (1952) ENZYMES: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Baldwin (1957) Boyer, Lardy, and Myrback (1959) De Robertis, Nowinski, and Saez (1960) Dixon and Webb (1958) Duve (1957) Frieden (1959)* Green (1949, 1957) Green and Jarnefelt (1959)* Sumner and Myrback (1950-1952) ENZYMES, RESPIRATORY Baldwin (1949,* 1957) Chance and Williams (1956) Colowick and Kaplan, vol. 2 (1955) Cooperstein, Lazarow, and Kurfess (1950) Lehninger (1951, 1961*) Long, King, and Sperry (1961) Schneider and Potter (1943) INHIBITORS, METABOLIC General Considerations Sizer (1957) Antimycin A Potter and Reif (1952) Reif and Potter (1953) Azide Horecker and Stannard (1948) Stannard and Horecker (1948) Carbon Monoxide Lilienthal (1950) Cyanide Horecker and Stannard (1948) Robbie (1948, 1949) Stannard and Horecker (1948) 2, 4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) Chance and Williams (1956) Cross, Taggart, Covo, and Green (1949) Green (1951) Loomis and Lipmann (1948) Slater and Lewis (1954) INSECTS: CONTROL OF GROWTH AND METAMORPHOSIS Arvy, Gabe, and Scharrer (1956) Harvey (MS a) Lees (1955) Raabe (1959) Schneiderman and Gilbert (1959) Turner (1960) Wigglesworth (1954, 1957, 1959*) Williams (1958)* INSECTS: GENERAL BIOLOGY (See also under Invertebrates) Richards and Davies (1957) GUIDE TO LITERATURE INSECTS: HORMONES (See also under Invertebrates) Karlson (1956) Raabe (1959) Schneiderman and Gilbert (1959) Wigglesworth (1954, 1957, 1959*) Williams (1958)* INSECTS: NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEMS (See also under Invertebrates) Bargmann, Hanstrom, Scharrer, and Scharrer (1958) Koller (1960) Raabe (1959) Scharrer, B. (1959) Scheer (1960) Turner (1960) Welsh (1955) Wigglesworth (1957) INSECTS: PHYSIOLOGY Roeder (1953) Wigglesworth (1951) INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM (See also under Enzymes: General Considerations) Baldwin (1957) Dickens (1959) Krebs (1953) Prosser and Brown (1961) Sallach and McGilvery (1960) INVERTEBRATES: BOOKS WITH ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRA PHIES Borradaile, Potts, Eastham, and Saunders (1958)* Brown (1950) Crowder (1931)* Roeder (1953) Smith, Pitelka, Abbott, and Weesner (1954) INVERTEBRATES: GENERAL BIOLOGY Borradaile, Potts, Eastham, and Saunders (1958)* Bronn (1880-1961) Brown (1950) Buchsbaum and Milne (1960)* Cadart (1957)* Cambridge Natural History (see Harmer and Shipley, 1895-1909) Carter (1940) Carthy (1958) Crowder (1931)* Galtsoff, Lutz, Welch, and Needham (1937)* Grassé (1948-1960) Harmer and Shipley (1895-1909)* Hyman (1940-1959) Kukenthal and Krumbach (1923-1938) Lankester (1900-1909)* MacGinitie and MacGinitie (1949)* Morton (1958)* Pennak (1953) Ricketts and Calvin (1952)* Sedgwick (1898-1909) Smith, Petelka, Abbott, and Weesner (1954) Traité de Zoologie (see Grassé) Ward and Whipple (1959) Wilson (1947,* 1951*) Yonge (1949)* INVERTEBRATES: HORMONES (See also under Crustaceans and Insects) Arvy, Gabe, and Scharrer (1956) Kleinholz (1957) Koller (1960) Scharrer and Scharrer (1954a, 1954b) INVERTEBRATES: NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEMS (See also under Crustaceans and Insects) Bargmann, Hanstrom, Scharrer, and Scharrer (1958) Gabe (1954) Koller (1960) Naisse (1959) Schneiderman and Gilbert (1959) Stazione Zoologica di Napoli (1954) Welsh (1959, 1961b) INVERTEBRATES: PHYSIOLOGY Buddenbrock (1950-1961) Galtsoff (1961) Nicol (1960) Prosser and Brown (1961) Scheer (1948) Scheer, Bullock, Kleinholz, and Martin (1957) Ii 98 TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES Van der Kloot (MS) METHODS Determination of Respiratory Rate: General Treatment De Robertis, Nowinski, and Saez (1960) Dixon (1951) Umbreit, Burris, and Stauffer (1957) Determination of Respiratory Rate: Special Techniques Barcroft Respirometer Dixon (1951) Umbreit, Burris, and Stauffer (1957) Fenn Respirometer Dixon (1951) Polarograph Barker and Miner (1961) Umbreit, Burris, and Stauffer (1957) Spectrophotometer Bayliss (1959) Chance (1954) Colowick and Kaplan, vol. 4 (1957) Drabkin (1950) Lundegardh (1959) Umbreit, Burris, and Stauffer (1957) Thunberg Respirometer Thunberg (1905) Volumetric Microrespirometer (Volumeter) Scholander (1942) Scholander, Claff, Andrews, and Wallach (1952) Wennesland (1951) Warburg Respirometer De Robertis, Nowinski, and Saez (1960) Dixon (1951) Umbreit, Burris, and Stauffer (1957) Warburg (1931) Winkler Method American Public Health Association (1955) Micro-Winkler Method Barth (1942) Dam (1935) Fox and Wingfield (1938) Preparation of Tissues General Baldwin (1957) Differential Centrifugation Allfrey (1959) Claude (1946a, 1946b) Duve (1957) Hogeboom, Kuff, and Schneider (1957) Novikoff (1959) Schneider (1946) Siekevitz (1957) Umbreit, Burris, and Stauffer (1957) Density Gradient Centrifugation Allfrey (1959) Hogeboom, Kuff, and Schneider (1957) Homogenate Technique Allfrey (1959) Umbreit, Burris, and Stauffer (1957) Isolation of Particulate Components Allfrey (1959) Umbreit, Burris, and Stauffer (1957) Slicing Deutsch (1936) Field (1948) Stadie and Riggs (1944) Warburg (1931) Ultracentrifugation Colowick and Kaplan, vol. 4 (1957) MICROSOMES Allfrey and Mirsky (1961)* De Robertis, Nowinski, and Saez (1954) Hogeboom, Kuff, and Schneider (1957) Novikoff (1959) Palade (1956, 1958) Zamecnik (1958)* GUIDE TO LITERATURE 99 MITOCHONDRIA Bessis (1960)* Brachet (1957) Chance and Williams (1956) Colowick and Kaplan, vol. 4 (1957) Dalton and Felix (1957) Dempsey (1958) De Robertis, Nowinski, and Saez (1960) Green (1951, 1954, 1957, 1958,* 1959) Green and Hatefi (1961) Green and Jarnefelt (1959)* Hogeboom, Kuff, and Schneider (1957) Lehninger (1951, 1956, 1959, 1960,* 1961*) Lehninger, Wadkins, Cooper, Devlin, and Gamble (1958) Novikoff (1957, 1959, 1961) Palade (1956) Rouiller (1960) Sacktor (1961) - (sarcosomes) Selby (1959) Siekevitz (1957)* Sjostrand (1957) Slater (1957) - (sarcosomes) Watanabe and Williams (1951, 1953) - (sarcosomes) NEUROSECRETION, NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEMS, NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEMS, AND NEUROHORMONES (See also under Crustaceans, Insects, Invertebrates) Arvy, Gabe, and Scharrer (1956) Bargmann, Hanstrom, Scharrer, and Scharrer (1958) Bliss (1956) Knowles (1959) Koller (1960) Naisse (1959) Scharrer, B. (1959) Scharrer, E. (1959) Scharrer and Scharrer (1954a, 1954b) Stazione Zoologica di Napoli (1954) Turner (1960) Welsh (1955, 1957, 1959, 1961a, 1961b) OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION Chance and Williams (1956) Cross, Taggart, Covo, and Green (1949) Dickens (1959) Green (1951, 1954, 1958*) Green and Hatefi (1961) Green and Jarnefelt (1959)* Keilin and Slater (1953) Krebs (1953, 1954) Lehninger (1951, 1956, 1959, 1960,* 1961*) Lehninger, Wadkins, Cooper, Devlin, and Gamble (1958) Long, King, and Sperry (1961) Loomis and Lipmann (1948) Morrison (1961) Sacktor (1961) Siekevitz (1957)* PHYSIOLOGY, GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE Buddenbrock (1950-1961) Gorbman (1959) Heilbrunn (1952) Martin (1961) Prosser and Brown (1961) Scheer (1948) Waterman (1961) Winterstein (1910-1925) RESPIRATORY DATA Tissues De Robertis, Nowinski, and Saez (1960) Dittmer and Grebe (1958) Fruton and Simmonds (1953) Heilbrunn (1952) Robbie (1949) Wolvekamp and Waterman (1960) Whole Animals Dittmer and Grebe (1958) Heilbrunn (1952) Prosser and Brown (1961) Wolvekamp and Waterman (1960) SUBCELLULAR MORPHOLOGY Bargmann, Peters, and Wolpers (1960) Bessis (1960)* Brachet (1957, 1961*) Butler (1959)* Clark (1961) Colowick and Kaplan, vol. 4 (1957) 100 TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES Dempsey (1958) Schmitt and Geschwind (1957) De Robertis, Nowinski, and Saez (1960) Selby (1959) Novikoff (1961) Sjostrand (1957) Palade (1956, 1958) Zamecnik (1958)* Section 8: BIBLIOGRAPHY Allen, Willard R., and A. 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Allen 1942. TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES Studies on the metabolism of marine invertebrate tissue. I. Respiration of the midgut gland of the kelp crab (Pugettia producta). Physiol. Zool., vol. 15, pp. 75-88, figs. 1-4, tables 1-6. Bessis, Marcel 1960. The ultrastructure of cells. Basel, Sandoz Monographs, pp. 1-112, figs. 1-81. Bliss, Dorothy E. 1953. 1956. IDI: 1960. Endocrine control of metabolism in the land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis (Fréminville). I. Differences in the respiratory metabolism of sinusgland- less and eyestalkless crabs. Biol. Bull., vol. 104, pp. 275-296, figs. 1-9, table 1. Neurosecretion and the control of growth in a decapod crustacean. In Wingstrand, Karl Georg (ed.), Bertil Hanstrom. Zoological papers in honour of his sixty-fifth birthday, November 20th, 1956. Lund, Zoological Institute, pp. 56-75, figs. 1-7. Factors controlling regeneration of legs and molting in land crabs. In Campbell, Frank L. (ed.), Physiology of insect de- velopment. 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See Condylactis gigantea Anthozoa, Coelenterata, 1, 2, 11, 76 Apis mellifera Linnaeus, Insecta, 55 Aplysia, Gastropoda, 15-17, 83, 92 Aplysia limacina de Blainville, 17 Arca ponderosa, 31 ark shell. See Noetia ponderosa Arthropoda, 1, 2, 43-73, 76-81, 83-87, 91-93 ascarid, horse. See Parascaris equorum ascarid, pig. See Ascaris lumbricoides Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus, Nematoda, 11-13, UBS SA Ascaris megalocephala, 13, 82 Aschelminthes, 1, 2, 11-13, 75, 82 Astacus , Crustacea, 45 Atrina serrata Sowerby, Pelecypoda, 33 Australian rock oyster. See Saxostrea commercialis Axinella rosacea, 9, 75 bee, honey. See Apis mellifera beetle, water scavenger. See Hydrophilus ater Belostoma, Insecta, 55, 77 bivalve mollusks. See Cephalopoda, Mollusca black blow fly. See Phormia regina Blattella germanica Linnaeus, Insecta, 55 blue crab. See Callinectes sapidus blue worm. See Octolasium cyaneum bluebottle fly. See Calliphora erythrocephala Bombyx movi (Linnaeus), Insecta, 55 brandling. See Eisenia foetida 119 bug, giant water. See Belostoma Burgundy snail. See Helix pomatia Busycon, Gastropoda, 17 Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, Crustacea, 45, 77 Calliphora erythrocephala (Meigen), Insecta, 57, 78, 86 Carcinides maenas, 45-47, 78-80, 84-86 Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus), Crustacea, 45-47, 78-80, 84-86 Carpocapsa pomonella (Linnaeus), Insecta, 57, 77 Cassiopea frondosa (Pallas), Scyphozoa, 11, 82 Cecropia moth. See Hyalophora cecropia cephalopod mollusks. See Cephalopoda, Mollusca Cephalopoda, Mollusca, 1, 2, 33-39, 75-77, 79, 83, 86, 91-94 Chaetopterus, Polychaeta, 39 Cinachyra cavernosa (Lamarck), Demospongiae, 9, 75 clam. See Mactra clam, hard-shelled. See Mercenaria mercenaria clam, soft-shelled. See Mya Clibinarius vittatius, Crustacea, 47, 77 Clibinarius vittatus (Bosc), 47, 77 Clitellata, Annelida, 1, 2, 41-43, 79, 86, 87, 91, 92 cockroach, American. See Periplaneta americana cockroach, German. See Blattella geymanica cockroach, Madeira. See Leucophaea maderae codling moth. See Carpocapsa pomonella Coelenterata, 1, 2, 11, 76, 81, 82, 94 conch. See Busycon Condylactis gigantea Weinland, Anthozoa, 11, 76 corals. See Gorgonia flabellum and Plexaura flexuosa crab, blue. See Callinectes sapidus crab, fiddler. See Uca minax and Uca pugilator crab, ghost. See Ocypode quadrata 120 TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES crab, green. See Carcinus maenas crab, hermit. See Clibinarius vittatus crab, horseshoe. See Limulus polyphemus crab, kelp. See Pugettia producta crab, marsh. See Sesarma cinereum crab, mud. See Panopeus herbstii crab, purple land. See Gecarcinus lateralis crab, red-jointed fiddler. See Uca minax crab, spider. See Libinia and Maja crab, stone. See Menippe mercenaria crab, striped shore. See Pachygraphsus cras sipes Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg), Pelecypoda, 21, 75-77 Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin), 23, 75, 76, 78, 84 crawfish. See Panulirus argus crayfish. See Astacus cricket, greenhouse stone. See Tachycines asynamorus cricket, house. See Acheta domesticus cricket, Japanese stone. See Tachycines asynamorus Cristaria plicata (Solander), Pelecypoda, 23, USS Ue Crustacea, Arthropoda, 1-2, 45-53, 76-80, 83-86, 91-93, 95 cucumber, sea, 91. See also Isostichopus badionotus and Thyone cuttlefish. See Sepia officinalis Cydia pomonella, 57, 77 Demospongiae, Porifera, 1, 2, 9-11, 75 dented garden snail. See Helix aspersa desert locust. See Schistocerca gregaria Diestrammena japanica, 73, 80, 86 differential grasshopper. See Melanoplus differentialis Dreissena, Pelecypoda, 23 Dreissensia, 23 Dysidea crawshayi de Laubenfels, Demospongiae, Ie) earthworm, 43, 91. See Lumbricus terrestris Echinodermata, 1, 2, 73, 82, 91 edible land snail, little. See Helix pisana edible land snail, white-lipped. See Helix vermiculata edible mussel. See Mytilus edulis Eisenia foetida (Savigny), Clitellata, 41, 79, 86 Eledone, Cephalopoda, 33 fan, purple sea. See Gorgonia flabellum feather-duster worm. See Sabella pavonina fiddler crab. See Uca minax and Uca pugilator fleshfly. See Sarcophaga bullata fly, black blow. See Phormia regina fly, bluebottle. See Calliphora erythrocephala fly, flesh. See Sarcophaga bullata fly, house. See Musca domestica fresh-water mussel. See Anodonta cellensis, Cristaria plicata, and Hyriopsis schlegelii Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus), Insecta, 57 garden snail, dented. See Helix aspersa gastropod mollusks. See Gastropoda, Mollusca Gastropoda, Mollusca, 1, 2, 15-21, 19; U0, TOS oe 86, 91-93 Gecarcinus lateralis (Fréminville), Crustacea, 47, 78, 84, 85 Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, Demospongiae, 9, 75 German cockroach. See Blattella germanica ghost crab. See Ocypode quadrata giant water bug. See Belostoma Gorgonia flabellum Linnaeus, Anthozoa, 11, 76 gorgonian, purple. See Plexaura flexuosa grasshopper, differential. See Melanoplus differentialis grasshopper, red-legged. See Melanoplus Semurrubrum greater wax moth. See Galleria mellonella green crab. See Carcinus maenas greenhouse stone cricket. See Tachycines asynamorus Gryllus domesticus, 55 Gryphaea angulata Lamarck, Pelecypoda, 25, tly Cshp tex hard-shelled clam. See Mercenaria mercenaria hare, sea. See Aplysia Helicacea, Gastropoda, 92 Helix aspersa Miller, Gastropoda, 17, 79, 86 Helix hierosolyma, 19 Helix pisana Miiller, 17 Helix pomatia Linnaeus, 17-19, 75, 77, 83 Helix vermiculata Miiller, 19 hermit crab. See Clibinarius vittatus Holothuroidea, Echinodermata, 1, 2, 73, 82 Homarus americanus Milne- Edwards, Crustacea, 47-49, 76 Homarus gammarus (Linnaeus), 49, 80, 85 Homarus vulgaris, 49, 80, 85 honey bee. See Apis mellifera == — — — —— Soe INDEX 121 horseshoe crab. See Limulus polyphemus house cricket. See Acheta domesticus house fly. See Musca domestica Hyalophora cecropia (Linnaeus), Insecta, 5, 57-63, 76, 78, 82, 83 Hydrophilus ater Olivier, Insecta, 63, 77 Hydrozoa, Coelenterata, 1, 2, 11, 76 Hyriopsis schlegelii (von Martens), Pelecypoda, PAR, Ue Wl Insecta, Arthropoda, 1, 2, 55-73, 76-81, 83, 84, 86, 87, 91-93, 96, 97 insects. See Insecta, Arthropoda Ircinia fasciculata (Pallas), Demospongiae, 9, 75 Isognomon alata (Gmelin), Pelecypoda, 25, 76 Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka), Holothuroidea, M3582 Japanese stone cricket. See Tachycines asynamorus jellyfish. See Cassiopea frondosa and Pelagia noctiluca jellyfishes, 94. See also Scyphozoa, Coelenterata Jerusalem land snail. See Levantina hievosolyma kelp crab. See Pugettia producta land crab, purple. See Gecarcinus lateralis land snails. See Helix and Levantina Leander adspersus, 51, 80, 85 leech, 43, 91 Leucophaea maderae (Fabricius), Insecta, 63, 77, 80, 84 Levantina hierosolyma (Boiss), Gastropoda, 19 Libinia dubia Milne- Edwards, Crustacea, 49, 77 Libinia emarginata Leach, 49, 79, 86 Limulus polyphemus (Linnaeus), Merostomata, 1, 43-45, 77, 79, 80, 83, 87 Lissodendoryx isodictyalis (Carter), Demonspongiae, 9, 75 little edible land snail. See Helix pisana Litomosoides carinii (Travassos), Nematoda, 82 lobster, 49, 77 lobster, American. See Homarus americanus lobster, spiny. See Panulirus argus locust, desert. See Schistocerca gregaria locust, migratory. See Locusta migratoria locust, South American. See Schistocerca infumata Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus), Insecta, 63 Loligo pealeii Lesueur, Cephalopoda, 33-35, 76 Lumbricus terrestris Linnaeus, Clitellata, 43 Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus), Gastropoda, 21 Mactra, Pelecypoda, 27 Madeira cockroach. See Leucophaea maderae Maja, Crustacea, 51 manure worm. See Lisenia foetida marsh crab. See Sesarma cinereum mealworm, yellow. See Tenebrio molitor Melanoplus differentialis (Thomas), Insecta, 65 Melanoplus femurrubrum (De Geer), 65 Menippe mercenaria (Say), Crustacea, 51, 77 Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus), Pelecypoda, 27-29, 76-79, 84, 86 Merostomata, Arthropoda, 1, 2, 43-45, 77, 79, 80, 83, 87 Microciona prolifera (Ellis and Solander), Demospongiae, 9 migratory locust. See Locusta migratoria Mollusca, 1, 2, 15-39, 75-79, 81, 83, 84, 86, 91-94 mollusks, bivalve. See Pelecypoda, Mollusca mollusks, cephalopod. See Cephalopoda, Mollusca mollusks, gastropod. See Gastropoda, Mollusca moth, Cecropia. See Hyalophora cecropia moth, codling. See Carpocapsa pomonella moth, greater wax. See Galleria mellonella moth, Polyphemus. See Telea polyphemus moth, saturniid, 83. See also Hyalophora cecropia and Telea polyphemus mud crab. See Panopeus herbstii mud dauber wasp. See Sceliphron cementarius Musca domestica Linnaeus, Insecta, 65 mussel. See Mytilus and Driessena mussel, edible. See Mytilus edulis mussel, fresh-water. See Anodonta cellensis, Cristaria plicata, and Hyriopsis schlegelii Mya, Pelecypoda, 29 Mytilus, Pelecypoda, 29, 75 Mytilus crassitesta Lischke, 29 Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 29 Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 29, 79, 86 Nematoda, Aschelminthes, 1, 2, 11-13, 75, 82 night crawler. See Lumbricus terrestris Noetia ponderosa (Say), Pelecypoda, 31 Octolasium cyaneum (Savigny), Clitellata, 43,79, 87 octopus. See Eledone and Octopus Octopus, Cephalopoda, 37, 83 122 TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES Octopus macropus Risso, 37, 75 Octopus vulgaris Lamarck, 37-39, 77, 83 Ocypode albicans, Crustacea, 51, 77 Ocypode quadrata (Fabricius), 51, 77 orange, sea. See Tethya aurantia Ostrea circumpicta Pilsbry, Pelecypoda, 31 Ostrea gigas, 21, 75-77 Ostrea virginica, 23, 75-76, 78, 84 oyster. See Crassostrea gigas and Ostrea circumpicta oyster, Australian rock. See Saxostrea commercialis oyster, pearl. See Pinctada martensiti oyster, Portuguese. See Gryphaea angulata oyster, tree. See Isognomon alata oyster, Virginia. See Crassostrea virginica Pachygrapsus crassipes Randall, Crustacea, 51 Palaemon squilla (Linnaeus), Crustacea, 51, 80, 85 Pandalus borealis Kréyer, Crustacea, 53 Pandalus montagui Leach, 53 Panopeus herbstii Milne- Edwards, Crustacea, iS Peril Panulirus argus (Latreille), Crustacea, 53, 76 Parascaris equorum Goeze, Nematoda, 13, 82 parchment worm. See Chaetopterus peacock worm. See Sabella pavonina pearl oyster. See Pinctada martensii Pecten, Pelecypoda, 31 Pecten irradians Lamarck, 31 Pedalion alata, 25, 76 Pelagia cyanella, Scyphozoa, 11 Pelagia noctiluca (Forskal), 11 Pelecypoda, Mollusca, 1, 2, 21-33, 75-79, 84, 86, 91, 93 pen shell. See Pinna muricata Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus), Insecta, 65-71, 76-79, 84, 86, 87 petit-gris. See Helix aspersa Phormia vegina (Meigen), Insecta, 71, 78 Physalia pelagica, Hydrozoa, 11, 76 Physalia physalis (Linnaeus), 11, 76 Pinctada martensii (Dunker), Pelecypoda, 31, 75-77, 79 Pinna muricata Linnaeus, Pelecypoda, 33 Platyhelminthes, 1, 82 Platysamia cecropia, 5, 57-63, 76, 78, 82, 83 Plexaura flexuosa Kukenthal, Anthozoa, 11, 76 Polychaeta, Annelida, 1, 2, 39-41 Polyphemus moth. See Telea polyphemus pond snail. See Lymaea stagnalis Porifera, 15 27 9=1ls conc Portuguese man-of-war. See Physalia physalis Portuguese oyster. See Gryphaea angulata prawn. See Pandalus borealis. See also shrimp Pseudaxinella rosacea (Verrill), Demospongiae, 9, 75 Pugettia producta (Randall), Crustacea, 53, 77 purple gorgonian. See Plexaura flexuosa purple land crab. See Gecarcinus lateralis purple sea fan. See Gorgonia flabellum quahog. See Mercenaria mercenaria red-jointed fiddler crab. See Uca minax red-legged grasshopper. See Melanoplus femurrubrum Sabella pavonina Savigny, Polychaeta, 39-41 Sarcophaga bullata Parker, Insecta, 71, 78 saturniid moth, 83. See also Hyalophora cecropia and Telea polyphemus Saxostrea commercialis Iredale, Pelecypoda, 33 scallop. See Pecten Sceliphron cementarius (Drury), Insecta, 71 Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal), Insecta, 71 Schistocerca infumata Scudder, 73, 77 Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, Trematoda, 82 Scyphozoa, Coelenterata, 1, 2, 11, 82 sea anemone. See Condylactis gigantea sea cucumber, 91. See also Isostichopus badionotus and Thyone sea fan, purple. See Gorgonia flabellum sea hare. See Aplysia sea orange. See Tethya aurantia Sepia officinalis Linnaeus, Cephalopoda, 39, Ds I Sesarma cinerea, Crustacea, 53, 77 Sesarma cinereum (Bosc), 53, 77 shore crab, striped. See Pachygrapsus crassipes shrimp. See Palaemon squilla shrimp, pink. See Pandalus montagui. See also prawn. silkworm. See Bombyx mori snail, Burgundy. See Helix pomatia snail, dented garden. See Helix aspersa snail, Jerusalem land. See Levantina hierosolyma snail, little edible land. See Helix pisana snail, pond. See Lymnaea stagnalis snail, vineyard. See Helix pomatia snail, white-lipped edible land. See Helix vermiculata INDEX 123 snails. See Gastropoda, Mollusca snails, land. See Helix and Levantina soft-shelled clam. See Mya South American locust. See Schistocerca infumata Spheciospongia, Demospongiae, 9, 75 spider crab. See Libinia and Maja spiny lobster. See Panulirus argus sponge, fire. See Tedania ignis sponge, red oyster. See Microciona prolifera sponge, stinker. See Ircinia fasciculata sponges. See Porifera; also Cinachyra caver - nosa, Dysidea crawshayi, Geodia gibberosa, Lissodendoryx isodictyalis, Pseudaxinella rosacea, Spheciospongia, Terpios fugax, and Tethya aurantia squid, 37. See also Loligo pealeii Stichopus mobii, 73, 82 stone crab. See Menippe mercenaria stone cricket, greenhouse. See Tachycines asynamorus striped shore crab. See Pachygrapsus crassipes Tachycines asynamorus Adelung, Insecta, 73, 80, 86 Tedania ignis (Duchassaing and Michelotti), Demospongiae, 9, 75 Telea polyphemus Cramer, Insecta, 73 Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, Insecta, 73, 78 Terpios fugax (Duchassaing and Michelotti), Demospongiae, 11, 75 Tethya aurantia (Pallas), Demospongiae, 11, 75 Thyone, Holothuroidea, 73 tree oyster. See Isognomon alata Trematoda, Platyhelminthes, 82 Uca minax (Le Conte), Crustacea, 53, 77 Uca pugilator (Bosc), 53, 77 Venus mercenaria, 27-29, 76-79, 84, 86 vineyard snail. See Helix pomatia Virginia oyster. See Crassostrea virginica wasp, mud dauber. See Sceliphron cementarius wax moth, greater. See Galleria mellonella water scavenger beetle. See Hydrophilus ater white-lipped edible land snail. See Helix vermiculata worm, blue. See Octolasium cyaneum worm, earth, 43, 91. See also Lumbricus terrestris worm, feather-duster. See Sabella pavonina worm, manure. See Eisenia foetida worm, parchment. See Chaetopterus worm, peacock. See Sabella pavonina Xiphosura polyphemus, 1, 43-45, 77, 79, 80, 83, 87 yellow mealworm. See Tenebrio molitor AUTHOR INDEX Abbott, D. P., 97 Abood, L. G., 19 Abraham, M., 19 Allen, S. C., 53, 77, 84 Allen, W. R., 67, 71-73, 78, 84, 86 Allfrey, V., 95, 98 American Public Health Association, 98 Andrews, J. R., 35, 98 Arvanitaki, A., 17-19, 29, 39, 79, 86 Arviyns lis, 99-97, 99 Baldwin, E., 17-19, 95-98 Balss, H., 95 Barber, A. A., 23, 75 Bargmann, W., 96-97, 99 BarkersiGs Cy. 98 Barronweh ai seuGe olen OO) lili OF. Barsa, Mi. C..69 Bartels, H., 43 Bartha dae Geos Basoglu, M., 43 Bayliss, L. E., 98 Beck, S. D., 67, 76 Behrens, R., 43 Belding, H. S., 53, 77, 84 Benedict, D., 76 Bessis, M., 96, 99 Bliss) Di E-4 85, 993,99 Block, D. I., 69 Bodenstein, D., 67 Borradaile, L. A., 97 Bowers, M. B., 35 Boyer, P. D., 96 Brachet, J., 99 Brecht, K., 21, 43 Bronny He Geol 124 TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES Brooks, M. A., 69, 78, 86 Drach, P., 85 Brown, A. W. A., 67 DuBois, A. B., 76 BrOwny Ha AW. dite Olm Oo Durrani, M. Z., 13 Brown, W. D., 81, 95 Duve, C. de, 95, 96, 98 Buchsbaum, R., 97 Buddenbrock, W. von, 95, 97, 99 Eastham, L. E. S., 97 Bueding, E., 13, 75, 82 Eckstein, B., 19 Bullock, IT. H:,; 97 Edwards, G. A., 55, 63, 67, 73, 77, 78, 83, 84 Isiouerents).. IRe lal, Vs} Ewer, R. F., 41 Butler, J. A. V., 99 Farmer, C. J., 67 Cadart, J., 97 Farr, A. L., 35, 47-49, 55-57, 71-73 (Cpulil, (Ge 305, GY Faure, S., 17-19, 29, 39, 79, 86 Calvin ds, 917 Felix, M. D., 99 CardotwH. whi—19 295739) 7.95 86 RWG ols, Wl si, GE, Utls, eh, Ue! Carlisle, D. B., 95 Folin, O., 67 Carters GriSs..o Foster, J. M., 35, 47 Carthy, J. D., 97 Fox, H. M., 39-41, 53, 98 Chance, B., (95.96, 98; 99 Frieden, E., 96 Chang, T. H., 438, 47, 76 Erutons des: 90% 99 Chapheau, M., 25, 77, 78, 83-84 Charms, B., 13, 82 Gabe, M., 95-97, 99 Charniaux-Cotton, H., 85 Galtsoff, PS S597 Cheldelin, V. H., 55 Gamble, J. L., Jr., 99 ChingiCs-He 375 Gardner, E. M., 42 (leat, (5 Ile, oi, Ss} Gerard, R. W., 43-45 Clark2G,) 1.96, 99 Geschwind, N., 35, 100 Claude, A., 3, 98 Ghiretti, F., 15-17, 37-39, 75, 77, 83 Coelho, R. R., 35 Ghiretti-Magaldi, A., 15-17, 37-39, 75, 77, 83 Colowick, S. P., 95, 96, 98, 99 Gilbert; Lb: 15 96, 97 Connelly, C. M., 35, 94 Gilmour, D., 65 Conway, E. J., 71 Giuditta, Ay, 37-39) ios Wile) So Cooper, C., 99 Glaister, D., 29 Cooperstein, S. J., 35, 95, 96 Goodman, J. W., 35 Covo, GeA’, 95, 96, 199 Gorbman, A., 99 Crawford, E. J., 35 Gordon, E. E., 9 Crawford, J. D., 76 Graham, K., 57, 77, 84 Cross, Ride, 9o, 96.99 Grassey eee oe Crowder, W., 97 Grebe, R. M., 99 Green, Ds Bi 95s 96.99 Dalton, A. J., 99 Greenstein, J. P., 3 Dam, L. Van, 98 Gumbman, M., 81, 95 Dann, M., 43 Guttman, R., 43, 80, 87 Davies, R. G., 96 Dempsey, E. W., 99, 100 Hammen, C. S., 81, 95 De Robertis, E. D. P., 95, 96, 98-100 Handford, S. W., 27, 49 Deutsch, W., 1, 98 Hanstrom., Bs. 9%. 99 Devlin, T. M., 99 Harmer. Ss Heo Dickens, F., 97, 99 Hartline, H. K., 43-45 Dittmer, D. S., 99 Hartree, E. F., 5, 82 Dixon, M., 96, 98 Harvey, G. T., 67, 76 Drabkin, D. L., 98 Harvey, W. R., 57, 73, 82, 83, 86, 96 INDEX Hateti, Y., 95, 96, 99 Lees, A. D., 96 Heilbrunn, L. V., 99 Lees, H., 49, 77, 83 Higashi, S., 23-25, 76, 77, 83 Lehninger, A. L., 95, 96, 99 Hogeboom, G. H., 95, 98, 99 Ibewis, Si: E., 57, vc, 81, 86, 96 Hopkins, H. S., 23, 27, 31-33, 49, 76-79, 83, Lichtenstein, R., 17, 27-31, 39, 73 84, 86 Lilienthal, J. L., Jr., 96 Horecker, B. L., 96 Lindeman, V. F., 45 Horie, Y., 55 Lipmann, F., 96, 99 Hoskins, D. D., 55 Long, C., 95, 96, 99 Humphrey, G. F., 33 Loomis, W. F., 96, 99 Hyman, L. H., 97 Lowry, O. H., 35, 47-49, 55-57, 71-73 Ludwig, D., 69 ton E., 55 Lundegardh, H., 96, 98 Ishikawa, S., 55 Lutz, E., 21 Isutze te Ee on Jarnefelt, J., 95, 96, 99 Jodrey, L. H., 23, 76 Ma, T. S., 67, 71-73 Johnson, M. L., 43 McGilvery, R. W., 97 MacGinitie, G. E., 97 Kabat, E. A., 59-63 MacGinitie, N., 97 Kalckar, H. M., 15 Machado, A. L., 37 Kaplan, N. O., 95, 96, 98, 99 McShan, W. H., 63 Karlson, P., 97 Maroney, S. P., Jr., 23, 75 Kawai, K., 21-25, 29-31, 75-77, 79, 83, 86 Martin, A. W., 97, 99 Ketlin’. D!, 5, 82, 96, 99 Mayer, M. M., 59-63 Kerkut, G. A., 19, 77, 83 Mercer, E. H., 95 Kerly, M., 29 Meyerhof, O., 15, 33, 37, 45, 51 Kermack, W. O., 49, 77, 83 Milne, L. J., 97 Keynes, R. D., 1 Miner, G. W. C., 98 Kilby, B. A., 71 Mirsky, A. E., 98 King. Hi; Ji., 9o, 96, 99 Morrison, M., 96, 99 Kleinholz, L. H., 95, 97 Morrison, P. E., 67 Knowles, F. G. W., 95, 99 Morton, J. E., 97 Koller, G., 95, 97, 99 Moser, J. C., 69 Korschelt, E., 95 Myrback, K., 96 Kramer, S., 63, 71 InaeeoSy lel NGS Bi, ell, Ss Sie Ee) Nachmansohn, D., 37 Krishnan, G., 47, 78, 80, 84, 85 Naisse, J., 97, 99 Krumbach, T., 97 Nathanson, N., 17, 27-31, 39, 73 Kubista, V., 69, 73, 78-80, 84, 86, 87 Navez, A. E., 76 Kutiei I. 95,98, 99 Needham, J. G., 97 Kukenthal, W., 97 Nelson, W. L., 71 Kun, E., 19 Neville, E., 71 Kuntz, E., 85 Newburgh, R. W., 55 Kurfess, J. J., 96 Nicolida-An Cannot Kurland, C. G., 82, 83 Nomura, S., 31 Novikoff, A. B., 95, 96, 98-100 Lankester, R., 97 Nowinski, W. W., 95, 96, 98-100 Lardy, H., 96 luaser, Hs, 11), 782 O’Brien, B. R. A., 41-43, 79, 87 Laverack, M.S., 19, 77, 83 Okamura, N., 21, 76 Lazarow, A., 35, 95, 96 Osborne, P. J., 81, 95 126 TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES Pablo, I. S., 81, 96 selby, €: Cz, 96, 995 1100 Palade, G. E., 95, 96, 98-100 Shanes, A. M., 49, 79, 86 Passano, L. M., 85, 95 Shapiro, H., 45, 77, 80, 83, 87 Pennak, R. W., 97 Shappirio, D. G., 5, 59-63, 76, 78, 79, 81-83, Pérez-Gonzalez, M. D., 55, 63, 67, 73, 77, 78, 86, 96 83, 84 Shipley, A. E., 97 Peters, D., 96, 99 Siekevitz, P., 95, 98, 99 Pieh, S., 29, 45, 79, 86 Simmonds, S., 95, 99 Pitelka, F. A., 97 Sizer, I. W., 96 Potter, V. R., 96 Sjostrand, F. S., 96, 99, 100 Potts, F. A., 97 Skinner, D. M., 47, 78, 84, 85 Prosser, C. L., 97, 99 Slater, E. C., 57, 78, 81, 86, 96, 99 Smith, R. I., 97 Raabe, M., 96, 97 Sperry, W. M., 95, 96, 99 Randall, R. J., 35, 47-49, 55-57, 71-73 Spiegel, M., 9 laveyersjn 1K Ito ae) GBs 153 Spiegelman, S., 37 Reif, A. E., 96 Stadie, W. C., 1, 98 Renaud, L., 85 Stannard, J. N., 65, 96 Richards, A. G., 67, 71-73, 78, 84, 86 Stauffer, J. F., 98 Richards, O. W., 96 Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 97, 99 Ricketts, E. F., 97 Steinbach, H. B., 37 Riggs, B. C., 1, 98 Sumner, J. B., 96 Robbie, W. A: 3, 9-12) 25.33) 53, 73, 75,76, 81, 82, 96-99 Taggart, J. V., 95, 96, 99 Roberts, J. L., 51 Tahmisian, T. N., 65, 77, 84 Roberts, N. R., 35 Tappel, A. L., 81, 95, 96 Roeder, K. D., 97 Thomas, G. M., 69, 78, 84 Rolander, B., 17, 27-31, 39, 73 Thunberg, T., 23, 27, 31-33, 98 RonkingiR. Re. 75 Tosi, L., 15-17, 83 Rosebrough, N. J., 35, 47-49, 55-57, 71-73 Travis, D. F., 85 Rotta, A., 65 Turner, C. D., 95-97, 99 Rouiller, C., 99 Umbreit, W. W., 98 Sacktor, B., 65-69, 78, 81, 84, 96, 99 Utze Geez Saez, F. A., 95, 96, 98-100 Sallach, H. J., 97 Van der Kloot, W., 98 Samuels, A., 63, 77, 80, 84 Vernberg, F. J., 45-53, 77, 83, 84 Sanborn, R. C., 57 Wallees Ca Amy oe Wirpev=olens Onis Saunders, J. T., 97 Vincentiis, M. de, 37 Scharrer, B., 95-97, 99 Scharrer, E., 97, 99 Wadkins, C. L., 99 Scheer, B. T., 45, 49-51, 80, 85, 95, 97, 99 Wallach, D. F., 35, 98 Scheer, M. A. R., 45, 49-51, 80, 85 Warburg, O., 1, 98 Schlegel, V., 63 Ward, H. B., 97 Schlieper, C., 29 Watanabe, M. I., 71, 78, 99 Schmitt; Fk. OF. 35. 1100 Waterman, T. H., 95, 99 Schneider, W. C., 3, 82, 95, 96, 98, 99 Webb, E. C., 96 Schneiderman, H. A., 82, 83, 86, 96, 97 Weesner, F. M., 97 Scholander, P. F., 35, 55, 63, 67, 73, 98 Weichselbaum, T. E., 55 Schulz, W., 15, 33, 37, 45, 51 Weinbach, E. C., 21 Schwabe, C. W., 45, 49-51, 80, 85 Welch, P. S., 97 Sedgwick, A., 97 Weller, H., 75 INDEX Welshy dh He. 95, 97), 99 Wennesland, R., 51, 98 Wernstedt, C., 23 Weymouth, F. W., 53, 77, 84 Whipple, G. C., 97 Wigglesworth, V. B., 96, 97 Wilbur, K. M., 23, 75, 76 Williams, C. M., 5, 57-63, 71, 76, 78, 81-83, BG, OS, GG Se) Williams, G. R., 95, 96, 99 Wilson, D. P., 97 Wilson, E. B., 95 127 Wingfield, C. A., 53, 98 Winterstein, H., 43, 99 Wolpers, C., 96, 99 Wolvekamp, H. P., 99 Wood, J. D., 49, 77, 83 Yonge, C. M., 97 Young, R. G., 55-57, 71-73, 78, 84 Zamecnik, P. C., 95, 98, 100 Zuazaga, G., 67, 71-73 SUBJECT INDEX abbreviations, 89 abdomen, of American cockroach, 69, 79, 87 abdominal muscle, dorsal extensor. See dorsal extensor abdominal muscle absorbancy, 91 accessory glands, 91; of American cockroach, 67 adductor muscle, 91; effect of age, 27, 78; effect of hydrogen cyanide, 29; effect of salinity, 29, 79, 86; effect of season, 21, 27; gray, 33; of ark shell, 31; of Australian rock oyster, 33; of fresh water mussel, 21-25, 77; of pearl oyster, 31; of pen shell, 33; of quahog, 27-29,78, 79, 86; of Virginia oyster, 23, 78; red, 29; white, 31-33 adult, developing, epithelium, 59-63, 78; of Cecropia moth, 59-63, 78; wing, 59-63, 78 age, effect of. See under effect air, 13), 21, 29-31, 39-41, 73 albumen gland. See albuminous gland albuminous gland, 91; of pond snail, 21; of vine- yard snail, 19 alcohol, 69 American cockroach, abdomen, 69, 79, 87; accessory gland, 67, 91; brain, 67-69; coxal muscle, 67, 91; effect of age, 67-71, 78, 86; effect of antimycin A, 67, 76, 91; effect of sex, 65-71, 77, 78, 84; effect of stage, 69-71, 78, 86; fat body, 67-71, 78, 92; flight muscle, 67, 78; gradient along body, 69, 79, 87; gut, 67-69, 78, 84; heart, 67; leg muscle, 65-71, 77, 78, 86; Malpighian tubules, 67-69, 93; muscle, 67-69, 78, 86; nerve cord, 67-69; nymph, 69-71, 78, 86, 93; respiratory quotient, 65, 93; testes, 67; thorax, 69, 78, 79, 87; wing muscle, 69-71, 78, 86 American lobster, claw nerves, 47-49; effect of cyanide, 76; leg nerves, 47-49; ventral nerve cord, 47 anemone, sea. See sea anemone antimycin A, 61, 67, 76, 91; 96 apparatus, biochemical and biophysical. See continuous flow respirometer, fluorometric measurement, polarograph, spectrophoto- meter apparatus, manometric. See manometer; also Barcroft, differential, Fenn, Thunberg, and Warburg manometers apparatus, volumetric. See differential volumeter, microvolumeter, Scholander-Wennesland microrespirometer, volumeter, volumetric microrespirometer ark shell, posterior adductor muscle, 31, 91 arthropods, effect of age, 84; effect of sex, 83, 84; effect of stage, 84; increase in size, 84; molt cycle, 78, 84, 85, 93. See also crabs, crustaceans, insects artificial sea water, 15, 29, 33, 45, 49-51 ascarid, horse. See horse ascarid ascarid, pig. See pig ascarid ascorbate, 17, 57, 67, 71. 91 ascorbic acid, 33, 39, 63 Australian rock oyster, adductor muscle, 33, 91 axons, giant. axoplasm, 91 azide, 82, 83, 96 See giant axons Baldwin’s phosphate solution, 17-19 Barcroft manometer (Barcroft respirometer), 355, 6, 41-437, 47, 91 98 bee, honey. See honeybee 128 TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES beetle, water scavenger. See water scavenger beetle Belar-phosphate buffer, 65 Belar’s solution, 63 bicarbonate, 15, 33, 37, 51 biochemical and biophysical apparatus. See continuous flow respirometer, polarograph, spectrophotometer biochemical and biophysical methods. See biochemical and biophysical apparatus, fluorometric measurement biochemistry, references, 95 biology, general, references, in crustaceans, 95; in insects, 96; in invertebrates, 97 black blow fly, cytochrome oxidase, 78, 91; effect of age, 71, 78; muscle, 71, 78 blow fly, black. See black blow fly blue crab, claw nerve, 45; effect of sex, 45, 77; gill, 45, 77; leg nerve, 45; midgut gland, 45, 77, 93 blue worm, body wall, 43, 79; gradient along body, 43, 79, 86, 87; succinoxidase, 79, 86, 87, 94 bluebottle fly, effect of age, 57, 78, 86; flight muscle, 57, 78, 86; a-ketoglutaric oxidase, 78, 86 body wall. See body wall muscle body wall muscle, effect of gas phase, 41-43; effect of suspending media, 13; gradient along body, 41-43, 79; of blue worm, 43, 79; of earthworm, 48; of feather-duster worm, 41; of horse ascarid, 13; of manure worm, 41, 79; of sabellid, 41; of vineyard snail, 19; succinoxidase, 79, 94 brachyuran, 91 brackish water, 45 brain, effect of sex, 69; of American cockroach, 67-69: of striped shore crab, 51. See also cerebral ganglion, forebrain, head ganglion, supraesophageal ganglion branchial gland, effect of gas phase, 39; of octopus, 39 branchial tree, of sea cucumber, 73, 82, 91 brandling. See manure worm buccal mass, 91 buccal mass muscle, of sea hare, 15-17, 83; of vineyard snail, 19 bug, giant water. See giant water bug Burgundy snail. See vineyard snail carbon monoxide, 21, 29-31, 37, 41-43, 75, 82, 83, 96 cardiac ganglion, of horseshoe crab, 43 catalase, 11-13, 82, 91 Cecropia moth, developing adult, 59-63, 78, 82; effect of antimycin A, 61, 76, 91; effect of injury, 82, 83; effect of malonate, 57; effect of stage, 59-63, 78, 82; epithelium, 59-63, 78, 82 heart, 82; larva, 57, 93; midgut, 57; pupa, 5, 57-63, 78, 82, 83, 93; wing, 57-63, 78, 82 cell fractions. See fractions cell structure, references, 95. See also sub- cellular morphology cell suspension, 3, 4, 11-13. See also suspension centrifugation, density gradient, 98 centrifugation, differential, 98 centrifugation, ultra, 98 cerebral ganglion, of vineyard snail, 19, 77. See also brain, forebrain, head ganglion, supraesoph- ageal ganglion chemical methods, 5, 6. See also micro-Winkler, tetrazolium, and Winkler methods chloride solution, isotonic. See isotonic chloride solution citrate, 15, 23, 49, 55, 65 citric acid cycle, 81, 82, 91; references, 95 clam, gill, 27; muscle, 27 clam, soft-shelled. See soft-shelled clam claw nerve, effect of ionic concentration 49, 79, 86; of American lobster, 47-49; of blue crab, | 45; of horseshoe crab, 43; of spider crab, 49, 79, 86 clitellate, 91 | clitellum, 41, 91 cockroach, American. See American cockroach | cockroach, German. See German cockroach cockroach, Madeira. See Madeira cockroach codling moth, effect of sex, 57, 77; fat body, 57, “1, 92; larva, 57, 77, 93: muscle, 5%, 7: respiratory quotient, 57, 93 collagenous, 91 columella muscle, of vineyard snail, 19, 91 comparative respiratory rates, 76-78, 83 concentration, effect of ionic. See under effect conch, muscle, 17 continuous flow respirometer, 35 control of growth, references, 95, 96 control of metamorphosis, references, 96 control of molting, references, 95 corpora allata, 91. See also effect of removal coxal muscle, 91; effect of antimycin A, 67, 76; a ee effect of sex, 67; of American cockroach, 67; of giant water bug, 55; of South American locust, 73; of water scavenger bettle, 63 crab, blue. See blue crab crab, fiddler. See fiddler crab crab, ghost. See ghost crab crab, green. See green crab crab, hermit. See hermit crab crab, horseshoe. See horseshoe crab crab, kelp. See kelp crab crab, marsh. See marsh crab crab, mud. See mud crab crab, purple land. See purple land crab crab, spider. See spider crab crab, stone. See stone crab crab, striped shore. See striped shore crab crabs, comparative respiratory rates, 77, 83; effect of eyestalk removal, 45, 47, 80, 84, 85; effect of sex, 77, 83, 84; gill, 77, 83, 84; midgut gland, 77, 83, 84, 93; molt cycle, 47, 78, 84, 85 crayfish, nerve, 45 cricket, greenhouse stone. See greenhouse stone cricket cricket, house. See house cricket cricket, Japanese stone. See greenhouse stone cricket crown. See tentacles crustaceans, effect of eyestalk extract, 45, 51, 80, 92; effect of eyestalk removal, 45-51, 80, 85; effect of sinus gland extract, 84; increase in size, 84; molt cycle, 47, 78, 84, 85, 93; molt-inhibiting hormone, 85; references, 95 cucumber, sea. See sea cucumber _ cuttlefish, effect of ionic concentration, 39, 79, 86; effect of suspending medium, 39; nerve, 39, 79, 86 cyanide, 55, 75, 76, 81-83, 96 cyanide, hydrogen. See hydrogen cyanide cyanide, potassium. See potassium cyanide cyanide-insensitive respiration, 47, 78, 80, 84 cytochrome c, 15-23, 33-51, 55-73, 82, 83, 91 cytochrome oxidase, 75, 78, 81-83, 91 cytochrome system (electron transport system), By, Win thin tea yy cytochromes, references, 95, 96 dart,sac, of vineyard snail, 19, 92 data, respiratory, 99 DDT, 69 INDEX 129 dehydrogenases, 92 density gradient centrifugation, 98 dented garden snail, effect of ionic concen- tration, 39, 79, 86; heart, 17, 79, 86 desert locust, fat body, 71, 92 dialysis, 92 diapause, 92; in Cecropia moth, 5, 57-63 dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 69 differential centrifugation, 98 differential locust, hind femur, 65, 92; muscle, 65; respiratory quotient, 65, 93 differential manometer, 3, 5, 6, 15, 33, 37, 45, 51, 57, 92 differential volumeter, 27-29, 43-45, 65 digestive diverticula, 92. See midgut gland 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP), 13, 23, 75, 82, 83, 92 diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN), 19, 92 diphosphopyridine nucleotide, reduced (DPNH), 15-17, 59-61, 71 distilled water, 13, 55 diverticula, digestive. See midgut gland IDNpe2s Als} 7-43), 7/5), te, chal, Cl), 22 dorsal extensor abdominal muscle, effect of latitude, 53; effect of temperature, 53; in prawn, 53; in pink shrimp, 53 DPN Los 89h 92 DPNH, 15-17, 59-61, 71, 89 earthworm, body wall, 48; clitellum, 91; effect of gas phase, 43; ventral nerve cord, 43; respiratory quotient, 43, 93 ecdysis, 78, 84, 85, 92 edible land snail, little. See little edible land snail edible land snail, white-lipped. See white- lipped edible land snail edible mussel, effect of suspending medium, 29; effect of temperature, 29; gill, 29; retractor muscle of foot, 29, 93 EDTA, 55, 89, 92 effect of age, 84; in American cockroach, 67, 71, 78, 86; in arthropods, 84; in black blow fly, 71, 78; in bluebottle fly, 57, 78, 86; in pelecypod mollusks, 84; in Portuguese oyster, 25, 78, 84; in quahog, 27, 78, 84; in Virginia oyster, 78, 84; on adductor muscle, 78, 91; on flight muscle, 57, 78, 86; on gill, 25-27, 78; on leg muscle, 67-71, 78, 86; on mantle, 25-27, 78, 93; on midgut 130 TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES gland, 25, 78, 93; on muscle, 25-27, 57, 67-71, 78, 86; on wing muscle, 69-71, 78, 86 effect of environment, 86 effect of eyestalk extract, in green crab, 45, 80, 85; in shrimp, 51, 80, 85; on muscle, 45, 51, 80 effect of eyestalk removal, 84, 85; in green crab, 45-47, 80, 85; in lobster, 49, 80, 85; in purple land crab, 85; in shrimp, 51, 80, 85; on muscle, 45-49, 80, 85 effect of gas phase, in earthworm, 43; in feather-duster worm, 41; in greenhouse stone cricket, 73; in mussel, 29; in octopus, 37-39; in oyster, 21; in pearl oyster, 31; on body wall, 41-43; on branchial gland, 39; on femur, 73; on gill, 21, 29-31, 39; on heart, 21, 39; on kidney, 39; on mantle, 21, 31; on midgut gland, 31, 39; on optic ganglion, 39; on salivary gland, 37-39 effect of injury, in greenhouse stone cricket, 73, 80, 86; in pupa, 82, 83, 86; on femur, 73, 80, 86; on leg muscle, 73, 80, 86 effect of insulin, in red oyster sponge, 9 effect of ionic concentration, in cuttlefish, 39, 79, 86; in dented garden snail, 17, 79, 86; in mussel, 29, 79, 86; in spider crab, 49, 79, 86; on heart, 17, 29, 79, 86; on nerve, 39, 49, 79, 86 effect of latitude, in pink shrimp, 53; on dorsal extensor abdominal muscle, 53 effect of metabolic inhibitors, 81-83; in American cockroach, 67, 76; in American lobster, 76; in Cecropia moth, 57, CLG: 82, 83; in fresh-water mussel, 76; in jellyfish, 82; in mussel, 29, 75; in nematodes, 82; in octopus, 37, 75; in oyster, 21, 75, 76; in pearl oyster, 31, 75, 76; in pig ascarid, 13, 75; in Portuguese man-of-war, 76; in purple gorgonian, 76; in purple sea fan, 76; in quahog, 27-29, 76; in sea anemone, 75; in sea cucumber, 82; in sea hare, 15; in silkworm, 55; in spiny lobster, 76; in sponge, 75, 81; in squid, 76; in tree oyster, 76; in trematode, 82; in vineyard snail, 75; in Virginia oyster, 23, 75, 76; on adductor muscle, 29, 76; on branchial tree, 82: on eye, 76; on gill, 21, 27-31, 75, 76; on gizzard, 15; on heart, 21, 76, 82; on mantle, 21-23, 29-31, 75, 76; on midgut, 55-57; on on midgut gland, 31, 75, 76; on muscle, 13, 29, 67, 75, 76, 82; on nerve, 76; on nerve cord, 76; on salivary gland, 37, 75; on subumbrella, 82; on tentacles, 76; on wing epithelium, 61, 76, 82 effect of removal of corpora allata, in Madeira cockroach, 63, 80; on thoracic muscle, 80 effect of salinity, in green crab, 45, 79, 86; in quahog, 27-29, 79, 86; on adductor muscle, 29, 79, 86; on gill, 27, 45, 79, 86; on mantle, 29, 79, 86 effect of season, in fresh-water mussel, 21; in pearl oyster, 31, 79; in pelecypod mollusks, 86; in quahog, 27, 78, 79; on adductor muscle, 21, 27, 78, 79; on gill, 27, 31, 79; on mantle, 27, 79 effect of sex, 83, 84; in American cockroach, 65-71, 77, 78, 84; in blue crab, 45, 77; in codling moth, 57, 77; in fiddler crab, 53, 77; in fleshfly, 71, 78; in ghost crab, Sie 77; in kelp crab, 53, 77; in larva, 57, 77; in Madeira cockroach, 63, 77, 84; in mealworm, 73, 78; in mud crab, 53, 77; in nymph, 71, 78; in red-jointed fiddler crab, 58, 77; in spider crab, 49, 77; in stone crab, 51, 77; on brain, 69; on coxal muscle, 67, 77, 78; on fat body, 57, 69-71, 77, 78; on flight muscle, 67, 73, 77, 78; on foregut, 69, 83; on gill, 45, 49, 77, 83, 84; on hindgut, 69; on leg muscle, 67, 71-73, 77, 78; on Malpighian tubules, 69; on metathorax, 69, 78; on midgut, 69; on midgut gland, 45, 49, 77, 83, 84; on muscle, 57, 65-73, 77, 78, 84; on nerve cord, 69; on thoracic muscle, 71, Cla. US}. 84; on wing muscle, 69-71 effect of stage, 84, 85; in American cock- roach, 69-71, 86; in Cecropia moth, 59-63, 78; in green crab, 47, 78, 84; in purple land crab, 47, 78, 84; on epithelium, 59-63, 78; on integumentary tissue, 47, 78, 84; on leg muscle, 69, 71, 86; on metathorax, 69; on muscle, 47, 69-71, 78, 84, 86; on wing, 59-63, 78; on wing muscle, 69-71, 86 effect of surgery, in green crab, 45-47, 80; in greenhouse stone cricket, 73, 80, 86; in lobster, 49, 80; in Madeira cockroach, 63, 80; in shrimp, 51, 80; on leg, 73, 80, 86; on muscle, 45-49, 73, 80, 86 effect of suspending medium, in cuttlefish, 39; in dented garden snail, 17; in edible mussel, 29; in green crab, 45; in horse ascarid, 13; in mussel, 29; in octopus, 33, 37; in silkworm, 55; in spider crab, 49-51; on body wall muscle, 13; on gill, 29, 45; on heart, 17, 29; on midgut, 55; on nerve, 33, 37-39, 49-51; on stellate ganglion, 33 effect of temperature, in Australian rock oyster, 33; in edible mussel, 29; in horseshoe crab, 43, 79, 80; in pink shrimp, 53; in prawn, 53; in quahog, 27; on gill, 27; on muscle, 29, 53, 63; on optic nerve, 43, 79, 80 electron microscopy, references, 96 electron transport system, 5, 75, 81, 82, 92; references, 96 endogenous respiration, 9-57, 63-73, 76, 78-84, 86, 92 endoplasmic reticulum, 92 environment, effect of, 86 enzymes, references, 96 epithelium, effect of stage, 59-63, 78; of Cecropia moth, 59-63, 78; of developing adult, 59-63; 78; of pearl oyster, 31; of pupa, 59-63, 78, 93; of wing, 59-63, 78 esophagus, of vineyard snail, 19 estivation, effect on midgut gland, 19; in Jerusalem land snail, 19 ethanol, 11, 13 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA; versene), Bs}, extensor abdominal muscle, dorsal. extensor abdominal muscle extinction coefficient, 92 extract, 47, 80, 85, 92 extract, eyestalk, 80, 85, 92. See also under effect extract, sinus gland, 85 eye, of horseshoe crab, 45; of octopus, 37; of squid, 33 eyestalk extract, 80, 85, 92. See also under effect eyestalk removal, effect of. See under effect See dorsal fan, purple sea. See purple sea fan fat body, 92; effect of sex, 57, 69-71, 77, 78; of American cockroach, 67-71, 78; of codling moth, 57, 77; of desert locust, 71; of German cockroach, 55; of house cricket, 55; of larva, 57, 73, 77, 93; of mealworm, 73; of nymph, 55, 71, 78, 93; of wax moth, 57; respiratory quotient, 57, 93 INDEX 131 feather-duster worm, body wall, 41; tentacles, 39 female duct, of vineyard snail, 19 femur, 92; effect of injury, 73, 80, 86; effect of surgery, 73, 80, 86; of greenhouse stone cricket, 73, 80, 86 Fenn manometer (Fenn respirometer), 3, 5, 6, 45, 55-91, 3, 92), 98 fiddler crab, effect of sex, 53, 77; gill, 53, 77; midgut gland, 53, 77, 93 fiddler crab, red-jointed. See red-jointed fiddler crab fin nerve, of squid, 35 fire sponge, 9; effect of cyanide, 75 flavoproteins, 92 fleshfly, effect of sex, 71, 78; flight muscle, 71, 78; thoracic muscle, 71, 78 flight muscle, 83; effect of age, 57, 78, 86; effect of sex, 67, 71-73, 77, 78; of American cockroach, 67, 77, 78; of bluebottle fly, 57, 78, 86; of fleshfly, 71; of giant water bug, 55, 77; of honeybee, 55; of mealworm, 73, 78; of mud dauber wasp, 71; of South American locust, 73, 77; of water scavenger beetle, 63, 77. See also thoracic muscle, wing muscle fluid, perienteric, 13, 93 fluorescence, 92 fluorometric measurement, 35 fly, black blow. See black blow fly fly, bluebottle. See bluebottle fly fly, flesh. See fleshfly fly, house. See house fly foot, 83; fore, 19; middle, 19; rear, 19; of pearl oyster, 31, 77; of vineyard snail, 19, 77 forebrain, of horseshoe crab, 45, 77 foregut, effect of sex, 69; of American cockroach, 67-69, 77; of horseshoe crab, 45, 77 fraction, nuclear, 3, 4, 47 fraction, particulate, 3, 4, 13, 21, 65, 83, 93, 98 fraction, soluble, 65 fractions, 3; references 95 fragments of organ or tissue, 3, 4, 43 fresh-water mussel, adductor muscle, 23-25, 77, 91; effect of cyanide, 76; effect of season, 21; gill, 23-25, 77; heart, 23-25, 77; mantle, 23-25, 77, 93; posterior adductor muscle, 21, 91 fructose, 47, 78, 80 fumarate, 15, 49, 55, 65 ganglion, cardiac, 43; cerebral, 19, 45, 77; 132 TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES head, 37; of horseshoe crab, 43-45, 83; of octopus, 33, 37, 77, 83; of squid, 35-37; of striped shore crab, 51; of vineyard snail, 19, 77, 83; optic, 37, 77; pedal, 19; stellate, 33-35. See also brain, forebrain garden snail, dented. See dented garden snail gas phase. See air, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, oxygen; also under effect general biology, references, in crustaceans, 95; in insects, 96; in invertebrates, 97 German cockroach, fat body, 55, 92; nymph, 55 9s ghost crab, effect of sex, 51, 77; gill, 51, 77; midgut gland, 51, 77, 93 giant axons, 92; of squid, 1, 35 giant nerve fibers. See giant axons giant water bug, coxal muscle, 55, 77, 91; flight muscle, 55, 77; leg muscle, 55, 77 gill, 83; effect of age, 25-27, 78; effect of cyanide, 76; effect of gas phase, 21, 29-31, 39; effect of salinity, 27, 45, 79, 86; effect of season, 27, 31, 78, 79; effect of sex, 45, 49, 51, 53, 77; effect of suspending medium, 29, 45; epithelium, 23; inhibition by carbon monoxide, 29-31; inhibition by hydrogen cyanide, 27; light-reversible inhibition by carbon monoxide, 21; of blue crab, 45, 77; of clam, 27; of edible mussel, 29; of fiddler crab, 53, 77; of fresh-water mussel, 23-25, 77; of ghost crab, 51, 77; of green crab, 45, 79, 86; of hermit crab, 47, 77; of marsh crab, 53, 77; of mud crab, 53, 77; of mussel, 23, 29; of octopus, 39, 77; of oyster, 21, 77; of pearl oyster, 31, 77; of Portuguese oyster, 25, 77, 78; of quahog, 25, 77-79, 86; of red-jointed fiddler crab, 53, 77; of scallop, 31; of soft-shelled clam, 29; of spider crab, 49, 77; of squid, 33; of stone crab, 51, 77; of tree oyster, 25; pallial margin, 31 gizzard, 92; effect of potassium cyanide, 15; of sea hare, 15, 83 gland, accessory, 67, 91; after estivation, 19; albuminous, 19-21, 91; branchial, 39; during estivation, 19; effect of age, 25; effect of cyanide, 76; effect of gas phase, 37-39; effect of sex, 45, 49-53; inhibition by carbon monoxide, 31; light-reversible inhibition by carbon monoxide, 37; midgut, 17-19, 31, 37-39, 45-53; of American cockroach, 67; of fiddler crab, 53; of ghost crab, 51; of hermit crab, 47; of Jerusalem land snail, 19; of kelp crab, 53; of lobster, 49; of marsh crab, 53; of mud crab, 53; of octopus, 37-39; of pearl oyster, 31; of pond snail, 21; of Portuguese oyster, 25; of red- jointed fiddler crab, 53; of sea hare, 17; of spider crab, 49; of spiny lobster, 53; of stone crab, 51; of vineyard snail, 17-19; salivary, 37-39 glossary, 91-94 glucose, 9, 13, 17, 27, 31, 37-39, 65, 73 gonad, of pearl oyster, 31 gorgonian, purple. See purple gorgonian gradient of respiratory rate, along long axis of body, 41-43, 69, 79, 86, 87; along nerve, 43-45, 79, 80, 87; effect of temperature, 43, 79, 80, 87; in American cockroach, 69, 79, 87; in blue worm, 43, 79, 86, 87; in horseshoe crab, 43-45, 79, 80, 87; in manure worm, 41, 79, 86 grasshopper, red-legged. See red-legged grasshopper greater wax moth, fat body, 57, 92; larva, 57, 93 green crab, during molt cycle, 47, 78, 84, 85, 93; effect of eyestalk extract, 45, 80, 85, 92; effect of eyestalk removal, 45-47, 80, 85; effect of salinity, 45, 79, 86; effect of sinus gland extract, 85; effect of suspending medium, 45; gill, 45, 79, 86; muscle, 45-47, 78, 80, 84, 85 greenhouse stone cricket, effect of injury, 73, 80, 86; effect of surgery, 73, 80, 86; femur, 73, 80, 86, 92; leg muscle, 73, 80, 86 growth, 84; control of, references, 95, 96 gut, of American cockroach, 67; of horseshoe crab, 45. See also foregut, midgut, hindgut, intestine hare, sea. See sea hare HCN, 27-29, 89 head ganglion, of squid, 37 heart, effect of gas phase, 21, 39; effect of ionic concentration, 17, 29, 79, 86; effect of suspending media, 17, 29; light-reversible inhibition by carbon monoxide, 21; of American cockroach, 67; of Cecropia pupa, 82; of dented garden snail, 17, 79, 86; of fresh- water mussel, 23-25, 77; of horseshoe crab, 45; of little edible land snail, 17; of mussel, 29, 79, 86; of octopus, 39, 77; of oyster, 21, 31, 77; of squid, 37; of vineyard snail, 17; of white-lipped edible land snail, 19 hemimetabolous, 92 hepatopancreas, 92. See midgut gland INDEX 133 hermit crab, gill, 47, 77; midgut gland, 47, (ts G3 hexoses, 65 hibernation, effect on midgut gland, 19; in vineyard snail, 19 hind femur, 92; in differential locust, 65; in red-legged locust, 65; muscle, 65 hindgut, effect of sex, 69; of American cockroach, 67, 69 holometabolous, 92 homogenate, 3, 4, 11-13, 17-19, 23, 33-35, 41-51, 55-73, 82, 85, 93, 98 honeybee, flight muscle, 55 hormone, molt-inhibiting, 85 hormones, references, in crustaceans, 95; in insects, 97; in invertebrates, 97 horse ascarid, body wall muscle, 13; effect of suspending medium, 13 horseshoe crab, 83; cardiac ganglion, 43; claw nerve, 43; effect of temperature, 43, 79, 80; eye, 45; forebrain, 45, 77; foregut, 45, 77; gradient along a nerve, 43-45, 79, 80, 87; heart, 45; muscle, 45, 77; optic nerve, 43, 77, 79, 80, 87 house cricket, fat body, 55, 92; nymph, 55, 93 house fly, muscle, 65 hydrogen cyanide, 27-29 hydrogen peroxide, 11-13 hydroquinone, 17, 93, See also quinol inhibition, light-reversible (photoreversible), Pl Sie inhibitors, metabolic, 3; references, 96. See also antimycin A, carbon monoxide, cyanide, 2, 4-dinitrophenol, hydrogen cyanide, malonate, potassium cyanide; also under effect injury, effect of. See under effect insects, comparative respiratory rates, 76, 77, 83; effect of age, 78, 84, 86; effect of sex, 76-78, 83, 84; effect of stage, 78, 84, 86; flight muscle, 77, 78, 83, 86; leg muscle, 77, 78, 83, 86; references, 96, 97 insulin, effect of. See under effect integumentary tissue, during molt cycle, 47, 78, 84; of purple land crab, 47, 78, 84 intermediary metabolism, references, 97 intermolt cycle. See molt cycle intestine, of sea cucumber, 73. See also gut invertebrates, references, 97, 98 ionic concentration, effect of. See under effect iso Citrate, 23, 35, 55, 71 isotonic chloride solution, 17-19, 29, 39, 45, 55 Japanese stone cricket. See greenhouse stone cricket jellyfish, tentacles, 11; umbrella, 11, 94 Jerusalem land snail, estivation, 19; midgut gland, 19, 93 KCN, 15, 47, 59-61, 67-71, 89 kelp crab, effect of sex, 53, 77; midgut gland, ity GS a-ketoglutarate, 19, 49, 55-57, 65, 71-73, 81 a-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase, 81 a-ketoglutaric oxidase, effect of age, 78, 86; in bluebottle fly, 78, 86; in flight muscle, 78, 86 kidney, effect of gas phase, 39; of octopus, 39; of vineyard snail, 19 Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), 81, 82, 91, 93 land crab, purple. See purple land crab land snail, Jerusalem. See Jerusalem land snail land snail, little edible. See little edible land snail land snail, white-lipped edible. See white- lipped edible land snail larva, 93; effect of sex, 57; fat body, 57, 73, midgut, 55-57; muscle, 57; of Cecropia moth, 57; of codling moth, 57; of mealworm, 73; of silkworm, 55; of wax moth, 57 latitude, effect of. See under effect leech, smooth muscle, 43 leg muscle, 83; effect of age, 67-71, 78, 86; effect of cyanide, 76; effect of injury, 73, 80, 86; effect of sex, 67-73, 77, 78; effect of stage, 69-71, 78, 86; effect of surgery, 73, 80, 86; of American cockroach, 65-71, 71, 18, 862 Of Coxa, 55, 63, 67, 13, 71, (8; of femur, 73, 80, 86; of giant water bug, 55, 77; of green crab, 85; of greenhouse stone cricket, 73; of mealworm, 73, 78; of nymph, 71, 78, 86; of South American locust, 73, 77; of spiny lobster, 53; of striped shore crab, 51; of water scavenger beetle, 63, 77; respiratory quotient, 65, 93 leg nerve, effect of cyanide, 76; effect of suspending medium, 51; of American lobster, 47-49; of blue crab, 45; of spider crab, 51; of spiny lobster, 53 life cycle, variation during. See effect of stage light-reversible inhibition by carbon monoxide, 2130 134 TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES little edible land snail, heart, 17 liver, 93. See midgut gland lobster, effect of eyestalk removal, 49, 80, 85; midgut gland, 49, 77, 93; muscle, 49, 77, 80, 85 lobster, American. See American lobster locust, desert. See desert locust locust, differential. See differential locust locust, migratory. See migratory locust locust, South American. See South American locust Madeira cockroach, effect of removal of corpora allata, 63, 80; effect of sex, 63, 77, 84; thoracic muscle, 63, 77, 80, 84 malate, 15, 19, 23, 35, 49, 55, 65, 71 malonate, 15, 57, 67, 81, 93 Malpighian tubules, 93; effect of sex, 69; of American cockroach, 67, 69 manometer, 3, 5, 6, 17-19, 39, 55, 63. See also Barcroft, differential, Fenn, Thunberg, and Warburg manometers manometric apparatus. See manometer manometric methods. See manometer mantle, 93; central zone, 23, 29; edge, 23, 25; effect of age, 25-27, 78; effect of cyanide, 76; effect of 2, 4-dinitrophenol, 23; effect of gas phase, 21, 39; effect of salinity, 29, 86; effect of season, 27, 79; epithelium, 31 inhibition by carbon monoxide, 31; inhibition by hydrogen cyanide, 29; light-reversible inhibition by carbon monoxide, 21; lobe, 23, 25; marginal zone, 23; muscle, 31, 39; of fresh-water mussel, 23-25, 77; of octopus, 39, 77, 83; of oyster, 21, 77; of Portuguese oyster, 25, 77, 78; of quahog, 27-29, 77-79, 86; of scallop, 31; of vineyard snail, 19; of Virginia oyster, 23; pallial zone, 23 mantle nerve, effect of suspending medium, 33, 37; giant nerve fibers, 35; of octopus, 33, 37; of squid, 35 manure worm, body wall, 41, 79; gradient along body, 41, 79, 86; succinoxidase, 79, 94; viscera, 41, 79 marsh crab, gill, 53, 77; midgut gland, 53, 77, 93 mealworm, yellow. See yellow mealworm medium, suspending, 3. See also artificial sea water, Baldwin’s phosphate solution, Belar-phosphate buffer, Belar’s solution, distilled water, isotonic chloride solution, physiological saline solution, Ringer’s solution, sucrose, Wilder and Smith saline; also under effect mesothorax, of American cockroach, 69, 79 metabolic inhibitors, 3; references, 96. See also antimycin A, carbon monoxide, cyanide, 2, 4-dinitrophenol, hydrogen cyanide, malonate, potassium cyanide; also under effect metabolism, intermediary, references, 97 metamorphosis, control of, references, 96 metathorax, effect of sex, 69, 78; effect of stage, 69; of American cockroach, 69, 78, 79; of nymph, 69, 93 methods, biochemical and biophysical. See continuous flow respirometer, fluorometric measurement, polarograph, spectrophotometer methods, chemical, 5, 6. See also micro-Winkler, tetrazolium, and Winkler methods methods, manometric, references, 98. See manometer methods, volumetric. See differential volumeter, microvolumeter, Scholander-Wennesland microrespirometer, volumeter, volumetric microrespirometer methylene blue, 11-13, 82, 85 microrespirometer, 43. See also micro- volumeter, Scholander-Wennesland microrespirometer, Thunberg microres- pirometer, volumetric microrespirometer microsomes, 3, 4, 93; references, 98 micro-volumeter, 3, 5, 6, 35. See also volumeter, volumetric microrespirometer micro-Winkler method, 3, 5, 6, 21, 31, 39, 98 midgut, effect of malonate, 57, 93; effect of sex, 69; effect of suspending medium, 55; of American cockroach, 67-69; of Cecropia moth, 57; of larva, 55-57, 93; of silkworm, 55; of vineyard snail, 19 midgut gland, 83, 85, 93; after estivation, 19; after hibernation, 19; during estivation, 19; during hibernation, 19; effect of age, 25, 78; effect of cyanide, 76; effect of gas phase, 39; effect of sex, 45, 49-53, 77; inhibition by carbon monoxide, 31; of blue crab, 45, 77; of fiddler crab, 53, 77; of ghost crab, 51, 77; of hermit crab, 47, 77; of Jerusalem land snail, 19; of kelp crab, 53, 77; of lobster, 49, 77; of marsh crab, 53, 77; of mud crab, 53, 77; of octopus, 37-39, 77; of pearl oyster, 31, 77, 78; of Portuguese oyster, 25, 77; of red-jointed fiddler crab, 53, 77; of sea hare, 17, 83; of spider crab, 49, 77; of spiny lobster, 53; of stone crab, 51, 77; of vineyard snail, 17-19, 77 migratory locust, muscle, 63 mince, 3, 4, 37, 41-43 mitochondria, 3, 4, 19-21, 35, 47-49, 55-57, 71-73, 85, 93; references, 99 mollusks, pelecypod. See pelecypod mollusks molt, 93 molt cycle, 84, 85; changes in integumentary tissue during, 47, 78, 84; muscle during, 47, 78, 84; in green crab, 47, 78, 84; in purple land crab, 47, 78, 84 molt-inhibiting hormone, 85 molting, control of, references, 95, 96 morphology, subcellular, references, 99, 100 moth, Cecropia. See Cecropia moth moth, codling. See codling moth moth, Polyphemus. See Polyphemus moth moth, wax. See wax moth moths, saturniid. See saturniid moths mud crab, effect of sex, 53, 77; gill, 53, 77; midgut gland, 53, 77, 93 mud dauber wasp, flight muscle, 71 muscle, adductor, 21, 23-27, 31-33, 77-79, Sa, Qe Corals bis, Gs Os (5 i, Usha CIE during molt cycle, 47, 78, 84; effect of age, 25-27, 57, 67-71, 78, 86; effect of antimycin A, 67, 76, 91; effect of cyanide, 76; effect of 2, 4-dinitrophenol, 13, 75, 92; effect of eye- stalk extract, 45, 51, 80, 85, 92; effect of eyestalk removal, 45-51, 80, 85; effect of gas phase, 21, 39, 41-43; effect of hydrogen cyanide, 29; effect of injury, 73, 80, 86; effect of ionic concentration, 17, 29; effect of latitude, 53; effect of potassium cyanide, 15; effect of removal of corpora allata, 63, 91; effect of salinity, 29, 79, 86; effect of season, 21, 27, 79; effect of sex, 63-73, 77, 78; effect of stage, 69-71, 78, 86; effect of surgery, 45-47, 63, 73, 80, 85, 86; effect of suspending medium, 11-13, 17, 29; effect of temperature, 53; flight, 55-57, 63, 67, 71-73, 77, 78, 86; gray, 23, 31-33; light- reversible inhibition by carbon monoxide, 21; of American cockroach, 65-69, 77, 78, 86; of ark shell, 31; of Australian rock oyster, 33; of black blowfly, 71, 78; of blue worm, 43, 79; of bluebottle fly, 57, 78, 86; of body wall, 13, 19, 41-43, 79; of buccal mass, 15-19, 91; of clam, 27; of codling moth, 57, 77; of columella, 19, 91; of conch, 17; of dented garden snail, 17; of differential locust, 65; of earthworm, 43; of edible mussel, 29; INDEX 135 of femur, 73, 80, 86, 92; of fleshfly, 71, 78; of foot, 19, 31, 77; of fresh-water mussel, 21-25, 77; of giant water bug, 55, 77; of gizzard, 15, 92; of green crab, 45, 80, 84; of greenhouse stone cricket, 73, 80, 86; of heart, 17-25, 29, 31, 77; of hind femur, 65, 92; of honeybee, 55; of horse ascarid, 13; of horseshoe crab, 45, 77; of house fly, 65; of leech, 43; of leg, 51-55, 63-69, 73, 77, 78, 86; of little edible land snail, 17; of lobster, 49, 77, 80; of Madeira cockroach, 63, 77, 80; of mantle, 31, 39, 77, 93; of manure worm, 41, 79; of mealworm, 73, 77; of migratory locust, 63; of mud dauber wasp, 71; of mussel, 29; of nematodes, 82; of nymph, 71, 78, 86, 93; of octopus, 39, 77, 83; of oyster, 21, 31, 77; of parchment worm, 39; of pearl oyster, 31, 77; of pen shell, 33; of pig ascarid, 11-13; of pink shrimp, 53; of Portuguese oyster, 25, 77, 78; of prawn, 53; of quahog, 27-29, 77-79, 86; of red-legged grasshopper, 65; of scallop, 31; of sea cucumber, 73; of sea hare, 15-17; of shrimp, 51, 53, 80; of South American locust, 73, 77; of spiny lobster, 53; of squid, 35; of striped shore crab, 51; of thorax, 63, 71, 77, 78, 80; of trematode, 82; of vineyard snail, 17-19, 77; of Virginia oyster, 23, 78; of water scavenger beetle, 63, 77; of white- lipped edible land snail, 19; of wing, 69-71, 86; pink, 69-71, 86; red, 27-31; respiratory quotient, 57, 65, 93; retractor of foot, 29, 33, 93; smooth, 23-25, 43; striated, 23-25; white, 17, 21-23, 27, 31-33, 69; yellow, 21 mussel, effect of 2, 4-dinitrophenol, 75; effect of gas phase, 29; effect of ionic concentration, 29, 79, 86; effect of suspending medium, 29; gill, 23, 29, 75; heart, 29, 79, 86; inhibition by carbon monoxide, 29; respiratory quotient, 235193 mussel, edible. See edible mussel mussel, fresh-water. See fresh-water mussel nematode, 82 nerve, effect of cyanide, 76; effect of ionic concentration, 39, 79, 86; effect of sex, 69; effect of suspending medium, 33, 37, 39, 51; effect of temperature, 43, 79, 80; giant axons, 35, 92; of American cockroach, 67-69; of American lobster, 47-49; of blue crab, 45; of claw, 43-49, 79, 86; of crayfish, 45; of cuttlefish, 39, 79, 86; of earthworm, 43; of fin, 35; of horseshoe crab, 43-45, 79, 80, 87; 136 TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES of leg, 45-53; of mantle, 33, 37, 93, of octopus, 33, 37, of sea hare, 15; of spider crab, 49-51, 79, 86; of spiny lobster, 53; of squid, 35; optic, 43-45, 79, 80, 87; ventral nerve cord, 43, 47, 67, 69 neuroendocrine systems, references, 99; in crustaceans, 95; in insects, 97; in inverte- brates, 97 neurohormones, references, 99. See also hormones neurosecretion, references, 99 neurosecretory systems, references, 99 night crawler. See earthworm nitrogen, 21, 37, 43 nitrogen determination, 21, 55, 59-63, 67, 71-73 nuclear fraction, 3, 4, 47 nymph, 93; effect of sex, 71; fat body, 55, 71, 92; leg muscle, 71, 86; metathorax, 69; of American cockroach, 69-71, 86; of German cockroach, 55; of house cricket, 55; wing muscle, 71, 86 octopus, 83; branchial gland, 39; effect of gas phase, 37-39; effect of suspending me- dium, 33, 37; eye, 37; gill, 39, 77; heart, 39, 77; kidney, 39; light-reversible inhibition by carbon monoxide, 37; mantle, 39, 93; mantle muscle, 39, 77, 83; mantle nerve, 33, 37; midgut gland, 37-39, 77, 93; optic ganglion, 37-39, 77; salivary gland, 37-39; stellate ganglion, 33; tentacles, 39, 83 optic ganglion, effect of gas phase, 39; of octopus, 37-39, 77 optic nerve, effect of temperature, 43, 79, 80; gradient along nerve, 79, 80, 87; of horseshoe crab, 43-45, 77, 79, 80, 87 orange, sea. See sea orange optical density, 93 organ, whole, 1, 3, 4, 15-25, 29-39, 43-53, 57, 65, 69, 73 oxaloacetate, 82 oxidase, terminal, 81-83 oxidative phosphorylation, 93; references, 99 oxygen, 13, 21, 29-31, 37-39, 43-45, 73, 82-84, 87, 91 oxygen cathode, 35 oyster, effect of cyanide, 76; effect of gas phase, 21, 75; gill, 21, 77; heart, 21, 31, 77; light-reversible inhibition by carbon monoxide, 21, 75; mantle, 21, 77, 93 oyster, Australian rock. See Australian rock oyster oyster, pearl. See pearl oyster oyster, Portuguese. See Portuguese oyster oyster, tree. See tree oyster oyster, Virginia. See Virginia oyster pallial, 93 pallial nerve. See mantle nerve parchment worm, muscle, 39 particle preparation, 15-17, 83 particle suspension, 17, 39 particulate fraction, 3, 4, 13, 21, 65, 83, 93, 98 parts of organ or tissue, 1, 3, 4, 29, 31 peacock worm. See feather-duster worm pearl oyster, adductor muscle, 31, 91; effect of cyanide, 76; effect of 2, 4-dinitrophenol, 75; effect of gas phase, 31; effect of season, 31, 79; epithelium, 31; foot muscle, 31, 77; gill, 31, 77, 79; gonad, 31; inhibition by carbon monoxide, 31; midgut gland, 31, 77, 93 pedal ganglion, of vineyard snail, 19 pedal retractor, 93; effect of temperature, 29; of edible mussel, 29; of pen shell, 33 pelecypod mollusks, effect of age, 78, 84; effect of season, 86 pen shell, pedal retractor muscle, 33, 93; posterior adductor muscle, 33, 91 perienteric, 93 perienteric fluid, of pig ascarid, 13 peroxidase, 82 petit-gris. See dented garden snail phase, gas. See air, carbon monoxide, oxygen; also under effect phenol, 9 p-phenylenediamine, 17, 39, 49, 55, 93 phosphate solution, Baldwin’s. See Baldwin’s phosphate solution phosphorylation, oxidative, 93; references, 99 phosphorylation quotient. See P/O ratio photoreversible inhibition, 21, 37 physiological saline solution, 13 physiology, references, comparative, 99; general, 99; in crustaceans, 95; in insects, 97; in invertebrates, 97 pieces of organ or tissue, 1, 3, 4, 21-33, 43-45 pig ascarid, effect of 2, 4-dinitrophenol, 13, 75; muscle, 11-13; perienteric fluid, 13 pink shrimp, dorsal extensor abdominal muscle, 53; effect of latitude, 53; effect of temperature, 53 P/Oratio, 13, 21, 49, 57, 63, 89, 93 INDEX 137 polarograph, 5, 6, 21, 48, 93, 98 Polyphemus moth, pupa, 73, 93; wing, 73 pond snail, albuminous gland, 21, 91 Portuguese man-of-war, effect of cyanide, 76; tentacles, 11 Portuguese oyster, effect of age, 25, 78, 84; sill; 25, 77, 78; mantle, 25, 77, 78, 93; midgut gland, 25, 77, 78, 93; muscle, 25, 77, 78 potassium cyanide (KCN), 15, 47, 59-61, 67-71 prawn, dorsal extensor abdominal muscle, 53; effect of temperature, 53. See also shrimp preparation, particle, 15-17, 83 protein determination, 35, 47-49, 55-57, 69-73 prothorax, of American cockroach, 69, 79 pupa, 93; effect of injury, 82, 83, 86; epithelium, 59-63, 78, 82; heart, 82; of Cecropia moth, 5, 57-63, 78, 82, 83; of Polyphemus moth, 73; wing, 57-63, 73, 78, 82 purple gorgonian, 11; effect of cyanide, 76 purple land crab, during molt cycle, 47, 78, 84; effect of eyestalk removal, 85; integumentary tissue, 47, 78, 84 purple sea fan, branches, 11; effect of cyanide, 76 pyruvate, 9,13, 37, 65 quahog, adductor muscle, 27-29, 77-79, 86, 91; effect of age, 27, 78, 84; effect of cyanide, 27-29, 76; effect of salinity, 27-29, 79, 86; effect of season, 78, 79; effect of temperature, 27; gill, 27, 77-79, 86; mantle, 27-29, 77-79, 86, 93; respiratory quotient, 27, 93 quinol, 39, 93. See also hydroquinone radula, 93 rates, comparative respiratory, 76-78, 83 ratio, P/O, 13, 21, 49, 57, 63, 89, 93 red-jointed fiddler crab, effect of Sex, 535, 00: gill, 53, 77; midgut gland, 58, 77, 93 red-legged grasshopper, hind femur, 65, 92; muscle, 65 red oyster sponge, effect of insulin, 9 references, 95-100 respiration, cyanide-insensitive, 47, 78, 80, 84; respiration, endogenous, 9-57, 63-73, 76, 78-84, 86, 92 respiratory data, 99 respiratory enzymes, references, 96 respiratory quotient, 93; of American cockroach, 65; of codling moth, 57; of differ- ential locust, 65; of earthworm, 43; of fat body, 57, 92; of larva, 57, 93; of muscle, 57, 65; of mussel, 23; of quahog, 27 respiratory rates, comparative, 76-78, 83 respiratory tree, 91 retractor muscle of foot, 93; See pedal retractor Ringer’s solution, 45 R.Q. See respiratory quotient sabellid worm. See feather-duster worm sac, dart, of vineyard snail, 19 saline solution, physiological, 13 salinity, effect of. See under effect salivary gland, effect of gas phase, 37-39, 75; light-reversible inhibition by carbon monoxide, 37, 75; of octopus, 37-39 sarcoplasm, 65 sarcosomes, 57, 63, 71, 81, 93. See also mitochondria saturniid moths, 83 scallop, adductor muscle, 31, 91; gill, 31; mantle muscle, 31, 93 Scholander-Wennesland micro-respirometer, 51 sea anemone, effect of cyanide, 76; tentacles, 11 sea cucumber, branchial tree, 73, 91; intestine, 73; muscle, 73 sea fan, purple. See purple sea fan sea hare, buccal mass muscle, 15-17, 83, 91; effect of potassium cyanide, 15; gizzard, 15, 83, 92; midgut gland, 17, 83, 93; muscle, 15-17, 83; nerve, 15 sea orange, 11; effect of cyanide, 75 sea water, 21, 27-29, 39, 49; artificial, 15, 29, 33, 45, 49-51 season, effect of. See under effect sections, thin, 1, 3, 4, 27 sex, effect of. See under effect sheets, thin, 1, 3, 4, 17, 27-31, 39, 73 shell, pen. See pen shell shore crab, striped. See striped shore crab shrimp, effect of eyestalk extract, 51, 80, 85, 92; effect of eyestalk removal, 51, 80, 85; muscle, 51, 80, 85. See also prawn shrimp, pink. See pink shrimp silkworm, effect of suspending medium, 55; larva, 55, 93; midgut, 55 sinus gland extract, 85 size, effect of. See effect of age Slater factor, 93 slices of organ or tissue, 1, 3, 4, 9-11, 15-19, 27, 31, 37-45, 53, 73, 75, 76, 83, 98 smooth muscle, of fresh-water mussel, 23-25; of leech, 43 138 TISSUE RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES snail, during activity, 19; during hibernation, 9 Shearte eld snail, Burgundy. See vineyard snail snail, dented garden. See dented garden snail snail, Jerusalem. See Jerusalem land snail snail, little edible land. See little edible land snail snail, pond. See pond snail snail, vineyard. See vineyard snail snail, white-lipped edible land. See white- lipped edible land snail soft-shelled clam, gill, 29 soluble fraction, 65 solution, Baldwin’s phosphate, 17-19; isotonic chloride, 17-19, 29, 39, 45, 55; physiological saline, 13 South American locust, coxal muscle, 73, 77, 91; flight muscle, 73, 77; leg muscle, 73, 77 spectrophotometer, 3, 5, 6, 15-19, 23, 35, 47-49, 59-63, 67-71, 93, 98 spectroscopy, 5, 82 spider crab, claw nerve, 49, 79, 86; effect of ionic concentration, 49, 79, 86; effect of sex, 49, 77; effect of suspending medium, 51; gill, 49, 77; leg nerve, 51; midgut gland, 49, le, G3 spiny lobster, effect of cyanide, 76; leg muscle, 53; leg nerve, 53; midgut gland, od 93 sponge, 9, 11, 81; effect of cyanide, 75. See also sea orange sponge, fire. See fire sponge sponge, red oyster. See red oyster sponge sponge, stinker. See stinker sponge squid, cerebral ganglion, 37; effect of cyanide, 76; eye, 33; fin nerve, 35; giant axons, 1, 35-37, 92; gill, 33; heart, 37; mantle nerve, 35; muscle, 35; stellate ganglion, 35 stage, effect of. See under effect stellar nerve, 94. See mantle nerve stellate ganglion, effect of suspending medium, 33; of octopus, 33; of squid, 35 stinker sponge, 9; effect of cyanide, 75 stone crab, effect of sex, 51, 77; gill, 51, 77; midgut gland, 51, 77, 93 stone cricket, greenhouse. See greenhouse stone cricket stone cricket, Japanese. See greenhouse stone cricket striped shore crab, brain, 51; leg muscle, 51; strips of organ or tissue, 3, 4, 21-23 subcellular morphology, references, 99, 100 substrates. See under individual name of substrate subumbrella, 82, 94 succinate, 11-13, 19, 23, 33-35, 39-51, 55-59, 63-73, 80 succinic acid, 41 succinic dehydrogenase, 81, 82, 92 succinoxidase, 79, 86, 87, 94 sucrose, 55 supernatant, 3, 4, 13, 47 surgery, effect of. See under effect suspending medium, 3. See also artificial sea water, Baldwin’s phosphate solution, Belar-phosphate buffer, Belar’s solution, distilled water, isotonic chloride solution, physiological saline solution, Ringer’s solution, Wilder and Smith saline, sucrose; also under effect suspension, 3, 4, 19, 63 suspension, cell. See cell suspension suspension, particle. See particle suspension symbols, 89, 90; chemical, 89 systems, neuroendocrine, references, in crustaceans, 95; in insects, 97; in inverte- brates, 97 teased tissue, 3, 4, 51, 55, 63-67, 73, 84 temperature, effect of. See under effect tentacles, effect of cyanide, 76; of feather- duster worm, 39; of jellyfish, 11; of octopus, 39, 83; of Portuguese man-of-war, 11; of sabellid, 39; of sea anemone, 11 terminal oxidase, 81-83 testes, of American cockroach, 67 tetrazolium method, 19 thin sections of organ or tissue, 1, 3, 4, 27 thin sheets of organ or tissue, 1, 3, 4, 17, 27-31, 39, 73 thoracic muscle, effect of removal of corpora allata, 63, 80, 91; effect of sex, 63, 71, 77, 78; of fleshfly, 71, 78; of Madeira cockroach, 63, 77, 80 thorax, effect of sex, 69; effect of stage, 69; gradient along body, 69, 79, 87; of American cockroach, 69, 79, 87; of nymph, 69, 93 Thunberg manometer (Thunberg microrespiro- meter, Thunberg respirometer), 3, 5, 6, 23, 27, 31-33, 49, 94, 98 tissue, during molt cycle, 47; integumentary, 47; of purple land crab, 47 TPN, 89, 94 tree, branchial. See branchial tree tree oyster, effect of cyanide, 76; gill, 25 trematode, 82 tricarboxylic acid cycle, 94. See citric acid cycle triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPN), 94 tyrosinase, 82 ultracentrifugation, 98 umbrella of jellyfish, 11, 82, 94 urea, 15, 33, 37, 51 ventral nerve cord, effect of cyanide, 76; effect of sex, 69; of American cockroach, 67-69; of American lobster, 47; of earthworm, 43 versene (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; EDTA), 55, vineyard snail, 83; albuminous gland, 19, 91; body wall, 19; buccal mass muscle, 19, 91; cerebral ganglion, 19, 77; columella muscle, 19, 91; dart sac, 19, 92; effect of 2, 4-dinitrophenol, 75, 92; esophagus, 19; female duct, 19; foot, 19, 77; heart, 17; hibernation, 19; kidney, 19; mantle, 19, 93; midgut, 19, 77; midgut gland, 17-19, 93; pedal ganglion, 19 Virginia oyster, adductor muscle of, 23, 78, 91; effect of age, 78, 84; effect of cyanide, 76; effect of dinitrophenol, 23, 75, 92; mantle, 235 Oy gS viscera, gradient along body, 41, 79; of manure worm, 41, 79; succinoxidase, 79, 94 volumeter, 94, 98. See also differential volumeter, microvolumeter, Scholander- Wennesland microrespirometer, volumetric microrespirometer volumetric apparatus. See differential volu- meter, Scholander-Wennesland microrespir- ometer, volumeter, volumetric microres- pirometer volumetric methods. See volumetric apparatus volumetric microrespirometer, 3, 5, 6, 51, 55, 63, 67, 73, 98 INDEX 139 Warburg manometer, 3, 5, 6, 9-33, 37-57, 63-73, 94, 98 wasp, mud dauber. See mud dauber wasp water, artificial sea, 15, 29, 33, 45, 49-51 water, brackish, 45 water, distilled, 13, 55 water, sea, 21, 27-29, 39, 49 water bug, giant. See giant water bug water scavenger beetle, coxal muscle, 63, 77, 91; flight muscle, 63, 77; leg muscle, 63, 77 wax moth, greater. See greater wax moth white-lipped edible land snail, heart, 19 whole organ, 1, 3, 4, 15-25, 29-39, 43-53, Si; 65, 69, 73 Wilder and Smith saline, 55, 63, 67, 73 wing, effect of age, 69-71, 78; effect of antimycin A, 61, 76, 91; effect of sex, 69-71; effect of stage, 59-63, 69-71, 78, 82; epithelium, 59-63, 78, 82; muscle, 69-71; of American cockroach, 69-71; of Cecropia moth, 57-63, 78; of develop- ing adult, 59-63, 78, 82; of nymph, 71, 93; of Polyphemus moth, 73; of pupa, 57-63, 73, 78, 82, 93 wing muscle, effect of age, 69-71, 78, 86; effect of sex, 69-71; effect of stage, 69-71, 78, 86; of American cockroach, 69-71, 78, 86; of nymph, 71, 78, 86, 93; pink, 69-71, 86; white, 69-71. See also flight muscle Winkler method, 3, 5, 6, 29, 94, 98 worm, blue. See blue worm worm, earth. See earthworm worm, feather-duster. See feather-duster worm worm, meal. See yellow mealworm worm, parchment. See parchment worm worm, peacock. See feather-duster worm worm, sabellid. See feather-duster worm worms, Clitellate, 41, 43 yellow mealworm, effect of sex, 73, 78; fat body, 73, 92; flight muscle, 73, 78; larva, 73, 93; leg muscle, 73, 78 zones of organ or tissue, 3, 4, 23-25, 45 v —