Dada be abt etch EUV a sia & oe sta AAS: at ad weyers we See eek yt ee: 4 “al Ft e 144 | Cue ns GARY AAS wy “Ww wel r\ Wl yl tet vn Pacem a —~ He ' wid y ee tel TN i saacaitady Moly wore dw¥\. At TSG ud PaUibac MNO ates Stall eons we 1 a 4, te & wh ©. a A eta i * v Nad Aa oti he pry were, Soy me a ve vw I 3 vy, sp OS ~\ he ig 1 iG i. yeas cy te X& ~ et wl. iw Mae So sere € vai! mod fe eS ws / ¥ b as, TNS | ta¢ © Pr “ie er, 4 ee a dA as ties wifi M4 Vell ry \s < ovate idee a id | oo’ Jw . nei ee cus Wun ent casei + ‘li OT iy? ehes ; b> Fy aa (cee ig js : : Ns : eee FX at, Teese a Pen HK Bie cl Se hehe , Aa he oA 7 = y= i : &. fe § x 3 / 3 Aw Let Re AMARA I eel je ary wed ) ian all n ween wre “bestoitte dl q | } “4 Bes we. Ny LF ee S74 / = as ~~ wy a ‘ y i ‘y "py L Gees | = SRE NE ef OWE uw | ig hea Ky . tS * wy %/ na ie Ne j / ad 5 yee \ tel ® Vy" an aud 7B 44) Mop ‘pS A. sd ae es Th Bs y ~ “/ : EA Fda wwe Ne ; ees a 1h pace. “4 eee Ae ee y pee . ty’! \ eye eet 4A Ee AE Eye CR GBITE et Weegee peace ures: Adit ht aan Sd ie yh : wanton as ate wr ayy a , yy mats siisadhilll SMOKING CUSTOMS. a Or indulged in by these needy professors, who dogged the steps of every silly young country gentleman, are well depicted in the same author’s Captain Bobadil. Lodge, in his Wit's Miserte, and the World's Madnesse (1596), speaking of “another devil of this age Adulation” and his subserviency, says, “ This Damocles amongst the retinue carries alwaies the tabacco-pipe,” and is the toady to silly young gal- lants. In Every Man out of his Humour (1599), the author notes one gallant who takes lessons in smoking in a hired chamber at an ordinary, ‘ private to practise in.” “There we might see Sogliardo sit in a chair holding his snout like a sow under an apple-tree, while the other open’d his nostrils with a poking-stick, to give _ the smoke a more free delivery.” Samuel Rowlands, in his Paire of Spy-knaves (circa 1610), has a tale how a countryman was cheated in a London tavern, by a knave who pretended to teach him smoking. “*Tll teach thee (do observe mee heere) To take tobacco like a cavalier ; Thus draw the vapour through your nose, and say, Puffe, u@ ts gone, fuming the smoke away.” Dekker, in that very curious picture of manners, The Gulls Horn-book (1602), thus narrates the approved fashion among smokers in his day:—“ Before the meat come smoking to the board, our gallant must draw out his tobacco-box, the ladle for the cold snuff into the nostril, the tongs, and priming-iron ; all which artillery 56 TOBACCO IN EUROPE. may be of gold or silver, if he can reach the price of it; it will be a reasonable useful pawn at all times, when the amount of his money falls out to run low. And here you must observe to know in what tobacco is in town, better than the merchants, and to discourse of the apothecaries where it is to be sold; then let him show his several tricks in taking it, as the whiff, the ring, &c., for these are compliments that gain gentle- men no mean respect.” What we now call smoking was at this period gene- rally termed drinking tobacco. The author of “ Vox Cwrtatis, or London’s complaint against her children in the country ” (1686); speaking of the dissolute and debauched who loiter about taverns and public places says, ‘‘Men will not stand upon it to drink either wine, or tobacco with them who are more fit for Bride- well.” * 3 The term, no doubt, originated in the custom of in- haling the smoke, and allowing it to escape through the nose;+ a fashion in which it was originally enjoyed by the Indians. The Duke of Newcastle, in his Comedy of The Triumphant Widow (Act 3, Sc. 1), speaks of a * Two more illustrations of the use of the term are here given :— ‘*We'll stay here to drink tobacco.”—Miseries of Inforced Marriage, 1607. (Dodsley’s Old Plays.) ‘‘ The smoke of tobacco (the which Dodo- neus called rightly Henbane of Peru) drunke and drawen by a pipe, filleth the membranes of the braine, and astonisheth and filleth many persons with such joy and pleasure, and sweet losse of senses, that they can by no means be without it.”—The Perfuming of Tobacco, and the great abuse committed in it, 1611. + Marston in his Mouwntebank’s Masque says, humorously, ‘‘ The divell cannot take tobacco through his nose, for St. Dunstan hath seared that up with his tongs.” DRINKING TOBACCO. 57 joker making a party laugh, so that “the tihie took a reverend old gentlewoman when she was a drinking, and she did squirt the beer out of her nose, as an Indian does tobacco.” ‘The term was constantly used until the middle of the seventeenth century; for the catalogue of Rubens’ effects, sent over by Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Charles I. in 1640, calls a Dutch picture of smokers “the Tobacco-drinkers.” ‘The fashionable mode of thus inhaling tobacco-smoke, and expelling it by the nose, is curiously shown in the accompanying cut, copied from a rare little volume in 12mo, printed at Rotterdam in 16238, and entitled, Hen Korte beschry- vinge van het wonderlycke kruyt Tobacco.* The engraving is valuable for the clear way in which it * This work is dedicated to an Englishman, “The worthy nobleman, M. Humphry King, Knight, and Chief Sovereign of the Order of Glorious Tobacco.”” The Dutch were always enthusiasts for the herb. 58 TOBACCO IN EUROPE. depicts the whole paraphernalia of a smoker, with the roll of Tobacco on the table before him, and the knife and trencher with which he cuts it up for use. This was termed carotte and “‘ Pudding-cane tobacco,” by which latter name it is described in Chapman’s Comedy, All Fooles, 1605. In the same play, Dariotto says :—‘* My boy once lighted a pipe of cane Tobacco with a peece of a vile ballad, and Pll sweare I had a singing in my head a whole week after.” In Field’s Amends for Ladies (1618) is a scene with London swaggerers at a wineshop in Turnbull-street where one jestingly asks a silly nobleman, ‘“ Will your -Jordship take any tobacco?” and another sneeringly remarks “’Sheart! he cannot put it through his ee nose!” A severe comment on the incapacity of a ‘fast man” of the days of James I. Paul Hentzner, who visited England in 1598, notes the constant custom of smoking at all public places: He visited the Bear Garden in Southwark, and says :— ‘“‘ At these spectacles, and everywhere else, the English are constantly smoking tobacco, and in this manner: They have pipes on purpose, made of clay, into the farther end of which they put the herb, so dry that it may be rubbed into powder, and putting fire to it, they draw the smoak into their mouths, which they puff out again, through their nostrils, like funnels, ‘ along with it plenty of phlegm and defluxion from the head.” This was in fact one of the chief ‘ medical virtues ” for which the herb was professedly taken. The prevalence of tobacco-smoking on the stage, SMOKING IN THEATRES. 59 where gallants were accommodated with stools to sit during the play at an increased charge, is alluded to by Cokes in Ben Jonson’s admirable play, Bartholomew Fair. He has gone into a booth to see a puppet-play, and asks of the master, “Ha’ you none of your pretty impudent boys, now; to bring stooles, fill Tobacco, fetch ale, and beg money as they have at other - houses?” ‘The inconvenience occasionally felt by the female part of the audience is demonstrated by the Grocer’s wife in Beaumont and Fletcher’s Knight of the Burning Pestle, who taking her seat on the stage, exclaims, “‘ Fie! this stinking tobacco kils men; would there were none in England: now I pray, gentlemen, what good does this stinking tobacco?—doe you nothing ?—I warrant you make chimnies of your faces!”* Collier, in his Annals of the Stage, notes + that one of the boy-actors in the induction to Cynthia’s Revels, imitating a gallant supposed to be sitting on the stage, speaks of having his “three sorts of tobacco in his pocket, and his light by him.” Dekker in 1609 tells his gallant to “ get his match lighted ;”’ and in the Scornful Lady (1616) Captains of gally-foists are ridi- uled, who only ‘‘ wear swords to reach fire at a play,” for the purpose of lighting their pipes. Hutton, in his * This idea seems to have been taken from a tirade against tobacco smoking, entitled Worke for Chimney Sweepers, which Gardiner, in his Triall of Tobacco, says the author was ‘‘ commanded or compelled to write” (probably by James the First, who afterwards took pen in hand himself) ; it was answered in 1602 by A Defence of Tobacco, in which the author shows that his opponent has injured his own cause, by his desire to prove too much—a not uncommon case ! tT Vol. iii. p. 416. 60 TOBACCO IN EUROPE. Fothes Anatomie (1611), speaks of the custom of taking tobacco at theatres (instancing the Globe—Shake- speare’s theatre) :— (34 the crowded stage Must needs be graced with you and your page, Sweare for a place with each controlling foole, And send your hackney servant for a stoole.” Tobacco was even sold at the play-house, and in Bartholomew Fair, Ben Jonson talks of those “ who accomodate gentlemen with tobacco at our theatres.” * Ben Jonson thus further alludes to the general prevalence of smoking :— Re Carmen Are got into the yellow starch, and chimney sweepers To their tobacco, and strong waters, Hum, Meath and Obarni.” The Devil is an Ass, Act i. Se. 1. The same author makes his Volpone, when disguised as a Mountebank, declare if his nostrums had been well known— ‘No Indian drug had e’er been famed — Tobacco, sassafras, not named.” The affected phrases used by tobacco-smokers, and — the pretences they made to carry the choicest tobacco about them, much as the modern “swells” do expen- Sive cigars,is very excellently ridiculed, in the old Comedy known as Greene's Tu Quoque, 1614. The scene is a fashionable London ordinary, where some of the day meet, and one asks of another, ’ fast men * See also the Actor’s Remonstrance. 1645. FRATERNITY IN PIPES. 61 who is smoking—“ Please you toimpart your smoke ?”’ To which he replies, “ very willingly, Sir.” The other, after a whiff or two, exclaims, ‘‘ In good faith, a pipe of excellent vapour!” which the donor confirms by declaring it “the best the house yields.” ‘l’o which the other rejoins in some surprise, ‘Had you it in the house ? I thought it had been your own: ‘tis not so good now as I took it for!” The custom of passing the pipe from one to another is noted in Barnaby Rich’s Jvish Hubbub (1622), “ One pipe of tobacco will suffice three or four men at once,” and he adds, that the custom was indulged in by men of all grades. Lodge, in his Wit’s Miserie, and the World's Mad- nesse (1596), speaks of a foolish fellow, “‘ Who will hug you in his armes, kisse you on the cheeke, and rapping out an horrible oath, crie ‘Gods soule, Tom, I love you. You know my poore heart, come to my chamber for a pipe of tobacco; there lives not a man in this world that L more honour.’ ” Samuel Rowlands, a prolific writer of ephemera in the reign of Elizabeth and James; and whose works, now exceedingly rare, are chiefly valuable for the pictures they afford of popular manners; has the following poem on tobacco, which contains four lines still popularly quoted as a vindication of smoking, without knowledge of their antiquity. It occurs in his Knave of Clubbs, 1611. We have marked them with inverted commas :— “ Who durst dispraise tobacco whilst the smoke is in my nose, Or say, but fah ! my pipe doth smell ? I would I knew but those 62 TOBACCO IN EUROPE. Durst offer such indignity to that which I prefer, For all the brood of blackamoors will swear I do not err. In taking this same worthy whif with valiant cavalier, But that will make his nostrils smoke, at cupps of wine or beer. When as my purse can not afford my stomach flesh or fish, I sup with smoke, and feed as well and fat as one can wish. Come into any company, though not a cross you have, * Yet offer them tobacco, and their liquor you shall have. They say old hospitalitie kept chimnies smoking still ; Now what your chimnies want of that, our smoking noses will. * Much victuals serves for gluttony, to fatten men like swine, ‘ But he’s a frugal man indeed that with a leaf can dine, ‘ And needs no napkins for his hands his finger’s ends to wipe, ‘ But keeps his kitchen in a box, and roast meat in a pipe.’ This is the way to help down years, a meal a day’s enough ; Take out tobacco for the rest by pipe, or else by snuff, And you shall find it physical ; a corpulent, fat man, Within a year shall shrink so small that one his guts shall span. It’s full of physic rare effects, it worketh sundry ways, The leaf green, dried, steept, burnt to dust, have each their several praise. It makes some sober that are drunk, some drunk of sober sense, And all the moisture hurts the brain it fetches smoking thence. All the four elements unite when you tobacco take, For earth and water, air and fire, do a conjunction make. The pipe is earth, the fire’s therein, the air the breathing smoke ; Good liquor must be present too, for fear I chance to choke. Here, gentlemen, a health to all, ’tis passing good and strong. I would speak more, but for the pipe I cannot stay so long. The four lines alluded to are appended to a well executed engraving (copied on the opposite page) of the time of Charles 1; which afterwards was made to do duty against smokers by being printed in a most pious broadside against spendthrifts published in 1641, and entitled The Sucklington Faction, or (Suckling’s) Roar- ing boys; an evident blow levelled by the puritanic party at the cavalier-poet Sir John Suckling. * Equivalent in meaning to penniless, from the cross then so constantly impressed on the reverse of the current coin. ITS GOLDEN AGE. 63 The commencement of the seventeenth century was the golden age of tobacco. It was favoured by all, and valued for imputed virtues more than it possessed. It received a large amount of literary notice, larger than ever after fell to its share. Poets were inspired with a desire to sing its praises, and exert their fancy in its honour. The Metamorphosis of Tobacco is one of these effusions, an ambitious addition to those narrated by Ovid. It is dedicated by its unknown author to Michael Drayton, one of England’s worthiest poets, and was printed in 1602; on the title is a cut of the tobacco- plant growing in the cleft of “the bi-forked hill,’ with the motto round it Digna Parnasso et Apolline. The author takes a dignified view of his subject as he exclaims :— ** Me let the sound of great Tobaccoes praise A pitch above those love-sick poets raise. 64 TOBACCO IN EUROPE. er Let me adore with my thrice happie pen, The sweete and sole delight of mortal men ; The Cornucopia of all earthly pleasure, Where Bankrupt nature hath consum’d her treasure. A worthy plant springing from Flora’s hand, The blessed offspring of an uncouth land.” Our author then proceeds to tell us— ** On what occasion and by whom it stood, That the blest world received so great a good.” He imagines a “sudden parliament” called of the Elements to hear Prometheus complain that his work is not perfected, and ask their help. The Earth pro- poses that— ‘¢ A plant shall from my wrinkled forehead spring, Which once inflam’d with the stolne heavenly fire, Shall breath into this lifeless corse inspire.” The Elements now combine to form “the herb composed in despite of fate—” the tobacco-plant. *¢ And had not Tellus temper’d too much mud, Too much terrene corruption in the bud, The man that tasted it should never die, But stand in record of eternitie.” Jupiter becomes enraged at this; and banishes the plant to a world unknown to Europe. Here itis long hidden until the Graces travel to the New World, and are much delighted when— ‘¢ They in the palace of great Montezume, Are entertained with this celestial fume,” that they remain there eternally smoking; and our only chance of “studying the graces,” according to our * SMOKING CUSTOMS. 65 author, is to do the same. He furnishes another legend of its origin by imagining a fair nymph of Vir- ginia whom Jove visits in the garb of a shepherd, and Juno changes into the herb. LEsculapius ** Descried this herbe to our new golden age, And did devise a pipe, which should asswage The wounds which sorrow in our hearts did fix ;” and he further declares, that had the Romans known it, instead of a Saturnalia, “A new Tabacconalia had been made. All goods, all pleasures in it it doth linke— Tis phisicke, clothing, music, meat and drink.” In Ben Jonson’s Every Man out of his Humour (1599), one of the characters, Fastidious Brisk, an impersonation of the “swell” of his day, takes tobacco, attended by a boy to trim the pipe; and makes love to his mistress, between the whiffs he puffs forth in smoking. In Heywood’s Fair Maid of the Exchange (1607), one of the characters is advised to court a girl by “asking her if she’ll take a pipe of tobacco.” In Hidward Sharpham’s comedy, The Fleire (1615), one “Signior Petoune, a traveller and a great tobacconist,”’* is one of the characters introduced as a type of the fashionable smoker of the day. He says, “I take it now and then, fasting, for the purification of my wit,” and he tells the ladies, “If you use but a’ mornings * Smokers, it must be remembered, were then termed fobacconists, a name now exclusively applied to vendors of the herb. E 66 TOBACCO IN EUROPE. when you rise, the divine smoke of this celestiall herbe,” it will do their complexions most good of any thing known. His friends jestingly allow its good qualities toward himself, by assuring him that before he took it he “‘was an arrant ass.” He assents, “indeed IT was,” and adds, “Faith, these gentlemen have not long used my company, yet you see how tobacco hath already refined their spirits.” He very gallantly offers to share his pleasure, “Dear Lady, please you take a pipe of tobacco,” but he becomes ultimately so trouble- some, that he is “sworne on his owne tobacco-pipe,” not to trouble them more; “you shall never come with your squibs, and smoke squirts, amongst ladies and gentlewomen, flinging out fume at your nostrils, as a whale doth salt water, unlesse you be entreated by them.” Rossaline in Marston’s first part of Antonio and Mellinda (1602), speaks of a courtier as ‘¢ A great tobacco-taker too, that’s flat ; For his eyes look as if they had been hung In the smoake of his nose.” The same lady is asked, in another part of the play, “Faith, mad niece, I wonder when thou wilt marry,” to which she replies, ‘ Faith, kind uncle, when men abandon jealousy, forsake taking of tobacco, and cease to wear their beards so rudely long. Oh, to have a husband with a mouth continually smoking, with a bush of furs on the ridge of his chin, readie still to flop into his foaming chaps, ’tis more than most LADY SMOKERS. 67 intolerable.’ The Duke is represented in the same author’s play, What you Wall (1607), smoking among the ladies, and lighting his pipe with a petition sent to him. In 1602, when Dekker printed his Satiromastiz, ladies smoked. Asinius Babo, offering his pipe, ob- serves:—‘‘’ Tis at your service gallants, and the tobacco too: ‘tis right pudding, I can tell you; a lady or two took a pipe full or two at my hands, and praised it, fore the heavens.” * : Prynne, the famous Puritanic inveigher against stage- plays, tells us that in his time, ladies at the theatre were sometimes “offered the tobacco-pipe” as a re- freshment instead of apples,t which appear to have been “the staple commodity.” Mary King, better known as “‘ Moll Cutpurse,” that ‘*Bold Virago stout and tall,” as described by Butler in his Hudibras, is depicted on the title-page of Middleton’s comedy, The Roaring Girle, of which she is the heroine, in the costume of a man smoking tobacco (the upper part of the cut is here * Dekker, in his Gull’s Horn-book, thus apostrophises tobacco :— ** Make me thine adopted heir, that, inheriting the virtues of thy whiffes, I may distribute them amongst all nations, and make the fantastic English- man, above the rest, more cunning in the distinction of thy roll Trinidado, leaf, and pudding, than the whitest-toothed black-a-moor in all Asia.” Dr. Nott, in a note, thinks these the three kinds of tobacco mentioned by Ben Jonson in Cynthia’s Revels :—Dekker also speaks of gallants ‘‘able to discourse whether your cane or your pudding be sweetest, and which pipe has the best bore, and which burns black, which breaks in the burning.” + Histriomastix, 1633, marginal note to page 363. EF 2 68 TOBACCO IN EUROPE. given in fac-simile). She was a notorious courtesan, who generally dressed in man’s apparel, and varied her profession occasionally as a fortune-teller, pick-pocket, thief, receiver of stolen goods, or forger, as “ accident A Wy) a= Sire "s My F suited.” Her most notable exploit was robbing the parhamentary general, Fairfax, on Hounslow Heath, fer which she narrowly escaped hanging. She lived till 1659, when, according to Granger, “she died of the dropsy in the seventy-fifth year of her age; but would probably have died sooner, if she had not smoked tobacco, in the frequent use of which she had long indulged herself.”’ But tobacco smoking was not restricted to ladies “fair and free,” for as many young ladies of Spain and South America, still ‘indulge in the weed,” without offence; and many old ones do yet in England; so when tobacco was first introduced among us, did some few of our own fair dames. Appended is a copy of a curious LADY SMOKERS. 69 female portrait, painted about 1650, in the possession of W. H. Rolfe, Esq., of Sandwich. The fair lady has in her hand a tobacco-box, and is indulging in the solace of her pipe; which she wields in a very graceful and “lady-like” manner. Miss Pardoe, in her History of the Court of Lows XIV., has shown that the daughters of the Grande Monarque did not disdain to do the same, although he had a great dislike to tobacco. When the ladies became wearied by the “ gravity and etiquette of the court circle, they were accustomed to celebrate a species of orgie in their own apartments, after supper; and on one occasion, when the Dauphin had at a late hour quitted the card-table, and hearing a noise in their quarter of the palace, entered to ascertain its cause; he found them engaged in smoking, and discovered that they had borrowed their pipes from the Officers of the Swiss guard! ” 70 TOBACCO IN EUROPE. Tobacco was necessarily an expensive habit, and one of the earliest. objections made to the custom of smoking, was its ruinous cost. Among the papers at Penshurst, is a note of expenses of Sir Henry Sidney, Lord Deputy of Ireland, among which occurs “three shillings for an ounce of tobacco.” ‘This was within about three years of its first introduction to England, and would be equivalent to about eighteen shillings of our present money. Between 1606 and 1638, the accounts of Francis fourth Earl of Cumberland, show the great consumption of money to be in wines, journeys, clothes, presents, and tobacco. Whittaker, in his History of Craven, p. 275, says, “The last heavy article of expence, was tabacco, of which the finest sort cost eighteen shillings per pound, and an inferior kind ten shillings. A single bill for this article amounted to £36 7s. 8d.’ By multiplying this by four, we shall be able to judge of the price, as compared with that of our own day, and so understand the heavy expense of an indulgence in tobacco at this period. Aubrey narrates that in his early days:—‘“ It was sold then for its wayte in silver. I have heard some of our old yeomen neigh- bours say, that when they went to Malmesbury or Chip- penham Market, they culled out their biggest shillings to lay in the scales against the tobacco; now (1680) the customes of it are the greatest his majestie hath.” Drayton, in the sixteenth song of his Poly-olbion, (1613), complains that— ‘¢Qur gold goes out so fast, for foolish foraine things, Which upstart gentry still into our country brings ; ADULTERATIONS. OL Who their insatiate pride seek chiefly to maintaine By that which only serves to uses vile and vaine: Which our plaine fathers earste would have accounted sinne, Before the costly coach, and silken stock came in ; Before that Indian weed so strongly was imbrac’t ; Wherein such mighty summes we prodigally waste.” The popularity of smoking, naturally and speedily led to adulterations ; and one of them is noted in Ben Jon- son’s Bartholomew Faire, where Ursula, the vendor of roast pig, a lady who “ can but hold lfe and soule to- gether” with drink “and a whiff of tobacco,” orders her tapster to look to her interests; ‘‘ Look too’t, sirrah, you were best! three pence a pipe full, I will ha’ made of all my whole halfe pound of tabacco, and a quarter of a pound of coltsfoot, mixt with it too, to eke it out.” Dr. Barclay, of Edinburgh, in his Nepenthes (1614), notes that “avarice and greedines of gaine have moved the marchants to apparell some Huropean plants with Indian coats, and to enstal them in shops as righteous and legitimate tabacco. Some others have tabacco from Florida indeede, but because either it is exhausted of spiritualitie, or the radicall humour is spent, and wasted, or it hath gotten moysture by the way, or it hath bene dried for expedition in the sunne, or carried too negligently ; they sophisticate and farde the same in sundrie sortes, with black spice, galanga, aqua vite, Spanish wine, anise seedes, oyle of Spicke, and such like.” Armin, in his Nest of Ninnies (1608), speaks of tobacco “sophisticated to taste strong.” * * Stephens, in his Lssays and Characters, 1615, speaks of one who “deceives with his commodity worse than a tobacco-man.” 1/3 TOBACCO IN EUROPE. Ben Jonson, in his Alchemist (1610), speaking in praise of the tobacconist, Abel Drugger, notes the adul- teration then practised, and the luxuries used in smoking :-— He lets me have good tobacco ; and he does not Sophisticate it with sack—lees or oil, Nor washes it in muscadel and grains, Nor buries it in gravel, under ground, Wrapp’d up in greasy leather, or piss’d clouts ; But keeps it in fine lilly pots, that, open’d Smell like a conserve of roses, or French beans. He has his maple block, his silver tongs, Winchester pipes, and fire of juniper.” Rowlands, in his Knave of Harts (1613), says of a prodigall knave : ‘Tn a tobacco-shop (resembling Hell, Fire, stink, and smoke must be where devils dwell), He sits, you cannot see his face for vapour, Offering to Pluto with a tallow taper.” The spendthrift Folly-wit, in Middleton’s play, A Mad World, my Masters (1608), speaks of the tavern and tobacco-shop as consequences, “to sink down dead in a tavern, and rise in a tobacco-shop,” is his mode of action. In Heywood’s Fortune by Land and Sea is a scene at a tavern, where the gallants indulge in sack and tobacco. Ardelio, the cashier’d servingman in Marmion’s play, Holland’s Leaguer (1682), says:— ‘* The best thing I am fit for is a Tapster, Or else to get a wench of mine own, and sell Bottell Ale and Tobacco.” Among the Roxburgh ballads in the British Museum, is a wood-cut of this period, which we here copy A TAVERN SCENE. in fac-simile (on a reduced scale), it is an excel- lent tavern scene. The table is supplied with a huge “ pottle-pot” of drink, and pipes for smoking. The swaggering gallant who is indulging in his pipe, is a sketch from nature, worthy of Dekker. The trio might be fitly employed in chanting the following praises of Ale and Tobacco : *— Tobacco fumes away all nastie rheumes, But health away it never lightly frets, And nappy Ale makes mirth (as Aprill raine doth Earth) Spring like the pleasant spring, where’re it soaking wets. CHORUS. But in that spring of mirth, Such madnes nye doth growe, As fills a foole by birth With crotchets, with Ale and Tobacco. * From Ravenscroft’s Briefe Discourse of Music, to which is prefixed songs ‘‘ Concerning the pleasure of five usuall recreations, Hunting, Hawking, Dauncing, Drinking, and Enamouring.” 1614. 74 TOBACCO IN EUROPE. One cleares the braine, the other glads the hart, Which they retaine, by nature and by Art ; The first by nature cleares, by Arte makes giddy will, The last by nature cheares, by Art makes heady still. CHORUS. So we, whose braynes else lowe, Swell hye with crotchet rules, Reed on these two, as fat, As headdy giddy fooles. Another song, of an earlier date, may here be given as a popular sample of the Nicotian Muse.* Come sirrah Jacke hoe, Fill some Tobacco, Bring a wire And some fire, Hast, hast away, Quicke I say, Do not stay, Shun delay, For I dranke none good to-day ; 1 sweare that this Tobacco, tt’s perfect Trinidado, By the very very mas, Never, never, never was Better gere then is here, By the roode, for the bloud. Tt is very, very good. Fill the pipe once more, My braines daunce trenchmore, + It is headdy, J am geeddy, My head and braines, Back and raines, Jointes and vaines, From all paines, * Jt ocears in John Weelkes’ Ayeres or Phantasticke Spirites, 1608. _ + A popular dance tune. See Chappell’s Popular Musie of the Olden Time. ~I Or INCREASED CONSUMPTION. It doth well purge and make cleane, Then those that doe condemne it, Or such as not commend it, Never were so wise to learne, Good Tobacco to discerne, Let them go plucke a crow, And not know as I do, The sweet of Trinidado. Edmund Gardiner, the author of The Triall of Tobacco (1610), complains that, “'The patrimony of many noble young gentlemen, have been quite ex- hausted, and have vanished cleane away with this smoky vapour, and hath most shamefully and beastly flyen out at the master’s nose;”’ and that, “ othersome there be that spend whole daies, moneths, times, and yeares (for the most part) in tabacco taking, not sparing to take it even in their bed,” a custom now chiefly indulged in by the Germans. “ Thus,” he continues, “you see that tobacco is a fantasticall attracter, and glutton-feeder of the appetite, rather taken of many for wantonnesse, when they have nothing else to do than of any absolute or necessarie use.” A most curious account of the increase of the tobacco trade in London, is furnished in the following words by Barnaby Rich, in his Honestie of this Age (1614) :—‘‘ There is not so base a sroome that comes into an ale-house to call for his pott, but he must have his pipe of tobacco; for it is a commodity that is nowe as vendible in every taverne, wine, and ale-house, as eyther wine, ale, or beare ; and for apothecaries’ shops, grocers’ shops, chandlers’ shops, they are (almost) never without company, that from morning till night 76 . TOBACCO IN EUROPE. are still taking of tobacco. What a number are there besides, that doe keepe houses, set open shoppes, that have no other trade to live by, but by the selling of tobacco. “TI have heard it told, that now very lately there hath been a catalogue of all those new erected houses that have sett up that trade of selling tobacco in London, and neare about London; and if a man may believe what is confidently reported, there are found to be upward of seven thousand houses that doth live by that trade. I cannot say whether they number apothe- caries’ shops, grocers’ shops, and chandlers’ shops, in the computation, but let it bee that these were thrust in to make up the number: let us now look a little into the vidimus of the matter, and let us cast upp but a sleight account what the expense might be that is consumed in smoakie vapour. “Tf it be true that there be seven thousand shops in and about London, that doth vent tobacco, as it is credibly reported that there be over and above that number, it may well be supposed to be but an ill- customed shop, that taketh not five shillings a day, one day with another, throughout the whole year; or, 1f one doth take lesse, two other may take more: but let us make our account, but after two shillings sixpence a day, for he that taketh lesse than that would be ill able to pay his rent, or to keepe open his shop- ‘windows; neither would tobacco houses make such a muster as they do, and that almost in every lane, and in every by-corner round about London. ee PERSECUTION. OL “Tet us then reckon thus, seven thousand halte- crownes a day, amounteth just to three hundred nine- teen thousand, three hundred seventie-five pounds a yeare, summa totalis, all spent in smoake.” * It must not be imagined that the lovers of the herb were allowed their enjoyment unmolested. It was soon denounced in unmeasured terms by those who did not partake of it; and the rancour of the attack was characterised by that total want of charity which has ever marked those who— ‘¢ Compound for sins they are inclined to By damning those they have no mind to.” “Modern lovers of the pipe” (observes a writer in the New York Literary World, of Feb. 1848,) ‘seldom think of the worthies to whom they are indebted for its free enjoyment; and of those who delight in nasal aliment, how few ever call to mind the Diocletian per- secutions their predecessors passed through in adher- ing to their faith in, and transmitting to their descend- ants, the virtues of tobacco. Europe frowned, and Asia threatened ; Pagan, Mahommedan, and Christian monarchs combined to crush them. The world was roused like a famishing lion from its lair, and gloated on them. James I. of England, foaming with rage, sent forth his Counterblast; the half savage ruler of * PREVALENCE OF SMOKING. ipa tobacco as they ride along, to the great admiration and delight of all the spectators.” * Tobacco had long before this assumed a fixed position as a favourite luxury all over Europe. After its intro- duction to the East at the close of the sixteenth century, it became a prime favourite there. In Persia it conquered Shah Abbas, who first opposed its use by eruel penalties, and on one occasion threw an unfortu- nate vendor into the fire with his goods; but the love for the indulgence was too well spread, and he suc- cumbed. ‘The Turks, as we have noted, had similar persecutions to encounter, after the custom had become all but universal among them, the Sultan, Amurath IV., having taken into his head that smoking made men impotent; an opinion also held by Sir William Vaughan in his Directions for Health (1613), and again made the subject of a jocular treatise in 1675, called The woman's complamt against Tobacco. Dr. Brown in his Travels in Germany (1677), mentions having seen in Vienna the followers of the Cham of Tartary, and says “they took much tobacco in very long pipes; their tobacco not in rolls, but in leaves, and dry.” The Chinese obtained the herb from the Portuguese, and often employed it in place of opium. In Russia it was prohibited, because a few instances of fires oc- curred in Moscow, occasioned by persons dropping asleep with lighted pipes. A law was for a very short * Jordan’s London Triumphant ; or the City in Jollity and Splendor, a pamphlet descriptive of the Lord Mayor’s Show in the above year. 122 : TOBACCO IN EUROPE. time in force in France, prohibiting the sale of to- bacco, except by order of a physician,* the supply only to be obtained of an apothecary. The Dutch have always been famed for a love of the weed: the pipe is, and ever was, their great solace. The admirable manner in which Washington Irving has narrated their smoking powers in Knickerbocker, is no exaggeration; no one can travel in Holland in the present day, without observing the constant use of the pipe. Railway carriages are expressly fitted for smokers; and small metal troughs for tobacco ashes, provided near the seats. The popular theatres of Amsterdam permit smoking during the performances, and a Dutch eritic in the pit may see his favourite play, or still more* favourite heroine, through the agreeable medium of tobacco-smoke. ‘The Germans can, however, rival them in their powers of smoking. Barham, in his Lay of St. Odille (Ingoldsby Legends) humourously describes 66 a certain Count Herman, A highly respectable man as a German, Who smoked like a chimney, and drank like a Merman.” Certainly the Germans’ love of beer and tobacco 1s unrivalled elsewhere, and enables him to do what none but those “to the manner born” could do. To drink a pint of beer at a draught, and several quarts at a sitting; and to fill pipes as continually as they are * Tt was issued by Lous XIII. in 1635. CHEWING TOBACCO. 123 burnt out, for the best part of a day, is no uncommon thing in Bavaria. It would astonish the weak minds of tee-totallers and tobacco-haters could they take a seat for a day in any Lustgarten of this most philoso- phic nation. After their clear elucidation of the fatal consequences of both habits, it is strange that any Germans are to be found alive after thirty years of age. The practice of chewing tobacco, recorded to have been used by the Indians to stay hunger in travel, appears to have had no general popularity.. Soldiers and sailors adopted it from the same reasons, and from the inconvenience of using the pipe. It was sanctioned by the eustom of General Monk at the Restoration, and it was usual with gentlemen to sport silver basins to spit in, something after the Ameri- can fashion, as represented in an old snuff-box, of the time of James I., published by the Society of Anti- quaries,* and copied in our engray- ing, from which it appears that this questionable custom was ‘done with a grace,” ifwe may judge from the affected attitude of the cavalier. Neander, the Dutch physician, whose work T'abaco- logia, published in 1622, we have already quoted, notes * Archeologia, Vol. 28. Ben Jonson, in his Every Man Out of his Humour, notes the custom. py TOBACCO IN EUROPE. the various kinds of tobacco then used, which obtained their names from the places where they were grown. Thus, Brazilian, St. Domingo, Orinoco, Virginia, and Trinidad tobacco, at once point to well known localities. Of these, the last named was most popular in England, and is frequently named by early authors. Thus the song of the corporal and watch, in Beaumont and Fletcher’s play The Knight of Malta, has the lines :— ‘¢' To thee a full pot, my little lanceprisado, * And when thou hast done, a pipe of Trinidado.” Amazonian tobacco came from the lands on the border of the great river Amazon; and Varinas, called by Brathwait in his Smoaking Age (1617), Varina and Varinian tobacco, is named from a town in Columbia, still famed for its tobacco.f Cavendish was named from the great captain, whose voyages made him famous, and was originally cut up from a closely pressed cake of the leaf, for the use of the smoker ; it is still the most coarsely cut tobacco of all. Carotte was a popular tobacco with Frenchmen, and was formed into long thin rolls, sweetened with treacle, and cut for smoking or chewing like the modern pigtail; it is represented on the table in our cut, p. 57. oll tobacco was formed in a continuous thin rope of leaf, by aid of a wheel, as twine is made; and * A lanceprisado is a lance-corporal, the lowest grade of military officer. ‘* A leader or governor of half a file, and therefore is commonly called a middleman, or captain over four.” —Note in Gifford’s Massinger. + A Paper of Tobacco, 1839. ee ~~. REIGN OF WILLIAM III. E25 was formed by adding the leaves to each other, and tightly compressing them as the wheel revolved, a roll consisting of very many yards was then formed; the tobacco roll therefore became the favourite sign of the tobacconist. ‘The process of this manufacture is exhibited in our cut from the shop-bill of “ Benjamin Parkes, at the Cross, Worcester,’ temp. Geo. I. Sometimes this kind of tobacco was twisted in the manner of coarse cord, into a thick ball larger than a man’s head, which formed a stock from which to “ cut and come again.” During the reign of William the Third tobacco met with a patronage almost universal. Pipes grew larger then, and ruled by a Dutchman, all England smoked in peace. Misson, in his Memoirs of Travels over Fingland (1697), notes “ this perpetual use of tobacco,” among men and women, particularly in country places ; and he thinks that this “makes the generality of Englishmen so taciturn, so thoughtful and so melan- choly;” but as if he agreed with Ben Jonson’s Master Stephen, that “your melancholy is ever the breeder of your excellent wit,” he adds “ Tobacco not only breeds 126 TOBACCO IN EUROPE. profound theologists, but also begets moral philoso- phers: witness the following sonnet :— . ‘¢ Sweet smoking pipe; bright glowing stove, Companion still of my retreat, Thou dost my gloomy thoughts remove, And purge my brain with gentle heat. ‘¢ Tobacco, charmer of my mind, When, like the meteor’s transient gleam, Thy substance gone to air, I find, I think, alas, my life’s the same ! ‘¢ What else but lighted dust am I ? Thou show’st me what my fate will be ; And when thy sinking ashes die, T learn that I must end like thee.” Dr. Henry Aldrich, the musical Dean of Christ-. church Oxford, well known from his popular Glee “Hark! the bonny Christ-church bells;” was a smoker* also, and composed the following . quaint “ Catch on Tobacco; to be sung by four men at the time of smoaking their pipes;” which we here reprint, from The Second Book of the Pleasant Musical Companion, 1687. Good ! good indeed ! The Herb’s good weed ; j Fill thy pipe, Will, and I prithee, Sam, fill, For sure we may smoak, and yet sing still ; For what say the learned ? Vita fumus, Tis what you and I, and he and I, and all of us, Swmus. * There is an amusing anecdote related of the Dean’s continuous devotion to his pipe. One of the students betted another that however early, or at whatever time the Doctor was visited in his own sanctum, he would be found smoking. The bet was taken, and at once the Dean was visited ; when the reason of the visit was given, “ Your friend has lost,” said the: Dean, ‘‘I am not smoking, only filling my pipe.” TOBACCO RIDDLES. 7 But then to the learned say we again, If Life’s a smoak, as they maintain, If Life’s a vapour, without doubt, When a man does dye, They should not cry, That his glass isrun, but his pipe is out. But whether we smoak, or whether we sing, Let’s be loyal, and remember the king ; Let him live, and let his foes vanish, Thus like a pipe, like a pipe of Spanish.” Many similar quaint whims were dreamed over a pipe, and occasionally given to the world. In the True trial of understanding, or Wit newly revived, a chap-book printed for hawkers in the reign of Anne, is the following riddle :— ‘¢ What tho’ I have a nauseous breath, Yet many a one will me commend ; I am beloved after death, And serviceable unto my friend.” The answer is thus given: ‘ This is tobacco, after cut and dry d, being dead, becometh serviceable.” A much more ingenious “conceit” of the same kind, which requires the name of the herb to be written down letter by letter,in Roman capitals, to fully comprehend it s—is as follows :— ‘* To three-fourths of a cross add a circle complete ; Let two semicircles a perpendicular meet ; Next add a triangle that stands on two feet ; Then two semicircles, and a circle complete.” During the reign of Anne, the custom of smoking appears to have attained its greatest height in Hngland —says the author of the excellent little Paper of 138 TOBACCO IN EUROPE. Tobacco, and “the consumption of tobacco was then proportionably greater, considering the population, than it is at the present time.” The golden names of literature patronised the custom. Addison, Congreve, Phillips, Prior, and Steele, consumed tobacco; Pope and Swift, following the favourite example of the Con- tinental clergy, took snuff. In the days of the Regency, no French abbé was without his box, and as the rank of the clergy so was the indulgence in the “pungent dust,’ rendered more recherché and ex- pensive by the perfection of its quality and scent. The author of the Beau in a Wood (1701), speaks of the enormous wigs then in fashion, as generally “scented with tobacco.” In 1708, one Lawrence Spooner, emulous of the fame of King James or Du Bartas, published some quaint rhymes, which he called A. Looking-Glass for Smoakers ; his rhymes are, as Dogberry would say, “most tolerable, and not to be endured,’ but his preface (fortunately in prose) lets us into the secret of the very general practice of smoking in England at his period; ‘in two miles compass may be found a thousand families or persons in country villages, that one with another, do smoak, snuff, or chaw, the year round, one penny a day, and most of these coal or lime-men, firemen, &c.”’ He then goes on to demon- strate that 15251. a year, is the cost of this, which in twenty years would double itself at the interest of a shilling in the pound; but, “if improv’d thriftily, in twenty years it would amount to more than £130,000 A JEREMIAD. 129 to divide amongst the smoakers and their heirs for ever. By which the world may see what mischief this Land robber doth amongst them.” He adds “ The sin of the kingdom in the intemperate use of tobacco, swelleth and increaseth so daily, that I can compare it to nothing but the waters of Noah, that swell’d fifteen cubits above the highest mountains. So that if this practice shall continue to increase as it doth, in an age or two it will be as hard to find a family free, as it was so long time since one that commonly took it.” But the author is most pained that the pious should indulge in the habit, and in his horror at recording the fact, he rises so far above himself, that we quote his own words: ‘“ But above all, that this practice should overgrow all the powers of reason, religion, and ex- perience amongst most part of the godly, is yet to be admired: * that a thing should grow to that height in their affections (that is not naturally pleasant) is a wonder: that they should suffer such an unnatural fire to be kindled in their nature, that proves in the event to be such a world of iniquity, and puts them in such a ferment and disorder, may make us cry out with the prophet Jeremiah, chap. 2, v. 12, ‘Be astonished, Oh ye heavens, at this! be ye horribly afraid, be ye very desolate, saith the Lord of Hosts!’”’ Even this did not “put the pipe out”’ of any faithful lover of the weed ; the clergy were great favourers of __ * Let no modern reader understand this word in a modern sense ; words change meanings marvellously as times change. Mr. Spooner’s admiration is a frightened astonishment or holy horror, K 130 TOBACCO IN EUROPE. the practice, and in no degree diminished the enjoy- ment of a “cheerful pipe.” Hogarth, in his Modern Midnight Conversation, has introduced one in full canonicals, amid the merry party, smoking lke a steam-engine and carrying a ring tobacco-stopper on his finger. To be sure, if the parson be the famous orator Henley (as some say, but do not prove*), it 1s no very creditable exemplar of the cloth; but that the custom was a= — common with reverend ue 5 sons of the Church appears ee, from abundant authority ; and that it still, or till very lately, was the solace of the country parson any one acquainted with village life can tell. The author has known several such smokers; and can also instance a London clergyman of much reputation, with great power in the Arts as well as in hterature, who always smoked in his vestry after Prayers, during the Psalm, while waiting to begin his sermon. When Sir Robert Walpole, in 1732, introduced his excise bill into parliament, the greatest popular hatred was immediately evinced towards the measure. To- bacco was one of the articles especially “excised,” and the un-English and inquisitorial power ultimately given * Mrs. Piozzi was of opinion that it represented ‘‘ Parson Ford,” Dr. Johnson’s uncle, THE EXCISE. 131 by that measure, has existed as a clog on the trade till this hour. Sir Robert did not, however, conquer easily, and an abundance of satire, in picture and prose, was levelled at him. In one plate, called The Triumphant Haciseman, amid other horrors, trade ‘droops sorrowfully over a hogshead of tobacco. An- other caricature exhibits the Premier drawn in his chariot by a many-headed dragon, one of whose mouths swallows the pipe and pot of the unfortunate Englishman, as here represented. ‘The leges are flying, deprived of everything eatable or drinkable, while one of the monster’s heads disgorges into Sir Robert’s chariot an abundant stream of gold. His ravages are thus predicted :— ‘* At first hell begin ye With a pipe of Virginie, Then search ev’ry shop in his rambles ; If you force him to flee From the Custom-house key, The monster will lodge in your shambles.” Sir Robert’s bill was violently opposed, and his party endeavoured to turn the tables on their oppo- nents by similar means. A ministerial squib was published purporting to be “a full and true account of a curious dialogue between one Mr. D’Anvers, and one Mr. Cut, a great Tobacco merchant,” in which it was affirmed that the excise was only. intended for ie 2; 12 TOBACCO IN EUROPE. the protection of the fair trader, as the tobac- conist— ** Wad learnt such a knack In the case of drawback, For each pound of tobacco exported, That the custom for two They draw back as their due, Ly which they are bravely supported.” This way of cheating the customs is thus explained in a note: ‘At the lowest computation, the duties upon tobacco annually imported amount to £800,000. It is not computed by any one acquainted with that trade, that in fact there is exported from Great Britain into all foreign ports, near one half of the whole; but admitting that a half were sent abroad, in that case there should remain £400,000 per annum to the re- venue ; but the truth is the whole duties remaining to the crown, after drawbacks have been allowed, never amounted to above £160,000. Whence it is plain the public must have been cheated of £240,000 per annum by drawbacks only.” Walpole was, however, defeated in his bill, and “the noble stand, or glorious two hundred and four” who opposed it, were celebrated in another caricature, where Britons of all grades are represented dancing round a maypole garnished with grapes and tobacco leaves. Liberty, in the foreground, erushes tyranny; while opposite (to quote the descrip- tive verse) :— ‘* Pwo hogsheads on the right stand side by side, This with tobacco, that with wine supply’d ; On these fair liberty, divinely bright, - And trade, with florid looks, your eye delight.” Co LIBERTY AND TRADE. 13 The cut here copied, is a copy of their portion of the picture. ‘I'he difference between the tobacco and wine cask, has been carefully noted by the engraver. A great oppo- nent of the bill, was the tobac- conist Ben Bradley, whose por- trait was published by Pond, with the verse beneath :— “* Behold the man, who, when a gloomy band Of vile excisemen threatened all the land, _ Help’d to deliver from their harpy gripe The chearfull bottle and the social pipe. OQ rare Ben Bradley! may for this the bowl, Still wnexcised, rejoice thy honest soul ! May still the best in Christendom™* for this Cleave to thy stopper, and compleat thy bliss !” Hogarth decorated this plate with a minute etching, indicative of unexcised liberty; in which the British Lion, pipe in mouth, makes free with Britannia who also smokes while seated on a hogshead of tobacco. This design of Hogarth’s was adopted on Bradley’s Shop-bill, with the inscription beneath “the best in Christendom without excise.” At this period, when tradesmen vied with each other in expensive signs, carved or painted, over their doors, they also rivalled * Bradley used to wrap his tobacco in papers, thus inscribed. The noble art of puffing has always flourished in trade. 134 TOBACCO IN EUROPE. each other in decorated cards and shop-bills, employ- ing the best available talent for the purpose. Hogarth, in his early days, was much employed in designing and engraving these bills, and Ireland has published fac- similes of several, among the rest that of ‘‘ Richard Lee, at ye Golden Tobacco-roll, in Panton Street, near Leicester fields,’ which is remarkable for the general resemblance the design upon it bears to one of the best pictures executed in after years by the artist; his Modern Midnight Conversation. We may here most conveniently introduce a few no- tices of the old tobacconists, their “‘ manners and cus- toms” in business, and the minor details of their shops. The Signs of tobacconists’ shops in the last century, usually consisted of a large wooden figure of a black Indian, decorated with a crown of tobacco-leaves, and “a kilt” of the same material. He was usually placed at the side of the door, above which hung three rolls of tobacco, also cut in wood; and they were never absent, as the sign of the tobacco-shop, however humble its owner might be, and unable to afford that higher piece joes of art, the blackamoor. G A curious tobacconist’s sign is engraved in an amusing little volume published in 1840;* consisting of three hands con- joined to one arm. The first holding snuff on the thumb, the second a pipe, * It is entitled A Pinch of Snuff, and was published anonymously. fewnl cs wr COINS OF TOBACCONISTS. the third a quid of tobacco; beneath were the lines :— ‘¢ We three are engaged in one cause ; I snufis, I smokes, and I chaws.”’ ‘Lhe same distich sometimes appeared on painted signs, beneath figures of a Scotchman, a Dutchman, and a Sailor. Throughout the seventeenth century, the want of a small copper currency was awkwardly felt by traders ; and the difficulty was met by each man striking small coins for his own use, bearing his name, trade, and address upon them, and sometimes an engraved allu- sion to his business. Until Charles the Second, in 1672, made the issue of such pieces unlawful, and then provided a royal currency in their place, tens of thousands of these coins circulated in every town in the kingdom. They were tacitly received from trader to trader, ‘‘for necessary change,” as was sometimes expressed upon them. Evelyn notices their popularity in his time; and that though sometimes re- stricted to the immediate neighbour- hood of the issuer, they served his pur- pose as an advertisement, as well as a convenience. Weselect two thus issued a 2X6 40 by tobacconists in London: ‘The first is a farthing upon which is exhibited three pipes, it was issued by “‘ Alexander Sharp, in Chick Lane ” (West Smithfield); the second is a halfpenny made in the form of a heart, and having 136 TOBACCO IN EUROPE. upon it a tobacco-roll, and the inscription ‘John Poyntting, in Cloath-fair (Smithfield), his halfpenny, 1667.” Both are in the British Museum.* There is an anecdote related in Hone’s Table Book, vol. i. p. 884, of a man named Farr, who opened a tobacco-shop on Fish Street Hill, and attracted cus- tomers from an old shop opposite, by writing over his door ‘‘ The best Tobacco by Farr.” 'This attracted the sailors, who deserted the other shop, till the owner put up a new sign, inscribed “ Far better Tobacco, than the best Tobacco by Farr.” Now this story, absurd as it may appear, is literally true; his shop-cards are still in existence, in which among rich scroll orna- ments and emblematic figures, occur the words “The finest tobacco by Farr.” In the early days of tobacco we have seen that the Apothecary was its salesman; after that the tobacco- nist combined other trades with his own. He sold liquors, as is proved by the engraving from Brath- -wait’s book, on p. 88, and later he dealt in grocery. Thus the shop-bill of Benjamin Parkes at Worcester, (temp. Geo. 1.) informs us that he “manufactures all sorts of tobaccos and snuffs ; lhkewise sells coffee, teas, chocolate, lump sugars, and hosiery gocds, wholesale and retail.’ London dealers had the same general * In Bushnell’s Catalogue of American Tokens (New York, 1858), is one struck in condemnation of tobacco. He describes it as having upon the obverse a figure of a boy trampling upon leaves of tobacco ; and the words, ‘I will never use tobacco in any form.” The reverse contains the motto: ‘* Tobacco tends to idleness, poverty, strong drink, vice, ill health, insanity, and death.” The metal is, very appropriately, brass. —— TOBACCO PAPERS. ~ 137 trade, one of the best of the same era, Wimble and Co., of Fenchurch Street, “sell all sorts of snuffs, tobaccos, teas, flour of ‘mustard, and Cayenne peppers, wholesale and retail.” Many of these shop-bills are expensively and carefully engraved, and have furnished us with a few curious cuts for our volume. Their tobacco, it is to be hoped, was of better quality than their poetry: here is a sample from a bill of Von der Heyde in Bermondsey Street, 1760, representing the dealer offering two boxes :— “¢ Here’s two full boxes, taste which you think right, The one’s to smoak, the other’s to clear the sight ; T do declare they’re both the very best ; Then pray confess ’m the Tobacconist.” Such rhymes were frequently printed on tobacco- papers, which occasionally exhibited an enigma, puzzle, or charade, for the amusement of the customer; a custom, that can be traced as far back as the middle of the seventeenth century. In 1748, an American printed ‘choice Pennsylvania tobacco-paper,’ and turned to that account some papal bulls captured in a Spanish vessel; and he declared his willingness to sell “at a much cheaper rate than they can be purchased of the French and Spanish priests, and yet will be warranted to be of the same advantage to the pos- sessors.” ‘I'his fashion of giving “something literary” on tobacco-papers, was very customary about twenty years ago, and embraced a large variety of topics: they were printed within a “type-border,” in the centre of a 138 TOBACCO IN EUROPE. piece of paper, large enough to hold the tobacco. We here give an example arranged as in the original:— __ BRS 3K SEK SE Se OK OE NESE DSK OKO Sk Be OR ED EE Best Tobacco. : LONDON. ANAGRAM, Mone! no fool the play and Friend, my and money my keep wowd I Before, had have I as Friend, a and money both I'd If Fell; me from quite away Friend, my but money, my had I Well, very me pleas’d which Friend, my came money with length at Not. would I him sue for Friend, my and money my lost I Got, I words but naught and Friend, my of money my ask’d I Therefore ; word his took and Friend, my to money my lent I ae Store, great set I both by oe Friend, a and money both had I = KE SE DE Be SE SE DK DE BK SK OE BE BOK Se SE OK BE OR OK OK Se OK SK oe ES -s ee a a a a 5, This not very difficult puzzle may be solved by beginning at the end of the rhymes, and reading each line backward, when ‘“‘the proceeds of much worldly wisdom” will be the result. Another exhibits this riddle: “‘O and P ran arace; Q backed O, knowing that P would win. Why was this lke going into a shop and asking for shag and getting short-cut ?— Because it was wrong to back O.” Here is a typo- eraphical puzzle on another :-— TOBACCO PAPERS. 139 ««h er ei Sal us tInmann och ainc ant Ame, O, floUd lypu—Bli, Shin ; gh isn ei gH b(ours’s Ha)me: O, Nea, Gles’ win ‘‘ Gsimm, or’ ralsc ; an da Isfly, Whil ? stvi rtu Ou sact (Ion sareb) ut Bor nan d—d ie!” Which is a moral apophthegm, a little deranged pur- posely by the printer, and will read thus :— ‘‘ There is a lust in man no chain can tame, Of loudly publishing his neighbours’ shame ! On eagles’ wings immoral scandals fly, Whilst virtuous actions are but born and die!” Another gives some original laudatory rhymes called the CONFESSION OF A CIGAR-SMOKER. I owe to smoking, more or less, Through life the whole of my success ; With my cigar I’m sage and wise— Without, I’m dull as cloudy skies. When smoking all my ideas soar, When not, they sink upon the floor. The greatest men have all been smokers, And so were all the greatest jokers. Then ye who'd bid adieu to care, Come here and smoke it into air ! _ Many of these papers are “adorned with cuts,” that must have done service for very many years. One, engraved about 1780, is copied in next page; it represents the three modes of using tobacco, by chew- ing, smoking, and snuffing, sometimes exhibited in painted signs over tobacconists’ doors, as already 140 TOBACCO IN EUROPE. alluded to. These cuts were printed in the centre of various-sized papers, and used to envelope the weed. i The sailor’s love for tobacco has always been steady and excessive. It is a most important item in navy estimates, and one of the “ greatest necessities” In Jack’s estimation ; but in this love, he is not without rivals on land, for some few would sacrifice their dinner for their pipe, if the two could not be indulged in. Spence, in his Parallel between Magliabecht and fill (1757),* declares of the latter, who was a poor Buckinghamshire tailor, ‘‘ that he has past many and many whole days, in this and the former year, with- out tasting anything but water and tobacco.” The sailor’s devotion to tobacco, is amusingly illustrated by * First printed by Walpole, at the Press of Strawberry Hill, and after- wards by Dodsley, in his Fugitive Pieces. : rah , A SAILORS LETTER. 141 the d@ollowing letter from a little volume, entitled Nicotiana, 1834 :— ** GRAVESEND, March 24, 1813. “Dear Brother ‘l'om ; “This comes hopein to find you in good health as it leaves me safe anckor’d here yesterday at 4 P.M. arter a pleasant voyage tolerable short and a few squalls.—Dear 'Tom—hopes to find poor old father stout, and am quite out of pig-tail—Sights of pig-tail at Gravesend, but unfortinly not fit for a dog to chor. Dear Tom, Captain’s boy will bring you this, and put pig-tail in his pocket when bort. Best in London at the Black Boy in 7 diles, where go acks for best pig-tail—pound a pig-tail will do, and am short of shirts. Dear Tom, as for shirts ony took 2 whereof one is quite wored out and tuther most, but don’t forget the pig-tail, as I a’n’t had a quid to chor never since Thursday. Dear Tom, as for the shirts, your size will do, only longer. I liks um long—get one at present; best at Tower-hill, and cheap, but be par- ticler to go to 7 diles for the pig-tail at the Black Boy, and Dear Tom, acks for pound best pig-tail, and let it be good. Captain’s boy will put the pig-tail in his pocket, he likes pig-tail, so ty it up. Dear Tom, shall be up about Monday there or thereabouts, Not so per- ticuler for the shirt, as the present can be washed, but don’t forget the pig-tail without fail, so am your loving brother.” ee hee oe “P. S.—Don’t forget the pig-tail.” 142 TOBACCO IN EUROPE. Scattered in the Magazine literature of the last century, are some good specimens of what lovers of the weed can do in the way of rhyme. One of the most whimsical of these effusions occurs in the Gentleman’s Magazine for February 1857, and is as follows :-— CHOOSING A WIFE BY A PIPE OF TOBACCO. Tube, I love thee as my life ; By thee I mean to chuse a wife. Tube, thy colowr let me find, In her skin, and in her mind. Let her have a shape as fine ; Let her breath be sweet as thine : Let her, when her lips I kiss, Burn like thee, to give me bliss : Let her in some smoke or other All my failings kindly smother. Often when my thoughts are low, Send them where they ought to go. When to study I incline, Let her aid be such as thine: - Such as thine her charming pow’r In the vacant social hour. Let her live to give delight, Ever warm and ever bright : Let her deeds, when’er she dies, Mount as incense to the skies. One of the best and most curious effusions which tobacco smoke has inspired, was the Pipe of Tobacco by Isaac Hawkins Brown.* It is aseries of six poems on this theme, written—and admirably written—in the styles of six different authors.t With the selection of one. * Born 1705, died, 1760. + They are Cibber (the Laureat), Phillips, Thomson, Young, Pope, and Swift. They may be seen in Ritson’s Anthology, and Dodsley. GROWN IN ENGLAND. 143 example we will take our leave of the Nicotian Muse; this one was, however, according to Ritson supplied to the series by Dr. John Hoadly. It is in imitation of Ambrose Phillips, himself the great originator of burlesque in his Splendid Shilling, a copy of the style of Milton. Thus Phillips is supposed to sing :— Pretty tube of mighty power ! Charmer of an idle hour ; Object of my hot desire, Lip of wax and eye of fire ; And thy snowy taper waist, With my fingers gently brac’d ; And thy lovely swelling crest, With my bended stopper prest ; And the sweetest bliss of blisses, Breathing from thy balmy kisses ; Happy thrice and thrice agen— Happiest he of happy men ! Who, when again the night returns, When again the taper burns ; When again the crickets gay, Little crickets full of play ; Can afford his tube to feed, With the fragrant Indian weed ; Pleasure for a nose divine, Incense of the god of wine! Happy thrice and thrice agen— Happiest he of happy men ! Notwithstanding the restrictive policy of the English Laws to benefit colonial growers, efforts were made to cultivate it in Great Britain. Prior to the year 1782 it was extensively grown in the vale of York and Rye- dale in the North Riding of Yorkshire. In the latter district it did not excite the notice of regal authority, and it was cured and manufactured by a man who had tek rif 144 TOBACCO IN EUROPE. formerly been employed upon ‘the tobacco plantations in America; who not only cured it properly, but gave it the proper cut, and finally prepared it for the pipe. But in the vale of York the cultivators met with less favourable circumstances. Their tobacco was publicly burned, and themselves severely fined and imprisoned. Penalties, it was said, were paid to the amount of £30,000.* In Scotland it was successfully cultivated during the American war in the neighbourhood of Kelso, Jedburg, and a few other places, and succeeded so well that the produce of thirteen acres at Crailing realised £114 at the low rate of four pence a pound, which only was allowed to be charged for it to Govern- ment, to whom only by Act of parliament were the cul- tivators allowed to sell the leaf, or they might have obtained treble the price. The Act of the 19 Geo. 3. permitted Ireland to grow tobacco free of duty for home consumption ; but it was never cultivated there to any great extent, and in 1828 its cultivation was entirely prohibited. It was a piece of jocularity among the lower classes in Ireland, about a century ago when transportation to “His Majesty’s plantations in North America” was a punishment, to term it “ being sent to His Majesty’s tobacco manufactory.” The pipe may be useful to the Sportsman; for Dr. Forster, in his Kalendar of the Months, says when tobacco smoke hangs lazily in the air, scarcely moving, and preserving a strong aroma, “it is almost an * Brodigan, Treatise on the Tobacco Plant. SMOKING IN PRISON. 145 infallible method of judging of good scent” for that day ; as he observed from his own habit of constantly amusing himself with a pipe early in the morning. Another mode of using tobacco smoke—to “ throw off the scent” of the worst kind of animal, a cruel Jailor —occurred in the Paris prisons during the Reign of Terror, when commissaries searched even there for plots and implements, depriving the unfortunate of “‘a, needle to darn hose with.” ‘“ Two shifty citizens,” says Carlyle—“ determined to defend themselves by tobacco; they light their pipes to begin smoking. Thick darkness envelopes them. The red nightcaps opening the cell, breathe but one mouthful; and burst forth into chorus of barking and coughing. ‘ Quoi! Messieurs, cry the Citizens, ‘You dont smoke? Is the pipe disagreeable? Est-ce que vous ne fumez pas?’ But the red nightcaps have fled, with slight search: ‘ Vous n’aimez pas la pipe ?’ cry the Citizens as their door slams-to again.” * Cowper the Poet entertained a similar dislike to tobacco; in one of his letters he descants in the highest terms of his friend the Rev. Mr. Bull, and ends his eulogium with these words :—‘‘ Such is Mr. Bull—but—he smokes tobacco. Nothing is perfect!” His other clerical friend, the Rev. John Newton, did the same. It may be doubted if the Poet might not have been improved by taking a pipe as well as a * Maison d’Arrét de Port-Libre, par Coittant (Mémoires sur les Prisons, u.)—Carlyle’s French Revolution, vol. iii., p. 336. . L 146 TOBACCO IN EUROPE. sermon from either. ‘In many cases of religious melancholy, where long prayers are ineffectual, great relief may often be expected from a pipe. The late Rev. Robert Hall of Leicester, a truly pious man, and from his talents an honour to the religious community to which he belonged, found in a pipe a remedy for the melancholy with which he was afflicted in his younger years.’* ‘The celebrated Dr. Parr is the greatest modern example of an excessive smoker. He smoked continually in season and out of it, even in company of ladies, and in their drawing-rooms; he insisted in the indulgence wherever he went, and generally picked out some young lady to light his pipe after dinner. He sometimes smoked twenty pipes in an evening, and he never wrote well without tobacco; he describes him- self as composing -his works “and rolling volcanic fumes of tobacco to the ceiling.” Dr. Richardson, in his Recollections of the last Half-Century, tells us that Dr. Parr, at the dinner given at Trinity College to the Duke of Gloucester as Chancellor of the University of Cam- bridge, upon the removal of the cloth, indulged in his . eternal pipe, “blowing a cloud into-the faces of his neighbours, much to their annoyance, and causing royalty to sneeze by the stimulating stench of munduneus.” ‘This is certainly no example for a decent smoker to follow; but as Parr lived to the ripe age of seventy-eight, it is a pretty good proof that the ummoderate use of tobacco is not very fatal. * A Paper of Tobacco, p. 74. CELEBRATED SMOKERS. 147 Another and a greater philosopher, Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, smoked to excess, and he lived to the age of ninety-two. Aubrey tells us that he always took a pipe of tobacco after dinner as a digestive, a custom held to be of “a rare and singular virtue” in his day. Sir Isaac Newton was also a great smoker, and as if to show the fallacy of many objections to tobacco, one being that it injures the teeth, though he lived to a good old age he lost but one tooth.* Of royal symposiums where the weed was largely indulged in, perhaps the most remarkable was that of the first Frederick of Prussia, whose ‘‘ Tabaks Col- legium” was the cabinet council of the country. It is vividly described by Carlyle, who slyly remarks, in contrasting it with our parliament, “the substitution of tobacco-smoke for Parliamentary eloquence, is by some held to be a great improvement.” + Of literary men Goethe hated tobacco, a very extra- ordinary thing for a German to do. Heinrich Heine had the same dislike. Of French littérateurs Balzac, Victor Hugo, and Dumas, did not smoke; but the smokers are Alfred de Musset, Hugéne Sue, Merimée, Paul de St. Victor, and Madame Dudevant, better * Tobacco in powder was formerly used as a dentifrice. In Tobacco, a Poem, 1669, we are told : ** At Celia’s toilet dost thou claim a right— The nymph so famed for teeth, like ivory white, For breath more fragrant than the vernal air, Blest with thy aid, makes every swain despair.” + Carlyle is himself a smoker, a becoming qualification in such a dis- tinguished German scholar. y, 2 ~ 148 TOBACCO IN EUROPE. known by her soubriquet George Sand, who often indulges in a cigar between the intervals of lterary labour; as the ladies of Spain and Mexico delight in doing at all other intervals. Charles Lamb, “‘ the gentle Elia,” was once a great smoker. Ina letter to Wordsworth he says: “To- bacco has been my evening comfort and my morning curse for these five years. I have had it in my head to write this poem for these two years (Farewell to Tobacco*); but tobacco stood in its own light, when it gave me headachest that prevented my singing its praises.” Lamb once, in the height of his smoking days, was puffing coarsest weed from a long clay pipe in company with Parr, who was careful in obtaining finer sorts, and the Doctor in astonishment asked him how he acquired this “ prodigious power!’ Lamb answered, “by toiling after it, as some men toil after virtue.” Of other literary smokers in England we may note Sir Walter Scott, who at one time carried the habit very far. So did the Poet Bloomfield. Campbell, Moore, and Byron delighted inits temperate enjoyment, as does our present Laureat Tennyson, who has echoed its praises with Byron in immortal verse. * This elegant little poem is too well known to require us to do more than allude to it. It is remarkable for its vituperation as well as its praise. The former is insincere ; but it is difficult to doubt the sincerity of such words as ‘* For thy sake, tobacco, I Would do anything but die.” ++ Tobacco does not induce headache ; but beer, spirits, and wine will. Lamb records that he drank freely. DISTINGUISHED SMOKERS. 149 Robert Hall, when at Cambridge, acquired the habit of smoking from being in Parr’s company; and being asked why he had commenced, answered “I am quali- fying myself for the society of a Doctor of Divinity, and this (holding up the pipe) is the test of my admission.” When presented with Clarke’s pamphlet on The Use and Abuse of Smoking,* he said, “I can’t refute his arguments, and I can’t give up smoking.” The “learned in the law” as well as the dignitaries of the Church have smoked.t Lords Eldon and Stowell, and Lord Brougham in early life, indulged thus. The late Duke of Sussex and the Duke of Devonshire gave it aristocratic sanction, and George IV. royally patro- nised it. ‘Thus, from the throne to the cottage the pipe has been a solace; it has aided soldier and sailor in. bearing many a hard privation. Many would rather go without their rations than their pipe, and endure any hardship with it. Here is a modern instance from the late Crimean war :—“ A lady told me a story of a man, M , in her division, which shows how much some of them will venture for a smeke. He had just had one of his toes taken off, under the influence of chloroform. It bled profusely ; and the surgeon, after binding it up, went away, giving her strict injunctions not to allow him to move, and ordered him some medicine, which he would send presently. She was * This was one of the most bitter attacks on the habit, and became the text-book of the oppositionists. + It is recorded that Bishop Fletcher (of London), died in 1596, ‘‘ while sitting in his chair taking tobacco.” 150 TOBACCO IN EUROPE. called away to another patient for a few minutes,-and went, leaving M with strict orders not to put his foot down. On her return to his bedside, to her astonishment he was gone; and after some searching she discovered him, by the traces of blood on the stairs and corridor, sitting down in the yard, smoking his pipe with the greatest sang froid. She spoke to him seriously about disobeying orders and doing himself an injury; but he was perfectly callous on the subject of his toe. She succeeded, however, in working on his feelings at having disfigured the corridor with blood, and he came back, saying, ‘ Indeed, ma'am, I could not help going to have a pipe, for that was the nastiest alluding to the stuff I ever got drunk on in my life’ taste of the chloroform.” * Powerful as may be the objection made by the ‘softer sex” to smoking, backed by some few of that other sex “softer” still, who so vapidly denounce what they cannot enjoy; two popular writers of the day are inclined to doubt the success of either assailant. Thackeray, in his Fitz-Boodle Papers, jocularly says, ladies cannot expect to succeed in conquering the practice. He asks, “ What is this smoking; that it should be considered a crime? I believe in my heart that women are jealous of it, as of arival. The fact is, that: the cigar is a rival to the ladies, and their conqueror too. Do you suppose you will conquer ? Look over the wide world, and see that your adversary * Ismeer, or Smyrna, and the British Hospital in 1855. By A Lapy. CONSOLATION OF A PIPE. lor has overcome it. Germany has been pufling for three- score years; France smokes toa man. Do you think you can keep the enemy out of England? Pshaw! look at his progress. Ask the club-houses. I, for my part, do not despair to see a Bishop lolling out of the Atheneum with a cheroot in his mouth, or, at any rate, a pipe stuck in his shovel hat.” And thus Bulwer discourses :—“ He who doth not smoke hath either known no great griefs, or refuseth himself the softest consolation next to that which comes from heaven. ‘What, softer than woman?’ whispers the young reader. Young reader, woman teases as well as con- soles. Woman makes half the sorrows which she boasts the privilege to soothe. Woman consoles us, it is true, while we are young and handsome; when we -are old and ugly, woman snubs and scolds us. On the whole, then, woman in this scale, the weed in that: Jupiter, hang out thy balance, and weigh them both; and if thou give the preference to woman, all I can say is, the next time Juno ruffles thee—O Jupiter, try the weed !” CHAPTER IV. TOBACCO-PIPES, CIGARS, AND THE SMOKERS PARAPHERNALIA. Tue “Fairy pipe” of Ireland may be safely accepted as the most ancient form of the tobacco-pipe used in the British Islands. This popular name with the Irish peasant is sometimes changed for that of “ Danes’ -~ pipes.” The Scottish peasantry, with the same feel- ing, term these minute receptacles for tobacco “ Elfin apipes;” and with equal desire to antedate their his- _» tory, call them also “ Celtic pipes.” ‘This popular love for associating old things with the most ancient times, or with supernatural beings, is equally the result of a love of the marvellous, inherent in vulgar minds. There are also persons of poetic temperament, who by no means deserve to be classed among these; but who, from their mental conformation, prefer poetic dreams to prosy realities, and who find no difficulty in believ- ing an assertion that upsets a generally received fact, in preference to the fact itself if supported by a hun- dred proofs, any one of which is stronger than those on which they build their theories. Such persons have } ANCIENT IRISH PIPES. LHS not scrupled to do battle for vulgar tradition; and have fought lustily for the Celtic and Danish origin of tobacco-pipes ; and might, with equal consistency, have asserted their superhuman origin, as the works of the Irish Fairies. Why make possibility the limit for ingenious speculation, which has outstripped all pro- bability ? Once ‘ out of bounds,” the poetic tenden- cies of some Irish antiquaries carried them to the goal of their wishes with a wondrous, and to them, a satisfactory rapidity. In 1784, a short pipe was asserted to have been found sticking in the mouth of the skull of an ancient Milesian, at Bannockstown in Kaldare. A learned paper at once appeared in the Anthologia Hibernica, parading it as a relic proving the use of tobacco ages before Ireland was invaded by the Danes. Fortunately a representation of the pipe has been preserved, and in structure it is identical with the Elizabethan pipe. Only those persons who are conversant with the singular idiosyncrasies of some writers, can form an idea how far they allow their imaginations to carry them away, and fortify their theories by a display of misplaced erudition which is but a reductio ad absurdwm after all. It is precisely thus, with the pipe theory.* There is no doubt that tobacco-pipes have been found in connection with early remains in England, Ireland, and Scotland ;— but so have many other things of undoubtedly recent * Dr. Cleland dismisses the subject at once by saying ‘‘ the absurdities written about pipes found in Ireland need not be adverted to.” 154 TOBACCO-PIPES, CIGARS, ETC. origin. We may not be able to account for the fact, but the fact remains— ‘¢ The thing we know is neither rich nor rare, But wonder how the devil it got there.” Tobacco-stoppers of the age of George IJ. have been found with Roman remains in England, and engraved as Roman bronzes. Copper coins, from Charles II. downwards, have been found at oreat depths in the ground, and mixed with Roman remains. One mode of accounting for this may be in the faci- lities afforded for burial by deep fissures in seasons of drought, or holes of rabbits, rats, or moles; another in the results of the constant turning of the earth by the plough; and the fact that Roman antiquities are sometimes a very short distance below the surface ; and another, and probably the best solution, that in all excavations the ground from the sides rolls down to the centre, and reveals for the first time, at the bottom of a hole, that which came from the top. We may be certain, that no authenticated discovery of Celtic or Roman antiquities, where the ground has been entirely undisturbed, includes tobacco-pipes. Sometimes these advocates for ancient smoking prove too much. Thus when the Turkish traveller Eulia Effendi assures us he found a tobacco-pipe imbedded in the wall of an edifice constructed before the birth of Mahomet; his desire to ‘‘ make assurance doubly sure” by declaring it still retained the smell of tobacco smoke, leads us to conclude with the author of a ANTIQUITY OF SMOKING. 155 paper in the Quarterly Review, No. XXV., “that smoking, haying at first been prohibited to the Mahommedans as an innovation, and contrary to the principle of their law; the pipe had probably been inserted in the wall by some lover of tobacco, in order to furnish an argument for the antiquity of the custom, and therefore of its lawfulness.” Attempts of another kind have been unblushingly made. “The Koran has been appealed to, and its modern versions even furnish the American name. ~ + So ‘ DHeaRPa \" fs Frags! f J oe me 2 aicat ee 8 ee BIR a a Ma ae ‘al a 2? 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