of oer z ¢ wth: en vee ae wt? ere eee owe Ree of oe 7 < +4 - a vente eer 7. 7 as oe -! . . he a6 _ - waking ni , i / : po : . b ore “a . vor oaue es ee . i 7 aban aS bay _ : * * . id ae “a as im * > ao. : ’ - . J eas 7 nm : 7 é si . t . os ° . = 7 : 7 ca ® ’ 7 a « 2. 2 = _ : : . x oe SB = “a 7 XN : - 5 - ++? : tins * Noans Petes eS —s 7 Serres, ne ee —5 5 a a et aa i ——— OMWClC y i Y We tvcttL< Oe: S A Topographical Description OF THE PROVINCE OF ge . < ae SRS eC haatne aae AR SI ERIS GN, ymte ot: PORE SORE Seg as ea Ea Rg a a OR ae See Deed! Rieti Oise eS oe ea en ee MT pIe PO APQDIODKVALFHD % FHOTQIOT VT ea fo pes se O | i LTLILVE °P JO MOLES SYIOLMOGT M. or : uy => PaaasTy VEY Aypan) sAouy ges TE peaey yp to duuagr aig 8 UHOG™ petuoy ypoussg 0 uomsy sO a | ‘dupe UMPSOT pb 8 Gurva.yat SLNIISJOYD Suvpquyy UW 4 do) puaymo oy bunsmosnopua Aawoug 7. SUORTOH] 8 Hy Pepwsodsomun uoproldiugy shpog dey a | uomsar ysmug mp biunyuoyy Kumug 2 jedugpr sanabigog duoyr uomseey gt x SUNIPUT tT sone prusiog AuoUT p surnpuy og b SLIYSTUMY S YSYMT samy or Alyy 9 Prasovar CUNY i OES 7 sugp & so memgo mybry 4, jdeuazrg sinobryyy jtuepr A. asnoH pyry U AUT YR JO UUYOVY~PT & SHOINQAUTHAAAL ae 117 ordinary ‘calculations of military operations, and the circumstance of such a force being not only stopped in its progress, but obliged to re- tire by the exertions of a body of men not: amounting in numerical strength to a twentieth part of the assailants, must be a matter of ad- miration whenever it becomes the subject of professional reflection. This exploit, for it well _ deserves such a name, was achieved by one company of Canadian fencibles, two companies — of voltigeurs, some militia forces of different descriptions, with a few Indian auxiliaries, the whole numbering only 300 men, that formed the advanced picquets of Major-General de Wat- teville’s chain of positions established towards the frontiers, and under the command of Lieut.- Colonel de Salaberry of the Canadian voltigeurs. About 10 o'clock A. M. of the 26th October, 1813, this active and spirited officer discovered the enemy’s cavalry and light troops advancing in force on both sides of the river Chateauguay, when he immediately formed the resolution to oppose him by every obstacle that invincible courage, and the means at his disposal, could throw in the way. His handful of men were posted on the north bank of the river in the division of South Georgetown, covered in front by a small blockhouse and an abbatis hastily ‘constructed; the right flank supported by a 4 tal be 118 party of 22 Indians, and the left by the right. © flank company of the third battalion of embo-_ died militia (70 men), under Capt. Daly, on the opposite of the river, about 350 paces distant: thus in position he waited the enemy’s approach. The American army left its encampment at FourCorners on the 21st, passed the boundary - line, and obtained a trifling advantage by sur- _ prising a small detachment of Indians and driving in a piquet of sedentary militia posted at the junction of the Outarde and Chateauguay rivers, on whose ground it encamped, and with- out loss of time began to clear a communication with its former station, so as to be able to ad- vance the artillery. On the 24th these arrange- ments were complete, and next day General ‘Hampton made every preparation for his for- ward movement. On the morning ofthe 26th he passed his right column, composed of the fourth, thirtieth, and thirty-third regiments of infantry over the river, about three-quarters of a-mile in front of the British piquets, and it soon afterwards formed in two lines, about 150 yards from the position occupied by Captain Daly. At the same time his left column (which he led in person) consisting of the tenth, thirty-first, and _ two other regiments of infantry, with two hun- dred cavalry, advanced in column, having his artillery, ten pieces, in the Rrar, towards the 119 abbatis, and commenced the attack; but in spite of all his efforts to force a passage by repeated assaults, he was held in check by the vigorous well-directed fire of Colonel de Salaberry. On the opposite side of the river, the American light brigade under Colonel M‘Carty, that had been detached from the right column to turn the flank of Captain Daly’s position, and take it en reverse, was intercepted in its progress by the spirited advance of that officer, supported by a company of Chateauguay chasseurs under Captain Bruyers: the brisk fire and _ skilful manoeuvres of these companies frustrated the attempt; but both officers being wounded, and having otherwise sustained some loss, they fell back, when their position was immediately occupied in the most resolute manner by a flank company of the first battalion of militia, who succeeded in maintaining it. On both these points, although the Americans were several times repulsed, they repeatedly rallied and re- sumed the attack with no better success until the close of day, when their commander, un- able to make any impression upon the invinci- ble bravery of a truly Spartan band, thought _-proper to withdraw from so unequal a contest, overwhelmed with defeat and disgrace. The loss sustained by the enemy from the British fire was severe, and much increased by the mis- 120 management of some of his own detached corps, who fired upon each other in the woods with serious execution. From the events of this day, General Hampton derived such small hopes of _ establishing his winter quarters at Montreal, that he determined to retire within his own frontiers, and depend more upon the resources of his coun- try than his own endeavours to procure them as _ the reward of conquest. In this action the devo- tion of the Canadians in defence of their country stands forth most eminently conspicuous. In the absence of regular troops, that a militia _ embodied and disciplined hastily to meet the pressing emergency of a crisis threatening more than common danger was able to fulfil the im- portant duties assigned to it, by opposing itself as a barrier against an enemy, elate in his own | strength, and reckoning upon encountering courage only in proportion to numbers, will ever reflect the greatest honour upon it, and not only secure the admiration of succeeding — ages, but spread a confidence over the whole empire, that the colours which the Prince Regent has been graciously pleased to commit to the charge of the incorporated battalions of Cana- dian militia will ever be defended by the en- thusiastic bravery so natural to men, when prompted by the benefits of a mild and liberal government to protect the land of their birth 12] from the pollution of a conqueror’s yoke. The Canadian, gratified by so distinguished an ho- nour as the thanks of his prince for meritori- ous services, will be found willing and even desirous to shed his blood whenever a similar danger may call him to the field of action. At a time when the military resources of the pro- vince were so greatly curtailed by the most ardu- ous continental warfare that ever Great Britain was engaged in, it is a matter of surprise that so much could have been effected with such slender means. An enemy emboldened by pos- sessing an ample force, and inspired by the prospect of obtaining a fertile country, long the object of inordinate desire, could only be suc- cessfully opposed by a union of the greatest energy with the most active measures; that such was presented to him is incontrovertible, and the credit of having brought them into ac- tion by unceasing perseverance will attach to the judicious dispositions of the Governor-Ge- neral, Sir George Prevost, and for his strenuous efforts in turning the enthusiasm of the people into a bulwark stronger and more impenetrable than entrenchments or fortresses against an in- vader. After an invasion defeated by the na- tive courage of a population, resolute in main- taining the integrity of its soil, it is to be hoped the dazzling ambition of conquest may not 122 again excite enmity between two governments, | the mutual interest of whose subjects it is to live in amity with each other. ) CHatTgeauGuay (the seigniory of), on the south side of the Saint Laurence, in the county | of Huntingdon, joins that of Beauharnois on the south-west, Sault St. Louis on the north- east, and La Salle in the rear; the front stretches two leagues on the river by three in depth. - It was granted September 29th, 1073, to Le Moine, Sieur de Longeuil, and at present belongs to the community of Grey Sisters at Montreal. Through the whole of this property there is very ttle variation in the land, which lies every where nearly upon a level, generally of a good cultivable quality ; the arable part producing very fair crops of grain of all sorts. The rivers — Chateauguay and St. Regis cross it diagonally ; the former is navigable in the whole of its course through the seigniory for bateaux and rafts, but the latter does not possess these ad- vantages. ‘There are some good ranges of set- tlements along the borders of the St. Laurence, on both sides of the Chateauguay and St. Regis rivers, and in the intermediate spaces, which may be reckoned about one half of the whole grant, under pretty good cultivation. This — seigniory cannot boast of a village; but on the western side of the Chateauguay, near its dis- 123 charge, stands a church, dedicated to St. John; on its banks there is a corn-mill and a saw-mill. At its mouth is the Isle St. Bernard, sometimes called Nuns Island, about one superficial mile in extent, and very well cultivated, an append- age to the grant. On it there is a house, usually denominated. a convent, a term certainly mis- applied, for it will in no way answer the de- scription of such an establishment, unless the residence of two members of the order to which the property belongs may be allowed to convert it into a mansion of that class. Sautt St. Louis (the seigniory of) is on the south side of the Saint Lawrence, within the county of Huntingdon, confined by the seigniories of Chateauguay, La Prairie de la Magdelaine, and La Salle: it is a square of two leagues each way, granted May 29th, 1680, to - the order of Jesuits. It is now the property of the tribe of domiciliated Indians, who inhabit the Coghnawaga village. ‘The situation of this track, between the seigniories mentioned as its boundaries, will convey a sufficient idea of it without further description, as there is not much variety through the whole of the level country from La Prairie to St. Regis. The rivers La ‘Tortue, St. Regis, and du Portage intersect it so as to water it very completely through all parts. Nearly all that half of the seigniory which lies 124, towards La Sallé is well settled and cultivated by Canadian families; but from the river St. Regis towards the St. Lawrence the remaining — part is covered with wood of all the ordinary species, except a small portion reserved by the proprietors for their own uses. ‘The village of Coghnawaga is placed on the banks of the St. ~ Lawrence, and consists of a church, a house for the missionary, who resides with them, and about 140 others, principally built of stone, formed into two or three rows, something re- sembling streets, but not at all to be remarked either for interior or exterior cleanliness or re- gularity; their occupants may be altogether - about 900, who chiefly derive a subsistence from the produce of their corn-fields and rear- ing some poultry and hogs, sometimes assisted _ by fishing, and the acquisitions of their hunting _ parties, which however they do not, as in an uncivilised state, consider their principal em- ployment. ‘This tribe, the most numerous of any that has been brought within the pale of Christianity in Canada, is of the Iroquois na- tion, and has long been settled within a few miles of their present village; as they are the descendants of some of the earliest converts that were made by the pious zeal of the Jesuit mis- sionaries, and established within the protection , of the colony when its own population and 3 B26 limits were both very circumscribed. Notwith- standing the remote period when their ancestors were induced to abandon their forests, and the barbarous customs of savage life, and the pre- sent inoffensive demeanour of their offspring, they have not yet acquired the regularity of habit and patient industry that are necessary to the complete formation of civilized society, nor indeed will the hopes of those who have had opportunities to observe the peculiarities of their character, and try them by the opinions of philosophers and humanists, ever be very sanguine that longer time or greater exertion will effect.a more radical conversion; to prevent a falling off from the improvement already made is perhaps as much as may reasonably be looked _ for. ‘That the fierce and restless spirit of the wandering savage has been tamed into some- thing like docility cannot be denied; as a proof, it may be adduced, that some of the men of this village, and also some of those of the village of the two mountains, have lately been employed as auxiliariés in the British army, and during the periods of their service no difficulty has been found in bringing them under strict sub- jection, or confining their operations within the laws of modern warfare. Between the island of Montreal and the main opposite to Coghna- _ waga village the breadth of the Saint Lawrence 126 is contracted to about half a mile; from this spot to the lower extremity of what is termed the Sault or Rapide St. Louis, a distance of nearly four miles, there is a gradual shelving — descent of its rocky bed. In passing through this channel the stream acquires an irresistible im- petus, and towards the lower part moves with a velocity of 18 miles an hour, until it is sepa- rated by some small islands below into several channels. The incessant roar of the torrent, the inconceivable rapidity with which unwieldy bodies are hurried on as it were to inevitable Tuin, and the agitated surface of the water, present a scene at once extraordinary, appal- ling, and terrific. Boats and rafts coming down the river are compelled to run through this tre- mendous pass, that is never free from difficulty and imminent hazard, although guided by ex- perienced persons, who are always employed as pilots, to whose skill may be attributed the sin- — gular good fortune that an accident has very rarely occurred ; they are constrained to keep as close as possible to the southern shore, and should any mismanagement or error in steerage unhappily take place, certain destruction would ensue. _ | | La Saute (the seigniory of) consists of two portions of land adjoining the rear boundaries of the seigniories of Chateauguay and Sault St. 127 Louis, enclosed between the lateral lines of those of Beauharnois and La Prairie de la Magdelaine; both pieces extend a league and . a half in depth, bounded in the rear by the township of Sherrington. It was granted April 20th, 1750, to Jean Baptiste Leber de Senne- ville, and is now the property of Ambroise San- guinet, Esq. Very little difference is perceptible between this seigniory and those of Chateauguay ‘and the lower part of Sault St. Louis, with re- spect to the quality of the land, and which for the most part is applicable to the same agricul- tural purposes: the river La Tortue, La Petite Riviere, and Ruisseau St. Jacques run through the two pieces. That part which lies behind Sault St. Louis is nearly all settled, exhibiting a favourable specimen of husbandry ; but what lies in the rear of Chateauguay is still a waste, a very small portion of it only being conceded. La Prarrit pE tA Macpetarne (the seigniory of) is situated on the south side of the Saint Lawrence, in the county of Hunting- don, two leagues in breadth by four deep. It is bounded in front by the river, in the rear by the seigniory of De Lery and the barony of Longeuil, on the north-east by the seigniory of Longeuil, and on the south-west by those of Sault St. Louis, La Salle, and the township of - Sherrington. This track was granted on the 128 Ast April, 1647, to the order of Jesuits, whosé — possessions were once so large and valuable within this province. On the demise of the last of the order settled in Canada, it devolved — to the crown, to whom it now belongs. The - whole of this grant is a fine level of rich and most excellent soil, where are some of the best pasture and meadow .lands to be found in the whole district, that always yield most abundant crops of good hay. The arable part is also of a superior class, upon which the harvests, ges nerally speaking, exceed a medium produce. In the part called Cote St. Catherine there is an extensive bed of limestone. 'T’he different ranges of concessions enumerate altogether about 300 lots of the usual dimensions, whereof the major _ part is settled upon, and in a very favourable degree of cultivation, almost entirely cleared of wood, or at any rate of timber, very little of good dimensions being now left standing. Numerous rivulets cross it in every direction; beside these it is watered by the three rivers, La Tortue, St. Lambert, and La Riviere du Portage, all of which traverse it diagonally from south-west to north-east ; neither of them navigable for beats to a greater distance than half a league from their mouths, and that only during the freshes of the spring; they afford however always suf- ficient water to work several corn and saw-mills. 129 In front of the seigniory is the village of La Nativité de Notre Dame, or La Prairie, formerly called Fort de la Prairie, from having once had a rude defence, honoured with that name, thrown up to protect its few inhabitants from the sur- prises or open attacks of the five native tribes of Iroquois, who possessed the country in its vicinity. Such posts were established at many places in the early periods of the colony, while — the Indians remained sufficiently powerful to resist and often repel the encroachments of the settlers, although at present none of them retain a vestige of their ancient form, and very few even the name by which they were originally known. La Nativité is now a flourishing, hand- some village of 100 well-built houses; nearly one-fourth of them are of stone, in a very good style, giving an air of neatness and respecta- bility to the whole. Within the parish there is a school, not very considerable indeed, although in the centre of a numerous population; yet as the good effects of such an establishment, however humble in its rudiments, will not fail to be experienced, its advantages will undoubt- edly be rendered extensively beneficial to the rising generation. A convent of the sisters of Notre Dame, missionaries from the community formerly founded at Montreal by Madame Bour- geois, is in a much better condition, where all K 130 the necessary and some ornamental branches of female education are conducted upon a very good system, with a success highly creditable. to the undertaking. The position of the seig- niory of La Prairie is extremely favourable, from the numerous roads that pass through it in se- veral directions, and particularly from being the point where an established ferry from Mont- real communicates with the main road leading to St. John’s, and thence by Lake Champlain into the American states ; the general route for travellers between the capital of Lower Canada and the city of New York. In a point of view before alluded to, viz. encouraging the transit of produce from the countries bordering on our frontiers to the ports of the Saint Laurence, the seigniories adjoining this line of communi- cation are most eligibly situated, and if mea- sures having that object in contemplation should be encouraged, they would indubitably attain some eminence in commercial importance.— From its contiguity to the line of boundary, this part of the district was fated to bear the brunt of the war against the lower province; and in the year 1812, when the American go- vernment formally unmasked its ill concealed project of conquest, a British corps of observa- tion was encamped towards the centre of La Prairie to watch the motions of General Dear- 131 born, who had then assembled a considerable force on the frontiers ; but whose enterprise ex- hausted itself in a few manceuvres, and a dis- play of strength ill calculated to menace danger, or inspire respect for his professional talent : for finding himself anticipated in all his move- ments, and his designs penetrated, he relin- quished his chance of glory in favour of the more adventurous General Wilkinson, who, in the following campaign, attempted to execute the plan, but fortunately with as little success as had attended his predecessors demonstra- tions. The beautiful island of Montreal forms the seigniory of the same name, and also the county of Montreal; it is of a triangular shape, 32 miles long by 10; broad, and lies at the con- fluence of the Grand or Ottawa River and the Saint Laurence: the Riviere des Prairies on the north-west side separates it from Isle Jesus. The greatest part of it was granted in 1640 to Messrs. Cherrier and Le Royer; but whether disposed of by them, or forfeited to the crown, does not appear from any official record that has been preserved: it is at present wholly the property of the seminary of St. Sulpice, at Montreal, the superiors of which, in rendering fealty and homage on the 3d February, 1781, pro- duced as their titles, 1st. A deed passed before K 2 132 the counsellor to the king at Paris, bearing date 20th April, 1664, by which the seminary of St. Sulpicius in that city, and other persons con- — cerned with them, granted to the seminary in Canada the lands and seigniory of Montreal: 2d. An arret of the council of state of his most Christian Majesty, made at Versailles in the month of March, 1693, by which the king agrees to and accepts the surrender made to him by the ecclesiastics of the seminary of St. Sulpicius, at Paris, of all the property possessed by them in the island of Montreal; and 3dly, Letters patent, in form of an edict, issued by the King of France in July 1714, being a confirmation of all titles to the lands granted to the ecclesi- astics of the said seminary, at Paris, by letters patent, dated March 1677, with the nght of alienation. As early as the year 1057 a large part of this, even at that period valuable pro- perty, was cleared and settled, under the di- rection of the Abbe Quetus, who had arrived from France with authority from the seminary for that and other purposes. The island is di- vided into the following nine parishes, St. Ann, St. Genevieve, Point Claire, La Chine, Sault au Recollet, St. Laurent, Riviere des Prairies, Pointe-au-Tremble, and Longue Pointe. There are altogether 1376 concessions, formed into ranges, or as they are termed cotes, distinguished 133 by the names of St. Anne, Point Claire, St. Marie, St. Genevieve, St. Charles, St. Jean, St. Remi, St. Francois, de Liesse, St. Luc, St. Paul, de Vertu, Sault au Recollet, St. Laurent, des Neiges, de Verdure, St. Michel, Longue Pointe, Pointe- au-['remble, Visitation, St. Antoine, Leonor, Riviere des Prairies, and the Coteau St. Louis, and St. Pierre, making so many irregular sub- divisions, or interior districts: there is also a domain of great extent between the Cotes St. Laurent and St. Michel, which is retained for the use of the seminary. With the exception of the mountain, the ridge of the Coteau St. Pierre, and one or two smaller ones of no great elevation, the island exhibits a level surface, watered by several little rivers and rivulets, as La petite Riviere St. Pierre, Riviere Dorval, Ruisseau de !Orme, Ruisseau de Notre Dame des Neiges, La Coulée des Roches, Ruisseau de la Prairie, Ruisseau Migeon, and a few others of inferior note. These streams turn numerous grist and saw-mills in the interior, while many mniore around the island are worked by the great rivers. rom the city of Montreal to the eastward the shores are from 15 to 20 feet above the level of the St. Laurence; but in the opposite direction, towards La Chine, they are low: between the Coteau St. Pierre and the river the land is so flat, and particularly near & 134 the little lake St. Pierre so marshy, as to induce | a conjecture that it was once covered by water. Over this place it is intended to cut a canal, by: which a direct communication between the city and La Chine will be formed, and the difficult: passage of the rapid of St. Louis avoided ; for the commencement of this work the sum of £25,000 has been recently voted by the pro- vincial parliament. The soil of the whole island, if a few insignificant tracks be overlooked, can scarcely be excelled in any country, and is highly productive in grain of every species, vegetables, and fruits of various kinds ; conse- quently there is hardly any part of it but what is in the most flourishing state of cultivation, and may justly claim the pre-eminence over any of Lower Canada. Several roads running from north-east to south-west, nearly parallel to each other, are crossed by others at convenient distances, so as to form a complete and easy communication in every direction. Within a few years a good turnpike-road has been made from Montreal, almost in a straight line, to the village of La Chine, a distance of seven miles, by which the constant intercourse between these places is much easier than it was heretofore: by this route all the commodities intended for Upper Canada are conveyed to the place of embarkation. Within this space there is a great 135 variety, and some very romantic prospects: a mile or two from the town, near the tanneries, the road ascends a steepish hill, and continues along a high ridge for more than three miles, commanding a beautiful view over the cultivated fields below, the rapid of St. Louis, the islands in the St. Laurence, and the varied woodland scenery on the opposite shore; descending from the height, it passes over a flat country until it reaches La Chine. ‘This road was formerly so bad, winding, and interrupted by huge masses of rock, that it was nearly a day’s journey for the loaded carts to go from one place to the other. Stores and other articles, intended for the king’s warehouses, a little beyond the rapid, are sent by another road, which runs by the river side. La Chine is a place of greater importance than any other village on the island, being the centre of all the commerce between the upper and lower provinces, and the north-west country also: whatever merchandise is sent upwards is brought hither by land carriage from Montreal, and all the imports are here landed. It con- sists of only about 20 dwelling-houses, but a great number of store-houses belonging to the merchants, besides the warehouses of the Indian department. A dry dock of great extent, for lay- ing up the bateaux, forms a valuable part of the 130 premises of Mr. Grant. During the months be- tween May and November bateaux to and from Kingston and various parts of Upper Canada are continually arriving and departing, which always occasions a great deal of activity and bustle of business. The nature of these craft ‘may be very shortly described: they are flat- bottomed; from 35 to 40 feet in length, terminat- ing in a point at each extremity, with about six feet of beam in the centre; the usual freight is four or four and a half tons; they are worked by oars, a mast. and sail, drag-ropes for towing, and long poles for setting them through the strong currents or rapids; four men manage them 1n summer, but in the fall of the year an- other is always added, one of whom acts asa guide. In the bateaux of the merchants the cargoes upwards are a general assortment of merchandise, for which they bring down flour, wheat, salt provisions, pot and pearl-ashes, and peltries. ‘The time employed in the voyage to Kingston is from 10 to 12 days; but the return does not take more than three or four. They usually depart in brigades of from four to fifteen boats, in order that their crews may be able to afford mutual assistance in ascending the rapids: each brigade is under the direction of one man, who is called the conductor. From La Chine also the canoes. employed by the 137 north-west company in the fur trade take their departure. Of all the numerous contrivances | for transporting heavy burthens by water these vessels are perhaps the most extraordinary ; scarcely any thing can be conceived so inade- quate, from the slightness of their construction, to the purpose they are applied to, and to con- tend against the impetuous torrent of the many rapids that must be passed through in the course of a voyage. ‘They seldom exceed thirty feet in length and six in breadth, diminishing to a sharp point at each end, without distinc- tion of head or stern: the frame is composed of small pieces of some very light wood; it is then covered with the bark of the birch tree, cut into convenient slips, that are rarely more than the eighth of an inch in thickness; these are sewed together with threads made from the twisted fibres of the roots of a particular tree, and strengthened where necessary by narrow strips of the same materials applied on the inside ; the joints in this fragile planking are made water tight by being covered with a species of gum that adheres very firmly and becomes perfectly hard. No iron-work of any description, not even nails, are employed in building these slender vessels, which when complete weigh only about five hundred weight each. On being prepared for the voyage they receive their lad- 158 ing, that for the convenience of carrying across the portages is made up in packages of about three-quarters of a hundred weight each, and amounts altogether to five tons, or a little more, including provisions and other necessaries for the men, of whom from eight to ten are em-— ployed to each canoe: they usually set out in _ brigades like the bateaux, and in the course of a summer upwards of fifty of these vessels are thus dispatched. 'They proceed up the Grand or Ottawa River as far as the south-west branch, by which, and a chain of small lakes, they reach Lake Nipissing; through it, and down the French River into Lake Huron; along its northern coast up the narrows of St. Mary into Lake Superior, and then by its northern side to the Grand Portage, a distance of about 1100 miles from the place of departure. The difficulties encountered in this voyage are not easily conceived; the great number of rapids in the rivers, the different portages from lake to lake, which vary from a few yards to three miles or more in length, where the canoes must be unladen, and with their contents carried to the next water, occasion a succession of labours and fatigues of which but a poor estimation can be formed by judging it from the ordinary occupations of other labouring classes. From the Grand Portage, that is nine miles across, a 139. continuation of the same toils -takes place in bark canoes of an inferior size, through the chain of lakes and streams that run from the height of land westward to the Lake of the Woods, Lake Winnepeg, and onwards to more distant establishments of the company in the remote regions of the north-west country. The men employed in this service are called voy- ageurs; they are robust, hardy, and resolute, capable of enduring great extremes of fatigue and privation for a long time with a patience almost inexhaustible. In the large lakes they are frequently darmg enough to cross the deep” bays, often a distance of several leagues, in their canoes, to avoid lengthening the route by coast- ing them ; yet notwithstanding all the risks and hardships attending their employment, they pre- fer it to every other, and are very seldom in- duced to relinquish it in favour of any more settled occupation. ‘The few dollars they re- ceive as the compensation for so many priva- tions and dangers are in general dissipated with a most careless indifference to future wants, and when at an end they very contentedly renew the same series of toils to obtain a fresh supply. Three leagues from La Chine is the village of Pointe Claire, situated on a point of land of the same name ; it contains from 90 to 100 houses, built with regularity, and form- 140 ing small streets that cross the main road at right angles. There isa neat parish church, a parsonage-house, and one or two telerable good houses for the accommodation of travellers. The local beauties of this place can boast of many attractions, being surrounded by exten- sive orchards and excellent gardens. About three leagues eastward of Montreal is Pointe- au-l'remble, a neat village of fifty houses, a church, chapel, and a parsonage-house. ‘The main road to Quebec passes through this place, which always brings to it a constant succession of travellers, for whose reception there are some inns, where accommodation in all the principal requisites is to be obtained. These are the only villages on the island; but in every parish there is a great number of good houses scattered about, though but few are placed close toge- ther; they are mostly built of stone, as that material is to be had every where in great abundance. The city of Montreal is within this seigniory ; it stands on the south side of the island, in lat. 45°. 31/ N. and 73°35! W.; the second of the province in point of size, but with respect to situation, local advantages, and su- periority of climate, it is undoubtedly unrivalled by Quebec itself: its form is a prolonged square, that, with the suburbs, covers about 1020 acres of ground, although within the walls of the old 141 fortifications the contents of the area did not exceed 100 acres. A few houses, built close together, in the year 1640, was the commence- ment of the city of Montreal, or as it was first named Villemarie; the situation being well chosen, and possessing many inducements for the colonists to associate themselves for the comforts and convenience of society, it very soon assumed the appearance of being built with some attention to regularity and solidity | of the dwellings, containing a population of 4000 inhabitants ; its improvement and exten- sion were both rapid. In 1644 the Hotel Dieu was founded by the pious charity of Madame de Bouillon, and six years afterwards the zeal of Mademoiselle Marguerite de Bourgeois esta- blished the convent of Notre Dame. The infant town was exposed to, and almost from its very beginning experienced, the animosity of the Troquois, who made many attacks upon it. As a protection against these repeated hostilities a sort of barrier was drawn round it, consisting merely of palisades; but so slight a defence not inspiring the inhabitants with much con- fidence in their security, the more powerful safeguard of a wall, fifteen feet high, with bat- tlements, was substituted, and had the desired effect of repelling these formidable enemies to its prosperity; but as the ardour of the French 142 colonists in. prosecuting the trade in furs made them more dreaded by their savage neighbours, whom they succeeded in driving to a greater ~ distance, and repressing their incursions by erecting forts and establishing military posts, the necéssary repairs of the wall were gradually. neglected, and it fell into decay. The last re- mains of this ancient fortification have been, recently removed by an act of the provincial legislature, to make way for the introduction of some improvements, planned with judicious regard to the convenience, comfort, and embel= lishment of the place. At different periods the city has suffered extensive damage from fire; but from the gradual widening of the streets, as new buildings take place, the better construc- tion of the houses, and other means of precau- tion now resorted to, this calamity, when it does occur, seldom causes much devastation. In its present state Montreal certainly merits the ap- pellation of a handsome city. It is divided into the upper and lower town, although the eleva- tion of one above the other is scarcely per- ceptible ; these are again subdivided into wards. The streets are airy, and the new ones, particu- larly, of a commodious width; some of them running the whole length of the town, parallel to the river, intersected by others at right angles. The houses are for the most part built of a 143 | greyish stone, many of them large, handsome, and in a modern style: sheet-iron or tin is the universal covering of the roofs. he Rue Notre Dame, extending from the citadel to the Re- collet suburbs, is 1344 yards in length, and 30 - feet broad ; it is by much the handsomest street in the place, and contains a great many of the public buildings; but the cathedral is so in- judiciously situated, that it occupies the whole breadth of it at the Place d’Armes, which, though not an impediment to the passage, destroys the perspective that otherwise would be unobstructed from the citadel to the Re- collet gate. St. Paul-street is another fine street, running the whole length of the town, but more irregular in its course and breadth than the former: from its contiguity to the river, the situation is very convenient for business. Among the edifices that attract notice, perhaps more from the value of the establishments than their beauty, are the Hotel Dieu, the convent of Notre Dame, the General Hospital, the French Cathedral, the Recollet Convent, the convent of the Grey Sisters, the seminary of St. Sulpice, the New College or Petit Seminaire, the En- glish and Scotch churches, the Court-house, the new gaol, the Government-house, Nelson’s mo- nument, and the Quebec barracks. The Hotel Dieu, in St. Paul-street, extending 324 English 144, feet in front by 468 feet in depth, in St. Joseph- - street, 15 an establishment for the reception of. the sick and diseased poor of both sexes; it is conducted by a superior (La Sceur Le Pailleur). and 36 nuns. ‘I'he French government formerly: supplied medicines and many other necessaries, but now the funds for maintaining the charity are principally derived from some landed pro- perty, which (and it is a subject of regret) is not so ample as could be wished, when com- pared with its utility; however, this as well as every other charitable institution in the pro- vince’ is occasionally assisted with grants of money from the provincial parliament. The whole of the buildings on the space ‘before- mentioned include the hospital, a convent, and a church; attached is a large garden, a cattle- yard, with extensive stables and out-buildings, and a cemetery. The convent of La Congre- gation de Notre Dame isin Notre Dame-street, and forms a range of buildings 234 feet in front. and 433 in depth along St. John Baptist-street, containing, besides the principal edifice, a chapel, numerous detached buildings for do- mestic uses, and a large garden. ‘The congre- gation is composed of a superior (La Demoiselle Deroussel, la Sceur Nativité) and sixty sisters ; the object of this institution is female mstruc- tion in its different branches, wherein’ the 143 greatest part of the members are employed ;: boarders are taken into the house on very mo- derate pensions, and receive a careful educa- tion. From this establishment some of the sisters are sent as missionaries to different parts of the district, for the purpose of giving fuller effect to the intentions of the foundation by opening schools in parishes remote from the convent. . The general hospital, or convent of the Grey Sisters, situated about 300 yards south-west of Point Calliere, was founded in 1750, by Madame de Youville, as a refuge for the infirm poor and invalids; it occupies a space of 678 feet along the little river St. Pierre by nearly the same depth, containing a convent. for the residence of the nuns, a church, wards for patients of both sexes, all requisite offices, and .a detached building for the reception of such as labour under mental derangement. It is governed by a superior (M"*- Therese Coutlée) and 24 sisters: the cares which they bestow upon those whom misfortune obliges to seek their-aid, are directed with great kindness and an unremitting zeal in earnest endeavours to alleviate the burthen of human misery. ‘T'he cathedral church in Notre Dame-street is plain and «substantially built, 144 feet long by 94. wide; but its height is not in due proportion to its other dimensions: it is, however, in every E 146 respect rendered convenient and suitable for: the performance of the catholic service, although not sufficiently large for the increased popula- tion of the city, nine-tenths of which profess, that faith. The interior decorations are rather splendid, and display some taste in the arrange- ment. The English church, in Notre Dame- street, is not yet finished; but from the design and style of building it promises to become one of the handsomest specimens of modern architecture in the province: some delay has been occasioned in its progress by the funds at first appropriated being found incompetent to complete it. The seminary of St. Sulpice, or Montreal, is a large and commodious building © adjoining the cathedral ; it occupies three sides of a square, 132 feet long by 90 deep, with spacious gardens and ground. attached, extend- ing 342 feet in Notre Dame-street, and 444 along that called St. Francois Xavier. The purpose of this foundation is the education of youth through all its various departments to the higher branches of philosophy and the ma- thematics. It was founded about the year 1657, by the Abbe Quetus, who, as before men- tioned, then arrived from France, commissioned by the seminary of St. Sulpice at Paris to su- perintend the. settlement and cultivation of their property on the island of Montreal, and also to 147 erect a seminary there upon the plan of their own. His instructions were so well fulfilled that the establishment he framed has existed until the present time, modified by many and great improvements. The superior of this col- lege is M. Roux, assisted by professors of eminence in the different sciences, and other subordinate masters, who pursue a judicious plan of general instruction that reflects dis- tinguished honour upon themselves, while it ensures a continual advance in knowledge to a very considerable number of students and scholars. The New College, or Petit Seminaire, near the Little River, in the Recollet suburbs, is most eligibly situated ; the body of it is 210 feet long by 45 broad, having at each end a wing that runs at right angles 186 feet by nearly 45. It is a handsome regular edifice, built a few years ago by the seminary of St. Sulpice, at an expense of more than £10,000, for the purpose of extending the benefit of their plan of educa- tion beyond what the accommodations of their original establishment would admit of. On the exterior, decoration and neatness are so judici- ously blended as to carry an air of grandeur, to which the interior distribution perfectly cor- responds ; the arrangements have been made with the utmost attention to convenience, utility, and salubrity, consisting of residences for the L 2 148: director, professors, and masters ; a chapel, airy, dormitories, apartments for the senior and junior. classes, refectories, and every domestic office. ‘The intentions of the institution through every. department are promoted with the utmost re-_ gularity and good effect, both with respect to: instruction and internal economy. The director, M. Roque, and chief professors are as eminently. distinguished for their literary acquirements as for their zeal in diffusing them: the annual public examinations that take place demon- strate the progress made, not only in useful learning, but. even in the superior walks of abstruse. science, in a manner highly compli- mentary to their diligence, and far exceeding. any expectations that would be generally enter- tained from the college of a colony; but on this point, as well as on many others, the capabili- ties of the province have been but little under-- stood or much misrepresented in Europe. In . this. college, as well as in the seminary, the number of pupils is very great,. with whom a very moderate annual stipend is paid ; the benefits. that arise from the dissemination of useful instruction over so large a space as the lower province will not fail to be duly appre- ciated by every feeling mind, and for their en- deavours in so beneficent a cause the reverend Sulpiciens are fairly entitled. to the gratitude 149 of all their Canadian brethren. Besides these principal seats of learning, wherein the French Janguage is the vernacular idiom, there are in Montreal some good English schools, conducted by gentlemen of exemplary morals and talents, who by their exertions supply in some degree — the want of an English college. It is certainly a subject of surprise that no such establishment has yet been formed, considering how eminently serviceable it would prove, by contributing to bring the language of the parent country into more general use. I feel a confident hope, how- ever, that such a foundation will not much Jonger be a desideratum, particularly as a basis has been laid for it by the late: Hon. James M‘Gill, who died in 1814, and by will be- queathed a very handsome country-house and lands appertaining thereto, at the mountain near Montreal, with the sum of ten thousand pounds, for the purpose of endowing an English college, provided it be applied to that use within ten years after the bequest, or in failure thereof the property is to revert to his family. The first steps towards insuring to the colony the benefits of so munificent a donation have already been taken. In giving full effect to which it cannot be doubted but that the provincial, and, if ne- cessary, the imperial legislature, will aid with its accustomed liberality the testator’s praise- 150 worthy intentions, should his legacy be found inadequate to the design. The court-house, on the north side of Notre Dame-street, is a plain - handsome building, lately erected, 144 feet in front, where the courts of civil and criminal judicature are held. The interior is distributed into halls for the sittings of the chief courts, — besides apartments for the business of the police and courts of inferior decision. Within it is | also a spacious room, allotted to the use of the public library of the city, that contains several thousand volumes of the best authors in every branch of literature: the good regulations under which it is managed, and the method in which the books are arranged, reflects great credit upon the committee that has the superintend- ance thereof, and greatly contributes to the amusement of its numerous supporters, The handsome appearance of this building is height- ened by its standing some distance from the street, with a grass-plot in front, enclosed by iron railings; its proximity to the Champ de Mars renders it extremely airy and agreeable. 'The gaol of the district stands near the court-house ; it is a substantial, spacious building, erected old one that was destroyed by fire m 1803. The salubrious situation of this spot is peculiarly fitted for such an establishment; the interior 151 plan is disposed with every attention to the health, cleanliness, and comfort (as far as the latter is compatible with the nature of such a place) of its unfortunate inmates, both debtors and criminals. The government house, usually classed among the public buildings, is on the south side of Notre Dame-street; being very | old, and an early specimen of the unpolished architecture of the province, it is not much en- titled to notice; it is however kept in good re- pair, and furnished as an occasional residence of the governor in chief, when he visits the upper district: on the opposite side of the street, bordering on the Champ de Mars, is an excellent and extensive garden belonging to it. The old monastery of the Recollets stands at the western extremity of Notre Dame-street ; it is a substantial stone building, forming a square of about 140 feet each way, and more remark- able as being convenient to the purposes for which it was designed than for its beauty. The church within it is still used for divine worship, but the house itself is converted into barracks, and the extensive ground belonging to it is re- tained by government for military purposes. At the upper part of the new market-place, close to Notre Dame-street, is a handsome mo- nument, erected to commemorate the Hero of ‘Trafalgar, immortal Nelson: it is composed of 152 a pyramidal column placed upon a square pedestal; at the base of the column, on the dif- ferent angles, are allegorical figures, of very good workmanship, representing the victor’s chief at- tributes, and on the sides suitable inscriptions ; in compartments, on each face of the pedestal, are bass reliefs of four of his principal achieve- ments, executed with great spirit and freedom, and composed with a chasteness of design gtiided by much classical correctness. This. highly ornamental tribute to departed worth was com- pleted in London, and the expenses defrayed by subscription among the inhabitants of Mont- real, and will convey to posterity their’ public feelings and their gratitude towards the invinci- ble chief who deserved.so much from every part of the empire he so valorously defended.’ The principal streets, both lateral and transverse, have a direct communication with the suburbs, which, as will be seen from a preceding com- putation, occupy a much greater space than the city itself: they surround it on three sides; on the south-west are the divisions called the St. Anne, the Recollet, and the St. Antoine suburbs; on the north-west the St. Laurent, St. Louis, and St. Peter’s;.and on the. north- east the Quebec: in all of them the streets run ia the same direction as those of the city ; they - are very regular, and contain a great number of 153 superior dwelling-houses, built of stone, as se- veral inhabitants of the first rank have fixed their residences there. Between the old walls and the suburbs there is a space upwards of 100 yards in breadth, that has hitherto been re- served by government for the purpose of erect- ing fortifications and for other military uses ; but as the number of inhabitants and dwellings has'experienced so great an increase, and the necessity of these defences almost superseded, this ground has been diverted from its original appropriation in favour of some improvements ~and embellishments that are in contemplation. Montreal, as it is at present, containing a po- pulation of 15,000, rivals the capital of Canada in many respects, and as a situation for a com- mercial town certainly surpasses it: seated near the confluence of several large rivers with the St. Laurence, it receives by their means the productions of the best settled and also the most distant parts of the district, as well as from the United States, besides being the depot of the principal trading company of North America, whose concerns are of great extent and importance. Possessing these combined attractions, it is by no means unreasonable to infer that in the lapse of a few years it will become the most flourishing and prosperous 154 city of the British North American dominions ; and Quebec, viewed as a military position, may always be looked upon as an impregnable bul-— wark to them. When the act that passed the provincial parliament, in 1801, “ for removing the old walls and fortifications surrounding the city of Montreal, and otherwise to provide for the salubrity, convenience, and embellishment of the said city,” shall have been carried into effect, according to the plan projected, none of the external possessions of England, excepting its easternd ominions, will embrace a town of so much beauty, regularity, extent, and con- venience as this. Part of these alterations, as far as the sums hitherto assigned would enable the commissioners to proceed, have already been made, and the remainder will be continued as fast as further funds become applicable. These improvements are intended to be as fol- lows: an elevated terrace, extending from the suburbs on the south-west side of the city, along the river as far as the Quebec suburbs ; which, independent of its utility as a road, will be suf- ficiently bigh to ferm an effectual barrier against the floating ice at the breaking up of the frost; it will also impede the communication of fire to the town, should it take place among the large quantities of timber and wood of every descrip- 155 tion that are always collected on the heach. The little river St. Pierre is to be embanked on both sides as far as the new college, forming a canal 20 feet wide, which is to be continued along the south-west and north-west sides to the | Quebec suburbs, with bridges over it at the openings of the principal streets and other con- venient places; at the angles ornamental cir- cular basins are to be formed, and a lock near the mouth of the little river, by which the water may be drawn off for the purpose of cleansing — it; this work will be so constructed as to raise boats, &c. from the St. Laurence, from whence they may proceed to the further extremity of the canal. The buildings on each side are to be retired thirty feet from the water, thereby forming a street eighty feet wide, having’ the canal in the centre, ‘T'o the northward of Notre Dame-street there is to be another parallel to it, sixty feet wide, called St. James’s-street, running the whole length of the city, and ter- minated at the Quebec suburbs by one of the same breadth, leading to the St. Laurence: be- tween St. James’s-street and the canal, parallel thereto and running in the same direction, will be a strect of 24 feet wide. Where the Quebec gate now stands will be formed a square 174 feet by 208, extending towards the suburbs. The Place d’Armes is to have its dimensions enlarged — 156 to 392 feet by 344, which will protract it to the canal; from the south-west side of the canal, towards the St. Antoine suburbs, another square or rather parallelogram will be made, 468 feet — by 180. The Champ de Mars, from being very circumscribed, and quite inadequate as a place. of military exercise, will be made level, and carried on nearly to the canal, to form a space 297 yards by 114; this has been nearly com- pleted, and it is now an excellent parade as well as an agreeable promenade for the inha- bitants: seats are fixed for the accommodation of the public, and trees planted in various parts of it. From this spot there is a fine view of the well cultivated grounds, beautiful orchards, and country houses towards the mountains. Ad- - joining the new college a lot of ground, 156 feet by 258, is reserved as the site of a new house of correction. The new market-place, occupy- ing the ground where formerly stood the college, founded by Sieur Charron in 1719, and destroyed by fire a few years back, has been finished ac- cording to the proposed plan; it 1s 36 yards wide, and reaches from Notre Dame-street to St. Paul-street ; in the middle of it are ranges _ of stalls for butchers, covered in by a roof sup- ported on wooden pillars: great care is taken to enforce the regulations to ensure cleanliness in this part. The two principal marketidays. Lae. in each week are well supplied with every ne- cessary,; and nearly every luxury for the table, in great abundance, at prices extremely mo- derate. The produce of the upper part of this fertile district is almost wholly brought hither. for sale, besides a great quantity from the Ame- rican states, particularly during the winter sea- son, when fish frequently comes from Boston and the adjacent parts. The whole of the plan sanctioned by the act of parliament has been arranged and acted upon by commissioners ap- pointed under it, who have for many years been’ indefatigable in their exertions to carry its pro- visions into effect: as their functions have been arduous and frequently unpleasing, from the numerous law-suits they have found it necessary to institute and defend in cases of disputed claims, they are entitled to the esteem of their fellow citizens for the manner in which they have always performed these duties to the public gratuitously. ‘The harbour of Montreal is not very large, but always secure for shipping during the time the navigation of the river is | open. Vessels drawing fifteen feet water can lie close to the shore, near the Market-gate, to receive or discharge their cargoes; the general depth of water is from three to four and a half fathoms, with very good anchorage every where between the Market-gate Island and the shore: 158 =. aa in the spring this island is nearly submerged by the rising of the river ; but still it is always use- ful in protecting ships anchored within it from the violent currents of that period, and at other times serves as a convenient spot for repairing boats, water-casks, and performing other indis- pensable works. T'wo small shoals lying off the west end of it, at the entrance of the harbour, and the narrowness of the deep water channel _ below it, generally make it necessary to warp out large ships, and drop them down the stream by kedge-anchors until they come abreast of the new market-place, as the leading winds for bringing them out cannot always be depended upon: at the east end of the island is a channel of which small craft can always avail themselves. The greatest disadvantage to this harbour is the rapid of St. Mary, about a mile below it, whose current is so powerful, that, without a strong north-easterly wind, ships cannot stem it, and are sometimes detained even for weeks about two miles only from the place where they are to deliver their freight. In pursuing the grand scale of improvements it may probably be found practicable to remedy this evil by the forma- tion of another short canal, or extension of - the one already designed to the foot of the rapid; ships might then discharge their cargoes at their anchorage below the current into river a . 159 craft, which could be by such a communica- tion conveyed immediately to the city. The environs of Montreal exhibit as rich, as fertile, and as finely diversified a country as can well be imagined. At the distance of a mile and a half from the town, in a direction from south- west to north-east, is a very picturesque height, whose most elevated point at the furthest ex- - tremity is about 550 feet above the level of the river; it gains a moderate height at first by a gradual ascent, which lowers again towards the middle, from thence it assumes a broken and uneven form until it is terminated by a sudden elevation in shape of a cone. The slopes on the lower part are well eultivated, but the upper part is covered with wood; from several springs that rise towards its top the town is plentifully and conveniently supplied with water, which is conveyed to it under ground by means of wooden pipes. The summit, to which there is a good road of very easy as- cent, commands a grand and most magnificent prospect, including every variety that can em- bellish a landscape; the noble river St. Lau- rence, moving in all its majesty, is seen in many of the windings to an immense distance; on the south side the view is bounded by the long range of mountains in the state of New York, - that is gradually lost in the erial perspective. 160| The space near the town, and all round the lower part of the mountain, is chiefly occupied by orchards and garden-grounds; the latter pro- ducing vegetables of every description, and ex- cellent in quality, affording a profuse supply for the consumption of the city. All the usual garden fruits, as gooseberries, currants, straw- berries, raspberries, peaches, apricots, and plums are produced in plenty, and it may be — asserted truly, in as much, or even greater per- fection than in many southern climates. The orchards afford apples not surpassed in any country ; among them the pomme de neige is re- markable for its delicate whiteness and exqui- site flavour; the sorts called by the inhabitants the fameuse, pomme gris, bourrassa, and some others, are excellent for the table; the kinds proper for cyder are in such abundance that large quantities of it are annually made, which cannot be excelled in goodness any where. On the skirts of the mountain there are many good country-houses belonging to the inhabitants of the city, delightfully situated, and possessing all the requisites of desirable residences. By the side of the road that passes over the mountain is a stone building, surrounded by a wall that was formerly distinguished by the appellation of the Chateau des Seigneurs de Montreal, but. now generally called La Maison des Pretres, from its 161 belonging to the seminary: there are extensive gardens, orchards, and a farm attached to it, which are retained for the use of the proprietors ; it is also a place of recreation, where, during the summer time, all the members of the esta- blishment, superiors and pupils, resort once a week. About a quarter of a mile below this stands the handsome residence and farm of the Hon. Wm. M‘Gillivray, member of council. A little more than a quarter of a mile to the north- ward, most conspicuously situated beneath the abrupt part of the mountain, is a mansion erects — ed by the late Simon M‘Tavish, Esq. in a style of much elegance: this gentleman had projected great improvements in the neighbourhood of this agreeable and favourite spot; had he lived to superintend the completion of them, the place would have been made an ornament to the island. Mr. M‘Tavish, during his lifetime, was highly respected by all who enjoyed the pleasure of his acquaintance, and as much lamented by them at his decease ; his remains were deposited in a tomb placed at a short distance from the house, surrounded by a shrubbery: on a rocky eminence above it his friends have erected a monumental pillar, as a tribute to his worth and a memento of their regret. Both the house and the pillar are very prominent objects, that dis- close themseives in almost every direction, M 162 Of ten established ferries from the island, in different directions, the longest is that from the town to La Prairie de la Magdelaine, a distance of six miles; it is also the most frequented, as the passengers are Janded on the southern shore, at the main road, leading to Fort St. John’s, and into the American States: from the town to Longeuil is the King’s Ferry, three miles across, and also much frequented,as many roads branch off in all directions from the village of Longeuil, at which the boats arrive: that from the west end of the island to Vaudreuil is three miles across, in the direct line of communication be- tween Upper and Lower Canada: from the eastern Bout de l’Isle to Repentigny, where the road between Montreal and Quebec crosses, the ferry is about 1300 yards only. The others are of much less distance: at all of them con- venient bateaux, canoes, and scows are always ' ready to convey passengers, horses, carriages, &c. from one side to the other. From Repen- tigny to Isle Bourdon, in the Riviere des Prairies, and from thence to the island of Montreal, a | handsome wooden bridge was constructed, at a very great expense, by Mr. Porteous of 'Terre- bonne, authorised by an act that passed the provincial parliament in 1808; but it was un- fortunately destroyed the spring after it was finished, by the pressure of the ice at the break- 163 ing up of the frost. The same gentleman had previously obtained an act in 1805, but in the. spring of 1807 the works were carried away before his undertaking was entirely completed. Notwithstanding these failures, it is considered that some plan may yet be devised to erect one, whose span may be sufficiently high to allow the masses of ice to drift down the stream with- out being so lodged as to accumulate an over- bearing force. In this situation such a work would be of great public utility, from connect- ing the most frequented main road of the pro- vince. The Isles Bourdon, just mentioned, were granted, the 3d November, 1672, to Sieur Repentigny, and are now the property of Mr. Porteous. At the confluence of Riviere des Prairies and the St. Laurence is a cluster of small islands, whose names are Isle St. Therese, Isle a l’Aigle, Isle au Cerf, Isle au Canard, Isle au Bois Blanc, Isle aux Asperges, and Isle au Ver. The first is the largest, being two miles and a half long and one broad, with a good soil, that is entirely cultivated ; the number of houses upon it may amount to 20; there is aroad that goes quite round it, besides others to the interior, which are kept in very good repair: it is the property of Mr. Ainse. Captain Cartwright is proprietor of Isle 4 P’Aigle, a very picturesque and pretty spot; mostly good meadow land: | M 2 164 the owner resides in the only house upon it, which is charmingly situated. The others are of little extent, but furnish excellent pasturage and some good meadow land; they belong to two persons, whose names are Dubreuil and Montreuil, who are also proprietors of the ferries, on each side of the Riviere des Prairies. The Isle St. Paul lies a short distance from that of Montreal, and a little above the town, it is about three miles in circumference, and was granted to the Sieur Le Ber, April 23d, 1700; it now belongs to one of the communities of nuns at Montreal. ri Ist Jesus (the seigniory of) is in the county of Effingham, comprehending the whole of the island, in length twenty-one miles, and six at its greatest breadth, lying north-west of that of Montreal, from which it is separated by the Riviere des Prairies, and from the main land by the Riviere St. Jean or Jesus. It was granted, with the Isles aux Vaches adjacent thereto, the 23d October, 1699, to the bishop and ecclesias- tics of the seminary of Quebec, by whom it is still possessed. The original name was L’Isle de Montmagny; but soon after its grant the proprietors thought proper to bestow on it the appellative it now bears. ‘The land is every where level, rich, and well cultivated: on the south-east side, bordering the river, there are 165 some excellent pasturages, and very fine mea- dows; the other parts produce grain, vegetables, and fruits in great perfection and abundance. From almost every corner of it being turned to agricultural uses, there is very little wood re- maining, except what is left for ornament on the different farms. ‘There is one road that goes entirely round the island, and one that runs through the middle lengthways; these are connected by others, that open an easy com- munication between every part of it. ‘here are two parishes, St. Vincent de Paul and St. Rose; the houses, mostly built of stone, are dispersed by the sides of the roads; now and then a few of them are placed close together, but no where in sufficient numbers to be called a village. Around the island are several corn and saw- mills on the two large rivers; in the interior there is no stream of sufficient force to work either. About midway of the Riviere des Prairies is the strong rapid called the Sault au Recollet. The rafts of timber that are brought down the Ottawa from the upper townships descend this river into the Saint Laurence at the Bout de L’Isle. ‘The communication be- tween Isle Jesus and the islands of Montreal and Bizare and the main land is kept up by several ferries in convenient situations for main- taining a continual and sure intercourse, The 166 Isle Bizare 1s separated from the south-west end of Isle Jesus by the Riviere des Prairies ; it is nearly of an oval form, rather more than four miles long by two broad. No records re- lative to this property have been preserved in the secretariat of the province; but when the pre- sent owner, Pierre Foretier, Esq. did fealty and homage, on the 3d February, 1781, he exhibited | proof of its having been granted on the 24th and 25th of October, 1678, to the Sieur Bizare. It is a spot of creat fertility, wholly cleared and cultivated. A good road passes all round it, near to the river, and another crosses it about the middle; by the sides of these the houses of the inhabitants are pretty numerous, but there is neither village, church, nor mill upon it. : Istx Prrror (the seigniory of) lies off the south-west end of the island of Montreal, com- prising the island after which it is named, and the Isles de la Paix, that he in front of the seigniories of Chateauguay and Beauharnois; ‘it was granted to Sieur Perrot, October 29, 1672, and is now the property of Amable Dézéry, Bsq. ‘The length of the island is seven miles or a little more, and nearly three in breadth at its widest part: of 143 concessions, rather more than one half are settled upon, and tolerably well cultivated; the soil is of a light sandy nature generally, but where this is not the case 167 it is an uneven surface of rock. The wood is not entirely cleared from it yet; of what re- mains, beech and maple constitute the chief part. ‘The houses of the inhabitants are scat- tered over the island near the different roads, but no village upon it; there is one church, and only one wind-mill. Of two fiefs within the seigniory one is called Fief Brucy, ten acres in front by thirty in depth, the property of the representatives of Ignace Chenier; the other, named La Framboise, is of an irregular figure, containing 180 acres superficial measure, and belongs to Francois Freinch. There are four ferries from Isle Perrot: the first to St. Anne, on the island of Montreal, for which the charge is two shillings; one to the main land, above the rapid of Vaudreuil, and another to the foot of the same, one shilling and eight-pence each; and the fourth to the canal at Pointe des Cas- cades, for which the demand is three shillings and four-pence each person. The Isles de la Paix serve for pasturage only. LoNGEUIL (the seigniory of) lies on the south side of the Saint Laurence, in the county of Kent; bounded by La Prairie de la Magde- laine on the south-west; Fief Tremblay and Montarville on the north-east; and by the barony of Longeuil and seigniory of Chambly in the rear: it is two leagues in breadth by 168 three deep; granted, 3d November, 1672,. to Sieur Le Moine de Longeuil, and now the pro- perty of Madame Grant, Baroness of Longeuil. _ This tract from front to rear is quite level, the soil generally a fine black mould, very congenial to the growth of grain and. most other species of agricultural produce; towards the middle is a swampy patch, called La Grande Savanne, and a little distance from the front is another; called La Petite Savanne; but a good system of drainage has proved so beneficial, that they are both nearly converted into good fertile land. Almost the whole of the seigniory is conceded, aud full two-thirds of it in a good state of cul- tivation ; it is more sparingly watered than per- haps any other lying on the banks of the Saint Laurence, as the little rivulet of St. Antoine, near its front, and another equally insignificant that crosses the lower corner into the Montreal river, are the only streams within its limits; Many good roads cross it nearly in all direc- tions ; but the most public ones. are that lead- ing from the village or church of Longeuil to Fort Chambly and Fort St. John’s, the middle. road of Cote Noir to Longeuil ferry, and the upper road from La Prairie to the same place. The village, near the rivulet St. Antoine, con- tains only fifteen houses that surround the old church, now in ruins; hard by it is the parson- 169 age-house, and at a short distance a wind-mill, recently converted into a magazine for gun- powder and ordnance stores. Near this village was the ancient fort of Longeuil, one of the many formerly raised as barriers against the Iroquois nation ; but its site is now covered by a very handsome well built church, which stands on the west side of the road to Chambly. The situation of this little place and its vicinity is so pleasant, that many persons of the first respecta- bility reside hereabout; it was long the favourite retreat of the late Catholic Bishop of Quebec, M. Deneaux, who when raised to that dignity would not forsake the spot he so much admired. The Isle St. Helene, lying nearly in front of Montreal, Isle Ronde, several small ones close to it, and Isle au Heron, are appendages to Longeuil. St. Helene being rather high, com- mands a view of the city in its most favourable point; it is reserved as a domain, very fertile, exceedingly well cultivated, and embellished by some very fine timber. ‘The Baroness Longeuil resides on the south side of it, in a handsome house, surrounded by good gardens and orna- mental grounds; on the opposite side are the extensive mills called Grant’s mills, belonging to the same family, besides whom there are no other inhabitants on this beautiful little spot. CuamBty (the seigniory of), on the river Richelieu, is in the counties of Kent and Bed- 170 ford, bounded on the north-west by the seig- niories of Longeuil and Montarville; on the south-east by Monnoir; on the north-east by Rouville and Belcel; and on the south-west » by the barony of Longeuil: it is three leagues in length by one in depth on each side of the Richelieu, and was granted 29th October, 1672, to M. de Chambly. This valuable property is at present divided into several portions, held by General Christie Burton, Colonel de Rouville, Sir John Johnson, Mr. Jacobs, and Mr. Yule. ‘Throughout the grant the land lies nearly level, of a quality, generally speaking, not excelled by any in the district, and is nearly — all under cultivation, in a very favourable style of husbandry. ‘The Richelieu, or River Chambly, that is navigable the whole of its length, con- tributes, by passing through the middle of the seigniory, many advantages to the local good qualities of the property. Within its boundary also is the beautiful expansion of the river called the Bason of Chambly, nearly circular in form, and about two miles in diameter, embellished by several little islands, covered with fine ver- dure and natural wood, as ornamentally dis- posed as if regulated by the power of art. ‘Three of these lie at the mouth of the river Montreal ; some smaller ones, called the Islets St. Jean, are spread in a very picturesque way, at the descent of the rapid of Chambly into the basin; Ce on ee i) Yul? “~, ‘praagyr yy thy fa ag pt he pantie. a Lon | , ( Sache ig Re CER saee SEE 17] the dar Praca foliage of the wood, that nearly covers them, forms a pleasing contrast to the brilliant whiteness of the broken current. On the western side of the basin is Fort Chambly, which, when seen from a distance, has some resemblance to an ancient castle: it was built (of stone) by Monsr. de Chambly, some years previous to the conquest of Canada by the En- glish, and is the only one of the kind within the province; its form is nearly square, containing several buildings and all the requisite means of modern defence, which have been recently. put into substantial repair ; the approaches to it are not protected by any out-works, nor is there a ditch round it. Before the late hostilities with America only a small detachment of about two companies formed the garrison, but when the war began, the advantageous position and proximity to the enemy’s frontier pointed it out. as a strong point d’appui, where troops might be assembled, and for forming an extensive depot: durin g theseason for operations, in the years1812, 1813, and 1814, there was always a consider- able force encamped on the plain near it, which in the last mentioned year exceeded 6000 men; during this period also additional storehouses and other buildings were erected on the ground that has always been reserved by government for such purposes. The village of Chambly is 172 on the west side of the Richelieu, and not far from the fort: it contains 90 or 100 houses, chiefly built of wood, forming one principal street. At the south end of the village are some large and valuable mills belonging to General Christie Burton; they are situated close to the rapid of Chambly, thereby securing the ad- vantage of being able to work at all seasons of the year: near the mills stands a good manor house, belonging to the same gentleman. This place is a great thoroughfare, as the main road from Montreal to the American States passes through it, which, with the continual resort to the miils, occasions a good deal of activity among the traders and mechanics, and con- tributes very much to its cheerfulness as a place — of residence; among the inhabitants are reckon- ed many of the most respectable families of the district, invited hither by its agreeable situation. The landscape of the surrounding country is rich and well diversified, affording several very beautiful points of view; and there are many spots from whence they may be seen to great advantage. The fort, the mills, and the church of St. Joseph, houses dispersed among well cultivated fields, all the varieties of woodland scenery, both near and remote, the distant church on Point Olivier, with the more distant mountain of Chambly or Rouville, added to the 17S continued change of objects on the basin and river, where vessels under sail, bateaux, and canoes are constantly passing up and down, and the singular appearance of unwieldy rafts descending the rapid with incredible velocity will amply gratify the spectator’s admiration. The barony of Longeuil, in the counties of Huntingdon and Kent, is between the seig- niories of La Prairie de la Magdelaine and Chambly, bounded in the rear by the seigniory of Longeuil, and in front by the Richelieu, ex- tending three leagues in length by a depth of one league on each side of the river, was granted on the 8th July, 1710, to the Baron de Lon- geuil, and is now the property of MadameGrant, Baroness of Longeuil. ‘This is a very level and exceeding fertile tract of land, well settled and cultivated, traversed by the great southern road and several others; watered by the Richelieu, and conveniently situated for water carriage. It contains the parishes of St. Luke and Blair- findie, the town of Dorchester and Fort St. John. Dorchester scarcely merits the name of a town, containing at most not above eighty houses, many of which are used as stores; but will probably in a few years rise to some im- portance, from being so favourably situated as to become an entrepot for merchandise in its transit, either by land or water, between the 174 two countries both in summer and winter: dur- ing the latter season a very brisk intercourse takes place by means of sleighs travelling upon the frozen surface of the lakes and rivers. Be- fore the war the timber trade was carried on here to a great extent; and most probably with the return of peace will resume its former activity. A large proportion of the inhabitants resident here are American emigrants, who have sworn allegiance to the British government ; some of them keep the best inns of the place, and are proprietors of the stage coaches that travel regularly from hence to La Prairie on one side, and to the states of Vermont and New York on the other. Fort St. John, on the west bank of the Richelieu, is of an irregular figure, and is an old frontier post; but little can be said in favour of its construction, or of the defences that surround it, as they are merely field works strengthened by pallisades and picket- ings ; within the fort are about twenty houses, including public storehouses, magazines, &c. Being so near the frontier, it is a post of much importance; latterly a strong force has been kept at it, and the works placed in a very ef- fective state of defence. ‘The officer who com- mands here is charged with the superimtendance of the more advanced posts on this line, from whence he receives all military reports, and 175 transmits them to the general officer command- ing the district. ‘The British naval force em- ployed on Lake Champlain has its principal station and arsenal here, where vessels mount- ing from 20 to 32 guns have been built, by - which our superiority on the lake was main- tained until the unfortunate conflict before Plattsburgh, in 1814, that terminated in the destruction of the flotilla: this event, although disastrous, was not dishonourable to the national flag; and had the war continued, increased efforts, with the means that had been prepared, would doubtless soon have regained the accus- tomed ascendency. De Lery (the seigniory of) is in the cpntin of Huntingdon, bounded by the barony of Lon- geuil on the north-east, by the township of Sherrington and the seigniory of La Prairie de la Magdelaine on the west and north-west, by the seigniory of La Colle on the south, and by the river Richelieu on the east : it is two leagues in front by three in depth; granted 6th April, 1733, to Chaussegros de Lery, and now the property of General Burton. ‘The whole of this tract is low, having in many parts cedar swamps and marshes that spread over a large space: where the land is dry, a good black soil generally prevails, that when cultivated proves very fer- tile; but the proportion yet settled upon is not 176 near so great as in the adjoining grants; a large part still remains in its natural state of wood- land. The river Montreal runs through, and the Bleuri and Jackson Creek have their sources init. A small lake near the middle frequently overflows the surrounding low lands, and makes a marsh to a considerable distance round it ; but neither the marshes nor swamps are so deep but what the operation of draining, judiciously performed, would in a short time render the land fit for the plough, or convert into excellent pastures : however, while there remains so much of a good quality to be-granted, that compara- tively requires so little trouble to clear and im- prove, it is most probable that these tracts will long continue in their present condition. ‘The best settled parts are about L’Acadie, and by the road leading to the state of New York, which, with a few other dispersed settlements, may amount to about one third of the whole seig- niory. ‘The road that passes through the woods of L’Acadie, being the military one to the frontiers, and the line of march for troops mov- ing in that direction, has lately been benefited by some substantial repairs, and in many parts causewayed, for the passage of artillery and heavy baggage. Near the boundary of La Colle | is a small place called Burtonville, composed of a few houses, distributed without regularity on Ne ee | gear py dg pemlbug : 2 ; ultra Bayz g dg Umuge : pauper es ee Sa I ee BIE 177 each side of the main road. In the Richelieu, near where the Bleuri falls into it, is Isle aux Noix, formerly the property of the late General Christie, but now belonging to the Crown; it is a flat, but a little above the level of the river, containing altogether only eighty-five acres, ly- ing ten miles and a half from the boundary-line, in an excellent situation to intercept the whole communication by water from Lake Champlain ; consequently a most important military station, that has been fortified with all the care its com- manding position deserves. At the west end of it the principal work is an irregular fort, very well constructed, and of great strength, sur- rounded by a ditch, and mounted with guns of large calibre; in advance of this, at a short distance, are two other forts of less extent, but proportionately strong, with ditches round them also; besides these there are several block-houses at the different points that could be deemed assailable by an enterprising enemy. In 1814 the island was further strengthened by a boom — extended across the river, and a line of guns. boats moored in a direction that their fire might | completely enfilade the whole passage; by these — means it was always safe from attack, even ar the enemy should have an unopposed force on the lake. At the east end of the fort is a slip for N 178 building ships, and from thence the Confiance of 32 guns was launched. Bravuseu, or La Coxe (the seigniory of), on the west side of the river Richelieu, in the county of Huntingdon, bounded by De Lery on the north, the state of Vermont on the south, — and the township of Hemmingford in the rear; extends two leagues along the river in front by three deep: it was granted March 22, 1743, to Daniel Lumard de Beaujeu, and is now the pro- perty of General Christie Burton. Towards the front of the seigniory the land is rather low, with some few swampy patches; yet, with these ex- ceptions, of a general good soil, very well timber- ed: in the rear it is much higher, and although partially intersected by strata of rocks and veins of stone, lying a little below the surface, the soil is rich, and perhaps superior to that of the low. lands. On these upper grounds there is much beech, maple, and elm timber; the wet places afford abundance of cedar, tammarack, spruce fir, and hemlock. Although the greatest part of this seigniory is very eligible for all the purposes of cultivation, and would produce all sorts of grain abundantly, besides being peculiarly well suited to the growth of hemp and flax, there is not more than one third of it settled. ‘The river La Colle, winding avery sinuous course from west 179 to east, intersects it and falls into the Richelieu ; but is not navigable even for canoes: at the numerous rapids that mark the descent from its source, there are many excellent situations for mills. A number of houses, situated on each side of the road that runs along the ridge from the state of New York, about two miles and a half towards La Colle, have obtained the name of Odell Town, from Captain Odell, who was one of the first and most active settiers in this part: he is an American by birth, and so are the greatest part of the other inhabitants, but they are now in allegiance to the English government. The effect of the activity and good husbandry that are natural to American farmers is much to be admired in this small but rising settlement: fields well tilled and judiciously cropped, gardens planted with eco- nomy, and orchards in full bearing; above all, the good roads in almost every direction, but particularly towards the town of Champlain, attest their industry ; and it is likely, from its vicinity to the thickly inhabited townships on the American side of the boundary, the small distance from Champlain, Plattsburgh, and Burlington, the easy access to the Richelieu — for expeditious water carriage, and especially from the persevering labour of its population, that it will advance in agricultural improve- N 2 180 ment, and become a wealthy, flourishing, little town. The river Richelieu, and the road by Odell Town, being two principal points of en- trance into Lower Canada, made this place lately the scene of military operations, and it conse-— quently shared some of the usual disasters that inevitably attend a state of warfare, from the necessity of defending these passes against the intrusion of an American army. In 1813 a log breast-work was thrown up on the north side of La Colle, sufficiently extensive to cover the road and blockade the passage ; a short distance in front, and on the left of the road, a redoubt was constructed to flank the approach to this defence; to the left of the breast-work, and in _the rear of La Colle mills, was Sydney redoubt, a strong work, defending the passage of the river at that point; in support of. these po- sitions were different small encampments of troops, nearly along the whole line of front. The enemy at various times made several de-. monstrations against this line, when trifling skirmishes ensued; but the most worthy of notice was the affair at La Colle mills, which took place on the 30th of March, 1813, and terminated very brilliantly in favour of the British arms. General Wilkinson had collected at Burlington and Plattsburg what he calculated — was a sufficient force to ensure success to his 181 operations; he advanced by the road leading through Odell Town to Burtonville, in the seig- niory of De Lery, as far as the road that turns _ off to La Colle mills, where, leaving a body of troops to mask his design, he hastily made a flank movement towards the mills. The ap- proach of the enemy was somewhat impeded by the advanced piquets, as they retired in good order and fighting against his superior numbers. ‘The attack on the main road, being intended as a feint, was not long persevered in, and the principal one was directed against the post at the mills, which Major Handcock, of the 13th regiment, defended with no less skill than bravery. His piquets, stationed about a mile and a half in front, were driven in, and the enemy shortly afterwards appearing in force, \ was able to establish a battery of 12 pounders, © that was soon opened against the British posi- tion, Major Handcock, being advertised of the near approach of two flank companies of the 13th to reinforce him, made a gallant dash against the guns, but was unable to carry them, as the surrounding woods were filled with in- fantry for their support ; and after a smart con- flict succeeded in withdrawing his party. An- other favourable opportunity occurring soon afterwards, it was seized with eagerness by a company of grenadiers of the Canadian Fenci- 182 bles, and another of Canadian Voltigeurs, who had hung upon the enemy’s left flank during the whole of his movement, in order to afford support to whatever point he might direct his attack against; but their bravery was unavail- ing from the same cause as before, yet they were not impeded from reinforcing the post. On the first report of the enemy’s attempt, a sloop and some gun-boats were promptly moved up from Isle aux Noix to the mouth of La Colle River, which opening a destructive fire upon _ the Americans, left them but little chance of victory ; they persevered, however, in their fruit- less efforts until night, when they moved off their guns and retreated by Odell Town to Cham- plain, after sustaining severe loss, but without the British force being able to molest them in the retrograde movement. Near the mouth of the river La Colle is Isle aux Tetes, or Ash Island, on which there is a redoubt command- ing the whole breadth of the Richelieu. This little spot and the flotilla moored between it and La Colle, in July 1814, formed the ad- vanced naval position towards Lake Cham- plain, at which period the American flotilla was stationed at Pointe au Fer and Isle a la Motte, - about ten miles distant. | BLEvURIE (the seigniory of), in the cotinaty of Bedford, on the east side of the Richelieu, is 183 bounded on the north-east by the seigniories of Chambly and Monnoir, on the south by the seigniory of Sabrevois, and on the west by the river: it was granted, November 30, 1750, to Sieur Sabrevois de Bleurie, and is now the pro- perty of General Christie Burton: according to the terms of the original grant it ought to be three leagues in front by three in depth; but as the grants of the adjoining seigniories are of a prior date, and as such an extent could not be taken without infringement upon others, it now forms a triangular space of much less su- perficial measurement. Although lying gene- rally low, with large swamps in many places, there are some tracts of very good land, and also some fine timber; the spots that are cul- tivated lie chiefly upon the Richelieu, and bear but a small proportion to the whole. A new road, called the Bedford Turnpike, crossing it diagonally to the river, opposite Fort St. John, has‘been traced and measured in the field, and is now proceeding upon. * Cy "ey 2 SS ey = Roi chek: aver R Tt Si oe mater : > . im Sa yi wget eg So Ba atl Con Nay = lee SR UNL, STR Nam YB OF Relce EEN =I : - : % Sve ‘ : ras =r Seine , Ae Fa . a . i y % x P ‘ : yo = ane ' en ¥ 3 } a . : f = earat z mh « : . aie . j Capa 3 = . t2 3 re F 2 a Le -"e \ »? . . = ae : . ' . ; : ry ’ ; ‘ 7 . . 221 at the confluence of the Richelieu, Sorel or Chambly River (known by each appellation), with the Saint Laurence, on the scite of a fort built in the year 1665, by order of Mons. de Tracy, similar to those erected in the neigh- bourhood of Montreal, &c. as a defence against the incursions of the Indians, and which re- ceived its name from Sorel, a captain of en- gineers, who superintended its construction. The plan of it covers about 120 acres of ground, although at present the number of houses does not much exceed 150, exclusive of stores, bar- racks, and government buildings. It is laid out with regularity, the streets intersecting each other at right angles, and having in the centre a square 170 yards on each side; the dwell- ing-houses are of wood, substantially and well constructed, but the Protestant and the Catholic churehes are both stone buildings: there are eight principal streets, that, like the town itself, are named after different branches of the royal family ; the whole population is about one thousand five hundred. -Before the town the bank of the Richelieu is from ten to twelve feet high, having near the point two small wharfs or landing-places ; the river is here two hundred and fifty yards broad, with from two and a half to five and a half fathoms of water. On the opposite shore there are convenient places for 44 building vessels, and where some of large ton- nage have been constructed; but latterly this branch of trade has not been so much attended to here as it used to be, notwithstanding the accommodations forcarrying it on would induce a belief that great encouragement would be given to it. A small distance from a little rivulet to the southward of the place is a blockhouse and an hospital, and a little further on a good wooden building, with out-houses, gardens, &c. called the Government-house, serving as a | residence for the commanding officer of the troops stationed here, usually one or two com- panies of infantry. On the south-east side of the town there is a rising ground, whereon it was once in contemplation to erect some substantial military works, but hitherto slight field works have been the only defences thrown up. Such a measure ought not to be entirely neglected, for the position being one of im- portance to the safety of the province, suppos- ing it necessary to contend against a well di- rected invasion, and not naturally a strong one, should receive such assistance from art as would render it tenable for a long time to op- pose a considerable force, as it is a point against which an enterprising enemy would en- deavour, for several reasons, to direct a main attack. The present town of Sorel was begun 223 about the year 1785, when some loyalists and disbanded soldiers settled at it, and it still conti- ~nues to be the residence of many old military servants of the crown, who exist upon pensions allowed them by government. Some trade is carried on here, but not so much as might be | supposed its situation at the junction of two navigable rivers would command: the timber trade, the export of grain from this part of the country, and the interchange between the Ame- rican states, might be extended to a considerable amount, and apparently with many advantages. Within a short time there has been established a regular post road from William Henry to St. John’s, whereon travellers from Quebec to the new townships and into the United States proceed with expedition, and find every requi- site accommodation of horses and carriages, at rates fixed by the government of the province. The Richelieu, affording a quick and easy water communication from the American territory into the very centre of the province, is entitled to consideration in more than one point of view. As a medium of commerce between the fertile districts of each country, it merits attention; and it has a forcible claim to consideration from being a main inlet into the British territory, through which hostile operations might be di- rected with an alarming rapidity, and perhaps 224, for some time with serious consequences, before they could be checked and repelled. ‘The first may be encouraged, and in all probability ad- vantageously extended, as easily as the latter can be guarded against when the possibility of. the attempt and its contingencies are under- stood. ‘This river flows from Lake Champlain in a northerly course, to its confluence with the St. Laurence, through the well cultivated seig- niories that have been already described. Its banks are generally between eight and twelve feet high, diversified on each side by many farms and extensive settlements, in a very high state of improvement ; some neat, populous, and flourishing villages, handsome churches, numerous mills of various kinds, good roads in all directions, with every other characteristic of a country inhabited by an industrious popula- tion. The navigation is carried on by boats, canoes, and other craft of large dimension and burthen, and by rafts. From its junction with the St. Laurence, decked vessels of one hundred and fifty tons may ascend from twelve to four- teen miles. This river is noticeable for the un- usual circumstance of being much narrower at its discharge than at the place from whence it flows, and for the gradual diminution of the _ breadth of its bed. Atits mouth it is about two hundred and fifty yards wide, which it preserves, 295 with the exception of one or two expansions occasioned by some small islands, which greatly increase the beauty of its scenery, up to the bason of Chambly, that has been already men- tioned ; from hence to the Isle du Portage the breadth is five hundred yards; beyond this it spreads to double that distance, and continues to widen still more up to St. Johns, from whence there is a ship navigation to the towns on Lake Champlain. From the bason down to the St. Lawrence the current is regular and gentle, and although there are some shoals and flats, they do not disturb the smoothness of its course ; but from Lake Champlain the stream is hurried, in some places rather violent, and in others broken by rapids. The passage downwards for loaded boats, &c. is in general quick and unattended with the smallest difficulty, except what is oc- casioned by the rapids. Upwards to Chambly nothing more than ordinary care is required to avoid the shallows, but from thence to St. Johns the ascent is attended with more labour, from the causes just spoken of. ‘The number of river craft, canoes, &c. with their various ladings, with the immense quantities of timber composing the numerous rafts that are conti- nually descending, and upon which many hun- dred tons of pot and pearl ashes, and large car- goes of flour are brought down every summer, Q 226 exclusive of what is conveyed by the boats, unequivocally point out the value and import- ance of this communication. The Isle St.. Therese, between Chambly and St. Johns, is two miles long, and about half a mile broad, and with the smaller island adjacent, was granted Nov. 3, 1672, to Sieur Dugué; it is flat and low, partly covered with small timber and brush-wood, but where it is clear there are some good meadows and fine pasturage for cattle. The Isle du Portage, a little below it, is of no value. Near Isle I'herese is a ferry, where the — charge for taking across a horse and carriage is one shilling and three-pence ; a single horse, seven-pence halfpenny; and two-pence half- penny each person: in several other places. there are ferries, in the vicinity of the main roads from Montreal to the new townships. La Cuenate (the seigniory of) lies on the north side of the river St. Jean, or Jesus, in the county of Leinster; bounded on the north-east by the seigniory of St. Sulpice, on the south- west by that of 'l’errebonne, and by the town- ships of Kilkenny and Rawdon in the rear; it contains four leagues in front by six in depth, and was granted 16th April, 1647, to Pierre Legardeur. This tract was afterwards divided, and at present forms the two distinct seig- niories of La Chenaie and L’Assomption; the 227 former is the property of Peter Pangman, Esq. and the latter belongs to the heirs of the late P. R. de St. Ours, Esq. except a small portion, which is the property of General Christie Bur- ton. La Chenaie adjoins Terrebonne, and has a front of two leagues. ‘The quality of the land is various, but throughout proves tolerably good, as very few parts indeed fall below mediocrity. The usual sorts of grain, and other produce of the country, are cultivated here, and return ex- cellent crops: there are also many patches well suited to the growth of flax, that might be car- ried on with success to a considerable extent. The rivers Achigan and Mascouche, with seve- ral smaller streams and rivulets branching from them, water it very favourably; neither river is navigable for boats, but timber is brought down them to the St. Lawrence. In the spring and autumn their waters greatly increase, and in these seasons some rapids in them are very vio- Jent; but even in the usual periods of drought there is seldom any want of a sufficient supply to keep the mills at work. On the borders of the St. Jean, Achigan, Mascouche, Ruisseau des Anges, St. Pierre, and the other streams, there are nine ranges of concessions, containing together 4.56 lots, nearly equal to one half of the seigniory; of this number rather more than — 400 are. cleared; well settled, and much im- Q 2 228 proved. Although so well inhabited, there is not a village worth notice; of two churches, one is dedicated to St. Henri, and the other named La Chenaie. On the Achigan there is a grist-mill, and upon the Mascouche a grist and a saw-mill. About a mile from the river Jesus is a fief, of 18 acres in front, that runs into the adjoining seigniory of L’Assomption as far as the limits of St. Sulpice, and of which Mrs. Deviene is the proprietor. Over the dif- ferent rivers there are good bridges, and from La Chenaie two ferries, one to the Riviere des Prairies, where one shilling and eight-pence is charged ; the other to isle Jesus, where only ten-pence is demanded for each person. L’Assomprion (the seigniory of ) possesses many local advantages, and a variety of soil favourable to the encouragement of cultivation in almost every branch. ‘Towards the town- ship of Rawdon the land is higher than it is in the front ; consisting chiefly of a yellow loam, mixed in some places with sand, which, when tilled, is very fertile, but still perhaps some- thing inferior to the lower parts, where there are many exceeding fine tracts fit for the cul- ture of every species of grain. On the uplands, birch, beech, and maple timber is found in great perfection, with some pine of a good growth; but in the valleys the wood is inferior 229 in quality; the best sorts very partially inter- mixed. The River Assomption falls into the Riviere St. Jean and waters the lower part; the Achigan crosses the seigniory of La Che- naie, enters L’Assomption towards the middle of its depth, forms a considerable bend in it, and afterwards recrosses the division line: the upper part is intersected by some smaller streams that contribute greatly to its fertility, and are no less ornamental to it. ‘The Assomp- tion and Achigan may both be called large rivers, but neither of them are navigable, al- though both of them are made use of to bring down the timber felled in the upper parts of the adjacent seigniories and townships. Very few grants exceed this property in the propor- tion of cultivated land, four-fifths of it being cleared and well settled ; there are ten ranges of _ concessions, containing 1000 lots; upon them are nearly 700 houses of all classes. The most improved settlements are those situated on the banks of the two large rivers. In the bend of the Achigan, upon a beautiful and well chosen spot, is the handsome church of St. Roc, and around it a few well-built houses, the com- mencement of a village; and although as yet not very considerable, there is a good public school in it. Beside the church of St. Roc, there is another towards the rear of the seig- 230 niory. ‘The Achigan turns two corn-mills and one saw-mill. Str. Sutpice (the seigniory of) on the north side of the Saint Lawrence, in the county of Leinster, is bounded in front by the river, in the rear by the township of Rawdon, on the, north-east by the seigniory of La Valtrie, and on the south-west by that of L’Assomption ; two leagues in front by six in depth; was grant- ed, 17th December, 1640, to Messrs. Cherrier and Le Royer, and is now the property of the seminary of St. Sulpice at Montreal. More than three-fourths of this seigniory is well cul- tivated, and for the goodness of its soil, the quality of the timber, and state of improve- ment, is not surpassed by any that surround it. It is. particularly well watered by the River _L’Assomption, the Achigan, St. Esprit, Ruis- seau St. George, Ruisseau Vacher, Riviere Rouge, Ruisseau Point deJour, and Lake Ouareau, most of them flowing into the Assomption after a mazy course, that in some parts, where the ground is high and clothed with wood, present points of view truly picturesque and beautiful. ‘The different ranges of concessions contain up- wards of 300 lots of various dimensions, nearly all of which are settled upon, and generally speaking under a respectable system of hus- bandry ; but those in the greatest state of im- 231 provement lie on the banks of the St. Lawrence, and on both sides of the Assomption. The seigniory contains two churches and parsonage- houses, and one village; many grist and saw- mills are worked by the different streams and rivers. ‘The village is situated on the south- west side of the Assomption, and covers about half a mile square, having from eighty to ninety houses, besides many storehouses, some for ge- neral merchandise and the others for grain, as large quantities are collected here for exporta- tion; and from hence also are dispersed over the other seigniories, and the townships towards the Ottawa, a good deal of merchandise, and many articles of general consumption, so that it is a place of some little trade: the houses of the most wealthy inhabitants are exceedingly well built of stone. From hence there are many good roads leading to the interior of this and into the adjacent seigniories; and over the large rivers, bridges at convenient intervals. La VaurRie (the seigniory of) and its aug- ‘mentation, in the county of Warwick, has the River St. Lawrence on its front, the seigniory of St. Sulpice on its south-west, that of La Noraye on the north-east, and the township of Kildare in the rear; a league and a half in breadth by the same depth; was granted 29th October, '1672, to Sieur de la Valtrie. The 232 augmentation, similar in breadth to the seig- niory, but having a depth of two leagues and a half, was granted 21st April, 1734, to Sieur Marganne de la Valtrie; they both remain in possession of the heirs of the original grantee. This is a very valuable property ; the land, ge- nerally speaking, is level from the rear to the St. Lawrence, whose banks hereabouts are rather low. ‘The quality of the soil varies a little, but the major part of it is good and productive, either of a light greyish earth, a yellowish loam, or clay mixed with sand; nearly the whole of it under culture, and yielding ample crops to a system of husbandry that in several respects is creditable to the farmers. The Riviere L’As- somption winds its broad but shallow stream through the upper part of the seigniory, and the lower portion of it is watered by La petite Riviere de la Valtrie, that falls into the St. Law- rence. Wheat and other grain forms the chief part of the disposable produce of this tract; good hay in great abundance is made from some very extensive and excellent ranges of meadow land. Although well inhabited, yet there is not a village in La Valtrie; the houses are spread about among the concessions, and thickly placed by the sides of the roads that lead along the St. Lawrence; the church, with the parsonage, a chapel, the manor-house, with 233 a few others, are situated a little to the east- ward of the Riviere La Valtrie; and from thence at no great distance is the wood of La Valtrie; that, even in Canada, is worthy of notice, for the fine, lofty, and well grown timber trees of various kinds that compose it. The main road from Quebec to Montreal passes through this wood and along the bank of the river, offering to the traveller in the summer season for seve- ral miles a succession of beautiful and romantic scenery. Besides the main road, there are se- . veral that lead into the populous seigniories on each side, which are intersected by others run- ning at right angles into Kildare, and opening a most convenient and easy intercourse with the neighbouring townships. On the River La Val- trie there is a grist and a saw-mill. The rear boundary line of this seigniory had not until very recently been accurately measured, when it was discovered, that in addition to its proper depth of four leagues, there was still a space of about a mile in breadth between it and Kildare, which had always been supposed to form part of the grant, and many persons had settled thereon with titles from the seignior of La Val- trie; this extra space is very well cultivated, and has a church, with a great many houses, built within it, from the erroneous confidence of all parties that they were within the just limits of 234 the grant. ‘Under these circumstances of en- croachment, occasioned by ineffectual measure- ment at first, a compromise has been made, and an order passed the governor and council to grant the cultivated part to the present pro- prietor of La Valtrie, and to reserve the re- mainder for ‘the use of the Protestant clergy and future disposition of government. In front of the seigniory are the two Isles de la Valtrie, appendages to it. La Norayeand Davrre'(the seigniories of ) with their augmentation, lie on the north side of the River St. Lawrence, in the county of Warwick; are bounded on the south-west’ by La Valtrie, on the north-east by the seigniory of Berthier, in front by the river, and in the rear by the seigniories of D’Aillebout D’Ar- genteuil and De Ramzay. La Noraye, two leagues broad and two deep, was granted April 7th, 1688, to Sieur de la Noraye. Dautré was granted in two portions; the westerly one, half a league broad by two leagues deep, to Sieur Jean Bourdon on the 1st December, 1637; the easterly one, of precisely the same dimensions, on the 16th April, 1647, to Sieur Jean Bourdon also. ‘The augmentation, under the title of Derriere Dautré, and La Noraye, being the breadth of the two former (three leagues) and extending to the Riviere L’Assomption, about 955 four leagues, was granted 4th July, 1739, to Sieur Jean Baptiste Neveu. The whole is now the property of the Hon. Ross Cuthbert. The extensive tract included in these several grants contains a vast quantity of excellent arable land, that lies in general pretty level. The soil is various; in the front a light reddish earth with some clay, but growing stronger by the mixture of different loams towards the rear, where it is a strong, rich, black earth. The tim- ber embraces almost every variety, with much of a superior quality in the different classes, and some very good oak and pine. It is con- veniently watered on the south-west side by the rivers St. Joseph, St. John, and the little Lake Romer; a little westward of the St. John is an- other small lake connected with that river by a short canal that always ensures to it a perma- nent stream. ‘The rivers La Chaloupe and Ba- yonne cross its north-east side into Berthier; on them there are several good corn and saw- mills. In the rear of the seigniory, towards the River L’Assomption, is an eminence called Castle Hill,commanding a diversified and beau- tiful prospect over the surrounding country, on which the present proprietor is about erecting a handsome house for his future residence. In this property cultivation is in a very advanced state, about two-thirds of it being thickly settled, 236 of which the parishes of St. Elizabeth in the rear, the banks of the St. Lawrence, the Coteaus St. Martin and St, Emily, are perhaps the most flourishing. There is no village ; but good houses, with substantial and extensive farm buildings, are dispersed over it in all parts. D’ArtiEBouT D’ARGENTEUIL (the seig-. niory of ), in the county of Warwick, is bounded in front by the Riviere L’Assomption, on the south-west by the township of Kildare, on the north-east by the seigniory of De Ramzay, and in the rear by waste crown lands; a league and a half in front by four leagues in depth: was granted October 6th, 1736, to Sieur Jean D’Aillebout d’Argenteuil. De Ramzay (the seigniory of) joins d’Ail- — lebout, and is bounded on the north-east by the township of Brandon; of precisely the same dimensions as the preceding one; was granted 7th October, 1736, to Dame Genevieve de Ram- zay, widow of Sieur de Boishebert. Both seig- niories are now the property of the heirs of the late Hon. P. L. Panet. These grants consist of good rich land in the lower part, but in the rear, approaching the mountains, the soil is either a hard unfruitful clay, upon which the farmer’s labour would be thrown away, or irre- gular and broken strata of rock. It is however tolerably well timbered, beside the common 237 sorts for fuel, with beech, birch, and maple, some oak, and a little pine. A small range on the west bank of L’Assomption is all that in either seigniory is under culture. BEerTHIER (the seigniory of), on the north bank of the St. Lawrence, in the county of Warwick, with its fiefs and augmentations, is bounded on the south-west by the seigniory of Dautréand augmentation, as recently described ; on the north-east by those of Dusablé or New York, and Maskinongé;; in the rear by the town- ship of Brandon, and in front by the St. Law- rence; was granted 27th April, 1674, to M. Berthier; the augmentation was granted 31st December, 1732, to Sieur Pierre L’Etage: the property, as it is at present possessed by the Hon. James Cuthbert, is two leagues and three quarters in front, by four and a half in depth. Of ten ranges of concessions, containing 600 lots or thereabouts, nearly all are in the hands of tenants, but many of them retained as wood- lands, and not settled upon. The soil in general is good, except towards the rear, where it is rocky and sterile; in the concession called St. Cuthbert it is a fine vegetable earth several inches deep, on a subsoil of strong clay; in that of St. Esprit a strong deep loam; in St.» Pierre a rich light earth; in St. Catherine a small part is a good loam, and the rest of some- 2938 what inferior quality; in St. Jean there is a mixture of several species, which taken toge- ther is fully equal in fertility to either of the others. In front the land is low, especially to- wards the north-east boundary, but the arable is very productive, and the remainder a succes- sion of very fine meadows. ‘The other parts of the seigniory are but indifferent in quality, and some of it about the back boundary even bar-. ren and unfit for tillage. Most of these conces- sions are farmed in a very good style; but those whereon the greatest improvement is visible are St. Cuthbert, St. Esprit, and St. Pierre, where industry and careful arrangement has given an appearance to much the greatest number of the farms that conveys an idea of the ease and even affluence enjoyed by their occupiers. . Wheat is the chief production of these lands, but they are fit, generally speaking, for every species of culture; and the important articles of hemp and flax might be raised in almost any quanti- ties, would the farmers attend to it properly, and adopt a different method in its cultiva- tion to that hitherto used in the province. The Rivers Chicot, La Chaloupe, Bayonne, and the Bonaventure Creek, a branch of the latter that runs almost to the rear boundary, afford a con- © venient and equal irrigation: the first is navi- gable for boats up to the seignorial mill, about. 239 two leagues, but the two others only a mile or two from their mouths. Near the Bayonne there is a spring highly impregnated with salt, from the waters of which that article may and sometimes is made of a very good quality.. On the best cultivated ranges the wood is nearly all cleared away; but on the others, and in the back districts, there still remains abundance of bois de chauffage, or fuel, with some little maple, beech, and cedar. ‘The village of Berthier is pleasantly situated on the north side of the Chenail du Nord, and forms one principal street, consisting of at least eighty houses ; or rather, they are. placed sometimes at long intervals on the side of the main road to Quebec: many of them are extremely well-built and handsome. There are, exclusive of dwellings, a great many eranaries and store-houses for general merchan- dise, it being a place of some trade, from whence British manufactured goods are dispersed over the neighbouring populous seigniories, and from whence also large quantities of grain are an- nually exported. ‘The church, that claims no- tice not only as being a handsome structure, | but for the elegance of its interior decoration, is situated at a small distance behind the main street. ‘T'his village being about mid-way be- tween Montreal and Three Rivers, in the direct route of the public stage coaches that have been 240 established upon the plan of those in England between the former place and Quebec, and also the principal intermediate post-office sta- tion, makes it a place of great resort and con- siderabie traffic: several inns are kept, where travellers will always find good and comfort- able accommodation. On passing through. the Chenail du Nord, the village with its gardens, orchards, meadows, and surrounding cultivated fields, form together an agreeable and pleasing assemblage of objects, although from the flat- ness of the country it is not marked by any of those traits of grandeur so frequently observ- able on the north side of the St. Lawrence, de- scending towards Quebec. Indeed, it is so little above the level of the river, that in the spring, when the melted snow and ice occasion a rise of the waters, it is sometimes overflowed to a considerable distance inland, causing much da- mage to the lower parts of the houses in the village, and goods:deposited in the stores; so great has been the rise as to make it necessary to remove large quantities of wheat from the upper stories of the granaries to save it from in- jury. A similar inconvenience happens at Ver- cheres and its vicinity, on the south side of the - river. Besides the village of Berthier, there is another in the upper part of the seigniory call- ed Pierreville, of about twenty houses, all of | 241 wood. On the west side of the River Chicot, and about two leagues in the interior, is the church called St. Cuthbert’s, belonging to a parish of the same name, that spreads overalarge portion of this and the adjoining seigniory to the north-east. There are also four schools ; two of them supported by the Roman Catholic clergy. Including the villages, the dwelling- houses dispersed in the various concessions amount to about 500, and the total population of the seigniory is estimated to exceed 5COOQ, which certainly will not be supposed an exag- gerated computation, when it is known that it furnishes 1000 able-bodied men for the militia. In Berthier and its dependencies there are two grist-mills, two saw-mills, and one pot-ash ma- nufactory. The main road by the St. Lawrence, and the different roads through the concessions, are maintained in excellent repair. Across the rivers there are bridges, all free of tolls. The domain of Berthier is on the south-west side of the River Bayonne, and contains 335 arpens, approaching in goodness to the best of the dis- trict. In front of the seigniory several fine is- lands form the south boundary of the Chenail du Nord; they are named Isles Randin, Du Pas, Castor, &c. On Dupas, which is the largest, and was granted November 3d, 1072, to Sieur Dupas, there is a church and several R 249 flourishing settlements; the others consist prin- cipally of meadow and grazing land. A little to the southward of this group are Isles St. Ignace, Isle Madame, Isle aux Oies, Isle Ronde, and Isle de Grace, belonging to government ; these, and some others to the eastward, at the entrance into Lake St. Peter, are very low, but clothed with good timber; they abound with all sorts of wild fowl, as do the intervals be- tween them with excellent fish of various kinds. La Peritre Nation (the seigniory of), is situated on the north side of the Grand or Ot- tawa River, in the county of York, occupying the ground of two projected townships, between those of Grenville and Lochaber, tive leagues in front by five in depth; was granted May 16th, 1674, to Messire Francois de Laval, Bishop of Pétrée, the first Bishop of Quebec. It is now the property of I. Papineau, Esq. The whole of this grant, with the exception of a small spot, remains ina state of wood-land ; recently, how-. ever, the present proprietor, a gentleman of Montreal, and for many years a member of the provincial parliament, has retired to it with an intention to commence a plan of improvement, that, if persevered in, will be likely to realise many of the advantages that its situation and other favourable contingencies hold forth the promise of. The Ottawa indents the front by 2435 several bays and large ponds, towards which the land is low, but of excellent quality, where there are ranges of soil stretchinga great distance to the interior, fit for the cultivation of every species of grain, hemp, flax, and grasses of all descriptions. On the margin of the rivers, large tracts of fine natural meadows and pas- tures at present enrich only the earth with their exuberant plenty. ‘The inlets and ponds abound with fish in great variety, and the neighbouring grounds with game, duck, teal, and other wild fowl, in great quantities. Penetrating deeper into the seigniory, the land has a gradual ascent, and is clothed with timber of the best kinds; the oak is of superior quality, particu- larly some of the largest dimensions, fit for ship- building. The main ridge of mountains, that runs a westerly course from Quebec until it falls upon the Ottawa, crosses La Petite Nation about the middle ; beyond this intersection the remainder of the grant has been only partially explored, but the quality of the part that has been observed is much inferior to that of the south ; although the various sorts of timber ap- pear to retain their superiority, or at any rate it is but very little diminished. From the range of heights and the upper lands several small streams have their sources, from whence in. various directions they water the valleys in their R 2 244, way to the grand river, but they are too incon-’ siderable for other purposes than irrigation and working of mills. Les Isurs Boucuarp, lying in front of the seigniories of Vercheres and Contrecceur, in the St. Lawrence, were granted Oct. 29th, 1672, to Sieur Fortel. They are together about five miles in length by half a mile broad. Some good meadow and pasture land is found upon them, the rest is covered with wood, and among it some very fine timber. On all of them the soil is excellent. Having now finished a compressed description of all the feudal tenures in the district of Mont- real, I will next notice such grants as have been made by the English government in free and common soccage under the title of TOWNSHIPS. KiILpARE is situated in the county of War- wick, and in the rear of the seigniory of La: Valtrie; it was erected into a township by letters patent, dated June 24, 1803*, and lands * As a list of the several grants in free and common soc- cage, made since the year 1796, under the great seal, in such tracts as are actually erected into townships within the province of Lower Canada, specifying by whom each was made, the time when, to whom, what quantity, and the proportion of 24.5 therein, equal to one-fourth of a township, granted to P. P. M. de la Valtrie and his asso- clates ; which grant is now the property of the heirs of the said M. dela Valtrie, and the widow of William Vondenvelden, Esq. This town- ship has twelve ranges of concessions, but is only thirteen lots wide*. No part of it has crown and clergy reservations, is given in the appendix, a re- cital of the same individually is thereby rendered unnecessary. The reader will please to refer to it for whatever concerns any original township grant. In the description, where individuals may be named, they are the actual proprietors of large tracts, either by purchase or otherwise. * 'To avoid repeating the dimensions of townships and their subdivisions, the same is here given precisely. The most exact content of ten miles square, the usual dimensions of an _ tnland township, as prescribed by the warrants of survey, is sixty-one thousand acres, exclusive of the usual allowance of five acres on every hundred for highways. This quantity is contained in a tract of ten miles and five chains in length; by ten miles, three chains, and fifty links, in perpendicular breadth ; or such other length and breadth as may be equivalent thereto. A rectangular township of this admeasurement contains eleven concessions or ranges of lots, each lot being seventy-three chains and five links long, and twenty-eight chains seventy-five links broad. Each range is divided into twenty-eight lots, so that each township contains three hundred and eight lots of two hundred acres, with the allowance for highways. Of these lots two hundred and twenty are granted to settlers, and the remain- ing eighty-eight reserved for the crown and protestant clergy. In like manner it may be observed, that the quantity nearest to the content of nine miles broad by twelve miles deep, the usual dimensions of a river township, is sixty-seven thousand two hundred acres, exclusive of the allowance for highways. These are contained ina tract of seven hundred and twenty-eight chains broad, by nine hundred and sixty-nine chains and sixty 240 yet been cultivated, although the soil appears to be of a superior quality, and some of it fit _ for hemp and flax, as well as all sorts of grain. Most of the timber.is good. It is watered by part of Riviere L’Assomption and some infe- rior streams. | Rawpon, in the county of Leinster, joins Kildare on the south-west. This is a full township, of which very little has yet been granted or even surveyed. ‘The surface of it is uneven, in many places rocky, bat in others having extents of good Jand upon which grain might be raised with profit, and on some few hemp and flax. On the uplands the greater part of the timber is maple, beech, and birch ; cedar and spruce fir abound on the lower ones. It is watered by several small streams. Kitxenny and ABERCROMBIE are on the south-west of Rawdon; they have both been sur- veyed, but from the badness of the soil, which in fact is scarcely improvable by any means, at least such as settlers could have recourse to, links loned or other equivalent length and breadth. A rectan- gular township of these dimensions contains twelve concessions or ranges of lots, each lot being eighty chains and eighty links long, and twenty-six chains broad, and in each range twenty- eight lots, making in all three hundred and thirty-six lots of two hundred acres, with the highways. Of this number two hun-— dred and tart are grantable to settlers, and the remaining ninety-six are reserved as before mentioned. AIRBUS! dy eiea ete Wine We Tina) i ete Pah th et NY NS nO LSS aa SOOM ay \ | Van 1 ee de gg) \ "ER - anled mia OTTAWA RI‘ m which LANDS have been 6 GRAND or a 4 AT Liouchilte Sos. Surv.’ General. - Saale of Miles ST Walkers Seulp! aya i $ ea alia y s 45 3. C t eh ‘ ‘ Fi elt ‘5 ass dy Pde bi Si aks Jeti eat iia Read a Ll Me ee : ‘ nu i yas x j ’ y a ‘ . ee * Ab | f ‘ ‘ ) Y * vn oy aa7 some persons who had obtained grants therein were on these considerations permitted to locate their lands in the township of Acton. CuaTHam is situated on the north side of the Ottawa River, in the county of York, bounded on the east by the seigniory of Argen- teuil, on the west by Grenville, and in the rear by Wentworth. It has been surveyed, divided into farm lots, and all granted. Colonel Ro- bertson, who obtained the largest proportion of any person therein, has been the active pro- moter of an extensive settlement along the river, where the soil is well varied and good, fit for grain, hemp, flax, or indeed most other pro- ductions, and which is also the case with the greatest portion of the township. ‘There are also many fine tracts of natural meadow, and some rich pastures. In the rear the surface is broken and uneven, the land inferior*in quality, and — choked with rocks and other impediments to cultivation. ‘The timber in general is of the best sorts, with much valuable pine and oak, fit for naval purposes. By the side of the Ottawa there is a good road, that is the main route from Montreal to the upper townships on the bank of that river. The Riviére du Nord and several smaller streams water it; by the first mentioned, the timber felled in this and some of the adjoining townships is floated down "REESE Bs, CT RMN DPI Wh Ug Her bs PNAS a ct ioe wpa si jus 948 to the Ottawa. In front of the township are some small islands, that in the intervals between - them form several rapids. WENTWORTH is situated in the rear of Chatham, and has the full dimensions of an inland township, about one quarter of which is subdivided and granted. The greater part of this tract is mountainous and rocky, very inap- plicable to arable purposes; but on the three first ranges, all that has hitherto been surveyed, the land is found to be of a tolerable good qua- lity, but not any part of it is yet settled upon. Although there are no very strong inducements to attempt cultivation, this township produces most excellent timber for naval purposes, in great abundance, with the advantage of easy conveyance by the Riviere du Nord, by which it is watered, besides several other streams and small lakes. | GRENVILLE, including an additional parcel of land added thereto since the original grant, is the second township to the westward on the Ottawa River, situated between the seigniory of La Petite Nation and Chatham, and bounded in the rear by unsurveyed lands of the township of Harrington. In the nature of the soil, the species and quality of the timber, it greatly resembles Chatham. A grant of large extent has been made to Archibald M*‘ Millan and 24.9 others, emigrants from Scotland, but very little of it is at present under culture. LocuaBeER, on the north side of the Ottawa River, between the seigniory of La Petite Na- tion and the township of Buckingham, in the county of York, has been partly surveyed ; - thirteen thousand two hundred and sixty-one acres were granted in the vear 1807, to Archi- bald M*‘ Millan and others, emigrants from Scotland ; of this portion very little has been yet cultivated. Along the front, the river forms several deep bays, in which direction the land is so low, that it is frequently overflowed; but if the settlements should become more numerous, embankments might be raised to repress the in- cursion of the waters; this part would then become good meadow, and a short distance towards the interior, much of it would be good arable. Proceeding to the rear, the land is broken and rugged up to the ridge of moun- tains, beyond which there is nothing at all improvable, at least in their vicinity. Much of | the timber within this tract, both oak and pine, is fit for naval purposes. Several rivers and streams wind through the township ; neither of the former are navigable for boats, though timber may be floated down them to the Ottawa, which here expands greatly in breadth, and has several _ islands in it that are all well covered with wood; 250 the largest of them is a mile long, and about a quarter of a mile broad. BuckiNGuam, on the north baat of the — Ottawa, in.the county of York, joins Lochaber; four ranges of it have been surveyed, and little more than one quarter granted. Bordering the river the land is low, and from several large bays and ponds that run a great way into it, is frequently overflowed ; but,when that is not the case, there is some excellent meadow land, and also some that is tolerably good for other pur- poses. In the rear the soil is but indifferent ; in places, so uneven and stony as to be fit for no sort of tillage. It is watered by several small streams, descending from the rear into the Ottawa. A few families have settled on convenient spots in front of the township, and » pursue their agricultural labours with success, and favourable prospects of improvement. TEMPLETON is the next township to Buck- ingham; about one half thereof has been granted to Archibald M*‘ Millan and others, his asso- ciates, but as yet very few persons have settled upon it. The land approaching the Ottawa is rather low, but the soil tolerably good for the production of most species of grain and many of the most useful succulents; the back parts are not much inferior to the front. The timber is mostly beech, maple, basswood, pine, and ‘ 251 some oak, with cedar and hemlock on the lower grounds. It is well watered by the River Ga- tineau, the Riviere Blanche, and some smaller streams. Hvxzt joins Templeton on the west. In 1806 one quarter of this township was surveyed and granted to Philemon Wright and his asso- ciates. This portion is situated on a large bend or turn of the Ottawa, and as the mountains here abut upon the river, and the land behind them not being arable, the whole of it was laid out along the front. The soil is of a fair me- dium quality, fit for all the farmer's general pur- poses; what part of it is cultivated produces very good crops of all kinds of grain, &c. About thirty families are settled here, and have their farms in a very respectable state of culti- vation and progressive improvement. ‘The tim- ber is for the most part of the best sort, the oak fit for naval purposes, and much of the pine for masts of large dimensions. Mr. Wright, as the head of the township, has been indefatigable in promoting the increase and prosperity of this infant settlement. In viewing the progress already made, the greatest encomiums will be called forth for the manner in which, by his own example and encouragement, he has so essen- tially promoted it, and for settling upon the lands himself. He carries on the timber trade 252 to a great extent, and a large manufactory of pot and pearl ashes; he has established a school, erected a meeting-house, and adopted various means to excite the industry, and secure comfort and happiness to all classes of his little society. His own habitation is pleasantly si-- tuated at the east end of the township, on the bank of the Ottawa ; close by it there is a short portage, and nearly fronting it are some small islands that greatly obstruct and break the cur- rent of the river; on the opposite side a fall, twenty-six feet high, forms an agreeable object in the prospect ; a little above this place is a reef of rocks, stretching nearly across the river, and the falls of La Petite Chaudiere. The town- ships on the Ottawa abounding with timber of the best growth, either for ship-building, mast- ing, planking, or staves, it may be worth while to remark that a very great proportion of that trade has been furnished from them to Montreal and Quebec; not from those on the north side only, but vast quantities have been supplied from those on the south, in the Upper Province, and the rafts of it brought down the rivers Rideau and Petite Nation, into the Ottawa. From the former, a road leading to the settle- ments in the neighbourhood of Kingston will in a short period, from the increasing population and consequence of that district, become of 253 . great necessity. It isan object therefore worthy the attention of the government of that province to give every encouragement to facilitate its immediate formation: when completed, a com- munication from the back townships to Mont- real will be opened, more direct and much shorter than the present one, for the conveyance of their produce to a certain market. EarpLey and Onstow are the two last townships on the Ottawa that have been sur- veyed, and partial grants made therein, although several others are projected, and names given to them. ‘The front of both of them extends along Lake Chaudiere, or Kettle Lake. The lands that have been examined in the former are found to be of a favourable description ; many parts suitable both for hemp and flax, as wellas grain, but no settlements have been yet established upon them. ‘The main westerly ranges of mountains terminate upon the river hereabouts. In the latter township, the first range and part of the second are an almost continued ledge of flat rocks, with scarce any soil upon them, except only a very few lots that have been granted ; the third and fourth ranges appear to be very good land, that would soon become profitable with careful culture ; but the fifth and sixth are poor and swampy, not worth 254 _ the trouble of draining, and covered with hem- lock and other woods of small value. At the west end of this township is one of the many rapids of the Ottawa, called the Rapide des Chats! (+. Nrwron, in the county of York, lying be- tween the seigniories of Rigaud, Soulange, and . New Longeuil, is of an irregular figure, and very advantageously situated, contiguous to the _ settlements in the Upper Province. On the western side the land is of a very superior qua- lity, and will produce all sorts of grain; many parts also might be employed to great advan- tage in growing hemp and flax. The eastern side is much lower, inclining here and there for short distances to be marshy : there is, however, no actual swamp; and if the low grounds, that are rather wet, were carefully ditched and drained, they would prove most excellent land, and furnish luxuriant meadow and pasture, as well as good arable. On the most elevated parts, the principal timber is maple, beech, and birch ; on the others, cedar, red spruce, alder, and hemlock. As the grants in this township are all recent, only a few of the lots are yet cul- tivated, but the goodness of situation and several other local advantages are likely soon to induce ~ settlers in much greater numbers. ‘The greatest 255 landholders are the Honourable A.C: de Lot- | biniere, Saveuse de Beaujeu, Esq. and Mr. John M‘ Nider. : GoDMANCHESTER is situated on the south side of Lake St. Francis, in the county of Hunt- ingdon, bounded in the rear by the River Chateauguay, that separates it from Hinchin- brook, and by a small part of the Province Line, or the forty-fifth parallel of north latitude, which is the boundary between the British and - American dominions. ‘This township was laid out in the year 1785, and lands assigned therein to officers and soldiers of disbanded Canadian corps. It is divided into five ranges, and these into lots differing a little from the usual dimen- sions, being nineteen chains wide, and one hun- - dred and five in depth. The whole of it is granted, though only a very small proportion is yet settled upon, and which is about the margin of the lake, where a few houses now and then present themselves, at considerable distances from each other; on the bank of the Chateau- guay, also, there are a few settlements. About the front of the township the land is low and— flat, but the soil generally good, although in some places wet; further towards the interior, and stretching onward to the Chateauguay, it is greatly superior, being in every respect suit- able for the cultivation of any sort of grain, \ 256 hemp, flax, or other productions of the country. The timber, of which much still remains, although immense quantities have been felled and carried to market, is of the first rate quality. On the north bank of the Chateauguay there is a good road, leading into the state of New York. Among the holders of large tracts of Jand in this township are the heirs of the late Alexander Ellice, Esq. who nowretain twenty-five thousand nine hundred acres, which that gentleman ac- quired by purchase, and afterwards had secured to him by patent. Adjoining Godmanchester,. on the west, is a space reserved for the use of the demiciliated Indians of St. Regis, and com- monly known by the name of the Indian Lands: it forms a triangle bounded by Lake St. Francis, Godmanchester, and the line of 45°; its side on the lake is about ten miles, and that on the line twelve miles and a half. ‘The land is of a very superior class, and well furnished with fine timber, but much neglected by the proprietors, as there are no other settlements upon it than a few of their own around the village, which is very well situated, at the western extremity of the tract, close to the St. Lawrence. The boun- dary line runs through the middle of it, and from hence divides the river upwards, in mid- channel. That the village of St. Regis should be thus circumstanced is a subject of regret, 257 on account of the animosity it frequently occa- sions among people of the same tribe, from the residents of the huts on one side of it being in- habitants of a different country, as it may be termed, from those on the other. During the late war with America, part of them espoused the cause of each belligerent, but a more pru- dent few remained neutral ; quarrels and blood- shed ensued ; indeed no precautions could have prevented such events among so many turbu- lent and untamed spirits living together, and supposing themselves of political consequence to the contending powers. About fifty houses, or more properly speaking, hovels, a church, a chapel, and a house for the Catholic minister resident with them as missionary, compose their village. ‘The habitations are poor, ill-built, and more than commonly dirty; attached to them are small gardens, or rather enclosures, wherein Indian corn and potatoes are planted, and which, with what they raise on the Petite Isle St. Regis, and some others in the St. Law-. rence, near the village, that are their own pro- perty, increased by the produce of their fishing, and sometimes hunting parties, constitute nearly their whole means of subsistence; as indolence, mistaken for thespirit of independence, destroys every idea of improving their condition by the profits of agriculture. A similar reservation of S 258 land has also been made for them by the Ame- rican government on that side of the line. HINCHINBROOK is in the county of Hunt- ingdon, on the boundary line; joining the seigniory of Beauharnois on the north-east, and separated from Godmanchester by the River Chateauguay. Nearly the whole of this town- _ ship is granted. From the province line north- ward there are three full ranges, but the re- mainder of it is more irregularly divided and appropriated to crown and clergy reservations, in large portions, or blocks, as they are techni- cally termed. The land is somewhat uneven, but the soil is excellent, excepting only a very few swampy tracts, that are covered with cedar, spruce fir, and hemlock trees.. The large knolls, or rising grounds, are thickly clothed with good timber, as beech, maple, birch, pine, oak, butternut, and basswood. Towards the Cha- teauguay, in some places, it subsides into valleys and gentle slopes, where there are large breadths of fine meadows, well watered by several branches of thatriver. At present the township contains but few inhabitants, some of them set- tled on thriving farms by the river side, and others in very eligible situations along the fron- tier, in which direction there are several roads passing into the state of New York. An im- mense stock of fine timber still remains in this 259 township, although for years past vast quantities have been cut and rafted down the Chateau- guay, to Montreal and Quebec. Hzemmtnecrorp, in the county of Hunting- don, is also situated on the boundary line, having on its north-west side the seigniory of Beauhar- nois, and that of La Colle on the north-east. ‘This township has been laid out for close settle- ments, that 1s, to be granted by single lots to persons, upon condition of immediately taking possession and beginning to improve them ; in- deed its situation, as well as that of Hinchin- brook, and generally those along this line of frontier, require every attention and encourage- ment in this respect ; the political results of any measures that increase the settlements and po- pulation of this part of the district will appear obvious when it is recollected that every male, from the age of sixteen to sixty, must become a militia-man. ‘There are five complete ranges of two hundred acre lots, and the remainder of the township is divided in a similar manner to Hinchinbrook ; but a proportion of these reser- vations has been let under lease. Although the surface is very uneven, and several high ridges rise in various directions, with many places where there are large seams of flat rock a little below the surface, there are nevertheless many tracts whereon the soil is of a rich and very. su- S 2 260 perior quality, fit for the growth of grain, hemp, flax, and indeed for every other agricultural purpose. On the north-west and north-east sides are found some swamps, abundantly co- vered with cedar, spruce fir, tammarack, and trees of similar nature. On the high lands the timber is of the best sorts, and consists of beech, maple, elm, birch, &c.; along the second range some oak and pine, of large dimensions and good quality, isfound. It is very well watered by the little river Montreal, that falls into the Richelieu, and many small streams that descend from the heights to the Chateauguay. In this township very considerable settlements have been made, and some of the farms are in a very thriving state. On the different streams there are several mills of both kinds. Of the many roads that traverse the township, the greater — number are but very indifferent ones, and prac- ticable only in the winter time, when rendered — firm and solid by the frost. SHERRINGTON is an irregular township lying between the seigniories of La Salle-and De Lery, in the county of Huntingdon, bounded on the.south-west by Beauharnois and Hem- mingford, and on the north-east by the seigniory of La Prairie de la Magdelaine. This tract is greatly diversified both with respect to quality of soil and species of timber. On-the south- 261 west the lands rise gently in many places to considerable eminences ; in this part there are several sorts of soil, but almost the whole unex- ceptionable and plentifully covered with beech, elm, maple, basswood and white ash. ‘T’o the north-east there aré manyswamps, some of them overgrown with black ash, and others with cedar, &c.; those covered with ash might soon be ren- dered fit for culture, and would, by ditching, become very good meadow land. The river La Tortue winds through the township, and with many smaller streams conveniently waters it; itis not navigable for boats, but rafts are brought down to La Tortue mills. The eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth ranges are settled by Canadians, who had their titles originally from Mr. Sanguinet, proprietor of the seigniory of La Salle, under an erroneous belief of the same being within his boundary. About the eighth and ninth range is a small settlement of twelve English families, who have made great progress, and got their farms into a very thriving state, considering how recently they have taken pos- session of them. The road from La Tortue into Hemmingford passes through Sherrington, and there is also another leading by the Douglass settlement. Surrounded as this township is by settlements in a good state of cultivation, and possessing within itself great inducements for 262 settlers, it is likely to become in a few years a very fertile and valuable tract. The principal landowners are the Lord Bishop of Quebec, the Honourable F. Baby, and Mr. M‘Callum of Quebec, who has acquired his proportion from the Honourable John Young. SUTTON is situated on the province line, in the county of Bedford, having the seigniory of — St. Armand on the west, the township of Potton on the east, and that of Brome on the north. It consists of very good land, generally speaking, on which cultivation in every branch might be carried on to advantage, except on some few marshy parts, but which could easily be drained, and would then become very good meadow land. The timber is chiefly ash, elm, maple, and beech; and on the low parts, the species usually found on wet soils, as cedar, spruce fir, hemlock, &c. It is watered by the River Mis- sissqui, that crosses the south-east corner of it, and by many small rivers; several roads have opened in different directions towards Mississ- qui bay, the other townships, and the state of Vermont. In this township settlements to a large extent have been made, and agriculture appears to be carried on with a spirit that pro- mises both an increase in tillage and improve- ment in method ; on the streams that intersect the cultivated parts there are two grist and 263 three saw-mills. The whole population at pre- sent exceeds 1200 souls. Porton joins the eastern boundary of Sut- ‘ton, and extends along the province line as far as Lake Memphremagog ; the western part of it is in the county of Bedford, and the eastern in that of Richelieu. ‘Though having a surface for the most part hilly and uneven, the land is of a good quality; the different species of soil Offering good situations for raising all sorts of grain, as well as most other productions. It is watered by the River Mississqui, and a great number of tributary streams flowing from the hills into it in almost every direction, and many others that fall into the lake. The timber con- sists of elm, beech, and maple, with all the com- mon sorts. ‘There are some thriving settlements on the banks of the Mississqui River, and the margin of the lake, where the land is particu- larly good; the population thereon amounts to upwards of 800 souls. A few roads leading into the neighbouring townships are the only ones that have yet been made, and these are not very good. STaNsTEAD, on the eastern side of Lake Memphremagog, in the county of Richelieu, stretches along the province line until it is bounded by Barnston on the east, and Hatley on the north. This certainly obtains a supe- 264: riority over all the new townships on this fron- tier, both in the advantages of its locality, the excellence of its soil, and the quality of its tim-_ ber. ‘There are many large swells of land, some of them of considerable elevation, that are clothed with oak, pine, and nearly all of the best sorts of hard woods; in the low. parts there is great abundance of common timber. Besides Lake Memphremagog and Lake Scas- winepus, it is watered by numerous streams that flow into them, and turn several mills of both sorts. ‘The southerly half of this township, that was granted in the year 1800 to Isaac Ogden, Esq. is well settled and in a very thriv- ing state of cultivation, producing every species of grain peculiar to the province ; the wheat su- perior in quality to most other parts of it; many excellent situations and congenial soil offer op- portunities to promote the growth of hemp and flax to almost any extent. ‘The northerly half is not so well settled as the opposite one, but for no other reason than having been granted only in the year 1810, as the land is good, and fit for every species of agriculture. It is the property of Sir R. S. Milnes, Bart. being a por- tion of 48,000 acres granted to him by the crown, as a special mark of his Majesty’s ap- probation and royal favour for the many import- ant services rendered by him to the province, _ 205 during the period of his being its lieutenant- governor; at present it is greatly inferior to the other half in the number of its population, yet as it holds forth almost every strong induce- ment for such persons as may be desirous of settling upon new lands, its improvement is likely to be rapid. The remainder of Sir R. Milne’s grant is located in Compton and Barn- ston. Inthe south-east part of the township is the village of Stanstead, which though small. has some good houses in it; the main stage road from Quebec into the states of Ver- mont, New Hampshire, &c. passes through it, from which, as bringing a continual influx of strangers, some little consequence is derived. From hence the same road leads to Derby in Vermont; at that place the communication to almost every part of the United States is easy. The settlements along the border of the beauti- ful Lake Memphremagog are most delightfully situated, and in a very forward and promising state of improvement. ‘The houses dispersed over them are well built, and surrounded by neat well-stocked gardens, fine young orchards, and every requisite comfort of rustic life; their appearance conveys to the traveller a very fa- vourable opinion of the content and happiness of their owners. In the township there are se- veral.manufactories of pot and pearl ashes. The aggregate population exceeds 2500 souls. 266 -- Barwnsron, in the county of Richelieu, is on the province line, and next to Stanstead. In this township, where the surface is a continual suc- cession of hill and dale alternately, the chief part of the land is good, answering very well for the growth of grain and other usual productions ; some swamps are met with in the low parts. The timber upon it embraces almost every sort, but the best are beech, maple, elm, ash, fir, and some oak. ‘The soil is watered by several small lakes, rivers, and streams, on which there are mills of both sorts. The westerly half of the township was granted in 1801 to Messrs. Lester and Morrogh, and contains at present a popu- lation of 500 souls. The largest part of the easterly half belongs to Sir R. 8S. Milnes, Bart. none of which is settled. BaRForp is situated between Hereford and ‘Barnston, in the counties of Richelieu and Buck- ingham. It is not a full township, having only " seventeen lots in each range. Isaac W. Clarke, Esq. obtained a grant of the greatest part of it in 1802. None of it is yet settled, although it is a tract that promises to become valuable, as the land is every where excellent and the timber good. It is watered by many rivulets and _ Streams. | -Hartey is in the second row of townships northward from the province line, in the coun- ties of Richelieu and Buckingham ; bounded 207 by Stanstead on the south, Ascot on the north, Compton on the east, and by Lake Memphre- magog, a branch of the River St. Francis, and Lake Scaswinepus on the west. ‘The surface is irregular, in some places hilly, and the quality of the land very variable. On the east and north-east the soil is good, whereon most spe- cies of grain might be grown; to the west it is rather superior, but about the middle it is very indifferent, rugged, and swampy. On the best lands beech, elm, maple, and ash timber grows in abundance ; in the swamps spruce fir, cedar, and alder. Towards Ascot and Compton some extensive settlements present themselves, where the houses and out-buildings are substantially constructed, the farms cultivated with industry and much ability, and well stocked with cattle. On the border of Lake Memphremagog is an- other range of improving settlements. The town- ship is watered by several lakes, some small rivers and streams, which as they wind their courses through the cultivated lands turn mills of both sorts. Lake Tomefobi extends diago- nally from the fourth range to the ninth, a distarice of about eight miles; its breadth is one mile. ‘The banks are beautiful and pictu- resque, with landscape and woodland scenery as romantic as the most fertile genius of an ar- tist could well imagine ; it abounds with excel- 268 lent fish of many sorts, and is the resort of in- numerable wild fowl of various descriptions, as indeed are all the smaller ones. Many roads lead to the adjacent townships, and also com- municate with the main ones, leading into the states of Vermont and New Hampshire. One of the most extensive landholders is Henry Cull, Esq. Lieutenant-Colonel of the Militia ; a gentleman highly esteemed in this part of the country for his public spirit, for the industry and good will with which at all times he is ready to set an example, or to second and en- courage every species of improvement having the welfare of this newly settled district for its object, as well as for supporting every measure of government introduced with the same laud- able intention. ‘The population of this town- ship at present is but little more than 1000 souls. | : Botton, on the west side of Lake Mem- phremagog, in the county of. Richelieu, is bounded by Stukeley and Oxford on the north, Potton on the south, and Brome on the west. This is one of the first townships that was laid out. The surface of it is uneven and rather mountainous, being crossed diagonally by an irregular chain of heights, wherein several rivers. have their sources, and which divides the waters-that fall. into: the Yamaska, and other 209 large rivers to the northward, from those flow- ing into Lake Memphremagog and the Mississ- qui in the opposite direction. ‘The lands on the low parts are tolerably good, but those to the eastward are the best, whereon there are some fine settlements, well cultivated and producing every sort of grain. On the streams that in- tersect this part are several corn and grist-mills. Some tolerably good roads have also been opened into the other townships. The popula- tion is not very great, being about 800 souls. - Brome, in the county of Richelieu, is next to Bolton, and joins Dunham and Farnham on the west, Sutton on the south, and Shefford on the north. Some part of the land in this town- ship is good, but the other is so mountainous and rocky as to be unfit for culture. ‘The best kind will produce grain of most sorts; hemp and flax might also be grown in several places. On the north-west side, where it is rugged and high, some good timber is to be found, and also great quantities of a very good species of iron- ore. Near Lake Brome, about nine miles in circumference, a few settlements have been made, that afford a favourable specimen of what may be done, upon the lands that are at all susceptible of tillage. Several small rivers fall into the lake, upon which some grist and 270 saw-mills have been erected. ‘he population is 600 souls or thereabouts. | Dunuam, between the seigniory of St. Ar- mand’s and Farnham, in the county of Bed- ford, touches upon Sutton and Brome to the eastward, and Stanbridge to the westward. The situation and quality of the land through- out renders it a valuable tract; it has plenty of timber, such as maple, beech, birch, elm,. but- ternut, iron-wood, white and black ash; also good oak and pine. ‘The upper lands are rather hilly, having many horizontal seams of rock lying a little below the surface; but on the - more level parts the soil is found to be generally a rich black mould, with here and there a mixture of sand. It yields all sorts of grain in abundance; in many places it is peculiarly fit - for the growth of flax, and in some others for hemp. Swamps, but not very extensive ones or numerous, are met with, covered generally with cedar and tammarack, but they might be drained without much trouble, and cleared to great advantage. ‘The township is watered by several branches of the Yamaska and the Pike River, and by two beautiful little lakes, the largest spreading over about 600 acres in the sixth range. ‘There are a greater number of roads, and mostly kept in good repair, within 2701 this township, than perhaps will be found in any other, connecting it with the surrounding ones, leading through Farnham to the Yamaska, and also to the state of Vermont. The Pike River, and some of the smaller streams, work three or four mills of both sorts. This was the first of the townships erected, in Lower Canada, by letters patent, bearing date in the year 1796; it was granted to the Honourable Thomas Dunn, who is at present the greatest landholder there- in. Nearly the whole of it is settled, and many extensive farms are worthy of notice for their flourishing and improved state, producing great quantities of wheat, barley, and oats, besides most other articles peculiar to the country ; and in fact the same may be said of the major part of the settlements within it. Perhaps no tract of land of similar extent through the whole of the lower province is better calculated than this for a judicious experimental farmer to demon- strate how much the present stock of agricul- tural knowledge among the Canadian husband- men may be increased. Several pot and pearl- ash manufactories are carried on here. The population is 1600 souls. STANBRIDGE, in the county of Bedford, is situated between Dunham and the seigniories of Sabrevois and Noyan, having St. Armand’s on the south, and Farnham on the north. This 272 township presents a great variety both of land and timber ; the westerly part 1s low and rather’ marshy, with a good deal of cedar, hemlock, tammarack, and some white oak. Near Mis- sissqui Bay and Pike River the soil is chiefly of clay mixed with sand; to the eastward it is higher and better, composed of rich black and yellow loam, with a little sand. ‘The tim- ber is beech, elm, and maple, with some fine oak; but bearing only a small proportion to the other sorts. ‘I'he Pike River and its numer- ous branches water it very conveniently, and work several saw and corn-mills. It is inter- sected by many roads; the two principal ones are those that lead southward, through St. Ar- mand’s into the state of Vermont, and north- ward through Farnham to St. John’s on the Richelieu, and Montreal ; whither the inhabit- ants of these parts convey the greatest portion of their disposable produce. A large tract of this township is settled, especially on the north- eastern side, where, on the elevated ridges, are many farms, exceedingly well situated, and in a state of cultivation that bespeaks much practi- cal knowledge of agriculture; the houses well built, the gardens and orchards well laid out, and the general arrangements not unworthy of being imitated in many of the townships more recently settled. 273 FarNuAM, in the counties of Bedford and Richelieu, extends along Stanbridge and Dun- ham to the south, bounded by the seigniory of St. Hyacinthe and Granby on the north, Mon- noir on the west, and Brome on the east. ‘The land is here of a good quality, generally similar to that of Stanbridge, though perhaps with a greater proportion of indifferent tracts: the north-west has swamps that spread widely. The best is timbered principally with beech, elm, and maple; on the marshy parts there are the usual inferior species. It is watered by large branches of the river Yamaska, on which > there are many corn and saw-mills. Several roads cross it in every direction, besides the two principal ones mentioned in the preceding article. Along the banks of the streams some good patches of settlements shew. themselves. Nearly all this township has been granted. In 1798, Samuel Gale and others obtained a large portion of it, and still continue the greatest landholders: in 1805, a grant was made to the. family of the late Coionel Cuyler; and in 1809 the westerly part, being the “ rest and residue of Farnham,” was laid out, and 10,176 acres thereof granted to John Allsop, Esq. and others his associates, who still retain the property. Gransy and Mitton: the first in. the counties of Bedford and Richelieu, and the T 274 other wholly in Richelieu, reaching along St. Hyacinthe on the west; bounded by Roxton, Shefford, and part of Farnham on the south, and by Upton on the north. In the former the land is for the most part of a serviceable description, composed principally of a blackish loam, over which, in some places, there is a layer of fine vegetable mould: good crops of wheat and other grain might reasonably be ex- pected from it; many parts are particularly eligible for hemp, and some also for flax. ‘The timber consists of beech, elm, butternut, maple, pine, and a little oak. The lands of Milton are not so good, as they lie much lower, and in many places run into swamps that would re- quire much perseverance in a good system of draining to be rendered of any utility; but while there remain so many thousands of acres to be granted, not needing this operation, it is not probable that it will be undertaken here. There is however abundance of very fine grass- land: the timber is a mixture of beech, pine, cedar, and tammarack. ‘The parts of these townships that have been laid out were granted, in 1785, to officers and privates of the British militia, who served during the blockade of Quebec by the Americans in 1775-6. SHEFFORD, in the county of Richelieu, be- tween Granby and Stukely, joins Brome on the 275 south, and Roxton on the north. The face of the country in this township is uneven, and to- wards the west mountainous; the soil in most places is exceedingly rich, but the uplands and high ridges are too stony to be of much value: the timber almost universally of the best species. It is watered by several branches of the Ya- maska and other streams, and intersected by many roads communicating with .the other townships. ‘The south-east part is the best and most populous, where some fine settlements present themselves, that are, to the extent of their cultivation, in a very flourishing state. The banks of the rivers display many good breadths of meadow and grazing land. In the inhabited parts some corn and saw-mills have been erected. ‘The population of the whole township is but small, scarcely exceeding 500 souls. SruKELy, in the county of Richelieu, be- tween Shefford and Orford, has Ely on the north, and Bolton on the south. Although the surface of this tract is generally uneven and broken, the land in some parts of it is rather above the medium quality. Beech, maple, and bass-wood, with hemlock and cedar in the hol- lows and moist lands, are the prevailing sorts of timber. It is watered by streams falling into the Yamaska, that have their sources among , EA 276 the hills stretching across it, and also by some small lakes. But little progress has been made by settlers, as the entire population is but 250 souls, occupying a few small farms in the — southern part of the township. Orrorp, partly in the two counties of Richelieu and Buckingham, has its front to the river St. Francis and Lake Scaswinepus, joins Stukely in the rear, Brompton on the north, and Bolton on the south. But little can be said of this township, and that little not very favourable. It is mountainous, rough, — and almost unfit for tillage. Some good tim- ber, however, is to be had in it. In the inte- rior there are some large lakes, one of which, about four miles long and three-quarters of a mile broad, stretches into Brompton. As may naturally be inferred, but few lots of it are occupied ; its population numbering only about LOO souls. Ve Exy and Roxton: the first in the counties of Richelieu and Buckingham, and the other in Richelieu; they are between Shefford and Stukely on the south; Acton, Dunham, and Melbourne on the north. Ely has been all surveyed, and the south-easterly quarter of it granted; of Rox-— ton, the southerly half has been surveyed and granted. ‘The land of both townships is good, and if cultivated would prove fertile. The low. 277 Jand is rather wet, but not unfit for tillage. It produces some of the best species of hard, black woods. Branches of the Yamaska and several other streams water these townships. Only a very few persons are settled in either. AcTON is partly in the counties of Richelieu and Buckingham, stretching along Roxton and ly on the south, bounded by Upton on the ‘west, and by Grantham, Wickham, and Dur- ham on the north and north-east. About one- ~ half of it has been surveyed and granted, but no part thereof is settled upon. ‘The land is level, and lying rather low, is overspread with several swamps, that are covered with spruce fir, white pine, cedar, &c.; the drier tracts are timbered with ash, beech, maple, and birch. It is watered by two large branches of the Ya- maska. Upton, in the counties of Richelieu and Buckingham, is of an irregular figure, extend- ing along the boundaries of the seigniories of De Ramzay and De Guir, to the river St. Francis; it is bounded on the south-east by Acton and Grantham, and abuts upon Milton on the south. The Jand is here flat and low, with many extensive swamps spreading over it, covered with tammarack, alder, and cedar. By the side of the St. Francis, and other streams that intersect it, there are some few spots of 218 land, that, if under cultivation, might produce good crops of grain ; but the general soil does not admit of a description much in its favour. Neither roads nor settlements have yet been made, if a few scattered houses, with small patches of ground attached to them along the line of De Guir, be excepted. It is watered by some branches of the river David. Having given a detailed account of the seig- niories and townships in the district of Mont-— real, a convenient opportunity now offers to make an observation or two upon this part of the frontier of Lower Canada, and of the line of demarcation between it and the states .of _ New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York, which extends from a stone monument erected on the west bank of the Connecticut River, for the purpose of marking its commencement, to the village of St. Regis, on the river St. Law- rence, a distance of 146; miles. In the years 1771, 2, 3, and 4, this line was established by actual measurement, in pursuance to orders from the respective governments’ of the pro- vinces of Quebec and New York, at that period both under the British dominion; and, more particularly, according to specific instructions issued by the late Lieutenant-Governor, Cra- mahe, to the Honourable John Collins, Deputy 279 Surveyor-General of the former province. By more recent surveys that have been made in laying out the several townships now established along this line, its course is accurately ascer- tained, and clearly demonstrated to be irregular in the field, at some places inclining towards the north, and at others diverging to the south. These points of aberration will be readily dis- covered by inspecting the delineations upon my ‘Topographical Map. The correctness of its position at St. Regis is unimpeachable; but it deviates widely from its true latitude at the monument on the Connecticut, which spot is nearly on the meridian of Quebec. The exact latitude and longitude of that city has been so. repeatedly corroborated by eminent astrono- mers, that it may be assumed with safety as a correct point of departure. Proceeding upon that datum, which will hardly be controverted, the boundary line, fixed as it now is, proves to be at the Connecticut, an encroachment upon the province of Lower Canada exceeding three geographical miles. An assertion, however, has been made to the contrary ; for in a report made in the year 1806 to the government of the state of Vermont by Dr. Williams, it is stated to be no less than fourteen miles too far south at the monument, and seven miles too far south where it intersects Lake Memphremagog; and the 280 same is maintained to be an infringement to that extent upon the state: but assertion does not establish a fact. I do not permit myself to ques- tion that gentleman’s scientific abilities, and can therefore attribute the result of his operations, differing so widely as it does from that of others, which have been carefully performed, only to the use of very imperfect astronomical instru- . ments, which have betrayed him into so serious an error with respect to the true position of that line. But, for argument’s sake, admitting the doctor to have been correct, no advantage could accrue to the United States from the supposed discovery; for itis palpably evident, that a line drawn through these two fixed points of latitude, and extending westerly to the St. Lawrence, would take a much greater superficies from the state of New York than what it cuts off from LowerCanada. This, however, isa subject that will no doubt be critically investigated, and satisfactorily adjusted, by carrying into - effect the provisions of the fourth and fifth articles of the treaty of peace of 1815, between his Britannic Majesty and the United States of America. It has indeed become a case of ne- cessity, and a matter of great importance to each government respectively, as there are nu- merous settlements on each side of the boundary already in a flourishing state of cultivation, and 281 rapidly increasing both in population and im- provement. From the Connecticut River the height of land on which the boundary is sup- posed to pass runs to the north-east, and divides the waters that fall into the Saint Lawrence from those flowing into the Atlantic ; and which height, after running some distance upon that course, sends off a branch to the eastward, that separates the heads of the streams falling into Lake Timiscouata and River St. John, and by. that channel into the Bay of Fundy, from those that descend in a more direct course to the | Atlantic. The main ridge, continuing its north- easterly direction, is intersected by an imaginary line, prolonged in a course astronomically due north, from the head of the river St. Croix, and which ridge is supposed to be the boundary between Lower Canada and the United States; at least such appears to be the way in which the treaty of 1783 is construed by the Ame- rican government; but which ought, more fair- ly, to be understood as follows, viz. That the astronomical line running north from the St. Croix should extend only to the first or easterly ridge, and thence run westerly. along the crest ‘of the said ridge, to the Connecticut; thereby equitably dividing the waters flowing into the St. Lawrence from those that empty into the Atlantic within the limits of the United States; and those that have their estuaries within the British province of New Brunswick. It is im- portant, and must always have been had in con- templation, that an uninterrupted communica- tion and connexion should exist between all his Majesty’s North American possessions ; but by the manner in which the treaty is insisted upon by the opposite party, a space of more than eighty-five miles would be placed within the American limits, and by which the British pro- vinces would be completely severed ; it would also produce the inconvenience of having the mail from England to Quebec carried over that distance of American territory; and which may either be deemed a matter of indulgence, or complained of as an encroachment, according to the temper of the times. Within this tract also is the Madawaska settlement, consisting of nearly 200 families, all holding their grants from the British government. England, at all times high minded and generous, never shrinks from the strict fulfilment of her engagements; even though from oversight, or want of political acuteness in the persons employed, they may have been framed in a way prejudicial to her true interests. But at the same time she has a right to require that the interpretation of them should not be overstrained or twisted from their obvious meaning and intent by a 283 grasping cupidity after a few miles of territory ; which if acquired, could be but of little avail- able advantage to the other party. ‘To her, however, this tract is of more value, as securing a free access to all the British provinces, with- out being obliged to the forbearance of any neighbouring state for that enjoyment. If in the final fulfilment of the fourth and fifth articles of the treaty of 1815 it should be awarded that the claim of the American government to have the boundary pass along the north-easterly ridge of land is just, and ought to be acceded to, it is very desirable, and even important to his Majesty’s colonies, that one of the instructions to the British negociator should be, to obtain the cession of this tract of country, either by exchange or other equivalent means, in order that the communication from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick with Lower Canada may be henceforth secured from the chance of interrup- tion. In addition to these exterior boundaries be- tween us and a foreign territory, the settlement of which is in the hands of the imperial govern- ment, there are also some relating to interior division that ought to occupy the attention of the provincial legislature. Of these the most prominent are the district boundaries, that, as they are now fixed, produce embarrassment 284 and inconvenience. On the north side of the St. Lawrence they are, it is true, identified with the seignorial divisions; but on the south side they are only ideal lines, prolonged to the boundary of the province, not only cutting se- veral townships, but even farm lots in them, by which they are placed in two districts. ‘The evil consequence of this has been frequently apparent in judicial proceedings, when persons summoned to attend the courts of law have gone from a great distance, and at much ex- pense,—tv Montreal, for instance,—before they discovered that their attendance was required in the district court of Three Rivers, and so with respect to the others. Men living far in the interior cannot be supposed to have a criti- cal knowledge of the direction that an imagin- ary line should take, even though it be liable to interfere with their rights and privileges; it ought, therefore, to be made plain to them, and which certainly could be accomplished without difficulty. It might be done by having the boundaries surveyed and marked in the field along their whole line, if it be deemed prefer- able for them to preserve a straight direction; or otherwise, they might be made to run along the limits of the townships that they now intersect, and which, although irregular, would thereby be as exactly defined as by any other method, 285 and indeed with less trouble, as nothing more would be required than to establish the same by proces verbal. At all events some regulation in this respect is necessary, in order that the southern townships, now containing a popula- tion of nearly 20,000, and that is every year acquiring fresh accessions, may no longer be involved in similar inconvenience. ‘The county boundaries from the same cause call for a re- vision. THE DISTRICT OF THREE RIVERS Lies between those of Montreal and Quebec, is bounded on the south by part of the line of 45 degrees of north latitude, and the ridge of mountains stretching to the north-east ; north- ward its limit is indefinite, or it may be pre- sumed to have only the province boundary for its limit in that direction. Its breadth, on the north side of the St. Lawrence, from the seig- niory of Berthier to that of St. Anne, is fifty- two miles and a half; but on the south side, from Sorel to Deschaillors, no more than fifty miles and a half. It contains the county of St. Maurice, and the greater part of Buckingham, forty seigniories and fiefs, thirty-two whole townships, part of eleven others that are divid- ed by the district lines, thirty-two that are pro- 286 jected only, and twenty-two parishes. The lands granted “ en fief et seigneurie” are 1,039,549 superficial acres, or 1,220,308 superficial French arpents. In the townships 824,679 acres have been granted in free and common soccage. ‘The cultivated part of the seigniories may be taken at a little more than one third; but the townships fall very short of the same proportion, and the recent date of their grants sufficiently assign the reason of it. MasxkrtnonGe’ (the seigniory of), situated on the north side of Lake St. Peter’s, in the county of St. Maurice, is bounded on the south-west by Berthier, on the north-east by the seigniory of Riviere du Loup, and in the rear by Dusablé -or Nouvelle York and Carufel: it contains two separate grants; that of the north-east part, a league and a half in front by the same depth, was made November 3, 1672, to Sieur Baptiste Le Gardeur de St. Michel; and the south-west part, a league in front by a league in depth, on the same date, and to the same person. The soil is rich, fertile in the production of all sorts of grain, and in some places would be excellent for hemp and flax. The land in general is rather flat, and towards the front is so low as to be sometimes overflowed in the spring; but this only serves to enrich the fine meadows and good pasture grounds that border the river. | 287 The timber has been very much thinned in this seigniory, but it is very well watered by the large river Maskinongé that winds through the centre of it, and is navigable for boats and canoes for several miles up, and by some small streams. About two-thirds of it is in cultiva- tion. The best settlements are on the borders of Chenail du Nord, on both sides of the road leading to Quebec, and on the east bank of the Maskinongé, over which there is a bridge. There is no village in the seigniory, but it has a church and parsonage-house, one grist-mill and one saw-mill. At the entrance of the Mas- quinongé there are two or three large islands, forming different channels into it; they are all flat and low, but covered with various sorts of inferior wood. ‘Timber from Carufel, &c. and the townships in its rear, are brought down it into the St. Lawrence. ) Dusaste’ or Nouvevite Yorx (the seig- niory of), in the county of St. Maurice, is si- tuated in the rear of Maskinongé, between Berthier and Carufel, one league in front by three in depth ; was granted, August 15, 1739, to Adrien Dandonneau Dusablé, and is now the property of the Honourable Ross Cuthbert. A small ridge of rising ground crosses this grant a little to the northward of the road to Quebec, which seems to separate the fertile from the 288 barren parts, for to the southward of it the soil is rich, productive, well settled, and under good cultivation; but on the opposite side of the height it is very indifferent, and thinly settled by a few farmers, who have occasion to exert their utmost industry to procure a living. The whole tract is almost free from wood ; the little remaining is only fit for fuel. A small stream, called Riviere Cachée, runs through the lower part, and works one corn and one saw-mill. CarvuFeEt (the seigniory of), in the county of St. Maurice, lies in the rear of the seigniory of Maskinongé, between Dusablé and fief St. John, about two leagues in front by two in depth; was granted, in March 1705, to Jean Sicard, Sieur de Carufel, and is now possessed by the heirs of the late Honourable Charles de Lanaudiere. In this grant the land is of a pretty good quality, mixed here and there with a reddish clay and sand. Almost every kind of good timber is found upon it, and some of the pine rising to large dimensions. ‘The river Maskinongé traverses it from the north-west, by which the timber felled here is sent down to_ the St. Lawrence. A small part of it lying on the front is all that is yet cultivated, where, however, there are some very respectable farms and good houses by the side of the main road. - Laxe MasxinonGe or LanavupDieRre (the 289 seigniory of), in the counties of St. Maurice and Warwick, lies in the rear of Berthier, Du- sablé and Carufel ; it is two leagues in front, and extends in depth so far as to comprehend Lake Maskinongé; it was granted, March 1, 1750, to _ Charles Francois Tarieu de Lanaudiere, and is now the property of T. Pothier, Esq. Some diffi- culties have occurred with respect to the depth and other limits of this seigniory, because the Lake Maskinongé has been found to lie much further to the westward than it was supposed to do at the time it was granted ; however, it was at that period sufficiently known not to be mis- taken for any of the inferior lakes. The claims to this property set up by the heirs of the late M. de Lanaudiere are marked on the topogra- phical map by the letters a, 6, c, d, e, f, g, A; a,k,l. Itis a fine tract of land, of a strong rich soil, and very well timbered with beech, maple, birch, pine, and some oak. It is watered by several small lakes, but principally by the river Maskinongé, whose stream flows from the lake of that name, which is about nine miles in cir- cumference, and well stocked with various sorts of excellent fish. The scenery around it pos- sesses many natural beauties of the wild and sublime description, presenting an amphitheatre _of rising grounds and lofty hills, backed by the magnificent ridge of mountains running westerly U 290 from Quebec, and many other bold features of a romantic country. Very few settlements have yet been made here, but it certainly may be im- proved in a very short time into a valuable estate. St. JEAN (fief), in the county of St. Maurice, is placed between the seigniories of Riviere du Loup, Maskinongé and Carufel ; three-quarters of a league in front by two leagues in depth; granted, October 13, 1701, to Les Dames re- ligieuses Ursulines des Trois Rivieres. A con- firmation of this grant, with its augmentation, bearing date December 10, 1737, gives it one league more in depth. ‘The Ursulines still re- tain the property. The land is good and pro- ductive; of the fief nearly the whole is culti- vated, but very little of the augmentation. It has some fine timber upon it. : Riviere pu Love (the seigniory of), in the county of St. Maurice, is situated on the north side of Lake St. Peter, between the fief St. Jean and Grand Pré: one league in front, — that is, half a league on each side of the river, by four leagues in depth; it was granted, with an augmentation, April 5th, 1689, to Sieur Vil- leraie for Sieur D’Artigny. ‘This seigniory sur- passes in value, perhaps, every property of simi- lar extent in the province ; its soil is commonly a light reddish earth, a little sandy, sometimes 291 mixed with clay; in many places it is a fine yellow loam, altogether very fertile, producing abundant crops of grain, and every article of general growth in the country ; some parts are particularly eligible for raising hemp and flax. It is generally level, but towards the margin of the lake it is flat and low, consisting chiefly of meadow and grazing land, both excellent. About the front there is no timber of superior growth remaining, and indeed not much of any other; but towards the rear there are many spots where some of the largest size both of pine and oak is to be found. ‘The Grande and Petite Riviéres du Loup, and some inferior streams, water the seigniory extremely well ; the former crosses it diagonally, and by its serpen- tine course greatly heightens the other natural attractions of the place. A variety of good roads lead in every direction. 'The Quebec road is embellished on each side by many good houses, and farms in a very improved state. Numerous settlements and roads extend on each side of the two Rivieres du Loup, whose banks for several miles upwards are lofty, and agreeably varied with woodland and landscape scenery, which, combining with the luxuriance of the well cultivated fields, leaves very little to be desired with respect to prospect. On the westerly side of the great River is the village du | U 2 292 Loup, containing about 30 or 40 houses only ; but the settlements on each side of the road are so thickly inhabited, that they may be almost considered as an extension of it to a great dis- tance. In the village fronting the road is a new church, remarkable for its size, the elegance of its structure, and the good taste of its interior decoration ; of three steeples that surmount it, the two in front are covered with tin, which renders them conspicuous objects at a consi- derable distance. Near the village the Grand _Rivicre du Loup is crossed by a very fine bridge, both handsomely and solidly construct- ed of timber. The population and wealth of this place are considerable; many trades are car- ried on, and many shops kept open for the sale of all kinds of manufactured goods and produce; large quantities of grain are collected here for exportation, and deposited in store-houses kept for that purpose. ‘The whole of the seigniory and part of the augmentation are cultivated. On the rivers there are some grist and saw mills. Granp Pre (the seigniory of), in the county © of St. Maurice, is situated on the north side of Lake St. Peter, between the augmentation to -Riviére du Loup, Grosbois, and Dumontier, a league in front by three in depth; was granted 3d July, 1695, to Pierre Boucher, Sieur de Grand Pré. This seigniory is singularly over- jis 293 laid by that of Riviere du Loup, which from being a prior concession to this one, and the term-of the grant expressing half a league on each side of the river, leaves but a small irre- gular frontage on the lake for Grand Pré. This tract, in the quality of the land and species of the timber, strongly resembles that of Riviere du Loup, but is not near so well settled as that property, although there is every probability of its becoming, in a few years, an estate of con- siderable value. | Gros Bois or YaMAcuICcHE (the seigniory | of), in the county of St. Maurice, on the north side of Lake St. Peter, between Grand Pré and Gatineau, is bounded in the rear by Fief Dumontier; it is a league and a half in front by two leagues in depth; was granted Nov. 3, 1672, to Sieur Boucher, and is now the pro- perty of Louis Gugy, Esq. It is rather low towards the front, but retiring from the lake there are some few rising grounds. The soils and different kinds of timber upon it are very similar to the two last mentioned grants. The Riviere du Loup and the Grande and Petite Rivitres Machiche water it, over which, where they are intersected by the main roads, bridges, substantially built of timber, that have a light and pleasing appearance, have been erected. About three-fourths of the grant are conceded ; 294, / the settlements in front and on the banks of the river are in good order, and very flourishing ; the houses and farm buildings, well constructed, be- speak their proprietors to be very industrious and in easy circumstances. On the east side of the main or Quebec road, that here resumes its course close to the River St. Lawrence, are the | church and parsonage-house of Machiche, with a cluster of houses, forming a small neat village around them. The interior is traversed by many roads leading to the seigniories in the rear, as well as those on each side. On the different streams there are some good mills of both de- scriptions. | Gatineau (fief and augmentation), in the county of St. Maurice, joins Yamachiche ; it is three quarters of a league in front by a league and a half in depth; was granted Nov. 3, 1672, to Sieur Boucher, fils ; the augmentation, of the same breadth as the fief, and four leagues deep, was granted Oct. 3, 1750, to Demoiselle Marie Josephe Gatineau Duplessis. The land in this fief is of rather a lighter soil than the adjoining grants, equally fertile, and subject to nearly the same mode of culture. It is watered by the two rivers Machiche, whose banks for a consi- derable distance upwards display some good and thriving settlements, connected by many good roads, beside the public one that crosses _ | them. 295 Pornte pv Lac or Tonnancour (the seig- niory of), in the county of St. Maurice, has part of Lake St. Peter and the St. Lawrence in front, St. Marguerite and St. Maurice on the north- east, and Gatineau on the south-west; it isa league and a quarter in front by two leagues in depth, comprising therein the fiefs Normanville and Sauvaget; was granted Nov. 3, 1734, to Sieur Réné Godefroi de Tonnancour, and is now possessed by the heirs of the late Nicholas Montour, Esq. A reddish light soil, upon clay ora good marl, spreads over the greatest part of this seigniory ; the front of it is flat and low, towards the interior it gradually gets higher, and rises more abruptly to the rear. Beech, ash, birch, and some pine, are the prevailing species of timber. Itis watered by La Riviére de la Pointe du Lac, that passes through it in a northerly direction, by part of the River Machiche, and some smaller streams; on their banks there are some good settlements, which with those along its front embrace about one half of the grant. Several roads pass through the interior; the main one crossing the front on the bank of the river. ‘The Pointe du Lac is a large projection from the front of the seigniory, forming the north-east extremity of Lake St. Peter: on this promontory are some remains of barracks that were erected for the 296 accommodation of troops during the first Ame- rican war, when it was necessary to have a force stationed at different places above Quebec, to defend the passage of the St. Lawrence. On the east side of La Riviere de la Pointe du Lac stands a good-looking church, parsonage-house, and a chapel; not far removed from this spot are Montour’s Mills, large, commodious, and well-built; near to them are some extensive store-houses and dwellings; on the opposite side of the road, a little above the mills, stands the proprietors manor-house, a very handsome building, finely situated, and commanding a fine prospect over a tract of country abounding in picturesque beauties. St. MarGueERITeE (the seigniory of), in the county of St. Maurice, is situated in the rear of several small grants made to the late order of Jesuits, Sieur de St. Paul, and others; it is bounded on the north-east by the River St. Maurice, on the south-west by Tonnancour or Pointe du Lac, and on the north-west by the seigniory of St. Maurice; it is about three quarters of a league in front by a league in depth, and was granted 27th July, 1691, to Sieur Jacques Dubois de Boguinet. ‘The little fief of Vieux Pont, about a quarter of a mile in front, is within the seigniory of St. Mar- guerite, and extends from the Saint Lawrence 297 to the rear boundary.; was granted August 23, 1674, to Joseph Godefroi, Sieur de Vieux Pont. This seigniory is of a light sandy soil, mixed in some places with clay, in others with loam; it has some good timber upon it, is watered by several small streams, and the greatest part of it is well cultivated. The small tracts marked a, b, c, d, on the topo- graphical map, were granted at different pe- riods to the Jesuits and others. The soil of these pieces is the same as the rest of the seigniory, but they are entirely cleared of tim- ber, and all ina good state of cultivation. All these grants are intersected by the roads from Three Rivers to Montreal and the different seig- niories, and on the north-east by those to the forges of St. Maurice. The town of Three Rivers is situated on the north-west side of the River St. Maurice, at its. confluence with the St. Lawrence: it derives its name from the entrance into the former river being separated, by two islands lying at the mouth, into three channels. The town plot covers nearly 400 acres, forming a front of ra- ther more than 1300 yards on the bank of the St. Lawrence. It stands on an exceeding light and sandy soil, which extends also over the en- virons; to the bank of the St. Maurice the ground rises very considerably, but in the op- 298 posite direction it sinks almost to a level with the river. ‘Three Rivers ranks as the third town in the province, but compared with either of the. others it is small indeed, containing only about 320 houses, with a population not much exceed- ing 2500 souls. It sends two members to the provincial parliament. In the year 1018 some French colonists began building this place, with a view of making it a depot from whence the fur trade might be carried on with the Indians to the northward ; their plan experienced at first many flattering indications of success, but after Montreal was founded, and had so in- creased as to be able to defend itself against the attacks of the natives of the country, it was supposed to be a situation better suited to this improving traffic, and was consequently pre- ferred; from that period Three Rivers, being greatly neglected, did not much enlarge either its extent or population. About the beginning of last century, however, it began again to en- tertain hopes of rising into some consequence by opening the iron mines at Saint Maurice: but they proved nearly as delusive as the for- mer, and up to the present time its improve- ment has been upon a very moderate scale. The trade carried on here is chiefly in British manufactured goods, that from hence are plen- tifully distributed through the middle district 209 of the province; the exports consist of wheat, timber, though now not so much as formerly, and the produce of its iron foundery, added to that of the mines of St. Maurice: peltry in small quantities still continues to be brought hither by the Indians from the northward, and which is received by the agents of the North West Company. Several pot and pearl ash manufactories, two or three breweries, and an extensive brick manufactory, considerably in- crease the general trade of the place: many of the bark canoes used in the north-west voyages are built here, and of the same material a va- riety of ingenious and ornamental works and toys are made. As a shipping port it is conve- niently situated, there being a sufficient depth of water for ships of large tonnage to hie close to the wharfs and receive or discharge their cargoes by a temporary stage from their gang- ways. ‘The town itself possesses but little to attract a stranger's notice; the streets are nar- row and unpaved; the principal one is Rue Notre Dame, running the whole length of it, almost parallel with the river; next to this are the Rues des Forges, du Fleuve, du Rempart, St. Maurice, du Platon, des Casernes, St. Louis, St. Jean, and St. Pierre, which may be said to constitute nearly all the inhabited part of the place. The shops and storehouses are numer- 300. ous, wherein may be had British goods of alb denominations; several inns afford to travel- Jers very respectable accommodations. On the south-west side of the town are the remains of some military works thrown up for its defence by the English army, during the war of the re- bellion, which are now honoured by the inhabit- ants with the high-sounding title of “ Anczennes Fortifications.” On the outside of these works is an extensive tract of common land. The principal public buildings in the town are the Ursuline convent, the protestant and catholic churches, the court-house, gaol, and barracks. The major part of the private dwelling-houses, &c. are built of wood, the oldest of them only one story high, having small gardens about them; but those of more recent date are in a much better style, many of them higher than the old ones, and rather of handsome appear- ance. ‘The Ursuline convent was founded in 1677, by Mons. de St. Vallier, Bishop of Que- — bec, for the education of youth, chiefly females, and as an asylum for the sick and infirm poor. The establishment is for a superior and twenty- four nuns. In 1806, the old building was de- stroyed by fire, when its inhabitants, dispersed by that calamity, were received into the differ- ent religious houses of Quebec and Montreal, until the present edifice was erected. It isa —— 301 regular stone building, two stories high, of con- siderable extent, surrounded by fine gardens; it includes a parochial church and _ hospital, with all the apartments and offices requisite both for the dwellings and carrying on the dif- ferent functions of the establishment. As the Ursulines were held in great estimation for the general utility and the charitable nature of their institution, public subscriptions were opened immediately after the accident that deprived them of their residence, from the proceeds of which, with a little pecuniary aid from the le- gislature, they were able to rebuild their con- vent in its present improved and _ substantial manner, and which, though not quite finished, they took possession of in 1808. ‘The old mo- nastery of the Recollets, a stone building, is now delapidated; near it is a powder maga- zine. The protestant and catholic churches are good plain buildings, but neither of them sufficiently remarkable to attract particular at- tention. The court-house and gaol are handsome -modern stone edifices, both in good situations, and well designed for their respective purposes. The building now occupied as barracks is so- lidly constructed of stone, situated on the north side of Notre Dame Street, and on the highest ground about the town. It was originally erected as a residence for the French governor. 3502 From Rue des Forges there is a road leading to the foundery of St. Maurice. On the eastern side of the town are several small fiefs and se- parate lots of ground belonging to different proprietors, most of them in a good state of cultivation. St. Maurice (the seigniory of), in the county of Saint Maurice, lies on the west side of River St. Maurice, a league in breadth by a league and a half in depth: the original grant was two leagues in depth, but owing to the seigniory of Pointe du Lac, by which it is bounded on the south-west, being of a prior date, so great an extent could not be taken. St. Maurice was reunited to the king’s domain on the 6th April, 1740, and on the 13th of the same month granted to the company of the forges, with an additional piece of land three leagues in depth by two in breadth, called fief St. Etienne; on the north-west of St. Etienne is another tract of the same dimensions, that has latel y been annexed to the above grants, as part of the lands belonging to the forges. ‘The whole is the property of the crown, but let on lease for twenty-one years, together with the forges, &c. to Messrs. Munro and Bell, for the sum of 500/. per annum only. ‘The soil in St. Maurice (seigniory) is light and sandy, generally upon a bottom of clay or good marl ;: the sur- 303 face is a continual alternation of gradual rise and fall; in the low parts there are a few swamps, with a good deal of hemlock and cedar upon them ; the acclivities are mostly clothed with a general mixture of timber trees, but the chief sort is pine of a middling growth: a very small part only of this erant 1s cultivated. A fine road from ‘Three Rivers crosses it, leading mostly through the woods to the foundery. The fief St. Etienne is but little cultivated, though of a better soil, having a superior mixture of -marl, and in many places a rich black vegeta- ble earth; the ground is irregular, as in St, Maurice, but rising into stronger ridges on the north-west. The fief has several divisions called Cotes Rouge, de Grand Pont, Croche, 'Purcotte, de 14 Arpens, and St. Jean. ‘The upper lands are well covered with maple, birch, beech, and ash, but on the low grounds, that are wet in some places, there are only the usual inferior species, but these in great abundance. In this grant there are several pineries, which produce trees of a superior growth, particularly the one a little below and on Pigeon Island. Iron ore, that at one time was found plentifully in seve- ral parts of this fief, is now only met with in the rear. Quarries of lime-stone, a good grey stone, and some other hard species fit for building, are opened on the banks of the St. Maurice, near 304 the falls of Gros, and those of Gabelle a little below. Wood for the purposes of the forges is produced in abundance; great quantities of it are felled and carried by sleighs every winter to the furnaces, where it 1s made into charcoal for the use of the melting-houses; it was in consequence of the great demand, from the continual consumption of this article, that the additional tract of crown land was super- added to the others on the renewal of the lease. ‘The foundery of St. Maurice is situated in this fief, in a beautiful valley, at the con- fluence of a small stream with the St. Maurice, about eight miles above the town of Three Ri- vers; the high banks of the river, embellished with every variety of fine trees in groups on each side, the dark hue of the large pineries and immense surrounding forests, and the more distant and softened shades of the lofty moun- tains that bound the view, form together a bold and magnificent prospect, when viewed from the place where the road ascends the brow of the ridge that overlooks the valley. The foun- dery itself is replete with convenience for carry- ing on an extensive concern ; furnaces, forges, casting-houses, workshops, &c. with the dwell- ing-houses and other buildings, have altogether the appearance ofa tolerably large village. The articles manufactured here consist of stoves of 305 all descriptions, that are used throughout the provinces, large cauldrons or kettles for making pot-ashes, machinery for mills, with cast and wrought iron work of all denominations; there are likewise large quantities of pig and bar iron exported : the number of men employed is from 250 to 300; the principal foremen and persons engaged in making models, &c. are either En- glish or Scotch men; the workmen are gene- rally Canadians. In the early establishment of this foundery, about 1737, the ore was found in great abundance near the surface, of a qua- lity not inferior to many of the best mines of Europe for the pliability of the metal. At first the mode of working the different veins was managed with very little skill, but in 1739 an artizan was brought from France, who combined a knowledge of the different branches of manu- facturing wrought and cast iron with a compe- tent skill in working the mines; from this ac- quisition great improvements took place, which have progressively increased, and the establish- ment is now carried on with almost as much ability, and on the same principle, as similar concerns in England and Scotland. It will appear somewhat singular that neither of the provinces should produce sand proper for the purposes of casting iron, but such is the fact, and the proprietors of these works, in conse- | | : x 306 quence, import from England. all they use in that operation. Since the year 1806, Messrs. Munro and Bell have occupied these valuable premises on the terms before named ; previous to that period their annual rent was 800/. per ° annum ; on the termination of their former lease they were, very reasonably, entitled to the con- sideration of the government in reletting them, as indeed is every tenant on the expiration of a given term, after his ability and exertions have materially enhanced the value of the property ; but it very rarely occurs that similar circum- stances of improvement have operated as a cause for a reduction of the rent almost fifty ‘per cent; at any rate these gentlemen, whose industry and skill prove undoubtedly useful to the province, have many good reasons to be satisfied with their bargain. Car pE LA Macpe rains (the seigniory of), in the county of St. Maurice, is bounded by the river St. Maurice on the south-west, the seigniory of Champlain and its augmentation on the north-east, and by the river St. Law- rence on the front; its breadth is two leagues, its depth extends twenty leagues into the in- terior northwards; it was granted March 20, 1651, to the Order of Jesuits, and has now de- volved to the crown. The soil of this extensive seigniory, in such parts of it as have yet come 307 under observation, nearly resembles that of the lands belonging to the foundery of St. Maurice ; but where it differs therefrom there is rather less of a sandy earth, with a bluish and a yellow Joam prevailing in a greater proportion. ‘The timber is almost of the same species, and to- wards the interior much of it has attained a very fine growth. Compared with the great extent of the grant, a smail portion only is under cultivation, which hes principally on the St. Lawrence, and on the bank of the St. Maurice, almost up to the Falls of Gabelle: the settlements, however, are not noticeable for any thing in their system of management above mediocrity ; in consequence their wheat and. other crops are but indifferent, on land that might be made to yield abundantly. ‘The situation of the farms on the banks of the rivers, and the quality of the soil, are both favourable to agricultural improvement ; circumstances, that if judiciously attended to could not fail of rendering this part of the seigniory extremely valuable. ‘lhe Quebec road passes almost close to the St. Lawrence, by the ferry over the St. Maurice to the town of Three Rivers; this ferry, by which the established post-road is continued, is nearly two miles across; the price demanded from each person is two shillings and sixpence, and in like proportion for horses and carriages ; x 2 308 but about a mile and a half higher up the river there is another, where the charge is only three- pence each person, and fifteen-pence for a horse and carriage. By the side of this road stands the church of the seigniory, with its parsonage-house. At the mouth of the Saint Maurice are the islands Bellerive, au Cochon, St. Christophe, La Croix, and L’Abri; they are low, and almost covered with wood of the inferior sorts, but afford some very good graz- ing land. It was in contemplation some time since to throw a bridge across this river opposite to the Isle St. Christophe. Such a measure would prove of so great public utility as to ex- cite hopes that the design is not abandoned. On a route so much frequented as this is, the undertakers of the plan could hardly fail of deriving a handsome profit by their speculation ; the impediments to carrying it into effect, from the experience derived already in the execu- tion of similar projects, are not very difficult to be overcome. Between Isle Bellerive and the main there is a very good situation for laying up river craft during the winter season, where they remain secure, in about eight feet water, and escape all injury from the breaking up of the ice in the spring. The St. Maurice is one of the large rivers that pour their streams into the St. Lawrence: the depth of it is inconsider- _ 309 able, being navigable for small boats and canoes to ashort distance only upwards from its mouth. It takes its rise in the interior, about the skirts of the north-west ridge of mountains, and flows through Lake St. Thomas, from whence the magnitude of its stream is greatly increased; the banks on each side are high, and covered with large groups of fine majestic trees ; some of the small islands in it are thickly clothed with large pine-trees. In the interior the stream is passable for some of the Indian canoes, but not without many difficulties and much labour, caused by the numerous falls and rapids, that occasion very long portages ; however, a party or two of the Indian hunters persevere through this toilsome route, and descend every season to Three Rivers with a few furs. : CHAMPLAIN (the seigniory of and its aug- mentation), in the county of St. Maurice, on the northside of the River St. Lawrence, lies between Cap de la Magdelaine (seigniory) and Batiscan, a league and a half in front by a leaguein depth ; was granted Sept. 22, 1664, to Etienne Pezard, Sieur de la Touche; the augmentation, of the same breadth as the seigniory, and three leagues deep, is bounded in the rear by the township of Radnor, and waste crown lands; it was granted April 28th, 1697, to Madamedela'T'ouche. In this seigniory the soil is favourable to the growth 310 of all sorts of grain, and in many places so ex- cellent for the cultivation of flax, that it is a subject of regret so profitable and important an article is not attended to. ‘The timber is vari- ous, and though not of first rate quality, yet is not overstocked with the more useless sorts. ft is watered by the little River Champlain, and by many small streams, whose sources are at a short distance in the interior, which wind- ing down the gradual descent to the St. Law- rence in little rivulets, cross the main road, and agreeably diversify the meadows and culti- | vated grounds along the front. The little Cham- plain works a grist and a saw-mill. About one third of this seigniory is cultivated in a neat style, and by the side of the Quebec road dis- plays many good houses with thriving farms, almost wholly cleared of the wood: it has one church, and a parsonage-house near the road. Only a very small proportion of the augmenta- tion is yet brought into use; the remainder continues in a state of woodland, which pro- duces some capital timber. | Bartiscawn (the seigniory of), in the county of St. Maurice, has the St. Lawrence in front, Champlain and its augmentation on the south- west, and Ste. Marie with the augmentation to Ste, Anne on the north-east ; its breadth is about two leagues, and its depth twenty; oka granted March 3d, 1639, to the Order of Je- suits, and now reverted to the crown. Border- ing the St. Lawrence the land is low, but it soon obtains a gradual rise for the distance of nearly four leagues and a half to the interior ; it then becomes mountainous, as it gains upon the north-western ridge. ‘The soil in the lower parts, like the adjacent seigniories, is a light earth, rather sandy, laid over a stratum of good clay ; but proceeding northward, it gets stronger, _ and is enriched for a considerable space with fine black mould, affording many capital tracts for the growth of all kinds of grain. On the front the wood is nearly all cleared away and the land cultivated for two or three miles in- ward, and rather more than five miles upwards, on both sides of the River Batiscan, upon which there are many good settlements, where the dif- ferent farms appear very neat and well managed. The whole of its depth has not been explored, but as far as it has been visited is found to pro- duce timber of the best species, and excellent of the different kinds. La Petite Riviere Cham- plain, with some smaller streams, water the front, besides the large River Batiscan, that rolls a much broader current, but is so shallow as not to be accessible for boats higher than six or seven miles from its mouth. Over this and the Champlain there are ferries, where 312 canoes and scows are always in readiness on either side for travellers, carriages, &c. In addition to the main road that crosses the seig- niory, others ascend for several miles on each side of the Batiscan, and communicate with the adjacent grants. About six miles up on the east side of this river is the foundery of the same name; it consists of a furnace or smelting- house, a casting-house, two forges, dwelling- houses, and various other buildings. The manufactures carried on here are similar to those of St. Maurice; some pig and bar iron are also exported, but neither upon so exten- sive a scale as from the other foundery. The establishment. is the property of several indivi- duals; the chief owners were formerly the Hon. T. Dunn, John Craigie, Esq., Mr. Frobisher, and Mr. Coffin; the first named gentleman has for some time past withdrawn himself from the concern, and one or two of the latter are de- | ceased: it is now continued by their heirs and successors. From the expensive nature of these works, that require the continual application of large sums of money to keep them going, the revenue in proportion to the trade is by no means equal to that of St. Maurice. In open- ing a field for ingenuity and industry, as well as causing a competition in supplying articles of internal consumption, they are undoubtedly of 313 service to the provinces, yet they are said not to be a very profitable speculation to the owners of the property. | Ste. Marte (the seigniory of ), in the county of St. Maurice, joins Batiscan ; it is three quar- ters of a league in breadth, by half a league in depth ; was granted Nov. 3d, 1672, to Sieur le Moine, and is now the property of M. Boisvert. Str. ANNE, next toSte. Marie, nearly of thesame breadth, and a league in depth, was granted Oct. 20th, 1672, to Messieurs Sueur and La- naudiere. ‘This grant has three augmentations : the first, extending in breadth from the seigniory of Grondines to Batiscan, and three leagues © in depth, was granted March 4th, 1697, to Madame Denis, veuve de Sieur Lanaudiere : the second, one league and a haif deep, and the breadth of the former, granted Oct. 30th, 1700, to Sieur Thomas Tarieu de la Perade: and the third, three leagues deep by a similar breadth, granted April 20th, 1735, to Thomas Tarieu de la Perade: they are now the property of the heirs of C. Lanaudiere, Esq. The front of these two seigniories is so low as to be inundated in the spring of the year by the rising of the St. Lawrence, but this temporary inconvenience contributes greatly to the luxuriance of the fine meadows that border the river. The soil is sufficiently fertile, and consists of a light 314, sandy earth lying upon a reddish clay about — the front, but further to the rear is found a mixture of yellow loam and black mould; altogether it is very productive in grain of all kinds, and most other articles of general growth. In Ste. Marie the quantity of land under culti- vation is nearly two-thirds of the grant, and in Ste. Anne it amounts to nearly 300 lots or farms, somewhatirregularl ydispersed along each branch of the River St. Anne, and at the descent of a small ridge that stretches across the seigniory a short distance from its front. Of the aug- mentations to Ste. Anne but very little is culti- vated ; it is almost wholly woodland, producing timber of all species, and some of excellent growth and great value: the quality of the land, as indicated by the various kinds of wood growing upon it, is very good. Both grants are watered by the Rivers Batiscan and St. Anne, with a few other streams, not of much consequence; the two rivers are large, but scarcely at all navigable; the former is about 350 and the latter 400 yards wide; they ren — nearly parallel to each other, about seven miles apart, and ina direction almost opposite to the other large streams, as they take a north-east- erly course for about 70 miles, until they come to the rear of the city of Quebec, at about 30 miles distant in the township of Stoneham, 315 when they strike off to the northward, in which direction they are supposed to have their sources in some of the lakes of that part of the country which at present is but very little known. ‘Their streams are interrupted by many falls and rapids, that would render them unnavigable, even if the shallowness of the water did not do so: near where they discharge into the St. Lawrence, their banks are low, but more to the interior they are much higher, in some places rocky, but generally covered with fine timber. On the east side of River St. Anne, and near the St. Lawrence, is the village of St. Anne, containing about 30 houses, a handsome church, a parsonage-house, and a chapel; here are also a few shopkeepers, and an inn with good ac- commodations, where the stage-coaches put up, and also a post-house. At the village is a ferry, where canoes and scows are always to— be had for transporting travellers, carriages, &c. The river is here so shallow that the large boats are set across by poles: the charge for each person is three-pence, and one shilling for a horse and carriage. ‘The property of this ferry was granted in perpetuity by letters patent to the late Honourable C. de Lanaudiere, his heirs, &c. Owing to the inundation during the spring, the main road from Quebec is further retired from the bank of the St. Lawrence at 316 this place than at most others ; it passes along the ridge or eminence before mentioned, until it arrives near to the village, where it resumes its usual direction: on both sides of the river St. Anne there are roads that follow its course through several seigniories to the north-east. There is a grist-mill in Ste. Anne, and a grist anda saw-millin Ste. Marie. The manor-houses in each seigniory are agreeably situated near the two points formed by the rivers St. Anne | and St. Lawrence. That belonging to the family of Lanaudiere is surrounded by excel- lent gardens, and many fine groups of beautiful trees. On the eastern side of the seigniory of Ste. Anne is fief Dorvilliers, containing one league superficial measure. At the confluence of the two rivers lie the Isles St. Ignace, Ste. Marguerite, Dularge and Dusable, all belong- ing to the seigniory; they are low, but yield fine pasture and some good meadow land ; be- ing well clothed with wood, they afford several very pleasing prospects from both the houses. Yamaska (the seigniory of), on the south side of the river St. Lawrence, in the county of Buckingham, is bounded on the south-west bythe seigniory of Sorel and Bonsecours, on the north- east by St. Francois, and in the rear by Bourg- marie East; a league and a half in front by three leagues deep; it was granted September S17 24th, 1683, to Sieur de la Valliere, and is now the property of J. M. Tonnancour, Esq. Cul- tivation of a favourable description extends over nearly one half of the seigniory ; the differ- ent concessions, large and small, amount to upwards of 160, lying on each side of the River Yamaska, by the Petit Chenail, and in the Cotes St. Louis, and Ste. Catherine. ‘The Bay of La Vallier, or Yamaska, extends across the upper part of it into Sorel, and that of St. Francois makes rather a deep incision on its eastern side; immediately surrounding these bays the land is low and marshy, but a short distance from them are many large tracts of most excellent meadow ; further to the rear the soil is rich, and very productive, consisting of good yellow loam, and a fine clay intermixed with light earth, affording much good arable for grain of all sorts, and some spots well adapted to the culture of flax and hemp. The front part of the seigniory is moderately well furnished with timber of a middling and inferior quality, as white fir, spruce fir, hemlock, &c. ; but in the rear upon the drier grounds, some of a superior description is produced, as plane, beech, hickory, and oak. ‘The land is tolerably well watered by several small streams, in addi- tion to the little river David that has its source in the adjoining savannes, or large swamps. The 318 convenience of good roads is afforded in every di- rection. The main one, from the eastward, lead- ing to the town of William Henry, crosses the Yamaska at a ferry, just above la Petite Isle Ton- nancour: the price of passage is three-pence each person, six-pence for a horse, and one shil- ling fora carriage. A grist-mill and a wind-mill are near the ferry. In front of the seigniory are the Isles du Moine, aux Raisins, and some others; in the mouth of the river is the large island St. Jean, entirely covered with wood, some of it of good quality. The bays beforementioned yield a great variety of fine fish, and along their shores game of several sorts is found in abun- dance. The river Yamaska admits of inland navigation of some importance for batteaux and rafts: its medium breadth is about 400 yards. Its sources are in the high lands about the townshipsof Bolton andBrome; the currentis also supplied by some of the large lakes in the same neighbourhood: one large branch of it crosses the township of Farnham, and another, at about 22 miles further on, diverges into the adjoining - townships: from thence it pursues a north or north-westerly direction to Lake St. Peter; the whole of its course is about 90 miles. As the new townships in this part of the province become more populous, and the increase of agriculture furnishes produce beyond their own 319 consumption, this route of communication will prove not much inferior in consequence to that by the River Richelieu. St. Francois (the seigniory of), on the south side of the St. Lawrence, in the county of Buckingham, has Yamaska on the south- west, Lussaudiere on the north-east, and De Guir and Pierreville in the rear: it is one league in front by nearly two in depth; granted Oc- tober 8th, 1678, to Sieur de Crevier, and 1s now the property of Mons. Le Gendre, and some families of the Abenaqui Indians. This seigniory, like the preceding one, is low towards the Lake St. Peter. The Bay of St. Francois, and some others, indent it rather deeply, and occasion large tracts of marsh land along their shores; a little removed from them are some very fine meadows, and further to the interior the soil is good, in most parts rather light and sandy. The timber is but of indifferent quality, and consists more of spruce fir, hemlock, and cedar, than any other; on the driest land there is a little maple and beech. ‘The River St. Francis, with a few smaller streams, water it very well. About one half of this grant is in a state of cultivation ; the best settled and most improved parts lie on each side of the St. Francis. At the descent of this river into the St. Law- rence are several islands that are attached to the 320 grant; the largest of them is nearly four miles long, partly cultivated, and very well settled; the church and parsonage-house be- longing to the seigniory stand on this island, from whence, although not an established ferry, there are always in readiness canoes to convey travellers to William Henry, at the rate of five shillings each person; a route generally pre- ferred in summer-time to that by the post roads. The other islands are low, some of them affording a little meadow land, but they are principally covered with wood. On the east side of the river is situated the Indian vil- lage of St. Francois, of about 25 or 30 very indifferently built wooden houses, inhabited by some families of the converted Indians of the Abenaqui tribe, who subsist themselves upon the lands that are their own property within this seigniory, by raising, in their peculiarly careless manner, some Indian corn, growing potatoes, and rearing poultry and pigs; they sometimes increase these means by fishing, and during the winter months by hunting parties ; the latter is but a precarious resource, as they are compelled to go an immense distance before they can meet with game to repay their labour ; for as the habitations of civilized man have spread over the province, the animals that were the prior occupants have fled for pro- 321 tection to the recesses of more distant forests. In this village there is a church and a parson- age-house, at which the missionary, who super- intends the religious concerns of the tribe, al- ways resides. An interpreter also has a per- manent residence among them. ‘There are se- veral roads leading through this property; the main one, from the eastward to William Henry, crosses the river at a ferry by the Abenaqui village, where three-pence is paid for each per- son, and one shilling for a horse and carriage. The river St. Francis is another of the commu- nications by which a considerable and increas- ing traffic is carried on with the southern town- - ships, and also with the United States. The navigation of it is difficult and exceedingly la- borious, owing to the great number of violent rapids and falls that occur in its course; but as it presents a direct route for sending the pro- duce of these districts to a certain market, these obstacles are resolutely overcome by the in- dustrious settlers on each side of the boundaries, and large quantities of pot and _pearl-ashes, and various other commodities, are every sum- mer brought down by it into the St. Lawrence for Quebec. Great quantities of British manu- factured goods are also sent upwards to the States. The source of the St. Francis is a large Jake of the same name, lying in the townships Y 322 of Garthby and Colerain, from whence it flows in a south-westerly direction for about thirty miles; part of this distance is but imperfectly known, never having been correctly surveyed : it then assumes a course nearly north-westerly, runs about eighty miles, and discharges itself into Lake St. Peter. In the township of Ascott a branch of it connects with Lake Memphrem- agog, from the extremity of which several streams descend into the state of Vermont; by this means the transport of goods is continued in that direction. As the navigation from Lake Memphremagog to the St. Lawrence is op- posed by many and powerful natural obstruc- tions, a particular account of it will help to shew what patient and persevering industry is required tosurmount them. From the outlet of the lake to the place where the stream joins the St. Francis is about 19 miles, in which distance there is a singular alternation of violent rapids and still water where the current is most tedi- ously slow; about three quarters of a mile before it enters the river there is what’ is termed a fall, not indeed from a perpendicular height, but the bed of the river being very — much. contracted, and the current broken by high ledges of rock, it is impossible for boats to pass it; even single sticks of timber are sel- dom sent down it, as experience has proved 323 that they never escape without being much bruised, if not absolutely shivered to pieces: in this distance of three quarters of a mile the whole descent is from 170 to 180 feet. At this place the scows and boats are unloaded, their contents carried to the end of the fall, and there re-embarked in other craft ready to re- ceive them; from hence they are borne down by a gentle current about six miles, to the Great Brompton Falls, that are about two miles in length: as empty boats can run down them on the west side only, the cargoes are again taken out and conveyed to the foot of the falls, where the boats are re-laden, and pro- ceed about seven miles further to the Little — Brompton Falls; a repetition of the former labours must again take place, as they can be passed by nothing but light craft: at this point the portage is no more than 250 yards. A mile or two further on is Dutchman’s Shoot, where the river is narrowed by a ledge of rocks, and two small islands forming a rapid, that with much care and some difficulty loaded boats may pass through. After this a current, rapid and slow in succession, continues without im- pediment for fifteen miles to Kingsey portage ; this is a confined part of the river, with a large rock in the middle of it, that is covered when the water is very high, and at which time only w2 324 the loaded boats are able to pass it; the cure. rent rushes through the channel with great im- petuosity, and retains its violence for more than: a mile beyond it. From hence no material obstacles present themselves until arriving at Menue Falls, a distance of about twenty miles; these are three-quarters of a mile long, and only practicable for the empty boats: Lord’s Falls, two miles further down, and about the same length as those of Menue, are subject to the same inconvenience, or even greater, for unless © the water be very high they cannot be passed by the light boats. At six miles below this fall is the commencement of a very rapid current, that continues for fifteen miles, and when passed all difficulties are overcome, and the river is free into Lake St. Peter. From the upper to the lower part of the river it varies in breadth from — 100 yards to nearly a mile. Notwithstanding this troublesome medley of land and water car-_ riage, the trade carried on by it is now very considerable, as more than 1500 barrels of ashes — only have been brought down it in one summer ~ very lately. yan © LussauDIERE (the seigniory of), in the county of Buckingham, is situated next to St. Francois, one league square; was granted — 26th July, 1683, to Sieur de la Motte de Luciere. In this grant the land is generally 325 of a better quality than that in the pre- ceding one, with less of a sandy descrip- tion: the front is so low as to be overflowed in the spring by Lake St. Peter, and consists of very fine meadow and good pasturage: pro- ceeding to the rear the ground rises gradually; in this direction there are some patches of fair arable land. ‘The timber is not of the best kinds, particularly in front, although it im- proves further back. About one third of the seigniory is cultivated; the most improved set- tlements are contiguous to the main road on each side of it, where some of the lots and farms bespeak an attention to husbandry that shews them in a very favourable light. PIERREVILLE (theseigniory of),in the county of Buckingham, is situated in the rear of St. Francois, bounded on its south and south-west sides by the seigniory of De Guir, and on the north and north-east by waste lands of the crown, a league and a half in front by a league in depth; it was granted August 3, 1683, to Sieur Laurent Phillippe, and is now the pro- perty of the Baroness de Longeuil. A middling good soil is the general characteristic of the whole of this grant; in some parts it lies low, but not so as to occasion swamps. The best Jand is found close on each side of the St. Francis, where are the principal settlements — 326 and the best cultivation; the quantity under hand amounts to one third of the whole, or a little more. The River St. Francis runs through the seigniory, dividing it nearly in half, and affords the advantages of easy and expeditious conveyance; as its current hereabouts, and to- wards the St. Lawrence, is very rapid. An inferior description of timber prevails; enough however of the better sorts is found to supply the wants of the inhabitants. The river turns a grist and a saw-miil; in it there are two or three small islands covered with trees of no real value, although exceedingly decorative. De Gutr (the seigniory of), in the county of Buckingham, bounded on the north and north- west by Pierreville and St. Francois, on the south-east by the township of Upton, on the south-west by Bourgmarie East, and on the north-east by Courval; its figure is irregular, — the greatest length being two leagues and a half; as it is now possessed, it does not agree at all with the original grant, which specifies two leagues of front by two leagues deep: it was granted September 23, 1751, to Sieur Josephe De Guir, dit des Rosiers; the property now belongs to Josias Wurtel, Esq. Nearly all this tract remains in a state of woodland; in many places it is low, but of a soil that if cleared would be fit for the productions of every 327 sort common to the country. The timber is generally of a superior class. Several branches of the River David water it, and along them are dispersed a few settlers who have their farms in a forward state of cultivation: were a critical revision of the boundaries to take place, some of these tenants now holding from the seignior of De Guir would prove to be lo- cated within the township of Upton. Bovuremarie East (the seigniory of) is an instance in support of the observations made some pages back relating to the inconvenience of the present district and county boundaries, as it lies within the districts of Montreal and Three Rivers, and in the counties of Richelieu and Buckingham; it is situated in the rear of the seig- niory of Yamaska, bounded on the west by the river Yamaska, on the south by St. Charles, and on the east by De Guir; fifty arpents in front by nearly two leagues in depth; it was granted on the Ist of August, 1708, to Marie Fézéret, and is now the property of Mrs. Barrow. This tract is what the Canadian farmers term very good land; in fact it is of rather a superior quality, and such as if moderately well ma- naged would yield abundant crops of grain; at present about a third part of it is under cul- tivation. A little good timber is found upon it, with abundance of the inferior sorts, such as 328 basswood, spruce fir, hemlock and cedar. Be- sides having the navigable river for one of the boundaries, it is watered by the River David, that winds a very mazy course through it, and turns one grist-mill. On each side of this river there is a road, and one that coasts the Yamaska. The church of this seigniory has no resident Curé, but the duties of it are performed by the minister of St. Michael de Yamaska. Bate St. AnTorne or Leresvre (the selgniory of) is on the south side of the St. Lawrence,in the county of Buckingham ; bound- ed on the south-west by Lussaudiere, on the north-east by Nicolet, and in the rear by Cour- val; two leagues in front and the same in depth; granted September 4th, 1683, to Sieur Lefebvre, and is now the property of Louis Guoin, Esq. This is in all respects a very productive tract of ground: in the front the Longue Pointe, Pointe aux Pois, and Pointe a4 la Garenne, all stretching boldly into the St. . Lawrence, form the extremities of two large bays; to the east of Pointe a la Garenne is the Baie de Febvre, also trenching deeply upon the seigniory ; forsome distance on the margin of these bays 1s a marsh that in the summer affords ex- cellent pasture, singularly intersected in all di- rections by numerous small and clear rivulets ; sy 329 tising from hence to the main road crossing the seigniory from east to west, are some very rich and luxuriant meadows. From this road the land continues a gradual elevation to the rear; the soil is mostly a fat clay or good black mould highly fertile. Except in the marshes and meadows, that have plenty of common wood, the timber is of the best kinds. The River Nicolet, crossing a small part of the south-east corner, is the only stream towards the back of the seigniory: full one half of this property is under culture, and can boast of some farms in a very flourishing state, par- ticularly by the road side. ‘The want of water corn-mills is supplied by several wind-mills. The church is placed about the middle of the grant, on a rising ground; below it are many good houses, almost sufficient in number to form a respectable village; among them are two or three shops, and a tavern, for which the situation is not ill chosen, as the place is a great thoroughfare, from whence a main road strikes off towards the southern townships. Courvat (the seigniory of), in the county of Buckingham, is situated in the rear of Baie St. Antoine or Lefebvre, two leagues in breadth by three in depth, and stretching in that di- rection to the township of Wendover; it was granted September 25th, 1754, to Sieur Cressé, 330 and is now possessed by Louis Guoin, Esq. ‘But little of this grant is cleared; the land however is much above mediocrity: a few swampy places present the usual kinds of timber upon a wet soil, but the uplands pro- duce beech, maple, birch, and pine. The south-west branch of the Nicolet and the St. Francis water it; on the latter is a grist-mill belonging to the seignior. The few settlers who have began to cultivate are. established upon the banks of the two rivers, and have managed to improve their farms very fast. The only road is the one from St. Antoine to the new townships. —e Nico et (the seigniory of, and its augment- ation), on the south side of the St. Lawrence, or rather Lake St. Peter, in the county of Buckingham, is bounded by Baie St. Antoine (seigniory) and Courval on the south-west, Ro- quetaillade and the township of Aston on the north-east, and the township of Wendover in the rear; two leagues in front by two in depth; was granted October 29th, 1672, to Sieur de . Laubia: the augmentation, two leagues in breadth by three in depth, was granted November Ath, 1680, to Sieur de Cresse; they are at present possessed by Mons. Cressé, a lineal descendant of the original proprietor. The soil of this grant is not remarkably good, but industry has ay dl five id =D % ie Cw REN RAI SaaS. yu fe ry” Mie Li Ss ee Y 331 : me dima made up for its natural defi- ciencies, as there are 250 concessions in a very fair state of cultivation, producing good crops of grain of most kinds. Towards the St. Law- rence the land is poor, of a light sandy nature, . but more in the interior it grows stronger and obtains a better heart: it lies rather low, and is generally level, timbered with the ordinary sorts.of wood, and but little of a superior qua- lity or growth. The River Nicolet waters it ad- vantageously. A village containing 50 houses, with the church in the midst of them, is notice- able for its beautiful situation on the side of a gentle acclivity, covered with some majestic oaks (the best timber of the seigniory), and crested with a tuft of lofty pines: below the © village, and on the opposite side of the river, are the remains of the old church and _ par- sonage of Nicolet. Both sides of the river, for about three leagues upwards, are embellished by settlements, and the appearance greatly en- livened by a number of neat houses, which in various parts of the seigniory, including the village, exceed 300; many of them well built of stone. At the entrance of the river is Isle Moran, the property of Mons. Paul Beaubien, of which a grant was made October 29th, 1672, to Sieur de Moran. The main road to William Henry passes through the village, and 332 crosses the river at a ferry, where the toll is three-pence each person, nine-pence for a horse, and fifteen-pence for a horse and carriage ; besides this road, several others intersect the seigniory in different directions, and pass along each side of the river, upon which there are three grist-mills and as many saw-mills. ‘The Nicolet takes its source from a lake of the same name, in the township of Weedon, and runs north-westerly through the townships of Ham, Arthabaska, Bulstrode, &c. for about 47 miles, when it is met by a large branch from the townships of Simpson, Kingsey, and Ship- ton, navigable for boats and scows, and which sends off numerous streams on each side; this point of junction is called the second forks: from hence its course through the augmenta- tion and seigniory, until it falls into Lake St. Peter, is about twenty-one miles. The banks, in the interior townships, are high, and generally covered with woods down to the water ; but in the lower part of its course they diminish their height very much, and are less woody: from the village downward there are several small islands covered with trees, that form very pleasing groups from the acclivity before men- tioned. In the upper part of the river there are some rapids, but of no great impediment, as the Indians frequently ascend and descend 333 them in canoes. In the spring, when the stream is increased by the freshes, small decked vessels can sometimes get up from the St. Lawrence as high as the village, but this cannot be depended upon, as the entrance is obstructed by a sandy bar, upon which craft drawing two feet water frequently strike in the summer or dry season: it is called the Batture aux Sables. The scenery on both banks is varied and beautiful in many places, but especially on the north-east side it is par- ticularly interesting: in passing down the St. Lawrence, the front of the seigniory presents a prospect peculiarly pleasing, as bordering on that river the wood is pretty thick, with several clear intervals, through which the settlements and the village are seen in different points of view to the greatest advantage. A little above the village is the college of Nicolet, founded about ten years ago, and maintained in its in- fancy by the liberality of the Catholic Bishop of Quebec. It stands on a spot well calculated by the natural beauties of its situation to assist the views of so excellent an establishment. The building is on a simple, unostentatious, but convenient plan, possessing all requisite accommodation for the director, masters, and seventy pensioners. This institution is entirely _ for instruction, and since its foundation has 334 been so much encouraged as to exhibit many pleasing proofs of having completely answered the expectations of its benevolent patron. There are six professors in the different branches of philosophy, classics, belles lettres, &c. and one for the English language; the whole system and progress of the studies are carried on under the immediate inspection of a director, who always resides at the college. In addition to the advantages of a liberal and_ polished education, the pupils here enjoy a salubrious air, with every means of acquiring vigour of body, as well as cultivating the mind. RoQuETAILLADE (fief), on the south side of the St. Lawrence, in the county of Bucking- ham, joins Nicolet on the south-west, and is bounded by the township of Aston in the rear, half a league in front by three leagues in depth; was granted April 22, 1675, to Sieur Pierre Godefroi de Roquetaillade. | GopeErrot (fief), adjoining Roquetaillade, 1s three quarters of a league in front by three leagues in depth; was granted August 31, 1688, to Sieur Godefroi, and is now the pro- perty of Etienne Le Blanc, Esq. and Mons. Loiseau. Estimated generally, the land of these two fiefs is valuable; in the front, in- deed, it is rather light and sandy, but it soon loses that character, and towards the interior 335 improves into a fine black mould; in the rear it lies low, and has one or two small swamps, and perhaps as many brulés: a little draining would, in a short time, convert the first into fine meadows, and the latter might be as easily improved into good arable land. Wood is plentiful, although but little of first rate quality among it. The Rivers Ste. Marguerite and Godetroi, with many small rivulets, wind through both fiefs so as to water them completely; two mills are turned by them. About two- thirds of each property is settled, and some of it in a state of superior cultivation, particularly on the road, or Chemin du Village as it is called, that goes from Becancour to Nicolet, the Coteaux Vuide Poche, Beausejour, St. Charles and Cote du Brulé; between the dif- ferent ranges there are roads leading to the Route de St. Gregoire, which communicates with the main road near the ferry across the St. Lawrence. ‘I'he church of St. Gregoire, sur- rounded by a few well built houses, is situated on the east side of the route near the Chemin du Village. ‘he easterly boundary of Godefroi is supposed to pass down the middle of the River Godefroi from Lake St. Paul. Brecawncour (the seigniory of), on the south side of the St. Lawrence, in the county of Buckingham, is bounded by Godefroi on the 336 south-west, by fief Dutord on the north-east, and by the townships of Aston and Madding- ton in the rear; two leagues and a quarter in front by two in depth; was granted April 16, 1647, to Sieur de Becancour, and is now the property of the heirs of the late Lieut. Colonel Bruere, Etienne Le Blanc, Esq. and Mr. Ezekiel — Hart. This grant, which towards the river is flat, possesses an excellent and exuberant soil, not materially differing in its peculiarities from that of the two preceding descriptions; the wheat, oats, and barley produced upon it, but particularly the former, are considered as fine, if not better than any other in the province. Hemp and flax are both grown here, and both excellent in quality. The timber is not much entitled to notice, the lowlands affording none but of the most. inferior sorts, and the higher situations only beech, maple, birch, and a little pine.. More than one half of the seigniory is in cultivation, and several of the farms exhibit a high state of improvement; the best of which are situated on the St. Lawrence, and on each side of the Becancour and Blanche. It is watered by the Rivers Becancour, Godefroi, and Blanche, Lake St. Paul, and Lac aux Outardes: the first is a large river, winding ina beautiful manner through the middle of the seleniory; its source is in the townships of 337 Broughton and Leeds, from whence it branches into those of Inverness, Halifax, and Ireland, where many minor streams flowing from nu- merous small lakes fall into it. After traversing — the townships of Nelson and Somerset, and the front of Stanfold and Bulstrode, in an easterly direction, for about 46 miles, it alters its course to north-west, flowing about 21 miles more be- tween Aston and Maddington, and through the seigniory, it discharges itself into the St. Lawrence. The banks towards its source are high, steep, and frequently rocky, but they de- crease their elevation very much as they de- scend towards its mouth. The current being greatly embarrassed by falls, rapids, and shoals, is not navigable. In the broader parts there are some small islands covered with fine trees, that viewed from the banks display the varied hues of their foliage with pleasing effect. Within the limits of Becancour there are two mills upon the river. Lake St. Paul is an expanse about four miles and a half Jong and half a mile broad, not very deep, but abounding in fish. of many sorts: its waters pass by the channel of. the river Godefroi into the St. Law- rence.. The margin of it is a perfect landscape, set off by almost every description of charming scenery : well cultivated farms, with neat and good houses belonging to them, are seen in all Z — $38 directions round it, and in many places groups. of fine trees, as decorative as they can be con- ceived to be in a well preserved park, give to the whole view an appearance most beautifully picturesque. Lac aux Outardes connects with St. Paul, and participates in the general amenity _ of the situation; it derives its name from the immense quantities of birds of that species (bustards) that formerly frequented its borders, although now even one of them is but rarely seen, as the increase of settlements has long since driven them to more solitary situations. The Isle Dorval, a small low island, covered. with underwood, divides the entrance of the Becan- cour into two channels. Just above this island, and on the west side of the river, are the hemp- mills, &c. established by government, and placed under the direction of Mr. Campbell: the spot was selected by him, and with respect to situation and soil is admirably well cal- culated for the production of that article ; but whatever pains have been taken to give full effect to the plan, the success has been only partial: perhaps something like the real cause of failure may have been mentioned in a former page of this work, as well as some of the means that might be adopted, and would ensure more favourable results in the cultivation of that va- luable plant. The church of Becancour, with 339 the parsonage-house and a few others sur- rounding it, is situated on the east side of the river: a short distance above it is a village of Abenaqui Indians, consisting of a few ill-built wooden houses, or, more correctly speaking, hhovels; the manners and occupations of these people are precisely similar to those of the village in St. Francois. The main road to the westward crosses the river just above Isle Dorval, two others ascend it for some distance on each side, and one or two range in different directions among the settlements. From the front of the seigniory, there is a ferry over the St. Lawrence to Three Rivers. Durorp (fief), adjoining Becancour on the south-west, is bounded in the rear by the town- ship of Maddington. The original title of this concession has not been found among the other records, therefore its date and dimensions, as granted, are both uncertain; it is however at present a quarter of a league in front by nearly three leagues in depth. CourNoyveEr (fief) lies contiguous to Dutord, and is bounded on the north-east by Gentilly. The extent of this fief is half a league in front by three leagues in depth, but, as with the preceding grant, neither the original title nor other record relative to it have been discovered. ‘Nhe former is the property of Mons. Bellefeuille, Z 2 340 and the latter belongs to Etienne Le Blane, Esq! ‘Towards the rear of these two fiefs the land ‘is - higher, but in all other respects precisely similar to’ Becancour, and the timber nearly of the same species that prevails there. ‘I'wo thirds | of the land is well settled, and m a superior state of cultivation. | GENTILLy (the seigniory of), in the county of Buckingham, is bounded on the north-east by Livrard, on the south-west by fief Cour- noyer, and in the rear bythe townships of Maddington and Blandford; two leagues and a half in front by two in depth; was granted August 14th, 1676, to Michel Pel- letier, Sieur de la Perade: it.is now the pro- perty of Messrs. de Lery. Fora great distance the southern bank of the St. Lawrence has been described as low, in many places but little above the water’s level; it here assumes a different character, rising high and steep, from whence there is a gradual descent towards the rear. ‘The soil in front is a sandy loam and good clay, but further back it changes to a strong black mould, that is very favourable to most species of agriculture. The first and second ranges of concessions near the St. Law- rence, and on the river Gentilly, shew a very good specimen of judicious management: the whole of the land in culture will amount te 341 about, one third of the seigniory. The timber upon the banks of the latter river is of the best kind and capital quality, but that in other parts is only fit for fire-wood; and as such, large quantities are cut and rafted down to Quebec. This property is watered by the river Gentilly and two or three smaller streams, which work one grist and one saw-mill. Livrarp or St. Prerre Les Becauets {the seigniory of), in the county of Buck- ingham, is bounded in front by the St. Law- rence, by the district line between Quebec and Three Rivers on the north-east, the seigniory of Gentilly on the south-west, and by the township of Blandford in the rear; two leagues in front and four deep; granted April 27, 1683, to Sieur Livrard, together with Isle Madame below the Island: of Orleans. It is now the property of A. Lanaudiere, Esq. and the Ho- norable F. Baby. ‘This seigniory is but very little settled, although the soil is fertile, and yields good crops of grain in all its varieties ; it is composed generally of fine clay and a rich black, mould. It is plentifully stocked with timber, some of which is of the best descrip-— tion, but much the greater proportion is bois de chauffage, that. is supplied in large quan- tities for the consumption ‘of the capital. © It 342 is watered by part of the Riviere du Chéne, and some small streams. In the first and second ranges of concessions, there are a few farms in a very improved state. The church of St. Pierre, the parsonage, and a chapel, are si- tuated on the bank of the St. Lawrence, along which the main road passes. TOWNSHIPS. GRANTHAM, on the west side of the St. Francis, in the county of Buckingham, is bounded by Upton on the west and north- west, and Wickham on the south. On the bank of the river the ground is high, but broken by several deep ravines ; in other direc- tions it is considerably lower, and very level. The soil almost every where is good, being, on the uplands, either a yellow or a blackish loam with sand below it; in other situations it is more incorporated with sand. The timb eron the land contiguous to the river is birch, pine, maple, elm, beech, basswood, and iron wood ; cedar, fir, and tammarack, are abundant in the inferior parts. The Black River, with a. few other streams, water it, and present many excellent situations for the erection of mills. 343. A very small number of settlers have established themselves on the margin of the rivers, upon well chosen spots, where the land is propitious to almost every species of culture ; and so it is upon a great many others that might be selected. In several parts of this township are large ex- tents, producing a fine luxuriant natural grass, that after coming to maturity dries upon the ground, and in that state is but little inferior to good meadow hay. The principal proprietors are the heirs of the original grantee, the late William Grant, Esq. WenpDoveER, in the county of Buckingham, has its front on the east bank of the St. Francis, opposite to Grantham ; bounded on the north- west by Courval and the augmentation to Ni- colet, on the south-east by Simpson, and in the rear by waste crown lands. The quality of this tract cannot be highly praised: the land near the river is the best, and will admit of cultivation ; but a short distance from thence it sinks into low deep swamps, where the soil is Chiefly yellow sand and gravel; these extend nearly as far back as the rear boundary, and are overflowed in the spring. On the driest situations the timberis maple, birch, beech, and pine; in the swamps, hemlock, &c. Two branches of the Nicolet and some other streams 344 water it. Only a quarter of this township has been yet surveyed, and with the trifling excep- tion of two single lots, none of it settled ; but possibly, as the main road from the St. Law- rence into the United States passes through it, and is likely to become a route of much im- portance, some adventurous cultivators may hereafter be induced to establish themselves in its vicinity. SIMPson, in the county of Buckingham, lies between Wendover and Kingsey, on the east side of the River St. Francis; is bounded in the rear by Warwick, and waste lands of the crown. ‘The whole of this tract-has been *sur- veyed, and granted to officers and privates of the Canadian Militia, who served during the blockade of Quebec, in 1775 and 6. +The land is low and level, with very few swamps: it-is of a good quality, and if brought under ‘cultivation would produce grain of all sorts ; hemp and flax in many places would find a soil highly favourable to their growth. Good timber, principally beech and maple, is found partially, but the kinds of little value are in abundance. It is watered by several branches of the Nicolet, and some small streams that fall into the St. Francis; the former presenting many excellent situations for the erection of 345 mills. A few lots, situated by the road side, contiguous to the river, are settled upon, and agriculture has already made some progress thereon. ~ Wicxuaw, in the county of Buckingham, on the west side of the River St. Francis, ‘opposite to Simpson. The interior and rear of this tract are so swampy and thickly covered with cedar, spruce fir, and hemlock, as to be little capable of being converted to any agri- cultural purpose. Near the river, and also drawing towards the townships of Grantham and Dunham, the land is more elevated, con- siderably better in quality, and might soon be made fit for production of most species of grain, and useful for most other purposes of the farm. In these districts the timber con- sists of oak, pine, maple, and beech, each of good dimensions. In the interior there are but a few rivulets, and these very diminutive; but it has the advantage of being traversed in front by a very beautiful and serpentine course of the St. Francis, that affords complete irrigation to the best lands. In this township, 23,786 acres have been granted to William Lindsay and others; but settlement or clearing any parts sof it has scarcely yet commenced. - Duruawm, in the county of Buckingham; on the west side of the St. Francis, joins Wickham 546 on the north-west, Melbourne on the south-east, and Acton and Ely on the south-west. The land here is generally good, presenting several extensive and improvable tracts that might be turned to advantage under most sorts of culti- vation. On the bank of the river a small set- tlement is forming, and if in good hands, from — the nature of the soil fixed upon, it will un- doubtedly be attended with success. Beech, maple, birch, butternut, pine, ash, and cedar, are to be found in great plenty; there 1s some oak, but it is less abundant than the others. It is watered by numerous small rivulets. The principal proprietors of lands are the heirs of the late Thomas Scott, Esq. The Abenaqui Indians of the village in the seig- niory of St. Francois hold 8150 acres by letters patent. KINGSEY, in the county of Buckingham, is on the east side of the river St. Francis; bounded by Simpson on the north-west, Ship- ton on the south-east, and Warwick on the rear. A line drawn through this township from west to east would nearly separate the two qualities of land that compose it. The front, and the side next to Shipton, are of the very best quality, and equal to every species of cultivation: they produce beech, birch, maple, butternut, bass-. wood, and oak timber. The part adjoining 347 Warwick and Simpson is low and swampy, covered with cedar, spruce-fir, and similar woods. Several branches of the Nicolet water it advantageously enough; on the banks of these streams a few settlers have established them- selves, but the greatest shew of cultivation is in front, upon the St. Francis, where some indus- trious farmers have made great progress, con- sidering how recently they have begun to clear the land ; their successful example will be likely to attract other settlers of similar habits, and in a few years, from the natural fertility of the soil, aided by their exertions, this, in all probability, will become a populous and thriving township. The principal proprietors are the heirs of the late Major Samuel Holland, Surveyor-Ge- neral of the northern district in America, pre- vious to the rebellion ; also the heirs of the late Doctor George Longmore: a small proportion is held by the family of Donald Maclean. Surperon, in the county of Buckingham, lies between Kingsey and Windsor, having Tingwick in the rear. This tract, equally good in nearly all its parts, is of a very superior qua- ity, and decidedly the best of all the townships within this district: cultivation of every de- scription may be carried on with the greatest success, but hemp, flax, and wheat, would be found particularly beneficial ; the latter, indeed, 348 Is scarcely surpassed in goodness upon -any tract of the province. Numerous gradual rises in several parts of the township are peculiarly fit for such productions as require a rich dry soll. ‘The timber is beech, oak, maple, birch, and pine, intermixed with great.abundance of inferior kinds. It is exceedingly well watered by a large branch of the Nicolet, and by several small rivulets that rise in the uplands, and after winding very sinuous courses, descend into the St. Francis. Agriculture is pursued. here with great attention, and over a large extent of land : the farms are dispersed on the banks of the St. Francis, the Nicolet, and the rivulets, many of them displaying an advanced state of improve- ment. ‘The Nicolet is‘navigable for boats and _scows from hence to the St. Lawrence, and, with the St. Francis, furnishes water conveyance from nearly every part of the township; by which routes large quantities of pot and pearl ash, made here, are transported to Quebec., Besides these means of sending its surplus produce ta market, there is also the advantage of Craigs Road passing nearly through the middle of it ; that certainly, and at no very distant period, is destined to be the direct. communication be- tween the capital of Canada. and the United States: the main road on the east side of the St. Francis to the St. Lawrence, as before noticed, 349 and some others leading into the neighbouring townships, are considerations that, ere long, will have great influence in rendering this a rich, populous, and flourishing part of the district of Three Rivers. Industrious men are not always speculative, but there are inducements here suffi- ciently strong to excite the most parsimonious to extend their views; while to new settlers a rich-and luxuriant soil is presented, that with care and industry, under the guidance of a moderate degree of agricultural skill, will hardly fail to realize the. most flattering expectations : some good corn and saw-mills have been erect- ed already: the present population is about 1000 souls. Elmer Cushing and William Ber- nard are the principal proprietors of Iand in Utts township. ~ Mexsourne, in the county eepneniaprenal on the west side of the St. Francis, joins Dur- ham:’on the north-west. The land here is, in general, but little inferior to that in the town- ship of Shipton, and well clothed with good maple, beech, elm, pine, and oak timber; several rivers and streams spread over it in every direction ; and after completely answering all the purposes of irrigation, fall: into the St. Francis. Large settlements have been made in this: township, and considering them as lands but newly redeemed from the state of nature, 350 great advances in cultivation are perceptible, and which have been guided by a competent knowledge in a judicious system of husbandry. The soil is excellent, and requires but little aid to render it uncommonly fertile ; it will produce - grain of all sorts in great perfection, and most species of succulents. In several parts flax and hemp could be raised in great quantities. Pot and pearl ash are made here, and with the wheat form a principal part of the traffic that is carried on; there are, however, several saw- mills in almost constant work. A communi- cation by roads in various directions has been opened with the adjacent townships. In the > River St. Francis there are several small islands along the front of this tract, and although they are rather- obstructive to the navigation, yet from their beauty, and the picturesque variety exhibited by the foliage of the different. species of trees they are covered with to the water’s edge, they can hardly be wished away. A large extent of this valuable land is the property of the Honourable John Caldwell. The popu- lation is about 350 persons. Brometon, in the county of Buckingham, is irregular in figure, bounded on the north-east and north-west by Melbourne, on the south by Orford, on the east by the St. Francis, and on the west by Ely. In the northerly part and by $5} the river the land is of a very fair quality, fit for cultivation, and likely to produce good crops of wheat or other grain; the superior sorts of the timber consist of elm, maple, beech, basswood, and birch. The southerly part is uneven, rough, and rocky, and generally speak- ing, useless untractable land. It is watered by several brooks and streams; there is also a lake covering several lots in the tenth and eleventh range, and spreading thence into Orford. On the River St. Francis, and contiguous to Mel- bourne, some settlements have been formed, where a few well cultivated farms display themselves ‘The portages, occasioned by the ereat and little Brompton falls, are on the west side of the river within this township. The population at present amounts to about 200 souls: the principal landholders are William Bernard and his associates, who were the ori- ginal patentees. Winpsor, in the county of Buckingham, on the east side of the River St. Francis, lies between Shipton and Stoke, bounded in the rear by Wotton. This isa very fine tract of land, of an excellent rich soil, with varieties suitable to almost every species of culture, and particularly hemp and flax. The surface is undulated by moderate elevations that are well 352 clothed with maple, beech, birch, and fir-trees of good size; on the flat lands ash and cedar prevail. A few swamps occur here and there, but they are of so trifling a depth as to be drained with very little trouble, and might then be converted into. excellent meadows. It is watered by two large streams and several small ones flowing into the St. Francis. Not- withstanding the superior excellence of the land, this township is badly settled; but the whole of it: has been granted to. the officers and privates of the Canadian Militia, who served in 1775 and 6; it was intended as some compen- sation for their past services, but scarcely any | of them were inclined to make the most advan- tage of the reward, by turning their swords into ploughshares, and themselves into industrious cultivators; instead of which, they. preferred disposing of their lots for whatever present. profit they could turn them to: indeed, the. lands granted in this manner have been almost generally neglected. The population of ‘this township scarcely exceeds 50 souls, a circum- stance difficult to be-accounted for, when the advantages of its locality and goodness of soil are taken .into consideration.. STOKE, in the county of Fickitiehlanil on the east. side of the St. Francis, joins Windsor 353" on the north-west, Ascott, Eaton, and West-. _ bury on the south-east, and Dudswell on the north-east. ‘This tract is likewise in the same neglected state as Windsor, most probably from being granted in the same manner. The land is of first rate quality, and fit for all the purposes of agriculture: in general, beech, bass- wood, ironwood, and maple, are the most pre- valent kinds of timber.. A few swamps occur, but neither extensive nor deep; in fact, they are scarcely more than common wet-lands, and require only careful ditching to become very good meadows, of which there are already, in _ different parts, many large extents of the most luxuriant kind. It is uncommonly well watered _ by several rivers and streams, that, after wind- ing in all directions, fall into the St. Francis ; in the fourteenth range there is a small lake. On the banks of some of the minor rivulets many good patches for the growth of hemp can be found, and on the parts that lie a little higher is a fine soil for the culture of flax. The population hardly merits an estimate. Ascott, in the county of Buckingham, is advantageously situated at the forks of the River St. Francis, bounded on the north by Stoke, on the south by Hatley and Compton, on the east by Eaton, and on the west by part of the branch of the St. Francis that connects AA 354. with Lake Memphremagog. In every point of view, this is a desirable tract: the land is of an exceeding good quality, and so well varied in the nature of its soil as to answer all the purposes of the farmer; the timber is beech, maple, pine, basswood, and oak. It is watered by some rivers of considerable magnitude branching off into the adjacent townships of Compton, Clifton, and Eaton, that in their course through this one turn several grist and saw-mills. Settlements on a very large scale have been made here, and several farms by the sides of the rivers have attained a degree of flourishing superiority, that shows their im- provement to have been very rapid, as no part of the land was granted prior to the year 1803. The majority of the settlers here, as well as in most of the neighbouring townships, are Ame- ricans, who, since their domiciliation, have taken the oaths of allegiance to the British Govern- ment: these people are in general very indus- trious and persevering, unquestionably much better managers upon their farms than the Ca- nadians are, particularly when they take the land in a state of nature; by the system they pursue, a tract of ground from its first clearing becomes fruitful, and turns to account in a much shorter period than it would under the chands. of provincial farmers ; the latter would 355 procéed by the methods of his forefathers, but the other is an experimentalist, and varies his operations in whatever way he thinks the nature and quality of the materials he has to work upon may be most speedily made to produce his only object, gain. The population of this township is at present 1000 souls. Several pot-ash manufactories, and mills of both de- scriptions, have already, in some degree, laid the foundation of commercial speculations that bid fair to obtain a considerable increase ;. in the encouragement of these, the navigation by the St. Francis into the St. Lawrence on the one hand, and through Lake Memphremagog and the rivers branching from it into the United States on the other, the main road by the St. Francis towards Three Rivers and Que- bec, with several others leading into the differ. ent townships, will be greatly instrumental. At the forks of the St, Francis, and the foot of the great fall, are Hyat’s mills, in a most con- venient situation; a little below them, in the river, is a very singular high rock, on the pin- nacle of which there is one solitary pine-tree of large dimensions, making together an ap- pearance both extraordinary and uniuge: the mills are a valuable property, belonging to Gil- bert Hyat, to whom, with several associates, Ons AA 336 the township was originally granted, and who is at present the greatest Jandholder. - | _ComPpron is situated in the districts of Mont- real and Three Rivers, and the counties of Richelieu and Buckingham ; it joins Ascott on the north-west, Barnston and Barford on the south-east, Hatley on the south-west, and Clifton on the north-east: this township: is im no respect inferior to Ascott. It has in: various parts many wide spreading but gentle rises of most excellent land, thickly covered with pine, maple, and beech timber, of fine quality and. large size. It is.completely watered .by the Coaticook and Moose rivers; the former con- necting with Lake Tomefobi, and both with the St. Francis, besides many more inconsiderable streams, in whose vicinity there are some fine breadths of luxuriant meadow and_ pasture. An industrious population, though not much exceeding 700 souls, inhabits numerous settle- ments on the banks of the rivers, where most of the farms appear to be in a very thriving and excellent condition, generally producing crops of wheat of excellent quality, and in quantity far beyond the home consumption: many large patches of the land might be very beneficially employed in the culture of flax and hemp. The principal rivers work several. mills of both sorts, and there are some manufactories of pot 337 and pearl-ash. Through the most cultivated parts of the township, roads have been opened and bridges thrown over the rivers, that are each kept in good repair, by which a com- munication is formed with the main road to Quebec, and with the state of Vermont: Among the inhabitants there are a few traders and artisans, who, in following their respective avocations, occasion something like the first rudiments of commerce, and confer a little importance upon this increasing settlement among the neighbouring ones. This township — was erected by patent in 1802, when 26,460 acres were granted to Jesse Pennoyer, Esq., and several associates, much of which was immediately cleared, and is, in fact, the part that is now the best settled and cultivated ; the greatest portion of this grant is at present held by various settlers, M. Pennoyer having retained no more than a sufficiency for his own use, In the year 1810, 13,110 acres in the easterly part were granted to Sir Rob. S. Milnes, Bart. Within this tract several lots are now in an advanced state of cultivation: indeed, from the general quality of the soil, by a little in- dustry and good management, the whole might be turned to a very profitable account. ~ Cuirron, in the county of Buckingham, joins Compton on the west, Auckland om the 5358: east, Eaton on the north, and Barford and Hereford on the south. The surface of the land is tolerably level, except in the vicinity of the rivers, where there is an easy rise and fall, that forms rather an agreeable diversity ; the quality of it is unexceptionable, and would produce grain of every kind abundantly. Some swamps covered with cedar and black ash spread in different directions, but they are such as might be drained with the greatest facility. The timber is spruce, beech, ash, maple, birch, and basswood ; the spruce greatly predominating. It is watered by two or three rivers, and numerous less considerable streams, all of which ultimately fall into the St. Francis ; on the fifth range there is a small lake. Though large grants of land have been made in this township to several persons since the year 1799, they have attracted but few settlers ; the inconsiderable cultivation that has taken place is toward the boundary of Compton. The population does not exceed 100 souls. Hererorp, in the county of Buckingham, has Clifton and Auckland on the north, Bar- ford on the west, Drayton on the east, and the boundary of the province on the south. The greater part of this township may be called fair good land, and generally applicable to any kind of agriculture; the surface of it is un-. 359 even, and as it approaches the Connecticut ra- ther bearing a mountainous character : several branches of that river, aided by many small streams descending from the high lands, and the lake called Leeches Pond, lying on the American boundary, water it very well. The timber is various, and in general good, consist- ing of maple, beech, oak, birch, pine, ash, be- sides cedar and spruce. In the year 1800 the southern half of the township was granted to James Rankin and others; but a very small progress has been made towards its settlement: there are indeed a few farms in tolerable good condition, but a population of no more than 200 souls is not much calculated to. increase the number of them. Roads have been opened leading southward into the state of Vermont, and one to the township of Compton. Katon, in the county of Buckingham, lies between Westbury and Clifton. ‘The land in this tract is of a uniform and favourable quality, generously repaying the farmers, wherever any part of it is under tillage. ‘The timber is more remarkable for its diversity of kind than excel- lence of quality ; among it beech, maple, elm, pine, birch, basswood, spruce, and hemlock are plentiful. It is not watered by any stream of magnitude, but it is intersected by numerous small rivulets and. brooks. ‘The westerly half 360 of this township was granted in 1800, to Josiah Sawer and others; of this a great part is now settled. The farms by care and industry aré brought into good condition, and assume a very flourishing aspect. Several corn and saw- mills have been erected on some of the streams. The inhabitants number about 600. Westsoury, in the county of Buckingham, is a very sinall township of a triangular figure, containing no more than 12,262 acres, exclusive of the proportionate reserves, and lying between Stoke, Eaton, Dudswell, and Bury. It was granted in 1804, to the late Honourable Henry Caldwell, receiver-general of Lower Canada, and is now possessed by his son, John Caldwell, Esq. ‘The soil of the westerly part of this tract is favourable to the encouragement of agricul- ture in most of its branches ; but on the eastern side is of a much inferior description, being rough, uneven,.and swampy. ‘The timber, par- taking of the quality of the land, consists, on the first part, of very good beech, maple, pine, and birch; inferior kinds only are produced on — the latter. ‘The River St. Francis is here navi- gable for canoes and small boats, and by it the logs felled in the adjacent woodlands are floated singly down to the Eaton falls: numerous streams of inconsiderable note fall into that river. A few settlers on the river side have 361 got their farms into a very respectable state. The inhabitants of this township do not exceed 60, but its good situation is. wae to increase the number. | 3 : | DupsweE.t, in the desiaslsi of Ruchithdigy bin Westbury. and Stoke for its south-west boundary, Weedon for the north-east, Wotton for the north-west, and Bury for its south-east. The land of this township, where it is level, is applicable to the culture of grain of all the species. peculiar to the country ; in some places it is uneven, and from the sixth range rises into a considerable mountain, that stretches westward into Wotton; the top of it is a flat table land, and from being wholly unclothed with trees-or underwood derives its. name of the Bald Mountain. In the timber there is a great variety, as beech, maple, birch, basswood, butternut, elm, some oak, pine, spruce, and cedar. ‘The St. Francis with many small streams provide an ample and complete irriga- tion. Only one quarter of it has been laid out, which was granted to John Bishop and others; he is now the principal landholder: on this part some farms have obtained a very respectable state of prosperity. ‘The Bere tion is about 90-souls. Bury, in the county of Backioghanis is irregular in its. figure, bounded by Dudswell on 362 the north, Lingwick on the north-east, New- port and Westbury on the north-west. One quarter of it is all that has been surveyed, but the land in general is of a moderately good soil, very susceptible of cultivation, and to all appearance would furnish good crops of. grain of most sorts. The timber is butternut, maple, beech, ash, birch, cedar, and basswood. Many little streams water it. An intended road into the state of Vermont, striking off from Craig’s Road, at a place called Kemps Bridge, in the township of Ireland, will pass through it; this route has been already marked and blazed in the field, and mile-posts fixed along the whole of its distance. LInGwWIck, in the county of Baabiabbal has Bury on the south-west, and is surrounded on its other sides by the unsurveyed townships of Weedon, Stratford, and Hampden. This tract of land is very similar in quality to the level district of Dudswell: the timber upon it also answering nearly the same description. It is watered by several streams of tolerable size that flow into the St. Francis. The westerly half has been surveyed and granted to divers individuals, but not one of them has yet under- taken to break up the ground. ! Neweort, in the county of Buckingham, is situated between Eaton and Ditton, having 363 Auckland on the south, and Bury to the north- ward. Although the land in many parts of this tract is uneven, the genera! tendency of the soilis good. Beech, maple, and birch, spruce, basswood, and fir, are the prevalent sorts of timber. A great number of rivulets descend- ing into the St. Francis water it in almost every direction. About one-half of it has been granted ; and on the south-west quarter some progress has been made in cultivation, where the land is found very productive in most spe- cies of grain, and congenial to the growth both of hemp and flax. Several roads passing to the adjacent settlements intersect it, as does the intended new one from Craig’s Road. The inhabitants amount to about 160. Ditton, in the county of Buckingham, is bounded by Newport on the west, Marston. and Chesham on the east, Hampden on the north, and Emberton on the south. The sur- face of this township is irregular, in several places rising into large eminences ; but yet, in general, of a moderately good soil, timbered with beech, birch, basswood, and maple. It is intersected by some large streams that fall into the St. Francis. ‘The south-wagt quarter has been surveyed and granted, but no part thereof settled upon. | ‘AUCKLAND, in the county ue Buckingham, 304 lies between Hereford, Drayton, and Newport, bounded by Clifton on the west, and. Ember- ton on the east. ‘The land is here uneven and rugged, in some places mountainous, and in others sinking into swamps; the level and dry tracts have a pretty good soil, that if brought under culture would answer moderate expecta- tions: there are some patches in lower situa- tions that appear fit for hemp. The timber is a mixture of most species that are found on the surrounding. tracts... It is abundantly watered by a great number of streams and brooks, some of them flowing into. the St. Francis, and others into the Connecticut river. The northerly half of the township has been granted, but no part whatever is settled. oD coco ie Marston, in the county of Buckingham, is well situated on the westerly side of Lake Me- gantick ;. the whole of it has been surveyed, but only one quarter of it granted, and no part thereof settled. The land is irregular, hilly, and frequently very stony, but mostly of a moderately good soil, that would answer very well for. agriculture in general; many spots present eligible situations for the culture both of hemp and flax. ‘The tumber forms but an 365 indifferent. mixture -of maple, fir,’ hemlock; cedar, and spruce.” It -is watered by several ‘streams and‘small lakes, besides Lake Megan- tick that ‘has a’considerable expansion, being nine miles in length, and two upon the average in breadth, running deeply into the land in se- veral bays, closing upon which, and around the Jake generally, are some very excellent mea- dows. ‘The scenery in the vicinity is beautifully picturesque, as the land ‘rises gradually from its borders clothed with a rich verdure, and embellished by jarge groups of stately trees ranging above each other until they crest the summit, and exhibit a most enchanting variety of foliage. The waters abound-with excellent fish, and. the country around this sequestered and romantic spot is the resort oF almost ey species of game. | CLINTON, in the county of Baviitishaino is a small tract, only equal in dimension to the quarter of a township; it is most agreeably situated at the southern extremity of Lake ‘Megantick, joining Marston on the north, and in other directions surrounded by Chesham and unsurveyed wastes. In almost every re- spect the land is here marked by a superiority of character; the soil in general is of the very first quality, exhibiting many large patches of luxuriant pastures. The timber is pine, beech, \ 306 maple, birch, fir, spruce, and cedar. It is watered by the River Arnold, and some other streams falling into the lake; the former de- tives its name from the American General Arnold, who in the year 1775 passed part of his troops down it, when conducting his army through an almost unknown country to besiege Quebec. No part of this township is settled, although it abounds with numerous excellent situations, where the land is fit for every spe- cies of agriculture. Ham, in the county of Buckingham, ‘ities between Wotton and Wolfestown, joins Tingwick and Chester on the north-west, and Weedon on the south-east. The complete outline of this township has been run, and one half of it granted among several individuals. The land is here of a quality that might be brought into cultivation with great advantage, and would produce wheat or any other species of grain natural to the country : many parts of it are fit for the growth of flax and hemp. The surface is diversified by many large swells of inconsi- derable elevation, covered with the kinds of wood that denote them to be ofa fine rich soil : in some few places in the valleys it is a little swampy. The timber is maple, beech, bass- wood, birch, hemlock, and cedar. Itis watered by part of the River Nicolet, which here has its 367. source in the beautiful little lake of the same name, situated on the borders of Weedon and Ham ; it is about two miles and a half long and one broad, with several small islands scattered about it, which are the resort of vast quantities of wild-fow]. The surrounding country pos- sesses every trait of wild romantic beauty ; it is environed by rising grounds clothed with trees, in some places thickly clustered together, and in others irregularly dispersed over the accli- vities: beyond the first heights are seen in the distance the softened and fantastic forms of a much more elevated chain. The intended road to communicate with Craig’s Road Per on the south-east side of this lake. | Wo trestown, in the county of Bucking- ham, lies between the townships of Ham and Ireland, is joined by Chester and Halifax on the north-west, and unsurveyed lands on the south-east. - The north-westerly half of the township is moderately good, of which a part lying towards the north has been granted, and might be niade to repay the trouble of cultiva- tion; the timber upon it is pine, beech, bass- wood, cedar, and hemlock. ‘The south-easterly half is a chain of rocky heights of which no part is arable, or indeed convertible to any use. Hatrrax is in the districts of Three Rivers and Quebec, and the county of Buckingham ; 368. it lies between Chester and Inverness, bounded: on the north-west by Arthabaska and Somer- set, and on the south-east by Wolfestown and Ireland. The land is here excellent and fertile, and would yield abundantly under almost any system of agriculture; it presents many good situations for hemp and flax: the north-east- erly part, being low, has a few swamps, but they might be easily reclaimed by ditching; in the opposite direction it is uneven, and rises as it inclines towards the south: the soil almost every where of the best quality. The kinds of timber are nearly the same as are produced in Wolfestown and Ham. It is watered by some small rivers and. streams, and the picturesque dittle Lake Pitt of about five miles long and half a mile broad, spreading across the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth ranges, and commu- nicating by a small channel with Lake William, from whence the waters discharge into the River Becancour. ‘The south-easterly half. of the township has been laid out and granted, but none of it is yet cultivated. Craig’s Road passing through a part of it, may be, perhaps, the means of attracting some settlers to its neighbourhood. ‘The principal landholders are the heirs of the late Joseph Frobisher, Esq. — and Mrs, Scott and family. CuesTER, in the. county of Buckingham, 369 lies between Tingwick and Halifax; bounded on the north-west by Arthabaska, and on the south-east by Ham and Wolfestown. The land in this township has great advantages in point of locality, with a soil in every respect fit for all the purposes of agriculture, though still remaining unbroken by the plough. ‘The tim-_ ber is mostly beech, maple, pine, birch, elm, basswood, butternut, cedar, spruce, and hem- lock. It is watered by large branches of the Nicolet and Becancour, that wind through it in various directions. Craig’s Road crosses it diagonally. The south-east and north-west quarters have been surveyed and granted; they are both valuable tracts of land, well meriting attention. ‘The proprietors of one quarter are the heirs of Joseph Frobisher, Esq. and the other belongs to various individuals. ! Warwick, in the county of Buckingham, joins Tingwick on the south-east, Stanfold on the north-west, Kingsey on the south-west, and Arthabaska on the north-east. This is a poor and rather sterile tract, that, excepting the three first ranges, is almost unserviceable, being rough, broken, and swampy,—defying all the art and labour of industry to give it any va- lue. Itis thickly covered with spruce and hem- lock. The tract of waste lands adjoining it on the north-west is of the same description; in BB 370, the spring it is deeply overflowed by several branches of the River Nicolet, and rendered impassable for a considerable distance. The. south-east half of the township has been subdi- . vided, and granted to various persons, but, as may be expected from its nature, no one has found sufficient inducement to attempt a set- tlement. ARTHABASKA, in the county of Buckingham, is-a triangular piece of land, situated between Chester and: Halifax on the north-east, Bul- strode, Stanfold, and Somerset on the north- west, and: Warwick on the south-west; con- taining a much less extent than a full township : one quarter of it is subdivided, and granted to. John Gregory, Esq., who at present holds it., The land is much of the same nature as that in the townships of Halifax and Chester, but in some parts lower, and rather swampy. The timber is chiefly birch, beech, elm, and some pine, with much of inferior quality upon the swamps. Several branches of the Nicolet. and Becancour run through it. No part thereof is. settled. i _ STANFOLD, in the county of Buckingham, is. situated on the south-east side of the River. Becancour, that bounds it in front; it has Ar- thabaska on the rear, Nelson on the north-east, and Bulstrode on the south-west. From lying 371 very low and being extremely swampy, not much of the land is fit for cultivation. It is traversed by some rivers and small streams that fallinto the Becancour. One half of this town- ship was granted to the Honourable Jenkin Williams, who is the present holder of it. No attempt has been made to clear it. BuustTrope, in the county of Buckingham, joins Stanfold on the north-east, Warwick in the rear, and waste lands of the crown on the west. The country hereabout is level and low, with many swamps and numerous brulés, par- ticularly towards the middle of the township ; near the river, and also inclining towards the limits of Warwick, the land rises a little, and is of a moderately good quality : the swamps and low lands are in some places of a sandy soil, and in others a black mould. On the highest situation the timber consists of beech, maple, and black birch; in the swamps cedar, hem- lock, and tammarack. The main branch of the Nicolet, and several rivulets running into the Becancour, water it very well. Half of the township has been granted to the late Patrick Langan, Esq., and is now the property of his heirs.. No settlements have yet been made. Aston, in the county of Buckingham, is situ- ated in the rear of the seignicries of Becancour and Godefroi ; bounded on the north-east by the BB 2 372 River Becancour, and on the south-west by waste lands of the crown. By the sides of the Becancour and River Blanche the land is pretty high, but a short distance from thence it descends into a low flat; the soil in general is good, and would no. doubt prove highly pro- ductive if brought into cultivation. In situa- tions near the rivers the timber is oak, elm, pine, beech, birch, and maple; in other direc- tions it is either cedar, hemlock, or spruce. The Riviere Blanche and the Becancour, the banks of which are extremely picturesque, — water it very completely. The whole township has been surveyed, and granted to various per- sons, but not one of them has yet undertaken to cultivate, or procured one single settler upon it. ‘Mapprincrovn, in the county of Bucking- ham, is situated on the east side of the Becan- cour, opposite to Aston; bounded :on the north-west by the seigniories of Becancour, Dutord, Cournoyer, and Gentilly; on the south-west and south-east by the River Be-. - cancour, and on the north-west by Blandford. In the surveyed parts of this township lying contiguous to the river the land is of the same nature and quality as in Aston, and like it is. capable of being turned to good account in the hands of able farmers: in some places the soil would suit very well for hemp and flax. 373 On the superior grounds some excellent tim- ber may be found, but on the lower parts only the indifferent assortment of cedar, hemlock, and similar kinds. ‘The Becancour presents several eligible situations for the erection of mills. No part of this tract has yet been settled: the principal proprietor is the Ho- nourable Jenkin Williams. HunTerstown, in the county of St. Mau- rice, on the north side of the St. Lawrence, is situated in the rear of the seigniories of Ri- viere du Loup, Grand Pré, and Dumontier; is bounded on the east by the projected town- ship of Caxton, and on the west by lands claimed by the late Charles Lanaudiere, Esq. as belonging to the seigniory of Maskinongé, and on the north-west by waste crown lands. This is a tract of very little value, being con- tinued strata of rock lying very near the surface ; toward the rear it rises into broken and almost mountainous ridges. Pine and maple are abun- dant, but cedar, spruce, and hemlock much more so. The Riviere du Loup with some small lakes and little rivulets water it very well. 24620 acres of this township were granted in 1800 to Mr. John Jones, the present proprie- tor. The unsurveyed or projected townships in this district are Caxton, Blandford, Wotton, Weedon, Garthby, Coleraine, Stratford, Hamp- 374 den, Gayhurst, Chesham, Emberton, and Dray- ton. In Weedon, Coleraine, and Garthby, is situated Lake St. Francis, of considerable di- mensions, forming two expanses of water that are connected by a short river or channel, It is surrounded in every direction by lofty wood- covered mountains, approaching each other so close on either side of the little river as almost to cut off the communication of the waters be- tween the two parts of the lake: these moun- tains contain iron ore in many places. On the topographical map, Lake St. Francis is deli- neated by dotted lines, and laid down from the reports of various persons who have penetrated that country, and of the Indian hunters: it may . not therefore be correct in all its points; but as there never has been a survey of it made, such authorities are all that afford any resources for its description. THE DISTRICT OF QUEBEC Extends from the seigniory of Grondines, whose western boundary joins the district of — Three Rivers, down the St. Lawrence on the north side as far as the River St. John, on the coast of Labrador; and on the south side from the seigniory of Deschaillons as far down as Cape Chat, where it is met by the district of 375 Gaspé; to the southward it is bounded by the ridge of mountains already designated as the north-easterly chain, and on the northward by the 52d degree of north latitude. It contains the counties of Cornwallis, Devon, Hertford, Dorchester, Hampshire, Quebec, Orleans, and Northumberland; eighty-seven seigniories, four- teen ‘whole townships, four that are partly within the district of Three Rivers, eighteen projected townships, and forty-two parishes. The quantity of land granted in fief et seigneu- rie amounts to 4,352,500 acres, or 5,109,319 French arpents: in free and common soccage, 561,234 acres. Of the old tenures, one third part, or perhaps a little less, is under cultivation: in the townships the proportion under tillage is yet but small. | GRoONDINEs (the seigniory of, and its aug- mentation), in the county of Hants, on the north side of the River St. Lawrence, is bound- ed on the south-west by the seigniory and aug- mentation of Ste. Anne, in the district of Three Rivers, by La Tesserie on the north-east, and by the unsurveyed township of Alton and waste lands of the crown in the rear. It was granted in three parts, viz. the western part, one league in front by ten in depth, on the 20th March, 1638, to the Duchess d’Aiguillon, for Les Dames Hospitalieres of the Hotel Dieu of Quebec; the 376 eastern part, three quarters of a league in front by three leagues in depth, on the 3d No- vember, 1672, to the poor of the said hospital ; and the augmentation to the eastern part, two leagues in depth by three quarters of a league in front, on the 25th April, 1711, to Louis Hamelin: the whole is now the property of Mr. Moses Hart. Throughout the greater part of these grants the soil is of an indifferent cha- racter, being only a thin layer of poor earth upon a solid bed of stone: here and there a few patches of better quality may be found. A small ridge extends across the seigniory at a short distance from the front, and thence down to the borders of the river the space is princi- pally occupied by very good meadow land. The timber is altogether of the most inferior sort. ‘The principal settlements lie by the main road, passing just beneath the ridge, and upon the River Ste. Anne: taken in the aggregate, the soil and timber on this property are barely above mediocrity, yet it is not without some well cultivated farms upon it; they, however, owe more to the industry of their occupiers than to original fertility for that distinction. Somewhat more than a fourth part of these tracts are under culture. It is very well water- ed by the River Ste. Anne, the Batiscan, and a small river falling into the St. Lawrence; the 3U7 latter turns a grist and a saw-mill. There is a church and a parsonage-house, but the service is performed by the curé of a neighbouring parish. The main road crosses the seigniory near its front: one ascends the Ste. Anne on each side, and another leads to the back con- cessions. In the St. Lawrence the extensive shoal, called Les Battures des Grondines, stretches along the front. There is a small fief called Francheville, within Grondines, which, by default of inheritance, has reverted to the crown. La TrEssErteE (fief), on the north side of the St. Lawrence, in the county of Hants, is bound- ed on the south-west by Grondines, on the north-east by La Chevrotiere, in the rear by the township of Alton, and by the river in front; one league in breadth by three in depth: was granted November 3d, 1672, to Demoiselle de la Tesserie. In this grant the land greatly re- sembles that of Grondines, but perhaps has some little advantage over it as to the general quality of the soil; it is watered in the rear by the River Ste. Anne: by the main road there are a few well-cultivated concessions, but in other respects there is nothing meriting parti- cular notice. La Curvrotigere (the seigniory of) is on the north bank of the St. Lawrence, in the 378 county of Hants, between La Tesserie and ‘Deschambault, bounded in the rear by waste lands of the crown; one league in front by three leagues in depth: the date of the grant is uncertain, as the original title has never been found among the records of the province, or among the registers of fealty and homage; but from the tenor of the grants of La Tesserie and Deschambault, it appears to have been con- ceded sometime before the year 1652, to M. Chavigny de la Chevrotiere: it is at this day possessed by M. de la Chevrotiere, a lineal descendant of the person who first received the grant. Of the soil in this seigniory the gene- rality possesses a good share of fertility, and is well suited to the produce of wheat and all other grain, though at this time not more than one third of the Jand is under tillage. The surface of it is uneven, and the same will be observed to be the case more and more on approaching Quebec from the westward; the banks of the St. Lawrence also increase greatly in height, and the beach becomes more rocky and irregu- lar, with the battures or shoals running out toa considerable distance from it. Beech, maple, and some excellent pine-timber, are found close to the river. The seigniory: is watered by many small streams besides the River Ste. Anne, that crosses it near its rearward limit, 379 and the Chevrotiere, that winds along the mid- dle about six miles, and then strikes off to the northward into the seigniory of Deschambault : this little river rolls its slender stream between two banks of considerable altitude, and after crossing the ridge in front descends through a valley into the St. Lawrence, in which by the side of the main road there are a dwelling- house, a grist and a saw-mill, most delightfully situated. On the west bank of this river the road is rather difficult, from its steepness and circuitous course; but on the opposite side the rise is gradual, and easy of ascent to the top of the eminence along which it passes onwards to Quebec: besides this road, which is the main one, there are several others running in different directions. On the summit of the elevation and each side of the highway many handsome farms, in a good state of improvement, present them- selves to notice. DescuamBavtt (the seigniory of), in the county of Hants, on the north side of the River St. Lawrence, is bounded by the barony of Portneuf on the north-east, by La Chevrotiere on the south-west, by the river in front, and by waste lands of the crown in the rear; one league in breadth by three in depth; granted March 1, 1652, to Demoiselle Eleonore de Grande Mai- son: it belongs at present to Louis de la Gor- 380 gendiere, Esq. and the Honourable Juchereau Duchesnay. This, in almost every respect, is a very valuable property, with a soil of unex- ceptionable quality; being a mixture of good clay with a little sand, a fine yellow loam, and in many places a rich black mould, which in the vicinity of Point Deschambault has a stra- tum of rock beneath it. ‘The surface is uneven, and from being a fine level flat near the river, it rises in small ridges, mounting by gradations one above another nearly to the limits of the selgniory in the rear: from the westward also there is a gradual acclivity from the plain to the height of Point Deschambault. On this flat the land is every where fertile, and fit for the production of every article of the country, whether grain, fruit, or vegetables; the princi- pal part of it is in an excellent state of cultiva- tion, and the numerous farms on each side of the main road, with their substantial houses, and every requisite appendage, afford a pleas- ing evidence of the industry and good husbandry of the proprietors. On the different ranges of concessions towards the interior many of the lots display an equal share of good manage- ment, and which indeed is the case with nearly all the land under tillage, amounting to a full third of the whole seigniory. The timber 1s of a moderately good quality, though but of little 381 diversity of species, being for the most part beech, maple, and pine; there is, however, wood of inferior descriptions. The Rivers Sie. Anne crossing the rear, La Chevrotiere, Belle- isle, and a few smaller streams, contribute to the luxuriant fertility of the soil. ‘The Point of Deschambault has a considerable elevation, and stretches boldly into the river to the Richelieu rapid; the face of it appears a firm clay and sand, without any interposition of rock or stone. On this Point the church of Descham- bault is built, and on the summit of the salient extremity is a very beautiful grove of pine-trees, remarkable rather for the regularity and equa- lity of size than for their individual magnitude : a little below the church, on the sloping side of the Point, is the manor-house of Monsr. de la Gorgendiere. The River St. Lawrence forms a large curve between Cap Santé and Point Des- chambault, and either in ascending or descend- ing the combination of objects that it presents is highly interesting and agreeable. The Point was formerly a sort of military post, as the French, in the year 1759, had a battery upon it, for the purpose of defending this pass of the river against any force that might have been sent upwards ; indeed, this situation, and the superior height of Platon on the opposite side, might easily be fortified so as completely to 382 command the passage either way, and, together with the difficulties of the Richelieu rapid, would render any attempt to force it very dis- astrous to an enemy that should undertake the enterprise. | Portneus (the barony of), in the county of ‘Hants, has its front to the St. Lawrence, bound- ed on the south-west by the seigniory of Des- chambault, on the north-east by that of Jacques Cartier, and in the rear by Perthuis; one league: and a half in breadth by three leagues in depth: was granted April 16th, 1647, to Sieur de Croi- sille; it now belongs to the convent of the Hotel Dieu, at Quebec, but is let on a long lease to Messrs. Coltman and Co. ‘This is a fine and valuableestate, the land fertile,and that part of it that is under tillage in a good state of cultivation: the soil is a light sandy earth mixed with clay, and in many places a good black mould upon a bed of clay. The timber in the rear of the tract is a general mixture of the middling sorts, but along the banks of the River Portneuf some very good. pine may be collected. This river, that with several small streams waters the property, is not navi- gable either for boats or canoes; it has its: source in a small lake within the seigniory of Faussambault,. and passing through Bourg-. louis, Neuville, Belair, and Jacques Cartier, it: 383 | flows into the St. Lawrence, near Descham- bault.. The banks on each side are high, and, very well wooded; the stream is precipitated through so many rapids and along a broken. rocky bed with such violence, as to render it impassable for. any sort of boat, however hight. At the entrance into the river from the St. Lawrence the land, for a short space, is low, and extremely well cultivated on each side. At a small distance up, on the western side, are the valuable grist and saw-mills be- longing to Messrs. Coltman and Co., most con- veniently and agreeably situated in a hollow near the main road, from whence the ground rises almost in form of an amphitheatre; on the gentle acclivities there are several fine set- tlements, and many good houses dispersed, that greatly enliven a prospect naturally beau-. tiful. From the mills the exportation of flour is very great, and with the shipments of timber. almost continually carried on, the place gene-. rally presents a bustling scene of business : the mercantile concerns of the proprietors being very extensive, they have been induced to establish a depot here for the collection of all sorts of timber for.exportation; and it is no, uncommon thing to see almost a small fleet of. vessels of various classes lying at anchor off: the mouth of the River Portneuf, receiving 384 their freights on board, besides those that usu- ally anchor here in their passage up or down the river, on account of the Richelieu rapid. Pro- ceeding to the eastward from the mills, the bank of the St. Lawrence takes a gradual rise as far as the church at Cap Santé, and from thence it almost immediately obtains an eleva- tion of more than 150 feet above the level of the river, by a very steep ascent up what is called the Cote du Cap Santé. From the front to the rear of this tract there are many rising grounds, generally of a very good soil, between which the hollows are in some places swampy, and covered with cedar and hemlock. The church of Cap Santé, standing nearly on the point of the cape, is a hahdsome building, usually attracting a stranger's notice by its ex- terior ornaments as well as interior decoration. To vessels coming down the river the clump of trees on Point Deschambault and _ this church serve as sailing marks ; the latter, by its three spires, is distinguishable at a great distance. Near the church is the parsonage-house, and a group of others surrounding it, forming almost a respectable sized village. Along each side of the Quebec road the houses are numerous, and being surrounded by neat gardens and ex- tensive orchards, afford, particularly during the spring, a most enchanting appearance. From 385. the mainroad there are two that branch off to the back concessions, and which continue as far to the interior as any settlements have been made; at different distances others take a transverse direction towards the adjacent seigniories on each side. From Cap Santé the large shoal called Batture du Cap Santé stretches almost down to the entrance of Jacques Cartier River : it is thickly beset with rocks that are uncovered at low water. PreRTHUIs (the seigniory of), in the county of Hants, is situated immediately in the rear of the barony of Portneuf; partly bounded on the south-west by the lands forming the pro- jected township of Alton, and partly on the— north-east by the seigniory of Jacques Cartier ; its other limits are closed upon by waste crown lands ; one league and a half in breadth, by nine leagues in. depth; was granted October t1, 1753, to Sieur Perthuis. From the boun- dary of Portneuf, the land rises in a broken and irregular series of heights towards the rear, where it falls in with the north-westerly ridge of mountains: the soil, for a league or two to the interior, is a light loam or clay, sometimes covered with a thick layer of fine black mould ; these spots, if brought under cultivation, would, no doubt, prove very productive: of the qua- lity further back nothing has yet been ascer- c Cc 586 tained. No part of the grant is appropriated to agriculture. The timber is in general. very good, and also abundant, consisting of the best species that are found upon a dry good soil, as maple, beech, ash,. birch, and pine. The lower portion of the seigniory is watered by the River Ste. Anne, which runs across it, but in the other parts there are only a few small streams that break from the sides of the mountains. Jacques Cartier (the seigniory of) is in the county of Hants, having its front on the River St. Lawrence, bounded on the south-west by the barony of Portneuf, by Belair and its augmentation on the north-east, and in the rear by waste crown lands ; half a league in breadth by five leagues in depth; granted 29th March, 1659, to Dame Gaguier, widow of Jean Clement de Wauls, Chevalier and Seigneur de Monceaux. It is now the property of Messrs. de Lery, and Mr. Alsop. Although the surface is very irre- gular and broken, the land in general is of a moderately good quality ; in some places the soil is light and sandy, in others a layer of black vegetable mould upon a stratum of lime-stone, and to the rear, where 1t becomes rather moun- tainous, a good light loam; each of these dif- ferent kinds is sufficiently fertile, and several ‘ranges of concessions are in an excellent state of cultivation, having among them many pro- 387 ductive and valuable farms. The timber is various both in kind and quality, but there is good maple and birch, and along the banks of the different rivers some superior pine: the common species are very abundant. ‘The Rivers Ste. Anne and Portneuf, already men- tioned, cross this seigniory, but the principal one by which it is watered is the Jacques Car- tier: to many it may be superfluous to men- tion the origin of its name, which was derived from the navigator who first examined the River St. Lawrence, and secured his vessels at the entrance of this river during the winter of 1536. It takes ifs source from several small lakes in the interior, near the parallel of 48° north latitude, and about 71° 20 of west lon- gitude. After running a very circuitous course through a mountainous country that is but little known, it reaches the townships of Tewkes- bury and Stoneham, passes through them, and flows on in a south-south-westerly direction, a distance of about forty-six miles, across the seigniories of St. Ignace, St. Gabriel, Faussem- bault, Neuville, Belair, and the fief Jacques Cartier, where it falls into the River St. Law- rence. rom the townships its stream displays a character of great wildness, and is both grand and impetuous in its course, hurrying through valleys between the lofty mountains, and fre- | cCCc2 3858 quently dashing with violence over the preci- pices and immense fragments of rock that op- pose its progress. ‘lhe bed being extremely rocky, the great number of falls and rapids, and the vehemence of the torrent, particularly in the spring and after the autumnal rams, Tender it generally impassable for canoes or boats of any description. The banks are ex- ceedingly high, and at intervals, for considera- ble distanees, are formed of strata of lime- stone, or of granite reck that in many places are lofty, rugged, and majestic, partially displaying a few stunted pines in the inter- stices, or covered with creeping shubbery, but m many parts presenting only the frowning aspect of huge barren masses heaped perpendi- eularly one upon another. From the heights on each side of the river spread extensive forests, through which there are various paths traced out and kept open during all the changes of seasons by the Indians, and chiefly those of the village of Lorette, who consider the lands to an immense distance northwards as their hunting grounds. ‘The general view along the course of the river is varied, picturesque, and extraordi- nary, presenting a thousand combinations of the grandeur, beauty, and wild magnificence of nature that stand unrivalled by that of any other country. In its course through the seig- 389 -niory of St. Gabriel, it approaches within six- teen miles of Quebec; about nine miles before it reaches the St. Lawrence is the new bridge of Jacques Cartier. The stream is here precipi- . tated over many large fragments of granite that occasion a perpendicular fall of considerable height, the effect of which is greatly increased by the incessant roar of the torrent as it forces its way through the hollows and excavations that by the lapse of time it has wrought for itself in the rocky bed and sides of the channel : from hence it flows with the same impetuous character, until its waters are lost in the cur- rent of the St. Lawrence. The River Jacques Cartier, viewed with a military eye, forms a most powerful natural barrier, and may be termed one of the outworks to the city and environs of Quebec; the velocity of the stream would make it extremely dangerous to attempt fording it; the height of the banks renders them inaccessible, except in a very few places, and those could only be ascended with much difficulty by a small number of persons at a time, which, with the numerous advantageous positions along the whole range of the river for posting a defensive force, would altogether con- ‘stitute it a complete line of security ; indeed, the French, after they were expelled from Que- bec in 1759, retired behind this river, and 390 manifested some intention of establishing them- ‘selves in force upon its western bank, where they hastily threw up some works, under the persuasion that they could there remain safe for some time from the molestation of their conquerors on the Plains of Abraham. On the eastern side of the river, at a short distance before its confluence with the St. Lawrence, where the high bank receding considerably from the margin, leaves a rather extensive flat only a little elevated above the water’s level, are some corn-mills, and several stores belong- ing to the heirs of the late Mr. Allsop of Que- bec. They are the remains of a much greater and more valuable establishment that was nearly destroyed some years ago by fire; a large sum of money had been expended a short time previous to the accident to render it every way complete, and capable of carrying | ‘on a very extensive concern, and in which a flourishing progress had been made: since that period none of the buildings have been restored, consequently its importance is at this time greatly diminished. 'The main road passes along the front of the seigniory, and crosses the Jacques Cartier by a ferry, of about 160 toises broad, where, on account of the violence of the stream, the boats are traversed from side to side by means of hawsers stretched across; the 391 charge for each person is three-pence, for a horse six-pence, a horse and carriage nine- pence, and fifteen-pence for a carriage and two horses. ‘The road, as it passes in the vicinity of the river and winds up the lofty banks, is ex- ceedingly steep ; but notwithstanding the diffi- culty and fatigue of it to passengers, it is much frequented, although there is another road from Quebec passing over Jacques Cartier bridge, that is something shorter in its distance, and by which almost all the inequalities of the ground are avoided. Less than one third of this seigniory is cultivated ; some of the best farms are near the road that passes by the St. Lawrence, and on the south-west side, by the road leading from the bridge to the barony of Portneuf. Bexratror Les EKcureEv tts (the seigniory of, and its augmentation), in the county of Hants, joins Jacques Cartier. It has its front to the St. Lawrence, is bounded on the north-east by Pointe aux 'Trembles, and in the fear by D’Au- teuil; half a league in breadth by one league in depth; was granted November 3d, 1672, to the Sieurs Toupin, father and son. The aug- mentation, of the same breadth as the seigniory, and two leagues in depth, was granted January 20th, 1706, to Marie Magdeleine Mézérai, widow of Jean Toupin. ‘Though composed of 392 a soil nearly similar to the front part of the seigniory of Jacques Cartier, Belair cannot: vie with that property in fertility; but it is nearly all settled, and can show some neat, well-ma- naged farms. ‘The Jacques Cartier river crosses it diagonally, and it is otherwise watered by the Riviere aux Pommes, a pretty winding stream that flows into the former. ‘The timber has been nearly all cleared off, and what little does remain is very inferior both in kind and value. Several roads cross this grant, having One intersecting them at right angles, that runs from the banks of the St. Lawrence up to the Jacques Cartier. The augmentation is gene- rally mountainous, but the land is not of a bad quality. It is only partially cultivated near where it joins the seigniory: it is tolerably well timbered with beech, ash, maple, pine, and birch, and watered by the River Portneuf — and some of its branches. The road from Jacques Cartier bridge crosses it, on each side of which there are a few neat settlements. D’Avrevtt (the seigniory of), in the county of Hants, is immediately in the rear of the augmentation to Belair, bounded on the north- east by Bourglouis, on the south-west by Jacques Cartier seigniory, and on the north- west by waste crown lands; half a league in breadth by four and a half leagues in depth ; 393 granted February 15th, 1693, to the Sieur d’Auteuil. This mountainous tract is still in a state of nature, and indeed likely so to remain. It produces some good timber, and judging from the different species thereof one would conclude that the land is above mediocrity. Nevviute, or La Pointe aux TREMBLES (the seigniory of), in the county of Hants, is bounded by the St. Lawrence in front, Belair and its augmentation on the south-west, Des- maure, Guillaume Bonhomme, and Faussem- bault on the north-east, and by Bourglouis in the rear; two leagues and three quarters in front by four leagues in depth; was granted December 16th, 1653, to Jean Bourdon, and is at present the property of the Reverend Mr. Descheneaux, Grand Vicar. Viewing this seig- niory as the possession of an individual, it must be estimated as one of great value, above two thirds of it being under cultivation and very productive in grain, as well as almost every other species of growth natural to the country. The surface, as is the case almost invariably within several leagues of Quebec, is very uneven, rising from the St. Lawrence in a series of irregular ridges to the elevated banks of the Jacques Cartier: beyond which it is mountainous and abrupt. The soil in front is a lightish mixture of sand and black friable 394 earth, but advancing to the north-west it be- comes much stronger, and soon changes to a fine loam, in some places pretty thickly strewed with stones: large masses of granite lie about in different directions as if rolled down from the heights, although there is scarce any trace of rock until reaching the bank of the Jacques Cartier river. The timber is for the most part very good; but between the two rivers not in great plenty, as the whole of that space is laid out in fruitful settlements; further back, beech, maple, pine, ash, and birch, are found in abundance. It is watered by several branches of the River Portneuf, the Riviere aux Pommes, that traces a beautiful meander- ing course throughit, and the impetuous Jacques Cartier, besides many rivulets descending from the sides of the different ridges, the whole amply providing for the irrigation, particularly of the settled parts. Of the many roads that intersect the seigniory, the one in front of the St. Lawrence, one in the direct line from Que- bec by the village of Capca to Jacques Cartier bridge, and another, striking from the St. Law- rence, about midway between the village of Pointe ‘aux Trembles and Belair, to the same place, are the principal; the others open a convenient communication between the differ- ent concessions. The bridge itself deserves 395 notice for the easy lightness, and at the same time solidity of its construction; the natural high bank of the river on each side is finished by masonry into solid piers, from whence the arch, entirely of timber, forms a handsome segment raised to more than the ordinary ele- vation above the stream; its appearance alto- gether is well calculated to attract attention: near the west end of it is a small well-built cottage most romantically situated, wherein the collector of the bridge toll resides. The village of Pointe aux Trembles, consisting of about 25 houses, a church, parsonage-house, and what is termed a convent, is exceedingly well seated on a projecting point of the same name, rising but a few yards above the level of the St. Lawrence; it is backed by an am- phitheatre of gently rising hills cultivated to their very summits, embellished by farm-houses mostly built of stone, surrounded by gardens and extensive orchards, affording in every di- rection, but from the river particularly, a rich, variegated, and pleasing coup dil. Many of the houses in the village are of stone, their inha- bitants industrious and wealthy, which is also the case with most of the habitans of this seig- niory. The convent is an establishment for female education, conducted by two sisters of the congregation of Quebec, who reside in it 896 as missionaries for disseminating religious and other useful knowledge. From the Point reach- ing nearly down to the seigniory of Desmaure runs a shoal called La Batture de la Pointe aux Trembles, thickly beset with rocks that are un- covered at low water. Bourctouis (the seigniory of), in the county of Hants, immediately in the rear of Pointe aux 'Trembles, is bounded on the south- west by D’Auteuil, on the north-east by Faus- sembault, and in the rear by waste lands ; two leagues and three quarters in front by three leagues in depth; was granted May 14th, 1741, to Sieur Louis Fornel. This grant still remains in its natural state, no part whereof is culti- vated, although the soil is tolerably good, being principally a strong loam. ‘T’he timber is vari- ous, and among it is found ash, beech, birch, pine, and maple of good quality and large di- mensions. It is watered by the River Ste. Anne towards the rear, and by many small streams that rise in the mountains southward of that river, and fall into the Portneuf. DesMaAvRE, or St. AUGUSTIN (the seigniory of), in the county of Hants, fronting the St. Lawrence, is bounded on the north-east by Gaudarville, on the south-west by Pointe aux ‘Trembles, and in the rear by Guillaume Bon- homme and Faussembault. No official record 397 has been found relative to this grant, conse- quently its original date and precise dimen- sions are not known. Les Dames Religieuses of the General Hospital of Quebec, to whom the property belongs, in performing fealty and homage on the 19th March, 1781, produced as © their title an act of adjudication, dated Septem- ber 22, 1733; but which was still indecisive of its dimensions, no notice whatever being taken of the extent. By the regulation of the parishes of the province, it is designated as containing two leagues and a half in breadth, by one and a half in depth. With a surface varied and un- even, this seigniory possesses a rich and fertile soil, which on the large swells and high lands is a lightish loam, but in the hollows and valleys lying between them is generally a good black - mould; the situation for all works appertaining to agriculture is so favourable, that full three-- fourths of the whole is under tillage ; the farms, and indeed the major part of the concessions appear to great advantage, and display many favourable specimens of careful husbandry. In proportion to the increase of cultivation, the quantity of timber has greatly diminished, and at present but little of a superior quality is standing: nor are the common kinds in much greater abundance. It is watered by the Ri- viere' du Cap Rouge, which has its source 398 among the heights near the back boundaries. In the serpentine course it describes in passing diagonally through the seigniory, it sends off many small branches both to the right and left; the banks are elevated, but the eminence is attained by a very gradual slope, or it may be said. more correctly, that it flows through a narrow valley abounding in natural beauties of the most picturesque kind, and possessing all the charms that can be looked for in the most artful landscape composition. Lake Calviere, about a mile and a half long, lying between La Riviere du Cap Rouge and the St. Law- rence, will always obtain a large share of ad- ‘miration when viewed from the surrounding heights, where it presents a rich and diversified prospect, the margin being charmingly varied by cultivated lands, here and there broken by small woods and numerous clumps of trees, . rising by gradations from the water’s edge one above the other. The land bordering the St. _ Lawrence is the highest in the seigniory, from whence there is an alternation of ridges and. valleys, the former diminishing in height as they approach the rear boundary, composing together a most agreeable undulation in the perspective scenery. This property is very conveniently crossed by roads in almost every direction, and most of them kept in good re- 399 pair: the one along the front is called the post road; another passing in the rear to Jacques Cartier bridge, is denominated the stage road ; on each side of the Riviere du Cap Rouge a road leads to the seigniory of Pomte aux Trembles, with several intermediary ones con- necting the principals: by the sides of each of them are many fine settlements, the houses well built, and the farms showing every appear- ance of comfort and even affiuence. The church, seated on a point projecting into the St. Law- rence, a grist and a saw-mill upon a little branch of Riviere du Cap Rouge, between two lofty banks just where it discharges into the former, compose a pleasing point of view either from the Great River or the eminence just above the mills. An extensive shoal, or rather reef of rocks, bounds the whole front of the seigniory: the Islets Donbour lie upon this reef, opposite the south-west boundary. GuILLAUME BonuyomMME (the seigniory of), is situated in the rear of Desmaure, bound- ed on the south-west by Pointe aux T'rembles, on the north-east by Faussembault, and on the north-west by the River Jacques Cartier; one league in breadth by two in depth; was grant- ed November 24th, 1682, to Guillaume Bon- homme. .This tract is uneven and mountain- ous; near. Desmaure, which is the lowest and 4.00 most level part, the soil is a black mould, but - receding from thence toward the Jacques Car- tier, a light-coloured loam prevails, a good deal covered with loose stones: only a small portion of the land is in cultivation. The tim- ber is both abundant and good, particularly on the high grounds towards the rear; but the irri- gation is very sparing, as scarcely a stream or rivulet traverses the interior. FaussEMBAULT (the seigniory of), in the county of Hants, is bounded on the north-east by Gaudarville and St. Gabriel, on the south-west by Guillaume Bonhomme, Pointe aux ‘Trem- bles, and Bourglouis, on the south-east by Des- maure or St. Augustin, and on the north-west by waste lands. From St. Augustin to the Jacques — Cartier it isonly a narrow slip of land, three quar- ters of a league broad, and two leagues and a half deep; but beyond that river it spreads to. a, breadth of eight miles, with an additional depth of three leagues: it was granted Febru- ary 20th, 1693, to Sieur de Gaudarville, and is now the property of Juchereau Duchenaye, Esq. ‘That part of the seigniory lying between Gaudarville and Guillaume Bonhomme, though rather mountainous, and particularly so towards the river, is nevertheless of a good quality; the land rising gradually affords many opportuni- _ ties for cultivation ; the soil is a middling sort AOL. of loam, or else a layer of black earth, of no. great depth, upon a stratum of sand: on the | settled places the farms exhibit an appearance. of good tillage, and are by no means defective | in fertility. There is a tolerable variety of timber; the maple, beech, and birch, are parti- cularly good : inferior wood is in great abun- dance. Several roads lead to the adjoining seigniories on each side, and one from St. Au- gustin up to the Jacques Cartier, but there is scarcely a stream to be met with until reaching that river; from thence northward, it is a mountainous country, continually rising until it approaches the great north-westerly ridge ; it is very well clothed with timber, but gene- rally incapable of cultivation. In the ravines. there are some small lakes; several of the little _ branches of the Portneuf have their sources on the skirts of the mountains. GAUDARVILLE or GUARDARVILLE (the seigniory of), in the county of Hants, has its front on the St. Lawrence, is bounded on the north-east by St. Gabriel, on the south-west by St. Augustin and Faussembault, and in the rear by Faussembault also; it is forty-five arpens broad by four leagues in depth; was granted February 8th, 1652, to Louis de Lauson, Sieur de la Citiére. This grant consists of nearly the same species of soil as the preceding ones — DD 402 of Desmaure and the lower part of Faussem- bault, though superior in its fertility and good cultivation. For a distance of nearly two leagues and a half from the St. Lawrence, it is entirely settled, but thence it becomes moun- tamous, with scarcely any part of it under tillage, though many patches appear to be to- lerably good arable land. The front being thick- ly inhabited has but little timber standing, but further on good beech, maple, and pine are found in plenty. Its general fertility is aided by several little streams that trace a mazy course through it, and flow into the River St. | Charles, and also by the lower part of the Ri- viere du Cap Rouge, mentioned in the seigniory of Desmaure, which still preserves its character of being eminently beautiful and picturesque ; it feels the attraction of the ebb tide of the St. Lawrence so strongly, that at low water its bed is nearly dry, and can be crossed with the | utmost ease without the assistance of the ferry- boat; but at high water boats of considerable burthen can enter it and ascend as high as the mill, about three quarters of a mile from the St. Lawrence; at its mouth is an established ferry where boats and scows are always ready, though, as before observed, they are not always necessary. On the west side of this river, near its discharge, there is a gradual slope from the 408 high bank down to a delightful and well culti- vated valley extending almost to the River St. Charles, and joining the level tract of low land that spreads for a great distance in the rear of Quebec. This seigniory is intersected by nu- merous good roads in all directions; the main one by the St. Lawrence ascends several steep acclivities, especially in the vicinity of Cap Rouge, of which travellers seldom fail to feel the effect, particularly in the summer time. SILLERy (the seigniory of), in the county of - Quebec, is bounded by the River St. Lawrence in the front, Guadarville on the south-west, part of St. Ignace and several small grants on the north-east, and by St. Gabriel in the rear ; one league broad by about one league and a half deep. ‘This grant, originally forming part — of the concession of St. Gabriel, was ceded to the King in 1664, and granted October 23d, 1669, to the Order of Jesuits: it is now the property of the crown. ‘lhe bank of the river is very high, being the most elevated part of the seignicry, from whence there is a plain, va- ried with a few rising grounds, reaching to the ‘road of Ste. Foi, northward of which for a short distance is an easy declivity, terminated by a _ steep descent into a valley that spreads nearly to the boundary of St. Gabriel, where again there is another gradual elevation. The soil is Bre 2 a 404, very good near the St. Lawrence, consisting of a light reddish sandy earth intermixed with clay, in some places lying upon a bed of clay; in the vicinity of Ste. Foi there are many ledges of flat rock covered with a coat of excellent mould, but of no great depth ; from the latter place on the slope already mentioned, it 1s a rich mould mixed with sand, with large quanti- ties of loose stones strewed over its surface, and many massy fragments of granite lying about | in various directions ; in the valley, and on the rising ground towards La Vielle Lorette, there is some excellent meadow land: nearly the whole of the seigniory 1s cultivated, and extremely fer- tile in almost every variety of the productions of the country. Very little timber of a superior quality is now remaining, or indeed much wood of any description, except what is found in Sil- lery Wood, and a few other patches that ap- | pear to have been left in various parts as much for ornament as for use. Part of the River St. Charles passes through, and it is also watered by several small streams that wind along the valley in a very pleasing manner. At the place called Sillery Cove there is a plantation of hops, in a situation finely sheltered: from every in- jurious wind, where the climate is friendly to their growth, and the soil, admirably well adapted to their culture, which has been car- aaa 405 ried on for some years with great success; the produce is not inferior to what is imported from England. Close by the plantation stand a malt-house, a brewery, and a dwelling-house, besides many other appendages, the property of Mr. Hullett, to whom the hop-grounds be- Jong; the two former are entitled to some re- spect as being the venerable remains of an an- cient chapel and some other buildings, erected in 1637 by the Jesuits, for the residence of a mission employed in their favourite undertak- ing of converting the natives to Christianity ; the utter decay of these vestiges of zealous piety has been for a while suspended, as a few years since. they were repaired and made applicable to their present uses. Not far from this spot the nation of the Algonquins had a village, and it is somewhat remarkable that in Sillery Wood there yet remains some of the tumul: belonging to their burying-place, and what is still more worthy of observation, some of their rude mementos carved on the trees are at this day sufficiently visible to be traced. In a hollow a little to the westward of Sillery Cove, on a gentle eminence now nearly overgrown with brushwood and creeping shrubbery, are the remains of a stone building, once the dwelling of a few female devotees, who, in imitation of the Jesuits, applied their religious enthusiasm 406 to convert and instruct the female savages. On the high bank to the westward bounding this cove is an elegant, well-built, stone house, the property of Mr. M‘Nider of Quebec; the situation is commanding and agreeable: the style both of the exterior and interior of the re- sidence deserves notice. Many roads in almost every direction form an easy communication with Quebec and all the surrounding seigniories ; _ of these, the one leading by the river side, one by the church of Ste. Foi, and another by the village of La Vielle Lorette, are the principal ; on either side of each there are many well-built houses, with various plantations, and farms in a very advanced state of improvement, and strongly indicating the good circumstances of the proprietors. ‘The front of the seigniory is indented by several coves, wherein, between the high bank of the river and the high water mark, there are level flats that afford most con- venient situations for depositing, squaring, and sorting timber, and staves of all descriptions when prepared for exportation; and also beaches for’ receiving the rafts as they are brought down the river: these are called tim- ber grounds. ‘The principal of them is Sillery, or as it is now called Hullett’s Cove, that gen- tleman having obtained from government a lease of the beach from Pointe a Puisscaux, up 407 to his present establishment. At a considera- ble distance from the high-water mark, a long reef of rocks forms a very convenient break- water, and resists the strong set of the cur- rent from reaching the logs, which are other- wise prevented from drifting away, by means of booms secured at different places, either by anchors and grapnels, or to ringbolts in the rocks as most convenient. Westward of this place is another inlet called Ritchie’s Cove, and to the eastward another spacious timber- ground called Atkinson’s, in each of which there are convenient booms and other securities: the former has the appearance of a small village, from the numerous huts erected for the work- men, &c. ‘To these timber-grounds the rafts intended for them are floated in at high-water through openings in the reef of rocks, and secured within the booms ; they are then broken up, the timber sorted, and drawn ashore to proper spots either for seasoning, squaring, or reducing to standard dimensions for exporta- tion. i Saint GaBrieEt (the seigniory of), in the county of Quebec, is bounded on the south- west by Gaudarville, Faussembault, and waste crown. lands, on the north-east by St. Ignace, in the front by Sillery, and in the rear by waste crown lands; two leagues in breadth on 408 the front, but as the lateral boundaries do not run parallel, its breadth in the rear is more than four leagues ; its depth is ten leagues; granted April 16th, 1647, to Sieur Giffard, and is now the property of the crown. Of this tract two leagues and a half were granted, March 13th, 1651, to the Hurons inhabiting the village of La Jeune Lorette, and the remainder trans- ferred by donation on the 2d November, 1667, to the Order of Jesuits, by Sieur Giffard. The Jower part of this seigniory is good fertile land, the soil in general a fine black mould; near the first mountains, and in the vicinity of Lake St. Charles, it is a light loam ; the remainder, and much the largest portion of the grant, is so extremely rough and mountainous, as to be wholly unfit for agricultural purposes. ‘Tim- ber about the front is rather scarce, of inferior size and little value; but on the sides of the rising grounds, and in the interior, beech, ma- ple, and birch, are abundant, and some pine, and now and then a little good oak may be found. The River St. Charles bends a most picturesque course from south-east to north- west, for nearly two leagues along the lower part of the seigniory, and receives the waters of several small tributary streams that com- pletely answer the purposes of irrigation. The Rivers Jacques Cartier, St. Anne, and Batis- 409 _can, cross it at different points between the mountains. Toa distance of about six miles from the front, all the land is in a flourishing state of cultivation, every where interspersed with well-built houses, good gardens and well stocked farms: beyond this part a wilderness spreads on every side, dreary and untrodden by human beings, except the Indians in their hunting excursions. The church and parson- age of St. Ambroise, the church of La Vielle ‘Lorette, the church and village of La Jeune Lorette, one grist-mill and one saw-mill, are all within this grant; roads in every direction communicate with Quebec and the surround- ing seigniories. The Indian village of La Jeune Lorette is between eight and nine miles from Quebec, situated on the eastern side of the River St. Charles, upon an eminence that commands a most interesting, varied, and ex-_ tensive view ; the city and environs of Quebec, always beautiful in whichever way they are seen together, form a prominent part of it, but it extends widely over the southern shore, and is terminated only by the softened forms of the - southern mountains. ‘The number of houses is between forty and fifty, which on the exterior have something like an appearance of neatness ; they are principally built of wood, although there are some few of stone. The inhabitants 410 are about 250, descendants of ‘the tribe of the Hurons, once so formidable even to the power- ful Iroquois, until by stratagem, in which con- sists much of the glory and self-applause of the savage, the latter, under the specious pretence of alliance, obtained the confidence of their op~ _ ponents ; when, by an indiscriminate massacre, their whole race was nearly extirpated. The few who escaped with life fled towards the habita- tions of civilized man, and established themselves among the forests in the rear of Quebec, many hundred miles distance from the land of their ancient tribe on the borders of Lake Huron ; by the efforts of the Jesuits they were gradually drawn nearer. to Quebec, and every exertion made to reclaim them from savage life. At pre- sent they nearly resemble the other tribes already mentioned, though perhaps in a small degree superior to them in some of the acquirements of civilized life; but as a counterbalance of evil, their contiguity to the capital affords them numerous opportunities to indulge in many vicious propensities, that they are eager enough to avail themselves of. The Curé of St. Am- broise officiates as missionary among them, and has obtained a considerable influence in reli- gious affairs. In their worldly concerns, as they speak the French language with tolerable flu- ency, they are sufficiently shrewd, and know — 411 how to take care of their own interests. The church of La Vielle Lorette is pleasantly situ- ated on the western side of a little branch of the River St. Charles, on a rising ground, and nearly surrounded by a grove of small but handsome pine-trees. The parsonage-house is the residence of Mr. Deschenaux, the Grand Vicar, and Curé of the parish: this gentleman, who is well known and highly esteemed by a numerous circle of friends, both Catholic and Protestant, of the first rank, has exerted his well known good taste to great advantage upon the gardens and other embellishments of the place, which are on a scale of liberality quite in unison with the general hospitality of his cha- racter. St. Iewace (the seigniory of), in the county of Quebec, is bounded in front by the River St. Charles, on the south-west by Sillery and St. Gabriel, on the north-east by L’Epinay and the township of Stoneham, and in the rear by the seigniory of Hubert; half a league in front by ten leagues in depth; was granted October 20th, 1652, to the community of the Hotel Dieu, to whom it still belongs. With respect to the quality of land and peculiarities of soil, there is a strong affinity between this and the seigniory of St. Gabriel; the lower part is rich, fertile,and wel! cultivated for more than 412 two leagues towards the Lake St. Charles, in which tract many farms are extremely produc- tive in grain of all species. On some of the lands flax is cultivated with great success; on the River St. Charles the pastures and meadows are so fine as scarcely to be rivalled by any in the province: beyond the lake the country as- _ sumes a mountainous and barren character, af- fording no land upon which industry could be exerted with any hopes of success in the way of agriculture. On the lower part of the seig- niory the little timber that remains is of inferior dimensions, and confined to small woods and patches here and there; but in the vicinity of Lake St. Charles and further rearward, a great. abundance of the finest sort is produced. ‘The Rivers Jacques Cartier, St. Anne, and Batis- can, cross it in the intervals between the differ- ent ranges of mountains, while the cultivated part is exceedingly well watered by the River — and. Lake St. Charles, aided by many small streams.. ‘The lake affords one of the most exquisitely. picturesque scenes in the whole province ; it is a narrow irregular figure, rather more than four miles in length; about midway a projecting point stretches nearly across, and leaves only a narrow strait by which the almost — separated waters communicate: situated in a low. flat country, it is entirely surrounded by 413 hills of considerable elevation, covered with thick woods; these are again greatly over- topped by more distant mountains that rise very abruptly to the northward. : The margin presents an appearance at once wild, romantic, and delightful; the devious course of the low banks forms numerous little bays and head- lands, where the trees to the water’s edge com- plete, by the variety of their foliage and grada- tion of size as they rise upon the different slopes, one of the richest views that can delight an admirer who prefers a prospect adorned only by the hand of nature to one heightened by the devices of art. This charming panorama is rather more than four leagues from Quebec, and during the spring and summer is frequently visited on account of its arcadian beauty: the road leading to it passes all the way by the side of the River St. Charles, and by its embel- lishments greatly heightens the satisfaction of those who make the excursion, and from whence no one returns without ample gratification: _ LErrnay (fief), in the county of Quebec, joins St. Ignace, is bounded by the River St. Charles in front, and the township of Stoneham in the rear; eleven arpens in breadth by four leagues in depth ; was granted February 28th; 1626, to Louis Hebert. D’Orsanvitte (another fief), on the north- 414 east side of L’Epinay, is a small grant contain- ing only a superficies of 3575 arpens ; made —— May, 1675, by Letters Patent from the King to the Religieuses of the General Hospital of Quebec, and from whom it has never been alienated. ‘The land in both these pieces is of the same character, being a light sandy earth intermixed with clay about the front part; proceeding inwards it changes to a_ black mould, and in the vicinity of the mountains it is a good yellow loam: from the River St. Charles the surface is uneven, and continues ridge above ridge to the rear, where it is more abrupt and broken. Near the river there are fine meadows and pastures in both grants; of the arable, about one half is in a state of very good culture, producing wheat and other grain abundantly, with garden vegetables in great quantity and variety for the consumption of the city. The lower parts are but scantily timbered ; but on the rising grounds, and on the skirts of the mountains, there is a profusion of fine beech, maple, birch, and other woods of the best description. The little River Jaune, — and several small streams, all flowing into the St. Charles, amply and ine sngmpaa water the cultivated lands. : Huspert (the seigniory of), in the county of Quebec, is situated.in the rear of the seigniories AVS of St. Gabriel.and St. Ignace, and from its remoteness entirely surrounded on the other sides by waste crown lands; two leagues in breadth by as many in depth; was granted June 10th, 1698, to Sieur Réné Louis Hubert. Being so far northward of all the cultivated lands, the quality or worth of this seigniorv is wholly unknown; even the timber upon it seems never to have been deemed an object meson enquiry. | ‘Notre Dame pes Ances (the seigniory of), in the county of Quebec, is situated be- tween D’Orsanville and Beauport, bounded in front by the Rivers St. Charles and St. Law- rence, and in the rear by the township of Stoneham ; one league broad and four leagues deep; was granted 10th March, 1626, to the Order of Jesuits, and like their other properties, now reverted to the crown. Within this seig- niory the ereater part of the land is of a supe- rior quality, and equally pre-eminent for its fer- tility: about the front it is a good rich earth mixed with clay or sand ; beyond this sort, and more to the interior, there is a fine black mould, much drier and more friable than the former; an the rear a good loam prevails; the surface is uneven, and from a fine flat near the river, rises into ridges by easy gradations to the back boundary; and, thereabouts, becomes 416. broken, rough, and mountainous. Of the whole superficies, about two-thirds are in the best. state of cultivation, and exceedingly well in- habited. The flat space near the river is called La Canardiere, and is wholly employed as. meadows and pasture; the former produce abundant crops of hay of superior quality. The arable lands are very fruitful in grain of all kinds, besides which there is a considerable: quantity laid out as garden ground, where ve- getables of every description and great excel- lence are raised for the supply of the capital. The most cultivated parts are sparingly tim- bered, presenting only occasionally reserves of wood, where the trees are of inferior dimension — and of little estimation, but they embellish the country agreeably enough; in the rear wood is abundant, and the land is conceded to the in habitants in small portions for the purposes of | fuel and other domestic uses, of which, exclu- sive of their own consumption, they continu- ally supply large quantities for the use of Que-— bec. The beach of the St. Lawrence, in front of the seigniory, is occupied as timber ground, and furnished with extensive booms and every necessary means of securing the timber, ‘The village of Charlebourg is pleasantly situated ona rising ground of considerable eminence, about a: league to the northward of Quebec, ALT and consists of about forty well-built houses, mostly of a respectable appearance, with a handsome church and parsonage-house. A ~ good garden and small orchard are the appen- dages of every dwelling. The elections of mem- bers of parliament for the county are always held here. A little below the village, on the skirts of a small rising ground on the north side of a concession or cross road, stands a small group of handsome houses, usually called the Little Village, which does not yield in beauty of situation to the other. Of two roads leading from Dorchester bridge, the one on the left hand is called Le Chemin de Charlebourg, and the other La Canardiere, or Le Chemin de Beauport ; on the latter there is a succession of good houses, excellent gar- dens, and farms in a high state of cultivation. T'wo houses of superior elegance, belonging to the Honourable P. Debonne, usually attract notice, by the advantages of a good style of architecture and excellence of situation, their beautiful gardens, and surrounding shrubberies and plantations. There is also a very spacious house belonging to the Ecclesiastics of the Seminary of Quebec, generally distinguished: by the appellation of La Maison des Prétres ; it 1s retained in their own hands as a farm, and 418 also serves as a place of recreation for all the members of the establishment once a week. Beavrort (the seigniory of), in the county of Quebec, is bounded on the north-east by the Cote de Beaupré, on the south-west by Notre Dame des Anges, on the front by the St. Law- rence, and in the rear by the township of Stone- ham ; one league broad by four leagues deep ; was granted December 31, 1635, to Robert Giffard, Sieur de Beauport ; but by that conces- sion its depth was limited to one league and a half; on the 31st March, 1653, the other two leagues and a half were added to it: it is now the property of Monsieur Duchesnaye. The surface of this seigniory embraces a variety similar to: those that surround it, being inter- sected. by ridges of different heights ; between the first rise of the ground and the beach of the St. Lawrence, there is a level space ranging the whole breadth of the grant, occupied as mea- dows, pastures, or gardens; the soil is black mould. intermixed with clay or marl: on this flat there are many large globular fragments of granite quite detached, and lying loosely on the surface. From hence; penetrating further to the interior, the soil varies considerably, almost as frequently as the inequalities of the land ; on the front ridge, where the road: passes, there: 419 are flat. ledges of rock, that in some places for a considerable extent are quite bare, and in others but very superficially covered with a layer of earth; more inward these rocks disap- pear, and are succeeded by a dark mould, or else a yellowish loam, which continues to the skirts of the mountains. On the fore parts of the seigniory there remains but little wood ; in the interior, however, and on the heights, the timber is of the best quality, beech, birch, and maple. It is watered by the River Montmo- renci on the north-east side, by the Petite Ri- viere de Beauport, and by many small streams falling into the St. Lawrence, and forming rivu- Jets along the beach at low water: about two leagues from the front there is a small lake, and at a short distance further on the River Jaune; some small mountain streams flow between the different ridges. ‘he cultivated land extends about six miles from the St. Lawrence, and is” for the most part in a state of excellent tillage, producing all kinds of grain abundantly, vegeta- bles, &c. &c. In various parts of the seig- niory there are quarries of stone, that furnish an excellent supply for the new buildings in the city and in the neighbourhood; there are also in many places indications of veins of coal, but no attempt has yet been made to work them. A large quantity of maple sugar is made here, EE2 420 and indeed in all the adjoining seigniories; the process of obtaining it may be described in a few words. In the spring, when the sap begins. to rise in the trees, the habitans repair to the woods, furnished with kettles, troughs, and all the necessary apparatus for carrying on the manufacture, where they form a temporary en- campment: the mode of collecting the sap is by making an incision in the tree, into which is inserted a thin bit of stick to serve as a con- ductor, from whence, an hour or two after sun- rise, the sap begins to trickle down into a trough placed to receive it; when a sufficient quantity of this liquor is obtained from several trees, it is put into an iron kettle and boiled, until it comes to the consistence of a thick syrup; it is then cooled, and afterwards subjected to an- other process of boiling and clarifying. When this is sufficiently performed in proportion to the degree of purity they intend to give it, it is put into vessels of different sizes to harden, containing from half a pound to eight or ten pounds. Its colour is of all shades between a dark and a light brown, according to the care that is taken in clarifying it; indeed, by a repetition of the process it may be rendered as white as common refined sugar. Being consi- dered very wholesome, the use of it is general among the country people for all purposes, and 421 the consumption of it is considerable in families of respectability for ordinary occasions; the price of it varies from three pence halfpenny to six-pence per pound. It is constantly to be had in the market of Quebec. ‘The roads communicating with the adjacent grants are enlivened by houses and gardens at short inter- vals from each other, throughout nearly their whole distance. On the road leading to the capital, the populous village of Beauport is situated on a gently rising ground; it contains from sixty to seventy houses, many of them built of stone, and distinguished by great neat- ness in their exterior appearance: the church and parsonage-house are situated on the south side of the road; the former is much more ob- servable for its solidity than for beauty or em- bellishment: regularity and neatness are pre- valent through the whole village. On each side of the road also, the farm and other houses are so thickly placed, that they seem to be a prolongation of the place itself; the farm-lands and garden-grounds, all in a most flourishing state; the orchards and occasional clumps of trees, all combine to render it one of the most pleasant roads in the environs of Quebec. This village is the residence of many families of the first respectability, besides tradesmen, arti- zans, and farmers. Westward of the church, on 492 the declivity of the hill, stands a manor-house, an ancient irregular stone building, designed originally for defence as well as residence: the extraordinary thickness and solidity of the walls, were it perceptible from’ the exterior, would attract notice; but its other advantages are not of a nature to solicit a passenger’s ob- servation. A little to the westward of this — house, and on the bank of the River Beauport, are the distillery and mills, erected about twenty-five years ago by the Honourable John Young at a very great expense; they are seated on the western bank of the river, over which there is a bridge leading past them; the former belongs at present to Mr. Racy, and the latter to Mr. M’ Callum. The buildings and other appurtenances of the distillery form a hollow square exceeding two hundred yards on each side: in the middle of this square are several large stone buildings communicating with each | other, and containing a still-house, malt-house, granary, machinery, &c. of every description for carrying on the whole process of distillation and rectifying to a very large extent. The River Beauport is navigable as high up as these ~ premises, for small decked vessels that can come along the wharf adjoining. The gentle- man who built these works was also proprietor _ of an extensive brewery at St. Roch’s, in both 423 of which concerns he gave employment for some years to several hundred persons; but they were found to have been undertaken upon too great a scale for the consumption of the province at that period. Mr. Young’s abilities were of a superior class, and having attracted the notice of Lord Dorchester when Governor- General, procured for him the nomination to a seat in the executive council, wherein, as well as in the provincial government, of which for three or four sessions he was a distinguished member, his talents were always exerted in favour of measures calculated for the benefit and interest of the province. ‘The mill is both. extensive and complete, in a building three stories high ; the water for working it is received from the Beauport into a large reservoir or dam above the road, from whence it is con- veyed to the mill by an aqueduct. On an eminence to the north-eastward are two hand- some stone dwelling-houses with gardens and summer-houses, surrounded by a wall; from their singularly beautiful situation, and the rich prospect they command over the basin of Quebec and surrounding distant objects, they obtain much notice: the Honourable H. W. Ryland is proprietor of both. ‘The Falls of the Montmorenci present the most majestic spec- tacle of the neighbourhood, and indeed one of 424, the grandest in the province; they have been frequently described, and with so much correct- ness, that a slight notice of them may nowsuffice. The river, in its course through a country that is almost a continued forest, rolls a stream of very trifling consequence, unless when swelled by the melting snow in spring, or autumnal rains, over an irregular broken rocky bottom, until it arrives at the precipice, where its breadth is from sixteen to twenty yards. A little. de- clination of the bed before it reaches this point gives a great velocity to the stream, which, in being impelled over the brink of a _ perpendicular rock, falls in an extended sheet of water, of a whiteness and fleecy appearance nearly resembling snow, into a chasm among the rocks two hundred and forty feet below. An immense spray rises from the bottom in curling volumes, which when the sunshine dis- plays their bright prismatic colours, produce an effect inconceivably beautiful. At the bottom of the fall the water is restrained within a basin formed by the rocks, from whence, after its impetuosity is subdued, it flows in a gentle stream into the St. Lawrence, a distance, per- haps, of two hundred and eighty or three hun- dred yards. ‘The summer-house built by the late General Haldimand, and mentioned by Mr. Weld and others for its appalling situation 425 . as projecting over the great precipice, still re- mains: if it be true that at the time of his visit the beams had begun to feel the gnawing tooth of time, they must be now in a very precarious state ; indeed, it would be prudent to have it removed immediately, rather than allow it to fall by its natural decay; for while it keeps its present position, curiosity will at- tract many an unwary visitant, and perhaps ultimately produce a fatal catastrophe. The provincial parliament has recently passed an act for erecting a bridge across the Montmo- renci. ‘The houses, farms, &c. near the river, formerly the property of General Haldimand, now belong to —— Patterson, Esq. From Dorchester bridge, passing towards the falls, some traces yet remain of the field fortifications thrown up by the French in the memorable year 1759, as a defence against the British army. Along the beach there is a road at low water, which, when practicable, is always pre- ferred by the country people, passing with their carts and sleighs to and from market, not only because it is rather shorter than the high road, but for the much more important reason of its saving the toll at Dorchester bridge. _ The description of the various seigniories on the north side of the River St. Lawrence having brought us close down to Quebec, an account 426 of that capital may be appropriately intro- duced. Some notice has been taken already of its situation and convenience as a sea-port, in the observations that have been made upon the River St. Lawrence; but it will perhaps be excused, should the same points be again ad- verted to in giving a detailed description of the city, &c. From the time that Cartier visited Canada, up to the period that the concerns of the colony came under the superintendance of Champlain, (about seventy years), the French settlers and adventurers were dispersed over various parts of the sea-coast, or islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, as each, or a few toge- ther, discovered convenient places to fix their habitations in; during that time none of them had attempted to settle on or near the Great River. The selection of a situation and build- ing a town, wherein the benefits. and habits of social life might be enjoyed, and from whence the management of the trading intercourse with the natives, and the government of the colony, could be more advantageously carried on than what they hitherto had been, was reserved for Samuel de Champlain, Geogra- pher to the King: acting under a commission from the Sieur de Monts, (who a little while before had obtained from the court of France the exclusive privilege of trading between Cape 427 Raze in Newfoundland, and the fortieth degree of north latitude), he in 1608 made choice of the site of an Indian village called Stadaconé, upon the promontory, now named Cape Dia- mond, and there, in the month of July, laid the foundation of the metropolis of New France, which has through many vicissitudes risen into importance, and at the present day maintains a distinguished rank among those of the greatest consequence on the northern division of the - new hemisphere.—No less difference of opinion has arisen as to the origin of its name, than about that of. Canada; and the result of the disputes has not been more satisfactory in fixing its derivation: whether it comes from the Al- gonquin, Abenaqui, or Norman languages, to each of which conjecture has assigned it, we have not the means of verifying; nor is it in- deed very material: it is enough to know that Champlain called his new town Quebec. The progress of its aggrandisement there is much reason to believe was slow; for the new settlers, and indeed Champlain at their head, were not only so impolitic as to encourage the prosecu- tion of hostilities between the two neighbouring nations of the Algonquins and Iroquois, but even to join the former against the latter. This interference drew upon the French the hatred of the powerful Iroquois, and was the means of involving the whole colony in a long and A428 most destructive warfare; which, at an early period, rendered some defensive fortifications necessary to protect Quebec from the enmity of her new, but implacable enemies. |The defences were at first of the rudest descrip- tion, being nothing more than embankments, strengthened with palisades. In 1629 it was in an untenable state against the English, and fell into their hands; but, with the whole of Canada, was restored to its former master in 1652. From this period some attention was paid to the increase of the town, until 1663, when the colony was made a royal govern- ment, and it became the capital. Its progress towards prosperity was then somewhat acce- lerated. From its growing importance, the English were desirous to recover possession of the place thata few years before, there would scarcely have been started an objection against their retain- ing, and made an unsuccessful, because ill- timed attempt, in the latter part of the year 1690, to reconquer it, which was attended with a disastrous result, and a severe loss. As the place obtained consequence, and became an object of desire to other and far more power- ful enemies than the native savages, it was in the last mentioned year fortified in a more re- gular manner by works according to the rules of art, built of stone, which, from that period, 429 have been carefully attended to, and by conti+ nual additions and rebuildings, are now im- proved into bulwarks that may stand in com- petition with some of the best constructed and strongest fortifications of Kurope. From 1690 the increase was gradual while it remained under the French government; but since that period its progress towards prosperity has been much more rapid. ‘The situation of Quebec is unusually grand and majestic, in form of an amphitheatre ; it is seated on a promontory on the north-west side of the St. Lawrence, formed by that river and the St. Charles: the extremity of this headland is called Cape Diamond, whose highest point rises three hundred and forty-five feet above the level of the water ; it is composed of a rock of grey granite mixed with quartz crystals (from which it obtains its name), and a species of dark-coloured slate ; in many places it is absolutely perpendicular and bare; in others, where the acclivity is less abrupt, there are patches of brownish earth, or rather a de- composition of the softer parts of the stone, on which a few stunted pines and creeping shrubs are here and there seen ; but the general aspect of it is rugged and barren. From the highest part of the Cape, overlooking the St. Lawrence, there is a declination towards the north by flattish ridges of a gradual decrease, as far as 430 the steep called Coteau Ste. Genevieve, from whence the descent is more than one hundred feet nearly perpendicular ; at the foot of it the ground is level, and continues so as. far as the River St. Charles, and in fact far beyond it. The distance across the peninsula from one river to the other, in front of the line of fortification, is one thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven yards ; these fortifications may be called the en- ceinte of the city, and the circuit within them upon which it stands is about two miles and three quarters ; out of this space forty acres or thereabouts on Cape Diamond are occupied by or reserved for military works. From the Cape in a north-easterly direction, there is an easy diminution in the height of the rock of about one hundred and fifteen feet to the Castle of St. Louis and the grand battery, that crests a perpendicular steep of two hundred and thirty feet above the level of the river, overlooking the lower town. This altitude and frowning appearance continues with very little alteration round the town as far as the entrance called Palace Gate, where it sinks to the ridge already mentioned at the foot of Coteau Ste. Gene- vieve, and continues its course at nearly the same elevation, through the parish of St. Foi, connecting itself with Cape Rouge, and form- ing between the River St. Lawrence, the valley 431 through which the St. Charles flows, and that under Cape Rouge, an height of land about eight miles long, rising above the general level, like an island above the surface of the ocean. The city, beside the distinction of Upper and Lower ‘Towns, is divided into domains and fiefs, as the King’s and Seminary’s domains; Fief St. Joseph; ground belonging to the Hotel Dieu; the Fabrique, or church lands ; and the lands that formerly belonged to the Order of Jesuits: these, with the military reserves, con- stitute the principal divisions, in which the sub- urbs are not included. In the year 1759 the population of Quebec was estimated between eight and nine thousand ; at present, including the suburbs, it is about 18,000. ‘The public edifices are the Castle of St. Louis, the Hote} Dieu, the convent of the Ursulines, the monas- tery of the Jesuits, now turned inte barracks, the Protestant and Catholic cathedrals, the Scotch church, the Lower ‘l'own church, the court-house, the seminary, the new gaol, and the artillery barracks; there are two market- places, a place d’armes, a parade, and an esplanade. Of these buildings the Castle of St. Louis, being the most prominent object on the summit of the rock, will obtain the first notice : itis a handsome stone building, seated near the edge of a precipice, something more than two 432 hundred feet high, and supported towards the steep by a solid work of masonry, rising nearly half the height of the edifice, and surmounted by a spacious gallery, from whence there is a most commanding prospect over the bason, the Island of Orleans, Point Levi, and the sur- rounding country. The whole pile is one hun- dred and sixty-two feet long, by forty-five broad, - and three stories high; but in the direction of the Cape it has the appearance of being much more lofty: each extremity is terminated by a small wing, giving to the whole an easy and regular character: the interior arrangement is convenient, the decorative part tasteful and splendid, suitable in every respect for the resi- dence of the governor-general. It was built shortly after the city was fortified with solid - works, consequently had but little to recom- mend it to notice: for a long series of years it was neglected so much as to be suffered to go to decay, and ceasing to be the residence of — the commander-in-chief, was used only for the offices of government until the year 1808, when a resolution passed the provincial parliament for repairing and beautifying it; the sum of £7000 was at the same time voted, and the work forthwith commenced. The money ap- plied was inadequate to defray the expenses upon the grand scale the improvements were 433 commenced, but an additional grant was made to cover the whole charge; and in the present day, as a residence for his Majesty’s — representative, it is highly creditable to the liberality and public spirit of the province: Sir James Craig was the first who took posses- sion of it. The part properly called the Cha- teau occupies one side of the square, or court- yard ; on the opposite side stands an extensive building, divided among the various offices of government both civil and military, that are under the immediate control of the governor ;. it contains also a handsome suite of apartments, wherein the balls and other public entertain- ments of the court are always given. During the dilapidated state of the Chateau, this building was occupied by the family of the governors. Both the exterior and the interior are in a very plain style; it forms part of the curtain that ran between the two exterior bas- tions of the old fortress of St. Louis ; adjoining it are several other buildings of smaller size, appropriated to similar uses, a guard-house, stables, and extensive riding-house. The for- tress of St. Louis covered about four acres of ground, and formed nearly a parallelogram ; on the western side two strong bastions on each angle were connected by acurtain, in the centre of which was a sallyport; the other faces pre- FE 4S4: sented works of nearly a similar description, but of less dimensions. Of these works only a few vestiges remain, except the eastern wall, which is kept in solid repair. The new guard-. house and stables, both fronting the parade, have a very neat exterior: the first forms the arc of a circle, and has a colonnade before it; the stables are attached to the riding- house, which is spacious, and in every way well adapted for its intended purpose; it is also used for drilling the city militia. On. the south-west side of the Chateau there is a most excellent and well stocked garden, one hundred and eighty yards long, and seventy broad; and on the opposite side of Rue des Carrieres there is another, one hundred and seven yards long by eighty-four broad, both for the use of the governor: the latter was ori- ginally intended for a public promenade, and planted with fine trees, many of which yet remain. The court-house on the north side of St. Louis Street is a large modern stone structure, the roof of which is covered with tin ; its length is one hundred and thirty-six feet, and breadth forty-four, presenting a regular handsome front, approached by a flight of steps leading to an arched entrance, from whence a vestibule on each side Communicates to every part of the A435 building. The ground floor apartments are disposed for holding the quarter sessions, and other inferior courts, offices of clerks of the different courts of law, &c. &c. Above stairs there is a spacious chamber, in which the eourts of King’s Bench and Common Pleas, the Court of Appeals, and the Admiralty Court are held, with separate offices for the high sherifis and other magistrates, and a room for the occasional convening of militia courts- martial. In the same building is the hall and offices of the corporation of the Trinity-house of Quebec, established by an act of the Provincial Parliament in the 45th year of George the 3d. "The embellishments of this edifice, both interior and external, are in a style of simplicity and neatness; the arrangements for public busi- ness methodical and judicious ; the whole may be considered a great ornament to the city, and does honour to the liberality of the pro- vince, thus to provide for the easy and expe- ditious administration of justice. It occupies part of the site upon which stood an old monastery, church, and garden of the Recol- lets, destroyed by fire in the year 1790: it was at one time a very extensive establishment, covering the whole space between the parade, Rue des Jardins, de St. Louis, and de Ste. Anne; the order is now extinct in Canada. FF2 456 The Protestant Cathedral is situated near the court-house, and parallel with Ste. Anne Street: it is one hundred and _ thirty-six feet long, by seventy-five broad, built of a fine grey stone, the roof covered with tin, which, being continually bright, gives a remarkable appear- ance of lightness and elegance to the whole structure; it occupies part of the ground of the Recollets, or Franciscans. This is, per- _ haps, the handsomest modern edifice of the city, and though not highly decorated, the style of architecture is chaste and correct; in the interior, a neat and unostentatious elegance prevails, wherein ornament is judiciously but sparingly introduced. There is a principal entrance at each end of the church, approached by a flight of steps: the fitting up of the inside is commodious and handsome, corresponding with the unassuming beauty of the whole. The organ is of a very superior power. The spire is lofty, light, and elegant, being covered with tin, and the church standing upon nearly the highest ground within the city, is a very con- spicuous object at an immense distance; taken altogether, this is the most faultless structure in the place, or indeed within the whole pro- vince. - The Catholic Cathedral stands on the north side of Buade Street, fronting the market- 437 place, on ground belonging to the Fabrique, or in other words, church-land. It is a lofty, spa- cious, plain stone edifice, two hundred and six- teen feet in length, by one hundred and eight in breadth: the interior is divided by ranges of arches into a nave and two aisles; at the upper end of the former is the grand altar, placed in the middle of a circular choir, that for the height of about sixteen feet is lined with wainscot divided into square compart- ments, each including a portion of Scripture history represented in relief; the spaces be- tween the squares are wrought into different devices. In the side aisles there are four chapels, dedicated to different saints. Being whitewashed, the interior has always the ap- pearance of neatness and cleanliness. On the outside, the solidity of the building may per- haps attract a spectator’s notice; but nothing like taste in design, or graceful combination of architectural embellishment, will arrest his attention. The steeple is lofty, with an air of lightness not altogether devoid of beauty, and like the roof, is covered with bright tin; but for some cause, that perhaps could only be traced to an affectation of singularity, it sets the rules of art and symmetry at defiance, and instead of springing from the roof, it is placed on one side of the front. The church is dedi- 438 cated to Notre Dame de Victoire, and is suffi- ciently spacious to contain a congregation of about 4000 persons. A few years ago it was not equal to the accommodation of the increas- ed population; but the erection of galleries has, for the present, remedied that inconve- nience. The organ is an excellent one. The presbytery is the residence of the curate and four vicars of the cathedral, and has a covered avenue leading from it to the church; there is also a similar one between the church and the “seminary. The extensive building called the Seminary of Quebec stands near the cathedral, and is within the precinct of the seminary’s domain, occupying with its attached buildings, court- yard, gardens, &c. a large space of ground. It is a substantial stone edifice, principally two stories high, though some portions of it have been raised to three: it forms three sides of a square, each about seventy-three yards in length, with a breadth of forty feet ; the open side is to the north-west. This establishment, originally intended for ecclesiastical instruction exclu- sively, was founded in the year 1663, by M. de Petré, under the authority of letters patent eranted by the King of France; the early re« gulations have long been departed from, and at present students of the Catholic persuasion, 439 intended for any profession, may enjoy the ad- vantage of it. It is divided into two branches, distinguished as the Grand and Petit Seminaire. The studies of the superior department are conducted under the superintendance of M. Robert, who is himself professor of philosophy, three directors, and a competent number of professors in the different branches of litera- ture and science. ‘The ability and zeal of these gentlemen are sufficiently attested by the great number of pupils who have been dismissed from under their care, possessing every accom- plishment of a learned, liberal, and polished education. M. Parent is director of the Petit Seminaire, which is exceedingly useful as a general school, wherein great numbers are edu- cated free of expense, excepting only the trifling sum of five shillings per year as a compensa- tion for fuel; boarders are also received on the very moderate pension of twelve pounds ten shillings per annum. ‘The interior plan of this structure is judicious, and the arrangement very convenient: it contains all requisite do- mestic apartments, halls for the senior and junior classes, residences for the superior, di- rectors, professors, and different masters. The situation is airy and salubrious; the house is’ surrounded by large productive gardens, en- closed by a wall, and extending in depth to 440 the grand battery, where it overlooks the har- -bour: the length is one hundred and seventy- — two yards, and the breadth two hundred. It is well laid out and ornamented by many hand- some trees. In the year 1703, the whole of the buildings belonging to the seminary were destroyed by fire, and no time was lost in re- placing them ; when, unfortunately, they again fell a sacrifice to a similar calamity in 1705. The Catholic Bishop of Quebec has fixed his residence in the seminary, where he lives sur- rounded and respected by his clergy, and not less esteemed by the laity of all persuasions for his learning, piety, and urbanity.- The Hotel Dieu, including under that name the convent, hospital, church, court-yard, cemetery, and gardens, contains within its walls a space of ground extending from the French burymg- ground, or Cimetiere des Picotés, to the Rue des Pauvres, or Palace Street, a length of two hundred and ninety-one yards by a depth of one hundred and ninety-six from Couillard Street to the rear wall. ‘This establishment, for the reception of the sick poor of both sexes, was founded by the Duchess D’Aiguillon, in 1637, through whose charitable zeal some nuns were sent from France for the purpose of com- mencing it, and superintending its progress. The principal structure is three hundred and AAL éighty-tree feet in length, by fifty in breadth ; from the centre on the west side, a corps de logis ranges a length of one hundred and forty- eight feet, and of a proportionate breadth: the whole is two stories high, substantially built of stone, with more regard to interior convenience than attention to symmetry, and totally devoid of architectural decorations. It contains the convent, hospital, and nearly all the domestic offices. ‘The church, about one hundred feet in length by forty in breadth, facing the Hotel Dieu Street, has nothing to recommend it to notice but the plain neatness of both its interior and exterior. The convent contains the residence of the supe- -rleure, and accommodations for all the sisters of the congregation. ‘The hospital is divided into wards for the sick, wherein both sexes receive nourishment, medicine, and attendance, free of all expense. ‘This charitable institution produces extensive benefit to the community, and continually affords relief to great numbers suffering under the accumulated oppression of disease and poverty ; the funds by which it is supported are derived from landed property within the city, from whence it is entitled to all Jods et ventes; also from the revenues of some seigniories that have been granted to it; and although these are considerable, yet, from the 442, liberality and extensive nature of the disburse- ments, the expenditure so nearly balances the revenue, that it requires, and occasionally receives, grants of public money. The whole administration, care, and attendance of the establishment, are conducted by a superieure, La Reverende Mere Ste. Claire, (Venerande Melan¢on), and thirty-two sisters, to whose zeal in.the offices of humanity must be attributed the state of comfort, cleanliness, and good arrangement, that invariably obtains the enco- miums of every stranger who visits the insti- tution. | | The Ursuline Convent is situated a short distance to the northward of St. Louis Street, within the fief of St. Joseph, a property that belongs to it: it is a substantial stone edifice, two stories high, forming a square, whose side is one hundred and twelve feet; the building is - forty feet broad, containing ample and conve- nient accommodation for all its inmates. The church of St. Ursula, connected with the con- vent, is ninety-five feet long by forty-five in breadth, very plain on the outside, but emi- nently distinguished for the good taste and richness of its interior ornaments; to the east- ward of it are several detached buildings, form- ing part of the establishment. ‘The surround- ing ground, six hundred and forty-five feet long, 445 and four hundred and thirty-six broad, is en- circled by a lofty stone wall, and, with the exception of a space allotted to the court-yard, is laid out in fine productive gardens. This institution, for the purpose of extending the be- nefits of a careful and religious education to the females of the colony, owes its foundation in the year 1639, to Madame de la Peltrie, a lady residing in France: it consists of a superieure, La Reverende Mere Sainte Ursule, (Margue- rite Marchand), and forty-five nuns, who are employed in the instruction of the pupils in the most useful branches of knowledge, besides embroidery, fine work, and other female ac- complishments. The religieuses live very re- cluse, and are more rigid in their manner than any other in the province. ‘The landed pro- perty of the institution is not very great, but the industry of the sisters is incessant, and the profits arising from it are all placed to the ge- neral stock, which thereby is rendered. suf- ficiently ample: their embroidery is highly esteemed, particularly for ecclesiastical vest- ments, and church ornaments; their fancy- works are so much admired, that some of them obtain considerable prices; the produce of their gardens, beyond their own consumption, also serves to increase the revenue of the com- munity. The building is exceedingly neat, AAA and some parts thereof tastefully decorated: This establishment being well worth inspec- tion, is usually visited by strangers; for which purpose a permission or introduction from the Catholic Bishop is necessary, and always will- ingly granted upon an application being made. The Monastery of the Jesuits, now converted into a barrack, is a spacious stone building, three stories high, forming a square, or rather parallelogram of two hundred feet by two hun- dred and twenty-four, inclosed within a wall extending more than two hundred yards along Ste. Anne Street, and the whole of Rue de la Fabrique. On the arrival of some of the order in Canada in 1635, their first care was the erection of a suitable habitation, which being destroyed some years afterwards, made way for the present structure: it was formerly sur- rounded by extensive and beautiful gardens ; but these, to the great regret of many, have been destroyed since the house, in common with the other property of the order, has re- verted to the crown, and now form a place of exercise for the troops; indeed, no one could view without much reluctance the fall of some of the stately and venerable trees, yet untouch- ed by decay, that were the original tenants of | the ground at the first foundation of the city. As a building, this is one of the most regular 4A5 of any in the place; when inhabited by its founders, it is said to have been planned: with every attention to convenience they were so capable of bestowing upon it; but the nature of the arrangement for its present occupants being so well known to every one, they do not attract our notice. | The New Gaol is a very handsome building of fine grey stone, one hundred and sixty feet in length by sixty-eight in breadth, three stories high, having its roof covered with tin; it is situated on the north side of Ste. Anne Street, with the front towards Angel Street; stand- ing on an elevated spot, it is airy and healthful; it has in the rear a space of ground one. hundred feet in depth confined by a lofty wall, where the prisoners are allowed the benefit of exercise. ‘The interior is most judiciously planned, as it respects the health, cleanliness, and safe custody of those who are so unfortu- nate as to become itsinmates. The design and construction confer much credit upon the archi- tect, and the commissioners under whose super- intendance it was erected; it has been but re- cently finished, and was occupied only in 1814. ‘The expense of the building, upwards of £15,000, was defrayed by the provincial legislature. Opposite to the new gaol is the Scotch Church, a small building not distinguished for any thing deserving particular mention, but being new and very neat, it looks well. The building denominated the Bishop’s Palace has been a fine edifice, and standing on an elevated spot, it is very conspicuous ; it is situated near the grand battery, extending in an easterly direction from the gateway, or com- munication to the Lower Town, along Moun- tain Street one hundred and eighteen feet, and then in a line running at right angles to the former, one hundred and forty-seven feet; its average breadth is thirty-four feet; on the south and east sides it is three stories high, but on the others no more than two; it was built for the residence of the Catholic Bishop of Quebec; it contained a chapel with every suitable convenience, and was by no means destitute of embellishment. An annuity has been granted by the government to the head of the Catholic faith in lieu of it. A very dilapi- dated state at present threatens a speedy disso- lution; some of the walls are bad even to the | foundation, and unless almost immediate re- pairs are undertaken will not long support the fabric. The different divisions of the building are now occupied by many of the offices of | government; the Legislative Council, the Exe- cutive Council, the House of Assembly, the Public Library, &c. &c. The chapel, sixty- 447 five feet by thirty-six, the only part kept in thorough repair, is fitted up for the meetings of the House of Assembly; adjoining it are different committee rooms, library, &c.: above this part, that forms the north-west angle, is the apartment where the Legislative Council holds its sittings, and on the same floor are committee rooms, council office, &c. &c. de- pendant on that branch of the legislature. In the other angle are chambers for the Executive Council and various offices connected with it; at the further end of the building is the Public Library, below which are the offices of the adjutant-general of militia, surveyor-general of the province, the engineer department, secretary of the province, and some others. The vaults underneath the palace, excepting such as are appropriated to the secretary of the province and clerks of the court, and occupied as depositories of the archives and most of the public records, are in a ruinous state; indeed so much so under the chamber of the legislative council, where the session of parliament is always opened, that it is now hazardous to admit a large concourse of peo- ple, who usually attend that ceremony. The public convenience of this building for the various purposes to which it is now applied makes it a matter of surprise that the attention 446 - of government has not been directed towards giving it a substantial repair. a The Artillery Barracks form a range of stone buildings two stories high, five hundred and twenty-seven feet in length by forty in breadth, extending in a westerly direction from Palace Gate; they were erected previous to the year !'750, for the accommodation of troops, by which the garrison was reinforced, and were then distinguished as the casernes nouvelles : they are roughly constructed, but very substan- tial and well arranged: the east end of the range was for several years used as a common prison ; but since the erection of the new gaol, this practice has been discontinued. Besides sufficient room for quartering the artillery sol- diers of the garrison, there is an ordnance office, armoury, storehouses, and workshops. The armoury is very considerable, and occupies several apartments, wherein small arms.of every description for the equipment of 20,000 men are constantly kept in complete repair and rea- diness for immediate use; the musquetry and other fire-arms are arranged so as to admit con- venient access for the purposes of cleaning, &c. ; the armes blanches of all classes are well dis- played in various designs and emblematical devices, and present, on entering the room, a fanciful coup d’wil. In front of the barracks 449° there is a good parade. The Union Hotel is situated near the Chateau, on the north side of: the Grand Parade, and contributes greatly to- wards its embellishment; it is a capacious well- built stone house, two stories high, in a hand- some style of modern architecture, eighty-six feet in length, by forty-four in breadth. It was erected about the year 1803, under an act: of the provincial parliament, by a number of persons who raised a sufficient joint stock by’ shares, and who, by the act, were formed into a corporate body; the object was to have a commodious hotel of the first respectability, for the reception and accommodation of strangers arriving in the capital. ‘T’he entrance is. under a portico of good proportions and tasteful design, approached by a flight of steps. . The interior is well planned, with much attention to regularity and convenience; the principal rooms are spacious and lofty, fitted up with great. elegance, and continually kept im good order. The scheme that first gave rise to. this undertaking did not obtain so much success as could be wished to so public spirited an enterprise: in fact, the shareholders find the speculation to be an unprofitable, and. even a losing one. Should the property be disposed. of, and diverted from its original in- tention, a.circumstance by no means impro-: GG 450 . bable, it would be well worth the attention of government to make the purchase, for the pur- pose of concentrating therein as many of the public offices as accommodation could be found for. ‘The edifices that have been enumerated are the principal ones, or at least those most worthy of notice. The peculiar situation of the city, as already described, occasions irregu- larity and unevenness in the streets; many of them are narrow, but most of them are well paved; the breadth of the principal ones is thirty-two feet, but the others usually only from twenty-four to twenty-seven. ‘The greater pro- portion of the houses are built of stone, very unequal in their elevation, with high sloping roofs, principally of shingles, and sometimes covered with tin or sheet iron. Great improve- ment has taken place of late years in the mode of building and in the appearance of the dwellings, as the old-fashioned methods of the country are gradually superseded by a modern style. No less amendment has taken place in paving the streets. Mountain Street, where formerly the ascent was so steep as to, make it difficult for a calriage, is now passable for all sorts of ve-. hicles with the greatest ease. John Street, Buade Street, Fabrique Street, and the greater. part of Palace Street, may be considered as the. mercantile part of the Upper Town, being in- 451 habited chiefly by merchants, retail traders, artizans, and abundance of tavern-keepers, and are certainly the greatest thoroughfare of any. St. Louis Street, running nearly parallel to St. John Street, is much more elevated, airy, and agreeable, and by far the pleasantest part of the town ; as such, most of the superior officers of the provincial government, and people of the first rank, reside there: many of the houses are modern and very handsome; that belonging to the late T. A. Coffin, Esq., is now inhabited by the Protestant Bishop of Quebec, who, by his _ situation of Metropolitan, is member of the Legislative and Executive Councils of the Upper, as well as the Lower Province. The present Chief Justice, the Honourable Jonathan Sewell, occupies a very spacious and handsome house; that of the late Chief Justice Elmsly, though not modern, is large and elegant. It is at present converted into a barrack for officers, who have the greatest reason to be satisfied with their quarters. On Mount Carmel there is the remnant of an old military work, near to which is agreeably situated a wooden building, usually occupied by the governor's military se- cretary. ‘The market-place is one hundred and sixty-five feet long; in front of the Jesuits barracks it is two hundred and fifty feet — broad, but near the cathedral it is reduced to GG2 4.52 one hundred and seventy-two. In the centre stands the market hall, a circular building, one. hundred and twelve feet diameter, over which. _ there is a dome, whose. dimensions are every way so much at variance with proportion as to. warrant a supposition that deformity had been studied instead of symmetry; it 1s, however, no longer to remain a public mark of bad taste, for the legislature has decreed its removal, to make way for something more appropriate. Underneath the hall is a large reservoir of water, contrived to. afford a speedy supply in cases of fire. The accommodations of. the place have been considerably increased by the removal of the Jesuits church, and appropri- ation of the ground it occupied to the wood- market. On the side of Fabrique Street is the space allotted to the hay-market. Main streets. diverge from the different sides of the market to the principal entrances into the city... The market is held every day, and almost always well stocked ; but Saturday usually affords the greatest abundance, when there is a good shew of butcher’s meat of all kinds, furnished both by the butchers of the city, and the habitans, who bring it from several miles round. The supplies of poultry, fish, fruit, vegetables, herbs, and indeed every article of consumption, © are brought by. the country people in large 453 quantities from the different fertile seigniories round the capital. In fact, nothing is want- ing to furnish the table, and that too ata moderate price, for every rank of society, from the humble labourer to the man of affluence, who can enjoy both the comforts and luxuries. of life. | > - The Place d’Armes, or Grand Parade, in front of the Chateau, though not extensive, is handsome, and may be termed the court end of the town. Being surrounded by the most dis- tinguished edifices in the capital, it affords an agreeable promenade. The Esplanade, between St. Louis and St. John’s Gate, has a length of two hundred and seventy-three yards, by an average breadth of eighty ; except at the St. Ursula bastion, where it is one hundred and twenty yards; it 1s tolera- bly level, in some places presenting a surface of the bare rock. This is the usual place of pa- rade for the troops of the garrison, from whence every morning the different guards of the town are mounted. 'I'he musters, and annual reviews of the militia belonging to the city, are held here. ' The Lower 'lown is situated immediately under Cape Diamond, and by the continuation of merchants’ stores and warehouses, reaches from L’Ance des Meéres round the point of the Cape, as far to the north-west as the suburbs of St. Roch: it stands on what may be termed an 4.54 artificial ground, as formerly, at flood tide, the waters of the river used to wash the very foot of the rock: from time to time, wharf after wharf has been projected towards the low-water mark, and foundations made sufficiently solid to build whole streets, where once boats, and even vessels of considerable burden, used to ride at anchor. The greatest breadth of this place is at Rue Sous le Fort, where, from the Cape to the water's edge, the distance is two hundred and forty yards, but proceeding more to the northward, | this dimension is greatly reduced. L’Ance des Meéres, or Diamond Harbour, is the southern extremity of the Lower Town; it is immedi- ately under the highest part of Cape Diamond, having around its shore a continuation of ex- tensive wharfs, stores, and workshops in full activity, from which there is an uninterrupted routine of business carried on with other parts of the town. A commodious dock for repair- ing vessels, and a yard for building, from whence ships of large tonnage have frequently been launched, contribute very much to in- crease the importance of the place. From L’ Ance des Méres to Brehaut’s Wharf, the road passing by the foot of the Cape is very narrow, and that the communication may be rendered as direct as possible, it has been necessary in many places to cut through the solid rock. Near the wharf there is a landing-place, which ASS serves during the summer season as a sort of harbour for the gunboats and king’s batteaux. From thence to the Cul de Sac is almost an uninterrupted succession of store-houses and wharfs, at the greatest part of which ships can lie without taking the ground at low water. At Dunn’s Wharf are the large and valuable premises called the Cape Diamond Brewery, where an extensive business is carried on, not for the heme consumption alone, but in porter and ale for exportation. The Cul de Sac is situated between the King’s and Queen’s _ Wharfs, forming an open dock, dry at every tide; ships can be there conveniently laid aground to receive any necessary repairs; in the winter, boats and small-decked vessels that navigate the river between Quebec and Mont- real are also laid up in security from the ice. It spreads five hundred and forty feet in length, and about two hundred and forty in depth: all craft lying here for repair, or otherwise, must observe the rules and regulations prescribed by the ‘Trinity-house, and are placed under the immediate superintendance of the assistant harbour-master. Between the Queen’s and MCallum’s Wharf is the principal landing- place, about two hundred feet wide, where boats and canoes usually set their passengers on shore, but where much inconvenience is A56 frequently occasioned by the numerous rafts of fire-wood that are brought down the river for the use of the city, and moored hereabout, sometimes to the complete obstruction of the passage. If the regulations of the harbour, properly enforced, be insufficient to prevent this public annoyance, it should be removed by | legislative interference. The custom-house stands on M°Callum’s Wharf, and during that part of the year when the navigation of the river is uninterrupted it presents the crowded scene of activity and business commonly met with at such establishments. A short distance from hence, and between the premises of the Honourable John Caldwell, the Receiver-Ge- neral of the province, and those of Mr. Tod, passes the boundary line between the King’s and Seminary’s domains; a definition of the precise extent of the former would prove te- dious, as itis presumed to include generally all ground in and about the city not disposed of by deed of concession, or letters patent, either to public: bodies or individuals ; such parts of it-as may be deemed necessary are reserved for military and other public uses, and the remainder is usually conceded subject to the payment of lods et ventes. The Seminary do- iain was granted by Monsieur de Chauvigny, the governor of the province, to the seminary A457 of Quebec, on the 29th October, 1686, by which concession the whole extent of beach in front, and reaching to the low-water mark in the River St. Charles, was confirmed to it. This grant is quoted by Le Maitre La Morille, Arpenteur Royal et J uré & Quebec, in his pro- ces verbal, dated ——, 1758, wherein he minutely describes the boundaries of both domains, and also of the ground granted to the Hotel Dieu. As the limits of these grants are correctly delineated upon the plan of the city of Quebec on the Topographical Map, it may suffice here to give a sort of average or general outline of them, as they are met with in the course of the description of the city. The Se- minary’s domain is nearly as follows; beginning vat the separation from the King’s domain in the Lower ‘Town, it passes between the houses of the Honourable Mr. Caldwell and Mr. Tod; from whence it extends in an easterly direction as far as the low-water mark. Re- turning to the first mentioned separation from the King’s domain, it shapes nearly a west- south-west course as far as the presbytery, near the Catholic cathedral, where it takes a direc- tion nearly north-westerly to the French bury- ing-eround, or Cimetiére des Picotés, and from thence it ends by a line running north eleven degrees west by compass, to the low-water mark ; dividing on this side the domain from the 458 grounds of the Hotel Dieu. From M‘Cal- lum’s to Messrs. Munro and Bell’s wharf the line is occupied by a continuation of water- side premises and wharfs, conveniently situated towards the St. Lawrence, and well calculated for the extensive shipping concerns of their respective owners. From the avenue leading down to Munro and Bell’s, the Rue Sault au Matelot is prolonged in a westerly direction as far as La Canoterie, so close under the cliff as to admit of only one row of houses; and although by undermining and cutting away the rock so as to make it quite perpendicular, in order to render the street as convenient as the nature of circumstances will admit; yet in one place, with all these contrivances, it is no more than twelve feet wide. In the rear of these houses there is another line of wharfs, that can be reached by river craft at high- water only, or a little before. From the end of Rue Sault au Matelot there is a way commu- nicating with the Upper Town, by Hope Gate. Proceeding westward through St. Charles and St. Nicholas Street, there 1s a range of spacious wharfs, the King’s store-houses and wharfs, the batteaux-yard, and the jetty; the latter is no more than a rude pile of loose stones, that have been heaped together year after year since 1751, at which time it was in a better state than at present; it had then a level surface 459 covered with a platform, and served as a pub- lic promenade. In the batteaux-yard the boats and batteaux employed in the service of government are built, repaired, and laid up during the winter. On the western side of St. Nicholas Street, and fronting that of St. Val- lier, are the ruins of the intendant’s palace, once an edifice of much importance and no mean share of grandeur, as the apartments were fitted up with all the splendour that the times could confer upon them, for the Council of the French Government. After the conquest in 1759 but little attention was paid to it, and in the year 1775 its ruin as a palace was completed; for when the Americans, under Arnold, blockaded the city, they found means to establish a body of troops within it; but they were soon after- wards dislodged from their quarters by shells thrown from the garrison, which set it on fire, and nearly consumed the whole. Near the ruins is a small building preserved in good repair, and appropriated for the residence of the chief engineer of the garrison ; since the pe- riod of its demolition, a small part, that required but little expense to restore, has been con- . verted into government store-houses. The dis- tinction of Le Palais is still applied to a part of the Lower Town, in the neighbourhood of the ruins. Between Le Palais and the beach 460 is the King’s Wood-yard, occupying a large plot of ground, wherein a sufficient quantity of fuel for a year’s consumption of the whole gar- rison is always kept in store. On the western side of the wood-yard the suburb of St. Roch commences, and extends in a westerly direction to La Vacherie, a distance of seven hundred and thirty-five yards, and from the Coteau Ste. Genevieve to the River St. Charles, about seven hundred and thirty yards. The streets, though narrow, are regularly built and straight, crossing each other at right angles: the greater part of the houses are of wood, but a few of those lately constructed are not destitute of a showy exterior. The church of St. Roch is not yet finished, and will, when completed, prove a very handsome structure; the ground on which it stands was a free gift from J. Mure, Esq. ; the work is now going on under the patronage of the Catholic Bishop, who is also the protector of a public school in this suburb, and another in St. John’s. A period of ten years has pro- duced a very great increase in this part of the town, as well in buildings as in population, and there is all appearance of the same continuing to a much more considerable degree. ‘The inhabitants of St. Roch are entitled to vote for the representatives in parliament for the Lower ‘Town, which elects two. From the extremity of 461 the suburbs to the banks of the River St. Charles, which winds beautifully through the valley as before-mentioned, there is a large ex- tent of fine meadow and pasture land, varied at intervals by gardens, and intersected by the road leading from the city to Dorchester bridge.’ The beaches of the Rivers St. Charles and St. Lawrence, in the neighbourhood of Quebec, require a few words of particular observation, as they are disposed of by specific grants, and sometimes sold in portions at great prices, or let at high rents, or for other valuable consider- ations. That of the River St. Charles from Pointe a Carcy to Dorchester bridge is low, flat, and generally sandy, with many groups of rocks lying about it, but particularly be- tween the Point and the Jetty, where they almost edge the low-water channel; the space that lies between a line prolonged from St. Peter Street down to the low-water mark of the St. Charles and the St. Lawrence has been conceded by the seminary to Messrs. Munro and Bell, and within its limits these gentlemen have. very extensive premises. On a wharf that projects a great way into the river stands a conspicuous large red store-house, well si- tuated to be made a sailing mark, by which directions might be laid down to prevent ves- sels in coming to their anchorage before the - 462 town from keeping too much within the River: St. Charles, where, at half ebb, they would get aground upon the reef that stretches nearly across its mouth. From the same wharf down to the edge of the St. Lawrence at low water the distance is two hundred and thirty feet, nearly all a reef of flat rocks; and in a north-— easterly direction, the Pointe a Carcy, a large irregular ridge, runs about two hundred and. forty yards beyond the wharf; it leaves a small opening for the channel of the St. Charles, — from whence another chain of rocks ranges in different directions about the entrance of it, which, at low. water, 1s uncovered, and at high water has about two fathoms and a half upon it. From the Grand Battery on the cliff, a little before the flood-tide makes, two distinct reefs can be seen stretching across it, nearly parallel to each other; the entrance into it is close within Pointe 4 Carcy, where several sand-banks form two or three different passages — between them. Opposite to Pacquette’s Wharf . there is a large rock, and also a ledge lying off Hunter’s Wharf ; if these were removed it would greatly improve the convenience of the beach, and might be effected without much diffi- culty; at half ebb these, the ledge before Henderson’s Wharf, and the large green plats on the opposite side of the channel, begin to 463 be visible. At Henderson’s there is a spacious building-yard, from whence have been launched some of the largest vessels built in Lower Ca- nada. From the western boundary of the Se- minary Domaine as far as the Jetty, or Stone Dyke, the beach belongs to the Hotel Dieu, and, with the right of fishery, was granted to it on the 21st March, 1648; but the greater part thereof has been conceded by that establish- _ ment to different persons, and is now occupied either as wharfs, dock-yards, or timber-grounds. From the Jetty, as far as St. Roch Street, the whole of the beach is reserved by government, beyond which the remaining portion, in front of St. Roch, has lately been granted by the crown to the Honourable John Richardson, of Mont- real, in trust for the heirs of the late William Grant, Esq. It is now divided into several dock-yards, wharfs, and timber-grounds, and occupied by various persons; among the former, Goudie’s yard is the most eminent and com- — plete, where ship-building upon an enlarged scale has been carried on for many years. Campbell’s Wharf projects so far into the river as to form rather a remarkable feature of it in look- ing toward Dorchester bridge: the large build- ing formerly called Grant’s Mill still remains upon it; within these premises there is a very extensive wet dock, or dam, for keeping timber 404, afloat. From the line of La Vacherie, which in fact is the western extremity of St. Roch’s suburb, the beach up to the bridge on either side of the channel is generally used as timber- grounds, and provided with extensive booms, &c. The bed of the St. Charles is flat; at low- water the two channels. are narrow, winding, | and frequently divided by wide spreading shoals _ of sand or mud; when the tide is out, the water in them varies from eight to twenty-seven’ inches, but at full flood the average is from two to two fathoms and a half. Dorchester bridge is six hundred and sixty feet in length, by twenty- seven in width, built entirely of wood, and. supported upon piers of the same materials ; its elevation is fifteen feet. above high-water. From hence to the city the distance 1s about. a mile, and the road, particularly during the summer-time, is much frequented. ‘The pros-: pect on every side from the bridge is agree-. . able. and pleasing; the town, suburbs, and the Cape, are seen to great advantage. It is always kept in good repair, although the | toll. is frequently avoided by passengers going along the beach at low water: in winter time, as soon as a solid track can be made upon the ice, this evasion is almost general. On each side of the river, below the bridge, - besides the established dock-yards, ‘there are: 4.05 several convenient places for. building, where ships of large tonnage have been occasionally constructed. The suburb of St. John, above the Coteau Ste. Genevieve, is built on very uneven ground, with an elevation towards the Grande Allée, or road to Sillery. It occupies a mile in length by half a mile in breadth, and is increasing very fast in buildings as well as population ; - thereare several parallel streets crossed by others at right angles, except George Street, which takes a diagonal direction across Richelieu and Olivier Streets, connecting this suburb with St. Roch, by the Cote d’Abraham, and com- municates with the roads to Lorette, Charle- bourg, and Beatport. St. John Street is the priucipal one, and from the end of it the road continues to Ste. Foi. In different parts of this suburb some well-built houses present themselves, several of which are of stone: on the south side of St. John Street is the Pro- testant burial-ground. In the elections for members of parliament, the inhabitants of St. John’s are entitled to vote for the two who Tepresent the Upper Town. On the Chemin de la Grande Allée, just beyond St. Louis Gate, is the house and garden belonging to Mr. Jones; further along the road, on the left hand side, is the building called Fergusson’s H H 4.66 House, standiag on the highest ground of the celebrated plains of Abraham. It is calculated to be three hundred and thirty feet above the Jevel of the river, and commands most of the works on this side of the town, except those on the very summit of Cape Diamond, which are still higher by ten or fifteen feet. To diminish the probability of this eminence being ever seized upon as a point of offence against the city, four Martello towers have been erected some distance in advance of it, extending from the St. Lawrence, across the peninsula, to Ste. Genevieve, at between five and six hundred yards distance from each other, and so posted that they can sweep the whole breadth of the plains; they are very solidly constructed, and armed with guns of large calibre. Proceeding along the Grand Allée. westward, on the left : hand side are several large pieces of ground belonging to the Hotel Dieu, and the Ursuline Convent; on the opposite side, well cultivated fields, and rich pastures, spread down to the Ste. Foi road. The four meridian stones fixed in 1790 by the late Major Holland, then Surveyor- General of Canada, are placed at convenient distances from each other across the plains; they represent a line astronomically north, and were established for the purpose of adjusting the instruments used in the public surveys of 467 lands. One of them that stood in the angle of a field redoubt where General Wolfe is said to have breathed his last, has been greatly impaired by the pious reverence of curious strangers, who, wishing to bear away a relic of any thing from the spot consecrated by the bero’s death, have broken off pieces of the stone placed there thirty years after that event. Be- yond these stones are some open fields belong- ing to the Hotel Dieu, but retained by govern- ment for military uses. Further to the west- ward is a property belonging to Dr. Mountain, Bishop of Quebec, that, from its fine and com- manding situation, is admirably well calculated for the erection of a country house and forma- tion of pleasure grounds. Contiguous to this property is the beautiful estate of the Honour- able Mr. Percival, called Spencer Wood, for- merly known by the name of Powel Place. and which used to be the country residence of the Governor-General. Woodfield, the property of Mr. Bell, is another house and garden, which, from its charming position, is very deserving of notice. The beach directly under the height upon which these houses stand is divided into many valuable timber grounds, extending to the westward as far as Pointe a Puisseaux, which chiefly belong to Messrs. Patterson, Dyke, and Co. Wolfe’s Cove is the largest of all the bays in the vicinity of the city, and Hw 2 408 memorable as the landing-place of the English army which achieved the conquest of the capital in 1759. It is generally a scene of great activity in the timber trade; during the summer sea- son, numbers of ships are continually seen an- chored in groups before the premises of the different merchants: it is principally the pro- perty of Messrs. Grant and Greenshields. The city, whose most vulnerable part is towards the plains. of Abraham, is fortified by a strong line of regular works, from Cape Diamond to Co- teau Ste. Genevieve, with ditch, covered way, glacis, &c., strengthened by some exterior works more recently erected, between St. Louis Gate and St. John’s Gate, well calculated to render the approach to the town by the main roads ex- ceedingly difficult, if not impracticable; but from the ground rising a little towards the plain, it has been deemed expedient to construct the ‘ Martello towers before-mentioned, to prevent any advantage being taken of its superior ele- vation. In its present state Quebec may rank as a fortress of the first consequence: the cita- del on the highest part of Cape Diamond pre- sents a formidable combination of powerful works, from whence a strong wall, supported by small batteries in different places, runs to the edge of the precipice, along which it is continued to the gateway leading to the Lower Town, which is. defended by heavy cannon, and the 469 approach to it, up Mountain Street, both en- filaded and flanked by many guns of large calibre; thence a line of defence connects with the grand battery, a work of great strength, armed with a formidable train of twenty-four _ pounders, and commanding the bason and pas- sage of the river; from hence another line is car- ried on past the Hope and Palace Gates, both protected by similar defences to those of the Lower Town Gate, until it forms a junction with the bastion of the Coteau du Palais. The General Hospital stands on the bank of the River St. Charles, about a mile distant from the city, in a healthy, pleasant situation, sur- rounded by fine fields and meadows, having its front towards the road called Chemin de l Ho- pital General; it was founded in 1693, by Monsieur St. Vallier, Bishop of Quebec, for the relief of sick and disabled poor of all de- scriptions ; it is governed by a superieure, La Reverende Mere St. Joseph, (Esther Chalou) at the head of forty-four nuns. It has a regular handsome front, two hundred and twenty-eight feet in length, and forms nearly a square; the main body of the building is thirty-three feet in breadth, but on the south-west side a range, one hundred and thirty feet in length, projecting from it, is fifty feet in breadth. Detached from the principal edifice, and on the opposite side of 470 the road, are two houses belonging to it; one ap- propriated for the reception and treatment of persons labouring under insanity, and the other as a dwelling-house for servants, employed in a farm attached to the establishment. ‘The inte- rior arrangement and management of this ex- cellent charity, with respect to accommoda- tion, are very judicious ; the patients are lodged in comfortable and spacious wards, men on the ground floor, and women on the floor above; for the superieure and the nuns there is ample room for residence, refectories, and apartments for carrying on different works in which they employ themselves, exclusive’ of their attendance on the sick: a spacious and neat church is attached to the convent. As this hospital administers succour to the afflicted under any of the diseases within the wide range of human calamity, it is most commonly nearly filled. Its support is drawn from the revenues of the landed property that has been granted to it, the sale of the works performed by the nuns, particularly of church ornaments, which they make and gild in great perfection, and by occasional grants of money from the pro- vincial parliament. | To tacilitate travelling in the lower province, and render it as. expeditious as possible, there is a line of post-houses from Quebec to Mont- A71 real on one side, and by the southern shore of the river down as far as '‘l'rois Pistoles, below the is- land of Bic, on the other; these houses are kept underrules and regulations, established by autho- rity of the parliament, and annually inspected by a person who is appointed superintendant of post-houses in the province, whose duty it is to see that each station furnishes a sufficient number of calashes in proper order, with good horses for the public accommodation, and that in each house the regulations are conspicuously posted up, so that every traveller may have an opportunity of knowing that no imposition is practised upon him, or how to obtain redress in cases of extortion: should these rules be devi- ated trom by any of the post-masters, they are subject to a pecuniary fine. ‘The expense of travelling is generally one shilling a league dur- -ing the summer time, or fifteen-pence in the fall of the year with a calash and one horse; the charges of tolls and ferries must be borne by the travellers. The conveyance of the regular mail, under the direction of the post-master general, 1s a distinct concern from the post- houses; it is sent by couriers who leave Que- bec and Montreal every day at four o'clock. Both convenience and comfort are now consi- derably increased by a stage-coach, that starts from each city regularly, every day during the 472 year: in the summer time it is furnished with four good horses quite in the English style; in the winter the body of the coach is placed on a sledge, and drawn by the same number of horses, in which season it performs its journey somewhat quicker; it conveys six passengers inside, with a proportion of baggage, &c. The charge by this conveyance is a trifle more than by posting, but the accommodation is certainly superior at the different stopping places, where refreshinents and other conveniences of an inn are always to be obtained in a very good style. Since the year 1812, two steam-boats have been launched upon the St. Lawrence, and during the summer time there are two of them con- stantly navigating between Quebec and Mont- real; they are fitted up with great attention to the ease and comfort of the public. A cabin passenger, with sixty pounds of luggage, pays £3 to Montreal; but from thence to Quebec only £2:10s.:0d., the expense of the table therein included : steerage passengers pay 15s. each way: extralugegage is paid for at the rate of one penny a pound. ‘The voyage down the river is performed in forty-eight hours; but going upwards it is some hours longer, on account of the strong currents. ‘The smallest of these boats measures one hundred and ten feet in length, by twenty-eight in breadth, 473 and commodiously accommodates fifty cabin passengers, with separate apartments for ladies, beds, &c.: the other is of greater capacity, being one hundred and forty feet by thirty-two. This mode of travelling is easy, and exceedingly pleasant: a liberal table is provided, with every other means of rendering the passage quite a party of pleasure. Mr. Moulson, of Montreal, is the person who has embarked a large capital in this undertaking, and it is pleasing to find that his enterprise has been productive of con- siderable profit to him; he has been counte- nanced in his plan by the provincial legisla- ture, but has not obtained any exclusive privi- lege. On occasions of emergency, these boats have been used for the conveyance of troops, and have thereby greatly contributed to forward the public service. A courier with a mail leaves Quebec every week for Halifax and Nova Scotia, by the way of Fredericton, and St. John’s, New Brunswick. As this conimu- nication across the portage of 'Timiscouata is one of considerable importance, it will be re- curred to again, on speaking of the settlements thereabouts. Between the city and Point Levi, on the opposite shore of the St. Lawrence, a great number of ferry-boats are continually passing to and fro, the principal part of which belong to the inhabitants about the Point, as 474 they are all permitted, by regulation, to ply with their boats, on condition of receiving no more than the established rates, which are very moderate; in almost any weather they will cross in their canoes, which are large, and very strong, being made from the trunk of a tree hollowed out, or more frequently of two joined together, and firmly secured on the inside; they are managed with great dexterity, and sometimes take as many as eight passengers besides the three or four men who work them. In the winter, when large masses of ice are floating up and down with the tide, and often when there is a strong breeze, impelled at the rate of three or four knots an hour, this pas- sage is singularly laborious, and to all appear- ance extremely hazardous, yet it is very rare that a fatal accident has happened; in snow storms, indeed, they have been frequently driven several leagues. out of their course, either above or below the town, without know- ing whereabouts they were, but have always reached their place of destination sooner or later. It is not an uncommon thing to see several of these large canoes, Jaden with provi- sions for the market, crossing the river as nearly in a line as they are able to keep: the cargoes | are generally secured by a strong lashing ; they are provided with strong poles having iron 475 hooks: at the end for grappling hold of the ice, and drag ropes. When large sheets of ice op- pose their progress, the men, by means of the poles and ropes, which they employ with an un- common ability, get the canoe upon it, and by main force drag it perhaps fifty or sixty yards, er until they find a convenient opening to Jaunch it again among the smaller fragments ; and then, using their paddles, they proceed until they are intercepted by another flat, upon which it is again hoisted as before, continuing thus in toilsome succession across the. river. Frequently, while they are forcing it over a sheet of ice, their slippery foundation breaks beneath them; but they mostly contrive to skip niubly into the canoe, and evade the difficulty. Often in pursuing their course through a narrow vein of water between two enormous masses, they are suddenly closed upon; and, at the moment when a stranger would imagine the canoe must be ground to atoms by the collision, they skil- fully contrive, by means of their poles, to make the pressure of the two bodies act upon the Jower part of their vesse], and, with a little as- sistance of their own, heave it upon the surface, over which it is pushed and dragged as before. They are amazingly steady in this laborious work, and long habit seems to have expelled from their minds every sense of danger: thus 476. employed, they appear to be insensible to the severity of the cold; they are not encumbered with much clothing, which is as light and as warm as they are able to procure. If one of them happens to get an unlucky plunge, he is extricated by his comrades as expeditiously as possible; when a hearty coup de rum all round, with which they are never unprovided, is the usual remedy for such misfortunes. When they arrive at the landing before the market- place, sometimes the tide is low, and the ice forming the solid border perhaps ten or twelve feet above them ; in this case they jump out as fast as they can, all but one man, and while _ the rest are getting a firm footing above, he fastens the drag rope to the fore part of the canoe, and immediately assisting his comrades, the whole is hauled up by main force out of the water, when the lading, consisting of poul- try, carcases of sheep or pigs, of fish or other articles, is transferred without delay to the market-places. It has been said by many writers, that during the winter vegetables and milk in a frozen state are brought from distant places; this certainly used to be the case, but now these ar- ticles are furnished in the best state all the year round, from the farms and gardens in the vicinity. When the river takes, i. e. is frozen over from Quebec to Point Levi, which does not happen 477 every year, it 1s not only productive of much amusement, but of great advantage to the city, as well as to the inhabitants of the southern shore, who can at that time bring their produce to market in large quantities without inconve- mience. Hay, fire-wood, and all bulky articles of consumption are furnished in abundance, and the consumers usually experience a great reduc- tion in price in consequence of such an influx. Assoonasthesurface is deemed sufficiently solid, the road across it is immediately traced out, and continues under the inspection of the Grand Voyer of the district, who causes proper beacons to be set up on each side, and at intervals where they are required. When the river has taken im the north channel between the Island of Orleans and the Main, (the southern channel is never frozen over) which is the case every year, the markets of the city never fail to feel the efiect of it, as abundance of provisions of all kinds, the growth of that fruitful spot, which have been prepared for the approaching season, are immediately brought in: considerable sup- plies are drawn from thence during the summer; but such as do not spoil by keeping are com-— monly retained, until this opportunity admits of their being sent with much less trouble and expense. ‘I'he summer scenery of the environs _ of Quebec may vie in exquisite beauty, variety, 478 magnificence, sublimity, and the naturally har- monized combination of all these prominent features, with the most splendid that has yet been portrayed in Europe, or any other part of the world. Towards Beauport, Charlebourg, and Lorette, the view is diversified with every trait that can render a landscape rich, full, and complete; the foreground shews the River St. Charles meandering for many miles through a rich and fertile valley, embellished by a succes- sion of objects that diffuses an unrivalled ani- mation over the whole scene. The three vil- lages, with their respective churches, and many — handsome detached houses in the vicinity, seated on gently rising eminences, form so many dis- tinct points of view; the intervals between them display many of the most strongly marked specimens of forest scenery, and the surround- ing country every where an appearance of fer- tility and good cultivation upon which the eye of the spectator wanders with ceaseless delight.. As the prospect recedes it is still interesting, the land rising in gradation, height over height, having the interval between succeeding ele- vations filled up with primeval forests, until ‘the whole is terminated by a stupendous ridge of mountains, whose lofty forms are dimly seen through the aerial expanse. The sense of vision is gratified: to the utmost, and the. spectator 479 never fails to turn with regret from the contem- plation of what is allowed to be one of the most superb views in nature. Nor is it on this side only that the attention is arrested; for turning towards the bason, which is about two miles across, a scene presents itself that is not the less gratifying for being made a secondary one: it is enlivened by the ever changing variety of ships coming up to and leaving the port. On the right hand, Point Levi, with its church and group of white houses, several other pro- montories on the same shore clothed with lofty trees; in front, the western end of the beauti- ful and picturesque island of Orleans, display- ing charming and well-cultivated slopes down almost to the water's edge, backed by lofty and thick woods, and every where decorated by neat farm-houses, present altogether an in- teresting and agreeable subject to the observer: in fine still weather, the reflects of the different objects around the margin, in all their variety of colouring, are thrown across the unruffled surface of the water with an almost incredible brilliance. On the plains of Abraham, from the precipice that overlooks the timber-grounds, where an incessant round of activity prevails, the St. Lawrence is seen rolling its majestic wave, studded with many a sail, from the stately ship down to the humble fishing-boat ; 4380 the opposite bank, extending up the river, is highly cultivated, and the houses, thickly strewed by the main road, from this height and distance have the appearance of an almost uninterrupted village, as far as the eye can reach in that direction. The country to the southward rises by a very gentle ascent, and the whole view, which is richly embellished by alternations of water, woodland, and cultiva- tion, is bounded by remote and lofty moun- - tains, softening shade by shade until they melt into air. Whoever views the environs of Que- bec, with a mind and taste capable of receiving impressions through the medium of the eyes, will acknowledge, that, as a whole, the prospect is grand, harmonious, and magnificent; and that if taken in detail, every part of it will please, by a gradual unfolding of its picturesque beauties upon a small scale. The Island of Orleans, below Quebec, di- vides the River St. Lawrence into two chan- nels; it is about twenty miles long and five — - broad; was granted as a seigniory on the 15th January, 1636, to the Sieur Castellon: it is at present divided into three ‘distinct properties, belonging to Madame Drapeau, Mensr. Pou- lain, and Monsr. Le Comte Dupre; it also forms the county of Orleans. This island, next in size to that of Montreal, approaches it 481 im fertility and richness of soil more nearly than any other part of the district of Quebec: its western extremity is only four miles from Cape Diamond. ‘The shores slant gradually to the beach, in some places there are a few rocky cliffs, but not of great extent or eleva- tion: from the foot of the slopes there are large spaces of low meadow land, sometimes intersected by patches of excellent arable. Bordering the north channel the beach is flat and muddy, with reefs of rocks running along - it; but on the southern side it is a fine sand, with only a few pointed rocks sticking up here and there. ‘The highest part of the island is by the church of St. Pierre, about four miles from the western extremity, and almost front- ing the falls of Montmorenci; and also just above Patrick’s Hole, nearly abreast of St. Pierre, on the south side, on which is placed the second telegraph of the chain from Quebec to Green Island. The centre part is thickly wooded, but without producing any timber of superior growth. The soil is highly fertilized in almost every part; on the high lands it is commonly a light good earth, either mixed with sand, or sand and clay; on less elevated situations there is a fine black mould, which,, as it nears the shores, is likewise blended with sand. This delightful spot is but scantily If 482 watered by the little River Dauphin, the Ri- vulet Maheux, anda few more trifling streams, all of which in summer-time fail of a sufficient supply to work a couple of mills that are built upon them. The parishes of St. Pierre and St. Famille on the north, St. Laurent, St. Jean, and St. Francois on the south, each of which has its church and parsonage-house, embrace the whole circuit of the island: St. Jean and St. Famille are more populous than the others, and their inhabitants wealthy and substantial farmers. Four curates perform the clerical duties of the five parishes, the incumbent of St. Famille serving St. Francois: these gentlemen have long been resident in their respective curacies, and have made themselves generally known and respected by their attention and hospitality towards strangers who are attracted by the beauties of this charming place.. There is a good road that encompasses the whole island, and several others crossing it.. The churches of St. Laurent and St. Jean are situ- ated close down upon the southern shore: the distance between them is six miles ; all the way through excellent well cultivated lands, richly diversified with orchards and gardens: the ground rising with an easy slope from the road displays the industry of the farmers to very great advantage. Along the road side there 483 are houses at short intervals from each other throughout the whole distance. Patrick’s Hole, a little westward of St. Laurent, is a safe and well sheltered cove, where vessels outward-bound usually come to an anchor, to wait their final instructions for sailing. On the western point there is a group of very neat houses; at several of which the inhabitants furnish accommodations to the numerous per- sons who visit the island for amusement or curiosity, both in summer and winter. ‘The fertility of this spot is so great, and the habitans reckoned such good cultivators, that large quantities of grain, and most sorts of provi- sions, are continually furnished for the con~ sumption of Quebec: among the fruits, apples and plums attain a much greater degree of perfection than in any other place in the lower district ; but still they do not equal the pro- ductions of Montreal. In St. Famille there is a large stone building, wherein several nuns reside, and keep a seminary for the education of females. ‘I'he population of the island may be estimated at about 4000. | 3 Lauzon (the seigniory of), on the south side of the St. Lawrence, in the county of Dorches« ter, is bounded by the river in front, La Mar- tiniere on the east, St. Antoine, Gaspé, and St: Gilles on the west, and St. Etienne and Jolliett II12 434. in the rear; six leagues in breadth by six leagues in depth; was granted January 15th, 1636, to M. Simon Le Maitre, and is now the property of John Caldwell, Esq. The soil throughout this extensive property is, generally speaking, of a superior description ; it includes almost every variety, but the sort that predomi- nates is a rich, lightish loam, and in situations lying rather low, a fine dark mould. In the front but little timber remains; in the interior, and towards the rear, beech, maple, birch, and pine are found in great plenty, besides some oak ; of the inferior sorts, cedar, hemlock, and spruce, are very abundant. It is watered by the Rivers Chaudiere, the Beaurivage, falling into the Chaudiere, the Echemin, the Boyer, and several other inferior rivers and streams. ‘The Chau- diere and Echemin traverse the seigniory in a south-easterly direction, and the Beaurivage by a south-westerly course. Neither of them are navigable for boats, or even canoes to any distance, on account of the great num- ber of falls and rapids: their banks, but most particularly those of the Chaudiere, are lofty. and steep, presenting in many places almost perpendicular rocky cliffs. The banks of the St. Lawrence are also high and steep, covered with trees of a small growth on some spots, but cleared and cultivated in others: the 485 beach below them is sandy, a good deal en- cumbered by rocks, with almost a regular reef. stretching along the low water line; from the top of the bank the land rises by ridges and small hillocks (many of which are rocky) gra- dually to the rear. ‘There are two extensive domains, and several small fiefs within the seigniory; three churches dedicated to St. Joseph, St. Nicholas, and St. Henry; three erist-mills, and several saw-mills. The culti- vated land, which amounts to one-third of the whole, is divided into ranges of concessions, bearing the names of St. Joseph, Trompe Sourri, Arlaca, Brise Culotte, Pin Tendre, St. Jean Baptiste, St. Charles, Premier Rang, Grillade, St. Gervais, Jean Guerrin nord-est, Jean Geurrin sud-ouest, Bois Claire, St. Anne, St. Joachim, Plaisance, Bellaire, Ste. Au- gustin, Beauliece, Liverpool, St. Jean, St. Dennis, Ste. Anne on the Beaurivage, 'Terre- bonne, Grande Village St. Nicholas, Viveresse, &c., besides five ranges of concessions in wood- lands, towards the rear. ‘The most thickly settled and best cultivated parts of this valu- able property are situated along the front, in the parishes of St. Joseph and St. Nicholas, and for several concessions towards the inte- rior; throughout which may be seen a succes- sion of fine arable land under a very good sys- 486 tem of husbandry, rich meadows, good gar- dens and orchards; but the produce of the latter is not of a very superior kind. ‘The farm and other houses are neat and substantially built. In the remaining concessions, the state of agriculture is not so far advanced; on the Chaudiere, the best lands lie at some distance from the banks; nearly the same is the case with those on the Echemin, the margins of both being generally flat rock, with only a shallow covering of soil upon them. Almost every one of the ranges are intersected by roads: the main ones, or those on the bank of the St. Lawrence, the one leading from Pointe Levi Mills to St. Henri, and thence to the River Chaudiere, the route St. Gilles from St. Nicholas, along the south-west bank _ of the Beaurivage, and thence communicating with Craig’s Road, are very good, and main- tained in excellent repair. Nearly opposite to Quebec, and on a little river which there discharges itself into the St. Lawrence, are the extensive and valuable premises called the Pointe Levi Mills, and further westward, at the mouth of the Echemin, the no less important establishment called the Echemin Mills, from — both of which large exportations of flour annu- ally take place. From Pointe des Peres to the Chaudiere River, the beach is almost wholly AST occupied as timber-grounds; the principal of them is New Liverpool Cove, latterly named New Glasgow, the property of Messrs. Hamil- ton and Co.; it is a fine sandy bay, sheltered. from the north-east by a rocky point, on which there is a long wharf, where ships lie to take in their cargoes. ‘The situation, shores, depth of water, &c. render it very convenient for ship- building; and in consequence, there is a very good dock for repairing, as well as the con- struction of vessels, surrounded by numerous dwelling-houses for persons employed therein. At the entrance of the Chaudiere there is another wharf, with store-houses for the ship- ment of flour. From Pointe des Peres, and other parts in front of the seigniory, there are ferries to Quebec. Lauzon is very populous : its quota of militia is large, and well disci- plined: during part of the winter of 1813, assisted by a detachment of the division from the Island of Orleans, it performed garrison duty in Quebec, with a cheerfulness and ala- crity that were highly exemplary. ‘The River Chaudiere, that traverses this seigniory, and falls into the St. Lawrence, about two leagues above Quebec, is of considerable magnitude ; and although not navigable for boats or even canoes, owing to its numerous rapids,. falls, and other impediments, yet maintains a cha- 458 racter of some importance, and merits a few observations. It takes its source from Lake Megantic, flowing northerly forty-one miles, as far as the seigniory of Aubert Gallion; from thence north-westerly, it winds through the seigniories of Vaudreuil, St. Joseph, Ste. Marie, St. Etienne, Jolliett, and Lauzon, to the St. _ Lawrence, a distance of sixty-one miles, making» the whole course one hundred and two from Lake Megantic to its estuary; in breadth it varies from four hundred to six hundred yards. The stream is frequently divided by islands, some of them containing many acres, and co- vered with timber-trees: the banks in general are high, rocky, and steep, pretty thickly clothed with wood of an indifferent growth ; the bed rugged, and much contracted by rocks jutting from the sides, that occasion violent rapids. The descent of the stream over the different shelves occasions falls of considerable height; the most noticeable are those called the Chaudiere, about four miles before the river discharges itself into the St. Lawrence. Narrowed by salient points extending from each side, the precipice over which the waters rush is scarcely more than one hundred and | thirty yards in breadth; the height from which they descend is about as many feet. Huge masses of rock rising above the surface of the 489 current, just at the break of the fall, divide the stream into three portions, forming partial ca- taracts, that unite before they reach the basin: which receives them below. ‘he continual action of the water has worn the rock into deep: excavations, that give a globular figure to the revolving bodies of brilliant white foam as they descend, and greatly increase the beautiful effect of the fall: the spray thrown up, being quickly spread by the wind, produces in the sunshine a most splendid variety of prismatic colours. The dark hued foliage of the woods, that on each side press close upon the margin of the river, forms a striking contrast with the snow-like effulgence of the falling torrent; the hurried motion of the flood, agitated among the rocks and hollows as it forces its way to- wards the St. Lawrence, and the incessant sound occasioned by the cataract itself, form a combination that strikes forcibly upon the senses, and amply gratifies the curiosity of the admiring spectator. The woods on the banks of the river, notwithstanding its vicinity to the capital, are so impervious as to render it neces- sary for strangers who visit the falls to provide themselves with acompetent guide. Although of no utility as a water communication, yet the Chaudiere is entitled to a few remarks, be- cause it traces out a route whereby an easy 490. access may be had into the American terri- tories, and from them into Canada, during the whole year. From Quebcc along the eastern bank, there is an excellent road for about fifty miles, and thence a tolerably good one in con- tinuation, as far as the River du Loup, on which the Canadian settlements at present terminate. The first settlements on the River Kennebec, within the American frontier, are seventy miles distant from those on the River du Loup: the country between them is mountain- ous, intersected by rivers and small streams, and every where in a state of nature. The chain of mountains is not so closely connected as to render it impracticable, or even difficult to open a road through the passes between them, that would afford a free intercourse from the state of Massachussetts to Lower Canada. Previous to the late war, the legislature of that state had nominated commissioners, for the purpose of making a route from the settle- ments on the Kennebec, up to the height of - Jand dividing the two territories. If this plan be carried into execution, there will then re- main no greater distance than about twenty miles to the English settlements on the River du Loup. The facility with which this line of communication may be made, and the com- pletion of it on the American side, should be 491 viewed with serious attention by the British Government, particularly when it is accom- panied by the consideration, that by such a road the distance from Hallowell on the Ken- nebec, from whence the navigation for vessels of large burthen is uninterrupted to the sea, up to Quebec, is no more than two hundred miles; and from Boston to the same place, only three hundred and seventy miles. ‘The views of the United States with respect to Canada have been too unequivocally demon- strated to leave a shadow of uncertainty as to their ultimate object; and as the preserva- tion of this valuable colony has always been. deemed worthy of our strenuous efforts, we cannot be too much on our guard against the ‘slow working policy by which that government endeavours to compass its ends, or too heedful in adopting precautionary measures to avert a threatening danger, however remote it may at first appear. | Trnty, or St. ANTOINE (the seigniory of), on the south side of the St. Lawrence, and in the county of Buckingham, is bounded on the east by Lauzon, on the west by Desplaines, in front by the river, and in the rear by the seigniory of Gaspé; a league and a half in breadth by a similar depth: it was granted ‘October 29th, 1672, to Sieur de Villieu, and is now the property of Noel, Esq. | 492 Gasper’ (the seigniory of), in the rear of Tilly, has the same lateral limits as that setg- niory, and is bounded in the rear by St. Gilles ; it 1s a league and a half in breadth by the same quantity in depth; was granted March 25, 1738, to Dame Angeleque Legardeur, widow of Aubert Gaspé. : Maranpa (fief), having its front to the St. Lawrence, is a small piece of thirty arpens in breadth, and one hundred in depth, lying be- tween the seigniories of 'Tilly and Bonsecours ; was granted in equal moities to the Sieurs Duquet, father and son, November 3d, 1672. Despiaines (the seigniory of), in thecounty of Buckingham, is bounded by Tilly and Gaspé on the east, Bonsecours and Ste. Croix on the west, and St. Gilles in the rear; was granted in two parts, the first, three-quarters of a league in front by three leagues in depth, from the rear of fief Maranda, to Demoiselle Charlotte Legardeur, on the 4th January, 1737; and the second, about seventy-four arpens in front, by one league sixty arpens in depth, being the space between the preceding grant and the seigniory of Ste. Croix, to the — same person; the whole intended to form only one seigniory. | Bonsecours (the seigniory of), between Desplaines and Ste. Croix, is bounded in the rear by the former; contains about a league 493 and a half in breadth by two leagues in depth ; was granted July Ist, 1077, to Francois Bell- anger. Of these five grants only a very small portion is in a state of cultivation, which is confined to the road leading by the River St. Lawrence, through Tilly, Maranda, and Bon- secours: in this dinecticht the soil is good and fertile, and the farms generally in high con- dition. Gaspé cannot produce an acre of tillage. ‘The banks of the river are high; but the rise is gradual. The whole tract is abun- dantly furnished with timber of good quality, of which large quantities are felled every year, and sent to Quebec. St. Antoine has a church and parsonage-house. Throughout the whole of these properties there is scarcely a stream of water to be met with. St. G1iuxes (the seigniory of), in the county of Buckingham, is bounded in front by the seigniories of Gaspé and Desplaines, on the east by Lauzon, Ste. Etienne, and Ste. Marie, on the west by Ste. Croix and the township of Leeds; and in the rear by the township of Broughton; two leagues and three quarters broad by six leagues deep; was granted April ist, 1738, to Rageot de————-._ The heirs of the late Judge Davison are the present pro- prietors. In this seigniory, although it may be termed a valuable property, there is only 494 a small proportion under tillage. The soil is a good black mould, varied with yellow and dark loams; the surface is irregular, and to- wards the south-west lies so low as to occasion swamps, that are thickly covered with cedar and black ash; the other parts produce. a mixture of good timber of all kinds. It is very well watered by the river Beaurivage, and many small streams falling into it. The cultivated lands lie on each side of the Beau- rivage, and are pretty thickly settled, with many of the farms in excellent condition. On the western bank of that river there 1s a good road leading from St. Nicholas, on the St. Law- rence, into the township of Leeds, where it falls into Craig’s Road. As this is a great thoroughfare, it excites some surprise, consi- dering the goodness of the land, that more of itis not under cultivation. . Str. Crorx (the seigniory of), on the. siti side of the St. Lawrence, in the county of Buckingham, is bounded in front by the river, on the east by Bonsecours, Desplaines, and St. Gilles, on the west by Lotbiniere, its aug- mentation, and the township of Nelson, and in the rear by the township of Leeds. The original title of this concession has not been found; but it appears from the registers of fealty and homage, a declaration has been 495 exhibited by a notary, that “the Dames Re- ligieuses Ursulines possessed the seigniory of Ste. Croix, containing one league in front by ten in depth, which was granted to them on the 16th January, 1637, and confirmed by M. Lauzon, the Governor, on the 6th March, 1652:” it still remains the property of the convent. On the high and steep bank of the river in front the soil is a light-coloured loam, greatly improved by a very superior style of cultivation. Receding from thence, the land decreases in height, and the soil changes to a rich dark mould, which continues for.some miles, and then declines into extensive swamps, covered with cedar, hemlock, black ash, and spruce fir; with the exception of the wet lands, the whole range of the seigniory, from front to rear, is abundantly clothed with fine timber of all sorts. No stream of magnitude is to be met with throughout the whole tract. LoTBINIERE (the seigniory of), with its augmentation, situated on the south side of the St. Lawrence, in the county of Bucking- ham, is bounded in front by the river, on the east by Ste. Croix, on the west by Deschaillons and its augmentation, and in the rear by the townships of Somerset and Nelson. ‘This seig- mlory was granted in several parcels as follows, viz. November 3d, 1672, half a league in front. 496 by a league and a half in depth, on the western side near Deschaillons, to the Sieur Marsolet. On November 3d, 1672, two leagues and a half in front by two in depth, adjoining Ste. Croix, — to Sieur de Lotbiniere. On April 1st, 1685, half a league in front by two in depth to M. de Lotbiniere; being the vacant space between the two former grants. The augmentation, three leagues and a half in front by four in depth, on the 25th March, 1693, to Monsieur de Lotbiniere. The whole, being three leagues and a half in front by six deep, is now the property of the Honourable M. E.G. A. Char- tier de Lotbiniere, a lineal representative of the original grantee, in whose family it has _ always remained. The generality of the soil over all this extensive tract is excellent ; and so advantageously varied, that every produc- tion of the country may be raised upon it. It is well stocked with fine elm, ash, maple, beech, plane, merisier, and other timber: the banks of the Rivers du Chéne, Huron, and Boisclere, produce pine of first rate growth. It is very well watered by these three rivers : the former is navigable at all times as far as the place called the portage, distant about two miles from the St. Lawrence; but the two latter only during the rise of the waters in spring and autumn. Notwithstanding the sus 497 perior fertility of the soil, about an eighth part only of the grants are settled upon. There are seven ranges of concessions parallel to the St. Lawrence, and one perpendicular to it, which contain five hundred and eighty lots, of three acres in front, by thirty in depth; of this number, four hundred and five, under the ma- nagement of an industrious tenantry, who are good cultivators, yield abundant crops of grain, and indeed of every other article. Near the mid- dle of the front of the seigniory stand a hand- some stone church and parsonage-house, and near to them a few neat and well-built houses ; indeed, this is the characteristic of the major part of the dwellings; the number of them is considerable, as the population ascends to 3400 souls. On the eastern side, near the St. Lawrence, is a small domain of only twelve acres, wholly uncultivated, but thickly clothed with timber-trees of a superior description: in it is situated the seignorial mill. On the dif- ferent streams there are six saw-mills, and five manufactories of pot-ash. The main road pass- ing by the St. Lawrence, as well as all the others throughout the seigniory, is always kept in excellent repair. | DescuAILLONS, ST. JEAN DESCHAILLONS, or Riviere pu Cuene (the seigniory of and its augmentation), in the county of Bucking- K K 498 ham, joins Lotbiniere on the north-east, Liv- rard, or St. Pierre les Becquets, and the town- ship of Blandford on the south-west, and is bounded in the rear by a small piece of waste crown lands, that separates it from the town- ships of Somerset and Stanfold. The seig- niory, in dimensions two leagues square, was granted April 25th, 1674, to Sieur de St. Ours; the augmentation, two leagues in breadth, by _ four leagues and a half deep, was granted January 25th, 1752, to Roc de St. Ours, and Sieur Deschaillons: they are now the property of Charles de St. Ours, Esq. In general, the soil of this seigniory is of a favourable quality, being either a good yellow loam, or else a fine black mould; but notwithstanding these ad- vantages, cultivation has made but an indiffer- ent progress. On the bank of the St. Law- rence there are two ranges of concessions, con- taining together about one hundred and fifty farm lots, of which the majority appear to be under respectable management : their produce of wheat and almost all sorts of grain is com-° mensurate thereto, and of a good quality. Both the original grant and the augmentation are thickly clothed with wood of various spe- cies, better calculated for firewood than any other purposes; and from whence great quan- tities are supplied to the garrison and city of 499 Quebec: The Little Riviere du Chéne, which crosses it diagonally, and falls into the St. Lawrence, a little below Cap 4 la Roche, is the only stream that waters this tract. It is not navigable at any season for any thing larger than a canoe. About half a mile above the discharge of this river there is a good grist- mill: the augmentation has scarcely any means of irrigation. A little distance upwards from Cap a la Roche a very neat church is seated on the bank of the St. Lawrence, which, along the whole front, is a good deal elevated. 'The houses of the tenantry, about one hundred and twenty in all, are dispersed among the conces- sions, by the side of the main road that passes close to the river. They are mostly built of wood, and have a very neat appearance. St. Errenne (the seigniory of), in the county of Dorchester, is situated in the rear of Lauzon, bounded on the north-east by the | River Chaudiere, on the south-west by St, Gilles, and on the east by Ste. Marie: its de- mensions are three leagues by two, granted on the 7th October, 1737, to Francois Etienne Cugnet. JoLu“iET (the seigniory of) is also in aig rear of Lauzon, separated from St. Etienne by the Chaudiere, and bounded on its other sides by the townships of Frampton and KK 2 500 Buckland, and the seigniory of Ste. Marie. It is of an irregular figure, its greatest length _ being about three leagues, and its utmost depth nearly the same: it is now the property of Taschereau, Esq. Both these grants, with respect to the kinds of soil and species of timber found in them, bear a great affinity to the rear part of the adjoining seigniory of Lauzon; in each of them, a little removed from the rocky banks of the Chaudiere, there are some ranges of settlements where the land is tolerably fertile, and has the appearance of being well managed, through which some good — roads pass. About the middle of the grant, the main road from Quebec to the new town- ships crosses the Chaudiere at the ferry. « Jol- liet is also partially watered by the river Echemin.. Ste. Marre (the seigniory of), is in ithe counties of Buckingham and_ Dorchester, bounded on the north-west. by the township of Frampton, and seigniory of Jolliet, on the south-west by St. Gilles, on the west by St. Etienne and Jolliet, and on the east by St. Joseph, three leagues deep, by four leagues broad; was granted 23d September, 1736, to Sieur Taschereau, in whose family it still remains. ; St. Joseru (the seigniory rs touches the 501 rear boundary of Ste. Marie, is between the townships of Frampton and Broughton, and has Vaudreuil on the east; three leagues in depth, by four in breadth ; was granted Septem- ber 27th, 1736, to Sieur Rigaud de Vaudreuil; it is now the property of Monsieur 'T'aschereau. The surface of these two grants is uneven, rocky in several places, with an irregular ridge of broken heights passing in a south-westerly direction over the rear part of Ste. Marie; yet the land is tolerably good, and in general very productive where it is under culture. ‘Timber of almost every description is found in great plenty. The River Chaudiere passes through both grants, dividing them nearly in equal proportions. On each side of it there are set- tlements a little withdrawn from the bank, where agticulture has been carried on with good success. Besides these tracts, there are, in different parts of the interior, a few concessions that have also made considerable progress. The farm-houses by the road side, on each bank of the river, are numerous, neat, and substantial, with every appearance ‘of ease and comfort among their occupants. In either grant there is scarcely any stream but the main river: there is a church and parsonage-house belonging to each. At the Jower part of St. Joseph are the valuable mills 502 belonging to the heirs of the late —— Tasche- reau, Esq., Grand Voyer of the district. VaupReEuvtt (the seigniory of), in the coun- ties of Buckingham and Dorchester, is situated in the rear of St, Joseph, and bounded on the north-east by the township of Cranbourne, on the south-west by the township of Tring, and in the rear by the seigniories of Aubert Galleon and Delisle; its dimensions are precisely the same as St. Joseph; granted September 23d, 1736, to Sieur Fleury de la Gorgendiere: it belongs now to Monsieur de Lery. The sur- face of this property is uneven and broken, and although a good deal encumbered with rocks, that in many places are only thinly covered, the soil is not of an inferior quality ; the cultivated parts lie on each side of the Chaudiere, and vary, from a quarter to half a mile in depth; they contain about one hundred and seventy concessions, many of them in a flourishing state, The timber consists of a general ‘assortment of the best quality. Be- sides the Chaudiere, it is watered by several other streams, of which the Bras de Sud Ouest, falling into the Chaudiere, is the largest; it is supplied from several small lakes in the town- ship of Tring, and is generally passable in canoes, but not with boats. Within the seig- niory there are a church and a parsonage, a 503 gtist-mill, four saw-mills, and altogether about two hundred and twenty houses, chiefly built of wood ; the population 1s between one thou- sand four hundred and one thousand five hun- dred. The Chaudiere may be crossed at two or three fords; but these, after a couple of days rain, are too much swollen to be safe to venture a carriage through them. Avpert Gaxruton, and Dre VIsiz (the seigniories of), in the counties of Buckingham and Dorchester, are the two last settlements on the River Chaudiere, and separated by it from each other, both in the rear of Vaudreuil. The former is bounded on the south-west by the township of Shenley, and on its eastern side by unsurveyed crown lands; it is two leagues square; granted September 24th, 1736, .to Dame Aubert, and is now the property of Mr. Jacob Pozer. The latter is bounded by un- ~ surveyed lands, except on the side towards Vaudreuil. It is of the same dimensions as _ Aubert Gallion, and was granted on the same day to Sieur Gabriel Aubert de L’Isle: it now belongs to M. de Lery. ‘The land in both grants is of a good quality, and on the Chau- diere thickly settled; but the farms neither exhibit much care or good management: nor do the inhabitants bear that character of in- dustry, or possess the attendant comforts, that 504 are so visible in many other parts of the dis- trict. The timber found here is generally of a good quality, and in profusion. In addition to the Chaudiere, De L’Isle is watered by Rivieres du Loup and Ja Famine ; in the vicinity of the former there are many extensive tracts of éx- cellent meadow land. La Marrintiere (fief), on the south bank of the St. Lawrence, in the county of Hertford, is bounded on the south-west by Lauzon, on the north-east by Mont-a-Peine, and in the rear by the township of Buckland ; its breadth is only ten arpens, but its depth is six leagues; granted August 5th, 1692, to Sieur de la Mar- tiniere, and now belongs to Reid, Esq., of Montreal. | Mont-a-PeIne (fief) joins the above, and is bounded on the north-east by St. Michel, in the rear by St. Gervais; it was granted in two parts; the first, ten arpens broad by forty deep, to Sieur de Vitré, on the 24th September, 1683; the augmentation, of the same breadth, and completing the depth of the whole to six leagues, was granted June 18th, 1749, to Claude Antoine de Berment; it is now the property of Féréol Roy, Esq. These two fiefs possess a soil nearly similar to the seigniory of Lauzon, and are in a forward state of cultivation, two thirds of the whole 505 being under hand. ‘The most flourishing set- tlements are near the St. Lawrence, and on each side of the River Boyer. ‘The timber is various, but that of an inferior kind is most prevalent. Both fiefs are well watered by the River Boyer, and some inferior runs of water. The former turns a grist-mill in La Martiniere. Vincennes (the seigniory of ), in the county of Hertford, has Mont-a-Peine cn the south- west, Beaumont on the north-east, the St. Lawrence in front, and Livaudiere in the rear, seventy arpens in front, by one league in depth; was granted November 3d, 1672, to Sieur Bissot. Feréol Roy, Esq., is the present proprietor. The land in this grant lies rather high towards the river, and is, on the most elevated parts, of a lightish sandy earth; in other places a good dark mould, couched upon a substratum of rock, is prevalent. The greatest portion of the grant is under a very respectable state of culture, and produces fine crops of grain, &c. ‘The timber has been greatly reduced, and what now remains is but of indifferent quality. Several small streams falling into the St. Lawrence provide rather a scanty irriga- tion; one of them works a grist-mill seated in a cove under the lofty bank of the river. There are many good farm-houses and other dwellings 506 by the side of the several roads that intersect the seigniory. : LivauDIERE (the seigniory of), in the county of Hertford, lies behind Vincennes, and is bounded by Beaumont and its augmentation on the north-east, Mont-a-Peine on the south- west, and in the rear by St. Gervais; it has about three quarters of a league in front, by three leagues in depth; granted September 20th, 1734, to Sieur Pean de Livaudiere. Upwards of one-third of this tract is in a very high state of cultivation; the soil, rich and fertile, produces large crops of grain, and al- most every article peculiar to the district ; the surface is somewhat uneven, but not to such a degree as to cause serious impediments to acriculture, until approaching the rear boun- daries, where the elevation is abrupt. There is a great deal of beech, birch, and maple; from the latter, considerable quantities of sugar are made by the inhabitants every year. The seigniory is well watered by the River Boyer, each side of which presents some of the best cultivated land in the different concessions: towards the boundary of Vincennes there are also many specimens of very good husbandry. The church of St. Charles, and its parsonage, are seated on the north-west bank of the Boyer. 507 Roads, generally kept in thorough repair, pass through the seigniory to the main road on. the River Echemin. Beaumont (the seigniory of and its aug- mentation), is in the county of Hertford, be- ~ tween Vincennes and La Durantaie, having its front upon the St. Lawrence, and bounded in the rear by St. Gervais; about three quar- ters of a league in breadth, by a league and a half in depth; was granted November 3d, 1672, to Sieur des Islets de Beaumont: the augmentation was granted April 10th, 1713, to Sieur de Beaumont, and is of the same di- mensions as the original grant: they now be- - long to Féréol Roy, Esq. ‘This tract presents generally, rather a light and sandy soil; it rises to a considerable elevation on the bank of the river, but preserves a tolerably level surface when compared with the adjacent grants ; nearly one half of the seigniory and a consi- derable portion of the augmentation are under a flourishing state of cultivation. Adjacent to the St. Lawrence there remains but little tim- ber, though, penetrating further into the inte- rior, much may be found of first rate quality ; “several small streams water it very plentifully: the augmentation is intersected by the Rivers Boyer and du Sud. The church and parson- age-house are seated on the bank of the river 508 in front, and a grist-mill on the Riviere du Sud : the seigniory is crossed by several roads leading — into the adjacent grants. ye La Duranvrate (the seigniory of and its augmentation), in the county of Hertford, fronts the St. Lawrence: it is bounded on the south-west by Beaumont, on the north-east by Berthier, and in the rear by the township of Armagh, and the seigniory of St. Gervais; two leagues in breadth by two in depth; was granted October 29th, 1672, to Sieur de la Durantaie: the augmentation, of the same di- mensions, was granted to Sieur de la Duran- taie, May 16th, 1693. The grant and aug- mentation are now divided in equal propor- tions into the two seigniories of St. Michel and St. Vallier. : St. Micuet contains six ranges of con- cessions parallel to the River St. Lawrence, divided into one hundred and eighty-five lots that are in a forward state of cultivation, and about forty-five others entirely of wood-land. Near the river the soil is light and sandy; re- ceding from thence about a mile, there is a fine loam of very excellent quality, but towards the rear the land grows poor and steril ; conse- quently none of it is occupied. On the best grounds an advantageous system of husbandry is pursued, and the crops of wheat and other 509 vrain are in general abundant. The houses, amounting to about two hundred and thirty in all, are neatly built ; the farms are well stocked, and bear every appearance of industry and care.. In the back. part of the grant some very good timber is produced; the best kinds are maple, birch, and beech, with some pine ; but towards the St. Lawrence only a very few patches of wood remain among the concessions. The Rivers Boyer and Le Bras, besides a few small rivulets, water it; the two rivers rise con- siderably during the freshes of spring and au- tumn, though they are not of use at any time as navigable rivers. A bridge has been built of wood over each of them. There are a church and parsonage-house, surrounded by about a dozen other dwellings, occupied principally by artizans and workmen; the telegraph station, No. 3, is not far from the church. Of three saw-mills, the work is limited to spring and autumn, owing to the very scanty supply of water during the summer. Many roads pass through the seigniory in almost all directions, and are, the concession as well as the main ones, kept always in good repair. According to the size of this grant, the population is con- siderable, being upwards of 1700 persons. Sr. Vatuier, the property of ———=:De- lanaudiere, Esq., is, as nearly as possible, the 510 counterpart of St. Michel; the species and quality of the soil, and the varieties of the tim- ber differ only in a very slight degree; but the bank of the river is much lower, and the rear part somewhat broken and rugged. The greater part of the land is in an excellent state of culture; it is divided into about one hundred and eighty or one hundred and ninety lots, the best and most flourishing of which are situated on the St. Lawrence, and along both banks of the Riviere du Sud; these, with the Belle Chasse and Boyer, and a few small streams, water it very well: each of the rivers have bridges over them. The church of St. Vallier is pleasantly situated close to the St. Lawrence; the parsonage and a few other houses surround it; at a short distance to the eastward of it is the telegraph No. 4. This grant is intersected by numerous roads, in addition to the main one by the river, all of which, as well as the bridges, are well kept up; it has two grist- mills and several saw-mills. The augmentation is cultivated only to a very trifling. extent; the surface of it is irregular, and in the rear quite mountainous, but it produces very fine timber almost of every description. St. GeErvars (the seigniory of), m ‘the county of Hertford, is situated m the rear of - Livaudiere, and the augmentations of Beau- 511 mont and La Durantaie, bounded on the north- east by the township of Armagh, in the rear by Buckland, and on the south-west by Mont-a- Peine; two leagues and a half in breadth, by the same in depth; was granted September — 20th, 1750, to Sieurs Michel, Jean Hugues, and Pean de Livaudiere. Only a very partial ‘settlement has yet taken place in this seigniory, and the cultivation of it is very insignificant, as the irregularity and mountainous nature of its surface are both inimical to the exertions of industry, although the soil itself is not bad, being principally a light-coloured loam. It abounds in timber of the best species, and is watered by the Riviere du Sud, and some small streams. ‘The few inhabitants of this seigniory obtain a living with difficulty; one of their principal occupations during the spring is the manufacture of maple-sugar, of which they con- trive to send considerable quantities to market. BERTHIER (the seigniory of), in the county ‘of Hertford, having the River St. Lawrence in front, St. Vallier on the south-west, St. Thomas on the north-east, and the Riviere du Sud —in'the rear, is two leagues in front by as much in depth; was granted October 29th, 1672, to Sieur Berthier ; it is now the property of Denechaud, Esq. This seigniory is bounded on the map according to a private survey; the 512 irregularity of it arises from a cession that the proprietor of it made to the Seignior of Riviere du Sud, on the 22d January, 1728. A light sandy earth, varied with a mixture of yellowish loam, is the prevalent kind of soil; it is fertile, and highly productive of grain of all kinds; the largest proportion of the land is under culture, and the general system of husbandry seems to have obtained a great degree of improvement. Many of the farms are in a flourishing con-. dition, of which those on the Riviere du Sud, and the bank of the St. Lawrence, are perhaps the best and most conspicuous. Along the front the ground is rather low, but it gradually rises to a small ridge about a mile from the shore, from the summit of which a very in- teresting prospect unfolds itself; the river, be- tween eleven and twelve miles across, is beauti- fully varied by the groups of islands, lying off the west end of Crane Island. The eastern end of the island of Orleans, with all its rich diversity of scenery, and the lofty mountains rising be- hind Cape Tourmente complete the distant view; the descent from the crest of the ridge down to the shore is a continuation of well cultivated fields, enriched with almost every object that can make a landscape perfect ; these, with the addition of the church, and a small cluster of houses charmingly seated al- 513 most close to the water's side, on the edge of a little cove called Le Trou de. Berthier, when viewed from the main road, are well calcu- lated to give a stranger an exalted idea of the picturesque beauty of the country. Another chain of heights, somewhat more elevated than the one just mentioned, rises between it and the Riviere du Sud, on which there is some fine timber; in other parts of the seigniory wood is not abundant. ‘The Rivieres du Sud, a la Caille, and Belle Chasse, provide an ample and complete irrigation for every part. Near the Riviere du Sud stands the church of 5t. Francois; and a short distance from it a grist- mill, worked by a little rivulet flowing into the river. Numerous good roads intersect every part of the seigniory ; the main or post-road is on the bank of the St. Lawrence. | Sr. Tuomas (the seigniory of), in the county of Devon, with its front to the St. Lawrence, is bounded on the south-west by Berthier, on the north-east by Fournier, and in the rear by L’Epinay, a league and a half in breadth by four and a half in depth; was granted May 5th, 1646, to the Sieur de Montmagny. The original dimensions of this seigniory have been the subject of much litigation, and were at Jength fixed by an order from the Court of King’s Bench of the province, according to : | sg 514 the line of boundary traced upon the Topogra- phical Map, giving an average depth of about a league and a half: it is now the property of Monsr. Couillard. In proportion to its extent, this is one of the most valuable possessions in the whole province; it lies generally low, with the exception of a small ridge or two that sepa- rate the settlements on the St. Lawrence from those on the Riviere du Sud. The soil is so rich and highly productive, particularly in grain of all species, as to obtain for it the distinguish- ing epithet of the granary of the Lower District. As may be supposed, no part of so good a soil is neglected, and the whole is actually under a state of cultivation not surpassed by any grant. Owing to the great extent of agriculture, very little timber remains. It is advantageously watered by the Riviere du Sud, a large branch of the same called Bras St. Nicholas, the Ri- viere a la Caille, and many rivulets. The first mentioned is a beautifully winding stream that has its source in the mountains, about the rear of the seigniory of St. Gervais. Another prin- cipal branch of it descends from the heights much further in the interior. From the con- fluence of this branch with the main stream in the seigniory of St. Vallier, it meanders through a fine plain in a north-easterly direction to the village of St. Thomas, where it forms a large 515 basin before it discharges into the St. Law- rence; its course is much impeded by shoals, and not navigable for any thing but canoes; a little below the village its breadth is one hun- dred: and fifty yards; the level of its bed is twenty feet above the St. Lawrence, which oc- casions a fall, that from the latter has a very beautiful effect. On each side of it, just at the break of the descent, are two saw-mills, in situa- tions most advantageously chosen for ensuring a continual supply of water. ‘The basin is spacious, and well sheltered; at high water vessels from twenty to twenty-five tons may run in for security against a gale, by taking care to avoid a muddy flat at its entrance: the channel, however, is not difficult. The branch called Bras St. Nicholas has its source in the high lands, in the rear of the seigniories of Bonsecours and Islet, and flows parallel to the St. Lawrence, but in an opposite direction, until it falls into Riviere du Sud, at the village of St. Thomas. At its confluence, a handsome bridge, called Prevost Bridge, was erected in 1812 by Jacques Morrin; it is one hundred and twenty feet in length, eighteen in breadth, and fifteen above the level of the water. Over the Riviere du Sud there is a much handsomer one, called the Regent’s Bridge, built in 1813 by Francois Frichette; this is three hundred LL2 516 feet long, twenty in breadth, and fifteen above: _ the water’s level. It is built of wood, and sup-: ported by substantial neat stone piers; on the: top there is a very handsome railing: the two: being nearly: together, and almost at right angles with each other, have a very light and’ pretty appearance. In every part of the seig- niory, but particularly by the St. Lawrence, and on each side of the Riviere du Sud, there are many good houses in the midst of fertile well stocked farms, surrounded by fine gardens and good orchards, that convey an imposing idea of the affluent circumstances of their owners. Several excellent roads pass in dif- ferent directions through the seigniories, par- ticularly by the sides of the rivers. It contains two churches, one in the village, dedicated to St. Thomas, and. another: to St. Peter, on the south side of Riviere du Sud. A small chapel, called La Chapelle de St. Pierre, is seated on an eminence, from whence a most agreeable prospect of the St. Lawrence and the surround- ing country opens. itself. On the different streams there are two grist-mills, and several saw-mills. ‘The village of St. Thomas contains about ninety houses, exclusive of store-houses and granaries, with a population of five hundred persons ; it is most delightfully situated at the confluence of the two Rivers du Sud and Ob... ee eo SO Se a mrs ——, if if PuLTIY hy panlr le pans deel oma atiater Ne BS ve PSA ONL 4 ioe 517 Ea 5 ner : Bible vashed, fe: (-diepoieal into ‘streets with. something like regularity ; st. of them have gardens and orchards ‘at-. and in many instances form desirable (i i ilieres are several shop-keepers ne ans with some inns as s then are called, apg a Kalin efor: the. ae 9 De edead ation: stale afford to travellers. hag highly respec families h, ¢ y ee ‘it was granted April 1701, ‘to Sieur de L’Epinay. The soil in 1s S ioni ory: is of good quality, being in some pl: ce sa yellowish loam, and in others a good bl: ick. earth ; in front the surface is rather inregul Ms and as it recedes. towards the rear becomes mountainous. The part adjoining he -_ 1s 5 gk 3 settled, and there culti- 518 pine, besides a great plenty of inferior sorts. It is watered by a few small streams, that de- scend from the mountains, and flow into the Riviere du Sud. Fournier (fief), in the county of Devon, fronting the St. Lawrence, is bounded on the south-west by St. Thomas and L’Epinay, on the north-east by Gagné and Ste. Claire, and in the rear by waste lands of the crown ; thirty arpens in breadth, by two leagues in depth; granted November 3d, 1672, to : Olam Four- nier, Gacwe’ (fief) joins the north-east ee of Fournier, and bounded in the rear by Ste. Claire; ten arpens in front, by one league in depth; granted September 3d, 1675, to Sieur Louis Gagné. Car St. Icnace (fief), cet to Gagné, is half a league in front, by a league in depth; it is the property of Monsr. Vincelot. No docu- ment relating to this grant has been found among the records lodged in the surveyor general's office. Sre. Cuarre (fief), in the rear of Gagné and Cap St. Ignace, two leagues in depth, by nearly one league in breadth; was granted March 17th, 1695, to Réné Le Page. Of these fiefs, the three first possess a tolerably rich and productive soil, and are in a very 519 good state of cultivation, particularly along the bank of the St. Lawrence, where the sur- face is smooth and level, but the back part of them is rugged and mountainous. In St. Ig- nace very little timber remains; but Fournier produces a great deal of all sorts. Excepting Ste. Claire, they are all well watered by the Bras St. Nicholas, and some rivulets that flow into the St. Lawrence. Ste. Claire is still in its natural state: the land is very uneven, but moderately good; the timber in great variety and superior quality. 3 VincELOT (the seigniory of) and its aug- mentation, in the county of Devon, is bounded on the north-east by Bonsecours, on the south- west by Cap St. Ignace and Ste. Claire, and in the rear,by waste lands ; it is one league square, and was granted November 3d, 1672, to the widow Amiot. The augmentation is one league in breadth by two in depth, and was granted February 1, 1693, to Sieur de Vincelot. To- wards the river the land is low, the soil a light sandy earth with clay or marl; in the rear there is a light-coloured loam as it approaches the mountains; the greatest part is under cuiti- vation: it is rather bare of timber. The Bras St. Nicholas and some small streams water it very well. ‘The front is indented by a large bay, near to which is situated the church and 520 parsonage-house, and the telegraph station No. 6. Several roads by the St. Lawrence, and on the side of the Bras, communicate with the adjoining seigniories. ‘The augmenta- — tion is neither remarkable for the goodness of its soil nor quality of the timber; it is moun- tainous, and wholly uncultivated. Bonsecours (the seigniory of), in the county of Devon, fronts the St. Lawrence, and is bounded on the north-east by Islet, on the south-west by Vincelot and its augmentation, and by waste lands in the rear; one league and a half in front by two in depth; was granted July 1, 1677, to Sieur Francois de Bell- anger. ‘This seigniory differs but little from the preceding one, as far as respects the nature of the soil, and timber growing thereon ; about one half of it may be estimated under culti- vation, and is very well inhabited; the system of agriculture is good, and well adapted to the Jand, which towards the river lies low, with the exception of a trifling ridge that runs nearly from one side to the other, but in the rear it is rough and mountainous. Some good timber, particularly pine, is produced in the back part of the grant. It is princi ipally watered by the Bras St. Nicholas, the other streams ams very insignificant. - Aster pe Sr. Jean (the seigniory of), in o 521 the county of Devon, is bounded by the river in front, by Lessard in the rear, and lies be- tween Bonsecours and St. Jean Port Joli; one Teague in breadth by two in depth; granted May 17th, 1677, to Demoiselle Génevieve Couillard. The front of this grant is low, but receding from the river towards the mountains the land rises gradually ; the soil in general is good, producing grain of all kinds; in the rear it is a light-coloured loam that continues up to the high lands. About one-third of it may be estimated to be under hand, and is pretty well managed, as well as thickly inhabited. It is watered by a continuation of the Bras St. Nicholas, and several small runs of water. Beech, birch, and maple, are the prevailing kinds of timber, but there is likewise some pine of very good growth, ‘The church and parson- age are situated close to the St. Lawrence, near a point of land, upon which is placed the telegraph station No.7. At high water this point is completely isolated, from which cir- cumstance it derives its name of Islet de St. Jean. | - Lessarp (the seigniory of) is situated in the rear of Islet, and encompassed on three sides by waste crown lands; it is one league square, and was granted June 30th, 1698, to Pierre Lessard. As this tract lies considerably 522 southward of the ridge of mountains, it is but little known. It is very well clothed with timber, but no atbempt) at culiiaaaa has yet been made. Sr. JEan Porr Jout (the seigniory of), in the county of Devon, with its front to the St. Lawrence, bounded on the north-east by Reaume, on the south-west by Islet, and in the rear by waste crown lands; two leagues and a half in breadth by as much in depth; granted May 25th, 1677, to Noel L’Anglois: it is now the property of Gaspé, Esq. In front the land is somewhat low, but the uniformity of it is varied by a trifling ridge, and a few - rising grounds: drawing towards the rear it is mountainous and rugged. ‘The soil is a mix- ture of light sandy earth and clay; about the high lands it is poor and indifferent. About one-third of the tract, however, is in a moderate state of cultivation; and the settlements, gene- rally speaking, have been brought, by industry, into a very respectable condition. Beech, birch, maple, and pine timber are in great plenty, as well as most of the inferior species. The Riviere des Trois Saumons, and River Port Joli, have their sources in the mountains at the back of the seigniory, and descending in a westerly direction, water it very well: there are a few other streams of inconsiderable note. Wout ent af \ sit EE PN NRE Nt RN ad EER tHe ve Se LAA VCAA. 1, os a VTL “hk Aw ie i “Yi Il ae / wos geaang ring Up weailigy oT SRT Busts {ann ry 523 The church and parsonage-house are situated close to the St. Lawrence, by which the main road passes; there are also several other roads to the adjacent grants on each side. At the mouth of Riviere des Trois Saumons the va- luable mills and distillery belonging to Mr. Harrower are very eligibly placed: the latter is an establishment of considerable magnitude, with every convenience for carrying on an ex- tensive business; at high water decked vessels of twenty tons may come up to the premises. Over the river there is a good bridge. The beach at the discharge of Riviere des Trois Saumons is flat, and thickly covered by de- tached rocks that run a good way out.. From the St. Lawrence the view of the mills and surrounding objects, heightened by the pleasing natural scenery of the Saale is very a ables (.22 : Reaume (fief). is a api strip of land, be- tween St. Jean Port Joli and St. Roch des Annais, half a league broad by two leagues deep; was granted March 16th, 1677, to De- moiselle de la Combe. In this property the same ‘species of soil and timber are found as in St. Jean Port Joli; about one-third of it is well cultivated and thickly inhabited: A few trifling rivulets supply a very scanty irrigation. 524 The main road crosses it, besides which there — are some concession roads. | St. Rocu pes Anwnats (the seigniory woh in the county of Devon, is bounded in front by the River St. Lawrence, on the north-east by Ste. Anne, on the south-west by Reaume, and in the rear by the unsurveyed township of Ashford; three leagues in breadth by two in depth ; granted April 1, 1656, to Nicholas Ju- chereau de St. Denis: it is now the property of Chevalier Duchesnaye, Esq. In the vicinity of the river the land is low, and intersected by some broken ridges of no great elevation, but about the rear boundaries the mountains form a close chain of considerable height. Near the front the soil is excellent, consisting of a fine light earth, with a good deal of marl in various parts: on the higher lands a yellow loam is prevalent. One-third of the seigniory is in cultivation, and exhibits every appearance of fertility and good management, especially near the St. Lawrence. On the land under culture very little timber is left, but the other parts are well stocked with the best kinds, and among them some pine of a valua- ble size. Several small rivers and other streams water it very well, and also work two or three mills. The church and parsonage-house, with 525 a small group of other dwellings surrounding them, stand on a pleasant site close to the Point of St. Roch, from whence stretch the extensive . shoals, that, by greatly narrowing the deep water. channel, form the traverse mentioned in a former part of this work for the difficulty of its navigation. fisheries, which are regulated by an act of the provincial parliament of the forty-seventh year of George the Third, and carried on to a considerable extent, as the quantity ex- 583 ported amounts, communibus annis, to about 35,000 cwt. of codfish, 5000 of salmon, and from 10 to 12,000 of herrings, pilchards, and mackarel ; to this may be added the produce of some whales caught in Gaspé Bay, a trifling trade in peltry, and the building of one ship and three or four small vessels annually. ‘The fisheries are sedentary, but the exportations and im- portations usually employ eight or nine square- rigged vessels, and about thirty-five small ones. Agriculture meets with only a secondary atten- tion, and the produce of it at present does not much, if at all, overbalance the consumption. _ The timber consists of spruce fir, white and black birch, beech, elm, and pine, fit for mast- ing of small dimensions, with some oak of a very inferior quality. The town of New Car- lisle, the principal one, is situated in Coxe township, and laid out in a manner that here- after it may become a compact and regular little place : the position of it is nearly central from each extremity of the Bay of Chaleurs ; and the number of houses is from forty to fifty, all of wood: it has a church, a court-house, and a gaol ; the two latter are now building, under the superintendance of commissioners appointed by an act of parliament. The situation is very healthy, and the surrounding lands some of the most fertile of the district.. From the town nu- 584 — merous settlements extend on each side, occu- pying nearly the whole front of the townships of Coxe and Hope, and, including the town itself, may be estimated to contain nearly one half of the whole population. These settle- ments are in a much more improved state than any of the others. The want of grist-mills is seriously felt by the inhabitants of this place, and indeed all over the district, and greatly retards the progress of agriculture: there are good situations for them on a river that takes its source from a small lake within the township of Coxe, and from its proximity to the settle- ment would be a very eligible place for con- structing one. In front of these townships there is an excellent beach, where the fish is cured and dried. Percé, the next place in import- ance to New Carlisle, is situated on a rising ground that forms the southern point of Mal- bay, contains twenty-five or thirty houses, principally inhabited by fishermen, and like the chief town is honoured with a court-house and gaol: in front of it the beach is very good for curing fish, and lying off are some of the best banks in the bay for catching them. The island of Bonaventure lies about a mile and a half from the shore, opposite to the point; it is little better than a barren rock, but yet a few persons are hardy enough to winter there for 585 the sake of retaining possession of the fishing places they have occupied during the summer. Very near the southerly point of Malbay there is a remarkable rock rising about two hundred feet out of the water, and of about twelve hun- dred feet in length, in which there are three arches completely wrought by nature ; the cen- tre one is sufficiently large to admit a boat under sail to pass through it with ease: from this rock, round Malbay to Point Peter, there is an excellent beach for fishing, part of which is named La Belle Ance, or Lobster Beach: close to this place is the house of the late Go- vernor Coxe. Gaspé Bay lies between Cape Gaspé and Whale Head; it runs about sixteen miles into the land, and is about five miles broad: from the extremity of it two other in- lets, called the north-west and south-west arms, penetrate a considerable distance into the interior, and receive the waters of several streams that flow from the mountains: the bay itself is deep and well sheltered, and capable of affording protection to a large number of ships from bad weather; the shores are lofty, and the settlers upon them are nearly all fisher- men. Douglass town, or rather the situation for it, as there are only five or six houses yet built, is at the entrance of the River St. John, 586 on the south side of the bay; on the opposite shore of the river is the site of the intended town of Haldimand. At Pabos Bay, about midway between Cape Despair and Point Maquereau there is a small village on the western side, and on the opposite side, on a projecting point, stand the summer habitations of the fishermen, as they are usually termed: several streams descend into this bay from a numerous chain of small lakes to the north- westward. A little to the westward of Pabos is a small snug inlet called Port Daniel. Bon- aventure is a small place, containing about twenty-five houses and a church, situated on the western side of the harbour of the same name, in the township of Hamilton: the land surrounding it is level and pretty good; but its whole dependence is the fishery. On the north shore of Ristigouche Bay the country presents a great deal of luxuriant meadow land; from Megoacha Point there is a tract of about six- teen miles in length and about a mile anda half in breadth, granted in fief and seigneurie on the 4th July, 1788, to John Shoolbred, Esq. and although several parts of it claim notice as being well adapted for settling upon, it yet remains without a single individual, from the object of the proprietor not being any partial - 587 concession, but the disposal of the whole of it, probably only at a future period. A little be- yond this grant, upon the northern bank of the River Ristigouche, is a small village of domici- hated Indians of the Micmac tribe, which is superintended by a missionary, who resides at Tracadigash or Bonaventure. The communi- cation from Gaspé to Quebec may be kept up by three different routes: one by pursuing the coast of the Gulf and River St. Lawrence; the second is by following the course of the River Ristigouche as far as the River Matapediach, and continuing along the side of it as far as Lake Matapediach; from thence there is an Indian footpath for nearly thirty miles to the River Mitis, the course of which is pursued until it reaches the St. Lawrence near about where the settlements begin; the third route is by proceeding along the Ristigouche River nearly up to its source, from whence there is an Indian footpath or portage road of eleven ~ miles to the Grand River, which flows into the River St. John, fifteen miles above the Great Fall, from whence the traveller proceeds in the road of the Temiscouata portage; this is the least difficult of the three, and the distance by it from New Carlisle to Quebec is three hun- dred and ninety miles; this may be shortened by eighteen or twenty miles, by a road that has 588 been blazed from the River Waganitz to the Riviere Verte, that descends into the River St. John in the Madawaska settlement. With the description of Gaspé the topographical account of the whole of the province of Lower Canada closes. 589 UPPER CANADA. Since the year 1791 the Province of Upper Canada has been bounded in the following manner; viz. on the east by Lower Canada, on the north-east by the Grand or Ottawa River, which in that direction separates it from the - Lower Province ; on the north by the territory of the Hudson’s Bay Company ; on the south and south-east by the United States of America, or rather by an imaginary line, beginning at the village of St. Regis, on the parallel of the forty- fifth degree of north latitude, from whence it passes up the middle of the River St. Lawrence, Lake Ontario, the Niagara River, Lake Erie, and continuing thence through the middle of the Water Communication into Lakes Huron and Superior, the Long Lake, and along the middle of the chain of Jakes and water commu- nication up to the north-west angle of the Lake of the Woods, and from thence due west to the 590 River Mississippi ;* on the west and north-west no limits have been assigned to it, therefore it may be supposed to extend over the vast regions that spread towards the Pacific and the Northern Oceans. ‘The separation between it and the United States is so vague and ill defined, and the prolific. source of so many disagreements between the two powers, that it has long called for the revision which is now about to be per- formed in fulfilment of the fourth and fifth ar- ticles of the treaty of peace of 1815. The interior divisions are eight districts, viz. the Eastern, Johnstown, Midland, Newcastle, the Home, Niagara, London, and the Western; these are again subdivided into 23 counties, viz. Glengary, Stormont, Dundas, Prescott, Russel, Grenville, Leeds, Carleton, Frontenac, Lenox, Addington, Hastings, Prince Edward, North- umberland, Durham, York, Norfolk, Oxford, Middlesex, Lincoln, Haldimand, Kent, and Essex. These contain one hundred and fifty- nine townships, exclusive of Indian lands, and certain other large portions that are reserved for the crown, and the maintenance of the Pro- testant clergy. ‘Ihe townships, taken one with another, will average about 61,600 acres, making * This boundary was fixed by the treaty of 1783, but is erroneous, inasmuch as a line drawn due west from the Lake of the Woods will not strike the Mississippi at all. ; 591 the aggregate quantity of 9,694,400 acres, that may be arranged under the following heads ; about 3,000,000 of acres are granted in free and common soccage, 2,769,828 are reserved for the crown and clergy, and 3,924,572 still remain to be granted. The extent of country thus laid out! reaches from Pointe au Baudet along the north shore of the river St. Lawrence, Lake Ontario, Lake Erie up to Lake St. Claire - and the communication between it and Lake _ Huron, a distance little less than one hundred and ninety leagues. ‘Through this range, wide _ as it is, and for a depth that varies from forty to fifty miles, the soil for the most part is scarcely excelled by any portion of the continent of North America; it is so happily varied in its nature as to present situations where agriculture may be successfully carried on in all its nume- rous branches; but perhaps the particular spe- cies that most prevails is a fine dark loam mixed with a rich vegetable mould. A sameness of appearance overspreads almost the whole coun- try, from which very little deviation is per- _ ceptible. Between Pointe au Baudet and the Bay of Quinté, comprising the eastern, Johns- town, and midland districts, the land presents an almost uniform level of exquisite beauty, rising only a few feet from the bank of the St. Lawrence, finely intersected, and admirably 592 well watered in almost every direction by nu+ merous streams, several of which are navigable for boats and canoes, and obstructed only by a few falls that occasion short portages ; they offer hundreds of the most convenient situations for erecting mills, while their banks are with few exceptions very desirable for the formation of new settlements. From the bay of Quinté along the edge of Lake Ontario to its western extremity, there runs a ridge of heights, of no ereat elevation, and extending only a short dis- tance in breadth or to the northward, but from — which the land soon descends again to its former level; the interior of this tract is intersected by a chain of lakes, that by means of a short portage or two are connected with Lake Simcoe, and thence with Lake Huron. Along thenorthern part also of the Niagara district runs a ridge called the Queenstown Heights, stretching across the river Niagara, and away eastward into the state of New York; the altitude of this range in any part of it does not exceed one hundred — and sixty yards above the surface of the lake. This space, containing the Newcastle, the Home and Niagara districts, is watered by a great number of streams both large and small, that greatly contribute to its fertility: in the latter district is the Welland, formerly called the Chippewa, a beautiful river flowing through a 593 remarkably fertile country, for about forty miles, and wholly unobstructed by falls; also the Ouse or Grand River, a stream of much greater magnitude, rising in the interior of the country, towards Lake Huron, and after wind- ing a long and picturesque course, falls into Lake Erie ; across its mouth there is a bar, but always with eight feet water upon it: it 1s na- vigable for small vessels from the Lake many miles upwards, and for boats to a much greater distance. The land through the whole of this last mentioned district is uncommonly rich and fertile, with a considerable portion of very flourishing settlements upon it. From the river Ouse, proceeding along the shore of Lake Erie, up to the Lake and River St. Claire, the whole space is extremely even, with scarcely a league of it but what displays excellent situa- tions for settlements, and in spots where the land is already under tillage, finer crops or more thriving farms are not to be met with in any part of either province. The portion of the western district lying between Lake Erie and Lake Ste. Claire is perhaps the most delightful spot of all the province; the fertility of the soil, the richly diversified and luxuriant beauties that every where court the view, the abundant variety of excellent fish that teem in the rivers, and the profusion of game of different species. QQ 594 that enliven the woods, the thickets, and the. meadows, combine to insure a preference to this: highly favoured tract for the establishment of new settlements. From the Ouse to Lake Ste. Claire the space is occupied by the London and Western districts ; it is watered by many small streams falling into Lake Erie, besides the River Chenail Ecarté and the exquisitely, picturesque River Thames, formerly called the Riviére 41a Tranche; it rises far in the interior, about the township of Blandford, and after pur-. suing a serpentine course in a direction nearly south-west, discharges itself into Lake St. Claire. It is navigable for vessels full twenty miles from its mouth, and for boats and canoes nearly up | to its source, but little less than one hundred miles. The River Chenail Ecarté runs almost parallel to the Thames, at about ten miles from it, and falls into Lake St. Claire. ‘The portions now described are those only that are more or less settled upon; in the rear of the townships are large tracts of land, stretching far to the northward, covered with immense forests, and little known except to the Indians ; but it has been ascertained that there are many wide spreading extents of rich and fertile soil, parti- cularly bordering on the south-west bank of the Ottawa River. Through these regions, as yet: unexplored by civilized. man, there are many. 595 streams, and some of great size, that flow both into Lake Huron and into the Ottawa River, but none of them have been sufficiently traced to admit of being delineated on any map. Timber in almost every variety is found in the greatest profusion; the oak, beech, walnut, ash, hickory, maple, elm, pine, sycamore, birch, and many other sorts, are of peculiar excellence, and of capital dimensions. ‘The climate is so particularly salubrious, that epidemic diseases, either among men or cattle, are almost unknown; its influence upon the fertility of the soil is more generally perceptible than it is in Lower Ca- nada, and supposed to be congenial to vegeta- tion in a much superior degree. ‘The winters are shorter, and not always marked with such rigour as in the latter; the duration of the frost is always accompanied with a fine clear sky and_ a dry atmosphere ; the spring opens, and the re- sumption of agricultural labours takes place from six weeks to two months earlier than what it does in the neighbourhood of Quebec; the summer heats rarely prevail to excess, and the autumns are usually very friendly to the har- vests, and favourable for securing all the late crops. In fact, upon so good a soil, and under | such a climate, industry and an increase of po-. pulation are only wanting to render this colony flourishing and happy. In reviewing the popu- ety QQ2 596 lation of this province, an important increase will be found to have taken place of late years ; in 1783, the utmost amount that could be es- timated did not exceed ten thousand souls, and: ef these the numerous frontier posts and gar- risons constituted by much the greater part- After that period a great accession was made by the settlement of loyalists and disbanded: soldiers, and which was considerably increased. by the emigration of many. people who soon grew tired of the newly acquired independence of the. American States; in addition to the natural increase of the numbers thus acquired, they have been gradually augmented by emigrations from Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland, the United States, and many other places, so that in the year 1814 it was taken in round numbers at ninety-five thousand souls, and which may be trusted to as a tolerably exact statement, or at least considering the difficulty that must be experienced in collecting the returns, as nearly. so as can well be obtained. Of the three mil. lions of acres already stated to have been granted, the quantity now under tillage will be found to approach pretty near to two hundred and ninety thousand acres, dispersed over the different districts. ‘lhe most populous and im- proved part of the colony is undoubtedly that from Pointe au Baudet to the head of the Bay 597 of Quinté, a range of one hundred and seventy miles, in which are contained the towns of King- ston, Johnstown, and Cornwall; Fort Welling- ton, the Mohawk village, Brockville, and se- veral smaller villages ; besides a continuation of houses, (many of them spacious and well built) and farms by the side of the main road, as well as the other roads that lead to the inte- rior settlements. Great industry and attention to improvement are displayed upon most of the lands throughout this tract; the roads that were formerly made have been gradually rendered sound and good, and many new ones con- structed; bridges have been thrown across the rivers, and various communications both by land and water opened to the interior; indeed various indications of a flourishing and accele- rated progress are apparent in almost every direction. Of the towns just mentioned, Corn- wall, lying about five miles above St. Regis, and Johnstown, three miles east of Fort Wel- lington, contain each from sixty to seventy houses, built of wood, with a church, court- house, &c.; they stand close to the River St. Lawrence ; the ground planned out for each is amilesquare. Fort Wellington, formerly called Prescott, is situated directly opposite to the American town and fort of Ogdensburgh,. or Oswegatchie, as it used to be named ; between 598 them the river is no more than one thousand six hundred yards broad ; during hostilities shot -were > repeatedly exchanged bet between them, par- ticularly on the passing of brigades of boats up the river. The town of Kingston, the largest and most populous of the Upper Province, is very advantageously seated on the north side of the River St. Lawrence, or rather at the eastern extremity of Lake Ontario; it is in lat. 44°. 8. north, and in long. 76°. 40. west from Green- wich. On the ground upon which it is built formerly stood Fort Frontenac, an old French post. Its foundation took place in 1784, and by gradual increase it now presents a front of nearly three quarters of a mile, and extending in depth about six hundred yards. ‘The streets are regularly planned, running at right angles. ATE i ae ORR with each other, but not paved : the number ats” houses may be estimated at about three hun- dred and seventy; some of them are well” built of stone, but the greater number are of. ‘wood; many of them spacious and commo=* dious. ‘The public’ buildings are a govern-~ ment-house, a court-house, a Protestant and a Catholic church, a market-house, a gaol, and hospital, besides the garrison, block-houses, government magazines and stores. For the last. fifteen years the town has obtained consi= { FC RT CPI ROOM tli di tagn yet) £0% lat ARIE a “a Lo aka 9 | estoy ey al 2 [|e a ae] 9 |v) meme ie gtt | wIg|yle | you | YGr| ANSIDYT MD yy qeeeee mn pores = ; As mpemeg aloe ev whee ane ge | tr | Homey Meg “TVAUMINOW ve | anbouvupy 7 O74 pos SDT | ‘MN O28 § 2 Mao | suo SHONVE STC S ATAVL F or \ ne ; e ae Pio ag SAA NG ae BSE A tae 4 ” f * ar ‘ ; 5 4 rT ' } ye Pes oe the te ~ ae pS 3 “y ear « ‘ ar «.% ‘ wk fl ae : Vee : : d we %, , , wk ¢ ear: Di tae ; Ea 2 + Sa f Pie ois: * - hip - : a ‘ P : ‘ é ‘ _ ” ) - v ' 4 * : § ‘ 5 vi) ft “ee ae \ , ra Ee a . . are ws e 1 , 5 toms i i, ~ < ‘ ne S vs (aacs a a , site « &: A A Bu 1 ' ? 599 derable mercantile importance; wharfs have been constructed, and many spacious ware- houses erected, that are usually filled with mer- chandize: in fact, it is now become the main entrepét between Montreal and all the settle- ments along the lakes to the westward. From the commencement of spring until the latter end of autumn, great activity prevails; vessels of from eighty to nearly two hundred tons, em- ployed in navigating the lake, are continually receiving and discharging their cargoes, as well as the batteaux used in the river. The harbour is well sheltered and convenient, accessible to ships not requiring more than three fathoms water, with good anchorage close to the north- eastern extremity of the town; the entrance to it is defended by a battery on Mississaga Point, and another on Point Frederick, which, with the shoal stretching from the former, with only five feet of water upon it, are quite sufficient for its protection. In the rear of the town, upon a rising ground, some temporary field- works. have been thrown up for its defence upon that side; but from the growing import- ance of the place these cannot .be deemed _ sufficient, and permanent works ought to be constructed in their stead. Opposite to the town, and distant about half a mile, is a long _low peninsula, forming the west side of Navy 600 ‘Bay; the extremity of it is called Point Frede- rick: Point Henry is the extremity of another peninsula, but of higher and more commanding ground, that forms the eastern side of it. ‘This is the principal depot of the royal navy on Lake Ontario, and where the ships are laid up ‘during the winter; the anchorage is good, but somewhat exposed to south and south-west winds; it is very well defended by batteries and block-houses on Point Frederick, and by a strong fort on Point Henry. On the western side of Navy Bay are the dock-yard, large store- houses, slips for building the men of war, naval barracks, wharfs, and several dwelling-houses for the master builder and other artificers, for whom, since their occupations have been so unremitting, it has been found necessary to erect habitations on the spot. In this yard the ships composing the present British Ontario arma- ment were built and equipped: the construction of the St. Lawrence, a first-rate, mounting one hundred and two guns, will sufficiently prove that the power of this fleet may hereafter be increased to a vast extent. As a rival station to the American one of Sacket Harbour, Navy Bay is entitled to every consideration, and as — long as it becomes an object to maintain a naval superiority on the lake, the greatest at- tention must be paid to this establishment ; 601 particularly when we observe with what care our rivals complete such of their ships as were begun during the war, and also the measures they are adopting generally to be enabled to contend against us, at a future period, with numerical strength in their favour; and, in fact, the methods they pursue are well calcu- lated to obtain the object they steadily keep in view. ‘The conduct of an enterprising enemy should always be narrowly observed, and a countervailing power be prepared, commensu- rate to the means of aggression. The Ameri- cans build their ships much faster than we do on our side, and for this reason, strength is the chief object with them, and if that be obtained they care but little about beauty of model or elegance of finishing ; in fact, they receive no other polish than what is given them by the axe and the adze. On the other hand, we employ as much time upon ours as we should in the European dock-yards: they are un- doubtedly as strong as the Americans, they are handsomer and much better finished, but they _ are far more expensive, and will not endure a longer period of service. When we reflect that ships built on this lake will not last more than five, or at most six years of actual service, it may be-a subject not unworthy of considera- tion, whether we cannot, with some advantage 602 to ourselves, adopt the methods of our oppo- nents ; and if we have a fleet as strongly built, equal in number and size to theirs, and capable of keeping up the unrivalled splendour of our national banner, be satisfied with it, although it be not a rival in beauty and splendid deeo- rations to that which has awed every enemy into submission. The situation of the town of Kingston is convenient and very well chosen ; the soil in its vicinity is very fertile by nature, and much improved by cultivation for a great distance all round; roads lead from it to the westward, to the eastward, and to the in- terior; with the latter there is a good water _ communication by means of the rivers Rideau and Petite Nation, and some lakes that are connected by short portages. In the lapse of time, as the townships become settled, this will prove of great advantage in facilitating the transport of their produce, either to Kingston - or to Montreal, as both the Rideau and Petite Nation discharge themselves into the Ottawa. Fronting the harbour of Kingston is Wolfe Island, or Grand Isle, twenty miles in length and about six in extreme breadth; it is uncul- tivated, but very well clothed with oak, elm, ash, and pine timber, and where large quanti- ties are continually felled for the use of the dock-yard: on the south side of it a deep bay 0 J a. eee y : eteet a3 e S fe Ses® si-sees a, * a § RR ae) SY: i J Tattle Ciitara ~ a) : Oe eee Meee, “i Wy. ay Zz 44 Series ale aie see's e'elsle ete Py eed — oescenint ga Ts oy casi oem per re * prnghnares The Different Channels, Leading trom = Surveyed by Jos* Bouchelte. 2796. “a Go 4 Nh a PNT 7 runs in so far as to leave an isthmus of no more - than one mile in breadth; up this bay is the general route from the south side of the St. Lawrence to Kingston; at the entrance of it lies Carleton Island, which has a good harbour, and was in the year 1775 the naval depot, but at present it is seldom occupied by more than a@ non-commissioned officer's detachment of troops. ‘The approach to Kingston harbour is made by three different channels: the first, called the Batteaux Channel, is between Wolfe Island and Forest Island, and is generally used _ by small craft only, having in several places hardly two fathoms and a half water; the next is the South Channel, formed by Forest Island and Snake Island, a small spot with an exten- sive bank spreading from it; here also, in the fair way, the water shoals from three to two fathoms and a half: the third and best is the North Channel, between Snake Island and the main land, which, although it increases the dis- tance a little, is by far the safest, having from four to ten fathoms water in it. A little to the westward of Kingston is the bay of Quinté, very singularly formed between the irregular. peninsula of Prince Edward county on the south and the main land of the midland dis- trict on the north; the length, through the va- rious crooked turns it makes, is little short of 604. fifty miles, and its breadth varies between six and twelve miles; the isthmus formed between it and Lake Ontario, in the township of Mur- ray, is not more than three furlongs broad, over which there is a portage; this inlet affords to vessels safe shelter from the heavy gales fre- quently experienced on the Lake. The penin- sula on every side’ is indented by numerous small bays and coves. Several rivers fall into the bay, of which the largest are the Appannee, the Shannon, the Moira, and the Trent; the latter, flowing from Rice Lake, is the channel by which the waters of a chain of shallow lakes in the Newcastle district are brought into Lake Ontario. On the south side of the Trent, in the township of Percy, are several springs highly impregnated with salt, and from which that ar- ticle is made, but does not answer the purpose of curing provisions; being found, by repeated experiments, not to possess the preservative qualities of sea salt. The townships on the borders of the bay and on the peninsula are thickly inhabited, and in a prosperous state of cultivation; their produce of wheat and other grain is very abundant, the soil being extremely rich and very easily tilled: among the timber there is some fine oak, pine, elm, and hickory. _ A very short. distance westward of the isthmus — of the bay of Quinté there is another smal! in- A RI 0 AEE Cl I IS BEL «API TTI a CT OG caer om = Pi Aede op in wy 24 0 Oanyparg ng mays bY? p smu Penop 741, | gop zybnosg spupmiygo som yng papunosh urobr ays ayy |: . . on gybnosg puo apymnog ydesor | JUART AG PAISTDL FOG Pryootm sures tt DbMPUDIUpLIUOYIOW HY ®B ee " a} 9Yonog -sor 0 ees Ag ’ ee: WAOGUVA MUO, ee: yo = ATP f i \t} ee? gue heen 7 Jet now called the harbour of Newcastle, but: formerly Presqu’ile, which is sheltered from every wind, and has good anchorage for’ ves- sels. As the prosperity of the colony obtains: increase, and towns and villages are built, this : place will not go unnoticed, as it offers a most excellent situation for a small town and port. _At a place called Duffin’s Creek, in the town- ship of Pickering, there is a fishery both for salmon and sturgeon, that yields a large sup- ply and of a pretty good quality, considering _ the great distance it is from the sea. The. front part of all the townships from Kingston to York are, with few exceptions, well settled ; roads lead through them, from which, in many _ places, others branch off to the interior ; at in- tervals, rather distant indeed from each other, there are a few small villages, or it may be rather more correct to say groups of houses; but single dwellings and farms are continually ‘presenting themselves all the way. On the lands that are occupied great progress has been made in agriculture; the houses, gene- rally speaking, are well built and strong; and the inhabitants appear to be possessed of all the necessaries as well as most of the comforts that a life of industry usually bestows. The © town of York, the infant capital of Upper Ca- nada, isin lat. 43°.33’, north,and in long.79 . 20. 606, west, exceedingly well situated in the town- ship of the same name, on the north side of an excellent harbour. It is very regularly laid, out, with the streets running at right angles, and. promises to become a very handsome town. The plot of ground marked out for it extends about a mile and a half along the harbour, but at present the number of houses does not. greatly exceed three hundred, the greatest part of which are built of wood, but there are how- ever many very excellent ones of brick and stone. ‘The public edifices are a government- house, the house of assembly for the provincial _ parliament, a church, a court-house, and a gaol, with numerous stores and buildings for the va- rious purposes of government. ‘The garrison is situated to the westward of the town, at a mile distance ; it consists of barracks for the troops usually stationed here, a residence for the com- manding officer, now most frequently occupied by the lieutenant governor of the province, a battery and two blockhouses, which together protect the entrance of the harbour ; the space between the garrison and the town is wholly res — served for the use of government. ‘The harbour of York is nearly circular, and formed by a very narrow peninsula stretching from the western extremity of the township of Scarborough in an oblique direction, for about six miles, and ter- 607 minating in a curved point nearly opposite the garrison ; thus enclosing a beautiful basin about a mile and a half in diameter, capable of con- taining a great number of vessels, and at the — entrance of which ships may lie with saiety during the winter. ‘The formation of the penin- sula itself is extraordinary, being a narrow slip of land, in several places not more than sixty yards in breadth, but widening towards its ex- tremity to nearly a mile; it is principally a bank of sand with a very little grass upon it; — the widest part is very curiously intersected by many large ponds, that are the continual resort of great quantities of wild fowl; a few trees scattered upon it greatly increase the singularity of its appearance; it lies so low that the wide expanse of Lake Ontario is seen over it: the termination of the peninsula is called Gibraltar _ Point, where a block-house has been erected. The eastern part of the harbour is bounded by an extensive marsh, through part of which the river Don runs before it discharges itself into the basin. No place in either province has made so rapid a progress as York: in the year £793 the spot on which it stands presented only one solitary Indian wigwam; in the ensuing spring the ground for the future metropolis of Upper Canada was fixed upon, and the build- ings commenced under the immediate super+ 608 intendance of the late General Simcoe, ther lieutenant governor; in the space of five or six years it became a respectable place, and rapidly increased to its present importance : it now con- tains a population of two thousand five hundred souls. ‘Ihe parliament of the province annu- ally holds its sittings here, as do all the courts of justice. Considerable advances have also been made in the commerce, general opulence, and consequent amelioration of its society ; being the residence of the chief officers of go- vernment both civil and military, many of the conveniences and comforts of polished life are to be met with. A newspaper is printed once a week, and indeed at Kingston also. The lands of the adjacent townships for several miles round are in a high state of cultivation, so that the market of the town is always well supplied. The pressure of the late war has been consi- derably felt here, as it was captured by the American army on the 27th April, 1813; they _ held it, however, but a few days, but in that time the government-house, and all the public buildings and stores, were burnt, after removing so much of their contents as could be conve- niently carried off. Immediately in the rear of the town there is a very good road, called Yonge street, that leads to Gwillimbury, a small village thirty-two miles to the northward, and thence _ 609 aa miles more to Cook’s Bay, from which by Lake Simcoe there is a communication to Lake Huron. This being a route of much importance, has of late been tea y improved by the North- west Company, for the double purpose of shortening the distance to the Upper Lakes; and avoiding any contact with the American frontiers ; the land on each side of it, for a con- siderable depth, is very fertile, and many settle- ments are already formed, where some of the farms are in a good state of cultivation. The advantage of this communication will be in some degree shewn by the following recapitulation of. it. From York to Cook’s Bay, on Lake Simcoe, the distance is thirty-seven miles; the naviga- tion through that Lake and the River Matche- dash up to the old trading post on Matchedash Bay, is seventy-seven miles more, makiig to- gether one hundred and fourteen. viron de profondeur dans les dites terres. Insinuations du Conseil Supérieur, Lettre B. folio 26. BONSECOURS. Concession du 16me Avril, 1687, faite par Jacques de Brisay, Gouver- neur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Villeneuve, de la quantité de soixante et quatorze arpens de front sur le fleuve S¢. Laurent, du cété du Sud, sur deux lieues de profondeur, en cas qu’elle ne soit concédée a d’autres. Les dits soixante et quatorze arpens tenant d’un coté aux terres des Dames Religieuses Ursulines et d’autre coté a la veuve Du- quet. Cahiers d’Intendance, 2 a Q, folio 295. BONSECOURS. Concession du 8me Aout, 1702, faite au Sieur Charon, par Hector de. Coliére Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, de deux lieues de terre ou environ de front, sur pareille profondeur, le long de la riviére Yamaska, icelle compris a prendre vis-a-vis celle accordée au Sieur René Fézeret, bourgeois de Montréal, tirant d’un cété a la Seigneurie du Sieur Petzt, et de l'autre aux héritiers du feu Sieur Bourchemin, avec les isles, islets, prairies et battures adjacentes. Révistre d’ Intendance, N° 5, folio 35. BONSECOURS. Concession du ter Juillet, 1677, faite par Jacques Douchesnauz, Inten- dant, au Sieur Frangois Bellanger, des terres qui sont le long du fleuve St. Laurent, du cdté Sud, entre celle qui appartient a la Demoiselle Ge- nevieve Couillard, en remontant le dit fleuve, jusqu’a celle de la Demoi- selle veuve Amiot ; contenant le tout une lieue et demie, ou environ, de front, avec deux lieues de profondeur. Insinuations du Conseil Supérieur, lettre B. folio 88. BOURCHEMIN. Concession du 22me Juin, 1695, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Jacques Frangois Bourchemin, d'une lieue et demie de terre de front de chaque coté de la riviére Ya= mashka, icelle comprise, 1 prendre une demi lieue au-dessous du ruisseau. Vii dit Salvayle, et une lieue au-dessus, en lieu non-concédé, sur pareille profondeur, courant Nord-ouest et Sud-est, avec les isles, islets et prai- ries adjacentes. Résistre d’ Intendance, N°4, folio 27. BOUCHERVILLE. Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur Boucher, de cent quatorze arpens de front sur deux lieues de pro- fondeur, a prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, bornée des deux cétés par le Sieur de Varennes; avec les isles nommées Percées. Cahiers a’ Intendance, N° 4, folio 153. BOURGLOUIS. Concession du 14 May, 1741, faite par le Marguis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Louis Fornel, de deux lieues et trois quarts, ou environ, de terre, sur trois lieues de pro- fondeur, derriére la Seigneurie de Neuville, appartenant au Sieur Demé- dotse, bornée sur le front par la ligne qui sépare la dite Seigneurie de Neu- ville des terres non-concédés, au Nord-est par la ligne de profondeur du fief St. Augustin prolongéz au Sud-ouest par une ligne paralléle a la précédente, a prendre sur la ligne du fief de Bélazr aussi prolongée, et par derricre aux terres non-concédées. Régistre @ Intendance, N° 9, folio 8. BOURG-MARIE, DE L’EST. Concession du ler. Aotit, 1705, faite par Messieurs de Vaudreuil, Gou- verneur, et Raudot, Intendant, Aa Marie Fezeret, étant un reste de terre non-concédé d’environ cinquante arpens de front sur deux licues, moins un arpent, de profondeur sur la riviére Yamaska, tirant au Nord-ouest, dans la profondeur, joignant au Sud-ouest la ligne de la Seigneurie Bourg- chemin ; au Nord-est la ligne des terres concédées au Sieur Charon ; et au Nord-ouest les profondeurs de la Seigneurie de Sorrel, dans étendue de la dite concession. Régistre des Foi et Hommage, N° 112, folto 64. Cahier d’ Intend. 2 a Q, folio 235. BOURGMARIE DE L’OUEST. Et aussi au Sud-est de la dite riviére un autre reste de terre non-con- cédé d’environ soixante arpens de front sur une licue et demie de pro- fondeur, tirant au Sud~est aux terres non-concédées, joignant au Sud-ouest le fief St. Charles, appartenant au Sieur Fezeret, son pere, et au Nord- ouest la Seigneurie de Lavalliére. . Régistre des Fou et Hommage, N° 112, folio 64. CAP DE LA MAGDELAINE, Concession du 20me Mars, 1651, faite par Mr. de la Ferté, aux révé- rends péres Jésuztes, contenant deux lieues le lone du fleuve St. Laurent, deruis le Cap nommé des Trois Riviéres, en descendant sur le grand fleuve, jusqu’aux endroits ot les dites deux lieucs se pourront étendre, ‘sur vingt lieues de profondeur du cété du Nord, et compris les bois, ri- viéres et prairies qui sont sur le dit grand fleuve et sur les dites Trois Ri- VIErES. Registre d'Intendance, N° 2.49, folio 131. + Viil CAP ST. MICHEL OU LA TRINITE. Le titre de cette Concession n’a pas été trouvé dans le Secrétariat. Par un acte de Foi et Hommage, rendu le 3me Aoidt, 1676, devant Mr. Du- chesneau, alors Intendant, i] paroit que ce fief doit avoir une licue de front sur une lieue et demie de profondeur, situé sur le fleuve St. Laurent, en- tre les concessions de Mr. de Varennes et Laurent Borney, Sieur de Grand- maison, avec deux petites isles vis-a-vis de sa devanture. Régistre des Foi et Hommage, N° 27, folio 182, le 10me Feévrier, 1781. CARUFEL. Concession du mois de Mars, 1705, faite par Philippe de Rigaud, Gou- verneur, et Francois de Berman Intendant, au Sieur Jean Sicard, Sieur de Carufel, de espace de terre qui reste dans la riviére de Masqui- nongé, dans le lac Sé. Pierre, depuis celle qui a été ci-devant accordée au Sieur Legardeur, jusqu’au premier sault de la dite rivi¢re, ce qui contient deux lieues ou environ de front sur pareille profondeur, Registre d’ Intendance, N° 5, folio 40. Cahiers d’Intend. more authentic. CHAMPLAIN. Concession du 22me Septembre, 1664, faite par Mr. de Mézy, a Etienne Pezard, Sieur de Latouche, d’une lieue et demie de terre de front a pren- dre sur le grand fleuve St. Laurent, depuis la riviére Champlain en mon- tant sur le dit fleuve, vers les 7° pais Riviéres, sur une lieue de profondeur dans les terres; la dite riviére Champlain mitoyenne, avec ceux qui occupe- ront les terres qui sont de l’autre cété d’icelle, avec tous les bois, prés, riviéres, ruisseaux, lacs, isles et islets, et généralement de tout le contenu entre les dites bornes. Les Jesuites ayant par leur titre anterieur de Batiscan, un quart de lieu au Sud-ouest de la riviére Champlain, cette Concession ne pouvoit s’eten.. dre jusques-la, mais avant l’année 1721, ils cedérent 4 M. Latouche Cham- plain, ce quart de lieue compris entre leurs borne et la dite riviére; et c’est ainsi que la Seigneurie est actuelment bornée. Insinuations du Conseil Superieur, Régistre B. folio 7. AUGMENTATION DE CHAMPLAIN. Concession du 28me Avril, 1697, faite par Lous de Buade, Comte de Frontenac, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, a Madame de La- touche, de trois lieues de terre en profondeur, joignant la derriére de sa Seigneurie de Champlain, sur tout la largeur d’icelle; tenant d’un coté au fief de Batiscan, et de lautre au fief du Sieur Hertel. Hertel n’est qu’un arriére fief, concédé par les réyérends Peres Jésuites dans leur Seigneurie du Cap de Magdeleine. Révistre ad’ Intendance, N° 5, folio 16. CHAMBLY. Concession du 29me Oct. 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de Chambly, de six lieues de terre de front sur une lieve de profon- déur, a prendre sur la riyiére St. Lows (Chambly) savoir trois lieues au Nord de la dite riviére (deux lieues en deca du Fort que y est bati et une licue au dela) et trois lieues au Sud de la dite riviére, Régistre d’ Intendance, N° 1, folio 10. iX CHATEAUGAY. ‘Concession du 2yme Septembre, 1673, A Mr. Le Moine, Sieur de Longueil, de deux lieues de terre de front, 4 commencer dix arpens au- dessous de la riviére du Loup, en montant dans le lac St, Louis, du cdté du Sud ; et de profondeur trois lieues, ensemble l’isle S¢. Bernard qui est a Vembouchure de la dite riviére. Foi et Hommage, N° 48, folio 214, le 27me Fevrier, 1781. Cahiers d’Intend, N° 10 @ 17, folio 425. CHICOT. Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, _au Sieur Dupas, del’ Isle Dupas et adjacentes, ensemble un quart de lieue audessus et un quart au dessous de la riviére de Chicot, sur un lieue et _ demie de profondeur, supposé que cette quantité ne touche pas a celle accordée 4 Mr. Legardeur, fils. Régistre d’ Intendance, N° 1, folio 25. CLORIDON. Par Acte de Foi & Hommage rendu le 3me Juin, 1736, par Jean Claude Louet, au nom d’ Anne Morin son épouse, veuve de Réaé d’Eneau et au nom du Capitaine Réné d'Eneau, son fils, pour le fief d’Eneaw il paroit qu’il exhiba une ordonnance de Mr. de Champigny, Intendant, du 28me Mars, 1691, annexée a une requéte, faite par feu le dit Sieur ad’ Eneau, exposant que ses titres lui avoient été enlevés par les Anglois, et deman~ dant d’étre maintenu dans sa possession de la riviére Ristzgouche avec huit lieues de terre de front sur pareille profondeur, le long de la dite ri- viére, et les isles et battures quise trouveront devant de la dite étendue, avee droit de chasse, péche, &c. La susdite Ordonnance accordant le contenu de: cette requéte, sauf seulement les oppositions que pourra faire Mr. de Fronsac, Seigneur de Miramichi. De plus un accord entre les héritiers du dit feu Sieur Réné d’ Eneau et Mr, de Fronsac, par lequel Cloridon fut borné comme suit, savoir, commencant a Ventrée de la riviére au Porc- épic, gue tombe dans celle de Ristigouche, en montant la dite riviére Risti- gouche ; et que les rumbs de vent des terres du dit Sieur d’Eneau soient Nord XXX FIEF MARANDA PARTIE NORD-EST. Concession faite au Sieur Dugquet, Pere, le 3me Novembre, 1672, par Jean Taton, Intendant, de trente arpens de terre de front sur cinquante de profondeur, a-prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, depuis la concession du Sicur Duquet.son fils, jusqu’aux terres non-concédées. Régistre d’ Iniendance, N° 1, folio 25. FIEF MARANDA PARTIE SUD-OUEST. Concession faite au Sieur Duguct, fils, le 3me Novembre, 1672, par Jean Talon, Intendant, de trente arpens de terre de front sur cinquante de profondeur, sur le fleuve St. Laurent, depuis la riviére Vilieu jusqwaux terres non-concédées. | . es Régistre d’Intendance, N° 1, folio 25. FARTIE NORD-EST DE MASOUINONGE, Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, a Pierre, et Jean Baptiste Legardeur, Sieurs de St. Michel, d’une lieve et demi de terre de front sur pareille profondeur; A prendre sur le Chenail du Nord du fleuve St. Laurent, savoir: trois quarts de lieue au dessous de la riviére Masquinongé, et autant au dessus ; la dite riviére comprise. | Régistre d’ Iniendance, N° 1, folio 24. PARTIE SUD-OUEST DE MASOQUINONGE. Concession du 3me. Novembre, 1672, faite par Jeux Falon, Intendant, au Sieur Jean Baptiste Legardeur, d’une lieue de terre de front sur une lieue de profondeur, 4 prendre sur le fleuve Si. Laurent, depuis les trois quarts de lieues accordés au Sieur Legardeur de St. Michel, sur trois audessus de la riviére de Masquinonge. Régisire d Intendance, N° 1, folto 34. MATANE. Concession du 26me Juin, 1677, faite par Jacques Duchesneau, Intend- ant au Sieur Damour, d’une lieue et demie de terre de front, sur une lieue de profondeur, savoir, une demi lieue au deca et une demi lieue au dela de la riviére Matane, et par augmentation une autre lieue de terre - de front, aussi sur une lieue et demie de profondeur, y joignant, a prendre du cété de la riviére Mitis. re ) Insinuations du Conseil Superieur, Let. B. folio Qs ~ MILLE-ISLES. Concession du 5me Mai, 1714, faite par Philippe de litgaud, Gouver- neur, et Michel Bégon, Intendant, aux Sieurs_de Langloiserie et Petit, des terres qui sont 1 commencer ott finit Ja Concession du Sieur Dautzer Deslandes, dans la riviére Jesus, jusqu’d trois lieues au dessus, en montant la dite riviere, et trois licues de profondeur, avec les isles, islets et batures qui se trouveront au devant des dites trois lieues de front ; en outre d’une augmentation des terres qui sont depuis la dite concession jusqu’a la riviére du Chéne, icclle comprise, qui est environ une hieuc et. demie de terre de front, sur parcille profondeur de trois lieues, pour eire XXX -la dite lieue et demie jointe ila dite concession, et les.deux n’en faire qu’une ; la premiere partie de cette concession faite au feu Sieur Dugay, le 24me Septembre, 1683, mais réunie au Domaine du Roi, suivant VOrdonnance du ler Mars, 1714. Régistre a’ pve N° 6, folio 4. AUGMENTATION DES MILLE-ISLES. Concession du 20me Janvier, 1752, faite par le Marguis de la Jonguiere, Gouverneur, et Irancots Bigot, Intendant, au Sieur Dumont, de quatre lieues et demie de front sur la pre ofondeur de trois licues s, a prendre au bout de la profondeur, et sur le méme front de la concession accordée aux Sieurs de Langloiserie et Petit, située et bornée a com- mencer ot finit la concession du Sieur Dautier Desland des, dans la riviére Jésus, jusqu’a la riviére Duchéne, icelle comprise. Régistre d’Intendance, N° 10, folio 1. MILLE VACHES. Concession du 15me Novembre, 1653, faite par Jean de Lauzon, Gouverneur pour la Compagnie, a Robert Giffard, Ecuyer, Seigneur de Beauport, de trois lieues de front sur le fleuve St. Laurent, du cdté du Nord, audessous de Tadoussac, et de grandes et petites Bergeronnes, au lieu dit Mille Vaches, avec quatre lieues de profondeur, tenant par devant au dit fleuve et des trois autres cétés aux terres non-concécées, Révistre des Foi et Hommage, N° 86, folio 31. Cahiers d’Lntendance, N° 104 17, folio a7). TERRA FIRMA DE MINGAN. Concession du 25me Tévrier, 1661, faite parla Compagnie au Sieur Francois Bissot de la Riviére de la terre ferme de Mingun; a prendre depuis le Cap des Cormurans ala cété du Nord, jusqu’a la grande ance vers les Esquimaux, ot les Espagnols font ordinairement la péche, sur deux lieues de profondeur. Révistre des Foi et Hommage, N° 78, folio 355. 5 Bi MONNOIR. - Concession du 25me Mars, 1708, faite par Arcdeibiits de Rigaud, Gouverneur, et Raudot, Intendant, au Sieur de Ramzay, de deux lieues de front sur trois lieues de ‘profondeur de terres non-concédeées, le long de la riviére des Hurons, joignant d’un cété la Seigneurie de Chambly, et de lautre coté aux terres non-concédées, courant du Nord-est au Sud-ouest, avec les isles et islets qui pourroient se trouver dans la dite riviére, vis- a-vis la dite concession, la dite concession portant le nom de Monnotr. Révistre d’ Intendance, N° 2 a Q, folio 355. AUGMENTATION A MONNOIR, Rte du i2me Juin, 1739, faite par le Marquis de Beauharnois; Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Jean Baptiste Nicolas Roc de Ramzay, de deux lieues de front sur trois lieues de profondeur, au bout de la Seigneurie de Monnoir, concédée le 25me Mars, 1709, située pres Chambly le long de la riviére des Hurons, en courant Nord-est et Sud-ouest le long de la continuation de la Seigneurie de Rowville, e ee XXXIil joigaant la dite Seigneurie au Nord-est et celle de Sadrevuis au Sud- ouest.. . | an Régistre d’Intendance, N° 8, folio 26. MONT-A-PEINE. Concession du 24me’ Septembre, 1683, faite a Mr. Charles Denis, Sieur de Vitré, de dix arpens de terre de front, sur quarante de profon- deur, pour emjouir, lui ses hoirs et ayans-cause a titre de fiefiet Seigneu- rie 4 toujours. . N. B. Cet extrait ne mentionne nullement la situation de ce fief qui n’est connu que par son augmentation et la concession précédente. Régistre des Foi et Hommage, N° 40, folio 207, 27me Févrter, 1731. AUGMENTATION DE MONT-A-PEINE. Concession du 18me Juin, 1749, faite par Roland Michel Barrin, Gouverneur, et [’rancois Bigot, Intendant, A Claude Antoine de Berment, Seigneur de la Martiniére, d’un restant de terre qui se trouve au bout. de la profondeur du fief de Vit)é, et qui est enclavé entre les fiefs de Vin- cennes et de Livaudiére au Nord-est, et celui du dit Berment de la Marti- niere au Sud-ouest, jusqu’d l’égale profondeur de six lieues que contient le fief du dit Sieur Berment de la Martiniere. Régistre a’ Intendance, N° 9, folio 41. MONTARVILLE. _ + Concession du 17me Octobre, 1710, faite par Messrs. de Vaudreuil, Gouverneur, et Raudot, Intendant, au Sieur Boucher, d’une lieve et trente arpens de terre de front sur une lieue et demie de profondeur, A prendre dans les profondeurs entre les Seigneuries de Boucherville et de Chambly ; joignant au Nord-est la Seigneurie de Varenues, et au Sud- euest la Seigneurie de Tremblay. : Régistre d’ Intendance, N° 2 a 9, folio 169. MOUNT MURRAY. Grant of the 27th day of April, 1762, by the Honorable James Murray, sq. Governor of Quebec, to Lieutenant Alalcolm Fraser, of His Majesty’s 78th Regiment of Foot, of all that extent of land lying on the North shore of the river St. Lawrence, from the North-side of the River of Malbay to the River Noire, and for three leagues back, to be known hereafter, at the special request of the said Lieutenant Malcolm Fraser, by the name of Mount Murray, together with the woods and rivers or other appurtenances within the said extent, right of fish- ing or fowling, within the same, included. All kind of traffick with the Indians of the back country hereby specially excepted. English Register, Letter E. folio 709. MURRAY-BAY OR MALBAY. | Grant of the 27th day of April, 1762, by the Honorable James Murray, Esq. Governor of Quebec, to John Nairn, Captain cf His Majesty’s, 78th Regiment of Foot, of all that extent of land lying on the Nortli shore of the River St. Lawrence, from Goose-Cape, boundary of the Seigneurie of Eboulemens, to the River Malbay, and for three leagués back, to be known hereafter, at the special request of the said Captain John Nairn, by the name of Murray Bay, together with the woeds anc XXXUl rivers or other appurtenances within the said extent, right of fishing and fowling on the same therein included. All kind of traffick with the Indians of the back country are hereby specially excepted. English Register, Letter EK, page 709. NEUVILLE OU LA POINTE AUX TREMBLES. Concession du 16me Décembre, 1653, faite par la Compagnie, a Jean Bourdon, contenant deux lieues trois quarts ou environ de front, sur _ quatre lieues de profondeur, tenant du coté du Nord-est au fief de Des- mure et du coté du Sud-Ouest au fief de Bélatre; par devant le fleuve St, Laurent, et par derriére les terres non-concédées. Registre a’Intendance, N° 10 4 17, folio 660. DERRIERE DAUTRE! ET LA NORAYE. Concession du 4me Juillet, 1739, faite par Charles, Marquis de Beau- harnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Jean Baptiste Neveu, d’un terrein non-concédé, a prendre depuis la ligne qui borne la profondeur des fiefs de La Noraye et Dautré, jusqu’a la riviére de l’Assomption, et dans la méme étendue en largeur que celle des dits fiefs ; c’est-d-dire, bornée du cdté du Sud-Ouest par la ligne qui sépare | _la Seigneurie de Lavaltrie, et du cdté du Nord-Est par une ligne paral- lele, tenant aux prolongations de la Seigneurie d’ Antaya ; lequel terrein ne fera avec chacun des dits fiefs de La Noraye et Dautré qu’une seule et méme Seigneurie. Réevistre d’Intendance, N° 8, folio 29. NICOLET. Concession du 29me Octobre 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de Laubia, de deux lieues de front sur autant de profondeur, a prendre sur le lac St, Pierre, savoir; une lieve au dessus et une lieue au: dessous de la riviére Nicolet, icelle comprise. Registre d’Intendance, N° 1, folio 15. L’ISLE DE LA FOURCHE, ET AUGMENTATION A NICOLET. Concession du 4me Novembre, 1680, par le Comte de Frontenac, Gouverneur, et Duchesneau, Intendant, au Sieur Cressé, de l’isle de la Feurche, étant dans la riviére Cressé, ensemble les isles etislets qui sont dans la dite riviére, jusqu’au bout de la dite isle; avec trois lieues d’augmentation dans la profondeur des terres qui sont au bout de toute la largeur de sa Seigneurie. Résistre d’Intendance, N° 2, folio 21. NOTRE DAME DES ANGES, Concession du 10me Mars, 1626, faite par la Compagnie aux révér- ends peres Jésuites; de la Seigneurie de Notre-Dame des Anges, con- tenant une lieue de front sur quatre lieues de profondeur, joignant du coté du Nord-Est la Seigneurie de Beauport, et au Sud-Ouest le Comté d’ Orsainville ; par devant le fleuve St. Laurent et la petite riviére St. Charles; et par derriére au bout de la dite concession les terres non- concédées, | Cahiers d’Intendance, N° 2 a9, folio $5. XXX1V NOUVELLE LONGUELL. : Concession du 21me Avril, 1734, faite par Charles Marquis de Beau- harnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, a Joseph Lemoine, Chevalier de Longueil, de l’étendue de terre qui se trouve sur le bord du fleuve St. Laurent, au lieu appelé les Cascades, depuis la borne de la Seigneurie de Soulange jusqu’a la Pointe du Baudet inclusivement ; faisant environ deux lieues de front sur trois lieues de profondeur ; avec es isles, islets et batures y adjacentes. Régistre d’ Intendance, N° 7, folio 24. NOYAN. Concession du 8me Juillet, 1743, faite par Charles Marquis ‘de Beau- harnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Chavois de Noyan,; de deux lieues de front le long de la riviére Chambly, sur trois lieues de profondeur, laquelle sera bornée du cété du Nord a un quart de lieue au Nord de la petite riviére du Sud, par une ligne courant Est et Ouest, du cdté du Sud en remontant le lac Champlain, 4 une lieue trois quarts de la dite riviére, joignant par une ligne paralléle a celle ci-dessus au terrein concédé au Sieur Foucault, le premier Mai dernier, avec l’Isle aux Tétes, étant dans la dite riviére Chambly, avec les:isles et islets qui se trouveront vis-a-vis le front de la dite concession. : Régistre d’Intendance, N° g, folio 19. D’ORSAINVILLE. Concession du mois de May, 1075, faite par Lettres Patentes de sa Majesté, aux Dames religieuses de l’ Hopital Général, du Comté d’ Orsain- ville, contenant en superficie trois mille cing cens soixant et quinze arpens, et de la profondeur de quatre lieues; 4 prendre du bord de la riviére St. Charles, sur différentes largeurs, tenant par devant a la dite riviére et par derri€re aux terres non-concédées, d’un coté, au Sud-Ouest i un fief appartenant au Sieur de I’ Epinay par une ligne qui va au Nord- Ouest quart de Nord de la profondeur des dites quarte lieues, et du coté du Nord-Est au fiefde Notre Dame des Anges; le comté d’Orsainville, et la Seigneurie de Notre Dame des Anges étant séparés, A commencer par le front du dit Comté, par le ruisseau de St. Michel, suivant ses contours et serpentemens jusqu’a environ quinze arpens de profondeur, ot le dit Comté d’Orsainville commence a étre de onze arpens de front, jusqu’a la hauteur de trente cinq arpens du bord de la dite riviére St. Charles par une ligne qui court Nord-Ouest quart de Nord, au bout desquels trente-cing arpens commence une autre ligne qui court au Nord-Ouest la Jongueur de quarante arpens, au bout desquels la dite ligne fait un tour d’équerre de trois arpens, au bout desquels reprend une nouvelle ligne laquelle forme la largeur des dits onze arpens, laquelle ligne va au Nord-Ouest quart de Nord, jusqu’au surplus de la profondeur des dites quatre lieues. : Papier Terrier, N° 71, folio 324, le 24me Avril, 1781. Cahiers d’ Intendance, 10 417, folio 730. PACHOT, Concession du 7me Janvier, 1689, faite par Jacques de Brisay, Gouver- neur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Pachot, de la riviére de Mitzs, AXKV dans sa devanture, sur le fleuve St. Laurent, jusqu’a une lieue de pro- fondeur et une lieue de terre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, moitié audessus et moitié audessous de la dite riviére sur semblable profondeur d’une lieue. — Registre da’ Intendance, N° 3, folio 21. PASPEBIAC, Concession du 10me Novembre, 1707, faite par Rigaud, Gouverneur, et Raudot, Intendant, au Sieur Pierre Leymar, de la pointe de Paspédiac, dans la Bate des Chaleurs, avec une lieue de front du coté de l’Est de la dite pointe et une lieve du cété de Quest, avec les isles et islets qui se trouveront au devant de l’étendue de la ifite concession, sur trois lieues de profondeur. Insinuations du Conseil Supérieur, lettre C. folio 38. PERTHUIS. Concession du lime Octobre, 1753, faite par le Marquis Duquesne, Gouverneur, et Frangois Bigot, Intendant, au Sieur Perthuzs, d’une lieue et demie de ‘front, sur neuf lieues de profondeur, a prendre au bout des trois lieues de pr ofondeur de Por tneuf. Révistre. d’Intendance, N° 10, folio 17. PETITE NATION. Concession par la Compagnie des Indes du 16me Mai, 1674, a Messire Frangois de Laval, Evéque de Pélrée, et premier Evéque de Québec, de cing lieues de terre de front sur cing lieues de profondeur, sur le fleuve St. Laurent dans la Nouvelle France, environ quarante deux lieues au dessus de Montreal ; a prendre depuis le Sault de la Chaudiére, vulgaire- ment appelé /a Petite Nation en descendant le fleuve sur le ean des Outawas. Cahiers d’ Intendance, 10 & 17, folio 682. Registre des For et Hommage, N° 142, page 238. PIERREVILLE. Concession du 3me Aott, 1683, faite par Lefebvre, Gouverneur, et de Meulles, Intendant, au Sieur Laurent Philippe, dune lieve et demie de terre de front sur une lieue de profondeur, joignant du coté du Sud-ouest les terres non-concédées, d’autre coté au Nord-ouest, d’un bout sur la Seigneurie du Sieur Creviere, d’autre aux terres non-concedées, avec les isles et islets qui se rencontreront dans la dite profondeur, la riviére St. Francois comprise dans icelle profondeur, ensorte qu'elle fut au milieu de la dite profondeur. Cahiers @ Intendance, N° 2 a Q, folio 281. Ins. Con. Sup. lettre B. folio 129. _ TFONNANCOUR OU POINTE DU LAC. © Concession du 3me Novembre, 1734, faite par Charles Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur René Godefrot de T onnancour, d’une demi lieue de terre de front sur une lieue de profondeur, a prendre le dit front au bout de la profondeur et XXXVI limite. du fief ci-edevant de Normanville, pour étre la dite prolongation en profondeur unie et jointe au dite fief de Normanville pour ne faire ensemble avec le fief et Seigneurie de Sauvaget qu’une seule et méme Seigneurie, sousle nom de Tonnancour, laquelle se trouvera étre d’une lieue et quart de front sur deux lieues de profondeur: le rumb de vent courant pour le front Nord-Est et Sud-Ouest, et pour la profondeur Nord- Ouest et Sud-Est. : Régistre d' Intendance, N° 7, folto 29. PORT DANIEL. Concession du 12me Decembre, 1696, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Réne d’Eneau, de trois lieues et demie de terre de front, au lieu dit le Port Daniel, dans la Baie des Chaleurs, le dit front 4 commencer demi lieue a I’Est du cap qui fait un des cétés de l’ance du dit Port Daniel, A continuer les dites trois lieues et demie a l’Ouest, sur une lieue de profondeur; avec les ruisseaux, riviéres et étangs, si aucuns se trouvent dans la dite étendue. ? Régistre d’Intendance, N° 5, folio 4. BARONIE DE PORTNEUF. Concession du 16me Avril, 1647, faite. par la Compagnie au Sieur de Croisille, située au bord du fleuve St. Laurent, du coté du Nord, conte- nant une lieue et demie de front sur trois lieues de profondeur; le front joignant au Nord-Est au fief de Monceau, et du coté du Sud-Ouest au fief Deschambault, dans laquelle se trouvent comprises les riviéres de Jacques Cartier et de Portneuf. ! | Régistre da’ Intendance, N° 249, folio 235. DERRIERE LA CONCESSION DU SIEUR NEVEU, AU NORD-KST. Concession du 7me Octobre, 1736, faite par Charles Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, 4 Dame Gene- wiéve de Ramzay, veuve du feu Sieur de Bozshébert, d’une lieue et demie de terre de front sur quatre lieues de profondeur, bornée sur la devanture par la rive du Nord de la riviére de |’ dssomption, du coté du Sud-Ouest par la ligne de la concession nouvellement accordée au Sieur d’? Argenteuil; d’autre, au Nord-Est par une ligne parallele, tenant aux prolongation de Ja Seigneurie d’ Antaya ; et dans la profondeur par une ligne paralléle 4 la devanture, joignant aussi aux terres non-concédées, Régistre d’Intendance, N° 8, folio 15. RANDIN. , i AP, Concession faite au Sieur Randin, le 3me Novembre, 1672, par Jean Talon, Intendant, d’une Jieue de front sur le fleuve St. Laurent, sur une demi lieve de profondeur, a prendre depuis le Sieur de Comporte, jusqu’aux terres non-concédées ; avec isle nommée de son nom de Randin. : | i __N.B. Dans le Régistre du Sécrétariat le mot une a été sustitué a la place du mot demi qui a été rayé, | Régistre d’ Intendance, N° 1, folio 21. w XXXVii AUGMENTATION DE RANDIN. Concession faite au Sieur Berthier, le 27me Avril 1674, d’une demi lieue de terre de front sur une lieve de profondeur, a prendre derriére et joignant la concession du Sieur Randin, du 3me Novembre, 1672. Részistre des Foi et Hommage, folio 38, le 26me Janvier, 1781. REAUME,. Concession du 16me Mars, 1677, faite par Jacques Duchesneau, In- tendant, 4 Demoiselle de Lacombe, d’une demi lieue de terre de front le long du fleuve St. Laurent, a prendre depuis celles qui appartiennent au Sieur de St. Denis, son pére, en remontant le dit fleuve, avec deux licues de profondeur. Insinuations du Conseil Supérieur, lettre B. folio 16. RIGAUD. Concession du 29me Octobre, 1732, faite par Charles Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, aux Sieurs de Cavagnal et Rigaud, freres, d’un terrein le long du fleuve appelé Ja Grande Riviere, en tirant vers le Long-sault, de trois lieues de front sur trois lieues de profondeur, avec les isles, islets et batures adjacentes: le dit terrein, joignant la Seigneurie qui leur est échue par succession de feule Marquis de Vaudreuil, située au lieu dit la Pointe aux Tourtes. Régistre d’ Intendance, N° 7, folio 3. RIMOUSKY. Concession du 24me Avril, 1688, faite par Jacques Réné de Brisay, Gouverneur, au Sieur de la Cardoniére, d’une étendue de deux lieues de terre, prés et bois, de front, sur le fleuve St. Laurent ; 4 prendre joignant et attenant Ja concession du Bic, appartenant au Sieur de Vitré, en descendant le dit fleuve, et de deux lieues de profondeur dans les terres, ensemble la riviére dite de Rimousky et autres riviéres et ruisseaux, si aucuns se trouvent dans la dite étendue, avec l’isle de St. Barnabé et les batures, isles et islets qui se pourront rencontrer entre les dites terres et la dite isle. | Régistre d’ Intendance, N° 2, B folio 24. RIVIERE DU LOUP, AVEC AUGMENTATION. Concession du 20me Avril, 1633, faite par Mr. Lefebre, Gouverneur, et de Meulles, Intendant, au Sieur Lechasseur, d’une lieue de terre de front sur quatre lieues de profondeur, sur le lac St. Pzerre, demi lieue audessus et demi lieue audessous dela Riviére du Loup, icelle comprise. _Insinuations du Conseil Supérieur, Régistre B, folio 46. RIVIERE DU LOUP ET LISLE VERTE. Concession du 5me Avril, 1689, faite par Jacques de Brisay, Gouver- neur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Villeraz, pour le: Sieur da’ Artigny, et au Sieur Lachenaie, de Vétendue. de terre qui peut se rencontrer entre-leurs concessions, avec deux lieues de profondeur; de laquelle ils jouiront moitié par moitié, et des isles et batures qui se XXXVlil peuvent rencontrer vis-a-vis la dite étendue, a cause de la grande quantité de terres inhabitables qui se rencontrent sur les concessions a eux, Ci- devant faites, savoir, au Sieur de Villerai pour le dit Sieur d’ Artigny, depuis la riviére Verte jusqu’a deux lieues en descendant le fleuve St. Laurent ; et au Sieur de Lachenaie, savoir trois lieues et demie, savoir, une lieue au dessus de la riviére du Loup, et deux lieues audessous de la dite riviére. ; Régistre ad’ Intendance, N° 3, folio 27. . RIVIERE DU SUD, AVEC LES ISLES AUX GRUES ET AUX OIES. Concession du 5me Mai, 1646, faite par la Compagnie, au Sieur de ‘Monimagny, de la riviére appelée du Sud, A endroit ot elle se décharge dans le fleuve St. Laurent, avec une lieue de terre le long du dit fleuve St. Laurent, en montant de la dite riviére vers Québec, et demi lieue le long du dit fleuve, en descendant vers le golfe ; le tout sur la profondeur de quatre lieues en avant dans les terres, en cotoyant la dite riviére de ‘part et d’autre, et icelle comprise dans la dite étendue; et de plus les deux isles situées dans le fleuve St. Laurent, proche du dit lieu, en descendant le dit fleuve, l’une appelée l’isle awx Oves, et Pautre appelée Pisle auc Grues, avec les batures qui sont entre les deux, le tout conte- nant quatre lieues ou environ de longueur sur le dit fleuve. Régistre d’ Intendance, N° 10 a 17, folio 572. LA RIVIERE OUELLE. Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de la Bouteillerie, de deux lieues de front sur une lieue et de- mie de profondeur, a prendre sur le fleuve Sf. Laurent, savoir une lieue audessus et une lieue au dessous de la riviére Ouelle, icelle comprise, Révistre d’ Intendance, N° 1, folio 6. AUGMENTATION DE LA RIVIERE OUELLE. Concession du 20me Octobre, 1750, faite par le Marquis de la Jonquiere, et Francois Bigot, Intendant, a Demoiselle Géneviéve de Ramzay,veuve du Sieur de Boishebert,de deux lieues de front sur deux lieues de profondeur, 4 prendre au bout de la profondeur de la lieue et demie que contient la Seigneurie de. la Bouteillerie, pour faire, avec l’ancienne concession de 1672, une seule et méme seigneurie, au lieu appelé la riviére Ouelle. . Régistre d’ Intendance, N° g, folio 70. ROQUETAILLADE. Concession*en date du 22me Avril, 1675, faite au Sieur Prerre Godefroi de Roquetaillade, par Louis de Buade Comte de Frontenac, des terres qui sont le long du fleuve Sz, Laurent, contenant une demi lieue ou environ de front, 4 prendre depuis ce qui est concédé au Sieur de Godefroi son pere, au dessous des Trois Rivigres, en montant, jusqu’aux terres de la Seigneurie de Nicolet, avec trois lieues de profondeur. __ ‘Cahier @ Intendance, N° 2.49, folio 152. : XXX1X ROUVILLE, Concession du 18me Janvier, 1694, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouver- neur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Jean Baptiste Hertel, Sieur. de Rouville, de deux lieues de terre de front avec une lieue et demie de profondeur, joignant d’un cété la terre de la Seigneurie de Chambly, en descendant la riviére Richelieu; de Vautre coté les terres non-concédées- du coté du Sud de la dite riviére Richelieu. Régistre d’Intendance, N° 4, folio 15. . SABREVOIS. * Concession du ler Novembre, 1750, faite par le Marquis de la Jonquiére, Gouverneur, et Frangors Bigot, Intendant, au Sieur de Sabre- vois, de deux lieues ou environ de front, sur trois lieues de profondeur, bornée du coté du Nord par la Seigneurie concédée au Sieur de Sabrevois de Bleuri, le 30me, Octobre dernier, sur la méme ligne; du cdté du Sud a deux lieues ou environ sur la dite Seigneurie par une ligne tirée Est et Ouest du monde, joignant aux terres non-concédées; sur la devanture par la rivicre Chamély et sur la profondeur a trois leues joignant aussi aux terres non-concédées. Régistre a’ Intendance, N° Q, folio 73. SAINTE ANNE. Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, aux Sieurs Sueur et Lanaudiere, de ’étendue dela terre qui se trouve sur le fleuve St. Laurent, au lieu dit des Grondines, depuis celle appartenante aux Religieuses de Hopital de Quédec, jusqu’d la Riviére Ste. Anne, icelle comprise, sur une lieue de profondeur, avec la quantité de terre qwils ont acquis du Sieur Hamelin. Réoistre d’Intendance, N° 1, folio 15. AUGMENTATION DE STE, ANNE. Concession du 4me Mars, 1697, par Louzs de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, faite 4 Marguerite Denis, veuve du Sieur de Lanaudiére, de trois lieues de terre de profondeur derriére la terre et Seigneurie de St. dnne, sur toute la largeur d’icelle, et celle des Sieurs de Sueur et Hamelin, avec les isles, islets et batures non-concédées qui se trouvent dans la dite étendue; la dite profondeur tenant d’un cété a la Seigneurie des Grondines, et d’autre coté a celle de Batiscan, , Régistre d’ Intendance, N° 5, folio 5. AUTRE AUGMENTATION DE STE. ANNE. Concession du 30me Octobre, 1700, par Hector de Calliére, Gouver-. neur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Thomas Tarieu de la Perade, de l’espace de terre qui se trouve au derriére de la Seigneurie de Ste. Anne, lequel espace contient environ deux lieues de front entre les lignes prolongées des Seigneuries de St. Charles des roches (les Grondines) et Batisean, sur wae lieue et demie de profondeur ; ensemble la riviére qui peut traverser le dit espace, et les islets qui peuvent s’y rencontrer. ~ ‘Régistre d’ Intendance, N° 5, folto 37. : xi | TROISIEME AUGMENTATION DE STE. ANNE, Concession du 20me Avril, 1735, faite par le Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, A Mr. Thomas Tarieu, Sieur de la Perade, d’une étendue de terre de trois lieues de profondeur, a pene derriére et sur la méme largeur de la Concession du 30me ctobre, 1700. Régistre d’ Intendance, N° 7, folio 31. STE. ANNE. ~ Concession du 28me Novembre, 1688, faite par Jacques de Brisay, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Riverin, de la riviére Ste. Anne, située aux monts Notre Dame, dans le fleuve St. Laurent, avec une demi lieue de front sur le dit fleuve, moitié audessus et l’autre moitié audessous de la dite riviére, icelle non comprise dans la dite étendue, sur une lieue de profondeur dans les terres. Régistre d’ Intendance, N° 3, folio 19. STE. ANNE OU LA POCADIERE. Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, a Demoiselle Lacombe, d’une lieue et demie de terre de front sur autant de profondeur, a prendre sur le fleuve S¢. Laurent, tenant d’un coté a la concession du Sieur de St. Denis; d’autre aux terres non concédées. Régistre d’ Intendance, N° 1, folio 9. TILLY OU ST. ANTOINE. Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de Villieu, de 1’étendue de terres qui se trouveront sur le fleuve St. Laurent, depuis les bornes de celles de Mr. Lauzon, jusqu’A la petite riviére dit de Villieu, icelle comprise, sur une lieue et demie de pro- fondeur. Reg. Ins. Con. Sup. lettre B. folio 20. ST. ARMAND. ok? Concession du 23me Septembre, 1748, faite par Rolland Michel Barrin, Gouverneur, et Francois Bigot, Intendant, au Sieur Nicolas Réné Le- vasseur, de six lieues de terre de front sur trois lieues de profondeur le long de la riviére de Missisquoui, dans le lac Champlain, les dites six lieues 4 prendre 4 huit arpens au dessous de la premiére chute qui se trouve a trois lieues de profondeur de la dite riviére, en remontant la susdite riviére de Missisquout. Régisire ad’ Intendance, N° 9, folio 35. ST. BARNABE!. i fe Concession du 11me Mars, 1751, faite par le Marquis de la Jonquiere, Gouverneur, et Frangois Bigot, Intendant, au Sieur Lepage de St. Bar- nabé, de cing quarts de lieue de terre de front, sur deux lieues de pro- xli fondeur, avec les riviéres, isles et islets qui se trouveront au devant du dit terrein, 4 prendre depuis la concession accordée au feu Sieur Rouer de la Cardoniére, en descendant au Nord-est, jusques et compris la pointe de Isle aux Péres, de maniére qu’il se trouvera avoir trois lieues et un quart de front, sur deux lieues de profondeur, qui seront bornées en total a la concession des représentans de feu Sieur de Vitré au Sud-ouest, et au Nord-est a la pointe de I’Isle aux Peéres. Régistre d’ Intendance, N° Q, folio 77. ST. BLAIN. Ce fief est une partie démembrée de la Seigneurie de Verchéres, comme il paroit par un.acte de Foi et Hommage rendu devant Mr. Begon, alors Intendant, le 13me Février, 1723, fondé sur un acte de partage du 15me Septembre, 1686, suivant lequel le front de ce fief commence a la ligne de séparation entre les Seigneuries de Vercheres et de St. Michel, et contient vingt-trois arpens de front sur deux lieues de profondeur, sur le rumb de vent ordinaire des concessions de la Seigneurie de Verchere. Révistre des Foi et Hommage, folio 3, dutée 30me Janvier, 1723. ST. CHARLES. Concession du ler, Mars, 1695, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Hertel de la Fresmére, de deux lieues de terre de front sur autant de profondeur, 4 commencer du céte du sud de la riviére Richelieu aux terres du Sieur Rowville, les dites deux lieues de front suivant et cotoyant la dite riviére, en descendant du cé:é de Sorrel, et les dites deux lieues de profondeur courant du cd:é du sud. Régistre d’ Intendance, N° 4, folio 20. ST. CHARLES. Concession du 14me Aoitt, 1701, faite par Hector de Calliére, Gouver- neur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur René Fezeret, d’une lieue et demie de terre en superficie dans la riviére de Yamasia, icelle com- prise, 2 prendre du cdté du sud de la dite riviére, tirant sud-est, tenant d’un bout a la Concession du feu Sieur Bourchemin, et de Pautre aux terres non-concédées, avec les isles, islets, prairies et battures ad- jacentes, _ Régistre ad’ Intendunce, N° 5, folio 33. STE. CLAIRE. Concession du 17me Mars, 1693, faite par Lours de Buade, Gouver- neur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, a Réné Lepage, d’une licue de terre de front a prendre a une ligne qui sera tiree au Nord-est et Sud-ouest, pour terminer la profondeur de la concession du Sieur Covwzllard de VP Epinay, située a la riviére du Sud, avec deux lieues de profondeur, joignant d’un cété au Nord-est la prolongation de la ligne qui fait la séparation des terres du dit Sieur de l’Epinay, d’avec celle du Sieur Amiot de. Vincelot ; d’autre coté, au Sud-ouest, les terres non concédées ; d’un bout, au Nord-ouest, la dite ligne qui termine la profondeur de !a terre du dit Sieur de l’Epinay, et d’autre bout au Sud-est une autre ligne paralléle qui terminera les dites deux lieues de profondeur. Régistre a’ Intendance, Lettre D. N° 4, folio 12, G xlit STE. CROIX. Le titre de cette concession n’a pas été trouvé au Secrétariat; il paroit seulement par le Régistre des Foi et Hommage une déclaration faite par Pierre Duquet, Notaire Royai, au nom des Dames Religieuses Ursulines de Québec, propriétaires de la Seigneurie de Ste. Crow et autres lieux, devant Mr. Duchesneau, Intendant, qui dit, que les dites Dames possédent un fief et seigneurie au lieu nommé Platon Ste. Crovx, contenant une lieue de front sur le fleuve St. Laurent, sur dix lieues de profondeur, — borné d’un céoté au Sieur de Lotbiniére et d’autre aux terres non encore habitées, aux dites Dames Religieuses appartenant par titre de l’ancienne Compagnie, en date du 16me Janvier, 1637, et confirmé par Mr. de Lauzon, Gouverneur, le 6me Mars, 1652. Régistre des Fou et Hommage, N° 68, folto 312, le 24me Avril, 1781. ST. DENIS. Concession du 12me Mai, 1679, faite par le Comte de Frontenac, Gouverneur, au Sieur de St. Denis pour et au nom de Joseph Jucherean, son fils, des terres qui sont du cdté du Sud, entre celles du Sieur de Ladurantaie et du Sieur dela Bouteillerie, le long du fleuve St. Laurent, contenant une lieue de front ou environ, sur quatre lieues dans la pro- fondeur de la dite lieve. me Insinuations du Conseil Supérieur, Lettre B. folio 360. ST. DENIS. Concession du 20me Septembre, 1694, faite par Louzs de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, a Louis de Ganne, Sieur de Falaise, de deux lieues de terre de profondeur derriére la terre et Seig- neurie cde Contreceeur, sur toute la largeur d’icelle, qui est de deux lieues, laquelle profondeur passera en partie au dela de la riviére Chambly, et courra les mémes rumbs de vent que la dite terre de Con- treceeur ; avec les isles et islets qui se trouveront dans la dite riviére Chambly par le travers de la dite profondeur. 7 Registre d’Intendance, N° 4, folio 17. Reévistre d’ Intendance, 9, folio 61. ST. ETIENNE. Concession du 7me Octobre, 1737, faite par le Marquis de Beau- harnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Francois Hitienne Cugnet, d’un terrain restant a concéder vis-a-vis la Seigneurie appartenante aux héritiers Joldzet, sur la riviére du Sault de la Chaudiére, du cdté du Sud-ouest, depuis le bout de la profondeur de la Seigneurie de Lauzon jusqu’a celle nouvellement concédée au Sieur Taschereau, contenant environ trois lieues de front sur la dite riviére du Sault de la Chaudiere, au Sud-ouest de la dite riviére, sur deux lieues de profondeur, ensemble les isles et islets qui se trouveront dans la dite riviére dans Vespace du dit terreia du cote du Sud-ouest, suivant qu’elles se trouver- ont situées au devant du dit terrein, et les lacs qui se trouveront situés sur les dites terres. sien Liégistre d’Intendance, N° 8, folio 20. xltii ST. FRANCOIS. Concession du 8me Octobre, 1678, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouver- neur, au Sieur Crevier, de la Seigneurie de St. Francois, contenant une lieue de profondeur en montant dans la riviere de St. Francois; ensem- ble les isleset islets qui sont dans la dite profondeur, et une lieue de large d’un coté de la dite riviére au Nord, a prendreau bout de la terre et Seig- neurie du Sieur de la Lussaudiere, ensemble les terres qui se trouverout de autre cété de la dite riviére au Sud; 4 commencer au bout de la terre et Seigneurie de St. Francois et jusqu’aux bornes du Sieur de_ Lavaliere. Régistre d’ Intendance, N° 2 @ 9, folio 146. ST. GABRIEL. Concession du 16me Avril, 1647, faite par la Compagnie au Sieur Giffard, de la Seigneurie de St. Gabriel, a prendre au méme endroit que sa présente concession, (Beauport) rangeant icelle de proche en proche, autant qu'il se pourra faire, sur dix lieues de profondeur dans les terres vers le Nord-Ouest. | ~ Parle papier Terrier, Tome 2e, Folio 655,'le susdit fiefavoit originaire- ment deux lieues de front. Cette concession ne joint pas Beaziport, ‘parce que la concession de Notre Dame des Anges qui est entre les deux est plus ancienne. Cahiers d’Intendance, N° 2 dQ, folio 73. ST. HYACINTHE. Concession du 23me Septembre, 1748, faite par Rolland Michel Barrin, Gouverneur, et Francois Bigot, Intendant, au Sieur Francois Rigaud, Seigneur de Vaudreuil, de six lieues de front, le long de la riviére Yamaska, sur trois licues de profondeur de chaque cété d’icelle; les dites ‘six lieues de front, a prendre a sept lieues de l’?embouchure de la dite riviére, qui sont les derniéres terres concédées. Régistre d’ Intendance, N° 9, folio 36. % FIEF ST. IGNACE. Concession du 20me Aotit, 1052, faite par Monsieur de Lauzcn, Gouverneur, aux Dames de |’Hotel Dieu, d’une demi lieue de terre de front sur la riviére St. Charles, sur dix lieues de profondeur ; demembrée du fief St. Gabriel, par donation du Sieur Robert Giffard, Seigneur de Beauport, aux dites Dames; a prendre d’un coté aux terres concédées sur la riviére St. Charles au Sieur Guillaume Couillard, d’autre part a la ligne qui fait la séparation des terres depuis peu accordées aux Sauvayes, d’autre bout par derriére aux terres non-concédées, et par devant a la riviére St. Charles. — Papier Terrier, N° 64, folio 296, 19me Mars, 1781. FIEF ST. JEAN. Concession du 13me Octobre, 1701, faite par Hector de Calliére, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, aux Dames Religieuses Ursu- lines, des Trois Rivigres, de VPespace de terre concédée, qui se trouve dans le lac St. Pierre au fleuve St. Laurent, du cété du Nord; consistant d’environ trois quarts de lieues de front entre le Sieur Joseph Petit dit xliv Bruno, Seigneur de Masquinongé, et le Sieur Trotier de Beaubien, Seigneur de la Riviére du Loun, surla profondeur de deux lieues. ftégistre a’ Intendance, N° 5, folio 34. AUGMENTATION DU FIEF ST. JEAN. Confirmation du 27me Mars, 1733, par sa Majesté, d’une concession faite le1Ome Décembre 1727, aux Dames Ursulines des Trois Riviéres, d’un terrein joignant du coté du Nord-Est au fief de la Riviére du Loup, appartenant aux dites Religieuses, et du coté du Sud-Ouest au fief du Sieur Szcard, ayant environ trois quarts de lieue de front sur trois heues de profondeur. , Insinuations du Conseil Supérieur, Régistre G. folio 42. ST. JEAN DESCHAILLONS. Concession du 25me Avril, 1674, au Sieur de St. Ours, de deux lieues de terre de front le long du fleuve St. Laurent, 4 commencer quatre arpens audessous de la Riviére du Chéne en montant le dit fleuve, avec deux lieues de profondeur dans les dites terres, nommée la Seigneurie Deschaillons. Registre des Foi ct Hommage, folio 67. Cahiers d’Intendance, 2 & 9, folio 243. AUGMENTATION DE ST. JEAN DESCHAELLONS. Concession du 25me Janvier 1752, faite par le Marquis de La Jonquiere, Gouverneur, et F'rangois Bigot, Intendant,a Roc de St. Ours, Sieur Des- chaillons, dans Ja profondeur de la riviére du Chéne sur le méme front de la Seigneurie de la riviére du Chéne a lui déja concédée, avec quatre licues et demie de profondeur a prendre au bout des deux lieues que contient sa dite Seigneurie. Régistre d Intendance, N° 10, folio 28. By this concession of augmentation, and by the ratification of it, the first concession is said to contain only one league and a half, as per the Régister N° 10, folio 2, et Ins. Con. Sup. Letter K. folio 7. ST. JEAN PORT JOLI. Concession du 25me Mai, 1677, faite par Louis de Buade, Comte de Frontenac, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, a Noél l’ Anglois, de la consistence de deux lieues de terre de front, le long du fleuve S¢. Laurent, du cété du Sud, 4 commencer depuis les terres qui appartien- nent a la Demoiselle Lacomée, en remontant le dit fleuve, jusqu’a la con- cession de la Demoiselle Geneviéve Couillard, avec deux lieues de pro- fondeur. 3 | Régistre des Fot et Hommage, N° 44, Page 194, le 23me Sept. 1781. Cahiers d’ Intend, N°. 2 a Q, folio 301. : ST. JOSEPH. | ma Concession du 23me Septembre, 1736, faite par Charles Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Rigaud de Vaudreuil, de trois lieues de terre de front et deux lieues de profondeur, des deux cotés de Ja riviére du Sault de la Chaudiére, en xlv remontant, ensemble tous les lacs, isles et islets qui s’y trouvent, a commencer a la fin de la concession accordée aujourd’hui au Sieur Laschereau. Régistre d’ Intendance, N° 8, folio 8. ST. JOSEPH OU L’EPINAY. Concession du dernier jour de Fevrier, 1626, faite par Mr. le Duc de Vantadour, a Louis Hebert, d’une lieue de terre de front, prés de la ville de Québec, sur la riviére St. Charles ; sur quatre lieues de profondeur. Papier Terrier, N° 15. folio 75, 3 Février, 1781. _ This fief is said to contain but one quarter of a league in front upon four in depth, by a certificate of examination of the title of Concession ; as also by mention in the act of donation of this fief in marriage with Demoiselle Chavigny, to Sieur de 1’Epinay. N. B. This fief by actual measurement only eleven arpents in front. Cahiers d’ Intend. 10 a 17, folio 577. STE. MAKGUERITE. Concession du 27me Juillet, 1691, faite par Lous de Buade, Comte de Frontenac, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Jacques Dubois de Boguinet, de trois quarts de lieues ou environ de front, étant au derriére des concessions qui sont le long du fleuve St. Laurent, audessus des Trois Riviéres, appartenantes aux Révérends Peres Jésuites et au Sieur de St. Paul; joignant au cété du Sud-Ouest au fief Vieupont et au cété du Nord-Est au dit fleuve des Trois Riviéres ; ensemble la profondeur gui se trouvera jusqu’aux fiefs de Tonnancour et de St. Maurice. Régistre d’Intendance, N° 4, folio 5. SAINTE MARIE. Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur Lemoine, de trois quarts de lieue de terre sur demi lieue de profondeur, a prendre sur le fleuve S¢. Laurent, depuis habitation des péres Jésuites, jusqu’a la Riviére Ste, Anne, supposé que cette quantité y soit. Révistre d’Intendance, N° 1, folio 32. STE. MARIE. - Concession du 23me Septembre, 1736, faite par le Marquis de Beau- harnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocquart Intendant, au Sieur Taschereau, de trois lieues de terre de front sur deux lieues de profondeur, des cdtes de la riviére dite Sault de la Chaudiére, en remontant, en commengant a Vendroit 1’Islet au Sapin, icelui compris, ensemble les lacs isles et islets se qui trouveront dans la dite riviére dans la dite étendue de trois lieues, Résistre d’ Intendance, N° 8, folio 6. ST. MAURICE. _ Confirmation du 13me Avril, 1740, par le Roi de concession faite aux intéressés de la Compagnie des forges, établies 4 St. Maurice, du fief de St. Etienne, réuni au Domaine de sa Majesté, par ordre du 6me Avril précédent, et des terres qui sont depuis le dit fiefde St, Etienne, 4 prendre le front sur la riviére des Trois Rividres, en remontant jusqu’a une lieue xlvi audessus du Sault de la Gabelle, ci-devant dit le Sault dela Verrauderie, : sur deux lieues de profondeur, pour étre le dit fief et les terres qui sont. audessus unis et incorporés au fief de St. Maurice. Insinuations du Conseil Supérieur, Régistre H. folio 57. “4 ST. GERVAIS AJOUTE’ AUX SEIGNEURIES DE ST. MICHEL ET DE LIVAU DIERE. Concession du 20me Septembre, 1752, faite au Sieur Michel Jean Hugues Péan de Livaudiére d’un terrein non concédé derriére la Seig-— neurie de Beaumont, et qui se trouve enclavé entre les lignes des Seig- neuries de St. Michel au Nord-est et de Livaudiere au Sud-ouest, ce qui compose deux lieues de front sur une lieue seulement de profondeur, laquelle lieue de profondeur joint la ligne du trait-quarré des profondeurs ‘des dites Seigneuries de St. Michel et de Livaudiere, et en outre quatre lieues et un quart de front ou environ (ce qui est appelé St. Gervais sur la Carte) sur trois lieues de profondeur, 4 prendre au bout des pro- fondeurs de St. Michel des deux lieues ci-dessus concédées et de la Seig- neurie de Livaudiere, laqueiie étendue de terrein de quatre lieues et un quart de front, ou environ, sera bornée par devant au trait-quarreé des lignes de profondeurs de St. Michel, des deux lieues ci-dessus concédées, et de Livaudiere; par derriére par une ligne droite et paralléle joignant aux terres non-concédées; au Nord-est par la continuation de la ligne de séparation des dites Seigneuries de St. Valier et de St. Michel, et au Sud~ ouest également par la continuation de la ligne de séparation de la dite Seigneurie de Livaudiere, a celle nouvellement concédée a Mr. de la Martiniére ; lesquels terreins de deux lieues de front sur une lieue de profondeur et de quatre lieues et un quart de front ou environ sur trois lieues de profondeur ci-dessus désignés ne feront avec les Seigneuries de St. Michel et de Livaudiere, appartenant déja au Sieur Pean qu’une seule et méme Seigneurie. Régistre &’ Intendance, N° 10, folio 9. ST. OURS. Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de St. Ours, d’un espace de terre de front qui se trouve sur le fleuve Si, Lawrent, depuis la borne de la concession de Mr, de Contrecceur jusqu’a celle de Mr. de Saurel, tenant pardevant le dit fleuve, et par derriére la riviére d’Ouamaska. Les isles qui sont vis-a-vis de cette con- cession, accordées par le Comte de Frontenac, Gouverneur, au dit Sieur de St. Ours le 25me Avril, 1674. Réorstre des Fot et Hommage, N° 80, folio 5, 28me Mat, 1781. Caniers d’ Intendance, N°. 2a 9, folio 244. : ST. PAUL. Concession du 20me Mars 1706, faite par Philippe de Rigaud, Gou- verneur, et Jacques Raudot, Intendant, a Amador Godefroy, Sieur de St. Paul, de la baie et rivicre appelée Quetzezagui, autrement dit la grande riviére, pays des Lsguimaua, et de cing lieues de terre de large de chaque cété le long de la dite riviére, snr dixslieues de profondeur, avec les isles, islets et battures qui se trouveront ‘dans les dites baie et riyiére audevant d'icelle. . ! ; Cahiers d’ Intend. N° 10 d 17, folio 746. xlvii ST. ROC. Concession du ler Avril, 1656, faite par Mr. de Lauzon, Gouverneur pour la Compagnie, a Nicholas Juchereau de St. Denis, de trois lieues de terre de front sur deux lieues de profondeur, avec les isles et battures audevant de la dite Concession. Cahiers ad’ Intendance, N°10 417, folio 605. SAINT SULPICE. » Concession du !7me Décembre, 1640, faite par la Compagnie aux Sieurs Cherrier et Leroyer, d’une grande partie de l’Isle de Montréal, &c. &c. Plus une étendue de terre de deux lieues de large le long du fleuve de St. Laurent, sur six licues de profondeur dans les dites terres, 4 prendre du coté du Nord sur la méme cote ot se décharge la riviére de l’ Assomption dans le dit fleuve St. Laurent, et 4 commencer a une borne qui sera mis sur cette méme cote, a la distance de deux lieues de |’em- bouchure de la dite riviére de l’ Assomption, le reste des dites deux lieues de front a prendre en descendant sur le dit fleuve St. Laurent ; tout ce qui est de la riviére des Prazries, jusqu’a la riviére de l Assomption, et depuis la dite riviére de l’ Assomption jusqu’a la borne cidessus, réservée 4 la dite Compagnie. Ins. Con. Sup. Pour le reste de la dite isle par titre 21 Avril, 1659, _Voyez le méme Registre, et pour les dites titres ratifications amortisse- ment, Voyez Cahiers d’Intend. SAULT ST. LOUIS. Concession du 29me Mai, 1680, faite par sa Majesté aux révérends peres Jésuites, de la terre nommée le Sault, contenant deux lieues de pais de front; 4 commencer a une pointe qui est vis-a-vis le rapide St. Louis, -en'montant le long du lac, sur pareille profondeur, avec deux isles, islets et battures qui se trouvent au devant et joignant aux terres de la Prairie de la Magdelaine. Régistre d' Intendance, N° 2 49, folio 122. ' Augmentation du dit fief d’une lieue et demie vers la Seigneurie de Chateaugay. Le méme Registre, folio 124. SHOOLBRED. Grant in Fief and Seigniory to John Shoolbred, Esquire, made on the fourth of July, 1788, by His Excellency the Right Honorable Guy Lord Dorchester, Governor General, of the following tracts and parcels ofland in the Bay of Chaleurs, videlicet : * A certain lot or tract of land lying at Bonaventure, beginning at the South extremity of the public road, which leads from the harbour of Bonaventure, to the settlement on the North bank, thence running nearly North-east to the extreme point of the said bank, and bounded by the course of the harbour, thence still bounded by the course of the said harbour, nearly North-west, two hundred and sixty-four feet, thence South-west parallel to the first course to the public road, thence South- ‘east two hundred and sixty-four feet to the first station: Also a lot of land and space of ground whereon was built a storehouse, situate four hundred and forty-four feet from the North-east point of the said bank, e XI viii and East of the public road, which with an allowance of fifteen feet on each side and behind the space whereon the said store stood, containing five thousand and thirty-five square links. Also the lots of land and space of ground whereon were built two other storehouses, with fifteen: feet on each side, and behind each of the spaces of ground whereon the» said storehouses stood, the one situate two hundred and forty feet from the South end of the bank and one hundred and sixty feet West of the public road, containing three thousand eight hundred and twenty-two square links, and the other situate twenty feet distant from the North- west corner of the last mentioned ground whereon the said store formerly stood, containing five thousand and thirty-five square links, the said several lots or parcels of land above mentioned containing in the whole one acre, one rood, and twenty-one perches. Also a certain other tract of land lying at Percé, between the Bays of Chaleurs and Gaspé, adjacent to the Island of Bonaventure, being the last fishing post at pre- sent settled and established on the North beach, leading to Mount Joli,’ at Percé, aforesaid, bounded on the West by a deep gréve or ditch ad- joining to a fresh water brook, thence running East seven chains of sixty- six feet each along the bank, thence South ten chains, thence West se- ven chains, thence North parallel to the second course unto the first station, containing seven acres. Alsoa certain other tract of land situate on the Westernmost extremity of Chaleurs Bay, running up. the river Ristigouche, about fifteen miles to the first point of land below Battery Point, beginning at a boundary line one hundred and fifty chains East of the bottom of the Easternmost Bay of Nouvel Bason, running North, twenty-two degrees East to the mountains, thence bounded by their course at an average depth of forty chains from high water mark to their base, round Nouvel Bason Westward to a small cove, three hundred chains West of the said first mentioned Bay, bearing from the Northern- most extremity of Migoacha Point, being a sand bank, South eighty- four degrees North, eighty-four degrees West, the superficial content © of the said last described lands is two thousand and eighty acres. Also a tract of land, beginning at the aforesaid cove, and running the several courses of Point Migoacha, to the Western extremity of a salt marsh, distant from a point, where the inaccessible coast begins, about eighty chains, thence to the said point, containing one thousand six hundred acres. Also a certain tract beginning at the first mentioned point, below Battery Point, North nineteen degrees and a half East, eighty chains, thence South, eighty-eight degrees East, eighty-nine chains, thence North thirty-three degrees East, eighty chains, thence North eighty- three degrees East, sixty-nine chains, thence North fifty six degrees East, one hundred and seven chains, thence South eighty degrees East, twenty-three chains, thence South fifty degrees East, fifty-eight chains, thence South, sixty-seven degrees East, forty-nine chains, thence North sixty-eight degrees East, eighty-eight chains, thence South sixty-six degrees East fifty-seven chains, thence South sixty-five degrees East, eighty-four chains, thence South seventy-three degrees East, one hundred and fifiy-six chains, thence South thirty-nine degrees East, ninety-five chains, thence South twelve degrees East, one hundred and seventy-five chains, thence South eleven degrees East fifty-five chains, thence South, fifty-six degrees West, forty chains to Yacta Point, con- taining six thousand five hundred and fifty acres, more or less. Book of Patents for lands, Vol. 1. page 1. xix SILLERY. F Concession du 23me Octobre, 1699, faite par Hector de Calliere, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, aux révérends peres Jésuites, de la Seigneurie de Srd/ery, d’une lieue de large sur le fleuve St. Laurent, et d’une lieue et demie ou environ de profondeur, jusqu’a la Seigneurie de St. Gabriel qui la termine par derriére, commencant du cotédu Nord-Est a la pointe de Puiseaux, et du coté du Sud-Ouest a une ligne qui la sépare du fief de Gaudarville, lesquelles lignes ont été tirées l'une il y a environ vingt-cing ans, et l’autre il y a quarante ans, Régistre d’ Intendance, N°. 5, folio 20. SOREL. Concession du 21me Octobre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de Saurel, de deux lieues et demie de terre de front sur le fleuve St. Laurent, savoir, une lieue et demie au dela de la riviére de Richelieu sur deux lieues de profondeur, et une lieue en deca sur une lieue de profondeur, avec les Isles St. Ignace, l’isle Ronde et l’isle de Grace. Registre d’ Intendance, N°. 1, folio 13. DERRIERE SOREL. Concession du 18me Juin, 1739, faite par le Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, aux Demoiselles Angélique Louise et Elisabeth de Ramzay, d’un restant de terrein derriére la Seig= neurie de Sorel, A prendre entre les lignes et bornés des Seigneuries de Lavaliere de Fezeret et St. Ours ; bornée du cété du Nord-est par la dite Seigneurie de Lavaliere ; du coté de |’Est par la dite Seigneurie de Fezeret; du coté du Sud-ouest par la ligne de la dite Seigneurie de St. Ours, ce qui compose environ une lieue et demie en superficie. Régistre d’Intendance, N° 8, folio 27. SOULANGE. Concession du 12me Octobre, 1702, faite par Hector de Calliére, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, a Pierre Jacques Marie de Joy- bert, Chevalier de Soulange, de la moitié d’une langue de terre sise au lieu dit Jes Cascades, de quatre lieues de terre de front sur une lieue et demie de profondeur au plus large de la dite langue de terre, et une demi lieue au plus étroit ; A commencer a /a Pointe des Cascades, en montant ; joignant la dite terre celle accordée aux enfans de Mr, de Vaudreuil. Régistre d’ Intendance, N° 5, folio 37. TERREBOIS OU DEVERBOIS. Cette Concession ne se trouve ni dans le bureau du Secrétaire ni dans le Régistre des Foi et Hommage: son front €tant inconnu elle occupe sur la Carte l’espace qui se trouve entre les concessions de Messrs. de Grandville et de Lachenaie, : This concession was originally granted to Fran. Dionis Bourgeois, 15 Noy. 1673, and was to consist of three leagues by three. See Cahiers d’Intendance, N° 2.49, folio 01. H TERREBONNE. Concession du 23me Décembre, 1673, faite par la Compagnie a Mr. Dautier Deslandes, de deux lieues de terre de front sur la riviere Jésus autrement appelée la riviere des Prairies; 4 prendre depuis les bornes de la Chenaie, en montant, vis-a-vis Isle Jésus, sur deux lieues de pro- fondeur. Régistre des For et Hommage, N°31, folio 143,le 13me Février, 1781. AUGMENTATION DE TERREBONNE. Confirmation du 10me Avril, 1731, de concession faite au Sieur Lowzs Lepage de St. Claire, d’un terrein de deux lieues, a prendre dans les terres non concédées dans la profondeur, et sur tout le front de la Seig- neurie de Terrebonne. ' Registre des Fot et Hommage, N° 31, folio 143. le 13me Fevrier, 1781. AUTRE AUGMENTATION DE TERREBONNE. Permission du 12me Avril, 1753, donnée par le Marquis Duquesne, Gouverneur, et Frangois Bigot, Intendant, au Sieur Lous de la Corne, de continuer le défrichement dans la profondeur de deux lieues, au de 1a des fiefs de Terrebonne et Desplaines. Régistre d’Intendance, N° 10, folio 13. TREMBLAY ET VARENNES. Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de Varennes, de vingt-huit arpens de terre de front sur une lieue de profondeur, a prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, bornée d’un coté a laconcession du Sieur St. Michel et d’autre celle du Sieur Boucher ; et la quantité de terre qui se trouvera depuis le Sieur Boucher jusqu’a la riviére Notre Dame, la moitié d’icelle comprise, sur pareille profondeur, avec deux isles qu’on appelle Percées, et trois islets qui sont audessous des isles. | Régistre d’Intendance, N° 1, folio 17. TROIS PISTOLES. Concession du 6me Janvier, 1687, faite par le Marquis de Brisay, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur de Vitré, de deux lieues de front le long du fleuve St. Laurent, du coté du Sud, a prendre depuis la concession du Sieur Villerai, et descendant le dit fleuve, la riviére des T’rois Pistoles comprise, et les isles qui se trouveront dans les deux lieues de la présente concession, sur deux lieues de profondeur, méme celle au Basque, si elle se trouve dans la quantité présentement concédée. Régtstre ad’ Intendance, N° 3, folio 2. PARTIE DES TROIS PISTOLES. Concession du 6me Avril, 1751, faite par le Marquis de la Jongquiere, Gouverneur, et Frangois Bigot, Intendant, au Sieur Nicholas Rioux, du terrein qui se trouve non concédé entre la Seigneurie de Trois Pistoles et les terres appartenantes aux représentans de feu Mr. de Lachenaie, ce qui peut faire environ trois lieues de front sur quatre lieues de profondeur, avec les isles, islets et battures qui se trouvent au devant du dit terrein. Régistre d’ Intendance, N° 0, folio 81. TROIS-RIVIERES. Les Régistres qui concernent cette partie de la Province ne suffisant pas pour placer, sur la Carte, les différentes concessions, elles y sont posces @aprés un plan du lieu, sur lequel, dit-on, les propriétaires se réglent quant a leurs limites. Ces limites en quelques cas ne sont pas les mémes que celles indiquées dans les titres originaires, différence qui peut avoir été causée par des échanges ou cessions faites entre les concession- naires primitifs ou leurs représentans. La figure A contient la ville et la banlieue des Trois Rivieres.—B la _Commune.—C suivant le susdit plan est un octroi fait aux Jésuites le gme Juin, 1650. VAUDREUIL. Concession du 12me Octobre, 1702, faite par Hector de Calliére, Gouverneur, et Jean Boehart, Intendant, 4 Mr. de Vaudreuil, pour ses enfans nés et 4a naitre, de la moitié d’une langue de terre, située au lieu dit les Cascades, contenant quatre lieues de front sur une lieue et demie de profondeur au plus large de la dite langue de terre, et une demi lieue au plus étroit, 4 commencer vis-a-vis I’Isle aux Tourtes; joignant icelle pareille Concession accordée au Sieur de Soulange. Registre d’Intendance, N° 5, folio 38. VAUDREUIL. Concession du 23me Septembre, 1736, faite par Charles Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Fleury de la Gorgendiére, de trois lieues de terre de front et de deux lieues de profondeur des deux cotés de la riviére du Sault de la Chaudiére, en remontant, 4 commencer 4 la fin de la concession accordée aujourd’hui au Sieur Rigaud de Vaudreuil, ensemble les isles, islets et lacs qui se trouvent dans la dite riviére, dans la dite étendue de trois lieues, Régistre @ Intendance, N° 8, folio g. VERCHERES AVEC AUGMENTATIONS. Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de Vercheres, d’une lieue de terre de front sur une lieue de pros fondeur, 4 prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, depuis la concession du Sieur de Grandmaison, en descendant vers les terres non concédées, jusqu’a celle du Sieur de Vitré; et s’il y a plus que cette quantité [qui est la predite Seigneurie de St. Blazn,] entre les dits Sieurs, de Vercheres et de Vitré, elle sera partagée également entr’eux. Réoistre d’Intendance, N° 1, folio 23. Autre concession, par le Comte de Frontenac, Gouverneur, au Sieur de Vercheres le 8me Octobre, 1678, d’une lieue de terre d’augmentation dans la profondeur de sa Seigneurie de Vercheres, pour étre unies et jointes ensemble. Révistre d’Intendance, N° Let. B. folio 4, VIEUPONT. Concession du 23me Aott, 1674, faite 4 Mr. Joseph Godefroi Sieur de Vieupont, d’une étendue de terre sur le fleuve S¢, Laurent, du cété du Iti Nord, 4 commencer depuis la riviére appelée la troisiéme riviére jusqu’a celle appelée la quatri¢éme riviére ; contenant quinze arpens de front avec une lieue de profondeur. Par une Ordonnance du 15me Juin, 1723, il a éte réglé que le fief cidessus auroit dixsept arpens de front sur une lieue de profondeur. rsa Cahiers d’ Intendance, pour l’ancienne Concession. Au plan plus haut cité un lopin de terre entre Vieupont et Labadie est dit appartenir &¢ Mr. Tonnancour. Régistre des Foi et Hommage, N° 95. folio 78. VILLERAY OU DARTIGNY. Cette Concession ne se trouve pas au Secrétariat, non plus que dans les Régistres des Foi et Hommage; elle occupe sur la Carte l’espace qui reste entre les Seigneuries de /’isle Verte et des trois Pistoles. VINCELOT. Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, 4 Demoiselle Veuve Amiot, d’une lieue de terre sur autant de profondeur, a prendre sur le fleuve S¢. Laurent, depuis le Cap St. Ignace, icelui com- pris, jusqu’aux terres non-concédées. Régistre d’Intendance, N° 1, folio 26. AUGMENTATION DE VINCELOT. Concession du ler Février, 1693, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouver- neur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur de Vincelot, d’une lieue de’ terre de front avec deux lieues de profondeur, derriére et au bout de son fief de Vincelot, au Cap St. Ignace, qui a pareillement une lieue de front seulement, sur une lieue de profondeur, suivant les alignemens généraux de ce pays. Régistre d@ Intendance, N° 4, folio 9. VINCENNES. Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur Bissot, de soixante et dix arpens de terre de front, sur une lieve de profondeur, a prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, depuis les terres ap- . partenantes au Sieur de la Cisiére, jusqu’aux terres non concédées, Régistre d@ Intendance, N° 1, folio 30. YAMASKA. Concession du 24me Septembre, 10683, faite 4 Mr. de Lavaliére des ° terres non concédées qui sont entre la Demoiselle de Saurel et le Sieur Crevier, vis-a-vis le lac Sé¢. Pierre, du coté du Sud, contenant une demi lieue de front ou environ, ensemble les isles et islets et battures au devant, jusqu’au Chenail des barques, comme aussi trois lieues de profondeur, a commencer dés l’entrée de la riviére des Savannes ( Yamaska. ) Régistre des Foi et Hommage, N° 45, folio 197, 3me Fevrier, 1781. . Cahiers a’ Intendance, 2 4 Q, folio 143. 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AOR Os! 000‘Z[ cece sere YOGI roeeeeeees ooSunoX UYOL MOP rere Se eee e © ees RO aE Bet tie: esee ales, 9° jet OEM 641 oe ess 807, yore yA] eeoceee $1940 pue SOARLD) uyor CeO eecerceeee ceae “oC, eeeececevecece plojsuratMazy Srl eoeeece ¢ YOICTAT paeddayg ‘yoryy pue sawyeg uyor SC ererecececrcesocens onIg eo ee erence rece oe * g Ten gun-boats 10 Total 201 311}. lxit Statement. of the English’ Naval , Statement of the American Na- Force on Lake Erie, 1813. | val Force on Lake Erie, 1813. Names of Ships. _ No. of Guns. | Names of Ships. No. of Guns. Detroit ; f . 20] Laurence . : + (20 Queen Charlotte . 18] Niagara : ; - 20 Lady Prevost » | « 4@ (Caledonia é oe General Hunter . 6| Ariel rhe Erie : ~ . 2} Summers > ie Sevirie Little Belt « nt Ce * | eereupine 4. 7) eee Chippawa (8-inch howitzers) 2| Tigress. ‘ winsltl Total 62 BForeiee b tapiot gee Trippe - oigiit N. B. This squadron was cap- | tod ode tured and destroyed the same year by a superior American foree. Although the English ships exceeded the Americans in the number of guns, yet the calibre on the side of the latter was so much larger, that on estimating the weight of metal thrown by one broadside from each squadron, the American | was to the English as 3 is to 2. | The number of men on board { the Americans was nearly in a similar proportion. Ixtii Statement (of the English Naval Force on Lake Champlain in Aug. 1814, Names of Ships. No, of Guns. Confiance . ‘ « 28 Linnet (brig) . » 16 Chub (sloop) . - 13 Finch (sloop) : » di Icicle (sloop) : - 4 GUN-BOATS, > Sir James Yeo _ Sir George Prevost . 2 Lord Wellington . 2 General Simcoe 2 Marshal Beresford . 1 Sir Home Popham . 1 General Brock at 1 ] 3 2 1 =) Tecumseth Lord Cochrane Canada Blucher : Sir Sydney Beckwith J Total 91 N.B. This flotilla was cap- tured and destroyed by the American flotilla before Platts- burg. 7 | | r 19 Statement of the American Force on Lake Champlain in Aug. 1814, Names of Ships, Saratoga (ship) ‘ - 28. A brig 4 ° » 26 Ticonderoga . - 22 1 | Commodore Preble » Il Montgomery o- - 9 Ten gun-boats ¢ - 20 Total 116 kK 2 Ixiv- TABLE OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. Latitude. Longitude. Anticosti Ieland, S. W. Point 49.23 North, 63.44 West'from: Quebec (City of) , 46.48.49 — 71.11 Greeawietesd, Montreal (City of) > . 45.31 — — + 73.35 — S Kingston (Upper rs AA. 8 + — 96.400 ees York » ; 43.383* * —: 79.20 _ The Grand Patiace on 1 “on, Ags OS ine 252 fli _ Lake Superior : oe Rates of Pilotage for the River St. Lawrences. From Bic to Quebec. : Per Foot. An. Side From the 2d to the 30th April, inclusive . ee From the Ist May to the 10th November, inclusive , 018 0. From the 11th to the 19th November, inclusive at alae ia From the 20th November to the Ist March, inclusive 1 6) From Quebec to Bic. From the 2d to the 30th April, inclusive . « .. O From the 1st May to the 10th November, inclusive . 015 From the 11th to the 19th November, inclusive 1 0 From the 20th November to the ist March, inclusive 1 v io) oo Oo w Rates of pilot water and poundage on pilot money are payable at the Naval Office by masters and commanders of vessels, For every foot of water for which masters and commanders of vessels are bound to pay their pilots from Bic to Quebec, ae from . Quebec to Bic, 2s. 6d. currenes per foot. Ixv For-véssels going to Three Rivers or Montreal, Of 100 to. 150 tons inclusive, 2J, currency, - Of 151 to 200 tons inclusive, 32, Of 201 to. 250 tons inclusive, 4/, Of 251 tons and upwards, x — — By) tec On settling with pilots, masters, or commanders of vessels, or the consignees of such vessels, are to deduct 1s. in the pound for the ‘amount of the sums to be paid for pilotage, which will be exacted by the naval officer at clearing out, the same being funded by law, under the direction of the. Trinity House, for the relief of decayed pilots, their widows and children. ‘ ee agartions for the Payment of Pilotage above Bic to Quebec. ! At or above the anchorage of ' the Brandy Pots - - - = At above the Point of St. Rec - For above the Point aux Pins, on the Isle aux Grues, and below Patrick’s Hole - - And at and above Patrick’s Hole | 2ds of the present rate for a full pilotage. 1d Do. Do. 4th Do. Do. The rates already established by law for shifting a vessel from one place to another in the har- bour of Quebec, viz. 1/. 3s. 4d. Ixvi Rates above the Harbour of Quebec. To Quebec, _ From Port-Neuf, From Quebec, To Port-Neuf, For vessels of réepis- ter measurement, not exceeding 200 tons. If above 200 and not exceeding 250 do. JLf above 250 tons. 4l, currency: 21. 108. currency. SP. Ts) BPE OT LIA ee | From Three Rivers, and above Port-Neuf, 4l, . . currency. em 200 do. If above 200 and not exceeding 250 do. If above 250 tons. Al; VOS ccd ue foe She A Ose sae a nie From Montreal, and above 3 ‘Rivers, 7l. 10s. currency. To Montreal, | and above 3 Rivers, 11/. currency. For vessels not ex+ ceeding 200 do. If above 200 and not exceeding 250 do. y If above 250 tons. SB Ma eas lia 101. 15s. » 16. Pilots are at liber to leave vessels forty-eight hours ta they arrive at the place of their destination. ack Duties payable in this Province under several Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, viz. 25th CHarves II. Chap. 7. Siar ye “HY, 0b S. de On Ginger = « = per cwt. i 1 O| Exported Logwood oe ha do. 5 0 0O| from this Fustick and all dying wood do. 0 0 6 aap - any other Tobacco ae Te perlb 0 O 2 part than Indigo - = -« do. O O 2 | Great Bri- Cocoa Nuts" Yr" eS do 0 0 1 J tain Ixvii- 6th Geo. II. Ch: DP. .13¢ On foreign Sugars or Pannelles - - _-per cwt. 4th Gro. III. Chap, 15. On foreign white or clayed Sugars - _per cwt. DittoIndigo = - = = _ per lb, Ditto Coffee - - - per cwt. Madeira Fayal Ivins > - - ——i—per tun Teneriffe From Great ( Portugal, Spanish, ) - om Britain { ne sia. cia ae 6th Gzo. III. Chap. 52. On British plantation Coffee - =f per cwt, Molasses = - - per gal, British Pimento ” - per Ib. 14th Geo. III. Chap. 8s. Yor every gallon of Brandy or other Spirits of the ma- nufacture of Great Britain - - - For every gallon of Rum or other Spirits which shall be imported or brought from any of his Majesty’s sugar colonies in the West Indies - » For every gallon of Rum or other Spirits which shall be imported or brought from any other of his Majesty’s colonies or dominions in America - ‘For every gallon of foreign Brandy or, other Spirits of foreign manufacture imported or brought from Great Britain - = - os a For every gallon of Rum or Spirits of the produce or manufacture of any of the colonies or plantations in America, not in the possession or under the dominion of his Majesty, imported from any. other place except Great Britain = = ° For every gallon of Molasses and Syrups which shall be imported or brought into the province in ships or vessels belonging to his Majesty’s subjects in Sterling. Ls. ds 0 5 O i) oO >) jo) io) i) Ixviit. Great Britain or Ireland, or to his Majesty’s sub- jects in this province = - - - For every gallon of Molasses and Syrups which shall be imported or brought into the province in any other ships or vessels in which the same may be legally pe ee ° - - = Additional Duties laid on by the Provincial Parliament ; Acts 33d Geo. IIT. Cap. 8, 35th GEo. IIT. Cap. 9, and 41st Geo, ITT, Cap. 14. For every gallon of foreign Brandy or other Spirits of foreign manufacture = - - - For every gallon of Rum or other Spirits except British manufactured Spirits, imported from Great Britain. or Ireland - - - - ~ For every gallon of Molasses and Syrups - ~— - For every gallon of Madeira Wine, by one Act 4d. by another 2d. - - - = For every gallon of other Wine, by one Act aay Hd an- other 1d. - = - - = For every pound of Loaf or Lump Sugar - - For every pound of Muscovado or clayed Sugar For every pound of Coffee - - “ u For every pound of Leaf Tobacco’ ~ ~ , For every pack of Playing Cards - Bs aoe For every minot of Salt - - - 2 On Snuff or flour of Tobacco, per Ib. - : On Tobacco manufactured i in any other way than into Snuff, or flour, or powder Le - - O O66 6 66.0 ° a) —) _—) CO. CO So: G:-6: S _& Ixix Deduction of Weight. On Coffee Bags or Bales, 3 pounds for every 100/b. in Casks, 12 pounds for every 100lb. Muscovado and Clayed Sugar in Casks or Boxes, 12 pounds for every 100lb. ? Loaf and Lump Sugar in Casks or Boxes, 15 pounds for every 100lb. (eee Leaf Tobacco in Casks or Boxes, 12 pounds for every 100lb. Leakage on Wines, Spirituous Liquors, and Molasses. Three gallons on every hundred gallons. Waste of Articles subject to Duties by Weight. _ An allowance of three pounds on every hundred pounds. ~ On Salt, an allowance of waste of three Minots on every 100 Minots. : Salt landed below the east bank of the River Saguenai, on the north side of the St. Lawrence, and below the east bank of the River of the Grand Mitis on the south side, is not subject to duty. Drawback. There shall be allowed by the collector four-pence on every _ bushel of salt exported from the port of Quebec to any place. beyond the above limits. Seven-pence on évery tierce of salmon, and four-pence on every barrel of salted beef or pork, or salted fish of any sort, exported from this province. Ixx New and additional Duties. New and additional duties imposed by the Provincial Act 45th Geo. III. Cap. 13, intituled, “« An Act to provide for the erecting of a Common Gaol in each of the Districts of Quebec and Mont-.. real respectively, and the Means for defraying the Expenses thereof,” | bh geds * On Bohea Tea, per lh. pe OO. 2 * Souchong, or other Black Teas 0 O 4 * Hyson Tea - = 0 0 6 * All other Green Teas - 0 0 4 Spirits, or other strong liquors, per English gallon - OC O 3 Wines “ do. 0 0 3 Molasses and Syrups do. 0 0 2 All Goods, Wares, Merchandises, and Effects (with certain exceptions), that shall be put up; to auction or outcry, 24 per cent. on the value at which said goods, &c. shall be sold or adjudged. * New Duties.—Those on Spirits, Wines, Molasses, and Syrups, are in addition to what is already imposed upon them, The duties imposed by the above Act are to continue for six years from the passing thereof, viz. the 25th March, 1805; and are to be raised, levied, and collected, and paid in the same man- ner and form, and under the same rules and regulations, penal- ties and forfeitures, as are by law now established for the levying and collecting of other rates and duties, with the same allowance for leakage and for the waste of articles by weight, subject to the said duties, | * By another act of Parliament these duties have been continued for a further term of years, Additional Duties—1813. Upon Madeira Wine, per gallon * 3 1 Port do. do. aa - 6 ft Rum do. - Oo O Foreign Brandies and Geneva - oO 1 Salt, / per minot x oO Refined Sugars, _ per lb. - - 0 O Leaf Tobacco, do: = - 0 0 Manufactured do. and Snuff, per lb. O O Owen onmoances A duty of two and a half per cent, on the invoice value of all goods imported, not already subject to duty, excepting salted beef and pork, salt fish, fish oil, wheat and peas, furs and skins. This duty is five per cent. when the goods are imported by persons who have not resided six months in the province. - Fees to be taken by the Officers of Customs at the Port of St. John’s, according to the Order of the Governor and Council of the 7th July, 1796. For every Report of the arrival of and permit to unload any Vessel, Boat, or Bateau under five tons bur- then - - ar. - For ditto of any Vessel, Boat, or Bateau of five tons or upwards, and not exceeding fifty tons burthen - For ditto of any Vessel exceeding fifty tons burthen - For ditto of any Waggon, Cart, Sleigh, or other Car- riage > = - - . a Ixxii For every entry of Goods imported by water communi- cation = - 4 “ For do. of do. subject to ane by any Cart, Sleigh, or other Carriage “ - - - For every Certificate of Goods having paid ae and protection for the same - - - For every Bond for payment of Duties —_—- = O- 0 O 2: 6 6 By a subsequent Order of the Governor in Council of the 22d August, 1797, the following Additional Fees are allowed at the Port of St. John’s. 2 For every Report of the departure of any Vessel, Boat, or Bateau under five tons burthen, towards the United States of America, subject to be reported _at the Custom-house of the Port of St. John’s. by the Order of His Excellency the Governor in Council, bearing date the 7th day of July, 1796 For ditto of any Vessel, Boat, or Bateau, of five tons or upwards, and not exceeding fifty tons burthen = = For ditto of any Vessel exceeding fifty tons burthen - For ditto of any Waggon, Cart, Sleigh, or other Carriage For every entry of Goods exported by water communi- cation - > - - “ on: = we ye Taze ABENAQUI Indians, village of, : : - 320, 339 Abercrombie, crmhip of, : ‘ ; - 240 Acton, township of, ‘ . 277 Acts of the provincial parliament, siete nature, F ~ 16 Amherstburgh, in Upper Canada, , » 615 Auticosti, island ‘of, within the government of Mepianas land, ; 2 e : x 2 ————— : its position, . Q 52 Argenteuil, the seigniory of, . : . - 100 Arthabaska, township of, : _ : : - 370 Ascott, township of, , d » | 353 Assembly, house of, how composed, ‘ %. 17 Aston, township of, ; : : 5. S71 Aubert Gallion, seigniory of, % : . «508 Auckland, township of, ; 363 B. Baie St. Antoine, or Lefebvre, seigniory of, : ‘ . 328 Bail amphiteotique, lands held by, ; 5 12 Barford, township of, ‘ : ; Frege ; 266 Barnston, township of, ; : . . o tD4. Batiscan, river, : : 314. , Seigniory of, ; ‘ : é 310 ——, iron foundry of, : : . 312 Beauharnois, or Villechauve, seigniory of, : « 11 Beaujeu, or La Colle, seigniory of, : amid, 178 Beaumont, seigniory of, . : De ag ene IO: Ixxiv INDEX. Beauport, seigniory_ of, » village of, 3 Becancour, seigniory of, a) river, e a Bellevue, fief, Belair, or Les Ecureuils, seigniory of, Beloeil, seigniory of, Berthier, seigniory of, (county of Hertford), , Seignory of, (county of Warwick), Ses , village of, : Bic, seigniory of, : Bizare, Isle, seigniory of, ‘ Blainville, seigniory of, Bieurie, seigniory of, . ° Bolton, township of, ; . Bonsecours, seigniory of, (county of Richenedy ——-—, seigniory of, (county of Buckingham), , Seigniory of, (county of Devon), Boucherville, seigniory of, 2 ——, village of, ‘ ry Boundary line, between Lower Canada and the United States, sig incorrectly drawn, Boundaries of counties, inconvenience of some of the = sent ones, : Bourchemin, seigniory of, . « Bourglouis, seigniory of, oh). 23 Bourgmarie, East, seigniory of, , West, seigniory of, British settlers about Missisqui Bay entitled 46 redress, fleet on Lake Ontario, Brome, township of, Brompton, township of, Broughton, township of, Buckingham, township of, . Buckland, township of, Bulstrode, township of, : . Bury, township of, : C. Camouraska, seigniory of, Bs a, village of, « e » 529 531 INDEX. Canada, Upper, its limits, f Py ee WA gh , its divisions, i : i : , quantity of land granted in, ‘ ‘ , its government, i ‘ . , militia of, , . | , » defence of, during the late war, . . Canada, Lower, its boundaries, , P ; : ; » its divisions, , . ‘ , western boundary of, erroneously Spend by the act of parliament, . - ° ° , discovery of, ; . ! : ——, early system of government, : : . : ———-,, progressive population of, : : . -——_—., taken by the English in 1629, - ; ; , finally conquered by the English in 1759, ; ; ——=—., ancient privileges secured, . . ‘ , ———-, population of, in 1775, : . . —_— : 1814, y : ; _— how composed, “ : ° ————, ancient tenure of lands in, ‘ ‘ ; Lelie , government of, how constituted, 3 , ie ———-, governor of, how appointed, : « ‘ ———-, executive council of, how appointed, ‘ . ———, legislative council of, how appointed, p e ———, military establishment of, .. ‘ . : ‘ ———., militia of, how raised, ; d o , ———-, outline description of, , é : : ———, climate of, ; ‘ : ; ————-, heat and cold of, - ; ———, general description of the soil of, y : é —, exports of, - ° ‘ ‘ : Canoes and navigation of the North-West Company de- scribed, . . Cap St. Michel, or La Trinité, apeniary of, : : Cap de la Magdelaine, seigniory of, , . ' Cap St. Ignace, fief, ; , P a . Carufel, seigniory of, : , : ‘ Cascades of the St. Lawrence descr ‘hed: : : , Cedars, village of, described, : : _ i Censive, lands held in, , i : a Chambly, seigniory of, . ‘ é ‘ --, basin of, a 4 ye isthiy gon ° So DB be o Fu oS Ixxvi INDEX. Chambly, fort, i i a beigtt ail i —-—, village of, : ; ; er as 7 Champlain, seigniory of, i rl, Fil i “BOR Charlebourg, village of, . : one Te Chateauguay, battle of, ntegnne ‘ sea V8 sreen , seigniory of, ‘ : ‘ oorn22 Chatham, township of, 6 ‘ ; ‘ Je egy Chaudiere River, its description, e ‘ a the falls of, é ; o gues “a: Chester, township of, bike Bh ugy _) 368 Chrystler’s Farm, battle of, : ‘ eek hi Clair, St., Lake, description of, ; . 2 la Clergy, Catholic, : ; i Sohn: , the revenues of, - ‘ «nee Clergy, Protestant, . . hii) 3 a ,» how supported, ‘ . HE eles Clifton, township of, " ‘ o¥ , oe BSF Clinton, township of, : ago 305 Communication from York to Lake Bivias besmeyg » 609 Compton, township of, i~ 356 Contrecceur, seigniory of, . vO oe Cote de Beaupré, village of, ‘ (3 a GAG Coteau du Lac, a military post, : , é ob County boundaries, inconvenience of some of the piastie ones, ‘ ° ° . . * « 283 ania seigniory ae «hie j 210 , fief, ; ‘ es ‘ : - 330- Galva. esters of, : tee ‘ ‘ é - 329. Craig’s Road, its description, : ‘ +59 b i). D’Aillebout de Argenteuil, seigniory of, : : 236 Daitigny, seigniory of, | ; 543. D’ Auteuil, seigniory of, ‘ py : « 392 Dautré, seigniory of, 4 % ; ». 254 De Guir, seigniory of, AN oe ‘oa . 326 De I'Isle, seigniory of, : mit me « 503. De Lery, seigniory of, : ae 2 ay we Wi S, De Peiras, or Metis, seigniory of, 4 , ct) oa De Ramzay, (Richelieu) seigniory of, 0 ee 218 --\—, (Warwick) seigniory of, Re INDEX, Deschaillons, seigniory of, : : : ‘ : 4 Deschambault, seigniory of, : Desmaure, or St. Augustin, seigniory of, ens Desplaines, seigniory of, : : sty Deux Montagnes, Lake, description of, : : , seigniory of, . : ; —- village of the Hurons, : , : Ditton, township of, : : . ‘ Dorchester, town of, : ° : : ‘ D’Orsanville, fief, : : ; f Dorset, township of, : . ° . Droit de Retrait, a right of Saeed, a . Du Chéne, seigniory of, : ‘ . Dudswell, township of, : : 4 : ‘Dunham, township of, me, ‘ : aaa : Durham, township of, : ° : Dusablé, or Nouvelle York, seigniory GP ° : - Dutord, fief, s ‘ , 3 - E. Eardley, township of, : : , : Eaton, township of, . 5 = . ‘ Eboulemens, les, seigniory of, ° » ‘ Ecureuils, les, or Belair, seigniory of, : J Ely, township of, ° , 2 F Erie, Lake, description of, ‘ Error in the boundary line between Lower geet and the United States pointed out, ; , Executive council of Canada, how appointed, bid Ha Exports of Canada, : vis : : F. Farnham, township of, ° . . ; Faussembault, seigniory of, . : ¢ x Fief en, lands held in, ° STA . . Fisheries, pay a tithe to the Seigneur, : F . Plage ks. ‘ f : : ‘ and hemp, patent machinery for dressing, ‘ Ixxvil Page A497 379 396 402 44 102 105 363 173 A13 576 13 106 30k 270 345 287 339 253 359 558 391 276 38 278 ro § 273 dl Ixxviii INDEX. Page Flax, advantages of its cultivation, - : ne Pas ir 5 ~ Foucault, seigniory of, : : “ - 188 Fournier, fief, ° bs . \ - Ol Frampton, township of, : : ¢ . Ore Franc alleu, lands held by, ; : “— evans: 4 Francis, St., Lake, description of, ‘ : ee ® : G. Gagné, fief, 4 ‘ : nieve ae Gaspé, seigniory of, : ‘ : ~ AQ2 , district of, ; : a ; - 580 Gatineau, fief, c : : ¢ » QoF Gaudarville, seigniory of, : ‘ - 401 Gentilly, seigniory of, , : ie . 340 Godefroi, fief, - . : haa Godmanchester, township of, : : «(255 Gouffre, le, seigniory of, : ; : « SS6 Governor of Canada, how appointed, : : enemas , the powers of, ° Raa: 58) Grain, on the fendal tenures, pays one twenty- sixth to the | Catholic clergy, : : «RS | -, exported from Canada, : " eter Granby, township of, - i : ene - 273 Grand Pré, seigniory of, on 2 : "202 Grantham, township of, a ‘ ’ . 342 Granville, seigniory of, é \ jive 33 and Lachenaye, seigniory of, : o GD. Grenville, seigniory of, d e . 248 Grondines, seigniory of, | F : wnpesd - 375 Grosbois, or Yamachiche, seigniory of, : : . 203 Guillaudiere, fief, : ; & . 200 Guillaume Bonhomme, seigniory of, : - 399 H. Halifax, township of, az ota, é - 3867, 568 Ham, township of, ‘ | a! - 366 Hampton, American General, dofejved at Chateauguay, . 116 Hare Island, : : ° » 4863 Hatley, township of, : . : . 206 INDEX. Hemmingford, township of, : ‘ z Hemp, 4 : ——- mills, established by Pdtenidient, : Hereford, township of, : : : : Hinchinbrook, township of, é : Hubert, seigniory of, ‘ , : Hull, township of, ¥ é Hunters Town, township of, ; is Huron, Lake, its description, i Husbandry, the Canadian ee of, debetive, i Indians of St. Regis, : Inverness, township of, i: ‘ ‘ Ireland, township of, : : : : Iroquois Indians, village of, . Isle aux Noix, ‘4 ; i . - Coudres, seigniory of, F . Verte, seigniory of, . Hl Isles Bouchard, . , é Islet de St. Jean, seigniory of, ‘ : : du Portage, seigniory of, Ixworth, township of, . ‘ ° Jacques Cartier, seigniory of, ; ws River, : ere —e , a defence to the éapitaly Jesus, isle and seigniory of, Jeune Lorette, Indian village of, ar f Jolliet, seigniory of, . : Justice haute et basse, a right of Golguctians : , courts of, “! is ps Kildare, township of, : : . ° Kilkenny, township of, , ° ° Kingsey, township of, gee : : Kingston, town of, ° Ges, * lxxix Page 1 250 68, 72 338 358 s. 258 ~ 414 . 251 373 35 64 «) a - 5690 Wipro ‘ “ » 2090 St. John, fort, : : : Bi ys St. Joseph, seigniory of, ‘ ’ : . 500 Ste. Marguerite, seigniory of, ‘ : : ~ 296 Ste. Marie, seigniory of, ; : : Rai 9s" Ae -, seigniory of, . : A uth . 500 St. Maurice, seigniory of, q : : . 802 a , Iron foundry of, : : mS Ga ee , river of, : : ens RIES St. Michel, seigniory of, : 3 ey . 508 St. Ours, seigniory of, : : : - 203 St. Regis, Indian village of, : : - 256 St. Roch des Annais, seigniory of, : : . 524 St. Sulpice, seigniory of, : ; J! 936 St. Thomas, seigniory of, . a = 5aS —— , village of, ‘ : - 516 St. Vallier, seigniory of, : : . 509 ¥. Templeton, township of, : : ° : ; aan 10, Terra Firma of Mingan, seigniory of, : A ahh Mihi uch 8 Terrebonne, seigniory of, : _ .»; 108 —, village of, , : anes - 110 Tewkesbury, township of, ete 3 PSA S Thetford, township of, . : menlsageiri!: Three Rivers, district of, its extent, . OB na -—, town of, : ot - 297 ————-—., acres of land granted el cultivated, . 286 Tilly, or St. Antoine, seigniory of, : - aon Timber-trade of British North American provinces, 2 Se Timiscouata Portage, its description, : 537 Tomefobi, Lake, : : : oru207 Tonnancour, or Pointe du Lac, : Wi « 205 _ Townships, extent of, ; ; . Bi Traverse, the, in the River St. Lawrence, its io bee eer | Tremblay, fief, ; ; 196 Tring, township of, : . : a eeigeed Trinité, or Cap St. Michel, seigniory of, ‘ ie iS.) Trois Pistoles, seigniory of, : : » 544 M 1xxxvi INDEX, Vo, Varennes, seigniory of, Vaudreuil, seigniory of, , Seigniory of, : Vents et Lods, a right of Seigneurs, Vercheres, seigniory of, Villechauve, or Beauharnois, seigniory of, : Vincelot, seigniory of, Vincennes, seigniory of, : : Voters for members of parliament, how uslited Upton, township of, . W. Warwick, township of, Wendover, township of, Wentworth, township of, ts ; 2 Westbury, township of, : Whirlpool in the River Niagara, Wickham, township of, William Henry, or Sorel, town of, Windsor, township of, Wolfestown, township of, ‘ : x. Yamachiche, or Grosbois, seigniory of, Yamaska, seigniory of, : ee —————, River, its navigation, York, town of, its description, ; ‘ ——, captured by the Americans, THE END. © Pie Page 198 502 96: 12 201 111 519 504 pine “anal 369 343 248 360 40 345 220 351 367 203 316 318 605 635 DIRECTIONS FOR PLACING THE PLATES. Portrait : ; to front the title-page. Battle of La Fourche, or Sa teoidge : ; oj alg Fort Chambly i : ; ogy gel Isle aux Noix Z : snQyaz Town of William Henry | : 4 QE Plan of the Townships on the raven River . « (Dag Village of Nicolet : ° ; . 331 Village of St. Thomas é : , « eMG Harrower’s Distillery : ; . ORs Plan of the Route from Hali ifax to the River du Loup, on the St. Lawrence A 4 | 537 General Table of Distances to foliow : ° Long’s Farm on Lake Timiscouata . . - 540 The Great Falls on River St. John, New Brunswick dé. dent a eeBT Table of Distance from Montreal to Kingston : - 598 Kingston Channels . . ; - 603 York Harbour : : - OOS Oswego Harbour : : . 622 Sketch of the Battle of Chi ee s Farm : - 638 J Page ERRATA. 12, line 2, for by roads, read by-roads, 2%, — 12, for tracks, read tracts, 28, last line, dele the comma after Canada. 48, line 22, for track read tract. 59, last line, for their read its. 111, line 24, for Ellis read Ellice. —— 214, — 10, for beach, read beech. —— 228, — 1, for acres, read arpents. —— 264, — 10, for Scaswinepus, read Scaswaninepus. —— 267, — 4, ibid. ibid. —— 285, — 22, for Deschaillors, read Deschaillons, —— 423, — 10, for government, read parliament. —— 485, — 19, for Beauliece, read Beaulien. 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