ete | Aa ‘ fe \\e ¥ ; \ 1//7 A = SS } : > ee es ~ ee 5 /, vs 4 ; bene tas At Ba Ger ti 44 TORREYA A Monruty JourNnat or Botanicat Nores anp News JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 RI EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY MARSHALL AVERY HOWE Volume IV. NEW YORK 1904 peess oF 1m Mew Ena Paintine COMPARY, LaWcasren, PA THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1904 President, HON. ADDISON BROWN, LL.D. Vice Presidents, HENRY Ii. RUSBY, M.D. EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. Recording Secretary, F. S. EARLE, A.M.* EDWARD W. BERRY,?+ Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Passaic, New Jersey Corresponding Secretary fo) w ’ JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Editor, Treasurer, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, A.M. Tarrytown, N. Y. Columbia University. Associate Editors, NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, Pu.D. DANIE't T. MACDOUGAL, PH.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, PuH.D. MARSHALL A. HOWE, PH.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, 8.D. ANNA MURRAY VAIL. Meetings the second Tuesday and last Wednesday of each month alternately at the College of Pharmacy and the New York Botanical Garden. PUBLICATIONS. Bulletin. Monthly, established 1870. Price $3.00 per year; single numbers 30 cents. Of former volumes only I-6, 13, and 19-27 can be ‘supplied entire. Partial numbers only of vols. 7-18 are available, but the completion of sets will be undertaken. Memoirs. A series of technical papers published at irregular intervals, estab- lished 1889. Price $3.00 per volume. Torreya. Monthly, established 1901. Price $1.00 per year. All business correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to Francis E. Lloyd, Treasurer, Columbia University, New York City. * Resigned May I0, 1904. + Elected May 10, 1904. ERRATA, VOLUME 4 Page 36, 22d line, for Brefelda, read Brefeldia. Page 64, last line, for augustefolia, read angustifolia. Page 67, 12th line, for Virburnum, read Viburnum. Page 89, 3d line of footnote, for Lands., vead Lunds. Page 99, after line 5, zzser¢ SPERMATOPHYTA. Page I11, Ist and 2d lines, for New New, read New York. Page 143, 22d line, for Thistleton, read Thiselton. DATES OF PUBLICATION 1, for January. Pages 1-16. Issued January 27, 1904. 2; February. 17-32. February 25, 1904. 35 March. 33-48. March 12, £904. 4, April. 49-64. April 28, 1904. 5, May. 65-80. May 13, 1904. 6, June. 81-96. June 8, 1904. Vs July. 97-112. July 21, 1904. 8, August. 113-128. August 27, 1904. 9, September. 129-144. September 30, 1904. BLO; October. 145-160. October 29, 1904. ane November. 161-176. November 21, 1904. Pie, December. 177-201. December 30, 1g04. Vol. 4 No. 1 TORREYA January, 1904 PHYSIOLOGICAL APPLIANCES —I By GEORGE E. STONE The appliances described in this series of notes have been im- provised in the writer’s laboratory during the past few years, in connection with a physiological practicum, and while they may not possess much value to the investigator, they have proved useful in the students’ hands. We realize that physiologists have their own methods of demonstrating physiological phenom- ena. Now and then, however, there appear in various journals helpful suggestions in regard to demonstration methods which the writer has found interesting and profitable, and it is hoped those now to be offered may prove the same to others. APPLIANCES FOR DETERMINING THE AMOUNT OF CARBON DIOXIDE TAKEN UP BY PLANTS As a means of determining that plants take in carbon dioxide under the influence of sunlight, the writer’s students in physi- ology have for some years made use of the following apparatus with satisfactory results. Fig. § shows an appliance designed largely for experiments with leaves. Briefly stated, it is a modification of the Winkler- Hempel apparatus for gas analysis. The apparatus consists of a bulb burette provided with a two-way stop-cock, and has an aperture at the bottom, closed with a rubber stopper, for the in- sertion of the specimens. The burette is graduated to 5), c.c. and has a capacity of 85 c.c. The method of using the apparatus is quite similar to that of the Winkler-Hempel gas burette. The [Vol. 3, No. 12, of ToRREYA, comprising pages 177-201, was issued December 22, 1903. ] only practical difference being that when specimens are placed in the bulb their volume has to be determined ; in other words, the capacity of the burette has to be reéstimated. This is done by filling the burette and measuring the contents with another burette or pipette. The principal feature of the apparatus con- sists in having the specimens in the burette that is employed in making the determination. For experimental purposes we gener- Fic. 1. Apparatus for determining the amount of carbon dioxide taken up by plant tissues, ally select Myriophyllum \eaves and have about § or 10 per cent. of carbon dioxide in the burette. The method of operation is as follows: The required amount of carbon dioxide is supplied to the burette containing the plants by first filling with water or mer- 2 © — cury, and allowing all but 5 or 10 per cent. of this to be replaced by air, and the remaining space by carbon dioxide. After expos- ing the plants to sunlight for a given length of time, the air in burette is forced over into the potash bulb, and after a short period returned. ‘This is accomplished by the pressure of mer- cury or water, whichever happens to be used. The difference in volume is then noted and from this is calculated the percentage of carbon dioxide absorbed. Either water or mercury may be employed, and when the former is used we usually take the water from a reservoir suspended five or six feet above the appar- atus, in which case we regulate the output of water by the stop- cock shown at Cin Fig. 1. We seldom allow the contents of the burette to go below the 83 or 84.c.c. mark. In using water, a small portion of the carbon dioxide is likely to become absorbed. The absorption of carbon dioxide, however, can be largely prevented by a drop of oil on the surface of the water. In case mercury is used, no such precaution is necessary. It has been our practice to allow students to make a few analyses of the car- bon dioxide, previous to placing the plants in the bulb, in order that they may become familiar with the method and test the ac- curacy of the same. We prefer very small apertures in the two- way stop-cock ; this makes the apparatus much easier to work, and there is less opportunity for leakage. The special bulb burette is made by E. Greiner, of New York. When it becomes necessary to make experiments with potted plants, we have used for some years the apparatus represented in Fig. 2. This consists of a bell glass set in a paraffined wooden trough filled with mercury. The potted plant to be experi- mented with is covered tightly with thin rubber sheeting, which permits only the leaves and upper portions of the stems to be exposed. There are two wide-mouthed tubes, one inside the bell glass, #%, and one outside, f, which contain water. These are connected with a U-shaped tube below, with clamps at a, @, and c¢. In supplying the apparatus with carbon dioxide, the generator is attached to one of the inlet tubes at the top of the bell glass, and the inner tube, 2, which is completely filled with water, is 4 drawn off. This allows a certain amount of gas to enter, but the exact percentage contained in the bell glass must be determined by analysis. This is accomplished by passing a sample of the gas in the Winkler-Hempel burette, which necessitates allowing water to pass from / to / in order to counterbalance the air pressure. After exposure to light for a required length of time, other samples of air can be taken and analyzed as before. The Fic. 2, Apparatus for determining the amount of carbon dioxide taken up by potted plants. number of samples of air which can be taken depends entirely upon the capacity of the inner tube, , and also the amount of gas, or air, which is utilized each time as a sample for analysis. We have found it better to supply the plants with a considerably large percentage of carbon dioxide, as this renders the results 5) more marked. The principal feature to bear in mind, in the use of this form of apparatus, is to regulate the inflow and outflow so that the pressure of the air under the bell glass coincides with ‘that outside of it. The amount of carbon dioxide which plants absorb is sufficiently large so that with the use of either of these appliances a slight error in the determination does not prevent their being utilized for demonstration purposes. Such experi- ments may well precede those with the Pfeffer gas-balloon, in which case more careful details in regard to pressure and tension have to be insisted upon. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, AMHERST, MAss. OBSERVATIONS ON PHALLUS RAVENELII By Howarp J. BANKER In the fall of 1900, several beds of Phallus Ravenel were found in piles of sawdust at Williamsport, Pa., with the plants in all stages of development. ‘‘ Eggs’’ were found in abundance from the size of a mustard seed to that of a walnut. Ina space less than three feet square over a hundred and fifty were gathered, all larger than a pea while hundreds of smaller ones were to be found. The sawdust was penetrated in every direction by long strings of cord-like mycelium. Most of the smaller “eggs” failed to mature, being checked by the frost, but the plants per- sisted in coming up until the middle of December or until the ground actually froze hard. One of the beds was located under a pile of lumber, where it was more shaded and more moist. The /hadd in this bed were larger and of more vigorous growth than those in the open. Tempted by their size, the writer made an effort to crawl under the lumber pile to them. The sawdust was found to be remark- ably full of what was taken to be masses of ‘eggs’”’ and un- usually matted together by the mycelium, but it was too dark to see clearly of what the material consisted. A quantity was therefore gathered and on returning to the light proved to be very different from what was expected. There was a dense mass 6 of mycelium forming a tangled net-work and filled with very irregular tubercular masses, ranging in size from .5—5 cm. in diameter. These tubercles or sclerotia appeared to be enlarged portions of the mycelial threads and were twisted, lobed and convoluted in a very irregular manner. On making sections of these it was found that they consisted of two distinct parts, an outer wall about 2 mm. thick and an inner cavity which either contained only air or was filled with a gelatinous substance. This cavity was observed at this time, in the fall, to be in a state of negative pressure. Those tubercles which had their cavities filled with air would float in water while those containing the gelatinous substance would sink. It was therefore easy to determine, with- out injury, the character of the different tubercles in this respect. The wall of the tubercle consisted of a dense weft of mycelium forming apparently a pseudoparenchyma. This was most com- pact toward the outer surface and became more open toward the interior, terminating at the surface of the interior cavity in numer- ous free ends. These hyphal ends were about 7 » wide and quite irregular in form. When the cavity contained the gelati- nous substance, this was found to be everywhere penetrated by fine branching threads about 3 y wide, of uniform size, and run- ning in nearly straight lines. These threads, easily distinguished from the hyphae previously mentioned, seemed to have their origin in the outer wall of the tubercle but just how could not be made out. There was also observed in the jelly-containing tubercles, cer- tain peculiar bodies which were supposed from their appearance to be crystals of calcium oxalate. These were not numerous and were developed chiefly among the free hyphae on the inner sur- face of the wall. A portion of a hyphal thread would be en- larged into a globular form about 40 wide and would contain within it a spherical body about 22 » wide and marked with fine radiations, The larger tubercles in many cases had the appearance of being made up of a fused mass of smaller ones. One such con- elomerate mass measured over 8 cm. in width. The place was not again visited until spring. In April, the lumber pile having been removed, the place was made easy of access and was again examined more thoroughly. All external signs of the Pali had disappeared, but the bed of sawdust was found densely matted together with mycelium which covered a space of several square feet and penetrated the sawdust toa depth of 12 to 15 inches. Throughout the mass there was an abundance of tubercles. They as well as the mycelial cords were now observed to be white in color where not exposed, but when uncovered quickly turned bluish-purple. This change of color was very marked and always occurred first in the finer threads of the mycelium where it would take place so quickly on exposure that it was very difficult to catch sight of the natural white color of the threads before the blue color appeared. For this reason the mycelial threads of P. Ravenel are usually ob- served to bebluish-purple in color. Ina few seconds the blue color would appear on the more exposed prominences of the tubercles, rapidly deepening in color and spreading over the surface, but not at first extending into the depressions between the prominences, owing apparently to the retention of some moisture in these piaces. The side of a large tubercle which remained in contact with the moist sawdust also underwent no change. This suggested that the change of color was due in some manner to a superficial dry- ing resulting from contact with the air, which appeared to be confirmed by the fact that if the tubercles of the mycelium were immersed in water as soon as removed from the sawdust not only was further change of color checked, but after a few minutes the color which had already appeared faded out and the material soon became entirely white as at first. By very long exposure to the air, that is, for several hours or days, the color gradually undergoes a further change, becoming a dark reddish-brown and spreading over the entire surface even into the deepest depressions, and this is more uniform and com- plete in the living plant remaining in contact with its substratum than when removed and dried. This color change in the tubercles is confined strictly to a very thin layer of the surface and does not penetrate the inner sub- 8 stance. Even if the tubercle be cut through, the cut surface thus exposed undergoes no change in color, but remains of the same uniform white, and this distinction remains even when the tuber- cles have become very dark brown or have been thoroughly dried. The brown color is slightly soluble in water. Specimens of this material have been preserved at the New York Botanical Garden. I have been hoping to have an oppor- tunity to investigate further this color change in the mycelium of P. Ravenelii and determine if it was of the same character as the blue color that appears in certain Bo/edi when injured and which Schonbein has shown is due to the action of ozone.* Removal of residence and failure to find such a remarkable growth of these plants elsewhere has prevented my carrying the investigations further. SOUTHWESTERN STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, CALIFORNIA, PA. JOSEPH HINSON MELLICHAMP By WILLIAM M. CANBY Dr. Mellichamp —an excellent botanist of South Carolina — died on James Island in that State on the second of October last. Joseph Hinson Mellichamp, the son of the Rev. Stiles and Sarah Cromwell Mellichamp, was born in St. Lukes Parish, South Carolina, on the 9th of May, 1829. His father was for many years Preceptor of Beaufort College and afterwards was pastor of St. James Church on James Island. Being a lover of out- door life and of natural objects, he gave his son a taste for the same and especially for botany, which continued throughout his life. In 1849 he graduated from South Carolina College and in 1852 from the Medical College at Charleston. He then spent some time in Europe, studying in the hospitals of Dublin and Paris. On his return he established himself as a physician at Bluffton, South Carolina, and here he remained most of his ife —the exceptions being the time when he was a surgeon in * Cf. De Bary, Comp. Morph. and Biol. of the Fungi, 15. 9 the army of the Confederate States and when, during his last years, much of his time was spent with his daughter and only child in New Orleans. It was during this period that, to his great delight, he accomplished a visit to California and its ‘‘ big trees.”’ Notwithstanding the diligence required to fulfil the responsi- bilities of a large practice among the planters and their depen- | dents, he found time for much botanical research and collecting. In the interesting floral region around him were many of the rarer species described by Walter, Michaux, and Elliott. Speci- mens of these were much prized by the botanical fraternity and, through his correspondents, were largely and freely distributed and are now valued samples in many of the best herbaria. His good judgment in making observations and clear state- ments of the results brought him the correspondence and esteem of Doctors Gray, Engelmann, and other masters of the science. For Dr. Engelmann he investigated the flowering and fruiting of some species of Vacca, the peculiar oaks of his region, and especially Pinus Elliottii, which he practically discovered and, in the excellent notes he furnished, adequately described. Very acute observations on the insectivorous habits of Sarracenia variolaris were published in the Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In this paper he recorded his discovery of the lure by which insects are tempted to the fatal pitcher of the leaf; of the fact that the secretion therein is more or less of an intoxicant ; and the curious fact that the larva of a certain insect was able to resist the secretion and to feed upon the decaying mass. Dr. Sargent, in his Sylva of North America, acknowledged his services in the studies of the oaks and other trees. Dr. Gray so esteemed his assistance that he named a Mexican Asclepiad in his honor JMe/lichampia. De- sirous of helping others, he was one of those useful men who, diffident and retiring g, and not caring to advance their own fame, always willingly give to others the benefit of the knowledge they have acquired. It is not too much to say that but for him, considerable of value would have remained unknown of the flora of his district; grateful acknowledgments of this have come from European as well as American botanists. 10 Dr. Mellichamp was an ardent lover of nature, with a poetic and artistic spirit, and his letters teem with fine descriptions of the various objects which attracted him in his professional drives about the country. He was wont, as the spring approached, to speak of the exceeding beauty of the young flowers of Punus Ethottii, as they expanded their cones over the trees, crowning their robes of green with a haze of purple. His letters show the keenest sense of the loveliness and delicious warmth of a spring in the pines with flowers opening everywhere, the fragrance of the woods, of jessamine and of magnolias filling the air made vocal with the songs of mocking-birds. But best of all, he was a man to be loved for his qualities of heart and mind. A magnetic and attractive man, his friends and correspondents cannot forget his ready kindness and words of cheer and will cherish his memory. He was beloved by the poor people of his district who, in a touching way, mourned the loss of their ‘old doctor’”’ as his body was borne to the grave. As might have been supposed he was intensely southern in his feelings and in his love for his native State. He now rests in her bosom ; and the well-known lines, slightly altered, may well be applied to him, ‘ Little he'll reck if they let him sleep on in the grave where a southern has laid him.”’ SHORTER NOTES PRIMARY VENATION IN CINNAMOMUM.—JIn discussing the proper generic affinity of Czunamomum affine Lesq., F. H. Knowlton * makes the assertion that ‘“‘ The joining of the secon- daries to the midrib at some distance above the base is distinctly a character of Cinnamomum, and all known species possess it.” The italics are mine. In view of the variability of leaves in this respect such sweep- ing statements should be made with great caution. Both Schim- per and Lesquereux + in defining the genus particularly mention * Knowlton. Flora Montana Form, U.S, Geol. Surv. Bull. 163: 43. 1900. +Schimp. Pal. Veget. 2: 839; and Lesq. Tert, Il. 218. 1] the triple nerves from the base, and an examination of the pub- lished figures of fossil leaves referred to this genus shows several species which have the basal secondaries (lateral primaries) in- serted at the base of the midrib * and several additional species in which these secondaries are subbasal in some of the leaves. An examination of the existing species contained in the her- barium of the New York Botanical Garden shows many leaves with basal secondaries in the following species: Cznnamomum pedatinervium, Javanicum, obtusifolium, pauciflorum, Sieboldi, nitidum, eucalyptoides, albiflorum, pedunculatum and Zeylanicum. EDWARD W. Berry. Passaic, NEW JERSEY. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 25, 1903 This meeting was held at the New York Botanical Garden at 3.30 Pp. M.; Professor Underwood in the chair; 18 persons present. The appointment of Professor Burgess to fill the vacancy on the membership committee was announced. Dr. Britton presented a memorial on the life work of the late Mr. Cornelius Van Brunt, which by vote of the Club was ordered spread on the minutes and printed in ToRREYA.+ The principal paper on the scientific program was by Mrs. Britton, entitled ‘‘ Notes on further botanical Explorations in Cuba.” The party, consisting of Dr. and Mrs. Britton and Mr. Percy Wilson, went to Cuba by way of Tampa, Florida, going direct to Matanzas, which point was reached on August 27, 1903. Extracts were read from her diary, giving an interesting account of the daily happenings during the exploration of the region about Matanzas, Cardenas and Sagua. Many photographs were shown illustrating the regions visited and specimens of some of * See Lesq. Cret. Fl., /. 30. f. 7. 1874; Tert. Fl., pf. 76. f. 425 pl. 37.f- 4 5 1878; Fl. Dak. Group, p/. z7.f, ¢. 1892; Newb. Fl. Amboy Clays, f/. 29. /. 6, 7. 1896. +See TORREYA, 3: 177. ortrait. 22 D 1903. 12 the more conspicuous plants were exhibited. As the herba- rium material secured’ by the expedition has not yet been studied, no detailed account of the botanical features of the region was attempted. All of this part of the island has been devas- tated by war. There is no primitive forest and comparatively few large trees are left standing. On the return, a few days were spent in Havana visiting the botanical institutions of that city. Dr. Britton exhibited specimens of what seem to be two species of hackberry. The common Ce/tis occidentalis of the eastern states is a small tree seldom exceeding 40 feet in height, having smooth, slightly acuminate leaves and globular orange-colored fruits. On an excursion of the Torrey Club to the Delaware Water-Gap some years ago, some much larger trees were observed growing in moist locations and having long acuminate leaves and oval fruits. This seems to be the Ce/ts canina of Rafinesque. It is somewhat widely distributed, its range overlapping to some ex- tent that of C. occidentalis, but it always occurs on moister, richer lands and grows to be a much larger tree. F. S. HARE Secretary. TuEsDAY, DECEMBER 8, 1903 The Club met at the College of Pharmacy at the usual hour ; 18 persons present ; Dr. Rusby in the chair. Dr. C. A. King, Mr. J. A. Shafer and Mr. Frederick H. Blod- gett were elected members of the Club. The resignation of Mr. B. D. Gilbert as a member of the Club was accepted. A proposition from the Scientific Alliance was submitted by Dr. Britton, suggesting the weekly publication of notices of society meetings and other items of scientific interest in place of the monthly Bulletin now published. After some discussion the suggestion was unanimously approved. The scientific program consisted of a paper by Mr. W. T. Horne on “The Vegetation of Kadiak Island, Alaska.” The paper was illustrated by a large number of botanical specimens and by numerous photographs, showing the topography of the island and the characteristics of the different plant formations. Kadiak Island is 58° north latitude and 155° west longitude and is 30 miles from the mainland. It is 90 miles long by 50 wide and has a very irregular coast line. The surface is much diver- sified and broken. A fresh-water lake about 20 miles long is situated in the northwestern part of the island. It is connected with the sea by the Karluk river and furnishes an ideal breeding- ground for the red salmon. One of the most important fishing stations and canning plants in the world is located near the mouth of this river. The winters are very long, beginning early in Octo- ber, but they are not intensely cold. The lowest temperature during the two years of Mr. Horne’s stay was— 10°. There is much mild weather and frequent thaws. The soil freezes only to a depth of from one to two feet, and the frost is out of the ground early in June. The highest summer temperature noted was 72°. The Chinese laborers in the canning factory make gardens where they cultivate successfully many of the more hardy vegetables. The principal plant formations discussed were those of the low-lying bogs, the comparatively level grass lands, the higher- lying peat bogs, and the alpine flora occupying the rocky hills. Marine plants are not particularly conspicuous though many brown and red seaweeds occur. Two species of Potamogeton are found in the river at the point* where the salt and fresh water meet. Above this point the river is comparatively free from vegetation. The country is well watered by small streams. These are often full of various green algae and they are fre- quently dammed by dense growths of mosses. Some of the smaller slower brooks are completely blocked by dense growths of species of Vaucheria which so retard the flow of the water as to form low wet bogs that are covered with a characteristic vege- tation. The earliest plant to flower in the spring in these law- cheria bogs is the small C/aytonia asarifolia. Other conspicuous spring plants are a species of Rumex, Caltha palustris, and various species of the Cruciferae. These bogs are the most showy in midsummer when filled with Polemonium acutifolium, several 14 species of Epi/obium anda handsome Mimulus. LEpilobium luteum in particular forms showy masses in the bogs and along the brooks. A large-flowered skunk cabbage (Lysic/iton) also occurs in wet places frequently marking the course of little brooks along the hillsides. Carex cryptocarpa forms a dense zone bordering portions of the river bank. The drier and comparatively level grass lands are always com- pletely covered by layers of mosses and lichens so that they ap- proach the condition of the tundras. The first spring flowers of the grass lands are the abundant pink blossoms of the little Rubus stellatus, which also is a conspicuous plant in the fall on account of the rich coloring of its leaves. The turf consists mostly of Carex Gmelini. Scattered plants of species of Poa and Festuca are frequent, but the dominant grass is a species of Cad- amagrostis, A fragrant grass, a species of erochloa, called lo- cally ‘‘ vanilla grass,’ occurs, but it is not abundant. Other conspicuous plants are Zrienxtalis Europea arctica, two species of violets, Geranium erianthum, also conspicuous in the fall from its red foliage, a yellow Castilleia, Viburnum pauciflorum, Sanguis- orba latifolia, Galium boreale, and a large showy Lupinus. The salmon berry, Rubus spectabilis, is frequent and bears a large, delicious edible berry. In midsummer great patches of fireweed, Chamaenerion angustifolium, suddenly burst into bloom, giving a most striking color effect. Later in the season Solidago lepida becomes conspicuous. Lathyrus palustris was the only plant seen having a vine-like habit. The peat-bogs occur at the foot of the hills. Among their characteristic plants are etu/a glandulosa, a shrub reaching two feet in height ; Empetrum nigrwm, with black fruits that are called ‘“‘blackberries’’ and are eaten by the natives ; and Ledum palustre, the leaves of which are used fora tea. Vaccinium ovalifolium grows along the upper edge of the grass lands. It furnishes an important economic fruit. The Alpine flora on the rocky hills consists of a mat-like growth of mosses, Cladonias, Ampetruin, dwarf blueberries, etc. The first to bloom in the spring is Wazrania alpina. The fall foliage of this plant is very showy, forming intense red patches 15 on the hillsides. Other conspicuous plants are Aragallus arcticus, A, nigrescens, Chamaecistus procumbens, Diapensia Lapponica, Lloydia serotina, Campanula lasiocarpa, and various dwarf arctic willows. Vaccinium uliginosnm and V. Vitis-/daea are abundant and their fruits are of great economic importance to the natives. The paper brought out an interesting discussion lasting till the hour for adjournment. FS, ARLE. Secretary. NEWS ITEMS Professor L. M. Underwood has been elected chairman of the Section of Biology of the New York Academy of Sciences. Professor J. C. Arthur, of Purdue University, Lafayette, In- diana, is spending a month at the New York Botanical Garden, engaged in some special mycological researches. Dr. D. T. MacDougal, director of the laboratories of the New York Botanical Garden, left New York on January 13 to visit the Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution at Tucson, Arizona. He plans also to visit Lower California and will probably be absent from the Garden for about six weeks. Dr. Burton E. Livingston, instructor in plant physiology in the University of Chicago, and Miss Winifred J. Robinson, instructor in botany in Vassar College, who have been devoting, several months to studies in the laboratories of the New York Botanical Garden, returned to their respective institutions about the first of January. The seventh meeting of the Society for Plant Morphology and Physiology was held at the University of Pennsylvania, Phila- delphia, December 29-31, 1903. Fifteen papers were presented and discussed. No presidential address was given on account of the absence of the president, Professor Roland Thaxter. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: president, Dr. George T. Moore; vice-president, Professor Clara E. Cum- mings ; secretary-treasurer, Professor W. F. Ganong. A com- mittee of three was appointed to confer with committees from 16 : other botanical societies upon the subject of union of the botanical societies of the country. The American Association for the Advancement of Science held its fifty-third annual meeting at St. Louis, December 28, 190, to January 2, 1904. Papers represented by thirty-seven titles were read before Section G (Botany), the program occupy- ing four half days. Mr. F. V. Coville, retiring chairman of Section G, was absent and his vice-presidential address was accordingly omitted. A committee consisting of Professor C. E. Bessey, Dr. B. T. Galloway and Professor Conway MacMillan, was ap- pointed to consider the movements now under way looking to the preservation of the Calaveras groves. On Friday morning, January 1, the Section went as a body to visit the Missouri Botanical Garden on the invitation of the director, Dr. William Trelease. Among the officers.for the ensuing year, Professor W. G. Farlow was elected president of the Association ; Pro- fessor B. L. Robinson, vice-president of the Association and chairman of Section G; Professor F. E. Lloyd, secretary of Section G, The tenth annual meeting of the Botanical Society of America was held at St. Louis, December 28 to 30, 1903, under the presidency of Professor C. R. Barnes. The address of the past- president, Dr. B. T. Galloway, was entitled ‘‘ What the Twentieth Century Demands of Botany ’’; this address was published in full in Science for January 1, 1904. In addition to the address, thir- teen papers were presented. Officers were elected as follows: President, Mr. F. V. Coville ; vice-president, Professor C. E. Bessey ; secretary, Dr. D. T. MacDougal ; treasurer, Dr. Arthur Hollick ; councilors, Professor B. L. Robinson and Professor J. M. Coulter. Grants of $150 to Dr. C. J. Chamberlin to aid a study of the spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and fertilization of Diom and Ceratozamia ; of $150 to Professor F. E. Lloyd to aid a study of the comparative anatomy, transpiration and sto- matal action of spinose and succulent plants, to be carried on at the Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution ; and of $50 to Professor J. C. Arthur to assist in making drawings of the Uredineae, were approved. Vol. 4 No. 2 ORR EY A February, 1904 LIBRAR’ NEW YORK : . RAY SLOLOGICAL APPLIANCES —IIL* By GEORGE E. STONE APPARATUS FOR COLLECTING AND DETERMINING THE AMOUNT OF OxyGEN GIVEN OFF BY AQUATIC PLANTS The appliance shown in Fig. 3 has been used in the writer’s laboratory, to some extent, for collecting and determining the amount of oxygen given off by aquatic plants. It is based on the same principles as that shown in Fig. 1,f namely, either water or mercury is employed to force the collected gas into the ab- sorbent bulbs and return the same. In setting up the apparatus the graduated burette and funnel are filled with water. As the gas is given off from the aquatic plants it is directed from the funnel to the burette, where it is re- tained, a corresponding amount of water being displaced through the tube, a, which should be below the water level in the cylin- der below. After a required amount of gas has been collected, the pinch-cocks at 6 and ¢ are closed, the funnel removed and the gas is forced over into a phosphorus or pyrogallic acid and potash bulb and then returned. The amount of oxygen absorbed is then estimated. The remaining gas can also be tested for car- bon dioxide and other gases if necessary. An appliance made on this principle, provided with a smaller caliber and more finely divided burette, has its advantages for closer work. * Continued from page 5. + TORREYA, 4: 2. Ja 1904. [Vol. 4, No. 1, of ToRREYA, comprising pages I-16, was issued January 27, 1904. ] iy TANICA! 18 A much more simple apparatus, which answers the same pur- pose, is shown in Fig. 4. This method of demonstration we have Fic. 3. Apparatus for collecting and determining the amount of oxygen given off by aquatic plants. required of our physiological students each year. It consists of a test-tube, either plain or graduated, placed over a glass funne 19 in a cylinder containing aquatic plants. ‘The test-tube is filled with water and, as the gas collects, the water is displaced. After 15 or more cc. of gas is collected, the funnel is dropped into the cylinder and a stick of phosphorus, fastened toa bent wire, shown at the right, is inserted into the tube containing the gas. The phosphorus should be left in the tube for some hours, and after removing it the difference in BES the water levels is noted and the per cent. of oxygen is roughly de- termined. In most experiments, our students find that about 33 per cent. of the gas is absorbed by the phosphorus. METHOD OF DETERMINING HOURLY TRANSPIRATION Fic. 4. Method of collecting ; and testing the gas given off by The following method of deter- aquatic plants. mining the hourly transpiration of rooted plants has been occasionally employed in our labo- ratory. The device consists of a calcium chloride jar, to which is attached a small tube, both of which contain water. See Fig. 5. A small light float of pith attached to a straw, carrying a wire on its upper end, registers on a blackened cylinder the variation of the water level due to transpiration. On the surface of the column of water inthe small tube there are a few drops of heavy paraffine oil, o. This oil prevents loss, of water, and serves as a suitable rider for the float. In our demonstration experiments we make use of willow cuttings which have developed roots and leaves. These cuttings are started in water and as soon as gath- ered they are fitted with a rubber stopper of suitable size to fit the calcium chloride jar. Rooted willow cuttings are far superior to fresh cut stems and leaves in this experiment on account of the ends of the latter becoming clogged with slimy material, thus preventing absorption and rendering the results of little value. Fic, 5. Apparatus for determining hourly transpiration. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, AMHERST, MAss. 21 AN INTERESTING UNPUBLISHED WORK ON FUNGI * By J. C. ARTHUR It is not often that a work in systematic botany remains a hundred years without being given to the public in some form of the printer's art, if possessed of genuine merit. Yet this has been the fate of Hedwig’s ‘“ Descriptio et Adumbratio Microscopico-analytica Fungorum.” Every student of plant-rusts has noticed that many species of Uredinales first published in de Candolle’s edition of the Flore Frangaise, issued in 1805, with a supplementary vol- ume in 1815, are accredited to ‘‘ Hedw. f.,”’ often with citation of the work and of the particular plate bearing an illustration of the species. Even the genus Gymnosporangium was not evolved by the learned author of the great French flora, but by the ob- scure ‘“‘ Hedw. f.,” and its type species, G. conicum, is illustrated in ‘“ Hedw. f. Fung. ined. t. 2... It would seem that this inedited treatise, from which de Candolle secured such rich gleanings, must have been a work of superior value. I had often wondered who the author could have been, and why a work of such evi- dent merit had never been published, and about two years ago having an opportunity to call at the Candollean Library in Gen- eva, Switzerland, I made inquiry about the matter. I found, as I had correctly surmised, that the manuscript was in the library. Through the kindness of M. Casimir de Candolle, the present owner of the library, I was permitted to examine it. It is well preserved ; and I was enamored with the beauty and skill dis- played in its preparation. It is a small quarto, with pages of let- ter-sheet size. There are about fifty pages of text, and thirty-one pages of plates, the latter most exquisitely drawn and colored by the author. The work deals largely with the Uredinales, and is remarkable for the clearness with which the observations are made, and the discrimination which the author shows in present- ing the more important characters of the fungi which he de- scribes. The full title page runs as follows : * Read before the Torrey Botanical Club, January 27, 1904. 22 Descriptio et adumbratio microscopico-analytica Fungorum Aliarumque plantarum cryptogamicarum ad eorum familiam pertinentium. Auctore D. Romano Adolpho Hedwigio Professori BotaSices in Academia literarum Lipsiensi ; multa- rumque societatum literarum socio. ‘This remarkable work has never been published,” wrote M. C. de Candolle recently, in reply to an inquiry sent from London, “ owing to various circumstances which you will find fully stated in my grandfather’s ‘ Mémoires et Souvenirs,’ page 143.” From this source part of the facts now to be presented, were taken, al- though ,the work is not so explicit as one could wish. Other published facts have been obtained from scattered sources, and for additional information I am indebted to M. Aug. de Candolle. A strong friendship had sprung up between A. P. de Candolle, the first of that renowned family of botanists, and Adolph Hed- wig, fessor of botany at Leipzig, having succeeded his father, the dis- tinguished bryologist. It was in honor of the elder Hedwig that the journal /ledwigza was named. Hedwig, the younger, who was of about the same age, and at the time was pro- had begun a monograph of the ferns, and in exchange for speci- mens from the Antilles and elsewhere had sent to de Candolle an authentic set of mosses from the collection that had belonged to his father, which proved of great service in the revision of the Flore Frangaise. An interesting correspondence ensued, carried on in Latin. In the meantime Hedwig had prepared a work on the parasitic fungi, and as de Candolle says, “ with a true talent.” He desired to have this published in Paris and intrusted the manuscript to his very warm friend, A. P. de Candolle. It was placed in the hands of Garnery, who was issuing de Candolle’s sumptuous work on succulent plants. For some reason Garnery did not take kindly to the new enterprise and delayed its beginning. De 23 Candolle says in his Mémoires that, not wishing to seem negli- gent to Hedwig, he asked Garnery to write to the author and state his reasons for the delay. This was promised, but not done. De Candolle became impatient, and threatened to give the publi- cation of the succulent plants to some one else if he did not soon comply. Garnery was piqued at this, but de Candolle remained firm, and the publication of the succulent plants came to an end. Shortly afterward Garnery went into bankruptcy. With what sanction de Candolle used the most important of Hedwig’s deductions in his Flore Frangaise, which appeared in 1805, we are not told. But the failure to secure the publication of this fine piece of work and stripping it of its scientific treasures did not interrupt the friendship, if we may trust the statement in the Mémoires. Shortly afterward, in July, 1806, Hedwig died. The work was subsequently placed in the hands of Guillemin, of Paris, but was never published. It is a pity that so admirable a piece of scientific work should have met such an untoward fate. Even after a hundred years its publication would be a distinct gain to science. PURDUE UNIVERSITY, LAFAYETTE, INDIANA. SHORTER NOTES THE JUNCACEAE OF THE West InpD1Es. — Professor Buchenau contributed to the first volume of Professor Urban’s Symbolae Antillanae an account of the Juncaceae hitherto known in the West Indies. He there records three species, /. dichotomus EIl., from Jamaica, a widely spread species in the eastern United States, /. repens Michx. from Cuba, also a species of the eastern United States, and /. Guadeloupensis Buchen. & Urb., a new spe- cies from Guadeloupe. J. arvistulatus Michx., another common species of the south- eastern: United States, may now be added to this list ; it was col- lected by me in meadows at Sagua la Grande, Cuba, growing along the edges of small pools, September 4, 1903 (Britton & Wilson, No. 286). N. L. Britton. 24 AGDFSTIS CLEMATIDEA Mog. & Sessé.—We found this beautiful white-flowered vine of Mexico and Central America in September climbing profusely over bushes on the playa of Matanzas, Cuba; it has evidently been cultivated in gardens there, but has made itself perfectly at home in the native tangles of shrubs and vines as a naturalized plant. The flowers and in- florescence are wonderfully Clematis-like, greatly resembling those of Clematis Vitalba of Europe and toa considerable degree those of our own Clematis Virginiana. But the most striking thing about the plant is its horrid odor, the flowers being, if anything, more fetid than those of the carrion-flower or skunk-cabbage, a fact which does not seem to be recorded in descriptions of the species. According to Professor Bailey, the vine has been culti- vated in California. N. L. Britton. A NEW STATION FOR ARABIS GEORGIANA. — On December 30, 1903, while walking along the Oostanaula River in Gordon County, Georgia, near Resaca, I came upon a considerable quantity of an Arabs, which by reason of its long erect pods, ,pubescence, mode of branching, and other characters observable at this season, can be no other than A. Georgiana, a species de- scribed in TorreyA last June, and known hitherto only from a single station on the banks of the Chattahoochee River in the coastal plain. The new station is in the Palaeozoic region, about 167 miles from the type-locality and almost due north of it. Its altitude is about 640 feet. The rock at this point is what has been called Oostanaula shale, and is of Cambrian age. The habitats of the Avadis at the two stations are very similar, and many of the species accompanying it on the Chattahoochee also occur with or near it on the Oostanaula, among those which were recognizable being Arundinaria macrosperma Michx., Hy- drangea arborescens L., H. quercifolia Bartr., Platanus occidentalis L., Geum Canadense Jacq., Rhus glabra L., Acer saccharinum L. (A. dasycarpum Ehrh.), and Sassafras Sassafras (L.) Karst. Some of these have rather a limited distribution in Georgia, and their occurrence together at two such widely separated localities is interesting. A visit to the new station in summer ») 5 would doubtless reveal a still larger number of species common to the two localities. It would not be at all surprising if Arades Georgiana should turn out to be more common in the hill country than in the coastal plain, for the genus Avadis (and in fact the whole family of Cruciferae) is mainly a northern one, and at the type-locality the species under consideration is associated with many species which do not range much farther south. Rotanp M. HaArpeEr. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA. Notes ON EPIGEA REPENS L. — The lovely arbutus, as it is called in this region, is usually much sought after in the early spring when in flower. Even here, near our larger towns, it may disappear within a few years, if the wholesale collecting goes on. It is a well-known fact that many of our. spring flowers may be found in flower in the autumn, particularly many of our vio- lets. The finding of Zpzgea repens in flower, October 14, 1895, was indeed a surprise ; and to others, to whom I have mentioned the fact. I became so much interested in this patch of plants, which grows under a white pine tree, in gravelly soil by a wagon road, that I have made observations yearly when possible or have had others do so. The plants in this patch never flower in the spring! Near by are patches which are spring-flowering. The later dates of finding the arbutus in flower are: Novem- ber 17, 1896; October 16, 1898 ; November 11, 1899; Novem- ber 1 and December 3, 1900, September 24, 1903. The flowers are as well developed as any to be found in April, often tinged with pink and as deliciously fragrant. Later in October, 1895, while climbing the Putnam Mountain range, south of Lake George, I found other patches of arbutus in flower ; but these hardly could have been located again, if I should have desired to make observations. Hundreds of patches in other parts of our area have been searched over in vain ; al- though well-developed flower buds are almost always present in the autumn. Why has this particular patch of plants taken to flowering in the autumn, rather than spring ? Vaucuns, New York. S. H. Burnuam. 26 A NEW LEMANEA FROM NEWFOUNDLAND.—Lemanea (Sach- eria) borealis. Sexual shoots evenly tufted, slender, 1-3 cm. or more long by 0.25-0.33 mm. in diameter: sterile base 0.5—I cm. long, slender, gradually tapering into the fertile por- tion, the transition very rarely abrupt: antherid zone when young prominently tuberculate with 2—5 antherid papillae, these disappearing in age so that the older shoots are plane: procarp zone usually cylindrical, rarely constricted in the middle, some- times slightly so near the apex, the result being that in age, with the disappearance of the antherid papillae, the shoots are nearly or quite cylindrical, the younger and middle-aged ones appear- ing slightly nodose: procarps arising in both the antherid zone and procarp zone, but not quite reaching the middle of the pro- carp zone: carpospores in tufts throughout the entire length of the shoot, not collected at the antherid zones as in L. fucina and _ its varieties, but not extending so closely to the middle of the procarp zone as in L. fluviatilis: carpospores elliptical to oblong, 25-45 “x 18-25 4: Chantransia stage represented only by fragments at season when collected, but threads 18-25 y in diameter, cells 35-45 » long, often slightly constricted at the septa: plants of a dull green color on drying, the spores some- times showing a tinge of blue, and darkening, but not blackening the shoots : species of a parasitic Chantransia (C. violacea) some- times present on the old shoots. . On rocks in a_ waterfall, Bay of Islands, Newfoundland, August 9, 1901, no. 1108. C. D. Howe and W. F. Lang. These specimens agree with those collected by J. B. Fowler in Nepisiguit River, N. B. ; and by J. Macoun in Pirates’ Cove, Nova Scotia, and listed as small specimens of Lemanea (Sach- eria) fucina Bory, var. rigida (Sirodot) on page 226 of my Monograph,* which forms should now be referred to this species. GEORGE F. ATKINSON. 30 TANICAL DEPARTMENT, CORNELL UNIVERSITY. REVIEWS The Grass Family as treated in Urban’s Flora of Porto Rico + The great interest taken of late years in the flora of the West Indies has made the appearance of the initial parts of the Flora * Monograph of the Lemaneaceae of the United States. Ann. Bot. 4: 177-229. pl. 7-9. 1890. +Urban, I. Flora Portoricensis, Symb. Antill. 4: 76-109. 1903, Ze of Porto Rico, by Dr. I. Urban, a matter of considerable moment. The first instalment comes as fascicle I, Vol. IV, of his Symbolae Antillanae, and treats of the Pteridophyta, and of the Sperma- tophyta as far as the Chloranthaceae. The grass family is naturally the one of especial interest to the reviewer, the more so as he published a few months ago a preliminary enumeration of the grasses of the same region, basing his work upon the material in the herbaria of the New York Botanical Garden. The material for the work here reviewed has been determined in the main by Professor E. Hackel, but some few of the genera have been revised by other students of this family : Arundinella, Cenchrus, Aristida, Bouteloua, Leptochloa, Phrag- mites and Eragrostis by Dr. Pilger ; and Panicum and Paspalum by Dr. Mez. That this work will be of great value to students of the grasses of the West Indies, it is hardly necessary to state. There are accredited to the island 38 genera and 125 species, with a few subspecies and varieties. This must represent a large proportion of the entire grass flora of the island, and the size of this list but emphasizes a marked deficiency in the work, the entire absence of keys of any kind, not alone to the species, but also to the tribes and genera. This want seriously curtails the usefulness of the work to any but specialists and is to be the more regretted, as it is but intensified by contrast with other admirable features, notably the full citation of synonymy, localities, and specimens. In the matter of nomenclature, the work is for the mest part up to date, and carried along on consistent lines, but one cannot but note such exceptions as these, and wonder at their retention : Setaria and Leersta, homonyms, are maintained, and Chaetoch/oa and Homalocenchrus, both available, are reduced to synonymy ; and #riochloa Kth., although published three years later than Monachne Beauv., is preferred to that genus. In the matter of generic limitations a conservative course has been pursued, and as conservatism is often but another name for tradition, inconsistencies have crept in here and there. This is especially noticeable in the treatment of the Paniceae. Here C/ae- _ tochloa Scribn. (Setaria Beauv.,as they persist in calling it, although 28 a homonym) and /sachne are held as distinct from Panicum, while Syntherisma and Echinochloa, equally as valid genera, are merged in that polymorphic receptacle Panicum; and again, Paspalum: the line between which and Panicum is so frail at times as to be all but lost, is maintained, and is also made to include Axastrophus, which certainly is as distinct from Paspalum as that genus is from Panicum. Most of the species published by the writer in his recent enumeration of the grasses of this same region * have been main- tained in this work. In some instances, however, these have been reduced to synonymy. As in one instance this is due ap- parently to a misunderstanding of the species involved, I cannot refrain from entering into it quite in detail. I refer to the reduc- tion of my Paspalum Underwoodii to the synonymy of Paspalum lentiginosum Pres]. It is difficult to understand how any one who has read the original description of P. /entiginosum can come to the conclusion maintained in the work under consideration, for P. Underwood is in no way related to that species. _Presl’s species was described from material collected in Mexico, a country from which I have not seen a specimen of Paspalum Underwoodii, which, so far as I know, is confined to the West Indies. In the tenth annual report of the Missouri Botanical Garden, in an article by Professor Scribner on the grasses of Haenke in the Bernhardi Herbarium, will be found a discussion of this species of Presl. Among these Haenke specimens was one labeled in Presl’s hand- writing, Paspalum lentiginosum, and from this a drawing was made, of which Plate 13 in the report referred to above is a re- production. Professor Scribner states that Palmer’s no. 1556, collected at Culiacan, Mexico, in 1891, is the same as this, and certain it is that this specimen agrees closely with Presl’s descrip- tion and with the plate referred to above. Haenke’s American specimens were from the Pacific coast, and Culiacan is on the west coast of Mexico. Paspalum lentiginosum Presl is clearly related to, if not identical with, /. hemisphacricum Poir., a relationship fully expressed in Urban’s Flora by placing the two in juxtapo- * A preliminary Enumeration of the Grasses of Porto Rico. Bull. Torrey Club, 30: 369-389. 10 J] 1903. 29 sition, but unfortunately the specimens cited at that place do not belong there, but are Paspalum Underwoodii, a quite different plant, and a relative of P. dexsum Poir., a fact which I distinctly pointed out when publishing ?. Underwoodit. Another inaccuracy is in making my Paspalum Helleri synony- mous with P. glabrum Poir. The writer saw the type of the latter species at Paris, and it is a much more slender plant with smaller and glabrous spikelets. But perhaps the most curious case of reduction is by Dr. Urban himself when he makes my Jonachne subglabra a variety of Eriochloa punctata. No reason is given for this unless it be the words placed in parentheses, ‘‘ non vid.”’ Three new species are described, all by Dr. Pilger: Aristida Portoricensis, Eragrostis macropoda and Arthrostylidium sarmen- tosum. One of these, Eragrostis macropoda, must be reduced to synonymy, for it is the true Poa nitida Ell., Dr. Pilger’s remarks to the contrary notwithstanding. This is unfortunate, for the name #acropoda is most appropriate, as the distinguishing feat- ure is the long peduncle of the spikelets, a character mentioned by Elliott likewise when describing his foa xitida ; moreover, there is in the herbarium of Columbia University a specimen from Elliott, labeled in his own handwriting Poa nitida, which agrees with his own description of that species, so that the ques- tion is thereby taken out of the realm of uncertainty. Dr. Pil- ger remarks in a note that in Eragrostis nitida (oa nitida Ell.) the spikelets are almost sessile, a statement clearly at variance with the facts, as pointed out above. There is a species with almost sessile spikelets, closely related to this, and inhabiting the same region, and it is probably this which Dr. Pilger has mis- taken for the true Poa nitida Ell. I refer to the Poa refracta Muhl. [Zragrostis refracta (Muhl.) Scribn. }. The work is a welcome addition to the literature bearing upon the grasses of the West Indies, for it brings together in a con- cise manner a large proportion of the species found in that region, and for this a grateful appreciation and congratulations are extended. GEORGE V. Nasu. 530 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB TUESDAY, JANUARY 12, 1904 The Club was called to order at the usual hour, Dr. Rusby occupying the chair. There were sixteen members present. This being the-annual business meeting, no scientific program was presented. Dr. Philip Dowell, 14 Albion Place, Port Richmond, Staten Island, and Mr. F. W. Kobbe, 142 East 18th street, New York City, were elected active members. The next order of business was the report of officers and com- mittees. The recording secretary read his report, showing 15 regular meetings held during the year, with an average attend- ance of 20. The number of active members elected was 14, cor- responding members 2, resignations 12, deaths 2, thus leaving the active membership unchanged at 238, as shown by previous secretary's report. The number of papers and communications presented was 41. The report was accepted, but it was pointed out that the number of active members indicated was probably too large. The treasurer read a preliminary report, which was received and referred to an auditing committee consisting of J. H. Barn- hart, M. A. Howe and F. S. Earle. This committee was in- structed to audit the completed treasurer’s report and to investi- gate the general financial condition of the Club and to report at the next meeting. The editor-in-chief presented a report showing that owing to lack of funds no volume of the J/emoirs had been published. The volume of the /x/letin comprises 709 pages and 30 plates, with numerous text illustrations. The cost has exceeded the estimate made at the beginning of the year by only about $12. Eight meetings of the editorial board were reported. The publication of the issues earlier in the month has been secured. Certain changes, including a new cover design, have been adopted for 1904. The burden of preparing the index to current literature has been assumed solely by the editor-in-chief. The report was accepted. The finance committee made a verbal report. The editor of TorRREYA made a verbal report which was accepted. The committee on local flora made a verbal report outlining the work done during the year and calling special attention to the need of much more active and critical work on the local flower- ing plants, and especially on the cryptogams, many groups of the latter having been almost entirely neglected. The next order of business was the election of officers. By a unanimous vote the secretary was instructed to cast the ballot of the Club for the reélection of all the present officers, which was done and their election was declared. On motion, the editor-in-chief and two other members of the editorial board to be selected by him were appointed a special committee to endeavor to place the publications of the Club in various libraries of public institutions where they are not now to be found. A communication was read from the Outdoor Art League of California in regard to legislation now pending in Congress for the preservation of the Calaveras Grove of Big Trees, asking the endorsement of the Club for this measure. On motion the fol- lowing resolution was adopted : Resolved: That the Torrey Botanical Club heartily endorses the action of the Outdoor Art League of California in trying to secure legislation for the preservation of the Calaveras Grove of Big Trees, and that it hereby urges the favorable consideration of such legislation by Congress. There being no further business, adjournment followed. F.. 5., EARLE, Recording Secretary. NEWS ITEMS The Botanical Gazette announces, with a regret which must be generally felt, that the Journal of Applied Microscopy and Labora- tory Methods will cease publication with the issue for Decem- ber, 1903. Mr. Otto E. Jennings, of the Ohio State University, has been appointed custodian of the botanical collections at the Carnegie 32 Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa., succeeding Mr. J. A. Shafer, now of the New York Botanical Garden. We note in Sczence that Mr. E. W. D. Holway, of Decorah, Iowa, the well-known student of the Uredineae, has given his valuable botanical library and his extensive collections of fungi to the University of Minnesota. The ninth annual winter meeting of the Vermont Botanical Club was held at Burlington, January 21 and 22. Twenty- four papers were presented. The annual address was given by Marshall A. Howe, of the New York Botanical Garden, under the title of ““ The Plant Life of the Sea,’’ with lantern-slide illus- trations. The attendance at the various sessions of the meeting ranged from about fifty to two hundred. Under the able leader- ship of President Ezra Brainerd and Professor L. R. Jones, this has grown to be one of the most active and enthusiastic botanical clubs in the United States. Botanical visitors in New York City since October 20, 1903, not already mentioned in Torreya, include Professor A, §. Hitchcock, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C,; Dr. C. F. Millspaugh, Field Columbian Museum, Chicago; Dr, J. W. Blankinship, Montana Agricultural College, Bozeman, Mont. ; John G. Jack, Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass,; Charles Louis Pollard, Springfield, Mass. ; Professor Henry L. Bolley, Agricultural Experiment Station, Fargo, North Dakota ; Dr. Edgar W. Olive, Harvard University ;} Dr. Antonio Vaccari, Royal Italian Navy; Dr. John L. Sheldon, West Virginia Uni- versity, Morgantown, W. Va.; Professor William C. Coker, Uni- versity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C.; President Ezra Brainerd, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vt.; Mr. H. L, Everett, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and Professor Alexander W. Evans, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Vol. 4 No. 3 TORREYA March, 1904 A SUMMER IN SALISBURY, CONNECTICUT By A. VINCENT OSMUN Occupying the northwest corner of Connecticut, the town of Salisbury is bordered on the west by New York State and on the north by Massachusetts. Mountains and valleys, lakes, swamps and brooks innumerable combine to make this not only a region of great natural beauty, but to the botanist one of the richest hunting grounds in southern New England. Here we find Con- necticut’s highest point of land, Bear Mountain, rising 2,355 feet above the level of the sea, while Lakes Washining and Washinee, “the twin lakes of the woods,’ and Lake Wononscopomuc are among her largest and most beautiful sheets of water. Along the eastern border of the town flows the Housatonic River. There are deep, cold, almost inaccessible swamps, and the botanist who has courage to penetrate their depths surely finds his reward. In this region it was the writer’s good fortune to spend the greater part of the summer of 1903. A number of plants hitherto unreported as growing in Connecticut were collected, together with many rare or unusual in other parts of the State. That Salisbury should have a flora so different from other parts. of the State is probably due to the generally higher altitude, there being few points in the town below 600 feet, while at least ten, peaks rise above 1,400 feet. Our collecting was confined chiefly to a large estate in the northern part, comprising about one thousand acres of land typi-. cal of the whole town, though a few of the plants here mentioned! were not found within this area. The summer's collecting by no means represents the complete flora of this region, but the following seem to deserve especial mention at this time : [Vol. 4, No. 2, of ToRREYA, comprising pages 17-32, was issued February 25, 1904. ] b+ Botrychium neglectum Wood. This species is abundant in leaf- mould on the wooded mountain slopes. Pellaca atropurpurea (L.) Link is commonly met with on lime- stone ledges by roadsides. Fronds fourteen to sixteen inches long frequently are found. Asplenium Ruta-muraria L. A ledge of limestone and gneiss fully one third of a mile long is literally covered with this dainty little fern. No other stations were found. Filix bulbifera (L.) Underw. is mentioned because of its great abundance. Not only is it found upon limestone and other ledges, but in many places where one naturally would not look for it. Pinus resinosa Ait. One tree found at an altitude of about 1,300 feet. This is several miles from the station reported in Bishop’s list of Connecticut plants, which, we are informed, was over the line in New York State. Picea Mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. A large number of trees, vary- ing in size from seedlings to a foot or more in diameter at the base, were found at an altitude of about 2,000 feet. Sparganium minimum Fries. The first known station in Con- necticut was found in Lake Washinee. Poa nemoralis L. The finding of this grass in Salisbury ex- tends the range south from northern New England. Sagittaria graminea Michx. was found thickly established in mud on the edge of Lake Washinee, where it is crossed by the C. N-ERR. Cypripedium reginae WNalt. grows abundantly in some of the more inaccessible swamps. This most beautiful of the lady’s- slippers is gathered in great bunches by residents and is in danger of extermination. Achroanthes monophylla (L.) Greene. A few plants found ina damp hemlock grove. No other station is known in Connecticut, Corallorhiza multiflora flavida Peck. Three plants were found, one of which was deposited in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. This variety has been observed only in New York State, and in 1903 in Maryland.* * Waters, C, E. Plant World, 6: 264. . “ =i Jt Arenaria Michauxii (Fenzl.) Hook. f. is very common on limestone ledges. Mitella nuda L. was first reported from this state in 1903.* It is abundant in several wooded swamps. Lepidium sativum L. was found in a chicken yard and probably was introduced in grain. Reseda lutea L. is frequent in fields and waste places. Gentiana quinguefolia L. Though this cannot be termed a rarity, the extraordinary numbers of plants found growing in and about Salisbury, seem to entitle it to special mention. Except two stations it seems to be confined to Litchfield County, and so far as the writer has observed is nowhere else so abundant. Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. Only one plant was found in a dry field, diligent search failing to reveal others. Lobelia Kalmiu L. is another plant generally rare in other parts of the state, which here is very common in damp places, whole pastures sometimes being blue with it. Petasites palmata (Ait.) A. Gray has not before been reported south of Massachusetts. It was frequently met with in a cold, wooded swamp, but no flowers were found. Among the less noteworthy plants collected are the following : Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. Avena striata Michx. Ather- opogon curtipendulus (Michx.) Fourn. oa debilis Torr. Poa alsodes A. Gray. Panicularia acutiflora (Torr.) Kuntze. Strep- topus amplexifolius (L.) DC. Betula pumila L. Sibbaldiopsis tridentata (Soland.) Rydb. Comarum palustre L. Oxalis Aceto- sella L. Rhamnus alnifolia L’Her. Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray. Slephilia ciliata (L.) Raf. Utricularia minor L. U. gibba L. U.cornuta Michx. Hieractum Marianum Willd. Credit is due to Mrs. O. A. Phelps for the discovery of many of the above-listed specimens. Most of the plants mentioned are to be found in the herbarium of Grasslands, belonging to Robert and Herbert Scoville, Salis- bury (P. O. Chapinville), Connecticut. AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS. * Phelps, O. A. ** An Hour in a Connecticut Swamp,’’ Rhodora, 5: 196. 36 THE SLIME-MOULDS OF PENNSYLVANIA By D. R. SUMSTINE Of the 200 or more species of slime-moulds recognized in the United States, 103 or about one half have been reported from Pennsylvania. No doubt this number will be largely increased when the state is thoroughly explored. The following list is necessarily incomplete but it provides a basis for future investigation of this interesting flora. Arcyria cinerea (Bull.) Pers.* Craterium leucocephalum (Pers.) denudata (L.) Sheld.* Ditm.+ digitata (Schw.) Rost. Cribraria argillacea Pers. encarnata Pers.* aurantiaca Schrad.* mncarnata nodulosa Macbr.t dictydioides Cke. & Balf.t magna Rex t elegans B. & C.F nutans (Bull.) Grev.* intricata (Schrad.) Rost. Oerstedtit Rost.+ mucrocarpa (Schrad.) Badhamia decipiens (Curt.) ‘ Pets.aee Berk.+ minutissima Schw.t lilacina (Fr.) Rost. purpurea Schrad.} macrocarpa (Ces.) Rost. tenella Schrad.+ orbiculata Rex ¢ violacea Rex || papaveracea B, & R.F Diachea leucopoda (Bull.) Rost.* Brefelda maxima (Fr.) Rost.* Splendens Peck + Clastoderma Debaryanum Dictydiacthalium plumbeum Blytt.+ (Schum.) List.* Comatricha aequalis Peck + Dictydium cancellatum (Vatsch) longa Peck + Macbr.* nigra (Pers.) Schroet.t Diderma cinereum Morg.t Persooni Rost.t crustaceum Peck* pulchella (Bab.) Rost.t reticulatum (Rost.) Craterium aureum (Schum.) Morg.t Rost.t stellare (Schrad.) Pers. * Specimen in the writer’s herbarium, + Macbride, North American Slime Moulds. t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1893. ¢ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1891, || Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Philadelphia, 1889. " Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1890. “_ ~I] Didymium Clavus (A. & 3S.) Physarum caespitosum Schw.* Rabenh.*+ contextum Pers.+ Enerthenema papillata (Pers.) ellipsosporum Rost.* Rost.+ galbeum Wing.t Enteridium splendens Morg.* lateritium (B. & Br.)Rost.+ fuligo ovata (Schaeff.) Macbr.* leucophacum Fr.+ violacea Pers.* leucopus Link * Flemitrichiaclavata(Pers.) Rost.* nefroideum Rost.t entorta List.* nucleatum Rex || serpula (Scop.) Rost.* obrusseum (Berk. & Curt.) stipitata Mass.* Rost.+ vesparium (Batsch) Macbr.* penetrale Rex || Lachnobolus globosus (Schw.) psittacinum Ditm.+ Rost.* pulcherrimum B. & R.F Lamproderma arcyrionema rufipes A. & S.F Rost. + serpula Morg.t columbinum (Pers.) Rost. virescens Ditm.+ scintilians (B. & Br.) List. Stemonitis fenestrata Rex § violaceum (Fr.) Rost. Jusca (Roth) Rost.+ Leocarpus fragilis (Dicks.) maxima Schw.* Rost.* Morgani Peck * Lepidoderma tigrinum (Schrad.) nigrescens Rex || Rost.+ pallida Wing.* Licea minima Fr.+ Smithi Macbr.* variabilis Schrad.t+ Webberi Rex * Lycogala conicum Pers.* Tilmadoche compacta Wing.§ epidendrum (Buxb.) Fr.* viridis (Bull.) Sace. Mucilago spongiosa (Leyss.) Trichia botrytis Pers. Morg.* decipiens (Pers.) Macbr.* Oligonema brevifila Peck + Favoginea (Batsch) Pers.* Ophiotheca Wrightii B. &. C.+ enconspicua Rost. Orcadella operculata Wing.§ persimilis Karst.t Perichaena marginata Schw.+ scabra Rost.* guadrata Macbr.+ varia (Pers.) Rost.* Physarella oblonga (B. & C.) Tubifera ferruginosa (Batsch) Morg.t Macbr.* Physarum atrum Schw.t 38 Specimens of the above species can be found in the Rex col- lection in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, in the Wingate collection now in the possession of Prof. Thomas H. Macbride, Iowa City, or in the writer's collection. Dr. George A. Rex and Mr. Harold F. Wingate collected extensively in southeastern Pennsylvania, especially about Phila- delphia. The writer has collected in Clarion, Armstrong and Westmoreland counties. The nomenclature in Macbride’s North American Slime- Moulds has been followed. Our thanks are due to Prof. C. H. Peck for identifying one species, Dictydiaethalium plumbeum. KITTANNING, Pa. December 14, 1903. THE CRATAEGI OF FORT FREDERICK, CROWN POINT, NEW YORK By W. W. EGGLESTON Two miles across Bulwagga Bay from Port Henry are the ruins of Fort Frederick. Crown Point is a long tongue of clay underlaid with limestone ; this is a typical place for the growth of Crataegi, lime appearing to be one of the essentials in the best development of the plant. The limestone soils of the Champlain and the St. Lawrence valleys show a wonderful development of the genus in numbers and variety and they follow so closely the limestone outcrops that one cannot help feeling that there are lime com- ponents in the soil wherever he finds Crataegi. Our first attention was called to the thorns of Fort Frederick by F. H. Horsford in July, 1899. He had visited the Fort a few days before and although having but a few minutes to spare found six forms. ‘This at a time when Vermont was known to have but five forms, was very surprising to us; now that we know nearly one hundred forms in Vermont we should not be so easily moved. We have more than doubled Horsford’s number and with more careful search will very likely find more. But the variety Ov of forms is not of so much interest to us, for we have several smaller areas in western Vermont where there are more than twenty forms ; we are more interested in the large tract practically given up to thorns. The grounds about the Fort and much of the rest of the Point are pastured and most of this region is a great thorn orchard and in many places a dense thorn thicket. One is surprised to find the dominant species the southern Crataegus Crus-galli L., known in New England only at a few stations in Connecticut and along Lake Champlain in Vermont. The northern Crataegus coccinea rotundifolia Sarg. is also abundant. As yet none of the group Zenuzfoliae, the most common in New England, has been found there. All of the forms in the following list the writer has seen growing there excepting those accredited to Professors Brainerd, Peck, and Sargent. Crataegus Champlainensis Sarg.; C. coccinea L., C. H. Peck ; C. coccinea rotundifolia Sarg.; C. Crus-galli L.; C. exclusa Sarg., C. H. Peck ; C. flabellata, Spach ; C. Holmesiana Ashe, Brainerd and Sargent; C. lobulata, Sarg.; C. macracantha Koehne (also a hairy form); C. praecogua Sarg.; C. Pringlet Sarg.; C. pruinosa Beadle ; C. punctata Jacq.; C. submollis Sarg. (?) C. H. Peck. SHORTER NOTES CRATAEGUS PoRTERI Britton. — Abundant flowering specimens and ripe fruits of this species (described in Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, 1: 448) recently received from Mr. Wm. M. Canby who has visited the region about Tannersville, Pa., where the type specimen was collected by me in 1896, en- able me to supply the following supplementary description of the plant : A tree 6.5 m. high or less, with long flexuous straggling branches and a short trunk 1.5—-2 dm. thick, with light-colored and smooth bark. Leaves thickish, very smooth, rounded or abruptly tapering at the base, acute, with two or three sharp lobes on each side: cymes few-flowered, about 4 cm. broad ; 40 bracts narrow, glandular; pedicels 1-2 cm. long, glabrous ; stamens about, 20, with white anthers: pome pyriform up to the time of ripening, when fully ripe obovoid to spherical, but often drying pyriform, a little more than 1 cm. in diameter and a little longer than thick, dull red with green blotches. The tree flowers about the middle of May, and the fruit ripens in early October. According to Mr. Canby’s observations, the plant is not un- common in the vicinity of Tannersville. N. L. Britton. REVIEWS The Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution* This volume contains the report of the advisory board, con- sisting of Mr. F. V. Coville and Dr. D. T. MacDougal, which was appointed to investigate the selection of a site for the Carnegie Desert Laboratory in the atid regions of the West. The report will be of unusual interest to botanists, not only because it deals with one ofthe most important botanical departures in this country and promises results of the highest biological importance, but also because the authors have given sufficient knowledge of the flora and conditions prevailing in these arid belts to reveal the wealth of material afforded for physiological and geographical study. The majority of botanists have not had the opportunity of visiting the areas covered by the report and to such and to people in general the diversity of climate, topography, mechan- ical, chemical and physical conditions which obtain in these desert districts will come with something of surprise. The information concerning the areas and distribution of these arid regions in the Chihuahua and the Sonora-Nevada desert belts, which occupy more than a million square miles of plateaus and plains east and west of the main Cordilleran ranges together with data upon the meteorology and other conditions controlling plant- life in these areas is an important supplement to the meager and often misleading current information upon this subject. * Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication, No. 6. Pp. i-vi, 1-58. AZ. 1-39 +f. 1-4. oN 1903.”’ [ Issued J 1904. | 41 The committee in performing its work visited all the more im- portant arid districts in the west, noting the character of the vege- tation, and physical and soil conditions. This led them first into the siliceous sand hills of Chihuahua, Mexico, and thence to the drifting alkaline sand fields of the Tularosa Desert of New Mexico, which cover an area of about 10 by 40 square miles. From the extensive arid country about Tucson, Arizona, with its rich flora and varied conditions, they proceeded into the prov- ince of Sonora, Mexico, giving an interesting account of the vege- tation and the remarkable associations of forms occurring at Torres and especially at Guaymas. Continuing westward, detours were made at several points in the Colorado Desert, revealing the extreme diverse topographical and soil conditions which vary from mountains and hills to salt and alkali flats and sand-swept plains. The exploration ended with a journey through the Mohave Desert, concerning which Mr. Coville has given a very comprehensive report in the Botany of the Death Valley Expedition, and a trip to the Grand Canyon of the Colo- rado. The selection, as a result of this survey of the field, of Tucson, Arizona, as a site for the laboratory cannot be criticized. It is situated on one of the great transcontinental lines, rendering it easily accessible and the city of Tucson will furnish a con- venient and satisfactory base of supplies. In addition to this the large arid belt in this region presents a typical desert flora and with such a diversity of conditions that it is exceptionally rich in woody and annual species. It is to be hoped that the laboratory may not only furnish facilities for the investigation of plant life in the country adjacent to Tucson, but that it may have as one of its functions the equipment of expeditions to the numerous promising districts noted in the report. The value of the report has been greatly enhanced by the in- troduction of thirty-nine illustrations of desert views. It is safe to say that these are the most remarkable scenes of desert plant- life that have ever been published. They bring very vividly before us the character of the vegetation and the atmosphere of the region. The Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution is to be congratulated on having so favorable an introduction to the public. CaRLTON C. CurTIS. Lexicon Generum Phanerogamarum * Under this title has recently appeared a work which presents, in concentrated form, the results of a vast amount of careful and thorough work. There are here brought together, within the the compass of 750 octavo pages, an elaborate code of nomen- clature, a complete enumeration of the genera of flowering plants proposed from 1737 to 1902 (and a few in 1903), and a syste- matic arrangement of all those recognized as valid. It was ob- viously impossible for the authors to include full citations, but the date of publication is mentioned whenever it is of importance. According to the title-page, the author is Tom von Post, the director of the seed-testing station at Upsala, and no doubt much of the value of the compilation is due to his labors; but there is the further statement ‘‘opus revisum et auctum ab Otto Kuntze,” and to a person familiar with Dr. Kuntze’s productions, his impress is discernible upon every page. His connection with the work lends to it a certain stamp of reliability which it would not otherwise possess, yet his unique view-point makes it impos- sible for any well-informed botanist to accept the results as in any manner authoritative. Radical as are his views regarding nomenclatural reform, there is perhaps no more conservative living botanist than Dr. Kuntze, when it comes to the recognition of genera. This work admits only 8,333 genera of living phanerogams, while at Kew, where the influence of Bentham & Hooker’s masterpiece has led to what is commonly regarded as extreme conservatism, the num- ber recognized is not far from 9,000; the number allowed by the exponents of the Englerian system is nearer 10,000; and the principles followed by many continental and most American botanists would result in the recognition of a much larger num- ber. The reduction in the number of genera is readily under- stood when we observe that all the genera of Cacteae recognized by recent monographers are reduced to a single genus, Cactus ; incidentally it may be remarked that this treatment obviates the necessity of determining to which of the component genera the * Post, T. v. & Kuntze, O, Lexicon Generum Phanerogamarum, inde ab anno MDCCXXXVII._ i-xlvili, 1-714. Stuttgart, 1904. 43 Linnaean name Cactus should be applied. The expression of sucherratic views of classification in a nomenclator intended for general use is unfortunate, almost as much so as the peculiar results which spring from the application of the code of nomen- clature adopted as a basis for the work. This code, termed by Dr. Kuntze his ‘“‘ Codex brevis maturus,”’ and intended for presentation at the Vienna Congress in 1905, was published in advance of the Lexicon, with commentaries, from which extracts have already appeared in TorrEya.* By a , happy inspiration, these “inevitably polemic”? commentaries are here omitted, with the explanation that they “shall not be in- serted into the Lexicon to make it free from polemic . . . any- one who likes polemic can easily buy it.” The chief character- istics of the code which affect the nomenclature of the Lexicon are the adoption of the year 1737 as the starting-point for gen- era, and the freedom with which the spelling of generic names has been revised in accordance with elaborate and more or less arbitrary rules of orthography. The Codex is marred by the presence of frequent index fig- ures, referring to the missing commentaries. It is printed in German, French and English, in parallel columns, the English version being expressed in the quaintly picturesque phraseology for which Dr. Kuntze is famous. For instance, there are pro- visions ‘‘to insure an uniform orthography and clear coordination of corrected homonyms instead of distant incorrected-ones, and to avoid the validity of several homonyms only differing by in- equal orthography,” and among the provisions for the represen- tation of botanical societies in international congress, is one to the effect that ‘‘these votes can only be represented by one or more orderly members of each society !”’ Typographically, the work is remarkably free from errors. The accepted genera are brought out clearly by the use of bold- face type, but the data accompanying these bold-face names run together with the cross-references in an annoying way that could easily have been avoided by the judicious use of italic. This is not the place for an extended discussion of the peculiar nomenclatural views of Dr. Kuntze, as expressed in his latest * TORREYA, 3: 154-157. O 1903. 44 code. Suffice it to say that he has few, if any, supporters in America, and it is doubtful whether he has any in Europe. Pos- sibly the vituperation poured upon all who disagree with him has prevented his ideas from receiving as serious consideration as they deserve. It is certainly unfortunate that he should regard himself as an infallible referee upon all points in dispute, and hurl anathemas at all who refuse to acknowledge his author- ity, characterizing their propositions as ‘“ dishonest,” ‘‘inexecu- table,” ‘“false’’ and “lawless.” JoHn HENDLEY BARNHART. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB WEDNESDAY, JANUARY, 27, 1904 This meeting was held at the New York Botanical Garden with Professor Underwood in the chair; thirty persons were present. The treasurer’s report deferred from the last meeting was read and also that of the auditing committee. The report of the auditing committee showed that there were 194 active members at the time of the last meeting, January 12. The editor-in-chief as chairman of the committee for securing increased sale of the publications of the Club announced Miss Vail and Dr. Howe as the other members of the committee. The following resignations of members of the Club were read and having been approved by the treasurer were accepted: Miss Amy Schussler, Mr. Ewen MacIntyre, Mr. Marshall Bright, Dr. Alexander P. Anderson, Miss E. W. Kornman, Dr. L. Schoeney and Mr. E. G, Buttrick. The announcement was made that President Brown had reap- pointed all the standing committes with the same membership as last year, viz., Committe on Finance: H. H. Rusby, J. I. Kane, C. F. Cox. Committee on Admissions: EI. S. Burgess, Delia W. Marble, J. K. Small. Committee on Local Flora: Spermatophytes: N. L. Britton, E. P. Bicknell, H. H. Rusby, Fanny A. Mulford. 43) Cryptogams: L. M. Underwood, M. A. Howe, Elizabeth G. Britton, Committee on Program: N. L. Britton, M. A. Howe, L. M. Underwood. Committee on Field Excursions: Eugene Smith, G. V. Nash, Miss M. L. Sanial, Miss L. K. Lawall, E. W. Berry. The first paper on the scientific program was by Dr. J. K. Small on ‘‘Some recent Explorations in southern Florida.”’ Dr. Small was accompanied on his trip by Mr. J. J. Carter of Pennsylvania and for a part of the time by A. A. Eaton, who paid. special attention to the orchids and ferns. From Miami as a base, expeditions were made. in different directions. One trip was made to the northward in the direction of Ft. Worth. Four strikingly different plant formations were noted in this region : (1) sand ridges covered with gnarled and stunted trees and shrubs mixed with cacti with almost no grass or herbaceous vegetation ; (2) low-lying moist lands covered with grasses and sedges but destitute of trees and shrubs ; (3) the pine lands ; and (4) the hammocks filled with broad-leaved evergreens and decidu- ous trees. The country south of Miami is just being opened up to settlement and is still.in a primitive condition. Most of the excursions were in this direction, explorations being made for a distance of 45 miles. The region consists of low coral-limestone ridges with no appreciable soil but still supporting a dense pine forest. The lower levels are filled with water and constitute arms of the everglades. The pine lands are interspersed with occa- sional small hammocks. An exceedingly interesting flora was found, and over a thousand numbers were collected, which in- clude an unusual proportion of new and interesting things. So far as the collections have been studied the plants from the ham- mocks show a close relationship to the Cuban flora and include a considerable number of West Indian species not heretofore known from the mainland. The pineland species on the contrary are largely endemic and include many undescribed species. In the discussion which followed the reading of the paper it was stated that the expedition would probably add at least a hundred species to the known flora of the United States. 46 The second paper was by Dr. J. C. Arthur on “ An interesting unpublished Work on the Fungi.’”’ This paper was printed in the issue of TorreEyA for February. The third paper was by Dr. N. L. Britton on “ The Birch Trees of North America.’’ Recent study in arranging the den- drological exhibit in the Museum, has shown the necessity for a further investigation of our arborescent flora. In some genera, notably in Fraxinus, too many species are now recognized and some reductions will be necessary. In the birches on the con- trary, it is necessary to recognize at least four new species. One of these is in the Alleghany region, and the others are north- western. FE. Sy HARES, Recording Secretary. FEBRUARY 9, 1904 The following persons were elected to active membership: Miss Margaret H. Stone, 254 West 93rd St., N. Y. City; Miss L. A. C. Howard, University Heights, N. Y. City; Miss Marion E. Latham, 417 West 148th St., N. Y. City; Miss Aurelia B. Crane, Scarsdale, Westchester Co., N. Y. The committee on field excursions presented its annual report for 1903. It was received and ordered placed on file with the minutes. The first paper on the scientific program was by Mr. Homer D. House on “ The Influence of some Aluminium Salts on Plant Growth.” The paper was a preliminary report on some experi- ments with aluminium sulphate, aluminium potassium sulphate, aluminium nitrate and aluminium chloride to test their effect on plant growth when used in very weak solutions of varying strength. The seedlings of Lupinus albus were used in these tests as being best adapted to the purpose on account of their rapid vigorous growth and also because they have been pre- viously used in similar tests with other toxic salts. The results obtained with all four of these salts were entirely parallel but those with aluminium sulphate were most marked. All were very poisonous and entirely inhibited growth till very dilute solutions were reached. When the point of dilution was reached 47 that permitted growth to take place, it still greatly retarded it. With further dilution the amount of retardation decreased until a point was reached when the action became stimulative and the rate of growth was considerably above the normal. This was to be expected, as sufficiently dilute solutions of many toxic salts are known to have a stimulating effect on plant growth. With still more dilution the stimulative effect became less marked until the normal rate of growth was again reached. Very unexpectedly, however, it was found that when dilutions were carried still further, instead of remaining at the normal, a distinct retardation of growth was again observed. As the dilution still increased another point was reached where the effect was stimulative though less strongly so than in the first case. Some of the series of dilution cultures showed as many as three distinct succeeding waves of depression and stimulation following each other with decreasing strength. Further experiments in this interesting field are in progress. The second paper was by Mr. G. V. Nash on “ A Collecting Trip to Haiti.” It was illustrated by a large number of photo- graphs and herbarium specimens and gave a graphic account of the experiences of a botanical collector in this interesting but little known country. The difficulties of travel are very great. No one is allowed to travel in the interior at all without thor- oughly satisfactory letters to the authorities. Even with govern- ment permission secured, no accommodations for the white traveler could be found except for the unfailing hospitality of the priests, who are nearly all educated Frenchmen. They are very often the only white men in their districts. The flora of the sea-shore is much the same as in the other West Indies, but as one goes toward the interior the character of the vegetation soon changes and a large proportion of inter- esting endemic species is found. FE. S, EARLE, Recording Secretary. NEWS ITEMS Professor F. S. Earle, of the New York Botanical Garden sailed on February 25 for a few weeks’ visit to Cuba. 48 Dr. William C. Sturgis, formerly mycologist of the Connecticut: Agricultural Experiment Station, has been appointed lecturer on botany in Colorado College, Colorado Springs. Dr. C. J. Chamberlain of the University of Chicago started for Mexico late in February to obtain material for use in his study of the spermatogenesis, odgenesis, and fertilization of the cycads Dioon and Ceratozamia. Dr. H. N. Whitford, of the University of Chicago, is expecting to sail from San Francisco for Manila on March 26, to engage in botanical work under the direction of the United States Phil- ippine Commission. Professor L. R. Jones, of the University of Vermont, is enjoying ~ a half-year’s leave of absence from his collegiate and experiment station duties. He is now at the University of Michigan, but will go a little later to Europe. Dr. D. T. MacDougal returned to New York on March 6 from a botanical expedition to Lower California and Arizona. He has brought back a large quantity of living and dried plants from the little-explored regions about the Gulf of California. Two able and suggestive papers on eastern violets have recently been published, one by Mr. Witmer Stone under the title of ‘‘ Racial Variation in Plants and Animals, with special Reference to the Violets of Philadelphia and Vicinity’ printed in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia for October 1903 (issued December 4), and the other by President Ezra Brainerd under the title of ‘‘ Notes on New Eng- land Violets” in Rhodora for January. Both are based on much continuous observation of colonies of living plants representing various species and forms, Dr. Brainerd emphasizes the diag- nostic value of the mature capsules. Vol. 4 No. 4 Terk Ey A April, 1904 4 THE EARLY WRITERS ON FERNS AND THEIR COLLECTIONS—II. J. E. Smits, 1759-1828; cw Swartz, 1760-1818; WILLDENOW, 1765-1812 BOTA By L. M. UNDERWOOD Aside from minor changes in the generic arrangement of Lin- naeus * and occasional additions to the number of species by various writers, notably Thunberg, Forskal, Forster, Lamarck, and Cavanilles, the principal generic changes as well as the more extensive additions to fern species up to the end of the first decade of the last century were made by Smith, Swartz, and Willdenow. Sir James Edward Smith is not to be confused with the less eminent, but so far as fern lore is concerned, more dis- tinguished John Smith who flourished a half century or more later. Smith published in 1793 an important paper + which was one of the first attempts at a natural classification of ferns. He established the genera Woodwardia, Vittaria, Davallia, Cyathea, Hymenophyllum, Gleichenia, and Danaea. While some of these, like Cyathea,{ for example, were highly unnatural groups, the * Theodor Holm (TORREYA, 3: 187-188) has taken exceptions to my state- ment regarding the types of Linnaeus. It is well known that Linnaeus’ one- line descriptions of ferns are worthless, and in many cases he gives only citations. As I have shown, among the ferns at least, his types are equally so, and Mr. Holm says even worse things about them. There is therefore nothing left on which to de- pend for identifying his types but his citations and, on these, rational interpreters of Linnaeus have hitherto depended for identifications. If now, as Mr. Holm avers, these are not to be regarded as typical of his species but merely as giving ‘‘ some idea of their general habit or aspect,’’ Linnaeus becomes from a systematic stand- point even more useless than we have given him credit for being. We examined the specimen preserved under Osmunda Lunaria in herb. Linnaeus last summer and it was labeled as before stated, + Tentamen Botanicum de Filicum generibus dorsiferarum. Mem, Acad. Sci. Turin, 5: 401-422. f/. 9. 1793 (also sep. pp. 22). Smith also published various articles on ferns in Rees’ Cyclopaedia, which was published between 1802 and 1819. ¢ Cyathea besides containing three genera of tree ferns as now understood included also two of our delicate bladder ferns ( /7/zx)! [ Vol. 4, No. 3, of TORREYA, comprising pages 33-48, was issued March 12, 1904. ] 50 generic arrangement was far in advance of anything that pre- ceded it. Smith was president of the Linnean Society (London) for many years and after his death his collection was purchased by the society, at whose rooms it is now easily accessible for exami- nation. The plants are well preserved, but, as in many of the early collections, many ferns are represented by tips of leaves only and some of these have served as types of new species. Olof Swartz issued the first formal enumeration of all known ferns in his Syxopsis Filicum (1806) and presented the next general conspectus of fern genera. In this and previous works he described a large number of species and established the genera Marattia, Grammiutis, Aspidium, Diplazium, Lygodium, Botrychium, Cheilanthes, Anemia, Mohria, and Psilotum. His Synopsis recognized thirty-eight genera and his work is usually regarded as the first real datum-line for the systematic study of ferns. To show how clearly he outlined the system so long familiar to fern students in the later Syxopsis Filicum of Hooker and Baker (1868, 1874) we give an outline of his classification : I. GYRATAE Sorts nudis AcRosTICHUM (46*), MEniscium (3), Hemionitis (8), GRAM- MITIS (13), TAENITIS (1), PoLypopiuM (102). Soris indusiatis AsPIDIUM (93), ASPLENIUM (75), CAENOPTERIS (9), SCOLOPEN- DRIUM (2), DipLazium (9), Loncuitis (4), PTERIS (79), VITTARIA (6), ONOCLEA (12), BLEcHNUM (14), Woopwarpia (8), LinpsAEA (14), ADIANTUM (32), CHEILANTHES (16), DAVALLIA (29), Dick- SONIA (16), CYATHEA (10), TRICHOMANES (21), HYMENOPHYLLUM (28). Il. SPURIE GYRATAE Capsulis rimatis ScHIZAEA (6), Lycopium (11), ANEMIA (17), Monria (1), OsmunpDA (6), TopEA (1), MERTENSIA (7), GLEICHENIA (3), ANGIOPTERIS (1). * The numbers in parentheses indicate the number of species of each genus described in the Synopsis. 51 Il], AGYRATAE Capsulis multilocularibus Marartria (4), DANAEA (2). Capsulis bivalvibus OpHioGLossuM (9), BorrRycHIUM (7). Besides the above genera Swartz also treated under the Ly- copodineae the genera Lycopoprum (65), TMESIPTERIS (1), and PsILOTUM (2). Swartz’ work is of special importance to us at this time since many of his species were based on collections he made in the West Indies when he visited Jamaica and Haiti in the years 1784-1786. His collection, which we have not yet seen, is pre- served at the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm and is said to be in a most excellent state of preservation. Various writers on West Indian ferns, notably Jenman, have referred to various types of Swartz as being found in the British Museum. Itis true that some of the earlier botanists occasionally distributed their type material during their lifetime, and it is also true that some specimens of ferns came to the British Museum from Swartz, but there seems to be no warrant or at least no certainty that any of his types ever came there ; in fact all the probabilities are against it, and his types must be sought in his native country. Swartz also published shorter papers on ferns, the last being published in 1817, only a year before his death. The next enumeration of ferns was made by Willdenow in 1810 * in the fifth volume of his edition of Spectes Plantarum, although his work on ferns had commenced in 1802 with his publication of the genera Zodea and Hydroglossum (Lygodium) followed in 1804 by Mertensia, and in 1809 by Struthiopterts and Lomaria. His enumeration included 43 genera of ferns and 1008 species, enriched by the collections of Humboldt and Bonp- land in meridional America, as well as by those of Bory and others mostly described here as new. Willdenow’s collection is *An enumeration of the known ferns was commenced by Lamarck in the Z7cy- clopédie Méthodigue in 1783 and was completed by Poiret in 1808. This however contained only 444 species in contrast with the 716 described by Swartz in 1806, and 1008 described by Willdenow in r8ro. 52 maintained by itself in the Kgl. Bot. Museum at Berlin. Each specimen is numbered serially and all is thoroughly indexed so that the collection is more readily accessible that any other of the historic collections. The sheets enclosed in covers tied with tape after the usual continental method, are arranged in volumes of convenient size and stand side by side in a special case in the room used until recently by the late Professor Schumann for a study. The sheets are a trifle larger than foolscap paper and the plants are mostly in an excellent state of preservation. There is sometimes a little doubt about his ‘‘ types” being the originals on which he based his species, as he is said at times to have given away his originals in those species of which he afterwards secured better material. Our own Muhlenberg was a correspondent of Willdenow so that his collection includes many species from the United States. WILLIAM MARRIOTT CANBY By H. H. Ruspy Mr. William Marriott Canby, one of the foremost citizens of Wilmington, as indeed of the State of Delaware, died on March 10 at Augusta, Georgia, to which place he had gone to recover from the effects of a series of colds from which he had been suffering during the winter. In his death, the botanical fraternity of America loses one of its most genial associates, as well as one of its keenest and most judicious discriminators of plant forms. Mr. Canby was born in Philadelphia, on March 17, 1831. His early education was obtained in the schools, mostly private, of Wilmington, whither his parents moved during his early childhood. He afterward attended a Quaker institution at Chadd’s Ford, on the Brandywine. After his graduation, the state of his health apparently demanding an out-of-door life, he engaged in agri- culture, near Coatesville, Pa. This country life was chiefly responsible for the development of Mr. Canby’s very great love of plant-life, although inheritance, and an early association with students of botany, had already given him a predilection for that study. He studied and collected the local flora of Coatesville and vicinity, and in 1858 indulged in the great pleasure of a - — botanical excursion to Florida. Mr. Canby always spoke of this trip as one of the most delightful of his botanical experiences. The excursion is of public interest because it was very influential in extending Mr, Canby’s interest in the North American flora, of which he afterward accumulated such an excellent representation. Two years later, he made extensive collections in the north- eastern United States and in Canada, afterward using this mate- rial for exchange purposes, in building up his herbarium. In the succeeding years he made a number of similar more or less ex- tended collecting tours in different portions of the country, and accumulated a large amount of exchange material. Among his exchange correspondents were Doctors Gray and Engelmann, through whom his exotic herbarium was largely acquired, although he arranged a number of similar exchanges during a brief trip to Europe in 1859(?). In 1866, Mr. Canby abandoned farming, and took up his resi- dence in Wilmington, where he quickly laid the foundation for a broad and highly successful business career ; fairly successful in his own interest, more so in the sterling honesty and punctilious honor with which he guarded the interests which others confided to his keeping. He was for a time President of the Delaware and Western Railroad and, upon its absorption by the Baltimore and Ohio, he became a Director of the latter company, a position which he held up to the time of his death. In 1880, he became President of the Wilmington Savings Fund Society, which posi- tion, also, he held at the time of his death. He was connected with various other financial enterprises and was especially active in conducting or advising in the finances of various benevolent organizations, especially the Home for Friendless and Destitute Children. He was a member of the Presbyterian Church and was active in church and Sabbath-school work. Probably no other of the numerous public enterprises with which he was con- nected interested him more, or yielded greater or more permanent results, than the admirable public park system of his city, of which he was one of the designers. He continued active in the administration of these parks as long as he was able to work, and the preservation of their features of natural beauty, the liber- ality of their treatment, and the development of their scientific 54 value, were largely due to his influence. Mr. Canby was an earnest member of the Republican party, though never narrow or partisan in these relations. It is not a very rare occurrence for active business men also to pursue some scientific avocation with activity and success ; but it must always be regarded as remarkable that one with such numerous and varied interests in financial, religious, charitable and social life, and in city government, and who devoted to them all sufficient time and energy to have left a strong impress upon them, should have also found time to perform the vast amount of herbarium work for which Mr. Canby was noted. As a botanist, Mr. Canby was a contemporary, and an honored correspondent and beloved associate, of Torrey, Gray, Watson, Engelmann, Thurber, Sullivant, Porter, Traill Green, Vasey, Hall, Bebb and many others of their day, and he was a typical representative of their school. For most of these men, Botany, so far as their active interest in it extended, meant the accumula- tion of a herbarium and the study of generic and specific relation- ships. The amazing activity of the last quarter of a century in the investigation of plant anatomy, morphology, physiology and chemistry, could scarcely have been conceived of by them, and those who, like Mr. Canby, lived to witness it, were not qualified, either by taste or training, to participate in it. To these men, moreover, Gray’s Manual represented about the exact facts of their science, so far as the local flora was concerned. That the systematic botany of that day was radically wrong in its concep- tion of specific limits; that every township abounded in valid species which had been loosely aggregated with others; that Gray’s Manual required expanding by about twenty per cent., and Chapman’s by fifty: are ideas which would have been scouted by most of them, were, indeed, almost bitterly resented by some, upon the merest suggestion. Yet the general correct- ness of this modern view is now recognized by nearly all, and Mr. Canby had been able, before his death, largely to accept it. It is upon the basis of the then prevailing views that his herbar- ium-work must be judged ; and it can be said that he was accus- tomed to notice and to note the forms, though he did not fly in the face of prevailing custom in their interpretation. or or Besides the above-mentioned exchange resources employed by Mr. Canby in enlarging his herbarium, he was a liberal pur- chaser of collectors’ sets, especially of American plants. In 1892 his herbarium comprised 30,000 species and not less than five times that number of specimens. An outline of its composition has been published by the writer (Bull. Torrey Club, 19: 336). Its cases had increased in number until they entirely outgrew the accommodations of Mr. Canby’s home. Room after room, and finally the halls, had been invaded; alterations had even been made for it, and again its quarters had become crowded, until at length Mr. Canby decided to dispose of it, and it was purchased by the College of Pharmacy of the City of New York in the year named. Here it has been carefully preserved but, unfortunately, the conditions have not been favorable for its continued growth. With his own herbarium off his hands, Mr. Canby at once applied himself to developing that of the Society of Natural His- tory of Delaware, which before the time of his death, had come to number more than 13,000 species. All Mr. Canby’s herbarium work was performed with the most scrupulous care, as to both mechanical and scientific details. All specimens were mounted with his own hands, on the best of paper and with such a display as to admit most perfectly of their study in this position. At frequent intervals thereafter they were brushed over, to remove dirt and exclude vermin. All inscriptions were made in a clear and beautiful hand, and are remarkably full, both as to records and opinions. The genus-covers are equally well inscribed, bearing the number of the family, according to the Benthamian arrangement, the number, name and author of the genus, and the page reference to Bentham and Hooker’s Genera Plantarum. Like most of the botanists of his day, Mr. Canby studied botany because he loved plants. To him plants were living individuals, and herbarium specimens derived their interest from the fact that they were the best obtainable representatives thereof. While the botanical studies of that time lacked the scientific value, and ulti- mately, the economic value of those of the present, they embodied a grace and conferred a delight as unknown to a host of unfor- tunate laboratory slaves of the present generation as is the scent 56 of fresh clover to a city car horse. That good-fellowship which was promoted by the botanical ‘‘clubs”’ of Mr. Canby’s genera- tion is now of historical interest, and the new regime has not yet supplied anything that can be compared with it. The death of Mr. Canby reminds us of how few of his former associates still remain with us. NOTES ON EVENING PRIMROSES By KENNETH K. MACKENZIE One of the most noticeable and common plants along the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad on both sides of the boundary line between Virginia and West Virginia is an evening primrose with unusually large yellow flowers. Growing on open sunny clay banks, and along the rivers in loose, rocky soil, it forms one of the characteristic plants of the country, and almost entirely replaces the common Oenothera biennis L. It may be described as follows: Oenothera argillicola sp. nov. Biennial, withnumerous stems ascending from the same root, 5-15 dm. high. Stems puberu- lent, but otherwise without pubescence: leaves of the stemless plant of the first year rosulate, 6-15 cm. long, the blades oblan- ceolate, 15 mm. or less wide, sinuate, acute, puberulent on both sides, the mid-nerve strongly developed, tapering at the base to a long, rather narrowly winged petiole ; cauline leaves of the flowering plants of the second year with narrowly linear-lanceo- late blades, the well-developed ones 6-8 cm. long, 7 mm. or less wide, remotely sinuate-dentate, acute, glabrous or slightly puber- ulent, tapering to a petiole-like base and often strongly decurrent on the stem, forming well-developed ridges : calyx-tube 3—4 cm. long and longer than the sepals, perfectly glabrous, as also are the sepals, the tips of the latter free, spreading, often 3-4 mm. long: petals bright yellow, obcordate, crenulate, 3-4 cm. long, so that the open flower is often 6-8 cm. across: capsules per- fectly glabrous, 2—3 cm. long, sessile, gradually tapering upward from the broad base and often strongly curved, somewhat quad- rangular, strongly ribbed: seeds angled, 1-1.5 mm. long. This plant with its ascending, non-hirsute stems, narrow leaves, large flowers, glabrous calyx and glabrous, long-tapering cap- sule is one of the most distinct species of this section of the genus, and is well worthy of cultivation. Type collected by myself near White Sulphur Springs, West DT Virginia, August 27, 1903, No. 373. There are no specimens referable to this species in the collections at the New York Bo- tanical Gardens. Botanists believing in the validity of the genus Onagra would call this plant Onagra argillicola. In view of the abundant literature which has appeared within the last few years on variations produced in Oenothera biennis under cultivation, the inquiry naturally suggests itself whether the species above described may not be such a variation only. Of course, it is now impossible to determine how or when it arose, but as it exists now it is as true a species as could be desired. Locally it is a plant of great abundance, and technically it has numerous distinguishing features, as shown above. Field botanists naturally get well acquainted with variations in Oenothera biennis, and know within general lines what may be looked for, but in addition to the above plant (of whose specific rank, I feel sure) I have collected another form of Oenxothera, which for the present must be referred to O. dzennis, although often very distinct. This plant, which grows in sunny situations in low grounds along the Missouri River around Kansas City, Missouri, in many respects bears a strong resemblance to Oevo- thera cructata Nutt. of the east, and I have often been tempted to refer it to that species. It differs, however, in having (1) an abruptly narrowed capsule, (2) short buds, (3) shorter, less acu- minate sepals, (4) inconspicuous sepal tips, (5) less pubescent capsules, and (6) broader, more obcordate petals. I cannot resist the belief that this form may be a mutant produced natur- ally in much the same manner as Prof. de Vries secured mutants in cultivated plants. This belief is based upon its distinct and largely constant characters, while at the same time it seems always to occur in the vicinity of more typical plants. If this belief is well founded, it answers an inquiry propounded by authors as to the occurrence of these mutants in nature, and in this light points to an interesting field for observation. Less noticeable variations in O. diennis are of common occur- rence around Kansas City. Indeed, as a whole the species seems to be in a very variable state in that neighborhood, and certainly a long-continued series of observations on plants pro- duced from seeds collected there would yield interesting results. = 58 SHORTER NOTES MutTAaTIONS AND Forms. — For nomenclatural purposes, I have found occasion to divide variations (not subspecies) into two groups, designated mutations and forms. There is nothing new in this idea, but as it has not always been understood, some ex- planation may be desirable. Mutations are variations in kind, probably always congenital, and frequently (at least) atavistic. Examples are : Viorna Douglasu (Hook.) * mut. rosea (Clematis Douglasit rosea Ckll. West Amer. Scientist, 5:5. 1888), in which the __ flowers are pink instead of blue. Sambucus microbotrys Rydb. mut. xanthocarpa and mut. oino- carpa (S. racemosa xanthocarpa and otnocarpa Ck\l. Bull. Torrey Club, 18: 170. 1891), in which the fruit is of colors different from that ordinarily found. Lilium montanum Nels. mut. pulchrum (L. Philadelphicum pulchrum, Aldrich, Science Gossip, Au 1889), in which the usual spots on the flowers are absent. Forms are variations in degree, frequently induced by external conditions, and not usually atavistic. Examples are found in the polymorphic species of Batrachium, the Polygonum-group, etc. Mutations, as here understood, are not adaptive, unless acci- dentally. Forms usually are adaptive. Just how far the charac- ters of any given form are congenital cannot easily be ascertained ; in one sense they always are, that is to say, the plant has the in- herited power of responding in a given way to certain stimuli, if it does not inherit what may be termed obligatory characters. Subspecies differ from the above in that they occupy different environments (geographically or ecologically) and only connect with the species in certain places, and then by intermediates. The existence of numerous subspecies as here defined (e. g., in mammals) seems to constitute a strong argument against the mutation theory of species. On the other hand, polymorphism shows how characters which in themselves are good enough to base species (or even genera) upon may arise within specific limits, * Viorna Douglasii = Clematis Douglasii Hook. F\. Bor,-Am. 1:1. fl. 7. 1830. 59 and if one phase should finally separate from the other (¢. g., by the disappearance of one phase in one locality, and of the other in another, or by some Mendelian process), species would arise without any subspecies, as defined above, being developed. Changes in the colors of flowers might become specific in this way (cf. the white-flowered C/eome, forming a race in Arizona), and albinism in snails, which certainly begins as a mutation, has in some instances become a valid specific character. Race might be used to designate local varieties originating as last indicated, and not connected by intermediates. Variety is a general term to use only when the classification of the plant or animal under one of the above categories cannot be determined. TDA. COccERELE, A new Hypxnum.— Hydnum Earleanum. Resupinate: sub- iculum closely adnate, scarcely separable, broadly effused, thin, 1-2 mm. thick, golden yellow: spines 3-6 mm. long, crowded, awl-shaped, slender, golden yellow : spores subglobose, colorless, smooth, about 4 x 3. Growing on under side of decorticated log (Ostrya Virginiana ?). The beautiful golden yellow color will easily distinguish this plant. A small tree about six inches in diameter had been cut down but not entirely severed from the stump. The bark had been stripped off and on this smooth surface the Hydnum was growing. It covered a space two feet long and three inches wide It could easily be seen at a distance of 75 feet. I have never seen any other fungus with such a beautiful yellow color. This color however disappears in drying, fading to a pale flesh-brown. Type locality: Mud Lick Hollow, Armstrong County, Pa. Type specimen in writer’s collection, Carnegie Museum, Pitts- burg, Pa. ; This plant has been named in honor of Professor F. S. Earle of the New York Botanical Garden. D. R. SuMSTINE. KITTANNING, PA. 60 REVIEWS How and Why the Sugar Maple Bleeds For several years the botanists and chemists of the Vermont Experiment Station, assisted by sundry students of the Univer- sity of Vermont, have been studying certain phenomena associated with maple sap flow. The details of this work are available in a bulletin recently issued.* Some of the more interesting facts and conclusions follow, but only a small portion of these can here be mentioned. Maple sap is practically a solution of sugar in water with traces of mineral and flavoring matters. The sugar content averages nearly 3 per cent., but this varies with tree and season. Seasonal variations are related to foliage development and climatic condi- tions. Foliage variations may be considerable. Thus the same tree which carried 8,846 square feet of leaf surface in 1899 developed 14,930 feet in 1900. The variations in sap composi- tion between individual trees is even more noteworthy, extremes varying from 1.33 per cent. to 8.20 per cent. being recorded. The trees having larger tops and fuller exposure to light yield richer sap asa rule. There are however large differences where conditions and vigor of the trees appear identical and one must believe that there is individuality in the productiveness of maple trees much as there is in that of milch cows. The average yield per tree in a good season is about three pounds of sugar, which probably represents less than 4 per cent., of the entire sugar content of the tree. The time and rate of sap-flow are directly related to seasonal conditions and temperature variations. Whenever during late winter and early spring sudden fluctuations occur in temperature in the vicinity of 0° C., sap flow begins. Flow develops with rise of temperature above this and ceases with its fall. These interrelations between sap movements and temperature variations were closely followed by attaching pressure gages, such as are commonly used on steam boilers, to gas pipes screwed into maple trunks. The flow of sap into such pipes develops pres- * Jones, C. H., Edson, A. W. and Morse, W. J. The Maple Sap Flow. Vt. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 103. December, 1903. Obtainable from the Experiment Station, surlington, Vt. 61 sure which corresponds to the rate of flow in tapped trees. By employing self-recording gages and thermometers complete seasonal records have been obtained which reveal a striking parallelism in the fluctuations of pressure and of temperature. This has led some to explain the phenomenon of sap pressure and flow as due simply to the expansion with rise of temperature of the gas imprisoned within the woody tissues ; but the fluctu- ations observed in pressure and suction are far greater and more sudden than this physical explanation can account for. Thus variations are frequent in these gage records of ten or fifteen pounds pressure with a change of but a few degrees in tempera- ture. Extreme fluctuations are recorded of nearly thirty pounds to the square inch, within twenty-four hours, viz., from 5 pounds suction to 22 pounds pressure. A rise of over twenty pounds in pressure was observed with a rise in air temperature of only two degrees, which would mean even less increase in tree tem- perature. The conclusion is that sap-flow in the sugar maple is a true bleeding phenomenon, attributable to the vital activities of living cells. The pressure shown by the gage is simply a partial expression of the energy of the countless living, working proto- plasts of the maple stem. There is little evidence of ‘ root-pressure’”’; in fact on good “sap days”’ the flow into the tap hole comes chiefly from above downwards. We must regard the stem tissues as chiefly active, the cells in the vicinity of the tap hole operating alternately as suction and force pumps, so to speak, sucking the sap from root and remoter stem tissues and forcing it out through the tap hole. It is not difficult to conceive how a rise of temperature past a critical point for their vital activities should arouse or stimulate the bleeding activities of the cells and how a fall below this point should check them. The suction thereupon developed would seem to be due to osmotic reabsorption of the exuded sap by the same cells. L. R. Jones. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 24, I904 This meeting was held at the New York Botanical Garden ; Professor Underwood in the chair ; sixteen persons present. 62 The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. Dr. Britton referred to the opportunity of members to become applicants for a grant of fifty dollars from the John Strong New- berry Fund, which this year is available for botanical or zoologi- cal research. The announced paper of the scientific progam was by Mr. Percy Wilson under the title of ‘Remarks on some Economic Plants of the East Indies.”’ In the spring of 1901, Mr. Wilson was commissioned by the New York Botanical Garden to accompany the Solar Eclipse Expedition to the East Indies, organized by Professor Todd of Amherst College, the chief purpose of Mr. Wilson’s visit being to obtain collections of native plants and plant-products for ex- hibition in the museum of the Garden. Most of his collections were made on the island of Singkep, which is a two days voy- age southward from Singapore. This island is about 25 miles in length and 16 in greatest width. Two-thirds of it is covered with a dense tropical jungle, the remainder having small scat- tered native villages. Various fiber-products, starches and sugars, manufactured and used by the inhabitants of these vil- lages, were shown. In discussing fiber-products, examples were first exhibited in which a whole leaf or a considerable part of it is made use of. Of these leaf-fibers, one of the most extensively utilized is from the leaves of the screw-pines, whose generic name, Pandanus, is a Latinized form of the Malay word ‘“ pan- dan,” a named applied to many species of the genus. In many of the East Indian islands, large tracts are covered by these Pandanus trees or shrubs, growing in such profusion as to form impenetrable masses of vegetation ; while species growing singly or a few together abound principally in the vicinity of the sea. The latter bear many thick aerial roots, which at a distance have the appearance of supporting the plant in the air. The leaves and roots are the parts of the chief economic importance. The leaves are gathered in large numbers, tied into bundles, are car- ried by the men to the villages, where the women remove with a large knife all spines from the margins of the leaf and the under surface of the midrib. Each leaf is then exposed to fire, after which it is cut with a sharp four-bladed knife into strips 63 of uniform width. After several days of soaking in water and bleaching in the sun, each strip is separately drawn between the thumb and a thin bamboo stick. By this treatment they become flexible and can be wrought into any desirable shape without injury to the fiber. Two plants in particular, ‘ pandan tikar’’ (Pandanus Samak) the mat screw-pine and “ pandan laut” (Pandanus fascicularis), the sea-shore screw-pine are con- sidered as yielding the best grade of leaves for mat- and basket- weaving. Other species bearing larger and coarser leaves are regarded as inferior. Of these, the ‘‘mengkuang” (P. atro- carpus), an arboreal form, is commonly found in swampy places. The leaves of this are made into hats, and into large mats which often serve for the entire sides of houses or for the covering of carts. Styles and designs in weaving differ in the different islands. In some places highly colored mats with red, green, brown, and purple strips interwoven are to be found. The dyes used are said to be chiefly of vegetable origin. A red dye is extracted from the leaves of the teak, a green from the shoots of the banana, while brown or chocolate color is obtained by burying the strips in mud and water for several weeks. In some regions where species of Pandanus abound these thick aerial roots are used for corks; sections of these roots several inches in length are beaten out at one end and thus made to serve as brushes. Leaf-fibers from the leaflets of the ‘“‘nipah’”’ (ipa fruticans), a low stemless palm, are woven into large shingles known as “ attaps.”’ Fibers derived from the vascular bundles alone are obtained from the leaf-stalks of a common fern, Déicranopteris linearis. After the long bundles are split out from the stalks, they are drawn separately through a series of holes of gradually dim- inishing sizes punctured in a piece of tin. With the strong fiber thus obtained fine hats are made which are worn by the Malay men at their various festivals. The stems of the bamboo, or strips and fibers obtained from them, are put to a great variety of uses by the natives. Various food-products of vegetable origin were then discussed. An important starch is sago, under which name are understood starches derived from several kinds of palms and cycads. Most 64 of it, probably, comes from the trunk of J/etroxylon Sagu, the true sago palm, which inhabits many of the islands of the Malay Archipelago. This palm grows to a height of forty feet or more and has a large comparatively smooth trunk, from the interior of which the starch is derived. In the preparation of the sago a full-grown tree is selected just before the expansion of the in- florescence, the trunk is felled and cut into sections three or four feetin length, which are thrown into water and soaked for several days. Afterward, the outer fibrous portion is removed and the interior is reduced to a coarse sawdust by means of a crude grating apparatus. This sawdust-like powder is then put into a large vessel where the starch is crushed out with the aid of water and the feet of a native. It is then drawn off suspended in the water and is finally dried and shipped away for refinement. Palm sugar is derived chiefly from the sugar palm (dArenga saccharifera) and the cocoanut palm (Cocos nucifera). The sugar is obtained from the Avexga by binding the numerous branches of the pendulous inflorescence into a compact cylinder, without removing them from the tree, and then chopping off the ends and making several incisions along the sides of the branches. The sweet sap is caught in a vessel made from a bamboo-stem ; it continues to flow for several days, is collected every twenty-four hours, and is boiled down over a crude oven. The paper was brought to a close with remarks on mastica- tories such as the betel-nut —the fruit of the Areca palm (Areca Catechu) — and on some of the edible fruits, such as the durian and mangosteen. Mr. G. V. Nash showed flowering species of Melastomaceae from the conservatories of the New York Botanical Garden, including one of Heterocentron elegans from Mexico and one of Medinilla magnifica from the Philippines. Dr. N. L. Britton exhibited specimens of two apparently undescribed species of poplar from Wyoming, one allied to . Populus tremuloides the other to P. augustifolia. MARSHALL A. Howe, Secretary pro tem. Vol. 4 No. 5 Torre h tT ¥ A May, 1904 Peon DRIP ON “HE Sl. FRANCIS) RIVER. NORTHERN MAINE y ? ~ , By W. W. EGGLESTON iter week in August, 1902, found a small gathering of New England botanists at Rivicre du Loup, Quebec, although the meeting was all unplanned on their part. When I left the St. Lawrence steamer the hotel porter said “two men have just taken the steamer with packs like yours ; they are coming back in a couple of days.’’ The register showed M. L. Fernald and E. F. Williams. The next steamer brought Judge J. R. Churchill, who was easily persuaded to stay over a day when he found that Dryopteris fragraus Schott could be seen at Riviere du Loup Falls. The next night I was routed out about eleven o'clock, but one could easily forgive Merritt Fernald when he proposed a trip on the St. Francis. This stream was first explored by C. G. Pringle in the 70’s. In Pringle’s time the only railroad in the country was the Intercolonial on the St. Lawrence; now the Temiscouata railroad runs from Riviere du Loup to Edmunston on the St. John River and then up the St. John to the mouth of the St. Francis. This was the route Fernald and I took. At St. Francis we secured canoes and guides and were carried ten miles to the foot of Glazier Lake, the end of wagon roads. The expedition started very favorably, for what New England botanist would not have good luck with William Oakes as principal guide. Such was the fact, and a good guide, canoe- man and cook was W. Oakes. Our trip from the foot of Glazier Lake up the St. Francis was to include about fifteen miles of lakes and twenty-five miles - of ‘‘ strong water,’’ as the guides called it, to Boundary Lake, [ Vol. 4, No. 4, of TORREYA, comprising pages 49-64, was issued April 28, 1904. ] 66 Quebec. We were now entering a great wilderness. The St. John river valley is cleared up to St. Francis and there is one village, Allegash Plantation, fifteen miles above St. Francis; out- side of the St. John valley proper one may go from twenty-five to two hundred miles to the nearest house. On the St. Francis, at the foot of Glazier Lake, there are two or three farms, at the head of the lake two more ; ten miles up the river, at the head of Beau Lac, are three more settlers; and thence twenty-five miles to Boundary Lake are no settlers. Most of the settlers, both on the St. Francis and the St. John, have come in since Pringle’s time. By our landing at Glazier Lake was plenty of Salix lucida entonsa Fernald. This salix would be easily mistaken for a very large Salix candida Willd. On the Maine side is the type station for Carex intumescens Fernald: Bailey ; here also we saw Carex atratiformis Britton, four feet high. We left Glazier Lake at noon, making Glazier Lake, Cross Lake and Cross Lake Rapids before supper, paddling up the six miles of Beau Lac and reaching the head of the lake after dark. We pitched our tent on the sands, rolled up in our blankets, and most of us went to sleep, but the greenhorn, wedged in be- tween friend and guide, found a hole and hummock that would not let him sleep. The next day at noon we were at the foot of the Kelly Rapids, which are three miles long and full of boulders. The guide gave us an invitation to walk ; we accepted and bota- nized the Maine shore to the head of the rapids, finding great quantities of Peramium ophioides (Fernald) Rydb., P. tessellatum (Lodd.) Rydb., Lysied/a obtusata (Pursh) Rydb., Lystas orbiculata (Pursh) Rydb., ypopitys Hy popitys (L.) Small, Petasites palmata (Ait.) A. Gray and my first Lestera auriculata Wiegand. We camped early this night, pitching our tent on the Quebec shore in a thicket of evergreens. The next morning all about our camp we found Pyro/a asari- folia Michx. and P. minor L. and ina spring bog Listera auricu- lata Wiegand (in flower). On a Maine blueberry barren we found Pyrola rotundifolia L., Aster junceus Ait., and great quantities of Vaccinium Cana- 67 dense, blackflies, and midgets ; we soon decided that the latter had preempted the region and made a hasty change of base. By noon we were at the foot of Boundary Lake and the iron boundary post, the most northern point of Maine. Here we found Eatonia Pennsylvanica (DC.) A. Gray, Panicu- laria laxa Scribn., Graphephorum melicoideum (Michx.) Beauv., Chaetochloa viridis (.) Scribn., Carex atratiformis Britton, Strep- topus amplexifolius (L.) DC., Sangutsorba Canadensis L., Cap- noides sempervirens (L.) Borck., Mentha Canadensis glabrata Benth., Viola septentrionalis Greene, Tetragonanthus deflexus (J. E. Smith) Kuntze, 7. deflerus heteranthus (Griseb.) Britton (one plant), Virburnum pauciflorum Pylaie, Erigeron acris L., Solidago luspida Muhl., Euphrasta Canadensis Townsend, and 7Zanacetum FHluronense Nutt. We hoped to find /soetes hieroglyphica A. A. Eaton, Selaginella selaginoides (L.) Link, and a red-flowered Castalia. , The wind was so high that afternoon and the next day that botanizing on the lake was out of the question. Boundary Lake extends north and south about nine miles. In Pringle’s day from the foot of the lake five miles up the west shore was an unbroken forest ; now it is all cultivated land, and the ‘“‘mossy shore under cedars”? where Pringle found Se/agz- nella selaginoides is now the location of a thriving saw mill, saw- ing the cedars. Incidentally, all of the logs driven in the St. Francis and the upper St. John and most of the timber used in houses is the white cedar, Thuja occidentalis L. The next morn- ing, turning our backs on the wind-swept shores of Boundary Lake and red pond lilies, we started down the river. This was the most delightful part of the trip. Running along noiselessly and using the paddle but for steering, we saw several deer but no moose, although we had seen many of their tracks. Down the river a few miles on the Maine shore were some quite large lagoons anda great marsh; here were Carex arcta Boott, Mymphaca advena variegata, Nymphaca hybrida Peck, Nymphaea Kalmiana (Michx.) Sims, Rhamnus alnifolia L’Her., Hippurus vulgaris L., Myriophyllum alternifiorum DC., etc. Thus far, trout-fishing had been very poor but this morning we had some fine sport. 68 At night we were at our old camp at the head of Beau Lac. In the alluvial woods Aster hirsuticaulis Lindl. was abundant. The lake in lower water would have been fine botanizing, but Lsuetes that ought to have been near the surface was in three or four feet of water. I spent over an hour wading up to my neck in the cold water, supposing I was getting /soetes hieroglyphica A. A. Eaton, but Eaton tells me that out of some three hundred specimens all but about a dozen are /svetes echinospora Braunit Engelm. The marshy shores gave us Listera convallarioides Nutt. and Carex intumescens Fernaldi Bailey, and near Cross Lake Rapids was Asarum Canadense L. Our guide thought he could show us the red water lily in Glazier Lake. It proved to be Polygonum amphibium L. growing with Sparganinm simplex angustifolium (Michx.) Engelm. and JZyriophyllum verticillatum L. The little rocky islet in the St. John at the mouth of the St. Francis had Poa glauca Vahl., Juncus Dudleyt Wiegand, /. Vaseyi Engelm., Adfiam Sibiricum L., Astragalus alpinus L., Lathyrus palustris L., Ara- gallus Johannensis Rydb., Vaccinium caespitosum Michx., Gen- tana acuta Michx., G. linearis Froel., Castilleja acuminata (Pursh.) Spreng., Aster longifolius Lam., A. longifolius villicaulis A. Gray, A. radula Ait., Solidago squarrosa Muhl., Tanacctum Huronense Nutt., etc. This proved the best botanizing ground of the trip. RUTLAND, VERMONT. SHORTER NOTES Notes ON THE LocaL FLora.—Specimens of Dyryopteris sunulata and of Woodwardia angustifolia were found in abundance near Quogue, L.I.,last summer. This is the fifth station in New York for the first and the sixth for the second. Very near these stations were found plants of Ca/tha radicaus. This may be the West Hampton station of Britton’s Flora for the division be- tween the towns was not more than a third of a mile away. In a swamp at West Hampton were found specimens of Lyco- podium alopecuroides. This is the third station for Long Island. A few plants of Asplenium pinnatifidum were found by a friend, Mr. Huntington, a few summers ago at Sharon, Conn. 61) This may be of interest in connection with the article, ‘A Sum- mer in Salisbury, Connecticut’ (Torreya, March, 1904), Sharon being not very far distant. This station was noted some time ago in The Fern Bulletin. I am sure all these plants are correctly identified. Dryopteris stmulata has been seen by Mr. Clute and Asfplentum pinnatifidum by Mr. Bissell. FREDERICK Wm. Kospse. 142 East 18TH STREET, New York Ciry. ViBURNUM MOLLE Michx.— Mr. Rehder's recent remarks on this species (Rhodora, 6: 58. Mr 1904) finally clear up the interesting question of the application of the name, and solve it in the way Dr. Small and I have both suspected to be correct, but without a definite knowledge of Michaux’s type specimen, we had been unable to improve upon the conclusions of Dr. Gray. Mr. Fernald’s photograph of the type sheet in the Paris herbarium has supplied Mr. Rehder withthe desired information. In addi- tion to the synonym V. Demetrionts Deane and Robinson, cited by Mr. Rehder, should be added IV’. pubescens petiolatum Fitz- patrick (Man. Flow. Pl. Iowa, 140. 1899), and the range extended northward to Johnson and Jefferson counties, Iowa, where the shrub grows in rocky woods. Michaux’s subspecies semtomentosum is taken up by Mr. Rehder for the . mol/e of Gray and more recent authors, the citation being l semitomentosum (Michx.) Rehder, and_ the range given as from Kentucky to Florida and Texas. Mr. Harper's collections show that the plant occurs in Georgia. In Manual, p. 871, I indicated that it might extend northward to southern Pennsylvania ; this suggestion was based on specimens with leaves but without flowers and fruit, collected by Dr. Small at Smithville, Lancaster County, in September, 1897 ; these, in their stellate pubescence and blunt teeth seem almost identical with those of specimens from the south, N. L. Britton. 70 REVIEWS Howell’s Flora of Northwest America* The seventh fascicle of Howell’s Flora of Northwest America has now appeared. This finishes the first part, ‘‘ Phanerogamae.”’ The title is perhaps a little misleading, as the flora does not cover the western part of the British possessions, or Alaska. It would have been more appropriate if the title had been a “‘ Flora of the Northwestern United States,’ as it is a manual of the botany of Washington, Oregon and western Idaho. Only those who have been actively engaged in writing manuals of systematic botany can imagine what such an undertaking means, what difficulties are met with and what an amount of work is needed. If the fact is taken into consideration that Mr. Howell had to work far away from our large collections and botanical libraries with scarcely any other facilities than those afforded by his private library and col- lections the excellence of the work is really surprising. The pre- liminary work on the flora was begun as early as 1882 and in 1896 the manuscript of the first fascicle was ready. A new difficulty now presented itself. He could not find in Portland a type-setter who could set the type for such a book, and Mr. Howell learned the trade and set the type himself. The first fascicle was issued in 1897 and the others at intervals of a yearor two. The book contains 792 pages of compact descriptions and an index of 24 pages. It is evident that Mr. Howell began the work with the inten- tion of giving descriptions drawn by him from actual specimens, where it was posssible. When such were not found in his her- barium he tried to borrow from fellow botanists. In this he did not always succeed and had to reprint the original description. This method of course meant an enormous amount of corre- spondence and was delaying the work. It appears as if the method was partly discarded towards the end of the work, as it there seems to be more of a compilation. This may be said * Howell, T. A Flora of Northwest America. Vol. 1. Phanerogamae, 8vo. Pp. 1-792 +-Index. Portland, Oregon. 10 Au 1903. [Issued in seven fascicles, 1597-1903. | 71 especially of the difficult family Gramineae, where the last mono- graph is more or less closely followed. In many cases this was a very commendable way, but in others not, as, for example, in the treatment of oa, where he follows Professor Beal. One improvement he has made on the latter’s work, viz., in retaining Poa Buckleyana and P. Fendleriana and their allies in Poa. He places them under a subgenus A/vopfis, copying Beal’s characters of the genus Advofis (which name however does not belong there but to Puccinellia), but not noticing that scarcely one half of the species referred there by Beal agree with the definition ; nor did he know that Azropis Lettermannt Beal (Poa Lettermanni Vasey) and /oa Lrandegei described in Beal’s work are the same species and that the types of both were collected at the same station. As no work has been published before on the flora of the region, Mr. Howell had to draw his information from a thousand and one scattered publications. We know that many times the same species has been described under different names by differ- ent authors (one Aster from Idaho, A. /essicae, has received not less than four names). A good deal of sifting had therefore to be done and it is remarkable how well Mr. Howell has succeeded without having access to the types. It would be surprising, however, if he had not gone amiss sometimes. One such case we have noticed: Sporobolus graciliimus and S. filiformis were both based on l/fa depauperata v. filiformis Thurber, and hence the same. The numerous publications and segregations of recent date have of course caused considerable trouble. Some of our contempo- rary phytographers have a custom of describing species without indicating the relationships. The author of a monograph or manual, if he does not have the chance of seeing the types, must be a very good guesser if he happens to place the species in the right section of the genus. Mr. Howell guessed well as a rule, but missed occasionally, as, for example, when he placed Gev- tiana anisosepala Greene, next to G. affinis. It should have been placed with G. tenella and G. acuta. Another kind of difficulty arises when one of the modern splitters breaks up a species, supposed to be transcontinental, (2 into several geographical species and does not give exact limits of their ranges. How cana botanist without access to all or most of the larger herbaria know if he is to include or exclude the original species, if he has not authentic material himself? The “ Flora of Northwest America”’ therefore happens to con- tain several species not growing within a thousand miles of the region covered, z. ¢., as far as can be judged from specimens in the collections of the New York Botanical Garden and Colum- bia University. Such species are, for instance Scrophularia Mar- wandica and Polygonum erectum, not found west of Nebraska ; Eriogonum corymbosum and Graphephorum Wolfii, not north of Colorado ; Salix saximontana and Geranium Fremonti, not north or west of Wyoming ; Jofieldia glutinosa, Poa glauca and P. /axa, only found in the northeastern part of the continent. With regard to nomenclature, Mr. Howell has been progres- sive, following the Rochester Code with slight modification and using in most cases the generic names adopted in the second edi- tion of Heller’s Catalogue. As to the limitation of genera he has been somewhat radical, adopting most of the segregations made in later years. As to the limitation of species he has on the contrary been rather conservative, ignoring many of the newer finer splits and proposing very few new ones himself. Thase that he has proposed are well founded. He has admitted very few varieties. Those that he has admitted were probably not well known to him. In most cases he has raised the varieties to species if they could be well recognized; if not they have been ignored. Whatever smaller defects the work may have, it will be of great value to the student of the botany of the Columbia Valley region. It will be for that region what Chapman’s Flora has been for the South, Coulter’s Manual for the Rockies and the Botany of California for the southern portion of the Pacific Slope. We need now a flora of the southwestern United States and the Great Basin. P. A. RYDBERG. ~! ‘. —_ PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB Marcu 8, 1904 This meeting was held at the College of Pharmacy, with Vice- president Rusby in the chair; there were seventeen persons present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and approved. The first paper on the scientific program was by Professor Francis E. Lloyd on ‘‘ Recent Investigations on the Pollen-tube,” and was an interesting exposition of the parallel results of Longo’s investigations on the behavior of the pollen-tube in Cucurbitaceae and Professor Lloyd’s work on Rubiaceae. Longo finds that in Cucurbita Pepo L., the ovary is provided with a special conductive tissue reaching to the neck of the flask-shaped nucellus by means of which the pollen-tube follows a completely intercellular course from stigma to embryo-sac. In other species of Cucurbita and in Citrullus vulgaris, the neck of the nucellus is not long enough to reach to the conductive tissue, so that for a short distance the tube must .move through a cavity. On reaching the neck of the nucellus, the pollen-tube forms a bulla that produces lateral outgrowths which Longo believes are for the purpose of reaching out’after food materials, as their size seems to depend on the amount of starch present. This view is rendered somewhat questionable by the phenomena observed by Wylie in 4/odea, where pollen-tubes may produce similar ‘‘cystoids’’ in the free space of the locule but never produce them in the tissues where food substances must be more abundant. Longo supports his conclusion that the intercellular course of the pollen-tube is followed not because of inability to grow in open space, by showing that pollen-tubes may be produced in moist air from such normally endotropic forms as Azszdus Lupulus L., Picea excelsa, etc. He interprets chalazogamy as a physiological fact having no bearing on phylogeny. In plants having endotropic pollen-tubes, he considers the direction of their growth to be determined chemotactically. 74 The main points in Professor Lloyd’s independent conclusions from work on Rubiaceae are: (1) The form of cells in the con- ductive tissue does not determine the course of the pollen-tube, for in Richardsonia and Diodia teres the cells are elongated at right angles to the path of the tube. He believes the chemo- tactic stimulus which determines the direction to be differentially distributed from the egg cell. (2) The ectotropic or endotropic behavior of the pollen-tube is a physiological character. The second paper of the evening, by Mr. Edward W. Berry was entitled ‘‘Some Monotypic Genera of the Eastern United States and their Ancestors.’ The phylogeny of Lztodendron, was briefly sketched, from its first appearance as a narrow simple- leaved form in the mid-cretaceous of the Atlantic coastal plain, its spread to Europe and Asia, its development into large lobate- Jeaved forms, and its final extinction except for the existing species of eastern North America and a waning variety in east- ern Asia. Drawings of all the fossil species were shown, and numerous blue-prints of the leaves of the existing species, show- ing their parallelism and range of variation. Sassafras was the second genus considered. It was pointed out that while the described fossil species were numerous, many of them are not allied to Sassafras. The species which were considered as positively identified were discussed, as well as the peculiar characters of the leaves of the existing species, both ancient and modern forms being abundantly illustrated. The third genus discussed was Comptonia. Its former range and development were described and drawings of a number of the species were shown. All three genera were considered to have taken their origin from simple-leaved ancestors which flourished during the closing days of the lower cretaceous, and to have originated in America, becoming dominant and widespread in pre-glacial times, finally becoming restricted to their present habitats chiefly through the agency of the glacial conditions of the Pleistocene period. The paper was discussed by Professors Rusby, Underwood, and Lloyd and Dr. Howe. Adjournment followed. Tracy E. HAZEN, Secretary pro tem. =~I or MARCH 30, 1904 The Torrey Botanical Club met in the morphological labora- tory at the New York Botanical Garden with about 20 persons present. Dr. D. T. MacDougal called the meeting to order; Dr. C. C. Curtis was elected chairman and Mr. W. T. Horne secretary. The first paper on the scientific program was ‘ Notes on the Cytology of the Aquatic Fungi’? by Dr. Cyrus A. King. Schroeter’s classification of the Phycomycetes was reviewed and attention called to the fact that the conidia of the Peronosporineae resemble sporangia since they germinate by forming internal zoospores. In the Saprolegniaceae, according to Trow, the eggs are at first multinucleate, all except the sexual nucleus in each egg being disposed of by digestion. Dr. King's researches have shown that in the Leptomitaceae, as far as known, the odgonia are at first multinucleate and the supernumerary nuclei are dis- posed of by migrating to the periphery of the cell where they are cut off in a distinct periplasm. In Arazospora the peripheral nuclei surround themselves with cell walls in such a way that the ooplasm is surrounded by a layer of periplasmic cells. In Sapromyces there is also a periplasm in which the nonsexual nuclei are cut off; it is however reduced to a very thin layer. The formation of a body in the center of the egg of Avaiospora by the coalescence of several small cytoplasmic patches from various parts of the odplasm was described. The body probably is an attraction center for the sexual nuclei. A similar structure was not found in Sapromyces. Rhipidium was also briefly described. The presence of a periplasm and the migration of the nuclei from the developing egg indicates that the Leptomi- taceae are more closely allied to the Peronosporineae than to the Saprolegnineae. Photomicrographs were shown from Dr. King’s preparations showing the facts brought out and showing also indirect nuclear division in the odgonium and zodsporangium of Sapromyces. An interesting discussion followed. The second paper was by Mr. B. C. Gruenberg and was en- titled ‘‘ Chemical Investigations on Haematoxylon.’’ Haema- 76 toxylin is one of the most valuable of commercial dyes and the business of supplying the wood from which it is made forms an important industry in some of the West Indies. Considerable annoyance has been caused by the fact that some of the logwood or Haematoxylon trees contain little or no dye, whole shipments even having been condemned on this account. The so-called ‘bastard logwood ”’ is not always to be distinguished at the time of cutting. It is either lighter in color or if dark at first it can be recognized by not becoming still darker on seasoning for some months as does the good wood. Professor Earle investigated the disease in the field and con- cluded that the lack of pigment was not due to external condi- tions, or to disease, or to immaturity, but that the logwood is a variable plant and the bastard form is a variety or subspecies. The percentage of carbon in the ash-free material was deter- mined for different samples with somewhat varying results but showing that the good wood contains a slightly higher percen- tage, due probably to the carbon in the pigment. Analysis of leaves, stems and roots of one-year-old plants showed that the bastard plants contained slightly more ash and water, but the difference was very slight. Extracts of the pigment were made with a number of different solvents from varying samples of wood. The extracts with dif- ferent solvents did not give parallel results as indicating the amount of pigment. In diluting the extracts chemical changes occurred, Alkalies increase the color of extracts of the good wood but not extracts of the bastard wood. Acids havea parallel effect. Results on the soluble substances in the wood were not satis- factory on account of decomposition on drying. There are prob- ably several pigments. After a discussion of the paper the meeting adjourned. WitiiAM T. Horne, Secretary pro tem. NEWS ITEMS Dr. H. C. Cowles, of the University of Chicago, devoted a large part of the month of April to field studies in plant ecology in the vicinity of Miami, Florida. =~] =~] Miss Mary Perle Anderson, supervisor of nature study, Uni- versity School, Chicago, has been appointed instructor in botany in Mt. Holyoke College for the coming year. Dr. John K. Small and Mr. Percy Wilson, of the New York Botanical Garden, are spending a few weeks in making collections in the extreme southern end of the peninsula of Florida, Mr. Homer D. House, recently assistant in botany in the Columbia University, has been acting instructor in botany in Rutgers College, New Brunswick, New Jersey, since April 1. Mr. C. W. Hope, who had published extensively on the ferns of northern India, and many of whose specimens are in the her- barium of the New York Botanical Garden, died on February 16, at Kew, England. Prof. Dr. Karl Schumann, of Berlin, died early in April. He was best known for his extensive studies upon the Cactaceae, and the fact that this family is almost wholly American makes his work of particular interest to American botanists. Mr. Le Roy Abrams, author of the recently published ‘ Flora of Los Angeles and Vicinity,’ has been appointed fellow in botany in Columbia University. Mr. Abrams received the degree of A. B. from Stanford University in 1899 and that of A. M. in 1902. Dr. José Ramirez, chief of the section of natural history of the Instituto Medico Nacional, died in the City of Mexico, April 11, 1904. He was the author of “‘ La Vegetacion de Mexico”’ and of various other works on the flora and materia medica of Mexico, Dr. Hans Hermann Behr, for many years professor of botany in the California College of Pharmacy, died in San Francisco on March 6, in his eighty-sixth year. Dr. Behr was the author of the “ Flora of the Vicinity of San Francisco,” published in 1888, and of several shorter papers on the Californian and Australian floras. He was also an entomologist, a linguist, and a man of very marked general ability. In the prize essay competion of 1904, conducted by the New York Botanical Garden, from a portion of the income of the Caroline and Olivia Phelps Stokes Fund for the Preservation of Native Plants, the first prize, of twenty-five dollars, has been 78 awarded to Miss Mary Perle Anderson, of Chicago ; the second, of fifteen dollars, to Miss Jean Broadhurst, of Trenton, N. J.; and the third, of ten dollars, to Mr. George Gordon Copp, of New York City. Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton and Dr. Marshall A. Howe spent three or four weeks in March and April in making botanical col- lections in southeastern Florida, with Miami as a base, and on New Providence, Bahamas. Afterwards, Dr. Howe, in company with Dr. C. F. Millspaugh, of the Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, made the return trip from Nassau to Miami in a sail boat, taking ten days for the voyage and making collections on the Joulter Cays, Gun Cay, the Cat Cays and the Bemini Cays. Fascicle I of Dr. Janet Perkins’ ‘‘ Framenta Florae Philippinae ”’ has recently been published by the Gebrider Borntraeger. This first fascicle is devoted chiefly to an ‘‘ Enumeration of some of the recently collected plants of Ahern, Jagor, Lohor, Merrill, Warburg, and others.” The author, whose work is being car- ried on at the Botanical Museum of Berlin, has the collaboration of Doctors Brand, Lindau, von Seemen, Graebner, Schlechter, Beccari, Warburg and Radlkofer in the treatment of certain families. Professor Hugo de Vries, of Amsterdam, has engaged to de- liver a course of lectures on ‘‘ Mutation”’ at the summer session of the University of California in June and July. He is also to ive a series of five lectures at the University of Chicago, August 2-26. Professor de Vries expects to reach New York on June 6. He will spend a few days at the New York Botanical Gar- den, and on June 11 will deliver the address at the dedicatory ceremonies of the Station for Experimental Evolution of the Car- oe > 2 negie Institution at Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. The course of popular lectures offered by the New York Bo- tanical Garden for the spring of 1904 is as follows: April 30, ‘Japan, the Land of Lacquer and Bamboo,” by Dr. C. F. Millspaugh; May 7, ‘‘ The Form, Habits and Relationships of the Cactuses,’”’ by Dr. N. L. Britton ; May 14, ‘‘ The Vegetation of the Delta of the Colorado River, and of Baja California,” by Dr. D. T. MacDougal; May 21, ‘‘ Explorations on the Yukon 79 River, Alaska,” by Dr. Arthur Hollick ; May 28, ‘ Arctic and Alpine Plants,”’ by Professor F. E. Lloyd ; June 4, ‘‘ Carnivorous Plants,”’ by Professor H. M. Richards. Dr. James Hyatt, the last of the original members of the Torrey Botanical Club, died at Bangall, Dutchess Co., N. Y., on February 27, in the eighty-seventh year of his age. Dr. Hyatt’s special work as a lecturer and writer was in the field of chemistry, but like many others of his generation he enjoyed a wide interest in the natural sciences as a whole. Members of the Club will remember the ‘‘ Reminiscences of John Torrey,” contributed by him to the exercises of Torrey Day, celebrated in New York June 27, 1900, in connection with the proceedings of the Botanical Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The Fifteenth Annual Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden contains in addition to reports for the year 1903 and library con- tributions the following scientific papers: “An ecological Com- * by Samuel Monds Coulter (24 plates); ‘‘Two Fungi growing in Holes made by wood-boring Insects,” by Perley Spaulding (3 plates); ‘An ecologically aberrent Begonia,” by William Trelease (2 plates) ; ‘Aberrant Veil Remnants in some edible Agarics,’’ by William ° Trelease (10 plates). The number of species and varieties in parison of some typical Swamp Areas,’ actual cultivation at the Garden as shown by an inventory taken at the end of 1903 is given as 11,357; the number of books and pamphlets in the library, 42,262; the number of mounted specimens in the herbarium, 465,205 ; the number of visitors to the Garden in 1903, 79,039. Professor F. S. Earle, who has been assistant curator of the New York Botanical Garden since the autumn of Igo!, has resigned his position to accept the directorship of the newly organized Estacion Agronomica Central de Cuba. Professor Earle spent the month of March and the early part of April in Cuba, engaged inthe preliminary work of locating and organizing the Estacion, which is to be at Santiago de las Vegas, about twelve miles from Havana. The staff is to include Mr. C. F. Baker, for the past year assistant professor of biology in Pomona SO College, Claremont, California, as botanist; Mr. Percy Wilson, of the New York Botanical Garden, as assistant botanist, and Mr. William T. Horne, now fellow in botany in Columbia Uni- versity, as assistant pathologist. Professor Earle sailed from New York for Cuba with his family on April 30. «Alaska, Volume V. Cryptogamic Botany”’ is the title of a handsome octavo volume of 424 pages and 44 plates lately pub- lished by Doubleday, Page & Company, of New York. The subject matter is concerned with the results of the Harriman Alaska Expedition and comprises the following papers : “ Intro- duction,” by William Trelease ; ‘‘ The Fungi of Alaska,” by P. A. Saccardo, C. H. Peck and William Trelease; ‘‘ The Lichens of Alaska,’ by Clara E. Cummings ; “ The Algae of the Expe- dition,’ by De Alton Saunders ; ‘‘ The Mosses of Alaska,” by J. Cardot and I. Thériot ; ‘‘ Alaskan Species of Sphagnum,” by William Trelease (determinations, by Warnstorf) ; ‘‘ Hepaticae of Alaska,’ by Alexander W. Evans; ‘‘ The Ferns and Fern Allies of Alaska,’ by William Trelease. The papers on the Algae, Hepaticae and mosses were originally published in the Proceed- ings of the Washington Academy of Sciences and are here reprinted from the same electrotype plates, bracketed figures indicating the original pagination. Vol. 4 No. 6 TORREY A June, 1904 RESISTANCE OF DROUGHT BY LIVERWORTS By DouGLas HOUGHTON CAMPBELL We are accustomed to consider the archegoniates in general as moisture-loving plants, and this is, to a certain extent, true. But it readily may be shown that there are many exceptions to the rule, even in regions of abundant moisture ; while in more arid districts it is becoming clear that many species have developed special contrivances for surviving long periods of drought. In moister regions, like the eastern United States, many species of rock-haunting or epiphytic mosses occur which can survive a certain amount of desiccation ; and among the Hepaticae may be mentioned various foliose Jungermanniaceae which share this peculiarity with the mosses. How far this power of resisting drought is found among the eastern thallose Jungermanniaceae and Marchantiaceae, so far as the writer is aware, has not been investigated. For a number of years the writer has been interested in the archegoniates of California, especially the hepatics, and his attention has been directed repeatedly to the power shown by nearly all the species of resisting the long dry season which regularly prevails each year. In the region around San Fran- cisco Bay, the dry season generally lasts from about the middle of May until late September or early October. Sometimes for fully six months no rain at all falls. This was the case in 1903, when from mid-April until October there was no rain at all, and not until November was the rainfall enough to start vegetation. Nevertheless, the growth of Hepaticae during the present season has been very luxuriant, and there is no evidence of any harm having resulted from the unusually protracted drought. In the bay region, however, there is seldom the excessive summer heat [ Vol. 4, No. 5, of TORREYA, comprising pages 65-So, was issued May 13, 1904. } 81 89 of the great central valley of California, and the heavy ocean fogs which prevail during the whole summer undoubtedly miti- gate to a very considerable degree the complete lack of rain. Nevertheless, during the dry season the liverworts remain abso- lutely dormant and apparently quite dried up. The hepatic flora in the neighborhood of Stanford University is a very interesting one. There are types of most of the more important groups, and almost without exception the common species develop their reproductive organs in great numbers — indeed in most of our common species one almost never meets with sterile individuals. Besides the liverworts proper, several species of Anthoceros occur, two of which are extremely abun- dant. With the exception of the genus Sfhaerocarpus, which seems to be annual, all of the species in this neighborhood that have been examined remain alive during the summer, and resume growth promptly with the advent of the autumn rains. Among the most abundant liverworts of this region are several species of Ricca, some of which, like R. trichocarpa,* grow in very exposed places, subject tothe full force of the sun. Of the higher Marchantiaceae, the commonest species are /imériaria Calt- fornica (Asterella Californica) and Targiona hypophylla. Less common are /imbriaria Bolanderi (Asterella Lolanderi) and Cryptomitrium tencrune. In the moist forests of the outer coast ranges, and sometimes straying down the banks of the streams, occur the cosmopolitan Marchantia polymorpha and Fegatella conica (Conocephalum con- icum). Itis doubtful, however, whether either of these species can survive such complete drying up as that which the characteristic species of the valley regularly undergo. The number of leafy liverworts is relatively small. The com- monest species are Porella Lolanderi and Frullania Bolanderi, both of which are abundant. Two species of Sphacrocarpus and one of Fossombronia — F. longiseta — represent the thallose Jungermanniaceae. The Anthocerotaceae comprise two common species of Azitho- ceros, A. fusiformis and A. Pearsoni.t Both of these species, * This is 2. Airta of the writer's ‘* Mosses and Ferns.”’ + A. laevis of ** Mosses and Ferns.”’ 85 like the other liverworts, regularly survive the summer in a dor- mantstate. A former erroneous statement (‘‘ Mosses and Ferns,”’ p. 117) that they are annuals, was due to a failure to examine the plants early enough in the season, Having observed how soon after the first rains mature repro- ductive organs were present, it was thought advisable to investi- gate the condition in which the plants pass the dry season. The matter was intrusted to one of our students, Mr. H. B. Hum- phrey, who has made a careful examination of /ossombronia lon- giseta and fimbriaria Californica (Asterella Californica), as well as a less complete examination of a number of other species. It was found that a surprisingly large amount of the thallus remains alive, and within a few hours after the dried plants are supplied with water, the forward part of the thallus has assumed its active condition and begins to grow. In both Fossombronia and fimbriaria (Asterella) the first antheridia were mature in about two weeks. This early development of the reproductive organs at once raised the question whether they might not begin their development before the close of the growing period in the spring. To determine this point, dried plants were collected and placed in water and were examined as soon as they had revived. In Fossombronia both archegonia and antheridia were found in advanced stages of development, while in the dioecious Fzmdriaria (Asterella) the male plants showed large antheridia, but the female plants had not yet formed archegonia. It is highly probable that the reproductive organs are present also in all the species of Aeccza, and not unlikely in some of the other genera, but as yet none of these have been critically examined for this point. That the liverworts can endure much greater desiccation than that to which they are normally subjected was shown by remov- ing by artificial means a large part of the water held in the dried thallus. The plants so treated showed no apparent loss of vitality, and promptly revived when supplied with water. In all the forms examined, more or less perfect devices for pre- venting excessive loss of water have been noted. The growing point is protected by hairs or scales, sometimes secreting mucil- age, and the mucilage cells within the thallus of certain species 84 are probably concerned with water storage. How far the absorp- tion of atmospheric moisture from fog takes place during the dry season has not been tested, but to judge from the behavior of the lichens of this region, shown by Professor Peirce’s experi- ments, it may well be considerable. The development of tubers has been observed by various stu- dents of liverworts.* A very perfect case is that of the re- markable liverwort, Geothal/us, discovered some years ago by the writer. This liverwort comes from southern California, where the rainfall is much less than in middle California. In this spe- cies the inner tissue of the thallus becomes filled with reserve food, and the surrounding cells become dark and thick-walled, forming a sort of rind protecting the central tissue. These tubers are more or less completely buried in the earth, where they re- main during the long dry season. Only a very small amount of tissue about the growing point remains alive, and no signs of the young reproductive organs are visible when the tubers begin to germinate. esee g eal PEER) Pe) aoe ek aes 1850 i of & yl Fl ° a] §| 3 > 5 LEGO cpciec cca vuvevccduccccdccvdveeedccovepvecsdoeceesecvon|conactll) chbees scccsecssussll| bseses] Gekpakl RERRen] Ltewt tnt ny amma tera 1860 TBIO.crevscssesnacvonstacasecsneuisncestervceteusdssnctoss cosvessascevsvonnguosssseuo | vovxntl sssunes¥asenvecnsentesentnul Veaxinl RiSRE 1870 mS E ~ mm 5] S s COBO k crccin csc chactetinine (ue cisbuactaahr reseed ineVevernccetsouecscdtuscvisvenccevait hese t tn) rane nn nian Be [ecssee[esreee[ereeee 1880 ral ; ah o =f x TEGO sesececccccssesccsrscccccuscsrueesenvevaveuveesescarosesesesacconsctsossunsbacccsasbequssnsensustsescauessse] Peodanal Susesb ieee 1890 XQOOsnceasiosnssronessoeveaghvvcvnseccessvasseseessvvensecversuscsovensdavesvnvecvvssnyesrevaccssp¥. osssss0Nhis0sA sis CRNMMsSAETTTAENES 1900 (In the above table the entire line shows the life period, the solid line the period of publication on ferns.) 147 It is to England, however, that we must look for the greatest advance in the systematic study of ferns during the second quarter of the past century. W. J. Hooker, afterwards Sir William, the first director of Kew Gardens after Queen Victoria had opened them to the public, and father of the present Sir Joseph, who followed his father in that important post in 1865, was born in 1785 and thus was a correspondent in touch with all the earlier writers on ferns of the first years of the century. In his earlier years of study, Hooker was associated with R. K. Greville, the distinguished cryptogamic botanist of Scotland, and with him published the elaborate folio in two volumes, /cones filicum (1831), besides one or two preliminary papers on ferns and fern allies.* Greville’s influence was most salutary in giving to their combined studies what would now be considered a more rational view of the limitation and distribution of species, and thus contrasts most strongly with the narrowly conservative ideas that dominated all the later writings of Sir William and his successors in fern study at Kew. A comparison of a few genera will strongly emphasize this statement. Species recognized by | Species included in the | Species of the Synopsis Genera Hooker & Greville first edition of Syop- published subse- in 1833 sis Filicum, 1868 quently to 1833 OPHIOGLOSSUM. 18 Io 2 BoTRYCHIUM. 14 6 — MARATTIA. 10 7 3 DANA. 5 Il 6 ANGIOPTERIS. 2 I — OSMUNDA. 12 6 — TODEA. 3 4 2 The appointment of Hooker to Kew made possible several opportunities which served to advance our knowledge of ferns and to lay the foundations at that herbarium of its present mag- nificent collection of ferns : 1. The increased exploration of distant lands made possible by the relation Kew has increasingly maintained towards com- mercial importation of ornamental plants and more especially by * Greville & Hooker. Enumeratio Filicum (I. Lycopodineae). Bot. Miscellany, 2: 360-403. 1831; (II. Ophioglosseae, Marattiaceae, Osmundaceae). Bot. Mis- cellany, 3: 216-232. 1833. This work was unfortunately discontinued. 148 the intimate relations early established with the extensive system of colonial gardens and plantations which have ended in these adjuncts being almost wholly manned by men who were trained at Kew. 2. The increased facilities for the publication of extensive series of excellent illustrations of ferns. In this Hooker was greatly aided by the painter, Francis Bauer, to whom we are in- debted for the admirable illustrations in Genera Filicum, and later by Mr. W. Fitch, for many years the artist of Kew Gardens. 3. By the selection of John Smith in 1841 as the curator of Kew Gardens, whose interest in fern cultivation resulted not only in bringing together the splendid collection of living ferns now in cultivation at that garden, but early laid the foundation of an elaborate generic system of ferns far more philosophical and rational than that followed by Hooker and his successors, Whatever may be said in criticism of the conservative treat- ment of fern species or fern genera at Kew, no words can suffi- ciently convey the appreciation of fern students of every subse- quent age for the elaborate and accurate illustrations, the magni- ficent fern herbarium, and the splendid collection of living ferns which have ever been available for study with a characteristic and open-hearted generosity that could not be exceeded. Hooker's illustrated publications on ferns were as follows : 1. Leones Filicum (conjointly with Greville) 2 vols. 1831. 240 plates (hand-colored in some copies, not in others). 2. Genera Filicum (conjointly with Bauer). 1842. 120 col- ored plates. 3. Species Filicum. 1844-1864. 5 volumes of text and 304 plates (uncolored). 4. Garden Ferns. 1852. 64 colored plates. 5. A Century of Ferns. 1854. 100 colored plates. (This was a reissue of volume ten of /cones Plantarum, in which the plates were differently numbered and were uncolored). 6, Filices Exoticae. 1859. 100 colored plates. 7. A Second Century of Ferns. 1861. 100 colored plates. 8. British Ferns. 1861. 66 colored plates. Besides the above there were numerous plates of ferns scat- 149 tered through various volumes of /cones Plantarum,* which brings the above total of 1074 plates up to over 12c0. As the plates of Genera Filicum and Species /ilicum often contain two or more species, the total number of ferns illustrated from Kew reaches nearly sixteen hundred species. The Kew herbarium of ferns is by far the largest collection in the world and it is no disparagement to the other great collec- tions to say that no extensive critical systematic work, whether dealing with the ferns of any genus or of any country, can be reasonably complete without consultation of this famous collec- tion. Some of our distinguished German friends are respectfully urged to take the full import of this statement to heart. There is no excuse for continental botanists longer to neglect this obvious duty. The same criticism here made on continental botanists of the present generation could have applied with equal force to Hooker himself. Notwithstanding his wide correspondence with bota- nists of his time, there was obvious failure to examine the types of his predecessors in fern study, and justice forces us to add an equal failure to recognize as valid too much of the work of many of his contemporaries. Cases are not wanting, even, where errors could have been easily avoided by taking the trouble to consult types no farther removed from Kew than the rooms of the Lin- naean Society in London, and many of the species of Hooker’s contemporaries were either discredited without being seen, or entirely passed over in silence. In the cases of Fée, Presl, and Kunze, this was specially pronounced. Hooker’s work ended in 1865 while he was bringing through the press the hand manual of ‘‘all known ferns’”’ under the name of Synopsis Filicum, which was completed and brought through a second edition by his successor in the fern herbarium. In this work the extreme of conservatism is reached and its nearly three thousand species will expand to over four thousand before even the ferns of the great Kew herbarium of that date are fully enumerated, to say nothing of the two thousand that have been * Volume 17 of /cones Plantarum, published however subsequently to Hooker's death, was devoted entirely to ferns. 150 since described and the many that were overlooked by the authors of Synopsis Filicum. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, October 5, 1904. A NEW SPECIES OF POLYPORUS Eon TENNESSEE By WILLIAM A. MuRRILL. Among the many interesting things found in the partially ex- plored regions of Virginia and Tennessee during the past summer was a little undescribed species of true Polyporus, as the genus is at present limited. Considering the work already done in this group and the ease with which these plants as a group may be recognized, I was quite surprised at the find. It indicates the unfinished work at our very doors even in comparatively well- known genera of fungi and shows how much there is yet to be done by earnest collectors in almost any locality. The genus Polyporus as at present limited comprises for the most part, small, central-stemmed plants found in the woods on fallen sticks and logs. Of the twenty-three North Ameri- can species (Bulletin Torrey Club, 31: 29. 1904), eight are known from Cuba only, one from Porto Rico, one from St. Kitts, two from Central America and one from various parts of Tropical America. This leaves only ten species to be met with -in the United States ; and only half of these, z. ¢., P. Polyporus, P. arcularius, P. elegans, P. fissus and P. caudicinus, are to any extent common, the remaining five being extremely rare and local. Of these local species, Louisiana has one, Alabama one, Ohio one, South Carolina one and North Carolina one ; and one is now known from Tennessee. When I first saw this new plant in the rocky woods at Unaka Springs in East Tennessee, the resemblance to a little gray Clitocybe common inthe same mountains was so striking that I came near passing it by; but upon closer examination it revealed the large pores, umbilicate pileus and hairy margin characteristic of the L51 section to which our common and widely distributed species P. arcularius belongs. It may be distinguished from that species, however, by its smaller size, thinner substance, gray color and slender, equal, less hairy stem. From the rare P. arculariellus, it differs decidedly in color and in being opaque instead of pellucid. A full description of the species follows : Polyporus arculariformis sp. nov. Pileus circular, umbilicate, 0.6—0.8 cm. x 0.05—0.1 cm., surface regularly concentrically rugose about the white, depressed center, isabelline to avellaneous, slightly imbricate-fibrillose ; margin thin, acute, soon deflexed, nearly white, changing to isabelline, beset with numerous long, white, pointed cilia: context mem- branous, white, perfectly opaque: tubes 0.2-0.4 mm. long, 2-3 to a mm., radially elongated, decurrent, pallid, edges thin, irregularly toothed and fimbriate: spores hyaline, smooth, thin- walled, 2.3-2.5 4 x 7-8 y: stipe central, stuffed, equal, concolor- ous, beset with sharp bristles which partially disappear with age, densely tomentose at the base, 1.5—2 cm. long, 0.5—1 mm. thick. Polyporus arculariformis. Fic. 1. Entire plant, showing upper surface of pileus, 244%. Fic. 2. Entire plant, showing lower surface of pileus, 224. Fic. 3. Portion of upper surface, < 8. Fic. 4. Portion of lower surface, x 8. Unaka Springs, East Tennessee, 1,700 ft., on dead oak and chestnut sticks in deciduous woods, MZurri//, August 20, 1904, nos. 702 (type) and 821. Near P. arcularius (Batsch) Fr. New YorkK BoTaNnicAL GARDEN. 152 SHORTER NOTES THE FrioripA RoyaL Parm.—As previously recorded in Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, 5: 131, I visited, in company with Professor P. H. Rolfs, in March of this year, the colony of royal palms on Paradise Key in extreme southern Florida. I also visited with him another colony of these trees near Lemon City, a few miles north of Miami. Having in mind the proposition of Mr. O. F. Cook, that the Florida royal palm is a distinct species from the tree of Cuba, I carefully examined these trees and collected material from them, in order to satisfy myself as to the value of Mr. Cook’s suggestion. The previous spring and autumn I had spent in Cuba and had become inti- mately acquainted with the tree there, obtaining abundant speci- mens for study. I wish to record that my observations are con- clusive, I think, to show that the species are absolutely identical in foliage, inflorescence, and fruit, and that the greater size claimed by Mr. Cook for the Florida tree, does not hold for those that I examined at either point in Florida. As to the bulging trunk which Mr. Cook apparently thinks so characteristic, I would say that that occurs also in the Florida tree. There is a difference in habitat, however, between the greater number of royal palms of Cuba, which grow most abundantly on the up- land, though I have repeatedly seen them growing on the borders of marshes, and the Florida trees, which stand just above the general level of the Everglades, on a low rocky ledge, amid a dense undergrowth of shrubs. It should be said that I have not seen the colony of trees from which the specimen came on which Mr. Cook bases his Roystonea Horidana (Curtiss, no. 2676), which grow on the western border of the Everglades, some miles from the trees visited by us, so it is within the limits of possibility that the tree of the southeastern Everglades and that of the western Everglades are different, but an examination of a cotype of Mr. Cook’s species does not give much chance for that view to be correct. I am therefore inclined to regard Roystonea Horidana as a straight synonym of Roystonea regia. N. L. Britton. 158 Otro Kuntze oN SEQuoia. — One of Kuntze’s innovations is the reference of the two living species of Seguota to the genus Steinhauera.* The latter was established by Presl in 18387 to include certain strobili of unknown affinity, so-called in honor of Henry Steinhauer. Three species were described, 7. ¢., sud- globosa, oblonga and minuta, all from the Cretaceous at Perutz, Bohemia. A variety of remains of a more or less doubtful character have since been referred to this genus by various authors, which it would be unprofitable for me to discuss here. For a long time Presl’s swbglobosa has been assumed to represent cones of Sequoia Sternbergi Heer, and minuta the cones of Sequoia Langsdorfii (Brongn.) Heer, while od/onga has included a variety of objects, ¢. ¢., fruits of Liguzdambar europaeum A. Br. Endlicher in 1847 established Segzoa for the California red- wood. Nowsupposing that some day itis conclusively proven that Sequoia sempervirens is identical with Sequoia Langsdorfit which it resembles very much and which ranges in considerable abund- ance from the upper Cretaceous through the Tertiary. Should we then name the redwood Sveinhauera minuta under which name Presl described certain fossil cones whose identification with those of Sequoia Langsdorfit is not altogether beyond question ? I hold not. Priority may demand it but common sense makes it ridiculous, and so long as there are more students of the living than of the extinct floras of the globe, just so long would it be unwise to resurrect a name which was nothing but the name of a form-genus. It may be strictly canonical, but it would display a reverence for canon unsurpassed by some of the early fathers of ‘“‘the true church.” The strict interpretation of priority dis- closes many weird names, especially in the domain of fossil plants, such as Palaeoxyris, which may be vegetable or may be ' Paleozoic Selachian egg-cases; in either case it is in no wise related to the living genus AXyris, or Prototaxites, which in all probability is a Devonian fucoid in no wise related to Zazvées. The case presented by Seguota is however an anomalous one that is not likely to present itself very often, and one that it * Post & Kuntze, Lexicon Generum Phanerogamarum, 533 Stuttgart, 1904. + Sternberg, Fl. d. Vorwelt, 2: 202. : 154 seems to me should be settled once for all, by special dispensation, if no other way is available. While generic names are intended, I suppose, to be merely appellative and not descriptive, I cannot believe that it is for the best interests of science to perpetuate Kuntze’s suggestion. EpwarpD W. Berry. Passalc. N, J. REVIEWS A New Handbook of the Genera of Freshwater Algae * Students and collectors often ask for a convenient work by which to identify the common algae of pond and brook which arouse the interest of every user of a microscope. There has been no good manual to recommend, for the works of Wolle and Cooke, never satisfactory, are quite out of date, and much the same may be said of the more elaborate works of the continental algologists. Professor West has produced a book which will be exceedingly useful, not only to amateur and more advanced students, but to teachers particularly ; for within a surprisingly small compass he has given a good summary of recent work on the phylogeny of the algae, and brief but sufficiently clear de- scriptions to enable one without great difficulty to identify most of the genera of the United States. If disappointment is felt that specific diagnoses are not furnished, it is to be remembered that for a single author to include such in so extensive and diversified a group, would be to produce a work hardly more accurate than those we have found so unusable, as well as unwieldy in size. The author divides the algae into the six classes, Rhodophy- ceae, Phaeophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Heterokontae, Bacillarieae and Myxophyceae (Cyanophyceae). Many will doubt the wisdom of including the last two gronps with the higher algae but it will be at least a convenience to have this outline of their genera. The Peridinieae have been excluded for lack of space and because of doubt as to their affinities with algae. Similarly, the Characeae are omitted as being of higher organization than algae. It is certainly however, open to question whether the Characeae show * West, G. S.A Treatise on the British Freshwater Algae. 8vo. Pp. xvi 4- 372. jf. 1-166, Cambridge, at the University Press, 1904. Price, tos. 6d., met. 155 greater affinities with the Archegoniatae, or less affinities with the main groups of algae, than the latter do among themselves. In the arrangement of the classes, and more particularly of the genera and families within the orders, it would be much more convenient for most teachers if the author had proceeded from lower to higher instead of in reverse order. It is among the green algae that the greatest advance has been made recently and the chief value of this book is in the re- classification of these groups, for the old class Chlorophyceae cannot longer be maintained asa single group. Professor West’s scheme is admittedly not original. He has followed the main lines marked out by Bohlin (1901) and Blackman and Tansley (1902); but he has taken only the best features of their rather brilliant and suggestive systems, and fallen back on the more conservative lines suggested by his own wide experience in various groups. ‘The central idea in the recent systems is to go back to different flagellate ancestors for each of the classes of algae. The order Confervales (which might better be called Tribonematales) proposed by Borzi in 1889, and enlarged by Luther to the class Heterokontae, based upon a ciliated unicel- lular form having yellow-green chromatophores and producing oil rather than starch, on the whole, appears to be a very natural group ; but we agree with Professor West that Vaucheria is too divergent a form to be included here. The author is wise also (and here he follows Bohlin) in retaining the Conjugatae and Oedogoniales as orders under the Chlorophyceae. The phy- logeny of these groups is indeed puzzling, and the proposition of Blackman and Tansley to regard them respectively as classes Akontae and Stephanokontae, coordinate with the Chlorophy- ceae (Isokontae), furnishes an attractive and well-rounded scheme, but we have no evidence that they have had a similar origin in ciliated unicellular forms. On the contrary, West has argued well for the derivation of the Conjugatae from other filamentous forms. The orders Schizogoniales and Microsporales are here separated from Ulvales and Chaetophorales, and Cladophorales from Siphoneae. The creation of the new family Microtham- niaceae appears to be superfluous, for my work has shown that 156 the zodspore-formation in Jcrothamnion is most like that of Myxonema (Stigeoclonium), and Gongrosira and Leptosira may well be placed (as by Blackman and Tansley) in the Trente- pohliaceae. In the matter of nomenclature, the author has shown an open- minded regard for priority, though one may wonder why, while taking up Choaspis S. F. Gray for Strogonium Kiitz., he does not also revive Agardhia of the same work in place of Mougeotia. An unusual degree of familiarity with recent American work is evident, and the numerous references to such literature are among many good features which will commend this book to American students and teachers. Tracy E. Hazen. The Teaching of Biology in the Secondary School * The volume recently issued under the above title is one of the American Teachers Series, edited by Professor James E. Russell, Dean of the Teachers College, Columbia University The two authors have charge, respectively, of the botanical and zoological work in the Teachers College and the present volume consists of two parts, the first on ‘‘ The Teaching of Botany and of Nature Study,” written by Professor Lloyd, and the second on ‘“ The Teaching of Zodlogy, including Human Physiology, in the Sec- ondary School,’ written by Professor Bigelow. As is sufficiently indicated in the titles, the work is not a laboratory manual for the student, but aims to cover the much less occupied field of a manual for teachers. In fact, on the botanical side, ‘‘ The Teach- ing Botanist,” of Professor Ganong, is the only book known to the reviewer which may fairly be compared with it, a comparison which is invited, not only by the general similarity in the scope of the two works, but also by Professor Lloyd’s frequent citation of ‘‘ The Teaching Botanist ”’ and by the association of Professors Ganong and Lloyd on the committee appointed by the Society for Plant Morphology and Physiology to consider the formula- tion of a standard college entrance option in botany. Whatever * Lloyd, F. E., & Bigelow, M. A. The Teaching of Biology in the Secondary School. 8 vo. Pp. i-viii+ 1-491. New York, Longmans, Greer and Co. 1904. Price, $1.50. may be the points of agreement in the general spirit of these two manuals for botanical teachers, there is in this newer effort by another vigorous, independent and resourceful teacher, enough of difference in the points of attack and in the development of the various themes to make it a very welcome and helpful addition to the working library of any one engaged in botanical instruction, whether in secondary school or in college. Professor Lloyd’s part of the volume, which we assume to be the part that will be of especial interest to readers of TorREyA, is a philosophical essay on the value and objects of botanical teaching and on the principles de- termining the content of a botanical course, followed by a detailed discussion of the course in botany for the high school and by suggestions as to the laboratory, its equipment, and materials for study and for demonstration. References to the literature of the subject are numerous throughout, and a final chapter is devoted to a summary of the literature most important and useful to teachers and students. The animus of Professor Lloyd's essays is well summed up in the following passage from the prefatory note: “It is to bring the student face to face with these problems [in connection with the teaching of botany] and te prepare him for their intelligent consideration, that this book has been written. Whether the solutions offered for such problems as have been discussed merit acceptance is of secondary moment, if in the use of these pages the student is stimulated to study carefully the subject of botany, not alone from the point of view of the scientist, but also from that of the educator. If the essay excites to ‘ self-activity, which is the best effect of any book’ its chief use will be accomplished.” The author writes as one who is fully confident of the essential dignity and of the educational and economic value of botanical studies and as one who would help to rescue the subject from certain popular misconceptions and to place it on its proper foot- ing in the public esteem. Botanical science, he says, ‘“ touches upon human interests fundamentally at every point, and these are of sucha kind that to be ignorant of their relations to botany is to be robbed of that knowledge which throws light upon literature, the arts and manufactures, and upon conditions under 158 which alone the human race may prosper. * * * A plan of general education, therefore, which neglects botany neglects one of the subjects which Herbert Spencer describes as having ‘transcendent value.’ ’’ * Professor Lloyd’s suggestive chapter on ‘‘ Nature Study” is especially pertinent at this time when Professor Armstrong of the Mosely Educational Commission, sent from Great Britain to study the American school system, has remarked, perhaps with more justification than he has said some other things, that ‘‘ The nature study lessons I witnessed, when not specifically botanical or zoological and scientific in character, were eminently superficial and worthless.” + The authors of ‘‘ The Teaching of Biology”’ would doubtless reply that any nature study lessons that are not “scientific in character’”’ are of necessity ‘‘ worthless’”’ and that all nature study lessons that deserve the name, however simple and elementary, should, of equal necessity, be eminently “scientific in character.” The “apparent failure of nature study in some quarters’’ would be referred by them to the inefficiency of the teachers and not to any lack of adaptability in the char- acter of the subject matter. And it is to incite thought, dis- crimination and “ self-activity’”? on the part of those who are charged with developing a scientific attitude of mind in the youth of our schools that ‘The Teaching of Biology”? has been written. We predict that the book is destined to have an im- portant influence in the direction desired by its authors. MarsHaLt A. Howe. ” NEWS ITEMS Mr. Stewart H. Burnham is now a graduate assistant in botany in Cornell University. Mr. E. W. D. Holway has been appointed assistant professor of botany in the University of Minnesota. Mr. B. M. Everhart, well known by his association with Mr. J. B. Ellis in studies of the American fungi died at West Chester, Pennsylvania, on September 22, at the age of eighty-seven years. *P. 73. ft Science II, 20: 132. 29 Jl. 1904. 159 An interesting account of the organization of the botanical work of the new Cuban agricultural experiment station is con- tributed to Sczence of September 30 by the director, Professor F. S. Earle. Mr. Ira D. Cardiff, a graduate of Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois, and recently a graduate student at the Chicago Univer- sity, has been appointed an assistant in botany in Columbia University. Professor Francis E. Lloyd spent two months during the past summer at the Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution at Tucson, Arizona, engaged in anatomical and phys- iological studies on the xerophytes of that region. Mr. George V. Nash and Mr. Norman Taylor, of the New York Botanical Garden, sailed on October 5 for Great Inagua, Bahama Islands, with the purpose of making collections of living plants and of herbarium material. Le Roy Abrams, A.M., recently assistant in botany in the Leland Stanford Junior University, is now in residence in New York as fellow in botany in Columbia University. Mr. Abrams will continue his studies on the flora of southern California. The Department of Botany of Columbia University has been awarded a gold medal by the jury of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition for its exhibit of specimens in swinging frames. The exhibit was prepared under the direction of Dr. C. C. Curtis. An informal reception was held in the rooms of the Depart- ment of Botany of Columbia University on the evening of October 4, in honor of Dr. Karl Goebel, professor of botany in the Uni- versity of Munich and Dr. Hugo de Vries, professor of botany in the University of Amsterdam. The lectures given by Professor de Vries at the University of California during the past summer, are being edited by Dr. D. T. MacDougal and will appear in a volume entitled, ‘‘ Species and Varieties; Their Origin by Mutation,” to be brought out by the Open Court Publishing Company of Chicago. 160 M. Auguste Le Jolis died at Cherbourg on August 20 in his eighty-first year. He was best known from his writings on the marine algae and in later years for his interest in nomenclatural questions. M. Le Jolis was the founder and for a half-century director of the Soczété des Sciences naturelles de Cherbourg. C. Stuart Gager, Ph.D. (Cornell, 1902), for several years pro- fessor of biological science in the State Normal College, Albany, New York, has been appointed an assistant in the laboratories of the New York Botanical Garden. Dr. Gager will devote a con- siderable part of his time to a study of the histological and embryological characters of certain plant hybrids. Frederick Orpen Bower, regius professor of botany in the University of Glasgow, who, with Professor Goebel, of Munich, was a speaker before the Section of Plant Physiology of the International Congress of Arts and Science at St. Louis, made two visits to New York during the month of September. Professor L. R. Jones, of the University of Vermont, spent the summer in Europe as a special agent of the Bureau of Plant Industry, being commissioned to study diseases of the potato, with special reference to introducing disease-resisting strains. Professor Jones received the degree of doctor of philosophy at the last commencement of the University of Michigan. The editor of Torreya returned to New York on October 3, after an absence of four months in Europe, where he was occu- pied chiefly in studying the historical types of American marine algae. ‘The principal collections examined were those of Harvey at Trinity College, Dublin ; of Lamouroux at Caen ; of Montagne, Decaisne, and De la Pylaie at Paris; of Kiitzing at Eerbeek, Holland ; and of the Agardhs at Lund, Sweden. Vol. 4 No. 11 TORREYA November, 1904 TWO HITHERTO CONFUSED SPECIES OF LUDWIGIA By RoLAND M, HARPER In August, 1902, I collected on Cumberland Island, Georgia, specimens of a Ludwigia which appeared quite different from any- thing I had met with previously. From the available descriptions it seemed to fit readily enough into ZL. wrgata Mx., but it differed in several characters, not mentioned in the descriptions, from the plant of the pine-barrens which I had been accustomed to call L. virgata, Water in the same season, and again in 1903, I met with the same unfamiliar plant quite frequently in the lower parts of the coastal plain, where it was often accompanied by the plant which I had previously taken for L. virgata. Subsequent investigations in library and herbarium have con- vinced me that my Cumberland Island plant represents an unde- scribed species. Michaux’s description of Ludwigia virgata, though longer than his average descriptions, leaves a good deal to be desired, as it fails to mention some characters (particularly the reflexed calyx-lobes) now regarded as essential for this species, but all the evidence obtainable from the works of Michaux and his contemporaries tends to confirm my original interpretation of his ZL. virgata. The other species turns out to have been often collected, being perhaps the commoner of the two, but it does not seem to have ever received a valid name, having always been confounded with Michaux’s plant; so I venture to describe it below as new. [Vol. 4, No. 10, of TORREYA, comprising pages 145-160, was issued October 29, 1904. ] ee a) 162 In so doing I run a slight risk of creating a synonym, but this risk will doubtless be more than offset by the advantage of hav- ing these two distinct species brought out of the confusion in which they have been involved. Omitting characters common to the whole genus Ludwigia and to the group with conspicuous petals, to which these species belong, they may be distinguished as follows : LUDWIGIA VIRGATA Mx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 89. 1803 Type locality, “in aridis sylvis * Carolinae inferioris. Maio florens.”’ ?L. alternifolia Walt. Fl. Car. 89. 1788. ?L. juncea Raf. Aut. Bot. 38. 1840. Type-locality, ‘‘ Ala- bama.”’ Plant nearly glabrous throughout: branches few, mostly aris- ing from near the base, fastigiate, terete : leaves linear to lance- olate, the upper successively smaller and passing into bracts which usually do not exceed the pedicels: sepals (or calyx-lobes they could just as well be called) 3 or 4 times as long as the ovary, permanently reflexed at anthesis : style twice as long as the sta- mens and a little longer than the sepals, slender at base, dilated above : stigma depressed, 3 or 4 times as broad as the style : cap- sule very slightly winged on the angles.t Range and habitat: Normally in rather dry pine-barrens, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama (?), in the coastal plain. The following specimens in the collections at the New York Botanical Garden are referable to this species : . Nortu CaroiinaA: Savannahs near Wilmington, July 2, 1897, collector anonymous (Biltmore Herbarium, no. 4168). SoutH CAROLINA: g miles west of Charleston, Aug. 19, 1859, L. R. Gibbes. GeorGiA: Sand-hills of the Altamaha, Dr. Jones. About Darien Junction, McIntosh Co., June, 1895, S7a//. Moist pine- barrens near Collins, Tattnall Co., July 4, 1901, Hlarper (no. 999). * Probably meaning dry pine-barrens, + This description is drawn principally from field-notes made in Chatham County, Georgia, June 13, 1903. ‘The other species, which happened to be growing in the immediate vicinity, was carefully compared with it at the same time, and the differ- ences noted on the spot. 163 FioripA: “In campis graminosis prope St. Mark’s,” July, 1843, Kugel. ‘ Low pine-barrens, sometimes in rather dry places, July and August,” Chapman (Biltmore Herbarium, no, 4168c). v Ludwigia maritima sp. nov. Peavuecata Vix.” El. Bot. S.C..& Ga, B: 216, 1817: Plant cinereous-puberulent, 3-6 dm. tall: branches mostly on the upper half of the plant, less distinctly virgate, slightly angled by the decurrent margins of the leaves: leaves lanceolate to ob- long, sessile, the upper ones more conspicuous than in ZL. virgata: bracts usually equaling or exceeding the flowers: sepals about twice as long as the ovary, reflexed at anthesis, soon afterward ascending, finally deciduous: style shorter than the sepals and about the same length as the stamens, cylindrical : stigma hemi- spherical, twice as broad as the style: capsule distinctly winged on the angles. In rather dry pine-barrens or meadow-like areas, South Caro- lina (?), Georgia and Florida to Mississippi, mostly near the coast. Specimens examined : GeEorGIA : Meadow between dunes and beach, east of the hotel, Cumberland Island, Camden Co., Aug. 19, 1902, Harper (no. 1542) (type). Fioripa: Locality not specified, Chapman (no. 44) ; Szmpson, 1889 (no. 4906). Low fields and roadsides, Duval Co., June, A. H. Curtiss (no. 918). Pablo, Duval Co., June 12, 1896, Z. Hf. Lighthipe (no. 271). Low pine land near Eustis, May, 1894, G. V. Nash (no. 750). Flatwoods, Myers, July or August, 1900, A. S. Hitchcock (no. 120). Braidentown, June 29, 1900, S. J. Tracy (no. 7087). Tampa, Aug. 25, 1903, Britton & Wilson (no. 22). ‘‘In pinelands, Ft. Lauderdale,’”’ Nov. 19 or 25, 1903, Small & Carter (no. 1014). ALABAMA: Locality not specified, Gates. Mississippi: Point St. Martin, June 20, 1898, S. AZ. Tracy (no. 5067). Biloxi, Sept. 10, 1900, Lloyd & Tracy (no. 219). Of Elliott’s description above cited, which I have little doubt applies to this plant, Torrey and Gray say: * ‘‘ The description of Elliott’s Z. virgata appears to be taken in part from ZL. /irted/a,”’ SPGING ax 2 529) X40; 164 which was a pretty good guess under the circumstances. Elliott says of its habitat and time of flowering: ‘“ Grows in close soils. Very common. Less of an aquatic plant than any other species. Flowers May—September.”’ These two plants seem to show no tendency to intergrade, and when in flower can be distinguished without a moment’s hesi- tation. The accompanying figures (drawn from memory of living cs; 1. Ludwigia virgata. 2. Ludwigia maritima. a. Flower-bud just before an- thesis. 4. Flower just after anthesis. All twice natural size. plants and checked up by comparison with dried specimens) show the principal diagnostic characters. Both species have a marked tendency, more so than most pine- barren plants (in Georgia at least), to become weeds, particularly along railroad embankments and ditches. L. maritima I have not seen more than 50 miles from the coast (except once in the vicinity of Valdosta), while Z. virgata extends inland in Georgia to Sumter County, if not farther. And if the specimens cited fairly represent the ranges of these plants, Z. vir- gata ranges farther east, and L. maritima farther west, with their ranges overlapping in Georgia and Florida. COLLEGE Point, NEw York. 165 Dooce y LO THE PERENNIAL. POLYPORACEAE OF TEMPERATE NORTH AMERICA By WILLIAM A. MurRRILL KEY TO THE GENERA Hymenium at first concealed by a volva. A. CRYPTOPORUS Hymenium free from the first. Surface covered with reddish varnish, context corky. B. GANODERMA Surface not covered with reddish varnish, or, if so, context woody, Context and tubes white or pallid. C. FoMEs Context and tubes brown or dark red. Hymenophore subsessile, caespitose, arising from a common trunk or tubercle. D. GLOBIFOMES Hymenophore truly sessile, dimidiate or ungulate, simple or imbricate. Pileus covered with a horny crust, context punky. E. ELFVINGIA Pileus not covered with a horny crust or, if encrusted, context woody, ferruginous. F. PyROpOLYPORUS Context dark purple or black. G. NIGROFOMES A. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CRYPTOPORUS 1, Pileus rounded, sessile, the volva at length perforated at one or more points ; found on dead trunks of conifers. C. volvatus (Peck) Shear B KEY TO THE SPECIES OF GANODERMA) 1, Context pallid to tawny. 2 Context umbrinous-chestnut. 2. Context pallid; plants annual, usually stipitate, growing on hemlock. G. Tsugae Murrill Context ochraceous to fulvous; plants sessile or stipitate, growing on deciduous trees. 3 3. Plants stipitate, rarely sessile, perennial ; margin of pileus truncate at maturity. G. flabelliforme (Scop.) Murrill Plants sessile, annual ; margin of pileus acute. G. sessile Murrill 4. Pileus zonate, even; tubes not stratified. G. sonatum Murrill Pileus sulcate, azonate ; tubes stratified. G. sulcatum Murrill C. KryY TO THE SPECIES OF FOMEs. 1. Context white or yellowish. 2 Context flesh-colored, pileus flesh-colored, soon blackening. F. roseus (Alb. & Schw.) Cooke 2. Pileus more than 3 cm. broad. 3 Pileus less than 3 cm. broad. 7 166 . Pileus encrusted, surface darker than the context. 4 Pileus rarely encrusted, surface concolorous with the context. 8 . Pileus thick, sulcate, ungulate, rarely applanate. 5 Pileus thin, distinctly zonate, irregular or applanate, crust brown to black ; spores hyaline, 6 44. fF. annosus (Fr. ) Cooke . Surface soon becoming rimose, deeply sulcate, older pores visible in the upper projecting annual layers; pileus exactly ungulate, fF. Eltisianus Anders. Surface not soon rimose, older pores not visible. 6 . Pores 2~3 to amm. ; pileus subtriangular, gray to black, context white to pale cinnamon ; spores 7-8 « < 6-7 4; abundant on Fraxinus, F. fraxinophilus (Peck) Sacc. Pores 4-5 to a mm. ; pileus ungulate, applanate when very large, deeply annually sulcate, surface often resinous, bay or black in color ; abundant on conifers. F. ungulatus (Schaeff.) Sacc. . Pileus ungulate, becoming black only at the base, zonate and concentrically sulcate in age, tubes over 0.2 cm. long. F. Ohiensis ( Berk.) Murrill Pileus scutellate, uniformly black even when quite young, tubes less than 0.2 cm. long, context thinner than tube layer. F. scutellatus (Schw.) Cooke . Pileus cylindrical, tubes long, visible at edges of older strata, context friable, be- coming bitter; growing on conifers. fF. Laricis (Jacq. ) Murrill . Tubes less than 2 mm. long each year, context punky, hymenium glistening, not becoming dark in color. &, populinus (Schum. ) Cooke Tubes more than 2 mm. long each year, context hard and rather friable, hyme- nium becoming smoky or brownish, cracking in age. F. Mehae (Underw.) Murrill D. Key TO THE SPECIES OF GLOBIFOMES. . Plant sweet-scented, growing on trunks of oak and beech. G. graveolens (Schw.) Murrill E. KrEY TO THE SPECIES OF ELFVINGIA. . Context ferruginous, spores hyaline, pileus usually ungulate. 2 Context fulvous to chocolate-brown, spores yellowish brown, pileus usually ap- planate. 3 . Pileus exactly ungulate, pores 3 toa mm., growing in temperate regions south to Carolina. £. fomentaria (L.) Murrill Pileus compressed-ungulate, pores 5 to a mm., growing in the Gulf States. LE. fasciata (Sw.) Murrill . Hymenophore annual, persisting above later growths, spores roughly echinulate 8-9 uw X~ 7 M. £. reniformis (Morg.) Murrill HWymenophore truly perennial, tubes stratified, spores smooth, 8-9 “> 5 1. EL. megaloma (Lév.) Murrill F. Key TO THE SPECIES OF PYROPOLYPORUS, Pileus thick, ungulate, woody, margin obtuse. 2 Pileus thin, conchate or applanate, margin acute. 9 Io, L. . Context yellowish brown. . Spores hyaline. . Pileus becoming more or less rimose with age. 167 Context reddish orange; plants growing on trunks of /uniperus. Spores yellowish brown. mam A> COW — Pileus covered even in age with a smooth horny crust. P. Calkinsti Murril . Pileus simple, sulcate, sometimes polished, margin usually narrow and rounded ; not found on species of Prunus. P. igniarius (1...) Murrill Pileus terraced, imbricate or semi-resupinate, rarely sulcate, never polished, margin broad, making an obtuse angle; found on species of Prasus. P. fulvus (Scop.) Murrill . Pileus soon becoming rimose. 7 Pileus not rimose, broadly sulcate, zonate, tubes thin-walled, spores 3 in diam- eter, spines large and abundant; growing on oak. P. Everhartit (EM. & Gall.) Murrill . Tubes long, over 0.5 cm, each year, walls thin, pores large, 3 to a mm., spores 3-4 4, cystidia present ; rare on oak. P. praerimosus Murrill Tubes very short, 0.1-0.5 cm. long each year, walls equaling pores in thickness, mouths small, 5 toa mm., spores 4-5 4, cystidia none ; abundant on Xodinia. P. Robiniae Murrill . Older pores visible in projecting annual layers, tubes 3-4 to a mm., thin-walled ; pileus deeply furrowed, not rimose. P. juniperinus (Schrenk) Murrill Older pores not externally visible, tubes I-2 to a mm., thicker-walled ; surface very rimose. P. Earlet Murrill . Cystidia abundant, pointed, dark brown; pileus thin, rigid, tubes short, 5 to a mm. P. conchatus (Pers. ) Murrill Cystidia none. Io Pileus 10-25 cm. broad, marked with narrow shallow furrows, margin undulate or lobed, pores minute, 8—9 to a mm. P. Langloisit Murrill Pileus smaller, deeply sulcate, pores larger, 6 toa mm. ; growing on species of Ribes, very rarely on other shrubs, P. Ribis (Schum. ) Murrill G. KEy TO THE SPECIES OF NIGROFOMES Pileus large, sessile, context purple, tubes black, spores hyaline; found on trunks in Florida. NV. melanoporus (Mont.) Murrill New York BOTANICAL GARDEN. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON SOUTHERN ILLINOIS PLANTS By H. A. GLEASON Pinus echinata Mill. Since the occurrence of this species in the Pine Hills of Union County was mentioned in this journal,* * TORREYA, 3: I. 168 two other stations have been found, at Mill Creek, in the same county, and at Elco, Alexander County, located respectively twenty and twenty-five miles south of the Pine Hills. The three places are geologically similar, the underlying rock is the Clear Creek limestone, and the soil is residual, without a deposit of loess, which covers most of the southern Illinois hills. Since the same geological formation extends over most of the area between Elco and the Pine Hills it is very probable that other scattered groves of the pine occur upon it. Lilium Catesbaet Walt. is reported from Jackson County by Professor G. H. French. Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. There is no published record, in Patterson’s Flora of Illinois or elsewhere, of the growth of this species in the state. It is, however, undoubtedly native in Pulaski County in the extreme southern part of the state on the Ohio River. It appears to grow only in the heavy clay soils of the Lafayette formation, and may occur in the ad- jacent counties where the same formation is found. A photo- graph sent by Mr. B. F. Gault represents a tree at least four, or possibly five feet in diameter. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton. This Asiatic mint, first re- _ ported from Illinois by Dr. Schneck,* is widely distributed over the southern part of the state and extends north as far as Cen- tralia. In some places it is one of the commonest roadside weeds, growing in patches with Amaranthus spinosus and Eleu- sine [ndica. FTedeoma /ispida Pursh. On thin dry soil overlying limestone ledges in Jackson County. Pentstemon canescens Britton, Steep dry rocky hillsides in the Pine Hills, Union County. It also grows abundantly in similar situations across the Mississippi in Perry County, Missouri. Floustonia lanceolata (Poir.) Britton. This species is reported from several stations in central and southern Illinois, and extends northward to Champaign County, in the east-central part of the state. It grows in a variety of conditions. In Champaign County it is found on the steep sides of clay bluffs with /e/ian- * Cf. Pollard, Bot. Gaz. 21: 233. 169 thus strumosus and Taenidia integerrima. On the prairies of central Illinois it forms circular patches of considerable extent, and in the Ozark region it is one of the commonest species in the semi-mesophytic upland woods, growing as scattered individuals. Viburnum rufotomentosum Small. On dry ledges and in fis- sures of limestone cliffs, Jackson County. Serinia oppositifolia (Raf.) Kuntz is abundant in Perry County, Missouri, growing in sandy soil along the Mississippi River, and also farther inland in dry upland woods. It has lately been col- lected by Mr. E. S. G. Titus near Eldorado, Illinois, where it grows in dry soil along a railroad, but in such surroundings that it appears indigenous. Sititlas Caroliniana (Walt.) Raf. In wet, open places, Massac County. Those areas in Virginia, Illinois and Missouri where the coastal plain, with its austro-riparian flora reaches into the so-called “Manual range’’ have always been a fertile field for collectors, and from them many additional species have been added to the “Manual flora.” The work of B. F. Bush in the swamps of southeastern Missouri has been of particular importance because of the number of interesting species which he found there. _ Three of these species, not previously reported from Illinois, were col- lected in 1902 in the cypress swamps of Johnson and Massac counties: /Fraxinus profunda Bush, Styrax Americana Lam., and /tea Virginica L. Koellia incana (L.) Kuntze. The distribution of this species as stated in the Illustrated Flora (3: 114) or Britton’s Manual (802) does not include Illinois, the range given being Maine to Ontario, Ohio and Florida. In southern Illinois it is abundant in upland woods and abandoned clearings, where the white canescent bracts make it very conspicuous. It has been col- lected in every county including and south of the Ozark uplift, but its northern limit in the state is as yet undetermined. There are a number of other species in Illinois, whose range, as given in the two works mentioned, does not include this state, Among these may be mentioned the following: Cuwzla origanoides (L.) Britton is common in the upland woods of the extreme south- 170 ern part, and extends north as far as the mouth of the Illinois River, where it has been collected by Professor W. E. Andrews. Spermacoce glabra Michx. extends northward along the rivers well into central Illinois. Zzadenum petiolatum (Walt.) Britton is common in the cypress swamps of Johnson and Massac counties, and Agrimonia pumila Muhl. in the upland woods of the Ozark region. OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, COLUMBUS. SHORTER NOTES Hymenoxys insignis — (Actinella insignis, A. Gray ; S. Wat- son, Pr. Am, Acad., 18: 109). In my recent paper on Aymen- oxys (Bull. Torrey Club, 31: 461. S 1904), I omitted this species, as I had seen only some fragments of a head, and was uncertain whether it was really of this genus. I have now examined the type sheet (from Lerios, 15 leagues E. of Saltillo, Mexico, 10,000 ft., Palmer) in the Gray Herbarium, and am satis- fied that the plant is a Hymenoxys, most nearly allied to 4. chrvsanthemoides, but quite distinct. T.. D. As, Cotmmrarn, RyNCHOSPORA PRINGLEI Greenman. — This species, published in Proc. Am. Acad. 39: 69. 25 S.1903, is the samienas t. Indianolensis Small, Fl. S. E. U.S, 193. 22 Jl aco eenin Greenman’s specimens came from Zamora, Michoacan (Pringle, 8642) and Dr. Small’s from Indianola, Texas (Ravenel). The species is next to RX. scutellata Griseb. Pl. Cub. 246. 1866, to which it has been referred by Mr. C. B. Clarke, but it differs from that by its congested inflorescence with several or many spikelets in the clusters, and seems to me to be distinct. N. L. Britton. Notes ON CuBaAn PLAnts. — Dichrostachys nutans (Pers.) Benth., an African tree, naturalized in Cuba, though apparently not heretofore reported from the West Indies, was observed in March, 1903, by Dr. Britton and the writer, forming dense thickets, covering several acres, almost to the exclusion of all other plants, on the grounds surrounding an old Spanish fort near the mouth of the Bueyvaca, on the Bay of Matanzas and several 171 miles east of the old town of the same name. Later, the writer again found it, abundantly forming thickets in the brickyard dis- rict just south of Havana. These thickets were strongly sug- trict just th of H rl thicket trongly sug gestive of the Crataegus “ formations ’”’ so abundant in similar places about Pittsburg, Pa. It was also collected in flower by Dr. Britton and Percy Wilson, the following September at Buey- vaca and still further east, at Saguna. Although it seems not to have been reported from the West ies and was not observed by us as cultivated in Cuba, it has Indies and 10t observed by cultivated in Cuba, it has been in cultivation, according to Duss (no. 2040), on Guadeloupe yy Island under the name of “‘ Acacia Lundea Roxb J. A. SHAFER. NEw YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN. A PecuLiar PEA SEEDLING. —In handling the thousands of seedlings used by classes in our large city schools one comes across some queer freaks. The pea seedling shown at the right of the accompanying illustration was brought in by a boy in one of my classes. At the left is a normal seedling. The pecu- liarity consists in the fact that both root and stem were negatively geotropic and both grew in the same direction. When the plant reached me it was in excellent condition and there is no possibility of an artificial twist. A. J, Grou 30YS’ HIGH SCHOOL, BROOKLYN. 172 A New Bauaman EvpuorsiaA.— While ona trip from New Providence to the Bimini Islands, anchor was cast for the night in the creek separating the Joulter Cays lying north of the island of Andros. The opportunity to examine into the flora of these xerophytic cays was an excellent one and the results proved highly interesting. One of the first patches of vegetation to attract the attention was what appeared to be a growth of Euphorbia buxifoia Lam. in a new environment, namely the interior, separated from the sands of the beach by a high bluff of coralline rock. Closer examination of the plants removed their likeness to the species mentioned, and later study proved the species to be heretofore unknown. The characters: Euphorbia Cayensis sp. nov. § Chamaesyce. Annual, densely white-canescent. Stems stout, ligneous, multinodal, branching from below, 2-3 dm. high, spreading above: leaves thick, oval, obliquely cordate at the base, entire, canescent alike on both surfaces, 4-6 mm. x 3- 4 mm., short-petioled ; petioles i-1.5 mm.: involucres campan- ulate, short-peduncled, 1.5 mm., canescent, bearded in the throat ; appendages lineal, hardly distinguishable ; glands green, transversely oblong, thick, tumid, 0.7 mm. broad ; false gland a large deltoid tooth of the involucre: capsule canescent, 2 mm., the carpels bluntly keeled : seeds pinkish-ashen, somewhat quad- rilaterally ovoid, strongly keeled on the dorsum, the facets slightly anastomose-ridged. Habitat : Joulter’s Cays, Bahamas, April 11, 1904; J%l/s- paugh 2295. Only a few fruits matured. Type in herb. Field Columbian Museum, sheet no. 156261. Cotypes in herb. New York Botanical Garden and herb. Krug & Urban, Berlin. C. F. MILLspauGH. FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM, CHICAGO. Tue Errect or ILLuminatinG Gas ON TREES AND SHRUBS. — Early in the spring of this year about three dozen bushes of Rosa rugosa were planted on both sides of the road near the stone piers at the entrance to the New York Botanical Garden, between the railroad bridge at 200th Street and the driving roads. Those in the southern half promptly died, while those on the north side have lived and are doing well. This fact coupled with the death of the maple immediately beyond the southern pier has shown conclusively that it is due to soil saturation by illumina- ting gas, and not to the disturbance caused by the making of the road. The main that supplies the museum building crosses the bridge between the southern roadway and the foot-path and View at the 2ooth Street Entrance of the N. Y. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, October, 1904. makes an angle a short distance beyond the dead maple shown in the accompanying photograph. Several times leaks have oc- curred at this point and been repaired, but the damage has been done and one of the four symmetrical and beautiful sugar maples has suffered in consequence. ELIzABETH G. BRITTON. Nev BOTANICAL GARDEN, October, 1904. A Name ExpLainep, — The ericaceous genus ‘ .Yolisma,’’ as it is rather erroneously written, obtains a conspicuous place under its rightful name, in the second volume of Britton and Brown’s Illustrated Flora, where, on page 569 the name is noted as ‘“ un- explained.”’ The term is Greek, with the meaning of lameness, or defectiveness ; and the character of the genus, as to certain particulars as they are mentioned by Nuttall, whose work Rafin- 174 esque was reviewing when he proposed ‘‘ Xolzsma,” suggests a name of such import. The corollas in the genus are both so diminutive and so colorless compared with those of allied genera, that the inflorescence looks more like a cluster of small unde- veloped flower buds than a cluster of developed flowers. The pedicels in kindred genera are bracted ; in this, bractless. Again, one member of each floral circle is commonly suppressed, so that the flower is often tetramerous rather than pentamerous as in related groups. The awns of the anther, otherwise almost uni- versally characteristic of those of ericaceous shrubs, are wanting in this genus; and lastly the stigma, usually prominent enough in such plants, is almost obsolete here. Without any doubt, some or all of these six characteristic deficiencies that mark the inflorescence and flowers of Nuttall’s Lyonza, indicated to the keen intellect of Rafinesque the name he gave as a substitute for the Nuttallian homonym. My investigations leading to this apparent explanation began in my knowledge of some of Rafinesque’s own deficiencies as a writer. I knew, for example, that his X’s are ambiguous. He seems never to have distinguished between the English X and the Greek X, which latter is Ch, pronounced like K. I do not know how the readers of the new books, in which I am always glad to see the name, pronounce it. But I know that Rafinesque must have pronounced it Kolisma, and also that he ought to have written it not Xolzsma but Cholisma; and the latter is the way that I should both write it and have it printed, if occasion came. Possibly there may be other ‘‘ X ”’ names by the same author, in which that letter ought to have been represented by the Ch. However, I do not recall any such at this moment, nor have I time to examine indexes. But in scanning the pages of a theo- logical brochure in which this same author displays more or less learning, I lately encountered the words “ Xrist’’ ‘ Xristians ’’; these illustrating the ambiguity of his X’s elsewhere than in names of genera. Epw. L. GREENE. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, WASHINGTON, D. C. EXOGENOUS ORIGIN OF ANTHERIDIA IN ANTHOCEROS. — On pages 436-438 of volume 53 (1903) of the Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift, Emma Lampa describes and figures or- gans which she calls antheridia of exogenous origin in Axtho- ceros, On first seeing this paper nearly a year ago, I was strongly impressed with doubts as to the antheridial nature of the organs described, and now that an American morphologist has quoted * without criticism this rather heterodox observation of Frau Lampa’s, it may be worth while, even at the risk of being wholly in error, to record some of the grounds for these doubts. In the first place, the species in which the exogenous antheridia are said to occur is Axthoceros dichotomus, a South-European species which, like the Australian Axthoceros tuberosus +-and the Cali- fornian Anthoceros phymatodes,{ produces tubers,§ somewhat simi- lar in form and structure to the alleged antheridia figured by Frau Lampa. These tubers arise near the apices of the branches of the thallus, but later become ventral by the continued growth of the branch. Frau Lampa makes no mention of having ob- served ¢ubers, but remarks that ‘“‘ Die Antheridien sassen gewohn- lich am Thallusende.’’ Furthermore, the pedicels of the ‘‘anthe- ridia’’ as figured by Frau Lampa are very broad and stout, one of them showing a width of ten cells, whereas the pedicels of the antheridia in the genus Azthoceros, as figured and described by other observers || consist of no more than four rows of cells, showing a maximum width of only two or three in surface view * Davis, B. M. The Relationships of Sexual Organs in Plants. Botanical Gazette, 38: 253. O. 1904. + See Ashworth, J. H. On the Structure and Contents of the Tubers of Aztho- ceros tuberosus Taylor. Pp. 1-6, f/. 2. Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Philosoph. Soc. 41: part I, no. 2. 1896. : t Howe, M. A. Bull. Torrey Club, 25: 12-14. p/. 324, 3725. 1898. Mem. Torrey Club, 7: 179-183. p/. 777, 278. 1899. 2 A figure of the tubers of Anthoceros dichotomus in their fully developed condition is given by Goebel on p. 293 of his Organographie der Pflanzen. || Waldner, M. Die Entwickelung des Antheridiums von Anthoceros. Sitzungsber. math.-naturwiss. Classe d. kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 75: 87, 91, etc., f 6a, 7a, 8. 1877. Campbell, D, H. The Structure and Development of the Mosses and Ferns, 124. 1895. Schiffer; Eng. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 13: 137. 1895. 176 and ordinarily but two in longitudinal section. Frau Lampa remarks that the ripe antheridia showed no essential differences whether they were exogenous or endogenous in origin, but an Anthoceros antheridium, whether exogenous or endogenous, with a stalk ten cells broad is a heresy that will naturally excite sus- picion among students of the archegoniates. MarsHatt A. Howe. NEWS ITEMS Dr. John K. Small, curator of the museums of the New York Botanical Garden, is again devoting several weeks to explorations in southern Florida. Mr. Clifton D. Howe, assistant in botany in the University of Chicago, has been appointed instructor in botany in the Biltmore Forest School, Biltmore, North Carolina. He begins his new duties on January I. Annual meetings of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science, of the Botanical Society of America, the Society for Plant Morphology and Physiology, and the American Mycological Society, will be held at Philadelphia, December 27-30, 1904. Professor Nathaniel Lord Britton received the honorary degree of Doctor of Science from Columbia University October 31, at the Convocation held in connection with the 150th anniversary of the foundation of King’s College. On the same occasion, the name of the chair now held by Professor L. M. Underwood was made the Torrey professorship of botany in honor of John Torrey, emeritus professor of botany in Columbia College from 1860 to 1873. The College of Physicians and Surgeons, in which Torrey was professor of chemistry and botany from 1827 to 1855, was made a part of Columbia University in 1891. Vol. 4 No. 12 TORREYA December, 1904 THE AMERICAN SENNAS 3y J. A. SHAFER Several years ago, while bringing together material for the for- mation of a seed collection at the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa., a sample of a seed purporting to be that of Cassta Mari- landica LL. was received from Professor O. P. Medsger, of Jacobs Creek, Pa., which differed markedly, by its obovoid form, from any seed of the species that I had ever seen. Mr. Medsger, in as- suring me of the authenticity of this seed, stated that he had col- lected the flat- as well as the obovoid-seeded form, in Westmore- land Co., Pa. With this explanation the matter rested until I myself collected, on the Ohio River just below Pittsburgh, fruit- ing specimens yielding the obovoid seed. About the same time, also, similar specimens were sent to me from Cumberland, Md., by Rev. G. Eifrig. Careful search the following season was unrewarded with flower- ing specimens of the obovoid-seeded form, although many indi- vidual plants of the flat-seeded form were observed through the flowering to the fruiting stage both in their nativity and under cultivation, among the latter being a white-flowered sort. This failure to find the obovoid-seeded form, together with other cir- cumstances, led me to surmise thatthe plant is a biennial; this, however, I have not as yet been able to verify. In some thirty descriptions of Cassia Marilandica by about twenty-five authors, the form of the seed is mentioned but four times. Darlington* has them “compressed, ovate-oblong”’ ; later} he omits ‘‘compressed”’ and they become ‘ ovate-ob- * Darlington, Flora Cestrica, 432. 1837. [Ed. 1.] ft Darlington, Flora Cestrica, 68. 1853. [Ed. 3.] [Vol. 4, No. 11, of TORREYA, comprising pages 161-176, was issued November 21, 1904. ] Led 178 long.’’ Torrey * makes them “large, compressed.’”” Chapman,} while making no statement for the species, has his ‘var. ? Flori- ‘‘orbicular.’”’ The more recent authors { are all broad ” dana enough in their descriptions to cover both forms. The few illustrations are quite as unsatisfactory, many of them being meaningless ; Dillenius,§ Barton,|| and Bigelow, 4 the best of them, however, represent the flat-seeded form. Just what Linnaeus** had is not clearly defined by his descrip- tion or by most of his citations ; Dillenius’ ‘‘foliis mimosae siliqua hirsuta’’ and plate, however, is clearly the flat-seeded form and may be considered as establishing this as the true Cassza Mari- landica L.. Martyn’s tf plate, also cited by Linnaeus, is charac- terless. As the several namestt that have been considered synonymous with C. Warilandica L. are all referable to the flat-seeded form, or at least have no reference to the obovoid-seeded one, I pro- pose to name the latter for Professor O. P. Medsger, through whose material my attention was first called to it, and would characterize the two species as follows : CassiA MARILANDICA L. Plant erect, perennial, herbaceous, 1-2 m. high, little-branched: stem pubescent, slightly if at all furrowed, yellowish green : leaves with a club-shaped gland near base of the petiole; stipules sub- ulate-filiform, ciliate on their margins, caducous; leaflets 12— 20, elliptical, unequally rounded at base, mucronate, with reflexed ciliate margins, yellowish green, glaucous beneath, 3—5 cm. long, one third as wide : inflorescence racemose, pubescent, axillary and terminal, flowers many: calyx-lobes ovate, somewhat petaloid : petals broadly spatulate to obovate, obtuse, bright yellow: sta- * Torrey, Flora of the North and Middle Sections of the U. S. 1: 439. 1824. { Chapman, Flora of the Southern United States, 124. 1897. [Ed. 3.] t Wood, Gray, Britton, Small. Z Dillenius, Ilortus Elthamensis, 351, p/. 260. f. 379. 1732. || Barton, Vegetable Materia Medica of the U. S. 1: 137, f/. 72. 1817. ¢ Pp sigelow, American Medical Botany, 2: 166, A/. 39. 1818. ** Linnaeus, Species Plantarum, 378. 1753. tt Martyn, Historia Plantarum Rariorum, 23. f/. 27. 1728. ft C. acuminata Moench, Meth. 273. 1794; C. reflexa Salisb. Prod. 326. 1796; C. succedanea ‘* Bell, ex herb. Balb.,’’ DC. Prod., 2: 498. 1825. 179 mens 10, unequal, upper 3 imperfect ; anthers brown: ovary cov- ered by long, outward-spreading hairs: pod falcate or nearly straight, linear, much compressed, 7-11 cm. long, 6 mm. wide and about 1.5 mm. thick, freely dehiscent along both sutures, brown, hirsute, the hairs pointing outward, apex acuminate, margins some- times undulate, septa oblique, externally indicated by sharply defined narrow depressions: seeds 10-15, transverse, orbicular- quadrate, very flat, 5 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, 1 mm. thick, funiculus ' bent. . Specimens examined ; * Massacuusetts: Shirley, 1882, W Hl. Manning ; Roxbury, 1899, L. 7. Chamberlain. New York: Peekskill, no date, Dr. Torrey ; West Point, 1882, £. A. Mearns ; Madison Co., 1893, and Herkimer Co., 1901, 7. D. House. NEw JeRSEY : Connecticut Farm, 1820, Torrey Herbarium ; Atlantic Co., 1883 (708), C. A. Gross. PENNSYLVANIA: Bethlehem, 1832, C. J. Moser; Mercer Co., no date, & 7. Aschmann ; Fayette Co., 1890, C. C. Mellor ; Lancaster Co., 1883 (708), Jas. Galen ; McCalls Ferry, 1893, /. A. Small; Beaver Co., 1900, Alle- gheny Co., several stations, /. d. Shafer, Westmoreland Co., 1900 and 1902, Katherine R. Holmes, and 1904, /. A. Medsger. West VirGiniA: Harper’s Ferry, 1878, G. Guttenberg ; Hutton- ville, 1890, and Minton, 1891, C. & Millspaugh. VirGinia: Wythe Co., 1892, /. K. Small. NortH CAro.ina: Biltmore Herbarium, 1896-7 (307 and 3976), and 1890, Mary E. Reynolds. TENNESSEE: Knox Co., 1894, 7. Hf. Kearney, Jr.; 1896, A. Ruth. Kentucky: Fairbank, 1840, C. W. Short. Also many specimens in the local herbarium of the Torrey Botanical Club. Cassia Medsgeri sp. nov. Plant erect, 0.75-1.5 m. high, scarcely branched: stem longi- tudinally furrowed, smooth or nearly so, often purplish : leaves with petiolar gland near the base, cylindrical or abruptly con- stricted at its base; stipules linear-lanceolate, acuminate, ca- ducous ; leaflets 8-16, elliptical, unequally rounded at the base, mucronate, with reflexed, entire margins, green, slightly glaucous beneath, 3-5 cm. long, about one-third as wide: inflorescence corymbose, glabrous or nearly so, axillary and terminal, flowers rather few: calyx-lobes somewhat petaloid: petals broadly * Contained in the herbaria of Columbia University, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Carnegie Museum. 180 spatulate, sometimes acutish: ovary scarcely covered by short, appressed hairs pointing towards apex: pod black, arcuate, 1. Cassia Marilandica \.. 2. Cassia Medsgeri Shafer. a. Pods, natural size. 4. Pistils, & 3. cc. Seeds, * 8. d. Transverse sections of seeds, >< 8. 181 broadly linear, scarcely compressed, 8-10 cm. long, 8-g mm. wide, 3 mm. thick, dehiscent with difficulty if at all, apex blunt, rounded, mucronate, margins subentire, septa transverse, not well defined externally, hairs, if any, at the septal depressions, few and coarse and pointing toward apex: seeds 13-20, trans- verse, obovoid, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. in greatest diameter, funiculus straight. Specimens examined; PennsyLtvaniA: Allegheny Co., 1goo, J. A. Shafer; 1901, J. M. Milligan. Westmoreland Co., 1904, O. P. Medsger (type). Marytanpn: Cumberland, 1896, Howard Shriver; 1901, Rev. G. Eifrig. West VirciniA: Wheeling, 1879, G. Guttenberg ; Sweet Springs, 1903 (322), C. S. & Mrs. Steele. VirGiniA: Bedford Co., 1872, A. H. Curtiss. GEORGIA: Dalton, 1900 (102), Percy Wilson. Atasama: Clay Co., F. S. Earle. Towa: Ringold Co., 1898, Fitzpatrick Bros. Missouri: Jackson Co., 1893 (¢Z), and Campbell, 1895 (795), B. /. Bush ; Riley Co., 1896, /. B. Norton. Kansas: Johnson Co., 1892, M. A. Carleton ; Ft. Riley, 1892 (547), EZ. E. Gayle. ARKANSAS: Lafayette Co., 1898, A. A. & &. G. Heller ; Benton Co., 1899, E. N. Plank. Cassia Medsgeri grows in dry gravelly situations, is less tall, less branched, of a darker color and is from ten days to two weeks later in flowering than C. Marilandica, from which it is easily distinguished by the differently shaped petiolar gland and stipules, less and differently pubescent ovary, darker, broader, and more curved pod, which is less clearly but more closely marked by the septa and almost indehiscent, also by the very differently shaped seeds. New YorK BovraNnicaAL GARDEN. A CASE OF IRREGULAR SECONDARY THICKENING By HERBERT MAULE RICHARDS During last summer, while collecting in the woods in the neighborhood of Lake Placid, New York, the writer noticed that the lateral roots of the ‘ yellow birch”? — Betula lutca — often 182 presented a somewhat unusual appearance where they were growing over and around large rocks. The cross-section, in- stead of having the usual circular form, was more or less roughly elliptical, the roots being compressed laterally and expanded ver- tically. Such an appearance at once suggested unequal growth of the secondary layers of the wood and examination proved that this was the case. In the specimen brought home and sectioned the greatest horizontal diameter of the root was 24 mm., while the vertical diameter measured 61 mm., exclusive of the rind, which was uni- formly 1 mm. thick. Asa result, the organ presented an almost plate-like form, suggestive of the supporting roots of some trop- ical trees. A section was obtained, thin enough to count the annual rings, and it could be seen that up to about its twenty- fifth year the development of the wood-layers was almost normal, with a slight tendency to epinastic growth (see figures). At this time the root had attained the diameter of about 16.5 mm., so that in breadth its subsequent growth was not more than 8 mm., while vertically it extended five and a half times as much. After the twenty-fifth year the annual rings were to be traced only with great difficulty on the sides, while above and below they were often 2 mm. and sometimes 4 mm. wide. There was not a great deal of difference in the rate of thickening on the upper and lower sides, though the hyponastic growth had a tendency to exceed the epinastic, especially from the thirty-third to forty-second years. The organic center of the root was then not greatly dis- placed from the actual axis of the organ. Such a condition has been described by C. Schimper as diplonasty. About 25 or 30 cm. further back, on the root, the hyponastic growth was more pronounced and more irregular. A hasty examination showed that the wood elements were smallest where the rings were com- pressed, but there seems also to be some difference in the number of wood-cells present in the different regions, being more, of course, where the ring was widest. This is worthy of notice be- cause, in at least some cases of irregular thickening, it has been stated that the difference in the thickness of the rings was due alone to difference in the size of the wood elements, 183 Instances of irregular secondary thickening have been not in- frequently cited. The classic examples of the plate roots in cer- tain species of /zcus, or notably in the roots of Parkia Africana, may be mentioned, but there the excessive thickening is practi- cally wholly epinastic. Epinastic or hyponastic thickening is mentioned by Haberlandt as occurring in the main branches of certain trees in the temperate region. Cases of diplonasty seem Fic. 1. Section of whole root showing Fic. 2. Enlarged view or transverse rings of annual thickening. The numer- _ section of the first thirty years of growth. als refer to the age. The twenty-fifth year The annual rings are represented alter- is marked by a slightly heavier line. The nately black and white. Magnified rind is black. Nearly natural size. about 3 diameters. to be rarer. Specific instances do not seem to be generally cited in the ordinary literature ; at least the writer was unable to find mention of any so well-marked case as that described above. Such irregularities are no doubt more common than one is led to believe from the references to them, and the writer would be glad to see specimens of this kind. One naturally hesitates to make any too definite statement as to the causes of such thickenings, but Haberlandt’s suggestion 184 that the abnormal growth is produced in response to mechanical exigencies is not unreasonable. Resting as these roots do ona hard, unyielding substratum, the compression strain brought to bear on them when the tree bends in the wind would be much greater than if they rested in soft soil, From a mechanical standpoint the vertical thickening of the wood would strengthen the root against such a strain. Such an explanation is certainly in accord with the general idea of the most economical expendi- ture of growth-energy and of material, which, as Haberlandt has pointed out, is as general in the development of trees as in any organisms. BARNARD COLLEGE, NEW YorRK. THE BOLETACEAE OF PENNSYLVANIA By D. R. SUMSTINE Our state is well represented in the number of species belonging to this family. Nearly two thirds of all the species known in the United States have been reported from Pennsylvania. The fol- lowing is a preliminary list of the genera and species. Boletus affinis Peck § albellus Peck § alboater Schw.t alutaceus Morg.§ alveolatus B. & C.t Americanus Peck * auripes Peck § auriporus Peck * badiceps Peck § betula Schw.t bicolor Peck * bovinus L.+ calopus Pay castaneus Bull.* chrysenteron Fr.* chromapes Frost } crassipe (AY ] eC k S decorus Frost § dichrous Ellis t edulis Bull.t elegans Schum. § eximius Peck ¢ felleus Bull.* flavidus Fr.+ fragrans Vitt.§ Frostit Russell * Jrustulosus Peck § fulvus Peck § glabellus Peck * gracilis Peck ¢ granulatus L.* griseus Frost * wludens Peck § wmpolitus Fr.§ tndecisus Peck § wnflexus Peck ft mnixus Peck * luridus Schaeff.* /uteus L.t miniato-olivaceus Frost * mutabilis Morg.* Morgani Peck * nebulosus Peck § migrellus Peck * ornatipes Peck * pallidus Frost t parasiticus Bull.* piperatus Bull.* Pocono Schw.t purpureus Fr.§ radicans Pers.§ retipes Bice, § Russelli Frost * rubropunctus Peck § satanus Lenz § scaber Fr.* 185 separans Peck * sordidus Frost * spectosus Frost § spectabilis Peck § subaureus Peck § sublutens Peck f subsanguincus Peck § subtomentosus Lt subvelutipes Peck § variegatus Swartz § varupes Peck § versipellis Fr.} Loletinus cavipes (Opat.) Kalch.§ paluster (Peck) Peck § pictus (Peck) Peck § porosus (Berk.) Peck * Fistulina hepatica (Huds.) Fr.* jirma Peck * Strobilomyces strobilaceus (Scop. ) Betiag floccopus (Vahl) Sacc.* B. inflexus has thus far been reported only from Pennsylvania. IXITTANNING, PA. October 3, 1904. The species reported by Schweinitz in his Synopsis are included in Peck’s Boleti of the United States. RECENT CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF PALEOZOIC SEED-PLANTS | By Epwarp W. BERRY Undoubted seeds of a gymnospermous character have long been known in considerable abundance as low down in the geo- *In writer’s collection, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. + Peck, Boleti of the United States. { Herbst, Fungal Flora of the Lehigh Valley. § McIlvaine, One Thousand American Fungi. || Read before the Torrey Botanical Club, November 30, 1904. 186 logical scale as the Devonian, and by the Carboniferous they are very numerous in some localities, the coal-measures of both hemi- spheres furnishing them in considerable variety. Little beyond descriptions based on external form are known of the seeds from American localities, where their preservation is poor as compared with the beautifully silicified and calcified re- mains from some of the European localities. Brongniart as recently as 1881 * may be said to have laid the foundation for their scientific study. In the light of the recent work, principally of Professors Oliver and Scott, the further study of these and similar remains assumes a special importance, and my excuse for this notice is the arrival in this country of the completed memoir of the above authors on the seed Lagenostoma Lomaxi,t which is thus far the most interesting as well as the best known fossil seed. The fact of its definite reference to the plant which bore it is no little credit to the sagacity of the authors and to the methods of study inaugurated by the late Professor Williamson. The pres- ent memoir, which is well illustrated by seven plates and two text figures, sets forth in detail the structure of the seed and its cupule. The authors have handled all the extant material known, and their conclusions are admirable and convincing. They propose for this and similar fern-like spermatophytes a new class, the Pteridospermeae, for which Ward { would establish the sub-kingdom Pteridospermaphyta in the anticipation, already partially verified, that the three great phyla of Paleozoic cryp- togams independently acquired the seed habit. The preliminary contribution of Oliver and Scott was read be- fore the Royal Society in May, 1903, and in the short interval since we are able to record numerous contributions along the same lines. Since Potonié in 1897 established the order Cycad- ofilicales it has seemed probable that numerous forms of Adethop- teris, Pecopteris, Odontopteris, Neuropteris, Sphenopterts, etc., were * Brongniart, Adolphe. Recherches sur les graines fossiles silicifiées. + Oliver, F. W., and Scott, D. H. On the Structure of the Palaeozoic Seed Lagenostoma Lomaxi. Phil. Trans, Roy. Soc. Lond. B. 197: 193-247. pl. 4-so. 17 Au 1904. t Ward, L. F. Science, II. 20: 25, 279. 1904. 187 referable to this group rather than to the Filicales, the direct evi- dence for which has been slow in coming to light. Before the publication of the final results of Messrs. Oliver and Scott, however, Kidston * announced the discovery of rhabdo- carpous seeds on the rachis of Weuropteris heterophylla, a mem- ber of the Medulloseae, adding confirmation to the suspicion that the seeds known as Trigonocarpons were referable to this family of the Cycadofilicales.t Following Kidston’s discovery we find Grand’ Eury { in March of this year and again in July, arguing before the French Academy the probability of the reference of certain of the silici- fied seeds from St. Etienne to various Filicean species. In March we have further comments by Zeiller § ; and Renault || in May reports his conviction that the seed Stephanospermum from Autun belongs to Calamodendron or Arthropitys. We learn further from Oliver and Scott’s memoir that Arber is about to describe a fossil in which numerous Lagenostoma-like seeds are supposed to belong to a Sphenopteris frond. With regard to the microsporangial apparatus of these various plants we know little beyond the suggestive work of Miss Ben- son § on Zelangium, which she regards as the microsporangial synangium of Lyginodendron. We are on safe ground in the assumption that in each of the three great cryptogamic phyla of the Paleozoic the seed habit was at least approximated, ¢. ¢., among the fern-like plants we have positive proof in the case of * Kidston, R. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. 72: 487. D 1903. Oliver, F. W. New Phytologist, 4: 32. 1904. Kidston, R. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. 197: 1-5. 1904. [lllust.] + Wild. On Zrigonocarpon olivaeforme, Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc. 16. 1900. Scott, D. H. On the Origin of Seed-bearing Plants. Roy. Inst. May 15, 1903. Oliver, F. W. Notes on Zrigonocarpus, etc. New Phytologist, 3: 96-104. f/. 2. 1904. ‘ {Grand ’Eury. Sur les rhizomes et les racines des Fougéres fossiles et des Cyca- dofilices. Compt. rend. 138: 607-610. 1904. Grand ’Eury. Sur les graines des Néuroptéridées. Ibid. 139: 23-27. 1904. 7 Zeiller, R. Observations au sujet du mode de fructification des Cycadofilicinées. Ibid. 138: 663-665. 1904. || Renault, B. Quelques remarques sur les cryptogames anciennes et les sols fos- siles de végétation. Ibid. 138: 1237-1239. 1904. | Benson, M. Ann. Bot. 18: 161-177. p/. 77. 1904. 188 Lagenostoma and Neuropteris; among the Calamites we have Stephanospermum ,; and among the Lepidodendraceae we have the seed-like fructifications named Lefzdocarpon by Professor Scott. Sufficient proof, it seems to me, that we had in the Paleo- zoic a great plexus of plants of a type transitional between the Pteridophyta and the Spermatophyta, from some of which the gymnosperms took their origin. SHORTER NOTES SomE INTRODUCED PLants In Cusa.—lIt is well known that one of the most common methods for the distribution of weeds and various other plants from one locality to another is by means of seeds carried in food stuffs, bedding for animals, etc. Recently while I was passing through the stable-yard of the Cuban Experiment Station, I discovered several plants of the common dandelion (Taraxvacum Taraxacum). Following this discovery, in an investigation of the immediate vicinity, several other plants common to New York and other parts of the United States were found. Of the plants examined, numbering forty or fifty, some species were well represented, and with the exception of those growing in the coral-rock driveway, all were of recent growth, though normal in size. Inquiring at the stable as to the kinds of fodder used, I was shown several large sacks of oats, in which after a brief examination, many varieties of seeds, achenes and some dried fruits of common weeds were obtained. In for- mer times large quantities of baled hay were used and this was scattered on the ground among the horses during the noon hour, The following identified plants undoubtedly owe their occur- ence to seeds that have either fallen directly from the hay to the ground, or perhaps more frequently have germinated from the excrement of the stock. Lepidium Virginicum LL. Plantago major L. Trifolium repens L. Plantago Rugelii Decne. Trifolium pratense L. Plantago lanceolata 1. Trifolium hybridum L. Taraxacum Taraxacum (L.) Karst. Sonchus olervaceus LL. Percy WILSON. 189 REVIEWS A Laboratory Guide in Elementary Bacteriology * The third revised edition of W. D. Frost’s ‘‘ Laboratory Bac- ” a handy volume of four hundred pages and forty or more illustrations, has just been published by the Macmillan Co. Previous editions of this work have been used with great success by Professor Frost at the University of Wisconsin, and in the present edition only such changes have been made as are neces- sitated by the rapid progress of this science and improvements in methods employed in its study and application. The plan of the work remains the same. In the first part, requiring a half year for its completion, the general subject of bacteriology is taken up in the following order : technique, phys- iology, taxonomy, representative nonpathogenic forms and _ bac- teriological analysis. The second part, dealing with medical bacteriology, is an application of the knowledge and skill gained in the first to a rather serious study of pathogenic bacteria, more recent and more technical methods being used in connection with many of the forms treated. The author regards directions for laboratory exercises as fun- damental. These directions have a constant and a variable part, the latter subject to modification as changes become necessary in the kind of organism, the kind of medium, the temperature, etc. An attempt is made to observe a logical order in the experi- ments, though the time required for individual experiments may vary widely. Cultural observations are conveniently recorded by means of charts, with which the book abounds. The system of classification adopted is that of Migula, which is quite generally used. Many of the older names are to be looked for in the list of synonyms. Like all other good labora- tory guides, Professor Frost’s book is well supplied with lists of apparatus, texts, appendices, etc., and with helpful suggestions. relative to their use. Appendix A is a key to the most common forms of bacteria usually encountered by the student. Wiritram A. Mourrict. * Frost, William Dodge. A Laboratory Guide in Elementary Bacteriology. 8 vo.. Pp. i-vi + 1-395. New York, The Macmillan Co. 1904. teriology, 190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE €EGE WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 28, 1904 The meeting was held at the New York Botanical Garden at the usual hour, Dr. D. T. MacDougal occupying the chair. There were 19 members present. A letter was read from the secretary of the Council of the Scientific Alliance notifying the Club that the Alliance had appropriated $50 from the Newberry Fund for grants in aid of research in botany or geology, and $400 from the Herrman Fund for grants in aid of any scientific investigations. The first paper was by Dr. N. L. Britton under the title: of ‘“ Notes on the Flora of the Bahamas.” The speaker, in contin- uation of previous explorations, which were reported in TORREYA for July, recently spent five wceks in the Bahamas, principally on the Island of New Providence. | About 950 native and naturalized species have been reported from the Bahama Islands, an unexpectedly small number, in part accounted for by the fact that most of the land does not reach an elevation of more than 25 feet although on one of the outer islands a height of 400 feet is recorded. The flora is remarkable in the very unequal distribution of species, some being recorded from only one key. It is related to that of northern Cuba, extreme southern Florida, and in a lesser degree to that of Haiti. While the collections have as yet received only preliminary study, it is probable that ten or twelve new species will be founded on forms formerly thought to be identical with Cuban or other West Indian species. The speaker gave a brief review of the flora, noting among other facts the presence of but five gymnosperms —a Pinus, three Zamias and a Juniperus. The lower monocotyledons are but poorly represented. Of the grasses about fifty species were collected. These have not been studied, but it was noted that they show characteristic forms in each of the plant associations of the islands. One of the most interesting is the climbing bamboo, Arthrostylidium capulli- Jom Griseb., whose light green color gives a characteristic tinge 191 to the coppices. Seventeen species of sedges, none new, are to be added to the published flora of the islands. The palms are abundant and interesting, five species being reported. Eight or ten species of bromeliads, about twenty-five orchids, and four or five figs were reported. Among the Nyctaginaceae there are two trees heretofore referred to /%sonta but evidently not properly referable to that genus. It was noted that most of the trees of the islands do not reach as great a height as they do in the Florida ‘‘ hammocks.” ate OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (x) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 30, published in 1903, contained 709 pages of text and 29 full page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14, shillings. ~ Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square,-London, are agents for England. Of former volumes, only 1-5 and 19-30 can be supplied entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar each. Vols. 19-27 (1892-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars each ; Vols. 28-30, three dolars each. Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when ‘not breaking complete volumes. ; (2) MEMOIRS The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes 1~II are now completed and No. 1 of Vol. 12 has been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Columbia University — NEW YORK CITY THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1904 President, HON. ADDISON BROWN, LL.D. Vice-Presidents, HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, F, S. EARLE, A.M. JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Editor, Treasurer, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. FRANCIS E; LLOYD, A.M, Tarrytown, N. Y. Columbia University. Associate Editors, NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, Pu.D. DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, Pu.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Pu.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. ANNA MURRAY VAIL, Torreya is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa., or Columbia University, New York City, Matter for publication should be addressed to MARSHALL A. HOWE New York Botanical Garden Bronx Park, New York City Vol. 4 May, 1904 No. 5 TORREY A A Monruty Journat or Boranicat Nores anp News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY MARSHALL AVERY: HOWE JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS A Canoe Trip on the St. Francis River, Northern Maine: W. W. EGGLEsTon’....65 Shorter Notes: Notes onthe Local Flora: FREDERICK WM, KOBBES 2c. isi. e.c ck eeacdenccbens sevens’ 68 MiIpurnum wollte: Miche <> Ni IS, sBRITCON Map eiss havea ae tengicen sodedcee MiowspsacnS asta 69 Reviews : Howell’s Flora of Northwest America: P..A. RYDBERG.............0002 ceeeeseueees 70 Proceedings of the Club: TRacy E. HAZEN, WILLIAM T. HORNE.................0..00006 73 News Items PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB At North Queen Street, LANCASTER, PA, BY THe New ERA Printinc Company THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB + ae OFFICERS FOR 10904 President, j HON. ADDISON BROWN, LL.D. Vice-Presidents, HENRY-H. RUSBY, M.D: EDWARD 8S. BURGESS, Pu.D. Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, F. Ss EARLE, A.M JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D. . Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City, Editor, Treasurer, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. FRANCIS E. -LLOYD,' A.M, Tarrytown, N.Y. Columbia University. Associate Editors, NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, PH.D. DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, PH.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D. MARSHALL A.. HOWE, Pu.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. ANNA MURRAY VAIL. TorREYA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only © for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa., or Columbia University, New York City. Matter for publication should be addressed to MARSHALL A. HOWE New York Botanical Garden Bronx Park, New York City Vol. 4 June, 1904 No. 6 TORREYA A Monruty Journat or Botanicat Notes anp News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY MARSHALL AVERY HOWE JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS : Resistance of Drought by Liverworts: DouGLAs HouGHTON CAMPBELL.............. SI The Pollen Tube in the Cucurbitaceae and Rubiaceae: FrAncis BE. LLoyD........ 86 Shorter Notes: MUG? “PrIMFOSES Us Ly WLACDIOUGAD Sc Mierke th fered seonscpeidyetineSwretasteres or Teratology of Seedling Bean: EDWARD W. BERRY. w.......ccecece eee ee eee teense eesees g2 Scirpus Coloradoensis, sp. nov,: N. L. Brirron..... Yaa; NokGere Woe vkss obeedava Be yee 93 Proceedings of the Club: Tracy IE. HAZEN, WILLIAM T. HORNE,,............0000000003 93 INO WSa RESINS es cceadauchohunes eostive ds Vakenadeeney Bs eee Sain Coty oR OU tte crc by 0 o's Shatin toh 95 PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB At Nortn Qugen Street, LANCASTER, Pa. pY THe New Era Purintinc Company THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1904 President, HON. ADDISON BROWN, LL.D. Vice- Presidents, HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D, EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, EDWARD W. BERRY, JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D. Passaic, N. J. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City’ Editor, Treasurer, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D, FRANCIS E, LLOYD, A.M. Tarrytown, N. Y. Columbia University. Associate Editors, NATHANIEL L, BRITTON, Pu.D. DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, Pu.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Pu.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. ANNA MURRAY VAIL. Torreya is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa., or Columbia University, New York City. Matter for publication should be addressed to MARSHALL A. HOWE New York Botanical Garden Bronx Park, New York City Vol. 4 July, 1904 No. 7 TORREYA A Monruty Journat or Boranicat Nores anp News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY MARSHALL AVERY HOWE JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS Additions to “ The Flora of Long Island’’: Smirn ELY JELUIFFE.................. a7 A Collecting Trip to Haiti: GrorceE V. NASER cited) Maha sie oka 100 Shorter Notes: Two-bracted Dogwood: EDWARD.W. BERRY. ij... .eccceceetceenesceeceneeeencneeeeees 104 SAavian Bahamensis Sp, NOV ss) Ne UABRITIONA. hs wos pewetes ye yeoceccasc heen coun teeny 104 Notes on Cuban Plants: J. A. SHAFER........ Pusiarh Wwe rhalesesing. » towed 5 (maiat up ause2 105 Proceedings of the Club: WILLIAM T. PROM Ne Acre. Soda stim iedntel eas 106 Reviews: Bailey’s Plant: Breeding 7 F.vBp LLOYD ic. Siccd, acesesucapbeans des ccaecves vive sceacdene 109 IN CM SRNLR PNA Sa Tey ais 4 ata Noy asad Aeon OMESE Web ate hig aU eludes 02a vhok nose huck-katdass Aiaivd> tarAecs «ae III PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB At Nortu Queen Street, LANCASTER, Pa. BY THe New Era PRINTING COMPANY THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1904 President, HON. ADDISON BROWN, LL.D. Vice- Presidents, HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, EDWARD W. BERRY, JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D. Passaic, N, J. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York Citys Editor, Treasurer, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, A.M. Tarrytown, N.Y. - Columbia University. Associate Editors, NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, PH.D. DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, Pu.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Pu.D. HERBERT M, RICHARDS, S.D. ANNA MURRAY VAIL. Torreya is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. ‘To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa., or Columbia University, New York City, Matter for publication should be addressed to MARSHALL A. HOWE New York Botanical Garden Bronx Park, New York City Fe = A y AV Wi 4 eee ¥ baw ie bac OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 30, published in 1903, contained 709 pages of text and 29 full page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England. Of former volumes, only 1-5 and 19-30 can be supplied entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar each. Vols. 19-27 (1892-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars each; Vols. 28-30, three dollars each. Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. (2) MEMOIRS The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes I-11 are now completed and No. 1 of Vol. 12 has been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Columbia University NEW YORK CITY Poy Ana Pal hit pene A - eg Need dod OTHER PUBLICATIONS ° OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 30, published in 1903, contained 709 pages of text and 29 full page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England. Of former volumes, only 1-5 and 19-30 can be supplied entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar each. Vols. 19-27 (1892-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars each; Vols. 28-30, three dollars each. Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. (2) MEMOIRS The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes I-11 are now completed and No. 1 of Vol. 12 has been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Columbia University ' NEW YORK CITY WOM is OA tHE a ye } aN: j aie a Oe eae OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 30, published in 1903, contained 709 pages of text and 29 full page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England. Of former volumes, only 1-5 and 19-30 can be supplied entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar each. Vols. 19-27 (1892-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars each; Vols. 28-30, three dollars each. Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. (2) MEMOIRS The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes I-11 are now completed and No. 1 of Vol. 12 has been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should . be addressed to THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Columbia University NEW YORK CITY 4 be Bd : Sei) ae a he he oh Po oe yieae vats ne t wn al . ; wad Ay Le. bs Ane cat aa OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE ‘ TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (x) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 30, published in 1903, contained 709 pages of text and 29 full page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England. Of former volumes, only 1-5 and 19-30 can be supplied entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar each. Vols. 19-27 (1892-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars each; Vols. 28-30, three dollars each. Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. (2) MEMOIRS The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes I-I1 are now completed and No. 1 of Vol. 12 has been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Columbia University NEW YORK CITY Vol. 4 August, 1904 No. 8 TORREYA A Monruiy Journat or Boranicat Nores anp News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY MARSHALL AVERY. HOWE JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS Notes on the Variability of Hypothele repanda: Howarp J. BANKER..\.........4. 113 The Botanical Meeting at McCall’s Ferry, Pennsylvania: GrorGE V. NAsH.N. I17 - The Nomenclature of Hexalectris and Aplectrum: JoHN HENDLEY BARNHART TI9 Shorter Notes: The Validity of the Genus Paratheria Griseb. : GEORGE V. NASH............ 122 Sarracenia flava in Virginia: ROLAND M. HARPER \.j....eccccceseeeeten eet eeees 123 An Undescribed Species of Alnus: N. L. BRITTON. .Y........cccsceeceeteeeereeees 124 Proceedings of the Club: WILLIAM T. Horne..... Vnricd She ck sg Seen tanks Gee Staats 124 BONA MEME TO SS 7p hot ct ts Rosh a sha at as Moceelrnawr es weety ceas pel peda nob sth ldwscsobhepacaavenesuboceboes 127 PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB At NortH Queen Srreet, LANCASTER, PA. BY THe New Era Paintinc Company THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1904 President, HON. ADDISON BROWN, LL.D. Vice-Presidents, HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, EDWARD W. BERRY, JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D. Passaic, N. J. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Editor, Treasurer, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D, FRANCIS E. LLOYD, A.M, Tarrytown, N. Y. Columbia University. Associate Editors, NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, PH.D. DANIEL: T. MACDOUGAL, Pu.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, PH.D. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Pu.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. ANNA MURRAY VAIL. Torreya is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. ‘To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices, Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa., or Columbia University, New York City. | Matter for publication should be addressed to MARSHALL A, HOWE New York Botanical Garden Bronx Park, New York City Vol. 4 September, 1904 No. 9 PLORKEY A A Monruty Journat or Boranicat Nores anp News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY MARSHALL AVERY HOWE JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS Three New Violets from Long Island: EUGENE P. BICKNELL.............45-5- MES Ad 129 The Date of Pursh’s Flora: JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART. ..........cccceeceeceeeeseeeees 132 The Ferns of Northern Cape Breton: C. Bi ROBINSON......2....5...¢cccedeesauececvess 136 The Type-locality of Arenaria brevifolia: ROLAND M. HARPER........ 00. cece 138 Shorter Notes: A New Polyporoid Genus from South America: WILLIAM ALPHONSO MuR- ROLLA Css ccanot seb wwn cas shia tga ecddlta enc hdbme nich wea etuvcdie st dns Pi Pes aapreunaate apeirencpehu esa’ 14! A New Species of Bradburya: N. L. BRITTON, J. 20.5... ccc ekiedeceantensep tecens 142 Rings in Bark Formed by Branches: EDWARD W. BERRYN.......cc:ccses-ee ees 142 INC OUS MALONE Sore RTE MEN bole Cunha Oo MPL SE um OR comets Scop hgehs cobd et xie we gelly adimneldn el 143 PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB At NorrH Queen Street, LANCASTER, PA. sy THe New ERA Printinc Company THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1904 President, HON. ADDISON BROWN, LL.D. Vice-Presidents, HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. EDWARD S. BURGESS, PH.D. Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, EDWARD W. BERRY, JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D. Passaic, Nv J. = Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Editor, Treasurer, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. FRANCIS E: LLOYD, A.M. Tarrytown, N. Y. Columbia University. Associate Editors, NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, PH.D. DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, ‘Pu.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D. MARSHALL A. HOWE, PH.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. ANNA MURRAY VAIL. Torreya is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal er express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices, Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa., or Columbia University, New York City. Matter for publication should be addressed to MARSHALL A. HOWE New York Botanical Garden Bronx Park, New York City Vol. 4 October, 1904 No. 10 TORREYA A Monruty Journat or BoranicaL Notes AnD News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY MARSHALL AVERY HOWE JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS The early Writers on Ferns and their Collections—III. W. J. Hooker, 1785-1865: L. M. UNDERWOOD..W........... PR Mo Pee oa a sae soos oy Sheen dog's Bee eae 145 A New Species of Polyporus from Tennessee: Wit LIAM A, MURRILL:.Y...<..... 150 Shorter Notes: ‘The Plonda-Royal Palias Nee y BRATION 1s ois oo pio eave so vcwead eeohss SRavny aApeares 152 Otto Kuntze on Sequoia: EDWARD W. KERRY)............... se ied gee tie itak sab oe 153 Reviews : A new Handbook of the Genera of Freshwater Algae: TRAcy E, HAZEN.Y 154 Lloyd and Bigelow’s ‘‘ The Teaching of Biology in the Secondary School”’: RERRSHALE. A PEROW eit sir issrchcahagsos Vasaet ooeeersnnaraPiesdets Roar here A 156 News Items PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB At Nortu Queen Street, LANCASTER, Pa. py THe New Era Printinc Company OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 30, published in 1903, contained 709 pages of text and 29 full page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England, Of former volumes, only 1-5 and 19—30 can be supplied entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar each. Vols. 19-27 (1892~1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars each; Vols. 28-30, three dollars each. Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. (2) MEMOIRS The Memorrs are published at irregular intervals, Volumes I-11 are now completed and No. 1 of Vol. 12 has been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00, Correspondence relating to the above publications shoul be addressed to ; THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Columbia University NEW YORK CITY Sige i lig 4 wry ore NIP ETA Oy re AY t, ¢ OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 30, published in 1903, contained 709 pages of text and 2g full page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37-Soho Square, London, are agents for England. Of former volumes, only 1-5 and 19-30 can be supplied entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar each. Vols. 19-27 (1892-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars each; Vols. 28-30, three dollars each. Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. (2) MEMOIRS The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes I-11 are now completed and No. 1 of Vol. 12 has been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of tle individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Columbia University NEW YORK CITY Cy Rted . Oy: ist OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 30, published in 1903, contained 709 pages of text and 2g full page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England. Of former volumes, only 1-5 and 19-30 can be supplied entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar each. Vols. 19-27 (1892-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars each; Vols. 28-30, three dollars each. Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. ° (2) MEMOIRS The Memorrs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes I-I1 are now completed and No. 1 of Vol. 12 has been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Columbia University NEW YORK CITY Vol. 4 November, 1904 No. 11 TORREYA A Monruty Journar or Boranicat Notes anp News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY MARSHALL AVERY HOWE JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS Two hitherto confused Species of Ludwigia: RoLanp M. HARPER .............. 161 A Key to the perennial Polyporaceae of temperate North America: WI! LIAM Dee NLR RT Dele sare tare ea Robe Tal sale youre comeoh: Pushed ab veNeh has apeactvaby Mucbws Were kolaee ae 165 Additional Notes on southern Illinois Plants: H. A. GLEASON................5.. 167 Shorter Notes: Eiymenoxys insienis)s i DA y COCKER EDLs dct cbsccsdupatsenncs pweearetetuklecadeeeg 170 Rynchospora Pringlei Greenman: N. L, BRITTON .)........ ..c.ceceee ipeeWee