7 mt 6 \-SES pees ore Wes : Aree i ath P Ais alee ; Cane RU 6 th iiNet wa Lie) j < ¢ and de anh ye DP J | hs > ; tas ent Weel TORREYA A MonTuty JourNAL or Boranicat Notes anp News LIBRARY JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 NEW YORK BOTANIC GARDE EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY MARSHALL AVERY HOWE Volume V. NEW YORK 1905 PRESS OF > THE New ERA PRINTING COMPANY, LANCASTER, PA ; , G . v ’ . 4 M a Mi i 7 en a 7m ba - . e THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1905 President, HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. Vice Presidents, EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD, Pu.D. Recording Secretary, EDWARD W. BERRY,* C. STUART GAGER, Pu.D.,t Passaic, New Jersey. Morris High School, New York City. Corresponding Secretary, JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Editor, Treasurer, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, A.M. Tarrytown, N. Y. Columbia University. Associate Editors, NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, Pu.D. DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, Pu.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D. MARSHALL A. HOWE, PH.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, 5.D. ANNA MURRAY VAIL. Meetings the second Tuesday and last Wednesday of each month alternately at the American Museum of Natural History and the New York Botanical Garden, PUBLICATIONS. Bulletin. Monthly, established 1870. Price $3.00 per year; single numbers 30 cents. Of former volumes only 1-6, 13, and 19-27 can be supplied entire. Partial numbers only of vols. 7-18 are available, but the completion of sets will be undertaken, Memoirs. A series of technical papers published at irregular intervals, estab- lished 1889. Price $3.00 per volume. Torreya. Monthly, established 1901, Price $1.00 per year. All business correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to Francis E. Lloyd, Treasurer, Columbia University, New York City. * Resigned October 10, 1905. + Elected November 14, 1905. ERRATA, VOLUME 5 Page 11, 12th and 13th lines from the bottom, for only one embryo-sac in each ovule vead only one egg-apparatus in the embryo-sac. Page 110, in title and gth line from bottom, for S#geocloneum, read Stigeoclonium. Page 111, 2d line, for Stzgeocloneum, read Stigeoclonium, ~ Page 119, 5th line from bottom, for IZyrmicocystis read Myrue- cocystus, Page 120, 4th line from bottom, for pruniasus read pruniosus. Page 121, 12th line, for Corinella read Coccinella, Page 196, 7th line, for 2,000, read 2,500. Page 205, 2d line, for J. N. Painter, read J. H. Painter. DATES OF PUBLICATION No. 1, for January. Pages 1-20. Issued January 19, 1905. NOs ed, February. 21-36. February 28, 1905. No. 3, March. 37-54. March 22, 1905. No. 4, April. 55-78. April 27, 1905. No. 5, May. 79-98. May 25, 1905. No. 6, June. 99-118. June 24, 1905. No. 7, July. 119-134. July 27, 1905. No. 8, August. 135-154. August 26, 1905. No. 9, September. 155-170. September 23, 1905. No. 10, October. 171-186, October 27, 1905. No. 1, November. 187-206. November 25, 1905. No. 12, December. 207-233. January 10, 1906. Vol. 5 No. 1 TORREYA tiszary NEW YORK January, 1905 BOTANICAL GARDEN DISCONTINUOUS VARIATION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES* By D. T. MAcDouGAL That distinct and separate qualities expressed in recognizable external characters may appear suddenly, or disappear completely, in a series of generations of plants, has been a matter of common observation so long that it would be difficult to hunt out and fix upon the first instance of record. The significance of such phenomena was obviously beyond the comprehension of the earlier botanists and it is evident that a rational recognition of the phylogenetic value of sports and anomalies necessarily awaited the development and realization of the conceptions of unit-characters of the minute structures which are the ultimate bearers of heredity, and of the inter-dependence of the two in such manner as to constitute actual entities as embodied in Darwin’s pangenesis, de Vries’ intra-cellular pan- genesis and in Mendel’s investigations upon heredity. It is equally apparent that a proper interpretation of the facts in ques- tion, and their distinction from the results of hybridization was possible only by means of the analysis of the collated results of observations upon series of securely guarded pedigree-cultures, in which the derivation of all of the individuals of several succes- sive generations had been noted. For it is now thoroughly realized that the main questions of descent and heredity and of evolution in general are essentially physiological, and as such their solution is to be sought in experiences with living organ- isms and not by deductions from illusory ‘“ prima facie ’’ evidence, which has been so much in vogue in evolutionary polemics, nor * Address delivered by invitation before the American Society of Naturalists at Philadelphia, December 28, 1904. [Vol. 4, No. 12, of TorREYA, comprising pages 177-201, was issued December 39, 1904. ] 1 2 by ‘‘ interpretations of the face of nature’ with the accompanying inexact methods and superficial considerations. It was upon the safe basis of the first-named conceptions, and by means of the methods entailed that de Vries has so successfully grappled with the problems involved in the investigation of the part played by discontinuous variation in evolution. In view of the amount of orderly and well-authenticated evi- dence now at hand, it may be assumed as demonstrated that characters and groups of characters of appreciable physiological value, originate, appear in new combinations, or become latent, in hereditary series of organisms in such manner as to constitute distinct breaks in descent. This is the main thesis of the mutation theory: the saltatory movements of characters, regardless of the taxonomic value of the resultant forms. That the derivatives might be considered as species by one systematist, and varieties by another is quite incidental and of very little importance. The main contention lies in the claim that characters of a definite nature appear, and become inactive suddenly, and do not always need thousands of years for their infinitely slow external realization, or for their gradual disappearance from a strain. Of course the principal corollary of the mutation-theory is that the saltations in question do result in the constitution of new species and varieties. Asa matter of interest it may be stated that all of the systematists who have seriously examined the adult mutants of the evening-primroses cultivated in the New York Botanical Garden have held the opinion that certain ones were to be considered as species and others as varieties. Furthermore, these conclusions are confirmed when the char- acters of the mutants are subjected to statistical methods of investigation. In the observations of Dr. Shull, which will be presented more fully before the Botanical Society of America, it has been found that qualities of the mutants, susceptible of measurement, depart definitely and clearly from the parental type and fluctuate about a new mean, and do not intergrade with the parental form. The amplitude of fluctuation about the new center is greater than that of correspondent parental qualities, and the degree of correlation is much less in the mutants than in the parent. This is seen by inspection to be true in one species during the first year of its existence, and is confirmed by the exact observations on other forms a dozen years after their mutative origin. Consequently the features in question may not be taken to be in any way the result of selection but are in them- selves new qualities. Lamarck’s evening-primrose offers such striking and easily recognizable examples of discontinuous variation, and has been the object of so much detailed study that we are in danger of giving way to the supposition that the mutation-theory rests upon the facts obtained from this plant alone. It is to be said, however, that if it and all of its derivatives were destroyed, the results of experimental studies which have been made upon mutations in other species, upon the behavior of retrograde and ever-sporting varieties, the occurrence of systematic atavism, and of taxonomic anomalies, pelories and other morphological fea- tures would furnish ample support for the conception of unit- characters, and serve to establish the fact that mutations have occurred in a number of species representing diverse groups. It is now becoming plainly apparent that the phenomena of hybridization, by the opportunities afforded for the study of the included unit-characters in a segregated condition, for the anal- ysis of complex characters, and of the various principles gov- erning the transmission, activity, dominancy, latency and reces- sivity of characters, promise to yield results of the first magnitude concerning the mechanism of descent and heredity. The pos- sibilities of crosses between species comparatively widely different in morphological and physiological constitution among plants indicate that the ultimate generalizations upon hybridism will find broader exemplification in plants than in animals. It is pertinent to point out in this connection that the un- guarded use of the terms “variation ”’ nate phenomena of segregation and alternative inheritance when races or species are thrown together in a hybrid strain is bound and ‘‘ mutation ”’ to desig- to result in much confusion, especially in dealing with plants, since it is well known that direct mutants of either parent occa- sionally occur in such mixed strains. 4 From this last consideration we pass naturally to a discussion of the nature of the material which may be of use in the study of fluctuating and discontinuous variability. It needs no argu- ment to support the assertion that a successful experimental analysis of the behavior of separate characters may be carried out only when dealing with series of organisms fluctuating about a known mean with a measurable amplitude of variability. Systematic species as ordinarily accepted generally consist of more than one independent and constant sub-species, or elemen- tary species which may not be assumed to interbreed or inter- grade, unless actually demonstrated to do so by pedigreed cul- tures. So far, but few elementary species have been found to interbreed. A due recognition of this simple fact would save us a vast amount of pyramidal logic resting on an inverted apex of supposition. Again the accumulation of observations upon the prevalence and effect of self- and cross-fertilization has totally unsettled the generalizations current within the last few decades. Briefly stated, a moderate proportion of the flora of any region is au- togamous, a large proportion both autogamous and heterogam- ous, and a moderate proportion entirely heterogamous. The relative number of species included in the categories indicated varies greatly in different regions. To assert the deleterious effects of self-fertilization, of all or a majority of plants, is to base a statement upon evidence that lacks authentication and correla- tion, as has been strikingly demonstrated by recent results. As a matter of fact no phase of evolutionary science is as badly in need of investigation as that which concerns the effects of close and cross-breeding. It is also to be said that current misconceptions as to the ex- treme range of fluctuating variability of many native species have arisen from a failure to recognize the composite nature of the Linnaean, or group-species, upon which observations have been based, as I have found with the common evening-primrose. The demands of ordinary floristic work are usually met by the formulation of collective species, which are in fact, an undeniable convenience, and necessity perhaps, for the elementary teacher and the amateur. Upon the specialist in any subject rests the obli- gation to furnish his non-technically trained constituency with conceptions of the facts and principles within the domain of his investigations, which will be inclusive, and easy of comprehen- sion. But if in accordance with this requirement, the systema- tist contents himself with this looser, and with due regard it may be said, more superficial treatment, and does not delineate clearly the elementary constituents of a flora, or falters in carrying his analysis of relationships to its logical end, he fails notably in the more serious purpose of his investigations, and his work must be supplemented and extended before it becomes an actual basic contribution to the physiologic or phylogenetic branches of the science. To study the behavior of characters we must have them in their simplest combinations. To investigate the origin and activity of species we must have them singly and uncom- plicated. Lastly, we may turn to a phase of the subject which has, as yet, received nothing but speculative consideration—that of the causes which induce the organization of new characters and which stimulate their external appearance. The recurrence of the known mutants of Lamarck’s evening-primrose, and the occur- rence of new mutants of other species has taken place in New York and Amsterdam under conditions that lead to the definite conclusion that a favorable environment including the most ad- vantageous conditions for vegetative development and seed-pro- duction facilitates the activation and appearance of latent qualities; and the inference lies near at hand that such conditions also facilitate the original organization of new unit-characters or changes in these entities. We conclude therefore that favorable environment promotes the formation of new species as suggested by Korshinsky, and that new species do not arise under the stress of infra-optimal intensities of external factors as proposed by Darwin. Furthermore it has been found that certain qualities arise and disappear more numerously, and presumably more readily than others in a mutating strain. Thus, those embodied in the mu- tants Onagra (Ocnothera) oblonga, and nanella find external reali- 6 zation in many more individuals than those which constitute the differentiating features in rudbrinervis, scintillans, gigas, elliptica, subovata, and others. Again the inspection of the cultures made in Amsterdam and New York demonstrates that the last-named locality offers more favorable soil and climate for the evening-primroses. Correlated with this I am able to report that careful attention to the cultures has resulted in an increase of the proportion of mutants from the five per cent. maximum of de Vries to more than six per cent. in the last season, in the American cultures, and to say that some forms which did not reach maturity, and others which did not occur, in Amsterdam, may find in New York a climate in which they carry out their entire development. The cultures of Lamarck’s evening-primrose now being carried on include 14 recognizable mutants, and it is pertinent to state that I have mutants of other species which will be duly described after they have completed a cycle of development. All components of the environment may not be taken to be of equal value in the induction of new qualities, and I by no means wish to give the impression that the problem is on the point of being solved, but our hopes have been raised to the highest pitch that we may soon be able to discern the factors more or less directly concerned. To be able to bring the causes operative in the formation and structural expression of qualities, that is, the moving forces of evolution, within the range of experimental investigation would be a triumph worthy the best effort of the naturalist ; in that it would give us the power to give new positions to qualities and thus produce new organisms, its importance would rank well with that of any biological achievement of the last half century. New YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN. A PASPALUM NEW TO THE WEST INDIES By GEORGE V. NASH In working over some grass material secured by Mr. A. H. Curtiss (no. 379) on the Isle of Pines, just to the south of Cuba, 7 an interesting species of the genus Paspa/um was encountered. It was impossible to correlate this with any of the known species of the West Indies, and a search among the South American forms revealed several specimens of a species from Brazil, the Paspalum lineare of Trinius. One of these specimens is no. 763 of Mr. Spencer Moore, who secured it in the Matto Grosso region. It was upon this number that Mr. Moore founded his Panicum Jurcellatum (Trans. Linn. Soc. Il. 4: 505. pl. 34. f. 14-22), and I am at a loss to understand why the grass was described as a Panicum, for it has all of the characters of a Paspalum, as now understood,— a secund inflorescence and a spikelet of three scales — unless it be the occasional presence of a small fourth scale, an occurrence not uncommon in Vfaspalum. The specimen of Moore’s 763, referred to above, which is in the herbarium of Columbia University, has but one or two of the spikelets with a fourth scale, the remainder possessing but three scales. Mr. Moore remarks that his species is “ treacherously like Paspalum tropicum Doell and P. Nees Kth.,” and if Mr. Moore considers Paspalum Neesit Kth. synonymous with P. /xeare Trin., I must consider the resemblance most treacherous, for I cannot distin- guish the grasses. Mr. Moore’s plant came from Santa Cruz, better known in that region as Barra dos Bugres, a small town about one hundred miles to the northwest of Cuyaba. The specimen upon which Paspalum lineare was based was said by its author, Trinius, to have been secured by Langsdorff in Brazil, but no more definite location was given. In 1825, the Langsdorff expedition, of which Riedel was botanist, passed through the Matto Grosso region. Langsdorff and Riedel journeyed together as far as Cuyaba, where they separated, the latter proceeding eastward, while the former went to the northward, along the Arinos and Tapajos rivers. This course would have carried Langsdorff within a few miles of Santa Cruz, at which place Mr. Spencer Moore, sixty- seven years later, secured the material upon which he based his Panicum furcellatum. A word as to the rather complicated history of the names which have been applied to this plant may not be out of place. 8 Trinius in 1826 (Gram. Pan. 99) published two species of Pas- palum. The first of these appears as follows: “ Paspalum angustifohum N. ab Es.! in Mart. Fl. Bras. ined.” He remarks that it is similar to the following species, P. dineare, but differs especially in the smaller rugose spikelets ; and remarks further that the name must be changed on account of the earlier name of Le Conte. In 1828, Trinius (Sp. Gram. Ic. 111) figures and again describes his Paspalum lineare, and cites, as of doubtful synonymy, the P. angustifohum N.ab Es. of his own publication (Gram. Pan. 99), adding in a footnote that what he had received previously under this name from Nees himself appears to be a different species on account of the much smaller spikelets which are subrotund-oblong, transversely rugose and without hairs at the base. The plate accompanying this description bears the name Paspalum angustifolium. In 1829 Nees (FI. Bras. Enum. 64) published a Paspalum angustifolium which, judging from the description, is identical with the Paspalum lineare of Trinius, pub- lished three years previously, and indeed he makes the following citation: “ Paspalum lineare Trin. ined.”’ At the same time he publishes a variety , characterizing it thus: ‘ glumis trans- versim undulatis.” As this rugose character of the spikelet was employed by Trinius in his publication of P. angustifolium to distinguish it from his P. “éneare, Nees, by his procedure, attempted exactly to reverse the order of things. But whether Trinius was right or wrong in interpreting Nees really is of little consequence, for priority requires that we take up the species as characterized by Trinius in 1826; so the Paspalum angustifolium Nees (FI. Bras. Enum. 64) becomes synonymous with P. Aneare Trin., and the variety # must be considered the same as the P. angustifolium Nees (Trin. Gram. Pan. 99). In 1829 Kunth (Rev. Gram. 1:25), probably aware that the name angustifolium was antedated by that of Le Conte, proposed another name for the species in the following manner: ‘ Paspalum Neesi. (Paspalum angustifolium Nees ab Esenb.) Brasilia.’”’ He does not designate whether he meant the name published by Trinius for Nees or that published by Nees himself, so the former must be understood. In the Index Kewensis the three names under discussion are 9 considered synonymous, and the two former, P. angustifolium and P. déneare, published in 1826, are referred to the P. Neesii Kunth, described in 1829, a rather queer procedure, where the rule is that the oldest binomial shall be taken up, for certainly, if it is necessary to unite P. angustifolium and P. lineare, the former being invalidated by the earlier publication of Le Conte’s name, P. /ineare is available. New York BOTANICAL GARDEN. ONAGRA GRANDIFLORA (AIT.)* A SPECIES TO BE INCLUDED IN THE NORTH AMERICAN FLORA By ANNA MuRRAY VAIL In searching through several herbaria for specimens of Oxagra Lamarckiana that had grown wild in North America, it became apparent that there was a large-flowered evening-primrose which, though closely related to O. Lamarckiana, could not be referred to that plant as it is known in Europe in the wild state and in cultivation. The reference by Bartram + to a large-flowered evening-prim- rose seen near Tensaw, Alabama, suggested the possibility of finding the plant still growing in the locality where he found it in August, 1776. Professor S. M. Tracy kindly undertook the search for it, and on August 16, 1904, he re-discovered the locality, and the plant, described so vividly by Bartram as “the most pompous and brilliant herbaceous plant yet known to exist.”’ Abundant material was sent to the New York Botanical Garden and extensive cultures of O. grandiflora have been begun, in an attempt to establish its relation with its allies. Further details will be included in an article now in press. Ocenothera grandifiora Ait. was based on a plant introduced from North America by John Fothergill in 1778. The plate *Onagra grandiflora (Ait.) = Oenothera grandiflora, Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 2. 1789. ¢ Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the extensive territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. Dublin, 1793 (reprinted from the Philadelphia edition of 1791), p. 404. 10 cited after the description (L’Héritier, Stirp. Novae, 2, #/. 2) was never published, and repeated search for the original drawing or a copy of the unpublished plate has not been successful. An herbarium specimen of ‘‘ Oenothera grandiflora MSS. Ait. Hort. Kew 2; 2” from ‘‘ Hort. Fothergill 17787 1s presemved in the Herbarium of the British Museum, and a traced drawing of this specimen was procured for the Garden by Dr. H. H. Rusby in August, 1904. A close comparison of the herbarium specimens of the Alabama plant collected by Tracy and the tracing of the Fothergill plant show them to be identical, and the evidence is fairly conclusive that the Oenothera grandiflora Ait., so well and so long established in cultivation, originated from seeds sent to Fothergill by William Bartram after his famous travels through the southern United States. The Alabama plants were shown to Professor de Vries when he passed through New York in October, 1904, and he unhesi- tatingly stated that they did not in the least resemble the Oeo- thera Lamarckiana of his experiments. Just what is the relationship of Oxagra grandiflora (Ait.) from Alabama, with other large-flowered species in general cultivation, remains to be investigated. The historical records of Oxagra grandiflora are numerous and most complicated, but it is of un- doubted interest at the present time to find the plant spoken of by Bartram still growing in the same locality observed by him more than a century and a quarter ago, and to find it still true in every way to the characters as described by him at the time, and which are now still further emphasized by the tracing of the plant grown by Fothergill in 1778. New YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, SHORTER NOTES Carex Underwoodii sp. nov.— Stout, glabrous ; culm sharply trigonous, 1 m. high or more, roughish above. Leaves about as long as the culm, 1-2 cm. wide, slightly rough-margined : spikes clustered at the summit, the pistillate 4, linear-cylindric, 4-5 cm. long, about 8 mm. in diameter, the lowest on a slender stalk about 2 cm. long, the others sessile or nearly so : staminate 11 spike 1, very nearly sessile, 4 cm. long, 4 mm. thick: perigynia a little inflated, 5 mm. long, narrowly ovoid, strongly several- ribbed on both sides, narrowed into a short beak, with 2 subu- late nearly erect teeth about 1 mm. long; scales pale green, 3-nerved, a little shorter than the perigynia, ovate, ciliate-mar- gined, tipped with an awn about 2 mm. long. In Sphagnum, Salt Hill Marsh, Content Road to Gachouss Jamaica, LZ. M. Underwood, January 29, 1903 (zo. 158). Re- lated to C..hystricina Muhl., but very much larger and broader- leaved, the perigynia less inflated, their beak shorter and its teeth longer. In Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 159, Mr. C. B. Clarke records the occurrence of C. kystricina at Salt Hill, Jamaica ; I have not seen the specimen that he cites (Herb. Bot. Dept. Jam. 2081), but I suppose it represents the species here described, which is certainly distinct from the widely distributed plant of eastern North America. N. L. Britton. Twin Pine Empryos.— Apart from polyembryony resulting from adventitious buds on the nu- cellus, as exhibited in Cztrws and a few other genera, it would seem probable that a plant like the pine, which produces regularly several archegonia in its prothallus, would more often have several embryos in the same seed than would plants which produce normally only one 3 embryo-sac in each ovule. But apparently twin or triplet embryos are very rare in the pine; my Twin Embryos OF PINE classes handle hundreds of pine a, Embryos before cotyledons had seeds and seedlings each term, yet entirely emerged from endosperm ; 4, the twin embryos figured in the ac- Imze enon, wi re cicns companying drawings are the only two short cotyledons. ones I have happened to see. It may be an instance of “ having eyes and seeing not”’; if so, will some one kindly enlighten me? IpA CLENDENIN. BROOKLYN, N. Y., December, 27, 1904. 12 REVIEWS Proceedings: International Conference on Plant Breeding and Hybridization * An international conference on plant breeding and hybridiza- tion was held in New York City, September 30 and October 1 and 2, 1902, and the papers there presented, together with the discussion on them, have been collected and published by the Horticultural Society of New York as Memoirs, Vol, 1, under the editorship of the secretary of the society, Leonard Barron. The programme of the meeting as given in the Memoirs was long as well as comprehensive. Thirty papers were read, thir- teen additional were read by title, and all of these save one are given in the report of the conference. Some idea of the scope of the work presented can be had if the titles of half a dozen papers, chosen at random, are given. Professor William Bateson, Cambridge, England, gave “ Prac- tical Aspects of the new Discoveries in Heredity”; Mr. W. A. Orton, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, ‘‘On the Breeding of Disease- resistant Varieties’’; Mr. L. C. Corbett, U. S. Dept. of Agricul- ture, ‘Improvement of Roses by Bud Selection”; Professor William Saunders, Director of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada, ‘“‘ Results of Hybridization and Plant Breeding in Canada’, and, to cite but one additional title, M. P. de Vil- morin, Paris, France, ‘‘ The everbearing Strawberry.” Naturally the work of the earlier hybridizer, Gregor Mendel, was repeatedly referred to and was the central idea of several papers, particularly those of Bateson and de Vries. Professor Bateson presented his now well-known views on the nature of the sex cells, or gametes, and their relation to the segregation of inheritable characters. He showed, among other things, that hybrids with certain characters fixed arise by the union of equivalent gametes (equivalent as regards the character in question), to use his terminology such are homozygotes, and that, on the other hand, unstable hybrids are produced as a re- sult of the union of gametes unlike as being bearers of the char- * Proceedings International Conference on Plant Breeding and Hybridization. Memoirs Hort. Soc. New York, 1: 1-271. 1904. acters in question, or such are heterozygotes. It appears to the reviewer that Professor Bateson’s terminology is peculiarily fit, avoiding such circumlocution as ‘‘ a hybrid with fixed character,” meaning a homozygote, or ‘a hybrid with variable characters,” meaning a heterozygote. ; Professor Bateson speaks of two subjects, but does not dis- cuss them at length, which are the theses of a paper by de Vries, “On artificial atavism,” namely, the resolution of compound characters and the reformation of compound characters through the combination of simpler ones. Without going into this interesting subject in detail, it can be said that Professor de Vries by beautiful experiments shows that characters apparently simple may be separated into more ele- mental ones, and conversely by the combination of the latter the compound character may be restored. In case the latter is an ancestral character the phraseology “artificial atavism’’ is well taken. Generally speaking, the plant breeders had not taken advantage of the Mendelian theory in their work, and some of them did not know of Mendel or of his experiments before the Conference. As exceptions to this statement must of course be included the plant breeders from the Department of Agriculture, and of these © notably Spillman, whose studies on wheat hybrids are well known. Curiously enough, the work of Spillman was not presented at the Conference. Although hybridization formed the theme of perhaps most of the papers, not a little of the work was based on selection alone, or on selection as an aid to hybridization, The experiments of Orton, for instance, by which wilt-resistant varieties of cotton, watermelon and cow peas were obtained, consisted merely in the selection of individuals which were not subject to the disease in spite of the fact that they were growing in fields where it abounded. Roberts, on the other hand, succeeded in securing improved varieties of wheat by a system of crossing combined with rigid selection, and the same is true of other workers. Interesting instances of the improvement of varieties by means of bud selection were also given. Powell, for example, selected 14 buds from the portions of apple trees which had superior fruit and used them as scions for grafting on more hardy stock. As a result of the third selection (generation) he obtains an apple which has the excellence of flavor of the earlier fruit to which has been added greater vigor and hardiness of the tree and greater uniformity of fruit. Altogether, the report of the Conference will be very helpful to plant breeders as well as to those who are more particularly interested in the theoretical phases of the subject, and the Horti- cultural Society is to be congratulated on its excellent appearance. W. A. CANNON. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 30, I904 The meeting was called to order at the usual hour at the New York Botanical Garden, Professor L. M. Underwood in the chair ; twenty members present. A painting of the Gloriosa Lily (Methonica superba) was received through President Brown from Mrs. Annie Eliza Scott Guerritore, of Naples, Italy. On motion a vote of thanks was ordered transmitted to Mrs. Guerritore and the picture was turned over to the Botanical Garden for exhibition purposes. The following were elected to membership: Miss Mabel Den- ton of Paterson, N. J.; Mr. C. B. Robinson of New York City, and Dr. G. H. Shull of Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. The first paper on the scientific program was entitled ‘‘ Recent Contributions to our Knowledge of Paleozoic Seed PlAnts”’ and was by Edward W. Berry.* It consisted of a brief discussion of recent contributions to our knowledge of those Paleozoic pteri- dophytes which had formed, or approximated the seed habit, the work of Professors Scott, Oliver, Kidston, Grand’ Eury, Zeiller, and Renault. Especial attention was given to the work of Scott and of Oliver and to what amounted to a demonstration by them of seed-bearing in the Cycadofilicean genus Lyginodendron (Sphen- opteris). Discussion by Drs. Britton andMacDougal followed. * This paper was published in full in ToRREYA for December, 1904. 15 C. B. Robinson presented ‘“‘ Remarks on the Flora of Northern Cape Breton.” To the north of the Bras d'Or Lakes, the island of Cape Breton consists of hills 800 to 1,500 feet in height, bor- dered by lowland of no great width along much of both coasts and in the numerous river valleys. The interior of the island is a plateau with large areas covered by barrens and sphagnum bogs. In passing eastward from New Brunswick to Nova Scotia, the flora becomes distinctly poorer, many species dropping out and few new ones appearing. Cape Breton with a smaller area than the rest of the province and forming its northeastern limit shows a further decrease, although a comparatively large number of forms are known from the island that do not occur on the mainland, while others grow more luxuriantly there, even at the extreme north. Among the former may be mentioned Sazmo/us floribundus H. B. K. Peramium Menziesu (Lindl.) Morong, Par- nassia parvifiora DC., and Galum kamtschaticum Steller ; among the latter, Cypripedium regine Walt., Caltha palustris L., Anemone canadensis L., Blephariglottis Blepharigtottis (Wild.) Rydb., Vag- nera stellata (L.) Morong, and Rubus Chamemorus L. The dwarf mistletoe Razoumofskya pusilla (Peck) Kuntze, apparently of wide distribution in northern Nova Scotia, extends at least fifty miles up the west coast of the island. The ferns are also noteworthy. All the common and a ma- jority of the rarer species of the mainland grow at least as well in Cape Breton, together with two additional species Dryopteris Filix-mas (L.) Schott and Polystichum Lonchitis (L.) Roth, the former widely distributed, but the latter known only from two _ widely separated localities. Discussion by Drs. Britton, Mac- Dougal and Barnhart followed. The third paper by Le Roy Abrams was entitled ‘‘ Notes on the Flora of Southern California.”” After speaking briefly of the topography and general climatic conditions of southern California Mr. Abrams called attention to the extreme variation in the flora and exhibited a series of specimens illustrating the coastal and mountain floras. Among these specimens were three of his re- cently described new species: Cheiranthus suffrutescens, Heuchera elegans and Godetia Dudleyana. 16 Other especially interesting plants exhibited were Romneya trichocalyx Eastw., Quercus Engelmanui Greene, and Calochortus Cataline Wats. The paper was discussed by Dr. Britton and Mr. Nash. Adjournment followed. Epwarp W. BErry, Secretary. NEWS ITEMS Mr. William R. Maxon of the U. S. National Museum is spending several months in Guatemala, engaged in researches for the Bureau of Plant Industry. With the January number, 7e Plant World passes under the management and editorship of Professor Francis E. Lloyd, of the Teachers College, Columbia University. Professor H. Harold Hume, recently of the University of Florida, is now horticulturalist of the State Board of Agriculture of North Carolina, with headquarters at Raleigh. F. M. Rolfs, lately of the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, has been appointed professor of botany and horticulture in the University of Florida, Lake City, Florida. Professor F. S. Earle, director of the Estacion Central Agro- nomica de Cuba, spent the last two weeks of December in New York and Philadelphia, sailing for Cuba again on the 3 Ist. At the December convocation of the University of Chicago, two candidates in botany, Minton Asbury Chrysler and Clifton Durant Howe, received the degree of doctor of philosophy. The Apterya, a quarterly devoted to natural history, published by the Roger Williams Park Museum of Providence, Rhode Island, C. Abbott Davis, editor, begins its existence with the number for January, 1905. The daily papers announce the death of Rev. F. D. Kelsey, pastor of the Central Congregational Church of Toledo, Ohio, and formerly professor of botany in Oberlin College, at the age of fifty-six years. 17 Miss Anna M. Clark (A. M., Columbia University, 1904), author of a descriptive work on ‘‘ The Trees of Vermont,’’ has been appointed teacher of ‘science and nature study” in the New York City Training School for Teachers. We learn from Sczence that Dr. W. A. Kellerman, professor of botany in the Ohio State University, will spend the months of January, February and March in Guatemala, studying and col- lecting the parasitic fungi of that country. At the annual meeting held on January 10, Judge Addison Brown resigned the presidency of the Torrey Botanical Club, after completing fifteen years of service in that office. Dr. H. H. Rusby was chosen as his successor. The Boston Evening Transcript notes that Mr. C. G. Pringle has recently returned to the University of Vermont with a collec- tion of 25,000 specimens of plants, representing about 600 spe- cies, secured during an eight months’ visit to Mexico. Dr. Burton E. Livingston, instructor in plant physiology in the University of Chicago, has accepted an appointment to a position in the Bureau of Soils of the United States Department of Agriculture and expects to begin his new duties on April I. The American Mycological Society held meetings in Phila- delphia during the Christmas holidays in connection with the American Association for the Advancement of Science and other affiliated societies. The officers for 1905 are: president, Mr. C. H. Peck ; vice-president, Professor F. S. Earle ; secretary, Mr. C. L. Shear. Nature Study, published at Manchester, New Hampshire, was discontinued with the number for July, 1904. Zhe Nature-Study Review, a bimonthly, with Professor M. A. Bigelow of the Teach- ers College, Columbia University, as managing editor, has begun its first volume with the issue for January, 1905. In the discussion of ‘‘The Mutation Theory of Organic Evo- lution” before the American Society of Naturalists at Philadel- phia, December 28, botany was represented by Dr. D. T. Mac- Dougal of the New York Botanical Garden, who spoke from the standpoint of ‘Plant Breeding,” and by Professor Liberty H. 18 Bailey of Cornell University, who spoke from the standpoint of “ Taxonomy.” The Sullivant Moss ee met at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, December 31, 1904. There was an ex- hibit of specimens and photographs, and five papers were read. The officers for 1905 are: president, Mr. Edward B. Chamber- lain; vice-president, Mrs. Carolyn W. Harris; secretary, Miss Mary F. Miller; treasurer, Mrs. Annie Morrill Smith. According to a San Francisco letter in the Wew York Times of January 1, the Carnegie Institution has awarded to Mr. Luther Burbank, of Santa Rosa, California, a grant of $10,000, with pros- pect of annual renewal for a period of ten years, in order to fur- ther his experiments in plant breeding. We learn from Sczence that Mr. Burbank has been appointed a special lecturer in Stan- ford University. At the meeting held in Philadelphia, December 27-31, 1904, the Botanical Society of America, the Society for Plant Mor- phology and Physiology, and the American Mycological So- ciety approved a preliminary plan for a proposed merger of these three societies under the name of the Botanical Society of Amer- ica. The details of the constitution of the new society are to be formulated by a joint committee during the coming year. The eighth meeting of the Society for Plant Morphology and Physiology was held at the University of Pennsylvania, December 28-30, 1904. Seventeen papers were read. The address of the retiring president, Dr. George T. Moore, was upon ‘ Applied Botany and its Dependence upon Scjentific Research.” The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: President, Professor E. C. Jeffrey ; vice-president, Dr. C. O. Townsend ; secretary-treasurer, Professor W. F. Ganong. Professor W. G. Farlow was chosen delegate to the International Botanical Con- gress at Vienna. The Wild Flower Preservation Society of America held a meeting in Biological Hall, University of Pennsylvania, De- cember 30, 1904. The destructive effects of forest fires formed the chief topic discussed. Reports of officers were read. Reso- 19 lutions deploring the havoc caused by fires and offering the co- operation of the society in efforts to lessen this evil were adopted for presentation to the American Forest Congress, called to meet in Washington, D. C., January 2-6, 1905. Officers for the en- suing year are: President, Professor C. E.- Bessey ; vice-presi- dent, Mr. Joseph Crawford ; secretary, Mrs. N. L. Britton ; treas- urer, Dr. C. E. Waters. The American Association for the Advancement of Science held its fifty-fourth annual meeting at the University of Pennsy!I- vania, Philadelphia, December 27-31, 1904, under the presidency of Professor W. G. Farlow. Papers represented by 37 titles were offered before Section G (botany), including several by title only. Dr. B. L. Robinson occupied the chair. The vice-pres- idential address of Professor Thomas H. Macbride, retiring chair- man of Section G, was upon ‘The Alamogordo Desert,” and was illustrated by numerous lantern photographs. For 1905, Dr. Erwin F. Smith was elected chairman of Section G, Professor F. E. Lloyd continuing to serve as secretary. Professor C. R. Barnes, Mr. C. L. Shear and Dr. H. C. Cowles were appointed delegates to the International Botanical Congress to be held in Vienna in June, 1905. The Botanical Society of America held its eleventh annual meeting at the University of Pennsylvania December 27-30, 1904, under the presidency of Mr. Frederick V. Coville. The address of the past-president, Professor C. R. Barnes, was entitled “The Theory of Respiration.” In addition to the address, twenty-one papers were presented. Officers were elected as follows: President, Professor R. A. Harper ; vice-presi- dent, Professor E. A. Burt; treasurer, Dr. Arthur Hollick; secretary, Dr. D. T. MacDougal; councillors, Professor L. M. Underwood and Professor William Trelease. Grants of $200 to Professor G. F, Atkinson to aid investigations on the fungi, and of $75 to Mr, Frederick V. Coville to facilitate work on the relation of plants to moisture were approved. Professor J. C. Arthur was chosen to represent the Society at the International Botanical Congress in Vienna. -20 Botanical visitors in New York since July 1, not already noted in Torreya, include Mr. O. W. Barrett, Agricultural Ex- periment Station, Mayagiiez, Porto Rico; Professor Douglas H. Campbell, Stanford University, California; Dr. E. H. Eames, Bridgeport, Conn; Professor Vladislaw Rothert, Odessa, Russia; Professor B. M. Duggar, University of Missouri, Co- lumbia, Mo.; Mrs. Flora W. Patterson, Mr. W. F. Wight, Mr. William R. Maxon, Mr. C. E. Waters, Mr. Jesse B. Norton, ind Mr. E. L. Morris, Washington, D. C.; Dr. Margaret C. Ferguson, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.; Dr. George H. Shull, Station for Experimental Evolution, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.; Mr. Alfred Rehder, Jamaica Plain, Mass. ; Dr. C. F. Millspaugh, Field Columbian Museum, Chicago ; Mr. John F. Cowell, Director of the Botanic Garden, Buffalo, N. Y.; Professor Alexander W. Evans and Professor Arthur H. Graves, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; Mr. Charles Louis Pollard, Springfield, Mass.; Mr. N. Ohno, Tokyo, Japan; Professors F. S. Earle, and Mel. T. Cook, Estacion Central Agronomica de Cuba, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba; Pro- fessor J. E. Kirkwood, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. ; Mr. John Macoun, Ottawa, Canada; Professor L. H. Pammel, Ames, Iowa; Dr. W. A. Cannon, Desert Botanical Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona; and Professor P. H. Rolfs, Miami, Florida. Vol. 5 No. 2 TORREYA ws February, 1905 BOTANICAL eS ElONIAN REGRESSION IN THE “PURE LINE”* By GEORGE HARRISON SHULL Among the experiments undertaken this year at the Station for Experimental Evolution for the purpose of investigating the inheritance of characters in plants, was one intended to be essen- tially a repetition of Johannsen’s studies + in the inheritance of seed-weights in beans. The variety of Phaseolus vulgaris chosen for this study proved to be unsatisfactory from a technical stand- point and it is not proposed to pursue the experiment further with this material, though several subsidiary questions may be taken up in other plants. The relation between the results of Johannsen on beans and those of Galton on sweet-peas { have appeared on further analysis to be in need of reinterpretation rather than reinvestigation, and the writer feels justified, there- fore, in taking this abandoned experiment as a text for such re- interpretation. From a number of statistical studies upon various characters in man and animals and a single series of experiments in sweet-peas, Galton derived his law of natural inheritance and its corollary —the law of regression from mediocrity. || The law of natural inheritance is, briefly, that the offspring of any * Presented before Section G, A. A. A. S., at Philadelphia, December 30, 1904, under title of ‘* Inheritance in Pure Lines.”’ {Ueber Erblichkeit in Populationen und in reinen Linien. Jena: Fischer, 1903. { Natural inheritance. New York: Macmillan & Co., 1889. || This has frequently been called ‘‘ regression foward mediocrity,’’ but as the co- efficient of regression is measured /vom the mean condition of the population confusion has arisen through expressing it in this way. Galton’s own inconsistency in discus- sions of regression is doubtless responsible for this confusion. He first presents it clearly as a deviation from mediocrity, but later says there is ‘‘ no regression at all” when this deviation is equal in the two kinships under comparison, and the coefficient of regression is unity. C/ Natural inheritance 95-98 with 132-133. ) [Vol. 5, No. 1, of TORREYA, comprising pages I-20, was issued January 19, 1905. ] 21 parentage, when considered in its entirety, inherits one-half its characteristics from its parents, one-fourth from its grandparents, one-eighth from its great-grandparents and so on. The law of regression from mediocrity points out that the children of ex- treme parents are not on the average so extreme as their parents, though they deviate in the same direction from the mediocre con- dition of the race. As an example of regression, take Galton’s results on sweet-peas: The diameter of parent seeds which pro- duced plants having on the average seeds of the same diameter was 3.94 mm. Assuming this to be the mediocre condition of the strain he was using he found that whatever the parental de- viation from this diameter the mean filial deviation was in the same direction, but only one-third as great. Thus the offspring from seeds 5.34 mm. in diameter produced seeds having an aver- 5-34 — 3.94 age diameter of 3.94 + = 4.41 mm. (observed diam- eter, 4.44 mm.). Johannsen obtained similar results in beans when he compared the average weight of seeds in the offspring with the weight of the parent seeds, if the latter were selected solely with reference to the weight of the individual seeds and without regard to the pre-parental ancestry ; but when he separated the individual ‘pure lines’ he found that the mean weight of seeds in the off- spring is the same on the average as that of the preceding genera- tions in the same ‘‘line,”’ in other words, plants produced from small seeds bear seeds of the same average weight as do plants which are produced from large seeds having the same ancestry. By the ‘‘ pure line’? Johannsen means a series of individuals related only through the process of self-fertilization, On @ | priori grounds it seems proper to apply the term to every series of individuals that do not combine the elements of two or more ancestral lines through the equivalent of a sexual process. Thus, so far as hereditary qualities are concerned, there should be no reason to expect in a self-fertilizing popula- tion, conditions different from those in a population related through budding or other method of vegetative reproduction, provided of course, that the self-fertilizing population has not been so re- cently modified by a cross as to allow the analysis and recombi- nation of characters derived from different ancestral lines. The complete return of the offspring of an extreme parent, to the mean condition of the ‘‘ pure line’’ to which it belongs, or in technical language the entire want of ‘‘regression”’.in the “pure line,’ is presented by Johannsen as a fundamental ex- ception to the conclusions of Galton. Weldon and Pearson have criticized * the work of Johannsen in considerable detail and although the tone of their criticism is adverse throughout, they grant that his main contention may well be true, that small seeds and large seeds of the same plant do not give rise to plants bearing small seeds and large seeds re- spectively. If read aright, their criticism must be held to be confirmatory in so far as Johannsen’s data are capable of bio- metric analysis. Certainly their conclusion that his results are closely identical with those found for other plants and for animals when we compare mean parental and mean filial characters, agrees precisely with that reached by Johannsen, for these scans represent the condition in the fopulation or mixture of several ‘‘pure lines,’ and not in the individual “ pure line.” The relation between this work of Johannsen and that of Gal- ton on sweet-peas may now be considered. In the first place, the actual results were the same when the treatment of the ma- terial was the same, and in so far the work of Galton was con- firmed ; but when the ‘pure lines’? were followed separately they were found to offer an apparent exception in the complete return of the offspring of extreme parents to the mean condition of the “‘ pure line.’ Instead of this being fundamentally opposed to Galton’s results, however, it is the condition which should have been derived a priori from Galton’s ‘‘ Law of natural inheritance.”’ Regression is lucidly explained by Galton + as due to the fact that the child inherits partly from his parents, partly from his more remote ancestry, and that if ‘‘ traced far backwards his an- cestry will be found to consist of such varied elements that they are indistinguishable from a sample taken at haphazard from the * Inheritance in Phaseolus vulgaris. Biometrika, 2: 499-503. N 1903. + Natural inheritance, 105. 24 general population, . . . in other words it will be mediocre.” Now, if the mean condition of the parental generation and of each preceding generation in the same line deviates to the same degree from the mean condition of the population, it becomes an inevitable inference that in so far as hereditary influences are concerned, the offspring must have the same mean character regardless of the largeness or smallness of the individual seeds from which those offspring have developed. This “fixity of type’? which Johannsen finds in the ‘ pure line ’’’ was recognized by Galton in his treatment of pure breeds* and it seems strange that he did not perceive that his sweet-peas which he recognized and described as a self-fertilizing population were at variance with this fixity of type in the pure breed. b Johannsen has brought harmony in Galton’s results where there was a previously unnoted discord, and has confirmed the laws of ‘natural inheritance”’ and of ‘‘ regression from mediocrity ”’ as applied to the characters of self-fertilizing populations. An important point which is brought out by these results of Johannsen both from a scientific and an economic standpoint is that the weight or size of an individual seed is not the hereditary unit, but the character of all the seeds of each plant considered as a whole. A plant which produces small seeds in general, may produce some seeds which are larger than the smallest seeds of another plant which produces large seeds in general, so that when the student of heredity wishes to use seed-characters or presumably any other repeated character, he must seek the general condition of the character in question in each plant and not depend upon the character of single seeds or single other repeated organs. The economic application of this important principle is obvi- ous. It has been very generally maintained by horticulturists that varieties deteriorate as the result of the selection of small seeds, tubers, etc., for propagation, but this proposition, while satisfying a certain sense of logic, has rested on no scientific research. The fixity of type in the “pure line’’ which now ap- pears to be established, shows that no such deteriorating effect ’ * Natural inheritance, 189. 25 will be produced so long as the seeds are large enough to pro- duce vigorous plants. The farmer and the plant-breeder may plant the small potato tubers or the small seeds without any danger of deterioration in the yield and quality of the crop provided they select, these tubers or seeds from plants which yield the largest quantity and the finest quality of tubers or of seeds. ¢ STATION FOR EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION, CoLp SPRING HaArsor, LONG ISLAND. SOIL WATER IN RELATION TO TRANSPIRATION By V. M. SPALDING In a recent article by the writer on the creosote bush in its relation to water supply,* the statement was made that the amount transpired appears to stand in direct relation to the amount of water available in the soil in which the plant is grow- ing. Further observations on this and some other desert plants not only confirm this view but go to show that water in the soil is a controlling factor, and that even as efficient an agent as light may, in comparison, take quite secondary rank. The later literature of transpiration, however voluminous in general, is extremely limited as regards this branch of the sub- ject.+ Aloi and Ferruzza have shown that the amount of water in the soil is a factor by which the opening of stomata, and con- sequently the rate of transpiration, is controlled, and Stenstrom has attempted to formulate a mathematical equivalency between . the rate of transpiration and the ratio of atmospheric and soil moisture. The remaining literature dates from the works of Sachs and older writers. In the summer of 1904, while engaged in observing the influ- ence of light of different degrees of intensity on transpiration, I found that results apparently conflicting became consistent when account was taken of the amount of water supplied to the plants under investigation and the time at which it was given. * Botanical Gazette, 38: 122. 1904. + Burgerstein, A. Die Transpiration der Pflanzen, 137. 1904. 26 The plants employed were seedlings of the creosote bush (Covillea) and palo verde (Parkinsonia Torreyana and P. aculeata) growing in cans and supplied with measured quantities of water at stated intervals. The rate of transpiration was determined by placing the plants under a bell-jar, with suitable precautions to prevent the absorption or escape of water vapor, the amount of water transpired being derived from readings of a hygrometer. As details will be given elsewhere, a brief resumé of experiments and results will be sufficient for the present purpose. Beginning with the palo verde, two sets of plants, one serving as a check on the other, were used. August 11, the plants hav- ing been well watered the day before, the rate of transpiration was determined. The following day, August 12, the plants meantime having received no water, but having been treated precisely as before, as regards light and other controllable condi- tions, the rate of transpiration was found to be only 52.6 and 38.5 per cent. as high as it was on the preceding day, a result apparently attributable to nothing else than the diminished quantity of water in the soil in which the plants were growing. The same plants were again placed under observation August 18, having been given no water since August 15. External con- ditions were favorable to transpiration, full sunlight, a fresh breeze, and rather high temperature. At 11:40 A. M., after the rate of transpiration had been noted, number I was given one ounce, and number 2 three ounces of water. At 1:15 P. M., the rate of transpiration of number I was found to be the same as at the time of the preceding observation, while that of number 2 was twice as great. At 4 P. M., observations were again made, and at this second afternoon reading it was found that number 1 was transpiring twice and number 2 four times as rapidly as at the time of the forenoon observation. The following forenoon the rate of transpiration of number 2 was found to be nearly four times as great as that of number 1, a striking difference when it is considered that only twenty-four hours earlier their rate had been the same, explainable, it would seem, only by recalling the fact that when the observations began on the morning of August 18, both sets of plants were in dry 27 soil, but on the following day number 2 had received three times as much water as number 1, and probably on account of sub. irrigation was able to utilize a greater percentage of what was given to it. Experiments with Covillea gave even more striking results. September 5, the transpiration of two plants, designated 1 and 2, was determined in the forenoon between 11 and 12, and again in the afternoon between 3 and 4 o'clock. Number 2 was given three ounces of water at 12:20, none being given to number 1. At the time of the afternoon observation it was found that num- ber 2 was transpiring more than three times as rapidly as it was before the water was given to it, and number 1, which was not watered, was transpiring only one-fifth as rapidly as it was in the forenoon. Observations were also made for the purpose of ascertaining the effect of exposure to direct sunlight in conjunction with water supply. It was found that exposure to bright sunlight was uni- formly followed by accelerated transpiration, whenever the plant under observation had a full supply of water, but that otherwise such acceleration did not take place. It is noteworthy that plants which had all along received a meagre supply of water were nevertheless in a position to tran- spire rapidly when once a full supply of water was furnished them, while plants which from the beginning had received a very large amount of water showed promptly a marked lowering in rate of transpiration when the water supply was reduced. With so complicated a problem general statements may well be made with extreme caution, but the evidence in the present case is sufficient to show that in studies of transpiration it is alto- gether unsafe to attempt to estimate any other factors whatever without taking due account of water in the soil. DESERT BOTANICAL LABORATORY OF THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION, Tucson, ARIZONA. A KEY. TQ THE. STIPITATE POLYPORACEA er TEMPERATE NORTH AMERICA —I By WILLIAM A. MuURRILL KEY TO THE GENERA Surface of hymenophore covered with reddish-brown varnish. A. GANODERMA Surface of hymenophore not as above. Tubes hexagonal and radially elongated. B. HEXAGONA Tubes not as above. Stipe compound. C. GRIFOLA Stipe simple. Context white. Plants fleshy, terrestrial. D. SCUTIGER Plants tough, epixylous. Pileus inverted, erumpent from lenticels. E. Poropiscus Pileus erect, not erumpent. Context homogeneous, firm. F. PoLyporus Context duplex, spongy above, woody below. G. ABORTIPORUS Context brown. Hymenium concentrically lamelloid. H, CycLoporus Hymenium poroid. Spores white. I. ROMELLIA Spores brown. Pileus erect, stipe central. J. COLTRICIA Pileus inverted, pendent. K. COLTRICIELLA A. THE STIPITATE SPECIES OF GANODERMA I. Context ochraceous to fulvous; plant perennial on deciduous trees. GC. flabelliforme (Scop. ) Murrill Context pallid; plant annual on hemlock. G. Tsugae Murrill B. THE STIPITATE SPECIES OF HEXAGONA 1. Surface glabrous to fibrillose, not distinctly hispid. 2 Surface hispid ; tubes small ; context thin, translucent. Hf, floridana Murrill 2. Pileus reniform at maturity ; stipe usually much reduced. 3 Pileus flabelliform; stipe usually very distinct, equaling the pileus at times in length; tubes of medium size. H. daedalea (Link) Murrill 3. Tubes large ; surface of pileus decorated with imbricated reddish-brown fibrils, which disappear with age. /7. alveolaris (DC.) Murrill Tubes much smaller, the mouths rarely over I mm. long and 0.5 mm. broad; sur- face of pileus glabrous. £1, micropora Murril 29 C. THE SPECIES OF GRIFOLA . Hymenium ochraceous, becoming dirty-yellow with age ; plants terrestrial, irregu- larly confluent, olivaceous to greenish-yellow. G. poripes (Fr.) Murrill Hymenium white or pallid, sometimes becoming fuliginous, but never ochraceous. 2 . Surface of pileus gray or grayish-brown to coffee-colored ; stipe intricately branched; lobes numerous and small. j 3 Surface of pileus pallid or alutaceous ; stipe not intricately branched ; lobes usually few in number and comparatively large. 5 . Pileoli centrally attached, circular and umbilicate. G. ramosissima (Scop.) Murrill Pileoli lateral, spatulate or dimidiate. 4 . Hymenium white, not changing color; surface of pileus gray or grayish-brown. G. frondosa ( Dicks.) S. F. Gray Hymenium white, becoming fuliginous on drying or when bruised; surface of pileus coffee-colored. G. Sumstinet Murrill : Sporophore of immense size, 20-60 cm. in diameter; spores echinulate, 8-9 yw. G. Berkeleyi (Fr. ) Murrill Sporophore 8 cm. or less in diameter ; spores smooth, ovoid, much smaller. G. fractipes (B. & C.) Murill D. THE SPECIES OF SCUTIGER . Surface of pileus uneven, squamose or rugose. 2 Surface of pileus smooth, tomentose or glabrous. 4 . Pileus sulfur-yellow, pleuropous ; surface ornamented with imbricated floccose wart-like scales ; context white or yellowish ; tubes small, angular, decurrent, white, becoming greenish when wounded, yellowish when dry ; spores 96. S. Ellisit ( Berk.) Murrill Pileus brown. 3 . Tubes large, 1.5 mm. or more in diameter, hexagonal ; surface of pileus smoky- brown ornamented with darker imbricated tufts of appressed hairs; context white ; stipe excentric, its entire surface reticulate. S. retipes (Underw.) Murrill Tubes small, 0.5 mm. in diameter, polygonal, decurrent, white ; pileus reddish- * brown, rugose ; stipe central, not reticulate. S. decurrens (Underw.) Murrill . Pileus light-colored : white, yellow or blue. 5 Pileus dark-colored : gray or brown. 7 . Pileus white; context white ; tubes irregular, dissepiments thin, white ; plants small, growing upon grass-roots ; stipe short, dark-brown. S. cryptopus (Ell. & Barth.) Murrill Pileus yellow to orange, glabrous ; stipe short, concolorous ; tubes short, small, I-2 X 0.2 mm., decurrent ; spores ovoid, hyaline, 4 >< 5-6 4. S. laeticolor Murrill Pileus blue when fresh, changing to brown on drying. 6 . Tubes entire, becoming reddish-brown on drying ; context ochraceous, and pileus and stipe reddish-brown in herbarium specimens. S. caeruleoporus (Peck) Murrill 30 Tubes lacerate, fading to grayish-brown or dirty white; context nearly white ; pileus and stipe dull smoky-brown when dry. S. holocyaneus ( Atk.) Murrill 7. Stipe black and rooting. 8 Stipe neither black nor rooting. 9 8. Pileus smoky-brown, subtomentose ; margin thin, inflexed; context white; tubes regular, polygonal, entire, 2 mm. long, 0.5 mm. in diameter; stipe cylindrical, light-brown above, black and rooting below ; spores white, elliptical, 7 5 y. S. radicatus (Schw.) Murrill Pileus drab-colored, nearly glabrous ; margin thin, inflexed when young ; context milk-white even when dry ; tubes white, irregular, toothed, 1 mm, long, 0.25 mm. in diameter ; stipe short, sooty-black as far as the decurrent tubes, attached to buried wood ; spores white, 3-4 * 5-7 lu. S. subvadicatus Murrill 9. Pileus gray, glabrous or nearly so; margin very thin; context rosy-gray, soft, fleshy, thin when dry ; tubes small, 0,25-0.5 mm., unequal, decurrent ; stipe short, concolorous. S. griseus (Peck) Murrill Pileus brown. 10 Io, Stipe dark-purple, very thick; pileus fulvous-brown, purplish at times, clothed with short tomentum, margin very obtuse ; context reddish beneath the cuticle, ~ marked when dry with a black concentric line limiting growth ; tubes white, 2 toa mm. S. persicinus (B. & C.) Murrill Stipe yellowish-brown, usually excentric ; plants cespitose ; pileus yellowish- brown, pruinose; margin thin ; context rose-tinted when dry, dark-red next to the tubes, which are small, 1-3 0.3 mm., decurrent, rose-colored when dry, the edges fimbriate. S. Whiteae Murrill A PALM FROM THE MID-CRETACEOUS * By Epwarp W. BERRY The enormous number of existing palms, considerably over one thousand species, are about equally divided between the oriental and occidental tropics, with many monotypic genera, showing well the marked effects of geographical distribution and isolation on the formation of species. There are no outlying forms, the highest northern latitude reached being about 43° in Europe, and the highest southern latitude about 45° in New Zealand. Lesquereux writing in 1878+ records fossil palms in 52° north latitude in both America and Europe. Since then remains have been described from as far north as 80° (Grinnell Land, Spitzbergen), and two fine species are recorded from the Tertiary * Published by permission of the Maryland Geological Survey. t Tertiary Flora. 51 of Greenland (latitude 70°). A variety of Paleozoic remains have been referred to the Palmae, ranging from Stigmaria trunks to Cordaitean leaves and fruits; the nature of the latter having been first rightly conjectured by Brongniart in 1828*. With the marvellous increase, during the last twenty-five years, of our knowledge of the vegetation of the Paleozoic, we can now posi- tively affirm that palms are unknown from pre-Mesozoic forma- tions. Stenzel, who has recently monographed?+ the fossil palm- wood of the world, finds the oldest known wood to come from the Turanian of France (1 species); the succeeding formation, the Senonian, has yielded him six species ; and, with the usher- ing in of the Tertiary, the species become numerous. - Undoubted remains of palm-leaves occur somewhat earlier, and the Mid-Cretaceous, in the light of our present knowledge, marks the introduction of this type. The Cenomanian of Europe has furnished undoubted palm- leaves, and Stur { has described fruit from that formation in Bo- hemia, and Fliche from the same horizon in France. The next formation, the Senonian, shows species in a variety of genera (Nipadites, Flabellaria, etc.). It is in the Tertiary, however, that palms become greatly developed and widespread, and the numer- ous species founded on stems, leaves, petioles, fruits, and even flowers, are referable to a large number of genera (Geonoma, Manicaria, Phoenix, Nipa, Chamaerops, Oreodoxites, Sabal, Triartea, Latanites, etc.). In this country the earliest known remains are those small fragments of striated leaves, of a rather doubtful nature, which Lesquereux described § as Fladellaria minima from the Dakota group (Cenomanian). || The Montana group, of Senonian or possibly Danian age, has furnished Knowlton] with the undoubted remains of a large * Prodrome Hist. Végét. Foss. + Beitr. Palaeont. u. Geol. Oesterr. Ungarn. 1-182. f/. 7-22. 1904. [Folio.] (1 am indebted to Dr. F. H. Knowlton for an abstract of this work. ) t Verhandl. k. k. Geol. Reichsanstalt. Wien. 1873. % Cret. Flora, 56. p/. 70. f. 12. 1874. || It is now definitely decided that Hollick’s supposed palm, Serenopsis, from the Raritan of Long Island, is a Ne/uméo. §Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. 163: 32. I9g00. 32 palmetto-like form (Saéaltes)*, while the Laramie (Danian) furnishes a number of species, some of which, represented by both leaves and fruit, continue through the Eocene and help to make up the abundant palm flora of the early Tertiary in this country. The characters of fragments of leaves or rays are rarely definite enough for specific or even generic diagnosis, and usage has sanctioned their reference, in cases of doubt, to the genus Flabellaria of Sternberg, which, while including some anomalies, is properly used for those large flabellate leaves, which from the nature of the remains it is impossible to refer positively to Sada/ (Sabalites), Geonomites, etc., as is the case with the specimens be- fore me. Flabellaria magothiensis sp. nov., figs. 7 & 2,—Frag- mentary remains of large, palmetto-like leaves of considerable consistency ; some specimens showing long parallel corruga- tions, the finer structure being destroyed (jig. 2); others finely veined with somewhat heavier veins 2 to 4 mm. apart (fig. 7). * Dawson has also described a Saéa/ from the upper Cretaceous of Nanaimo. 33 Collected by Bibbins & Berry at Grove Point, Maryland, and Deep Cut, Delaware. The remains are most numerous at the former locality, where many specimens were collected, the largest 8 cm. square. They occur in thin layers of clay intercalated between thicker layers of white sand, and from the nature of the deposit and the awkward point of outcrop (beneath an overhanging bluff of clay) it is impossible to get out anything like complete material. I have no doubt that with the expenditure of much time and labor, better specimens could be secured, and would have deferred publication were it not for the interest attached to so early a species of palm, and I have no doubt that it is a palm, whatever its generic affinities may subsequently be found to be. It is certainly much more positive material than Lesquereux’s from the Dakota group, and the figures but poorly depict the specimens which are particularly difficult to represent. Both of the outcrops where these remains occur are in the upper part of what Darton* called the Magothy formation, and which Ward+ and others would include in the Raritan. Dr. Wm. B. Clark has recently { suggested that they may be correlated with the exposure at Cliffwood, N. J., thus forming transition beds be- tween the Albian and the Cenomanian. The flora of Cliffwood has certainly a Cenomanian facies, and it remains for an exhaust- ive study of the flora of the Magothy to determine positively its exact age according to European standards. Passaic, N. J. SHORTER NOTES Galactia Curtissii sp. nov.—A shrub, 6 dm. high or less, widely branched, densely tomentulose all over, the branches terete. Leaves 3-foliolate ; stipules subulate, 2-3 mm. long; petiole stout, 2 cm. long or less; leaflets oblong, oblong-lanceolate or oblong- oblanceolate, broadest at about the middle, thick, light-green, ob- tuse at both ends, or subcordate at the base, finely and strongly reticulate-veined beneath, 3-6 cm. long, 2 cm. wide or less, the * Darton, Am. Jour. Sci. II]. 45: 407-419. 1893. t+ Ward, Am. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. 82: 871. 1889; iid. 15: 372. 1895. {Clark, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 18: 435-440. 1904. o4 lateral ones short-stalked, the terminal one 8-12 mm. long: spikes shorter than the leaves, simple or compound, interrupted, several- to many-flowered: calyx campanulate, about 7 mm. long, its teeth triangular-lanceolate, acute, tomentose, the longer ones nearly twice as long as the tube: corolla purple; standard nearly orbicular, short-clawed, about 8 mm. in diameter, about as long as the longer-clawed wing-petals : legume linear, brown- tomentulose, 4—4.5 cm. long, 5 mm. wide: ‘seeds dull, obliquely oval, 3 mm. long. Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines, Cuba, A. 7. Curtiss, 1904, no. 402. . Related to the Mexican Gadactia multiflora Robinson. N. L. Britton. Panaeolus acidus sp. nov. — Pileus 1-3 cm. across, convex then expanded almost plane, smooth, slightly fleshy at the disk, very thin at the margin, brown with yellow tinge ; gills adnate, 2-3 mm. broad, black with white edge; stem 8-10 cm. high, slender, hollow, equal, concolorous, 2-3 mm. thick; spores black, broadly ovate, pointed at each end. Growing in a cluster on the bottom of a box ina cellar. The box contained a large bottle of acetic acid which had been broken and the contents emptied on the bottom of the box. The plant grew on this saturated wood. In drying the color of the pileus became darker and the edges reflexed. In general appearance it resembles Ps¢locybe foenisecit (Pers.) Fr., but the black spores readily distinguish it from that species. Type specimens are in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, Pa. D. R. SuUMSTINE. KITTANNING, PA. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB TuESDAY, DECEMBER 13, 1904 The meeting was held at the College of Pharmacy, Dr. H. H. Rusby in the chair, eleven members present. Resignations were accepted from Miss Hannah S. Wingate and Mrs. Emily H. Terry, and from Messrs. Samuel Sloan, R. H. Lawrence and F. W. Kobbe. | The following were elected to membership: Miss Alice A. Knox, Barnard College, New York City ; Miss Amelia R. Good- latte, Passaic, N. J.; Miss Lenda T. Hanks, Girls’ Technical High School, New York City ; Miss Mary F. Barrett, 19 Elm Street, Bloomfield, N. J.; Mr. LeRoy Abrams, N. Y. Botanical Garden. The first paper on the program was by Professor F. E. Lloyd, who spoke of the Desert Botanical Laboratory at Tucson, Ari- zona. He pointed out that there were four characteristic types of desert visible with great regularity from the car window westward from El Paso, as the train passed from mesa to hill country or vice versa. The character-plants of these four deserts, which are remarkably distinct and pure, are Yucca, Ephedra, mesquite, Parkinsonia and Fouguieria, in abundance. Professor Lloyd spoke in some detail of the vegetation in the vicinity of Tucson, illus- trating his remarks with numerous excellent photographs, in- cluding several good pictures of Cereus giganteus in bloom and in fruit. It was remarked that the plants with motile leaves, such as Cassia, Acacia and Parkinsonia, all faced the sun at sunrise, but did not follow its course during the day. Fouguierta was de- scribed in detail, attention being called to its short-lived primary leaves and curious spines which were cited as an example of direct metamorphosis, the rosettes of secondary leaves appearing in the axils of the latter. The primary object of Professor Lloyd's stay at the laboratory was the determination of the relation be- tween stomatal action and transpiration. Numerous experiments were made, the results of which are to be reported in detail later. The second paper, by Mr. George V. Nash, was on the vegeta- tion of Inagua. Mr. Nash recently spent four weeks in collect- ing there. Inagua includes a large and a small island located some sixty miles northeast of Cuba, and with a total area of be- tween five and six hundred square miles of mostly low land, the highest point reaching only 132 feet above the sea. The flora is poor, embracing some 350 or 400 species, the relatively numerous cacti in the genera Opuntia, Cactus, Melo- cactus, and Pilocereus emphasizing the desert-like conditions pre- 36 vailing on the islands. Five plant areas were differentiated : — (1) that of the Strand; (2) the Scrub, where nearly all the endemic species of the islands have been found ; (3) the White’ Sand or White Land as it is called locally, characterized by a species of Coccothrinax; (4) the Salinas, characterized by the shrub Avicennia nitida Jacq.; and (5) the Savannas, where Cono- carpus sericea Forst. is the characteristic shrub and Sporobolus virginicus the common grass. In the numerous salt-holes is found the only fern of the islands, Acrostichum aureum. Excellent photographs were exhibited showing the dwarfing effect of the sharp winds of the southern coast, where the vege- tation, elsewhere six or eight feet tall, is reduced to a foot or two in height and becomes widely spreading. One of the results of Mr. Nash’s trip was the extension of the range of Pseudophoentx Sargenti about 350 miles to the south- ward ; another the collection of a number of new species. Nu- merous photographs, and specimens from each of the plant areas, illustrated the speaker’s various points. EDWARD W. BeErRRrY, Secretary. NEWS ITEMS Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton and Dr. Marshall A. Howe, of the New York Botanical Garden, and Dr. C. F. Millspaugh of the Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, are devoting several weeks. to botanical explorations in the Bahamas. The extensive botanical collections and library of Capt. John Donnell Smith, of Baltimore, have been presented by him to the Smithsonian Institution. All the old-world plants, and all of the American orchids, grasses, sedges and lower cryptogams, are already in Washington. The remainder of the American speci- mens, and all of the books, are to remain in Capt. Smith’s pos- session as long as he may wish to retain them. Vol. 5 No. 3 TORREYA March, 1905 Y “THE EARLY WRITERS ON FERNS AND THEIR COLLECTIONS —IV. Presi, 1794-1852; Joun SMITH, 1798-1888; FEE, 1789-1874; AND Moore, 1821-1887 BOTAN By L. M. UNDERWOOD The real enlargement of the conception of fern genera com- menced with Pres] and continued with John Smith, Fée and Moore, who were the generic “ splitters”’ in this group of plants. The form of the sporangium had early served to distinguish families, and genera were characterized by the varied distribu- tion of the sporangia over the leaf-surface, combined with the shape of the indusium. Under this method of distinguishing genera Swartz had recognized 38 genera in 1806, and Willdenow 43 in 1810; Desvaux, more liberal, recognized 70 in 1827, and Sprengel the same year found only 66. These numbers wer: nearly up to the Hookerian standard, for in the Synopsis Filicuim of 1874 only 76 genera were recognized for the orders Ophio- glossales, Marattiales, and Filicales. Contrasted with these num- bers, the above-named writers increased the number of fern genera as follows : Presl, 232 genera. John Smith, 220 genera. Hee; 181 genera ( Polypodiaceae, only ). Moore, 176 genera. Karel Boriwog Presl (1794-1852), a native of Bohemia, coni- menced publication among the ferns in the Delictae Pragens: (1822) and the Religuiae Haenkeanae (1825 *) in which he de- scribed numerous species from Brazil, Mexico, Peru, and th: Philippines. Then followed his first publication on genera in his * The date on the title page of the first volume is 1830, but the work was pu/ lished in parts, the parts containing the ferns in 1825. [Vol. 5, No. 2, of TorREYA, comprising pages 21-36, was issued February 2% 1905. ] e 37 38 Zentamen Pteridographiae (1836) in which he recognized 116 genera in the Polypodiaceae and Cyatheaceae. This was fol- lowed in 1843 by his Hymenophyllaceae and in 1845 by his Sup- plementum Tentaminis Pteridographiae, which treated the remain- ing families. In the former work many new species were de- scribed and the Supplementum was a monograph of the families Ophioglossaceae, Marattiaceae, Osmundaceae, and Schizaeaceae. His later works were Die Gefassbiindel im Stipes der Farrn (1847) and Epimeliae Lotanicae (1849), in which, besides describing many new species, he established 68 additional genera, bringing the total number recognized by him to 232. Pres! was among the first to recognize the distribution of the fibro-vascular system both in the stem and in the leaf as having primary importance in the matter of relationship among ferns, and after Robert Brown, was the first really to look upon a genus of ferns as a natural sroup of closely allied organisms, instead of a loose assemblage of organisms whose superficial and accidental characters brought them under a cut and dried definition based on artificial resemblances. Such unnatural and unholy alliances as the groups of species still included in Gymnogramme, Acrostichum, Polypodium, and Davallia in the Synopsis Filicum of Hooker and Baker, were separated by Presl into much more natural groups, and while he made errors, as might be expected in a pioneer, his system is in many respects the most logical single system that has yet appeared. Presl’s collection of ferns is in the botanical museum of the German University of Prague, although some of his types are at Vienna. The collection lies in its original sheets, dust-covered, unmounted, and unmolested. When we visited the collection in 1903 it was even impossible to consult any of Presl’s voluminous writings on ferns in connection with his collection, for the simple reason that the extensive botanical laboratory in Prague did not possess them. With the single exception of a solitary note by \l. Braun there was little to show that any one else had ever con- ulted the collection since Presl’s death, and yet the collection, ext to those at Kew, Berlin, and Paris, is probably the most im- 39 portant, abounding in nove'ties and rich in the types of Presl, for he published no less than four hundred species of pteridophytes. John Smith (1798-1888) was the curator of the Kew Gardens who built up the splendid collection of living ferns at that estab- lishment. He knew ferns in cultivation better than any man before or since his time, and the genera he established were founded largely on habital characters which in great measure were dependent on the fibro-vascular system, whose importance in taxonomy he also clearly recognized. Besides publishing an enumeration of the ferns of the Philippines, Smith early published an outline of his system of fern classification in Hooker's Journal of Botany (4: 38-70; 147-198. 1842) and afterwards developed it in his later publications (1) Czdtivated Ferns (1857), (2) Ferns British and Foreign (1866, 2d ed. 1877) and (3) Historia Fil- cum (1875), in which he also reviewed other systems. Smith’s collection is at the British Museum and is interesting as the work of a horticulturist, which like that of a pure morphol- ogist shows underestimation of the value of a herbarium speci- men. As Smith described comparatively few species, his collec- tion contains few types. Antoine Laurent Apollinaire Fee (1789-1874) was professor at Strasbourg so long as that city formed a part of France. His publications on ferns consist mainly (1) of eleven memoirs on ferns, the first four in folio monographing Axtrophyum, Vittaria, and Acrostichum ; the others are in quarto form and comprise Genera Filicum (Memoir 5), descriptions of new species from various parts of the world (memoirs 6, 7, 8, and 10), a list of ferns of Mexico (Memoir g), and a similar but more pretentious list of the ferns and lycopods of the Antilles (Memoir 11); and (2) Cryptogames vasculaires du Brésil (1869), with Supplement - (1872-73) similarly in quarto and like the memoirs admirably illustrated with lithographic plates. These two series contain a total of 285 quarto or folio plates and illustrate about eight hun- dred species of ferns. Fée’s collection of ferns once belonged to Dom Pedro II of Brazil, and after the death of that unfortunate monarch became the property of M. Cosson in Paris, in whose admirable herbarium 40 it is now incorporated. Fee’s species are largely valid ones, but his work has been discredited by the Hookerian school mostly without having seen Fee’s types. With Paris as near London as Washington is near New York, this condition of affairs is posi- tively inexplicable, and absolutely without excuse. Thomas Moore (1821-1887) commenced the publication of an admirable J/udex Filicum in 1857-63, which contained his fern system (pp. ix—clxii, f/. 7-34), and commenced an alphabetical enumeration of ferns and their synonyms (pp. 1-396). Publica- tion unfortunately stopped in the middle of the letter G. The MSS. of the remainder is preserved at Kew with Moore's exten- ‘sive herbarium, the latter containing a number of types of species published largely inthe Gardeners’ Chronicle. Many have asked, Why should this not be published now? There are many reas- “ons, and among them either one of two should decide the ques- tion in the negative. (1) Over three thousand species of ferns have been published since Moore’s publication ceased. It would therefore contain less than half of the known species of ferns and -so would be notoriously incomplete. (2) In Moore’s time the ridea of type localities had not become so all-important in the matter of systematic study of ferns as it has at the present time. No index can be regarded adequate for modern use that does not give, in addition to its citation, the type locality, z. ¢., the source from which the species was first described. This brief series of papers would be incomplete did we not refer to one other distinguished fern student, Georg Heinrich Mettenius, (1823-1866) for many years professor at Leipzig. Besides various enumerations of the ferns of various countries like Colombia and New Caledonia, Mettenius published (1) his /z/ces Horti Botanici Lipsiensis (1856), in which he early outlined his rather conservative classification, as he recognized only 72 genera, and, (2) a series of monographs of various genera: Phegopteris, Cheilanthes, Polypo- dium, Aspidium, and Asplenium, in his Ueber einige Farngat- tungen. After the untimely death of Mettenius, Kuhn, another brilliant but short-lived German pteridologist, published the Re/- guiae Mettentanae (Linnaea, 35 : 385-394. 1868; 36: 41-169. 1869), in which some species were unfortunately published of 41 ’ which only imperfect material is in existence, some indeed that Mettenius would certainly never have published on such meager data. Mettenius’ collection is now incorporated with the general collection of ferns at Berlin, which is next to Kew the most exten- sive in the world. Other centers of interesting fern collections in Europe are those of Copenhagen with Liebmann’s Mexican species; Munich, with Martius’ Brazilian series; Leipzig, with Kunze’s collection: and lastly Madrid with the collection of Cavanilles. Before our fern system has been completed all these and the others discussed in this series of papers must be studied comparatively from the standpoint of type specimens. OTHER FREAKS OF PEAS By IDA CLENDENIN In the November number of Torreya, Dr. A. J. Grout speaks of the ‘‘ queer freaks ’’ one comes across in our large city schools in handling the material used by the botany classes. I want to describe one of these that has recently come to my notice, though it may not be so unusual as the one described by Dr. Grout. T--- ~<< A Fic. A. Young seedling, showing bud in axil of cotyledon. a, bud in axil of cotyledon ; c, cotyledon; 7, plumule; *, radicle; s. ¢., scar of cotyledon, Fic. B. Young seedling with plumule cut off; shoots from buds in axils of cotyledons. Fic, C. Seedling show- ing shoots from plumule and from bud in axil of each cotyledon. 42 In making an experiment last fall to find out the function of the cotyledons of the pea, by placing the radicles of very young seedlings in water, eight or ten girls in my botany classes reported that they had peas with three plumules. When they brought them to class, for inspection, I found that each of these seedlings had the ordinary shoot from the plumule and a shoot from the tiny bud in the axil of each cotyledon. These buds make their appearance at an early stage of germination, whether the peas are germinated in earth or on moist blotting paper, but among the thousands of seedling peas which I have dug up from the germin- ating boxes in the Girls’ High School, I do not remember to have found one in which these buds had developed into shoots ex- cept in seedlings whose terminal bud (plu- mule) had been destroyed. In this emer- gency, the growth of one or both of these axillary buds is to be expected ; I have often induced it by pinching off the plumules of young seedlings growing with the radicles in water, and it is interesting to note that the shoots from these buds lift themselves in an arch, just as the shoot from the plumule does. So far as my own observations go, the development of shoots from buds in the axils of cotyledons in addition to the shoot from the plu- mule is rare, and it is difficult to explain why so many seedlings should have shown that tendency the past season. GIkKLS’ HIGH SCHOOL, BROOKLYN, December 27, 1904. A 45 Bey TO THE STIPITATE POLYPORACEAE OF TEMPERATE NORTH AMERICA—II * By WILLIAM A. MURRILL E. THe Species OF Poropiscus Plant minute, abundant on twigs of chestnut, oak, etc.; stipe attached to the vertex of the pileus and usually curved at maturity. ‘ P. pendulus (Schw.) Murrill F, THE SPECIES OF POLYPORUS I, Stipe pallid or light-brown, not darker than the pileus. 2 Stipe wholly or partly black or fuliginous, darker than the pileus. 9 2. Margin of pileus not ciliate. 3 Margin of pileus ornamented with cilia, which often disappear with age; tubes alveolar. 7 3. Pileus trumpet-shaped, deeply infundibuliform. P. craterellus B. & C, Pileus not trumpet-shaped. + 4. Surface tomentose, often becoming glabrous. 5 Surface glabrous from the first. 6 5. Tubes decurrent, very short, entire; pileus dark-purple, with paler radiating lines ; known only from Alabama. LP. dibaphus B. & C. Tubes not decidedly decurrent, denticulate when mature; pileus yellowish to smoky-black ; common throughout. P. Polyporus (Retz) Murrill Io. . Context light-brown ; tubes decurrent ; known only from South Carolina. P. columbiensis Berk. Context golden-yellow ; tubes remote ; known only from Ohio. P. phaeoxanthus B. & Mont. . Pileus very thin, smooth, pellucid; known only from North Carolina. P. arculariellus Murrill Pileus opaque. 8 . Pileus less than 1 cm, in diameter, light-gray ; stipe setulose ; known only from Tennessee. P. arculariformis Murrill Pileus considerably larger, brown in color; stipe squamulose; common through- out. P, arcularius (Batsch) Fr. . Pileus squamose, very large, flabelliform ; tubes large, alveolar. P. caudicinus (Scop. ) Murrill Pileus glabrous ; tubes punctiform. 10 Stipe ivory-black below ; pileus usually ochraceous, surface scarcely depressed, margin even, not becoming extremely thin. P. elegans ( Bull.) Fr. Stipe smoky-black below ; pileus usually chestnut-colored, depressed at the center or behind, margin usually very thin and irregular. P. fissus Berk. G. THe Species OF ABORTIPORUS Plant rather common about stumps, usually much aborted and often only a mass of pores. A. distortus (Schw.) Murrill * Continued from p- 30. 44 H. THE SPECIES OF CYCLOPORUS Plant very rare, terrestrial, with central stipe and concentrically furrowed hyme- nium. C. Greene (Berk.) Murrill I. THE SPECIES OF ROMELLIA Plant abundant, large, spongy, hispid, very destructive to conifers. R. sistotremoides (Alb. & Schw.) Murrill J. THE SPECIES OF COLTRICIA 1. Pileus concentrically zonate ; context thin. 2 Pileus azonate ; context rather thick and spongy. 4 2. Pileus shining cinnamon, strigose, striate, thin, flexible, slightly depressed, the margin often fimbriate or pseudo-ciliate. C. cinnamomea ( Jacq.) Murrill Pileus dull rusty cinnamon to hoary, velvety to glabrous, deeply depressed, the margin thicker and less fimbriate. g 3. Tubes small, 0.5 mm. or less in diameter. C. perennis (L.) Murrill Tubes large, I mm. in diameter. C. parvula (1S\.) Murrill 4. Context homogeneous ; hymenium free from spines. 5 Context duplex, soft above and woody below; hymenium beset with spines. C. tomentosa (Fr.) Murrill 5. Pileus ferruginous to fulvous, 5 cm. in diameter, surface finely tomentose; stipe swollen and soft at the base. C. obesa (EN. & Ever.) Murrill Pileus darker, fulvous to chocolate-colored, 10 cm. in diameter, surface rough and shaggy ; stipe scutate and firm at the base. C. Memmuangeri Murrill K. THE SPECIES OF COLTRICIELLA Plant minute, pendant, very rare, on decayed pine wood, C. dependens (B. & C.) Murrill NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN. SHORTER NOTES Jacquinia Curtissii sp. nov.— A low shrub. Leaves linear- lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, attenuate into a mucro 2-3 mm. long, glabrous, the rigid margins revolute; twigs puberulent ; inflorescence involucred by minute scales, 3- or 4- flowered ; peduncle 3-4 mm. long, less than half as long as the slender spreading or recurved pedicels ; calyx campanulate, about 3 mm. long ; sepals rounded, entire, eciliate. Isle of Pines, Cuba, April 24, 1904, A. 47. Curtiss. Related to J. stenophylla Urban, and to /. brevifolia Urban, differing from both by its larger flowers with longer pedicels. N. L. Britton. New BrnoMiAts 1N AN InpDEx.—It may have escaped the notice of botanists that all new varietal or subspecific names 45 proposed in the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Wash- ington appear in the index as binomials. For examples, in these Proceedings, Vol. XVII, p. 112, I described 7etraneuris linearifolia Dodgei, subsp. nov. ; in the index, p. 185, it is called 7etraneuris Dodgei. On pp. 175 and 178, Professor A. Nelson described Nemexia herbacea melica and Lrigeron macranthus mirus ; in the index, pp. 182 and 183, they are Nemexia melica and Erigeron mirus. This is not done accidentally ; I learned through corre- spondence with Mr. G. S. Miller at the time of the publication of my article, that it was held that what are usually called sub- species should be expressed by binomials, and it was not without protest that I was allowed to publish 7. Dodgei as a trinomial. While I cannot agree with this view, the position is an intelligible one, and the committee has a right to print the names in any manner it sees fit, in a part of the Proceedings for which the several authors have no responsibility. I take it that the bi- nomials printed as stated must be recognized (in the synonymy or otherwise, according to one’s opinion), and should be credited to the publication committee, Messrs. Hay, Miller and White, who may be signified by the symbols H. M. W. piel). As, COCKERELE: BouLDER, COLORADO. REVIEWS Flora of Los Angeles and Vicinity * The great area of California, its many climates and other pe- culiar environmental conditions, give rise to many different floras in the different parts of the state, so that local floras are greatly desired. The flora of the whole state has been only superfici- ally examined and at the present time a compendium of the com- plete flora is an impossibility. There yet remain many parts to be explored and many groups of plants are but imperfectly understood. For some years to come collectors and students must work earnestly before such a work can be even planned. * Abrams, L. R. Flora of Los Angeles and Vicinity. Svo. Pp. xi + 474. Stan- ford University, Cal., Stanford University Press. 5 Ap 1904. 46 A popular manual for those students who are satished to know the genus to which a plant belongs or who wish only to recog- nize the great aggregates might be advantageously prepared, but the flora for the real student is yet many years in the future. In selecting Los Angeles and vicinity as the subject of a local flora, Mr. Abrams has shown discrimination and foresight. His book is the first attempt to classify the plants of that populous and educated center, outside of mere lists of names and localities. The book ought to be much used, but unfortunately he has written it more for the rare scientist than for the numerous ama- teurs. His adoption of the metric system in a book designed to reach the public will militate against its use. The general public neither knows nor wants to know this system, and many are prejudiced against it because it is foreign. There is not one person in a thousand to whom millimeter, centimeter, etc., convey any idea. This difficulty might be obviated by the in- troduction of a card showing these dimensions. Reforms that go into the every-day life of an entire people can be only grad- ually brought about. Those enthusiasts whose ideals lead them to force reforms prematurely have to suffer for their cause. The book is neatly gotten up in a convenient size, the type and arrangement are good, the families are according to the system of Engler and Prantl, and, in general, the modern American sys- tem of nomenclature is used, but not the extreme dividing of fam- ilies and genera such as prevails in a-recent publication. Where changes in generic names occur, the former well-known synonym is always given both in the text and index. In species-making the author has been conservative, especially in some groups that are in great need of revision. In these cases the descriptions are frequently adapted instead of being original. This appears more sensible than giving an original description to a plant whose name is uncertain or to a name where the plant is not distinctly rec- ognized. Of course it is not possible to include every species within the limits, and so additions will be cropping up all the time. During a brief visit to Pasadena in May I saw Iola praemorsa on Mt. Wilson; Lfipactis gigantea along a small shady stream a short 47 distance from Pasadena ; Lithophragma heterophylla in a shady canyon near Pasadena; Avradis arcuata on Mt. Wilson. Mr. George B. Grant reports the following: Polygonum ramosisst- mum, Tissa rubra, Reseda lutea, Sphaeralcea lendleri Californica Parish, Lupinus Stiverst and L. formosus, Corethrogyne filagini- folia, Avena barbata, Salix sessilifolia Hindsiana, Monardella ma- crantha, Lavatera assurgentiflora, Lepidium latipes, and Euphorbia maculata. These have all been verified by Parish and others. It is easy to find fault, but too much praise cannot be given to the painstaking, conscientious care that is evident on every page of the book. Those who use it will scarcely have any idea of the great amount of work that falls to every pioneer in a new field. ALICE Eastwoop. Poot eels OF THE, WORK OF THE..TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB DURING 1905 The interest of the members and friends of the Club is earnestly solicited in its proposed work for the coming year. During the past decade the Club’s scientific work and standing have advanced greatly, placing it among the foremost scientific societies in the world. In the meantime its local work, and the local interest in it and in its proceedings, have not benefited proportionately. In such a society, located in such a community as ours, the number of persons interested as amateurs should be many times greater than that of those professionally interested in botany. The char- ter and constitution of the Club clearly set forth that one of its principal objects is to extend an interest in botanical subjects, which extension is only possible by leading those not interested to become so. It is hardly to be expected that this interest will be engendered by the presentation alone of the results of abstruse researches in subjects which have as yet developed no popular features. On the other hand, research work almost invariably requires material assistance from without, which can in no other way be so well supplied as by the codperation of an associated membership. In return for such coéperation, the society should provide matter of instruction and interest of a different character 48 or grade from that which specially interests its more advanced students. If the Torrey Botanical Club had forced upon it the alternative of relapsing into its old days of dilettanteism, it would probably be justified in preferring a state of dignified semi- starvation ; but no such alternative is presented. It is quite practicable for us to enjoy the beauty, grace, and sociability, which characterized the Club’s life a dozen years ago, while making this very gain contributory to its higher scientific life. It is toward this object that the various working committees of the Club will direct their efforts during the coming year, and for which they ask the necessary cooperation of the members. The new home of the Club at the American Museum of Nat- ural History is convenient, commodious and beautifully furnished and equipped, and it is hoped that the members will meet there in large numbers and will discuss with animation the very many and varied botanical interests which the city now affords. Among the interesting features of our afternoon and evening meetings during the coming year will be the following: The results of the critical studies of local plants made during the last decade will be discussed and illustrated. On May g, there will be a “ Violet Evening,” when all obtainable forms of violets will be ex- hibited and discussed, as to identity and habits, and the results of cultivation of native violets at the Botanical Garden will be presented. In October, an evening will be similarly devoted to the study of asters and golden-rods. On both occasions special collections will be made in the different characteristic localities of our localarea. Mr. Nash will devote an evening to the exhibi- tion of the principal types of cultivated orchids, and Dr. Britton will similarly discuss Cactaceae at‘an afternoon meeting to be held in the cactus house of the Garden. An evening meeting will be devoted to a consideration of the trap-rock flora of Essex County N. J. Dr. Small will give an illustrated paper on the mountain flora of the southeastern United States. The work of the Field Committee will also be conducted in such a way as to provide instruction of a more systematic char- acter than heretofore, and will at the same time be made more interesting. Work upon the local flora will be organized by the 49 committees having it in charge, and will be largely carried out in connection with the excursions. One of the April excursions will be conducted by Professor Lloyd, with the particular object of illustrating the seasonal adaptations of the earliest spring flowers. A sea-side excursion will be devoted to an illustration of the local types of marine algae, by Dr. Howe. Dr. Mur- rill will devote an afternoon at Scarsdale, New York, to.illustrat- ing the habits of different classes of fungi. In June there will be a ‘Lupine Excursion” tirely covered by this plant will be visited, and where other floral features of great interest and beauty will be enjoyed. On May 6, Professor Underwood will entertain us at Redding, Conn. Dr. Hollick will devote a day to palzobotanical collecting at Glen to Pompton, where a large hill en- Cove, and will explain the appearance of the region and its geo- graphical and botanical relations at the time that the plants were living. Not only are the members requested to participate more freely in the indoor and field-meetings, but they are specially urged to increase the Club’s membership. There are hundreds of per- sons in and about New York who should be members, by virtue of their interest in wild plants or in other botanical subjects, but to whom the Club is unknown. If our members would, at the expense of a very little trouble, seek out such persons and make our objects and proceedings known to them, many would be in- duced to become members, to their and our mutual advantage. We have met people who had been deterred from seeking mem- bership through a mistaken idea as to the qualifications required or expected, and who promptly presented their applications upon learning that an interest in plants sufficient to make our meetings, excursions, or literature attractive to them constitutes a sufficient qualification to make them welcome as members. Henry H. Russy, President. 50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CEE TUESDAY, JANUARY 10, 1905 The annual business meeting was held at the College of Phar- macy, President Brownin the chair and twenty members present. W. W. Eggleston of the N. Y. Botanical Garden was elected to membership. Resignations were accepted from Miss Theresa G. Williamson, Miss Nina L. Marshall, Miss Margaret F. Jagger, Mrs. Lillian Howard Perry, Mrs. Millie T. Ries and John P. Conroy. The annual report of the treasurer showed gross receipts of $2,697.80 for the year and expenditures amounting to $2,226.80. The report of the recording secretary showed that the club had held twelve regular meetings during the year with an average attendance of 19, and had listened to 23 stated papers. The report of the editor-in-chief showed that the current volume of the Lulletin contained 682 pages and 26 plates besides numerous text-figures. Vol. 13 of the JZemoirs was reported in press and partially printed. Verbal reports were received from the editor of Torreya, the corresponding secretary, the chairman of the field committee, and the committee on local flora. Professor Underwood, chairman of the committee on index cards of current botanical literature submitted a report covering four years and showing receipts of $783.21 and expenses of $643.21. His committee proposed withholding a small reserve fund, and signified the intention of turning over $115.00 to the Club, The following resolution was presented : Resolved: That the Torrey Botanical Club, recognizing the importance of preserving natural scenery in public parks, such as would be permanently injured by the proposed railway line through south Bronx Park, heartily joins other organizations in protesting against the construction of such road through Bronx Park. This resolution was unanimously passed and copies were or- dered mailed to the Rapid Transit Commission and the public press. 5| A letter was read from President Brown declining a reélection and the following resolution, proposed by Dr. Britton, was put by Vice-President Rusby and unanimously adopted by a rising vote : Resolved, That the Club receives the letter of its President, ex- Judge Addison Brown, refusing a renomination to that office, with very deep regret, and Resolved, That the Club hereby expresses its gratitude to Dr. Brown for his valuable services as President during the past fifteen years, and its hope and expectation that he will continue to give the Club the advantage of his wisdom and advice. The Club then proceeded to the election of officers for the en- suing year, Nominations were made and upon motion the secretary cast an affirmative ballot for the following: /Prestdent, Henry H. Rusby ; lce-Presidents, Edward S. Burgess and L. M. Under- wood ; Zreasurer, F. E. Lloyd; Recording Secretary, Edward W. Berry ; Corresponding Secretary, John K. Small; £aditor, John H. Barnhart ; Associate Editors, N. L. Britton, Tracy E. Hazen, Marshall A. Howe, D. T. MacDougal, W. A. Murrill, H. M. Richards, and Anna Murray Vail. A short address of acceptance was made by President-elect Rusby. The question of changing the place of meeting of the first meeting in each month from the College of Pharmacy to the American Museum of Natural History was introduced and after discussion it was moved that Drs. Rusby and Britton be consti- tuted a committee with power to make such change provided that the expense proved to be trifling. Epwarp W. Berry, Secretary. TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 14, I9O5. The meeting was held at the American Museum of Natural History, President Rusby in the chair and fifteen members present. Minutes of the annual meeting were read and approved. The president appointed the following standing committees and delegates : a2 Finance, J. I. Kane, C. F. Cox; Admissions, E. S. Burgess, Delia W. Marble, John K. Small; Local Flora, Phanerogamia, N. L. Britton, E. P. Bicknell, Fanny A. Mulford, W. W. Eggle- ston; Local Flora, Cryptogamia, L. M. Underwood, M. A. Howe W. A. Murrill, Elizabeth G. Britton; Program, N. L. Britton, M. A. Howe, L. M. Underwood ; Fie/d Excursions, Eugene Smith, Geo. V. Nash, Marie L. Sanial, E. W. Berry, Percy Wilson, H. H. Rusby; Delegates to the Council of the Scwentific Alliance, H. H. Rusby, N. L. Britton, Addison Brown; Delegates to the International Botanical Congress at Vienna, N. L. Britton, L. M. Underwood. Of the scientific program, the first paper, which was illustrated by lantern slides, was by Dr. George H. Shull, and was entitled “Stages in the Development of Stam cicutaefolium.” Dr. Shull presented briefly the great range of leaf-form in this species at different stages of growth, concluding that these various stages give no safe indication of ancestral forms. The life-cycle of Szam fits it for the conditions under which it grows at different stages of its growth, it being mesophytic, hy- drophytic and xerophytic in turn. This cycle of changes seems to be independent of external conditions and proceeds regularly without regard for the environment. The consideration of a number of rejuvenated buds shows that rejuvenescence may be brought about by submerging senescent buds in water, and that the later the stage of senescence the earlier will be the juvenile forms which are induced to appear. Evidences were presented tending to prove that the proximal leaflets of pinnate leaves are homologous in any series of leaves taken from the same plant and that the other leaflets are likewise homologous counting from the proximal pair. The paper was the subject of considerable discussion. The second paper was by Dr. Tracy E. Hazen, on “ Recent Advances in the Phylogeny of the Green Algae.” The subject was introduced bya sketch of Borzi’s group Confervales, now en- larged into the class Heterokontae, comprising genera showing natural affinities, taken from the three old orders Protococcales, Confervales and Siphoneae. This new class, accepted by all = 53 recent investigators, serves to indicate the artificiality of the tra- ditional classification. The clearer lines of descent of the chief groups of Chloro- phyceae from the unicellular, motile C//amydomonas were traced ; the first tendency, in the direction of aggregations of motile cells, finding its highest expression in Vo/vox ; the second tendency, in the direction of septate cell division, to form non-motile bodies of increasing solidarity, leading through the Tetrasporaceae to the Ulvaceae (which have been placed in a separate order, Ulvales, by some recent authors), and finally, through such forms as Stichococcus, to the typical filamentous and branched forms culmi- nating in Co/eochaete. The third, or Endosphaerine tendency from Chlamydomonas, as suggested by Blackman, was held by the speaker to furnish an unsatisfactory origin for the Siphoneae, in- asmuch as the endophytic forms associated with Exdosphaera may be regarded as too specialized in their mode of life at least. It is much more natural to derive the Siphoneae from the septate, multinucleate Cladophoraceae. The latter group may well be regarded as an intermediate order, easily derived from the Ulo- trichaceae through such forms as Hormiscia (Urospora) and Rhi- soclonium. The recent proposition of Bohlin and Blackman to regard the Oedogoniaceae as forming a class derived from a separate uni- cellular ancestor is at least premature, and it does not appear at all impossible that this group may have been derived froma Ulothrix-like form as suggested by Oltmanns. The Conjugatae furnish a perplexing problem, but the speaker preferred to regard this group as forming an order of Chlorophyceae rather than as a separate class, in view of present evidence. ° Epwarp W. Berry, Secretary. NEWS ITEMS The tenth annual winter meeting of the Vermont Botanical Club was held at Burlington, January 18-19, with President Ezra Brainerd of Middlebury College in the chair. Twenty-two papers 54 were presented, representing numerous lines of botanical study. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: Presi- dent, Ezra Brainerd; vice-president, C. G. Pringle; secretary, Pro- fessor L. R. Jones; treasurer, Mrs. Nellie F. Flynn; members to serve with the officers as executive committee, Professor J. W. Votey, Mrs. Sarah K. Lord, and Carlton D. Howe. A com- mittee was appointed to investigate the feasibility of attempting to publish the proceedings and the papers presented before the club. For the summer meeting in July a boat will probably be chartered for a cruise among the islands and along the shore of Lake Champlain. Dr. and Mrs. W. A. Murrill are spending a month in Cuba, where they are occupied chiefly in making collections of fleshy fungi for the New York Botanical Garden. Dr. C. Stuart Gager, assistant in the laboratories of the New York Botanical Garden, has been acting professor of botany in Rutgers College, New Brunswick, New Jersey, since January. Dr. Gager will have charge of the botanical instruction in the summer sessions of the New York University. The Associated Press dispatches announce that Colonel Valery Havard was one of the two American attachés of the Russian army who were captured by the Japanese during the recent battle of Mukden. Dr. Havard is a well-known member of the Torrey Club and is author of several papers relating to American eco- nomic plants. He left New York on November 17 under com- mission to join the Russian army in Manchuria as military medical observer for the United States. Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton and Dr. Marshall A. Howe, of the New York Botanical Garden, and Dr. C. F. Millspaugh of the Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, have returned from a six weeks’ collecting expedition to the Bahama Islands. A schooner was chartered at Nassau and visits were made to the Berry Islands, the Great Bahama, and the islands of the Exuma Chain. The collections include living plants, herbarium speci- mens, and fluid-preserved material, representing about 1,400 col- lection numbers of spermatophytes and higher cryptogams and about goo of marine algae. jug A a ee | ; é e — id Dengreie | | | ; — eae gins. ie ee Vol. 5 No. 4 BEY AS inp . NEW Yt KK a Toes BOTANICAL GARDEN SOME NOTEWORTHY STATIONS FOR PINUS PALUSTRIS By RoLtaAnpD M. HARPER While collecting timber specimens for the Georgia State Mu- seum during the winter of 1903-04, I had exceptional opportuni- ties for studying the distribution of Pinus palustris in the north- western quarter of that state. Although it has been known for some time that this characteristic tree of the coastal plain is found far inland in Georgia and Alabama, scarcely anything has been published in regard to its exact distribution in Northwest Georgia. * Consequently I was not a little surprised on ascending Pine Mountain + in Bartow County, about three miles east of Carters- * The occurrence of long-leaf pine in northwest Georgia must have been known to the white settlers as soon as that part of the state was taken from the Indians, about 70 years ago, but I have found no record of this fact in botanical literature dating back more than 25 years. Professor Sargent in his Catalogue of Forest Trees, published in 1880, says of this tree, ‘* not extending more than 100 miles from the coast,’’ and in his report for the Tenth Census, published four years later, he says ‘rarely extending beyond 150 miles from the coast.’? But Dr. Mohr, in a report on the forests of Alabama, published in 1880, vaguely refers to the occurrence of this species on the mountains of that State. (And in his ‘* Timber Pines of the Southern United States’’ and ‘* Plant Life of Alabama,’’ published many years later, numerous details are given.) In 1883 Messrs. J. L. Campbell and W. H. Ruffner, in a pamphlet entitled ‘‘ A Physical Survey in Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi, along the line of the Georgia Pacific Railway, embracing the Geology, Topography, Minerals, Soils, Climate, Forests, and Agricultural and Manufactur- ing Resources of the Country,’? mention the occurrence of Pinus palustris in Polk and Haralson counties and adjacent Alabama. In a book entitled ‘* The Com- monwealth of Georgia,’’ published by the State Agricultural Department in 1885; there is a forestry map showing among other things a narrow belt of long-leaf pine entering the state near Tallapoosa and terminating near Kingston. Some car-win* > dow observations on this belt by the writer were published a few years ago (Bull. Torrey Club, 28: 455. Igor), t Not to be confused with the Pine Mountains of Meriwether and adjoining coun- ties. See Bull. Torrey Club, 30: 292-294, f 3. 1903. a [Vol. 5, No. 3, of ToRREYA, comprising pages 37-54, was issued March 22, 1905. ] Lucien M. UNDERWOOD. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 20 April, 1905. he REVIEWS Species and Varieties; Their Origin by Mutation* To write two similarly comprehensive works upon the same subject, treated from the same point of view, and not displace the first by the second, nor make the second superfluous is a prob- lem of no small magnitude. In presenting a second work on the mutation theory, Professor Hugo de Vries has solved this problem in a most admirable fashion. “Species and Varieties: Their Origin by Mutation”’ is in no sense a rendering into English, of ‘‘ Die Mutationstheorie,”’ and is much more valuable in many respects than such translation could be made. The author was doubtless greatly aided in the successful solution of the problem by the difference of origin of the two works. ‘‘ Die Mutationstheorie”’ is primarily a detailed exposition of the results of research, and was addressed to sci- entists who would appreciate — nay, demand —all the evidence on which are based the far-reaching generalizations involved in the theory of mutation. ‘Species and Varieties, hand, having grown out of a series of lectures delivered by the author, before the students of a university, assumes in conse- quence a much less rigid scientific aspect, becoming by necessity intelligible to a wider circle of readers. A technical scientific work may be pored over by those immediately interested in its subject matter until all its important details are comprehended ; ” on the other but the successful lecturer must make himself instantly intel- ligible to his audience. * De Vries, H. Species and Varieties: Their Origin by Mutation. Edited by D. T. MacDougal. 8vo, pp. xii+-847. Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Co. F 1905. 90 The unusual simplicity, directness and beauty of the language used, the purity of its Anglo-Saxon English, in connection with the largeness of its theme, renders the new book at once a classic, and although ‘‘ Die Mutationstheorie ”’ must always stand as the epoch-making work, it is ‘‘Species and Varieties’ that will be found most frequently back to. back with Darwin’s “ Origin of Species’’ on the shelves of the general libraries, and that will make the name of de Vries known as Darwin’s is to every man and woman of intelligence regardless of vocation. As compared with ‘“ Die Mutationstheorie,’ the new book shows many evidences that the author has profited by the dis- cussions which have been aroused by that work, and he has very carefully defined his position in regard to points in which he has been misconstrued. Ardent Darwinians immediately attacked the new theory because it appeared to be offered as a substitute for the theory of ‘‘ Natural Selection.” In evident response to these attacks, the author has joined his views in a masterful way to those of Darwin, showing that there is no conflict, and making the reader feel that the theory of mutation was the next step logically, as it certainly has been the next important step histori- cally in the development of a satisfactory conception of the origin of specific and varietal differences. The basis of the author’s views is the conception of character- units as the ultimate bearers of heredity, a conception that, though seemingly too simple and inelastic to be entirely satisfy- ing to the physiologist, has been brought into the greatest promi- nence and furnished support amounting at least to partial demon- stration in the work of Mendel and of those who have since confirmed and extended Mendel’s results, in the renaissance and extension of which Professor de Vries himself had such promi- nent part. Recognizing as did Darwin that by far the greater part of our knowledge of evolutionary processes is necessarily based upon the results of economic practice, Professor de Vries has made a careful experimental analysis of horticultural and agricultural processes, and it is this part of his work which commends itself especially to the thinking scientist. 91 By showing that the years devoted by the horticulturist to ‘fixing ’’ new garden varieties have for their purpose the elimi- nation of the effects of ‘‘ vicinism,’’ z. ¢., the chance crosses with neighboring species or varieties, and by distinguishing between ever-sporting varieties and those which possess only an ordinary degree of fluctuating variability, the way has been cleared for a proper appreciation of the true relations between the garden and nature. It is doubtful however whether physiologists will agree that the cases of ‘double adaptations”’ in nature, and the rela- tion of juvenile to adult leaf-characters, are to be classed with the ever-sporting varieties of the garden, for in the former cases def- inite laws of occurrence of the alternative characters are discern- ible, while in the ever-sporting varieties no such laws have yet been detected and they seem in many instances to be closely related to fluctuating variations. The book is divided into six sections. After an introductory lecture on the theories of evolution and methods of investigation, the conception of elementary species as distinct from systematic species is developed, and a definite and distinctive significance is attached to the term, “‘ variety,’’ which is quite different from its usually loose usage for any assemblage of forms less extensive than the systematic species. A variety as conceived by de Vries is not qualitatively like a species, being distinguished from the species to which it belongs and from which it has been derived in the possession or lack of some single definite character, or two or three single characters at most while species differ from one another in almost every character. The several different kinds of varieties, progressive, retrogressive, degressive, and ever-sporting, are thoroughly considered, along with the included subjects of latency and atavism. The fifth section deals with mutations, the evening-primroses naturally having an important place, but the number of other fully authenticated cases described will doubtless give surprise to some readers who may have thought that the mutation theory rests only on the behavior of Oxagra Lamarckiana. The last section is devoted to individual and partial variability or ‘‘fluctuation” as it is called. This process, which has been 92 held by Wallace and the “‘ Neo-Darwinians” as practically the only source of evolutionary changes, is held by Professor de Vries to have no effect whatever in giving rise to new specific and varietal distinctions, though it is of great importance both in - nature and in culture, in that it allows a certain amount of adap- tive change or amelioration within the species. The editor professes to have changed as little as possible the original diction of the author, and for this the reader will be grateful both because it leaves unmodified the simple, genial flavor of the author’s personality and because no material change is conceivable which would not have resulted in a more involved style. Some changes might have been introduced, however, which would have been distinct improvements, and it is to be hoped that in succeeding editions these changes will be made. Thus the description of the zygomorphic or bilateral flowers of Digitalis as ‘““symmetrical’’ is using in an unusual though liter- ally correct sense a word that has long been in use in descriptive botany with a totally different meaning. Another even less: de- sirable practice of quite similar character is the interchangeable ) use of “retrogression’”’ and ‘“‘regression”’ for the mutative loss ” was the term first applied by the author to this process and there is no reason why it should of acharacter. ‘“ Retrogression not be used exclusively in biological terminology in this very definite sense. ‘‘ Regression’’ already has a distinctive signifi- ”) cance in connection with “ fluctuation”’ and ts used in its proper sense in Section F. which is devoted to that subject. Much con- fusion will be avoided if in future editions ‘“‘retrogression”’ be substituted for ‘regression’? wherever the mutative loss of a character is intended. An added complication in this connection is found on page 221, where, presumably by a typographical ” error, ‘“‘ degressive evolution”’ is rendered “ regressive evolution.” A number of other typographical errors occur, but in most cases the context prevents misinterpretation. Aside from these the press-work leaves little to be desired. The year 1904 will always be memorable in the annals of American science because of the number of distinguished foreign scientists who visited this country during that summer. Of these 93 none was received with more genuine appreciation and honor than Professor de Vries. No more fitting memorial of his sum- mer in America could have been left to his delighted hosts than this series of charming lectures on the most fundamental prob- lems of biology, and one may safely predict that the work will further stimulate the interest that has awakened everywhere in experimental research in variation and heredity, the two funda- mental processes of organic evolution. GEORGE HARRISON SHULL. STATION FOR EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION, COLD SPRING HARBOR, NEW YORK, April, 1905. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB WEDNESDAY, MARCH 29, 1905 This meeting was held at the New York Botanical Garden, Vice-President Underwood in the chair and twenty-three addi- tional members present. Mrs. L. Schoney, of New York, and Miss Caroline S. Romer, of Newark, were elected to membership. The scientific program consisted of ‘‘Remarks on Californian Conifers’? by Le Roy Abrams. The conifers of California have been of extreme interest to the botanical world from the time that that region was first explored. Nowhere do we find such unique trees as the sequoias, and no- where is there such a profusion of genera and species. Nearly two thirds of the species of the United States, and all but two of - the genera occur within the state. The distribution of these species, especially of some of the more local ones, is of con- siderable interest, and it was upon.this subject that Mr. Abrams chiefly dwelt. By far the greater number of species occur in the extreme northern part of the state. Here, within a radius scarcely ex- ceeding one hundred miles no less than eleven genera and at least thirty species may be met with. This great profusion is 94 due mainly to the fact that we have in this region a mingling of the typical Californian species with those of the Northwest. Nearly all of the local species are confined to the coastal region. Some of these, such as Pinus Torreyana, Abies venusta and Cupressus macrocarpa are extremely local. This peculiar distribution along the coast is of great interest and suggests a field for investigation which is full of possibilities. Mr. Abrams was of the opinion that present climatic conditions together with the broken and unconnected mountains were no doubt largely responsible for the present status of distribution. He suggested that the great changes in land areas to which this region has been subjected during very recent geological time must have had much to do with shaping the destiny of the flora. EDWARD W. BERRY, Secretary. TuEspDay, APRIL I1, 1905 The meeting was held at the American Museum of Natural History, President Rusby in the chair and twenty-two additional members present. Miss Mary Price and Dr. Grace E. Cooley, both of the Newark High School, were elected to membership. The paper of the evening was on “‘Some Edible Seaweeds”’ by Professor H. M. Richards. After reference to the indirect importance of plankton organ- isms as a source of food for animal life in the sea, the speaker referred to those forms of algae which are used directly by man as food-stuffs. They were grouped roughly under four heads : blue-green, grass-green, brown, and red algae. In the first group, specimens were shown of a form, which is according to good authority Wostoc commune flagelliforme. This becomes highly gelatinous when soaked in warm water and is used as athickening or sauce. It is much prized by the Chinese. A Japanese form, ‘‘ Su-zen-ji-nori,’’ of more doubtful nature, but probably an Aphanothece, was also shown. Among the grass-green forms, mention was made of various species of U/va and Enteromorpha, which in dried form go under the name of ‘‘laver”’ in the British isles and ‘ao-nori’’ among the Japanese. Among the brown forms, only one of the Fucaceae 95 was mentioned as an article of food, namely Durvillca utilis, which is said to be eaten by the natives in certain parts of Chili. The Laminaria forms, however, include a large number of edi- ble species. A/aria esculenta, common both here and in Europe, was at one time eaten occasionally in the Occident. At the pres- ent time the Japanese and Chinese make great use of these forms, indeed, after fish, they constitute the chief article of export of the Hokkaido. They are exceedingly plentiful in that region and their collection and preparation for market is a thriving business. In this connection, the report of Professor Miyabe and others was passed around and attention was called to the illustrations showing the mode of harvesting the seaweeds. The two most important species seem to be Laminaria saccharina (Laminaria Japonica) and Undaria pinnatifida (perhaps identical with Un- daria distans more recently separated by Miyabe and Oka- mura) which are known under the respective names of ‘“‘ Kombu”’ and ‘“‘Wakame”’ by the Japanese. Many other forms are eaten however. After reference to the well-known examples “ Irish moss” (Chondrus crispus) and “ dulse,” it was said that the two types most used are the delicate Porphyra forms and the more massive cartilaginous kinds such as various Gigartina, Gelidium, Gloiopeltis species. Porphyra has also been eaten by Europeans and is said to be used by the natives in parts of Alaska, but it is most highly prized by the Japanese and Chinese. Under the name of ‘Asakusa-nori” it is put up in neat tin boxes and largely sold in the Tokio markets. It is used by itself or for thickening, giving a very glutinous mixture with hot water. ‘‘Fu-nori,” used chiefly as we use starch, is a mixture of species of Glotopeltis and Endotrichia, and like all these forms is sold dried. The speaker referred to agar-agar, which on Wiesner’s authority is said to come from different species in different regions. That of Ceylon is from Gracilaria lichenoides, that of Java from Eucheuma spinosum, while the Japanese variety is furnished by Gelidium corneum and cartilagineum, and Gloio- peltis tenax. Agar, in addition to its uses as a culture medium in bacteriological research, is said to be employed sometimes, as an adulterant in the jellies of commerce, where it may be reco or > 96 nized by the siliceous frustules of diatoms, etc., from which it is: never free. Other forms of Florideae are used as food-stuffs,. attention being called to their figures in a Japanese popular work on the useful plants of Japan. In regard to the food value of algae it appears that many of them, especially the blue-green forms, contain a very high percentage of proteids, though not much else of value. The gelatinifying substances obtained from the red forms appear to be a substance called gelose, which is similar to, or identical with, thé pectic substances so commonly found, either deposited in the middle lamellae of the cells of higher plants, or in the walls themselves. Mention was inci- dentally made of the use of seaweeds in the manufacture of iodine and soda-ash. Dr. Rusby exhibited specimens of Fucus vesiculosus and an unnamed species of the same genus, which are used medicinally. Dr. Howe spoke of dulse as an article of food and of its occur- rence in the markets of New York. After further discussion, adjournment followed. L. H. LIGHTHIPE, Sec. pro tem. NEWS ITEMS Professor L. M. Underwood sailed for Antwerp on May 20. He will spend a large part of the summer at Berlin and Kew. Mr. L. J. K. Brace, of Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas, is making collections in the western part of the Great Bahama for the New York Botanical Garden. The fifth annual exhibition of the Horticultural Society of New York was held at the New York Botanical Garden on May 10 and 11. Prizes amounting to about $500 were offered. Dr. John Hendley Barnhart sailed for Europe on May 13 to attend the International Botanical Congress at Vienna. During the two or three months of his absence, the editor of TorrREYA will have charge of editorial matters relating to the Lud/letin of the Torrey Botanical Club. The first Walker prize, of $75, has been awarded by the Bos- ton Society of Natural History to Dr. W. B. MacCallum, of the 7 department of botany of the University of Chicago, the subject of his paper being ‘‘ Physiological Analysis of the Phenomena of Regeneration of Plants.” Mr. Le Roy Abrams, who has held the University fellowship in botany in Columbia University during the present scholastic year, has been appointed assistant curator in the Division of Plants of the United States National Museum, and will take up the duties of his new position on October 1. Dr. F. E. Clements, assistant professor of botany in the Uni- versity of Nebraska, has recently been promoted to be associate professor of plant physiology in that institution. Dr. F. D. Heald, adjunct professor of plant physiology, has been elected botanist of the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station and associate professor of botany in the University School of Agri- culture. The second edition of Britton’s ‘ Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and Canada”’ was published about the first of May. The stereotyped plates of the first edition have been revised where practicable and descriptions of over one hundred species have been added to the appendix. Artificial keys to the families of the angiosperms and to the genera of composites, prepared by Dr. Karl M. Wiegand of Cornell University, have also been added. It is stated in Sczence that Professor D. H. Campbell of Stan- ford University will devote next year to an extensive trip through Europe, Africa, and Asia. He expects to attend the Internat- ional Botanical Congress at Vienna and the meeting of the Brit- ish Association at Cape Town. In the same issue of Science, it is announced that Professor Willis L. Jepson of the University of - California will spend next year in Europe and in the tropics, gathering material for the botanical museum at Berkeley. The second annual field symposium of botanists will be held during the week beginning July 3, 1905, at Ohio Pyle, a point on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in Fayette County, south- western Pennsylvania, where arrangements have been made for the accommodation of the party. Information concerning details of the trip and the proposed program may be obtained from 98 either Mr. Joseph Crawford, 2824 Frankford Avenue, Phila- delphia, representing the Philadelphia Botanical Club, from Dr. J. A. Shafer, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, N. Y. City, representing the Torrey Botanical Club, or from Dr. J. N. Rose, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C., representing the Washington Botanical Club. The pleasant and profitable experiences gained by those who attended the first of these meet- ings, held at McCall’s Ferry, Pennsylvania, in July of last year, give reason to believe that there will be a large attendance at Ohio Pyle. 4 Fic. 1. Someof the fruits, seeds, twigs and cone scales washed out of the lignite. about the size of a lima bean. This amber is the fossil resin of some of the trees of the period, the weight of the evidence point- ing to the Seguoza, as little leafy twigs of two or three species are found all through the lignite, while cones occur elsewhere in the neighboring clays. A clay pit is a most desolate looking place all the year round. Under a scorching July sun, with the thermometer standing at over 100° and no shade, one has a perfect imitation of an oven, and the imagination almost fails to picture the verdure of this identical spot in the ancient days. Here flourished tall sequoias and plane-trees, close by grew ancient spruces and cycads and semi-tropical ferns. Inthe spring, the magnolia and sheep-berry bloomed. In the fall, the figs ripened, and the autumnal tints of the oak and maple vied with the vernal coloration. Besides the larger pieces of stems and fragments of leaves as well as an abundance of needles of Seguoia and Cunninghamites, 182 I have found the following: Twigs of /znzperus hypnoides Heer and Sequoia Reichenbachi (Gein.) Heer; aments of probably a Sequoia; eight or ten varieties of seeds; several varieties of fruits, including AZyrica and Platanus ; leaves of Lrachyphyllum ; five or six varieties of cone scales, including Dammara and Picea ; and a miscellaneous assortment of undeterminable remains. MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, BALTIMORE, MD. MESADENIA LANCEOLATA AND ITS ALLIES By Ro_anp M. HARPER In the genus Mesadenia Raf. (Cacalia L. in part) there is a small group of species growing in moist places in the coastal plain of the southeastern United States and flowering in late sum- mer, characterized by terete stems, leaves with parallel or sub- pinnate primary veins, and involucral bracts not keeled. These plants are distinguished from each other by comparatively slight morphological characters, but differ more in range and habitat. The first published species of this group is JZ lanceolata, described by Nuttall in 1818 from specimens collected in Georgia and Florida (presumably in the maritime counties) by Dr. Bald- win. Its leaf-blades are glaucous, especially beneath, and lance- olate to oblanceolate in outline. In 1822 Elliott described a plant collected by himself on his trip to the Alabama territory, identifying it with Cacalia ovata Walt. According to Elliott’s description, and specimens which have since been collected in the same general region, this plant differs from Nuttall’s Cacalia lanceolata chiefly in having leaf- blades nearly as broad as long; but its range and habitat are so different that there is little danger of confusing the two species in the field. But the identity of Elliott’s Cacalia ovata with Walter’s is by no means certain, since the former is not now known east of the Ocmulgee River, while the latter presumably came from South Carolina. There are also some serious discrepancies between Elliott’s description and that of Walter, as was noted by Torrey 185 and Gray, who retained the name ova/a for the plant described by Elliott, and referred Walter’s description doubtfully to Cacalia tuberosa Nutt., a species chiefly confined to the Mississippi valley, as far as we know at present. In 1892, MacMillan (Met. Minn. 555) wentastep further and formally substituted Walter’s specific name for Nuttall’s ¢wderosa, transferring it at the same time to Senecio, in which the original species (atv7plicifolia) was placed by Hooker. | But C. tuberosa is not known to range farther east than Ala- bama, so it is highly improbable that Walter ever saw it. His description is rather unsatisfactory, as usual, but what there is of it will apply much better to Cacaha sulcata Fernald,* a recently described species allied to C. éwberosa. This, too, has a restricted range, being known as yet only from Southwest Georgia and West Florida, but the chances of its being found hereafter in the vicinity of Walter’s home are doubtless greater than in the case of the two comparatively well-known plants just discussed. From the foregoing it is pretty evident that the plant described by Elliott is now without a name, so I have provided one for it below. A third member of the /axceolata group is common in moist pine-barrens in some of the ‘ wire-grass’’ counties of Georgia (see ToRREYA, 5: 114, second line from bottom). It differs from M. /anceolata in having shorter leaves, which are not at all glaucous but yellowish-green throughout, and being scarcely more than half as tall. Its range seems to be entirely distinct, for I have seen it only in the Altamaha Grit region, and JZ. lanceolata only in the flat country south and east of there. A plant described by Elliott from specimens sent from Louisville, Georgia, by James Jackson, and doubtfully referred to Caca/lta lanceolata, was probably the same as mine from the Altamaha Grit region. Louisville is not in this region, but Mr. Jackson may have collected the J/esadenia some distance south of Louis- ville, as he is believed to have done in the analogous case of * Bot. Gaz. 33: 157. 1902.- See also Bull. Torrey Club 30: 342. 1903; 31: 27. 1904. Mesadenia dentata Raf. (New Fl. N. A. 4: 79. 1836), described from Alabama, is possibly synonymous with this. 184 Pentstemon atssectus E\l.* Elliott describes the leaves as “slightly glaucous underneath,”’ but they appear more so in the dried state than when living. For the present it seems best to treat this bright-green plant as a variety rather than a species, since its chief character is scarcely distinguishable in herbarium speci- mens. The nomenclature and known distribution of these three plants may be summarized as follows: Mesadenia Elliottii ' ** Cacaha ovata Walt.”; Ell. Bot. SCG Gareeeee re araee, T. & G. Fl. NA. 2: 435. -1843 5)" Chapmimis srs ena 1860; Wood, Class-Book, 463. 1861; Gray. Syn. Fl. 17: 395. 1884. ““ Mesadenia ovata (Walt.) Raf.’ Small, Fl. S.E.U.S. 1301. 1903. Grows mostly in damp woods, ranging from Georgia and Florida to Louisiana in the coastal plain. Elliott said of it: ‘“‘ Grows in the western parts of Georgia.t| Common in the high- lands near the Alabama.” Wood reported its having been col- lected in the vicinity of Macon, Ga., by Dr. Mettauer. Dr. Mohr reported it from Lee and Montgomery counties in the Cretaceous region of Alabama, which is probably just about where Elliott saw it. In Georgia I have seen it in the counties of Houston, Early and Berrien (zo. 7707), and only in places where the Lafayette formation seems to be absent. I have ex- amined the following specimens besides my own : GeorGiA: Without further data, Boykin. ‘ Clearing in edge of swamp near Smithville,’ Aug. 26, 1901, A. . Curtiss (x0. 6884). Froripa: Middle Florida, Chapman (no. 325). . ALABAMA: Vicinity of Auburn, Lee Co., several collections by Earle and others, without indication of habitat. Mississippi : Mendenhall, Simpson Co., Aug. 18, 1903 (with- out further data), S. AZ Tracy (no. 8677). * See Bull. Torrey Club 32: 166, 167. 1905. + Presumably near the fall-line, and probably not far from Columbus. See Bull. Torrey Club, 31: 12. 1904. 185 LouisiANA: Without further data, Leavenworth. ‘ Damp valleys in pine woods, Feliciana. August,” Wi. Carpenter. MESADENIA LANCEOLATA (Nutt.) Greene,* Pittonia 3: 182. 1897. Cacala lanceolata Nutt. Gen. 2: 138. 1818. In Georgia I have seen this in flat damp pine-barrens in McIn- tosh (especially around Darien Junction), Glynn, and Brooks (vo. 7631) counties. In Alabama Dr. Mohr reported it from Mobile and Baldwin counties, in various situations varying from moist pine-barrens to brackish marshes. (Dr. Chapman gave brackish marshes as its only habitat.) Specimens examined show it to range southward to the Everglades of Florida and westward to Louisiana. iV Mesadenia lanceolata virescens var. nov. Stem 9-10 dm. tall; leaves yellowish-green on both surfaces, not glaucous, the lowest 16-18 cm. long. Otherwise much like M. lanceolata. Apparently confined to the Altamaha Grit region of Georgia, where it grows in moist pine-barrens, with both Lafayette and Columbia formations present. Flowers in September and Ccto- ber. It is represented in my collections by xo. 664, collected September 19, 1900,f and zo. 2678, collected September 26, 1902, both from Tifton, Berrien county. I will designate zo. 1678 as the type because I have distributed more specimens of it than of the earlier number, but the two collections are abso- lutely identical, their stations being only a few feet apart. I have noted the same plant also in the counties of Dodge, Telfair, Appling, Coffee, Wilcox, Irwin, Dooly, Worth, Colquitt and Thomas; and I have little doubt that it grows also in Bul- loch, Emanuel, Tattnall and Montgomery, which counties I have not yet visited at the proper season for identifying it. Jackson’s plant mentioned by Elliott, if it is the same as mine, probably came from Emanuel County. COLLEGE PoINT, N. Y. * The authorship of this combination is usually credited to Rafinesque, but he gave neither description nor synonyms. + See Bull. Torrey Club, 28: 459 (first paragraph). 1900, 186 NEWS ITEMS Professor John M. Coulter, of the University of Chicago, sailed for Europe on October 7, expecting to remain abroad until next April. Mr. George V. Nash, of the New York Botanical Garden, lectured October 21 at the Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, on “ Hayti, the Negro Republic.” Mr. Louis Harman Peet, author of ‘‘ Trees and Shrubs of Prospect Park,” and “Trees and Shrubs of Central Park,” died suddenly at his home in Brooklyn on October 18. “A Nature Study of Maryland Plants,” is the title of an attrac- tively illustrated and popularly written pamphlet by Frederick H. Blodgett, which has recently appeared as vol. 2, no. 1 of the Maryland Agricultural College Bulletin. The program of the autumn lectures of the New York Botan- ical Garden, to be delivered in the lecture hall of the Museum Building, Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons, at 4:30 o’clock, is as follows: October 7, ‘‘ Autumn Features of Native Trees and Shrubs,” by Dr. N. L. Britton; October 14, ‘‘ Botanical Explora- tions in Hayti,’’ by Mr.Geo. V. Nash; October 21, ‘“‘ The Facul- ties of Plants,” by Dr. D. T. MacDougal ; October 28, “ A Sum- mer in the Desert,’ by Professor Francis E. Lloyd; November 4, ‘‘ The Sea-Gardens of Tropical America,” by Dr. M. A. Howe; November 11, ‘‘ Farming and Fruit-Growing in Cuba,” by Dr. W. A. Murrill; November 18, “ Fossil Plants,’ by Arthur Hol- lick; November 25, ‘Tropical Fruits,” by Professor H. H. Rusby. NOV 28 1905 Vol. 5 No. 11 LIGRAR TORREY A. ae November, 1905 GARD; THE PLANT FORMATIONS OF THE ADIRON DACK MOUNTAINS By JoHN W. HARSHBERGER Geologically and physiographically, the life-history of the Adirondack Mountains has been long and complex. Commenc- ing at some period of Archean time, long before the beginning of the known geologic record, they have maintained a land con- dition almost, if not quite, down to the present time. Since the earliest time many thousands of feet of strata have been re- moved, until now the various elevations stand revealed to us in a planed-down character. We now find them to be mountains of considerable elevation, somewhat rugged in outline, but much less rugged than the Andes, Alps, or Rocky Mountains. There are few lofty, inaccessible cliffs, but instead, rounded, easily scaled hills and mountain peaks, reaching only very rarely to a height greater than one mile above sea-level. This rounded -form has been emphasized by the scouring action of the ice of the glacial period, which covered the highest peaks of these mountains. Mt. Tahawus (Mt. Marcy) is the highest peak (5,344 feet) and Mt. McIntyre comes next (5,112 feet). The plant formations have been developed in the period of time since the retreat of the glacial ice-sheet. One can clearly trace the sequence of development, not only in the conversion of lakes into bogs and bogs into mountain meadows, but also in the forest formations and associations themselves. The following brief account presents the result of a study of these formations made in the summer of 1904, when the author had the pleasure of botanizing with Dr. Oscar Drude, professor of botany in the Dresden Technical High School and director of the Royal Bo- tanic Garden, Dresden. The elevations were determined by [No. 10, Vol. 5, of TORREYA, comprising pages 171-186, was issued Octobe 27, 1905. ] 187 188 Professor Drude, who brought an aneroid barometer with him to America. Decipuous Forest ForMAtion.— The forest at the base of Mt. Tahawus along the Au Sable River and about the Au Sable lakes, according to my observations, consists of the following dominant species: * Betula lutea, Fagus americana, Acer sac- charum, Tsuga canadensis, Thuja occidentalis, Pinus Strobus, Abies balsamea and Betula papyrifera (the Fagus-Accr-betula facies), while as secondary trees grow Acer rubrum, Acer penn- sylvanicum, Populus tremuloides, Sorbus americana and beneath the latter Viburnum alnifolium, Rubus odoratus and Viburnum cassinoides. Such are called in Adirondack phraseology, hard- wood lands, which occupy in general the elevated flats and slopes where the deciduous-leaved trees are the characteristic species. Acer saccharum, Betula lutea and Fagus americana attain their best development on these lands, while Zsuga canadensis is of inferior quality to that found on the moister soil of lower ground. + Along the Au Sable River, near its source, in a deep gorge were found in association Acer saccharum, Tsuga canadensis and Betula /utca as the dominant species, while the beech, Hagus americana, seems to have a crown which never rises quite above that of the trees mentioned (Zsuga-Hagus facies). The herbaceous plants of the forest floor are Viola rotundifolia, Tiarella cordi- folia, Medeola virginica, Mitchella repens, Unifolium canadense, Clintonia borealis, Trillium undulatum, Streptopus amplexifolius, Pyrola chlorantha, Oxalis Acetosella, Aralia racemosa, Dalibarda repens and Lycopodium lucidulum. Taxus canadensis forms a secondary element in the 7suga-/agus facies. Polypodium vul- gare forms mats in undisputed possession of the tops of boulders, while the rock sides are distinguished by the presence of species of Umbilicaria. Dryopterts noveboracensis forms extensive patches in the deep recesses of the forest. The shores of lower Au Sable Lake, which are mountainous and steep, are covered with Petula papyrifera associated with Abies balsamea and Populus tremuloides, while near the upper end * Names according to Britton’s Manual, 1901. t Pinchot, G. The Adirondack Spruce, 12. 1898. Oe 189 of this lake grow Sorbus americana, Picea Mariana and Acer saccharum, and Thuja occidentalis becomes more abundant and virtually supplants the paper birch, Betula papyrifera. The vege- tation of the forest floor here consists of CUintonia borealis, Oxalis Acetosella, Osmunda Claytoniana (= O. interrupta), .O. cinna- momea, Chiogenes hispidula, Unifolium canadense and Veratrum viride. The forest about Raquette Lake is a mixed one of broad- leaved and coniferous trees, the latter predominating. Such are the spruce flats of the lumbermen, where the soil is fresh and deep, with Picea Mariana (= P. rubens Sargent), of medium height and diameter. These flats form the lower limit of Acer saccharum, which is common on higher ground. Ades bal- samea is small. The principal species, in the order in which they occur, are: Picea Mariana (= P. rubens Sargent), Betula lutea, Abies balsamea, Tsuga canadensis, Fagus americana, Acer saccha- rum and Pinus Strobus (Picea-Betula facies). With these are associated Thuja occidentalis, Picea Mariana, Larix americana, Pinus resinosa, Acer saccharinum (= A. dasycarpus) and Betula populifolia, with scattered /raxinus americana and Prunus sero- tina. Populus tremuloides and Prunus pennsylvanica are found on the burned-over land with an undergrowth in the primeval forest of Viburnum alnifolium, Acer pennsylvanicum and Acer spicatum. Here, the characteristic swamp species are Picea Mariana (red spruce = P. rubens Sargent), Adzes balsamea, Picea Mariana (black spruce), Pinus Strobus, Larix americana, while on the gravelly knolls in the swamps occur Pinus Strobus, Tsuga cana- densis, Picea Mariana (= P. rubens Sargent), Ades balsamea, etc. Thuja occidentalis and Larix americana grow on the poorest drained land.* The forest about Tupper Lake is characterized by Picea Ma- riana (= P. rubens Sargent), Acer saccharum, Fagus americana, and Betula lutea. The sugar maple, Acer saccharum, and beech, Fagus americana, have the advantage over Betula lutea on the * Hosmer, R. S., and Bruce, E. S. A Forest working Plan for Township 40. Bulletin 30, Division of Forestry, U. S. Department Agriculture. 1901. Graves, H. S. Practical Forestry in the Adirondacks, Bulletin 26, Division of Forestry. 1899. 190 better soils, because the latter is less tolerant of shade. The fol- lowing list shows the relative degree of tolerance beginning with those that require the most light: Larix americana, Populus tremuloides, Prunus pennsylvanica, Pinus Strobus, Betula lutea, Acer rubrum, Abies balsamea, Picea Mariana (= P. rubens Sar- gent), Zsuvga canadensis, Fagus americana and Acer saccharum, while the best soils support Fagus americana. Acer saccharum and species in general may be arranged according to edaphic re- quirements, beginning with the most requiring : Prunus serotina, Acer saccharum, Fagus americana, Acer rubrum, Pinus Strobus, Abies balsamea and Picea Mariana ( = P. rubens Sargent). As one ascends, the facies in some places consists of the de- ciduous species mentioned with such ferns and herbs on the ground as Adiantum pedatum, Polystichum acrostichoides, Mono- tropa uniflora, Chiogenes hispidula, Clintonia borealis, Cornus canadensis and Panicularia clongata. At 3,600 feet, especially on the southern flanks of Mt. Tahawus, the forest formation con- sists of Picea Mariana (red spruce = P. rubens Sargent), Betula lenta, Betula lutea, Sorbus americana, Abies balsamea and Thuja occidentalis ; and Veratrum viride occurs on the forest floor with Vaccinium canadense, Lycopodium annotinum, L. lucidulum, Aster acuminatus, Solidago flexicaulis, Coptis trifolia, Linnaea americana and Streptopus amplexifolius. Solidago flexicaulis may be the lowland representative of the alpine Solidago alpestris. CoNIFEROUS FoRrMATION.— These southern slopes are the spruce slopes, according to the designation of the lumbermen, because /icea Mariana (= P. rubens Sargent) is dominant. The absence of Acer saccharum, Acer rubrum and Viburnum alnifolium is due to elevation and is noteworthy. _ Goniophlebium, 174; incanum, 171 Goodlatte, A. R., 35 Goodyera repens, 192 Gracilaria lichenoides, 95 Grasses new to the West Indies, A Trio of, 109 Graves, A. H., 20 Greene, E. L., Derivation of the Name Chamaecrista, 126; Origin of Rhus bipinnata, 155; Some Ptelea Segre- gates, 99; personal, 77 Grifola, 28; Berkeleyi, 29 ; fractipes, 29; frondosa, 29; poripes, 29; ramosis- sima, 29 ; Sumstinei, 29 Grout, A. J., 149 Guignardia Bidwellii, 86 Gymnogramme, 38 Gymnosorus, 73 Habenaria orbiculata, 192 Haiti, On the Occurrence of Carota in, 196 Halimeda, 73, 220 Hamamelis virginica, 194 Hanks, L. T., 35 Hanmer, C. C., A note regarding the Discharge of Spores of Pleurotus ostre- atus, 146 Hapalopilus, 194; gilvus, 195 ; licnoides, 195; rutilans, 195; sublilacinus, 195 Harper, R. A., I Harper, Rk. M., A statistical Method for comparing the Age of different Floras, 207; Mesadenia lanceolata and _ its Allies, 182; Notes on the Wire-Grass Country of Georgia, 113; Some large Specimens of small Trees in Georgia, 162; Some noteworthy Stations for Pinus palustris, 55 ; [wo misinterpreted Species of Xyris, 128; Proceedings of the Club, 219; personal, 205 Harshberger, J. W., MacDougal, Vail, Shull, & Small’s Mutants and Hy- brids of the Oenotheras, 147; ‘The Plant Formations of the Adirondack Mountains, 187 ; personal, 205 Harris, C. W., 18 Harris, J. A., New Fasciations, 157 Havard, V., personal, 54 Hazen, T. E., Recent Advances in the Phylogeny of the Green Algae, 52; personal, 51, 222 Heald, F. D., personal, 97 Helianthus, 158; divaricatus, 56 Herposiphonia, 73 Heuchera Curtisii, 153; elegans, 15 Hexagona, 28 ; alveolaris, 28; daedalea, 28 ; floridana, 28 ; micropora, 28 Hibiscus Moscheutos, 158 Bicks; Gos, 149 Daucus 297 Hitchcock, A. S., work of 117 Hochreutiner, G., personal, 133 Hollick, A., 19, 186 Holway, E. W. D., Hormiscia, 53 Horticultural Society of New York, fifth annual Exhibition of, 96 House, H. D., Lespedeza velutina Bick- nell a Homonym, 167; Lespedeza Bicknellii, 167 Houstonia, The Course of the Pollen Tube in, 83 Houstonia, 83; caerulea, Ig1 ; 153; serpyllifolia, 153 Howe, C. D., personal, 16, 54, 133 Howe, M. A., Collecting Algae in the Bahamas, 72; Farlow’s Bibliograph- ical Index of North American Fungi, 200; Proceedings of the Club, 113, 202; personal, 36, 51, 52, 75, 73, 186, 222 Hume, H. H., Hydrangea, 67 Hydrocotyle ranunculoides, 142 Hypholoma capnoides, 86; sublateritium, 86 Hypnum Crista-castrensis, 190; splen- dens, 190 personal, 116 purpurea, personal, 16 Ilex glabra, 59; monticola, 153 ; myrti- folia, 1643; opaca, 142; vomitoria, 140, 142, 143 Impatiens biflora, 193 Index, New Binomials in an, 44 Inodes Palmetto, 138 Inonotus, 194; amplectens, 195; dryo- philus, 195; hirsutus, 195; perplexus, 195; radiatus, 195 Insects, Names of, 145 International Botanical Congress, 133,134 Ionidium, 115 Ipomoea littoralis. 137; pandurata, 159 ; Pes-Caprae, 137 ; speciosa, 143 Iriartea, 31 Ischaemum 110 Ischnoderma, 194; fuliginosum, I94ata, Iva, 137; frutescens, 144; imbricata, 137 latifolium, I10; rugosum, Jacquinia brevifolia, 44; Curtissii, 44 ; stenophylla, 44 Jeffrey, E. C., personal, 18, 74, 13 Jepson, W. . , personal, 97, 133 Johnson, D. S., personal, 206 Jones, L. Re ES 54 Juglans, Three Cotyledons in, 87 Juglans regia, 87 Juniperus communis alpina, 193; hyp- noides, 182; virginiana, 141, 142 Kalmia glauca, 191, 192 Kane, J. I., personal, 52 Kaufman, P., 219 Kelsey, F. D., death of, 16 Kellerman, W. A., The Gray Polypody in Ohio, 197 ; personal, 17, 222 Key to the Agariceae of temperate North America, A, 213 Key to the brown sessile Polyporeae of temperate North America, A, 194 Key to the stipitate Polyporaceae of tem- perate North America, A, 28, 43 King, C. A., “Experiment to show that the Absence of Light alone will pre- vent the Process of Photosynthesis, 67 Kirkwood, J. E., 20 Knox, A. A., 35; personal, 116 Kosteletzkya althaeifolia, 142 Kraemer, H., Artificial Coloring of Flowers, 241 Kubin, W. K., 130 Kuhnistera pinnata, 114 Lactuca elongata, 142 Laminaria, 95; japonica, 95; saccharina, 95 Larix americana, 189, 190 Latanites, 31 Latham, M. E., personal, 116 Laurencia, 73 Laurocerasus caroliniana, 142, 143 Lavatera assurgentiflora, 47 Leavitt, R. G., personal, 133 Lechea, 142 Ledum groenlandicum, 190-192 Lejeunea, 115; biseriata, 115 Lenzites, 214; betulina, 214 Lepicystis, 174 incana, 171 Lepidium latipes, 47 Leptochloa fascicularis, 137, 144, 145 Lespedeza Bicknellli, 167; velutina, 167 Levy, D., 219 Lichens, The Classification of, 79 Lighthipe, L. H., Proceedings of the Club, 94; personal, 131 Linnaea americana, Ig0-192 Lippia nodiflora, 142 Lithophragma heterophylla, 47 Livingston, B. E., personal, 17, 170 Lloyd, F. E., Campbell’s Mosses and Ferns, 199; Desert Botanical Labora- tory at Tucson, Arizona, 35; English edition of Goebel’s Organographie der Pflanzen, 167 ; Remarks on the Genus Lycopodium, 70; Summer’s Experi- ences at the Desert Botanical Labora- tory of the Carnegie Institution, 203 ; The artificial Induction of Leaf Forma- tion in the Ocotillo, 175 ; The Course of the Pollen Tube in Houstonia, 83 ; personal, 16, I9, 51, 70, 74, 78, 116, 170, 186, 222 Lobelia Dortmanna, 193 Long Island, Contribution to Fungus and Slime-Mould Flora of, 85 Lonicera caerulea, IgI Lord, S. K., personal, 54 Los Angeles, Abrams’ Flora of, 45 Ludwigia virgata, 142 Lupinus Stiversi, 47: formosus, 47 Lycopodium, 70; alpinum, 200; anno- tinum, 190; complanatum, 200; lu- cidulum, 188, 190, 192; Selago, 191; tristachyum, 153; volubile, 200 Lyginodendron, 14 Lysias orbiculata, 192 MacBride, T. H., 19 MacCallum, W. B., personal, 96 MacDougal, D. T., Bud-Sports ; Occur- rence and Hereditary Qualities, 221; Discontinuous Variation and the Origin of Species, 1; MacDougal, Vail, Shull, & Small’s Mutants and Hybrids of the Oenotheras, 147; personal, 17, 10; 51; 70) 74) JO; ge Leon eee Macloskie, G., Duplex Names, 198 ; per- sonal, 206 Macoun, J., 20 Magnolia glauca, 59; virginiana, 114 Manicaria, 31 Marble, D. W., personal, 52, 130 Marchantia polymorpha, 192 Marginaria, 172, 173; minima, 172, 174; polypodioides, 171, 173 Marshallia grandiflora, 153; ramosa, 114 Maxon, W. R., personal, 16, 20, 133, 205 McOuat, M., 149 Medeola virginica, 188, 192 Meibomia, 144 Melampodium, 70 Melia Azedarach, 159 Melocactus, 35 Mesadenia lanceolata and its Allies, 182 Mesadenia, 144, 182, 183; dentata, 183 ; Elliottii, 184; lanceolata, 114, 182, 183, 185; lanceolata virescens, 185; ovata, 184 Methonica superba, 14 Micranthemum orbiculatum, 142 Microdictyon, 73 Microstaphyla, 125; Bangii, 88, 89, 125 ; Moorei, 88, 125 Miller, M. F., personal, 18 Millspaugh, C. F., Further Remarks on the Vegetation of the Bahamas, 219; personal, 20, 36, 54, 133, 205 Mistletoe, Birds and, 68 Mitchella repens, 188, 192 Monarda punctata, 141, 144 Monardella macrantha, 47 Monotropa uniflora, 1g0 Moore, G. T., personal, 18, 76, 154 Morris, FE. L., 20 Morris, Mrs, Kk. T., 219 Morus rubra, 140-142 Mucilago spongiosa, 86 Mulford, F, A. 1303; personal, 52 Murray, G., personal, 169 Murrill, W. A., A Key to the Agariceae of temperate North America, 213; A Key to the stipitate Polyporaceae of temperate North America, 28, 44; Sum- mer Collections of Fungi, 204; Terms applied to the Surface and Surface Ap- pendages of Fungi, 60; Tomophagus for Dendrophagus, 197; personal, 50, 2 Ov OLN, L705 LOO, wae Myrica, 144, 182; carolinensis, 140-143 Myrtus Ugni, 198 Nabalus Bootii, 191 Names, Duplex, 198 Names of Insects, 145 Nash, G. V., A Paspalum new to the West Indies, 6; A ‘Trio of Grasses new to the West Indies, 109; The Vegetation of Inaguas, 35; personal, 52, 75, 132, 170, 186, 222 Nature’s Engrafting, 108 Nelumbo, 31 Nemexia herbacea melica, 45; melica, Neowashingtonia, 128 Nephrodium, 219 News Items, 16, 36, 53, 74, 96, 116, 132, 154, 169, 186, 205, 222 : Newcombe, F. C., personal, 132 New Binomials in an Index, 44 New Fasciations, 157 New Gentian from Bolivia, A, 109 New Rosellinia from Nicaragua, A, 87 Nicaragua, A new Rosellinia from, 87 Nipa, 31 Nipadites, 31 Niphobolus, 219 North America, A Key to the Agariceae of temperate, 213 ; A Key to the Stipi- tate Polyporaceae of temperate, 28, 43; Onagra grandiflora in, 9 Norton, J. B., 20 Nostoc commune flagelliforme, 94 Notes on the Gray Polypody, 171 Note regarding the Dischargé of Spores of Pleurotus ostreatus, A, 146 Note on Botrychium virginianum, 160 Noteworthy Stations for Pinus palustris, Some, 55 Nuphar advena, 193 Nymphaea advena, 193 Nyssa biflora, 114; Ogeche, 114; uni- flora, 59 Observations on the Flora of the Isle of Palms, Charleston, S. C., 135 Ocotillo, The artificial Induction of Leaf Formation in the, 175 Oenotheras, Mutants and Hybrids of the, 147 Oenothera, 5, 147; argillicola, 148; biennis, 148; cruciata, 148; grandi- flora, 9, 10, 147, 148; humifusa, 137; Lamarckiana, 10, 147, 148; muricata, 148; Oakesiana, 148 Ohio Pyle, Botanical Symposium at, 152 Ohio, ‘lhe Gray Polypody in, 197 Ohno, N., 20 Olea americana, 142 Oligonema nitens, 86 Omphalia campanella, 86 Onagra grandiflora in North America, 9 Onagra elliptica, 6; gigas, 6; grandi- flora, 9, 10; Lamarckiana, 9, 91; nanella, 5 ; rubrinervis, 6; scintillans, 6; subovata, 6 Oncidium, 117 Opizia stolonifera, 110 Opuntia Engelmannii, 216 ; Ficus-indica, 217; fulgida, 217; Opuntia, 143; Pes-Corvi, 143 Oreodoxites, 31 Origin of Rhus bipinnata, 155 Osmanthus americana, 142 Osmunda cinnamomea, 189, 190; Clay- toniana, 189; interrupta, 189 Osterhout, G. E., 130; personal, 133 Oxalis Acetosella, 188-192 Oxycoccus Oxycoccus, 191, 192 Oxygraphis, 165, 166; Cymbalaria, 165, 166 Oxypolis filiformis, 114 Pachyphytum, 115 Palm from the Mid-Cretaceous, A, 30 Palliser, H. L., personal, 71 Pammel, L. H., 20 Panaeolus acidus, 34 ; campanulatus, 86 Panicularia elongata, 190 Panicum, 7; agrostoides, 145; amarum, 137, 145; furcellatum, 7; lanugi- nosum, 143, 144; virgatum, 145 Painter, J. H., personal, 205 Parish, S. B., Birds and Mistletoe, 68 ; Flowering of Yucca australis, 104 Parkinsonia, 35; aculeata, 26; Torrey- ana, 26 Parmelia, 81 Parnassia parviflora, 15 Parthenocissus quinquefolia, 140, 142 Paspalum new to the West Indies, A, 6 Paspalum, 6,,7, 8; altissimum, 143, 145; angustifolium, 89; lineare, 7, 8, 9; Neesii, 7, 8, 9; tropicum, 7 Passiflora incarnata, 140, 141 Patterson, F. W., 20 Peas, Other Freaks of, 41 Reck, Gx Eee an07 Peet, L. H., death of, 186 Penicillus, 73; capitatus, 73; dumeto- sus, 73; Lamourouxii, 73; pyriformis, 73 Pentstemon dissectus, 114, 184 Peramium Menziesii, 15; repens, 192 Perkins, J., personal, 133 Persea Borbonia, 140, I41 Phaeolus, 194; sistotremoides, 195 Phaseolus vulgaris, 21 Phegopteris, 40 Phleum pratense, 145 Phoenix, 3 Pholiota adiposa, 86 Phoradendron californicum, 69; flaves- cens, 68, 142 Photosynthesis, Experiment to show that Absence of Light alone will prevent the Process of, 67 Phycomycetes, 86 Physalis pubescens, 138, 145 Phytolacca decandra, 138, 139 Picea, 182, 193 ; Mariana, 189, Igo, 192, 193; rubens, 189, 190, 193 Pierce, M., 149 Pieris, 108; nitida, 108; phillyreaefolia, 108 Pike, N., death of, 74 Pikea, 74 Pilocereus, 35 Pinckneya pubens, 114 Pine Embryos, Twin, 11 Pinus -palustris, Some noteworthy Sta- tions for, 55 Pinus echinata, 56-58; Elliottii, 114; palustris, 55-59, 114; pungens, 58; resinosa, 189, 193; serotina, 114; Strobus, 56, 188, 189, Ig0, 192, 193; Taeda, 57, 58, 141, 142; Torreyana, 94 ;Virginiana, 57, 58 Piper, C. V., personal, 133 Plantago lanceolata, 159; major, 197; Rugelii, 159 Plant Breeding and Hybridization, Pro- ceedings ; International Conference on, 12 Plant Formations of the Mountains, The, 187 Plants, Fund for Protection of native, 117 Platanus, 182 Pleurotus ostreatus, A Note regarding the Discharge of Spores of, 146 Adirondack 30 Pluteus cervinus, 86 Poa, 120 Pogonia, 179 Pogonomyces, 194; hydnoides, 195 Poinciana, 127; pulcherrima, 126 Pollard, C. L., 20 Pollen Tube in Houstonia, Course of the, 83 Pollinia, 110; praemorsa, IIo Polybotrya, 125 Polygonella Croomii, 114 Polygonum maritimum, 138; ramosissi- mum, 47; setaceum, 142 Polypodium, 38, 42, 172; Brasiliense Pisonis, 171; ceteraccinum, I71, 172; Eckloni, 174 ; ferruginosum, 171, 172; incanum, 171, 172, 174; polypodioides, 142, I71;. virginianum, 171, 172; vulgare, 172, 188, 193, 194 Polypody, Notes on the Gray, 171 Polypody in Ohio, The Gray, 197 Polyporeae of temperate North America, A key to the stipitate, 28, 43; A key to the brown sessile, 194. Polyporus, 28, 43; arculariellus, 43; arculariformis, 43 ; arcularius, 43; cau- dicinus, 43; columbiensis, 43; crater- ellus, 43; dibaphus, 43; elegans, 43; fissus, 43; phaeoxanthus, 43; Poly- porus, 43 Polystichum acrostichoides, 190, 193; Lonchitis, 15 Polytrias diversiflora, 110 ; praemorsa, 109 Pond, R. H., personal, 132 Populus tremuloides, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193 Porodiscus, 28, 43; pendulus, 43 Porphyra, 95 Porteranthus stipulatus, 115 Price, M., 94. Primula obconica, 67 Pringle, C. G., personal, 17, 54, 133 Proceedings of the Club, 14, 34, 50, 70, 93, 113, 130, 149, 202, 219 Prospectus of the Work of the Torrey Botanical Club during 1905, 47 Prosopis juliflora, 69 Prunus pennsylvanica, 189, 190, 192; serotina, 142, 189, 190 Pseudocymopterus, 128 Pseudophoenix Sargenti, 36 Psilocybe foenisecii, 34, 86 Ptelea Segregates, Some, 99 Ptelea Carolina, 99; mesochora, 100 ; obcordata, 99; trifoliata, 99, 100 Pteridium aquilinum, 56, 141, 193 Pulsatilla, 166; hirsutissima, 164-166 Pyrola chlorantha, 188, 192; secunda, 192 Pyrrhopappus carolinianus, 145 Pyrularia pubera, 152 Quercus, 130; alba, 194; Catesbaei, 114; heterophylla, 220; laurifolia, 141, 142; lyrata, 59; marylandica, 56, 220; Michauxii, 59; nigra, 194; Phellos, 220, 221 ; Prinus, 56; rubra, 193, 194, 221; Rudkini, 220; vir- giniana, 139-142 Ranunculus alleghaniensis, 153 Rau, E, A., personal, 205 Razoumofskya pusilla, 15 Rehder, A., personal, 20, 133 Reichling, G. A., Contributions to the recorded Fungus and Slime-Mould Flora of Long Island, 85 Remarks on Californian Conifers, 93 Reseda lutea, 47 Reviews: Abrams’ Flora of Los Angeles and Vicinity, 45 ; Campbell’s Mosses and Ferns, 199; Christensen’s Index Filicum, 217; De Vries’ Species and Varieties; Their Origin by Mutation, 89; Farlow’s Bibliographical Index of North American Fungi, 200 ; Goebel’s Organography of Plants, 167; Mac- Dougal, Vail, Shull, and Small’s Mu- tants and Hybrids of the Oentheras, 147; North American Flora, III; Proceedings International Conference on Plant Breeding and Hybridization, 12 Rhinanthus Crista-Galli, 191 Rhipidopteris, 124; Rusbyi, 88 Rhipocephalus, 73 ; oblongus, 73 ; Phoe- nix, 73 Rhizoclonium, 53 Rhododendron, 179; lapponicum, 191 ; maximum, 152 Rhus bipinnata, Origin of, 155 Rhus, 155; bipinnata, 155, 198; copal- lina, 142, 162-164; glabra, 157, 159, 163, 164; glabra laciniata, 155, 156; laciniata, 155; radicans, 140; trilo- bata, 203; typhina, 159; typhina laciniata, 155 Rhynchospora solitaria, 114 Ribes prostratum, I91, 193}; rotundi- folium, 194 Riccia; 111 Richards, H. M., Some edible Sea- weeds. 94; personal, 51, 149 Richardsonia, 83, 84; pilosa, 83 Ricker, P. L., personal, 205 . Robinson, C. B., 14; Remarks on the Flora of northern Cape Breton, 15 Robinson, B. L., 19; personal, 77, 133 Rolfs, F. M., 130; personal, 16 Romellia, 28, 44 ; sistotremoides, 44 Romer, C. S., 93 Roper, J. C., 221 Rose, J. N., personal, 98, 205 Rosellinia Bakeri, 57 ; compressa, 87 Rosendahl, C. O., personal, 205 Rothert, V., 20 Rubus, A Jaciniate, 195 Rubus, 198; Chamaemorus, 15 ; incisus, 198 ; laciniatus, 198; odoratus, 185, 194; rusticanus, 198; strigosus, 191, 193. 194; trivialis, 141-143 Rusby, H. H., Ipecac roots, 115; Pros- pectus of the Work of the Torrey Botanical Club during 1905, 47; Ke- port of Torrey Club Excursion to Pompton Plains, New Jersey, 204; Some interesting Plants from Colom- bia, 151; personal, 17, 51, 52, 78, 96, 130, 132, 149, 196, 221, 222 Russula atropurpurea, 86 Rydberg, P. A., personal, 116 Sabal, 31, 32 Sabalites, 32 Sabbatia stellaris, 144 Safford, W. E.. 74 Salicornia ambigua, 144 Salix fluviatilis, 141, 142; sessilifolia Hindsiana, 47; Uva-Ursi, 191 Salsola, 137; Kali, 136-138 Samolus floribundus, 15 Sanial, M. L., personal, 52, 132 Sanicula canadensis, 144 Sarcoscypha floccosa, 147 Sargassum, 73 Sargent, C. S., personal, 75 Sarracenia, 179; flava, 114; minor, I14 Sassafras Laurus, 198 Saxifraga micranthidifolia, 153 Schneck, J., 130 Schneider, A., An Example of Complex Life Relationship, 119; The Classif- cation of Lichens, 79; personal, 130 Schéney, L., 93 Scleria triglomerata, 145 Scutellaria saxatilis, 153 Scutiger, 28; caeruleoporus, 29; crypt- opus, 29; decurrens, 29; Ellisii, 29 ; griseus, 30; holocyaneus, 30; laeti- color, 29; persicinus, 30; radicatus, 30; retipes, 29; subradicatus, 30; Whiteae, 30 Seaweeds, Some edible, 94 Sedum Nevii, 115 Selby, A. D., personal, 74 Senecio, 151, 183; atriplicifolia, 183 Sequoia, 181, 182; Reichenbachi, 182 Serenoa serrulata, 114 Serenopsis, 31 Sericocarpus linifolius, 56 Sesuvium Portulacastrum, 144 23 Shafer, J. A., The Botanical Symposium at Ohio Pyle, Pennsylvania, 152 ; per- sonal, 98, 117 Shear, C. L., personal, 17, I9, 77, 133 Shreve, F., personal, 133, 170 Shull, G. H., De Vries’ Species and Va- rieties : Their Origin by Mutation, 89 ; Galtonian Regression in the ‘‘ Pure Line,’ 21; Stages in the Development of Sium cicutaefolium, 52; personal, 14, 20, 132, 133 Sibbaldiopsis, 192; tridentata, 191, 192 Sida rhombifolia, 145 Silphium compositum, 56; integrifulium, 159; trifoliatum, 159 Siphony chia pauciflora, 114 Sium cicutaefolium, Stages in the De- velopment of, 52 Small, J. K., personal, 51, 52 Smith, A. M., personal, 18 Smith, E. F., personal, 19 Smith, E., personal, 52 Smith, Gs E151 Smith, J. D., personal, 36, 77 Smilax Beyrichii, 141 ; Bona-nox, 140 Solanum nigrum, 141 Solidago alpestris, 190, 191; 190; odora, 56 Soil Water in Relation to Transpiration, 25 Sorbus americana, 188-191 Spalding, V. M., Soil Water in Relation to Transpiration, 25 Sparganium simplex, 193 Spartina patens, 144, 145; polystachya, 137, 144, 145 Spaulding, P., personal, 206 Species, Discontinuous Variation and the Origin of, I Sphaeralcea Fendleri californica, 47 Sphagnum, II Sphenopteris, 14 Spiraea salicifolia, 191, Spiranthes, 117 Spiraea virginiana, 153 Sporobolus, 114, 144; indicus, 143- 145; virginicus, 36, 144, 145 Staphylea trifolia, 164 Stations for Pinus palustris, Some note- worthy, 55 Statistical Method for comparing the Age of different Floras, A, 207 Stenotaphrum americanum, 144; dimi- diatum, 145 Stephanotis floribunda, 159 Stevens, F. L., personal, 205 Stichococcus, 53 Stigeoclonium, Cytological Differences between the Palmella and Filamentous Forms of, 100 flexicaulis, 193 J} = Stone, G. E., personal, 206 Streptopus amplexifolius, 188, 90 Strobilomyces floccopus, 86; strobila- ceus, 86 Strophostyles helvola, 141, 144 Sumstine, D. R., Panaeolus acidus, 34 Swamp-bottom, An old, 179 Syntherisma filiforme, 145 Taraxacum Taraxacum, 196 Taxodium, 108; imbricarium, 108, 114 Taxus canadensis, 188 Taylor, A. P., Nature’s Engrafting, 108 Taylor, N., On the Occurrence of Dau- cus Carota in Haiti, 196 Terms applied to the Surface and Surface Appendages of Fungi, 60 Tetraneuris Dodgei, 45; Dodgei, 45 Thamnolia vermicularis, 191 Thuja occidentalis, 188, 189, 190, 192, linearifolia 193 Tiarella cordifolia, 188 Tidestrom, I., Note on Botrychium vir- ginianum, 160; Notes on the Gray Polypody, 171 Tillandsia usneoides, 142 Tilmadoche polycephala, 86 Tissa rubra, 47 Tomophagus for Dendrophagus, 197 Tomophagus colossus, 197 Torrey Botanical Club, Proceedings, 14, 34, 50, 70, 93, 113, 130, 149, 202, 219 Torrey Botanical Club, Prospectus of the Work of the, 47 Townsend, C. O., personal, 18 Transpiration, Soil Water in Relation to, 25 Trautvetteria carolinensis, 153 Trees in Georgia, Some large Specimens of small, 162 Trelease, W., personal, 19, 133 Trientalis americana, 191 Trillium undulatum, 188 Trio of Grasses new to the West Indies, A, 109 Tsuga canadensis, 188, 193 Two misinterpreted Species of Xyris, 128 189, 190, 192, Udotea, 73 Ugni, 198; Myrtus, 198; Ugni, 198 Ulva, 94, 101 Umbilicaria, 188 Undaria distans, 95; pinnatifida, 95 Underwood, L. M., A much-named Fern, 87, 123; Botrychium silaifolium Pres], 106; Christensen’s Index Filicum, 217; Remarks on the Genus Lycopo- dium, 70 ; The early Writers on Ferns and their Collections, 37; personal, 19, 59, 51, 52, 70, 77, 96, 133, 170 Unifolium canadense, 188, 189, 192 Uniola, 136-139, 141; laxa, 143, 145; paniculata, 136, 137, 145 Urera, 87 Uromyces Astragali, 216 Urospora, 5 3 Usnea barbata, 81 Vaccinium canadense, 190-193; caespi- tosum, I91; pennsylvanicum, 191-193; pennsylvanicum angustifolium, 191, 192; uliginosum, IgI, 192 Vail, A. M., Onagra grandiflora: A Species to be included in the North American Flora, 9; personal, 51 Vagnera stellata, 15 Variation, Discontinuous, and the Origin of Species, I Vegetation of Inagua, The, 35 Veratrum viride, 189-192 Verbena stricta, 159 Vernonia angustifolia, 160 Verrucaria, 82 Vienna, Botanical Congress in, 77, 130, 134 Viburnum alnifolium, 188-190; noides, 188 Vincetoxicum suberosum, 143 Viola Angellaé, 130, 131; arenaria, 130; biflora, 132; blanda, 130; Brainerdi, 130; brittoniana, 130; Carolina, 130; cordata, 130; cucullata, 130, 132; denticulosa, 114; fimbriatula, 130; labradorica, 130; lanceolata, 130; Le- Conteana, 130; Mulfordae, 130; mul- ticaulis, 130 ; nephrophylla, 130; Nut- tallii, 130; obliqua, 130, 131 ; palmata, 130, 131; papilionacea, 130; pedata, 56, 130; Porteriana, 130; praemorsa, 46; pubescens, 130; Rafinesquei, 130; cassi- retusa, 130; rostrata, 130; rotundi- folia, 130, 188, 192; sagittata, 130; scabriuscula, 130; septemloba, 131; septentrionalis, 130; tripartita, 130; villosa, 130 Vitis rotundifolia, 140 Vittaria, 39 Volvox, 53 Votey, J. W., personal, 54 Ward, H. M., personal, 75 Waters, C. E., 19, 20 West Indies, A Paspalum new to the, 6; A Trio of Grasses new to the, 109 Wiegand, K. M., personal, 97 Wight, W. F., personal, 20, 116 Wilson, P., 130; personal, 52 Williams, R. S., personal, 206 Willugbaeya scandens, 143 Woods, A. F., personal, 77 Writers on Ferns and their Collections, The early, 57 Wurdemannia, 73 Wylie, R. B., personal, 205 Xyris, Two misinterpreted Species of, 128 Xyris, 128, 129; arenicola, 129; brevi- folia, 128 ; bulbosa, 129; caroliniana, 128, 129 ; conocephala, 130; Elliottii, 128; flexuosa, 128, 129; platylepis, 129; torta, 128, 129 Yatsu,- N., Cytological Differences be- tween the Palmella and filamentous Forms of Stigeoclonium, 100 York, H. H., personal, 78, 205 Young, D., 149 Yucca australis, Flowering of, 104 Yucca, 35, 104; aloifolia, 138 ; australis, 104, 105; filamentosa, 143; gloriosa, 137; mohayensis, 104 — Hi ne od i ae * ‘ 7 eae ms “4 i a | 1‘ ‘pA 7 “4 : y it i ’ ‘ ¥ ‘ ’ ‘ , ( : v ‘ . % © * . . ‘ Vol. 5 January, 1905 No. 1 LORRKREYA A Monruty JournaL of Botanica Nores anp News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY MARSHALL AVERY HOWE JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS Discontinuous Variation and the Origin of Species: D. T. MacDoucal A Paspalum new to the West Indies: GEORGE V. NASH........0 0.0.20 ccb cece eens. Onagra grandiflora (Ait.) a Species to be included in the North American Flora: ANNA MurrAY VAII Shorter Notes: Carex Undertoodil spi now Y NEY, Bo G, JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS The Classification of Lichens : ALBERT SCHNEIDER. ..........ceceseeeeeneeeeeeeeteeeneens The Course of the Pollen Tube in Houstonia: A preliminary Statement: WANGIS Fu, SLOW D class cde ases aly dpscvereratesse sas SB Maer Qk Deon Baa sas Peete eee Contributions to the recorded Fungus and Slime-Mould Flora of Long Island : ke) GALS CIN LCE LING Chal eyes ica ctivbes VOme ise dofete cade ec soeuvayenas gens as i RAN Re waa ag ke eee Shorter Notes: Three Cotyledons in Juglans : EDWARD W. BERRY. ......6...0.c0ee8 coco nee een ees A new Rosellinia from Nicaragua: J. B, EL ls... 2.0.2... .csccsssecseeessetenyeeneneteee es A much-named Fern: LUCIBN M. UNDERWOOD Mice cece cece ceeeeneetetsceer een eees Reviews : De Vries’ Species and Varieties ; GEORGE HARRISON SHULLA... 6... sceeseeeners Proceedings of the Club: EDWARD W, BERRY. .3..-..:.00ce5 geste cescetccseeenneenenes ING WS DECI ae eee pec yan si wevctes etnies ba Dube 'q uals oupn tanpagie candies ened auvnns saeporsabetwagenns Hn PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB Ar Nortu Queen Streer, LANCASTER, Pa. py THe New Era Printing Company THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1005 President, HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. Vice-Presidents, EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD, Pu.D. Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, EDWARD W. BERRY, JOHN K, SMALL, Pu.D. Passaic, New Jersey. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Editor, Treasurer, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, A.M. Tarrytown, N.Y. Columbia University. Associate Editors, NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, PH.D. DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, Pu.D, TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D, MARSHALL A. HOWE, Pu.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. ANNA MURRAY VAIL. TorreyA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa., or Columbia University, New York City. 3 Matter for publication should be addressed to MARSHALL A. HOWE New York Botanical Garden Bronx Park, New York City Wigan CY AAP ey oe oh Pee tn De a pads ee sy iy Wa F, Be ie k Y Fea ne Ae it Pay OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 31, published in 1904, contained 682 pages of text and 26 full page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England. Of former volumes, only 1-5 and 19-31 can be supplied entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar each. Vols, 19-27 (1892-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars each; Vols. 28-31, three dollars each. Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. (2) MEMOIRS The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes I—II are now completed and No, 1 of Vol. 12 has been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. ’ Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Columbia University NEW YORK CITY Ps a he ee eo Vol. 5 June 1905 No. 6 TORREYA A Monruty JourNnat or Boranicat Notes anp News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY MARSHALL AVERY HOWE eC \ YORK orm rah : , NINA GARDEN JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS Some Ptelea Segregates : EDWARD L. GREENE... .4:.......cccceecsvecesscteccaser cvevesans 99 Cytological Differences between the palmella and filamentous Forms of Sti- PEGCIOMNIM 2 UNAOHTOMNK AUSUK ss cob pees cunt oo fod okie esvccn can ve sods cease ates cwebabined wes 100 Wrawerme Gf ¥ uctay australis S0-B, PARISH 2, ..cci sl ec Gane fe coon cocebecgersdavncuase wuucee 104 Botrychium silaifolium Presl; LucriEN M. UNDERWOOD?..............cceeeeeccestes ee eeses 106 Shorter Notes: Amelanchier arguta Nutt.: W. W. EGGLESTON..............s0000c000 wr es bh oeand win 107 Nature’s Engrafting: Mrs. AUGUSTUS P. TAYLOR.............csccsceeceeseneeseceees 108 A new Gentian from Bolivia: Ernst GILG...... TS 109 A Trio of Grasses new to the West Indies: GrorGre V, NASH.™... .......... 109 Reviews: North American: Flora >: AWEXANDER -W: EVANS....3..c..cccsscsleedecccnesentepecneseies LAL PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB AT 41 NorTH QUEEN STREET, LANCASTER, Pa. BY THe New Era Printinc Company THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1go5 President, HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. Vice-Presidents, EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD, Pu.D. Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, EDWARD W. BERRY, JOHN K. SMALL, PH.D. Passaic, New Jersey. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Editor, Treasurer, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, A.M. Tarrytown, N.Y. Columbia University. Associate Editors, NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, Pu.D. DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, Pu.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Pu.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. ANNA MURRAY VAIL. TorREYA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa., or Columbia University, New York City. Matter for publication should be addressed to MARSHALL A. HOWE New York Botanical Garden Bronx Park, New York City eee » ing 7 - i OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 31, published in 1904, contained 682 pages of text and 26 full page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England. Of former volumes, only 1-5 and 19-31 can be supplied entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar each. Vols. 19-27 (1892-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars each; Vols. 28-31, three dollars each. Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. (2) MEMOIRS The Memorrs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes I~I1 are now completed and No. 1 of Vol. 12 has been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Columbia University NEW YORK CITY ' ed Vol. 5 July 1905 No. 7 TORREYA A Monruty Journat or BotanicaLt Nores Aanp News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY MARSHALL AVERY HOWE JOHN TORREY, 1790-1873 — CONTENTS An Example of complex Life-Relationship : ALPERT SCHNEFIDER................0000685 11g Quelques Mots sur l’Article de Mr. Underwood: ‘A much-named Fern”: H, REP ICR GI as ore Meieen Welt terme cia Deiat Weare Ca Deed Aree MPa goes Ohh Plea tinend exbgebeceheunbaaa\aods Nite ek Derivation of the Name Chamaecrista: EDWARD L. GREENE.%.....-......0.02sceneue ees 126 Two misinterpreted Species of Xyris: ROLAND M. HARPER.........-.. 2.004 ceeeseeees 128 Proceedings; of the Club); EDWARD W, BERRY... 2.50... occa ce eens nce tt en adauter ees tes 130 Me Wy MR ECEIRE Her wou ea gis os Chana he Shs Gok havi ean h NG eBKCS les chien dep Qaedll du waves @ncpbe uacadyp ects hare Vad yae 132 PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB AT 4t Norra Queen Street, LANcAsterR, PA. BY THe New Era Printinc ComMpany THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1905 President, HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. Vice- Presidents, : EDWARD 5S. BURGESS, Pu.D. LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD, Pu.D. Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, EDWARD W. BERRY, JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D. Passaic, New Jersey. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Editor, Treasurer, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, A.M. Tarrytown, N.Y. Columbia University. Associate Editors, NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, PH.D...’ DANIEL ‘T. MACDOUGAL, Px.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Px.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D, ANNA MURRAY VAIL, TorRreEYA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa., or Columbia University, New York City. Matter for publication should be addressed to MARSHALL A. HOWE New York Botanical Garden Bronx Park, New York City OTHER PUBLICATIONS. OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 31, published in 1904, contained 682 pages of text and 26 full page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England. Of former volumes, only 1-5 and 19-31 can be supplied entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar © each. Vols. 19-27 (1892-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars each; Vols. 28-31, three dollars each, Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. : (2) MEMOIRS The Memorrs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes I-I I are now completed and No. 1 of Vol. 12 has been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Columbia University NEW YORK CITY Vol. 5 | August, 1905. No. 8 TORREYA A Monruty Journar or Boranicat Nores anp News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY MARSHALL’ AVERY ‘HOWE LIBRARY NEW YORK SOTANICAL GARDEN. JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS Observations on the Flora of the Isle of Palms, Charleston, S.C.: W. C. RECON Huceiouttia tal cutctaiine Rrwede nuns Cnc vee cle daca Voce yachevaicadechuwk’ seach uceeaent toot ananuses 135 Shorter Notes: Names of Insects: T. D. A. GOGRERBUEN fiives.s foidsia leven cevisidectaceastabtonasel 145 A Note regarding the Discharge of Spores of Pleurotus ostreatus: C. C, TRAN MER sch ter cb ale lathes pe on Vente a ac Mig slits nhs Sag arisidns cq At ess wpe sing oghseesunnatehe tee 146 Reviews: MacDougal and others on Mutants and Hybrids of the Oenotheras: JOHN WY HRA RSEIBRRGER Salle Rte MOU COE Ss ycds ana bs ce sudnue seh aneneande tatiesadpebe tebe 147 Proceedings of the Clubs! ENWARD W.ABERRY.Y 5 00. eli i apa ceeteneetecepeedevsvssseanrsss 149 The Botanical Symposium at Ohio Pyle, Pennsylvania: J. A. SHAPER,.,........ 152 NEWS IteMs...0.......cce cee gceee este ecesabaeeg teense eaeeneseeseseeeareeeccstset sense nan enaeeedueeen 154 PUBLISIIED FOR THE CLUB At 4x NortH Quern Street, LANCASTER, Pa. BY THE New ErA PRINTING COMPANY THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB. OFFICERS FOR 1905 President, HENRY H.. RUSBY, M.D. Vice-Presidents, EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD, Pu.D. Recording Secretary, | Corresponding Secretary, EDWARD W. BERRY, JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D. Passaic, New Jersey. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Editor, Treasurer, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, A.M. Tarrytown, N.Y. Columbia University. Associate Editors, NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, PH.D. DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, Pu.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Px.D. MARSHALL A. HOWE, ‘Pu.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. : ANNA MURRAY VAIL. TorreyA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa., or Columbia University, New York City. Matter for publication should be addressed to MARSHALL A. HOWE New York Botanical Garden Bronx Park, New York City Sige ae I ip > OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 31, published in 1904, contained 682 pages of text and 26 full page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England. Of former volumes, only 1-5 and 19-31 can be supplied entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar each. Vols. 19-27 (1892-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars each; Vols. 28-31, three dollars each. Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. (2) MEMOIRS The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes I—II are now completed and No, 1 of Vol. 12 has. been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. — A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Columbia University NEW YORK CITY Vol. 5 September, 1905 No. g PP ORREYA A Monruty Journat or Boranicat Notes anp News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY MARSHALL’ AVERY HOWE JOHN TORREY, 1790-1873 CONTENTS Origin of Rhus bipinnata: Epwarp L. GreENE..Ys...: VEEP hits Leon auestea ahd setbcol 155 Ben PAS CiANONS ys A ARE HU ELAR RIS.) Ys ou cte gibt aor bona: cave cavScduboucddeaseepecivches 157 Note on Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw.: IVAR TIDESTROM..........0ec0eeeey oe 160 Some large Specimens of small Trees in Georgia: RolaAND M. HARPER....... 162 Cotyledon- and Leaf-Structure in certain Ranunculaceae: NEATA CLARK,... 164 Shorter Notes: Lespedeza velutina Bicknell a Homonym: H. D. HOuSE.............00.0..0008 167 Reviews: English Edition of Goebel’s Organographie der Pflanzen: F. E, Lioyp. 107 NSO SMR CERIX EE. eee PEGE. WPAN we a baccclicd has StNe AGN eee caw ccamlsenns'y Kogayetateledd ping chp sai pale oi 169 PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB At 4x NortH Qugen Street, LANCASTER, PA. By THe New ErA Printinc COMPANY THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1905 President, HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. Vice-Presidents, EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD, Pu.D, Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, EDWARD W. BERRY; JOHN °K. SMALL, Pu.D. 7 Passaic, New Jersey. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Editor, ; Tenures . JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. FRANCIS Ey SLLOY Dy ASM. Tarrytown, N. Y. Columbia University. Associate Editors, NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, PH.D, DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, Px.D. TRACY ELLIOT. HAZEN, Pu, Ds, WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Pu.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS,-S.D, ANNA’ MURRAY. VAIL. Torreya is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa., or Columbia University, New York City. Matter for publication should be addressed to MARSHALL A. HOWE New York Botanical Garden Bronx Park, New York City THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 19095 President, HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D.. Vice- Presidents, ; EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD, Pu.D. Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, . EDWARD W. BERRY, JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D. Passaic, New Jersey. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Editor, Treasurer, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, A.M, Tarrytown, N.Y. Columbia University. Associate Editors, NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, Pu.D, DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL,. PH.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Pu.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. ANNA MURRAY VAIL. Torreya is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be > furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St., Laneaster, Pa., or Columbia University, New York City. di Matter for publication should be addressed to MARSHALL A. HOWE New York Botanical Garden Bronx Park, New York City Awe Oy ie bests os . ye t Arab: ie OTHER PUBLICATIONS | OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 31, published in 1904, contained 682 pages of text and 26 full page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England. Of former volumes, only 1-5 and 19-31 can be supplied entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar each. Vols. 19-27 (1892-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars each; Vols. 28-31, three dollars each. Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. (2) MEMOIRS The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes I-I1 are now completed and No. 1 of Vol. 12 has been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Columbia University NEW YORK CITY Vol. 5 December, 1905 No. 12 TORREYA A MonTuLy JourNAL or Boranicat Nores anp News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY MARSHALL AVERY HOWE NEW YORR E ‘ ya f 4 ' ’ G a : V JOHN TORREY, 17960-1873 CONTENTS A statistical Method for comparing the Age of different Floras: RoLanp M, RAPES sate Pveiaeiea std eoaav sts Ena hnaes een moss pba cdbsise 6ua3é ke vod atehs, sswecupahsnank end cdsenbatad 207 Artificial Coloring of Flowers: HENRY KRAEMER.,..........ccccecerececeecesceeeeensenen 211 A Key to the Agariceae of temperate North America: WILLIAM A. MURRILL.. 213 Shorter Notes PAG DAD COMME aS se AD RIDTON chop p onc tw aiccVecac ce lerane cdo eceeks seeueuest 215 Astragalus lotiflorus nebraskensis: J. M. BATES ......... ccccccceeccneecp tense rene 215 AV euros Cactus Fruits) Wt UAT (GANNON) chico ei lids idee a celncc pe sessees cached 216 Reviews Christensen’s Index Filicum: LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD....... 1.0 cece cece cee eee es 217 Proceedings of the Club: RoLAND M. HARPER, C. STUART GAGER ........0) ce ece ee 210 BVRNOS SMP Cy ty nCE ra inca hands carn cat Sen bieplelh OPEL plivb ve oe oeNup one ¥ty coe weNaaconsie WN chap sbear@ue eae PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB At 41,NortH Queen Street, LANcAstsER, PA. py THe New EraA PRINTING ComMPANy ~~ ti THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1905 President, : HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. Vice- Presidents, EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD, Pu.D. Recording Secretary, ; Corresponding Secretary, C. STUART GAGER, PH.D. ~ JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D. Morris High Schoo), New York City. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Editor, Treasurer, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. FRANCIS E., LLOYD, A.M. Tarrytown, N.Y. Columbia University. Associate Editors, NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, Pu.D, DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, Pu.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D. MARSHALL A, HOWE, Pu.D. HERBERT. M. RICHARDS, S.D, ANNA MURRAY VAIL, TorREYA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent | to Treasurer, ‘Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa., or Columbia University, New York City. Matter for publication should be addressed to MARSHALL A. HOWE New York Botanical Garden Bronx Park, New York City 7s os ia Hh BY i r “ een tet Wt Ree ea teen ¥ - Linh ae SK ies . nae I : i ‘ Siding Pay e/ 1 Oe a's 3 % Wa Rass OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 31, published in 1904, contained 682 pages of text and 26 full page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14. shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England. Of former volumes, only 1-5 and 19-31 can be supplied entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be undertaken. Yearly volumes I-5 (1870-1874), one dollar each. Vols. 19-27 (1892-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars each; Vols. 28—31, three dollars each. Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. (2) MEMOIRS The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes I-11 are now completed and No. 1 of Vol. 12 has been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Columbia University NEW YORK CITY Vol. 5 December, 1905 No. 12 TORREYA A Monruty Journat or Boranicat Nores anp News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY MARSHALL AVERY “HOWE LIBRAR NEW YoRR BO , G . : v JOHN TORREY, 1796+1873 CONTENTS A statistical Method for comparing the Age of different Floras: RoLan» M, PAPO RGAE IS Ft PEE PTR tee UCL ORS CLL gd cho se ha RSE te eee ce ues, eons eyeasnahievaotscn bated 207 Artificial Coloring of Flowers: HENRY KRAEMER.........0-.00ceceereceeteenceeesneerees 211 A Key to the Agariceae of temperate North America: WILLIAM A. MURRILL.. 213 Shorter Notes PRON DAN COMMNNERS oI ISIS RIDTON 2 akg icon sivceicobscacasRercnesdeyopessccduenaty 215 Astragalus lotiflorus nebraskensis: J. M. BATES ..........cccccceecceecee penser ener 215 AY ourous: Cactus Fruit: 5) 8Vi WAY (CANNON) 02) c bi cosns ace cadcectwelsmas ve senses sateigeds 216 Reviews Christensen’s Index Filicum; LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD....... 26. cccceeeeeccceceeet 217 Proceedings of the Club: RoLAND M. Harper, C. STUART GAGER ........0) perce ees 210 IVS WS GEROSTIS da8 5. Acb rays eannh vace cay as Seubepdich Urbs clevb be eceeNeneun dog cpewsyeecsncdndinshametnen tee \Raa PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB At 4x NortH Queen Street, LANCAstER, PA ny THe New Era PrintinG Company THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1905 President, HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. Vice- Presidents, EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD, Pu.D. Recording Secretary, Corresponding cee): C. STUART GAGER, PH.D. JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D. Morris High School, New York City.” / / Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Editor, : _ Treasurer, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, “A.M. Tarrytown, N.Y. | é Columbia University. — Associate Editors, NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, PH.D. . DANIEL -T. MACDOUGAL, PH.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Px.D. ‘WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D. MARSHALL A... HOWE, PH.D. - HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D, ANNA MURRAY VAIL. Torreya is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; «single copies, fifteen cents. _To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa., or Columbia University, New York City. Matter for publication should be addressed to MARSHALL A. HOWE New York Botanical Garden Bronx Park, New York City ia Jind 2 ar _ OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 31, published in 1904, contained 682 pages of text and 26 full page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England. Of former volumes, only 1-5 and 19~—3! can be supplied entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar each. Vols. 19-27 (1892-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars each; Vols. 28-31, three dollars each. Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. (2) MEMOIRS The Mewmorrs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes I-11 are now completed and No. 1 of Vol. 12 has been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Columbia University NEW YORK CITY rden Lib a 00310 6505 ve Pt z : Bee R ; ee Say ri «ae x. & ann ie ee r 1 Made in italy | 08-08 STO ge OO Ses Sf