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— TORREYA
A MonrHiy JouRNAL or Botanica Nores anp News
JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873
LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL
GARDEN.
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY
JEAN BROADHURST
Wrollhumme 2
NEW YORK
IQ1o
ERRATA, VOLUME 10
Page 5, 1oth and 21st lines, insert period after Marsh.
Page 5, 10th and 18th lines, for prinus, read Prinus.
Page 5, 11th line, insert period after Wang.
Page 5, 14th and 21st lines, insert period after Mill.
Page 6, 11th line, insert period after Marsh.
Page 7, 3rd line from bottom, insert period after Benth.
Page 8, 5th line from bottom, for moscheutos, read Moscheutos.
Page 8, 4th line from bottom, insert period after Mill.
Page 9, 11th line, insert period after Marsh.
Page 9, 12th line, insert period after Wang.
Page 9, 14th and 18th lines, insert period after Mill.
Page 9, 17th line, for prinus, read Prinus.
Page 33, 8th line from bottom, for Pinus, read Prinus.
Page 33, 15th line, for vzrginensis, read virginiensis.
Page 34, 21st line, for virginia, read virginiana.
Page 36, 8th line, zzsert comma after who.
Page 38, 13th line, for zvsignia, read imsignis.
Page 39, 10th line, for ony, read any.
Page 59, 3rd line from bottom, after clavatum, read § for f.
Page 59, Ist line of footnote, for highe, read higher.
Page 63, 4th line from bottom, after officinalis, read f, footnote * on
page 64.
Page 69, 11th line, for Hermann, read Herrman.
Page 81, 13th line from bottom, for Balticus, read balticus.
Page 83, 9th line, for Clorosperma, read Chrosperma.
Page 87, last line, znsert comma after bees.
Page 91, 18th line, omit comma after L.
Page 112, third line, zvsert comma at end of line.
Page 124, 14th line, for ’ read ”
Page 124, 16th line, for Pierce, read Peirce.
Page 126, 13th line, for newtont, read Newtont.
Page 145, 14th line, for Philadelphicim, read philadelphicum.
Page 149, at ends of 15th and 17th lines, transpose hyphen and period.
Page 189, 18th line, insert of before Penicillus.
Page 192, 7th line, insert comma after Tennessee.
Page 194, 5th line, for glaucaphylla, read glaucophylia.
Page 214, toth line, for employe, read employé.
Page 219, Sth line from bottom, for Noveboracensis, read noveboracensts.
Page 226, 9th line, for (March), read (Marsh.).
Page 230, Ist line, for Caesariense, read caesariense.
iii
No. 1, tor January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August °
September
October
November
December
DATES OF PUBLICATION
Pages 1-28
29-52
53-76
77-100
TOI-124
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145-168
169-192
193-216
217-230
237-250
261-292
Issued
January 29,
February 28,
March 31,
April 26,
May 26,
July tr,
August 1,
August 29,
September 23,
October 27,
November 17,
December 23,
1910
T91O0
T910
1910
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I91O
1910
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IQIO
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ae
Vol. 10 January, I9I0 No. 1
TORREYA
A Monruty Journat or BoranicaL Notes anp News
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY
JEAN BROADHURST
>,
JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873
CONTENTS
The Vegetation of the Navesink Highlands: JoHn W. HARSHBERGER....., Mi Nene Rie I
Floral Perfumes: MARGARET TUCKER........ CoN carer MARIN Ne DCMT.
{Entered at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. |
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
OFFICERS FOR 1909
President
HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D:
Vice- Presidents.
FDWARD S. BURGESS, PuH.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M.,M.D.
Recording Secretary
PERCY WILSON
Botanica) Garden, Bronx Park, New York City
Liditor Treasurer
MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, Pu.D. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Puar.D,
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park Collegeof Pharmacy, 125 West 68th St.
New York City New York City
Associate Editors
JOHN H. BARNHART, AM., M.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, PH.D.
JEAN BROADHURST, A.M. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, PH.D.
PHILIP DOWELL, PH.D. CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M.
ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., PH.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, 5.D.
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TORREYA
February, IgiIo
Vol. Io No. 2
THE VEGETATION ON LOOKINGGLASS MOUNTAIN* Library
: NEW YORK
By Homer DOLIVER HOUSE BOTANICAL
G ARD EN
1. LocaTION AND GEOLOGY
Lookingglass Mountain or rock is located in the northern part
of Transylvania County, North Carolina, on the estate of George
_ W. Vanderbilt; the extreme northern corner of the county
being occupied by that curious valley, the ‘‘ Pink Beds.” Look-
ingglass Mountain is about three miles southeast of Pisgah Ridge
which forms the northwestern boundary of the county with alti-
tudes of 4,500 feet (Pigeon Gap) to 6,040 feet (Chestnut Bald),
and situated between two streams, Rockhouse Creek and Look-
ingglass Creek, both emptying into Davidson River below the
mountain, at an altitude of about 2,300 feet. The summit of
Lookingeglass is 4,000 feet altitude and three sides of the mountain
are granite cliffs, in places several hundred feet high, the top being a
table-like summit sloping southwestward toward Davidson River,
on which side the cliffs are few or in places none. The greatest
abruptness of slope is onthe northern and eastern sides. Viewed
from the northeast (Fig. 1) the mountain appears like a gigantic
dome rising in the middle of a valley, all the mountains sur-
rounding it possessing equal or greater altitudes except the nar-
row valley of Davidson River.
The geological structure is Whiteside granite, the peculiar
shape said to be due to spheroidal weathering of the granite
which is supposed to be of an intrusive origin and younger than
the surrounding formations, perhaps as late as the Carboniferous
Age.
The soil on the summit is nowhere deep and in many places
* T}lustrated with the aid of the Catherine McManes fund.
[No. 1, Vol. 10, of ToRREYA, comprising pages 1-28, was issued January 29, 1910. |
29
30
entirely absent. Chiefly it is a yellowish clay strewn with fine
sand and, where vegetation is persistent, the admixture of humus
produces a fairly fertile soil which is however, from the nature of
its composition, origin, and position, subjected to extremes of
moisture and dryness. Numerous tiny springs rise here and
there and, escaping down the smooth surfaces of the granite,
furnish periodical moisture for extensive lithophytic societies,
chiefly lichens. Most of the springs cease with periods of drought.
ow
* .
FicurRE I. Lookingglass Mountain from the northeast.
2, VEGETATION
The northern and western exposures of granite are in particular,
covered with a more or less dense growth of lichens. In crevices
and more secure places, mosses and Se/aginella occur ; the latter,
however, is much more abundant on the exposed rocks of Roan
and Carolina gneiss, which make up the adjacent Pisgah Ridge.
The arborescent flora possesses many features of peculiar inter-
est. Deformities due to exposure to severe winds are abundant.
The coniferous species are most conspicuous from a distance but
do not. comprise the largest number of individuals. There are
four species. 7saga caroliniana is abundant all over the northern
and western brow of the mountain (Fig. 2). Pinus pungens is as
~ conspicuous and more generally distributed down the backbone
of the mountain (Fig. 3), as well as occurring as twisted and
deformed individuals in crevices and on ledges on the upper
slopes of the cliffs. /wntperus virginiana is scattered along
exposed places and is always dwarfed or grotesque in shape.
FIGURE 2. Hemlocks on the northern and western brow.
Pinus rigida is found chiefly along and down the backbone of
the mountain, the forest of which partakes more of the char-
acter of that of the adjacent dry ridges. Of these four con-
ifers, the last only is common throughout the adjacent region,
Juniperus being very rare and Tsuga caroliniana being repre-
sented by but one mature individual in the Pink Beds, and none
so far as known on Pisgah Ridge. Piuus pungens occurs in
scattered colonies along the exposed slopes of Pisgah Ridge, and
rarely in the Pink Beds valley, which is underlaid by Whiteside
granite, sometimes exposed.
32
The broadleaf arborescent species do not show the same
degree of localization as shown by the coniferous species. The
most important species are Castanea dentata, Quercus Prinus,
Q. coccinea, QO. rubra, Q. alba, Acer rubrum, Hicoria glabra, and
Cornus florida. Dwarfed or shrub-like specimens of several
smaller trees are common, especially on the exposed brow of the
cliff, the principal species being Amelanchier canadensis, Castanea
pumila, Chionanthus virginica, Symplocos tinctoria, Hamamelis
FIGURE 3. Pines on Lookingglass Mountain.
virginiana, and Sassafras variufolium. Perhaps the most inter-
esting broadleaf found here was Populus grandidentata, repre-
sented by a few young trees.
Among the shrubs, Kalmia latifolia and Rhododendron max-
zmum predominate here as they do nearly everywhere in this re-
gion. A very rare species here is Rhododendron punctatum which
is common along the Davidson River banks, 2,000 feet lower,
and on Cold Mountain, 2,000 feet higher. On the southern expo-
sures of the mountain, Ka/mza blooms a week earlier than it does
on the adjacent ridges and two to three weeks earlier than in the
Pink Beds, nearly 1,000 feet lower altitude. The buckberry (a
local name), Gaylussacia ursina, G. resinosa, Clethra acuminata,
Leucothoé recurva, Azalea lutea, Pyrus mielanocarpa (Aronia
nigra Britton), Vaccinium corymbosum, Robina suspida, and
Rhus copallina are common and conspicuous shrubs on the
summit of the exposed cliffs. The drier woods on the back of
the mountain contain numerous specimens of Myrica asplenifolia
and Vaccinium stamineum. Epigaea repens is common on the
wooded portions of the summit.
The herbaceous vegetation varies greatly in appearance with the
season. In early May the most conspicuous herbaceous plants
are Viola hastata, V. rotundifolia, Adopogon montanus, Hypoxis
hirsuta, Potentilla canadensis, tris verna, Exvigeron pulchellus, Sax-
tfraga virginensis, Viola pedata, V. primulaefolia, and V. affinis.
In midsummer most of the above named plants become in-
conspicuous and their place is taken by such species as Lupa-
torium pubescens, Gerardia tenuifolia, Aster Curtissu, Bidens bipin-
nata, Steironema heterophyllum, Capnoides sempervirens, Talt-
num teretifolium, and Xyris sp.
The last two named are not found elsewhere in the adjacent
region, although the writer has not visited John Rock and Cedar
Rock Mountains nearby which possess similar geological for-
mations.
Woopy PLants OF LooKINGGLASS MOUNTAIN IN ORDER OF
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE
(Starred species were either young, dwarfed, or shrub-like.)
TREES SHRUBS
Quercus Pinus LL. Kalmia latifoha L.
Castanea dentata (Marsh) Rhododendron maximum L.
Borkh. Vaccinium corymbosum L.
Quercus rubra L. Gaylussacia ursina (M. A. Cur-
Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. tis) de GaG:
Quercus coccinea Muench. Andromeda ligustrina (L.) Muhl.
Pinus pungens Lamb. Vaccinium stamineum L.
Quercus alba LL. Rhododendron punctatum Andr.
d4
Acer rubrum L. Azalea lutea L.
Cornus florida L. Pyrus melanocarpa (Michx.)
Sassafras varifolium (Salisb.) Willd.
IKstZeks Clethra acuminata Michx.
Chionanthus virginica L.* Gaylussacia resinosa T. & G.
Castanea pumila (L.) Mill.* Leucothoé recurva (Buckley) Gray.
Fiicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton Rhus copallina L.
Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Myrica asplentfolia \..
Medic. Amorpha fruticosa L.
Flalesia carolina L. Robinia luspida LL.
Symplocos tinctoria(L.) L’Her.* Sambucus canadensis L.
Robinia Pseudo-Acacia L.
Hamamelis virginica L.*
Pinus rigida Mill.
Acer pennsylvanicum L.*
Oxydendron arboreum GD:
Nyssa sylvatica L.
Liriodendron Tulipifera L.
Populus grandidentata Michx.
Betula lutea Michx. f.
Juniperus virginia L.*
It is interesting to note that eleven of the seventeen species of
shrubs belong to the Ericaceae, Of the arborescent species, six
belong to the Fagaceae and four to the Pinaceae. Nearly all of
the other arborescent species represent different families.
BILTMORE FOREST SCHOOL
A NEW SPECIES, OF DEWALOUBA:, fiNOMe sii
AMERICAN CRETACEOUS {
By EDWARD W. BERRY.
The genus Dewalguea was founded by Saporta and Marion in
1874 § upon remains from the Senonian of Westphalia communi-
cated by Debey and named by him in manuscript Araliophyllum,
and on additional remains collected by those authors from the
f Illustrated with the aid of the Catherine McManes fund.
{ Published by permission of the Director of the United States Geological Survey.
@Saporta and Marion, Mém. cour. et des Sav. étrangers de |’ Académie 37: 55.
74-
od
Paleocene of Gelinden, Belgium (Marnes heersiennes = Etage
Thanétien). Three species were enumerated, Dewalguea halde-
miana and Dewalquea aquisgranensis from the Westphalian
Senonian and Dewalguea gelindenensis from the basal Eocene.
In the last thirty-five years several additional species have been
referred to this genus. These include another species from the
German Senonian (Dewalquea insignis) described by Hosius and
v. d. Marck ;* two species from the Cenomanian of Bohemia
(Dewalquea coriacea and Dewalquea pentaphylla) described by
Velenovsky ;f two American species from the Dakota group
(Dewalquea dakotensis and Dewalquea primordialis) described by
Lesquereux,{ both of which are fragmentary and of uncertain
relationship ; a species from the Raritan of New Jersey (Dewal-
quea trifoliata) described by Newberry ; § and a species described
by Heer |] from Greenland (Dewalquea groenlandica) and subse-
quently recorded from Staten Island, New Jersey, North Caro-
lina, and Alabama.
Hosius and v. d. Marck (loc. cit., p. 50) record the Eocene
species from the Senonian of Westphalia but the remains are not
of this species but fragments of Dewalguea haldemiana which is
common at that horizon. The European species Dewalquea
msignis is recorded by Heer §] from both the Atane and Patoot
beds of Greenland and by Hollick** from the Cretaceous of Staten
Island but both of these determinations are based upon fragments
of single leaves and are, in the writer's judgment, entirely untrust-
worthy. Attention should also be called to the possibility of
Celastrus arctica Heert} representing the leaflets of a Dewalquea.
* Hos. and v. d. Marck, Palaeont. 26: 172. pl. 392. f. 111-113; pl. 33. f. 109;
js Vo ffs LO 2 je 85> ffs HBBo HSIEO:
Tt Velenovsky, Fl. bohm. Kreidef. 3: 11, 14. pl. r. f. 7-9; pl: 2. f. 2; pl. 8. f.
i, HB Weel,
{ Lesq., Fl. Dakota Group, 211. p/. 59. f. 5, 6. 1892. Geol. and Nat. Hist.
Surv. Minn. 3: 18. Z/. A. f. ro. 18093.
4 Newb., Fl. Amboy Clays, 129. p/. 22. f. 4-7. 1896.
teers Ee hosss Act On O71 P/u sone US LOT pl Zee sn Ol pla ad faudires
1882.
i) Heer,vop: cit), 30, BL 257. P99. fi 4-10, | 1882; ibid.'7: 37. p/, 58
We DE PL CPL Upp Yo Ke
*% Hollick, Mon, U. S. Geol. Surv. 50: 106. p/. 8. f. 24. 1907.
ifip waketsey Ojon Oy, Wf AOb jolh (olen Wis Gy Oy A
36
This species was described from the Patoot beds of Greenland
where it is sparsely represented. It is abundant, however, in the
Upper Raritan of New Jersey, but of some scores of specimens
examined by the writer all were detached and failed to show
their habit of growth.
The botanical relationship of Dewalquea has always remained
obscure and no better discussion of it is extant than that given
by Saporta and Marion,* who after comparing these leaves with
those of Ampelopsis, Arisaema, Anthurium (Araceae), etc., arrive
at the conclusion that they are prototypes of the tribe Hellebo-
reae of the Ranunculaceae.
The new species, a description of which follows, may be called:
Dewalquea Smithi sp. nov.
Leaves palmately decompound, the petiole dividing into three
principal branches, the angle of divergence varying from 20° to
60° and the two lateral branches forking at an acute angle I to 2
cm. above their base. The middle leaflet is lanceolate in out-
line, being widest in its central part and tapering almost equally
to the acute apex and base. Length 7.5 cm. to16cm. Greatest
width 2 cm. to 4 cm. Margin entire or serrate, usually entire
below and serrate in the apical three fourths, sometimes with large
aquiline-serrate teeth. Midrib stout. Secondaries regular, sub-
opposite, parallel ; about 20 pairs, branching from the midrib at
angles varying from 45° to 70° usually about 50°, curving up-
ward and running to the marginal teeth in some specimens as
in the restoration. In other specimens and in entire margined
forms they are camptodrome. The base of the leaflet extends
downward to within 2 or 3 mm. of the forks of the petiole.
Lateral leaflets more or less inequilateral, usually somewhat
smaller than the middle leaflet. The internal leaflet is lan-
ceolate, the outer lamina starting at or very near the point where
the lateral branch of the petiole forks. The inner lamina, however,
extends downward almost to tthe base of the lateral branch mak-
ing the base markedly inequilateral. In general outline, marginal,
and venation characters it is identical with the middle leaflet.
The outer lateral leaflet is also somewhat inequilateral but less so
than the internal lateral leaflet, its internal lamina starting at or
near the fork and its outer lamina extending more or less below
the fork. Marginal and venation characters as in the other
leaflets.
* Loc. cit., pp. 55-61.
ow
Ol
This handsome species is common in the Tuscaloosa Forma-
tion at Whites Bluff on the right bank of the Warrior River 309
miles above Mobile, Alabama. A small collection of fossil
plants from this outcrop containing no less than 27 specimens of
FicurE 1. Restoration of Dewalguea Smithi from the Tuscaloosa formation of
Alabama (% nat. size).
this form. Several of these were complete and were sketched
at the time they were collected, which proved fortunate, since
the extremely arenaceous matrix did not withstand shipment
very well. The museum material, while considerably broken,
shows several entire detached leaflets and three or four basal
38
parts of the leaf showing the mode of division of the petiole.
As a number of figures would be necessary to show the entire
leaf a restoration of it is shown in the accompanying text-figure.
This restoration is based entirely upon material representing all
parts of the leaf and is therefore not hypothetical in any particular.
It is named in honor of Prof. E. A. Smith, the efficient state
geologist of Alabama. Leaflets of this species, nearly all of
which are terminal, are also common in the Middendorf clays
near Langley, South Carolina.
This species is markedly distinct from the American species
of Dewalquea previously described, all of which were apparently
tripartite. Among the European species it is quite similar to
the Senonian species Dewalquea insignia Hos. and v. d. Marck
which is, however, entirely distinct. Itis also similar to Dewalguea
coriacea and Dewalquea pentaphvlla described by Velenovsky
from the Cenomanian of Bohemia. .
As mentioned above this Alabama species shows entire and
serrated forms and it is remarkable that wherever this genus has
been found to occur in any abundance, two species are usually
described, one entire and one with toothed margins. ‘Thus in
Germany Dewalquea haldemiana is entire while Dewalquea insignis
is toothed, and probably both are the leaves of the same plant.
In Bohemia Dezwalquea pentaphylla is entire while Dewalguea
coriacea is toothed. In the case of the Alabama plant it is
believed that the entire and serrate leaves are specifically iden-
tical since the material shows a great many gradations in the size
of the teeth and great variability regarding the proportions which
the entire part bears to the toothed part on single leaflets.
Jouns Hopkins UNIVERSITY,
BALTIMORE, MARYLAND
SHORE Ra N@ sia S
THe WEEPING WILLOW IN WINTER. —A large weeping wil-
low on the university campus shows, in winter, such a complete
change from its “weeping” habit that further information seems
desirable. The slender unbranched twigs (one to two feet long),
which in the fall hung vertically from the whole tree, are now
curled fantastically upward over the whole tree, giving it a rather
bushy appearance. They have so changed their relative position
with the parent branches as to be now, with few exceptions,
wholly above the point of origin instead of hanging wholly below
asin summer. The writer first noticed this in January, Igog,
but supposing it well known, gave it no further thought except
to look for it this year. In November the branches were still pen-
dant; the next observation, January 1, 1910, showed again the
winter condition described above. Has ony one observed the
phenomenon elsewhere? When does it begin? What changes
take place in the spring? How can it be explained? Is there
any literature on the subject ? JEAN BROADHURST
A Wisconsin RippLEe. — The accounts which the earliest ex-
plorers of our country have left of the plants which, for one reason
or another, attracted their attention are always interesting, and
not infrequently puzzling. Suchis the Report of Father Dablon,
given in the Jesuit Relations for 1671-72. He describes his
new mission of St. Francois Xavier, at De Pere rapids, on Fox
River, Wisconsin. While telling of his missionary labors among
the savages, he comments also on the animals and the plants of
the vicinage. ‘‘ Besides the grapes, plums and apples,” he writes,
‘“which would be fairly good if the savages had patience to let
them ripen, there also grows on the prairies a kind of lime, re-
sembling that of France, but having no bitter taste, not even in
its rind. The plant bearing it slightly resembles the fern.”
Again he tells how an Indian pointed out to him a medicinal
plant, whose root was ‘‘employed to counteract snake-bite, God
having been pleased to give this antedote against a poison which
is very common inthese countries. Itis very pungent, and tastes
like powder when crushed with the teeth. It must be masticated,
and placed upon the bite inflicted by the snake.’ He gathered
some of this plant, “‘ for future examination,’ but records no tests
of its efficacy.
What were the plants which the good Father thus describes ?
Probably botanists familiar with the region may be able to rec-
ognize them. SH) Bi PARISH
40
REVIEWS
Coulter and Nelson’s New Manual of Rocky Mountain Botany *
Teaching botanists in the Rocky Mountain region, and in ad-
dition a wide circle of people who are interested in knowing the
vascular flora, will welcome the ‘‘ New Manual of Rocky Moun-
tain Botany’’ by Professor John M. Coulter, of the University
of Chicago, and Professor Aven Nelson, of the University of
Wyoming. For years there has been no satisfactory manual
of the region available. Since Coulter’s ‘Manual of the Rocky
Mountain Region appeared in 1885, botanists have been active
in the field, greatly increasing the known species and segre-
gating large genera. Several publications, among these Pro-
fessor Nelson’s Key to the Rocky Mountain Flora, dealing in-
adequately with the spring and early summer flora have appeared
at intervals. In 1906 there was published, at the Colorado
Agricultural Experiment Station, at Fort Collins, the “ Flora of
Colorado” by Dr. P. A. Rydberg, which contains analytical keys
to the orders, genera, and species but no decriptions of species.
It, therefore, has been necessary in order to insure correct iden-
tification to consult original descriptions or to submit specimens
tomeherexpe tt:
The new manual is not in any sense a revision of Coulter’s
Manual. Professor Nelson has completely rewritten the book
and assumes responsibility for any errors it may contain. He is
well qualified for the task, having given in the neighborhood of
twenty years of careful study to the flora of the Rocky Mountain
region. He has had a large experience in the field; has gathered
by his own efforts, and with the aid of his pupils, and by exchange,
a splendid herbarium; and has familiarized himself with the orig-
inal descriptions and checked these by an examination of the
plants. No man to-day is more familiar with the vascular plants
of the region than is Professor Nelson.
It is a satisfaction to find the book is neither ultra-radical nor
strikingly conservative in taxonomy. Freedom from extremes
* Coulter, John M. Revised by Aven Nelson. Pp. 646. American Book Com-
pany, New York. 1909. $2.50.
4]
makes it a very serviceable book. It contains very clear and con-
cise descriptions of 649 genera, 2,733 species, and 186 varieties.
Synonyms, numbering 1,788, are inserted with the species
descriptions thus increasing the value of the book. The keys to
genera and species appear to be accurate and clear so far as they
have been tested by the writer.
In priority of names and in segregation, exception is frequently
taken to Dr. Rydberg’s publications. There is a return to such
long used and satisfactory family names as Leguminosae, Gram-
ineae, Cyperaceae, Umbelliferae, Cruciferae, and Compositae.
Pinus, Apinus, and Caryopitys are included in the single genus
Pinus. The number of species of Quercus has been some-
what reduced. In this genus distinctions have at times been
made of which the characters ascribed to separate species may
sometimes be found to occur ona single tree or shrub. This
reduction should meet with general approval, as will the contrac-
tion of Gwutierrezta into five seemingly well-defined species.
Among the Gramineae Muhlenbergia contains seven species and
one variety, and Poa is reduced to twenty-five species. Astra-
galus has again come to its own, the seventeen genera of Dr.
Rydberg are brought together into this single genus. And yet
the reduction in the number of species within genera is not the
policy throughout the manual. When species and varieties are
clearly defined they are given a space. Thus there are described
twenty-four species of Mertensia and fifty-four species and varie-
ties of Pentstemon. Many other examples might be enumerated.
The best test of the general value of such a manual will be its
usefulness to others than the trained systematist. The authors
are to be congratulated on having given us a book with work-
able keys, clear descriptions, and at the same time to have in-
cluded practically all well-defined species.
EDWARD C. SCHNEIDER
COLORADO COLLEGE,
COLORADO SPRINGS, COLORADO
PROCEEDINGS .Or GEE Wes
‘JANUARY II, 1910
The annual meeting was called to order at the American
Museum of Natural History at 8:30 p. M., with President Rusby
in the chair. Eleven members were present.
After the reading and approval of the minutes of December
14, 1909, the following names were presented for membership :
Miss Gladys Pomeroy, 55 Broad St., Newark, N. J.; Miss L.
ly Seely 5OnGauticnave,,.. jieneyCityy Naa and wetomecema:
Garrett tOlseo morn Mast Step oaltslvakes City Witalar
The resignation of Miss Sarah A. Robinson, 239 East Houston
St., New York City, was read and accepted.
The annual report of the treasurer was presented and on motion
was received and referred to the auditing committee.
The secretary reported that fifteen meetings had been held
during the year with a total attendance of 411, as against 463 in
1908, and an average attendance of twenty-seven, as against
thirty last year. Six persons have been elected to membership,
and fourteen resignations have been received and accepted.
Seven illustrated lectures were delivered during the season at
which the combined attendance was 260. |
The chairman of the program committee reported that the
programs have been provided for as usual.
As delegate to the Council of the New York Academy of
Sciences, Mr. Charles Louis Pollard stated that he had attended
all but one meeting during the year.
The editor of TorrEYA reported as follows for the year 1909:
twelve numbers were issued, containing 284 pages including
index to the volume, at a cost of $449.21.
By reason of the absence of the editor and the chairman of the
field committee, no reports were received from them.
Mr. Fred J. Seaver, chairman of the program committee, read
the following communication’ signed by the members of this
committee : a
OWES ne program committee of the Torrey Botanical Club,
hereby recommend that a special fund be raised by private con-
43
tributions, to enable us to arrange for special lectures on popular
subjects in botany, to be. given on the second Tuesday evening
of each month at the American Museum of Natural History and
that the speakers be suitably recompensed for their services.”
Upon motion this recommendation was approved.
It was voted that a committee be appointed by the President
to read over the minutes and consider the subject of the revision
of the constitution and by-laws.
Election of officers for the year 1910 resulted as follows:
President, H. H. Rusby; wce-presidents, Edward S, Burgess
and John Hendley Barnhart; recording secretary, Percy Wil-
son; caditor, Marshall Avery Howe; ¢reasurer, William Mans-
field; associate editors: John Hendley Barnhart, Jean Broad-
hurst, Philip Dowell, Alexander W. Evans, Tracy Elliot Hazen,
William Alphonso Murrill, Charles Louis Pollard, and Herbert
M. Richards.
Mr. Walter C. Cameron and Mr. Bernard O. Dodge were
nominated for membership.
Adjourned. Percy WILSON,
Secretary
OF INTEREST TO TEACHERS
SUGGESTIONS FOR PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
By G. E. STONE
Some time ago I received a letter from you with a question as
to whether ‘ physiological work in high school botany should be
”
more or less quantitative,’ etc., and I am sending the following
comment, although it may not be worthy of publication.
I do not feel familiar enough at the present time with the work
of the high schools in botany to give an opinion as to how much
time should be devoted to this subject, and whether it would be
expedient to give it more time, since there is always complaint
among citizens regarding the crowding of the public school cur-
ricula, If there were only a little time available for a course in
physiological work in the high school it would be almost neces-
44
sary that the experiments be done by the teacher; in other
words, the work would be in the form of a demonstration course.
Satisfactory work may be done by pupils working in groups, but
better work is done individually.
The experiments selected should be those which possess the
most value; that is, those which illustrate some fundamental
plant function; and these experiments in our estimation should
be simple and carefully done with inexpensive apparatus. A
larger number of failures is likely to result from the use of simple
appliances, but a failure often possesses just as much pedagogical
value as a success.
The question as to whether one should have a costly set of
appliances with which to work out a certain course in physiolog-
ical botany, or should make use of simple ones, is dependent
very largely upon the instructor. Simple apparatus in the hands
of an incompetent instructor would have little value, and even
complicated and expensive apparatus would with such an instruc-
tor be worth little more.
For many years the tendency among American instructors has
been toward the belief that it is impossible to accomplish scien-
tific work without expensive apparatus, and this is unfortunate.
It is a well known fact that original investigation and discovery
does not keep pace with the improvements in appliances and the
more completely equipped laboratories. Some of our best in-
vestigators, like Professor Trowbridge of Harvard and Professor
Oswald of Leipzig, do not hesitate to write books advocating the
use of home-made apparatus. Those who make use of these
simple forms of appliances may therefore consider themselves in
good company.
In regard to the line of experimentation, the most fundamental
would include simple experiments in respiration, photosynthesis,
transpiration, heliotropism, and geotropism. Many simple and
instructive as well as fundamental experiments may also be done
in connection with soils and plant foods, using commercial ferti-
lizers, if necessary. .
MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
ss
On
PRACTICAL PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
An address by Mr. F. H. Bolster of the Gardena (California)
high school is quoted by Dr. Babcock in an article* on agri-
culture in the secondary schools; part of the abstract of Mr.
Bolster’s address is so eminently adapted to any high school and
shows so concretely the kind of work necessary for good botani-
cal teaching in any school that the following illustration is given.
“The aims of the course were to give a little general knowledge
of several sciences to show how all these sciences are related to
agriculture, and last and most important, to develop the individual
by teaching him to reason.
“We used no text but performed experiments which had a
direct bearing on agriculture. We would state the experiment
as a question and then try to answer the question. For example,
How deep should seed be planted? When seeds germinate, what
gas is given off? How may we best retain moisture in soils ?
How can we control alkali? Do vetches grow better if inocu-
lated with bacteria, or if not inoculated? The material would be
placed before the pupils. The method would be described and
the precautions given. Then they would go about it and from
the result draw their conclusion which was the answer to the
question. But that was not enough. Take for instance an ex-
periment whose relation to agriculture is least obvious. What
gas is given off by germinating seeds? They came to the con-
clusion that carbon dioxide was given off. But what difference
does it make whether this gas is given off or not? What bear-
ing does that have on agriculture? If the experiment is left
there, we have only learned an interesting fact which is of no use
whatever. The experiment must be applied if it is to be made
valuable. I try to draw from the pupil the application to agri-
culture by reasoning from one step on to another. What is car-
bon dioxide? A gas composed of carbon and oxygen. If car-
bon dioxide is given off by germinating seeds, what must be going
on in the seed? Oxidation or burning, the same as in our bodies
when we exhale the same gas, or when wood burns. Where
does the carbon come from? From the seed itself. Where does
* Nature Study Review. November, 1909.
46
the oxygen come from? From airinthe soil. Can this oxidation
go on in the seed if there is no air in the soil? Certainly not.
Then air must be present in the soil in order that seeds may ger-
minate just as much as moisture must be present. This brings
up the whole matter of soil ventilation —the whole matter of
thorough preparation of the seed bed and the pupil begins to
understand that tillage is just as necessary to give air to the seed
as to keep the weeds down.
“By such experiments as this the pupil learns many valuable
facts, but more than this his mind should be developed so that
he can apply the same form of reasoning to experiments outside
the school room and answer for himself questions which may
arise in the mind of any normal boy or girl.
‘But we do not stop even here. After hitting a point from as
many sides as possible, we go out into the garden and try to
apply our knowledge. If the knowledge learned in the labo-
ratory cannot be applied in the field, then it is useless. We
plant our seeds, we give them air and moisture, and after they
begin to grow, we till the soil to give air to the roots and to
retain moisture.”
Professor Otis W. Caldwell has called attention to the fact that
the high school unit in botany mentioned in the December
TorRREYA was the preliminary recommendation of the committee
appointed by the North Central Association, and the final form
of the recommendation is still in the hands of a sub-committee.
France from her state forests (18 per cent. of the entire country)
derives an annual income of nearly two dollars an acre. Buta
better idea of the value of the works may be gained from France’s
success in establishing protective forests in regions subject to de-
structive floods—lands originally sand dunes and marshes.
Immense forests of pines, with their dependent industries con-
nected with the production of charcoal, turpentine, rosin, vine-
gar, etc., have wrought beneficial climatic and economic changes
in the regions under government care.
47
Science reports a paper presented before the Botanical Society
of Washington describing the differences between the wild rices
of America and China. The Asiatic plant is given as a variety
of the American by Engler and Prantl, but certain “ significant
characters indicate that the Asiatic plant is a distinct species from
the American. The American plant is an annual, being repro-
duced by seed which falls off into the water as soon as ripe.
The Asiatic plant is perennial, capable of reproduction by
rhizomes. There are also some differences in the floral charac-
ters, these being most apparent in the form of the floral pedicel
and in the length of the awns of the glumes.”
Experiments conducted recently by Mr. A. E. Vinson at the
Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station with regard to the
influence of chemicals in stimulating the ripening of fruits have
demonstrated that date fruits may be ripened into perfect com-
mercial products in less than three days. The fruit sprays were
subjected to acetic acid vapor from twelve to fifteen hours, which
caused them to ripen without further treatment ; the process can
be hastened, it was proved, by exposing the dates to sunshine, or
by heating (45° centigrade). It is hoped that this — or a similar
process — will make possible the shipping of green dates, as the
unripe fruit is firmer and less easily bruised than fresh ripe fruit.
The chemical changes connected with rapid ripening of the fruit
are given clearly in Sczence for October 29.
Science (May 28, 1909) states that ‘the amount of wood
annually consumed in the United States at the present time is
twenty-three billion cubic feet, while the growth of the forest is
only seven billion feet. In other words, Americans all over the
country are using more than three times as much wood as the
forests are producing.” Having recently visited Yellowstone
Park, with its unnumbered cords of fallen trees, we wonder why
some disposition cannot be made of the cords and cords of wood
available there. These fallen trees— which form extensive,
impenetrable barriers (often several feet high) are throughout the
Park a constant eyesore to any one with a modicum of botanical
48
interest. The standing timber is much too dense, and it does
seem as if the inventive Americans, with a wood famine so in-
evitable and so near, should be able to conduct our government
reservations more economically.
The department of agricultural education of the University of
Wisconsin is expanding its work in the endeavor to use effec-
tively and wisely the annual appropriation of $30,000 of the state
legislature. Under Professor Karl Hatch plans are being made,
according to Sczence, “for assisting rural and high schools in
their efforts to give effective instruction in agriculture. A travel-
ing library of lantern slides illustrating various phases of dairying
and farming has been provided which will be sent to schools for
use. A collection of enlarged photographs of agricultural
products and materials has also been prepared. An explanation
of the methods of using the bulletins issued by the Experiment
Station and the U. S. Department of Agriculture has also been
provided, which is designed to make available for instruction the
material in these official publications. The college of agricul-
ture has arranged to have a number of its faculty deliver special
lectures on teaching agriculture at county teachers’ institutes.”
School Science and Mathematics for January, 1910, has a short
article on studying buds. The author (C. N. W.) says that ‘the
average pupil has an idea that all buds contain flowers and that
it may require some little effort to convince him that the leaf bud
is far more abundant that any of the others, and that even this
does not produce leaves merely, but a young twig as well.” The
following suggestions are included: (1) The lilac for the tran-
sition from scaly parts without to leaflike parts within; (2) the
use of the buckeye instead of the horsechestnut, because of its
non-sticky scales and its less woolly leaves; (3) bud pro-
tection by leaf petioles as shown in the common red raspberry,
flowering raspberry, and catbrier, where the bud is protected not |
only to maturity (as in the sycamore) but through the winter by
a petiole stub; (4) accessory buds in some oaks, forsythia, pipe-
vine, and peach as well as hickory, walnut, and butternut; (5)
49
naked buds in the witch hazel, butternut, viburnum, and papaw,
and the practically naked buds of catalpa, sumac, and ailanthus.
The Fourth Annual Report of the Forest Park Reservation
Committee of New Jersey for the year ending October 31, 1908,
contains, besides, the report of the committee, one by the state
forester, Alfred Gaskill, and another from the forest fire service.
The longer articles are by Mr. Gaskill on the planting and care
of shade trees, by John B. Smith on the insects injurious to shade
trees, and by Byron D. Halsted on the fungi of native and shade
trees. The topics included contain such varied ones as the
progress of forestry in New Jersey, state reserves, types of forest
fires, methods of extinguishing and of controlling forest fires,
shade trees, roadside trees, seashore trees, New Jersey tree nur-
series, how to plant trees, tree guards, pruning, tree diseases,
sprays and methods of spraying, and injuries due to soil condi-
tions. The forty-odd illustrations are numerous, clear, and
varied ; each has a definite value and adds materially to the use-
fulness of the report. Several of the best have appeared in ear-
lier state reports or botanical publications ; mention might be
made of the helpful figure on page 68 showing how to plant a
street tree. To this readable report are appended the various
laws affecting state and municipal parks, forests, the forest fire
service, and tree planting. The report is designedly non-tech-
nical, apparently ; it is a most readable account of what the state
has done and is doing, and should interest the people of New
Jersey in the greater improvement of public and private forest
land.
In the /nudia Rubber World issue of January 1, IgI0, there
appeared an article by Francis E. Lloyd, entitled “The Guayule
Rubber Situation.” Aside from stating in a general way, the
factory processes in the manufacture of crude guayule rubber
and the extent and future of the industry, the author gives an
account of the early extraction of rubber from the plant by chew-
ing. He tells of the discovery of the plant (Parthenium argenta-
tum) to botanical science in 1852, and in giving a description of
50
its summer and winter appearance, discusses the production and
viability of the seed and natural propagation of the plant by
means of shoots springing from the shallow-lying roots. In
briefly describing its anatomy and the occurrence of rubber and
resin, the guayule is contrasted with latex plants, and the effects
of irrigation upon the secretion of rubber are noted.
Among the conclusions drawn by the author, the following
are the more important. If, despite the apparently small num-
bers produced, all the seeds which actually germinate in the field
should survive, there would frequently be many more guayule
plants than could find room to develop ; that it would be difficult
to completely eradicate guayule on account of the readiness with
which shoots are formed from the roots; that under irrigation
the ratio of the rubber producing tissue to the non-producing
tissue is lowered by the relatively greater development of the
wood cylinder and the reduction in thickness of the medullary
rays; that finally the wood becomes harder and the stems show
a strong tendency to run out into flowering shoots which die
back. These disadvantages are compensated for, however, by
the much more rapid rate of growth which, in irrigated plants,
averages five to eight times that of field plants, the maximum
rubber disposition in the former comparing favorably with that in
the latter.
The paper is concluded with a description of the habitat of the
plant and a résumé of the economic problems concerned with its
culture. CHARLES S. RIDGWAY
NEWS ITEMS
Dr. Raymond H. Pond has recently accepted a position at the
Agricultural Experiment Station at College Station, Texas.
Professor E. Dwight Sanderson has resigned the directorship
of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the New Hampshire
College.
Syracuse University will begin next fall courses in forestry and
agriculture, leading to the establishment of a college of agricul-
ture and forestry.
51
Mr. Frank D. Kern, of Purdue University, has been studying
rusts at the New York Botanical Garden; Dr. J. C. Arthur also
spent a short time in more general work at Harvard University.
Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton have sailed for Cuba on a collecting
trip for the New York Botanical Garden; the Garden is also
represented at present in the Bahamas by Dr. J. K. Small, and
in Mexico by Dr. and Mrs. W. A. Murrill.
Applications for grants from the Esther Herrman building
fund, the income from which is used temporarily in aiding scien-
tific investigations, should be addressed to the secretary of the
Torrey Botanical Club or to the secretary of the New York
Academy of Sciences.
Dr. Louis Krauter, who was assistant professor of botany in
the University of Pennsylvania, was frozen to death while hunting
near Wildwood, New Jersey. The same fate met his companion,
EK. J. W. Macfarlane, son of Professor John M. Macfarlane of the
same university.
Columbia University is offering through the department of
botany a course of extension lectures on agriculture and agricul-
tural methods. This series is designed to serve as an introduc-
tion to the extensive additions planned by the department, lead-
ing, it is hoped, to the establishment of schools of forestry and
agriculture.
At the Boston meeting of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science and affiliated societies the following
botanists were elected to the positions designated: Dr. D. T.
MacDougal (Desert Botanical Laboratory, Tucson), president of
the American Society of Naturalists; Dr. F. L. Stevens (North
Carolina Agricultural College), president of the American Phyto-
pathological Society ; Professor D. P. Penhallow (McGill Uni-
versity), vice-president of Section G; Dr. Erwin F. Smith (De-
partment of Agriculture, Washington), Professor L. R. Jones
(University of Wisconsin), and Dr. G. T. Moore (Missouri
Botanical Garden) were, respectively, elected as president, vice-
president, and secretary of the Botanical Society of America.
eT
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
OFFICERS FOR 10910
President
HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D.
Vice- Presidents
EDWARD'S. BURGESS, Pu.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M.,M.D.
\
Recording Secretary
PERCY WILSON
Botanica] Garden, Bronx Park, New York City
Editor Treasurer
MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, PH.D. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Puar.D.
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St.
: ' New York City New York City
Associate Editors
JOHN H. BARNHART, A.M.,, M.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D.
JEAN BROADHURST, A.M. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D.
PHILIP DOWELL, PxH.D, CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M.
ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., PH.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D,
Meetings the second Tuesday and last Wednesday of each. month alternately at the
American Museum of Natural History and the New York Botanical Garden
PUBLICATIONS. Bulletin. Monthly, established 1870. Price $3.00 per
year; single numbers 30 cents. Of former volumes only 24-36 can be supplied en-
tire. Certain numbers of other volumes are available, and the completion of sets
will be undertaken, ~
Memoirs. A series of technical papers published at irregular intervals, estab-
lished 1889. Price $3.00 per volume.
Torreya. Monthly, established 1901, Price $1.00 per year.
All business correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed
to William Mansfield, Treasurer, College of Pharmacy, 115 W. 68th St., New York
City.
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
' OF THE
TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
(1) BULLETIN
A monthly journal devoted to general botany, established
1870. Vol. 36 published in 1909, contained 720 pages of text 3
and 34 full-page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe,
14 shillings., Dulau & Co., 37. Soho Slate, London, are
agents for England.
Of former volumes, only 2436 can be supplied entire ; cer-
tain numbers of other volumes are available, but the entire ae
of some numbers has been reserved for the completion of sets.
Vols. 24-27 are furnished at the published price of two dollars
each ; Vols. 28—36 three dollars each. ;
| Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only van ‘not’
breaking complete volumes.
(2) MEMOIRS
The Memoirs, established 1889, are published at irregular :
intervals. Volumes 1-11 and 13 arenow completed; Nos. 1 and
_ 2.0f Vol. 12 and No. 1 of Vol. 14 have been issued. The sub-
scription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The
numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the
individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application.
(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteri-
dophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New
York 1888. “Price, ‘41.00.
Correspondence relating to the above publications should be» ae
addressed to
DR. WILLIAM MANSFIELD
College of Pharmacy |
115 W. 68TH STREET |
NEW YORK CITY
Ping
Vol. 10 Meee March, 1910 No. 3
TORREYA
A Monruty Journat or Boranicat Notes anp News
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY
JEAN BROADHURST
Ge eae hee ' JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873
CONTENTS
Summer Notes on the Mountain Vegetation of Haywood County, North Carolina :
ROLAND .M.. HARPER.2 hei. seceec ees Hobby Gti actianec hone aoes 6 SOHAL a aass Seen hop od 53
Magnolia at Florissant: T. D. A. COCKERELL.........000000... aes EMR CRAs 64.
Reviews: Spalding’s Distribution and Movements of Desert Plants: NorMAN
AVANT OR erties Fore oe Mair eta ei et eatidite Ate e eee wieehs Fess Gen ae ialsa was clot ae fogaatey ale coe acias er 66
Proceedings of the Club: PERcy WILSON, JEAN BRONDHURSTE Grim. oh i ee, 68
Of Interest to Teachers : Note Books in High School Botany: Wittarp N. CLUTE., 73
News Items........... Be Veeder oad Sor odel Mme uciysto tema ant ate ee icp clase AGB Weal Nils a irae Magers Mtacisin safc 75
PUBLISHED FoR THE CLUB :
At 4x NorrH Queen Srrexet, Lancaster, Pa.
BY The New Era Printing Company
[Entered at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., as,second-clags matter. |
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
OFFICERS: FOR 1909
President
HENRY H.: RUSBY, M.D.
Vice-Presidents
EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D.
Recording Secretary
: PERCY WILSON,
Botanica] Garden, Bronx Rark, New York City
Editor. Treasurer
MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, Pu.D. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, PHAr.D.
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St.
New York City “ve INéw York City So <=
Associate. Editors
JOHN H. BARNHART, A.M., M:D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D.
JEAN BROADHURST, A.-M. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D.
PHILIP DOWELL, Pu.D. CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M.
ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., PH.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D.
TorreEyA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and
Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To
subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or :
express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City
banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing
House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any
other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only
for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be
furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent
to TREASURER, TORREY BOTANICAL CLuB, 41 North Queen St., Lan-
caster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City.
Matter for publication should be addressed to
JEAN BROADHURST
Teachers College, Columbia University
New York City ;
LIBRARY
EFORKEY A ere
GARDE
March, IgIo
Vol. Io No. 3
SUMMER NOTES ON THE MOUNTAIN VEGETA-
TION OF HAYWOOD COUNTY, NORTH
CAROLINA
By RoLAND M. HARPER
In July and August, 1908, it was my privilege to spend a few
weeks at the Biltmore Forest School, in the mountains of North
Carolina, by invitation of the Director, Dr. C. A. Schenck. This
school is located during the summer months in the “ Pink Beds”,
a beautiful valley in the northern corner of Transylvania County,
with its floor elevated about 3,200 to 3,300 feet above the sea.
The Pisgah Ridge, with its crest varying in altitude from about
4,500 to 6,000 feet, forms the northwestern boundary of this
valley and the southeastern boundary of Haywood County.
The Pink Beds valley seems to be unique in several respects,
and considerably more field work would be necessary before one
could do justice to its very interesting vegetation and ecological
problems. But the mountains of Haywood County seem to be
thoroughly typical of western North Carolina, and much of what
follows will doubtless apply almost as well to any other county
in the neighborhood.
While sojourning with Dr. Schenck I ascended to the crest of
the Pisgah Ridge several times, and walked once over to Waynes-
ville (the county-seat of Haywood County, distant 16 miles from
the Pink Beds “as the crow flies”’ and nearly half as far again
by the roads) and back. On the way over to Waynesville I
followed the East Fork of Pigeon River most of the way, leav-
ing it at its confluence with the West Fork and going thence
nearly due west the remaining seven or eight miles. On the way
back I went up the West Fork a few miles, then turned eastward and
[No. 2, Vol. 10, of TORREYA, comprising pages 29-52, was issued February 28,
1910. |
58
54
went over the summit of Cold Mountain, a sharp peak between
the two forks, whose altitude is given by Buckley * as 6,105 feet,
and on the topographic maps of the United States Geological
Survey as between 6,000 and 6,100 feet. From Waynesville I
also walked the railroad to Balsam, about eight miles southwest-
ward and just over the line in Jackson County. This is about
3,300 feet above sea level, and is said to be the highest railroad
station east of the Rocky Mountains.
Although a great deal of botanical work has been done in these
far-famed North Carolina mountains ever since they were visited
by Bartram and Michaux in the latter part of the 18th century,
it has been mostly mere collecting, and the publications result-
ing from it, with very few exceptions, have been either works
relating to trees only, notes on selected species, or narratives
dealing with the flora or scenery rather than with the vegetation.
So perhaps an attempt to classify the habitats of a small but typ-
ical portion of the mountain region, and arrange the species in
each according to structure, relative abundance, etc., will not
involve too much duplication of previous publications. Although
the time I spent in Haywood County was very short, and I col-
lected no specimens (so that some of my identifications are in-
complete or uncertain), some of the generalizations which follow
may be just as true as if they were based on a broader founda-
tion, and some comparisons with other regions may be of interest.
As is well known to geographers, the mountains of North
Carolina are as near normal as any in North America, having
been brought to their present form almost entirely by erosion,
with few or no complications due to faulting, unequal hardness
of strata, glaciation, solution (¢. g., of limestone), volcanic action,
etc. The topographic forms are consequently comparatively
simple, consisting chiefly of ridges and valleys, most of them
sloping equally on both sides and running in every possible
direction, the former with sharp crests undulating but scarcely
serrate, and the latter steep, rocky, and V-shaped toward their
heads and broader, smoother, and more level lower down.
There are no caves, sinks, natural lakes, islands, or cut-offs, and
* Am. Jour. Sci. II. 27::'287. 1859.
aY5)
comparatively few precipices and waterfalls. These mountains
are much less rocky than the glaciated ones of the North, for in
the countless ages that they have been exposed to the weather
all but the hardest and steepest rocks have become deeply buried
in soil resulting from their own decay.
The following descriptions of vegetation are intended to apply
only to areas more than 2,700 feet above sea-level. Below this
rather arbitrary limit in Haywood County the country is scarcely
mountainous, consisting mostly of broad valleys and low hills
with fertile red soil, very largely under cultivation, and the vege-
tation does not differ greatly from that of the Piedmont region
of the Carolinas and Georgia.
Above the altitude just mentioned the principal habitats in this
county seem to be (1) mountain summits above 5,500 feet, (2)
slopes and lower summits below 5,500 feet, (3) wet ravines or
mountain rivulets, (4) rich ravines or steep coves, (5) river banks
and bottoms, (6) gravelly and muddy river beds, (7) wet meadows,
and (8) artificial or unnatural habitats.
In the following lists the species are divided into trees, shrubs
and herbs, and then arranged as nearly as possible in order of
abundance. Evergreens, when known, are indicated by heavy
type, and vines by italics.* To make the lists more complete
and determine the relative abundance of the species more accu-
rately than would have been the case if I had adhered closely to
political boundaries, I have included in my calculations notes
made about a mile over the Jackson County line near Balsam, and
along the crest of the Pisgah Ridge, where I was sometimes a
few yards over the Transylvania County line. This will not in-
troduce any perceptible error into the results.
The only mountain above 5,500 feet which I set foot on is
Cold Mountain, already mentioned. The Balsam Mountains, a
few miles farther west, are about 500 feet higher, and more
densely wooded, but I did not have a chance to visit them, and
little is known about the details of their vegetation. During
about an hour spent on and near the sharp summit of Cold
* For explanation of a more elaborate method of treating habitat-groups see Ann.
N. Y. Acad. Sci. 17: 36-41. 1906.
56
Mountain late in the afternoon of August 9 the following native
species were noted. (This summit, like many others in the same
region, has long been used for pasturage,* and there are of course
a good many weeds on it. These will be found in the last list.)
TREES HERBS
Crataegus sp. Eupatorium ageratoides
Fagus grandifolia Pteris aquilina
Abies Fraseri (1) + Danthonia sp.
Sorbus americana (2) Deschampsia flexuosa (5)
Betula lutea Heuchera villosa
Quercus rubra Houstonia serpyllifolia (6)
Betula alleghaniensis ? Potentilla tridentata (7)
Houstonia longifolia
Lysimachia quadrifolia
SHRUBS Silene virginica
Rhododendron catawbiense (3) Hypericum Buckleyi
Vaccinium sp. Polypodium vulgare
Pieris floribunda Epigaea repens
Cholisma ligustrina Selaginella rupestris
Kalmia latifolia Habenaria ciliaris
Rhododendron punctatum Carex trisperma
Salix humilis Asplenium Filix-foemina
Menziesia pilosa (4) Circaea alpina (8)
Lilium superbum
It happens that on the same afternoon Dr. H. D. House was
on the summit of Mt. Pisgah, on the edge of the same county,
about six miles farther east and 300 feet lower, where he found
many of the same species, and Paronychia argyrocoma besides.
Quite a number of the same have been reported from similar
habitats a little farther north by Dr. Harshberger.{
* See Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. 42: 41, 47. 1842; Redfield, Bull. Torrey Club 6:
338. 1879; Scribner, Bot. Gaz, 14: 255. 1889.
{ Interesting notes on the species whose names are followed by numbers can be
found as follows: (1) Gray, Am. Jour, Sci. 42: 31, 42. 1842; Redfield, Bull.
Torrey Club 6: 338. 1879; Sargent, Gard. & For. 2: 472. f. 732. 1889; Pinchot
& Ashe, Bull. N. C. Geol. Surv. 6: 136, 223. 1898; (2) Gray, l. c. 28, 42. (3)
Redfield & Gray, Bull. Torrey Club 6: 336. 1879; Small & Heller, Mem. Torrey
Club 31: 4, 1892; Cannon, Torreya 2: 161-169. 1902; (4) Gray, Am. Jour, Sci.
42: 42. 1842; Small & Heller,l.c. (5) Scribner, Bot. Gaz.14: 254. 1889. (6)
Gray, l. c. 19, 40; Redfield, 1. c. 337; F. E. Boynton, Pop. Sci. Mo, 31: 654.
1887. (7) Gray, l. c. 27, 41; L. N. Johnson, Bot. Gaz.13: 270, 1888; Small &
Heller, l.c. 14. (8) Harshberger, Bot. Gaz. 36: 378. 1903.
f{ Bot. Gaz. 36: 376-382. 1903.
57
The trees here, as in many other exposed places in different
parts of the world, are very stunted, none over ten feet tall hav-
ing been noticed, and they are mostly so scattered as to afford
little shade. The Crataegus and Fagus together formed little
groves or thickets on the northern slope near the summit, and
curiously enough, could hardly be told apart at a little distance.
The bark of both was smooth and gray, their leaves were of about
the same size and color, and the Crataegus (apparently of the
coccinea group) had ripe red fruit, about the same size as the in-
volucres of the Hagus, which were also reddish-tinged.
The balsam, Adzes Hrasert, seemed to be confined to north
slopes too. It was not common on Cold Mountain, but consider-
able quantities of it were plainly visible on another peak of about
the same height a few miles to the southward; and the Balsam
Mountains are said to be covered with it, whence their name.
The herbs were scarcely stunted at all, doubtless because the
larger ones are not evergreen, and thus escape the chilling blasts
of winter. On the very highest point was a specimen of Lilium
superbum about four feet tall, rearing its flowers above all other
vegetation on the mountain.
The proportion of evergreens seems rather small for such an
exposed habitat. Vines seem to be entirely absent, which how-
ever is not surprising. All but one of the shrubs belong to the
Ericaceae. |
About 20 per cent. of the species in the foregoing list are
peculiar to the Appalachian region, south of the limits of glaci-
ation, and the remainder are pretty widely distributed in the
northeastern states. About one-fourth of the widely distributed
species also extend as far south as Florida.
On the mountain slopes and lesser summits, from about 3,400
to 5,000 feet above sea-level, the flora is considerably richer,
chiefly because this habitat is the most widespread and variable
one in the region under consideration. The following species
were noted in such situations in Haywood County or within a
mile of its borders between the middle of July and the middle of
August :
TREES
Castanea dentata
Acer rubrum
Quercus coccinea
GS yesiloyee)
6c -Prinus
Halesia carolina
Tsuga canadensis
Robinia Pseudo- Acacia
Betula lutea
‘¢ lenta?
Acer pennsylvanicum
66 Saccharum ?
Picea australis ?
Fagus grandifolia
Acer spicatum
SHRUBS
Kalmia latifolia
Rhododendron maximum
Cholisma ligustrina
Vaccinium sp.
(same as on Cold Mt.)
Menziesia pilosa
Gaylussacia resinosa
Leucothoé recurva
Clethra acuminata
Azalea viscosa
Hamamelis virginiana
Hydrangea arborescens
Aronia nigra
Azalea viscosa glauca
Vaccinium corymbosum
Azalea lutea
Polycodium sp. C
Sassafras variifolium
Corylus rostrata
Ceanothus americanus
Robinia hispida
Comptonia peregrina
* See Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. 42: 46.
t+ See Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. 42: 43, 47.
58
HERBS
Pteris aquilina
Dasystoma laevigata
Coreopsis major Oemleri *
Koellia montana {+
Dennstaedtia punctilobula
Cimicifuga racemosa
Galax aphylla
Zizia Bebbii
Stenanthium gramineum
Phlox glaberrima ?
Campanula divaricata
Nabalus sp.
Epigaea repens
Habenaria ciliaris
Melampyrum americanum
Silene stellata
Osmunda cinnamomea
Collinsonia canadensis
Lysimachia quadrifolia
Veratrum parviflorum {
Pedicularis canadensis
Dryopteris noveboracensis
Viola rotundifolia
Houstonia purpurea
Monotropa uniflora
Selaginella rupestris (on rocks)
Deschampsia flexuosa ‘‘ ‘‘
Polypodium vulgare ‘“* ‘“
Heuchera villosa 6G. 6G
Chrosperma muscaetoxicum
Monarda clinopodia ?
Aster divaricatus ?
Polystichum acrostichoides
Dioscorea villosa
Houstonia longifolia
Silene virginica
Solidago caesia
Potentilla canadensis
Aletris farinosa
Porteranthus trifoliatus
Viola affinis 3
Iris verna
Eupatorium purpureum ?
66 ageratoides
Lilium superbum
Erigeron pulchellus
Angelica villosa
Seriococarpus asteroides
Andropogon furcatus
Ligusticum canadense
Actaea alba
Chrysopsis Mariana
Angelica atropurpurea
Hieracium paniculatum
Caulophyllum thalictroides
1842.
t See Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. 42: 26,
§ Identified by Dr. House, who accompanied me on some of my walks along the
pisgah Ridge.
59
In this habitat, or group of habitats, the trees overshadow all
the other vegetation, except on the very summits of the ridges, but
they hardly make the dense shade characteristic of a climax forest.
Some of the herbs have thickened or reduced leaves, and are
capable of flourishing in perfectly treeless habitats, while others
are distinctly shade-loving, having thin and broad leaves. The
scarcity of pines, other evergreens, and vines is noteworthy.*
About two thirds of the shrubs and two or three of the herbs
belong to the Ericaceae and allied families. Compositae, Um-
belliferae, and Melanthaceae are also pretty well represented.
Only about 12 per cent. of the angiosperms are monocotyledons.
Between 15 and 20 percent. of the species seem to have their
centers of distribution right in these mountains, though none are
confined to North Carolina. Many of the remainder are common
on bluffs in all the southeastern states, and still more are widely
distributed in various habitats in the northeastern states. A large
proportion of them have been reported from the mountains of
New York by Dr. Harshberger.t
The wet rocky ravines at the heads of streams have a charac-
teristic and interesting but not very rich flora. This habitat
seems to be much better developed in the Pink Beds than in the
parts of Haywood County that I visited, where I found only the
following species in it :
SHRUBS HERBS
‘Rhododendron maximum Houstonia serpyllifolia
Chelone Cuthbertii ?
Impatiens biflora
Chelone glabra
Diphylleia cymosa {
Osmunda cinnamomea
Thalictrum clavatum
Carex gracillima ?
Aconitum uncinatum ?
* This type of forest corresponds with a part of Ashe’s ‘forests of the highe
mountains’’ (Bull. N. C. Geol. Surv. 6: 219-222. f/. 27. 1898), and more exactly
with the ‘‘chestnut slope type’’ described by F. W. Reed in the vicinity of Grand-
father Mountain (Bull. U. S. Bureau Forestry 60: 12-13. f/. 7. 1905).
{ Torreya 5: 187-194; Plant World 8: 276-281. 1905.
ft See Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. 42: 23. 1842; Redfield, Bull. Torrey Club 6: 338,
339. 1879.
§ See Gray, 1. c. 17; Redfield, 1. c. 338; Small & Heller, Mem. Torrey Club
Be OO 2
60
About half of these are typical southern Appalachian species.
The remainder range farther north.
Some small ravines or steep coves are so filled with deep rich
humus or colluvial soil that no water appears above ground in
them in ordinary weather. Such places have a decidedly climax
vegetation, comprising the following species:
TREES HERBS
Tilia americana Eupatorium ageratoides
Bisiesia carling, Cimicifuga racemosa
Dryopteris noveboracensis
Casigmen Cealeiin Phegopteris hexagonoptera
Robinia Pseudo-Acacia Astilbe biternata *
Aesculus octandra Caulophyllum thalictroides
Gormus florida Osmunda Claytoniana
Sanguinaria canadensis
Tsuga canadensis Adiantum pedatum
Acer rubrum Dioscorea villosa
Liriodendron Tulipifera Disporum sp.
Nyssa sylvatica Phryma Leptostachya
Circaea lutetiana
Meibomia nudiflora
Eupatorium trifoliatum ?
Arisaema triphyllum
Lappula virginiana
Scutellaria sp.
Calycanthus fertilis Koellia montana
Agrimonia sp.
Cynoglossum virginianum
Falcata comosa
Aster divaricatus ?
Adicea pumila
Cypripedium parviflorum?
Collinsonia canadensis
Cypripedium acaule
Osmunda cinnamomea
Dryopteris intermedia ?
Trillium undulatum ?
Botrychium virginianum
Thalictrum dioicum ?
Geranium maculatum
Aristolochia Serpentaria
Campanula americana
Urticastrum divaricatum
Hicoria alba
Fagus grandifolia
SHRUBS
In this list there is only one evergreen, and that is not abun-
dant. The scarcity of shrubs is rather surprising, but perhaps
not very significant. Plants with biternate, pinnately compound,
or otherwise much dissected leaves are numerous. (Czmuicifuga,
Astilbe, Caulophyllum, Thahctrum, and the seven ferns are good
* See Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. 42: 37-38. 1842.
61
examples.) Half the trees have wind-borne seeds, but among
the herbs a large proportion have berries or burs, adapted to be
carried off by animals, as is the case in many climax forests.
About 15 per cent. of the angiosperms are monocotyledons.
The total absence of the Ericaceae and their allies is significant.
The polypetalous families are well represented here, as in many
other parts of the north temperate zone where climax vegetation
prevails (the Tennessee valley of Alabama for instance).
Only about 10 per cent. of these species can be regarded as
typical or characteristic mountain plants. Most of them are com-
mon to all parts of temperate eastern North America where there
are climax forests. There is an especially striking resemblance
between this list and that for certain shaded hillsides in the Pale-
ozoic region of Georgia, and even the valleys at the heads of
some of the bays on the northwestern shore of Long Island, par-
ticularly that of Little Neck Bay just within the limits of New
York City, which I had examined about a month before I went
to North Carolina. The majority of those listed here occur in
somewhat similar habitats in southeastern Pennsylvania, accord-
ing to Dr. Harshberger,* and nearly half extend to Southwest
Georgia | and the corresponding parts of Alabama.
On the banks of the two forks of Pigeon River already men-
tioned, between 2,700 and 3,300 feet above sea-level, the follow-
ing species were noticed :
TREES SHRUBS
Fagus grandifolia Rhododendron maximum
Halesia carolina Alnus rugosa
Quercus imbricaria Leucothoé Catesbaei
Quercus alba Kalmia latifolia
Tsuga canadensis Vitis aestivalis?
Acer rubrum Hamamelis virginiana
Carpinus caroliniana Rhus radicans
Aesculus octandra Ceanothus americanus
Pyrus coronaria Lonicera sp.
Crataegus sp. Pyrularia pubera 4
Tilia heterophylla ?
Robinia Pseudo-Acacia
* See Bull. Torrey Club 31: 143-148. 1904.
} See Bull. Torrey Club 31: 15-16. 1904.
{ Probably of the coccinea group. Fruit ripe August 7, 3-seeded.
% See Gray Am. Jour. Sci. 17; 22. 1842.
TREES (continued) HERBS
C ornus florida Dryopteris noveboracensis
Platanus occidentalis Epiphegus virginiana
Magnolia acuminata Cimicifuga racemosa
Castanea dentata Polygonum virginianum
Quercus velutina ? Podophyllum peltatum
Acer Saccharum ? Meibomia nudiflora
Juglans nigra Phryma Leptostachya
Fraxinus sp. Geum canadense
Prunus serotina Clematis virginiana
Here the trees outnumber the shrubs and herbs, and there are
more vines than in any other habitat in the region. This pre-
ponderance of trees and vines seems to be characteristic of river
banks and alluvial swamps in many other parts of the world.*
Rivers as a rule are bordered by vegetation approaching the
climax, but at this altitude of 3,000 feet there is still so much
erosion going on that the normal succession is retarded, which
probably accounts for the abundance of four evergreens.
Few if any of the species in this list can be considered as
peculiarly Appalachian. Nearly all of them are common in the
Piedmont region from Pennsylvania to Alabama, as well as in the
Mississippi valley ; and several are still more widely distributed.
In the gravelly and muddy beds of the same streams, which
must be covered with water half the time, the following herbs find
a congenial habitat :
Polygonum sagittatum Rhynchospora glomerata
Impatiens biflora Carex lurida
Juncus effusus Scirpus polyphyllus
Hypericum mutilum Lobelia cardinalis
Eupatorium perfoliatum Mimulus ringens
The fact that four of these, or 40 per cent., are monocotyle-
dons, is probably not without significance. All of them are
pretty widely distributed, mostly northward.
Near Davis Gap (sometimes called Pigeon Gap), about three
miles east of Waynesville, and near Balsam Gap, about seven
miles southwest, are the only wet meadows which I made note
of in the region under consideration. Both are about 3,300 feet
*See Ann. N. Y, Acad. Sci. 17 : 67-73, 103-104. 1906.
63
‘above sea-level. The cause of the treelessness of such areas,
and their relations to other habitats in the neighborhood, are
unsolved — though perhaps not very difficult— problems. With
the exception of Acer rubrum and Salix longipes, scattered along
stream channels at Balsam Gap, the vegetation is entirely her-
baceous, as follows :
Eupatorium perfoliatum Osmunda regalis
Vernonia noveboracensis Hypericum mutilum
Panicularia nervata Helenium autumnale
Homalocenchrus virginicus Oxypolis rigidior
Juncus effusus Cyperus strigosus
Eryngium virgatum Mimulus ringens
Scirpus sylvaticus Galium trifidum ?
Rhynchospora glomerata Apios tuberosa
Carex lurida Carex crinita
Linum striatum Juncus canadensis ?
Polygonum sagittatum Gerardia purpurea?
Osmunda cinnamomea Habenaria ciliaris
All of these are just as common outside of the mountains as
they are here, if not more so. Most of them can be found in
wet meadows in New England, and a still larger proportion along
the head-waters of East Meadow Brook, near Hempstead, Long
Island ; and all range at least as far south as Middle Georgia,
about 100 miles farther south and 2,500 feet lower.
All the species seem to be perennial, but none are evergreen
in the ordinary sense of the word. Nearly half the angiosperms
are monocotyledons. There are no Ericaceae among them.
The weeds of the mountain region are found principally along
trails and roads and in pastures and abandoned fields. They
are all or nearly all herbs, and mostly dicotyledons. The follow-
ing list is doubtless very incomplete. The species are arranged
approximately in order of abundance, as usual.
Juncus tenuis * Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum
Prunella vulgaris Achillea Millefolium
Potentilla canadensis Veronica officinalis *
Rumex Acetosella Polygonum Hydropiper
Lobelia inflata Trifolium repens
Verbascum Thapsus Oxalis stricta ?
* See Gray ,Am. Jour. Sci. 42: 41.1842.
64
Verbena urticaefolia Lepidium virginicum
Carduus lanceolatus Polygonum aviculare
Polygonum pennsylvanicum Bidens bipinnata
Fragaria virginiana Lespedeza striata T
Pteris aquilina Euphorbia corollata
Plantago major Anthemis Cotula
Solanum carolinense Euphorbia maculata
Diodia teres Erechthites hieracifolia
Cerastium vulgatum ? Leptilon canadense
Agrimonia sp. Trifolium pratense
Hedeoma pulegioides Gnaphalium purpureum
Potentilla monspeliensis Acalypha gracilens
Erigeron ramosus Oenothera biennis
Daucus Carota Gnaphalium polycephalum
Ambrosia artemisiifolia Euphorbia Preslii
Plantago lanceolata
Of these weeds about 28 per cent. are supposed to have been
introduced from Europe and 2 per cent. from Asia, while the re-
maining 70 per cent. are considered indigenous by nearly all
systematists. And yet all the supposed natives, with five or six
exceptions, are confined to unnatural habitats, exactly like the
introduced species, from which there is no possible way of dis-
tinguishing them without the use of botanical literature, such as
a manual, and even that is not infallible. At least half, perhaps
two thirds, of the species in the above list evidently belong to
that class of native weeds (mutants ?) which I discussed just be-
fore going to North Carolina.
COLLEGE Point, NEw YorK
MAGNOLIA AT FLORISSANT §
By T. D. A. CocKERELL
The Miocene flora of Florissant, Colorado, includes so many
genera living today in the southeastern states, that the apparent
absence of Magnolia has seemed remarkable. During the past
summer, however, a leaf which may I think be referred to this
* See Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. 42: 27. 1842.
{See Gattinger, Fl. Tenn., 107. 1901.
{ Bull. Torrey Club 35: 347-360. July, 1908.
@ Illustrated with the aid of the Catherine McManes fund.
ae
65
genus with confidence, has been found by Mr. Terry Duce, and
is herewith recorded.
Magnolia florissanticola n. sp.
Leaf apparently thick, shaped as in JZ grandiflora ; apex
lacking, but length apparently about 130 mm. ; broadest about
42 mm., from base ; base broad-cuneate, slightly inequilateral,
FicuRE 1. Magnolia florissanticola; Miocene shales of Florissant.
from a very stout (3 mm. diam.) twisted petiole, which is about
16 mm. long, arising from a clasping base ; width of blade about
50 mm., tapering apically, so that at 80 mm. from base the width
is 38 mm.; margin entire; venation as in MZ. grandiflora, the
strong lateral veins averaging about 5 mm. apart. Miocene shales
of Florissant. (Zerry Duce.)
66
REVIEWS
Spalding’s Distribution and Movements of Desert Plants *
The author has divided his problem into seven divisions, under
as many headings. Five of these appertain to various phases of
his problem, the last two are mainly recapitulative.
Tumamoc Hill and its environs, near the desert botanical
laboratory, Tucson, Arizona, was the place chosen where “ pro-
longed observational and experimental work could be under-
taken.” The first section of the paper (pp.5-27. p/. 7-12) is taken
up with a clear and logical account of the plant associations and
habitats as they have appealed to the author. Appended to this
is an account of the lichens of the region, written by Dr. Bruce
Fink.
Leaving the section on plant associations and habitats which,
though valuable, is necessarily becoming more and more stereo-
typic in each succeeding ecological paper, we come to the most
interesting part of the whole work. In this second chapter (pp.
29-06. pl. 13-24), the author gives an account of the local dis-
tribution. He writes: ‘‘ Dealing more in detail with constituent
species of the associations, the attempt to trace cause and effect
is carried a step farther. Certain species have been carefully
mapped and their habits have been more thoroughly studied
with reference to differences of soil and aspect.”
The species selected for this study are plants ‘‘ with a remark-
able definiteness of habitat preference”’; they are Excelia farinosa,
Larrea tridentata, Cereus (why not Carnegiea?) giganteus, Cercidium
Torreyanum, and Prosopis velutina. A distribution-map for each
of these species is included, and they form a series of invaluable
notes. Each map is practically a graphic census of the indi-
viduals of the species under discussion. Nothing could have
been found to indicate so well the relative density of these plants.
The various soil formations are critically studied, and following
as they do the various distribution-maps mentioned above, they
are at least a suggestion of the factors the author credits with the
*Spalding, V. M. Distribution and Movements of Desert Plants. Pp. 1-144.
pl. 1-31. 22 Oct. 1909. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 113.
67
control of the distribution of these plants. Other regulative
factors, such as temperature, rainfall, humidity, etc., all carefully
measured, come in for their share of attention.
Still under the general heading of local distribution are sections
devoted to dispersal, invasion, competition, and succession, in
which the author attempts to trace some of the other factors
bearing on the distribution of the plants in the area studied. A
section on the root system of Cereus giganteus is here introduced
by Dr. W. A. Cannon.
Space forbids an account of the chapter on environmental and
historical factors. There are included within it sections on the
geology and soils of the region written by C. F. Tolman and
B. E. Livingston respectively.
Chapter four is taken up with the vegetation groups of the
desert laboratory domain and is contributed by Professor J. J.
Thornber. It contains lists of the plants growing on the various
major formations found in the area, and also considerable sta-
tistical matter.
The chapter on the origin of desert floras is contributed by
Dr. D. T. MacDougal. This brings into co-relation much of
what has been treated specifically in earlier parts of the work.
Some of this section has already seen the light in the Plant World
for September, 1908.
Dr. Spalding has collected and put on permanent record a
mass of very interesting and essential facts dealing with the sub-
ject in hand. Throughout there is a creditable hesitancy in
drawing conclusions, some of which might have been warranted
in view of the wealth of detail. The statistical and graphic part
of the work is splendid ; and work like this and that done by
Jennings and others will undoubtedly serve as the bases of
numerous ecologic palimpsests.
The illustrations and typography are all that could be desired.
NorMAN TAYLOR
68
PROCEEDINGS, OF THE CLUB
JANUARY 26, I9IO
The Club met at the Museum of the New York Botanical
Garden at 3:30 Pp. M., with Vice-president Barnhart in the chair.
Twenty-five persons were present. After the reading and ap-
proval of the minutes of January 11, the resignation of Dr. Cyrus
A. King, 661 Flatbush Ave., Brooklyn was read and accepted.
The chairman of the field committee reported that 25 meet-
ings were advertised during the season, of which 23 were held.
The total attendance at these meetings for the year was 92.
The expenses incurred by the committee for printing and mail-
ing the circulars has been considerable, and it was suggested that
future notices which cannot be printed in the Academy Bulletin
be printed in TORREYA.
Collections made for the Club herbarium aggregrated during
the season 2,400 specimens; 1,750 of which were collected by the
committee and about 500 specimens were secured by Mr. G. V.
Nash in northwestern New Jersey and adjacent Pennsylvania.
Material has been received also from other members.
The following committees of the Torrey Botanical Club were
appointed by the president for the year IgIo:
Finance Committee: Eugene P. Bicknell (chairman) and H. M.
Richards.
Committee on Admission: J. K. Small (chairman), G. V. Nash,
andi@€. Curtis:
Program Committee: Fred J. Seaver (chairman), Tracy E.
Hazen, Jean Broadhurst, Charles L. Pollard, and E. G. Britton.
field Committee: Norman Taylor (chairman), E. B. Southwick,
and Wm. Mansfield.
Committee on Local Flora: N. L. Britton, chairman; Phaner-
ogams—N. L. Britton, C. C. Curtis, Eugene P. Bicknell, K. K.
Mackenzie, E. S. Burgess, and E. L. Morris; Cryptogams—
Wm. A. Murrill, E. G. Britton, Tracy E. Hazen, M. A. Howe,
and Philip Dowell.
Committee to consider the subject of revision of the by-laws:
Edward S. Burgess, John Hendley Barnhart, Percy Wilson,
69
Marshall Avery Howe, William Mansfield, Jean Broadhurst,
Philip Dowell, Alex. W. Evans, Tracy E. Hazen, William
Alphonso Murrill, Charles Louis Pollard, Herbert M. Richards,
Addison Brown, Fred J. Seaver, Norman Taylor, and N. L.
Britton.
As a special committee for securing funds to provide speakers
on the second Tuesday evening of each month: Jean Broad-
hurst (chairman), Tracy E. Hazen, and N. L. Britton.
A letter was read from Dr. Howard J. Banker of the depart-
ment of biology, DePauw University, making application for one
hundred and fifty dollars from the Esther Hermann Fund to aid
him in his studies on Hydnaceae. Dr. Banker proposes to visit
some of the European herbaria during the coming summer for
the purpose of studying type material of this family.
This communication was approved and the secretary was in-
structed to forward it to the Council of the New York Acad-
emy of Sciences.
The scientific program consisted of two papers, of which the
following are abstracts prepared by the speakers.
“The U. S. Experiment Station at Sitka, Alaska’, by Miss
Jean Broadhurst :
The visit to the Experiment Station at Sitka was made as a
side trip when returning from the Hawaiian Islands to the United
States, and afforded many striking contrasts fully summed up in
the expression ‘‘from tree ferns to glaciers.” Following the
inland route from Seattle, the site of one of the most pleasing
American expositions, we spent twelve days on the steamer
Spokane, making stops at various points of interest: fishing vil-
lages ; Kasaan, a deserted Indian town with its ghostly totems ;
an Indian mission settlement ; Muir Glacier ; the Treadwell gold
mine, with the famous ‘“‘ Glory Hole” ; Juneau, the governmental
center and chief city ; Skagway, which was our “farthest north”
for the summer; and Sitka, which despite the rise of Juneau, still
holds its own with its old Russian fort and the Greek church
containing the famous Sitka Madonna.
The weather was real Alaskan weather, partly cloudy and
‘mostly rainy. The short stops did not (after the special object
70
of the visit had been accomplished) allow trips to regions far
from the beaten paths ; at Skagway, ¢vazz connections afforded a
twenty-mile trip into the interior to the summit of the White
Horse road; at Sitka, a walk to the Experiment Station, less
than a mile from the town, revealed some interesting plants in the
low ground traversed.
This station — like most of those in Alaska — is a simple unpre-
tentious structure. Mr. Georgeson, the superintendent, lives in
a large frame house near the wharf, and this house serves also as
herbarium rooms and office ; but the station consists of a small,
frame house and two small greenhouses, with a few acres of
cleared and cultivated ground. The station supports but one man
beside Mr. Georgeson, Mr. De Armand, from the Kansas State
Agricultural College. Labor is high —the poorest type of
Indian demanding two dollars a day —and much of the actual
work is therefore done by the officials, who elsewhere would be
free to direct the work and plan new departures. The actual re-
sults, which at first seem disappointing, are lessened also by the
great cost of preparing land—about $500 an acre; for, besides
clearing and breaking new land, drainage and fertilizing are most
expensive processes in the preparation of the ground. A record
of 220 days with rain or snow to 95 clear days (the rest of the
year being cloudy or partly cloudy) is not unusual for Sitka.
This means a minimum rainfall of 80 or go inches a year, and
gives a water-soaked soil that is difficult to plow or prepare early
in the year, and too wet for most plants much of the growing
season. The soil of this region — mostly volcanic ash — is poor
in humus; seaweeds and fertilizers used so helpfully in other
countries are of little benefit here, because they do not decay
readily in the cool summers of Sitka. For, at Sitka, the great-
est limitation is due, not to short summers but to the lack of
heat during the growing season, the actual heat units of effective
temperature (above 43° F.) being less than 1,500, while Ottawa
has over 3,400 and Stockholm 2,700. The winters here are not
severe ; often, the ponds near the station do not freeze to allow
skating. Frost along the coast may not be experienced from
May ji to ‘October is om even) November 1.) ihetintertouman
(i
Alaska, with shorter warmer summers (frost sometimes in Au-
gust) and colder winters (sometimes 70° below zero) boasts of
fruits and grains that are impossible at Sitka. Grains often fail
to mature, because the wet soil prevents timely planting; the
stalks do not harden sufficiently to allow easy cutting, and the
limp sodden growth is good for forage only. Potatoes never ma-
ture so the skin will not slip, and good results require that they
be sprouted indoors and ‘set by hand with extra care.’’ Apples
ripen slowly (our fall apples do not mature at all there) and the
native crab with cherry-like fruit is considered a necessary stock
for grafting our less hardy varieties. The grafts “ winter-kill’’,
because the buds and the woody twig substances do not com-
plete their development in the slow growth of the summer. To
initiate the usual winter preparations the twigs are sometimes
stripped of their leaves, a method which often proves successful.
The native strawberries, which grow down to tide water, are
being successfully crossed with cultivated varieties ; and the red
raspberry is forced indoors in the endeavor to secure successful
hybrids with the ‘large native salmon berry. Small plums, tiny
cherries, little cranberries (chiefly Vaccinium), and currants are
wild there. The introduced vegetables which are fairly successful
are Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, kale, lettuce, parsley, onion,
rhubarb, and peas. Beans do not do very well.
Kenai and Kadiak, two other government stations, are devoted
_ chiefly to cattle-breeding and the improvement of cattle foods.
Rampart and Copper Center are farther north, but farther inland;
the winters are much more severe, but the shorter, warmer sum-
mers allow better results with grains and vegetables. Hay here
is quoted at $200 a ton and retails at $0.20 a pound at the road-
houses.
The problems in Alaska are not the simplest in the world, and
the workers there do not hope to make of it a garden spot or an
agricultural center. If the investigators can add variety to the
present limited food supply, or enable Alaska to become more
nearly self-productive of the food required for man and _his
domesticated animals, they will more than justify the moderate
government assistance now given them.
72
“The Culture Methods of Studying Plant Rusts”, by Mr.
Bea y ern: :
The first experiments in the culture of plant rusts were made
by DeBary and Oersted in 1865. For a number of years after
this many botanists were very skeptical. It was not an easy
matter to believe that what had been considered separate and
distinct genera of parasitic fungi could really be only different
stages of one species. Through the work of a number of
mycologists the study of rusts by means of cultures has been
advanced with results that are now well known. The methods
employed by the bacteriologist are familiar. He makes up arti-
ficial culture media of various sorts, and from a sowing of a cer-
tain kind of bacterium he obtains a crop of the same sort, if his
culture is a successful one. With the rusts the story is quite a
different one. They are strictly parasitic and living plants must
take the place of culture media. The best success has been
attained by carrying on the work under glass. Potted plants
with vigorous roots and rather small tops are most desirable.
The proof that different forms on unlike hosts are only stages of
the same species is obtained by sowing spores taken from one
host on another host and raising a crop of spores wholly unlike
the ones sown. Take for example the rust of corn (Zea Mays).
It has been found by means of cultures that the spores formed
on the corn leaves in the fall cannot be made to grow upon corn
again. One spring recently it was noticed that some sorrel
(Oxals) plants growing near a pile of rusted corn stalks were
badly infected with rusts. From this observation in the field
it was thought possible that the corn rusts might be associated
with the Oxalis rust. Such proved to be the case. The spores
taken from the corn will produce rust on the ‘Oxals and, vice
versa. There is much need for further studies and observations
of this sort. The cultures are best made in a greenhouse with
plants that are grown in pots. Suggestions as to relationships
must, however, be obtained in the field and there is an oppor-
tunity here for much valuable work.
The auditing committee reported that the books of the treas-
urer had been examined and were found to be correct.
Percy WILson, Secretary
73
OF INTEREST FO TEAGHERS
Note-Booxs In HicH ScuHoot BoTANny
By WILLARD N. CLUTE
I think I have partially solved the problem of botanical note-
books by a scheme of allowing certain pupils to answer the ques-
tions in the laboratory work by drawings, instead of written
work. In buds, for instance, the question may be asked, ‘‘ Do
underground plants produce buds?” One pupil would hunt up
some underground plants and answer “yes”; the others would
make a drawing of such buds. For bud protection one would
describe how buds are protected ; another would make drawings
to show this. All notes that cannot be answered by drawings
must be in the temporary note-book, but those who draw their
answers are excused from the written work of the permanent
note-book. One course takes about as long as the other, but
most pupils prefer the drawing; it is certainly easier for the
teacher and I am inclined to think is fully as useful in teaching
form and structure.
A. lecture on water purification plants, one of a series in sani-
tary science at Columbia University, is announced for April 26.
An injunction issued by Secretary Ballinger after a personal
inspection of the region has at least delayed the appropriation of
the Hetch-Hetchy valley by San Francisco as a municipal water
reservoir.
Cacti and desert plants for schools, gardens, and conservatories
may be obtained from Mr. J. C. Blumer, Box 684, Tucson,
Arizona.
A well-indexed and fully-illustrated government bulletin
(No. 166) has just been written by William L. Bray on The
Mistletoe Pest in the Southwest. The hosts, life history, and
methods of combating the mistletoe are the main topics included
in this clearly-written pamphlet of about forty pages.
74
A paper read by Dr. Roland M. Harper before the American
Geographers at the Boston meeting of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science describes a natural prairie on Long
Island. The natural prairie of about fifty square miles, known
locally as ‘‘ Hempstead Plains,’ was treeless when the country
was first settled ; and a considerable part can still be seen in its
natural condition, though it is situated in a country with about
300 inhabitants per square mile.
Secondary education in agriculture was discussed by Director
A. C. True at the Association of American Agricultural Colleges
and Experiment Stations (Portland, Oregon, August, 1909). IE
was recommended (1) that agricultural colleges give credit in
their entrance requirements for agricultural subjects properly
taught in the secondary schools; (2) that agricultural colleges
should have a definite legal relation to the public school system ;
(3) that agriculture should be generally introduced into the high
schools ; and (4) that there should be a limited number of special —
state agricultural high schools.
The Outlook (February 5) describes fully an interesting phase
of the Farmers’ Cooperative Demonstration Work of the Bureau
of Plant Industry which focuses upon the farmer boy. Through
the cooperation of the Bureau and of the state and county school
authorities, boys are led to agree to plant and care for one acre
of corn each. Advice, seeds, etc. are furnished by the Bureau ;
the soil, usually by the boys’ fathers ; and prizes, by local civic
organizations, private individuals, etc. Four such prizes for 1909
sent four southern boys to Washington for a week, and Secretary
Wilson presented them with certificates of merit. Last year there
were 12,000 boys in the corn clubs under Dr. Knapp’s care, and
the Bureau estimated that these clubs will register over 35,000
boys next year.
In the recent report of Professor Willis L. Moore, chief of the
Weather Bureau, the relation of forests and rainfall is discussed
and the statement is made that one is entirely independent of the
75
other. It is said that his opinion is shared by Professor Cleveland
Abbe, the first weather forecaster of the federal government and
Professor W. J. Humphreys, of Johns Hopkins University,
and practically all meteorologists who have taken the trouble to
look into the matter. The claim is made that drouths and ex-
cessive rain, as well as prolonged departures from the normal tem-
peratures of a region, are due to eccentricities in the distribution
of atmospheric pressure ; these eccentricities of air pressure are
traced back to the interchange of atmosphere between the equa-
torial and polar regions, the routes and intensity of the great
currents undergoing more or less modification from time to time.
These arguments lead Professor Moore to say that the causes of
climatic change are general, not local ; and he vigorously attacks
the widely-accepted statement that removal of forests can di-
minish the rainfall. The instances on record of lessened precipi-
tation after a particular area has been cleared he regards as
mere coincidences, which will be proven to show no forest con-
nection if observatian is continued for a sufficiently long period.
No other meteorological phenomenon, it is said, is so variable as
rainfall, and any one who studies the figures for too short an in-
terval is likely to be deceived.
Botanists, however, will not accept readily this coincidence
theory and a lively discussion will doubtless follow the publi-
cation of this report.
NEWS ITEMS
Dr. Carlton C. Curtis has been advanced from assistant pro-
fessor to associate professor of botany and Dr. Tracy E. Hazen
from instructor to assistant professor of botany in Columbia
University.
Professor Charles Fay Wheeler, expert in charge of the eco-
nomic gardens, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, since 1902, died March 5. Professor
Wheeler was formerly instructor in the Michigan Agricultural
College, and consulting botanist for the Michigan Experiment
Station.
76
George Plumer Burns, director of the Botanical Garden and
junior professor of botany in the University of Michigan, has
accepted an appointment as professor of botany in the Univer-
sity of Vermont. He was graduated from the Illinois State
Normal School, 1891; B.S. and A.M. Ohio Wesleyan Univer-
sity, 1898 ; Ph.D. University of Munich, 1900. In 1907-8 he
was instructor in botany in Ohio Wesleyan, then after two years
of work with Goebel, went, in January, 1901, to the University
of Michigan, where he has since remained.
Charles Reid Barnes, professor of plant physiology in the
University of Chicago since 1898, died on February 24, in the
fifty-second year of his age, as a result of a fall upon an icy side-
walk, which brought on a cerebral hemorrhage. He was instruc-
tor and professor in natural science lines in Purdue University
from 1880 to 1887, and from 1887 to 1898 was professor of
botany in the University of Wisconsin. His two best known
works are perhaps his ‘‘ Analytic Keys to the Genera and Species
of North American Mosses” (revised by F. D. Heald, 1897),
and “Outlines of Plant Life’’ (1900). He was the author also
of scholarly papers relating to plant physiology and of many
critical reviews, Professor Barnes had been a co-editor of the
Botanical Gazette since 1883. He was president of the Botanical
Society of America in 1903 and was a prominent and active
member of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science.
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
OFFICERS FOR 1g10
President
HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D.
Vice- Presidents
EDWARD S, BURGESS, Pu.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D.
Recording Secretary
PERCY WILSON
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City
Editor Treasurer
MARSHALL: AVERY HOWE, Pu.D.. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, PuHar.D.
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St.
New York City New York City
Associate Editors
JOHN H. BARNHART, A.M., M.D. |. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D.
JEAN BROADHURST, A.M. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILEL, Pu.D.
PHILIP DOWELL, Pu. D. ‘CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M.
ALEX. W, EVANS, M.D., PH.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D.
Meetings the second Tuesday and last Wednesday of each month alternately at the
American Museum of Natural History and the New York Botanical Garden
PUBLICATIONS. Bulletin. Monthly, established 1870. Price $3.00 per
year; single numbers 30 cents. Of former volumes only 24-36 can be supplied en-
tire. Certain numbers of other volumes are available, and’ the completion of sets
will be undertaken,
Memoirs. A series of technical papers published at irregular intervals, estab-
lished 1889. Price $3.00 per volume.
Torreya. Monthly, established 190%. Price $1.00 per year.
All business correspondence relating to the aboye publications should be addressed
to William Mansfield, Treasurer, College of Pharmacy, 115 W. 68th St., New. York
City.
OTHER PUBLICATIONS |
OF THE
TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
(1) BULLETIN
| A monthly journal devoted to general botany, established
1870. Vol. 36 published in 1909, contained 720 pages of text
and 34 full-page plates. Price $3.00 per annum.-- For Europe,
14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are
agents for England. i
Of former volumes, only 24-36 can be supplied entire ; cer-
tain numbers of other volumes aréavailable, but the entire stock
of some numbers has been reserved for the completion of sets. ~
Vols. 24-27 are furnished at the published price of two dollars
each; Vols. 28—36 three dollars each.
- Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not
breaking complete volumes. .
(2) MEMOIRS
The Memoirs, established 1889, are published at irregular
intervals. Volumes 1-11 and 13 arenow completed; Nos. 1 and
2 of Vol. 12 and No. 1 of Vol. 14 have been issued. The sub- —
scription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The
numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the
individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application.
(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteri-
dophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New
York, 1888. , Price, $1.00.
Correspondence relating to the above publications should be
addressed to
DR. WILLIAM MANSFIELD
College of Pharmacy
115 W. 68TH STREET
NEW YORK CITY
Vol. x0 April, 1910 No. 4
TORREYA
A Monruty Journat or BoranicaL Notes anp News
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY
JEAN BROADHURST
JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873
CONTENTS
A Plant-Case for the Control of Relative Humidity: W. T. Bovib..:......2........... 77
Local Flora Notes —TIL: NORMAN TAYLOR... i002 ceccieccecheus Spieeeidersavedcctetinceotsane 80
The Eucalyptus Trees of California: JEAN BROADHURST ....0.... 0.2 cscceeceeteeeee ee Rey.
Shorter Notes : ;
The Andropogon-Viola Uromyces: JOHN L. SHELDON......... 0.2... ece sence ep eneees go
A New Ponthieva from the Bahamas: OAKES AMES,, ............. RSA Oh ros Te se 90
Auswers to the Wisconsin Riddle: J. J. DAVIS...... 0.0. ..ccc cc ececceceeeee eee cuesenees Ql,
Proceedings of the Club: JEAN BROADHURST, MARSHALL A, HOWE.........0....00.00- 92
Of Interest to Teachers: Science Teaching...............0cecesccccreeeecteseeeneeeeeeneanecenes 07
RENTS PRE CNIS (2h hi j'y.2cie od we vd sas YaER ah acto oop Me etme ie oa nb eS af ote nia Nieiag Gx be ae AMES NeoaN Golda ae se 100
PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB
Ar 4x NortuH QueEN STREET, LANCASTER, Pa.
BY Tue New Era Printinc Company
[Entered at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., as second-glass matter. |
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
OFFICERS FOR gio
President
HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D.
Vice-Presidents
EDWARD S. BURGESS, PH.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D.
Recording Secretary
PERCY WILSON
Botanica) Garden, Bronx Park, New York City
|
Editor : Treasurer ;
MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, PH.D. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, PHAR.D. :
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St. ©
New York City New York City
Associate Editors
JOHN H. BARNHART, A.M., M.D. TRACY ELLIOF HAZEN, Pu.D.
JEAN BROADHURST, A.M. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILI, Pu.D.
PHILIP DOWELL, Pu.D. ~ CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A-M.
ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., PH.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D.
TorREYA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and
Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To
subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or
express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City
banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing
House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any
other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only
for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be
furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent
to TREASURER, TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB, 41 North Queen St., Lan- -
caster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City.
Matter for publication should be addressed to
JEAN BROADHURST
Teachers College, Columbia University
New York City
TORREYA
April, Igio
Vol. Io No. 4
A *PLANT—-CASE FOR THE CONTROL OF
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
By W. T, Bovis
In connection with some work on the non-available water in
soils the writer has devised a plant-case in which plants can be
grown under conditions of constant humidity. The apparatus
has given excellent satisfaction, not only in its efficiency for con-
trolling humidity, but also because it has made it possible to
determine, within a reasonable degree of accuracy, the time of
death of the plants. This is a necessity in non-available water
determinations. The relative humidity is controlled by forcing a
current of dried air into the plant-case by means of an air pump,
at a rate necessary to balance the moisture given off by the plants.
It is often desirable to control humidity conditions when working
with plants ; and as far as known to the writer the only published
description of a humidity balance is that of a case devised by
Gregaire and Hendrick.* This publication has not been acces-
sible to me. }
The plant-case is a cubical box, two feet on a side. The top
and four sides are made of plate glass, one-fourth of an inch
thick. Any kind of glass will do provided it be free from
irregularities which might refract the light-rays, like a lens.
The frame of the case is made of wooden pieces fitted together
with screws, and so arranged as to hold the glass sides as a
window pane is held in its sash. All of the glass is set in
asphalt. Asphalt is also used to close the joints where the
several pieces of the frame are fastened together. The front of
the case contains a door, which is held, by means of twelve
* Reported by A. Petermann (Bul. Inst. Chim. et Bact. Gembloux, 70: 22-3.
1901), See Exp. Sta. Rec. 13: 1018. 1901-02.
[No. 3, Vol. 10, of TOKREYA, comprising pages 52-76, was issued March 31, 1910. |
Tl
LIBRAI
NEW Yo!
BOTANICA
GARDEN.
78
bolts, in practically air-tight contact with its bed, which is cut
into the case frame. The bottom of the case is of wood, covered
inside with a continuous sheet of tin.
The pump used for forcing air into the case was made by the
local tinner at an expense of twenty-five cents. The cylinder
of the pump is four inches long and two inches in diameter. A
pump of this size will deliver, approximately, one hundred cubic
centimeters of air at each stroke, and, at a rate of eighty strokes
per minute, it will change the air in the plant-case every thirty
minutes.
The air passes from the pump into a filter-flask, which serves
as a “ stuffing-box,” from which it passes into the series of wash-
bottles at a more uniform rate than it would if the pump were
connected directly with the wash-bottles. Considerable acid is
swept along by the air, from one wash-bottle to the next. This
exposes much more.surface of acid to the air, but necessitates
the inclusion of a bottle at the end of the series to catch the acid
thus carried over. .
An electric fan, within the case, keeps the air well mixed. A
thermograph of convenient size, a recording hygrometer, and a
small hygrometer of the “‘ Mitthof’s
the case. This latter instrument is much more sensitive than
the recording hygrometer, and thus indicates any temporary
variations in the humidity.
The air in the case can be reduced from saturation to approxi-
mately 10 per cent. (hygrograph record) in 12 hours, even when
”
pattern were also kept in
the case is full of living plants. In these experiments the air was
continually kept as dry as possible, but the humidity could have
been maintained at any desired per cent. within a range limited
only by the sensitiveness of the hygrometer used, had the index-
arm of the hygrometer been made to open and close mercury
switches, operating the circuit of the electric motor which drives
the pump. The current of dry air would then have ceased
when the desired humidity was reached.
As stated above, the time of death of the plants grown in the
case could be determined quite closely. By holding the humidity
very lowall of the time, the plants dried out at once, and became
Q
Uy
in,
19
GZ
: MUU (Geren,
ug rss NI} Winn,
SS Qo»
“My
my Ia Q
s > I “ty
SM y om Py
s
Miffelto, I 3
For reftorig Hair.
Qunces, 14-
Mo ffe, 15.
Maidenhore, 16
z + aa
For.he Eyes. ‘4
Fernzell 17.
Vemeries 18.
Rfes, 19.
C2adine, ED 20>
For the Bares.
: Af. avabacce. 25
Wound Ij, 26
Ivy 27
ge ee 28
Night{bade, 29°
Sow-fennell , 30
Sow-thiftles : 31
2..:Bor the Nofe.
wuke-Robin or Cuckow-
pint. 32
E lawer-delace, 3,3
» Horfetasle oe
Shepherds purfe a
Wallow ; = ats 3 5
Biftort, 0 8 ab 37
: Foxmentill, .
Cinnckefeile - 39°
Abwbread 5. nor fe
. For the Mouth 3 in
gencrall,
ae. ; 4t
Malberries, 42
Mens, ey se
Purflene; ee gr eae
Golden Rod, 45
“For the Seutvey.
Scnrvy-graffe, 46
Stalk Hosfeleeke, 47.
Alves or Sea et 5
Ruwitary, ” 2 URL ABC -
Creffes, 5°
ok 4
Pine,
Pome crazale »
Malick,
Mafier-wort
Coral,
Cora!l-wart,
Refbarraws
Henbaz.
wild rif 3
For the drynelte: of :
‘the Mouth, -. ;
Fleawrort , er ‘
For the difeafes of the
Fer che Teeth.
a,
A Table of the- Appeopriations, hee
what Part every Plant is chiefly medici-
nable throughout the whole Body of Man;
beginning with the Head ; quoted accor dd
ing to the Chapters contained in this
Throac. s7aS, Rough-
nefs,Quinfy,Kings _
Wy
Fic. 6. The table of appropriations.
. Evils. oes oS
ee Thyoat-wopt., 6r
Dite-Tree, iS 2
Winter Green, 63 2
Horfetongue é 64,
Figge-wort; ay
Archangellh » . 66
Foxglove, He) 6%,
Qrpine , 63
- Pelstory of the wall” 6g.
Wheatey
Barly, 7%
Garlic ky 72
= "Ts quetices: Bs oie
Figge-Treey, Fagg
Fylfope 5 7
wef
ae
203
CHAPSEXX
Of Wheat.
The Vertues.
He bread that is made of Wheat being applyed hot out of
the Oven for an hour, three daies together, to the Throat
that is troubled with Kernels or the Kings Evill, healeth
it perfectly; and Slices of it, after it is a little {tale being foaked in
Red Rofe Water, and applyed to the eyes that are hot, red, and
inflamed, or that are bloodshot, helpeth them. “The flower of Wheat
* * %* and mixed with Vinegar and Hony, boyled together healeth
all freckles, fpots, and Pimples on the face: Wheat-flowre being
mixed with the Yolk of an Egge, Honey, and Turpentine, doth draw,
clenafe, and heal * * * . The Leaven of Wheat Meal hath a
property to heal and to draw; and in efpeciall it rarifieth the hard
skins of the feet and hands; as allo Warts, and hard knots in the
fleih, being applyed with fome salt. * * * Pliny faith, That the
Corns of Wheat, parched upon an Iron Pan, and eaten, is a prefent
remedy for thofe that are chilled with cold. * * * Difcorides faith,
That to eat the corns of green Wheat hurteth the ftomach * * * but
chewed and applyed to the biting of a mad Dog, it cureth it.
CHAP. LXXIII
Of Liquorice
The Kindes.
7 ; YO this kind four forts may be referred. 1. Common Liquo-
rice. 2. Difcorides, his Liquorice. 3. The moft common
Liquorice Vetch. 4. Another Liquorice Vetch.
The Vertues.
The Root of Liquorice is good againit the rough hardnefie of the
Throat and Breaft, it openeth the Pipes of the Lungs * * * and
ripeneth the Cough * * * “The Scythians are faid, by chewing this in
their mouths to keep themfelves from thirft in their long journeys
through the deferts for ten or twelve daies; and ftayeth hunger alio
xk K *
204
(Cialale. ILA IS
Of Elecampane.
Aving appropriated feverall Simples, to the inflide and out-
H fide of the Throat, The Breaft comes next in Order to be
provided for, both internally and externally, to which there
is nothing more proper than Elecampane * * * : fome think it took
the name from the tears of Helen, from whence it fprung, which
is a Fable; others fay it was fo called becaufe Helen firit found it
available againit biting and {tingings of venemous Beasts; and others
think it took its name from the Ifland Helena where the beft was
found to grow. * * *
The Kindes.
To this Plant, which otherwife would be fingle, do fome refer the
Flowers of the Sun, as 1. The greater flower of the Sun. 2. The
lefser flower of the Sun. 3. The Male flower of the Sun. 4. The
Marigold Sunflower.
The Forme.
Elecampane fhooteth forth many large leaves lying neer the ground,
which are long and broad, but imall at both ends; fomewhat foft in
handling, of a whitifh green on the upper fide; and gray under-
neath, each fet upon a fhort fitalk: From amongit which, rife up
divers great and {trong hairy ftalks, two or three foot high with fome
leaves thereon compaifing them about at the lower ends, and are
branched towards the tops bearing divers great and large flowers like
unto thofe of the flower of the Sun, of which it is faid to be a kind, as
I faid before; both the border of the leaves and the middle Thrum
being yellow, which is not wholly converted into large seed, as in
the flower of the Sun; but turneth into Down with fome long {mall
brownilh feed among it, and is carried away with the wind: the Root
is great and thick, branched forth divers waies, blackifh on the out-
fide, and white within, of a very bitter tafte but good fent, efpecially
when it is dryed, no part elfe of the plant having any imell.
The Places and Time.
This is one of the Plants, whereof England may boait as much as
any: for there growes none better in the world then in England;
let Apothecaries and Druggifts fay what they will. It groweth in
meadows that are fat and fruitful as in Parfons Meadow by Adder-
bury as I have been told, and in divers other places about Oxford{hire.
It is found alfo upon the Mountains and fhadowy places that be not
altogether dry: it groweth plentifully in the fields on the left hand as
you go from Dunftable to Puddle hill. Alfo in an Orchard as
2056
you go from Colbrok to Ditton Ferry, which is the way from London
to Windfor and in divers places in Wales, particularly in the
Orchard of Mr. Peter Piers at Guiernigron neer St. dfaphs. The
flowers are in their beauty in June and July, the beft time to gather
the roots is in Autumn, when the leaves fall: yet it may be gathered
in the Spring before they come forth.
The Vertues.
Elecampane * * * helpeth fhortneffe of Wind * * * . A de-
coction of the Root is good againit poyson and bitings of Serpents -
* * * bruised and put into Ale or Beer, and daily drunk, cleareth,
{trengtheneth, quickeneth the fight of the Eyes wonderfully. * * *
Pliny faith that Julia Augufta let no day pals without eating fome
of the root * * * which it may be fhe did to help digestion, to
expell Melancholy and forrow, and to caufe mirth * * * for all
which it is very effe€tual.
CEN OOa
Of Reeds, but especially of the Sugar
Cane or eed.
The Forme.
He Sugar cane is a pleafant and profitable Reed, having long
{talks feaven or eight foot high, joynted and Knee’d like the
common walking Canes, but that the Leaves come forth of
every joynt on every fide of the {talk one, like unto wings long narrow
and fharp pointed. “The Cane it felf or italk is not hollow as other
Canes and Reeds are; but full and ituffed with a spungious fub{tance,
in taste exceeding fweet. The root is great and long creeping along
within the inner cruft of the earth, which is likewife fweet and
pleafant, but leffe hard or wooddy then other Canes or Reeds; from
which do fhoot many young Cions which are cut away from the
main or Mother plant; becaufe they fhould not draw away the
nourishment from the old ftock; and fo get unto themfelves a little
moilture, or elfe fome sub{tance not much worth, and caufe the {tock
to be barren, and themfelves little the better: which fhoots de ferve
for plants to fet abroad for increafe.
The Places and Time.
The Sugar Cane groweth naturally in the Eaft and Weft Indies,
the Barbadoes, Madera, and the Canary Islands, and Barbary also.
It is planted likewife in many parts of Europe at this day * * *
fome fhoots have been planted in England but the coldneffe of the
206
climate quickly made an end of them. * * * The Sugar cane is
planted of the year in thofe hot countries where it doth naturally
grow, by reafon they fear no frofts to hurt the young fhoots, at their
firft planting * * *.
The Vertues.
Sugar is good to make {mooth the roughneffe * * * of the Lungs,
cleareth the voice and putteth away hoarinefs and the Cough; and
fo doth Sugar Candy. Sugar or White Sugar Candy, put into the
Eye, taketh away the dimneffe, and the blood fhotten theirin * * * .
This is the Phyfical ufe of Sugar, which hath obtained now a daies
fo continall and daily ufe; that it is almoft accounted not Phyficall,
and is more commonly ufed in Confections, Syrups, and fuch like;
as also preferving, and conferving fundry fruits * * * to write all
which, is befides our Intentions. Now for our ordinary Reeds * * * .
The frefh leaves bruifed, or the roots applyed to thofe places that
have Thorns, Splinters, or the like in the flefh do draw them forth
in a fhort {pace * * * ; the Ashes made of the outer rind of the
{talk, mingled with Vinegar, helpeth the falling of the hair. If the
flower or woolly fubitance happen into the ears, it {ticketh theirin fo
faft, as that by no means it will be gotten forth again, but will pro-
cure deafneffe withal. Some have obferved that the Fern and the
Reed are at perpetuall enmity, the one not abiding where the other
is: which may be, as my Lord Bacon faith, not becaufe of any An-
tipathy in the plants; but because they draw a like nourifhment, and
fo ftarve one the other; whereas there is such amity they fay, between
Afparagus and the Reed, that they both thrive wondrous well, which
is becaule they draw a different Juyce. Reeds are alfo put to many
necellary ules, as to thatch houfes, to ferve as walls and defence to
Gardiners in the cherifhing of their plants, to Water-men to trim
their boats, to Weavers to wind their yarn on and for divers other
purpofes: Nay thofe that grow in the Indies by reafon of the heat
of thofe Climates grow fo great and tall, that they ferve inftead of
timber, both to build their houfes and to cover them.
Clalave. CWI.
Of Periwinckle.
The Kinds.
y \ Here be divers Sorts or Kinds of Periwinckle, whereof fome
be greater, others leffer; fome with white Flowers, others
Purple, and double, and fome of a fair blew Sky Colour.
207
The Forme.
The common Sort of Periwinckle hath many Branches, trailing
or running upon the ground, fhooting out {mall Fibers at the Joynts
as it runneth * * * and with [the leaves] come alfo the Flowers
(one at a joynt standing upon a tender Foot-{talk) being fomewhaz
long and hollow, parted at the brims, fometimes into four, fometimes
into five leaves, of a pale blew colour. The Root is not much bigger
then a Ruth, bufhing in the ground, and creeping with his Branches
far about, whereby it quickly poffeffeth a great compaffe, and is
therefore moft ufually planted under hedges, where it may have
room to run up upon the {fticks, which it doth encompaffe, and bind
over and over, and is perhaps from thence called Vinca Per winca.
The V ertues.
* * * Tt is likewife good againit the biting of Adders, being
bruised, and applyed to the place, efpecially if the infulion thereof
in Vinegar be taken inwardly. Parkinson faith, it is a tradition with
many, that a wreath made hereof, and worn about the Legs, de-
fendeth them from the Cramp; by which words he feemeth in my
judgment, to doubt of the truth thereof; but indeed, he needed not fo
to do; for I knew a friend of mine who was very vehemently tor-
mented with the cramp, for a long while, which could be by no
means eatled, till he had wrapped some of the Branches hereof about
his Legs * * *. Mr. Culpepper writeth that Venus owns this Herb,
and saith, That the Leaves eaten by Man and Wife together, caufe
love, which is a rare quality indeed if it be true.
( Zo be concluded. )
SHORTER NOTES
THE CATHERINE McCMANEs Funp.—The fund announced in
TORREYA two years ago which has since provided the unusual
number of illustrations has been renewed; one hundred dollars
has been given for the coming year and another hundred is
promised for the year following. This fund has made it possible
to print many papers for which the authors demanded illustra-
tions, and it is hoped that the fund will help make ToRREYA more
desirable, both to readers and contributors.
THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF Lespedeza striata. This
native of eastern Asia was introduced into North America
during the first half of the last century, and at once established
itself as a naturalized member of our flora. Just how early the
208
species was introduced appears to be uncertain, but the popular
belief held throughout the Southern States, namely that the
plant was brought into that section during the Civil War period,
is erroneous, although it was doubtless then disseminated in
various sections where it had not been before observed. The
late Professor Porter found it thoroughly naturalized in middle
Georgia as early as 1846 while he was a resident of that state.
Its advent was probably unnoticed by the native residents on
account of the relative inconspicuousness of the plants, and how
long previous to 1846 the plant may have been established as a
member of our flora Professor Porter was not able to learn.
During the first half of the last century the plant seems to
have spread slowly; however, during the second half, it advanced
north, northwest, and west, apparently establishing itself per-
manently wherever it gained a foothold.
On account of local means of dispersal Lespedeza striata spread
westward more rapidy than northward The end of the last
century saw it established in Texas, Kansas, and Illinois, while it
was not until the beginning of the present century that it got a
firm hold in southern Pennsylvania.
The geographical range for the species given in the several
floras within whose limits it occurs are too narrow, and should
read Pennsylvania to Kansas, Florida, and Texas.
J. K. SMALL
REVIEWS
Ganong’s Teaching Botanist*
Progressive teachers of botany already possess well worn copies
of the first edition of this pioneer contribution to the pedagogy
of their subject. The second edition, “rewritten almost through-
out’, is brought abreast of the advance of the past decade in
botanical education, and will, no doubt, be even more warmly
welcomed than was the first edition.
The title not only names the book, but designates the class of
readers to whom it is addressed, and to whom it will make its
*The Teaching Botanist. By William F. Ganong, Ph.D. Second edition. Pp.
xi + 439; plates 2; figures 40. $1.25. The Macmillan Co., New York. 1910.
209
strongest appeal. The book will not commend itself to that
type of university professor who regards research and the direc-
tion of it as the chief end of man, and his teaching as only a
necessary evil, essential in order to hold his position and justify
his salary. Undoubtedly the pendulum has reached the end
of its swing in this direction, and there has already begun a
return to the more stable and desirable condition where efficient
teaching of the science is regarded, not only as worth while for
its own sake, but absolutely essential to the greatest growth and
development of the science.
That there are at present more vacancies in botanical positions
in the United States than there are competent men to fill them,
is due in large measure to the fact that a more than amateurish
presentation of introductory and even advanced courses by men
absorbed in research, and “‘teaching’’ under protest, has failed
to make a strong appeal to young men and women of ability.
It is not, for a moment, meant to be here implied that research
should be considered as secondary in importance to teaching,
nor that some men should not give all their time and energy to
investigation, nor that it would not be an educational blunder for
some men to engage in the instruction of beginning classes rather
than in enlarging the boundaries of our knowledge. But, on the
other hand, it is maintained, as emphatically as possible, that
teaching should not be considered as secondary in importance to
research; and that one who devotes his time and talents to the
problems and needs of botanical education should no longer be
considered to have “‘done nothing”’ in his position.
It is an almost self-evident truth that the teacher should have
the spirit of research, but if his inclinations lead him to make a
contribution to the improvement of botanical education this
should be considered by every one interested in any phase of
botany as important and valuable a service as the discovery of
a new chromosome or a new mendelian ratio.
The writer believes that there is no error more widespread or
more erroneous than that knowledge of a subject, alone and of
itself, confers teaching power or is the sole need in the preparation
of a teacher. ‘The Teaching Botanist” is a protest against this
210
point of view, and a positive, constructive contribution toward
the solution of the problem of more effective botanical teaching.
Chapter I. should be learned by heart and taken to heart by
every earnest teacher. The chapter-headings are substantially
the same as those in the first edition, while the appendix includes
the ‘‘Unit Course in Botany Formulated by a Committee of the
Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools of the North Cen-
tral States’’, as well as the ‘‘Course of the Botanical Society of
America and the College Entrance Examination Board”’.
Teachers of all grades, experienced and inexperienced, cannot
fail to derive both profit and inspiration from this admirable
volume.
C. STUART GAGER
THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
OF INTEREST TO TEACHERS
SOME FALLACIES OF BOTANY TEACHERS
Among the fallacies enumerated by Joseph Y. Bergen in School
Science and Mathematics for December, 1909, the following para-
graphs seem of special interest.
“There is beginning to be a vigorous demand, perhaps most
noticeable in parts of the middle west, for a highly ‘practical,’
1. €., economic, kind of instruction in botany and zoédlogy. It is
felt that, for one thing, the teaching should be so shaped as to
make use of the commonest garden and field plants to illustrate
plant anatomy and physiology. Of course no teacher in his
senses would hunt up a rare greenhouse orchid to demonstrate
a point which could be equally well shown by the use of a garden
lily, a hyacinth, or an onion. But, * * * there isa very specious
fallacy in the unqualified insistence on the use of common ma-
terial. * * * The cabbage is a most familiar plant, therefore let
us make stomata easy for him by giving him cabbage leaves to
histologize. Now a single trial would convince any unbiased
teacher that the familiar cabbage leaf is not nearly as easy a
subject for the study of stomata as are easily peeled leaves, like
those of the iris, or firm ones for cross sectioning, like those of
211
Cycas. So, too, the fact that the common bean is a highly
useful plant and Sedum or Trillium is not would still leave the
bean flower much the poorest of the three with which to begin the
study of floral structures.
“A still more radical phase of the movement toward economic
biology appears in the demand for lessons on all sorts of topics
bearing on horticulture and farming, from injurious insects to
plant breeding. Doubtless in some country high schools a good
deal of such work can be made thoroughly interesting and profit-
able. And in any schools such matter, in very moderate
amounts, may properly be assigned for supplementary reading.
Leaving out business and other technical courses, however, when
one begins to make economic consideration the measure of edu-
cational values he begins to pile up absurdities. As soon as the
teachers of geography, history and geometry are willing to bend
most of their respective efforts toward instruction regarding
commercial routes, the alternation of periods of activity and de-
pression in the world’s business, and mensuration, it will be time
for biology teachers to consider favorably corresponding pseudo-
utilitarian innovations. But if the most valuable crop that any
country can produce is intelligent men it must follow that any
kind of study which is preéminently suited to cultivate habits
of careful observation and orderly thinking in school children is
especially important. Then that kind of biology which gives —
young people some adequate conception—partly obtained from
their own field and laboratory studies—of the animal and plant
inhabitants of the earth, is better worth while than that which
primarily leads to more abundant hay, grain, butter and pork
making. In other words, we can develop the faculties of a boy
faster and further (and therefore do more for the world) by setting
him to work on the structure and functions of the corn plant
than by making him count and weigh the kernels of a half dozen
ears of as many improved varieties of corn. Such counting and
weighing, unless they form part of an extended, systematic in-
vestigation carried on by the student, have no more educational
value than keeping tally of the loads of coal sent out by a fuel
company.
212
“There has been among teachers of botany an idea, now fast
vanishing, that ecology is at once the easiest and the most in-
teresting department of the science. * * * High school pupils can
learn a few useful facts about such matters as heliotropic and
geotropic movements of plants, the occurrence and meaning of
deciduousness among trees, insect pollination, competition, the
concept of a plant formation and a plant association. Further
they cannot profitably go.
“Though the belief that plant ecology is ‘easy’ is obsolescent,
an equally pernicious notion that plant physiology is ‘hard’ still
prevails. It has, in some instances, gone so far as to lead to
-something perilously near to the complete omission of the subject
from the text-books and the class work. Of course the more
recondite matters, such as the causes of the movements of liquids
in the plant body, the precise function and modus operandi of
stomatal movements, the details of sexual reproduction in many
groups, and a host of other topics are difficult enough to tax the
energies of a Pfeffer, a Strasburger, or a DeBary. But there are
so many simple, manageable things for the young beginner to
work out! It is far easier for him to discover for himself the fact
and roughly to measure the amount of transpiration, to prove
the dependence of starch production on light, and roughly to
ascertain the temperature limits within which germination of a
given kind of seed is possible than to learn by his own observations
anything worth while about fibro-vascular bundles or even to
master the details of pollination in Asclepias or most orchids.
‘““A few words should here be said about the very prevalent
idea, that since plants have been evolved from the unicellular
condition to that of the most complicated assemblage of struc-
tures found among seed plants, the pupil’s knowledge of them
should be gained along the same road.- Perhaps with students
of twenty this might be true, though one of the best all-round
teaching professors of botany whom I have known, found that
his classes of college beginners in the subject could not do any-
thing like the year’s work when they began with the cell as a unit
that they could and did when they began with readily visible
and somewhat familiar forms. It is doubtful whether the
213
English-speaking world has ever known a more successful teaching
biologist than Huxley and there are still some of us who remember
how he reversed the order of treatment in his Biology, after a
thorough trial of the evolutionary order in the first edition. . . .
“To me it has always seemed a wrong done to the learner to
give him a specially coined Greek derivative where a single
English word or a manageable compound will serve. Seed-plant,
rootstock, sac-fruit, for those who are not and are not to become
technical botanists, are just as good terms as spermatophyte,
rhizome, and ascocarp, while they are far easier to learn and
to remember. It is indeed a pity that we have not a host of
simple terms like the German Keimblatt, Markstrahl, and so on,
but let us use what we have.”
Upham’s Introduction to Agriculture is designed for the eighth
grade, but it contains much that is more simply told than in
many of our high school text-books. Any high school teacher
of botany (and zoélogy) will find it a very helpful addition to the
class library.
A double flowering dogwood is reported in Science (June 10)
by F. L. Stevens and J. G. Hall. There is an “excessive develop-
ment of the small bracts that subtend the individual flowers of
the ordinary head” and a “suppression of all the individual
flowers except the central one which appeared entirely normal.”’
In Science for August 12, Professor T. D. A. Cockerell makes
a plea for the better care of types—for their more careful housing
and for stricter rules concerning the loaning of type specimens to
individuals and to institutions. Professor Cockerell considers a
type “‘ from its nature, in some sense the property of the scientific
world.”
In Buller’s Research on Fungi (1909) spore ejection was proven
by means of a beam of light. It is stated that “ejection is inde-
pendent of hygroscopic conditions, takes place but slowly at 0°,
and is stopped by anesthetics and by lack of oxygen. It is
214
therefore a phenomenon of protoplasmic activity, not a mere
result of hygroscopic tension.”
In Science (July 8) Albert Schneider referring to the botanical
garden symposium papers (A. A. A. S. of Boston) pleads for
“practical significance’”’ in the experimental work of botanical
gardens; he also insists that in such gardens and experiment
stations the major part of the work should be establishing and
developing new plant industries.
Recently a Montclair (N. J.) magistrate imposed a twenty
dollar fine on an electric light employe who cut the tops from two
trees to make room for wires. Such conscious and wilful law-
breaking is too rarely thus treated; and consequently, as the
New York Tribune says, “with all our Arbor Day formalities
and all our praiseworthy talk of conservation, the destruction of
trees as the victims of laziness or sordidness goes on at a dis-
creditable rate.”
Governor Hadley of Missouri is one of a group of progressive
western men who are planning to establish farm colonies of
families who have the capacity and the ambition essential to
make a success of farming, but who never can, under present
conditions of living, obtain the capital required for the transfer
from the city to the country.
_ A colony would include several forty acre farms with a central
model farm. According to the Outlook, that would be occupied
by a director, an expert agriculturist. Dr. F. van Eeden, the
Dutch sociologist and writer, is planning a colony of Dutch
farmers near Wilmington (N. C.), which will also be a practical
illustration of social organization.
The future wheat supply of the United States from the point
of view of (1) increase in wheat acreage and (2) increase in acre
yields is discussed by Professor M. A. Carleton in a recent Science.
(August 5). The first may be reached by an expansion in the
farm area or by devoting a larger percentage of the present farm
215
area to wheat. Professor Carleton calculates that by 1950 the
“improved farm area’’ will reach 760,000,000 acres, and that
there will also be a gain in the percentage of farm land devoted
to wheat, giving 76,000,000 acres of wheat land. In the last
‘forty years there has been a gain of 1.8 bushels to an acre; by
1950 a yield of 16.8 bushels per acre is predicted—a gain of 2.7
bushels per acre. The methods of increasing the acre yield:
(1) the introduction of better adapted varieties, (2) hybridization
and selection in existing varieties, and (3) better methods of
cultivation are discussed. Professor Carleton states that the
most important introduced wheats were those of the Fife (brought
from eastern Europe through Scotland and Canada into the
northern states of the plains) and from Crimea or Turkey
(brought from the Crimea and established in the middle states
of the plains). The combined output of these two types of
wheat now comprises nearly the entire wheat production of the
country. These wheats have not only extended the area to the
north and west but have increased the acre yield. Credit is given
the U. S. Department of Agriculture for much improvement
in existing varieties by selection and by hybridization. Yet, that
and the improvement due to progressive farming methods are
deemed but in their infancy.
Recent study by K. F. Kellerman and J. R. Robinson, of the
Bureau of Plant Industry, shows that the presence of magnesium
carbonate (0.25 per cent. or over) is “positively inhibitive to
nitrifying action; 2. e., toxic to the bacteria so important to the
nutrition of plants’. Calcium carbonate is favorable up to
two per cent. Fairly pure calcium carbonate should therefore
be used in liming soils already containing magnesium.
At the third International Botanical Congress held in Brussels
in May some new rules on nomenclature were formulated. Lin-
naeus’s Species Plantarum, 1753, is to be retained as the starting
point for the myxomycetes, lichens, and liverworts; but more
recent authorities are to be used for fungi (1801, Persoon, and
1821-32, Fries); for algae (Linnaeus in part; 1848, Rolfs; 1886-
216
88, Bornet and Flahault; 1900, Hirn; and 1892-93, Gomont) ;
and for mosses (1801-30, Hedwig).
NEWS ITEMS
The death of Samuel Bowdlear Green, dean of the school of
forestry and the University of Minnesota, has recently been
announced.
E. Dwight Sanderson, of the New Hampshire Agricultural
Experiment Station, has been made dean of the College of
Agriculture, West Virigina University.
Professor Edward W. Berry, associate professor in paleobotany
at Johns Hopkins University, has recently been appointed geolo-
gist on the United States Geological Survey.
Arthur W. Merrill, of the Baron de Hirsch School, has been
made director of the secondary school of agriculture to open in
Vermont at Lyndon Institute, Lyndon, Vermont. A two-year
course in scientific agriculture, planned to prepare young men for
“successful farming under Vermont conditions” is offered to
residents of*the state. The school has been made possible
through a gift by Theodore N. Vail; and two methods of paying
expenses—by cash or by work—are offered the students.
The fall lectures at the New York Botanical Gardens are to
be given at four on Saturdays, as usual. The program includes:
Orchids, Wild and Cultivated, by Mr. G. V. Nash, September
17; The Botanical Gardens of Europe, by Dr. W. A. Murrill,
September 24; Some Floral and Scenic Features of Jamaica, by
Dr. M. A. Howe, October 1; Carnivorous Plants, by Professor H.
M. Richards, October 8; Autumn Flowers, by Dr. N. L. Britton,
October 15; Plant Diseases and their Control, by Mr. F. J.
Seaver, October 22; Explorations in Santo Domingo, by Mr. N.
Taylor, October 29; The Flora of Switzerland, by Professor E.
L. Burgess, November 5; Some Economic Plants of Mexico, by
Professor H. H. Rusby, November 12; and Cuba, Its Flora and
Plant Products, by Dr. N. L. Britton, November 19.
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
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or
Vol. 10 ih October, 1910 No. Io
TORREYA
A Monruty Journat or BoranicaL Notes anp News
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY
JEAN BROADHURST
. JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873
CONTENTS
A Few More Pioneer Plants Found in the MSPS Region of Alabama and
Geororays NOUAND AVE TARP ER Noa Ju ic cache seclwoemenh a leteniugie tide ale dp vom ehsavagievn’
A Fossil Fig: T. D. A. CoCKERELL......:.. PRIS stab aG SN SAN DEON Be bites buenas
Local Flora Notes—VI: NORMAN. TAYLOR... ...0.c.0. cceeeeseche eccvitgeteesiegaeteries Pennie:
A Wew Species of Blueberry from New Jersey; KENNETH K. MACKENZIE...........
‘Shorter Notes: A Mountain Anychiastrum; JOHN K. SMALL ....0... cece
Of Interest to Teachers: The Term Biology...........0...:cccccceeecactectecueeeeeecneeenten
PIOWO Tleme Ces o/. i cit tee cused seb rletiense siieteceeeeanneete sirddan dense itpeoasaee sol ateome or caee
PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB
Av 41 NortH Qugen Srreet, LANCAsTER, Pa.
bY THe New Era Printinc Company
[Entered at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. |
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
OFFICERS FOR 1o10
President
HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D.
Vice-Presidents
EDWARD S. BURGESS, PH.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M.,M.D.
Recording Secretary
PERCY WILSON
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City
Lditor : Treasurer
MARSHALL AVERY. HOWE, PH.D. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, PHaAR.D.
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TORREYA
October, Igio
Vol. Io No. Io
eB MORE: PIONEER PEANTS FOUND IN THE
METAMORPHIC REGION OF ALABAMA
AND GEORGIA
By ROLAND M. HARPER
In a few comparatively recent papers* I have announced the
discovery in the Piedmont region and mountains of Alabama and
Georgia of several species of plants previously supposed to be
confined to the coastal plain, or nearly so; and as every county
in Alabama and all but a few of the more inaccessible ones in
Georgia have now been visited by botanists, it seemed a short
time ago as if the possibility of additional discoveries of this
kind must be almost exhausted. But in June of this year, when
I had occasion to spend a few days among the mountains of
eastern Alabama and western Middle Georgia, I found that this
was by no means the case.
On the 6th and 7th of the month named I was on the Blue
Ridge where it forms the boundary between Talladega and
Clay Counties, Alabama, a few miles south of Cheaha Mountain,
the highest point in that state. (AIl the plants mentioned
below as occurring on this ridge were seen on the southeastern
slope, in Clay County, within a few miles of Erin and Pyriton.)
On the 8th and oth I explored parts of the Pine Mountains
of Meriwether County, Georgia, within a few miles of Bulloch-
ville (Warm Springs) and Woodbury, where I had found many
interesting things in 1901 and 1908.
There are some interesting similarities and differences between
*Ror Alabama, Torreya 6: 111-117; Bull. Torrey Club 33: 523-536. 1906; for
Georgia, Bull. Torrey Club 30: 294. 1903; 36: 583-593. 1909.
fits altitude is supposed to be 2,407 feet. Some interesting notes on the vege-
tation of this ridge can be found on pages 58-64 of Mohr’s Plant Life of Alabama.
[No. 9, Vol. 10, of ToRREYA, comprising pages 193-216, was issued September
23, I910.|
217
‘BR
Fy
AR)
Y Op;
218
these two ranges of mountains. Each consists for the most part
of a single prominent ridge trending approximately northeast
and southwest, and they are also alike in being formed of sand-
stone rocks (presumably pre-Cambrian in age, for they contain
no fossils), and having long-leaf pine more abundant than any
other kind of tree on their slopes. The Pine Mountains, how-
ever, are about 1,000 feet lower than the Blue Ridge and half
a degree farther south (being the southernmost mountains in the
eastern United States).
Some of the most interesting finds in the way of coastal plain
plants in both states were made in wet ravines on the mountain
slopes. These ravines all contain small clear streams, beginning
gradually near their heads and varying in length with the wet-
ness of the season, and of course descending rapidly in the usual
manner of mountain rivulets. The bottoms and sides of the
ravines are strewn with loose subangular rocks of various sizes,
Fic. 1. Pinus palustris on rocky slope of a ravine on a spur of the Blue Ridge
northwest of Pyriton, Alabama. June 7, 1910.
but there are very few cliffs or waterfalls, at least in the smaller
ones, their slopes being comparatively uniform. This is prob-
219
ably because the mountains are composed of essentially homo-
geneous rocks, without well-defined stratification, faults, etc.
In most parts of eastern North America ravines contain vege-
tation approaching the climax type, but here succession has not
progressed very far, as shown by the large proportion of ever-
greens, etc. The vegetation of these mountain ravines bears
about the same relation to that of the adjacent pine-covered
slopes as that of branch-swamps in the wire-grass country of
Georgia does to the surrounding pine-barrens,* and there are
quite a number of species common to the corresponding habitats
in the two otherwise very dissimilar regions. Analogous rela-
tions also exist between the dry mixed forests and the banks of
streams on the Cumberland Plateau (Lookout Mountain, Sand
Mountain, etc.) of Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee, where suc-
cession has progressed a little farther, and the long-leaf pine has
long ago disappeared, if it ever grew so far inland.
The following species (arranged in approximate order of abun-
dance, etc.) were seen in mountain ravines in both states, in the
week under consideration.
TREES: Acer rubrum, Magnolia glauca, Liriodendron, Ilex
opaca, Persea pubescens, Oxydendron, Pinus Taeda.
SHRUBS AND WOODY VINES: Alnus rugosa, Kalmia latifolia,
Smilax laurifolia, Decumaria barbara, Myrica carolinensis, Sym-
plocos tinctoria, Azalea nudiflora. (Just about half the woody
plants are evergreen.) ,
HERBS: Osmunda cinnamomea, O. regalis, Lorinseria areolata,
Galax aphylla, Carex crinita.
In addition, Fagus, Xolisma ligustrina, Viburnum nudum, and
Dryopterts Noveboracensis were noted in several such places in
Alabama, and might have been seen in Georgia as well if I had
examined as many ravines as I did in Alabama on this trip.
Several species which were seen less frequently will be mentioned
below.
Quite a number of other pioneer bog plants were found on
June 9 in a moist meadow about half a mile east of Woodbury,
Georgia, the same place where I had made some interesting
*See Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 17: 62. 1006.
220
discoveries nearly nine years before.* Several species of more
climax tendencies, though nevertheless mainly “‘austroriparian”’
in distribution, were found on the same day along the Flint
River where it cuts through the Pine Mountains in a series of
rather narrow gorges, and in the swamp of one of its tributaries,
Cane Creek, on the north side of the mountains about two miles
east of Woodbury.
The following annotated list of noteworthy plants also in-
cludes two species which were observed from a train between
Birmingham and Pell City, Alabama, on June 4.
Halesia diptera L. Several unmistakable specimens (with full-
grown fruit) of this little tree were seen on the banks of the Flint
River in Meriwether County, Georgia, at the southeastern corner
of an amphitheater-like valley about three miles in diameter
known as “‘the Cove.”’ It was not known outside of the coastal
plain before, though Dr. Mohr had reported it from the vicinity
of Auburn, Ala.,{ which is pretty close to the fall-line.
Osmanthus americanus (L.) B. & H. Common ina wet ravine
in the Pine Mountains near Nebula, a small station a few miles
south of Warm Springs. This species was entirely new to the
known flora of Middle Georgia, and even in Alabama I had not
seen it so far above the fall-line.{ Its leaves at this station were
rather narrower than they usually are in its favorite habitat,
coastal plain hammocks. Some of the trees bore an abundance
of young fruit.
Ilex coriacea (Pursh) Chapm. (J.lucidaT.&G.). In the same
ravine; not common, but some of the bushes were over ten feet
tall, which is about as large as this species ever grows. This does
not seem to have been reported from outside of the coastal plain
before, though Dr. Mohr cited specimens from one of the fall-
line counties of Alabama, not very far from this new station.
Persea pubescens (Pursh) Sarg. Seen in one mountain ravine
in Alabama, and in two or three in Georgia, both near the Flint
River and near Nebula. Unmistakable specimens were collected
near the latter place on June 8. Dr. Mohr knew this in Alabama
*See Bull. Torrey Club 30: 204, 326. 10903.
+Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 6: 66. t1gor.
tSee Bull. Torrey Club 33: 536. 1906.
221
only from three extreme southern counties, Escambia, Baldwin
and Mobile; and Professor Sargent in his Manual of Trees, 1906,
restricts it to ‘‘Pine-barren swamps, ... in the immediate neigh-
borhood of the coast.”’
Nymphaea fluviatilis Harper. What I take to be this species
was seen from the train, in the Cahaba River near Henry Ellen,
in the eastern edge of Jefferson County, Alabama. In 1908 I had
seen the same thing nearly as far from the coast in Middle
Georgia.*
Myrica carolinensis Mill. As this was not known outside of
the glaciated region and coastal plain until 1906, it might be
worth while to mention here that small inconspicuous specimens
of it, about knee-high, are not rare in damp ravines on the slopes
of both the Blue Ridge and the Pine Mountains.
Pogonia divaricata (L.) R. Br. Rare in boggy places in moun-
tain ravines in Clay County, Alabama, with Osmunda cinna-
momea and several less common plants. Dr. Mohr knew this
handsome orchid no farther inland than Tuscaloosa County, but
Dr. Gattinger found it in the mountains of East Tennessee.
Pogonia ophioglossoides (L). Ker. Although this is known
from many scattered stations between the glaciated region and
the coastal plain,t it is by no means a common plant in the
highlands, and I had never seen it in Middle Georgia until I
found several specimens in bloom in the meadow near Woodbury,
previously mentioned.
Smilax laurifolia L. I have already reported this from the
highlands of both states, but not from either of the mountain
ranges under consideration, so it may be worth mentioning that
I found it quite common in most of the wet ravines, as indicated
in the foregoing habitat list.
Tillandsia usneoides L. In former years I had seen this
“characteristic coastal plain epiphyte along rocky banks of rivers
a mile or two above the fall-line near Tallassee, Ala., and Colum-
bus, Ga.,{ but finding it among the Pine Mountains, over twenty
miles from the fall-line in a straight line (and probably twice as
*See Bull. Torrey Club 36: 589. 1909.
tSee Rhodora 8: 29. 1906.
See Bull. Torrey Club 33: 527-528; Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 17: 266 1906.
222
far by water), was quite unexpected. It grows in the gorge of the
Flint River, at about the same place already mentioned under
Halesia diptera, on various trees, principally Quercus alba. Some
of it was forty or fifty feet up in the air, and some low enough
to be reached from the ground, but it was not at all abundant.
It happened to be in bloom at the time I saw it, and it is probably
holding its own pretty well.
Lachnocaulon anceps (Walt.) Morong. In the moist meadow —
near Woodbury; rather rare. Previously known only from the
coastal plain and Lookout Mountain.*
Rhynchospora rariflora (Mx.) Ell. With the preceding, not
rare. Previously known only from the coastal plain, but its
occurrence here is perhaps not so surprising since it has recently
been reported from New Jersey.t
Panicum gymnocarpon Ell. In the swamp of Cane Creek,
Meriwether County, Georgia. Previously known only from the
coastal plain, from Georgia to Texas. With it I noticed two
other species of somewhat similar distribution (though already
known from a few stations outside of the coastal plain), namely,
Commelina hirtella Vahl and Trachelospermum difforme (Walt.)
Gray.
Anchistea virginica (L.) Presl. Seen from the train, in a sort
of meadow just east of Brompton, St. Clair County, Alabama.
The only other stations between the glaciated region and coastal
plain on record for this species seem to be those in Cherokee and
Chilton Counties, Alabama, and Pike County, Georgia, described
in my earlier papers.
TALLAHASSEE, FLORIDA
AN IPOSSINL ING
By T. D. A. COCKERELL
Among some specimens collected by my wife at Station 14,
in the Miocene shales of Florissant, I find two which, on careful
inspection, prove to be figs. The genus Ficus has been recog-
*See Torreya 6: 114; Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci 17: 268. 1906.
TW. Stone, Torreya 8: 16-17. 1908.
t Illustrated with the aid of the Catherine McManes fund.
223
nized in the Florissant flora from the leaves, two species being
described, F. florissantella Ckll. and F. arenaceaeformis Ckll. A
remarkable confirmation of the existence of Ficus there was made
when Mr. C. T. Brues found among the insects collected long
ago by Scudder a veritable fig-insect, which he described* as
Tetrapus mayrt, dedicating the species to Gustav Mayr, who was
a great authority on the subject, and originally described Tetra-
pus. Now we have the figs themselves, and although it is very
likely that they should be associated with one of the species
described from the leaves, it is impossible to say which, so I
give them provisionally a separate name.
Ficus Bruesi n. sp.
Fruit long-pyriform, about 33 mm. long and II mm. wide,
as shown in the figure; basal part slightly plicate.
As preserved, the fruits are dark brown. The type
specimen shows two round gall-like bodies, shown in
the illustration, but from the dark color of the
specimen inconspicuous in the actual fossil. One
of these, in particular, contains an object which
seems to have the indistinct outline of an insect,
and I really believe that these objects are the
Tetrapus developing within the fig.
The fig is remarkable for its elongated form, but
similar species exist to-day. It is probably on i
account of this character that the name longipes Fruit of Fi-
has-been applied to different species inhabiting cus Bruesi.
Madagascar, Assam, and Mexico.
Other fossil figs have been found, one (F. neurocarpa Hollick,
1903) being as old as the Dakota Cretaceous.
Some fossil species of Ficus found in Colorado need new names,
as follows:
Ficus coloradensis n.n.
Ficus trregularis Lx., Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr.
1875 : 368. 1876. Not F. irregularis Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot.
Lugd. Bat.3 : 224. 1867; nor Steud., Nom. ed. 2 : 636
*Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. LIV, 17. 1910.
224
Ficus ovaliformis n. n.
Ficus ovalis Lx., Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr. 1875 :
387. 1876. Not F. ovalis Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat.
8) 3 20s KO
Ficus denveriana n. n.
Ficus spectabilis Lx., Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv.
Terr. 1872 : 379. 1873. Not F. spectabilis Kunth & Bouché,
ANON, SCs Neues Sie; WU 78 2a. SA.
Also the following from Alaska:
Ficus Dalli n. n.
Ficus membranacea Newberry, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 5: 512.
1883. Not F. membranacea Wright, Sauvalle, Fl. Cub. 149.
1873.
LOCAL, IRILORUE INOINES Wil
By NORMAN TAYLOR
JUGLANDACEAE
1. Juglans cinerea L. This has not been found south of
Newark, N. J., so far as our specimens show. In the catalog
of New Jersey plants it is reported as rare in Monmouth and
Ocean Counties. Has it ever been found south of this in our
range?f
2. Juglans nigra L. In the New Jersey catalog the plant is
said to be common, except in the pine-barrens. Has it since
been found in this area? The Philadelphia botanists give no
stations for it, and all our specimens are from regions north of
the pine-barren country.
3. Hicoria laciniosa (Michx.) Sarg. Our only specimen is an
old one from Sellersville, Bucks Co., Pa. General works credit
*Continued from Bull. Torrey Club 37: 429-435. 1910.
+The local flora range as prescribed by the Club’s preliminary catalog of 1888
is as follows: All the state of Connecticut; Long Island; in New York the coun-
ties bordering the Hudson River, up to and including Columbia and Greene, also
Sullivan and Delaware counties; all of New Jersey; and Pike, Wayne, Monroe,
Lackawanna, Luzerne, Northampton, Lehigh, Carbon, Bucks, Berks, Schuylkill,
Montgomery, Philadelphia, Delaware, and Chester counties in Pennsylvania.
225
the tree to eastern Pennsylvania, central and western New York,
and also to the middle West. It has apparently never been
found in New Jersey. What is the true range of this species,
which is certainly rare and local east of the Allegheny Mountains?
BETULACEAE.
1. Carpinus caroliniana Walter. None of the numerous speci-
mens are from localities in the pine barrens, and the New Jersey
catalog excludes it from this region. How near to the pine-
barrens has the plant been found? Is it known from Burlington
(COns ING ee
2. Cory'us rostrata Ait. So far as New Jersey is concerned
this shrub is not known south of the terminal moraine, although
specimens from Chester Co., Pa., bring it considerably south of
the glaciated region in that state. From where in New Jersey,
particularly in the south-central sections near Middlesex and
Mercer Counties, has the plant been collected?
3. Betula papyrifera Marsh. Our specimens limit this species
to the country north of a point which is approximately the
northern state line of New Jersey, with two exceptions, Plainfield
and Elizabethport, N. J. These two New Jersey records bring
the plant much further south than its apparent distribution
center, which isin the Catskills, and the hill counties of Penn-
sylvania. Does the plant grow between these points? Has it
ever been found in Berks or Bucks Co., Pa.?
4. Betu a lutea Michx. Our only two specimens are from the
Catskills. Other records, for the most part substantiated by
specimens, credit the plant to Lehigh, Monroe, and Pike Counties
in Pennsylvania. Beyond this nothing seems to be known of its
distribution within the range.
5. Betula pumila L. The flora of Pennsylvania, the Phila-
delphia catalog, and all our specimens exclude this plant from the
whole state of Pennsylvania. Several stations in northern New
Jersey and one in northwestern Connecticut complete our repre-
sentation of this species. The exclusion from the high mountain
parts of Pennsylvania and from the Catskills is almost incon-
ceivable. It should be found in many cold bogs in the glaciated
226
part of our range, but for lack of evidence this is only con-
jectural.
FAGACEAE
1. Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. There are no specimens from
the range. The Philadelphia Club’s catalog credits it to Glou-
cester, Salem, and Mercer Counties in New Jersey, and it is
recorded from Chester County, Pa. Beyond this nothing is
known of its range in our area.
2. Castanea dentata (March) Borkh. Has the chestnut ever
been collected in the pine-barrens? Otherwise it is common
throughout our range.
3. Quercus coccinea Marsh. The distribution of this species
given in general works indicates a wider distribution than our
four specimens show. They are all from near New York City.
This species is probably common throughout the region, but
specimens are lacking.
4. Quercus triloba Michx. (Q. digitata of the manual). Our
only specimens are from Cedar Creek, N. J., and one marked
simply ‘‘Pine-barrens of New Jersey.”’ It is credited to Long
Island, but the specimen on which this was based is the following:
5. Quercus pagodaefolia (Ell.) Ashe. There is only a single
specimen of this oak from our range. West Hempstead, L. I.,
is the only station known for it. Until recently it was not sup-
posed to grow north of Virginia, but collections at Nantucket
and the Long Island station given above have brought the tree
within our range. It may reasonably be expected to grow in the
intervening country between Long Island and Virginia and the
coastal part of New Jersey should contain this plant.
6. Quercus Phellos L. With the exception of a specimen from
Tottenville (Bentley Manor), L. I., our specimens all come from
below Middlesex Co., N. J. Has this tree been found in the
latter county or from adjoining country in Mercer County?
Records are extant but no specimens to substantiate them.
7. Quercus imbricaria Michx. The only specimen is from
Flushing, L. I., and looks as though it might have been taken
from a cultivated plant. The tree is entirely unknown on Long
Island except for this; and its only other stations in the range,
227
as shown by the books, are Philadelphia and Lehigh counties in
Pennsylvania. Has the tree established itself on Long Island?
8. Quercus Alexandert Britton. Until recently this tree was
not supposed to grow in our range, but specimens from Pough-
keepsie and West Point indicate an apparent migration down the
Hudson Valley. Has any one taken specimens from elsewhere
in the range?
9g. Quercus bicolor Willd. (Q. platanoides of the manual). Our
specimens and the published records all show this as a rare tree
in the pine-barren region. How generally distributed in this
region is this species?
10. Quercus lyrata Walt. Riddleton, Salem Co., N. J., is the
only station represented by specimens. According to the New
Jersey catalog it is ‘“Common in the middle and southern coun-
ties.’ Any specimens from this region will be welcome.
ULMACEAE
1. Ulmus Thomasu Sargent. (U. racemosa of the manual). In
the catalog of the New Jersey plants there is the following record:
“Along L. & H. R. R. R. above Woodruff’s Gap, a single tree
observed—Porter and Britton, 1887.’’ There is a specimen for
this record and one doubtful collection from Weehawken, N. J.,
many years ago. Beyond this nothing seems to be known of its
distribution in our range.
2. Ulmus fulua Michx. This species well illustrates a dis-
crepancy in the distribution of a great many of our local plants,
as given in general works. ‘‘Quebec to Florida,” etc., is about
the general range given for the tree, while the fact is that it
grows in our region only north and west of the coastal plain
region. There are at least 500 species in our area that follow
this line of distribution, and are to be excluded from the coastal-
plain region altogether.
3. Celtis georgiana Small. Inthe Flora of Southeastern United
States (page 365) this species is described as growing from Mary-
land to Georgia, etc. Since its discovery it has turned up in a
number of new stations, among them one from Newton, Sussex
Co., N. J. Thespecimens are perfectly authentic and apparently
228
like the more southern material. The species was not previously
known from this area.
URTICACEAE
1. Urtica dioica L. Our specimens indicate that this nettle
is only rather sparingly established in the area. Small colonies
are known from almost throughout the range, following no very
well defined law of distribution. Most of the specimens are
from near some fair-sized settlement.
2. Urtica gracilis Ait. Much more abundant in the northern
part of our range than southward. So far as New Jersey is
concerned only two stations are known south of New Brunswick,
Burlington and Gloucester Co. Has it ever been seen in the
southern part of the state? Does it grow on Long Island?
3. Urtica Lyallit S. Wats. This species, very doubtfully speci-
fically distinct from U. dioica L., is represented by a single
specimen from Delaware Water Gap. The character of its rela-
tive length of petiole is about its only basis for specific recognition,
and many specimens of U. dioica have varying-sized leaf-stalks.
4. Parietaria floridana Nutt. This species is credited to our
range in Dr. Small’s Flora of Southeastern United States (page
359). There are no specimens, and its distributional tendencies
in the region are unknown.
NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
A NEW SPECIES OF BLUE-BERRY FROM
NEW JERSEY
By KENNETH K. MACKENZIE
On Decoration Day, 1907, while botanizing with Mr. W. W.
Eggleston at Tom’s River, New Jersey, flowering specimens of a
blue-berry allied to Vaccinium corymbosum L. were collected by
me from a shrub growing immediately east of Jack’s Fork along
the southern edge of the Pennsylvania Railroad right-of-way.
The shrub grew in a white-cedar swamp with V. corymbosum
(then in full bloom) and V. atrococcum (A. Gray) Heller (about
done flowering), and was in full bloom. It was so distinct in
appearance that later in the year I secured fruiting specimens
from the same bush. Since 1907 until this year I have not been
in the pine-barrens at the proper season to study blue-berries in
flower, but this year on May 15 I walked frem Lakewood to
Lakehurst especially to study them. The season was fully two
weeks ahead of the season of 1907, and I found conditions exactly
right for my study. Diligent search around Lakewood did not,
however, reveal the plant I was hunting for, and it was not until
I had reached the outskirts of Lakehurst that my search was
rewarded. Here growing along the edge of the cranberry bog
about a quarter of a mile north of the depot more shrubs were
found. The result was not unexpected, for a number of plants
grow around Lakehurst which do not seem to occur at Lakewood,
and it is possible that the plant now under discussion is confined
to those pine-barren bogs in which the peculiar white sands
noticeable both at Tom’s River and Lakehurst form the sub-
stratum.
An investigation of the collections at the New York Botanical
Garden showed no flowering specimen of this shrub, but did dis-
close fruiting specimens evidently referable to it. Dr. Britton
also informed me that he had long believed that the plant repre-
sented an undescribed species, but had never been able to secure
complete material.
While an evident ally of V. corymbosum and having blue berries
it is quickly distinguished as follows: V. corymbosum has a
glistening white or pinkish-tinged conspicuous cylindrical to
ovoid urn-shaped corolla 6-12 mm. long and 4-6 mm. wide, and
two to three times as long as thick; and, as it occurs in New
Jersey, always has some pubescence on the leaf-blades, at least
near the base. The plant now under discussion has a dull
white urn-shaped corolla 4-6 mm. long and 3-4 mm. wide and but
one to two times as long as thick; and the leaf-blades are entirely
glabrous even at flowering time. V. atrococcum with its strongly
pubescent foliage, black berries, and greenish-white corolla is
quickly separated. This distinct shrub of the pine-barrens is
therefore here named and described as follows:
230
Vaccinium Caesariense sp. nov.
A shrub, 1-3 m. high similar in habit to V. corymbosum L. and
V. atrococcum (A. Gray) Heller; much branched, the twigs green,
warty, entirely glabrous. Leaf-blades ovate to elliptic-lanceo-
late, 4-7 cm. long, 1.5—2 cm. wide, entire, glabrous from the first,
much paler beneath, short-pointed, round-tapering at base,
half-grown at flowering time, the petioles 1-2 mm. long; flowers
in short 6-12 flowered racemes, the ascending or spreading pedi-
cels about equalling the corolla; bracts ovate-oblong, deciduous;
calyx 5-lobed, glaucous, its broad lobes acute; corolla urn-shaped
dull-white, 4-6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, one to two times as long
as thick, 5-toothed, the acute teeth erect or spreading; stamens
10 with hairy filaments; style slightly exceeding corolla; berries
dark blue with a bloom, 6—8 mm. in diameter.
The following specimens, all from New Jersey, have been
examined:
Tom’s River, Mackenzie No. 2583, May 30, 1907, and No. 2780,
July 28, 1907, same bush (type in Herb. K. K. Mackenzie;
duplicates will be deposited in Herb. N. Y. Botanical Garden and
Gray Herbarium); Lakehurst, Mackenzie Nos. 4544 and 4547,
May 15, 1910; Tom’s River, Britton & Wilson, June 30, 1900.
SHORTER NOTES
A MounTAIn ANYCHIASTRUM. When I described the genus
Anychiasirum three species were known. These had been in-
cluded in the two genera Anychia and Paronychia, and ranged
through the coastal region of the Southern States, extending
from North Carolina to Florida on the Atlantic side and from
Florida to Louisiana on the Gulf side. I was considerably sur-
prised, while studying the genus Anychia several years ago, to
find specimens of an Anychiastrum mixed with those of Anychia
dichotoma. The species may be described as follows:
Anychiastrum montanum sp. nov.
Plants annual or biennial, minutely pubescent. Stem branched
at the base, the branches diffusely spreading, 0.5—2 dm. long, very
slender, often wire-like, purplish, dichotomous: leaves numer-
ous; blades spatulate to elliptic-spatulate, 4-11 mm. long, acute
231
or acutish: stipules silvery: calyx becoming 1.5 mm. long; sepals
ovate to oblong-ovate, abruptly pointed at the apex, but not
cuspidate, glabrous: utricle included.
In dry soil, mountains of southern Pennyslvania, Virginia,
North Carolina, and Georgia.
Mountains near Hyndman, Pennyslvania, Small, August 19-
23, 1890 (type).
Stony Man Mountain, Virginia, Steele, August 30, 1901.
Eagle Mountain R. R., Virginia, Steele, August 18, 1903.
Julius’ Creek Mountain, Virginia, Steele, August 26, 1903.
Andrews, North Carolina, Huger, September, 1900.
Georgia, Gray.
Related to Anychiastrum Baldwini from which it differs in its
glabrous and larger calyx, the sepals which are without prominent
apical cusps, and the eciliate leaf-blades.
= Ja Ke Siarw
OF SINTERPS® Ort PAGHERS
THE TERM BIOLOGY
Among the students from the dozen or more colleges registering
yearly at Teachers College the term biology is so commonly
misused that the question may profitably, perhaps, be raised
here. Biology is used as synonymous with zodlogy. Such stu-
dents speak of wishing to take “‘biology and botany’’; of having
had ‘‘more botany than biology,”’ etc.
The Century and Standard dictionaries give no authority for
such usage. The Century dictionary definition follows: (1) The
science of life and living things in the widest sense; the body of
doctrine respecting living beings; the knowledge of vital phe-
nomena. (2) In a more special sense, physiology; bio-physiol-
ogy; biotics. (3) In a technical sense, the life history of an
animal, especially used in entomology. (4) Animal magnet-
ism. The Standard dictionary differs only in the first of
the four uses of the word, and biology is defined as (1) The
science of life or living organisms treating of the phenomena
(structure, growth, development, distribution and functions) |
232
manifested by animals and plants or the causes of those phe-
nomena; the study of living matter. An accompanying para-
graph says “‘Systematic biology includes (1) zodlogy, (2) botany,
and in some systems of classification, (3) anthropology.
Remarks by representatives of a limited number of teachers of
botany have indicated an awareness of this misuse of the term,
and a feeling that teachers of zodlogy are, perhaps unconsciously,
responsible, through a loose use of the term in class room reference
or through using the broader term in titles for courses which
deal almost entirely with zodlogical subject matter.
On the other hand, one teacher of zodlogy feels that the real
explanation lies in the fact that botanists are less aware of the
progress in the zodlogical world, and limit illustration and ampli-
fication to the field of botany, while teachers of zodlogy draw
freely from botany even in courses termed zodlogical, making
the range of general subject matter as broad in courses in zodlogy
as in those rightly called biology.
If this is so the remedy lies with the departments of botany.
The whole field of biology is theirs, though they may actively
labor in but part of it. If the fault lies in the attitude of the
zoology departments the remedy is a simple one, and can be
accomplished by an introductory definition of botany, with a
few sentences showing its relation to the other divisions of biology.
In the August Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club Mr. Eugene
P. Bicknell raises the question, ‘“‘Have we enough New England
blackberries?”’ Mr. Bicknell characterizes the blackberries as
possessing ‘“‘an extraordinary natural variability and undoubt-
edly, also, a facility in hybridizing which is perhaps not exceeded
in any other genus of our flora.’”’ A list showing the probable
hybrid derivation of many of the species is included.
The last ‘‘memoir”’ of the Torrey Botanical Club (XIV, part 2)
is by Ormond Butler on Observations on the California Vine
Disease. This disease, now on the deeline, is found to be “due
to some weakness in the functions of absorption and translocation
of water becoming manifest when conditions favoring transpira-
238
tion are marked.”’ It is therefore not due to the presence of
parasitic organisms, but to what has been called a “‘physiological
disorder.”’
In the June School Science and Mathematics Mr. J. P. Brown
makes a plea for the catalpa which he claims has been the
object of unjust discrimination by the government. Catalpa
bignonoides is soft, at least when young; but Mr. Brown claims
that the older growths of even that are hard. Catalpas are
rapid in growth, and furniture has been made of trees sixteen
years old which the writer feels rank the catalpa with the hickory,
black walnut, and oak in hardness and beauty.
An article on ‘‘Golden New England” by Sylvester Baxter
(Outlook, September 24) gives the New England states a right
to share that term with the familiar “‘golden west.”’ The article
emphasizes particularly the work and influence of the Massachu-
setts State Board of Agriculture and the Massachusetts State
College of Agriculture. Cape Cod is shown to be good for some
thing beside cranberries; and the possibilities along the fruit line
are enthusiastically set forth.
Owners of white birch trees are urged to examine them for the
bronze birch borer. Forest birches are less affected by this pest,
probably because woodpeckers hold the borer in check there.
Infected trees show, according to Professor J. G. Sanders, of the
University of Wisconsin, ‘“‘dead tops and upper branches, which
usually bear the leaves of the past season.’”’ Such trees “should
be examined for the winding galleries in the wood beneath the
bark and for ridge-like swellings on the younger green branches.”’
To control the pest, “infected trees should be cut and burned
before May 1. Trees must be completely destroyed, regardless
of their value, if infected. . . . It is useless to cut off and burn
the dead portions of the tree, since the beetles have already
abandoned them for new, green wood.”
254
Experiments have been made by L. L. Harter to determine the
starch content of leaves dropped in autumn (Plant World 13:
144-7). Leaves of Liguidambar Styraciflua were tested four times
between August 17 and October 28. The leaves used in the
last test were picked from the ground soon after falling; the
greenest of the fallen leaves were used. The amount of starch
varied little more than one per cent. (the lowest 10.33 per cent.,
September 15, and the highest, 11.47 per cent., October 23).
The starch percentage was based upon the dry weight of the
leaves. Previous workers had shown an increase of starch con-
tent with the development of the red coloring matter, and a
decrease before the leaves are dropped. It is suggested that the
cool weather of autumn may stimulate the production of oxidizing
ferments, and inhibit the action of diastase, thus making possible
an accumulation of starch in the leaves.
The methods, content, and purpose of biologic science in the
secondary schools is the title of a paper in the January and
February numbers of School Science and Mathematics. The
author, Dr. G. W. Hunter (DeWitt Clinton High School, New
York City), shows from questionnaires representing 276 schools
in 34 states (1) an unexpected balance in the distribution of the
number of science courses in the four high school years ; (2)
that the largest number of courses are to be credited to the bio-
logic sciences (not including human physiology) ; (3) the develop-
ment of a unified course in general biology and in elementary
science in the first year of many high schools; (4) that most of
such courses are year courses in each biological science (300 to
200 half year or shorter courses) ; and that morphology, physi-
ology, ecology and relation to man share almost evenly the
claim to emphasis (physiology slightly ahead) and utility or
utility and science training outrank science training alone. The
adaptation of the course to the pupil who does not go to
college is also discussed and several answers are quoted in this
connection.
NEWS ITEMS
At Cornell, Charles S. Wilson has been promoted to professor
of pomology.
Mr. William E. Lawrence has been appointed instructor in
botany at the Oregon Agricultural College.
Dr. C. F. Clark of the New York State College of Agriculture
has accepted a position with the Bureau of;Plant Industry.
Miss Edith M. Twiss (Ph.D. University of Chicago) has been
appointed assistant professor of botany in Washburn College,
Kansas.
William Dana Hoyt (A.B., University of Georgia, and Ph.D..,
Johns Hopkins) has been appointed instructor in botany at
Rutgers College.
Professor Josephine Tilden has returned from her year in the
southern Pacific and resumed work at the University of Min-
nesota.
Professor Guy West Wilson, formerly of Upper Iowa Univer-
sity, has been appointed assistant in vegetable pathology at the
North Carolina Experiment Station.
Dr. Herman A. Spoehr, assistant in chemistry in the University
of Chicago, has been appointed a member of the staff of the
Department of Botanical Research of the Carnegie Institution of
Washington. By the aid of chemical methods Dr. Spoehr is to
investigate at the Desert Laboratory at Tucson certain problems
in plant physiology.
The second annual summer session of the school of forestry of
the University of Georgia, in charge of Prof. Alfred Akerman, was
held during 8 weeks in June, July, and August in the long-leaf
pine forests in the eastern part of Alachua Co., Florida. The
school secured the use for the season of a large tract of cut-over
timber whose owners expect to restore it and make it a perpetual
source of revenue by rational methods of forest management.
In addition to the regular instruction in forestry, a course of
lectures on plant geography was given by Dr. R. M. Harper
(Florida State Geological Survey). Students from five states
attended.
236
Professor John Macoun (Sussex Street, Ontario, Canada) is
issuing a series of Canadian mosses. The set will number 500
in all; the price is $8.00 a hundred. Some subscriptions are
still open, although about half of the series have already been
issued. Collectors may also secure for the sum of five dollars a
collection of one hundred British hepatics. This set, which
includes many rare species, is offered by W. H. Pearson (18
Palatine Road, Manchester, England).
In the recent forest fires which raged for many days in northern
California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana incalculable
damage was done to the forested government reserves and a num-
ber of forest rangers lost their lives. Even the more conservative
newspapers reported some dozen fire fighters as dead or missing
and an equal number of other citizens as killed by the fires.
The fires, many of which were thought to be of incendiary origin
and aimed by spite or private greed against government rangers
and reservations, became gigantic conflagrations miles in length
in some parts of the northwest. The efforts of the fire fighters
proved futile in several cases, and the fires were extinguished
only by the long-delayed rains. The later forest fires in Minne-
sota and Canada have been equally severe—both in the number
of lives lost and in the amount of property destroyed.
—e
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
OFFICERS FOR gto
President
HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D.
Vice- Presidents
EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M.,M.D.
Recording Secretary
PERCY WILSON
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City
, Editor Treasurer
MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, PH.D. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Puar.D.
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St.
. New York City New York City
Associate Editors
JOHN H. BARNHART, A.M., M.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D.
JEAN BROADHURST, A.M, WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D.
PHILIP DOWELL, Pu.D. CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M.
ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., Pu.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D.
Meetings the second Tuesday and last Wednesday of each month alternately at the
American Museum of Natural History and the New York Botanical Garden
PUBLICATIONS. Bulletin. Monthly, established 1870, Price $3.00 per
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All business correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed
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OTHER PUBLICATIONS
TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
(1) BULLETIN
A monthly journal devoted to general botany, established
1870. Vol. 36 published in 1909, contained 720 pages of text
and 34 full-page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe, |
14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are —
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: Of former volumes, only 24~36 can be supplied entire ; cer-
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Vols. 24-27 are furnished at the published price of two dollars
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Sivole copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not
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(2) MEMOIRS
The Memoirs, established 1889, are published at irregular
intervals. Volumes I-13 are now completed ; Nos. 1 and 2 of ©
Vol. 14 have been issued. The subscription price is fixed at
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(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthopnits and Pteri-
dophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New
York, 1888. Price, $1.00.
Correspondence relating to the above publications should be
addressed to
DR. WILLIAM MANSFIELD
College of Pharmacy
115 W. 68TH STREET
NEW YORK CITY
VOL. 10. °” _ November, 1910 ~ Nowr11
‘ORREYA
A Monruty Journat or BoranicaL Notes anD News
k
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
eis i BY
egre | JEAN BROADHURST
JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873
CONTENTS
Northward Extension of the Range of a Recently Described Genus of Umbellif-
erae :; ROLAND<¢M a. HIARPBR: ih Oo eta ais per Wadeclaeeehuslees ea 04 Vanbae eknen seek 237
Adam in Eden or Nature’s Paradise (concluded) : Jean BROADHURST SO sect 239°
Shorter Notes: Notes on Chrysobalanus Icaco L.; JOHN K. SMALL............ MOB ews 249
A Wew Species of Proserpinaca; Kenneru K. MACKENZIR.......... 249
Reviews: Osborne’s Vegetable Proteins: Ernest D. CLARK ........ LAC Mo tigra ict: 250
Proceedings of the Club: PERCY WILSON .........0...05 Wii ptitia arene nena lon went ats Lace 252
Of Interest to Teachers; The Botany Unit............ SSI Sete ee i aN oa Lan ES 254
Mews Tem sie 000 oss cop yeh Sins sa namanennnn Geach oN sects ats 6 ati a aad paaee ccna tts +2, 260
PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB
Ar 41 NortH Quzen Street, LAncasrser, Pa.
By THe Naw ERA Printinc Company
{Entered at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. |
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
OFFICERS FOR 1910
President x
HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D.
Vice-Presidents :
EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D.
Recording Secretary
PERCY WILSON
Botanica] Garden, Bronx Park, New York City
Editor = Treasurer
MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, Pu.D.. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, PuHar.D,
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park College of Pharmacy, rz5 West 68th St.
New York City New York City:
Associate Editors
JOHN H. BARNHART, A.M., M.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D.
jEAN BROADHURST, A:M. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Px.D.
-. PHILIP DOWELL, Pu.D. CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M.
ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., Pu.D: ° HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D.
Torreya is furnished to subscribers in the United States and
Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To
subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. . Postal or
express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City
banks are accepted.in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing
House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any
other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only |
for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be
furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent -
to TREASURER, TORREY BOTANICAL CLuB, 41 North Queen St., Lan-
caster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City.
Matter for publication should be addressed to
JEAN BROADHURST’
Teachers College, Columbia University
New York City
|
TORREYA
November, IgIo F
Vol. Io No, Il
NORTHWARD EXTENSION OF THE RANGE OF A
RECENTLY DESCRIBED GENUS OF
UMBELLIFERAE
By ROLAND M. HARPER
One day in the fall of 1907 I was talking with Dr. Forrest
Shreve about the peculiar distribution of certain coastal plain
plants, and reference was made to Oxypolis filiformis (Walt.)
Britton,* which ranges from North Carolina to Florida and Mis-
sissippi in the pine-barrens, with an outlying variety (Canby
Cyc Re, Contr: U.S. Nat. Heth: :73 193. §1900) 1m southern
Delaware. Dr. Shreve then remarked that he had found this
species the year before on the Potomac River near Hancock,
Maryland; but I assured him that the occurrence of such a
pine-barren plant among the mountains so far north was highly
improbable,f and that his specimens were more likely Harperella
nodosa Rose; a plant of very similar appearance, but easily dis-
tinguished by its involucres, fruit, time of flowering, and various
other characters. This it is true was then known only from two
counties in the coastal plain of Georgia and two in the coal
region of Alabama,{ but the Alabama localities were along
streams in the Cumberland Plateau, which is a direct continuation
of the mountains of western Maryland, and a great many species
of plants are common to the mountains of these two states.
Not wishing to leave this interesting matter unsettled, I asked
*Formerly referred to the genera Oenanthe, Sium, Tiedemannia, and Peucedanum,
in most cases with the specific name teretifolia (um).
TSee Bull. Torrey Club 36: 584 (first paragraph). 1909.
{See Torreya 6: 112-114. 1906. The genus (originally described in Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. 29: 441. 1905) was then known as Harperia, but this was found
to be a homonym, and Dr. Rose soon changed it to Harperella (Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash. 19:96. 1906).
[No. 10, Vol. to, of TorREYA, comprising pages 217-236, was issued October
27, I910.]
Da M|
¥
238
Dr. Shreve to send me a specimen of his plant on his return to
Maryland, which he did; and I deposited it in the herbarium of |
the New York Botanical Garden. It was collected July 13, 1906,
on gravel beaches of the Potomac River 114 miles west of Han-
cock, Md. Its oldest umbel was only a few days past flowering,
so that the fruit characters were not well displayed, but it was
evidently not Oxypolis, and I could see nothing to distinguish
it from Harperella. It is considerably slenderer than my best
specimens of the latter from Georgia, but no more so than those
from the mountains of Alabama. :
There the matter rested until February, 1910, when a most
interesting sequel developed. In trying to verify the report
(current in botanical manuals) of the occurrence of Oxypolis
filiformis in Virginia, I traced it back to Torrey & Gray (FI. N. A.
1: 630. 1840, under Tzedemannia teretifolia), who cited a speci-
men from Harper’s Ferry (which was then in Virginia, but is
now at the eastern corner of West Virginia), collected by Dr.
W. E. A. Aikin. (This locality is given as the northeastern
limit of the species in all editions of Gray’s Manual between that
time and 1869, when Mr. Canby discovered in Delaware the
variety which now bears his name.) As Harper’s Ferry is on
the Potomac River in the mountains, like Hancock, and only
35 miles southeast of that place, I at once suspected that this
plant must be about the same as Dr. Shreve’s. On looking up
the specimen in question, which is still preserved in the Torrey
Herbarium,,I found that what there is of it agrees very well
with the one from near Hancock, even to being in the same
immature stage. But it is such a poor specimen, that it is no
wonder that no one ever noticed any essential difference between
it and the specimens of Oxypolis among which it had presumably
been lying for seventy years or so. The main stem had been
bitten off (as was noted on the label), and curiously enough this —
was the case with most of the type specimens from Georgia;
which would seem to indicate that cattle are rather fond of this
plant. No indication of habitat was given on Dr. Aikin’s label,
but it is reasonable to assume that it was collected on the shore
of one of the two rivers which come together at Harper’s Ferry.
239
It seems rather strange that none of the numerous botanists
who have explored the Allegheny table-lands between Maryland
and Alabama between 1840 and 1905 should have found this
plant. It ought to be in the proper condition for identification
on the Potomac River in August or September, and in the Vir-
ginias and East Tennessee a little earlier in the season. Whether
the Potomac River plant is what I suppose it to be or not, it
deserves careful investigation, for it is certainly something far
out of its usual range, if not an undescribed species.
Postscript. The foregoing was sent in to TORREYA on Sep-
tember 17th. Since then Dr. J. N. Rose, the author of the genus
in question, has visited Hancock at my suggestion—after one of
his assistants had been to Harper’s Ferry in August without
finding the desired plant—and he writes me that on October 5th
~ he found a small patch of it just above high-water mark on the
bank of the Potomac near that place, and collected flowering
and fruiting specimens. He finds it very similar to my specimens
from the mountains of Alabama, but is not sure now that
those are identical with the original material from the coastal
plain of Georgia. This implies that there may be two species
of Harperella instead of one; a suggestion to which the consider-
able difference in habitat between the mountain and coastal
plain plants lends weight.
ADAM IN EDEN OR NATURE’S PARADISE
EXTRACTS BY JEAN BROADHURST
(Concluded )
CHARS @Gyviile
Of Tobacco.
The Names.
cannot understand that Tobacco was known before the difcovery
| of the Weft-Indies, and if fo, it cannot be expected that I
fhould tell you by what name the Greek writers called it, they
being deceafed long before. It is called in Latin * * * Nicotiana
240
from John Nicot a French man who being an Agent in Portuga!
for the French King, fent some of it to the French Queen, whereupon
it was alfo called Herba Regina. ‘The Indians call it Picielt and
Perebecenue; but in moft other languages it is called Tobacco.
The Places and Time.
Though that Tobacco which beareth away the Bell from the
rest be (as I faid) called Spanifh Tobacco, yet there is, for ought
that I can learn, but very little Tobacco growing in Spain if any at
all, but is brought thither out f the provinces of America * * *. It
growith alfo in Brafil, which is another Country of the Weit Indies,
whenfe the feed being brought into England and fown hath profpered
very well in thofe foils that have been fruitful, and especially about
VVinscomb in Glouceitershire, where I think the planting of it is
difcontinued now, becaufe the ftore that came from thence was a
hindrance to the publick revenue coming in for the Custome of that
which is brought from beyond the Seas; Howbeit it is continued in
many Gardens though in no great quantity * * * .
CiBUNIE, (CoSib
Of Wood-bind, or Flony-suckle.
The Kindes.
/ \ Here are divers Sorts of Wood-binds, fome that are winding
about whatioever {tandeth next them; and for the moft part,
known throughout the Land; others are {trangers, or not fo
well known: there are divers that wind not but ftand upright; all of
which being fummoned together, are in number eight. 1. Our ordt-
nary Wood-bind. 2. The German red Honifuckle * * *.
The Places and Time.
The firft groweth abundantly in this Land, almoft in every Hedge.
The fecond came out of Germany. The third out of Italy, both of
which are fet againft our houfe-fides, to run about the Windows,
where they keep the Rooms cool, and make a goodly fhew without.
The laft was found by Dr. Penny * * * .
The Vertues.
A Deco&tion made of the Leaves, or the Flowers and Leaves of
Honey-fuckles, with fome Figs, and Liquorice added there unto is
very effectuall for the expectorating of flegme from the Cheft and
Lungs « « « A Syrup made of the flowers is good likewife to be
drunk « * * , being drunk with a little wine. Mr. Culpepper saith,
that it is fitting that a Conferve of the flowers of it, fhould be kept in
241
every Gentlewomans Houfe, for he knew no better cure for an
Afthma, then this. * * * “The flowers and leaves are of more ufe
then the feed, yet they alfo help the fhortneffe and difficulty of
breathing, and cure the Hicket.
(CIBUANIP (DOW
Of Polypodie.
The Forme.
C Ommon Polypody of the Oak is a {mall Herb, confifting of
nothing but Roots and Leaves, bearing neither Flower nor
Seed. It hath three or four Leaves rifing from a Root, every
one fingly by themfelves, of about an hand breadth, which are winged,
conlilting of many {mall narrow Leaves, cut into the middle Rib,
{tanding on each fide of the italk, large below, and {fmaller and
fmaller up to the top; not dented or notched on the edges at all, (as
the Male Fern is) of a fad green color, and fmocth on the upper
fide; but on the under fide, fomewhat rough, by reafon of fome
yellowifh fpots fet thereon. * * *
The Places and Time.
There hath been of late dayes, fuch a flaughter of Oaks, and other
Trees, all over this Land, that fhould I nominate any particular
place, I might thereby feem to be a deceiver. I {hall therefore tell
you in generall, that it groweth as well upon old rotten Trunks or
{tumps of Trees, be it Oak, Beech, Hazel, Willow, or any other,
as in the Woods under them, and fometimes upon flated Houfes and
old Walls, as upon a Wall and fide of an House, in Adderbury
Churchyard, and many other places. * * *
The Signatures and Vertues.
The rough fpots that are on the under fides of the leaves of
Polypody, * * * is a fign that it is good for the Lungs * * *.
The Herb * * * is good for thofe that are troubled with melancholy,
or Quartan Agues, efpecially if it be taken in Whey, or honeyed
water, or in Barley water, or in the Broth of a Chicken * * * . The
frefh Roots beaten fmall, or the Powder of the dryed Root, mixed
with Honey, and applyed to any Member that hath been out of joynt,
and is newly fet again, doth much help to ftrengthen it. Applyed
also to the Nose, it cureth the Difeafe called Polypus, which is a
piece of flelh growing therein. * * * Crolius faith, that becaufe it
hath fuch rough spots on the leaves, it healeth all forts of fcabs what-
foever by fignature. * * *
242
GlaLAeS (OOO
Of Marigolds.
The Kinds.
y \ Herebe near upon twenty forts of Marigolds, yet 1 thall
trouble you with no more than ten at this time. 1. The
greatest double Marigold. 2. The greater double Marigold.
3. The fmaller double Marigold. 4. * « « 8. Jack an Apes on
Horte-back. 9. Mountain Marigold. 10. ‘The wild Marigold.
The Places and Times.
All the Sorts afore-named are Inhabitants of the Garden, except
the two laft whofe naturall places of being, may be difcovered by
their titles. They flower from April, even, unto Winter, and in
Winter alfo, if it be warm * * *.
The Vertues and Signatures.
The Flowers of Marigolds, comfort and ftrengthen the Heart
exceedingly; * * « and little lefs effettuall in the {mall Pox and
Meazles, then Saffron. The Conferve made of the Flowers, taken
morning and evening, helpeth the trembling of the heart, and is very
uleful in the time of Peitilence, when the air is corrupted. “The
Flowers either green or dryed, are ufed much in Poflets, Broths, and
Drinks, as a comforter of the Heart and Spirits, and to expell any
Malignant or Peftilentiall quality, that might annoy them, efpecially
amongit the Dutch, where they are sold by the penny.
CIBLAIP, CILY,
Of Daffodills.
The Names.
T is called in Greek * * * that which benumbeth the hands of
] them that touch him * * * a Pliny and Plutarch afirm. And I
take this to be the right Etymology of the word, though I am
not ignorant of what the Poets have written hereof, especially Ovid,
who defcribeth the tranfformation of the fair boy Narciffus, into a
Flower of his own Name, faying, * * *
As for his Body none remain’d, inftead whereof they found
A yellow Flower with milk-white Leaves, new fprung out of
the ground.
243
The Forme.
The common Daffodill hath long, fat, and thick leaves, full of a
flimy juyce; among which rifeth up a bare thick ftalk, hollow within,
and full of juyce. The Flower groweth at the top, of a yellowifh
white colour, with a yellow Crown, or Circle in the middle. The
Root is white, and of a Bulbus or Onyon fafhion, yet not without
divers effects by which it is propogated.
The Vertues.
Belides the Ornamentall ufe of Daffodils for decking Garlands
and Houfes in the Spring-time, it hath many Physicall properties
* * « , And their qualities in drying are fo wonderful, that they
glew together very great wounds: as alfo rifts, gafhes, or cuts that
' happen about the veins, sinews, and tendons. * * * Being ftamped
with Honey, and applyed Plaiiter-wile, they help them that are burnt
with fire, and are effectuall for the great wrenches of the Ancles, the
Aches and pains of the joynts. * * * “The diitilled water of Dafto-
dils doth cure the Palfie, if the Patient be bathed and rubbed with
the faid liquor, by the fire, as hath been proved by that diligent
searcher of nature, Mr. Nicholas Belfon.
(Cleve, (CLOW IU,
Of the Apple- Tree.
The Forme.
Or formality fake only, I shall tell you that the 4pple-Tree
doth generally fpread his drms and Branches more than the
Peare-Tree, but rifeth not to that height: the leaves are fome-
what round yet pointed at the end, and dented about the edges, being
greene both above and below; the Flowers are White with fome Red
many times mixed with it, efpecially about the edges. The Fruit
is of divers fizes, formes, colour, tafts, &c: within which being
ripe, be divers black Kernells; the Root goethe straight down with
some branches running aslope.
The Vertues.
Though Apples eaten before they be ripe, or afterwards immoder-
ately and without preparation, are very unwholefome; yet being
gathered when they be ful ripe, and eaten with defcretion they + * *
make good digestion * * * . Being roafted and eaten with Rofe-
water and Sugar, as thofe of pleasanter kinds, as Pippins and Peare-
maines, they are helpful to diffolve Melancholly humours, to expell
heavineffe and procure Mirth, are good againft the Pleurify. “* * *
The Bloffomes of apples * * * are ufefull to thofe which are
244
troubled with a red nofe and face, they being diftilled « « * and the
face waihed morning and evening with the water. * « * A rotten
apple applyed to eyes that are blood thotten or enflamed with heat,
or that are black and blew by any {ftroake or fall, all day or all night,
helpeth them quickly. + *
Clauale, (COON UL
Of the Haw-fhorne.
The Names.
T being fo much controverted by Authors concerning the true
Greek name of this Shrub, I fhall not undertake to decide it, but
paffe it by without giving it any. * * *
The Kinds.
Antiquity was acquainted but with one fort hereof, yet now there
be three taken notice of. 1. The ordinary Haw-thorne. 2. The low
Haw-thorne. 3. Englands Hawthorne, which is in all parts like the
common fort, but that it flowereth twice in a yeare, to the great
admiration of fome wife and judicious men.
The Signatures and Vertues.
The powder of the Berries or the feeds in the Berries being given
to drink in Wine, is generally * * * reported to be good for the
Dropsy. ‘The flowers fteeped three dayes in Wine, and afterwards
distilled in glaffe, and the water thereof drunk, is a Soveraign
Remedy for the Pleurisy, and for inward tormenting paines, which
is allo signified by the freckles that grow on this Tree. « « * The
{aid diftilled water is not onely cooling but drawing alfo, for it is
found by good experience, that if Cloathes and Spunges be wet in
{aid water, and applyed-to any place wherein thornes, Splinters, &c
have entered and be there abiding, it will notably draw them forth,
so that the thorne gives a medicine for its own pricking, as many
other things belides do, if they were obferved. « * *
CaUME COXCL TUL
Of Folly.
‘The Kinds.
Here may be faid to be three forts of Holly. 1. The Holly-
Tree without prickles. 2. The Holly-bufh with prickly-
leaves. 3. Ihe Holly bufh with yellow Berries. Yet there
be fome that affrme that with, and that without prickles, to be the
245
fame, having prickles when it is young and low, but when it is old
and becometh great, it lofeth all the prickles, except that at the end,
and fometimes that alfo.
The Vertues and Signature.
* x * ‘The decoction of the Rootes, but efpecially of the Barke of
the Rootf, as Matthiolus faith, being applyed by way f fomentation
to thofe places that have been put out of Joynt, doth help them much
* « «and alfo to confolidate the broken bones. * * * “The powder
of the leaves dryed in an Oven and the pricks taken off, being drunk
in Ale, is commended againit the Stitches and pricking paines of the
fide, which the prickles growing on the leaves to alfo fignify. “The
Sap or juice that droppeth out of the wood being laid on the fire,
being dropped into the Eares of thofe which are inclined to deafneffe,
removeth that infirmity. « « * The leffer branches may be used to
adorne Houles and Churches alfo, at Chriftmas as well in this as in
former age without any fuperitition at all; thefe that are of a bigger
and longer fize are very neceffary for Carters to make Whips, and
the fame may be ufed as Riding-rods, as is known to every one; But
that which may feeme a little {trange, is this. One, that I knew, had
a Holly-Tree growing in his Orchard of that bigneffe that being cut
down, he caused it to be fawed out in Boards and made himself
thereof a Coffin, and if I mistake not left enough to make his wife
one alfo: Both the parties were very corpulent, and therefore you may
imagine the Tree could not be {mall.
CEA, COlDeCoal
Of the Water Lillie.
The Forme.
He great common white water Lilly hath very large round
Leaves, in the fhape of a buckler, thick, fat, full of juyce,
and of a dark green colour, which, ftanding upon long,
round, and smooth footitalks, full of a fpongious fubstance, alwayes
flote upon the water, feldome or never growing above it: from
amongit which, there rife up from the Root other thick and great
{talks * * * each of them fuftaining one onely large white flower
thereon, green on the outfide, but exceeding white within, confifting
of divers rowes, of long and fomewhat thick, and narrow Leaves,
{maller and thinner, the more inward they be, with many yellow
thrums or threds in the middle, ftanding about a {mall head, which
after the leaves are fallen off, becometh like unto a Poppy Head
* eK,
246
The V ertues.
*« * « Both the simple and compound Syrupes, which are made
of white Water Lilly flowers, and may be had at Apothecaries, are
fine and cooling they allay the heat of choller, provoke Sleep, fettle
the brains of Frantick perfons * * * and fo doth the Conferve made
of the faid flowers, the diftilled Water of the faid flowers is very
effectuall for all the difeafes aforesaid, both inwardly taken and
outwardly applyed, and is very much commended for the taking
away of Freckles, Spots, Sunburn * * * .
CIsuAIe, COC.
Of Anemonies
The Names.
[: is called in Greeke « * * from the Wind, becaufe it was
anciently believed, that thefe kinds of Flowers did never open
themselves, but when the wind did blow. * * *
The Kindes
To reckon up every particular Member of this exceedingly numer-
ous Family, were almoft an Herculean Labour, and is thought would
gravell the moft experienced Florist in Hurope, and therefore, I shall
not undertake it, but mention a few *« * * 1. The purple Pafque
flower. 2. The red Pafs flower. 3. The double Pafs flower. 4. The
Pafs flower of Denmark. 5. The Wood Anemone or Wind-flower.
6. Anemone or Windflower with a tuberous Root. 7. The Fleth-
coloured Anemone. 8. The blew Anemone.
The Vertues.
There is fome other ule for Anemonies, belides the fetting forth
of a garden, * * * Being made into an Oyntment, and the Eye-lids
anoynted with it, it helps the znflamations of the Eyes, whereby it
is apparent that the heat of one draweth out the heat of the other, as
fire will fetch out the fire, when any one happens to be burnt, if they
burn the fame place a fecond time * * * .
GiiNii CEGQOOCGIS
Of the Daisy.
The Kindes.
7 W Here be divers forts of Daifyes, as well in our Gardens, as
growing beyond the Seas; yet becaufle the time will not per-
mit me to enquire after them, I fhall give you onely thofe that
grow naturally with us, they being of greateft ufe for our intended
247
purpole, and they are three: 1. The great Daifyes, which fome call
Ox-Eyes, and White Moons. 2. The middle fort of Daifyes. 3. The
little Daitfy.
. The Places and Time.
The first, which is Great Daify, Oxe-Eye or White-Moone,
groweth almost every where by the hedge fides, in the borders f
fields, and other waft ground, and many times in meadows, that lye
anything high: the fecond groweth in the like places, but not fo fre-
quently: the place of the third can hardly be miftook, for it groweth
upon every Common and other place almoft: The two firft flower in
May and June, and then muft be gathered, for they laft not long; but
the Jast beginneth to flower in the Spring, and holdeth on moft part
of the Summer.
The Vertues.
The Leaves of the great Daify or Maudlin wort made up into an
Oyntment, or Salve, with Wax, Oyl, and Turpentine, is moft
excellent for Wounds, * « « A Decoction made hereof * « * and
the places fomented and bathed therewith warm, giveth great eafe to
them that are troubled with Palfy, Sciatica, or other Gout. * * *
The little Daisies, when the greater cannot fo well be gotten, may be
used with good succeffe for all the purpofes aforefaid, as alfo to help
the Agues, the decoction of them in Wine or Water being drunk. It
is {aid that the Roots hereof being boyled in milk, and given to little
Puppies, will not fuffer them to grow great.
ihe Conclusion:
Nd thus, Gentle Reader, by the afsiftance f the Almighty, have
A I gone through the generall anatomy of Mans Body, with
the moft ufuall Diteafes, and diftempers of every part, from
the Crown of the Head, to the Sole of the Feet, and appropriated fuch
Simples (which I have in a manner Anatomized alfo) unto them, as
I held to be moft convenient for the reftoring them againe to their
Eale and right Yemper. I conceive that there is no body that under-
stands my well-meaning endeavours, that will think, that such Plants,
which are not expreffed in this Worke, have not come with in my
cognizance, and therefore I fhall not need to be very exact in making
any Apology, or laying down my Reafons for the omiffion of them:
yet if there be any inclined to fuppofe fo, let them know that I wil-
fully paffed over fome of them, and that there were fome which the
time (a thing which I have much wanted ever fince I undertook this
bufineffe) would not permit me to insert. And let them know alfo,
that the prefent defigne was not an univerfall Hiltory of Plants, for
then how voluminous muft we needs have been? but onely f thofe
which are more ufefull, and may be gotten at the Apothecaries, or
Druggilts, if they grow not neer every ones habitation: Yet perhaps
248
hereafter, if Life, Health, and Leifure fhall give way, I fhall with a
little encouragement devife fome breef appendix, wherein I fhall com-
prife the names at least, of all fuch as are here wanting. But for the
prefent, I fhall bid the apprehenfive Reader to Fare-well, and I hope
I fhall not only to bid, but alfo be a means to make him fo to doe.
FINIS.
A Table of the Englifh Names in which the Numbers are to be
referred to the Chapters *
A Brecock Tree, 171
Graffes of divers
Acacia, 260 Daifies, great and sorts. 81
Acorns, 237 small, 339
Aigreen, is Houfe- Dandelyon, 181 IL,
leck, 47 Dittany of Lawrell or Bay-
Aller or Alder- Candy, 315 —itree. 241
Tree, 152 Garden Dock or
Alleluja, 123 Patience, 177 M,
Balfome Apples, 324 Water Dock. 16 Misfeltoe. 13
Afh-Tree and Dodder of Time :
Keyes, 194 and other, 201 Y
Dogges-Tooth Yarrow and _ the
16s. Violet, SOM sont. [Se
Beares Eares, II : Yew, see mine in-
Beggerlice is ; troduction to
Cleavers, 178 Gold of Pleafure,254 the knowledge
Bombaft, or Grains of Paradife,163 of Plants, Chap.
Cotten-Tree, 274
19.
A Table}
Back to cool, chap. 284
Black and blew markes, chap. 50,
62, 75, [10 other references |
Chearful to make, chap. 66, 124,
138, 150, 168
Child-blains, Vid. Kibes.
Colour high, chap. 253.
Coughs in Horfes, chap. 106, 276
Cough old 101, 105, 120, 151,
Dreames terrible, chap. 124
Earewormes, chap. 17. 43. 58. 60.
281.
Face freckled and otherwile de-
formed to beautifie, chap. 32,
36, 40, 50; 51 (land 21 ether
references! ]
Face red, chap. 128, 284, 288.
Feavers old, chap. 2, 7. 8.
Flies to destroy, chap. 105. 156.
Haire to make black, 257, 258,
261.
Haire to grow, chap. 30) 930;
[and 7 others |
Head-Ach, chap. 1, 4, [and 20
others |
Hens to make lay, chap. 87.
Heart comforted and strength-
ened, chap. 38 [and 20 others |
* Selections only, including interesting names, synonyms, or spellings.
+ Selections only; the numerous references given for freckles, headache,
black and blue marks, heart comforted, etc., are interesting.
249
Hungar fo stay, chap. 73. Stammering, chap. 64
Jaundies yellow, chap.-2, 5, 6, Teeth to fasten, chap. 52, [and 7
[30 others] “others |
Memmory fo help, chap. 5, 8, 7, Teeth to breede, chap. 55.
22 [and 5 others] Wearineiie, chap. 286, 343.
Neck faind, and creek in it, chap.
44, 273, 286
SHORTER NOTES
Notes on Chrysobalanus Icaco L.—A large portion of the sand
dunes between the beach and Biscayne Bay opposite Miami,
Florida, is covered by a growth of the Cocoa Plum. The plant
there grows in approximately circular or somewhat irregular
patches, the stems and branches radiately arranged and partially
prostrate and partially curving upward. The flowers and fruits
are borne mainly at the circumference of the patches, or near it.
The plants produce fruits of three colors, namely yellow, purple,
and red. The color of the fruits is always decided, and a given
patch, so far as I have observed, produces but one color of fruit,
each patch invariably bearing either yellow, purple, or red fruits.
Except for this color-difference and a relative difference in the
size of the fruits, the yellow the largest and the red the smallest,
the plants appear to be identical. J. K. SMALL
A New Species oF Proserpinaca.—So peculiar are most of
the plants of the New Jersey pine-barrens and so local are
many of them that novelties are’to be expected; but I must
con’ess I was somewhat surprised to find that a large amount
of material collected by me as Proserpinaca palustris L. was not
that species, but a plant quite intermediate in character between
it and Proserpinaca pectinata Lam.
As is well known, the first-named species has those emersed
leaves which bear fruit in their axils oblong-lanceolate and merely.
serrate or serrulate, and the submerged leaves are pectinate or
pectinate-pinnatifid; in the second named species all the leaves
are strongly pectinate-pinnatifid, being divided to the rachis.
The pine-barren plant has all the emersed leaves pectinate with
broad margined rachis, the submerged leaves being pectinate-
pinnatifid. The emersed leaves are in fact exactly half way
between those of the two species above referred to.
250
The plant seems distinct and may be designated and described
as
Proserpinaca intermedia
Glabrous, the stems decumbent at base, rooting, about 3 dm.
high, simple or somewhat branched. Leaves of two kinds; blades
of submerged ones pectinate-pinnatifid, divided to the rachis;
blades of emersed ones oblong-lanceolate, pectinate, the stiff
segments entire, acute, the central part of blade one-third of its
width; flowers sessile in axils of emersed leaves, one to few to-
gether; sepals triangular, acute, convergent; fruit 4 mm. long
and about as wide, sharply angled, the faces flat or slightly con-
cave, wrinkled or rugose.
Specimens examined:
New JeERsEyY. Boggy soil along Pennsylvania right of way
about half way between Barnegat Pier and Island Heights
Junction, Ocean County, Mackenzie 2890, Sept. 1907 (type in
Herb. K. K. Mackenzie; duplicates will be deposited in Herb.
N. Y. Bot. Garden and Gray Herbarium);
GEORGIA. Wet pine barrens east of Douglass, Coffee County.
Harper 1527, July 19, 1902; in small branch swamps in pine-
barrens near Fitzgerald, Irwin County, Harper 2210, May 18,
1904.
KENNETH K. MACKENZIE
REVIEWS.
Osborne’s Vegetable Proteins *
Dr. Osborne has done a great service to chemists and to those
interested in the chemistry of plants by the publication of this
monograph upon the proteins of vegetable origin. This subject
has been his life-work and surely there is no one, here or abroad,
better qualified to write upon it. The proof of this is the fact
that the book is largely an outline of his own work and con-
clusions. Dr Osborne treats first of the general characteristics
of these proteins, the manner of preparation, their general physi-
cal and chemical properties, their decomposition products, and
their classification. The last chapter is exceedingly interesting,
*Osborne, Thomas B. The Vegetable Proteins. Pp.125. Longmans, Green,
& Co., London and New York. 1909.
251
being a treatment of the physiological relations of the proteins of
plants. In this place he introduces a discussion of the toxal-
bumins such as ricin, the exceedingly poisonous constituent of
the castor-bean, and he also treats of the precipitin and agglutinin
reactions of the proteins. At the end, the author has compiled
a bibliography of more than six hundred titles, all dealing with
the literature of the subject. This bibliography is sure to be
indispensable to all future investigators in this field.
The botanist should be interested in this subject because any
light that can be thrown on the composition and physiology of
the proteins of plants, especially those from seeds, would help
to clear up the important phenomena of germination and so forth.
Furthermore, the isolation of sharply-defined and characteristic
proteins from different plants and especially the fact that plants
closely related botanically yield proteins that may be grouped
together chemically, all go to show that morphological differences
go hand in hand with deep-seated chemical differences, a sup-
position that ought to be studied much more closely than in the
past. The newer immunity reactions of the blood-serum of
animals ought to serve as a very delicate test for the relationship
of plant constituents just as it has proved so useful in the study
of normal and abnormal substances in the case of man and the
animals.
To the chemist, Dr. Osborne’s book should bring the results of
an exact chemical study of the proteins, substances whose im-
portance in both plants and animals can hardly be overestimated.
The complexity and cell associations of those substances prevent
their isolation in a pure state. Fortunately, however, the vege-
table proteins can be prepared in a much greater state of purity
than almost any of the proteins of animal origin. The result
is that studies made upon proteins from plants are very likely
to be productive of great advances in our knowledge of the
structure and properties of proteins in general. The constancy
of the composition and properties of certain of the plant proteins
are so great as to lead one to think that definite chemical indi-
viduals are being studied. This is a reassuring thought to a
chemist working upon proteins who, too often, is afloat in un-
252
known waters with the usual beacon-lights of chemical identity
gone, I mean such data as melting points, crystalline form, and
so on. Finally, it seems that the publication of work such as
that of Dr. Osborne on the border-land of botany and chemistry
may bring together the two sister sciences which, too long, have
trod paths that are somewhat parallel but still too widely sepa-
rated.
ERNEsT D. CLARK
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
PROCEEDINGS Ob DME CruP
MAy 25, I910
The Club met at the Museum of the New York Botanical
Garden at 3:30 P.M. Dr. M. A. Howe occupied the chair.
Twelve persons were present. The minutes of the last meeting,
May 10, were approved.
A letter was read from the recording secretary of the New
York Academy of Sciences in which he stated that he knew of no
arrangements whereby the expenses of popular lectures given by
the affiliated societies at the American Museum of Natural His-
tory could be met by the funds of the Academy. It was voted
that the treasurer of the Club meet the bills incurred at the
meetings of March 8 and April 12.
First on the announced scientific program was a paper entitled
“Moss Notes” by Mr. R. S. Williams, of which the following is
an abstract prepared by the speaker.
““Leucobryum or white-moss is so called from the structure of
the leaf which is about like Sphagnum in having the chlorophyll-
cells surrounded by hyaline, empty, porose cells, thus giving a
whitish appearance to the moss. The fruit, of course, is very
different from Sphagnum, much resembling that of Dicranum.
Leucobryums are chiefly tropical although the type of the genus,
L. glaucum, is widely distributed over Europe and in North
America from Labrador to Florida and westward to the Missis-
sippi valley. There have been over 120 species described, many
of which can scarcely be considered as well defined. Out of
some eighteen or twenty species credited to North and Central
253
America and the West Indies, I have been unable to distinguish
more than seven or eight that seem fairly distinct. The fruit
is very similar in the different species and of little specific value.
The leaves consist largely of a very broad costa, several layers of
cells in thickness, and this costa viewed in cross-section furnishes
some of the best characters in separating the species. One of
the most interesting features of the genus is the inflorescence.
It has usually been described as dioicous and both Schimper
and Braithwait figure male plants, three or four cm. high, growing
in separate tufts. In the five or six species I have examined
where antheridia occurred I have only found minute male plants
one to rarely five or six mm. high and these were always growing
on fruiting plants attached to tomentum enclosed by perichaetial
leaves of infertile archegonia, or more rarely on the inner side
of the tubulose stem leaves. It would be interesting to discover
whether or not a distinctly dioicous inflorescence ever occurs,
with male plants of large size.
The second paper of the afternoon was by Mr. E. D. Clarke
on ‘The Role of the Oxidizing Ferments in Plants.”
9
The following abstract was prepared by Mr. Clarke:
“The oxidizing ferments or enzymes are very widely distrib-
uted in both the higher and lower plants. Since all other en-
zymes seem to be produced by plants or animals for some definite
purpose in the life of the organism, it was natural that speculation
should arise regarding the function of the oxidizing enzymes of
the plant. Little is known of the nature of these enzymes but
their activity may best be described by saying that they act as
accelerators of the ordinary processes of oxidation. It seems
likely that the oxidizing ferments assist the plant in carrying on
the oxidative processes of respiration by increasing the rapidity
of the combination of oxygen with the oxidizable substances of
the plant body. In the self-destructive processes of anaerobic
respiration, these ferments probably play the same part. An
illustration of the latter type is found in the case of the spadix
of Arum maculatum which sometimes reaches a temperature of
20° C. above its surroundings. Certain of the higher plants and
fungi change color very rapidly upon injury; the resulting ex-
254
posure of the tissues to atmospheric oxygen, in the presence of
oxidizing enzymes, causing the oxidation of colorless substances
to those of varied color. During the normal life of the plant
it seems to be able to hold these enzymes in check, but after
death or interference with its functions, the enzymes run
riot; thus causing blackening and colorations of many sorts.
The blackening of the foliage of many plants after a frost
and the production of the red and gold of our atuumn forests
may well be due to the excessive activity of the oxidizing
enzymes. The color of black tea, the odor of valerian, the aroma
of vanilla-beans, etc. have all been attributed to this same cause.
The presence of these ferments in the roots of growing plants
seem to enable them to destroy certain poisonous substances in
the medium in which they grow. There is a disease of tobacco
known as the ‘mosaic disease’ which is characterized by the
checkered appearance of the leaves, these checkered places being
yellow in color. Woods showed that rapid growth, produced
by cutting back or by excessive manuring, often caused this
disease which he attributed to an abnormal activity of the oxi-
dizing enzymes. It has also been shown that they may cause
the destruction of chlorophyll. Now, most of the lower fungi
contain these enzymes, so the yellowing produced by their at-
tacks upon green leaves may be due to their activity. It is
evident then, that in the plant the oxidizing ferments have a
physiological and also a pathological réle that are not well under-
stood but which deserve further investigation.”’
Dr. P. A. Rydberg reviewed the Monograph of Sambucus by
Fritz Graf von Schwerm. This paper will be published at a
later date.
Adjourned. PERcy WILSON,
Secretary
OF INTEREST TO TEACHERS
THE Botany UNIT
At the March meeting of the Commission on Accredited Schools
of the North Central Association (including 13 states), the botany
unit statement mentioned earlier in TORREYA was adopted.
255
“It has been the intent of the committee to prepare a state-
ment that is sufficiently elastic to give adequate recognition to
all good courses in high school botany, rather than to present a
set line of procedure that must be followed by all. The work
that is done should meet the needs of the pupils regardless of
whether any work is to be done in any higher institution. Em-
phasis is placed upon the quality and quantity of the work done,
and upon the preparation of the teacher, rather than upon the
particular things that are to be done. To this end the report
considers the following: I. The purpose and content of the course
and the time to be given to it; II. Suggested plan of the course;
III. The preparation that should be had by the teacher of
botany; IV. A list of topics from which selection may be made
to construct a course.”
From the first topic four extracts are given:
1. “The ends to be sought through an elementary study of
plant life include training in the scientific method of thinking
particularly as relates to plant life, information and a more intel-
ligent and a more active interest in natural phenomena in general,
an elementary knowledge of fundamentals of plant life and a
better understanding of those features and activities of plants
that relate to every day affairs.”’
2. “In determining the content, order and treatment of topics
in any indiviudal course, the needs and opportunities of the
teacher and class should be dominant. * * * The quality and
quantity of work done by the pupil, evidence of his ability to do
accurate and reliable work, and adequate preparation by the
teacher, rather than the specific content of the course are
emphasized.”’
3. ““There is presented a general plan of the ‘synthetic course,’
which the majority of the committee believes to be the best type,
though it is not intended to restrict teachers to this type of
course. This course embodies the elements of morphology of
the great groups including the ‘‘lower forms” as well as the seed
plants, of physiology with experiments upon plant activities, of
ecology with emphasis upon class and individual field trips,
including some acquaintance with local plants, of the relation
256
of plants to their habitat. and to men, of food and timber
supply, parasitism, disease, decay, soil replenishment, etc.
“An elementary consideration of the relations of plants to men
as shown in plant and animal diseases, hygiene, agriculture, horti-
culture, erosion, decay, foods, fibers, etc., should be presented
as an organic part of the study of botany. An adequate con-
sideration of such separate applied sciences as agriculture, for-
estry, bacteriology, and horticulture should follow the general
study of plants and animals.”
4. ‘‘The time requirement of the course should be the equivalent
of 180 periods of at least 40 minutes each; there should be two
doubled periods per week for laboratory or field work, each of
these doubled periods counting as one period in making up the
total 180 periods.”
The “suggested plan’’ of the course includes more material
than any one year’s work can present. The economic and prac-
tical phases are emphasized more throughout than in the report
of the Committee of Education of the Botanical Society of
America.* It is also stated that any of the following topics
may serve as an introduction to the course, and lead directly
to others of the group. The content is indicated below:
1. The structures of a typical seed plant—roots, stem, leaves,
flowers, and seeds—and the kinds of work done by these parts.
How the plant lives—elementary, physiological experiments,
absorption, root pressure, conduction, transpiration, photosyn-
thesis, relation of functions to the structures by means of which
they are performed.
The work of leaves.
The storage of food, its relation to the plant; its relation to
men and other animals.
Seeds and seedlings; seed distribution; the establishment of
new plants.
Acquaintance with some of the plants of the locality.
2. In addition to the topics just named, owing to seasonal ad-
vantage, preferences of the teacher, or needs of the pupils, the
following will at times be found best in this connection, while in
*See Torreya 9g: 60-63, 81-85. 1909.
257
other cases it will be found best to take up these topics after the
consideration of the great groups:
Relation of plants to light, soil, water, atmosphere, gravity,
contact, seasons.
Growth and reproduction.
Responses of different regions.
Artificial control and methods of improving agricultural and
horticultural plants.
Forests, their uses, distribution, dangers, and preservation.
The study of types differs little in range from the recommenda-
tion of the Botanical Society. In the cryptogams field work is
more definitely recommended; the species selected in each group
are in most cases left to the teacher, but the life, habits, and dis-
tribution are included with the life cycle requirement. Bacteria
in relation to crops, sanitation, and disease occupy a much more
prominent part. The suggestions for gymnosperms and angio-
sperms are reprinted below:
1. Gymnosperms. Pine or spruce asa type; habit of tree, per-
ennial nature, twigs and stems of different ages, age of tree, leaves
and the evergreen habit, nature of the timber and its uses; two
kinds of cones and the processes, time and structures involved
in seed formation, nature of the seed, seed distribution, seedlings
and the establishment of the new tree.
Names of other kinds of gymnosperms.
Gymnosperms as source of much of the world’s lumber supply,
chief regions of gymnosperm forests, preservation and extension
of gymnosperm forests.
2. Angiosperms.
Life cycle as compared with the gymnosperms.
Types of stem, root, leaf and flower structure, with considera-
tion of the special work, habits, and uses of each of these.
Nutritive and reproductive processes arranged so as to extend
whatever work was done with seed plants at the beginning of
the course. Work suggested at the outset that was not done in
that connection may be included here.
Pollination and seed formation, number of seeds, seed distribu-
tion, seedlings, vitality of seeds, struggle for existence.
258
Structures and habits of plants of different regions.
Acquaintance with plants of the leading families in the local
region.
Angiospermous forests (possibly delay the consideration of
gymnospermous forests until this point), the local timber supply
either from local forests or from others, enemies of the forests,
elementary forestry problems, United States, State, and local
private work in forestry.
Relation of plants to soil, water, light, temperature, gravity,
and other environmental factors. Productive and unproductive
soils and climates in relation to agricultural plants.
Diseases of plants and their significance. Artificial improve-
ment of plants through cultivation, pruning, grafting, selection,
and breeding.
The minimum preparation in botany for high school teachers
of the subject was decided to be the equivalent of two years of
college work. This work should include the general morphology
of the lower and higher groups, elementary plant physiology and
ecology; zodlogy, physiography, and a course in general bacteriol-
ogy are desirable. The teacher should also have some knowledge
of the purpose of botany in high school education and of current
and desirable practice in teaching botany.
A porous clay cup for the automatic watering of plants is
described by L. A. Hawkins in the September Plant World.
Coleus plants were so grown for 180 days, and Vicia Faba plants
from the seed to the late flowering stage. A container which is
at least partially impervious was found to be better than the
usual flower pot when the automatic watering cup is used. The
plants were as vigorous as the control plants potted and watered
the usual way. The advantages of the automatic device are
that it maintains an approximately uniform soil moisture, and
affords a simple method of measuring “‘water requirement and
water loss of potted plants’’;.it also decreases the amount of
attention required by potted plants and avoids the evils of alter-
nately overwet and baked soil.
259
The September series of papers on the Paleontologic Record
now running in the Popular Science Monthly deals with ontogeny
and its relation to phylogeny. While the parallel between these
is recognized as ‘‘a powerful aid to investigation”’ one paper warns
the paleontologist not to assume too much for it. Another con-
cludes that ‘‘the young give us very little which is not deceptive
in reconstructing ancestral forms.’’ The next paper in the
series, however, says ‘‘When, however, the student of post-
embryonic ontogeny compares the youthful stages of an indi-
vidual with the adult of immediately preceding species of the
same genetic series, the fact of recapitulation becomes at once
apparent.’’ The references are mainly zodlogical, but are well
worth the botanists’ perusal.
In a paper on the economics of waste. and conservation in
the Atlantic Monthly for September John Bates Clark calls
attention to the fact the ‘common allegation is true that a small
area of growing trees is capable of meeting the entire demand
of the country for lumber’, but he briefly adds “‘It will do so at a
price.’ The “one palliative fact about a monopoly of forests’’
is that “it would let new forests grow.’’ Still Professor Clark
is one of the last to present a plea for monopolies; and he presents
the case for forests clearly when he says: “In another respect
forestry is peculiar. Conservation not only permits, but requires,
the use of the thing that is the object of care. . . . The scientific
treatment of forests not only does not preclude a use of them, but
positively requires it, and complete disuse is itself wasteful.
Judicious cutting may go on forever without lessening the supply
of timber which a forest contains, while refraining for all cutting
is like letting fruit or growing crops go to decay. The trees that
are ripe for use may give place to others which will keep up the
succession and preserve forever the integrity of the forest; and
few indeed are the public measures which would do as much for
the general welfare as insisting on thisamount of conservation.”’
260
NEWS ITEMS
William Henry Brewer, professor of agriculture in the Sheffield
Scientific School of Yale University since 1864, died on November
2, in the eighty-third year of his age. Professor Brewer was
first assistant on the geological survey of California from 1860
to 1864, had special charge of the botanical collections of this
survey, and with Sereno Watson and Asa Gray wrote the “Botany
” setting forth the botanical results of the survey
in two quarto volumes. Several Californian species bear his name.
of California,
Dr. Melchior Treub, for many years director of the famous
botanical garden at Buitenzorg, Java, and director of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture for the Dutch East Indies, died at Saint-
Raphaél, Var, France, on October 3. He was born near Leyden
in 1851. Dr. Treub was editor of the important Annales du
Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, beginning with its second vol-
ume in 1885 and retaining this editorship even since his retire-
ment about a year ago. He was the author of many noteworthy
botanical papers, covering a wide range of topics.
David Pearce Penhallow, the botanist and professor of botany
at McGill University, Montreal, died October 26, on board the
steamship Lake Manitoba bound for Liverpool. Professor Pen-
hallow was born at Kittery Point, Me., May 25, 1854. He was
graduated from the Massachusetts State College in 1873. In
1876, Professor Penhallow went to Japan and became professor
of chemistry and botany in the Imperial College of Agriculture,
Sapporo, Japan. He remained there until 1880, when he re-
turned to this country and became instructor in physiological
Botany in Prof. Gray’s department of Harvard University. In
1882 he went to the Houghton Farm Scientific and Experimental
Station as botanist and chemist. From here he went to McGill
University in 1883. Professor Penhallow was a member of all
the prominent botanical and natural history societies. He was
vice-president of Section G of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science. Among his numerous contributions
are the Review of Canadian Botany from the First Settle-
ment of New France to the Nineteenth Century, and various
publications on paleobotany, plant anatomy and conifers.
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
OFFICERS FOR 1010
President
HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D.
Vices PPsiacas
EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D.
Recording Secretary
PERCY WILSON
Botanica] Garden, Bronx Park, New York City
é : Editor Treasurer
MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, PH.D. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Puar.D.
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park College of Pharmacy; 115 West 68th St.
New York City N Vork City
Associate aoe
ah JOHN H. BARNHART, A.M., M.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu:D.
JEAN BROADHURST, A.M. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILLI, Pu.D.
~ PHILIP DOWELL, Pu.D. CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M,
ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., PH.D. HERBERT M: RICHARDS, $.D.
Meetings the second Tuesday and last Wednesday of each month alternately at the
American Museum of Natural History and the New York Botanical Garden
PUBLICATIONS. Bulletin. Monthly, established 1870. Trice $3.00 pet
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OTHER PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
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A monthly journal devoted to general botany, established
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Of former volumes, only 24-36 can be supplied entire; cer-
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Vols. 24-27 are furnished at the published price of two dollars: :
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Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not
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(2) MEMOIRS
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(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and. Pteri-
dophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New
York, 1888. Price, $1.00.
Correspondence relating to the above publications should be
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Pha Oe
Vol. 10 December, Ig1o No. 12
TORREYA
A Monruty Journar or Boranicat Notes AnD News
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY
JEAN BROADHURST
} ; _\ JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873
CONTENTS
Additions to the Pleistocene Flora of New Jersey > EDWARD WILBER BERRY.. ....: 2
Two interesting New England Plants: H. A. ALLARD
Proceedings of the Club: JEAN BROADHURST
PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB
At 41 NortH Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa.
By THe New Era Printinc Company
[Entered at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. |
}
CR ie ee ae iy
Reviews: The Origin of the Coco Palm: 5, B. Paris. Ad eer ge ke on eR EA Ree.
eae D De Pere rest h eB eee rie pees es ues serenruetrae
FOES HH me meres ees KPa ee Ese SHEE SEs reese e ee sed H beets sesserseesereereteseue
FARE TEED ETRE T ROOTS E ROE HEHEHE EOE HEEHES HEHEHE EH SEH E CEH Ee HHH Bae eee HEED HESHES HELENS EEO ES
SENET E OS HETERO SOE ESET HE OK FEES H TEE EEDHES EES SoHE ee SEETHEH OH SHEE HEED FEET EE EEE HEHEHE HEED ERE OHS woe
267
... 269
2727.5!
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
OFFICERS FOR to!o
President
HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D.
\ Vice-Presidents : :
EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D.
Recording Secretary
PERCY. WILSON ~
Botanica] Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Editor : Treasurer
MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, PH.D. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, PuHar.D.
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park ~ College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St.
New York City New York City
Assoctate Editors
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DEC 2 4 1910
TORREYA
December, Igto
Vol. Io No. 12
ADDITIONS TO THE PLEISTOCENE FLORA OF
NEW JERSEY*
By EDWARD WILBER BERRY
No very promising localities for Pleistocene plants have thus
far been discovered in the New Jersey area. The long-known
and justly-celebrated Fish House clays in Camden county have
yielded a considerable Pleistocene fauna, both vertebrate and
invertebrate; and vegetable remains are not uncommon in the
clays, but they are poorly preserved and difficult or impossible
to determine. The writer has previously mentioned the presence
at this locality of fragmentary maple leaves, seeds of the gum,
and leaves of the linden, the latter occurrence having been
described in a previous issue of TORREYA.} Still other seeds are
present but they have not been identified.
Another New Jersey locality for Pleistocene plants was dis-
covered by H. S. Gane in 1892 while working for the U. S.
Geological Survey under the direction of Prof. W. B. Clark.
The writer has not visited this locality, which is near Long Branch
in Monmouth County, and such of the following notes as refer
to this locality are based upon a small collection of the impure
peat made at that time. The late Pleistocene age of these de-
posits near Long Branch has never been questioned, but there
has been considerable divergence in the age assigned to the Fish
House clays at different times. The following brief enumeration
will give a good idea of the varying opinions which have been
held regarding the age of these beds. Lea, Cook, and Whitfield
regarded them as.Cretaceous and of the same age as the Amboy
clays; Cope at one time regarded them as Pliocene but later
*Illustrated with the aid of the Catherine McManes fund.
tBerry, Torreya, 7: 80, 81. 1907.
[No. 11, Vol. 10, of ToRREYA, comprising pages 237-260, was issued November
I7, I910.]
261
LIBRA!
NEW '
262
concluded that they were Pleistocene; C. A. White in 1883 con-
sidered them post-Tertiary; Carville Lewis in 1884 considered
them to be inter-glacial in age; R. D. Salisbury in 1894 regarded
them as post-Pensauken but in 1895 and since has included
them in his Pensauken formation; Pilsbry in 1896 says that
they are inter-glacial or pre-glacial, probably the latter; Wool-
man in 1896 referred them to the Pensauken; and Shattuck in
1906 correlates them with the Talbot formation of Maryland.
In the judgment of the writer the fossiliferous stratum at least
is not older than the last interglacial and the probability is strong
though unverified that it is post-glacial in age. The same re-
mark is applicable to the fossiliferous peat near Long Branch
which has yielded seeds and fruits of a number of different
species of plants.
While the present collections are too small for any very definite
conclusions regarding the climatic conditions which were preva-
lent in this latitude at the time these plants were living, it is
significant that of the nine forms enumerated only three are
species which in the recent flora range from Canada or New
England to Florida These are Juniperus virginiana, Hicoria
glabra, and Vitis aestivalis; and in all three cases the New Jersey
Pleistocene forms are not as conclusively determinable as would
be desirable. Of the remaining six species, Quercus Phellos is the
only one which in the existing flora extends northward beyond
this Pleistocene occurrence and then only for a few miles. The
others all have their present day northern limits of range con-
siderably south of their northern limits in the late Pleistocene.
Nyssa biflora, Vitis rotundifolia, and Taxodium distichum do not
range northward beyond southern Maryland at the present time,
while Pinus Taeda is said to find its northern limit in Cape May
County, N. J. Zizyphus is not represented at all in the northern
or central coastal plain at the present time and is mainly tropical
in its distribution. These facts though few in number and
coupled with a certain lack of precision regarding the exact age
of the deposits are of considerable interest since it is a well-known
fact confirmed by abundant and conclusive evidence that in
Europe the last glacial retreat was succeeded by a period during
263
which the climate was considerably warmer than it is at the
present time as shown by the extension of various members of
the existing flora for many miles to the northward of their present
range.
The writer gratefully acknowledges his indebtedness to Mr.
W.L. McAtee of the Biological Survey who through the courtesy
of Dr. C. Hart Merriam has examined not only some of the
present specimens but also other Pleistocene fruits and seeds
collected by the writer. The Biological Survey in its extensive
studies of the stomach contents of birds and mammals has ac-
cumulated large collections of fruits and seeds as well as experi-
ence in the identification of materials of this sort which is in-
valuable to the student of swamp deposits like so many of our
Pleistocene plant-bearing horizons.
The following notes refer to the forms from New Jersey which
have been recognized in the present study.
Taxodium distichum (Linné) Rich.
Holmes, Journ. Elisha Mitchell Soc. for 1884-85: 92. 1885.
Hollick, Md. Geol. Surv. Pli. & Pleist. 218, 237. pl. 68. 1906.
Beruay, vorreya, 6: 89: 1906; Journ:)Geols 154239: 1007.
Amer. Nat. 43: 434. f. 1, 2. i909: Amer. Journ. Sci. (iv),
20 ZO LOMO:
In the existing flora the cypress reaches its northern limit in
southern Delaware and Maryland. Its range is becoming gradu-
ally restricted in the coastal plain as is shown by the sub-fossil
occurrences of stumps north of the present limit of pure stands.
In the late Pleistocene its range was much more extensive
and fossil remains are found at numerous localities north of its
present limit of distribution. The most northerly of these occur-
rences is the present record based upon cone-scales from near
Long Branch, N. J., which is nearly 200 miles north of the
present northern limit of the species.
Pinus Taeda Linné.
Berry, Amer. Journ. Sci. (iv), 29: 391. I910.
Cones and seeds of this species were recorded recently from
the Pleistocene of both eastern and western Alabama. In the
264
existing flora the Loblolly pine becomes confined to the coastal
plain north of the Potomac River valley, although to the south-
ward it spreads over the Piedmont plateau and into the Appala-
chian region. It is found as far north as Cape May County,
N. J., but the most northerly pure stands are in southern Dela-
ware and Maryland on the sandy soils derived usually from the
Pleistocene formations.
The present occurrence is based upon seeds from the swamp
deposit near Long Branch, N. J., indicating that this species
extended at least 75 miles farther northward in the late Pleisto-
cene than it does at the present time.
Juniperus virginiana Linné (?).
Seeds of a Juniperus closely resembling those of this species
occur near Long Branch, N. J. They are queried since from
fossil wood in the possession of the writer collected from the
Fic. 1.—Nuts (X1) of Hicoria glabra from Long Branch.
Pleistocene of Maryland it is clear on anatomical grounds, that
an extinct species of Juniperus was present in the northern coastal
plain and these seeds may possibly be those of that species.
The present identification was suggested by Mr. McAtee.
Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton (?).
Mercer Journ: cade Nat sci. iehila (i) 1277. 2S ine eeanae
12,10. 1899. (Carya porcina Nutt.)
Berry, Torreya, 6: 89. 1906. Journ. Geol. 15: 340. 1907.
Torreya, 9: 97. f. I-5. 1900.
A
This species has a wide range in the existing flora of eastern’
North America and it is also frequently met with in the Pleisto-
cene, having been previously recorded from deposits of this age
in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina. The
265
present specimens, a number of which are here reproduced, come
from near Long Branch, N. J. They resemble somewhat Hicoria
microcarpa but are larger and thicker shelled. They also show
some points of resemblance to Hicoria villosa, a comparatively
recent segregate from Hicoria glabra. On the whole they are
closest to the latter species especially to those fruits of the latter
which are more symmetrical and not ficiform in shape. They
are queried since it is possible that they may represent some
intermediate or ancestral form.
Quercus cf. Phellos Linné.
Berry, Journ. Geol. 15: 342. 1907. Amer. Nat. 41: 694.
De To otte WCOyo LNiee \Ciihe, Sra (Thy), 422 eiovi, iif) Koy.
This oak is a common species of the Carolinian and Louisianian
zones ranging from southern New York to Florida and Texas.
It is a common fossil in the North Carolina Pleistocene and has
also been recorded from the Pleistocene of Alabama. The pres-
ent occurrence is based upon somewhat flattened cupules from
near Long Branch, N. J., whose specific identity is not established
with entire certainty. In the same deposits the writer has found
a number of immature Quercus fruits four to five millimeters in
diameter which may belong to this same species.
Vitis pseudo-rotundifolia sp. nov.
Seed relatively slender, curved, pointed: Surface slightly
wrinkled: Inner face flat; outer face full and curved: Raphe
well marked: Length 6.12 mm: Width 3.20 mm.: Thickness
225 10m.
This species of Vitis is distinct from any existing species known
to the writer. It resembles in its
general proportions the seeds of Vitis
rotundifolia Michx., but is much
smaller and less rugose. If it repre-
sents an ancestral form of this species,
as is not improbable, the range in the
Fic. 2.—Three views of seed
‘ : ae (X3)o0f Vitis pseudo-rotundifolia
than at the present time since V2#s from Long Branch.
late Pleistocene was more extended
rotundifolia finds its present northern
limit in southern Maryland almost 200 miles south of the oc-
266
currence of Vitis pseudo-rotundifolia which is at Long Branch,
N. J. Mr. McAtee who kindly compared this seed with the
existing species reported that it was different from any of the
existing species of Vitis.
Vitis cf. aestivalis Michx.
The summer grape is widespread in the existing flora of eastern
North America ranging from southern New England to Florida
along the Atlantic coast. The specimens from the Pleistocene
near Long Branch, N. J., are seeds which agree fairly well with
the existing species with which they have been compared.
Nyssa biflora Walt.
Hollick, Md. Geol. Surv. Pli. & Pleist, 235. pl. 60. f. 5. 1906.
Berry, Torreya. 6: 90. 1906. Journ. Geol. 15: 345. 1907.
Avner, ||Outral, SC. (hy), 23 BOS. WOO.
This species in the recent flora appears to be confined to the
coastal plain ranging from Maryland to eastern Texas. Accord-
ing to Coulter & Evans it occurs in New Jersey, and Sudworth
records it from the Piedmont plateau in Montgomery County,
Maryland. However, the botanical survey of Maryland which
has been completed recently failed to discover this species except
in the river swamps of the southern ‘“‘Eastern Shore’’ which it
would seem marks its present northern limit. Britton & Brown
state that perhaps it intergrades with Nyssa sylvatica which ex-
tends northward to Maine and Canada, but in any case the
seeds are distinctive and it is upon the seeds that the present
record at Fish House, N. J., is based. Gum seeds have been
previously mentioned by the writer as frequent in the Fish House |
clays but these have never been specifically identified. As a
fossil this species has been previously recorded from Maryland,
Virginia, North Carolina, and Alabama.
Zizyphus sp.
The remains consist of a flattened drupe with a smooth stone
from Long Branch, N. J. They are larger and more massive
than those of the existing Zizyphus obtustfolia of the southwestern
United States and differ from any of the existing species with
which they have been compared. There is room for some doubt
267
regarding the correctness of the identification; the remains are,
however, more like those of Zizyphus than anything else in
the existing flora with which they have been compared either
by the writer or by Mr. McAtee of the Biological Survey.
JoHNs HopkKINsS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE, MD.
TWO INTERESTING NEW ENGLAND PLANTS*
By H. A. ALLARD
During a brief visit around Oxford, Massachusetts, in Sep-
tember, 1910, I was much impressed with the pretty Spiked-
Loosestrife [Lysimachia terrestris (L.) B.S. P.]. At this season
in certain situations many plants had become strikingly con-
spicuous from the great numbers of deep red, elongated bulblets
which were growing from the axils of the numerous, more or
less distinctly whorled leaves. These bulblets, which mor-
phologically are suppressed branchlets, may reach a length of
34 of an inch, are very pointed and deep red in color. Late
in the season these bulblets are very easily detached and thickly
strew the ground beneath the plants.
In June and July the Spiked-Loosestrife produces an abun-
dance of small, brown-marked, yellow blossoms in a terminal,
pyramidal raceme. The plants, however, are far more noticeable
in autumn when they have become reddened with their axillary
bulblets, which at first sight resemble peculiar little fruits more
than anything else. Conditions of environment seem to deter-
mine whether the plants will produce these bulblets abundantly
or not. Many botanical descriptions of Lysimachia terrestris
make little or no mention of this well-marked habit of the plant
to produce axillary bulblets.
The Narrow-leaved Laurel (Kalmia angustifolia L.) is a low,
evergreen shrub thriving in pastures throughout New England.
During its growth it forms small tufts which, in the course of
years, if the conditions of growth have been uniform, may form
great circular areas many feet in diameter. This peripheral
extension is probably accomplished by a process of budding from
underground shoots.
*Jllustrated with the aid of the Catherine McManes fund.
268
Fic. 1.—Capsule-clusters of Kalmia angustifolia of successive years.
269
It is interesting to observe how persistently this Kalmia
retains the seed capsules of each season’s growth.
If fruiting branches of this little shrub be carefully examined,
it will be noted that several clusters of small, closely crowded
capsules appear along the stalk, as shown in the accompanying
photograph. Each cluster is the growth of a single season, and
as the capsules are strongly persistent, clusters several years
old may be present. The accompanying illustration shows
two stalks with a few capsules still adhering from the growth of
the season of 1907, together with clusters of each succeeding
year including the present season of 1910. The uppermost
cluster of capsules represents the present season’s growth, and
is of a rich, reddish-brown color, which becomes a dull, faded
grey in older clusters longer exposed to weathering influences.
The beautiful, showy rose-red flowers of early summer are
closely arranged in whorls of little corymbs in the axils of the
persistent, last year’s leaves. Later in the season following the
appearance of the clustered capsules these subtending leaves
are shed and the leafy shoot of the present season surmounts
the topmost capsule cluster, as shown in the photograph. These
new leaves persist through the winter, and from their axils will
appear the flowers and seed-capsules of the next season.
Kalmia angustifolia flourishes in open, damp situations through-
out New England. In certain open hilly pastures it becomes
especially luxuriant. The rare beauty of its clustered, deep
rose-red flowers in early summer together with the green, per-
sistent leaves, the neat, compact, massing habit of growth, and
its hardy adaptability should highly recommend this Kalmia
to cultivation.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
REVIEWS
The Origin of the Coco Palm*
‘
Having described a new species of Glaziova, founded upon a
specimen growing in the Botanical Garden at Buitenzorg, but
*Glaziova Treubiana nouvelle espéce de Cocoinée, avec observations sur le genre
Cocos. Par O. Becarri. Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, 2e Serie,
Suppl. III. Pp. 791-806, Plate and text figures. Leide, 1o9ro.
270
whose native country is unknown, and having recorded some
observations on the flowers of Cocos nucifera, Dr. Beccari devotes
the last half of his paper to a discussion of the disputed question
of the original home of the latter palm.
On this point the generally accepted opinion had attributed
an Asiatic origin to this palm, a view accepted by De Candolle
in his classic “Origine des plantes cultivées.’’ But in 1901, Mr.
O. F. Cook, in a paper published in the seventh volume of the
Contributions of the United States National Herbarium, put
forth a well supported argument in favor of ‘“‘the alkaline regions
of the Andes of Colombia,—in valleys remote from the sea,”
as the cradle of the cocoanut. From both these views Dr.
Beccari dissents.
He calls attention to the fact that, in determining the place
of origin of a plant or an animal, we must consider not alone the
present configuration of the earth’s surface, but we must go
back at least to the tertiary period, when the ancestors of the
organic forms of today were assuming their development (s’etre
effectuée la plasmation). It is evident that during that period
great geographical changes were effected in the Pacific basin in
connection with the elevation of the Andes.
The weightiest argument in favor of the American origin of
the Coco Palm is drawn from the fact that, with the exception of
the African oil palm, Elaets guineensis, all the other members of
the tribe are indisputably American. But none of them are,
Dr. Beccari claims, truly related to Cocos nucifera, which is
strictly monotypic, as it is also regarded by Mr. Cook. More-
over, all these relatives, more or less remote, inhabit regions on
the eastern side of the Cordilleras, which immense barrier sepa-
rates them from the present actual center of distribution of the
Coco Palm.
The author names several other palms whose presence in
America is best accounted for on the hypothesis of the existence,
in a former geological age, of a more extensive land area in the
Pacific, than now remains.
While the Coco Palm may, under favorable circumstances,
live at places distant from the sea, essentially it is a plant of
271
maritime shores. That it does not occur on some shores where
it might naturally be expected is attributed to enemies, among
whom, it may be, even primitive man is to becounted. It cannot
succeed in forests because it is unable to compete with other trees,
and it is there without means of dissemination, for its nuts fall
directly at the foot of the tree without any chance of being
carried to a distance. On the seashore, favored by its tolerance
of salt water, it encounters little competition, and the ocean
currents bear its nuts afar.
A further argument is drawn from the singular association
existing between the Coco Palm and the Robber Crab. This
great crustacean, Birgus latro, a foot and a half in length, and
terrestrial in habit, can exist only where the cocoanut flourishes,
and is found only in the Asiatic and Pacific islands. Like its
relative, the Hermit Crab, its soft body is unprovided with a
protective covering, and to supply this want the Birgus encases
its abdomen in the empty shell of a cocoanut, to the cavity of
which its dimensions exactly correspond. Even that it climbs
to the tops of the palms for the purpose of detaching the nuts,
long regarded as a fable, has been recently ascertained to be
a fact. Its buccinal claw has developed into a ponderous ham-
mer, wherewith it staves in the germinal end of the cocoanut and
extracts, bit by bit, the nourishing meat. To this rich food it is
due that its abdomen is a reservoir of oil.
These modifications, so extraordinary both in habits and in
organs, and found in the Birgus alone, of all the crab family,
could have been acquired by association with no other plant
than the Coco Palm, and to account for their acquisition demands
an immense period of time. And since Polynesia is the native
home of Birgus latro, it is logical to conclude that it is likewise
that of Cocos nucifera.
The author, therefore, believes that the Coco Palm acquired
its specific form in Polynesia, and that its distribution therein
was effected by the ocean currents, whose efficiency for that
purpose is so vigorously combated by Mr. Cook. In Asia and
in Malasia it has only gained a foothold under the protection of
man. S. B. PARISH
272
PROCEEDINGS OF THE elus
OCTOBER II, 1910
The first fall meeting of the Club was held at the Museum of
Natural History. Vice-president Barnhart occupied the chair.
Eight persons were present. Mrs. M. E. Soth, of Manitou,
Colorado, was elected to membership.
The scientific program consisted of an illustrated lecture on
“European Influences in the History of American Botany” by
Dr. John Hendley Barnhart.
JEAN BROADHURST,
Secretary pro tem.
OCTOBER 26, I910
The meeting of October 26 was held in the museum building
of the New York Botanical Garden at 3:30 P.M. Eleven persons
were present. Vice-president Barnhart occcupied the chair.
The minutes of the meeting of October I1 were read and
approved. It was then voted to accept the resignation of
Frederick S. Beattie, of Tilton, N. H.
The scientific program consisted of informal reports on the
summer’s work. Mr. Norman Taylor, chairman of the field
committee, gave an account of the Decoration Day excursion by
members of the Club to Saugerties, Ulster Co., N. Y., of a personal
collecting expedition to Bean Run, Luzerne Co., Pa., and of
the “Symposium” in cooperation with the Philadelphia Botanical
Club, which was held this year at Farmingdale, Monmouth
County, New Jersey, July 2 to July 9. Farmingdale is north
of the pine-barren region and its soils are largely Cretaceous
marls and clays, but it was of interest to find in this region,
especially on the low hills, northward extensions of the range
of certain characteristic pine-barren plants.
Mrs. N. L. Britton gave a report of the summer meeting of
the Vermont Botanical Club, which was held at Woodstock,
Vermont, during the first week of July.
Mr. F. J. Seaver remarked briefly concerning his visit to the
mountains of Colorado, where he made collections of fungi
during the month of September.
278
Dr. John Hendley Barnhart reported upon his visit to Europe
during May, June, and July, including an account of the Inter-
national Botanical Congress at Brussels, to which he was one of
the Club’s delegates. He also related some of his experiences
and results in purchasing books for the library of the New York
Botanical Garden and in a few hours of plant-collecting in the
vicinity of Oberammergau.
Dr. P. A. Rydberg stated that for the first season in twenty-six
years he had not collected a single plant, and in this connection
he briefly reviewed some of his earlier field-work.
Adjournment followed.
MARSHALL A. HOWE,
Secretary pro tem.
OESINDER ES nO aE ACERS
KIPLING ON THE OLD HERBALISTS
In Kipling’s Rewards and Fairies* is a musical poem, “Our
Fathers of Old’’, which shows that Kipling must be familiar
with some of the old herbals. The first stanza follows:
“Excellent herbs had our fathers of old—
Excellent herbs to ease their pain—
Alexanders and Marigold,
Eyebright, Orris, and Elecampane.
Basil, Rocket, Valerian, Rue,
(Almost singing themselves they run)
Vervain, Dittany, Call-me-to-you—
Cowslip, Meliot, Rose of the Sun.
Anything green that grew out of the mould
Was an excellent herb to our fathers of old.”
As in Adam in Eden, “‘simply and gravely the facts are told’’;
yet after all,
“Wonderful little, when all is said,
Wonderful little our fathers knew.
Half their remedies cured you dead—
Most of their teaching was quite untrue.”
*Doubleday, Page and Co., Garden City, New York, toro.
274
In the October issue (page 236) Professor Macoun’s address
was given as Ontario instead of Ottawa.
Teachers in the southwestern states will be interested in The
Trees and Shrubs of San Antonio and Vicinity. This little book-
let gives the woody plants of the region, with a brief, non-
technical description, and a short paragraph on uses and habitats.
There is no key, but, as the author says, any plant may be traced
to the family by any general flora; and as the plants are grouped
by families, its further identification is a simple matter. The
common names are emphasized by being placed first.
Professor Bessey (Science, November 11) has made a new
estimate of the number of species of plants “with which botanists
have enough acquaintance to permit of their systematic arrange-
ment and enumeration. The result is that roughly speaking
we may say that there are now known about 210,000 species,
distributed as follows: Myxophyceae (Blue Greens) 2,020,
Protophyceae (Simple Algae) 1,100, Zygophyceae (Conjugate
Algae) 7,000, Siphonophyceae (Tube Algae) 1,100, Phaeophyceae
(Brown Algae) 1,030, Carpophyceae (Higher Algae) 3,210,
Carpomyceteae (Higher Fungi) 63,700, Bryophyta (Mossworts)
16,600, Pteridophyta (Ferns) 2,500, Calamophyta (Calamites)
20, Lepidophyta (Lycopods) 900, Cycadophyta (Cycads) 140,
Strobilophyta (Conifers) 450, and Anthophyta (Flowering
Plants) 110,000.
An article on conserving the purity of the soil (Science, Oct. 21)
by H. L. Bolley emphasizes the necessity of keeping soils, es-
pecially for cereals, in a sanitary condition. The author con-
cludes with the following paragraph:
“Tf, on the other hand, you declare for careful seed selection
in all cases, careful seed disinfection at all times, the formation
of a well-aerated but compacted seed bed, and for as extensive
a rotation of crops of as wide-spread character as possible, you
of the new dry land regions of the west have the greatest possible
2709
opportunity to prove to the world that it is not necessary to
lose a crop of such importance as linseed from among your rota-
tions, nor is it necessary that your wheat yields should fall from
the now promising ones of thirty to sixty bushels per acre to
the general average of twelve to fifteen.”
The May Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club contains an article
by Harry B. Brown on the genus Crataegus, with some theories
concerning the origin of its species. Prior to 1896 about one
hundred North American species of Crataegus had been described ;
since then eight hundred and sixty-six species and eighteen varie-
ties have been described. Three explanations might be given:
that the early systematists were not careful workers; that the
number of species has multiplied greatly recently; that the older
species are hybridizing. Opinions from leading systematists are
given. Mr. Brown thinks that the present different concept of
species is responsible for part of the increase; and the rest may be
accounted for by (1) the decrease in forested land and the con-
sequent increase in the number of Crataegus plants now occupying
the space and (2) by the fact that many of the present forms seem
to be hybrids.
In the Plant World for July an unusual formation of adventi-
tious roots is described by F. A. Wolf. “During a storm the
trunk of this large hackberry tree had been split and the fallen
portion was subsequently removed. At a point about eight feet
above the ground and a little above the broken edge of the tree
a cluster of fibrous roots were formed. Some of these grew to be
over a foot in length and larger in diameter than a lead pencil.”
Mr. Wolf says that there “‘is no doubt that no such phenomena
would be expected to occur in a normal healthy tree, yet this is
not an adequate explanation for their formation. Certain it is
that the vitality of the tree had been seriously impaired and it
responded to this abnormal condition by a peculiar development
of roots. It would seem, too, that such a growth might better
be expected in a more humid region and not under semi-arid
conditions such as prevail about Austin. This is one of the singu-
276
lar, natural phenomena the reason for which can only be a matter
of conjecture.”
The American Phytopathological Society calls attention to
“two dangerous European plant diseases: the potato wart, caused
by Chrysophlyotis endobiotica Schilb., and the blister rust of white
pine, caused by Peridermium strobt Klebahn. The former has
been discovered in Newfoundland. The latter has been widely
distributed in nine of the United States and in the Province of
Ontario, but is now believed to have been eradicated.” The
Society regrets that through the absence of any national regula-
tion in either the United States or Canada both governments are
powerless to prevent the continued introduction ot these and other
dangerous diseases, or their transference from one country to the
other; and promises to support all legislation in both the
United States and Canada looking toward the inspection, quaran-
tine, or prohibition from entry of all plant material liable to intro-
duce these or other dangerous diseases or pests. The Society
feels the need of immediate action, as ‘‘every law of biology and all
experiences with plant diseases and pests indicate that, ina new
climate, with new varietal and specific hosts and with an entire
continent in which to spread, both diseases will reach a degree of
virulence unknown in Europe.”
The Outlook for November I9 gives the Forest Service “‘esti-
mate of the loss in the National Forests in Montana and Idaho
due to the fires and hurricane of August 26 last. The estimate
puts the total amount of destroyed timber at over six billion
board feet, or between one and two per cent. of the total stand
of National Forest timber, the area burned over exceeding one
and a quarter million acres. This announcement has caused
caustic comment by the opponents of the Federal administration
of forests. Some attempt has been made to connect the matter
with the ‘New Nationalism’, as showing that there is no neces-
sity for such an issue of centralization. Apparently, in the minds
of these critics, the fires would not have occurred if the forests
had been State and not National Forests!’ Drought, the quan-
277
tity of inflammable material, the inaccessible character of the
country, and unusually high winds all added to the difficulties
faced by the not incompetent but tmadequate forest service. A
much larger sum should immediately be appropriated by Congress
for this work.
NEWS ITEMS
L. H. Pennington, instructor at Northwestern University, has
recently been made assistant professor of botany at Syracuse
University.
The annual meeting of the American Society of Naturalists
will be held (Dec. 28-30) at Cornell University. Dr. D. T.
MacDougal will deliver the presidential address.
A drinking fountain, the memorial to Dr. James Fletcher men-
tioned some months ago in TORREYA, has been erected at the
Central Experiment Farm, Canada.
Professor W. A. Henry, professor emeritus of agriculture of
the University of Wisconsin, is planning to spend a year investi-
gating agriculture in Europe.
Dr. William A. Cannon of the Desert Laboratory of the Car-
negie Institution is spending a year abroad, visiting European
botanical gardens and African deserts.
Dr. W. A. Murrill, of the New York Botanical Garden, has
just returned from a European trip taken primarily to examine
type specimens of fungi.
Dr. Ormond S. Butler (Ph.D. Cornell, 1910) has been ap-
pointed instructor in horticulture at the College of Agriculture
of the University of Wisconsin and the Wisconsin Agricultural
Experiment Station.
Letchworth Park, the thousand acre park given conditionally
to the state of New York in 1907, became the possession of the
State upon the death of the donor, William Pryor Letchworth,
on December 1.
The sixty-second meeting of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, and the ninth of the ‘‘Convocation
278
week” meetings, will be held in Minneapolis, December 27 to
31, 1910, at the invitation of the University of Minnesota. The
Botanical Society of America and various affiliated societies meet
as usual at the same time. Owing to Professor Penhallow’s
death, Section G will convene under Vice-president R. A. Harper.
Further information may be obtained from the permanent secre-
tary, Dr. L. O. Howard, or from the secretary of Section G, H.
C. Cowles, University of Chicago.
In the Brooklyn Institute prospectus for 1910-1911 two courses
of lectures are announced in botany. They are given by Dr.
C. Stuart Gager, the director of the new Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
The first is a series of ten illustrated lectures on plant physiology
given on Saturday mornings beginning October 15, but omitting
November 26, December 26, and 31. The course will deal with
-modern views and interpretations of various fundamental life
processes of plants. The second course is on the teaching of
botany, and will be given on Saturday mornings beginning on
March 4, but omitting April 5. This is intended primarily for
teachers (including teachers of nature work) and those intending
to teach. Readings will be assigned in the literature of the
pedagogy of botany, and a comprehensive bibliography may be
secured. All the lectures begin at ten o’clock, are open to
teachers in the public and private schools, and will be held in
the Brooklyn Academy of Music.
INDEX TO VOLUME X
New names and the names of new generaand species are printed in
boldface type.
Aaronsohn, A., 100
Abbe, C., 75
Aberrant walnut fruits, Some, 141
Abies, 16; concolor, 17; Fraseri, 56, 57;
grandis, 17; magnifica, 17; nobilis, 17
Acalypha gracilens, 64
Acer pennsylvanicum, 34, 58; rubrum,
6, 9, 32, 34, 58, 60, 61, 63, 219; Sac-
charum (?), 58, 62; spicatum, 58
Achillea Millefolium, 63
Acicularia Schenckii, 189
Aconitum uncinatum (?), 59
Actaea alba, 58
Adam in Eden or Nature’s Paradise,
169, 194, 239, 273
Additions to the Pleistocene Flora of
New Jersey, 261
Adiantum pedatum, 60
Adicea pumila, 60
Adopogon montanus, 33
Advancement of Science, American
Association for the, 51, 140, I4I, 142,
24
Adventitious roots, 275
Aecidium, 90; pedatatum, 90
Aesculus octandra, 60, 61
Agaricus campestris, 142
Agassiz, A., death of, 99
Agricultural College, 26
Agricultural commission, Russian, 140
Agricultural education, 48, 74
Agricultural Experiment Station, at
Sitka, 69; Jewish, 100; (See Experi-
ment stations)
Agriculture, 50, 51, 100, I40, I4I, I9I
Agriculture and food, 190
Agriculture and forestry, 50
Agriculture at Columbia University, 51
Agriculture, Secondary Education in, 74
Agriculture, Secondary School of, 216
Agriculture, Upham’s Introduction to,
213
Agrimonia sp., 60, 64
Aikin, W. E. A., 238
Akerman, A., 235
Alabama and Georgia, A Few More
Pioneer Plants Found in the Meta-
morphic Region of, 217
Alaska, United States Experiment Sta-
tion at Sitka, 69
Aletris aurea, 146; farinosa, 58, 146
Algae, 94, 188
Algae of North America, Collins’ Green
[review], 188
Allard, H. A., Two Interesting New
England Plants, 267
Allium, 130; canadense, 130, 145; cari-
natum, 145
Alnus, I7; rugosa, 61, 219
Ambrosia artemisiifolia, 64
Amelanchier canadensis, 6, 32, 34
America, Some Reflections upon Botan-
ical Education in, 115, 135, 159
American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, 27, 51, 140, I4I, 142,
214, 260, 277
American Association of Geographers,
I90
American Botany, European Influences
in the History of, 272
American Cretaceous, A New Species of
Dewalquea from the, 34
American Museum of Natural History,
1G), Ay OAs iid, evil, Ils, Doe
American Naturalist, 109, 156
Ames, O., A New Ponthieva from the
Bahamas, 90
Amorpha fruticosa, 34
Ampelopsis, 36
Analytic Keys to the Genera and Species
of North American Mosses, 76
Anaphalis margaritacea, 7
Anchistea virginica, 222
Anderson, M. P., 121
Andrews, L., 129
Andromeda ligustrina, 33; polifolia, 93
Andropogon, 90; furcatus, 58; virgin-
icus, 90
Andropogon-Viola Uromyces, The, 90
Andros, Exploration in, 131
Angelica atropurpurea, 58; villosa, 58
Animal industry, 190
Answers to the Wisonsin Riddle, 91
Anthemis Cotula, 64
Anthurium, 36
Anychia, 230; dichotoma, 230
Anychiastrum, A Mountain, 230
Anychiastrum, 230; Baldwinii,
montanum, 230
Apinus, 41
231;
279
280
Apios tuberosa, 63
Aralia nudicaulis, 7
Araliophyllum, 34
Arboretum and Botanic Garden in
Brooklyn, 100
Arctic-Alpine Zone on Pike’s Peak,
Potentillae of the, 193
Arctic regions, Flora of the, 92
Arid land irrigation, 123
Arisaema, 36; triphyllum, 60
Aristolochia Serpentaria, 60
Aronia nigra, 33, 58
Arthur, J., 131; personal, 51, 143
Arum maculatum, 253
Asclepias, 212
Ashe, W. W., 56, 59
Asplenium Filix-foemina, 56; Tricho-
manes, I5
Association for the Advancement of
Science, American, 27, 51, 140, I41,
142, 214, 260, 277
Association of American Geographers,
190
Aster Curtissii, 33; divaricatus (?), 58,
60
Astilbe, 60; biternata, 60
Astragalus, 41, 91
Atkinson, G. F., 142
Atlantic Monthly, 259
Automatic watering device, 258
Azalea lutea, 33, 34, 58; nudiflora, 6,
219; viscosa, 58; var. glauca, 58
Babcock, E. B., 45
Baccharis halimifolia, 8
Bacteria, Nitrifying, 215
Bahamas, A New Ponthieva from the,
90
Bahamas, Exploration in, 131
Ballinger, Secretary, 73
Balsam (Abies Fraseri), 57
Banker, H. J., 69
Barnes, C. R., Death of, 76
Barnhart, J. H., 43, 68, 114, 131, 168,
272, 273; personal, 143
Bartram, W., 54
Baxter s:233
Beal, W. J., personal, 143
Beattie, F, S., 272
Bell, H. G., personal, 25
Benedict, R. C., 134; A Peculiar Habitat
for Camptosorus, 13
Bergen, J. Y., 210
Berry, E. W., Additions to the Pleisto-
cene Flora of New Jersey, 261; A New
Species of Dewalquea from the Amer-
ican Cretaceous, 34; personal, 192,
216
Bessy, C. E., 274
Bessey, E. A., personal, 168
- Botanic Garden and
Betula, 17; alleghaniensis (?), 56; flabel-
lifolia, 93; lenta, 5, 9, (?) 58; lutea,
34, 56, 58, 225; odorata tortuosa, 93;
papyrifera, 225; populifolia, 5; pumila,
225
Bicknell, E. P., 68, 232
Bidens bipinnata, 33, 64
Biltmore Forest School, 53
Biologic science in secondary schools,
234
Biological Geography, 190
Biology and other sciences, 234
Biology, The Term, 231
Birch Trees, White, 233
Birgus latro, 271
Bissell, C. H., 129
Blackberries, New England, 232
Blakeslee, A. F., 142
Blodgett, F. M., 144
Blue Berry from New Jersey, A New
Species of, 228
Blumer, J. C., 73; The Vitality of Pine
Seed in Serotinous Cones, 108
Bolster, F. H., 45
Bommer, E. C., death of, 99
Boston Meeting of the American Associ-
ation for the Advancement of Science,
27, 51, 140, 142
Bostrychia, 95
arboretum in
Brooklyn, 100
Botanic Garden Papers, 42
Botanical Congress, International, 131,
TAB ZES3) 278
Botanical Education in America, Some
Reflections upon, II5, 135, 159
Botanical Exploration in Cuba, Recent,
134
Botanical Garden, New York, (See New
York, etc.)
Botanical Gazette, 76
Botanical History, Green’s Landmarks
of [review], 149
Botanist, Ganong’s Teaching [review],
208
Botany, Clute’s Laboratory [review], 15
Botany, Coulter and Nelson’s New
Manual of Rocky Mountain [review],
40
Botany, Henry Shaw School of, 191
Botany, High school, 46
Botany, Note-Books in High School, 73
Botany, Structural and Physiological,
190
Botany Teachers, Some Fallacies of, 210
Botany Unit, The, 46, 254
Botrychium virginianum, 60
Bovie, W. T., A Plant-case for the Con-
trol of Relative Humidity, 77
Boynton, F. E., 56
281
Bray, W. L., 73
Brewer, W. H., 260
. Britton, E. G., 51, 68, 272
Britton, N. L., 68, 124, 134; personal,
51, I9L
British hepatics, 236
Broadhurst, J., 43, 68, 114; Adam in
Eden or Nature’s Paradise, 169, 194,
237; Macdonald’s Dry Farming [re-
view], 111; Proceedings of the Club,
92; The Eucalyptus Trees of Cali-
fornia, 84; The Weeping Willow in
Winter, 38; United States Experiment
Station at Sitka, Alaska, 69
Brooklyn Botanic Garden and arbo-
retum, 100; lectures, 278
Brown, A., 69
Brown, H. B., 275
Brown, J. P., 233
Brunella, see Prunella
Brussels, International Botanical Con-
gress held at, 131, 143, 215, 273
Buckley, S. B., 54
Buds, 48
Buller, A. H. R., 142, 213
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club,
TAO, 2232), 275
Bulletin on Mistletoe Pest, 73
Burbank, L., 23
Bureau of Plant Industry, 74, 75, 215
Burgess, E. L., 216
Burgess, E. S., 43, 68
Burlingham, G. S., 134
Burns, G. P., personal, 76
Burroughs, J., personal, 168
Butler, O., 114, 232; personal, 277
Cacti, 73
Caeoma, 90; pedatatum, 90
Calcium carbonate in soils, 215
Caldwell, O. W., 46
California, Jepson’s A Flora of [review],
16
California, The Eucalyptus Trees of, 84
California vine disease, Observations on
the, 114, 232
Caloglossa, 95
Calycanthus fertilis, 60
Cameron, W. C., 43, 114
Campanula americana, 60; divaricata,
58
Camptosorus, A Peculiar Habitat for, 13
Canada, School garden movement in,
14
Canadian mosses, 236
Canby, W. M., 238
Cannon, W. A., 56, 67; personal, 277
Capnoides sempervirens, 33
Cardiff, I. D., 141
Carduus lanceolatus, 64
Carex crinita, 63, 219; gracillima (?),
59; lurida, 62, 63; trisperma, 56
Carleton, M. A., 214
Carnations, Sleep of, 141
Carnegiea, 66; giganteus, 66
Carpinus caroliniana, 61, 225
Carruthers, J. B., death of, 191
Carteria, 187, 188; corallicola, 188
Carex crinita, 219
Carya glabra, 5; porcina, 264
Caryopitys, 41
Castalia alba, 153; Lotus, 153
Castanea dentata, 5, 9, 32, 33, 58, 60,
62, 226; pumila, 32, 34, 226
Castanopsis, 17
Cassiope hypnoides, 93; tetragona, 93
Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and
Ferns of Connecticut [review], 128
Catalpa, 233; bignonoides, 233
Catenella, 95
Caulophyllum, 60; thalictroides, 58, 60
Ceanothus americanus, 58, 61
Celastrus arctica, 35; scandens, 6, 7
Celtis georgiana, 227; occidentalis, 8
Cerastium vulgatum (?), 64
Cercidium Torreyanum, 66
Cereus, 66; giganteus, 66
Chamaecistus procumbens, 93
Chamaecyparis, 16; Lawsoniana, 17
Chaetomorpha, 95
Chelone Cuthbertii (?), 59; glabra, 59
Chemistry of Commerce, The, 10
Chestnut disease, 99
Chionanthus virginica, 32
Cholisma ligustrina, 56, 58, (See Xol-
isma), 219
Chrosperma muscaetoxicum, 58, 83
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, 63
Chrysobalanus Icaco L. Notes on, 249
Chrysophlyotis endobiotica, 276
Chrysopsis falcata, 9; Mariana, 58
Cimicifuga, 60; racemosa, 58, 60, 62
Circaea alpina, 56; lutetiana, 60
Clark, C. F., personal, 235
Clark, Ernest D., Osborne’s Vegetable
Proteins [review], 250; The Réle of
Oxidizing Ferments in Plants, 253
Clark, John Bates, 259
Clay cup, Porous, 258
Clematis virginiana, 62
Clethra acuminata, 33, 34, 58; alnifolia, 6
Clintonia umbellulata, 146
Clute, W. N., Note-Books in High
School Botany, 73
Clute’s Laboratory Botany [review], 15
Cochlearia fenestrata, 93; groenlandica,
93
Cockerell, T. D. A., 213; A Fossil Fig,
222; Magnolia at Florissant, 64;
Notes on the Genus Sambucus, 125
2,
~_
Coco Palm, The Origin of the [review],
2690
Cocoa Plum, 249
Cocos nucifera, 270
Cold Spring Harbor, 143
Collecting in Mexico, 96
Collins’ The Green Algae of North
America [review], 188
Collinsonia canadensis, 58, 60
Colonies, Farm, 214
Columbia University, 51, 73
Commelina hirtella, 80, 222; nudiflora,81
Commisssion, Russian agricultural, 140
Committees of Torrey Botanical Club,
68
Comptonia peregrina, 7, 9, 58 (See also
Myrica asplenifolia)
Cones, The Vitality of Pine Seed in
Serotinous, 108
Congress, International Botanical, 131,
143, 215, 273
Connecticut, Catalogue of the Flowering
Plants and Ferns of [review], 128
Conservation, 22, 24, 259
Conservation of soils, 123
Control of Relative Humidity, A Plant-
Case for the, 77
Convolvulus sepium, 8
Cook, M. T., Cuba: The People and
Country, 114
Coéperative demonstration work, Farm-
ers’, 74
Coprinus, 142
Coreopsis major Oemleri, 58
Cornus florida, 6, 32, 34, 60, 62
Corylus, 17; rostrata, 58, 225
Coulter and Nelson’s New Manual of
Rocky Mountain Botany [review], 40
Crab, Robber, 271
Crataegus, 56, 61, 275; coccinea, 57
Crops, Forage, 140
Crossing, 23
Cuba, Recent Botanical Exploration in,
134
Cuba: The People and Country, 114
Culture Methods of Studying Plant
Rusts, 72
Cummings, C. E., 26
Cup, Porous clay, 258
Cupressus, 16
Curtis, C. C., 68, personal, 75
Cynoglossum virginianum, 60
Cyperus strigosus, 63
Cypripedium acaule, 8, 60; parviflorum
(?), 60
Danthonia sp., 56
Dasiphora fructicosa, 193
Dasystoma laevigata, 58
Daucus Carota, 64
82
Davis, J. J., Answers to the Wisconsin
Riddle, ofr .
Decumaria barbara, 219
Denmark, Representatives from, 140
Dennstaedtia punctilobula, 58
Denslow, H. M., 114
Deschampsia flexuosa, 56, 58
Desert in the San Bernardino Valley,
The Reclamation of the, 18
Desert Plants, 73
Desert Plants, Spalding’s Distribution
and Movements of [review], 66
Device, Automatic watering, 258
Dewalquea from the American Creta-
ceous, A New Species of, 34
Dewalquea, 34; aquisgranensis, 35;
coriacea, 35, 38; dakotensis, 35; gelin-
denensis, 35; groenlandica, 35; hal-
demiana, 35, 38; insignis, 35, 38; pen-
taphylla, 35, 38; primordialis, 35;
Smithi, 36, 37; trifoliata, 35
Dewey, J., 97
Diapensia lapponica, 93
Diaporthe parasitica, 99
Dicranum, 252
Diodia teres, 64
Dioscorea villosa, 58, 60
Diphylleia cymosa, 59
Disease, California vine, 232
Disease, Chestnut, 99
Disporum sp., 60
Distribution and Movements of Desert
Plants, Spalding’s [review], 66
Distribution of Lespedeza striata, The
Geographical, 207
Dodge, B. O., 114
Dogwood, A double flowering, 213
Double flowering dogwood, A, 213
Dowell, P., 43, 140
Dry Farming, Macdonald's [review], 111
Dry rot, 99
Dryopteris intermedia (?), 60; nove-
boracensis, 58, 60, 62, 219
Duncan, R. K., 10
Durand, E. J., personal, 124
Eames, E. H., 129
Eden or Nature’s Paradise, Adam in,
169, 194, 239, 273
Edinburgh University, 191
Edson, H. A., personal, 191
Education, Agricultural, 48
Education in Agriculture, Secondary, 74
Education in America, Some Reflec-
tions upon Botanical, 115, 135, 159
Eggleston, W. W., personal, 143
Elaeis guineensis, 270
Empetrum nigrum, 93
Encelia farinosa, 66
Enteromorpha, 95
283
Epigaea repens, 8, 33, 56, 58
Epiphegus virginiana, 62
Errata, (See page iii)
Erechthites hieracifolia, 64
Erigeron pulchellus, 33, 58; ramosus, 64
Eryngium virgatum, 63
Erythronium albidum, 146; propullans,
146
Esther Herrman Fund, 51, 69, 114
Eucalyptus Trees of California, The, 84
Eucalyptus, 84; botryoides, 86; citri-
odora, 86; corynocalyx, 86; crebra, 87;
diversicolor, 87; globulus, 87; micro-
corys, 87; pilularis, 87; -punctata, 87;
resinifera, 87; rostrata, 87; tereticor-
nis, 86; viminalis, 87
Eupatorium ageratoides, 56, 58, 60;
album, 9; perfoliatum, 8, 62, 63;
pubescens, 33; purpureum (?), 58;
trifoliatum (?), 60
Euphorbia corollata, 64; maculata, 64;
Preslii, 64
European Influences in the History of
American Botany, 272
Evans, A. W., 43, 131; personal, 143
Evaporation experiments, 98
Expedition to Panama, Informal report
on A Collecting, 94
Experiment Station at Sitka, Alaska, 69
Experiment Station, Cuban, I15
Experiment Station, Jewish agricultural,
100
Experiments, Evaporation, 98
Exploration in Andros, 131
Exploration in Cuba, Recent Botanical,
134
Fagus, 57, 219; americana, 5; grandifolia
56-58, 60-62, 219
Falcata comosa, 60
Fallacies of Botany Teachers, Some, 210
Farm colonies, 214
Farmers’ codperative
work, 74
Farming, Macdonald’s Dry [review], 111
Farmingdale Symposium, 113, 272
Ferments in Plants, The Role of Oxi-
dizing, 253
Ferns and Flowering Plants of Connecti-
cut, Catalogue of the [review], 128
Few More Pioneer Plants Found in the
Metamorphic Region of Alabama and
Georgia, A, 217
Ficus, 222; arenaceaeformis, 223; Bruesi,
223; coloradensis, 223; Dalli, 224;
denveriana, 224; florissante,all 223;
irregularia, 223; longipes, 223; mem-
branacea, 224; neurocarpa, 223;
nitida, 115; ovalis, 224; ovaliformis,
224; religiosa, 115; spectabilis, 224
demonstration
Field Committee of Torrey Botanical
Club, 68, (See Field meetings, etc.)
Field Meetings for 1910, 112, 156, 272
Fig, A Fossil, 222
Fires, Forest, 236
Fletcher, T., Memorial, 277
Flora Notes, Local, 80, 145, 224
Flora of the Arctic Regions, 92
Flora of California, Jepson’s A [review],
16
Flora of New Jersey, Additions to the
Pleistocene, 261
Floral Perfumes, 10
Florida, Some Recently Naturalized
Plants from Southern, 18
Florida State Geological Survey, 235
Florissant, Magnolia at, 64
Flowers, Passing of the wild, 121
Flowering dogwood, A double, 213
Flowering Plants and Ferns of Connecti-
cut, Catalogue of the [review], 128
Food and agriculture, 190
Forage crops, 140
Forest conservation, 47, 259
Forest fires, 236, 276
Forest Park Reservation of New Jersey,
49
Forest Service, 21, 22, 276
Forest study, 21
Forestry 50, 98, 235; in France, 46; in
Germany, 98; in High School, 21; in
Japan, 22; in Switzerland, 98
Forests, 22, 122
Forests and rainfall, 74
Forests in France, 46
Forests, National, 98
Fossil Fig, A, 222
Fragaria virginiana, 64
France, Forests in, 46
Fraxinus sp., 62
Fruits, Ripening of, 47
Fruits, Some aberrant walnut, 141
Fungi, Buller’s Researches on, 142, 213
Fungi, Spores of, 142, 213
Fungicide, Sulphur as a, 144
Fungous diseases of plants, 99
Future Wheat Supply, 214
Gager, C. S., Ganong’s Teaching Botan-
ist [review], 208; personal, 100, 124,
IQI, 278
Galax aphylla, 58, 219
Galium trifidum (?), 63
Game protection, 190
Ganong, W. F., 27; Some Reflections
upon Botanical Education in America,
II5, 135, 159
Ganong’s Teaching Botanist [review],
208
Garden and arboretum in Brooklyn, 100
284
Gardens, Botanic, 142
Garden movement in Canada, School,
IAI
Garrett, A. O., 42
Gas, Illuminating, 140
Gaskill, A., 49
Gattinger, A., 64, 219
Gaylussacia frondosa, 6, 7; resinosa, 7,
33, 34, 58; ursina, 33
Genera and Species of North American
Mosses, Analytic Keys to the, 76
Genus Sambucus, Notes on the, 125
Geographers, American Association of,
190
Geographical Distribution of Lespedeza
striata, The, 207
Geography, Biological, 190
Geological Survey, Florida State, 235
Georgia, A Few More Pioneer Plants
found in the Metamorphic Region of
Alabama and, 217
Georgia, University of, 235
Geranium maculatum, 60
Gerardia purpurea (?), 63; tenuifolia, 33
Geum canadense, 62
Gnaphalium polycephalum, 64;
pureum, 64
Golden New England, 233
Graves, C. B., 129
Graves, H. S., personal, 25
Gray, Asa, 56, 58-61, 63, 238
Green Algae of North America, Collins’
[review], 188
Green’s Landmarks of Botanical History
[review], 149
Green, S. B., death of, 216
Guayule Rubber, 49
Gutierrezia, 41
pur-
Habenaria ciliaris, 56, 58, 63
Haberlandt, G., personal 99
Habitat for Camptosorus, A Peculiar, 13
Hackberry, 275
Hadley, Governor, 214
Haines, Alfred S., 15 s
Halesia carolina, 34, 58, 60, 61; diptera,
220, 222
Hall, J. G., 213
Halsted, J. B., 49
Hamamelis virginiana, 7, 32, 34, 58, 61
Harger, E. B., 129
Harper, R. M., 74, 91; A few more
Pioneer Plants found in the Meta-
morphic Region of Alabama and
Georgia, 217; Northward Extension
of the Range of a Recently Described
Genus of Umbelliferae, 237; Summer
Notes on the Mountain Vegetation of
Haywood County, North Carolina,
53; personal, I9I, 235
Harperella, 237-239; nodosa, 237
Harperia, 237
Harshberger, J. W., 56, 50, 61; The
Vegetation of the Navesink High-
lands, I
Harriman, E. H., 28
Hart, I. W., 26
Harter, L. L., 234
Hatch, K., 48
Hawaiian Islands, A Visit to the, 134
Hawkins, L. A., 258
Haywood County, North Carolina,
Summer Notes on the Mountain
Vegetation of, 53
Hazen, Tracy E., 43; personal, 75
Heald, F. D., 76
Heart rot of trees, 144
Hedeoma pulegioides, 64
Helenium autumnale, 63
Heller, A. A., 56, 59:
Helonias bullata, 83
Hemerocallis flava, 145
Henry, W. A., personal, 277
Henry Shaw School of Botany, ror
Hepatics, British, 236
Herbarium Collections, 68
Herposiphonia, 95
Herrman Fund, Esther, 51, 69
Hesperocnide, 17
Hetch-Hetchy Valley, 73
Heteranthera reniformis, 81
Heuchera villosa, 56, 58
Heyderia decurrens, 20
Hibiscus Moscheutos, 8
Hickory fruits, 141
Hicoria alba, 60; glabra, 5, 9, 32, 34, 262,
204, 265; laciniosa, 224; microcarpa,
265; villosa, 265
Hieracium paniculatum, 58
Higgins, B. B., personal, 191
Highlands, The Vegetation of the Nave-
sink, I
High School Botany, 46
High School Botany, Note-Books in, 73
High School Forestry, 21
Hildenbrandtia, 95
History, Green’s Landmarks of Botan-
ical [review], 149
Hollick, A., The Extinct Flora of New
York and Vicinity, 124
Homalocenchrus virginicus, 63
Hosta, 130
House, H. D., 56, 58; The Vegetation
on Lookingglass Mountain, 29
Houstonia longifolia, 56, 58; purpurea,
58; serpyllifolia, 56, 59
Howe, M. A., 26, 43, 94, 114, 168, 216;
252; An Expedition to the Panama
Canal Zone, 124; Collins’ The Green
Algae of North America [review], 188,
Green’s Landmarks of Botanical
History [review], 149; Informal Re-
port on a Collecting Expedition to
Panama, 94; Jepson’s A Flora of Cali-
fornia [review], 16; Proceedings of the
@lub; 04; 104; 132, 272
Hoyt, W. D., 235
Hudson Valley, Native Trees of the, 158 |
Hudsonia tomentosa, 9
Humidity, A Plant-Case for the Con-
trol of Relative, 77
Humphreys, E. W., Variation Among
Non-Lobed Sassafras Leaves, 1o1
Humphreys, W. J., 75
Hunter, G. W., 234
Hydrangea arborescens, 58
Hypericum Buckleyi, 56; mutilum, 62, 63
Hypoxis hirsuta, 33
Ilex coriacea, 220; lucida, 220; minor,
126; opaca, 219
Illuminating gas, 140
Impatiens biflora, 50, 62
India Rubber World, 49
Industry, Animal, 190
Industry, Bureau of Plant, 74, 215
Influences which Govern Local Distri-
bution of Plants, 157
Informal Report on a Collecting Ex-
pedition to Panama, 94
Interest to Teachers, (See Of Interest,
etc.)
Interesting New England Plants, Two,
207
International Botanical Congress, 131,
143, 215, 273
Iris verna, 33, 58
Irrigation, 23, 123
Japan, Forestry in, 22
Jensen, C. N., 144
Jepson’s A Flora of California, 16
Jewish Agricultural Experiment Station,
Too
Johnson, L. N., 56
Jones, L. R., 51
Journal of the New York Botanical
Garden, 95, 97, 99, 121
Juglans, 17; cinerea, 224; nigra, 62, 224
Juncus aristulatus, 82; balticus, 81;
caesariensis, 82; canadensis (?), 63;
canadensis subcaudatus, 82; dicho-
tomus, 82; effusus, 62, 63; gymno-
carpus, 81; maritimus, 81; nodosus,
82; Roemerianus, 81; tenuis, 63; tri-
fidus, 82
Juncoides nemorosum, 82; parviflorum,
82
Juniperus, 16, 31; virginiana, 6, 8, 9, 31,
34, 262, 263
Kalmia, 32; angustifolia, 267-269; lati-
folia, 6, 32, 33, 56, 58, 61, 219
Kellerman, K. F., 215
Kern, F. D., The Culture Methods of
Studying Plant Rusts, 72; personal, 51
Keys to the Genera and Species of North
American Mosses, 76
Kipling on the Old Herbalists, 273
Kirkwood, J. E., personal, 168
Koellia montana, 58, 60
Krauter, L., death of, 51
Laboratory at Tolland, Mountain, 144
Laboratory Botany, Clute’s [review], 15
Lachnocaulon anceps, 222
Land irrigation, Arid, 183
Landmark’s of Botanical
Green’s [review], 149
Lappula virginiana, 60
Larch, 98
Larrea tridentata, 66
Lawrence, W. E., personal, 235
Leaves, Variation among Non-lobed
Sassafras, IOr
Lectures, Bronx Park, 124, 168, 216
Lectures, On agriculture at Columbia
University, 51
Ledum decumbens, 93
Leonard, Z. L., 134
Lepidium virginicum, 64
Leptilon canadense, 64
Lespedeza striata, 64, 207
Lespedeza striata, The Geographical
Distribution of, 207
Letchworth Park, 277
Leucobryum, 252; glaucum, 252
Leucothoé Catesbaei, 61; racemosa, 7;
recurva, 34, 58
Libocedrus, 16; decurrens, 17
Ligusticum canadense, 58
Lilium canadense, 145; philadelphicum,
145; superbum, 56-58, 145
Lime, 39, 91
Linum striatum, 63
Liquidambar Styraciflua, 5, 234
Liriodendron, 219; Tulipifera, 5, 9, 34,
60, 219
Lloyd, F. E., 49
Lobelia cardinalis, 62; inflata, 63
Local Flora Notes, 80, 145, 224
Long-leaf pine, 218, 219
Lonicera sp., 61
Lookingglass Mountain, The Vegetation
on, 29
Lophosiphonia, 95
Lorinseria areolata, 219
Lumber, 22, 47; dry rot of, 99
Lycoperdon giganteum, 142
Lysimachia quadrifolia, 56, 58;
restris, 267
History,
ter-
286
MacAllister, F., personal, 191
MacCaughey, V., personal, 124
MacDonald, W., I41
MacDougal, D. T., personal, 51, 277
Macdonald’s Dry Farming [review], III
Macfarlane, E. J. W., death of, 51
Macfarlane, J. M., 51; personal, 143
Macoun, J., 236, 274
Mackenzie, K. K., A New Species of
Blue-Berry from New Jersey, 228
Magnolia, 64; acuminata, 62; florissan-
ticola, 65; glauca, 219; grandiflora, 65
Magnolia at Florissant, 64
Mansfield, W., 43, 92
Manual of Rocky Mountain Botany,
Coulter and Nelson’s New [review],
40
McManes Fund, The Catherine, 1, 13,
29, 34, 64, 79, IOI, 125, 160, 207, 222,
201, 267
Medsger, O. P., 158°
Meetings, Field, (See Field Meetings)
Meibomia nudiflora, 60, 62
Melampyrum americanum, 58; lineare,
7
Melanthium virginicum, 83
Memoir of the Torrey Botanical Club,
232
Mendelian inheritance, 23
Menziesia pilosa, 56, 58
Mertensia, 41
Merulius lacrymans, 99
Message, President Taft’s, 122
Metamorphic Region of Alabama and
Georgia, A Few More Pioneer Plants
found in the, 217
Metcalf, H., 99
Methods of Studying Plant Rusts, The
Culture, 72
Mexico, Collecting in, 96
Michaux, A., 54
Mills, D. O., death of, 25
Mimulus ringens, 62, 63
Missouri Botanical Garden, 192
Mistletoe pest, 73
Mohr, C., 220
Monarda clinopodia (?), 58
Monotropa uniflora, 58
Moore, E., Clute’s Laboratory Botany
[review], 15
Moore, G. T., 51
Moore, W. L., 74
Moss Notes, 252
Mosses, Analytic Keys to the Genera
and Species of North American, 76
Mosses, Canadian, 236
Mountain Anychiastrum, A, 230
Mountain Laboratory at Tolland, 144
Mountain, The Vegetation on Looking-
glass, 29
Movements and Distribution of Desert
Plants, Spalding’s [review], 66
Muhlenbergia, 41
Murrill, W. A., 43, 94, 168, 216; A Phal-
loid found near Cinchona, Jamaica,
18; Collecting in Mexico, 96; per-
sonal, 51, 277
Museum of Natural History, Torrey
Meetings at, (See American Museum
of Natural History)
Mushrooms, 142
Mycologia, 18
Myrica, 17; asplenifolia, 33, 34; caroli-
nensis, 6, 7, 9, 219, 221
Nabalus sp., 58
Naples Prize, 27
Naples Table Association, 143
Naples, Zoédlogical Station at, 27
Nash, G. V., 168, 216; The Rose and
its History, 124
National Forests, 98 :
Native Trees of the Hudson Valley, 158
Nature-Study Review, 21
Nature’s Paradise, Adam in Eden or,
169, 194, 239, 273
Natural prairie on Long Island, 74
Naturalized Plants from Southern
Florida, Some Recently, 18
Navesink Highlands, The Vegetation of
the, I
Nelson and Coulter’s New Manual of
Rocky Mountain Botany [review], 40
Nelumbo speciosa, 153
New England blackberries, 232
New England, Golden, 233
New England Plants, Two Interesting,
267
New Jersey, A New Species of Blue-
Berry from, 228
New Jersey, Additions to the Pleistocene
Flora of, 261
New Jersey, Forest Park Reservation,
49
New Ponthieva from the Bahamas, A,
90
New Species of Blue-Berry from New
Jersey, A, 228
New Species of Dewalquea from the
American Cretaceous, A, 34
New Species of Prosperpinaca, A, 249
New Terrestrial Orchid, A, 186
New York Botanical Garden, 18, 25, 51,
169, 187; Bulletin of, 140, 232; Journal
of, 95, 97, 99, 121; Lectures at, 124,
168, 216; Torrey Meetings at, 18, 68,
94, 131, 134, 157, 252, 272
New York State College, 144
News Items, 25, 50, 75, 90, 124, 143,
168, IQI, 216, 235, 260, 277
287
WNitrifying bacteria, 215
Non-lobed Sassafras Leaves, Variation
among, IOL
North America, Collins’
Algae of [review], 188
North American Mosses, Analytic Keys
to the Genera and Species of, 76
North Carolina, Summer Notes on the
Mountain Vegetation of Haywood
County, 53
Northward Extension of the Range of a
Recently Described Species of Um-
belliferae, 237
Norton, W. C., personal, ror
Note-Books in High School Botany, 73
Notes, Local Flora, 80, 145, 224
Notes, Moss, 252
Notes on Chrysobalanus Icaco L., 249
Notes on the Genus Sambucus, 125
Notes on the Mountain Vegetation of
Haywood County, North Carolina, 53
Notes, Shorter, 38, 90, 207, 230, 249
Nymphaea, 153; fluviatilis, 221; lutea,
153
Nyssa biflora, 262, 266; sylvatica, 34,
60, 266
The Green
Observation on the California vine
disease, 114
Oceanorus leimanthorides, 83
Oenanthe, 237
Oenothera biennis, 64
Of Interest to Teachers, 21, 43, 73, 97,
I1I5, 135, 159, 190, 210, 231, 254, 273
Officers, Torrey Botanical Club, 43, 68
Oliver, F. W., 141
Ontogeny, 259
Orchid, A New Terrestrial, 186
Origin of the Coco Palm, The [review],
269
‘Osborne’s Vegetable Proteins [review],
250
Osmanthus americanus, 220
‘Osmunda cinnamomea, 58—60, 63, 219,
221; Claytoniana, 60; regalis, 63, 219
‘Outlook, 24, 74, 141, 214, 233, 276
Oxalis, 72; stricta (?), 63
-Oxidizing Ferments in Plants, The Réle
of, 253
-Oxydendron arboreum, 34, 219
Oxypolis, 238; filiformis, 237,
rigidior, 63; var. Canbyi, 237
Oxyria digyna, 93
238;
Palisade Interstate Park, The, 28
Palisade, park commission, The, 28
Palm, The Origin of the Coco [rewiew],
269
Panama, Informal Report on a Col-
lecting Expedition to, 94
Panicum gymnocarpon, 222; virgatum, 9
Panicularia nervata, 63
Paradise, Adam in Eden or Nature’s,
169, 194, 239, 273
Parietaria, 17; floridana, 228
Parish, S. B.; A Wisconsin Riddle, 39
Park Reservation of New Jersey, 49
Paronychia, 230; argyrocoma, 56
Parthenium argentatum, 49
Parthenocissus quinquefolia, 6, 9
Pasania, 17
Passing of the wild flowers, 121
Pea seedlings, Sweet, 140
Pearson, W. H., 236
Peculiar Habitat for Camptosorus, A, 13
Pedicularis canadensis, 58
Peirce, G. J., personal, 124
Pellaea, 15
Penhallow, D. P., 51; death of, 260
Penicillus, 189; capitatus, 189
Pennington, L. H., personal, 277
Pentstemon, 41
People and Country of Cuba, The, 114
Perfumes, Floral, 10
Peridermium strobi, 276
Persea pubescens, 219, 220
Peucedanum, 237
Phallogaster, 18
Phalloid, A, 18
Phegopteris hexagonoptera, 60
Philadelphia Botanical Club, 113, 272
Phlox glaberrima, 58
Phryma Leptostachya, 60, 62
Physiological and Structural Botany,
190
Phyllodoce coerulea, 93
Phylogeny, 259
Physiology, Practical Plant, 45
Physiology, Suggestions for Plant, 43
Picea, 16; australis (?), 58; sitchensis,
M7
Pieris floribunda, 56
Pike’s Peak, Potentillae of the Arctic-
Alpine Zone on, 193
Pinchot, G., 25, 26, 56
Pine, 98; long-leaf, 218, 219
Pine blister rust, 276
Pine Seed in Serotinous Cones,
Vitality of, 108
Pinus, 16, 41; attenuata, 108; chihua-
huana, 108; contorta, III; contorta
Murrayana, 109; Coulteri, 20; divari-
cata, 111; Lambertiana, 17; palustris,
III, 218; ponderosa, 17, III; pungens,
31, 33; rigida, 5, 9, 31, 34 ; sabiniana,
20; scopulorum, 111; serotina, 109;
Taeda, 219, 262, 263
Pioneer Plants Found in the Meta-
morphic Region of Alabama and
Georgia, A Few More, 217
The
288
Plant-Case for the Control of Relative
Humidity, A, 77
Plant Industry, Bureau of, 74, 215
Plant Life, Outlines of, 76
Plant Physiology, Practical, 45
Plant Physiology, Suggestions for, 43
Plant Rusts, Culture Methods of Study-
ing, 72
Plant World, 23, 67, 141, 234, 258, 275
Plantago lanceolata, 64; major, 64
Plants and Ferns of Connecticut, Cata-
logue of the Flowering [review], 128
Plants, Estimated number of, 274
Plants found in the Metamorphic
Region of Alabama and Georgia, A
few more Pioneer, 217
Plants, from Southern Florida, Some
Recently Naturalized, 18
Plants, Rdéle of Oxidizing Ferments in,
253
Plants, Spalding’s Distribution and
Movements of Desert [review], 66
Plants, Water purification, 73
Platanus occidentalis, 62
Pleistocene Flora of New Jersey, Addi-
tions to the, 261
Poa, 41
Podocarpus, 17
Podophyllum, 91; peltatum, 62, 91
Pogonia divaricata, 221; ophioglos-
soides, 221
Pollard, C. L., 42, 43, 114
Polycodium sp., 58
Polygala Senega, 91
Polygonum aviculare, 64; Hydropiper,
63, 64; pennsylvanicum, 64; sagit-
tatum, 62, 63; virginianum, 62
Polypodium vulgare, 56, 58
Polyporus squamosus; 142
Polystichum acrostichoides, 58
Polytrichum, 8
Pomeroy, G., 42
Pond, R. H., personal, 50
Pontederia cordata lancifolia, 81
Ponthieva, 90; Brittonae, 90; racemosa,
90, OI
Ponthieva from the Bahamas, A New, 90
Pool, R. J., personal, 143
Pope, W. T., personal, 124
Popular Science Monthly, 22, 23, 259
Populus, 17; grandidentata, 32, 34;
tremuloides, 5, 9
Porous clay cup, 258
Porteranthus trifoliatus, 58
Potamogeton, 129; bupleuroides, 129;
perfoliatus, 129
Potato wart, 276
Potentilla, 193; bipinnatifida, 194;
canadensis, 33, 58, 63; dissecta, 194;
filipes, 193; glaucophylla, 194; mon-
speliensis, 64; pulcherrima, 193; rub-
ripes, 193; saximontana, 193; tri-
dentata, 56; viridior, 193
Potentillae of the Arctic-Alpine Zone on
Pike’s Peak, 193
Practical Plant Physiology, 45
President Taft’s message, 121
Prizes, Walker, 26
Proceedings of the Club, 18, 42, 68, 92,
Ist, Bit, US, BHA, Dyw
Proserpinaca intermedia, 250; palustris,
249; pectinata, 249
Proserpinaca, A New Species of, 249
Prosopis velutina, 66 :
Proteins, Osborne’s Vegetable [review],
250
Prunella vulgaris, 7, 63
Prunus serotina, 6, 9, 62
Pseudophoenix Sargentii, 133
Pseudotsuga, 16; macrocarpa, 20; taxi-
folia, 17
Pteris aquilina, 56, 58, 64
Pteridium aquilinum, 7
Puget Sound Marine Station, 144
Purification plants, Water, 73
Pyrularia pubera, 61
Pyrus.coronaria, 61; melanocarpa, 33
Quercus, 17, 33, 41; alba, 5, 32, 33, 61,
222; Alexanderi, 227; bicolor, 227;
borealis, 130; coccinea, 5, 9, 32, 33,
58, 226; digitata, 226; imbricaria, 61,
226; lyrata, 227; marylandica, 6;nana,
6; pagodaefolia, 226; Phellos, 226, 262,
265; platanoides, 227; Prinus, 5, 9, 32,
33, 58; prinoides, 6; rubra, 5, 9, 32,
33, 56, 58; triloba, 226; velutina, 5,
(2?) 62
Rainfall and forests, 74
Ralfsia, 95
Rankin, W. H., 144
Recent Botanical Exploration in Cuba,
134
Reclamation of the Desert in the San
Bernardino Valley, The, 18
Redfield, J. H., 56, 59
Reed, F. W., 59
Reed, G. M., personal, 124
Reflections upon Botanical Education
in America, Some, 115, 135, 159
Relative Humidity, A Plant-Case for
the Control of, 77
Report on a Collecting Expedition to
Panama, Informal, 94
Research Fellowships, 191
Representatives from Denmark, 140
Researches on Fungi, Buller’s, 142, 213
Reservation of New Jersey, Forest Park,
49
289
Reviews: A Flora of California, 16;
Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and
Ferns of Connecticut, 128; Collins’
The Green Algae of North America,
188; Clute’s Laboratory Botany, 15;
Coulter and Nelson’s New Manual
of Rocky Mountain Botany, 40;
Ganong’s Teaching Botanist, 208;
Green’s Landmarks of Botanical His-
tory, 149; Macdonald’s Dry Farming,
Ii1; Osborne’s Vegetable Proteins,
250; Spalding’s Distribution and
Movements of Desert Plants, 66; The
Origin of the Coco Palm, 269
Rhipocephalus, 189; oblongus, 189
Rhodiola rosea, 93
Rhododendron catawbiense, 56; lap-
ponicum, 93; maximum, 32, 33, 58, 59,
61; punctatum, 32, 33, 56
Rhus copallina, 8, 33, 34; glabra, 6, 9;
hirta, 6; radicans, 6, 8, 9, 61
Rhynchospora glomerata, 62, 63; rari-
flora, 222
Rhytidophyllum crenulatum, I15
Rice, Wild, 47
Richards, H. M., 27, 43, 216
Riddle, A Wisconsin, 39
Riddle, Answers to the Wisconsin, 91
Ridgway, C. S., 49
Ripening of fruits, 47
Robber crab, 27
Robertson, C., 141
Robinia hispida, 33, 34, 58; Pseudo-
Acacia, 34, 58, 60, 61
Robinson, J. R., 215
Robinson, W. J., A Visit to the Hawai-
ian Islands, 134
Rocky Mountain Botany, Coulter and
Nelson’s New Manual of [review], 40
Role of oxidizing Ferments in Plants,
253
Roots, Adventitious, 275
Rose, J. N., 237, 239
Rot of trees, Heart, 144
Rubber, 49
Rumex Acetosella, 63
Rusby, H. H., 42, 43, 216; The Recla-
mation of the Desert in the San
Bernardino Valley, 18; personal, 168
Russian agricultural commisssion, 140
Rusts, The Culture Methods of Study-
ing Plant, 72
Rydberg, P. A., 158, 273; Flora of the
Arctic Regions, 92
Sabal, 133
Salix, 17; anglorum, 93; groenlandica,
93; herbacea, 93; humilis, 56; longipes,
63
Sambucus, 125, 254; adnata, 126; adnata
africana, 126; amabilis, 125; canaden-
sis, 8, 34, 126; ebulus africanus, 126;
melanocarpa, 126; microbotrys, 128;
minor, 126; multiloba, 126; neo-
mexicana, 126; Newtoni, 126; oino-
carpa, 128; succinea, 126
Sambucus, Notes on the Genus, 125
San Bernardino Valley, The Reclama-
tion of the Desert in the, 18
Sanders, E. A., 21
Sanders, J. G., 233
Sanderson, E. D., personal, 216
Sanguinaria canadensis, 60
Santo Domingo, Trip to, 133
Sargent, ©. S:, 56, 221
Sassafras Leaves, Variation Among
Non-Lobed, ror
Sassafras Sassafras, 6; variifolium, 32,
34, 58
Saxifr aga virginiensis, 33
Schenck, C. A., 53
Schneider, A., 214
Schneider, E. C., Coulter and Nelson’s
New Manual of Rocky Mountain
Botany [review], 40
School of Botany, Henry Shaw, I91
School garden movement in Canada, 141
School Science and Mathematics, 48,
210, 233, 234
Schools, Biologic science in secondary,
234
Schools, Summer, 143
Schwarze, C. A., 114
Science, 47, 48, 98, 141, 142, 213, 214, 274
Science in secondary schools, Biologic,
234
Science Teaching, 97
Scirpus polyphyllus, 62, sylvaticus, 63
Scribner, F. L., 56
Scutellaria sp., 60
Seaver, I. Mo, AB, Duo, Bw
Secondary education in agriculture, 74
Secondary school of agriculture, 216
Sedum, 211
Seed, Archaic type of, 141
Seedlings, Sweet pea, 140
Seely, L- H.; 42
Selaginella, 30; rupestris, 56, 58
Sequoia gigantea, 17; sempervirens, 17
Sericocarpus asteroides, 7, 9, 58
Serotinous Cones, The Vitality of Pine
Seed in, 108
Service, Forest, 21, 22, 276
Shattuck, C. H., personal, ror
Shaw, C. H., death of, ror
Sheldon, J. L., The Andropogon-Viola
Uromyces, 90
Shorter Notes, 38, 207, 230, 249
Shreve, F., 237, 238
Silene stellata, 58; virginica, 56, 58
290
Sitka, United States Experiment Station
at, 69
Sium, 237
Sleep of carnations, 141
Small, J. K., 56, 59; A Mountain Any-
chiastrum, 230; A New Terrestrial
Orchid, 186; Notes on Chrysobalanus
Icaco L., 249; Some Recently Natu-
ralized Plants from Southern Florida,
18; The Geographical Distribution
of Lespedeza striata, 207; personal, 51
Smilax Bona-nox, 148; hispida, 148;
laurifolia, 148, 2190, 221; Pseudo-
China, 148; pulverulenta, 147; rotun-
difolia, 6; tamnifolia, 147; Walteri, 148
Smith, E. F., 51
Smith, J. B., 49
Soils, 123, 215, 274
Solanum carolinense, 64
Solidago caesia, 58; sempervirens, 8
Some Fallacies of Botany Teachers, 210
Some Recently Naturalized Plants from
Southern Florida, 18
Some Reflections upon Botanical Edu-
cation in America, 115, 135, 159
Sorbus americana, 56
Soth, B. (Mrs. M.E.), 272; Potentillae of
the Arctic-Alpine Zone on Pike’s Peak,
193
Southwick, E. B., 134
Spalding’s Distribution and Movements
of Desert Plants [review], 66
Species of Blue-Berry from New Jersey,
A New, 228
Species of Dewalquea from the Ameri-
can Cretaceous, A New, 34
Species Formation, 23
Sphagnum, 252
Spoehr, H. A., personal, 235
Spores of fungi, 142, 213
' Starch content of leaves, 234
Staten Island, Violets of, 140
Station at Naples, Zodélogical, 27
Station at Sitka, Alaska Experiment, 69
Steironema heterophyllum, 33
Stenanthium gramineum, 58
Stetson, S., 94, 114
Stevens, F. L., 51, 213
Stone, G. E., Suggestions for
Physiology, 43
Stone, W., 222
Strathcona, Lord, rot
Streptopus amplexifolius, 147
Studying Plant Rusts, Culture Methods
of, 72
Suggestions for Plant Physiology, 43
Sulphur as a fungicide, 144
Summer Notes on the Mountain Vege-
tation of Haywood County, North
Carolina, 53
Plant
Summer Schools, 143
Supply, Future wheat, 214
Sweet pea seedlings, 140
Symplocos tinctoria, 32, 34, 219
Symposium at Farmingdale, New Jersey,
I13, 272
Syracuse University, 50, 277
Taft’s message, President, 122
Talinum teretifolium, 33
Taxodium candelilla, 96; distichum,
262, 263; mucronatum, 96
Taxus, 16
Taylor, N., 26, 113, 156, 168, 216; Cata-
logue o the Flowering Binnaes and
Ferns of Connecticut [review], 128;
Influences which Govern Local Dis-
tribution of Plants, 157; Local Flora
Notes, 80, 145, 224; Spalding’s Dis-
tribution and Movements of Desert
Plants [review], 66; The Native
Trees of the Hudson Valley, 158;
Trip to Santo Domingo, 133
Teachers, Of Interest to, 21, 43, 73, 97;
II5, 135, 159, 190, 210, 231, 254, 273
Teachers, Some Fallacies of Botany, 210
Teaching Botanist, Ganong’s [review],
208
Teachers College, 231
Teaching Science, 97
Term Biology, The, 231
Terminalia Catappa, 115
Terrestrial Orchid, A New, 186
Tetramicra Eulophiae, 187
Tetrapus, 223; mayri, 223
Thalictrum, 60; clavatum, 59; dioicum
(2), 60
The Origin of the Coco Palm, 269
The Term Biology, 231
Thuja, 16; plicata, 17
Tiedemannia teretifolia, 237, 238
Tilden, J., personal, 235
Tilia americana, 60; heterophylla (?), 61
Tillandsia usneoides, 221
Tofieldia palustris, 94; racemosa, 83
Tolland, Mountain Laboratory at, 144
Torrey, John, 238
Torreya, 16
Torrey Botanical Club, Bulletin of, r4o,
232; Committees, 68, 112, 156; Elec-
tion of officers, 43, 68; Field meet-
ings, 112, 156, 272; Proceedings, 18,
42, 68, 92, 114, 131, 158, 252, 272
Toumey, T. W., 25
Toxic Soils, 215
Trachelospermum difforme, 222
Transpiration, 98
Trees, 214
Trees, Identification of, 21, 274
Trees of California, The Eucalyptus, 84
291
Trees of San Antonia, etc., 274
Trees of the Hudson Valley, Native,
158
Trees, Heart rot of, 144
Trees, White birch, 233
Treub, Dr. M., 260
Tribune, 214
Trifolium pratense, 64; repens, 63
Trillium, 211; erectum, 147; grandi-
florum, 147; undulatum, (?) 60, 147
Triphora, 188
True, A. C., 74
Tsuga, 16; canadensis, 58, 60, 61; caro-
liniana, 31, 33; heterophylla, 17
Tucker, M., Floral Perfumes, 10
Type of Seed, Archaic, 141
Types, 213
Twiss, E. M., personal, 235
Two Interesting New England Plants,
267
Ulmus _fulva,
Thomasii, 227
Umbelliferae, Northward Extension of
the Range of a Recently Described
Genus of, 237
Unit, The Botany, 46, 254
United States Department of Agricul-
ture, 26
United States Experiment Station at
Sitka, Alaska, 69
University of Georgia, 235
University of Wisconsin, 48, 233, 277
Upham ’s Introduction to Agriculture,
213
Uromyces, 90;
pedatatus, 90
Urtica, 17; dioica, 228; gracilis, 228;
Lyallii, 228
Urticastrum divaricatum, 60
Uvularia grandiflora, 83
227; racemosa, 227;
andropogonis, 90;
Vaccinium, 56, 71; atrococcum, 288;
caesariense, 230; corymbosum, 33,
58, 228; pennsylvanicum, 7; sp., 56,
58; stamineum, 33; uliginosum micro-
phyllum, 93
Vagnera racemosa, 7,
146
van Eeden, F., 214
Van Loan, C., 158
Variation Among Non-Lobed Sassafras
Leaves, IOI
Vegetable Proteins, Osborne’s [review],
250
Vegetation of Haywood County, North
Carolina, Summer Notes on the
Mountain, 52
Vegetation on Lookingglass Mountain,
The, 29
146; trifolia,
Vegetation of the Navesink Highlands,
ihe; xr
Veratrum parviflorum, 58
Verbascum Thapsus, 63
Verbena urticaefolia, 64
Vermont Botanical Club, 272
Vernonia noveboracensis, 63
Veronica officinalis, 63
Viburnum acerifolium, 7; dentatum, 7;
nudum, 219
Vicia Faba, 258
Vine disease, Observation on the Cali-
fornia, 114, 232
Vinson, A. E., 47
Viola, 90; affinis, 33, 58; hastata, 33;
pedata, 33; primulaefolia, 33; ro-
tundifolia, 33, 58
Violets of Staten Island, 140
Visit to the Hawaiian Islands, A, 134
Vitality of Pine Seed in Serotinous
Cones, The, 108
Vitis, 266; aestivalis, (?) 61, 262, 266;
labrusca, 6, 9; pseudo-rotundifolia,
265, 266; rotundifolia, 262, 265
Walker, Mr., personal, 143
Walker prizes, 26
Walnut fruits, Some aberrant, I41
Water purification plants, 73
Watering device, Automatic, 258
Weatherby, C., 129
Weeping Willow in Winter, The, 38
Wellesley, 26
Wheat supply, Future, 214
Wheeler, C. F., death of, 75
White birch trees, 233
Wiegand, K. M., 98
Wild flowers, Passing of the, 121
Wild Rice, 47
Williams, R. S., 158, 252
Williamson, E. B., 141
Willow in Winter, The Weeping, 38
Wilson, C. S., personal, 235
Wilson, G. W., personal, 235
Wilson, P., 158; (See Proceedings of the
Club)
Winter, The Weeping Willow in, 38
Wisconsin Riddle, A, 39
Wisconsin Riddle, Answers to the, 91
Wisconsin University, 48, 233, 277
Wood consumed in the United States,
47
Woods, F. A., personal, 26
Woodburn, W. L., personal, 191
Woodsia, 15
Woolson, I. H., 99
Xanthium canadense, 8
Xolisma ligustrina, 219, (See Cholisma),
56, 58
292
Xyris, 33 Zizia Bebbii, 58
Zizyphus, 262, 266, 267; obtusifolia, 266.
Yale University, 26 sp., 266
Zoological Station at Naples, 27
Zea Mays, 72
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
OFFICERS FOR to10
President
HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D.
Vice- Presidents
EDWARDS. BURGESS, PH.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D.
Recording Secretary
PERCY WILSON
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City
Editor | ‘Treasurer
- MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, Pu.D. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Puar.D.
Botanical Garden; Bronx Park College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th Se.
New York City, : New York City
Associate Editors
JOHN H. BARNHART, A.M., M.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D.
JEAN. BROADHURST, A.M. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D.
PHILIP DOWELL, Pu.D. CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M.
ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., Px.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D.
Meetings the second Tuesday and last Wednesday of each month alternately at the:
American Museum of Natural History and the New York Botanical Garden
PUBLICATIONS. Bulletin. Monthly, established 1870. Price $3.00 per
year; single numbers 30 cents. Of former volumes only 24-36 can be supplied en- |
tire. Certain numbers of other volumes are ayailable, and the completion of sets
will be undertaken,
Memoirs. A series of technical papers published at irregular intervals, estab-
lished 1889. Price $3.00 per volume.
Torreya. Monthly, established 1901, Price $1.00 per year,
All business correspor.dence relating to the above publications should be addressed
to Dr. William Mansfield, College of Pharmacy, 115 W. 68th St,, New York City,
OTHER PU SE
OF THE
TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
(1) BOLLETIN
A monthly journal devoted to general botany, established
1870. Vol. 36 published in 1909, contained 720 pages of text
and 34 full-page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe,
14 shillings. Dulau & Co. i DONO Sete, London, are
agents for England.
Of former volumes, only 24-36 can be supplied entire ; cer-
tain numbers of other volumes are available, but the entire stock
of some numbers has been reserved for the completion of sets.
Vols, 24-27 are furnished at the published price of two dollars
each; Vols. 28—36 three dollars each. ar
yeincte copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not
breaking complete volumes.
(2) MEMOIRS :
The Memoirs, established 1889, are published at irregular -
intervals, Volumes I-13 are now completed ; Nos. 1 and 2 of
Vol. 14 have been issued. The subscription price is fixed at
$3.00 per volume in advance, The numbers can also be pur-
chased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of
prices. will be furnished on application.
(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteri-
dophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New -
York, 1888. ‘Price, $1.00. :
Correspondence relating to the above publications should be
addressed to
DR. WILLIAM MANSFIELD
College of Pharmacy —
115 W. 68TH STREET
NEW YORK CITY @
0310 6331
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