H ctorany 5 nigh Ges e af os) ati is Ni Ni os Ral ie ) ore — TORREYA A MonrHiy JouRNAL or Botanica Nores anp News JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN. EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY JEAN BROADHURST Wrollhumme 2 NEW YORK IQ1o ERRATA, VOLUME 10 Page 5, 1oth and 21st lines, insert period after Marsh. Page 5, 10th and 18th lines, for prinus, read Prinus. Page 5, 11th line, insert period after Wang. Page 5, 14th and 21st lines, insert period after Mill. Page 6, 11th line, insert period after Marsh. Page 7, 3rd line from bottom, insert period after Benth. Page 8, 5th line from bottom, for moscheutos, read Moscheutos. Page 8, 4th line from bottom, insert period after Mill. Page 9, 11th line, insert period after Marsh. Page 9, 12th line, insert period after Wang. Page 9, 14th and 18th lines, insert period after Mill. Page 9, 17th line, for prinus, read Prinus. Page 33, 8th line from bottom, for Pinus, read Prinus. Page 33, 15th line, for vzrginensis, read virginiensis. Page 34, 21st line, for virginia, read virginiana. Page 36, 8th line, zzsert comma after who. Page 38, 13th line, for zvsignia, read imsignis. Page 39, 10th line, for ony, read any. Page 59, 3rd line from bottom, after clavatum, read § for f. Page 59, Ist line of footnote, for highe, read higher. Page 63, 4th line from bottom, after officinalis, read f, footnote * on page 64. Page 69, 11th line, for Hermann, read Herrman. Page 81, 13th line from bottom, for Balticus, read balticus. Page 83, 9th line, for Clorosperma, read Chrosperma. Page 87, last line, znsert comma after bees. Page 91, 18th line, omit comma after L. Page 112, third line, zvsert comma at end of line. Page 124, 14th line, for ’ read ” Page 124, 16th line, for Pierce, read Peirce. Page 126, 13th line, for newtont, read Newtont. Page 145, 14th line, for Philadelphicim, read philadelphicum. Page 149, at ends of 15th and 17th lines, transpose hyphen and period. Page 189, 18th line, insert of before Penicillus. Page 192, 7th line, insert comma after Tennessee. Page 194, 5th line, for glaucaphylla, read glaucophylia. Page 214, toth line, for employe, read employé. Page 219, Sth line from bottom, for Noveboracensis, read noveboracensts. Page 226, 9th line, for (March), read (Marsh.). Page 230, Ist line, for Caesariense, read caesariense. iii No. 1, tor January February March April May June July August ° September October November December DATES OF PUBLICATION Pages 1-28 29-52 53-76 77-100 TOI-124 125-144 145-168 169-192 193-216 217-230 237-250 261-292 Issued January 29, February 28, March 31, April 26, May 26, July tr, August 1, August 29, September 23, October 27, November 17, December 23, 1910 T91O0 T910 1910 I910 I91O 1910 1910 1910 IQIO 1910 1910 ae Vol. 10 January, I9I0 No. 1 TORREYA A Monruty Journat or BoranicaL Notes anp News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY JEAN BROADHURST >, JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS The Vegetation of the Navesink Highlands: JoHn W. HARSHBERGER....., Mi Nene Rie I Floral Perfumes: MARGARET TUCKER........ CoN carer MARIN Ne DCMT. {Entered at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. | THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1909 President HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D: Vice- Presidents. FDWARD S. BURGESS, PuH.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M.,M.D. Recording Secretary PERCY WILSON Botanica) Garden, Bronx Park, New York City Liditor Treasurer MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, Pu.D. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Puar.D, Botanical Garden, Bronx Park Collegeof Pharmacy, 125 West 68th St. New York City New York City Associate Editors JOHN H. BARNHART, AM., M.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, PH.D. JEAN BROADHURST, A.M. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, PH.D. PHILIP DOWELL, PH.D. CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M. ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., PH.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, 5.D. Torreya is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To _ subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but.the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to TREASURER, TORREY BoTANICAL CLusB, 41 North Queen St., Lan- caster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City. Matter for publication should be addressed to JEAN BROADHURST Teachers College, Columbia University New York City TORREYA February, IgiIo Vol. Io No. 2 THE VEGETATION ON LOOKINGGLASS MOUNTAIN* Library : NEW YORK By Homer DOLIVER HOUSE BOTANICAL G ARD EN 1. LocaTION AND GEOLOGY Lookingglass Mountain or rock is located in the northern part of Transylvania County, North Carolina, on the estate of George _ W. Vanderbilt; the extreme northern corner of the county being occupied by that curious valley, the ‘‘ Pink Beds.” Look- ingglass Mountain is about three miles southeast of Pisgah Ridge which forms the northwestern boundary of the county with alti- tudes of 4,500 feet (Pigeon Gap) to 6,040 feet (Chestnut Bald), and situated between two streams, Rockhouse Creek and Look- ingglass Creek, both emptying into Davidson River below the mountain, at an altitude of about 2,300 feet. The summit of Lookingeglass is 4,000 feet altitude and three sides of the mountain are granite cliffs, in places several hundred feet high, the top being a table-like summit sloping southwestward toward Davidson River, on which side the cliffs are few or in places none. The greatest abruptness of slope is onthe northern and eastern sides. Viewed from the northeast (Fig. 1) the mountain appears like a gigantic dome rising in the middle of a valley, all the mountains sur- rounding it possessing equal or greater altitudes except the nar- row valley of Davidson River. The geological structure is Whiteside granite, the peculiar shape said to be due to spheroidal weathering of the granite which is supposed to be of an intrusive origin and younger than the surrounding formations, perhaps as late as the Carboniferous Age. The soil on the summit is nowhere deep and in many places * T}lustrated with the aid of the Catherine McManes fund. [No. 1, Vol. 10, of ToRREYA, comprising pages 1-28, was issued January 29, 1910. | 29 30 entirely absent. Chiefly it is a yellowish clay strewn with fine sand and, where vegetation is persistent, the admixture of humus produces a fairly fertile soil which is however, from the nature of its composition, origin, and position, subjected to extremes of moisture and dryness. Numerous tiny springs rise here and there and, escaping down the smooth surfaces of the granite, furnish periodical moisture for extensive lithophytic societies, chiefly lichens. Most of the springs cease with periods of drought. ow * . FicurRE I. Lookingglass Mountain from the northeast. 2, VEGETATION The northern and western exposures of granite are in particular, covered with a more or less dense growth of lichens. In crevices and more secure places, mosses and Se/aginella occur ; the latter, however, is much more abundant on the exposed rocks of Roan and Carolina gneiss, which make up the adjacent Pisgah Ridge. The arborescent flora possesses many features of peculiar inter- est. Deformities due to exposure to severe winds are abundant. The coniferous species are most conspicuous from a distance but do not. comprise the largest number of individuals. There are four species. 7saga caroliniana is abundant all over the northern and western brow of the mountain (Fig. 2). Pinus pungens is as ~ conspicuous and more generally distributed down the backbone of the mountain (Fig. 3), as well as occurring as twisted and deformed individuals in crevices and on ledges on the upper slopes of the cliffs. /wntperus virginiana is scattered along exposed places and is always dwarfed or grotesque in shape. FIGURE 2. Hemlocks on the northern and western brow. Pinus rigida is found chiefly along and down the backbone of the mountain, the forest of which partakes more of the char- acter of that of the adjacent dry ridges. Of these four con- ifers, the last only is common throughout the adjacent region, Juniperus being very rare and Tsuga caroliniana being repre- sented by but one mature individual in the Pink Beds, and none so far as known on Pisgah Ridge. Piuus pungens occurs in scattered colonies along the exposed slopes of Pisgah Ridge, and rarely in the Pink Beds valley, which is underlaid by Whiteside granite, sometimes exposed. 32 The broadleaf arborescent species do not show the same degree of localization as shown by the coniferous species. The most important species are Castanea dentata, Quercus Prinus, Q. coccinea, QO. rubra, Q. alba, Acer rubrum, Hicoria glabra, and Cornus florida. Dwarfed or shrub-like specimens of several smaller trees are common, especially on the exposed brow of the cliff, the principal species being Amelanchier canadensis, Castanea pumila, Chionanthus virginica, Symplocos tinctoria, Hamamelis FIGURE 3. Pines on Lookingglass Mountain. virginiana, and Sassafras variufolium. Perhaps the most inter- esting broadleaf found here was Populus grandidentata, repre- sented by a few young trees. Among the shrubs, Kalmia latifolia and Rhododendron max- zmum predominate here as they do nearly everywhere in this re- gion. A very rare species here is Rhododendron punctatum which is common along the Davidson River banks, 2,000 feet lower, and on Cold Mountain, 2,000 feet higher. On the southern expo- sures of the mountain, Ka/mza blooms a week earlier than it does on the adjacent ridges and two to three weeks earlier than in the Pink Beds, nearly 1,000 feet lower altitude. The buckberry (a local name), Gaylussacia ursina, G. resinosa, Clethra acuminata, Leucothoé recurva, Azalea lutea, Pyrus mielanocarpa (Aronia nigra Britton), Vaccinium corymbosum, Robina suspida, and Rhus copallina are common and conspicuous shrubs on the summit of the exposed cliffs. The drier woods on the back of the mountain contain numerous specimens of Myrica asplenifolia and Vaccinium stamineum. Epigaea repens is common on the wooded portions of the summit. The herbaceous vegetation varies greatly in appearance with the season. In early May the most conspicuous herbaceous plants are Viola hastata, V. rotundifolia, Adopogon montanus, Hypoxis hirsuta, Potentilla canadensis, tris verna, Exvigeron pulchellus, Sax- tfraga virginensis, Viola pedata, V. primulaefolia, and V. affinis. In midsummer most of the above named plants become in- conspicuous and their place is taken by such species as Lupa- torium pubescens, Gerardia tenuifolia, Aster Curtissu, Bidens bipin- nata, Steironema heterophyllum, Capnoides sempervirens, Talt- num teretifolium, and Xyris sp. The last two named are not found elsewhere in the adjacent region, although the writer has not visited John Rock and Cedar Rock Mountains nearby which possess similar geological for- mations. Woopy PLants OF LooKINGGLASS MOUNTAIN IN ORDER OF RELATIVE ABUNDANCE (Starred species were either young, dwarfed, or shrub-like.) TREES SHRUBS Quercus Pinus LL. Kalmia latifoha L. Castanea dentata (Marsh) Rhododendron maximum L. Borkh. Vaccinium corymbosum L. Quercus rubra L. Gaylussacia ursina (M. A. Cur- Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. tis) de GaG: Quercus coccinea Muench. Andromeda ligustrina (L.) Muhl. Pinus pungens Lamb. Vaccinium stamineum L. Quercus alba LL. Rhododendron punctatum Andr. d4 Acer rubrum L. Azalea lutea L. Cornus florida L. Pyrus melanocarpa (Michx.) Sassafras varifolium (Salisb.) Willd. IKstZeks Clethra acuminata Michx. Chionanthus virginica L.* Gaylussacia resinosa T. & G. Castanea pumila (L.) Mill.* Leucothoé recurva (Buckley) Gray. Fiicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton Rhus copallina L. Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Myrica asplentfolia \.. Medic. Amorpha fruticosa L. Flalesia carolina L. Robinia luspida LL. Symplocos tinctoria(L.) L’Her.* Sambucus canadensis L. Robinia Pseudo-Acacia L. Hamamelis virginica L.* Pinus rigida Mill. Acer pennsylvanicum L.* Oxydendron arboreum GD: Nyssa sylvatica L. Liriodendron Tulipifera L. Populus grandidentata Michx. Betula lutea Michx. f. Juniperus virginia L.* It is interesting to note that eleven of the seventeen species of shrubs belong to the Ericaceae, Of the arborescent species, six belong to the Fagaceae and four to the Pinaceae. Nearly all of the other arborescent species represent different families. BILTMORE FOREST SCHOOL A NEW SPECIES, OF DEWALOUBA:, fiNOMe sii AMERICAN CRETACEOUS { By EDWARD W. BERRY. The genus Dewalguea was founded by Saporta and Marion in 1874 § upon remains from the Senonian of Westphalia communi- cated by Debey and named by him in manuscript Araliophyllum, and on additional remains collected by those authors from the f Illustrated with the aid of the Catherine McManes fund. { Published by permission of the Director of the United States Geological Survey. @Saporta and Marion, Mém. cour. et des Sav. étrangers de |’ Académie 37: 55. 74- od Paleocene of Gelinden, Belgium (Marnes heersiennes = Etage Thanétien). Three species were enumerated, Dewalguea halde- miana and Dewalquea aquisgranensis from the Westphalian Senonian and Dewalguea gelindenensis from the basal Eocene. In the last thirty-five years several additional species have been referred to this genus. These include another species from the German Senonian (Dewalquea insignis) described by Hosius and v. d. Marck ;* two species from the Cenomanian of Bohemia (Dewalquea coriacea and Dewalquea pentaphylla) described by Velenovsky ;f two American species from the Dakota group (Dewalquea dakotensis and Dewalquea primordialis) described by Lesquereux,{ both of which are fragmentary and of uncertain relationship ; a species from the Raritan of New Jersey (Dewal- quea trifoliata) described by Newberry ; § and a species described by Heer |] from Greenland (Dewalquea groenlandica) and subse- quently recorded from Staten Island, New Jersey, North Caro- lina, and Alabama. Hosius and v. d. Marck (loc. cit., p. 50) record the Eocene species from the Senonian of Westphalia but the remains are not of this species but fragments of Dewalguea haldemiana which is common at that horizon. The European species Dewalquea msignis is recorded by Heer §] from both the Atane and Patoot beds of Greenland and by Hollick** from the Cretaceous of Staten Island but both of these determinations are based upon fragments of single leaves and are, in the writer's judgment, entirely untrust- worthy. Attention should also be called to the possibility of Celastrus arctica Heert} representing the leaflets of a Dewalquea. * Hos. and v. d. Marck, Palaeont. 26: 172. pl. 392. f. 111-113; pl. 33. f. 109; js Vo ffs LO 2 je 85> ffs HBBo HSIEO: Tt Velenovsky, Fl. bohm. Kreidef. 3: 11, 14. pl. r. f. 7-9; pl: 2. f. 2; pl. 8. f. i, HB Weel, { Lesq., Fl. Dakota Group, 211. p/. 59. f. 5, 6. 1892. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn. 3: 18. Z/. A. f. ro. 18093. 4 Newb., Fl. Amboy Clays, 129. p/. 22. f. 4-7. 1896. teers Ee hosss Act On O71 P/u sone US LOT pl Zee sn Ol pla ad faudires 1882. i) Heer,vop: cit), 30, BL 257. P99. fi 4-10, | 1882; ibid.'7: 37. p/, 58 We DE PL CPL Upp Yo Ke *% Hollick, Mon, U. S. Geol. Surv. 50: 106. p/. 8. f. 24. 1907. ifip waketsey Ojon Oy, Wf AOb jolh (olen Wis Gy Oy A 36 This species was described from the Patoot beds of Greenland where it is sparsely represented. It is abundant, however, in the Upper Raritan of New Jersey, but of some scores of specimens examined by the writer all were detached and failed to show their habit of growth. The botanical relationship of Dewalquea has always remained obscure and no better discussion of it is extant than that given by Saporta and Marion,* who after comparing these leaves with those of Ampelopsis, Arisaema, Anthurium (Araceae), etc., arrive at the conclusion that they are prototypes of the tribe Hellebo- reae of the Ranunculaceae. The new species, a description of which follows, may be called: Dewalquea Smithi sp. nov. Leaves palmately decompound, the petiole dividing into three principal branches, the angle of divergence varying from 20° to 60° and the two lateral branches forking at an acute angle I to 2 cm. above their base. The middle leaflet is lanceolate in out- line, being widest in its central part and tapering almost equally to the acute apex and base. Length 7.5 cm. to16cm. Greatest width 2 cm. to 4 cm. Margin entire or serrate, usually entire below and serrate in the apical three fourths, sometimes with large aquiline-serrate teeth. Midrib stout. Secondaries regular, sub- opposite, parallel ; about 20 pairs, branching from the midrib at angles varying from 45° to 70° usually about 50°, curving up- ward and running to the marginal teeth in some specimens as in the restoration. In other specimens and in entire margined forms they are camptodrome. The base of the leaflet extends downward to within 2 or 3 mm. of the forks of the petiole. Lateral leaflets more or less inequilateral, usually somewhat smaller than the middle leaflet. The internal leaflet is lan- ceolate, the outer lamina starting at or very near the point where the lateral branch of the petiole forks. The inner lamina, however, extends downward almost to tthe base of the lateral branch mak- ing the base markedly inequilateral. In general outline, marginal, and venation characters it is identical with the middle leaflet. The outer lateral leaflet is also somewhat inequilateral but less so than the internal lateral leaflet, its internal lamina starting at or near the fork and its outer lamina extending more or less below the fork. Marginal and venation characters as in the other leaflets. * Loc. cit., pp. 55-61. ow Ol This handsome species is common in the Tuscaloosa Forma- tion at Whites Bluff on the right bank of the Warrior River 309 miles above Mobile, Alabama. A small collection of fossil plants from this outcrop containing no less than 27 specimens of FicurE 1. Restoration of Dewalguea Smithi from the Tuscaloosa formation of Alabama (% nat. size). this form. Several of these were complete and were sketched at the time they were collected, which proved fortunate, since the extremely arenaceous matrix did not withstand shipment very well. The museum material, while considerably broken, shows several entire detached leaflets and three or four basal 38 parts of the leaf showing the mode of division of the petiole. As a number of figures would be necessary to show the entire leaf a restoration of it is shown in the accompanying text-figure. This restoration is based entirely upon material representing all parts of the leaf and is therefore not hypothetical in any particular. It is named in honor of Prof. E. A. Smith, the efficient state geologist of Alabama. Leaflets of this species, nearly all of which are terminal, are also common in the Middendorf clays near Langley, South Carolina. This species is markedly distinct from the American species of Dewalquea previously described, all of which were apparently tripartite. Among the European species it is quite similar to the Senonian species Dewalquea insignia Hos. and v. d. Marck which is, however, entirely distinct. Itis also similar to Dewalguea coriacea and Dewalquea pentaphvlla described by Velenovsky from the Cenomanian of Bohemia. . As mentioned above this Alabama species shows entire and serrated forms and it is remarkable that wherever this genus has been found to occur in any abundance, two species are usually described, one entire and one with toothed margins. ‘Thus in Germany Dewalquea haldemiana is entire while Dewalquea insignis is toothed, and probably both are the leaves of the same plant. In Bohemia Dezwalquea pentaphylla is entire while Dewalguea coriacea is toothed. In the case of the Alabama plant it is believed that the entire and serrate leaves are specifically iden- tical since the material shows a great many gradations in the size of the teeth and great variability regarding the proportions which the entire part bears to the toothed part on single leaflets. Jouns Hopkins UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND SHORE Ra N@ sia S THe WEEPING WILLOW IN WINTER. —A large weeping wil- low on the university campus shows, in winter, such a complete change from its “weeping” habit that further information seems desirable. The slender unbranched twigs (one to two feet long), which in the fall hung vertically from the whole tree, are now curled fantastically upward over the whole tree, giving it a rather bushy appearance. They have so changed their relative position with the parent branches as to be now, with few exceptions, wholly above the point of origin instead of hanging wholly below asin summer. The writer first noticed this in January, Igog, but supposing it well known, gave it no further thought except to look for it this year. In November the branches were still pen- dant; the next observation, January 1, 1910, showed again the winter condition described above. Has ony one observed the phenomenon elsewhere? When does it begin? What changes take place in the spring? How can it be explained? Is there any literature on the subject ? JEAN BROADHURST A Wisconsin RippLEe. — The accounts which the earliest ex- plorers of our country have left of the plants which, for one reason or another, attracted their attention are always interesting, and not infrequently puzzling. Suchis the Report of Father Dablon, given in the Jesuit Relations for 1671-72. He describes his new mission of St. Francois Xavier, at De Pere rapids, on Fox River, Wisconsin. While telling of his missionary labors among the savages, he comments also on the animals and the plants of the vicinage. ‘‘ Besides the grapes, plums and apples,” he writes, ‘“which would be fairly good if the savages had patience to let them ripen, there also grows on the prairies a kind of lime, re- sembling that of France, but having no bitter taste, not even in its rind. The plant bearing it slightly resembles the fern.” Again he tells how an Indian pointed out to him a medicinal plant, whose root was ‘‘employed to counteract snake-bite, God having been pleased to give this antedote against a poison which is very common inthese countries. Itis very pungent, and tastes like powder when crushed with the teeth. It must be masticated, and placed upon the bite inflicted by the snake.’ He gathered some of this plant, “‘ for future examination,’ but records no tests of its efficacy. What were the plants which the good Father thus describes ? Probably botanists familiar with the region may be able to rec- ognize them. SH) Bi PARISH 40 REVIEWS Coulter and Nelson’s New Manual of Rocky Mountain Botany * Teaching botanists in the Rocky Mountain region, and in ad- dition a wide circle of people who are interested in knowing the vascular flora, will welcome the ‘‘ New Manual of Rocky Moun- tain Botany’’ by Professor John M. Coulter, of the University of Chicago, and Professor Aven Nelson, of the University of Wyoming. For years there has been no satisfactory manual of the region available. Since Coulter’s ‘Manual of the Rocky Mountain Region appeared in 1885, botanists have been active in the field, greatly increasing the known species and segre- gating large genera. Several publications, among these Pro- fessor Nelson’s Key to the Rocky Mountain Flora, dealing in- adequately with the spring and early summer flora have appeared at intervals. In 1906 there was published, at the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, at Fort Collins, the “ Flora of Colorado” by Dr. P. A. Rydberg, which contains analytical keys to the orders, genera, and species but no decriptions of species. It, therefore, has been necessary in order to insure correct iden- tification to consult original descriptions or to submit specimens tomeherexpe tt: The new manual is not in any sense a revision of Coulter’s Manual. Professor Nelson has completely rewritten the book and assumes responsibility for any errors it may contain. He is well qualified for the task, having given in the neighborhood of twenty years of careful study to the flora of the Rocky Mountain region. He has had a large experience in the field; has gathered by his own efforts, and with the aid of his pupils, and by exchange, a splendid herbarium; and has familiarized himself with the orig- inal descriptions and checked these by an examination of the plants. No man to-day is more familiar with the vascular plants of the region than is Professor Nelson. It is a satisfaction to find the book is neither ultra-radical nor strikingly conservative in taxonomy. Freedom from extremes * Coulter, John M. Revised by Aven Nelson. Pp. 646. American Book Com- pany, New York. 1909. $2.50. 4] makes it a very serviceable book. It contains very clear and con- cise descriptions of 649 genera, 2,733 species, and 186 varieties. Synonyms, numbering 1,788, are inserted with the species descriptions thus increasing the value of the book. The keys to genera and species appear to be accurate and clear so far as they have been tested by the writer. In priority of names and in segregation, exception is frequently taken to Dr. Rydberg’s publications. There is a return to such long used and satisfactory family names as Leguminosae, Gram- ineae, Cyperaceae, Umbelliferae, Cruciferae, and Compositae. Pinus, Apinus, and Caryopitys are included in the single genus Pinus. The number of species of Quercus has been some- what reduced. In this genus distinctions have at times been made of which the characters ascribed to separate species may sometimes be found to occur ona single tree or shrub. This reduction should meet with general approval, as will the contrac- tion of Gwutierrezta into five seemingly well-defined species. Among the Gramineae Muhlenbergia contains seven species and one variety, and Poa is reduced to twenty-five species. Astra- galus has again come to its own, the seventeen genera of Dr. Rydberg are brought together into this single genus. And yet the reduction in the number of species within genera is not the policy throughout the manual. When species and varieties are clearly defined they are given a space. Thus there are described twenty-four species of Mertensia and fifty-four species and varie- ties of Pentstemon. Many other examples might be enumerated. The best test of the general value of such a manual will be its usefulness to others than the trained systematist. The authors are to be congratulated on having given us a book with work- able keys, clear descriptions, and at the same time to have in- cluded practically all well-defined species. EDWARD C. SCHNEIDER COLORADO COLLEGE, COLORADO SPRINGS, COLORADO PROCEEDINGS .Or GEE Wes ‘JANUARY II, 1910 The annual meeting was called to order at the American Museum of Natural History at 8:30 p. M., with President Rusby in the chair. Eleven members were present. After the reading and approval of the minutes of December 14, 1909, the following names were presented for membership : Miss Gladys Pomeroy, 55 Broad St., Newark, N. J.; Miss L. ly Seely 5OnGauticnave,,.. jieneyCityy Naa and wetomecema: Garrett tOlseo morn Mast Step oaltslvakes City Witalar The resignation of Miss Sarah A. Robinson, 239 East Houston St., New York City, was read and accepted. The annual report of the treasurer was presented and on motion was received and referred to the auditing committee. The secretary reported that fifteen meetings had been held during the year with a total attendance of 411, as against 463 in 1908, and an average attendance of twenty-seven, as against thirty last year. Six persons have been elected to membership, and fourteen resignations have been received and accepted. Seven illustrated lectures were delivered during the season at which the combined attendance was 260. | The chairman of the program committee reported that the programs have been provided for as usual. As delegate to the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences, Mr. Charles Louis Pollard stated that he had attended all but one meeting during the year. The editor of TorrEYA reported as follows for the year 1909: twelve numbers were issued, containing 284 pages including index to the volume, at a cost of $449.21. By reason of the absence of the editor and the chairman of the field committee, no reports were received from them. Mr. Fred J. Seaver, chairman of the program committee, read the following communication’ signed by the members of this committee : a OWES ne program committee of the Torrey Botanical Club, hereby recommend that a special fund be raised by private con- 43 tributions, to enable us to arrange for special lectures on popular subjects in botany, to be. given on the second Tuesday evening of each month at the American Museum of Natural History and that the speakers be suitably recompensed for their services.” Upon motion this recommendation was approved. It was voted that a committee be appointed by the President to read over the minutes and consider the subject of the revision of the constitution and by-laws. Election of officers for the year 1910 resulted as follows: President, H. H. Rusby; wce-presidents, Edward S, Burgess and John Hendley Barnhart; recording secretary, Percy Wil- son; caditor, Marshall Avery Howe; ¢reasurer, William Mans- field; associate editors: John Hendley Barnhart, Jean Broad- hurst, Philip Dowell, Alexander W. Evans, Tracy Elliot Hazen, William Alphonso Murrill, Charles Louis Pollard, and Herbert M. Richards. Mr. Walter C. Cameron and Mr. Bernard O. Dodge were nominated for membership. Adjourned. Percy WILSON, Secretary OF INTEREST TO TEACHERS SUGGESTIONS FOR PLANT PHYSIOLOGY By G. E. STONE Some time ago I received a letter from you with a question as to whether ‘ physiological work in high school botany should be ” more or less quantitative,’ etc., and I am sending the following comment, although it may not be worthy of publication. I do not feel familiar enough at the present time with the work of the high schools in botany to give an opinion as to how much time should be devoted to this subject, and whether it would be expedient to give it more time, since there is always complaint among citizens regarding the crowding of the public school cur- ricula, If there were only a little time available for a course in physiological work in the high school it would be almost neces- 44 sary that the experiments be done by the teacher; in other words, the work would be in the form of a demonstration course. Satisfactory work may be done by pupils working in groups, but better work is done individually. The experiments selected should be those which possess the most value; that is, those which illustrate some fundamental plant function; and these experiments in our estimation should be simple and carefully done with inexpensive apparatus. A larger number of failures is likely to result from the use of simple appliances, but a failure often possesses just as much pedagogical value as a success. The question as to whether one should have a costly set of appliances with which to work out a certain course in physiolog- ical botany, or should make use of simple ones, is dependent very largely upon the instructor. Simple apparatus in the hands of an incompetent instructor would have little value, and even complicated and expensive apparatus would with such an instruc- tor be worth little more. For many years the tendency among American instructors has been toward the belief that it is impossible to accomplish scien- tific work without expensive apparatus, and this is unfortunate. It is a well known fact that original investigation and discovery does not keep pace with the improvements in appliances and the more completely equipped laboratories. Some of our best in- vestigators, like Professor Trowbridge of Harvard and Professor Oswald of Leipzig, do not hesitate to write books advocating the use of home-made apparatus. Those who make use of these simple forms of appliances may therefore consider themselves in good company. In regard to the line of experimentation, the most fundamental would include simple experiments in respiration, photosynthesis, transpiration, heliotropism, and geotropism. Many simple and instructive as well as fundamental experiments may also be done in connection with soils and plant foods, using commercial ferti- lizers, if necessary. . MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE ss On PRACTICAL PLANT PHYSIOLOGY An address by Mr. F. H. Bolster of the Gardena (California) high school is quoted by Dr. Babcock in an article* on agri- culture in the secondary schools; part of the abstract of Mr. Bolster’s address is so eminently adapted to any high school and shows so concretely the kind of work necessary for good botani- cal teaching in any school that the following illustration is given. “The aims of the course were to give a little general knowledge of several sciences to show how all these sciences are related to agriculture, and last and most important, to develop the individual by teaching him to reason. “We used no text but performed experiments which had a direct bearing on agriculture. We would state the experiment as a question and then try to answer the question. For example, How deep should seed be planted? When seeds germinate, what gas is given off? How may we best retain moisture in soils ? How can we control alkali? Do vetches grow better if inocu- lated with bacteria, or if not inoculated? The material would be placed before the pupils. The method would be described and the precautions given. Then they would go about it and from the result draw their conclusion which was the answer to the question. But that was not enough. Take for instance an ex- periment whose relation to agriculture is least obvious. What gas is given off by germinating seeds? They came to the con- clusion that carbon dioxide was given off. But what difference does it make whether this gas is given off or not? What bear- ing does that have on agriculture? If the experiment is left there, we have only learned an interesting fact which is of no use whatever. The experiment must be applied if it is to be made valuable. I try to draw from the pupil the application to agri- culture by reasoning from one step on to another. What is car- bon dioxide? A gas composed of carbon and oxygen. If car- bon dioxide is given off by germinating seeds, what must be going on in the seed? Oxidation or burning, the same as in our bodies when we exhale the same gas, or when wood burns. Where does the carbon come from? From the seed itself. Where does * Nature Study Review. November, 1909. 46 the oxygen come from? From airinthe soil. Can this oxidation go on in the seed if there is no air in the soil? Certainly not. Then air must be present in the soil in order that seeds may ger- minate just as much as moisture must be present. This brings up the whole matter of soil ventilation —the whole matter of thorough preparation of the seed bed and the pupil begins to understand that tillage is just as necessary to give air to the seed as to keep the weeds down. “By such experiments as this the pupil learns many valuable facts, but more than this his mind should be developed so that he can apply the same form of reasoning to experiments outside the school room and answer for himself questions which may arise in the mind of any normal boy or girl. ‘But we do not stop even here. After hitting a point from as many sides as possible, we go out into the garden and try to apply our knowledge. If the knowledge learned in the labo- ratory cannot be applied in the field, then it is useless. We plant our seeds, we give them air and moisture, and after they begin to grow, we till the soil to give air to the roots and to retain moisture.” Professor Otis W. Caldwell has called attention to the fact that the high school unit in botany mentioned in the December TorRREYA was the preliminary recommendation of the committee appointed by the North Central Association, and the final form of the recommendation is still in the hands of a sub-committee. France from her state forests (18 per cent. of the entire country) derives an annual income of nearly two dollars an acre. Buta better idea of the value of the works may be gained from France’s success in establishing protective forests in regions subject to de- structive floods—lands originally sand dunes and marshes. Immense forests of pines, with their dependent industries con- nected with the production of charcoal, turpentine, rosin, vine- gar, etc., have wrought beneficial climatic and economic changes in the regions under government care. 47 Science reports a paper presented before the Botanical Society of Washington describing the differences between the wild rices of America and China. The Asiatic plant is given as a variety of the American by Engler and Prantl, but certain “ significant characters indicate that the Asiatic plant is a distinct species from the American. The American plant is an annual, being repro- duced by seed which falls off into the water as soon as ripe. The Asiatic plant is perennial, capable of reproduction by rhizomes. There are also some differences in the floral charac- ters, these being most apparent in the form of the floral pedicel and in the length of the awns of the glumes.” Experiments conducted recently by Mr. A. E. Vinson at the Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station with regard to the influence of chemicals in stimulating the ripening of fruits have demonstrated that date fruits may be ripened into perfect com- mercial products in less than three days. The fruit sprays were subjected to acetic acid vapor from twelve to fifteen hours, which caused them to ripen without further treatment ; the process can be hastened, it was proved, by exposing the dates to sunshine, or by heating (45° centigrade). It is hoped that this — or a similar process — will make possible the shipping of green dates, as the unripe fruit is firmer and less easily bruised than fresh ripe fruit. The chemical changes connected with rapid ripening of the fruit are given clearly in Sczence for October 29. Science (May 28, 1909) states that ‘the amount of wood annually consumed in the United States at the present time is twenty-three billion cubic feet, while the growth of the forest is only seven billion feet. In other words, Americans all over the country are using more than three times as much wood as the forests are producing.” Having recently visited Yellowstone Park, with its unnumbered cords of fallen trees, we wonder why some disposition cannot be made of the cords and cords of wood available there. These fallen trees— which form extensive, impenetrable barriers (often several feet high) are throughout the Park a constant eyesore to any one with a modicum of botanical 48 interest. The standing timber is much too dense, and it does seem as if the inventive Americans, with a wood famine so in- evitable and so near, should be able to conduct our government reservations more economically. The department of agricultural education of the University of Wisconsin is expanding its work in the endeavor to use effec- tively and wisely the annual appropriation of $30,000 of the state legislature. Under Professor Karl Hatch plans are being made, according to Sczence, “for assisting rural and high schools in their efforts to give effective instruction in agriculture. A travel- ing library of lantern slides illustrating various phases of dairying and farming has been provided which will be sent to schools for use. A collection of enlarged photographs of agricultural products and materials has also been prepared. An explanation of the methods of using the bulletins issued by the Experiment Station and the U. S. Department of Agriculture has also been provided, which is designed to make available for instruction the material in these official publications. The college of agricul- ture has arranged to have a number of its faculty deliver special lectures on teaching agriculture at county teachers’ institutes.” School Science and Mathematics for January, 1910, has a short article on studying buds. The author (C. N. W.) says that ‘the average pupil has an idea that all buds contain flowers and that it may require some little effort to convince him that the leaf bud is far more abundant that any of the others, and that even this does not produce leaves merely, but a young twig as well.” The following suggestions are included: (1) The lilac for the tran- sition from scaly parts without to leaflike parts within; (2) the use of the buckeye instead of the horsechestnut, because of its non-sticky scales and its less woolly leaves; (3) bud pro- tection by leaf petioles as shown in the common red raspberry, flowering raspberry, and catbrier, where the bud is protected not | only to maturity (as in the sycamore) but through the winter by a petiole stub; (4) accessory buds in some oaks, forsythia, pipe- vine, and peach as well as hickory, walnut, and butternut; (5) 49 naked buds in the witch hazel, butternut, viburnum, and papaw, and the practically naked buds of catalpa, sumac, and ailanthus. The Fourth Annual Report of the Forest Park Reservation Committee of New Jersey for the year ending October 31, 1908, contains, besides, the report of the committee, one by the state forester, Alfred Gaskill, and another from the forest fire service. The longer articles are by Mr. Gaskill on the planting and care of shade trees, by John B. Smith on the insects injurious to shade trees, and by Byron D. Halsted on the fungi of native and shade trees. The topics included contain such varied ones as the progress of forestry in New Jersey, state reserves, types of forest fires, methods of extinguishing and of controlling forest fires, shade trees, roadside trees, seashore trees, New Jersey tree nur- series, how to plant trees, tree guards, pruning, tree diseases, sprays and methods of spraying, and injuries due to soil condi- tions. The forty-odd illustrations are numerous, clear, and varied ; each has a definite value and adds materially to the use- fulness of the report. Several of the best have appeared in ear- lier state reports or botanical publications ; mention might be made of the helpful figure on page 68 showing how to plant a street tree. To this readable report are appended the various laws affecting state and municipal parks, forests, the forest fire service, and tree planting. The report is designedly non-tech- nical, apparently ; it is a most readable account of what the state has done and is doing, and should interest the people of New Jersey in the greater improvement of public and private forest land. In the /nudia Rubber World issue of January 1, IgI0, there appeared an article by Francis E. Lloyd, entitled “The Guayule Rubber Situation.” Aside from stating in a general way, the factory processes in the manufacture of crude guayule rubber and the extent and future of the industry, the author gives an account of the early extraction of rubber from the plant by chew- ing. He tells of the discovery of the plant (Parthenium argenta- tum) to botanical science in 1852, and in giving a description of 50 its summer and winter appearance, discusses the production and viability of the seed and natural propagation of the plant by means of shoots springing from the shallow-lying roots. In briefly describing its anatomy and the occurrence of rubber and resin, the guayule is contrasted with latex plants, and the effects of irrigation upon the secretion of rubber are noted. Among the conclusions drawn by the author, the following are the more important. If, despite the apparently small num- bers produced, all the seeds which actually germinate in the field should survive, there would frequently be many more guayule plants than could find room to develop ; that it would be difficult to completely eradicate guayule on account of the readiness with which shoots are formed from the roots; that under irrigation the ratio of the rubber producing tissue to the non-producing tissue is lowered by the relatively greater development of the wood cylinder and the reduction in thickness of the medullary rays; that finally the wood becomes harder and the stems show a strong tendency to run out into flowering shoots which die back. These disadvantages are compensated for, however, by the much more rapid rate of growth which, in irrigated plants, averages five to eight times that of field plants, the maximum rubber disposition in the former comparing favorably with that in the latter. The paper is concluded with a description of the habitat of the plant and a résumé of the economic problems concerned with its culture. CHARLES S. RIDGWAY NEWS ITEMS Dr. Raymond H. Pond has recently accepted a position at the Agricultural Experiment Station at College Station, Texas. Professor E. Dwight Sanderson has resigned the directorship of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the New Hampshire College. Syracuse University will begin next fall courses in forestry and agriculture, leading to the establishment of a college of agricul- ture and forestry. 51 Mr. Frank D. Kern, of Purdue University, has been studying rusts at the New York Botanical Garden; Dr. J. C. Arthur also spent a short time in more general work at Harvard University. Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton have sailed for Cuba on a collecting trip for the New York Botanical Garden; the Garden is also represented at present in the Bahamas by Dr. J. K. Small, and in Mexico by Dr. and Mrs. W. A. Murrill. Applications for grants from the Esther Herrman building fund, the income from which is used temporarily in aiding scien- tific investigations, should be addressed to the secretary of the Torrey Botanical Club or to the secretary of the New York Academy of Sciences. Dr. Louis Krauter, who was assistant professor of botany in the University of Pennsylvania, was frozen to death while hunting near Wildwood, New Jersey. The same fate met his companion, EK. J. W. Macfarlane, son of Professor John M. Macfarlane of the same university. Columbia University is offering through the department of botany a course of extension lectures on agriculture and agricul- tural methods. This series is designed to serve as an introduc- tion to the extensive additions planned by the department, lead- ing, it is hoped, to the establishment of schools of forestry and agriculture. At the Boston meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and affiliated societies the following botanists were elected to the positions designated: Dr. D. T. MacDougal (Desert Botanical Laboratory, Tucson), president of the American Society of Naturalists; Dr. F. L. Stevens (North Carolina Agricultural College), president of the American Phyto- pathological Society ; Professor D. P. Penhallow (McGill Uni- versity), vice-president of Section G; Dr. Erwin F. Smith (De- partment of Agriculture, Washington), Professor L. R. Jones (University of Wisconsin), and Dr. G. T. Moore (Missouri Botanical Garden) were, respectively, elected as president, vice- president, and secretary of the Botanical Society of America. eT THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 10910 President HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. Vice- Presidents EDWARD'S. BURGESS, Pu.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M.,M.D. \ Recording Secretary PERCY WILSON Botanica] Garden, Bronx Park, New York City Editor Treasurer MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, PH.D. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Puar.D. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St. : ' New York City New York City Associate Editors JOHN H. BARNHART, A.M.,, M.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. JEAN BROADHURST, A.M. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D. PHILIP DOWELL, PxH.D, CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M. ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., PH.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D, Meetings the second Tuesday and last Wednesday of each. month alternately at the American Museum of Natural History and the New York Botanical Garden PUBLICATIONS. Bulletin. Monthly, established 1870. Price $3.00 per year; single numbers 30 cents. Of former volumes only 24-36 can be supplied en- tire. Certain numbers of other volumes are available, and the completion of sets will be undertaken, ~ Memoirs. A series of technical papers published at irregular intervals, estab- lished 1889. Price $3.00 per volume. Torreya. Monthly, established 1901, Price $1.00 per year. All business correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to William Mansfield, Treasurer, College of Pharmacy, 115 W. 68th St., New York City. OTHER PUBLICATIONS ' OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany, established 1870. Vol. 36 published in 1909, contained 720 pages of text 3 and 34 full-page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe, 14 shillings., Dulau & Co., 37. Soho Slate, London, are agents for England. Of former volumes, only 2436 can be supplied entire ; cer- tain numbers of other volumes are available, but the entire ae of some numbers has been reserved for the completion of sets. Vols. 24-27 are furnished at the published price of two dollars each ; Vols. 28—36 three dollars each. ; | Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only van ‘not’ breaking complete volumes. (2) MEMOIRS The Memoirs, established 1889, are published at irregular : intervals. Volumes 1-11 and 13 arenow completed; Nos. 1 and _ 2.0f Vol. 12 and No. 1 of Vol. 14 have been issued. The sub- scription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteri- dophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York 1888. “Price, ‘41.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should be» ae addressed to DR. WILLIAM MANSFIELD College of Pharmacy | 115 W. 68TH STREET | NEW YORK CITY Ping Vol. 10 Meee March, 1910 No. 3 TORREYA A Monruty Journat or Boranicat Notes anp News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY JEAN BROADHURST Ge eae hee ' JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS Summer Notes on the Mountain Vegetation of Haywood County, North Carolina : ROLAND .M.. HARPER.2 hei. seceec ees Hobby Gti actianec hone aoes 6 SOHAL a aass Seen hop od 53 Magnolia at Florissant: T. D. A. COCKERELL.........000000... aes EMR CRAs 64. Reviews: Spalding’s Distribution and Movements of Desert Plants: NorMAN AVANT OR erties Fore oe Mair eta ei et eatidite Ate e eee wieehs Fess Gen ae ialsa was clot ae fogaatey ale coe acias er 66 Proceedings of the Club: PERcy WILSON, JEAN BRONDHURSTE Grim. oh i ee, 68 Of Interest to Teachers : Note Books in High School Botany: Wittarp N. CLUTE., 73 News Items........... Be Veeder oad Sor odel Mme uciysto tema ant ate ee icp clase AGB Weal Nils a irae Magers Mtacisin safc 75 PUBLISHED FoR THE CLUB : At 4x NorrH Queen Srrexet, Lancaster, Pa. BY The New Era Printing Company [Entered at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., as,second-clags matter. | THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS: FOR 1909 President HENRY H.: RUSBY, M.D. Vice-Presidents EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. Recording Secretary : PERCY WILSON, Botanica] Garden, Bronx Rark, New York City Editor. Treasurer MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, Pu.D. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, PHAr.D. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St. New York City “ve INéw York City So <= Associate. Editors JOHN H. BARNHART, A.M., M:D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. JEAN BROADHURST, A.-M. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D. PHILIP DOWELL, Pu.D. CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M. ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., PH.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. TorreEyA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or : express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to TREASURER, TORREY BOTANICAL CLuB, 41 North Queen St., Lan- caster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City. Matter for publication should be addressed to JEAN BROADHURST Teachers College, Columbia University New York City ; LIBRARY EFORKEY A ere GARDE March, IgIo Vol. Io No. 3 SUMMER NOTES ON THE MOUNTAIN VEGETA- TION OF HAYWOOD COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA By RoLAND M. HARPER In July and August, 1908, it was my privilege to spend a few weeks at the Biltmore Forest School, in the mountains of North Carolina, by invitation of the Director, Dr. C. A. Schenck. This school is located during the summer months in the “ Pink Beds”, a beautiful valley in the northern corner of Transylvania County, with its floor elevated about 3,200 to 3,300 feet above the sea. The Pisgah Ridge, with its crest varying in altitude from about 4,500 to 6,000 feet, forms the northwestern boundary of this valley and the southeastern boundary of Haywood County. The Pink Beds valley seems to be unique in several respects, and considerably more field work would be necessary before one could do justice to its very interesting vegetation and ecological problems. But the mountains of Haywood County seem to be thoroughly typical of western North Carolina, and much of what follows will doubtless apply almost as well to any other county in the neighborhood. While sojourning with Dr. Schenck I ascended to the crest of the Pisgah Ridge several times, and walked once over to Waynes- ville (the county-seat of Haywood County, distant 16 miles from the Pink Beds “as the crow flies”’ and nearly half as far again by the roads) and back. On the way over to Waynesville I followed the East Fork of Pigeon River most of the way, leav- ing it at its confluence with the West Fork and going thence nearly due west the remaining seven or eight miles. On the way back I went up the West Fork a few miles, then turned eastward and [No. 2, Vol. 10, of TORREYA, comprising pages 29-52, was issued February 28, 1910. | 58 54 went over the summit of Cold Mountain, a sharp peak between the two forks, whose altitude is given by Buckley * as 6,105 feet, and on the topographic maps of the United States Geological Survey as between 6,000 and 6,100 feet. From Waynesville I also walked the railroad to Balsam, about eight miles southwest- ward and just over the line in Jackson County. This is about 3,300 feet above sea level, and is said to be the highest railroad station east of the Rocky Mountains. Although a great deal of botanical work has been done in these far-famed North Carolina mountains ever since they were visited by Bartram and Michaux in the latter part of the 18th century, it has been mostly mere collecting, and the publications result- ing from it, with very few exceptions, have been either works relating to trees only, notes on selected species, or narratives dealing with the flora or scenery rather than with the vegetation. So perhaps an attempt to classify the habitats of a small but typ- ical portion of the mountain region, and arrange the species in each according to structure, relative abundance, etc., will not involve too much duplication of previous publications. Although the time I spent in Haywood County was very short, and I col- lected no specimens (so that some of my identifications are in- complete or uncertain), some of the generalizations which follow may be just as true as if they were based on a broader founda- tion, and some comparisons with other regions may be of interest. As is well known to geographers, the mountains of North Carolina are as near normal as any in North America, having been brought to their present form almost entirely by erosion, with few or no complications due to faulting, unequal hardness of strata, glaciation, solution (¢. g., of limestone), volcanic action, etc. The topographic forms are consequently comparatively simple, consisting chiefly of ridges and valleys, most of them sloping equally on both sides and running in every possible direction, the former with sharp crests undulating but scarcely serrate, and the latter steep, rocky, and V-shaped toward their heads and broader, smoother, and more level lower down. There are no caves, sinks, natural lakes, islands, or cut-offs, and * Am. Jour. Sci. II. 27::'287. 1859. aY5) comparatively few precipices and waterfalls. These mountains are much less rocky than the glaciated ones of the North, for in the countless ages that they have been exposed to the weather all but the hardest and steepest rocks have become deeply buried in soil resulting from their own decay. The following descriptions of vegetation are intended to apply only to areas more than 2,700 feet above sea-level. Below this rather arbitrary limit in Haywood County the country is scarcely mountainous, consisting mostly of broad valleys and low hills with fertile red soil, very largely under cultivation, and the vege- tation does not differ greatly from that of the Piedmont region of the Carolinas and Georgia. Above the altitude just mentioned the principal habitats in this county seem to be (1) mountain summits above 5,500 feet, (2) slopes and lower summits below 5,500 feet, (3) wet ravines or mountain rivulets, (4) rich ravines or steep coves, (5) river banks and bottoms, (6) gravelly and muddy river beds, (7) wet meadows, and (8) artificial or unnatural habitats. In the following lists the species are divided into trees, shrubs and herbs, and then arranged as nearly as possible in order of abundance. Evergreens, when known, are indicated by heavy type, and vines by italics.* To make the lists more complete and determine the relative abundance of the species more accu- rately than would have been the case if I had adhered closely to political boundaries, I have included in my calculations notes made about a mile over the Jackson County line near Balsam, and along the crest of the Pisgah Ridge, where I was sometimes a few yards over the Transylvania County line. This will not in- troduce any perceptible error into the results. The only mountain above 5,500 feet which I set foot on is Cold Mountain, already mentioned. The Balsam Mountains, a few miles farther west, are about 500 feet higher, and more densely wooded, but I did not have a chance to visit them, and little is known about the details of their vegetation. During about an hour spent on and near the sharp summit of Cold * For explanation of a more elaborate method of treating habitat-groups see Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 17: 36-41. 1906. 56 Mountain late in the afternoon of August 9 the following native species were noted. (This summit, like many others in the same region, has long been used for pasturage,* and there are of course a good many weeds on it. These will be found in the last list.) TREES HERBS Crataegus sp. Eupatorium ageratoides Fagus grandifolia Pteris aquilina Abies Fraseri (1) + Danthonia sp. Sorbus americana (2) Deschampsia flexuosa (5) Betula lutea Heuchera villosa Quercus rubra Houstonia serpyllifolia (6) Betula alleghaniensis ? Potentilla tridentata (7) Houstonia longifolia Lysimachia quadrifolia SHRUBS Silene virginica Rhododendron catawbiense (3) Hypericum Buckleyi Vaccinium sp. Polypodium vulgare Pieris floribunda Epigaea repens Cholisma ligustrina Selaginella rupestris Kalmia latifolia Habenaria ciliaris Rhododendron punctatum Carex trisperma Salix humilis Asplenium Filix-foemina Menziesia pilosa (4) Circaea alpina (8) Lilium superbum It happens that on the same afternoon Dr. H. D. House was on the summit of Mt. Pisgah, on the edge of the same county, about six miles farther east and 300 feet lower, where he found many of the same species, and Paronychia argyrocoma besides. Quite a number of the same have been reported from similar habitats a little farther north by Dr. Harshberger.{ * See Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. 42: 41, 47. 1842; Redfield, Bull. Torrey Club 6: 338. 1879; Scribner, Bot. Gaz, 14: 255. 1889. { Interesting notes on the species whose names are followed by numbers can be found as follows: (1) Gray, Am. Jour, Sci. 42: 31, 42. 1842; Redfield, Bull. Torrey Club 6: 338. 1879; Sargent, Gard. & For. 2: 472. f. 732. 1889; Pinchot & Ashe, Bull. N. C. Geol. Surv. 6: 136, 223. 1898; (2) Gray, l. c. 28, 42. (3) Redfield & Gray, Bull. Torrey Club 6: 336. 1879; Small & Heller, Mem. Torrey Club 31: 4, 1892; Cannon, Torreya 2: 161-169. 1902; (4) Gray, Am. Jour, Sci. 42: 42. 1842; Small & Heller,l.c. (5) Scribner, Bot. Gaz.14: 254. 1889. (6) Gray, l. c. 19, 40; Redfield, 1. c. 337; F. E. Boynton, Pop. Sci. Mo, 31: 654. 1887. (7) Gray, l. c. 27, 41; L. N. Johnson, Bot. Gaz.13: 270, 1888; Small & Heller, l.c. 14. (8) Harshberger, Bot. Gaz. 36: 378. 1903. f{ Bot. Gaz. 36: 376-382. 1903. 57 The trees here, as in many other exposed places in different parts of the world, are very stunted, none over ten feet tall hav- ing been noticed, and they are mostly so scattered as to afford little shade. The Crataegus and Fagus together formed little groves or thickets on the northern slope near the summit, and curiously enough, could hardly be told apart at a little distance. The bark of both was smooth and gray, their leaves were of about the same size and color, and the Crataegus (apparently of the coccinea group) had ripe red fruit, about the same size as the in- volucres of the Hagus, which were also reddish-tinged. The balsam, Adzes Hrasert, seemed to be confined to north slopes too. It was not common on Cold Mountain, but consider- able quantities of it were plainly visible on another peak of about the same height a few miles to the southward; and the Balsam Mountains are said to be covered with it, whence their name. The herbs were scarcely stunted at all, doubtless because the larger ones are not evergreen, and thus escape the chilling blasts of winter. On the very highest point was a specimen of Lilium superbum about four feet tall, rearing its flowers above all other vegetation on the mountain. The proportion of evergreens seems rather small for such an exposed habitat. Vines seem to be entirely absent, which how- ever is not surprising. All but one of the shrubs belong to the Ericaceae. | About 20 per cent. of the species in the foregoing list are peculiar to the Appalachian region, south of the limits of glaci- ation, and the remainder are pretty widely distributed in the northeastern states. About one-fourth of the widely distributed species also extend as far south as Florida. On the mountain slopes and lesser summits, from about 3,400 to 5,000 feet above sea-level, the flora is considerably richer, chiefly because this habitat is the most widespread and variable one in the region under consideration. The following species were noted in such situations in Haywood County or within a mile of its borders between the middle of July and the middle of August : TREES Castanea dentata Acer rubrum Quercus coccinea GS yesiloyee) 6c -Prinus Halesia carolina Tsuga canadensis Robinia Pseudo- Acacia Betula lutea ‘¢ lenta? Acer pennsylvanicum 66 Saccharum ? Picea australis ? Fagus grandifolia Acer spicatum SHRUBS Kalmia latifolia Rhododendron maximum Cholisma ligustrina Vaccinium sp. (same as on Cold Mt.) Menziesia pilosa Gaylussacia resinosa Leucothoé recurva Clethra acuminata Azalea viscosa Hamamelis virginiana Hydrangea arborescens Aronia nigra Azalea viscosa glauca Vaccinium corymbosum Azalea lutea Polycodium sp. C Sassafras variifolium Corylus rostrata Ceanothus americanus Robinia hispida Comptonia peregrina * See Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. 42: 46. t+ See Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. 42: 43, 47. 58 HERBS Pteris aquilina Dasystoma laevigata Coreopsis major Oemleri * Koellia montana {+ Dennstaedtia punctilobula Cimicifuga racemosa Galax aphylla Zizia Bebbii Stenanthium gramineum Phlox glaberrima ? Campanula divaricata Nabalus sp. Epigaea repens Habenaria ciliaris Melampyrum americanum Silene stellata Osmunda cinnamomea Collinsonia canadensis Lysimachia quadrifolia Veratrum parviflorum { Pedicularis canadensis Dryopteris noveboracensis Viola rotundifolia Houstonia purpurea Monotropa uniflora Selaginella rupestris (on rocks) Deschampsia flexuosa ‘‘ ‘‘ Polypodium vulgare ‘“* ‘“ Heuchera villosa 6G. 6G Chrosperma muscaetoxicum Monarda clinopodia ? Aster divaricatus ? Polystichum acrostichoides Dioscorea villosa Houstonia longifolia Silene virginica Solidago caesia Potentilla canadensis Aletris farinosa Porteranthus trifoliatus Viola affinis 3 Iris verna Eupatorium purpureum ? 66 ageratoides Lilium superbum Erigeron pulchellus Angelica villosa Seriococarpus asteroides Andropogon furcatus Ligusticum canadense Actaea alba Chrysopsis Mariana Angelica atropurpurea Hieracium paniculatum Caulophyllum thalictroides 1842. t See Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. 42: 26, § Identified by Dr. House, who accompanied me on some of my walks along the pisgah Ridge. 59 In this habitat, or group of habitats, the trees overshadow all the other vegetation, except on the very summits of the ridges, but they hardly make the dense shade characteristic of a climax forest. Some of the herbs have thickened or reduced leaves, and are capable of flourishing in perfectly treeless habitats, while others are distinctly shade-loving, having thin and broad leaves. The scarcity of pines, other evergreens, and vines is noteworthy.* About two thirds of the shrubs and two or three of the herbs belong to the Ericaceae and allied families. Compositae, Um- belliferae, and Melanthaceae are also pretty well represented. Only about 12 per cent. of the angiosperms are monocotyledons. Between 15 and 20 percent. of the species seem to have their centers of distribution right in these mountains, though none are confined to North Carolina. Many of the remainder are common on bluffs in all the southeastern states, and still more are widely distributed in various habitats in the northeastern states. A large proportion of them have been reported from the mountains of New York by Dr. Harshberger.t The wet rocky ravines at the heads of streams have a charac- teristic and interesting but not very rich flora. This habitat seems to be much better developed in the Pink Beds than in the parts of Haywood County that I visited, where I found only the following species in it : SHRUBS HERBS ‘Rhododendron maximum Houstonia serpyllifolia Chelone Cuthbertii ? Impatiens biflora Chelone glabra Diphylleia cymosa { Osmunda cinnamomea Thalictrum clavatum Carex gracillima ? Aconitum uncinatum ? * This type of forest corresponds with a part of Ashe’s ‘forests of the highe mountains’’ (Bull. N. C. Geol. Surv. 6: 219-222. f/. 27. 1898), and more exactly with the ‘‘chestnut slope type’’ described by F. W. Reed in the vicinity of Grand- father Mountain (Bull. U. S. Bureau Forestry 60: 12-13. f/. 7. 1905). { Torreya 5: 187-194; Plant World 8: 276-281. 1905. ft See Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. 42: 23. 1842; Redfield, Bull. Torrey Club 6: 338, 339. 1879. § See Gray, 1. c. 17; Redfield, 1. c. 338; Small & Heller, Mem. Torrey Club Be OO 2 60 About half of these are typical southern Appalachian species. The remainder range farther north. Some small ravines or steep coves are so filled with deep rich humus or colluvial soil that no water appears above ground in them in ordinary weather. Such places have a decidedly climax vegetation, comprising the following species: TREES HERBS Tilia americana Eupatorium ageratoides Bisiesia carling, Cimicifuga racemosa Dryopteris noveboracensis Casigmen Cealeiin Phegopteris hexagonoptera Robinia Pseudo-Acacia Astilbe biternata * Aesculus octandra Caulophyllum thalictroides Gormus florida Osmunda Claytoniana Sanguinaria canadensis Tsuga canadensis Adiantum pedatum Acer rubrum Dioscorea villosa Liriodendron Tulipifera Disporum sp. Nyssa sylvatica Phryma Leptostachya Circaea lutetiana Meibomia nudiflora Eupatorium trifoliatum ? Arisaema triphyllum Lappula virginiana Scutellaria sp. Calycanthus fertilis Koellia montana Agrimonia sp. Cynoglossum virginianum Falcata comosa Aster divaricatus ? Adicea pumila Cypripedium parviflorum? Collinsonia canadensis Cypripedium acaule Osmunda cinnamomea Dryopteris intermedia ? Trillium undulatum ? Botrychium virginianum Thalictrum dioicum ? Geranium maculatum Aristolochia Serpentaria Campanula americana Urticastrum divaricatum Hicoria alba Fagus grandifolia SHRUBS In this list there is only one evergreen, and that is not abun- dant. The scarcity of shrubs is rather surprising, but perhaps not very significant. Plants with biternate, pinnately compound, or otherwise much dissected leaves are numerous. (Czmuicifuga, Astilbe, Caulophyllum, Thahctrum, and the seven ferns are good * See Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. 42: 37-38. 1842. 61 examples.) Half the trees have wind-borne seeds, but among the herbs a large proportion have berries or burs, adapted to be carried off by animals, as is the case in many climax forests. About 15 per cent. of the angiosperms are monocotyledons. The total absence of the Ericaceae and their allies is significant. The polypetalous families are well represented here, as in many other parts of the north temperate zone where climax vegetation prevails (the Tennessee valley of Alabama for instance). Only about 10 per cent. of these species can be regarded as typical or characteristic mountain plants. Most of them are com- mon to all parts of temperate eastern North America where there are climax forests. There is an especially striking resemblance between this list and that for certain shaded hillsides in the Pale- ozoic region of Georgia, and even the valleys at the heads of some of the bays on the northwestern shore of Long Island, par- ticularly that of Little Neck Bay just within the limits of New York City, which I had examined about a month before I went to North Carolina. The majority of those listed here occur in somewhat similar habitats in southeastern Pennsylvania, accord- ing to Dr. Harshberger,* and nearly half extend to Southwest Georgia | and the corresponding parts of Alabama. On the banks of the two forks of Pigeon River already men- tioned, between 2,700 and 3,300 feet above sea-level, the follow- ing species were noticed : TREES SHRUBS Fagus grandifolia Rhododendron maximum Halesia carolina Alnus rugosa Quercus imbricaria Leucothoé Catesbaei Quercus alba Kalmia latifolia Tsuga canadensis Vitis aestivalis? Acer rubrum Hamamelis virginiana Carpinus caroliniana Rhus radicans Aesculus octandra Ceanothus americanus Pyrus coronaria Lonicera sp. Crataegus sp. Pyrularia pubera 4 Tilia heterophylla ? Robinia Pseudo-Acacia * See Bull. Torrey Club 31: 143-148. 1904. } See Bull. Torrey Club 31: 15-16. 1904. { Probably of the coccinea group. Fruit ripe August 7, 3-seeded. % See Gray Am. Jour. Sci. 17; 22. 1842. TREES (continued) HERBS C ornus florida Dryopteris noveboracensis Platanus occidentalis Epiphegus virginiana Magnolia acuminata Cimicifuga racemosa Castanea dentata Polygonum virginianum Quercus velutina ? Podophyllum peltatum Acer Saccharum ? Meibomia nudiflora Juglans nigra Phryma Leptostachya Fraxinus sp. Geum canadense Prunus serotina Clematis virginiana Here the trees outnumber the shrubs and herbs, and there are more vines than in any other habitat in the region. This pre- ponderance of trees and vines seems to be characteristic of river banks and alluvial swamps in many other parts of the world.* Rivers as a rule are bordered by vegetation approaching the climax, but at this altitude of 3,000 feet there is still so much erosion going on that the normal succession is retarded, which probably accounts for the abundance of four evergreens. Few if any of the species in this list can be considered as peculiarly Appalachian. Nearly all of them are common in the Piedmont region from Pennsylvania to Alabama, as well as in the Mississippi valley ; and several are still more widely distributed. In the gravelly and muddy beds of the same streams, which must be covered with water half the time, the following herbs find a congenial habitat : Polygonum sagittatum Rhynchospora glomerata Impatiens biflora Carex lurida Juncus effusus Scirpus polyphyllus Hypericum mutilum Lobelia cardinalis Eupatorium perfoliatum Mimulus ringens The fact that four of these, or 40 per cent., are monocotyle- dons, is probably not without significance. All of them are pretty widely distributed, mostly northward. Near Davis Gap (sometimes called Pigeon Gap), about three miles east of Waynesville, and near Balsam Gap, about seven miles southwest, are the only wet meadows which I made note of in the region under consideration. Both are about 3,300 feet *See Ann. N. Y, Acad. Sci. 17 : 67-73, 103-104. 1906. 63 ‘above sea-level. The cause of the treelessness of such areas, and their relations to other habitats in the neighborhood, are unsolved — though perhaps not very difficult— problems. With the exception of Acer rubrum and Salix longipes, scattered along stream channels at Balsam Gap, the vegetation is entirely her- baceous, as follows : Eupatorium perfoliatum Osmunda regalis Vernonia noveboracensis Hypericum mutilum Panicularia nervata Helenium autumnale Homalocenchrus virginicus Oxypolis rigidior Juncus effusus Cyperus strigosus Eryngium virgatum Mimulus ringens Scirpus sylvaticus Galium trifidum ? Rhynchospora glomerata Apios tuberosa Carex lurida Carex crinita Linum striatum Juncus canadensis ? Polygonum sagittatum Gerardia purpurea? Osmunda cinnamomea Habenaria ciliaris All of these are just as common outside of the mountains as they are here, if not more so. Most of them can be found in wet meadows in New England, and a still larger proportion along the head-waters of East Meadow Brook, near Hempstead, Long Island ; and all range at least as far south as Middle Georgia, about 100 miles farther south and 2,500 feet lower. All the species seem to be perennial, but none are evergreen in the ordinary sense of the word. Nearly half the angiosperms are monocotyledons. There are no Ericaceae among them. The weeds of the mountain region are found principally along trails and roads and in pastures and abandoned fields. They are all or nearly all herbs, and mostly dicotyledons. The follow- ing list is doubtless very incomplete. The species are arranged approximately in order of abundance, as usual. Juncus tenuis * Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum Prunella vulgaris Achillea Millefolium Potentilla canadensis Veronica officinalis * Rumex Acetosella Polygonum Hydropiper Lobelia inflata Trifolium repens Verbascum Thapsus Oxalis stricta ? * See Gray ,Am. Jour. Sci. 42: 41.1842. 64 Verbena urticaefolia Lepidium virginicum Carduus lanceolatus Polygonum aviculare Polygonum pennsylvanicum Bidens bipinnata Fragaria virginiana Lespedeza striata T Pteris aquilina Euphorbia corollata Plantago major Anthemis Cotula Solanum carolinense Euphorbia maculata Diodia teres Erechthites hieracifolia Cerastium vulgatum ? Leptilon canadense Agrimonia sp. Trifolium pratense Hedeoma pulegioides Gnaphalium purpureum Potentilla monspeliensis Acalypha gracilens Erigeron ramosus Oenothera biennis Daucus Carota Gnaphalium polycephalum Ambrosia artemisiifolia Euphorbia Preslii Plantago lanceolata Of these weeds about 28 per cent. are supposed to have been introduced from Europe and 2 per cent. from Asia, while the re- maining 70 per cent. are considered indigenous by nearly all systematists. And yet all the supposed natives, with five or six exceptions, are confined to unnatural habitats, exactly like the introduced species, from which there is no possible way of dis- tinguishing them without the use of botanical literature, such as a manual, and even that is not infallible. At least half, perhaps two thirds, of the species in the above list evidently belong to that class of native weeds (mutants ?) which I discussed just be- fore going to North Carolina. COLLEGE Point, NEw YorK MAGNOLIA AT FLORISSANT § By T. D. A. CocKERELL The Miocene flora of Florissant, Colorado, includes so many genera living today in the southeastern states, that the apparent absence of Magnolia has seemed remarkable. During the past summer, however, a leaf which may I think be referred to this * See Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. 42: 27. 1842. {See Gattinger, Fl. Tenn., 107. 1901. { Bull. Torrey Club 35: 347-360. July, 1908. @ Illustrated with the aid of the Catherine McManes fund. ae 65 genus with confidence, has been found by Mr. Terry Duce, and is herewith recorded. Magnolia florissanticola n. sp. Leaf apparently thick, shaped as in JZ grandiflora ; apex lacking, but length apparently about 130 mm. ; broadest about 42 mm., from base ; base broad-cuneate, slightly inequilateral, FicuRE 1. Magnolia florissanticola; Miocene shales of Florissant. from a very stout (3 mm. diam.) twisted petiole, which is about 16 mm. long, arising from a clasping base ; width of blade about 50 mm., tapering apically, so that at 80 mm. from base the width is 38 mm.; margin entire; venation as in MZ. grandiflora, the strong lateral veins averaging about 5 mm. apart. Miocene shales of Florissant. (Zerry Duce.) 66 REVIEWS Spalding’s Distribution and Movements of Desert Plants * The author has divided his problem into seven divisions, under as many headings. Five of these appertain to various phases of his problem, the last two are mainly recapitulative. Tumamoc Hill and its environs, near the desert botanical laboratory, Tucson, Arizona, was the place chosen where “ pro- longed observational and experimental work could be under- taken.” The first section of the paper (pp.5-27. p/. 7-12) is taken up with a clear and logical account of the plant associations and habitats as they have appealed to the author. Appended to this is an account of the lichens of the region, written by Dr. Bruce Fink. Leaving the section on plant associations and habitats which, though valuable, is necessarily becoming more and more stereo- typic in each succeeding ecological paper, we come to the most interesting part of the whole work. In this second chapter (pp. 29-06. pl. 13-24), the author gives an account of the local dis- tribution. He writes: ‘‘ Dealing more in detail with constituent species of the associations, the attempt to trace cause and effect is carried a step farther. Certain species have been carefully mapped and their habits have been more thoroughly studied with reference to differences of soil and aspect.” The species selected for this study are plants ‘‘ with a remark- able definiteness of habitat preference”’; they are Excelia farinosa, Larrea tridentata, Cereus (why not Carnegiea?) giganteus, Cercidium Torreyanum, and Prosopis velutina. A distribution-map for each of these species is included, and they form a series of invaluable notes. Each map is practically a graphic census of the indi- viduals of the species under discussion. Nothing could have been found to indicate so well the relative density of these plants. The various soil formations are critically studied, and following as they do the various distribution-maps mentioned above, they are at least a suggestion of the factors the author credits with the *Spalding, V. M. Distribution and Movements of Desert Plants. Pp. 1-144. pl. 1-31. 22 Oct. 1909. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 113. 67 control of the distribution of these plants. Other regulative factors, such as temperature, rainfall, humidity, etc., all carefully measured, come in for their share of attention. Still under the general heading of local distribution are sections devoted to dispersal, invasion, competition, and succession, in which the author attempts to trace some of the other factors bearing on the distribution of the plants in the area studied. A section on the root system of Cereus giganteus is here introduced by Dr. W. A. Cannon. Space forbids an account of the chapter on environmental and historical factors. There are included within it sections on the geology and soils of the region written by C. F. Tolman and B. E. Livingston respectively. Chapter four is taken up with the vegetation groups of the desert laboratory domain and is contributed by Professor J. J. Thornber. It contains lists of the plants growing on the various major formations found in the area, and also considerable sta- tistical matter. The chapter on the origin of desert floras is contributed by Dr. D. T. MacDougal. This brings into co-relation much of what has been treated specifically in earlier parts of the work. Some of this section has already seen the light in the Plant World for September, 1908. Dr. Spalding has collected and put on permanent record a mass of very interesting and essential facts dealing with the sub- ject in hand. Throughout there is a creditable hesitancy in drawing conclusions, some of which might have been warranted in view of the wealth of detail. The statistical and graphic part of the work is splendid ; and work like this and that done by Jennings and others will undoubtedly serve as the bases of numerous ecologic palimpsests. The illustrations and typography are all that could be desired. NorMAN TAYLOR 68 PROCEEDINGS, OF THE CLUB JANUARY 26, I9IO The Club met at the Museum of the New York Botanical Garden at 3:30 Pp. M., with Vice-president Barnhart in the chair. Twenty-five persons were present. After the reading and ap- proval of the minutes of January 11, the resignation of Dr. Cyrus A. King, 661 Flatbush Ave., Brooklyn was read and accepted. The chairman of the field committee reported that 25 meet- ings were advertised during the season, of which 23 were held. The total attendance at these meetings for the year was 92. The expenses incurred by the committee for printing and mail- ing the circulars has been considerable, and it was suggested that future notices which cannot be printed in the Academy Bulletin be printed in TORREYA. Collections made for the Club herbarium aggregrated during the season 2,400 specimens; 1,750 of which were collected by the committee and about 500 specimens were secured by Mr. G. V. Nash in northwestern New Jersey and adjacent Pennsylvania. Material has been received also from other members. The following committees of the Torrey Botanical Club were appointed by the president for the year IgIo: Finance Committee: Eugene P. Bicknell (chairman) and H. M. Richards. Committee on Admission: J. K. Small (chairman), G. V. Nash, andi@€. Curtis: Program Committee: Fred J. Seaver (chairman), Tracy E. Hazen, Jean Broadhurst, Charles L. Pollard, and E. G. Britton. field Committee: Norman Taylor (chairman), E. B. Southwick, and Wm. Mansfield. Committee on Local Flora: N. L. Britton, chairman; Phaner- ogams—N. L. Britton, C. C. Curtis, Eugene P. Bicknell, K. K. Mackenzie, E. S. Burgess, and E. L. Morris; Cryptogams— Wm. A. Murrill, E. G. Britton, Tracy E. Hazen, M. A. Howe, and Philip Dowell. Committee to consider the subject of revision of the by-laws: Edward S. Burgess, John Hendley Barnhart, Percy Wilson, 69 Marshall Avery Howe, William Mansfield, Jean Broadhurst, Philip Dowell, Alex. W. Evans, Tracy E. Hazen, William Alphonso Murrill, Charles Louis Pollard, Herbert M. Richards, Addison Brown, Fred J. Seaver, Norman Taylor, and N. L. Britton. As a special committee for securing funds to provide speakers on the second Tuesday evening of each month: Jean Broad- hurst (chairman), Tracy E. Hazen, and N. L. Britton. A letter was read from Dr. Howard J. Banker of the depart- ment of biology, DePauw University, making application for one hundred and fifty dollars from the Esther Hermann Fund to aid him in his studies on Hydnaceae. Dr. Banker proposes to visit some of the European herbaria during the coming summer for the purpose of studying type material of this family. This communication was approved and the secretary was in- structed to forward it to the Council of the New York Acad- emy of Sciences. The scientific program consisted of two papers, of which the following are abstracts prepared by the speakers. “The U. S. Experiment Station at Sitka, Alaska’, by Miss Jean Broadhurst : The visit to the Experiment Station at Sitka was made as a side trip when returning from the Hawaiian Islands to the United States, and afforded many striking contrasts fully summed up in the expression ‘‘from tree ferns to glaciers.” Following the inland route from Seattle, the site of one of the most pleasing American expositions, we spent twelve days on the steamer Spokane, making stops at various points of interest: fishing vil- lages ; Kasaan, a deserted Indian town with its ghostly totems ; an Indian mission settlement ; Muir Glacier ; the Treadwell gold mine, with the famous ‘“‘ Glory Hole” ; Juneau, the governmental center and chief city ; Skagway, which was our “farthest north” for the summer; and Sitka, which despite the rise of Juneau, still holds its own with its old Russian fort and the Greek church containing the famous Sitka Madonna. The weather was real Alaskan weather, partly cloudy and ‘mostly rainy. The short stops did not (after the special object 70 of the visit had been accomplished) allow trips to regions far from the beaten paths ; at Skagway, ¢vazz connections afforded a twenty-mile trip into the interior to the summit of the White Horse road; at Sitka, a walk to the Experiment Station, less than a mile from the town, revealed some interesting plants in the low ground traversed. This station — like most of those in Alaska — is a simple unpre- tentious structure. Mr. Georgeson, the superintendent, lives in a large frame house near the wharf, and this house serves also as herbarium rooms and office ; but the station consists of a small, frame house and two small greenhouses, with a few acres of cleared and cultivated ground. The station supports but one man beside Mr. Georgeson, Mr. De Armand, from the Kansas State Agricultural College. Labor is high —the poorest type of Indian demanding two dollars a day —and much of the actual work is therefore done by the officials, who elsewhere would be free to direct the work and plan new departures. The actual re- sults, which at first seem disappointing, are lessened also by the great cost of preparing land—about $500 an acre; for, besides clearing and breaking new land, drainage and fertilizing are most expensive processes in the preparation of the ground. A record of 220 days with rain or snow to 95 clear days (the rest of the year being cloudy or partly cloudy) is not unusual for Sitka. This means a minimum rainfall of 80 or go inches a year, and gives a water-soaked soil that is difficult to plow or prepare early in the year, and too wet for most plants much of the growing season. The soil of this region — mostly volcanic ash — is poor in humus; seaweeds and fertilizers used so helpfully in other countries are of little benefit here, because they do not decay readily in the cool summers of Sitka. For, at Sitka, the great- est limitation is due, not to short summers but to the lack of heat during the growing season, the actual heat units of effective temperature (above 43° F.) being less than 1,500, while Ottawa has over 3,400 and Stockholm 2,700. The winters here are not severe ; often, the ponds near the station do not freeze to allow skating. Frost along the coast may not be experienced from May ji to ‘October is om even) November 1.) ihetintertouman (i Alaska, with shorter warmer summers (frost sometimes in Au- gust) and colder winters (sometimes 70° below zero) boasts of fruits and grains that are impossible at Sitka. Grains often fail to mature, because the wet soil prevents timely planting; the stalks do not harden sufficiently to allow easy cutting, and the limp sodden growth is good for forage only. Potatoes never ma- ture so the skin will not slip, and good results require that they be sprouted indoors and ‘set by hand with extra care.’’ Apples ripen slowly (our fall apples do not mature at all there) and the native crab with cherry-like fruit is considered a necessary stock for grafting our less hardy varieties. The grafts “ winter-kill’’, because the buds and the woody twig substances do not com- plete their development in the slow growth of the summer. To initiate the usual winter preparations the twigs are sometimes stripped of their leaves, a method which often proves successful. The native strawberries, which grow down to tide water, are being successfully crossed with cultivated varieties ; and the red raspberry is forced indoors in the endeavor to secure successful hybrids with the ‘large native salmon berry. Small plums, tiny cherries, little cranberries (chiefly Vaccinium), and currants are wild there. The introduced vegetables which are fairly successful are Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, kale, lettuce, parsley, onion, rhubarb, and peas. Beans do not do very well. Kenai and Kadiak, two other government stations, are devoted _ chiefly to cattle-breeding and the improvement of cattle foods. Rampart and Copper Center are farther north, but farther inland; the winters are much more severe, but the shorter, warmer sum- mers allow better results with grains and vegetables. Hay here is quoted at $200 a ton and retails at $0.20 a pound at the road- houses. The problems in Alaska are not the simplest in the world, and the workers there do not hope to make of it a garden spot or an agricultural center. If the investigators can add variety to the present limited food supply, or enable Alaska to become more nearly self-productive of the food required for man and _his domesticated animals, they will more than justify the moderate government assistance now given them. 72 “The Culture Methods of Studying Plant Rusts”, by Mr. Bea y ern: : The first experiments in the culture of plant rusts were made by DeBary and Oersted in 1865. For a number of years after this many botanists were very skeptical. It was not an easy matter to believe that what had been considered separate and distinct genera of parasitic fungi could really be only different stages of one species. Through the work of a number of mycologists the study of rusts by means of cultures has been advanced with results that are now well known. The methods employed by the bacteriologist are familiar. He makes up arti- ficial culture media of various sorts, and from a sowing of a cer- tain kind of bacterium he obtains a crop of the same sort, if his culture is a successful one. With the rusts the story is quite a different one. They are strictly parasitic and living plants must take the place of culture media. The best success has been attained by carrying on the work under glass. Potted plants with vigorous roots and rather small tops are most desirable. The proof that different forms on unlike hosts are only stages of the same species is obtained by sowing spores taken from one host on another host and raising a crop of spores wholly unlike the ones sown. Take for example the rust of corn (Zea Mays). It has been found by means of cultures that the spores formed on the corn leaves in the fall cannot be made to grow upon corn again. One spring recently it was noticed that some sorrel (Oxals) plants growing near a pile of rusted corn stalks were badly infected with rusts. From this observation in the field it was thought possible that the corn rusts might be associated with the Oxalis rust. Such proved to be the case. The spores taken from the corn will produce rust on the ‘Oxals and, vice versa. There is much need for further studies and observations of this sort. The cultures are best made in a greenhouse with plants that are grown in pots. Suggestions as to relationships must, however, be obtained in the field and there is an oppor- tunity here for much valuable work. The auditing committee reported that the books of the treas- urer had been examined and were found to be correct. Percy WILson, Secretary 73 OF INTEREST FO TEAGHERS Note-Booxs In HicH ScuHoot BoTANny By WILLARD N. CLUTE I think I have partially solved the problem of botanical note- books by a scheme of allowing certain pupils to answer the ques- tions in the laboratory work by drawings, instead of written work. In buds, for instance, the question may be asked, ‘‘ Do underground plants produce buds?” One pupil would hunt up some underground plants and answer “yes”; the others would make a drawing of such buds. For bud protection one would describe how buds are protected ; another would make drawings to show this. All notes that cannot be answered by drawings must be in the temporary note-book, but those who draw their answers are excused from the written work of the permanent note-book. One course takes about as long as the other, but most pupils prefer the drawing; it is certainly easier for the teacher and I am inclined to think is fully as useful in teaching form and structure. A. lecture on water purification plants, one of a series in sani- tary science at Columbia University, is announced for April 26. An injunction issued by Secretary Ballinger after a personal inspection of the region has at least delayed the appropriation of the Hetch-Hetchy valley by San Francisco as a municipal water reservoir. Cacti and desert plants for schools, gardens, and conservatories may be obtained from Mr. J. C. Blumer, Box 684, Tucson, Arizona. A well-indexed and fully-illustrated government bulletin (No. 166) has just been written by William L. Bray on The Mistletoe Pest in the Southwest. The hosts, life history, and methods of combating the mistletoe are the main topics included in this clearly-written pamphlet of about forty pages. 74 A paper read by Dr. Roland M. Harper before the American Geographers at the Boston meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science describes a natural prairie on Long Island. The natural prairie of about fifty square miles, known locally as ‘‘ Hempstead Plains,’ was treeless when the country was first settled ; and a considerable part can still be seen in its natural condition, though it is situated in a country with about 300 inhabitants per square mile. Secondary education in agriculture was discussed by Director A. C. True at the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations (Portland, Oregon, August, 1909). IE was recommended (1) that agricultural colleges give credit in their entrance requirements for agricultural subjects properly taught in the secondary schools; (2) that agricultural colleges should have a definite legal relation to the public school system ; (3) that agriculture should be generally introduced into the high schools ; and (4) that there should be a limited number of special — state agricultural high schools. The Outlook (February 5) describes fully an interesting phase of the Farmers’ Cooperative Demonstration Work of the Bureau of Plant Industry which focuses upon the farmer boy. Through the cooperation of the Bureau and of the state and county school authorities, boys are led to agree to plant and care for one acre of corn each. Advice, seeds, etc. are furnished by the Bureau ; the soil, usually by the boys’ fathers ; and prizes, by local civic organizations, private individuals, etc. Four such prizes for 1909 sent four southern boys to Washington for a week, and Secretary Wilson presented them with certificates of merit. Last year there were 12,000 boys in the corn clubs under Dr. Knapp’s care, and the Bureau estimated that these clubs will register over 35,000 boys next year. In the recent report of Professor Willis L. Moore, chief of the Weather Bureau, the relation of forests and rainfall is discussed and the statement is made that one is entirely independent of the 75 other. It is said that his opinion is shared by Professor Cleveland Abbe, the first weather forecaster of the federal government and Professor W. J. Humphreys, of Johns Hopkins University, and practically all meteorologists who have taken the trouble to look into the matter. The claim is made that drouths and ex- cessive rain, as well as prolonged departures from the normal tem- peratures of a region, are due to eccentricities in the distribution of atmospheric pressure ; these eccentricities of air pressure are traced back to the interchange of atmosphere between the equa- torial and polar regions, the routes and intensity of the great currents undergoing more or less modification from time to time. These arguments lead Professor Moore to say that the causes of climatic change are general, not local ; and he vigorously attacks the widely-accepted statement that removal of forests can di- minish the rainfall. The instances on record of lessened precipi- tation after a particular area has been cleared he regards as mere coincidences, which will be proven to show no forest con- nection if observatian is continued for a sufficiently long period. No other meteorological phenomenon, it is said, is so variable as rainfall, and any one who studies the figures for too short an in- terval is likely to be deceived. Botanists, however, will not accept readily this coincidence theory and a lively discussion will doubtless follow the publi- cation of this report. NEWS ITEMS Dr. Carlton C. Curtis has been advanced from assistant pro- fessor to associate professor of botany and Dr. Tracy E. Hazen from instructor to assistant professor of botany in Columbia University. Professor Charles Fay Wheeler, expert in charge of the eco- nomic gardens, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, since 1902, died March 5. Professor Wheeler was formerly instructor in the Michigan Agricultural College, and consulting botanist for the Michigan Experiment Station. 76 George Plumer Burns, director of the Botanical Garden and junior professor of botany in the University of Michigan, has accepted an appointment as professor of botany in the Univer- sity of Vermont. He was graduated from the Illinois State Normal School, 1891; B.S. and A.M. Ohio Wesleyan Univer- sity, 1898 ; Ph.D. University of Munich, 1900. In 1907-8 he was instructor in botany in Ohio Wesleyan, then after two years of work with Goebel, went, in January, 1901, to the University of Michigan, where he has since remained. Charles Reid Barnes, professor of plant physiology in the University of Chicago since 1898, died on February 24, in the fifty-second year of his age, as a result of a fall upon an icy side- walk, which brought on a cerebral hemorrhage. He was instruc- tor and professor in natural science lines in Purdue University from 1880 to 1887, and from 1887 to 1898 was professor of botany in the University of Wisconsin. His two best known works are perhaps his ‘‘ Analytic Keys to the Genera and Species of North American Mosses” (revised by F. D. Heald, 1897), and “Outlines of Plant Life’’ (1900). He was the author also of scholarly papers relating to plant physiology and of many critical reviews, Professor Barnes had been a co-editor of the Botanical Gazette since 1883. He was president of the Botanical Society of America in 1903 and was a prominent and active member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1g10 President HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. Vice- Presidents EDWARD S, BURGESS, Pu.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. Recording Secretary PERCY WILSON Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City Editor Treasurer MARSHALL: AVERY HOWE, Pu.D.. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, PuHar.D. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St. New York City New York City Associate Editors JOHN H. BARNHART, A.M., M.D. |. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. JEAN BROADHURST, A.M. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILEL, Pu.D. PHILIP DOWELL, Pu. D. ‘CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M. ALEX. W, EVANS, M.D., PH.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. Meetings the second Tuesday and last Wednesday of each month alternately at the American Museum of Natural History and the New York Botanical Garden PUBLICATIONS. Bulletin. Monthly, established 1870. Price $3.00 per year; single numbers 30 cents. Of former volumes only 24-36 can be supplied en- tire. Certain numbers of other volumes are available, and’ the completion of sets will be undertaken, Memoirs. A series of technical papers published at irregular intervals, estab- lished 1889. Price $3.00 per volume. Torreya. Monthly, established 190%. Price $1.00 per year. All business correspondence relating to the aboye publications should be addressed to William Mansfield, Treasurer, College of Pharmacy, 115 W. 68th St., New. York City. OTHER PUBLICATIONS | OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN | A monthly journal devoted to general botany, established 1870. Vol. 36 published in 1909, contained 720 pages of text and 34 full-page plates. Price $3.00 per annum.-- For Europe, 14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England. i Of former volumes, only 24-36 can be supplied entire ; cer- tain numbers of other volumes aréavailable, but the entire stock of some numbers has been reserved for the completion of sets. ~ Vols. 24-27 are furnished at the published price of two dollars each; Vols. 28—36 three dollars each. - Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. . (2) MEMOIRS The Memoirs, established 1889, are published at irregular intervals. Volumes 1-11 and 13 arenow completed; Nos. 1 and 2 of Vol. 12 and No. 1 of Vol. 14 have been issued. The sub- — scription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteri- dophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. , Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to DR. WILLIAM MANSFIELD College of Pharmacy 115 W. 68TH STREET NEW YORK CITY Vol. x0 April, 1910 No. 4 TORREYA A Monruty Journat or BoranicaL Notes anp News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY JEAN BROADHURST JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS A Plant-Case for the Control of Relative Humidity: W. T. Bovib..:......2........... 77 Local Flora Notes —TIL: NORMAN TAYLOR... i002 ceccieccecheus Spieeeidersavedcctetinceotsane 80 The Eucalyptus Trees of California: JEAN BROADHURST ....0.... 0.2 cscceeceeteeeee ee Rey. Shorter Notes : ; The Andropogon-Viola Uromyces: JOHN L. SHELDON......... 0.2... ece sence ep eneees go A New Ponthieva from the Bahamas: OAKES AMES,, ............. RSA Oh ros Te se 90 Auswers to the Wisconsin Riddle: J. J. DAVIS...... 0.0. ..ccc cc ececceceeeee eee cuesenees Ql, Proceedings of the Club: JEAN BROADHURST, MARSHALL A, HOWE.........0....00.00- 92 Of Interest to Teachers: Science Teaching...............0cecesccccreeeecteseeeneeeeeeneanecenes 07 RENTS PRE CNIS (2h hi j'y.2cie od we vd sas YaER ah acto oop Me etme ie oa nb eS af ote nia Nieiag Gx be ae AMES NeoaN Golda ae se 100 PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB Ar 4x NortuH QueEN STREET, LANCASTER, Pa. BY Tue New Era Printinc Company [Entered at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., as second-glass matter. | THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR gio President HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. Vice-Presidents EDWARD S. BURGESS, PH.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. Recording Secretary PERCY WILSON Botanica) Garden, Bronx Park, New York City | Editor : Treasurer ; MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, PH.D. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, PHAR.D. : Botanical Garden, Bronx Park College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St. © New York City New York City Associate Editors JOHN H. BARNHART, A.M., M.D. TRACY ELLIOF HAZEN, Pu.D. JEAN BROADHURST, A.M. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILI, Pu.D. PHILIP DOWELL, Pu.D. ~ CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A-M. ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., PH.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. TorREYA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to TREASURER, TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB, 41 North Queen St., Lan- - caster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City. Matter for publication should be addressed to JEAN BROADHURST Teachers College, Columbia University New York City TORREYA April, Igio Vol. Io No. 4 A *PLANT—-CASE FOR THE CONTROL OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY By W. T, Bovis In connection with some work on the non-available water in soils the writer has devised a plant-case in which plants can be grown under conditions of constant humidity. The apparatus has given excellent satisfaction, not only in its efficiency for con- trolling humidity, but also because it has made it possible to determine, within a reasonable degree of accuracy, the time of death of the plants. This is a necessity in non-available water determinations. The relative humidity is controlled by forcing a current of dried air into the plant-case by means of an air pump, at a rate necessary to balance the moisture given off by the plants. It is often desirable to control humidity conditions when working with plants ; and as far as known to the writer the only published description of a humidity balance is that of a case devised by Gregaire and Hendrick.* This publication has not been acces- sible to me. } The plant-case is a cubical box, two feet on a side. The top and four sides are made of plate glass, one-fourth of an inch thick. Any kind of glass will do provided it be free from irregularities which might refract the light-rays, like a lens. The frame of the case is made of wooden pieces fitted together with screws, and so arranged as to hold the glass sides as a window pane is held in its sash. All of the glass is set in asphalt. Asphalt is also used to close the joints where the several pieces of the frame are fastened together. The front of the case contains a door, which is held, by means of twelve * Reported by A. Petermann (Bul. Inst. Chim. et Bact. Gembloux, 70: 22-3. 1901), See Exp. Sta. Rec. 13: 1018. 1901-02. [No. 3, Vol. 10, of TOKREYA, comprising pages 52-76, was issued March 31, 1910. | Tl LIBRAI NEW Yo! BOTANICA GARDEN. 78 bolts, in practically air-tight contact with its bed, which is cut into the case frame. The bottom of the case is of wood, covered inside with a continuous sheet of tin. The pump used for forcing air into the case was made by the local tinner at an expense of twenty-five cents. The cylinder of the pump is four inches long and two inches in diameter. A pump of this size will deliver, approximately, one hundred cubic centimeters of air at each stroke, and, at a rate of eighty strokes per minute, it will change the air in the plant-case every thirty minutes. The air passes from the pump into a filter-flask, which serves as a “ stuffing-box,” from which it passes into the series of wash- bottles at a more uniform rate than it would if the pump were connected directly with the wash-bottles. Considerable acid is swept along by the air, from one wash-bottle to the next. This exposes much more.surface of acid to the air, but necessitates the inclusion of a bottle at the end of the series to catch the acid thus carried over. . An electric fan, within the case, keeps the air well mixed. A thermograph of convenient size, a recording hygrometer, and a small hygrometer of the “‘ Mitthof’s the case. This latter instrument is much more sensitive than the recording hygrometer, and thus indicates any temporary variations in the humidity. The air in the case can be reduced from saturation to approxi- mately 10 per cent. (hygrograph record) in 12 hours, even when ” pattern were also kept in the case is full of living plants. In these experiments the air was continually kept as dry as possible, but the humidity could have been maintained at any desired per cent. within a range limited only by the sensitiveness of the hygrometer used, had the index- arm of the hygrometer been made to open and close mercury switches, operating the circuit of the electric motor which drives the pump. The current of dry air would then have ceased when the desired humidity was reached. As stated above, the time of death of the plants grown in the case could be determined quite closely. By holding the humidity very lowall of the time, the plants dried out at once, and became Q Uy in, 19 GZ : MUU (Geren, ug rss NI} Winn, SS Qo» “My my Ia Q s > I “ty SM y om Py s Miffelto, I 3 For reftorig Hair. Qunces, 14- Mo ffe, 15. Maidenhore, 16 z + aa For.he Eyes. ‘4 Fernzell 17. Vemeries 18. Rfes, 19. C2adine, ED 20> For the Bares. : Af. avabacce. 25 Wound Ij, 26 Ivy 27 ge ee 28 Night{bade, 29° Sow-fennell , 30 Sow-thiftles : 31 2..:Bor the Nofe. wuke-Robin or Cuckow- pint. 32 E lawer-delace, 3,3 » Horfetasle oe Shepherds purfe a Wallow ; = ats 3 5 Biftort, 0 8 ab 37 : Foxmentill, . Cinnckefeile - 39° Abwbread 5. nor fe . For the Mouth 3 in gencrall, ae. ; 4t Malberries, 42 Mens, ey se Purflene; ee gr eae Golden Rod, 45 “For the Seutvey. Scnrvy-graffe, 46 Stalk Hosfeleeke, 47. Alves or Sea et 5 Ruwitary, ” 2 URL ABC - Creffes, 5° ok 4 Pine, Pome crazale » Malick, Mafier-wort Coral, Cora!l-wart, Refbarraws Henbaz. wild rif 3 For the drynelte: of : ‘the Mouth, -. ; Fleawrort , er ‘ For the difeafes of the Fer che Teeth. a, A Table of the- Appeopriations, hee what Part every Plant is chiefly medici- nable throughout the whole Body of Man; beginning with the Head ; quoted accor dd ing to the Chapters contained in this Throac. s7aS, Rough- nefs,Quinfy,Kings _ Wy Fic. 6. The table of appropriations. . Evils. oes oS ee Thyoat-wopt., 6r Dite-Tree, iS 2 Winter Green, 63 2 Horfetongue é 64, Figge-wort; ay Archangellh » . 66 Foxglove, He) 6%, Qrpine , 63 - Pelstory of the wall” 6g. Wheatey Barly, 7% Garlic ky 72 = "Ts quetices: Bs oie Figge-Treey, Fagg Fylfope 5 7 wef ae 203 CHAPSEXX Of Wheat. The Vertues. He bread that is made of Wheat being applyed hot out of the Oven for an hour, three daies together, to the Throat that is troubled with Kernels or the Kings Evill, healeth it perfectly; and Slices of it, after it is a little {tale being foaked in Red Rofe Water, and applyed to the eyes that are hot, red, and inflamed, or that are bloodshot, helpeth them. “The flower of Wheat * * %* and mixed with Vinegar and Hony, boyled together healeth all freckles, fpots, and Pimples on the face: Wheat-flowre being mixed with the Yolk of an Egge, Honey, and Turpentine, doth draw, clenafe, and heal * * * . The Leaven of Wheat Meal hath a property to heal and to draw; and in efpeciall it rarifieth the hard skins of the feet and hands; as allo Warts, and hard knots in the fleih, being applyed with fome salt. * * * Pliny faith, That the Corns of Wheat, parched upon an Iron Pan, and eaten, is a prefent remedy for thofe that are chilled with cold. * * * Difcorides faith, That to eat the corns of green Wheat hurteth the ftomach * * * but chewed and applyed to the biting of a mad Dog, it cureth it. CHAP. LXXIII Of Liquorice The Kindes. 7 ; YO this kind four forts may be referred. 1. Common Liquo- rice. 2. Difcorides, his Liquorice. 3. The moft common Liquorice Vetch. 4. Another Liquorice Vetch. The Vertues. The Root of Liquorice is good againit the rough hardnefie of the Throat and Breaft, it openeth the Pipes of the Lungs * * * and ripeneth the Cough * * * “The Scythians are faid, by chewing this in their mouths to keep themfelves from thirft in their long journeys through the deferts for ten or twelve daies; and ftayeth hunger alio xk K * 204 (Cialale. ILA IS Of Elecampane. Aving appropriated feverall Simples, to the inflide and out- H fide of the Throat, The Breaft comes next in Order to be provided for, both internally and externally, to which there is nothing more proper than Elecampane * * * : fome think it took the name from the tears of Helen, from whence it fprung, which is a Fable; others fay it was fo called becaufe Helen firit found it available againit biting and {tingings of venemous Beasts; and others think it took its name from the Ifland Helena where the beft was found to grow. * * * The Kindes. To this Plant, which otherwife would be fingle, do fome refer the Flowers of the Sun, as 1. The greater flower of the Sun. 2. The lefser flower of the Sun. 3. The Male flower of the Sun. 4. The Marigold Sunflower. The Forme. Elecampane fhooteth forth many large leaves lying neer the ground, which are long and broad, but imall at both ends; fomewhat foft in handling, of a whitifh green on the upper fide; and gray under- neath, each fet upon a fhort fitalk: From amongit which, rife up divers great and {trong hairy ftalks, two or three foot high with fome leaves thereon compaifing them about at the lower ends, and are branched towards the tops bearing divers great and large flowers like unto thofe of the flower of the Sun, of which it is faid to be a kind, as I faid before; both the border of the leaves and the middle Thrum being yellow, which is not wholly converted into large seed, as in the flower of the Sun; but turneth into Down with fome long {mall brownilh feed among it, and is carried away with the wind: the Root is great and thick, branched forth divers waies, blackifh on the out- fide, and white within, of a very bitter tafte but good fent, efpecially when it is dryed, no part elfe of the plant having any imell. The Places and Time. This is one of the Plants, whereof England may boait as much as any: for there growes none better in the world then in England; let Apothecaries and Druggifts fay what they will. It groweth in meadows that are fat and fruitful as in Parfons Meadow by Adder- bury as I have been told, and in divers other places about Oxford{hire. It is found alfo upon the Mountains and fhadowy places that be not altogether dry: it groweth plentifully in the fields on the left hand as you go from Dunftable to Puddle hill. Alfo in an Orchard as 2056 you go from Colbrok to Ditton Ferry, which is the way from London to Windfor and in divers places in Wales, particularly in the Orchard of Mr. Peter Piers at Guiernigron neer St. dfaphs. The flowers are in their beauty in June and July, the beft time to gather the roots is in Autumn, when the leaves fall: yet it may be gathered in the Spring before they come forth. The Vertues. Elecampane * * * helpeth fhortneffe of Wind * * * . A de- coction of the Root is good againit poyson and bitings of Serpents - * * * bruised and put into Ale or Beer, and daily drunk, cleareth, {trengtheneth, quickeneth the fight of the Eyes wonderfully. * * * Pliny faith that Julia Augufta let no day pals without eating fome of the root * * * which it may be fhe did to help digestion, to expell Melancholy and forrow, and to caufe mirth * * * for all which it is very effe€tual. CEN OOa Of Reeds, but especially of the Sugar Cane or eed. The Forme. He Sugar cane is a pleafant and profitable Reed, having long {talks feaven or eight foot high, joynted and Knee’d like the common walking Canes, but that the Leaves come forth of every joynt on every fide of the {talk one, like unto wings long narrow and fharp pointed. “The Cane it felf or italk is not hollow as other Canes and Reeds are; but full and ituffed with a spungious fub{tance, in taste exceeding fweet. The root is great and long creeping along within the inner cruft of the earth, which is likewife fweet and pleafant, but leffe hard or wooddy then other Canes or Reeds; from which do fhoot many young Cions which are cut away from the main or Mother plant; becaufe they fhould not draw away the nourishment from the old ftock; and fo get unto themfelves a little moilture, or elfe fome sub{tance not much worth, and caufe the {tock to be barren, and themfelves little the better: which fhoots de ferve for plants to fet abroad for increafe. The Places and Time. The Sugar Cane groweth naturally in the Eaft and Weft Indies, the Barbadoes, Madera, and the Canary Islands, and Barbary also. It is planted likewife in many parts of Europe at this day * * * fome fhoots have been planted in England but the coldneffe of the 206 climate quickly made an end of them. * * * The Sugar cane is planted of the year in thofe hot countries where it doth naturally grow, by reafon they fear no frofts to hurt the young fhoots, at their firft planting * * *. The Vertues. Sugar is good to make {mooth the roughneffe * * * of the Lungs, cleareth the voice and putteth away hoarinefs and the Cough; and fo doth Sugar Candy. Sugar or White Sugar Candy, put into the Eye, taketh away the dimneffe, and the blood fhotten theirin * * * . This is the Phyfical ufe of Sugar, which hath obtained now a daies fo continall and daily ufe; that it is almoft accounted not Phyficall, and is more commonly ufed in Confections, Syrups, and fuch like; as also preferving, and conferving fundry fruits * * * to write all which, is befides our Intentions. Now for our ordinary Reeds * * * . The frefh leaves bruifed, or the roots applyed to thofe places that have Thorns, Splinters, or the like in the flefh do draw them forth in a fhort {pace * * * ; the Ashes made of the outer rind of the {talk, mingled with Vinegar, helpeth the falling of the hair. If the flower or woolly fubitance happen into the ears, it {ticketh theirin fo faft, as that by no means it will be gotten forth again, but will pro- cure deafneffe withal. Some have obferved that the Fern and the Reed are at perpetuall enmity, the one not abiding where the other is: which may be, as my Lord Bacon faith, not becaufe of any An- tipathy in the plants; but because they draw a like nourifhment, and fo ftarve one the other; whereas there is such amity they fay, between Afparagus and the Reed, that they both thrive wondrous well, which is becaule they draw a different Juyce. Reeds are alfo put to many necellary ules, as to thatch houfes, to ferve as walls and defence to Gardiners in the cherifhing of their plants, to Water-men to trim their boats, to Weavers to wind their yarn on and for divers other purpofes: Nay thofe that grow in the Indies by reafon of the heat of thofe Climates grow fo great and tall, that they ferve inftead of timber, both to build their houfes and to cover them. Clalave. CWI. Of Periwinckle. The Kinds. y \ Here be divers Sorts or Kinds of Periwinckle, whereof fome be greater, others leffer; fome with white Flowers, others Purple, and double, and fome of a fair blew Sky Colour. 207 The Forme. The common Sort of Periwinckle hath many Branches, trailing or running upon the ground, fhooting out {mall Fibers at the Joynts as it runneth * * * and with [the leaves] come alfo the Flowers (one at a joynt standing upon a tender Foot-{talk) being fomewhaz long and hollow, parted at the brims, fometimes into four, fometimes into five leaves, of a pale blew colour. The Root is not much bigger then a Ruth, bufhing in the ground, and creeping with his Branches far about, whereby it quickly poffeffeth a great compaffe, and is therefore moft ufually planted under hedges, where it may have room to run up upon the {fticks, which it doth encompaffe, and bind over and over, and is perhaps from thence called Vinca Per winca. The V ertues. * * * Tt is likewife good againit the biting of Adders, being bruised, and applyed to the place, efpecially if the infulion thereof in Vinegar be taken inwardly. Parkinson faith, it is a tradition with many, that a wreath made hereof, and worn about the Legs, de- fendeth them from the Cramp; by which words he feemeth in my judgment, to doubt of the truth thereof; but indeed, he needed not fo to do; for I knew a friend of mine who was very vehemently tor- mented with the cramp, for a long while, which could be by no means eatled, till he had wrapped some of the Branches hereof about his Legs * * *. Mr. Culpepper writeth that Venus owns this Herb, and saith, That the Leaves eaten by Man and Wife together, caufe love, which is a rare quality indeed if it be true. ( Zo be concluded. ) SHORTER NOTES THE CATHERINE McCMANEs Funp.—The fund announced in TORREYA two years ago which has since provided the unusual number of illustrations has been renewed; one hundred dollars has been given for the coming year and another hundred is promised for the year following. This fund has made it possible to print many papers for which the authors demanded illustra- tions, and it is hoped that the fund will help make ToRREYA more desirable, both to readers and contributors. THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF Lespedeza striata. This native of eastern Asia was introduced into North America during the first half of the last century, and at once established itself as a naturalized member of our flora. Just how early the 208 species was introduced appears to be uncertain, but the popular belief held throughout the Southern States, namely that the plant was brought into that section during the Civil War period, is erroneous, although it was doubtless then disseminated in various sections where it had not been before observed. The late Professor Porter found it thoroughly naturalized in middle Georgia as early as 1846 while he was a resident of that state. Its advent was probably unnoticed by the native residents on account of the relative inconspicuousness of the plants, and how long previous to 1846 the plant may have been established as a member of our flora Professor Porter was not able to learn. During the first half of the last century the plant seems to have spread slowly; however, during the second half, it advanced north, northwest, and west, apparently establishing itself per- manently wherever it gained a foothold. On account of local means of dispersal Lespedeza striata spread westward more rapidy than northward The end of the last century saw it established in Texas, Kansas, and Illinois, while it was not until the beginning of the present century that it got a firm hold in southern Pennsylvania. The geographical range for the species given in the several floras within whose limits it occurs are too narrow, and should read Pennsylvania to Kansas, Florida, and Texas. J. K. SMALL REVIEWS Ganong’s Teaching Botanist* Progressive teachers of botany already possess well worn copies of the first edition of this pioneer contribution to the pedagogy of their subject. The second edition, “rewritten almost through- out’, is brought abreast of the advance of the past decade in botanical education, and will, no doubt, be even more warmly welcomed than was the first edition. The title not only names the book, but designates the class of readers to whom it is addressed, and to whom it will make its *The Teaching Botanist. By William F. Ganong, Ph.D. Second edition. Pp. xi + 439; plates 2; figures 40. $1.25. The Macmillan Co., New York. 1910. 209 strongest appeal. The book will not commend itself to that type of university professor who regards research and the direc- tion of it as the chief end of man, and his teaching as only a necessary evil, essential in order to hold his position and justify his salary. Undoubtedly the pendulum has reached the end of its swing in this direction, and there has already begun a return to the more stable and desirable condition where efficient teaching of the science is regarded, not only as worth while for its own sake, but absolutely essential to the greatest growth and development of the science. That there are at present more vacancies in botanical positions in the United States than there are competent men to fill them, is due in large measure to the fact that a more than amateurish presentation of introductory and even advanced courses by men absorbed in research, and “‘teaching’’ under protest, has failed to make a strong appeal to young men and women of ability. It is not, for a moment, meant to be here implied that research should be considered as secondary in importance to teaching, nor that some men should not give all their time and energy to investigation, nor that it would not be an educational blunder for some men to engage in the instruction of beginning classes rather than in enlarging the boundaries of our knowledge. But, on the other hand, it is maintained, as emphatically as possible, that teaching should not be considered as secondary in importance to research; and that one who devotes his time and talents to the problems and needs of botanical education should no longer be considered to have “‘done nothing”’ in his position. It is an almost self-evident truth that the teacher should have the spirit of research, but if his inclinations lead him to make a contribution to the improvement of botanical education this should be considered by every one interested in any phase of botany as important and valuable a service as the discovery of a new chromosome or a new mendelian ratio. The writer believes that there is no error more widespread or more erroneous than that knowledge of a subject, alone and of itself, confers teaching power or is the sole need in the preparation of a teacher. ‘The Teaching Botanist” is a protest against this 210 point of view, and a positive, constructive contribution toward the solution of the problem of more effective botanical teaching. Chapter I. should be learned by heart and taken to heart by every earnest teacher. The chapter-headings are substantially the same as those in the first edition, while the appendix includes the ‘‘Unit Course in Botany Formulated by a Committee of the Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools of the North Cen- tral States’’, as well as the ‘‘Course of the Botanical Society of America and the College Entrance Examination Board”’. Teachers of all grades, experienced and inexperienced, cannot fail to derive both profit and inspiration from this admirable volume. C. STUART GAGER THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN OF INTEREST TO TEACHERS SOME FALLACIES OF BOTANY TEACHERS Among the fallacies enumerated by Joseph Y. Bergen in School Science and Mathematics for December, 1909, the following para- graphs seem of special interest. “There is beginning to be a vigorous demand, perhaps most noticeable in parts of the middle west, for a highly ‘practical,’ 1. €., economic, kind of instruction in botany and zoédlogy. It is felt that, for one thing, the teaching should be so shaped as to make use of the commonest garden and field plants to illustrate plant anatomy and physiology. Of course no teacher in his senses would hunt up a rare greenhouse orchid to demonstrate a point which could be equally well shown by the use of a garden lily, a hyacinth, or an onion. But, * * * there isa very specious fallacy in the unqualified insistence on the use of common ma- terial. * * * The cabbage is a most familiar plant, therefore let us make stomata easy for him by giving him cabbage leaves to histologize. Now a single trial would convince any unbiased teacher that the familiar cabbage leaf is not nearly as easy a subject for the study of stomata as are easily peeled leaves, like those of the iris, or firm ones for cross sectioning, like those of 211 Cycas. So, too, the fact that the common bean is a highly useful plant and Sedum or Trillium is not would still leave the bean flower much the poorest of the three with which to begin the study of floral structures. “A still more radical phase of the movement toward economic biology appears in the demand for lessons on all sorts of topics bearing on horticulture and farming, from injurious insects to plant breeding. Doubtless in some country high schools a good deal of such work can be made thoroughly interesting and profit- able. And in any schools such matter, in very moderate amounts, may properly be assigned for supplementary reading. Leaving out business and other technical courses, however, when one begins to make economic consideration the measure of edu- cational values he begins to pile up absurdities. As soon as the teachers of geography, history and geometry are willing to bend most of their respective efforts toward instruction regarding commercial routes, the alternation of periods of activity and de- pression in the world’s business, and mensuration, it will be time for biology teachers to consider favorably corresponding pseudo- utilitarian innovations. But if the most valuable crop that any country can produce is intelligent men it must follow that any kind of study which is preéminently suited to cultivate habits of careful observation and orderly thinking in school children is especially important. Then that kind of biology which gives — young people some adequate conception—partly obtained from their own field and laboratory studies—of the animal and plant inhabitants of the earth, is better worth while than that which primarily leads to more abundant hay, grain, butter and pork making. In other words, we can develop the faculties of a boy faster and further (and therefore do more for the world) by setting him to work on the structure and functions of the corn plant than by making him count and weigh the kernels of a half dozen ears of as many improved varieties of corn. Such counting and weighing, unless they form part of an extended, systematic in- vestigation carried on by the student, have no more educational value than keeping tally of the loads of coal sent out by a fuel company. 212 “There has been among teachers of botany an idea, now fast vanishing, that ecology is at once the easiest and the most in- teresting department of the science. * * * High school pupils can learn a few useful facts about such matters as heliotropic and geotropic movements of plants, the occurrence and meaning of deciduousness among trees, insect pollination, competition, the concept of a plant formation and a plant association. Further they cannot profitably go. “Though the belief that plant ecology is ‘easy’ is obsolescent, an equally pernicious notion that plant physiology is ‘hard’ still prevails. It has, in some instances, gone so far as to lead to -something perilously near to the complete omission of the subject from the text-books and the class work. Of course the more recondite matters, such as the causes of the movements of liquids in the plant body, the precise function and modus operandi of stomatal movements, the details of sexual reproduction in many groups, and a host of other topics are difficult enough to tax the energies of a Pfeffer, a Strasburger, or a DeBary. But there are so many simple, manageable things for the young beginner to work out! It is far easier for him to discover for himself the fact and roughly to measure the amount of transpiration, to prove the dependence of starch production on light, and roughly to ascertain the temperature limits within which germination of a given kind of seed is possible than to learn by his own observations anything worth while about fibro-vascular bundles or even to master the details of pollination in Asclepias or most orchids. ‘““A few words should here be said about the very prevalent idea, that since plants have been evolved from the unicellular condition to that of the most complicated assemblage of struc- tures found among seed plants, the pupil’s knowledge of them should be gained along the same road.- Perhaps with students of twenty this might be true, though one of the best all-round teaching professors of botany whom I have known, found that his classes of college beginners in the subject could not do any- thing like the year’s work when they began with the cell as a unit that they could and did when they began with readily visible and somewhat familiar forms. It is doubtful whether the 213 English-speaking world has ever known a more successful teaching biologist than Huxley and there are still some of us who remember how he reversed the order of treatment in his Biology, after a thorough trial of the evolutionary order in the first edition. . . . “To me it has always seemed a wrong done to the learner to give him a specially coined Greek derivative where a single English word or a manageable compound will serve. Seed-plant, rootstock, sac-fruit, for those who are not and are not to become technical botanists, are just as good terms as spermatophyte, rhizome, and ascocarp, while they are far easier to learn and to remember. It is indeed a pity that we have not a host of simple terms like the German Keimblatt, Markstrahl, and so on, but let us use what we have.” Upham’s Introduction to Agriculture is designed for the eighth grade, but it contains much that is more simply told than in many of our high school text-books. Any high school teacher of botany (and zoélogy) will find it a very helpful addition to the class library. A double flowering dogwood is reported in Science (June 10) by F. L. Stevens and J. G. Hall. There is an “excessive develop- ment of the small bracts that subtend the individual flowers of the ordinary head” and a “suppression of all the individual flowers except the central one which appeared entirely normal.”’ In Science for August 12, Professor T. D. A. Cockerell makes a plea for the better care of types—for their more careful housing and for stricter rules concerning the loaning of type specimens to individuals and to institutions. Professor Cockerell considers a type “‘ from its nature, in some sense the property of the scientific world.” In Buller’s Research on Fungi (1909) spore ejection was proven by means of a beam of light. It is stated that “ejection is inde- pendent of hygroscopic conditions, takes place but slowly at 0°, and is stopped by anesthetics and by lack of oxygen. It is 214 therefore a phenomenon of protoplasmic activity, not a mere result of hygroscopic tension.” In Science (July 8) Albert Schneider referring to the botanical garden symposium papers (A. A. A. S. of Boston) pleads for “practical significance’”’ in the experimental work of botanical gardens; he also insists that in such gardens and experiment stations the major part of the work should be establishing and developing new plant industries. Recently a Montclair (N. J.) magistrate imposed a twenty dollar fine on an electric light employe who cut the tops from two trees to make room for wires. Such conscious and wilful law- breaking is too rarely thus treated; and consequently, as the New York Tribune says, “with all our Arbor Day formalities and all our praiseworthy talk of conservation, the destruction of trees as the victims of laziness or sordidness goes on at a dis- creditable rate.” Governor Hadley of Missouri is one of a group of progressive western men who are planning to establish farm colonies of families who have the capacity and the ambition essential to make a success of farming, but who never can, under present conditions of living, obtain the capital required for the transfer from the city to the country. _ A colony would include several forty acre farms with a central model farm. According to the Outlook, that would be occupied by a director, an expert agriculturist. Dr. F. van Eeden, the Dutch sociologist and writer, is planning a colony of Dutch farmers near Wilmington (N. C.), which will also be a practical illustration of social organization. The future wheat supply of the United States from the point of view of (1) increase in wheat acreage and (2) increase in acre yields is discussed by Professor M. A. Carleton in a recent Science. (August 5). The first may be reached by an expansion in the farm area or by devoting a larger percentage of the present farm 215 area to wheat. Professor Carleton calculates that by 1950 the “improved farm area’’ will reach 760,000,000 acres, and that there will also be a gain in the percentage of farm land devoted to wheat, giving 76,000,000 acres of wheat land. In the last ‘forty years there has been a gain of 1.8 bushels to an acre; by 1950 a yield of 16.8 bushels per acre is predicted—a gain of 2.7 bushels per acre. The methods of increasing the acre yield: (1) the introduction of better adapted varieties, (2) hybridization and selection in existing varieties, and (3) better methods of cultivation are discussed. Professor Carleton states that the most important introduced wheats were those of the Fife (brought from eastern Europe through Scotland and Canada into the northern states of the plains) and from Crimea or Turkey (brought from the Crimea and established in the middle states of the plains). The combined output of these two types of wheat now comprises nearly the entire wheat production of the country. These wheats have not only extended the area to the north and west but have increased the acre yield. Credit is given the U. S. Department of Agriculture for much improvement in existing varieties by selection and by hybridization. Yet, that and the improvement due to progressive farming methods are deemed but in their infancy. Recent study by K. F. Kellerman and J. R. Robinson, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, shows that the presence of magnesium carbonate (0.25 per cent. or over) is “positively inhibitive to nitrifying action; 2. e., toxic to the bacteria so important to the nutrition of plants’. Calcium carbonate is favorable up to two per cent. Fairly pure calcium carbonate should therefore be used in liming soils already containing magnesium. At the third International Botanical Congress held in Brussels in May some new rules on nomenclature were formulated. Lin- naeus’s Species Plantarum, 1753, is to be retained as the starting point for the myxomycetes, lichens, and liverworts; but more recent authorities are to be used for fungi (1801, Persoon, and 1821-32, Fries); for algae (Linnaeus in part; 1848, Rolfs; 1886- 216 88, Bornet and Flahault; 1900, Hirn; and 1892-93, Gomont) ; and for mosses (1801-30, Hedwig). NEWS ITEMS The death of Samuel Bowdlear Green, dean of the school of forestry and the University of Minnesota, has recently been announced. E. Dwight Sanderson, of the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station, has been made dean of the College of Agriculture, West Virigina University. Professor Edward W. Berry, associate professor in paleobotany at Johns Hopkins University, has recently been appointed geolo- gist on the United States Geological Survey. Arthur W. Merrill, of the Baron de Hirsch School, has been made director of the secondary school of agriculture to open in Vermont at Lyndon Institute, Lyndon, Vermont. A two-year course in scientific agriculture, planned to prepare young men for “successful farming under Vermont conditions” is offered to residents of*the state. The school has been made possible through a gift by Theodore N. Vail; and two methods of paying expenses—by cash or by work—are offered the students. The fall lectures at the New York Botanical Gardens are to be given at four on Saturdays, as usual. The program includes: Orchids, Wild and Cultivated, by Mr. G. V. Nash, September 17; The Botanical Gardens of Europe, by Dr. W. A. Murrill, September 24; Some Floral and Scenic Features of Jamaica, by Dr. M. A. Howe, October 1; Carnivorous Plants, by Professor H. M. Richards, October 8; Autumn Flowers, by Dr. N. L. Britton, October 15; Plant Diseases and their Control, by Mr. F. J. Seaver, October 22; Explorations in Santo Domingo, by Mr. N. Taylor, October 29; The Flora of Switzerland, by Professor E. L. Burgess, November 5; Some Economic Plants of Mexico, by Professor H. H. Rusby, November 12; and Cuba, Its Flora and Plant Products, by Dr. N. L. Britton, November 19. THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1910 President HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. Vice-Presidents EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. Recording Secretary PERCY WILSON Botanica] Garden, Bronx Park, New York City Editor Treasurer MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, Pu.D. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Puar.D. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St. New York City New York City Associate Lditors JOHN H. BARNHART, A.M., M.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. JEAN BROADHURST, A.M. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILI, Px.D. PHILIP DOWELL, PH.D. - CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M. ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., PH.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. Meetings the second Tuesday and last Wednesday of each month alternately at the American Museum of Natural History and the New York Botanical Garden PUBLICATIONS. Bulletin. . Monthly, established 1370. Price $3.00 pet year; single numbers 30 cents. Of former volumes only 24-36 can be supplied en- tire. Certain numbers of other volumes are available, and the completion of sets will be undertaken, Memoirs. A series of technical papers published at irregular intervals, estab- lished 1889, Price $3.00 per volume. Torreya. Monthly, established 1901. Price $1.00 per year. All business correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to William Mansfield, Treasurer, College of Pharmacy, 115 W. 68th St., New York City. OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB. (1) BULLETIN - A monthly journal devoted to general botany, establiched 1870. Vol. 36 published in 1909, contained 720 pages of text and 34 full-page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe, 14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England. | Of former volumes, only 24-36 can be supplied entire ; cer- tain numbers of other volumes are available, but the entire stock of some numbers has been reserved for the completion of-sets. Vols. 24-27 are furnished at the published price of two dollars each ; Vols. 28-36 three dollars each. Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking es eas volumes. (2) MEMOIRS The Memoirs, established 1880, are published at irregular intervals. Volumes I-11 and 13 arenow completed; Nos. 1 and 2 of Vol. 12 and No. 1 of Vol. 14 have been issued. The sub- scription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance,. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteri- dophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to . DR. WILLIAM MANSFIELD College of Pharmacy 115 W. 68TH STREET NEW YORK CITY or Vol. 10 ih October, 1910 No. Io TORREYA A Monruty Journat or BoranicaL Notes anp News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY JEAN BROADHURST . JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS A Few More Pioneer Plants Found in the MSPS Region of Alabama and Geororays NOUAND AVE TARP ER Noa Ju ic cache seclwoemenh a leteniugie tide ale dp vom ehsavagievn’ A Fossil Fig: T. D. A. CoCKERELL......:.. PRIS stab aG SN SAN DEON Be bites buenas Local Flora Notes—VI: NORMAN. TAYLOR... ...0.c.0. cceeeeseche eccvitgeteesiegaeteries Pennie: A Wew Species of Blueberry from New Jersey; KENNETH K. MACKENZIE........... ‘Shorter Notes: A Mountain Anychiastrum; JOHN K. SMALL ....0... cece Of Interest to Teachers: The Term Biology...........0...:cccccceeecactectecueeeeeecneeenten PIOWO Tleme Ces o/. i cit tee cused seb rletiense siieteceeeeanneete sirddan dense itpeoasaee sol ateome or caee PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB Av 41 NortH Qugen Srreet, LANCAsTER, Pa. bY THe New Era Printinc Company [Entered at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. | THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1o10 President HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. Vice-Presidents EDWARD S. BURGESS, PH.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M.,M.D. Recording Secretary PERCY WILSON Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City Lditor : Treasurer MARSHALL AVERY. HOWE, PH.D. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, PHaAR.D. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park F College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St. New York City : New York City Associate Editors JOHN H. BARNHART, AM., M.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. : JEAN BROADHURST, A.M. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, PH.D. PHILIP DOWELL, Pu.D. CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M. ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., PH.D. HERBERT M, RICHARDS, 5.D. TORREYA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks.on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any — other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only — for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent _to TREASURER, TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB, 41 North,Queen St., Lan-— caster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City. | Matter for publication should be addressed to JEAN BROADHURST Teachers College, Columbia University New York City TORREYA October, Igio Vol. Io No. Io eB MORE: PIONEER PEANTS FOUND IN THE METAMORPHIC REGION OF ALABAMA AND GEORGIA By ROLAND M. HARPER In a few comparatively recent papers* I have announced the discovery in the Piedmont region and mountains of Alabama and Georgia of several species of plants previously supposed to be confined to the coastal plain, or nearly so; and as every county in Alabama and all but a few of the more inaccessible ones in Georgia have now been visited by botanists, it seemed a short time ago as if the possibility of additional discoveries of this kind must be almost exhausted. But in June of this year, when I had occasion to spend a few days among the mountains of eastern Alabama and western Middle Georgia, I found that this was by no means the case. On the 6th and 7th of the month named I was on the Blue Ridge where it forms the boundary between Talladega and Clay Counties, Alabama, a few miles south of Cheaha Mountain, the highest point in that state. (AIl the plants mentioned below as occurring on this ridge were seen on the southeastern slope, in Clay County, within a few miles of Erin and Pyriton.) On the 8th and oth I explored parts of the Pine Mountains of Meriwether County, Georgia, within a few miles of Bulloch- ville (Warm Springs) and Woodbury, where I had found many interesting things in 1901 and 1908. There are some interesting similarities and differences between *Ror Alabama, Torreya 6: 111-117; Bull. Torrey Club 33: 523-536. 1906; for Georgia, Bull. Torrey Club 30: 294. 1903; 36: 583-593. 1909. fits altitude is supposed to be 2,407 feet. Some interesting notes on the vege- tation of this ridge can be found on pages 58-64 of Mohr’s Plant Life of Alabama. [No. 9, Vol. 10, of ToRREYA, comprising pages 193-216, was issued September 23, I910.| 217 ‘BR Fy AR) Y Op; 218 these two ranges of mountains. Each consists for the most part of a single prominent ridge trending approximately northeast and southwest, and they are also alike in being formed of sand- stone rocks (presumably pre-Cambrian in age, for they contain no fossils), and having long-leaf pine more abundant than any other kind of tree on their slopes. The Pine Mountains, how- ever, are about 1,000 feet lower than the Blue Ridge and half a degree farther south (being the southernmost mountains in the eastern United States). Some of the most interesting finds in the way of coastal plain plants in both states were made in wet ravines on the mountain slopes. These ravines all contain small clear streams, beginning gradually near their heads and varying in length with the wet- ness of the season, and of course descending rapidly in the usual manner of mountain rivulets. The bottoms and sides of the ravines are strewn with loose subangular rocks of various sizes, Fic. 1. Pinus palustris on rocky slope of a ravine on a spur of the Blue Ridge northwest of Pyriton, Alabama. June 7, 1910. but there are very few cliffs or waterfalls, at least in the smaller ones, their slopes being comparatively uniform. This is prob- 219 ably because the mountains are composed of essentially homo- geneous rocks, without well-defined stratification, faults, etc. In most parts of eastern North America ravines contain vege- tation approaching the climax type, but here succession has not progressed very far, as shown by the large proportion of ever- greens, etc. The vegetation of these mountain ravines bears about the same relation to that of the adjacent pine-covered slopes as that of branch-swamps in the wire-grass country of Georgia does to the surrounding pine-barrens,* and there are quite a number of species common to the corresponding habitats in the two otherwise very dissimilar regions. Analogous rela- tions also exist between the dry mixed forests and the banks of streams on the Cumberland Plateau (Lookout Mountain, Sand Mountain, etc.) of Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee, where suc- cession has progressed a little farther, and the long-leaf pine has long ago disappeared, if it ever grew so far inland. The following species (arranged in approximate order of abun- dance, etc.) were seen in mountain ravines in both states, in the week under consideration. TREES: Acer rubrum, Magnolia glauca, Liriodendron, Ilex opaca, Persea pubescens, Oxydendron, Pinus Taeda. SHRUBS AND WOODY VINES: Alnus rugosa, Kalmia latifolia, Smilax laurifolia, Decumaria barbara, Myrica carolinensis, Sym- plocos tinctoria, Azalea nudiflora. (Just about half the woody plants are evergreen.) , HERBS: Osmunda cinnamomea, O. regalis, Lorinseria areolata, Galax aphylla, Carex crinita. In addition, Fagus, Xolisma ligustrina, Viburnum nudum, and Dryopterts Noveboracensis were noted in several such places in Alabama, and might have been seen in Georgia as well if I had examined as many ravines as I did in Alabama on this trip. Several species which were seen less frequently will be mentioned below. Quite a number of other pioneer bog plants were found on June 9 in a moist meadow about half a mile east of Woodbury, Georgia, the same place where I had made some interesting *See Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 17: 62. 1006. 220 discoveries nearly nine years before.* Several species of more climax tendencies, though nevertheless mainly “‘austroriparian”’ in distribution, were found on the same day along the Flint River where it cuts through the Pine Mountains in a series of rather narrow gorges, and in the swamp of one of its tributaries, Cane Creek, on the north side of the mountains about two miles east of Woodbury. The following annotated list of noteworthy plants also in- cludes two species which were observed from a train between Birmingham and Pell City, Alabama, on June 4. Halesia diptera L. Several unmistakable specimens (with full- grown fruit) of this little tree were seen on the banks of the Flint River in Meriwether County, Georgia, at the southeastern corner of an amphitheater-like valley about three miles in diameter known as “‘the Cove.”’ It was not known outside of the coastal plain before, though Dr. Mohr had reported it from the vicinity of Auburn, Ala.,{ which is pretty close to the fall-line. Osmanthus americanus (L.) B. & H. Common ina wet ravine in the Pine Mountains near Nebula, a small station a few miles south of Warm Springs. This species was entirely new to the known flora of Middle Georgia, and even in Alabama I had not seen it so far above the fall-line.{ Its leaves at this station were rather narrower than they usually are in its favorite habitat, coastal plain hammocks. Some of the trees bore an abundance of young fruit. Ilex coriacea (Pursh) Chapm. (J.lucidaT.&G.). In the same ravine; not common, but some of the bushes were over ten feet tall, which is about as large as this species ever grows. This does not seem to have been reported from outside of the coastal plain before, though Dr. Mohr cited specimens from one of the fall- line counties of Alabama, not very far from this new station. Persea pubescens (Pursh) Sarg. Seen in one mountain ravine in Alabama, and in two or three in Georgia, both near the Flint River and near Nebula. Unmistakable specimens were collected near the latter place on June 8. Dr. Mohr knew this in Alabama *See Bull. Torrey Club 30: 204, 326. 10903. +Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 6: 66. t1gor. tSee Bull. Torrey Club 33: 536. 1906. 221 only from three extreme southern counties, Escambia, Baldwin and Mobile; and Professor Sargent in his Manual of Trees, 1906, restricts it to ‘‘Pine-barren swamps, ... in the immediate neigh- borhood of the coast.”’ Nymphaea fluviatilis Harper. What I take to be this species was seen from the train, in the Cahaba River near Henry Ellen, in the eastern edge of Jefferson County, Alabama. In 1908 I had seen the same thing nearly as far from the coast in Middle Georgia.* Myrica carolinensis Mill. As this was not known outside of the glaciated region and coastal plain until 1906, it might be worth while to mention here that small inconspicuous specimens of it, about knee-high, are not rare in damp ravines on the slopes of both the Blue Ridge and the Pine Mountains. Pogonia divaricata (L.) R. Br. Rare in boggy places in moun- tain ravines in Clay County, Alabama, with Osmunda cinna- momea and several less common plants. Dr. Mohr knew this handsome orchid no farther inland than Tuscaloosa County, but Dr. Gattinger found it in the mountains of East Tennessee. Pogonia ophioglossoides (L). Ker. Although this is known from many scattered stations between the glaciated region and the coastal plain,t it is by no means a common plant in the highlands, and I had never seen it in Middle Georgia until I found several specimens in bloom in the meadow near Woodbury, previously mentioned. Smilax laurifolia L. I have already reported this from the highlands of both states, but not from either of the mountain ranges under consideration, so it may be worth mentioning that I found it quite common in most of the wet ravines, as indicated in the foregoing habitat list. Tillandsia usneoides L. In former years I had seen this “characteristic coastal plain epiphyte along rocky banks of rivers a mile or two above the fall-line near Tallassee, Ala., and Colum- bus, Ga.,{ but finding it among the Pine Mountains, over twenty miles from the fall-line in a straight line (and probably twice as *See Bull. Torrey Club 36: 589. 1909. tSee Rhodora 8: 29. 1906. See Bull. Torrey Club 33: 527-528; Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 17: 266 1906. 222 far by water), was quite unexpected. It grows in the gorge of the Flint River, at about the same place already mentioned under Halesia diptera, on various trees, principally Quercus alba. Some of it was forty or fifty feet up in the air, and some low enough to be reached from the ground, but it was not at all abundant. It happened to be in bloom at the time I saw it, and it is probably holding its own pretty well. Lachnocaulon anceps (Walt.) Morong. In the moist meadow — near Woodbury; rather rare. Previously known only from the coastal plain and Lookout Mountain.* Rhynchospora rariflora (Mx.) Ell. With the preceding, not rare. Previously known only from the coastal plain, but its occurrence here is perhaps not so surprising since it has recently been reported from New Jersey.t Panicum gymnocarpon Ell. In the swamp of Cane Creek, Meriwether County, Georgia. Previously known only from the coastal plain, from Georgia to Texas. With it I noticed two other species of somewhat similar distribution (though already known from a few stations outside of the coastal plain), namely, Commelina hirtella Vahl and Trachelospermum difforme (Walt.) Gray. Anchistea virginica (L.) Presl. Seen from the train, in a sort of meadow just east of Brompton, St. Clair County, Alabama. The only other stations between the glaciated region and coastal plain on record for this species seem to be those in Cherokee and Chilton Counties, Alabama, and Pike County, Georgia, described in my earlier papers. TALLAHASSEE, FLORIDA AN IPOSSINL ING By T. D. A. COCKERELL Among some specimens collected by my wife at Station 14, in the Miocene shales of Florissant, I find two which, on careful inspection, prove to be figs. The genus Ficus has been recog- *See Torreya 6: 114; Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci 17: 268. 1906. TW. Stone, Torreya 8: 16-17. 1908. t Illustrated with the aid of the Catherine McManes fund. 223 nized in the Florissant flora from the leaves, two species being described, F. florissantella Ckll. and F. arenaceaeformis Ckll. A remarkable confirmation of the existence of Ficus there was made when Mr. C. T. Brues found among the insects collected long ago by Scudder a veritable fig-insect, which he described* as Tetrapus mayrt, dedicating the species to Gustav Mayr, who was a great authority on the subject, and originally described Tetra- pus. Now we have the figs themselves, and although it is very likely that they should be associated with one of the species described from the leaves, it is impossible to say which, so I give them provisionally a separate name. Ficus Bruesi n. sp. Fruit long-pyriform, about 33 mm. long and II mm. wide, as shown in the figure; basal part slightly plicate. As preserved, the fruits are dark brown. The type specimen shows two round gall-like bodies, shown in the illustration, but from the dark color of the specimen inconspicuous in the actual fossil. One of these, in particular, contains an object which seems to have the indistinct outline of an insect, and I really believe that these objects are the Tetrapus developing within the fig. The fig is remarkable for its elongated form, but similar species exist to-day. It is probably on i account of this character that the name longipes Fruit of Fi- has-been applied to different species inhabiting cus Bruesi. Madagascar, Assam, and Mexico. Other fossil figs have been found, one (F. neurocarpa Hollick, 1903) being as old as the Dakota Cretaceous. Some fossil species of Ficus found in Colorado need new names, as follows: Ficus coloradensis n.n. Ficus trregularis Lx., Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr. 1875 : 368. 1876. Not F. irregularis Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat.3 : 224. 1867; nor Steud., Nom. ed. 2 : 636 *Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. LIV, 17. 1910. 224 Ficus ovaliformis n. n. Ficus ovalis Lx., Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr. 1875 : 387. 1876. Not F. ovalis Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 8) 3 20s KO Ficus denveriana n. n. Ficus spectabilis Lx., Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr. 1872 : 379. 1873. Not F. spectabilis Kunth & Bouché, ANON, SCs Neues Sie; WU 78 2a. SA. Also the following from Alaska: Ficus Dalli n. n. Ficus membranacea Newberry, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 5: 512. 1883. Not F. membranacea Wright, Sauvalle, Fl. Cub. 149. 1873. LOCAL, IRILORUE INOINES Wil By NORMAN TAYLOR JUGLANDACEAE 1. Juglans cinerea L. This has not been found south of Newark, N. J., so far as our specimens show. In the catalog of New Jersey plants it is reported as rare in Monmouth and Ocean Counties. Has it ever been found south of this in our range?f 2. Juglans nigra L. In the New Jersey catalog the plant is said to be common, except in the pine-barrens. Has it since been found in this area? The Philadelphia botanists give no stations for it, and all our specimens are from regions north of the pine-barren country. 3. Hicoria laciniosa (Michx.) Sarg. Our only specimen is an old one from Sellersville, Bucks Co., Pa. General works credit *Continued from Bull. Torrey Club 37: 429-435. 1910. +The local flora range as prescribed by the Club’s preliminary catalog of 1888 is as follows: All the state of Connecticut; Long Island; in New York the coun- ties bordering the Hudson River, up to and including Columbia and Greene, also Sullivan and Delaware counties; all of New Jersey; and Pike, Wayne, Monroe, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Northampton, Lehigh, Carbon, Bucks, Berks, Schuylkill, Montgomery, Philadelphia, Delaware, and Chester counties in Pennsylvania. 225 the tree to eastern Pennsylvania, central and western New York, and also to the middle West. It has apparently never been found in New Jersey. What is the true range of this species, which is certainly rare and local east of the Allegheny Mountains? BETULACEAE. 1. Carpinus caroliniana Walter. None of the numerous speci- mens are from localities in the pine barrens, and the New Jersey catalog excludes it from this region. How near to the pine- barrens has the plant been found? Is it known from Burlington (COns ING ee 2. Cory'us rostrata Ait. So far as New Jersey is concerned this shrub is not known south of the terminal moraine, although specimens from Chester Co., Pa., bring it considerably south of the glaciated region in that state. From where in New Jersey, particularly in the south-central sections near Middlesex and Mercer Counties, has the plant been collected? 3. Betula papyrifera Marsh. Our specimens limit this species to the country north of a point which is approximately the northern state line of New Jersey, with two exceptions, Plainfield and Elizabethport, N. J. These two New Jersey records bring the plant much further south than its apparent distribution center, which isin the Catskills, and the hill counties of Penn- sylvania. Does the plant grow between these points? Has it ever been found in Berks or Bucks Co., Pa.? 4. Betu a lutea Michx. Our only two specimens are from the Catskills. Other records, for the most part substantiated by specimens, credit the plant to Lehigh, Monroe, and Pike Counties in Pennsylvania. Beyond this nothing seems to be known of its distribution within the range. 5. Betula pumila L. The flora of Pennsylvania, the Phila- delphia catalog, and all our specimens exclude this plant from the whole state of Pennsylvania. Several stations in northern New Jersey and one in northwestern Connecticut complete our repre- sentation of this species. The exclusion from the high mountain parts of Pennsylvania and from the Catskills is almost incon- ceivable. It should be found in many cold bogs in the glaciated 226 part of our range, but for lack of evidence this is only con- jectural. FAGACEAE 1. Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. There are no specimens from the range. The Philadelphia Club’s catalog credits it to Glou- cester, Salem, and Mercer Counties in New Jersey, and it is recorded from Chester County, Pa. Beyond this nothing is known of its range in our area. 2. Castanea dentata (March) Borkh. Has the chestnut ever been collected in the pine-barrens? Otherwise it is common throughout our range. 3. Quercus coccinea Marsh. The distribution of this species given in general works indicates a wider distribution than our four specimens show. They are all from near New York City. This species is probably common throughout the region, but specimens are lacking. 4. Quercus triloba Michx. (Q. digitata of the manual). Our only specimens are from Cedar Creek, N. J., and one marked simply ‘‘Pine-barrens of New Jersey.”’ It is credited to Long Island, but the specimen on which this was based is the following: 5. Quercus pagodaefolia (Ell.) Ashe. There is only a single specimen of this oak from our range. West Hempstead, L. I., is the only station known for it. Until recently it was not sup- posed to grow north of Virginia, but collections at Nantucket and the Long Island station given above have brought the tree within our range. It may reasonably be expected to grow in the intervening country between Long Island and Virginia and the coastal part of New Jersey should contain this plant. 6. Quercus Phellos L. With the exception of a specimen from Tottenville (Bentley Manor), L. I., our specimens all come from below Middlesex Co., N. J. Has this tree been found in the latter county or from adjoining country in Mercer County? Records are extant but no specimens to substantiate them. 7. Quercus imbricaria Michx. The only specimen is from Flushing, L. I., and looks as though it might have been taken from a cultivated plant. The tree is entirely unknown on Long Island except for this; and its only other stations in the range, 227 as shown by the books, are Philadelphia and Lehigh counties in Pennsylvania. Has the tree established itself on Long Island? 8. Quercus Alexandert Britton. Until recently this tree was not supposed to grow in our range, but specimens from Pough- keepsie and West Point indicate an apparent migration down the Hudson Valley. Has any one taken specimens from elsewhere in the range? 9g. Quercus bicolor Willd. (Q. platanoides of the manual). Our specimens and the published records all show this as a rare tree in the pine-barren region. How generally distributed in this region is this species? 10. Quercus lyrata Walt. Riddleton, Salem Co., N. J., is the only station represented by specimens. According to the New Jersey catalog it is ‘“Common in the middle and southern coun- ties.’ Any specimens from this region will be welcome. ULMACEAE 1. Ulmus Thomasu Sargent. (U. racemosa of the manual). In the catalog of the New Jersey plants there is the following record: “Along L. & H. R. R. R. above Woodruff’s Gap, a single tree observed—Porter and Britton, 1887.’’ There is a specimen for this record and one doubtful collection from Weehawken, N. J., many years ago. Beyond this nothing seems to be known of its distribution in our range. 2. Ulmus fulua Michx. This species well illustrates a dis- crepancy in the distribution of a great many of our local plants, as given in general works. ‘‘Quebec to Florida,” etc., is about the general range given for the tree, while the fact is that it grows in our region only north and west of the coastal plain region. There are at least 500 species in our area that follow this line of distribution, and are to be excluded from the coastal- plain region altogether. 3. Celtis georgiana Small. Inthe Flora of Southeastern United States (page 365) this species is described as growing from Mary- land to Georgia, etc. Since its discovery it has turned up in a number of new stations, among them one from Newton, Sussex Co., N. J. Thespecimens are perfectly authentic and apparently 228 like the more southern material. The species was not previously known from this area. URTICACEAE 1. Urtica dioica L. Our specimens indicate that this nettle is only rather sparingly established in the area. Small colonies are known from almost throughout the range, following no very well defined law of distribution. Most of the specimens are from near some fair-sized settlement. 2. Urtica gracilis Ait. Much more abundant in the northern part of our range than southward. So far as New Jersey is concerned only two stations are known south of New Brunswick, Burlington and Gloucester Co. Has it ever been seen in the southern part of the state? Does it grow on Long Island? 3. Urtica Lyallit S. Wats. This species, very doubtfully speci- fically distinct from U. dioica L., is represented by a single specimen from Delaware Water Gap. The character of its rela- tive length of petiole is about its only basis for specific recognition, and many specimens of U. dioica have varying-sized leaf-stalks. 4. Parietaria floridana Nutt. This species is credited to our range in Dr. Small’s Flora of Southeastern United States (page 359). There are no specimens, and its distributional tendencies in the region are unknown. NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN A NEW SPECIES OF BLUE-BERRY FROM NEW JERSEY By KENNETH K. MACKENZIE On Decoration Day, 1907, while botanizing with Mr. W. W. Eggleston at Tom’s River, New Jersey, flowering specimens of a blue-berry allied to Vaccinium corymbosum L. were collected by me from a shrub growing immediately east of Jack’s Fork along the southern edge of the Pennsylvania Railroad right-of-way. The shrub grew in a white-cedar swamp with V. corymbosum (then in full bloom) and V. atrococcum (A. Gray) Heller (about done flowering), and was in full bloom. It was so distinct in appearance that later in the year I secured fruiting specimens from the same bush. Since 1907 until this year I have not been in the pine-barrens at the proper season to study blue-berries in flower, but this year on May 15 I walked frem Lakewood to Lakehurst especially to study them. The season was fully two weeks ahead of the season of 1907, and I found conditions exactly right for my study. Diligent search around Lakewood did not, however, reveal the plant I was hunting for, and it was not until I had reached the outskirts of Lakehurst that my search was rewarded. Here growing along the edge of the cranberry bog about a quarter of a mile north of the depot more shrubs were found. The result was not unexpected, for a number of plants grow around Lakehurst which do not seem to occur at Lakewood, and it is possible that the plant now under discussion is confined to those pine-barren bogs in which the peculiar white sands noticeable both at Tom’s River and Lakehurst form the sub- stratum. An investigation of the collections at the New York Botanical Garden showed no flowering specimen of this shrub, but did dis- close fruiting specimens evidently referable to it. Dr. Britton also informed me that he had long believed that the plant repre- sented an undescribed species, but had never been able to secure complete material. While an evident ally of V. corymbosum and having blue berries it is quickly distinguished as follows: V. corymbosum has a glistening white or pinkish-tinged conspicuous cylindrical to ovoid urn-shaped corolla 6-12 mm. long and 4-6 mm. wide, and two to three times as long as thick; and, as it occurs in New Jersey, always has some pubescence on the leaf-blades, at least near the base. The plant now under discussion has a dull white urn-shaped corolla 4-6 mm. long and 3-4 mm. wide and but one to two times as long as thick; and the leaf-blades are entirely glabrous even at flowering time. V. atrococcum with its strongly pubescent foliage, black berries, and greenish-white corolla is quickly separated. This distinct shrub of the pine-barrens is therefore here named and described as follows: 230 Vaccinium Caesariense sp. nov. A shrub, 1-3 m. high similar in habit to V. corymbosum L. and V. atrococcum (A. Gray) Heller; much branched, the twigs green, warty, entirely glabrous. Leaf-blades ovate to elliptic-lanceo- late, 4-7 cm. long, 1.5—2 cm. wide, entire, glabrous from the first, much paler beneath, short-pointed, round-tapering at base, half-grown at flowering time, the petioles 1-2 mm. long; flowers in short 6-12 flowered racemes, the ascending or spreading pedi- cels about equalling the corolla; bracts ovate-oblong, deciduous; calyx 5-lobed, glaucous, its broad lobes acute; corolla urn-shaped dull-white, 4-6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, one to two times as long as thick, 5-toothed, the acute teeth erect or spreading; stamens 10 with hairy filaments; style slightly exceeding corolla; berries dark blue with a bloom, 6—8 mm. in diameter. The following specimens, all from New Jersey, have been examined: Tom’s River, Mackenzie No. 2583, May 30, 1907, and No. 2780, July 28, 1907, same bush (type in Herb. K. K. Mackenzie; duplicates will be deposited in Herb. N. Y. Botanical Garden and Gray Herbarium); Lakehurst, Mackenzie Nos. 4544 and 4547, May 15, 1910; Tom’s River, Britton & Wilson, June 30, 1900. SHORTER NOTES A MounTAIn ANYCHIASTRUM. When I described the genus Anychiasirum three species were known. These had been in- cluded in the two genera Anychia and Paronychia, and ranged through the coastal region of the Southern States, extending from North Carolina to Florida on the Atlantic side and from Florida to Louisiana on the Gulf side. I was considerably sur- prised, while studying the genus Anychia several years ago, to find specimens of an Anychiastrum mixed with those of Anychia dichotoma. The species may be described as follows: Anychiastrum montanum sp. nov. Plants annual or biennial, minutely pubescent. Stem branched at the base, the branches diffusely spreading, 0.5—2 dm. long, very slender, often wire-like, purplish, dichotomous: leaves numer- ous; blades spatulate to elliptic-spatulate, 4-11 mm. long, acute 231 or acutish: stipules silvery: calyx becoming 1.5 mm. long; sepals ovate to oblong-ovate, abruptly pointed at the apex, but not cuspidate, glabrous: utricle included. In dry soil, mountains of southern Pennyslvania, Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia. Mountains near Hyndman, Pennyslvania, Small, August 19- 23, 1890 (type). Stony Man Mountain, Virginia, Steele, August 30, 1901. Eagle Mountain R. R., Virginia, Steele, August 18, 1903. Julius’ Creek Mountain, Virginia, Steele, August 26, 1903. Andrews, North Carolina, Huger, September, 1900. Georgia, Gray. Related to Anychiastrum Baldwini from which it differs in its glabrous and larger calyx, the sepals which are without prominent apical cusps, and the eciliate leaf-blades. = Ja Ke Siarw OF SINTERPS® Ort PAGHERS THE TERM BIOLOGY Among the students from the dozen or more colleges registering yearly at Teachers College the term biology is so commonly misused that the question may profitably, perhaps, be raised here. Biology is used as synonymous with zodlogy. Such stu- dents speak of wishing to take “‘biology and botany’’; of having had ‘‘more botany than biology,”’ etc. The Century and Standard dictionaries give no authority for such usage. The Century dictionary definition follows: (1) The science of life and living things in the widest sense; the body of doctrine respecting living beings; the knowledge of vital phe- nomena. (2) In a more special sense, physiology; bio-physiol- ogy; biotics. (3) In a technical sense, the life history of an animal, especially used in entomology. (4) Animal magnet- ism. The Standard dictionary differs only in the first of the four uses of the word, and biology is defined as (1) The science of life or living organisms treating of the phenomena (structure, growth, development, distribution and functions) | 232 manifested by animals and plants or the causes of those phe- nomena; the study of living matter. An accompanying para- graph says “‘Systematic biology includes (1) zodlogy, (2) botany, and in some systems of classification, (3) anthropology. Remarks by representatives of a limited number of teachers of botany have indicated an awareness of this misuse of the term, and a feeling that teachers of zodlogy are, perhaps unconsciously, responsible, through a loose use of the term in class room reference or through using the broader term in titles for courses which deal almost entirely with zodlogical subject matter. On the other hand, one teacher of zodlogy feels that the real explanation lies in the fact that botanists are less aware of the progress in the zodlogical world, and limit illustration and ampli- fication to the field of botany, while teachers of zodlogy draw freely from botany even in courses termed zodlogical, making the range of general subject matter as broad in courses in zodlogy as in those rightly called biology. If this is so the remedy lies with the departments of botany. The whole field of biology is theirs, though they may actively labor in but part of it. If the fault lies in the attitude of the zoology departments the remedy is a simple one, and can be accomplished by an introductory definition of botany, with a few sentences showing its relation to the other divisions of biology. In the August Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club Mr. Eugene P. Bicknell raises the question, ‘“‘Have we enough New England blackberries?”’ Mr. Bicknell characterizes the blackberries as possessing ‘“‘an extraordinary natural variability and undoubt- edly, also, a facility in hybridizing which is perhaps not exceeded in any other genus of our flora.’”’ A list showing the probable hybrid derivation of many of the species is included. The last ‘‘memoir”’ of the Torrey Botanical Club (XIV, part 2) is by Ormond Butler on Observations on the California Vine Disease. This disease, now on the deeline, is found to be “due to some weakness in the functions of absorption and translocation of water becoming manifest when conditions favoring transpira- 238 tion are marked.”’ It is therefore not due to the presence of parasitic organisms, but to what has been called a “‘physiological disorder.”’ In the June School Science and Mathematics Mr. J. P. Brown makes a plea for the catalpa which he claims has been the object of unjust discrimination by the government. Catalpa bignonoides is soft, at least when young; but Mr. Brown claims that the older growths of even that are hard. Catalpas are rapid in growth, and furniture has been made of trees sixteen years old which the writer feels rank the catalpa with the hickory, black walnut, and oak in hardness and beauty. An article on ‘‘Golden New England” by Sylvester Baxter (Outlook, September 24) gives the New England states a right to share that term with the familiar “‘golden west.”’ The article emphasizes particularly the work and influence of the Massachu- setts State Board of Agriculture and the Massachusetts State College of Agriculture. Cape Cod is shown to be good for some thing beside cranberries; and the possibilities along the fruit line are enthusiastically set forth. Owners of white birch trees are urged to examine them for the bronze birch borer. Forest birches are less affected by this pest, probably because woodpeckers hold the borer in check there. Infected trees show, according to Professor J. G. Sanders, of the University of Wisconsin, ‘“‘dead tops and upper branches, which usually bear the leaves of the past season.’”’ Such trees “should be examined for the winding galleries in the wood beneath the bark and for ridge-like swellings on the younger green branches.”’ To control the pest, “infected trees should be cut and burned before May 1. Trees must be completely destroyed, regardless of their value, if infected. . . . It is useless to cut off and burn the dead portions of the tree, since the beetles have already abandoned them for new, green wood.” 254 Experiments have been made by L. L. Harter to determine the starch content of leaves dropped in autumn (Plant World 13: 144-7). Leaves of Liguidambar Styraciflua were tested four times between August 17 and October 28. The leaves used in the last test were picked from the ground soon after falling; the greenest of the fallen leaves were used. The amount of starch varied little more than one per cent. (the lowest 10.33 per cent., September 15, and the highest, 11.47 per cent., October 23). The starch percentage was based upon the dry weight of the leaves. Previous workers had shown an increase of starch con- tent with the development of the red coloring matter, and a decrease before the leaves are dropped. It is suggested that the cool weather of autumn may stimulate the production of oxidizing ferments, and inhibit the action of diastase, thus making possible an accumulation of starch in the leaves. The methods, content, and purpose of biologic science in the secondary schools is the title of a paper in the January and February numbers of School Science and Mathematics. The author, Dr. G. W. Hunter (DeWitt Clinton High School, New York City), shows from questionnaires representing 276 schools in 34 states (1) an unexpected balance in the distribution of the number of science courses in the four high school years ; (2) that the largest number of courses are to be credited to the bio- logic sciences (not including human physiology) ; (3) the develop- ment of a unified course in general biology and in elementary science in the first year of many high schools; (4) that most of such courses are year courses in each biological science (300 to 200 half year or shorter courses) ; and that morphology, physi- ology, ecology and relation to man share almost evenly the claim to emphasis (physiology slightly ahead) and utility or utility and science training outrank science training alone. The adaptation of the course to the pupil who does not go to college is also discussed and several answers are quoted in this connection. NEWS ITEMS At Cornell, Charles S. Wilson has been promoted to professor of pomology. Mr. William E. Lawrence has been appointed instructor in botany at the Oregon Agricultural College. Dr. C. F. Clark of the New York State College of Agriculture has accepted a position with the Bureau of;Plant Industry. Miss Edith M. Twiss (Ph.D. University of Chicago) has been appointed assistant professor of botany in Washburn College, Kansas. William Dana Hoyt (A.B., University of Georgia, and Ph.D.., Johns Hopkins) has been appointed instructor in botany at Rutgers College. Professor Josephine Tilden has returned from her year in the southern Pacific and resumed work at the University of Min- nesota. Professor Guy West Wilson, formerly of Upper Iowa Univer- sity, has been appointed assistant in vegetable pathology at the North Carolina Experiment Station. Dr. Herman A. Spoehr, assistant in chemistry in the University of Chicago, has been appointed a member of the staff of the Department of Botanical Research of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. By the aid of chemical methods Dr. Spoehr is to investigate at the Desert Laboratory at Tucson certain problems in plant physiology. The second annual summer session of the school of forestry of the University of Georgia, in charge of Prof. Alfred Akerman, was held during 8 weeks in June, July, and August in the long-leaf pine forests in the eastern part of Alachua Co., Florida. The school secured the use for the season of a large tract of cut-over timber whose owners expect to restore it and make it a perpetual source of revenue by rational methods of forest management. In addition to the regular instruction in forestry, a course of lectures on plant geography was given by Dr. R. M. Harper (Florida State Geological Survey). Students from five states attended. 236 Professor John Macoun (Sussex Street, Ontario, Canada) is issuing a series of Canadian mosses. The set will number 500 in all; the price is $8.00 a hundred. Some subscriptions are still open, although about half of the series have already been issued. Collectors may also secure for the sum of five dollars a collection of one hundred British hepatics. This set, which includes many rare species, is offered by W. H. Pearson (18 Palatine Road, Manchester, England). In the recent forest fires which raged for many days in northern California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana incalculable damage was done to the forested government reserves and a num- ber of forest rangers lost their lives. Even the more conservative newspapers reported some dozen fire fighters as dead or missing and an equal number of other citizens as killed by the fires. The fires, many of which were thought to be of incendiary origin and aimed by spite or private greed against government rangers and reservations, became gigantic conflagrations miles in length in some parts of the northwest. The efforts of the fire fighters proved futile in several cases, and the fires were extinguished only by the long-delayed rains. The later forest fires in Minne- sota and Canada have been equally severe—both in the number of lives lost and in the amount of property destroyed. —e THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR gto President HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. Vice- Presidents EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M.,M.D. Recording Secretary PERCY WILSON Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City , Editor Treasurer MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, PH.D. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Puar.D. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St. . New York City New York City Associate Editors JOHN H. BARNHART, A.M., M.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. JEAN BROADHURST, A.M, WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D. PHILIP DOWELL, Pu.D. CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M. ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., Pu.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. Meetings the second Tuesday and last Wednesday of each month alternately at the American Museum of Natural History and the New York Botanical Garden PUBLICATIONS. Bulletin. Monthly, established 1870, Price $3.00 per year; single numbers 30 cents. Of former volumes only 24-36 can be supplied en- tire. Certain numbers of other volumes are available, and the completion of sets will be undertaken, Memoirs. A series of technical papers published at irregular intervals, estab- lished 1889. Price $3.00 per volume. Torreya. Monthly, established tg01r. Price $1.00 per year. All business correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to William Mansfield, Treasurer, College of Pharmacy, 115 W. 68th St., New York City. OTHER PUBLICATIONS TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany, established 1870. Vol. 36 published in 1909, contained 720 pages of text and 34 full-page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe, | 14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are — agents for England. BG : Of former volumes, only 24~36 can be supplied entire ; cer- ‘tain numbers of other volumes are available, but the entire stock of some numbers has been reserved for the completion of sets. Vols. 24-27 are furnished at the published price of two dollars each; Vols. 28-36 three dollars each. Sivole copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. . Ae (2) MEMOIRS The Memoirs, established 1889, are published at irregular intervals. Volumes I-13 are now completed ; Nos. 1 and 2 of © Vol. 14 have been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00: per volume in advance. The numbers can also be pur- chased singly. A list of. titles of the individual papers, and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthopnits and Pteri- dophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to DR. WILLIAM MANSFIELD College of Pharmacy 115 W. 68TH STREET NEW YORK CITY VOL. 10. °” _ November, 1910 ~ Nowr11 ‘ORREYA A Monruty Journat or BoranicaL Notes anD News k EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB eis i BY egre | JEAN BROADHURST JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS Northward Extension of the Range of a Recently Described Genus of Umbellif- erae :; ROLAND<¢M a. HIARPBR: ih Oo eta ais per Wadeclaeeehuslees ea 04 Vanbae eknen seek 237 Adam in Eden or Nature’s Paradise (concluded) : Jean BROADHURST SO sect 239° Shorter Notes: Notes on Chrysobalanus Icaco L.; JOHN K. SMALL............ MOB ews 249 A Wew Species of Proserpinaca; Kenneru K. MACKENZIR.......... 249 Reviews: Osborne’s Vegetable Proteins: Ernest D. CLARK ........ LAC Mo tigra ict: 250 Proceedings of the Club: PERCY WILSON .........0...05 Wii ptitia arene nena lon went ats Lace 252 Of Interest to Teachers; The Botany Unit............ SSI Sete ee i aN oa Lan ES 254 Mews Tem sie 000 oss cop yeh Sins sa namanennnn Geach oN sects ats 6 ati a aad paaee ccna tts +2, 260 PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB Ar 41 NortH Quzen Street, LAncasrser, Pa. By THe Naw ERA Printinc Company {Entered at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. | THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1910 President x HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. Vice-Presidents : EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D, JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. Recording Secretary PERCY WILSON Botanica] Garden, Bronx Park, New York City Editor = Treasurer MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, Pu.D.. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, PuHar.D, Botanical Garden, Bronx Park College of Pharmacy, rz5 West 68th St. New York City New York City: Associate Editors JOHN H. BARNHART, A.M., M.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. jEAN BROADHURST, A:M. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Px.D. -. PHILIP DOWELL, Pu.D. CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M. ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., Pu.D: ° HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. Torreya is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. . Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted.in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only | for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent - to TREASURER, TORREY BOTANICAL CLuB, 41 North Queen St., Lan- caster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City. Matter for publication should be addressed to JEAN BROADHURST’ Teachers College, Columbia University New York City | TORREYA November, IgIo F Vol. Io No, Il NORTHWARD EXTENSION OF THE RANGE OF A RECENTLY DESCRIBED GENUS OF UMBELLIFERAE By ROLAND M. HARPER One day in the fall of 1907 I was talking with Dr. Forrest Shreve about the peculiar distribution of certain coastal plain plants, and reference was made to Oxypolis filiformis (Walt.) Britton,* which ranges from North Carolina to Florida and Mis- sissippi in the pine-barrens, with an outlying variety (Canby Cyc Re, Contr: U.S. Nat. Heth: :73 193. §1900) 1m southern Delaware. Dr. Shreve then remarked that he had found this species the year before on the Potomac River near Hancock, Maryland; but I assured him that the occurrence of such a pine-barren plant among the mountains so far north was highly improbable,f and that his specimens were more likely Harperella nodosa Rose; a plant of very similar appearance, but easily dis- tinguished by its involucres, fruit, time of flowering, and various other characters. This it is true was then known only from two counties in the coastal plain of Georgia and two in the coal region of Alabama,{ but the Alabama localities were along streams in the Cumberland Plateau, which is a direct continuation of the mountains of western Maryland, and a great many species of plants are common to the mountains of these two states. Not wishing to leave this interesting matter unsettled, I asked *Formerly referred to the genera Oenanthe, Sium, Tiedemannia, and Peucedanum, in most cases with the specific name teretifolia (um). TSee Bull. Torrey Club 36: 584 (first paragraph). 1909. {See Torreya 6: 112-114. 1906. The genus (originally described in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 29: 441. 1905) was then known as Harperia, but this was found to be a homonym, and Dr. Rose soon changed it to Harperella (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 19:96. 1906). [No. 10, Vol. to, of TorREYA, comprising pages 217-236, was issued October 27, I910.] Da M| ¥ 238 Dr. Shreve to send me a specimen of his plant on his return to Maryland, which he did; and I deposited it in the herbarium of | the New York Botanical Garden. It was collected July 13, 1906, on gravel beaches of the Potomac River 114 miles west of Han- cock, Md. Its oldest umbel was only a few days past flowering, so that the fruit characters were not well displayed, but it was evidently not Oxypolis, and I could see nothing to distinguish it from Harperella. It is considerably slenderer than my best specimens of the latter from Georgia, but no more so than those from the mountains of Alabama. : There the matter rested until February, 1910, when a most interesting sequel developed. In trying to verify the report (current in botanical manuals) of the occurrence of Oxypolis filiformis in Virginia, I traced it back to Torrey & Gray (FI. N. A. 1: 630. 1840, under Tzedemannia teretifolia), who cited a speci- men from Harper’s Ferry (which was then in Virginia, but is now at the eastern corner of West Virginia), collected by Dr. W. E. A. Aikin. (This locality is given as the northeastern limit of the species in all editions of Gray’s Manual between that time and 1869, when Mr. Canby discovered in Delaware the variety which now bears his name.) As Harper’s Ferry is on the Potomac River in the mountains, like Hancock, and only 35 miles southeast of that place, I at once suspected that this plant must be about the same as Dr. Shreve’s. On looking up the specimen in question, which is still preserved in the Torrey Herbarium,,I found that what there is of it agrees very well with the one from near Hancock, even to being in the same immature stage. But it is such a poor specimen, that it is no wonder that no one ever noticed any essential difference between it and the specimens of Oxypolis among which it had presumably been lying for seventy years or so. The main stem had been bitten off (as was noted on the label), and curiously enough this — was the case with most of the type specimens from Georgia; which would seem to indicate that cattle are rather fond of this plant. No indication of habitat was given on Dr. Aikin’s label, but it is reasonable to assume that it was collected on the shore of one of the two rivers which come together at Harper’s Ferry. 239 It seems rather strange that none of the numerous botanists who have explored the Allegheny table-lands between Maryland and Alabama between 1840 and 1905 should have found this plant. It ought to be in the proper condition for identification on the Potomac River in August or September, and in the Vir- ginias and East Tennessee a little earlier in the season. Whether the Potomac River plant is what I suppose it to be or not, it deserves careful investigation, for it is certainly something far out of its usual range, if not an undescribed species. Postscript. The foregoing was sent in to TORREYA on Sep- tember 17th. Since then Dr. J. N. Rose, the author of the genus in question, has visited Hancock at my suggestion—after one of his assistants had been to Harper’s Ferry in August without finding the desired plant—and he writes me that on October 5th ~ he found a small patch of it just above high-water mark on the bank of the Potomac near that place, and collected flowering and fruiting specimens. He finds it very similar to my specimens from the mountains of Alabama, but is not sure now that those are identical with the original material from the coastal plain of Georgia. This implies that there may be two species of Harperella instead of one; a suggestion to which the consider- able difference in habitat between the mountain and coastal plain plants lends weight. ADAM IN EDEN OR NATURE’S PARADISE EXTRACTS BY JEAN BROADHURST (Concluded ) CHARS @Gyviile Of Tobacco. The Names. cannot understand that Tobacco was known before the difcovery | of the Weft-Indies, and if fo, it cannot be expected that I fhould tell you by what name the Greek writers called it, they being deceafed long before. It is called in Latin * * * Nicotiana 240 from John Nicot a French man who being an Agent in Portuga! for the French King, fent some of it to the French Queen, whereupon it was alfo called Herba Regina. ‘The Indians call it Picielt and Perebecenue; but in moft other languages it is called Tobacco. The Places and Time. Though that Tobacco which beareth away the Bell from the rest be (as I faid) called Spanifh Tobacco, yet there is, for ought that I can learn, but very little Tobacco growing in Spain if any at all, but is brought thither out f the provinces of America * * *. It growith alfo in Brafil, which is another Country of the Weit Indies, whenfe the feed being brought into England and fown hath profpered very well in thofe foils that have been fruitful, and especially about VVinscomb in Glouceitershire, where I think the planting of it is difcontinued now, becaufe the ftore that came from thence was a hindrance to the publick revenue coming in for the Custome of that which is brought from beyond the Seas; Howbeit it is continued in many Gardens though in no great quantity * * * . CiBUNIE, (CoSib Of Wood-bind, or Flony-suckle. The Kindes. / \ Here are divers Sorts of Wood-binds, fome that are winding about whatioever {tandeth next them; and for the moft part, known throughout the Land; others are {trangers, or not fo well known: there are divers that wind not but ftand upright; all of which being fummoned together, are in number eight. 1. Our ordt- nary Wood-bind. 2. The German red Honifuckle * * *. The Places and Time. The firft groweth abundantly in this Land, almoft in every Hedge. The fecond came out of Germany. The third out of Italy, both of which are fet againft our houfe-fides, to run about the Windows, where they keep the Rooms cool, and make a goodly fhew without. The laft was found by Dr. Penny * * * . The Vertues. A Deco&tion made of the Leaves, or the Flowers and Leaves of Honey-fuckles, with fome Figs, and Liquorice added there unto is very effectuall for the expectorating of flegme from the Cheft and Lungs « « « A Syrup made of the flowers is good likewife to be drunk « * * , being drunk with a little wine. Mr. Culpepper saith, that it is fitting that a Conferve of the flowers of it, fhould be kept in 241 every Gentlewomans Houfe, for he knew no better cure for an Afthma, then this. * * * “The flowers and leaves are of more ufe then the feed, yet they alfo help the fhortneffe and difficulty of breathing, and cure the Hicket. (CIBUANIP (DOW Of Polypodie. The Forme. C Ommon Polypody of the Oak is a {mall Herb, confifting of nothing but Roots and Leaves, bearing neither Flower nor Seed. It hath three or four Leaves rifing from a Root, every one fingly by themfelves, of about an hand breadth, which are winged, conlilting of many {mall narrow Leaves, cut into the middle Rib, {tanding on each fide of the italk, large below, and {fmaller and fmaller up to the top; not dented or notched on the edges at all, (as the Male Fern is) of a fad green color, and fmocth on the upper fide; but on the under fide, fomewhat rough, by reafon of fome yellowifh fpots fet thereon. * * * The Places and Time. There hath been of late dayes, fuch a flaughter of Oaks, and other Trees, all over this Land, that fhould I nominate any particular place, I might thereby feem to be a deceiver. I {hall therefore tell you in generall, that it groweth as well upon old rotten Trunks or {tumps of Trees, be it Oak, Beech, Hazel, Willow, or any other, as in the Woods under them, and fometimes upon flated Houfes and old Walls, as upon a Wall and fide of an House, in Adderbury Churchyard, and many other places. * * * The Signatures and Vertues. The rough fpots that are on the under fides of the leaves of Polypody, * * * is a fign that it is good for the Lungs * * *. The Herb * * * is good for thofe that are troubled with melancholy, or Quartan Agues, efpecially if it be taken in Whey, or honeyed water, or in Barley water, or in the Broth of a Chicken * * * . The frefh Roots beaten fmall, or the Powder of the dryed Root, mixed with Honey, and applyed to any Member that hath been out of joynt, and is newly fet again, doth much help to ftrengthen it. Applyed also to the Nose, it cureth the Difeafe called Polypus, which is a piece of flelh growing therein. * * * Crolius faith, that becaufe it hath fuch rough spots on the leaves, it healeth all forts of fcabs what- foever by fignature. * * * 242 GlaLAeS (OOO Of Marigolds. The Kinds. y \ Herebe near upon twenty forts of Marigolds, yet 1 thall trouble you with no more than ten at this time. 1. The greatest double Marigold. 2. The greater double Marigold. 3. The fmaller double Marigold. 4. * « « 8. Jack an Apes on Horte-back. 9. Mountain Marigold. 10. ‘The wild Marigold. The Places and Times. All the Sorts afore-named are Inhabitants of the Garden, except the two laft whofe naturall places of being, may be difcovered by their titles. They flower from April, even, unto Winter, and in Winter alfo, if it be warm * * *. The Vertues and Signatures. The Flowers of Marigolds, comfort and ftrengthen the Heart exceedingly; * * « and little lefs effettuall in the {mall Pox and Meazles, then Saffron. The Conferve made of the Flowers, taken morning and evening, helpeth the trembling of the heart, and is very uleful in the time of Peitilence, when the air is corrupted. “The Flowers either green or dryed, are ufed much in Poflets, Broths, and Drinks, as a comforter of the Heart and Spirits, and to expell any Malignant or Peftilentiall quality, that might annoy them, efpecially amongit the Dutch, where they are sold by the penny. CIBLAIP, CILY, Of Daffodills. The Names. T is called in Greek * * * that which benumbeth the hands of ] them that touch him * * * a Pliny and Plutarch afirm. And I take this to be the right Etymology of the word, though I am not ignorant of what the Poets have written hereof, especially Ovid, who defcribeth the tranfformation of the fair boy Narciffus, into a Flower of his own Name, faying, * * * As for his Body none remain’d, inftead whereof they found A yellow Flower with milk-white Leaves, new fprung out of the ground. 243 The Forme. The common Daffodill hath long, fat, and thick leaves, full of a flimy juyce; among which rifeth up a bare thick ftalk, hollow within, and full of juyce. The Flower groweth at the top, of a yellowifh white colour, with a yellow Crown, or Circle in the middle. The Root is white, and of a Bulbus or Onyon fafhion, yet not without divers effects by which it is propogated. The Vertues. Belides the Ornamentall ufe of Daffodils for decking Garlands and Houfes in the Spring-time, it hath many Physicall properties * * « , And their qualities in drying are fo wonderful, that they glew together very great wounds: as alfo rifts, gafhes, or cuts that ' happen about the veins, sinews, and tendons. * * * Being ftamped with Honey, and applyed Plaiiter-wile, they help them that are burnt with fire, and are effectuall for the great wrenches of the Ancles, the Aches and pains of the joynts. * * * “The diitilled water of Dafto- dils doth cure the Palfie, if the Patient be bathed and rubbed with the faid liquor, by the fire, as hath been proved by that diligent searcher of nature, Mr. Nicholas Belfon. (Cleve, (CLOW IU, Of the Apple- Tree. The Forme. Or formality fake only, I shall tell you that the 4pple-Tree doth generally fpread his drms and Branches more than the Peare-Tree, but rifeth not to that height: the leaves are fome- what round yet pointed at the end, and dented about the edges, being greene both above and below; the Flowers are White with fome Red many times mixed with it, efpecially about the edges. The Fruit is of divers fizes, formes, colour, tafts, &c: within which being ripe, be divers black Kernells; the Root goethe straight down with some branches running aslope. The Vertues. Though Apples eaten before they be ripe, or afterwards immoder- ately and without preparation, are very unwholefome; yet being gathered when they be ful ripe, and eaten with defcretion they + * * make good digestion * * * . Being roafted and eaten with Rofe- water and Sugar, as thofe of pleasanter kinds, as Pippins and Peare- maines, they are helpful to diffolve Melancholly humours, to expell heavineffe and procure Mirth, are good againft the Pleurify. “* * * The Bloffomes of apples * * * are ufefull to thofe which are 244 troubled with a red nofe and face, they being diftilled « « * and the face waihed morning and evening with the water. * « * A rotten apple applyed to eyes that are blood thotten or enflamed with heat, or that are black and blew by any {ftroake or fall, all day or all night, helpeth them quickly. + * Clauale, (COON UL Of the Haw-fhorne. The Names. T being fo much controverted by Authors concerning the true Greek name of this Shrub, I fhall not undertake to decide it, but paffe it by without giving it any. * * * The Kinds. Antiquity was acquainted but with one fort hereof, yet now there be three taken notice of. 1. The ordinary Haw-thorne. 2. The low Haw-thorne. 3. Englands Hawthorne, which is in all parts like the common fort, but that it flowereth twice in a yeare, to the great admiration of fome wife and judicious men. The Signatures and Vertues. The powder of the Berries or the feeds in the Berries being given to drink in Wine, is generally * * * reported to be good for the Dropsy. ‘The flowers fteeped three dayes in Wine, and afterwards distilled in glaffe, and the water thereof drunk, is a Soveraign Remedy for the Pleurisy, and for inward tormenting paines, which is allo signified by the freckles that grow on this Tree. « « * The {aid diftilled water is not onely cooling but drawing alfo, for it is found by good experience, that if Cloathes and Spunges be wet in {aid water, and applyed-to any place wherein thornes, Splinters, &c have entered and be there abiding, it will notably draw them forth, so that the thorne gives a medicine for its own pricking, as many other things belides do, if they were obferved. « * * CaUME COXCL TUL Of Folly. ‘The Kinds. Here may be faid to be three forts of Holly. 1. The Holly- Tree without prickles. 2. The Holly-bufh with prickly- leaves. 3. Ihe Holly bufh with yellow Berries. Yet there be fome that affrme that with, and that without prickles, to be the 245 fame, having prickles when it is young and low, but when it is old and becometh great, it lofeth all the prickles, except that at the end, and fometimes that alfo. The Vertues and Signature. * x * ‘The decoction of the Rootes, but efpecially of the Barke of the Rootf, as Matthiolus faith, being applyed by way f fomentation to thofe places that have been put out of Joynt, doth help them much * « «and alfo to confolidate the broken bones. * * * “The powder of the leaves dryed in an Oven and the pricks taken off, being drunk in Ale, is commended againit the Stitches and pricking paines of the fide, which the prickles growing on the leaves to alfo fignify. “The Sap or juice that droppeth out of the wood being laid on the fire, being dropped into the Eares of thofe which are inclined to deafneffe, removeth that infirmity. « « * The leffer branches may be used to adorne Houles and Churches alfo, at Chriftmas as well in this as in former age without any fuperitition at all; thefe that are of a bigger and longer fize are very neceffary for Carters to make Whips, and the fame may be ufed as Riding-rods, as is known to every one; But that which may feeme a little {trange, is this. One, that I knew, had a Holly-Tree growing in his Orchard of that bigneffe that being cut down, he caused it to be fawed out in Boards and made himself thereof a Coffin, and if I mistake not left enough to make his wife one alfo: Both the parties were very corpulent, and therefore you may imagine the Tree could not be {mall. CEA, COlDeCoal Of the Water Lillie. The Forme. He great common white water Lilly hath very large round Leaves, in the fhape of a buckler, thick, fat, full of juyce, and of a dark green colour, which, ftanding upon long, round, and smooth footitalks, full of a fpongious fubstance, alwayes flote upon the water, feldome or never growing above it: from amongit which, there rife up from the Root other thick and great {talks * * * each of them fuftaining one onely large white flower thereon, green on the outfide, but exceeding white within, confifting of divers rowes, of long and fomewhat thick, and narrow Leaves, {maller and thinner, the more inward they be, with many yellow thrums or threds in the middle, ftanding about a {mall head, which after the leaves are fallen off, becometh like unto a Poppy Head * eK, 246 The V ertues. *« * « Both the simple and compound Syrupes, which are made of white Water Lilly flowers, and may be had at Apothecaries, are fine and cooling they allay the heat of choller, provoke Sleep, fettle the brains of Frantick perfons * * * and fo doth the Conferve made of the faid flowers, the diftilled Water of the faid flowers is very effectuall for all the difeafes aforesaid, both inwardly taken and outwardly applyed, and is very much commended for the taking away of Freckles, Spots, Sunburn * * * . CIsuAIe, COC. Of Anemonies The Names. [: is called in Greeke « * * from the Wind, becaufe it was anciently believed, that thefe kinds of Flowers did never open themselves, but when the wind did blow. * * * The Kindes To reckon up every particular Member of this exceedingly numer- ous Family, were almoft an Herculean Labour, and is thought would gravell the moft experienced Florist in Hurope, and therefore, I shall not undertake it, but mention a few *« * * 1. The purple Pafque flower. 2. The red Pafs flower. 3. The double Pafs flower. 4. The Pafs flower of Denmark. 5. The Wood Anemone or Wind-flower. 6. Anemone or Windflower with a tuberous Root. 7. The Fleth- coloured Anemone. 8. The blew Anemone. The Vertues. There is fome other ule for Anemonies, belides the fetting forth of a garden, * * * Being made into an Oyntment, and the Eye-lids anoynted with it, it helps the znflamations of the Eyes, whereby it is apparent that the heat of one draweth out the heat of the other, as fire will fetch out the fire, when any one happens to be burnt, if they burn the fame place a fecond time * * * . GiiNii CEGQOOCGIS Of the Daisy. The Kindes. 7 W Here be divers forts of Daifyes, as well in our Gardens, as growing beyond the Seas; yet becaufle the time will not per- mit me to enquire after them, I fhall give you onely thofe that grow naturally with us, they being of greateft ufe for our intended 247 purpole, and they are three: 1. The great Daifyes, which fome call Ox-Eyes, and White Moons. 2. The middle fort of Daifyes. 3. The little Daitfy. . The Places and Time. The first, which is Great Daify, Oxe-Eye or White-Moone, groweth almost every where by the hedge fides, in the borders f fields, and other waft ground, and many times in meadows, that lye anything high: the fecond groweth in the like places, but not fo fre- quently: the place of the third can hardly be miftook, for it groweth upon every Common and other place almoft: The two firft flower in May and June, and then muft be gathered, for they laft not long; but the Jast beginneth to flower in the Spring, and holdeth on moft part of the Summer. The Vertues. The Leaves of the great Daify or Maudlin wort made up into an Oyntment, or Salve, with Wax, Oyl, and Turpentine, is moft excellent for Wounds, * « « A Decoction made hereof * « * and the places fomented and bathed therewith warm, giveth great eafe to them that are troubled with Palfy, Sciatica, or other Gout. * * * The little Daisies, when the greater cannot fo well be gotten, may be used with good succeffe for all the purpofes aforefaid, as alfo to help the Agues, the decoction of them in Wine or Water being drunk. It is {aid that the Roots hereof being boyled in milk, and given to little Puppies, will not fuffer them to grow great. ihe Conclusion: Nd thus, Gentle Reader, by the afsiftance f the Almighty, have A I gone through the generall anatomy of Mans Body, with the moft ufuall Diteafes, and diftempers of every part, from the Crown of the Head, to the Sole of the Feet, and appropriated fuch Simples (which I have in a manner Anatomized alfo) unto them, as I held to be moft convenient for the reftoring them againe to their Eale and right Yemper. I conceive that there is no body that under- stands my well-meaning endeavours, that will think, that such Plants, which are not expreffed in this Worke, have not come with in my cognizance, and therefore I fhall not need to be very exact in making any Apology, or laying down my Reafons for the omiffion of them: yet if there be any inclined to fuppofe fo, let them know that I wil- fully paffed over fome of them, and that there were fome which the time (a thing which I have much wanted ever fince I undertook this bufineffe) would not permit me to insert. And let them know alfo, that the prefent defigne was not an univerfall Hiltory of Plants, for then how voluminous muft we needs have been? but onely f thofe which are more ufefull, and may be gotten at the Apothecaries, or Druggilts, if they grow not neer every ones habitation: Yet perhaps 248 hereafter, if Life, Health, and Leifure fhall give way, I fhall with a little encouragement devife fome breef appendix, wherein I fhall com- prife the names at least, of all fuch as are here wanting. But for the prefent, I fhall bid the apprehenfive Reader to Fare-well, and I hope I fhall not only to bid, but alfo be a means to make him fo to doe. FINIS. A Table of the Englifh Names in which the Numbers are to be referred to the Chapters * A Brecock Tree, 171 Graffes of divers Acacia, 260 Daifies, great and sorts. 81 Acorns, 237 small, 339 Aigreen, is Houfe- Dandelyon, 181 IL, leck, 47 Dittany of Lawrell or Bay- Aller or Alder- Candy, 315 —itree. 241 Tree, 152 Garden Dock or Alleluja, 123 Patience, 177 M, Balfome Apples, 324 Water Dock. 16 Misfeltoe. 13 Afh-Tree and Dodder of Time : Keyes, 194 and other, 201 Y Dogges-Tooth Yarrow and _ the 16s. Violet, SOM sont. [Se Beares Eares, II : Yew, see mine in- Beggerlice is ; troduction to Cleavers, 178 Gold of Pleafure,254 the knowledge Bombaft, or Grains of Paradife,163 of Plants, Chap. Cotten-Tree, 274 19. A Table} Back to cool, chap. 284 Black and blew markes, chap. 50, 62, 75, [10 other references | Chearful to make, chap. 66, 124, 138, 150, 168 Child-blains, Vid. Kibes. Colour high, chap. 253. Coughs in Horfes, chap. 106, 276 Cough old 101, 105, 120, 151, Dreames terrible, chap. 124 Earewormes, chap. 17. 43. 58. 60. 281. Face freckled and otherwile de- formed to beautifie, chap. 32, 36, 40, 50; 51 (land 21 ether references! ] Face red, chap. 128, 284, 288. Feavers old, chap. 2, 7. 8. Flies to destroy, chap. 105. 156. Haire to make black, 257, 258, 261. Haire to grow, chap. 30) 930; [and 7 others | Head-Ach, chap. 1, 4, [and 20 others | Hens to make lay, chap. 87. Heart comforted and strength- ened, chap. 38 [and 20 others | * Selections only, including interesting names, synonyms, or spellings. + Selections only; the numerous references given for freckles, headache, black and blue marks, heart comforted, etc., are interesting. 249 Hungar fo stay, chap. 73. Stammering, chap. 64 Jaundies yellow, chap.-2, 5, 6, Teeth to fasten, chap. 52, [and 7 [30 others] “others | Memmory fo help, chap. 5, 8, 7, Teeth to breede, chap. 55. 22 [and 5 others] Wearineiie, chap. 286, 343. Neck faind, and creek in it, chap. 44, 273, 286 SHORTER NOTES Notes on Chrysobalanus Icaco L.—A large portion of the sand dunes between the beach and Biscayne Bay opposite Miami, Florida, is covered by a growth of the Cocoa Plum. The plant there grows in approximately circular or somewhat irregular patches, the stems and branches radiately arranged and partially prostrate and partially curving upward. The flowers and fruits are borne mainly at the circumference of the patches, or near it. The plants produce fruits of three colors, namely yellow, purple, and red. The color of the fruits is always decided, and a given patch, so far as I have observed, produces but one color of fruit, each patch invariably bearing either yellow, purple, or red fruits. Except for this color-difference and a relative difference in the size of the fruits, the yellow the largest and the red the smallest, the plants appear to be identical. J. K. SMALL A New Species oF Proserpinaca.—So peculiar are most of the plants of the New Jersey pine-barrens and so local are many of them that novelties are’to be expected; but I must con’ess I was somewhat surprised to find that a large amount of material collected by me as Proserpinaca palustris L. was not that species, but a plant quite intermediate in character between it and Proserpinaca pectinata Lam. As is well known, the first-named species has those emersed leaves which bear fruit in their axils oblong-lanceolate and merely. serrate or serrulate, and the submerged leaves are pectinate or pectinate-pinnatifid; in the second named species all the leaves are strongly pectinate-pinnatifid, being divided to the rachis. The pine-barren plant has all the emersed leaves pectinate with broad margined rachis, the submerged leaves being pectinate- pinnatifid. The emersed leaves are in fact exactly half way between those of the two species above referred to. 250 The plant seems distinct and may be designated and described as Proserpinaca intermedia Glabrous, the stems decumbent at base, rooting, about 3 dm. high, simple or somewhat branched. Leaves of two kinds; blades of submerged ones pectinate-pinnatifid, divided to the rachis; blades of emersed ones oblong-lanceolate, pectinate, the stiff segments entire, acute, the central part of blade one-third of its width; flowers sessile in axils of emersed leaves, one to few to- gether; sepals triangular, acute, convergent; fruit 4 mm. long and about as wide, sharply angled, the faces flat or slightly con- cave, wrinkled or rugose. Specimens examined: New JeERsEyY. Boggy soil along Pennsylvania right of way about half way between Barnegat Pier and Island Heights Junction, Ocean County, Mackenzie 2890, Sept. 1907 (type in Herb. K. K. Mackenzie; duplicates will be deposited in Herb. N. Y. Bot. Garden and Gray Herbarium); GEORGIA. Wet pine barrens east of Douglass, Coffee County. Harper 1527, July 19, 1902; in small branch swamps in pine- barrens near Fitzgerald, Irwin County, Harper 2210, May 18, 1904. KENNETH K. MACKENZIE REVIEWS. Osborne’s Vegetable Proteins * Dr. Osborne has done a great service to chemists and to those interested in the chemistry of plants by the publication of this monograph upon the proteins of vegetable origin. This subject has been his life-work and surely there is no one, here or abroad, better qualified to write upon it. The proof of this is the fact that the book is largely an outline of his own work and con- clusions. Dr Osborne treats first of the general characteristics of these proteins, the manner of preparation, their general physi- cal and chemical properties, their decomposition products, and their classification. The last chapter is exceedingly interesting, *Osborne, Thomas B. The Vegetable Proteins. Pp.125. Longmans, Green, & Co., London and New York. 1909. 251 being a treatment of the physiological relations of the proteins of plants. In this place he introduces a discussion of the toxal- bumins such as ricin, the exceedingly poisonous constituent of the castor-bean, and he also treats of the precipitin and agglutinin reactions of the proteins. At the end, the author has compiled a bibliography of more than six hundred titles, all dealing with the literature of the subject. This bibliography is sure to be indispensable to all future investigators in this field. The botanist should be interested in this subject because any light that can be thrown on the composition and physiology of the proteins of plants, especially those from seeds, would help to clear up the important phenomena of germination and so forth. Furthermore, the isolation of sharply-defined and characteristic proteins from different plants and especially the fact that plants closely related botanically yield proteins that may be grouped together chemically, all go to show that morphological differences go hand in hand with deep-seated chemical differences, a sup- position that ought to be studied much more closely than in the past. The newer immunity reactions of the blood-serum of animals ought to serve as a very delicate test for the relationship of plant constituents just as it has proved so useful in the study of normal and abnormal substances in the case of man and the animals. To the chemist, Dr. Osborne’s book should bring the results of an exact chemical study of the proteins, substances whose im- portance in both plants and animals can hardly be overestimated. The complexity and cell associations of those substances prevent their isolation in a pure state. Fortunately, however, the vege- table proteins can be prepared in a much greater state of purity than almost any of the proteins of animal origin. The result is that studies made upon proteins from plants are very likely to be productive of great advances in our knowledge of the structure and properties of proteins in general. The constancy of the composition and properties of certain of the plant proteins are so great as to lead one to think that definite chemical indi- viduals are being studied. This is a reassuring thought to a chemist working upon proteins who, too often, is afloat in un- 252 known waters with the usual beacon-lights of chemical identity gone, I mean such data as melting points, crystalline form, and so on. Finally, it seems that the publication of work such as that of Dr. Osborne on the border-land of botany and chemistry may bring together the two sister sciences which, too long, have trod paths that are somewhat parallel but still too widely sepa- rated. ERNEsT D. CLARK COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PROCEEDINGS Ob DME CruP MAy 25, I910 The Club met at the Museum of the New York Botanical Garden at 3:30 P.M. Dr. M. A. Howe occupied the chair. Twelve persons were present. The minutes of the last meeting, May 10, were approved. A letter was read from the recording secretary of the New York Academy of Sciences in which he stated that he knew of no arrangements whereby the expenses of popular lectures given by the affiliated societies at the American Museum of Natural His- tory could be met by the funds of the Academy. It was voted that the treasurer of the Club meet the bills incurred at the meetings of March 8 and April 12. First on the announced scientific program was a paper entitled “Moss Notes” by Mr. R. S. Williams, of which the following is an abstract prepared by the speaker. ““Leucobryum or white-moss is so called from the structure of the leaf which is about like Sphagnum in having the chlorophyll- cells surrounded by hyaline, empty, porose cells, thus giving a whitish appearance to the moss. The fruit, of course, is very different from Sphagnum, much resembling that of Dicranum. Leucobryums are chiefly tropical although the type of the genus, L. glaucum, is widely distributed over Europe and in North America from Labrador to Florida and westward to the Missis- sippi valley. There have been over 120 species described, many of which can scarcely be considered as well defined. Out of some eighteen or twenty species credited to North and Central 253 America and the West Indies, I have been unable to distinguish more than seven or eight that seem fairly distinct. The fruit is very similar in the different species and of little specific value. The leaves consist largely of a very broad costa, several layers of cells in thickness, and this costa viewed in cross-section furnishes some of the best characters in separating the species. One of the most interesting features of the genus is the inflorescence. It has usually been described as dioicous and both Schimper and Braithwait figure male plants, three or four cm. high, growing in separate tufts. In the five or six species I have examined where antheridia occurred I have only found minute male plants one to rarely five or six mm. high and these were always growing on fruiting plants attached to tomentum enclosed by perichaetial leaves of infertile archegonia, or more rarely on the inner side of the tubulose stem leaves. It would be interesting to discover whether or not a distinctly dioicous inflorescence ever occurs, with male plants of large size. The second paper of the afternoon was by Mr. E. D. Clarke on ‘The Role of the Oxidizing Ferments in Plants.” 9 The following abstract was prepared by Mr. Clarke: “The oxidizing ferments or enzymes are very widely distrib- uted in both the higher and lower plants. Since all other en- zymes seem to be produced by plants or animals for some definite purpose in the life of the organism, it was natural that speculation should arise regarding the function of the oxidizing enzymes of the plant. Little is known of the nature of these enzymes but their activity may best be described by saying that they act as accelerators of the ordinary processes of oxidation. It seems likely that the oxidizing ferments assist the plant in carrying on the oxidative processes of respiration by increasing the rapidity of the combination of oxygen with the oxidizable substances of the plant body. In the self-destructive processes of anaerobic respiration, these ferments probably play the same part. An illustration of the latter type is found in the case of the spadix of Arum maculatum which sometimes reaches a temperature of 20° C. above its surroundings. Certain of the higher plants and fungi change color very rapidly upon injury; the resulting ex- 254 posure of the tissues to atmospheric oxygen, in the presence of oxidizing enzymes, causing the oxidation of colorless substances to those of varied color. During the normal life of the plant it seems to be able to hold these enzymes in check, but after death or interference with its functions, the enzymes run riot; thus causing blackening and colorations of many sorts. The blackening of the foliage of many plants after a frost and the production of the red and gold of our atuumn forests may well be due to the excessive activity of the oxidizing enzymes. The color of black tea, the odor of valerian, the aroma of vanilla-beans, etc. have all been attributed to this same cause. The presence of these ferments in the roots of growing plants seem to enable them to destroy certain poisonous substances in the medium in which they grow. There is a disease of tobacco known as the ‘mosaic disease’ which is characterized by the checkered appearance of the leaves, these checkered places being yellow in color. Woods showed that rapid growth, produced by cutting back or by excessive manuring, often caused this disease which he attributed to an abnormal activity of the oxi- dizing enzymes. It has also been shown that they may cause the destruction of chlorophyll. Now, most of the lower fungi contain these enzymes, so the yellowing produced by their at- tacks upon green leaves may be due to their activity. It is evident then, that in the plant the oxidizing ferments have a physiological and also a pathological réle that are not well under- stood but which deserve further investigation.”’ Dr. P. A. Rydberg reviewed the Monograph of Sambucus by Fritz Graf von Schwerm. This paper will be published at a later date. Adjourned. PERcy WILSON, Secretary OF INTEREST TO TEACHERS THE Botany UNIT At the March meeting of the Commission on Accredited Schools of the North Central Association (including 13 states), the botany unit statement mentioned earlier in TORREYA was adopted. 255 “It has been the intent of the committee to prepare a state- ment that is sufficiently elastic to give adequate recognition to all good courses in high school botany, rather than to present a set line of procedure that must be followed by all. The work that is done should meet the needs of the pupils regardless of whether any work is to be done in any higher institution. Em- phasis is placed upon the quality and quantity of the work done, and upon the preparation of the teacher, rather than upon the particular things that are to be done. To this end the report considers the following: I. The purpose and content of the course and the time to be given to it; II. Suggested plan of the course; III. The preparation that should be had by the teacher of botany; IV. A list of topics from which selection may be made to construct a course.” From the first topic four extracts are given: 1. “The ends to be sought through an elementary study of plant life include training in the scientific method of thinking particularly as relates to plant life, information and a more intel- ligent and a more active interest in natural phenomena in general, an elementary knowledge of fundamentals of plant life and a better understanding of those features and activities of plants that relate to every day affairs.”’ 2. “In determining the content, order and treatment of topics in any indiviudal course, the needs and opportunities of the teacher and class should be dominant. * * * The quality and quantity of work done by the pupil, evidence of his ability to do accurate and reliable work, and adequate preparation by the teacher, rather than the specific content of the course are emphasized.”’ 3. ““There is presented a general plan of the ‘synthetic course,’ which the majority of the committee believes to be the best type, though it is not intended to restrict teachers to this type of course. This course embodies the elements of morphology of the great groups including the ‘‘lower forms” as well as the seed plants, of physiology with experiments upon plant activities, of ecology with emphasis upon class and individual field trips, including some acquaintance with local plants, of the relation 256 of plants to their habitat. and to men, of food and timber supply, parasitism, disease, decay, soil replenishment, etc. “An elementary consideration of the relations of plants to men as shown in plant and animal diseases, hygiene, agriculture, horti- culture, erosion, decay, foods, fibers, etc., should be presented as an organic part of the study of botany. An adequate con- sideration of such separate applied sciences as agriculture, for- estry, bacteriology, and horticulture should follow the general study of plants and animals.” 4. ‘‘The time requirement of the course should be the equivalent of 180 periods of at least 40 minutes each; there should be two doubled periods per week for laboratory or field work, each of these doubled periods counting as one period in making up the total 180 periods.” The “suggested plan’’ of the course includes more material than any one year’s work can present. The economic and prac- tical phases are emphasized more throughout than in the report of the Committee of Education of the Botanical Society of America.* It is also stated that any of the following topics may serve as an introduction to the course, and lead directly to others of the group. The content is indicated below: 1. The structures of a typical seed plant—roots, stem, leaves, flowers, and seeds—and the kinds of work done by these parts. How the plant lives—elementary, physiological experiments, absorption, root pressure, conduction, transpiration, photosyn- thesis, relation of functions to the structures by means of which they are performed. The work of leaves. The storage of food, its relation to the plant; its relation to men and other animals. Seeds and seedlings; seed distribution; the establishment of new plants. Acquaintance with some of the plants of the locality. 2. In addition to the topics just named, owing to seasonal ad- vantage, preferences of the teacher, or needs of the pupils, the following will at times be found best in this connection, while in *See Torreya 9g: 60-63, 81-85. 1909. 257 other cases it will be found best to take up these topics after the consideration of the great groups: Relation of plants to light, soil, water, atmosphere, gravity, contact, seasons. Growth and reproduction. Responses of different regions. Artificial control and methods of improving agricultural and horticultural plants. Forests, their uses, distribution, dangers, and preservation. The study of types differs little in range from the recommenda- tion of the Botanical Society. In the cryptogams field work is more definitely recommended; the species selected in each group are in most cases left to the teacher, but the life, habits, and dis- tribution are included with the life cycle requirement. Bacteria in relation to crops, sanitation, and disease occupy a much more prominent part. The suggestions for gymnosperms and angio- sperms are reprinted below: 1. Gymnosperms. Pine or spruce asa type; habit of tree, per- ennial nature, twigs and stems of different ages, age of tree, leaves and the evergreen habit, nature of the timber and its uses; two kinds of cones and the processes, time and structures involved in seed formation, nature of the seed, seed distribution, seedlings and the establishment of the new tree. Names of other kinds of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms as source of much of the world’s lumber supply, chief regions of gymnosperm forests, preservation and extension of gymnosperm forests. 2. Angiosperms. Life cycle as compared with the gymnosperms. Types of stem, root, leaf and flower structure, with considera- tion of the special work, habits, and uses of each of these. Nutritive and reproductive processes arranged so as to extend whatever work was done with seed plants at the beginning of the course. Work suggested at the outset that was not done in that connection may be included here. Pollination and seed formation, number of seeds, seed distribu- tion, seedlings, vitality of seeds, struggle for existence. 258 Structures and habits of plants of different regions. Acquaintance with plants of the leading families in the local region. Angiospermous forests (possibly delay the consideration of gymnospermous forests until this point), the local timber supply either from local forests or from others, enemies of the forests, elementary forestry problems, United States, State, and local private work in forestry. Relation of plants to soil, water, light, temperature, gravity, and other environmental factors. Productive and unproductive soils and climates in relation to agricultural plants. Diseases of plants and their significance. Artificial improve- ment of plants through cultivation, pruning, grafting, selection, and breeding. The minimum preparation in botany for high school teachers of the subject was decided to be the equivalent of two years of college work. This work should include the general morphology of the lower and higher groups, elementary plant physiology and ecology; zodlogy, physiography, and a course in general bacteriol- ogy are desirable. The teacher should also have some knowledge of the purpose of botany in high school education and of current and desirable practice in teaching botany. A porous clay cup for the automatic watering of plants is described by L. A. Hawkins in the September Plant World. Coleus plants were so grown for 180 days, and Vicia Faba plants from the seed to the late flowering stage. A container which is at least partially impervious was found to be better than the usual flower pot when the automatic watering cup is used. The plants were as vigorous as the control plants potted and watered the usual way. The advantages of the automatic device are that it maintains an approximately uniform soil moisture, and affords a simple method of measuring “‘water requirement and water loss of potted plants’’;.it also decreases the amount of attention required by potted plants and avoids the evils of alter- nately overwet and baked soil. 259 The September series of papers on the Paleontologic Record now running in the Popular Science Monthly deals with ontogeny and its relation to phylogeny. While the parallel between these is recognized as ‘‘a powerful aid to investigation”’ one paper warns the paleontologist not to assume too much for it. Another con- cludes that ‘‘the young give us very little which is not deceptive in reconstructing ancestral forms.’’ The next paper in the series, however, says ‘‘When, however, the student of post- embryonic ontogeny compares the youthful stages of an indi- vidual with the adult of immediately preceding species of the same genetic series, the fact of recapitulation becomes at once apparent.’’ The references are mainly zodlogical, but are well worth the botanists’ perusal. In a paper on the economics of waste. and conservation in the Atlantic Monthly for September John Bates Clark calls attention to the fact the ‘common allegation is true that a small area of growing trees is capable of meeting the entire demand of the country for lumber’, but he briefly adds “‘It will do so at a price.’ The “one palliative fact about a monopoly of forests’’ is that “it would let new forests grow.’’ Still Professor Clark is one of the last to present a plea for monopolies; and he presents the case for forests clearly when he says: “In another respect forestry is peculiar. Conservation not only permits, but requires, the use of the thing that is the object of care. . . . The scientific treatment of forests not only does not preclude a use of them, but positively requires it, and complete disuse is itself wasteful. Judicious cutting may go on forever without lessening the supply of timber which a forest contains, while refraining for all cutting is like letting fruit or growing crops go to decay. The trees that are ripe for use may give place to others which will keep up the succession and preserve forever the integrity of the forest; and few indeed are the public measures which would do as much for the general welfare as insisting on thisamount of conservation.”’ 260 NEWS ITEMS William Henry Brewer, professor of agriculture in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University since 1864, died on November 2, in the eighty-third year of his age. Professor Brewer was first assistant on the geological survey of California from 1860 to 1864, had special charge of the botanical collections of this survey, and with Sereno Watson and Asa Gray wrote the “Botany ” setting forth the botanical results of the survey in two quarto volumes. Several Californian species bear his name. of California, Dr. Melchior Treub, for many years director of the famous botanical garden at Buitenzorg, Java, and director of the Depart- ment of Agriculture for the Dutch East Indies, died at Saint- Raphaél, Var, France, on October 3. He was born near Leyden in 1851. Dr. Treub was editor of the important Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, beginning with its second vol- ume in 1885 and retaining this editorship even since his retire- ment about a year ago. He was the author of many noteworthy botanical papers, covering a wide range of topics. David Pearce Penhallow, the botanist and professor of botany at McGill University, Montreal, died October 26, on board the steamship Lake Manitoba bound for Liverpool. Professor Pen- hallow was born at Kittery Point, Me., May 25, 1854. He was graduated from the Massachusetts State College in 1873. In 1876, Professor Penhallow went to Japan and became professor of chemistry and botany in the Imperial College of Agriculture, Sapporo, Japan. He remained there until 1880, when he re- turned to this country and became instructor in physiological Botany in Prof. Gray’s department of Harvard University. In 1882 he went to the Houghton Farm Scientific and Experimental Station as botanist and chemist. From here he went to McGill University in 1883. Professor Penhallow was a member of all the prominent botanical and natural history societies. He was vice-president of Section G of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Among his numerous contributions are the Review of Canadian Botany from the First Settle- ment of New France to the Nineteenth Century, and various publications on paleobotany, plant anatomy and conifers. THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1010 President HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. Vices PPsiacas EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. Recording Secretary PERCY WILSON Botanica] Garden, Bronx Park, New York City é : Editor Treasurer MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, PH.D. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Puar.D. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park College of Pharmacy; 115 West 68th St. New York City N Vork City Associate aoe ah JOHN H. BARNHART, A.M., M.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu:D. JEAN BROADHURST, A.M. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILLI, Pu.D. ~ PHILIP DOWELL, Pu.D. CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M, ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., PH.D. HERBERT M: RICHARDS, $.D. Meetings the second Tuesday and last Wednesday of each month alternately at the American Museum of Natural History and the New York Botanical Garden PUBLICATIONS. Bulletin. Monthly, established 1870. Trice $3.00 pet year ; single numbers 30 cents... Of former volumes only 24-36 can be supplied en- tire. Certain numbers of other volumes are available, and the completion of sets will be undertaken. Memoirs. A series of technical papers published at irregular intervals, estab- lished 1889. — Price $3.00 per volume. Torreya. Monthly, established 1901. Price $1.00 per year. All business correspor.dence relating to the above publications should be addressed to William Mansfield, Treasurer, College of Pharmacy, 115 W. 68th St., New York City. OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany, established 1870. Vol. 36 published in 1909, contained 720 pages of text — and 34 full-page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe, | i4 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England. ( Of former volumes, only 24-36 can be supplied entire; cer- tain numbers of other volumes are available, but the entire stock of some numbers has been reserved for the completion of sets. Vols. 24-27 are furnished at the published price of two dollars: : each; Vols. 28-36 three dollars each. Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. (2) MEMOIRS The Memoirs, established 1889, are eublished at irregular intervals. Wolumes 1~13 are now completed ; Nos. 1 and 2 of Vol. 14 have been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance... The numbers can also. be pur- chased singly. A list of titles of the individual Papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and. Pteri- dophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to DR. WILLIAM MANSFIELD College of Pharmacy 115 W. 68TH STREET NEW YORK CITY Pha Oe Vol. 10 December, Ig1o No. 12 TORREYA A Monruty Journar or Boranicat Notes AnD News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY JEAN BROADHURST } ; _\ JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS Additions to the Pleistocene Flora of New Jersey > EDWARD WILBER BERRY.. ....: 2 Two interesting New England Plants: H. A. ALLARD Proceedings of the Club: JEAN BROADHURST PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB At 41 NortH Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa. By THe New Era Printinc Company [Entered at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. | } CR ie ee ae iy Reviews: The Origin of the Coco Palm: 5, B. Paris. Ad eer ge ke on eR EA Ree. eae D De Pere rest h eB eee rie pees es ues serenruetrae FOES HH me meres ees KPa ee Ese SHEE SEs reese e ee sed H beets sesserseesereereteseue FARE TEED ETRE T ROOTS E ROE HEHEHE EOE HEEHES HEHEHE EH SEH E CEH Ee HHH Bae eee HEED HESHES HELENS EEO ES SENET E OS HETERO SOE ESET HE OK FEES H TEE EEDHES EES SoHE ee SEETHEH OH SHEE HEED FEET EE EEE HEHEHE HEED ERE OHS woe 267 ... 269 2727.5! THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR to!o President HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. \ Vice-Presidents : : EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. Recording Secretary PERCY. WILSON ~ Botanica] Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Editor : Treasurer MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, PH.D. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, PuHar.D. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park ~ College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St. New York City New York City Assoctate Editors JOHN H. BARNHART, A.M., M.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. JEAN BROADHURST, A.M. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D. PHILIP DOWELL, Pu.D. CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M: ALEX. W.- EVANS, M.D., PH.D: HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. TorREYA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to TREASURER, TORREY BoTaNnicaL CLus, 41 North Queen St., Lan- caster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City. Matter for publication should be addressed to JEAN BROADHURST Teachers College, Columbia University New York City DEC 2 4 1910 TORREYA December, Igto Vol. Io No. 12 ADDITIONS TO THE PLEISTOCENE FLORA OF NEW JERSEY* By EDWARD WILBER BERRY No very promising localities for Pleistocene plants have thus far been discovered in the New Jersey area. The long-known and justly-celebrated Fish House clays in Camden county have yielded a considerable Pleistocene fauna, both vertebrate and invertebrate; and vegetable remains are not uncommon in the clays, but they are poorly preserved and difficult or impossible to determine. The writer has previously mentioned the presence at this locality of fragmentary maple leaves, seeds of the gum, and leaves of the linden, the latter occurrence having been described in a previous issue of TORREYA.} Still other seeds are present but they have not been identified. Another New Jersey locality for Pleistocene plants was dis- covered by H. S. Gane in 1892 while working for the U. S. Geological Survey under the direction of Prof. W. B. Clark. The writer has not visited this locality, which is near Long Branch in Monmouth County, and such of the following notes as refer to this locality are based upon a small collection of the impure peat made at that time. The late Pleistocene age of these de- posits near Long Branch has never been questioned, but there has been considerable divergence in the age assigned to the Fish House clays at different times. The following brief enumeration will give a good idea of the varying opinions which have been held regarding the age of these beds. Lea, Cook, and Whitfield regarded them as.Cretaceous and of the same age as the Amboy clays; Cope at one time regarded them as Pliocene but later *Illustrated with the aid of the Catherine McManes fund. tBerry, Torreya, 7: 80, 81. 1907. [No. 11, Vol. 10, of ToRREYA, comprising pages 237-260, was issued November I7, I910.] 261 LIBRA! NEW ' 262 concluded that they were Pleistocene; C. A. White in 1883 con- sidered them post-Tertiary; Carville Lewis in 1884 considered them to be inter-glacial in age; R. D. Salisbury in 1894 regarded them as post-Pensauken but in 1895 and since has included them in his Pensauken formation; Pilsbry in 1896 says that they are inter-glacial or pre-glacial, probably the latter; Wool- man in 1896 referred them to the Pensauken; and Shattuck in 1906 correlates them with the Talbot formation of Maryland. In the judgment of the writer the fossiliferous stratum at least is not older than the last interglacial and the probability is strong though unverified that it is post-glacial in age. The same re- mark is applicable to the fossiliferous peat near Long Branch which has yielded seeds and fruits of a number of different species of plants. While the present collections are too small for any very definite conclusions regarding the climatic conditions which were preva- lent in this latitude at the time these plants were living, it is significant that of the nine forms enumerated only three are species which in the recent flora range from Canada or New England to Florida These are Juniperus virginiana, Hicoria glabra, and Vitis aestivalis; and in all three cases the New Jersey Pleistocene forms are not as conclusively determinable as would be desirable. Of the remaining six species, Quercus Phellos is the only one which in the existing flora extends northward beyond this Pleistocene occurrence and then only for a few miles. The others all have their present day northern limits of range con- siderably south of their northern limits in the late Pleistocene. Nyssa biflora, Vitis rotundifolia, and Taxodium distichum do not range northward beyond southern Maryland at the present time, while Pinus Taeda is said to find its northern limit in Cape May County, N. J. Zizyphus is not represented at all in the northern or central coastal plain at the present time and is mainly tropical in its distribution. These facts though few in number and coupled with a certain lack of precision regarding the exact age of the deposits are of considerable interest since it is a well-known fact confirmed by abundant and conclusive evidence that in Europe the last glacial retreat was succeeded by a period during 263 which the climate was considerably warmer than it is at the present time as shown by the extension of various members of the existing flora for many miles to the northward of their present range. The writer gratefully acknowledges his indebtedness to Mr. W.L. McAtee of the Biological Survey who through the courtesy of Dr. C. Hart Merriam has examined not only some of the present specimens but also other Pleistocene fruits and seeds collected by the writer. The Biological Survey in its extensive studies of the stomach contents of birds and mammals has ac- cumulated large collections of fruits and seeds as well as experi- ence in the identification of materials of this sort which is in- valuable to the student of swamp deposits like so many of our Pleistocene plant-bearing horizons. The following notes refer to the forms from New Jersey which have been recognized in the present study. Taxodium distichum (Linné) Rich. Holmes, Journ. Elisha Mitchell Soc. for 1884-85: 92. 1885. Hollick, Md. Geol. Surv. Pli. & Pleist. 218, 237. pl. 68. 1906. Beruay, vorreya, 6: 89: 1906; Journ:)Geols 154239: 1007. Amer. Nat. 43: 434. f. 1, 2. i909: Amer. Journ. Sci. (iv), 20 ZO LOMO: In the existing flora the cypress reaches its northern limit in southern Delaware and Maryland. Its range is becoming gradu- ally restricted in the coastal plain as is shown by the sub-fossil occurrences of stumps north of the present limit of pure stands. In the late Pleistocene its range was much more extensive and fossil remains are found at numerous localities north of its present limit of distribution. The most northerly of these occur- rences is the present record based upon cone-scales from near Long Branch, N. J., which is nearly 200 miles north of the present northern limit of the species. Pinus Taeda Linné. Berry, Amer. Journ. Sci. (iv), 29: 391. I910. Cones and seeds of this species were recorded recently from the Pleistocene of both eastern and western Alabama. In the 264 existing flora the Loblolly pine becomes confined to the coastal plain north of the Potomac River valley, although to the south- ward it spreads over the Piedmont plateau and into the Appala- chian region. It is found as far north as Cape May County, N. J., but the most northerly pure stands are in southern Dela- ware and Maryland on the sandy soils derived usually from the Pleistocene formations. The present occurrence is based upon seeds from the swamp deposit near Long Branch, N. J., indicating that this species extended at least 75 miles farther northward in the late Pleisto- cene than it does at the present time. Juniperus virginiana Linné (?). Seeds of a Juniperus closely resembling those of this species occur near Long Branch, N. J. They are queried since from fossil wood in the possession of the writer collected from the Fic. 1.—Nuts (X1) of Hicoria glabra from Long Branch. Pleistocene of Maryland it is clear on anatomical grounds, that an extinct species of Juniperus was present in the northern coastal plain and these seeds may possibly be those of that species. The present identification was suggested by Mr. McAtee. Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton (?). Mercer Journ: cade Nat sci. iehila (i) 1277. 2S ine eeanae 12,10. 1899. (Carya porcina Nutt.) Berry, Torreya, 6: 89. 1906. Journ. Geol. 15: 340. 1907. Torreya, 9: 97. f. I-5. 1900. A This species has a wide range in the existing flora of eastern’ North America and it is also frequently met with in the Pleisto- cene, having been previously recorded from deposits of this age in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina. The 265 present specimens, a number of which are here reproduced, come from near Long Branch, N. J. They resemble somewhat Hicoria microcarpa but are larger and thicker shelled. They also show some points of resemblance to Hicoria villosa, a comparatively recent segregate from Hicoria glabra. On the whole they are closest to the latter species especially to those fruits of the latter which are more symmetrical and not ficiform in shape. They are queried since it is possible that they may represent some intermediate or ancestral form. Quercus cf. Phellos Linné. Berry, Journ. Geol. 15: 342. 1907. Amer. Nat. 41: 694. De To otte WCOyo LNiee \Ciihe, Sra (Thy), 422 eiovi, iif) Koy. This oak is a common species of the Carolinian and Louisianian zones ranging from southern New York to Florida and Texas. It is a common fossil in the North Carolina Pleistocene and has also been recorded from the Pleistocene of Alabama. The pres- ent occurrence is based upon somewhat flattened cupules from near Long Branch, N. J., whose specific identity is not established with entire certainty. In the same deposits the writer has found a number of immature Quercus fruits four to five millimeters in diameter which may belong to this same species. Vitis pseudo-rotundifolia sp. nov. Seed relatively slender, curved, pointed: Surface slightly wrinkled: Inner face flat; outer face full and curved: Raphe well marked: Length 6.12 mm: Width 3.20 mm.: Thickness 225 10m. This species of Vitis is distinct from any existing species known to the writer. It resembles in its general proportions the seeds of Vitis rotundifolia Michx., but is much smaller and less rugose. If it repre- sents an ancestral form of this species, as is not improbable, the range in the Fic. 2.—Three views of seed ‘ : ae (X3)o0f Vitis pseudo-rotundifolia than at the present time since V2#s from Long Branch. late Pleistocene was more extended rotundifolia finds its present northern limit in southern Maryland almost 200 miles south of the oc- 266 currence of Vitis pseudo-rotundifolia which is at Long Branch, N. J. Mr. McAtee who kindly compared this seed with the existing species reported that it was different from any of the existing species of Vitis. Vitis cf. aestivalis Michx. The summer grape is widespread in the existing flora of eastern North America ranging from southern New England to Florida along the Atlantic coast. The specimens from the Pleistocene near Long Branch, N. J., are seeds which agree fairly well with the existing species with which they have been compared. Nyssa biflora Walt. Hollick, Md. Geol. Surv. Pli. & Pleist, 235. pl. 60. f. 5. 1906. Berry, Torreya. 6: 90. 1906. Journ. Geol. 15: 345. 1907. Avner, ||Outral, SC. (hy), 23 BOS. WOO. This species in the recent flora appears to be confined to the coastal plain ranging from Maryland to eastern Texas. Accord- ing to Coulter & Evans it occurs in New Jersey, and Sudworth records it from the Piedmont plateau in Montgomery County, Maryland. However, the botanical survey of Maryland which has been completed recently failed to discover this species except in the river swamps of the southern ‘“‘Eastern Shore’’ which it would seem marks its present northern limit. Britton & Brown state that perhaps it intergrades with Nyssa sylvatica which ex- tends northward to Maine and Canada, but in any case the seeds are distinctive and it is upon the seeds that the present record at Fish House, N. J., is based. Gum seeds have been previously mentioned by the writer as frequent in the Fish House | clays but these have never been specifically identified. As a fossil this species has been previously recorded from Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and Alabama. Zizyphus sp. The remains consist of a flattened drupe with a smooth stone from Long Branch, N. J. They are larger and more massive than those of the existing Zizyphus obtustfolia of the southwestern United States and differ from any of the existing species with which they have been compared. There is room for some doubt 267 regarding the correctness of the identification; the remains are, however, more like those of Zizyphus than anything else in the existing flora with which they have been compared either by the writer or by Mr. McAtee of the Biological Survey. JoHNs HopkKINsS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE, MD. TWO INTERESTING NEW ENGLAND PLANTS* By H. A. ALLARD During a brief visit around Oxford, Massachusetts, in Sep- tember, 1910, I was much impressed with the pretty Spiked- Loosestrife [Lysimachia terrestris (L.) B.S. P.]. At this season in certain situations many plants had become strikingly con- spicuous from the great numbers of deep red, elongated bulblets which were growing from the axils of the numerous, more or less distinctly whorled leaves. These bulblets, which mor- phologically are suppressed branchlets, may reach a length of 34 of an inch, are very pointed and deep red in color. Late in the season these bulblets are very easily detached and thickly strew the ground beneath the plants. In June and July the Spiked-Loosestrife produces an abun- dance of small, brown-marked, yellow blossoms in a terminal, pyramidal raceme. The plants, however, are far more noticeable in autumn when they have become reddened with their axillary bulblets, which at first sight resemble peculiar little fruits more than anything else. Conditions of environment seem to deter- mine whether the plants will produce these bulblets abundantly or not. Many botanical descriptions of Lysimachia terrestris make little or no mention of this well-marked habit of the plant to produce axillary bulblets. The Narrow-leaved Laurel (Kalmia angustifolia L.) is a low, evergreen shrub thriving in pastures throughout New England. During its growth it forms small tufts which, in the course of years, if the conditions of growth have been uniform, may form great circular areas many feet in diameter. This peripheral extension is probably accomplished by a process of budding from underground shoots. *Jllustrated with the aid of the Catherine McManes fund. 268 Fic. 1.—Capsule-clusters of Kalmia angustifolia of successive years. 269 It is interesting to observe how persistently this Kalmia retains the seed capsules of each season’s growth. If fruiting branches of this little shrub be carefully examined, it will be noted that several clusters of small, closely crowded capsules appear along the stalk, as shown in the accompanying photograph. Each cluster is the growth of a single season, and as the capsules are strongly persistent, clusters several years old may be present. The accompanying illustration shows two stalks with a few capsules still adhering from the growth of the season of 1907, together with clusters of each succeeding year including the present season of 1910. The uppermost cluster of capsules represents the present season’s growth, and is of a rich, reddish-brown color, which becomes a dull, faded grey in older clusters longer exposed to weathering influences. The beautiful, showy rose-red flowers of early summer are closely arranged in whorls of little corymbs in the axils of the persistent, last year’s leaves. Later in the season following the appearance of the clustered capsules these subtending leaves are shed and the leafy shoot of the present season surmounts the topmost capsule cluster, as shown in the photograph. These new leaves persist through the winter, and from their axils will appear the flowers and seed-capsules of the next season. Kalmia angustifolia flourishes in open, damp situations through- out New England. In certain open hilly pastures it becomes especially luxuriant. The rare beauty of its clustered, deep rose-red flowers in early summer together with the green, per- sistent leaves, the neat, compact, massing habit of growth, and its hardy adaptability should highly recommend this Kalmia to cultivation. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE REVIEWS The Origin of the Coco Palm* ‘ Having described a new species of Glaziova, founded upon a specimen growing in the Botanical Garden at Buitenzorg, but *Glaziova Treubiana nouvelle espéce de Cocoinée, avec observations sur le genre Cocos. Par O. Becarri. Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, 2e Serie, Suppl. III. Pp. 791-806, Plate and text figures. Leide, 1o9ro. 270 whose native country is unknown, and having recorded some observations on the flowers of Cocos nucifera, Dr. Beccari devotes the last half of his paper to a discussion of the disputed question of the original home of the latter palm. On this point the generally accepted opinion had attributed an Asiatic origin to this palm, a view accepted by De Candolle in his classic “Origine des plantes cultivées.’’ But in 1901, Mr. O. F. Cook, in a paper published in the seventh volume of the Contributions of the United States National Herbarium, put forth a well supported argument in favor of ‘“‘the alkaline regions of the Andes of Colombia,—in valleys remote from the sea,” as the cradle of the cocoanut. From both these views Dr. Beccari dissents. He calls attention to the fact that, in determining the place of origin of a plant or an animal, we must consider not alone the present configuration of the earth’s surface, but we must go back at least to the tertiary period, when the ancestors of the organic forms of today were assuming their development (s’etre effectuée la plasmation). It is evident that during that period great geographical changes were effected in the Pacific basin in connection with the elevation of the Andes. The weightiest argument in favor of the American origin of the Coco Palm is drawn from the fact that, with the exception of the African oil palm, Elaets guineensis, all the other members of the tribe are indisputably American. But none of them are, Dr. Beccari claims, truly related to Cocos nucifera, which is strictly monotypic, as it is also regarded by Mr. Cook. More- over, all these relatives, more or less remote, inhabit regions on the eastern side of the Cordilleras, which immense barrier sepa- rates them from the present actual center of distribution of the Coco Palm. The author names several other palms whose presence in America is best accounted for on the hypothesis of the existence, in a former geological age, of a more extensive land area in the Pacific, than now remains. While the Coco Palm may, under favorable circumstances, live at places distant from the sea, essentially it is a plant of 271 maritime shores. That it does not occur on some shores where it might naturally be expected is attributed to enemies, among whom, it may be, even primitive man is to becounted. It cannot succeed in forests because it is unable to compete with other trees, and it is there without means of dissemination, for its nuts fall directly at the foot of the tree without any chance of being carried to a distance. On the seashore, favored by its tolerance of salt water, it encounters little competition, and the ocean currents bear its nuts afar. A further argument is drawn from the singular association existing between the Coco Palm and the Robber Crab. This great crustacean, Birgus latro, a foot and a half in length, and terrestrial in habit, can exist only where the cocoanut flourishes, and is found only in the Asiatic and Pacific islands. Like its relative, the Hermit Crab, its soft body is unprovided with a protective covering, and to supply this want the Birgus encases its abdomen in the empty shell of a cocoanut, to the cavity of which its dimensions exactly correspond. Even that it climbs to the tops of the palms for the purpose of detaching the nuts, long regarded as a fable, has been recently ascertained to be a fact. Its buccinal claw has developed into a ponderous ham- mer, wherewith it staves in the germinal end of the cocoanut and extracts, bit by bit, the nourishing meat. To this rich food it is due that its abdomen is a reservoir of oil. These modifications, so extraordinary both in habits and in organs, and found in the Birgus alone, of all the crab family, could have been acquired by association with no other plant than the Coco Palm, and to account for their acquisition demands an immense period of time. And since Polynesia is the native home of Birgus latro, it is logical to conclude that it is likewise that of Cocos nucifera. The author, therefore, believes that the Coco Palm acquired its specific form in Polynesia, and that its distribution therein was effected by the ocean currents, whose efficiency for that purpose is so vigorously combated by Mr. Cook. In Asia and in Malasia it has only gained a foothold under the protection of man. S. B. PARISH 272 PROCEEDINGS OF THE elus OCTOBER II, 1910 The first fall meeting of the Club was held at the Museum of Natural History. Vice-president Barnhart occupied the chair. Eight persons were present. Mrs. M. E. Soth, of Manitou, Colorado, was elected to membership. The scientific program consisted of an illustrated lecture on “European Influences in the History of American Botany” by Dr. John Hendley Barnhart. JEAN BROADHURST, Secretary pro tem. OCTOBER 26, I910 The meeting of October 26 was held in the museum building of the New York Botanical Garden at 3:30 P.M. Eleven persons were present. Vice-president Barnhart occcupied the chair. The minutes of the meeting of October I1 were read and approved. It was then voted to accept the resignation of Frederick S. Beattie, of Tilton, N. H. The scientific program consisted of informal reports on the summer’s work. Mr. Norman Taylor, chairman of the field committee, gave an account of the Decoration Day excursion by members of the Club to Saugerties, Ulster Co., N. Y., of a personal collecting expedition to Bean Run, Luzerne Co., Pa., and of the “Symposium” in cooperation with the Philadelphia Botanical Club, which was held this year at Farmingdale, Monmouth County, New Jersey, July 2 to July 9. Farmingdale is north of the pine-barren region and its soils are largely Cretaceous marls and clays, but it was of interest to find in this region, especially on the low hills, northward extensions of the range of certain characteristic pine-barren plants. Mrs. N. L. Britton gave a report of the summer meeting of the Vermont Botanical Club, which was held at Woodstock, Vermont, during the first week of July. Mr. F. J. Seaver remarked briefly concerning his visit to the mountains of Colorado, where he made collections of fungi during the month of September. 278 Dr. John Hendley Barnhart reported upon his visit to Europe during May, June, and July, including an account of the Inter- national Botanical Congress at Brussels, to which he was one of the Club’s delegates. He also related some of his experiences and results in purchasing books for the library of the New York Botanical Garden and in a few hours of plant-collecting in the vicinity of Oberammergau. Dr. P. A. Rydberg stated that for the first season in twenty-six years he had not collected a single plant, and in this connection he briefly reviewed some of his earlier field-work. Adjournment followed. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Secretary pro tem. OESINDER ES nO aE ACERS KIPLING ON THE OLD HERBALISTS In Kipling’s Rewards and Fairies* is a musical poem, “Our Fathers of Old’’, which shows that Kipling must be familiar with some of the old herbals. The first stanza follows: “Excellent herbs had our fathers of old— Excellent herbs to ease their pain— Alexanders and Marigold, Eyebright, Orris, and Elecampane. Basil, Rocket, Valerian, Rue, (Almost singing themselves they run) Vervain, Dittany, Call-me-to-you— Cowslip, Meliot, Rose of the Sun. Anything green that grew out of the mould Was an excellent herb to our fathers of old.” As in Adam in Eden, “‘simply and gravely the facts are told’’; yet after all, “Wonderful little, when all is said, Wonderful little our fathers knew. Half their remedies cured you dead— Most of their teaching was quite untrue.” *Doubleday, Page and Co., Garden City, New York, toro. 274 In the October issue (page 236) Professor Macoun’s address was given as Ontario instead of Ottawa. Teachers in the southwestern states will be interested in The Trees and Shrubs of San Antonio and Vicinity. This little book- let gives the woody plants of the region, with a brief, non- technical description, and a short paragraph on uses and habitats. There is no key, but, as the author says, any plant may be traced to the family by any general flora; and as the plants are grouped by families, its further identification is a simple matter. The common names are emphasized by being placed first. Professor Bessey (Science, November 11) has made a new estimate of the number of species of plants “with which botanists have enough acquaintance to permit of their systematic arrange- ment and enumeration. The result is that roughly speaking we may say that there are now known about 210,000 species, distributed as follows: Myxophyceae (Blue Greens) 2,020, Protophyceae (Simple Algae) 1,100, Zygophyceae (Conjugate Algae) 7,000, Siphonophyceae (Tube Algae) 1,100, Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae) 1,030, Carpophyceae (Higher Algae) 3,210, Carpomyceteae (Higher Fungi) 63,700, Bryophyta (Mossworts) 16,600, Pteridophyta (Ferns) 2,500, Calamophyta (Calamites) 20, Lepidophyta (Lycopods) 900, Cycadophyta (Cycads) 140, Strobilophyta (Conifers) 450, and Anthophyta (Flowering Plants) 110,000. An article on conserving the purity of the soil (Science, Oct. 21) by H. L. Bolley emphasizes the necessity of keeping soils, es- pecially for cereals, in a sanitary condition. The author con- cludes with the following paragraph: “Tf, on the other hand, you declare for careful seed selection in all cases, careful seed disinfection at all times, the formation of a well-aerated but compacted seed bed, and for as extensive a rotation of crops of as wide-spread character as possible, you of the new dry land regions of the west have the greatest possible 2709 opportunity to prove to the world that it is not necessary to lose a crop of such importance as linseed from among your rota- tions, nor is it necessary that your wheat yields should fall from the now promising ones of thirty to sixty bushels per acre to the general average of twelve to fifteen.” The May Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club contains an article by Harry B. Brown on the genus Crataegus, with some theories concerning the origin of its species. Prior to 1896 about one hundred North American species of Crataegus had been described ; since then eight hundred and sixty-six species and eighteen varie- ties have been described. Three explanations might be given: that the early systematists were not careful workers; that the number of species has multiplied greatly recently; that the older species are hybridizing. Opinions from leading systematists are given. Mr. Brown thinks that the present different concept of species is responsible for part of the increase; and the rest may be accounted for by (1) the decrease in forested land and the con- sequent increase in the number of Crataegus plants now occupying the space and (2) by the fact that many of the present forms seem to be hybrids. In the Plant World for July an unusual formation of adventi- tious roots is described by F. A. Wolf. “During a storm the trunk of this large hackberry tree had been split and the fallen portion was subsequently removed. At a point about eight feet above the ground and a little above the broken edge of the tree a cluster of fibrous roots were formed. Some of these grew to be over a foot in length and larger in diameter than a lead pencil.” Mr. Wolf says that there “‘is no doubt that no such phenomena would be expected to occur in a normal healthy tree, yet this is not an adequate explanation for their formation. Certain it is that the vitality of the tree had been seriously impaired and it responded to this abnormal condition by a peculiar development of roots. It would seem, too, that such a growth might better be expected in a more humid region and not under semi-arid conditions such as prevail about Austin. This is one of the singu- 276 lar, natural phenomena the reason for which can only be a matter of conjecture.” The American Phytopathological Society calls attention to “two dangerous European plant diseases: the potato wart, caused by Chrysophlyotis endobiotica Schilb., and the blister rust of white pine, caused by Peridermium strobt Klebahn. The former has been discovered in Newfoundland. The latter has been widely distributed in nine of the United States and in the Province of Ontario, but is now believed to have been eradicated.” The Society regrets that through the absence of any national regula- tion in either the United States or Canada both governments are powerless to prevent the continued introduction ot these and other dangerous diseases, or their transference from one country to the other; and promises to support all legislation in both the United States and Canada looking toward the inspection, quaran- tine, or prohibition from entry of all plant material liable to intro- duce these or other dangerous diseases or pests. The Society feels the need of immediate action, as ‘‘every law of biology and all experiences with plant diseases and pests indicate that, ina new climate, with new varietal and specific hosts and with an entire continent in which to spread, both diseases will reach a degree of virulence unknown in Europe.” The Outlook for November I9 gives the Forest Service “‘esti- mate of the loss in the National Forests in Montana and Idaho due to the fires and hurricane of August 26 last. The estimate puts the total amount of destroyed timber at over six billion board feet, or between one and two per cent. of the total stand of National Forest timber, the area burned over exceeding one and a quarter million acres. This announcement has caused caustic comment by the opponents of the Federal administration of forests. Some attempt has been made to connect the matter with the ‘New Nationalism’, as showing that there is no neces- sity for such an issue of centralization. Apparently, in the minds of these critics, the fires would not have occurred if the forests had been State and not National Forests!’ Drought, the quan- 277 tity of inflammable material, the inaccessible character of the country, and unusually high winds all added to the difficulties faced by the not incompetent but tmadequate forest service. A much larger sum should immediately be appropriated by Congress for this work. NEWS ITEMS L. H. Pennington, instructor at Northwestern University, has recently been made assistant professor of botany at Syracuse University. The annual meeting of the American Society of Naturalists will be held (Dec. 28-30) at Cornell University. Dr. D. T. MacDougal will deliver the presidential address. A drinking fountain, the memorial to Dr. James Fletcher men- tioned some months ago in TORREYA, has been erected at the Central Experiment Farm, Canada. Professor W. A. Henry, professor emeritus of agriculture of the University of Wisconsin, is planning to spend a year investi- gating agriculture in Europe. Dr. William A. Cannon of the Desert Laboratory of the Car- negie Institution is spending a year abroad, visiting European botanical gardens and African deserts. Dr. W. A. Murrill, of the New York Botanical Garden, has just returned from a European trip taken primarily to examine type specimens of fungi. Dr. Ormond S. Butler (Ph.D. Cornell, 1910) has been ap- pointed instructor in horticulture at the College of Agriculture of the University of Wisconsin and the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station. Letchworth Park, the thousand acre park given conditionally to the state of New York in 1907, became the possession of the State upon the death of the donor, William Pryor Letchworth, on December 1. The sixty-second meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the ninth of the ‘‘Convocation 278 week” meetings, will be held in Minneapolis, December 27 to 31, 1910, at the invitation of the University of Minnesota. The Botanical Society of America and various affiliated societies meet as usual at the same time. Owing to Professor Penhallow’s death, Section G will convene under Vice-president R. A. Harper. Further information may be obtained from the permanent secre- tary, Dr. L. O. Howard, or from the secretary of Section G, H. C. Cowles, University of Chicago. In the Brooklyn Institute prospectus for 1910-1911 two courses of lectures are announced in botany. They are given by Dr. C. Stuart Gager, the director of the new Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The first is a series of ten illustrated lectures on plant physiology given on Saturday mornings beginning October 15, but omitting November 26, December 26, and 31. The course will deal with -modern views and interpretations of various fundamental life processes of plants. The second course is on the teaching of botany, and will be given on Saturday mornings beginning on March 4, but omitting April 5. This is intended primarily for teachers (including teachers of nature work) and those intending to teach. Readings will be assigned in the literature of the pedagogy of botany, and a comprehensive bibliography may be secured. All the lectures begin at ten o’clock, are open to teachers in the public and private schools, and will be held in the Brooklyn Academy of Music. INDEX TO VOLUME X New names and the names of new generaand species are printed in boldface type. Aaronsohn, A., 100 Abbe, C., 75 Aberrant walnut fruits, Some, 141 Abies, 16; concolor, 17; Fraseri, 56, 57; grandis, 17; magnifica, 17; nobilis, 17 Acalypha gracilens, 64 Acer pennsylvanicum, 34, 58; rubrum, 6, 9, 32, 34, 58, 60, 61, 63, 219; Sac- charum (?), 58, 62; spicatum, 58 Achillea Millefolium, 63 Acicularia Schenckii, 189 Aconitum uncinatum (?), 59 Actaea alba, 58 Adam in Eden or Nature’s Paradise, 169, 194, 239, 273 Additions to the Pleistocene Flora of New Jersey, 261 Adiantum pedatum, 60 Adicea pumila, 60 Adopogon montanus, 33 Advancement of Science, American Association for the, 51, 140, I4I, 142, 24 Adventitious roots, 275 Aecidium, 90; pedatatum, 90 Aesculus octandra, 60, 61 Agaricus campestris, 142 Agassiz, A., death of, 99 Agricultural College, 26 Agricultural commission, Russian, 140 Agricultural education, 48, 74 Agricultural Experiment Station, at Sitka, 69; Jewish, 100; (See Experi- ment stations) Agriculture, 50, 51, 100, I40, I4I, I9I Agriculture and food, 190 Agriculture and forestry, 50 Agriculture at Columbia University, 51 Agriculture, Secondary Education in, 74 Agriculture, Secondary School of, 216 Agriculture, Upham’s Introduction to, 213 Agrimonia sp., 60, 64 Aikin, W. E. A., 238 Akerman, A., 235 Alabama and Georgia, A Few More Pioneer Plants Found in the Meta- morphic Region of, 217 Alaska, United States Experiment Sta- tion at Sitka, 69 Aletris aurea, 146; farinosa, 58, 146 Algae, 94, 188 Algae of North America, Collins’ Green [review], 188 Allard, H. A., Two Interesting New England Plants, 267 Allium, 130; canadense, 130, 145; cari- natum, 145 Alnus, I7; rugosa, 61, 219 Ambrosia artemisiifolia, 64 Amelanchier canadensis, 6, 32, 34 America, Some Reflections upon Botan- ical Education in, 115, 135, 159 American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, 27, 51, 140, I4I, 142, 214, 260, 277 American Association of Geographers, I90 American Botany, European Influences in the History of, 272 American Cretaceous, A New Species of Dewalquea from the, 34 American Museum of Natural History, 1G), Ay OAs iid, evil, Ils, Doe American Naturalist, 109, 156 Ames, O., A New Ponthieva from the Bahamas, 90 Amorpha fruticosa, 34 Ampelopsis, 36 Analytic Keys to the Genera and Species of North American Mosses, 76 Anaphalis margaritacea, 7 Anchistea virginica, 222 Anderson, M. P., 121 Andrews, L., 129 Andromeda ligustrina, 33; polifolia, 93 Andropogon, 90; furcatus, 58; virgin- icus, 90 Andropogon-Viola Uromyces, The, 90 Andros, Exploration in, 131 Angelica atropurpurea, 58; villosa, 58 Animal industry, 190 Answers to the Wisonsin Riddle, 91 Anthemis Cotula, 64 Anthurium, 36 Anychia, 230; dichotoma, 230 Anychiastrum, A Mountain, 230 Anychiastrum, 230; Baldwinii, montanum, 230 Apinus, 41 231; 279 280 Apios tuberosa, 63 Aralia nudicaulis, 7 Araliophyllum, 34 Arboretum and Botanic Garden in Brooklyn, 100 Arctic-Alpine Zone on Pike’s Peak, Potentillae of the, 193 Arctic regions, Flora of the, 92 Arid land irrigation, 123 Arisaema, 36; triphyllum, 60 Aristolochia Serpentaria, 60 Aronia nigra, 33, 58 Arthur, J., 131; personal, 51, 143 Arum maculatum, 253 Asclepias, 212 Ashe, W. W., 56, 59 Asplenium Filix-foemina, 56; Tricho- manes, I5 Association for the Advancement of Science, American, 27, 51, 140, I41, 142, 214, 260, 277 Association of American Geographers, 190 Aster Curtissii, 33; divaricatus (?), 58, 60 Astilbe, 60; biternata, 60 Astragalus, 41, 91 Atkinson, G. F., 142 Atlantic Monthly, 259 Automatic watering device, 258 Azalea lutea, 33, 34, 58; nudiflora, 6, 219; viscosa, 58; var. glauca, 58 Babcock, E. B., 45 Baccharis halimifolia, 8 Bacteria, Nitrifying, 215 Bahamas, A New Ponthieva from the, 90 Bahamas, Exploration in, 131 Ballinger, Secretary, 73 Balsam (Abies Fraseri), 57 Banker, H. J., 69 Barnes, C. R., Death of, 76 Barnhart, J. H., 43, 68, 114, 131, 168, 272, 273; personal, 143 Bartram, W., 54 Baxter s:233 Beal, W. J., personal, 143 Beattie, F, S., 272 Bell, H. G., personal, 25 Benedict, R. C., 134; A Peculiar Habitat for Camptosorus, 13 Bergen, J. Y., 210 Berry, E. W., Additions to the Pleisto- cene Flora of New Jersey, 261; A New Species of Dewalquea from the Amer- ican Cretaceous, 34; personal, 192, 216 Bessy, C. E., 274 Bessey, E. A., personal, 168 - Botanic Garden and Betula, 17; alleghaniensis (?), 56; flabel- lifolia, 93; lenta, 5, 9, (?) 58; lutea, 34, 56, 58, 225; odorata tortuosa, 93; papyrifera, 225; populifolia, 5; pumila, 225 Bicknell, E. P., 68, 232 Bidens bipinnata, 33, 64 Biltmore Forest School, 53 Biologic science in secondary schools, 234 Biological Geography, 190 Biology and other sciences, 234 Biology, The Term, 231 Birch Trees, White, 233 Birgus latro, 271 Bissell, C. H., 129 Blackberries, New England, 232 Blakeslee, A. F., 142 Blodgett, F. M., 144 Blue Berry from New Jersey, A New Species of, 228 Blumer, J. C., 73; The Vitality of Pine Seed in Serotinous Cones, 108 Bolster, F. H., 45 Bommer, E. C., death of, 99 Boston Meeting of the American Associ- ation for the Advancement of Science, 27, 51, 140, 142 Bostrychia, 95 arboretum in Brooklyn, 100 Botanic Garden Papers, 42 Botanical Congress, International, 131, TAB ZES3) 278 Botanical Education in America, Some Reflections upon, II5, 135, 159 Botanical Exploration in Cuba, Recent, 134 Botanical Garden, New York, (See New York, etc.) Botanical Gazette, 76 Botanical History, Green’s Landmarks of [review], 149 Botanist, Ganong’s Teaching [review], 208 Botany, Clute’s Laboratory [review], 15 Botany, Coulter and Nelson’s New Manual of Rocky Mountain [review], 40 Botany, Henry Shaw School of, 191 Botany, High school, 46 Botany, Note-Books in High School, 73 Botany, Structural and Physiological, 190 Botany Teachers, Some Fallacies of, 210 Botany Unit, The, 46, 254 Botrychium virginianum, 60 Bovie, W. T., A Plant-case for the Con- trol of Relative Humidity, 77 Boynton, F. E., 56 281 Bray, W. L., 73 Brewer, W. H., 260 . Britton, E. G., 51, 68, 272 Britton, N. L., 68, 124, 134; personal, 51, I9L British hepatics, 236 Broadhurst, J., 43, 68, 114; Adam in Eden or Nature’s Paradise, 169, 194, 237; Macdonald’s Dry Farming [re- view], 111; Proceedings of the Club, 92; The Eucalyptus Trees of Cali- fornia, 84; The Weeping Willow in Winter, 38; United States Experiment Station at Sitka, Alaska, 69 Brooklyn Botanic Garden and arbo- retum, 100; lectures, 278 Brown, A., 69 Brown, H. B., 275 Brown, J. P., 233 Brunella, see Prunella Brussels, International Botanical Con- gress held at, 131, 143, 215, 273 Buckley, S. B., 54 Buds, 48 Buller, A. H. R., 142, 213 Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, TAO, 2232), 275 Bulletin on Mistletoe Pest, 73 Burbank, L., 23 Bureau of Plant Industry, 74, 75, 215 Burgess, E. L., 216 Burgess, E. S., 43, 68 Burlingham, G. S., 134 Burns, G. P., personal, 76 Burroughs, J., personal, 168 Butler, O., 114, 232; personal, 277 Cacti, 73 Caeoma, 90; pedatatum, 90 Calcium carbonate in soils, 215 Caldwell, O. W., 46 California, Jepson’s A Flora of [review], 16 California, The Eucalyptus Trees of, 84 California vine disease, Observations on the, 114, 232 Caloglossa, 95 Calycanthus fertilis, 60 Cameron, W. C., 43, 114 Campanula americana, 60; divaricata, 58 Camptosorus, A Peculiar Habitat for, 13 Canada, School garden movement in, 14 Canadian mosses, 236 Canby, W. M., 238 Cannon, W. A., 56, 67; personal, 277 Capnoides sempervirens, 33 Cardiff, I. D., 141 Carduus lanceolatus, 64 Carex crinita, 63, 219; gracillima (?), 59; lurida, 62, 63; trisperma, 56 Carleton, M. A., 214 Carnations, Sleep of, 141 Carnegiea, 66; giganteus, 66 Carpinus caroliniana, 61, 225 Carruthers, J. B., death of, 191 Carteria, 187, 188; corallicola, 188 Carex crinita, 219 Carya glabra, 5; porcina, 264 Caryopitys, 41 Castalia alba, 153; Lotus, 153 Castanea dentata, 5, 9, 32, 33, 58, 60, 62, 226; pumila, 32, 34, 226 Castanopsis, 17 Cassiope hypnoides, 93; tetragona, 93 Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of Connecticut [review], 128 Catalpa, 233; bignonoides, 233 Catenella, 95 Caulophyllum, 60; thalictroides, 58, 60 Ceanothus americanus, 58, 61 Celastrus arctica, 35; scandens, 6, 7 Celtis georgiana, 227; occidentalis, 8 Cerastium vulgatum (?), 64 Cercidium Torreyanum, 66 Cereus, 66; giganteus, 66 Chamaecistus procumbens, 93 Chamaecyparis, 16; Lawsoniana, 17 Chaetomorpha, 95 Chelone Cuthbertii (?), 59; glabra, 59 Chemistry of Commerce, The, 10 Chestnut disease, 99 Chionanthus virginica, 32 Cholisma ligustrina, 56, 58, (See Xol- isma), 219 Chrosperma muscaetoxicum, 58, 83 Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, 63 Chrysobalanus Icaco L. Notes on, 249 Chrysophlyotis endobiotica, 276 Chrysopsis falcata, 9; Mariana, 58 Cimicifuga, 60; racemosa, 58, 60, 62 Circaea alpina, 56; lutetiana, 60 Clark, C. F., personal, 235 Clark, Ernest D., Osborne’s Vegetable Proteins [review], 250; The Réle of Oxidizing Ferments in Plants, 253 Clark, John Bates, 259 Clay cup, Porous, 258 Clematis virginiana, 62 Clethra acuminata, 33, 34, 58; alnifolia, 6 Clintonia umbellulata, 146 Clute, W. N., Note-Books in High School Botany, 73 Clute’s Laboratory Botany [review], 15 Cochlearia fenestrata, 93; groenlandica, 93 Cockerell, T. D. A., 213; A Fossil Fig, 222; Magnolia at Florissant, 64; Notes on the Genus Sambucus, 125 2, ~_ Coco Palm, The Origin of the [review], 2690 Cocoa Plum, 249 Cocos nucifera, 270 Cold Spring Harbor, 143 Collecting in Mexico, 96 Collins’ The Green Algae of North America [review], 188 Collinsonia canadensis, 58, 60 Colonies, Farm, 214 Columbia University, 51, 73 Commelina hirtella, 80, 222; nudiflora,81 Commisssion, Russian agricultural, 140 Committees of Torrey Botanical Club, 68 Comptonia peregrina, 7, 9, 58 (See also Myrica asplenifolia) Cones, The Vitality of Pine Seed in Serotinous, 108 Congress, International Botanical, 131, 143, 215, 273 Connecticut, Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of [review], 128 Conservation, 22, 24, 259 Conservation of soils, 123 Control of Relative Humidity, A Plant- Case for the, 77 Convolvulus sepium, 8 Cook, M. T., Cuba: The People and Country, 114 Coéperative demonstration work, Farm- ers’, 74 Coprinus, 142 Coreopsis major Oemleri, 58 Cornus florida, 6, 32, 34, 60, 62 Corylus, 17; rostrata, 58, 225 Coulter and Nelson’s New Manual of Rocky Mountain Botany [review], 40 Crab, Robber, 271 Crataegus, 56, 61, 275; coccinea, 57 Crops, Forage, 140 Crossing, 23 Cuba, Recent Botanical Exploration in, 134 Cuba: The People and Country, 114 Culture Methods of Studying Plant Rusts, 72 Cummings, C. E., 26 Cup, Porous clay, 258 Cupressus, 16 Curtis, C. C., 68, personal, 75 Cynoglossum virginianum, 60 Cyperus strigosus, 63 Cypripedium acaule, 8, 60; parviflorum (?), 60 Danthonia sp., 56 Dasiphora fructicosa, 193 Dasystoma laevigata, 58 Daucus Carota, 64 82 Davis, J. J., Answers to the Wisconsin Riddle, ofr . Decumaria barbara, 219 Denmark, Representatives from, 140 Dennstaedtia punctilobula, 58 Denslow, H. M., 114 Deschampsia flexuosa, 56, 58 Desert in the San Bernardino Valley, The Reclamation of the, 18 Desert Plants, 73 Desert Plants, Spalding’s Distribution and Movements of [review], 66 Device, Automatic watering, 258 Dewalquea from the American Creta- ceous, A New Species of, 34 Dewalquea, 34; aquisgranensis, 35; coriacea, 35, 38; dakotensis, 35; gelin- denensis, 35; groenlandica, 35; hal- demiana, 35, 38; insignis, 35, 38; pen- taphylla, 35, 38; primordialis, 35; Smithi, 36, 37; trifoliata, 35 Dewey, J., 97 Diapensia lapponica, 93 Diaporthe parasitica, 99 Dicranum, 252 Diodia teres, 64 Dioscorea villosa, 58, 60 Diphylleia cymosa, 59 Disease, California vine, 232 Disease, Chestnut, 99 Disporum sp., 60 Distribution and Movements of Desert Plants, Spalding’s [review], 66 Distribution of Lespedeza striata, The Geographical, 207 Dodge, B. O., 114 Dogwood, A double flowering, 213 Double flowering dogwood, A, 213 Dowell, P., 43, 140 Dry Farming, Macdonald's [review], 111 Dry rot, 99 Dryopteris intermedia (?), 60; nove- boracensis, 58, 60, 62, 219 Duncan, R. K., 10 Durand, E. J., personal, 124 Eames, E. H., 129 Eden or Nature’s Paradise, Adam in, 169, 194, 239, 273 Edinburgh University, 191 Edson, H. A., personal, 191 Education, Agricultural, 48 Education in Agriculture, Secondary, 74 Education in America, Some Reflec- tions upon Botanical, 115, 135, 159 Eggleston, W. W., personal, 143 Elaeis guineensis, 270 Empetrum nigrum, 93 Encelia farinosa, 66 Enteromorpha, 95 283 Epigaea repens, 8, 33, 56, 58 Epiphegus virginiana, 62 Errata, (See page iii) Erechthites hieracifolia, 64 Erigeron pulchellus, 33, 58; ramosus, 64 Eryngium virgatum, 63 Erythronium albidum, 146; propullans, 146 Esther Herrman Fund, 51, 69, 114 Eucalyptus Trees of California, The, 84 Eucalyptus, 84; botryoides, 86; citri- odora, 86; corynocalyx, 86; crebra, 87; diversicolor, 87; globulus, 87; micro- corys, 87; pilularis, 87; -punctata, 87; resinifera, 87; rostrata, 87; tereticor- nis, 86; viminalis, 87 Eupatorium ageratoides, 56, 58, 60; album, 9; perfoliatum, 8, 62, 63; pubescens, 33; purpureum (?), 58; trifoliatum (?), 60 Euphorbia corollata, 64; maculata, 64; Preslii, 64 European Influences in the History of American Botany, 272 Evans, A. W., 43, 131; personal, 143 Evaporation experiments, 98 Expedition to Panama, Informal report on A Collecting, 94 Experiment Station at Sitka, Alaska, 69 Experiment Station, Cuban, I15 Experiment Station, Jewish agricultural, 100 Experiments, Evaporation, 98 Exploration in Andros, 131 Exploration in Cuba, Recent Botanical, 134 Fagus, 57, 219; americana, 5; grandifolia 56-58, 60-62, 219 Falcata comosa, 60 Fallacies of Botany Teachers, Some, 210 Farm colonies, 214 Farmers’ codperative work, 74 Farming, Macdonald’s Dry [review], 111 Farmingdale Symposium, 113, 272 Ferments in Plants, The Role of Oxi- dizing, 253 Ferns and Flowering Plants of Connecti- cut, Catalogue of the [review], 128 Few More Pioneer Plants Found in the Metamorphic Region of Alabama and Georgia, A, 217 Ficus, 222; arenaceaeformis, 223; Bruesi, 223; coloradensis, 223; Dalli, 224; denveriana, 224; florissante,all 223; irregularia, 223; longipes, 223; mem- branacea, 224; neurocarpa, 223; nitida, 115; ovalis, 224; ovaliformis, 224; religiosa, 115; spectabilis, 224 demonstration Field Committee of Torrey Botanical Club, 68, (See Field meetings, etc.) Field Meetings for 1910, 112, 156, 272 Fig, A Fossil, 222 Fires, Forest, 236 Fletcher, T., Memorial, 277 Flora Notes, Local, 80, 145, 224 Flora of the Arctic Regions, 92 Flora of California, Jepson’s A [review], 16 Flora of New Jersey, Additions to the Pleistocene, 261 Floral Perfumes, 10 Florida, Some Recently Naturalized Plants from Southern, 18 Florida State Geological Survey, 235 Florissant, Magnolia at, 64 Flowers, Passing of the wild, 121 Flowering dogwood, A double, 213 Flowering Plants and Ferns of Connecti- cut, Catalogue of the [review], 128 Food and agriculture, 190 Forage crops, 140 Forest conservation, 47, 259 Forest fires, 236, 276 Forest Park Reservation of New Jersey, 49 Forest Service, 21, 22, 276 Forest study, 21 Forestry 50, 98, 235; in France, 46; in Germany, 98; in High School, 21; in Japan, 22; in Switzerland, 98 Forests, 22, 122 Forests and rainfall, 74 Forests in France, 46 Forests, National, 98 Fossil Fig, A, 222 Fragaria virginiana, 64 France, Forests in, 46 Fraxinus sp., 62 Fruits, Ripening of, 47 Fruits, Some aberrant walnut, 141 Fungi, Buller’s Researches on, 142, 213 Fungi, Spores of, 142, 213 Fungicide, Sulphur as a, 144 Fungous diseases of plants, 99 Future Wheat Supply, 214 Gager, C. S., Ganong’s Teaching Botan- ist [review], 208; personal, 100, 124, IQI, 278 Galax aphylla, 58, 219 Galium trifidum (?), 63 Game protection, 190 Ganong, W. F., 27; Some Reflections upon Botanical Education in America, II5, 135, 159 Ganong’s Teaching Botanist [review], 208 Garden and arboretum in Brooklyn, 100 284 Gardens, Botanic, 142 Garden movement in Canada, School, IAI Garrett, A. O., 42 Gas, Illuminating, 140 Gaskill, A., 49 Gattinger, A., 64, 219 Gaylussacia frondosa, 6, 7; resinosa, 7, 33, 34, 58; ursina, 33 Genera and Species of North American Mosses, Analytic Keys to the, 76 Genus Sambucus, Notes on the, 125 Geographers, American Association of, 190 Geographical Distribution of Lespedeza striata, The, 207 Geography, Biological, 190 Geological Survey, Florida State, 235 Georgia, A Few More Pioneer Plants found in the Metamorphic Region of Alabama and, 217 Georgia, University of, 235 Geranium maculatum, 60 Gerardia purpurea (?), 63; tenuifolia, 33 Geum canadense, 62 Gnaphalium polycephalum, 64; pureum, 64 Golden New England, 233 Graves, C. B., 129 Graves, H. S., personal, 25 Gray, Asa, 56, 58-61, 63, 238 Green Algae of North America, Collins’ [review], 188 Green’s Landmarks of Botanical History [review], 149 Green, S. B., death of, 216 Guayule Rubber, 49 Gutierrezia, 41 pur- Habenaria ciliaris, 56, 58, 63 Haberlandt, G., personal 99 Habitat for Camptosorus, A Peculiar, 13 Hackberry, 275 Hadley, Governor, 214 Haines, Alfred S., 15 s Halesia carolina, 34, 58, 60, 61; diptera, 220, 222 Hall, J. G., 213 Halsted, J. B., 49 Hamamelis virginiana, 7, 32, 34, 58, 61 Harger, E. B., 129 Harper, R. M., 74, 91; A few more Pioneer Plants found in the Meta- morphic Region of Alabama and Georgia, 217; Northward Extension of the Range of a Recently Described Genus of Umbelliferae, 237; Summer Notes on the Mountain Vegetation of Haywood County, North Carolina, 53; personal, I9I, 235 Harperella, 237-239; nodosa, 237 Harperia, 237 Harshberger, J. W., 56, 50, 61; The Vegetation of the Navesink High- lands, I Harriman, E. H., 28 Hart, I. W., 26 Harter, L. L., 234 Hatch, K., 48 Hawaiian Islands, A Visit to the, 134 Hawkins, L. A., 258 Haywood County, North Carolina, Summer Notes on the Mountain Vegetation of, 53 Hazen, Tracy E., 43; personal, 75 Heald, F. D., 76 Heart rot of trees, 144 Hedeoma pulegioides, 64 Helenium autumnale, 63 Heller, A. A., 56, 59: Helonias bullata, 83 Hemerocallis flava, 145 Henry, W. A., personal, 277 Henry Shaw School of Botany, ror Hepatics, British, 236 Herbarium Collections, 68 Herposiphonia, 95 Herrman Fund, Esther, 51, 69 Hesperocnide, 17 Hetch-Hetchy Valley, 73 Heteranthera reniformis, 81 Heuchera villosa, 56, 58 Heyderia decurrens, 20 Hibiscus Moscheutos, 8 Hickory fruits, 141 Hicoria alba, 60; glabra, 5, 9, 32, 34, 262, 204, 265; laciniosa, 224; microcarpa, 265; villosa, 265 Hieracium paniculatum, 58 Higgins, B. B., personal, 191 Highlands, The Vegetation of the Nave- sink, I High School Botany, 46 High School Botany, Note-Books in, 73 High School Forestry, 21 Hildenbrandtia, 95 History, Green’s Landmarks of Botan- ical [review], 149 Hollick, A., The Extinct Flora of New York and Vicinity, 124 Homalocenchrus virginicus, 63 Hosta, 130 House, H. D., 56, 58; The Vegetation on Lookingglass Mountain, 29 Houstonia longifolia, 56, 58; purpurea, 58; serpyllifolia, 56, 59 Howe, M. A., 26, 43, 94, 114, 168, 216; 252; An Expedition to the Panama Canal Zone, 124; Collins’ The Green Algae of North America [review], 188, Green’s Landmarks of Botanical History [review], 149; Informal Re- port on a Collecting Expedition to Panama, 94; Jepson’s A Flora of Cali- fornia [review], 16; Proceedings of the @lub; 04; 104; 132, 272 Hoyt, W. D., 235 Hudson Valley, Native Trees of the, 158 | Hudsonia tomentosa, 9 Humidity, A Plant-Case for the Con- trol of Relative, 77 Humphreys, E. W., Variation Among Non-Lobed Sassafras Leaves, 1o1 Humphreys, W. J., 75 Hunter, G. W., 234 Hydrangea arborescens, 58 Hypericum Buckleyi, 56; mutilum, 62, 63 Hypoxis hirsuta, 33 Ilex coriacea, 220; lucida, 220; minor, 126; opaca, 219 Illuminating gas, 140 Impatiens biflora, 50, 62 India Rubber World, 49 Industry, Animal, 190 Industry, Bureau of Plant, 74, 215 Influences which Govern Local Distri- bution of Plants, 157 Informal Report on a Collecting Ex- pedition to Panama, 94 Interest to Teachers, (See Of Interest, etc.) Interesting New England Plants, Two, 207 International Botanical Congress, 131, 143, 215, 273 Iris verna, 33, 58 Irrigation, 23, 123 Japan, Forestry in, 22 Jensen, C. N., 144 Jepson’s A Flora of California, 16 Jewish Agricultural Experiment Station, Too Johnson, L. N., 56 Jones, L. R., 51 Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, 95, 97, 99, 121 Juglans, 17; cinerea, 224; nigra, 62, 224 Juncus aristulatus, 82; balticus, 81; caesariensis, 82; canadensis (?), 63; canadensis subcaudatus, 82; dicho- tomus, 82; effusus, 62, 63; gymno- carpus, 81; maritimus, 81; nodosus, 82; Roemerianus, 81; tenuis, 63; tri- fidus, 82 Juncoides nemorosum, 82; parviflorum, 82 Juniperus, 16, 31; virginiana, 6, 8, 9, 31, 34, 262, 263 Kalmia, 32; angustifolia, 267-269; lati- folia, 6, 32, 33, 56, 58, 61, 219 Kellerman, K. F., 215 Kern, F. D., The Culture Methods of Studying Plant Rusts, 72; personal, 51 Keys to the Genera and Species of North American Mosses, 76 Kipling on the Old Herbalists, 273 Kirkwood, J. E., personal, 168 Koellia montana, 58, 60 Krauter, L., death of, 51 Laboratory at Tolland, Mountain, 144 Laboratory Botany, Clute’s [review], 15 Lachnocaulon anceps, 222 Land irrigation, Arid, 183 Landmark’s of Botanical Green’s [review], 149 Lappula virginiana, 60 Larch, 98 Larrea tridentata, 66 Lawrence, W. E., personal, 235 Leaves, Variation among Non-lobed Sassafras, IOr Lectures, Bronx Park, 124, 168, 216 Lectures, On agriculture at Columbia University, 51 Ledum decumbens, 93 Leonard, Z. L., 134 Lepidium virginicum, 64 Leptilon canadense, 64 Lespedeza striata, 64, 207 Lespedeza striata, The Geographical Distribution of, 207 Letchworth Park, 277 Leucobryum, 252; glaucum, 252 Leucothoé Catesbaei, 61; racemosa, 7; recurva, 34, 58 Libocedrus, 16; decurrens, 17 Ligusticum canadense, 58 Lilium canadense, 145; philadelphicum, 145; superbum, 56-58, 145 Lime, 39, 91 Linum striatum, 63 Liquidambar Styraciflua, 5, 234 Liriodendron, 219; Tulipifera, 5, 9, 34, 60, 219 Lloyd, F. E., 49 Lobelia cardinalis, 62; inflata, 63 Local Flora Notes, 80, 145, 224 Long-leaf pine, 218, 219 Lonicera sp., 61 Lookingglass Mountain, The Vegetation on, 29 Lophosiphonia, 95 Lorinseria areolata, 219 Lumber, 22, 47; dry rot of, 99 Lycoperdon giganteum, 142 Lysimachia quadrifolia, 56, 58; restris, 267 History, ter- 286 MacAllister, F., personal, 191 MacCaughey, V., personal, 124 MacDonald, W., I41 MacDougal, D. T., personal, 51, 277 Macdonald’s Dry Farming [review], III Macfarlane, E. J. W., death of, 51 Macfarlane, J. M., 51; personal, 143 Macoun, J., 236, 274 Mackenzie, K. K., A New Species of Blue-Berry from New Jersey, 228 Magnolia, 64; acuminata, 62; florissan- ticola, 65; glauca, 219; grandiflora, 65 Magnolia at Florissant, 64 Mansfield, W., 43, 92 Manual of Rocky Mountain Botany, Coulter and Nelson’s New [review], 40 McManes Fund, The Catherine, 1, 13, 29, 34, 64, 79, IOI, 125, 160, 207, 222, 201, 267 Medsger, O. P., 158° Meetings, Field, (See Field Meetings) Meibomia nudiflora, 60, 62 Melampyrum americanum, 58; lineare, 7 Melanthium virginicum, 83 Memoir of the Torrey Botanical Club, 232 Mendelian inheritance, 23 Menziesia pilosa, 56, 58 Mertensia, 41 Merulius lacrymans, 99 Message, President Taft’s, 122 Metamorphic Region of Alabama and Georgia, A Few More Pioneer Plants found in the, 217 Metcalf, H., 99 Methods of Studying Plant Rusts, The Culture, 72 Mexico, Collecting in, 96 Michaux, A., 54 Mills, D. O., death of, 25 Mimulus ringens, 62, 63 Missouri Botanical Garden, 192 Mistletoe pest, 73 Mohr, C., 220 Monarda clinopodia (?), 58 Monotropa uniflora, 58 Moore, E., Clute’s Laboratory Botany [review], 15 Moore, G. T., 51 Moore, W. L., 74 Moss Notes, 252 Mosses, Analytic Keys to the Genera and Species of North American, 76 Mosses, Canadian, 236 Mountain Anychiastrum, A, 230 Mountain Laboratory at Tolland, 144 Mountain, The Vegetation on Looking- glass, 29 Movements and Distribution of Desert Plants, Spalding’s [review], 66 Muhlenbergia, 41 Murrill, W. A., 43, 94, 168, 216; A Phal- loid found near Cinchona, Jamaica, 18; Collecting in Mexico, 96; per- sonal, 51, 277 Museum of Natural History, Torrey Meetings at, (See American Museum of Natural History) Mushrooms, 142 Mycologia, 18 Myrica, 17; asplenifolia, 33, 34; caroli- nensis, 6, 7, 9, 219, 221 Nabalus sp., 58 Naples Prize, 27 Naples Table Association, 143 Naples, Zoédlogical Station at, 27 Nash, G. V., 168, 216; The Rose and its History, 124 National Forests, 98 : Native Trees of the Hudson Valley, 158 Nature-Study Review, 21 Nature’s Paradise, Adam in Eden or, 169, 194, 239, 273 Natural prairie on Long Island, 74 Naturalized Plants from Southern Florida, Some Recently, 18 Navesink Highlands, The Vegetation of the, I Nelson and Coulter’s New Manual of Rocky Mountain Botany [review], 40 Nelumbo speciosa, 153 New England blackberries, 232 New England, Golden, 233 New England Plants, Two Interesting, 267 New Jersey, A New Species of Blue- Berry from, 228 New Jersey, Additions to the Pleistocene Flora of, 261 New Jersey, Forest Park Reservation, 49 New Ponthieva from the Bahamas, A, 90 New Species of Blue-Berry from New Jersey, A, 228 New Species of Dewalquea from the American Cretaceous, A, 34 New Species of Prosperpinaca, A, 249 New Terrestrial Orchid, A, 186 New York Botanical Garden, 18, 25, 51, 169, 187; Bulletin of, 140, 232; Journal of, 95, 97, 99, 121; Lectures at, 124, 168, 216; Torrey Meetings at, 18, 68, 94, 131, 134, 157, 252, 272 New York State College, 144 News Items, 25, 50, 75, 90, 124, 143, 168, IQI, 216, 235, 260, 277 287 WNitrifying bacteria, 215 Non-lobed Sassafras Leaves, Variation among, IOL North America, Collins’ Algae of [review], 188 North American Mosses, Analytic Keys to the Genera and Species of, 76 North Carolina, Summer Notes on the Mountain Vegetation of Haywood County, 53 Northward Extension of the Range of a Recently Described Species of Um- belliferae, 237 Norton, W. C., personal, ror Note-Books in High School Botany, 73 Notes, Local Flora, 80, 145, 224 Notes, Moss, 252 Notes on Chrysobalanus Icaco L., 249 Notes on the Genus Sambucus, 125 Notes on the Mountain Vegetation of Haywood County, North Carolina, 53 Notes, Shorter, 38, 90, 207, 230, 249 Nymphaea, 153; fluviatilis, 221; lutea, 153 Nyssa biflora, 262, 266; sylvatica, 34, 60, 266 The Green Observation on the California vine disease, 114 Oceanorus leimanthorides, 83 Oenanthe, 237 Oenothera biennis, 64 Of Interest to Teachers, 21, 43, 73, 97, I1I5, 135, 159, 190, 210, 231, 254, 273 Officers, Torrey Botanical Club, 43, 68 Oliver, F. W., 141 Ontogeny, 259 Orchid, A New Terrestrial, 186 Origin of the Coco Palm, The [review], 269 ‘Osborne’s Vegetable Proteins [review], 250 Osmanthus americanus, 220 ‘Osmunda cinnamomea, 58—60, 63, 219, 221; Claytoniana, 60; regalis, 63, 219 ‘Outlook, 24, 74, 141, 214, 233, 276 Oxalis, 72; stricta (?), 63 -Oxidizing Ferments in Plants, The Réle of, 253 -Oxydendron arboreum, 34, 219 Oxypolis, 238; filiformis, 237, rigidior, 63; var. Canbyi, 237 Oxyria digyna, 93 238; Palisade Interstate Park, The, 28 Palisade, park commission, The, 28 Palm, The Origin of the Coco [rewiew], 269 Panama, Informal Report on a Col- lecting Expedition to, 94 Panicum gymnocarpon, 222; virgatum, 9 Panicularia nervata, 63 Paradise, Adam in Eden or Nature’s, 169, 194, 239, 273 Parietaria, 17; floridana, 228 Parish, S. B.; A Wisconsin Riddle, 39 Park Reservation of New Jersey, 49 Paronychia, 230; argyrocoma, 56 Parthenium argentatum, 49 Parthenocissus quinquefolia, 6, 9 Pasania, 17 Passing of the wild flowers, 121 Pea seedlings, Sweet, 140 Pearson, W. H., 236 Peculiar Habitat for Camptosorus, A, 13 Pedicularis canadensis, 58 Peirce, G. J., personal, 124 Pellaea, 15 Penhallow, D. P., 51; death of, 260 Penicillus, 189; capitatus, 189 Pennington, L. H., personal, 277 Pentstemon, 41 People and Country of Cuba, The, 114 Perfumes, Floral, 10 Peridermium strobi, 276 Persea pubescens, 219, 220 Peucedanum, 237 Phallogaster, 18 Phalloid, A, 18 Phegopteris hexagonoptera, 60 Philadelphia Botanical Club, 113, 272 Phlox glaberrima, 58 Phryma Leptostachya, 60, 62 Physiological and Structural Botany, 190 Phyllodoce coerulea, 93 Phylogeny, 259 Physiology, Practical Plant, 45 Physiology, Suggestions for Plant, 43 Picea, 16; australis (?), 58; sitchensis, M7 Pieris floribunda, 56 Pike’s Peak, Potentillae of the Arctic- Alpine Zone on, 193 Pinchot, G., 25, 26, 56 Pine, 98; long-leaf, 218, 219 Pine blister rust, 276 Pine Seed in Serotinous Cones, Vitality of, 108 Pinus, 16, 41; attenuata, 108; chihua- huana, 108; contorta, III; contorta Murrayana, 109; Coulteri, 20; divari- cata, 111; Lambertiana, 17; palustris, III, 218; ponderosa, 17, III; pungens, 31, 33; rigida, 5, 9, 31, 34 ; sabiniana, 20; scopulorum, 111; serotina, 109; Taeda, 219, 262, 263 Pioneer Plants Found in the Meta- morphic Region of Alabama and Georgia, A Few More, 217 The 288 Plant-Case for the Control of Relative Humidity, A, 77 Plant Industry, Bureau of, 74, 215 Plant Life, Outlines of, 76 Plant Physiology, Practical, 45 Plant Physiology, Suggestions for, 43 Plant Rusts, Culture Methods of Study- ing, 72 Plant World, 23, 67, 141, 234, 258, 275 Plantago lanceolata, 64; major, 64 Plants and Ferns of Connecticut, Cata- logue of the Flowering [review], 128 Plants, Estimated number of, 274 Plants found in the Metamorphic Region of Alabama and Georgia, A few more Pioneer, 217 Plants, from Southern Florida, Some Recently Naturalized, 18 Plants, Rdéle of Oxidizing Ferments in, 253 Plants, Spalding’s Distribution and Movements of Desert [review], 66 Plants, Water purification, 73 Platanus occidentalis, 62 Pleistocene Flora of New Jersey, Addi- tions to the, 261 Poa, 41 Podocarpus, 17 Podophyllum, 91; peltatum, 62, 91 Pogonia divaricata, 221; ophioglos- soides, 221 Pollard, C. L., 42, 43, 114 Polycodium sp., 58 Polygala Senega, 91 Polygonum aviculare, 64; Hydropiper, 63, 64; pennsylvanicum, 64; sagit- tatum, 62, 63; virginianum, 62 Polypodium vulgare, 56, 58 Polyporus squamosus; 142 Polystichum acrostichoides, 58 Polytrichum, 8 Pomeroy, G., 42 Pond, R. H., personal, 50 Pontederia cordata lancifolia, 81 Ponthieva, 90; Brittonae, 90; racemosa, 90, OI Ponthieva from the Bahamas, A New, 90 Pool, R. J., personal, 143 Pope, W. T., personal, 124 Popular Science Monthly, 22, 23, 259 Populus, 17; grandidentata, 32, 34; tremuloides, 5, 9 Porous clay cup, 258 Porteranthus trifoliatus, 58 Potamogeton, 129; bupleuroides, 129; perfoliatus, 129 Potato wart, 276 Potentilla, 193; bipinnatifida, 194; canadensis, 33, 58, 63; dissecta, 194; filipes, 193; glaucophylla, 194; mon- speliensis, 64; pulcherrima, 193; rub- ripes, 193; saximontana, 193; tri- dentata, 56; viridior, 193 Potentillae of the Arctic-Alpine Zone on Pike’s Peak, 193 Practical Plant Physiology, 45 President Taft’s message, 121 Prizes, Walker, 26 Proceedings of the Club, 18, 42, 68, 92, Ist, Bit, US, BHA, Dyw Proserpinaca intermedia, 250; palustris, 249; pectinata, 249 Proserpinaca, A New Species of, 249 Prosopis velutina, 66 : Proteins, Osborne’s Vegetable [review], 250 Prunella vulgaris, 7, 63 Prunus serotina, 6, 9, 62 Pseudophoenix Sargentii, 133 Pseudotsuga, 16; macrocarpa, 20; taxi- folia, 17 Pteris aquilina, 56, 58, 64 Pteridium aquilinum, 7 Puget Sound Marine Station, 144 Purification plants, Water, 73 Pyrularia pubera, 61 Pyrus.coronaria, 61; melanocarpa, 33 Quercus, 17, 33, 41; alba, 5, 32, 33, 61, 222; Alexanderi, 227; bicolor, 227; borealis, 130; coccinea, 5, 9, 32, 33, 58, 226; digitata, 226; imbricaria, 61, 226; lyrata, 227; marylandica, 6;nana, 6; pagodaefolia, 226; Phellos, 226, 262, 265; platanoides, 227; Prinus, 5, 9, 32, 33, 58; prinoides, 6; rubra, 5, 9, 32, 33, 56, 58; triloba, 226; velutina, 5, (2?) 62 Rainfall and forests, 74 Ralfsia, 95 Rankin, W. H., 144 Recent Botanical Exploration in Cuba, 134 Reclamation of the Desert in the San Bernardino Valley, The, 18 Redfield, J. H., 56, 59 Reed, F. W., 59 Reed, G. M., personal, 124 Reflections upon Botanical Education in America, Some, 115, 135, 159 Relative Humidity, A Plant-Case for the Control of, 77 Report on a Collecting Expedition to Panama, Informal, 94 Research Fellowships, 191 Representatives from Denmark, 140 Researches on Fungi, Buller’s, 142, 213 Reservation of New Jersey, Forest Park, 49 289 Reviews: A Flora of California, 16; Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of Connecticut, 128; Collins’ The Green Algae of North America, 188; Clute’s Laboratory Botany, 15; Coulter and Nelson’s New Manual of Rocky Mountain Botany, 40; Ganong’s Teaching Botanist, 208; Green’s Landmarks of Botanical His- tory, 149; Macdonald’s Dry Farming, Ii1; Osborne’s Vegetable Proteins, 250; Spalding’s Distribution and Movements of Desert Plants, 66; The Origin of the Coco Palm, 269 Rhipocephalus, 189; oblongus, 189 Rhodiola rosea, 93 Rhododendron catawbiense, 56; lap- ponicum, 93; maximum, 32, 33, 58, 59, 61; punctatum, 32, 33, 56 Rhus copallina, 8, 33, 34; glabra, 6, 9; hirta, 6; radicans, 6, 8, 9, 61 Rhynchospora glomerata, 62, 63; rari- flora, 222 Rhytidophyllum crenulatum, I15 Rice, Wild, 47 Richards, H. M., 27, 43, 216 Riddle, A Wisconsin, 39 Riddle, Answers to the Wisconsin, 91 Ridgway, C. S., 49 Ripening of fruits, 47 Robber crab, 27 Robertson, C., 141 Robinia hispida, 33, 34, 58; Pseudo- Acacia, 34, 58, 60, 61 Robinson, J. R., 215 Robinson, W. J., A Visit to the Hawai- ian Islands, 134 Rocky Mountain Botany, Coulter and Nelson’s New Manual of [review], 40 Role of oxidizing Ferments in Plants, 253 Roots, Adventitious, 275 Rose, J. N., 237, 239 Rot of trees, Heart, 144 Rubber, 49 Rumex Acetosella, 63 Rusby, H. H., 42, 43, 216; The Recla- mation of the Desert in the San Bernardino Valley, 18; personal, 168 Russian agricultural commisssion, 140 Rusts, The Culture Methods of Study- ing Plant, 72 Rydberg, P. A., 158, 273; Flora of the Arctic Regions, 92 Sabal, 133 Salix, 17; anglorum, 93; groenlandica, 93; herbacea, 93; humilis, 56; longipes, 63 Sambucus, 125, 254; adnata, 126; adnata africana, 126; amabilis, 125; canaden- sis, 8, 34, 126; ebulus africanus, 126; melanocarpa, 126; microbotrys, 128; minor, 126; multiloba, 126; neo- mexicana, 126; Newtoni, 126; oino- carpa, 128; succinea, 126 Sambucus, Notes on the Genus, 125 San Bernardino Valley, The Reclama- tion of the Desert in the, 18 Sanders, E. A., 21 Sanders, J. G., 233 Sanderson, E. D., personal, 216 Sanguinaria canadensis, 60 Santo Domingo, Trip to, 133 Sargent, ©. S:, 56, 221 Sassafras Leaves, Variation Among Non-Lobed, ror Sassafras Sassafras, 6; variifolium, 32, 34, 58 Saxifr aga virginiensis, 33 Schenck, C. A., 53 Schneider, A., 214 Schneider, E. C., Coulter and Nelson’s New Manual of Rocky Mountain Botany [review], 40 School of Botany, Henry Shaw, I91 School garden movement in Canada, 141 School Science and Mathematics, 48, 210, 233, 234 Schools, Biologic science in secondary, 234 Schools, Summer, 143 Schwarze, C. A., 114 Science, 47, 48, 98, 141, 142, 213, 214, 274 Science in secondary schools, Biologic, 234 Science Teaching, 97 Scirpus polyphyllus, 62, sylvaticus, 63 Scribner, F. L., 56 Scutellaria sp., 60 Seaver, I. Mo, AB, Duo, Bw Secondary education in agriculture, 74 Secondary school of agriculture, 216 Sedum, 211 Seed, Archaic type of, 141 Seedlings, Sweet pea, 140 Seely, L- H.; 42 Selaginella, 30; rupestris, 56, 58 Sequoia gigantea, 17; sempervirens, 17 Sericocarpus asteroides, 7, 9, 58 Serotinous Cones, The Vitality of Pine Seed in, 108 Service, Forest, 21, 22, 276 Shattuck, C. H., personal, ror Shaw, C. H., death of, ror Sheldon, J. L., The Andropogon-Viola Uromyces, 90 Shorter Notes, 38, 207, 230, 249 Shreve, F., 237, 238 Silene stellata, 58; virginica, 56, 58 290 Sitka, United States Experiment Station at, 69 Sium, 237 Sleep of carnations, 141 Small, J. K., 56, 59; A Mountain Any- chiastrum, 230; A New Terrestrial Orchid, 186; Notes on Chrysobalanus Icaco L., 249; Some Recently Natu- ralized Plants from Southern Florida, 18; The Geographical Distribution of Lespedeza striata, 207; personal, 51 Smilax Bona-nox, 148; hispida, 148; laurifolia, 148, 2190, 221; Pseudo- China, 148; pulverulenta, 147; rotun- difolia, 6; tamnifolia, 147; Walteri, 148 Smith, E. F., 51 Smith, J. B., 49 Soils, 123, 215, 274 Solanum carolinense, 64 Solidago caesia, 58; sempervirens, 8 Some Fallacies of Botany Teachers, 210 Some Recently Naturalized Plants from Southern Florida, 18 Some Reflections upon Botanical Edu- cation in America, 115, 135, 159 Sorbus americana, 56 Soth, B. (Mrs. M.E.), 272; Potentillae of the Arctic-Alpine Zone on Pike’s Peak, 193 Southwick, E. B., 134 Spalding’s Distribution and Movements of Desert Plants [review], 66 Species of Blue-Berry from New Jersey, A New, 228 Species of Dewalquea from the Ameri- can Cretaceous, A New, 34 Species Formation, 23 Sphagnum, 252 Spoehr, H. A., personal, 235 Spores of fungi, 142, 213 ' Starch content of leaves, 234 Staten Island, Violets of, 140 Station at Naples, Zodélogical, 27 Station at Sitka, Alaska Experiment, 69 Steironema heterophyllum, 33 Stenanthium gramineum, 58 Stetson, S., 94, 114 Stevens, F. L., 51, 213 Stone, G. E., Suggestions for Physiology, 43 Stone, W., 222 Strathcona, Lord, rot Streptopus amplexifolius, 147 Studying Plant Rusts, Culture Methods of, 72 Suggestions for Plant Physiology, 43 Sulphur as a fungicide, 144 Summer Notes on the Mountain Vege- tation of Haywood County, North Carolina, 53 Plant Summer Schools, 143 Supply, Future wheat, 214 Sweet pea seedlings, 140 Symplocos tinctoria, 32, 34, 219 Symposium at Farmingdale, New Jersey, I13, 272 Syracuse University, 50, 277 Taft’s message, President, 122 Talinum teretifolium, 33 Taxodium candelilla, 96; distichum, 262, 263; mucronatum, 96 Taxus, 16 Taylor, N., 26, 113, 156, 168, 216; Cata- logue o the Flowering Binnaes and Ferns of Connecticut [review], 128; Influences which Govern Local Dis- tribution of Plants, 157; Local Flora Notes, 80, 145, 224; Spalding’s Dis- tribution and Movements of Desert Plants [review], 66; The Native Trees of the Hudson Valley, 158; Trip to Santo Domingo, 133 Teachers, Of Interest to, 21, 43, 73, 97; II5, 135, 159, 190, 210, 231, 254, 273 Teachers, Some Fallacies of Botany, 210 Teaching Botanist, Ganong’s [review], 208 Teachers College, 231 Teaching Science, 97 Term Biology, The, 231 Terminalia Catappa, 115 Terrestrial Orchid, A New, 186 Tetramicra Eulophiae, 187 Tetrapus, 223; mayri, 223 Thalictrum, 60; clavatum, 59; dioicum (2), 60 The Origin of the Coco Palm, 269 The Term Biology, 231 Thuja, 16; plicata, 17 Tiedemannia teretifolia, 237, 238 Tilden, J., personal, 235 Tilia americana, 60; heterophylla (?), 61 Tillandsia usneoides, 221 Tofieldia palustris, 94; racemosa, 83 Tolland, Mountain Laboratory at, 144 Torrey, John, 238 Torreya, 16 Torrey Botanical Club, Bulletin of, r4o, 232; Committees, 68, 112, 156; Elec- tion of officers, 43, 68; Field meet- ings, 112, 156, 272; Proceedings, 18, 42, 68, 92, 114, 131, 158, 252, 272 Toumey, T. W., 25 Toxic Soils, 215 Trachelospermum difforme, 222 Transpiration, 98 Trees, 214 Trees, Identification of, 21, 274 Trees of California, The Eucalyptus, 84 291 Trees of San Antonia, etc., 274 Trees of the Hudson Valley, Native, 158 Trees, Heart rot of, 144 Trees, White birch, 233 Treub, Dr. M., 260 Tribune, 214 Trifolium pratense, 64; repens, 63 Trillium, 211; erectum, 147; grandi- florum, 147; undulatum, (?) 60, 147 Triphora, 188 True, A. C., 74 Tsuga, 16; canadensis, 58, 60, 61; caro- liniana, 31, 33; heterophylla, 17 Tucker, M., Floral Perfumes, 10 Type of Seed, Archaic, 141 Types, 213 Twiss, E. M., personal, 235 Two Interesting New England Plants, 267 Ulmus _fulva, Thomasii, 227 Umbelliferae, Northward Extension of the Range of a Recently Described Genus of, 237 Unit, The Botany, 46, 254 United States Department of Agricul- ture, 26 United States Experiment Station at Sitka, Alaska, 69 University of Georgia, 235 University of Wisconsin, 48, 233, 277 Upham ’s Introduction to Agriculture, 213 Uromyces, 90; pedatatus, 90 Urtica, 17; dioica, 228; gracilis, 228; Lyallii, 228 Urticastrum divaricatum, 60 Uvularia grandiflora, 83 227; racemosa, 227; andropogonis, 90; Vaccinium, 56, 71; atrococcum, 288; caesariense, 230; corymbosum, 33, 58, 228; pennsylvanicum, 7; sp., 56, 58; stamineum, 33; uliginosum micro- phyllum, 93 Vagnera racemosa, 7, 146 van Eeden, F., 214 Van Loan, C., 158 Variation Among Non-Lobed Sassafras Leaves, IOI Vegetable Proteins, Osborne’s [review], 250 Vegetation of Haywood County, North Carolina, Summer Notes on the Mountain, 52 Vegetation on Lookingglass Mountain, The, 29 146; trifolia, Vegetation of the Navesink Highlands, ihe; xr Veratrum parviflorum, 58 Verbascum Thapsus, 63 Verbena urticaefolia, 64 Vermont Botanical Club, 272 Vernonia noveboracensis, 63 Veronica officinalis, 63 Viburnum acerifolium, 7; dentatum, 7; nudum, 219 Vicia Faba, 258 Vine disease, Observation on the Cali- fornia, 114, 232 Vinson, A. E., 47 Viola, 90; affinis, 33, 58; hastata, 33; pedata, 33; primulaefolia, 33; ro- tundifolia, 33, 58 Violets of Staten Island, 140 Visit to the Hawaiian Islands, A, 134 Vitality of Pine Seed in Serotinous Cones, The, 108 Vitis, 266; aestivalis, (?) 61, 262, 266; labrusca, 6, 9; pseudo-rotundifolia, 265, 266; rotundifolia, 262, 265 Walker, Mr., personal, 143 Walker prizes, 26 Walnut fruits, Some aberrant, I41 Water purification plants, 73 Watering device, Automatic, 258 Weatherby, C., 129 Weeping Willow in Winter, The, 38 Wellesley, 26 Wheat supply, Future, 214 Wheeler, C. F., death of, 75 White birch trees, 233 Wiegand, K. M., 98 Wild flowers, Passing of the, 121 Wild Rice, 47 Williams, R. S., 158, 252 Williamson, E. B., 141 Willow in Winter, The Weeping, 38 Wilson, C. S., personal, 235 Wilson, G. W., personal, 235 Wilson, P., 158; (See Proceedings of the Club) Winter, The Weeping Willow in, 38 Wisconsin Riddle, A, 39 Wisconsin Riddle, Answers to the, 91 Wisconsin University, 48, 233, 277 Wood consumed in the United States, 47 Woods, F. A., personal, 26 Woodburn, W. L., personal, 191 Woodsia, 15 Woolson, I. H., 99 Xanthium canadense, 8 Xolisma ligustrina, 219, (See Cholisma), 56, 58 292 Xyris, 33 Zizia Bebbii, 58 Zizyphus, 262, 266, 267; obtusifolia, 266. Yale University, 26 sp., 266 Zoological Station at Naples, 27 Zea Mays, 72 THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR to10 President HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. Vice- Presidents EDWARDS. BURGESS, PH.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. Recording Secretary PERCY WILSON Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City Editor | ‘Treasurer - MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, Pu.D. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Puar.D. Botanical Garden; Bronx Park College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th Se. New York City, : New York City Associate Editors JOHN H. BARNHART, A.M., M.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. JEAN. BROADHURST, A.M. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D. PHILIP DOWELL, Pu.D. CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M. ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., Px.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. Meetings the second Tuesday and last Wednesday of each month alternately at the: American Museum of Natural History and the New York Botanical Garden PUBLICATIONS. Bulletin. Monthly, established 1870. Price $3.00 per year; single numbers 30 cents. Of former volumes only 24-36 can be supplied en- | tire. Certain numbers of other volumes are ayailable, and the completion of sets will be undertaken, Memoirs. A series of technical papers published at irregular intervals, estab- lished 1889. Price $3.00 per volume. Torreya. Monthly, established 1901, Price $1.00 per year, All business correspor.dence relating to the above publications should be addressed to Dr. William Mansfield, College of Pharmacy, 115 W. 68th St,, New York City, OTHER PU SE OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BOLLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany, established 1870. Vol. 36 published in 1909, contained 720 pages of text and 34 full-page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe, 14 shillings. Dulau & Co. i DONO Sete, London, are agents for England. Of former volumes, only 24-36 can be supplied entire ; cer- tain numbers of other volumes are available, but the entire stock of some numbers has been reserved for the completion of sets. Vols, 24-27 are furnished at the published price of two dollars each; Vols. 28—36 three dollars each. ar yeincte copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. (2) MEMOIRS : The Memoirs, established 1889, are published at irregular - intervals, Volumes I-13 are now completed ; Nos. 1 and 2 of Vol. 14 have been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance, The numbers can also be pur- chased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices. will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteri- dophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New - York, 1888. ‘Price, $1.00. : Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to DR. WILLIAM MANSFIELD College of Pharmacy — 115 W. 68TH STREET NEW YORK CITY @ 0310 6331 Made in 1 : (i il | www.colibrisystem.com ee ST gg. OR a!