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The Ottawa Field - ISaturalists’ Club

Fopnded lS79'jj,' ,

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President ,

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engird Ipprdserviog. nrrdintai«tr^ or restoring enyVpnmdntsol high qoatrty lor
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f .'■

Vol 19 No 3

The Ottawa Field - Naturalists' Club

Box 3264, Postal Station C
Ottawa K1Y4J5

Joyce M. Reddoch, Editor
548 Rivershore Crescent
Gloucester, Ontario K1J 7Y7

An Update on Alfred Bog - - - - - - 122

OFNC Committee Members for 1985 - _ _ _ |23

Federation of Ontario Naturalists Report - - 125

Heather Wilson

Recent Bird Sightings / Frank H. Bell - - - ]27

Code of Conduct for Birders - - - - - 129

Activities of the Bird Records Subcommittee

in 1984 / Mark Gawn - - - - - - 1 30

Butterflies of the Ottawa District 1984 Update - 132

Peter W. Hall and Ross A. Layberry

An Albino American Red Squirrel and a Melanistic

Eastern Chipmunk in the Ottawa Area - - -138

Bruce M. Di Labio

The Law Protecting NCC Lands _ _ - _ _ 140

The Pembroke Swallows - - - - - - -141

Bruce M. Di Labio and Jacques Bouvier

Ottawa's Own Gathering of Purple Martins - - 143

J.W. (Jack) Holliday

Gray Partridge near Mooney's Bay - - - - 144

Edith Dalschen

Growing Strawberries at the Cottage _ - _ 145

J.W. (Jack) Holliday

Milkweed Broccoli / Ross Anderson - - - - 143

Seasonal Woodland Flowering in Carson Grove - 150

Ilona Zgierska

Recent Significant Plant Records from the

Ottawa District Part III. ----- 155

Daniel F. Brunton

Guidelines for Participants on Field Trips - - 176

Coming Events - - - - - - - - -178

121

An Update on Alfred Bog

This report will fill you in on Club activities with res-
pect to the Alfred Bog since our last report a year ago (OFNC
Natural Areas Subcommittee 1984).

First, a word of reassurance. The bog is still there,
despite the rezoning of much of it in 1983 to permit agricultur-
al use. However, we understand that Hardee Farms had a peat
inventory done on their land last summer. This explains the
freshly-cut survey lines some of us have observed. The exact
purpose of the inventory is not known, but it would be a neces-
sary step before investing funds to drain the bog and prepare it
for growing crops or for peat extraction. On the other hand, an
analysis of the amount and quality of peat would be valuable
bargaining information to have if and when the owner wishes to
sell the land.

We are not aware of any further negotiations between Hardee
Farms and the Nature Conservancy or the Ontario Government.
However, the Nature Conservancy (and the Natural Heritage
League) still consider the bog a high priority project, and we
will keep lobbying them for concrete action.

In December, we learned that a 100 acre lot on the edge of
the bog was being offered for sale by public tender. The land
had been cleared in the past and although now grown up with
shrubs, could not be considered true "bog". However, the land
provided an excellent access point to the bog and after careful
deliberation, the Club executive decided to submit a bid. When
the tenders were opened, it turned out that we had been outbid
by a local farmer.

We are still looking for land for sale in the bog and will
add to our present holding provided the land can be acquired at
fair market value. The Club's Alfred Bog Trust Fund has grown
to about $5,200 from $1,700 last year, having been augumented by
the proceeds from the raffle at the Soiree last spring and
donations over the past year. In addition, there are still
pledges from the Federation of Ontario Naturalists and the
Ottawa Duck Club in reserve.

In January of this year, the Club submitted a proposal to
Wildlife Habitat Canada (WHC) for funding to purchase land in
the bog on a cost-sharing basis over a two-year period. Funds
obtained from this source during the first year would be used to
match the funds we have already raised. We would then have to
raise an equivalent amount to use WHC funding for the second
year. While our proposal has not yet been reviewed by the WHC

122

board of directors, we are optimistic about its success. If our
proposal is approved, we have the incentive to launch a fund-
raising drive later this year. We will keep you informed of the
results .

This spring and summer, a number of guided walks into the
bog are being organized for various conservation groups. The
Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club outing is on August lOth. If you
want to visit the bog, we urge you to register for one of these
group trips. Most of the bog and all of the surrounding land is
privately owned, and we can not condone trespass. If you must
go into the bog on your own, please, for the sake of all of us,
ask permission of the landowner before crossing his or her
property .

When in the bog, please observe the naturalists' golden
rule - leave nothing but footprints; take nothing but photo-
graphs. And remember, in a bog even footprints last a long,
long time.

Literature Cited

OFNC Natural Areas
porters. Trail

Subcommittee. 1984. To all Alfred Bog sup-
61 Landscape 18(3): 108. n

Prepared by the Conservation Committee

OFNC Committee Members for 1985

Following is the list of members of The Ottawa Field-
Naturalists' Club who contribute to the operations of the Club
by participating in one or more of the seven standing committees
and four other committees. About 90 people are involved, an
impressive total. Incidentally, the two Vice-presidents of the
Executive also participate in some of the meetings of these
committees as liaison.

123

AWARDS
W. Gununer*

P. Hall
M. Stuart

K. Taylor
H. Thomson
S. Thomson

BIRDS

B. Ladouceur*

F, Bell

R. Bracken
M. Gawn

S. Gawn

C. Hanrahan
J. Harrison
R, John

G. Pringle
W. Smith**

A. Thompson

D. Toussaint

BIRD RECORDS
SUBCOMMITTEE
R. John*

R. Bracken
M. Brigham
M. Gawn

R. Gorman

B. Ladouceur

S. O'Donnell
M. Runtz

[G. Pringle**]

CONSERVATION

L. Maltby*

C. Harris**

E. Bottomley
S. Hamill***

B. Martin

P. Martin
J. Reddoch
G. Sheehy
R. Taylor
E. Todd

EDUCATION AND

PUBLICITY

B.

Marwood*

J.

Gil let t

W.

Knight

D.

Metras

C.

Montgomer)

P.

Narraway

M.

Peacock

G.

Rath

P.

Ronan

K.

Taylor

B.

Teager

EXCURSIONS

AND LECTURES

P.

Mart in*

F.

Bell

E.

Dickson

E.

Evans

C.

Gaskel 1

P.

Hall

J.

Harrison

R.

Leavens

EXECUTIVE

F.

Pope*

W.

Arthurs

W.

Gummer

A.

Martel 1

B.

Mart in

P.

Ward

FINANCE

W. Arthurs*
R. Bedford
D. Brunton
W. Cody
F. Goodspeed
C. Gruchy
C. Rounding
P. Ward

*** Chairman ,

MACOUN

D. Fillman*

M. Bose

F. Brodo

R. Collins

S. Darbyshire
D. Easton

D. Laurin
R. Lee

J. Murphy

V. Solman

MEMBERSHIP
B. Campbell*

E. Bottomley

E. Dickson

F. Goodspeed
L. Howden

A. Mason

B. Stern

K. Strang

NOMINATIONS
B. Campbell*

D. Brunton

E. Dickson

PUBLICATIONS
R. Bedford*

P. Catling

W. Cody

F. Cook
W. Gummer

J. Montgomery
J. Reddoch
J. Sankey

* Committee Chairman

** Committee Secretary

Natural Areas Subcommittee

124

Federation of Ontario Naturalists
Report

Heather Wilson

The Board of Directors of the Federation of Ontario Natur-
alists met in Toronto on January 26th. The meeting commenced
with an earnest discussion about the logging activities in
Rondeau Park. Apparently the Ontario Ministry of Natural Re-
sources has informed the FON on a number of occasions that
logging in Rondeau Park is restricted to the removal of wind-
falls or trees that are about to fall. FON members who had
recently visited the park reported that the logging appeared to
be much more extensive than that described by OMNR. The discus-
sion ended with a general request that naturalists visiting the
park should record evidence, by photograph if possible, of any
cutting which goes beyond the removal of windfalls and leaning
trees. This information should be forwarded to the FON.

While the topic of provincial parks was still on everyone's
mind, FON President, Bob Stewart, mentioned that the OMNR pro-
posal for the establishment of 32 new provincial parks was
before cabinet. As you are probably aware, the FON and member
organizations, including The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club,
played laudable and significant roles in the support expressed
for the new parks at public hearings and in briefs submitted to
the Ministry.

The next major item on the day's agenda was a presentation
by representatives of the Friends of the Wye Marsh. This organ-
ization is making a valiant effort to keep the Wye Marsh Wild-
life Centre open despite the proposed cuts. The FON is assess-
ing ways in which it can support their efforts. The Wye Marsh
presentation included a brief history of Canadian Wildlife Ser-
vice centres that were created to increase Canadians' awareness
of their natural environment. The need for the interpretative
program was evident then but is perhaps even more obvious today.

Ironically, the Wye Marsh presentation was followed by a
discussion of the FON's budget. Current costs require the
Federation to increase its revenues in order to support its
environmental program and to keep a full-time environmentalist
on staff. Environmental activism is considered to be a key role
of the Federation and well worth the expense. Of course, part
of the increase in revenue will have to be derived from an
increase in membership and in membership fees. Those of you who
are not yet FON members are encouraged to join, not only to

125

support a worthwhile and effective organization, but also for
your own enjoyment and benefit.

Other items which were addressed at the meeting ranged from
the need to maintain the flow of letters to the federal Minister
of the Environment regarding cuts to the Canadian Wildlife
Service to the revision of the FON endangered species kit. The
Breeding Bird Atlas Committee reported that Ontario's Atlas pro-
ject was only 12 squares away from complete province-wide cover-
age. Please note that June 15, 1985, is the North American
Breeding Bird Atlas Day - a breeding bird survey extravaganza
and a dream come true for the Atlas co-ordinators.

Also, don't forget the FON Annual Conference of May 24-26
to be held at McMaster University, Hamilton. Information on the
conference can be obtained from the Federation of Ontario Natur-
alists, 355 Lesmill Road, Don Mills, Ontario M3B 2W8. n

* * *

CANADIAN NATURE FEDERATION CONFERENCE

Carleton University
July 4-6, 1985

All members of The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club are in-
vited to register for the CNF Conference and participate in the
many field trips, social events and day-long symposium to be
held at Carleton University from July 4-6.

Included in the activities are field trips led by exper-
ienced OFNC members to Mer Bleue, Alfred Bog, Chaffeys Locks and
The Burnt Lands Alvar; bat-finding with Brock Fenton; a celebri-
ty picnic at Booth Picnic Field in Gatineau Park; a wine and
cheese reception and tour at the National Museum of Natural
Sciences; a banquet with guest speaker Monte Hummel of the World
Wildlife Fund (Canada); and more!

For more information, call the Canadian Nature Federation
at 238-6154 or drop into the Nature Canada Bookshop, 75 Albert
Street, basement level.

126

'decent
3ird Sightings

Frank H. Bell

As Bernie Ladouceur wrote in the last Recent Bird Sight-
ings, these articles usually begin with the weather. This
summary is no exception, since the weather was obviously the
main factor in a record Christmas Bird Count of 89 species found
on the 16th of December compared with a total of only 74 species
recorded during the whole month of January 1985. The first two
months of 1985, while not record-breaking in minimum tempera-
tures, were steadily cold. This was especially true of January,
when the maximum daytime temperatures never got above freezing.

The cold January soon terminated the lingering fall birds,
such as Ring-necked Duck, Lesser Scaup, Red-breasted Merganser,
and Herring, Iceland, Glaucous and Great Black-backed Gulls.

The Carolina Wren in Aylmer also disappeared, but unfortunately
probably not by going south. A Bufflehead seen at the end of
January and early in February may have been forced south from
further north. Anyway, it was our first mid-winter record in
several years. On the other hand, there were several species
which are uncommon or rare in winter that did make it through.
There was a Northern Pintail at Manotick; the now-famous Kanata
Common Snipe (apparently the same bird has learned from previous
year(s) that it can make it on that little stretch of open
"stream" (Di Labio 1985)); the Belted Kingfisher at Manotick,
although it was not reported later in February; Northern Flicker
- one at Aylmer and two in Embrun; the Rusty Blackbird, again
for the second winter on the Fourth Line near Riddell Road; and
the Chipping Sparrow on Geneva Street.

The Harris' Sparrow was our rarest bird of the winter and
the third record of this bird for the Ottawa District*. It was
at a feeder on Varley Street in Kanata from January 12th through
the end of February. The other rare bird of the winter was a
Red-bellied Woodpecker on Mill Street in Old Chelsea. The
feeder watchers there read in Elizabeth Le Geyt's bird column in
The Citizen about people going to the Pembroke area to see a
Red-bellied Woodpecker (as well as a Varied Thrush and a Hawk
Owl), so they looked closely at their own strange bird which had
been around a week or so and called Mrs. Le Geyt on February
3rd. It was there at least a couple more weeks.

* within 50 km of the Peace Tower

Ml

As perhaps could have been expected from the mild fall and
the good numbers of overwintering summer birds, most of the
species Ottawa had become famous for in winter were either
missing or very uncommon. There were no Boreal, Hawk (in the
District) or Great Gray Owls. Even the Snowy Owl was on the
scarce side. We had already begun to give up on the "three-toed
woodpeckers" - the (Northern) Three-toed Woodpecker was again
missing, and the Black-backed Woodpecker was scarce. Bohemian
Waxwings, Boreal Chickadees and Pine Grosbeaks were scarce in-
deed, and no Gray Jays were seen. The Common Redpoll (but no
Hoaries) finally arrived in numbers towards the end of February.

But before the impression is given that it was a completely
dull winter, it should be made clear that such was not the case.
Almost every feeder must have had the colourful Purple Finches,
the first winter they have been numerous since 1976-77. And
American Goldfinches and Dark-eyed Juncos, while not everywhere,
were around in perhaps record numbers. There was even an Oregon
Junco in Aylmer, interesting to see even though it has been
treated as a subspecies of the Dark-eyed Junco since 1973.

Also exciting were the greatest numbers of White-winged Cross-
bills seen in many years, although most stayed north of the
Ottawa River and west of the Mississippi River. Red Crossbills
were relatively rare compared to the White-winged. Pine Siskins
were also abundant in the same areas as the White-winged Cross-
bills.

Finally, there were a few - repeat few - signs of spring in
the latter part of February, although the standard harbinger of
spring, the Horned Lark, was essentially missing, not counting a
normal number of overwintering birds. One or two Ring-billed,
Herring and Great Black-backed Gulls appeared briefly in the
middle of February, with the first two appearing again in great-
er numbers during the last week. Two Greater Scaup and one
Lesser Scaup on February 22nd were early, as was a Red-necked
Grebe on February 26th.

Acknowledgement for part of the above information is given
to preliminary data from The Shrike for January, and to Bruce Di
Labio specifically for February.

Literature Cited

Di Labio, B.M. 1985. The overwintering of a Common Snipe in
the Ottawa area. Trail & Landscape 19(1): 16-17. n

* * *

A BIRD STATUS TAPE RECORDING IS NOW BEING MAINTAINED.

For the latest news on bird happenings in the Ottawa area,
including field trips and lectures, call (613) 744-4704.

128

Code of Conduct for Birders

This code of conduct was established to reflect the need
during birding activities for consideration and good manners
towards landowners, the general public, the habitat and fauna,
and fellow birders. It is anticipated that birders will attempt
to follow this code in pursuing their hobby and that they will
not bring discredit on the naturalist community. Although the
code was written for birders, some of the points made should
also be of interest to members participating in other types of
field activity.

Landowners and the General Publ ic

- Show respect for privacy. Disturbing people in their homes or
during their enjoyment of the outdoors is to be avoided. If
access to private property is needed, make contact first. If
phoning ahead, place the call during reasonable hours, say

9 a.m. to 9 p.m.

- People count as well as birds. Show courtesy. Be reasonable,
and don't always expect people to understand either what you
are talking about or what you want to do! Don't be impatient.

- Show respect for property. Avoid trespassing, avoid damage to
property. Use gates, and close them rather than risk damage
to fences (or yourselves!). Take your letter with you.

- Keep noise to a minimum.

Habitat and Fauna

- Show respect for both. Keep disturbance to a minimum consis-
tent with finding birds and reasonable observation. Do not
harry birds. Avoid disturbing nesting birds.

- Avoid habitat destruction. Many birding spots have fragile
habitats. Leave them as much as possible as you found them.
Stay on existing trails and paths.

- Repeated use of tape recorders, particularly during the breed
ing season and in heavily birded areas, should be avoided.

Fellow Birders

- Be cooperative and show fair play in dealing with other bird-
ers. Follow Kingsley's advice: Do as you would be done by.

- Be generous with information. What you think of as ordinary
may be someone else's rarity.

- Be helpful and considerate. Assist others in identification,
share your knowledge, and defer to others when in doubt.

Birds Committee, Wright Smith, Secretary.

129

Activities of the Bird Records Subcommittee

in 1984

Mark Gawn

For over a decade the Bird Records Subcommittee and its
predecessor, the Rare Birds Committee, has been charged by The
Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club with the task of assessing the
validity of sightings of rare birds in the Ottawa area. Over the
years, more than 300 Rare Bird Reports have been received and
evaluated. In 1984, meetings of the subcommittee were held on
an ad hoc basis; however, in 1985 we will be having regular
monthly meetings. The main reason for a more regular schedule
is the expected increase in the number of reports submitted. As
well, we will be working on an updated checklist of the birds of
the Ottawa District*.

Observers are reminded that undocumented reports of rare
occurrences are of little value and will not be included in the
new checklist. A number of reforms are now being considered
that will both limit the number of undocumented reports that get
published and improve the functioning of this subcommittee.

In 1985 the Bird Records Subcommittee considered 15 Rare
Bird Reports and photographs. Of these submissions, nine were
passed, five were rejected, and one was considered as probably
being an escapee. These reports are listed in Tables 1 and 2.
While the subcommittee invites the submission of details on any
rare bird sighted, including out of season reports, we are most
interested in those species with only a small number of docu-
mented occurrences in our area. A total of eight such occur-
rences were reported in The Shrike and/or in Recent Bird Sight-
ings in Trail <S Landscape for which no details have yet been
submitted to the subcommittee. These reports are listed in
Table 3. Some reports, especially of controversial decisions,
will be published in The Shrike. All are available to the
public .

A new slate for the Bird Records Subcommittee was selected
in December. Roy John is the current chairman, and Gordon
Pringle is the secretary. Please feel free to contact either of
these two people, or any member of the subcommittee for more
information. (See page 124 for the list of members of the sub-
committee . )

* within 50 km of the Peace Tower

130

Table I: Rare Bird Reports Passed in 1984

Arctic Tern

Ray Holland (photo), May 5, 1983.
Earliest record for Ontario.

House Finch Ray Holland (photo), late June, 1984.

First documented breeding of this
species in the Ottawa District.

King Eider Mark Gawn, Dec. 18, 1983. First Ottawa-

Hull Christmas Bird Count record.

Prothonotary Warbler

Mark Gawn, May 24, 1984. Fourth Record
for the District, first spring record.

Black-legged Kittiwake Robert Bracken, Sept. 3, 1984. First

September record for the District.

Forster's Tern

Pine Warbler

Mike Runtz, Oct. 21, 1984. First record
for the Arnprior dictrict.

Daniel F. Brunton (photo), Jan. 17,
(1984). Second January record for the
Ottawa District.

Yellow-breasted Chat John Sankey, Aug. 18, 1984.

Savannah Sparrow Mark Gawn, Nov. 21, 1984. Seasonally

rare .

Table 2; Rare Bird Reports not accepted in 1984

Curlew Sandpiper
Swainson's Hawk
Western Tanager
White Pelican
Tree Sparrow
Barnacle Goose

Sept. 10. 1983 (photo)

April 10, 1984
May 20, 1984
May 27, 1984
May 27, 1984

April 29, 1984 (photo), identification
accepted but status unknown, might have
been an escapee.

Table 3: Undocumented Sightings in 1984

The following species were reported to The Shrike, but so
far no substantiating details have been received. This list
includes only those species for which fewer than 10 sightings
exist in the District. Please note that reports are requested
for any rare bird sighting, including out of season records:
Black-legged Kittiwake (two additional sightings), Connecticut
Warbler, Willet, Lark Sparrow, Snowy Egret, Pomarine Jaeger,
Great Cormorant, Northern Fulmar, n

131

Butterflies of the Ottawa District
1984 Update

Peter W. Hall and Ross A. Layberry

INTRODUCTION

The 1984 butterfly season was highlighted by the appearance
of a new species for the Ottawa District - the Snout Butterfly.
This unusual-looking species with its long snout belongs to a
very small, but worldwide, family of butterflies.

Resident butterfly species were sporadic in their numbers,
depending on the weather. There was a very cool, wet May that
limited the flight of early butterflies, but a warm and mostly
sunny period in June and July brought out good numbers of many
species. There was no reoccurrence of the near-drought condi-
tions of 1983. August and September appeared cooler than aver-
age which limited the late-season butterflies.

Several new location records were noted for some of the
rarer resident species, particularly the skippers. These sig-
nificant 1984 records are contained in the map below.

Some migratory species were noticeably absent, while others
that had been absent in recent years put in an appearance.

Significant 1984 Location Pecords for the Ottawa District

132

There were no early records for butterfly species in the
District in 1984, nor were there any upda
possible species.

NEW SPECIES

On Septembe
8, RAL encounter
a SNOUT
{Libytheana
bachmanii) on a
wooded road near
South March. Thi
SNOUT BUTTERFLY
(drawing right)
is resident as f
north as extreme

southern Ontario and is a noted migrant some years in the United
States. However, it had not been recorded within 350 km of the
Ottawa District.

The following is a complete description of RAL's observa-
t ions :

There were many butterflies mudpuddling on the dirt road, in-
cluding COMMAS (Polygonia comma), GRAY COMMAS (Polygonia
progue), PEARL CRESCENTS (Phyciodes tharos), COMMON SULPHURS
(Colias philodice) and EUROPEAN CABBAGE BUTTERFLIES (Artogeia
rapae). At one large puddle was another butterfly, bigger than
a PEARL CRESCENT but smaller than a COMMA. Its wings were
tightly closed and I could see only the underside of the hind-
wing, which was a purplish-gray colour, quite like the underside
of a HARVESTER (Peniseca tarquinius) , although it was too big
for that species. As I did not have my net with me, I spent
about 20 minutes stalking the butterfly around the puddle,
several times getting within one-half metre from it. I was
unable to see the upperside, but could clearly see an elongated
snout, protruding about one-half centimetre beyond the eyes. I
felt certain it was a SNOUT BUTTERFLY. I attempted to trap the
insect under my shirt, and actually succeeded, but when I tried
to remove the shirt, the butterfly escaped and flew away. As it
did, I saw the underside of the forewing for the first time and
noticed two elongated whitish or cream marks near the costa of
the forewing. The next day I visited the Canadian National
Collection and examined their specimens of the SNOUT BUTTERFLY,
confirming the identification.

Note: Coincidentally , I came driving down the same wooded road

near South March about an hour after Ross had seen (and lost)
the Snout Butterfly. I had not seen such a dejected- looking
human being in many years. His shoulders were slumped and he
merely waved me on, not recognizing me in his preoccupation. He
was waiting in vain for the Snout to come back. PMH

133

The Dion Skipper was found at several new locations southeast of
the District.

For the first time in several years, numbers of Question Marks
showed up in 1984. Both photographs from slides by Peter Hall.

134

NOTEWORTHY RECORDS

New locations were recorded in 1984 for several uncommon to
extremely rare butterfly species. PWH found in early May anoth-
er previously unknown colony for HENRY'S ELFIN (incisal ia hen-
rici) in a small woods beside the Carsons Road language school.
RAL and Don Lafontaine located another colony off Slack Road.

Also near the language school, but in mid-July, a CROSS
LINE SKIPPER (Polites origenes) was taken. This rare skipper of
damp meadows is usually seen only singly and in scattered loca-
tions throughout the District.

RAL encountered several rare species in the northern part
of the District in June. He found a small colony of the very
local TAWNY CRESCENT (Phyciodes batesii) near Lac Campbell,
north of Lac Ronde. This is considerably further north than any
previously-recorded colony. He also took a PEPPER AND SALT
SKIPPER (Amblyscirtes began) about two kilometres west of Jarnac
in Papineau County, and found a road kill of the rare SATYR
ANGLE WING (Polygonia satyrus) about five kilometres southeast
of Notre-Dame-de-la-Sal le.

Just southeast of the District, near Grantley, PWH found a
colony of the extremely rare DION SKIPPER (Euphyes dion). An
estimated eight individuals were seen in a large sedgy area
during a period of two hours. Also seen in this same sedge
patch were numbers of BROAD WINGED SKIPPERS (Poanes viator) and
a few of the rare MULBERRY WING (Poanes massasoit). Both of
these species had been recorded near this location previously.

A second new location for the DION SKIPPER was found again
just outside the District south of Winchester Springs off High-
way 3 1 . f

Six new colonies of the extremely local APPALACHIAN EYED
BROWN (Satyrodes appalachia) were found by RAL and PWH. These
colonies, all in wet, wooded areas, were located in the Pine
Grove Forest off Davidson Road, the Long Swamp near Manion
Corners, cedar swamps north and south of the Phragmites Fen, a
swamp two kilometres north of Caldwell, another cedar swamp 10
km northwest of Pakenham, and a swamp close to the Grantley
location where the DION SKIPPERS were found.

All contributors noted that migratory species were general-
ly down in numbers again in 1984. RED ADMIRALS (Vanessa ata-
lanta) were not uncommon, but very few of the PAINTED LADY (v.
cardui) and the AMERICAN PAINTED LADY (f. virginiensis) were
seen. For the first time since 1981, QUESTION MARKS (Polygonia
interrogationis) were again seen. However, only PWH saw more
than one. He recorded six sightings scattered throughout the
District .

135

Several contributors, RAL, PWH and Jack Holliday, recorded
an unusually large number of sightings for the uncommon to rare
ALFALFA BUTTERFLY iColias eurytheme). It was most often seen in
late August and early September.

Both the MONARCH (Danaus plexippus) and the COMMON SULPHUR
(Colias philodice) were seen in normal numbers in late summer.

LATE RECORDS

The SPRING AZURE iCelastrina ladon) continued to appear in
its recently-noted third generation at several spots in the
District. It was found near South March on September 9 and on
the Ridge Road at Mer Bleue on September 20. Only single speci-
mens were seen on both occasions.

Several other species were sighted well after their normal
flight period. A BOG COPPER (.Epidemia epixanthe) was seen at
Hopkins Hole Bog on August 19, an ACADIAN HAIRSTREAK (Satyr ium
acadica) north of Poltimore on August 26, a BANDED HAIRSTREAK
(S. calanus) on August 17 near Taylor Lake, and a COMMON SULPHUR
was seen by RAL in the City of Ottawa on October 25. Don
Lafontaine reported a very fresh WHITE ADMIRAL (Basilarchia
arthewis) as late as mid-August.

LIFE HISTORY DATA

Eggs of the OLYMPIA (Euchloe olympia) were found by RAL at
the fire tower above Luskville Falls and at a small sandpit on
the Mountain Road in early June on the mustard species, Arabia
divaricarpa. This is the first record for the OLYMPIA on this
foodplant. RAL also found many EUROPEAN SKIPPERS (Thymel icus
lineola) dead inside flowers of the Showy Lady-slipper orchid
and even one of the large HOBOMOK SKIPPER (Poanes hobomok) was
trapped in a flower at White Lake Fen.

CONTRIBUTORS

Peter Hall
Ross Layberry

Don Lafontaine
John Fowler

Jack Holliday
0

136

TRIP TO AUSTRALIA IN 1988?

As many people know, I organized a four-week natural his-
tory tour of eastern Australia with a strong birding bias during
April and May of 1984. Recently, several Club members have
inquired about the possibility of a second similar excursion.

If there is enough interest, I would be delighted to organize
another Australian tour, preferably in September or October,
1986.

The 1984 tour took place in the Australian autumn. We took
advantage of the cooling trend in the weather by starting in
Sydney, Canberra and the New South Wales outback in the south
and then moving to O'Reilly's Guesthouse in southern Queensland
and finally to the tropical city of Cairns in the north.

Since the proposed 1986 tour would take place in the Aus-
tralian spring, it would make sense to start in the north at
Cairns and work south. In my opinion, extended stops of several
days at Cairns, the Great Barrier Reef and O'Reilly's Guesthouse
are mandatory. Those who attended Glen Threlfo's magnificent
film and slide show last November will surely have their appe-
tites whetted for O'Reilly's. Other possible places that could
be added to the itinerary are Kakadu National Park near Darwin
in the Northern Territory, Carnarvon Gorge in the interior of
Queensland, and Sydney or Melbourne in the south. Because of
time constraints, only one or two of these places could be
included.

The cost of the 1984 trip worked out to be about $4,200 per
person including all travel, meals and accomodation. Fluctuat-
ing exchange rates, air fares and inflation make cost predic-
tions for the 1986 trip difficult, but a rough estimate for four
weeks would be about $5,000 per person.

As in 1984, I shall plan to stop for several days in each
location to get a feel for what it is like. Even with this
approach, we still compiled a list of 301 bird species in 1984.
To get the most out of the trip, participants should have a
fairly keen interest in birds and other features of the natural
world. Expertise is useful but not important. I would welcome
telephone calls at 731-9270 from any Ottawa Field-Naturalists'
Club members who would be interested in learning more about the
trip. In the unlikely event that the trip is oversubscribed,
priority will be given to those who first expressed interest.

To get a feeling of what to expect on this trip, I suggest
that interested parties could contact one of the 1984 partici-
pants, such as Norma Johnston (729-7828) or Fran Goodspeed (820-
4601).

Roger Taylor

137

An Albino American Red Squirrel
and a Melanistic Eastern Chipmunk
in the Ottawa Area

Bruce M. Di Labio

Albino animals have a genetic inability to produce coloured
pigment and thus are all or partly white. Rarity is usually
correlated with the amount of white: the more white the less

frequently it occurs. Rarest of all are total albinos; they
lack pigment even in the eyes, which appear pink.

At the other end of the spectrum are those animals that
exhibit melanism, an excess of dark pigment. Melanism, like
albinism, can be partial or total. This article reports on the
sightings of a melanistic Eastern Chipmunk (Tamias striatus) and
an albino American Red Squirrel (Tamiascuirus hudsonicus) on
two islands in the Ottawa River within the city of Ottawa.

In light of the rarity of both melanism and albinism, their
occurrence is well worth noting. Published records of melanism
and albinism in squirrels and chipmunks are scarce. Smith and
Smith (1972a) reviewed the few records of aberrant coloration in
the Eastern Chipmunk and described seven other specimens that
had not appeared previously in the technical literature. The
only Ottawa area specimen they recorded was one from Kingsmere,
Gatineau Co., Quebec. It was a melanistic chipmunk with a dark
brown pelage, but the dorsal and cheek stripes were a lighter
buff. It also had a white throat patch.

Also, Smith and Smith (1971, 1972b) report a sight record
of an albino Eastern Chipmunk in Rothwell Heights in the north
end of Gloucester. The chipmunk's appearance was almost that of
a total albino, but it may have had faint stripes. Wilmot Lloyd
(1974) describes a chipmunk which she had observed in Rockcliffe
Park Village in 1931. It was white with two dark stripes down
the back and black eyes.

I first became aware of the melanistic chipmunk on Bate
Island when informed of its presence by Richard Brouillet.

While on Bate Island on April 23, 1984, I observed and photo-
graphed this unusual animal (opposite). It was entirely black,
except for the lateral dorsal stripes, which were dark gray. It
exhibited no unusual behaviour apart from being very tame (not
unexpected because squirrels and chipmunks on Bate Island are
fed regularly by people). The chipmunk was observed again in
mid-July, 1984. Some time after my first sighting I learned
that as many as three melanistic chipmunks may have been present
on the island for as long as five years (A.H. Reddoch pers.
comm. )

138

The albino American Red Squirrel on Lemieux Island, April 23,
1984 .

The melanistic Eastern Chipmunk on Bate Island, Sept. 22, 1984
Both photographs from slides by the author.

139

The albino American Red Squirrel was found on Lemieux
Island, two km downstream (east) of Bate Island in the Ottawa
River. I first saw it while birding on the island on July 24,
1984. Although less tame than the melanistic chipmunk, it
allowed me to get close enough for photographs (see previous
page). This animal was a total albino; the pelage was complete-
ly white and the eyes were pink. Subsequently to my sighting, I
learned that it had probably been in the area for at least a
year .

Literature Cited

Lloyd, W. 1974. A white chipmunk. Trail & Landscape 8(3):
62-65.

Smith. L.C. and D.A. Smith. 1971. Chipmunk Neighbours. Trail
& Landscape 5(5): 124-129.

Smith, D.A. and L.C. Smith. 1972a. Aberrant coloration in

Canadian Eastern Chipmunks, Tamias striatus . Canadian Field
Naturalist 86(3): 253-257.

Smith. L. and D. 1972b. Postscript to Chipmunk Neighbours.
Trail & Landscape 6(1): 3. n

The Law Protecting NCC Lands

Among properties owned by the National Capital Commission
are many areas that are favourites with naturalists, for ex-
ample, Stony Swamp, Pinhey Forest, Clyde Woods, Pine Grove
Forest, Mer Bleue, Green's Creek, Lower Duck Island, Gatineau
Park, and open lands along the Ottawa and Rideau Rivers.

To protect these properties and maintain order, the Nation-
al Capital Act prohibits harmful activities such as molesting
birds and animals, littering, and unauthorized collecting of
plants and rocks. The Act restricts other practices, such as
camping and having domestic pets, to designated areas.

Note especially these (condensed) sections of the Act:

26. No person shall, without the authority of the Commission,
cut, break, injure, deface, defile or remove any rock, tree,
shrub, plant, flower or turf on property of the Commission.

27. No person shall disturb or injure any wild animal or any
bird, bird's nest or bird's eggs on property of the Commission.
40. Every person who contravenes any of the provisions of these
Regulations is guilty of an offence and liable on summary con-
viction to a fine not exceeding $500 or to imprisonment for a
term not exceeding six months, or to both, a

140

The Pembroke Swallows

Bruce M. Di Labio and Jacques Bouvier

Most people in the Ottawa Valley have heard of the swallows
roosting in the city of Pembroke. The small patch of willows on
the south bank of the Ottawa River at the mouth of the Muskrat
River has received national attention because of the large
number of swallows that gather there every summer and early fall
(June, July and August). In the summer of 1984, from 500 to
1,000 swallows arrived at roost in early June! On July 12th
there were an estimated 9,000; then numbers tripled the next
week to about 27,000.

The most abundant species in the roost is the Tree Swallow.
Barn Swallows, Bank Swallows and Purple Martins are very common.
Cliff and Rough-winged Swallows can also be observed but are
often difficult to find. Merlin frequent the roost, occasional-
ly capturing an unwary swallow.

The willows where the swallows roost at the mouth of the Muskrat
River in Pembroke. This is the view from the swallow observa-
tion area shown on the map. photograph by Bruce Di Labio

WHERE TO WATCH THE SWALLOWS IN PEMBROKE

Look for the yellow "Follow the Swallow" signs at the city
entrance and follow these signs one by one along the roads. Do
not turn unless there is an arrow on the sign.

Pembroke is located approximately 150 km northwest of Otta-
wa, about a two-hour drive on Highway 17. In most years the
bulk of the birds arrive at the roost in mid-July. Numbers grow
until about the second week in August when over 100,000 birds
may be present. The best time to see the huge flock is in the
evening, about 15 minutes before sunset, earlier if it is over-
cast .

The spectacular nature of the roost and its proximity to
Ottawa make it an ideal outing for those interested in nature,
n

142

Ottawa's Own Gathering of Purple Martins

J.W. (Jack) Holliday

In the last few years there have been articles in the
newspapers about a great congregation of swallows in the Pem-
broke area. Ottawa too has a "roost", although on a smaller
scale, this one for Purple Martins, and I am surprised so few
people know of it.

The City of Ottawa's first water filtration plant was built
on Lemieux Island in the Ottawa River in 1930 to 1932. The
island is reached from the mainland by a bridge which is just off
the Ottawa River Parkway at the north end of Bayview Road. Just
before the bridge, alongside the river, is a charming stone
house that until recently went with the position of Commissioner
of Waterworks. Alongside the house is a grove of trees not much
more than a hectare in size. It is in this grove that the birds
roost. My diaries indicate 3,000 Purple Martins there on August
21, 1981; 1,000 on August 9, 1982; thousands on August 29, 1983;

and 3,000 on August 9, 1984.

The Purple Martins start to return to the roost about an
hour before sunset and circle and wheel high in the air, har-
vesting the flies that have emerged from the river and climbed
high on their "nuptial" flight. From time to time several
hundreds or thousands of birds will alight on the hydro and
telephone wires alongside the bridge for a rest, then suddenly
they fly off as one and career over the river again. After
sunset, small groups will dive swiftly into the copse of trees.
More will congregate from all directions and after circling high
will dive in turn into the trees. This roost is also used by
robins, grackles and starlings.

You'll see by my records that mid- to late August seems to
be the time they gather here. I can recommend this site as one
where Purple Martins can be seen by the thousands, and incident-
ly Lemieux Island is a lovely place for a picnic. On warm
summer evenings the island is a cool retreat right in the middle
of the city, with large lawns, lovely gardens (maintained by the
filtration plant staff), and picnic tables. There is a fine
stand of mature Black Walnut trees on the island too.

In May and June, thousands of Ring-billed Gulls nest on two
small islands between Lemieux Island and the Quebec shore.
American Black Ducks and Mallards nest on the three islands
upstream of Lemieux. n

143

Gray Partridge near Mooney's Bay

Edith Dahlschen

My Chickens. That's how I call them. For years I have
been watching some Gray Partridges around my house and in the
fields with great delight and anxiety (see Trail & Landscape
17(2): 51 (1983)). Finding leftovers and feathers while skiing
has always been a sad discovery that my regular fox had found a
meal again, thereby deflating my "chicken flock". The birds
started coming to my feeder regularly about five years ago, and
I have been watching them carefully ever since.

There usually would be about five or six left out of a
family of 12 to 16 by early spring. Later there was always only
one resident pair around. Last spring there were two resident
pairs until they both disappeared for breeding. I waited an-
xiously, wondering whether I would ever see them again. There
are many people walking their dogs loose in the fields posing a
threat to ground-nesting birds.

But lo and behold. On July 19th one proud and alert pair
with 13 very young chicks walked out of the tall grass onto my
lawn towards my bird feeder. (I am feeding all year around.)

What a delight to see and watch. At the slightest move or noise
the whole covey, including the parents, ducked to the ground,
making themselves almost invisible in the grass. That flock came
regularly like clockwork every day, unless some drama happened
when they stayed away for a couple of days, only to come back
with one bird missing.

Today, on February 25th, there are seven of the original
covey left. But - and that is the interesting story this year -
a second family group turned up last December 28th. I could not
believe my eyes as I watched the birds chasing each other and
calling all over the place. A pretty picture on the white snow.

I counted 20 in all at the time. I am certain the newcomers are
the family of the pair which disappeared in the spring. They
knew the feeder. Well, now what?

I had to dig up another feeding place. Now each flock has
established its own feeding place - never going to the other.

My original smaller covey was decidedly in better condition and
the birds were slightly larger than the new guests. But they
had to settle for the new feeding place because they were con-
stantly harrassed and driven away from the old one by the great-
er number of birds of the other family. Now, after ten weeks of
"fights and feeds", all is established even if the fighting has
not altogether ceased. Family No. I (seven birds) comes twice a
day at dawn and dusk to feed at the new feeding place. Family

144

No. 2 (nine birds) comes at dusk only. One could set the clock
by their coming. Times are getting later and earlier every day
according to the daylight.

I wonder when they are going to separate and where they are
going to go. I will not be surprised to see two or more pairs
staying here this year. What about inbreeding in these birds?

Among other observed dramas where I did not see the ending
was the following little story. One evening a dog chased the
birds away from the feeder. One bird, having missed the sudden
departure, ducked into the snow and stayed there all night. It
did go out and feed in broad daylight, very anxiously. For a
whole week the bird missed the regular feeding times when it
would have found its flock. Finally, one day it ran up towards
a flock, only to be chased away again because it did not belong.
After hiding in the shrubs a little longer, it luckily joined
its own family again. Was I ever relieved!

These birds as well as other regulars at my feeder are
virtually part of my family. My "lonely" Mourning Dove, which
lost its partner four years ago to a falcon, has always stayed
over winter. This year one other pair had two sets of two young
each. All the doves stayed, although except for the lonely one
they disappeared for a while in mid-winter. Now one pair is
back again. A Ringed Turtle Dove had joined the doves in Octo-
ber and disappeared with them in late December after the Christ-
mas Bird Count. I have not seen it since.

Apart from black squirrels, red squirrels and rabbits, I
have 12 species at my feeder at the moment (late February).
Included is a male Cardinal. But where is his wife? He sings
every day. Can someone spare a lady for him? Please! a

Does Your Last Issue Have Defective Pagination?

Does your March-April issue of Trail S Landscape have all
of its pages? If some pages are missing (and others are there
twice), telephone the Club number (722-3050) to arrange getting
a good copy.

145

Growing Strawberries at the Cottage

J.W. (Jack) Holliday

I love strawberries. Once I'd cleared a little patch free
from stones, stumps and roots at the cottage, nothing would have
it but I must have a strawberry patch. The instructions which
came with the package of plants directed that the first year one
must remove the flowers. That, of course, means no crop for a
year but is supposed to ensure a bounteous crop each year after,
for ever and ever.

Reluctantly then I carefully pinched each stem of snowy
flowers as it appeared. I kept the patch weeded and mulched
with leaves, and I guided the runners into fresh areas and
carefully set them. Autumn saw a healthy, vigorous patch of
plants ready for next year. I could hardly wait.

After our usual cold, snowstorm-filled, long, long winter,
the first trip to the cottage in early May confirmed that the
plants were healthy and seemingly just as green and alive as
when the snows covered them seven months before. In June, the
flowers came - hundreds of them. Plenty of bees for pollina-
tion. Honey bees, bumble bees, and several types of small,
solitary bees "buzzed" each flower, gathering nectar and stuf-
fing their "baskets" with pollen. Almost instantly the first
berries were there; lift any stem and in among the flowers the
embryo berries were revealed. We were going to have a feast.

One of the greatest problems with a cottage garden is that
one is away so much. The garden gets attention only on week-
ends. If a couple of weeks are missed, the garden shows the
neglect sadly.

On each trip to the cottage, I jumped from the car and,
with trepidation, looked over the garden to see what disaster had
happened since last week. Did a Porcupine climb the fence and
eat all the buds off the raspberry plants again? Did the cut-
worms eat four of every five bean plants? Or, worst of all, did
a Groundhog get in through some chink in the fence and sample
the assorted goodies? One small Groundhog can leave a garden
looking like someone had taken a lawnmower over it - nothing but
stubs of stems sticking up from the earth.

But nothing bothered the little strawberries; they grew big
and lush. The last week of June would be strawberry time.
Strawberry shortcake, strawberries and cream, strawberry jam,
perhaps a few litres to pass on to those unfortunates without a
strawberry patch. One can be magnanimous with a wealth of
berries .

146

Joyful trip to the cottage. Casual look over the garden -
all is well. No Groundhog damage; no Porcupine destruction;
nothing but an Eastern Chipmunk sitting on a stone in the berry
patch busily chomping on some wild goody. Cute little creature.
Nothing nicer than a chipmunk sitting up so comically, holding a
seed or nut and busily eating it, while keeping a wary eye out
for a false move by anyone.

Closer examination of the patch reveals the chipmunk is
eating a strawberry. Not even ripe yet. Eating a berry in the
white colour stage. Little pest! Well, I suppose he can have a
share. After all, how many berries can a chipmunk eat? Perhaps
four, or maybe six? Must watch him. There, he has a berry.

Sits on a stone eating a berry. How rapidly he chews. Chucks
the berry over his shoulder; dashes off again. Back in a jiffy
with another berry. What goes on here? Close examination
reveals two or three litres of berries discarded, each with a
small piece chewed from one side, all in the white, half-ripe
stage .

Now, a chipmunk is an industrious animal. It soon became
obvious that it was going to devastate the whole crop. Some-
thing had to be done. Reluctantly then, the .22 was packed into
the trunk next weekend. With sadness, I quickly dispatched the
chipmunk and buried it. End of the problem. Now the berries
could ripen unmolested.

Next day a commotion in the berry patch soon revealed a
free-for-all among eight chipmunks, each struggling to "own" the
patch. Disposing of the one chipmunk had opened the territory
for all the neighbors. The "king" was dead and all the pretend-
ers to the "throne" moved in to take over.

Obviously, if one shot all eight, a number of others would
move in from surrounding territories. There was no end to it.
The more that were dispatched, the more would appear. Sadly,
then, I put the .22 away and gathered the pitiful few berries -
hardly a handful. The chipmunks had a feast (in between bat-
tles). The strawberry patch was abandoned to grass and weeds.

The next year the chipmunks had a small crop to enjoy. And
the year after, only a few plants remained, hybrids of the
garden variety and wild plants. Sometimes a one-centimetre
berry can be found, but the chipmunks are usually there first
and often there is only half a berry.

If one wants to have a strawberry patch, don't try the Val-
des-Monts area. Too many chipmunks think they own the country.
Perhaps they do. n

147

Milkweed Broccoli

gourmet greens from an open air market

Ross Anderson

When we shop for greens in the fields around Ottawa, as we
do each spring, there is never a crowd and the produce is always
garden fresh. The price is good too. In fact, we come home a
little richer than when we went out. Furthermore, the selection
is excellent, depending on the season. Our list of "purchases",
now quite long, includes leafy greens (dandelion), root stalks
(cattail), mushrooms (eight or ten different varieties), vege-
table shoots (wild asparagus), fruit (strawberries), beverage
(sumac) and now, early each summer, broccoli, from the buds of a
wildflower remembered mostly for the downy parachutes it re-
leases over the field on windy days in autumn and the sticky
milk it releases on your hands when picked - the milkweed.

Experts list many ways the Common Milkweed may be used for
table. Shoots, new leaves, flower buds, flowers and young pods
are all edible. The flower buds resemble broccoli and taste
just as good!

Taste the "milk" of the milkweed which appears as you break
the leaf or stem and you will find it bitter. The bitter ele-
ment appears throughout the plant including the flower buds. It
can be removed in cooking, but you must go about it in the right
way. Immerse the tight fresh clusters in rapidly-boiling water
and return to the boil for one or two minutes. Discard the
water and repeat the process. Starting with the buds in cold
water and then bring it to the boil will have the opposite
effect and the bitter taste will remain. With the third change
of water, continue boiling for about ten minutes and your milk-
weed broccoli is ready to serve.

Add butter, a squeeze of lemon and presto, another gourmet
delight! I understand that the flowers are good when dipped in
batter and fried. We hope to try that recipe this summer.

Gourmet Preferences

Peterson, L.A. 1977. A field guide to edible wild plants.
Houghton Mifflin, Boston. One of the Peterson Field Guide
Series, this is the "bird book" for anyone hunting edible
wild plants.

Gibbons, E. 1962. Stalking the wild asparagus. David McKay
Co., New York. An inspiring introduction to the joys of
collecting wild food for talk or table.

148

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149

Seasonal Woodland Flowering
in Carson Grove

Ilona Zgierska

While walking many times along the hardwood east of Bath-
gate Drive close to Ogilvie Road, I noticed a few plants growing
at its edge. My curiosity led me further into the wood, where I
found many interesting plants that are characteristic for this
stand. I also noticed that the area was rich in birdlife.

I started to observe and make notes of changes going on in
a square of 100 m x 100 m of this damp wood during the growing
season. Its soil layer is thin with rocks protruding from
beneath it in many places. The drainage is poor so that there
are many wet places during the spring and early summer. They
dry out later in the summer, but the soil remains moist through-
out the entire vegetative period.

The thing that strikes one immediately on entering the wood
is the varied appearance of the vegetation, which displays
different growth layers. The multilayer plant formation makes
various conditions for different species of plants that live in
the same region of the wood. Four layers of vegetation are
clearly recognizable; these are the tree cover, the shrub layer,
the herb layer, and the forest floor.

The tree cover is composed of Red Maple, Trembling Aspen
and Paper Birch. Other species, such as White Ash and White
Elm, are also significant components of the tree cover. Besides
these species. Sugar Maple, White Cedar, Gray Birch and Balsam
Poplar occur in small numbers. Other species, such as American
Basswood and Yellow Birch, are very rare.

The shrub layer is composed predominantly of Black Buck-
thorn and Choke Cherry. Meadowsweet and species of currant and
gooseberry also occur frequently. Other species, such as Canada
Serviceberry, Wild Grape, Speckled Alder and willows, grow along
the southern edge of this wood.

The herb layer comprises about 60 species of flowering
plants and 13 species of nonflowering plants; the latter are
listed below.

Shining Clubmoss (Lycopodium lucidulum)

Ground Cedar (l. complanatum)

Wood Horsetail (Eguisetum sylvaticum)

Variegated Horsetail (e . variegatum)

Daisyleaf Grape Fern (Botrychium matricariae folium)

150

Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis)

Cinnamon Fern {Osmunda cinnamomea)

Interrupted Fern (O. claytonia)

Royal Fern (O. regalis)

Bracken Fern (Pteridium aquilinum)

Ostrich Fern {Matteucia struthiopteris)

Evergreen Wood Fern {Dryopteris intermedia)

Lady Fern (Athyrium f ilix-femina)

Sensitive Fern covers almost 40% of this area. Ostrich
Fern and Lady Fern grow in numerous dense clumps. The rarest of
all the ferns growing in this wood is the Daisyleaf Grape Fern,
of which I found only a few specimens.

The fourth layer, which is the forest floor, is poorly
represented by a few species of mosses such as Plagiomnium
cuspidatum, which grows on rotten logs and stumps; Brachythec-
ium salebrosum , which covers the bases of trees and rocks; and
Atrichium al tecristatum , which occurs in small wet niches of
this wood.

In highly organized communities like this, one often notic-
es that the maximum growth periods of various species tend to
fall into different seasons. This is very easy to observe in
the herb layer of a deciduous wood, with its colourful spring
aspect which is quite different from the summer one (see Table).
This difference in growth weakens the competition between dif-
ferent species and allows for a large production of plant mater-
ial. We can distinguish five phenological periods in this
hardwood community. (In the Table on the following pages,
a: early spring; b: spring; c: early summer; d: summer; and
e: autumn.)

The period of greatest development of the herb layer falls
in early spring when warm sunlight reaches down through the yet
leafless branches of the trees. In that period of time we can
see solid carpets of Dog's-tooth-violet, and small patches of
Wild Ginger mixed with Red Trillium and violets. Later, with
the coming of the leaves, this profusion of bloom gives way to
ferns which thrive in the encroaching shadow. By early June
most of these spring flowers have waned, thus ending their
development cycle. Dog's-tooth-violet disappears completely
from view, and we can see only its white offshots protruding
from the ground. In many wet places there are clusters of
sedges, and only a few other flowering plants can compete in
this period of summer. At the end of August some of the late-
flowering plants appear in the wood and they last until the
fall. This displacement of maximum growth periods of different
species allows the best utilization of the available living
space and nutrients. It allows for a peaceful coexistence of
the maximum number of species.

The following Table shows the seasonal rhythm of blooming

Seasonal Woodland Flowering in Carson Grove 1 984

152

153

of the flowering plants found in this hardwood. Horizontal
black lines before the name of each species indicate the maximum
growth periods.

References Consul ted

Britton, N.L. and H.A. Brown. 1970. An illustrated flora of
the United States and Canada. Dover Publications reprint of
the 1913 edition. 3 vol.

Crum, H.A. and L.E. Anderson. 1981. Mosses of eastern North
America. Columbia University Press, New York. 2 vol.

Gillett, J.M. and D.J. White. 1978. Checklist of vascular
plants of the Ottawa-Hull Region, Canada. National Museum
of Natural Sciences, Ottawa.

Scoggan, H.J. 1978. The flora of Canada. National Museum of
Natural Sciences, Ottawa. 4 vol.

Soper, J.H. and M.L. Heimburger. 1982. Shrubs of Ontario.
Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. n

Publications from the Royal Botanical Gardens

The Royal Botanical Gardens in Hamilton publishes a number
of bulletins describing aspects of the botany of southern Ontar-
io. Of special interest to Ottawa naturalists are the follow-
ing:

No. 2 The Common Aster Species of Southern Ontario by J.S.
Pringle. Revised Edition, 1981. 15 p. $0.50

No. 3 The Common Solidago Species (Goldenrods) of Southern

Ontario by J.S. Pringle. Revised Edition, 1982. 10 p.

$0.75

No. 5 The Trilliums of Ontario by J.S. Pringle. Third
Edition, 1984. 27 p. $2.40

No. 10 An Introduction to Wetland Classification in the Great
Lakes Region by J.S. Pringle. 1980. 11 p. $0.50.

To obtain these informative and useful bulletins, send a
cheque or money order for the correct amount to the Royal Botan-
ical Gardens, P.O. Box 399, Hamilton, Ontario LBN 3H8.

154

Recent Significant Plant Records
from the Ottawa District

Part III. Wood-sorrel Family to Composite Family

Danic^l F. Brunton
2704 Marie Street
Ottawa, Ontario K2B 7E4

This is the third of a three-part series describing the
significant vascular plant records in the Ottawa District that I
have been able to discover since the publication of Gillett and
White's (1978) Checklist of Vascular Plants of the Ottawa-Hull
Region, Canada. In Parts I and II (Brunton 1985a, 1985b), I

point out that only species noted as Sparse (12 or fewer collec-
tions) or rarer on the Checklist are discussed. The scientific
name of each species is followed by the common name and by the
status statement for it in that reference. (That statement may
be for only half of the District if only the Ontario or Quebec
status is being considered.) After a brief discussion of the
species status and/or history in the District (and in a wider
context in some cases), I note the locations from which my
collections have been made, followed by a listing of the herbar-
ia in which these collections are preserved. A statement of
revised status concludes the treatment, where appropriate. In
some cases I have departed from the status criterion used by
Gillett and White (i.e. determined solely by the number of
specimens in the DAO and CAN herbaria) when a number of the
collections predate 1930. Thus, a species supported by eight
collections of which six predate 1930 would be revised to Rare
from Sparse. This situation is indicated by "old records" being
appended to the status statement.

If the scientific name of the species differs from that
used in the Checklist, I have indicated the Checklist name in
brackets following the more appropriate name. The taxonomic
authorities are included in the scientific names in these cases
and when a new taxon is listed.

OXALIDACEAE WOOD-SORREL FAMILY

Oxalis dillenii (Yellow Wood-sorrel) Sparse
- a taxonomically confusing species (Grins 1983) that is non-
native in the District and known from few specimens; it may
actually be fairly common in the urban areas of the District.
Specimens: Britannia (CAN, DAO, DFB); Green's Creek (CAN);

Mer Bleue (CAN); Church Hill, Gatineau Park (DAO).

155

Revised Status: Rare Quebec, Unconmon Ontario.

POLYGALACEAE MILKWORT FAMILY

Polygala sanguinea (Field Milkwort) Sparse, Ontario only

- a southern species of the Mississippi Valley in central North

America that is at the northern limit of its range in open, acid
sands east of the Rideau River in the District (Brunton 1984).
Specimens: Mer Bleue (CAN, DFB); north of Casselman (DAO, DFB).

Polygala verticillata (Whorled Milkwort) Rare, Burritt's

Rapids area

- a southern species of dry prairies and open fields that is at

the northern limit of its range and is known otherwise in the
District from a small station in the Regional Forest (C. Frank-
ton, pers. comm.). Specimens: Manotick Station, Gloucester

(CAN) .

Revised Status: Rare, Ontario only.

EUPHORBIACEAE SPURGE FAMILY
Euphorbia glyptosperma (Spurge) Sparse

- a weedy native species of open sandy sites across Canada that

is locally distributed in the District, mostly near rivers
(Brunton 1984); probably only uncommon but undercollected.
Specimens: Blackburn Siding, Gloucester (CAN, DFB).

Euphorbia helioscopia (Sun Spurge) Sparse

- a widely distributed weed across southern Ontario that is

known in the District from a number of old collections and from
Lac Phillippe in Gatineau Park (Brunton 1983); it apears to have
declined in recent years. Specimens: Green's Creek (CAN, DFB);

Mer Bleue (DAO).

Revised Status: Rare (old records).

Euphorbia maculata L. (= ^ supina) (Spurge) Rare, Carleton

and Gatineau Counties

- a native weedy species of open, sandy, disturbed ground in

southern Ontario (Mulligan and Lindsay 1978), it is at the
northern limit of its range in the District; long known here
from a collection by C. and E. Frankton in Stony Swamp, Nepean
(Brunton 1982), it seems to be rapidly increasing its population
locally (see also Gummer 1984). Specimens: Val Tetreau (DAO,

DFB); Carlsbad Springs, Gloucester (DAO, DFB); Britannia Conser-
vation Area (DAO, DFB).

Revised Status: Rare Quebec, Sparse Ontario.

156

ANACARDIACEAE

CASHEW FAMILY

Rhus radicans var. negundo (Greene) Mulligan (Climbing Poison

Ivy)

New to List

- the tree-climbing variety of Poison Ivy (as many people have
discovered the hard way!) that is at the northern limit of its
Ontario range here (Mulligan and Junkins 1977). It is found in
rich, riparian hardwoods (e.g. Silver Maple swamps) along the
Ottawa and Rideau Rivers. Specimen: Green's Creek (DFB).

Status: Sparse, Ontario only.

ACERACEAE MAPLE FAMILY

Acer nigrum (Black Maple) Sparse

- a southern tree of limestone soils that hybridizes with Sugar
Maple in many areas and that is localized in areas where south-
ern calcicolous species seem to be concentrated; rarely found
in large numbers, but observed regularly; it is rare in the
province of Quebec (Bouchard et al. 1983). One large stand near
Pakenham is a candidate provincial nature reserve. Specimens:
Shirleys Bay, Nepean (DFB); Pakenham (CAN, DFB); Stony Swamp
(can); Green's Creek (CAN); Manotick (CAN); Harwood Plains
(DAO); west of Antrim (DAO).

Revised Status: Rare Quebec, Uncommon Ontario.

VITACEAE GRAPE FAMILY

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch (Woodbine)

New to List

- a southern shrubby vine that is native (and also introduced)
in Ontario and is known otherwise in the District from a few
sites along the Ottawa and Rideau Rivers; easily confused with
P. vitacea but usually separated by the distinct disks at the
ends of the climbing tendrils and the densely pubescent, lax
foliage. Specimens: Carp Hills, Kanata (DAO, DFB); Harwood

Plains (DFB); Lower Duck Island (DFB).

Status: Sparse, Ontario only.

MALVACEAE MALLOW FAMILY
Abut ilon theophrast i (Velvet-leaf) Sparse

- a common weed of southwestern Ontario that is uncommon else-
where in the province (Montgomery 1957); known elsewhere in the
District as a weed from Frank Bell's garden in Alta Vista (Gum-
mer and Bell 1983) and from extirpated garden-weed collections
and old records. It has been reported recently as a weed in
soybean fields in the District and may be becoming more common
than the specimen record indicates. Specimens: Centre Town,

Ottawa (CAN, DFB).

157

Revised Status: Rare, Ontario only (old records).

HYPERICACEAE ST. JOHN ' S-WORT FAMILY

Hypericum mut ilum ssp. boreale (Britton) Gillett (= H.

mut ilum, in part) (Dwarf St. John's-wortT Sparse
- a widespread species of mucky, acidic shores across Ontario
and absent from the limestone areas of the province (Gillett and
Robson 1981); scattered across the Quebec side of the District.
Specimens: Ramsay Lake, Gatineau Park (CAN, DFB); Champlain

Bridge, Aylmer (CAN).

Revised Status: Sparse, Quebec only.

VIOLACEAE VIOLET FAMILY

Viola nephrophylla (Northern Bog Violet) Sparse

- a common spring species of wet fens and limestone shores

across northern Canada but local in the District (in fen and
alvar habitat) and abundant where found (Reddoch 1979, Brunton
1980). Specimens: Innis Point, Kanata (CAN, DFB).

Revised Status: Sparse (locally abundant), Ontario only.

Viola renifolia (Kidney-leaved Violet) Sparse

- a transcontinental species of wet, boggy forest, it is found

regularly across the Gatineau Hills and in scattered sites on
the Ontario side of the District along the Ottawa River and in
Stony Swamp (Brunton 1982). Specimen: Cambrian Road, Nepean

(DFB) .

Revised Status: Uncommon Quebec, Sparse Ontario.

ONAGRACEAE EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY

Epilobium leptophyllum (Narrow-leaved Willow-herb) Sparse
- a common transcontinental species of open fens and found in
the District in this habitat (Reddoch 1979) and along river
shores (Brunton 1984); locally abundant here. Specimens: Stony

Swamp (CAN, DFB).

Revised Status: Rare Quebec, Uncommon Ontario.

HALORAGIDACEAE WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY

Myriophyllum tenellum (Slender Water-milfoil) Rare, McGregor

Lake

- a locally abundant aquatic/emergent species of slightly acidic
shores across the boreal regions of eastern Canada, but absent
or rare in calcareous areas; known elsewhere in the District
only from Constance Bay and McGregor Lake (Aiken 1984). Speci-
mens: Champlain Bridge, Aylmer (CAN, DAO, DFB).

Revised Status: Rare.

158

ARALIACEAE

GINSENG FAMILY

Panax quinquefolium (Ginseng) Sparse

- a rare species throughout its Canadian range (Argus and White
1984), this plant is found in rich, calcareous hardwoods in
southern Ontario and Quebec. Its population has been reduced by
harvesting of its roots for their supposed medicinal values. A
number of small sites are known across the Gatineau Hills, but
in Ottawa-Car leton it is known otherwise only from a small stand
in the Regional Forest and another near South Gloucester.
Specimens: Harwood Plains (CAN, DAO, DFB).

Revised Status: Sparse Quebec, Rare Ontario.

UMBELLIFERAE PARSLEY FAMILY

Sanicula trifol iata (Large-fruited Snakeroot) Rare (in Ontar-
io)

- a species of rich southern hardwoods in c ircumneutral soil
that is found fairly commonly on the Quebec side of the District
but is known otherwise in Ottawa-Carleton only from pre-1910
collections. Specimens: Blackburn (CAN, DFB); Harwood Plains

(DAO, DFB).

PYROLACEAE WINTERGREEN FAMILY

Monotropa hypopithys (Pinesap) Sparse (in Ontario)

- a transcontinental species of dry upland forests that is

parasitic on hardwoods (usually oak) and uncommon throughout;
flowering plants do not appear at a given stand each year;
scattered across the District and perhaps only uncommon in
Ottawa-Carleton but undercollected. Specimens: Moodie Drive,

Nepean (CAN, DFB); Manotick (CAN, DFB).

Orthilia secunda (One-sided Pyrola) Sparse (in Ontario)

- a common transcontinental species of dry woods; common across

the Quebec side of the District and locally common in acidic
substrates in Ottawa-Carleton. Specimens: Stony Swamp (CAN);

Blackburn (CAN); Mer Bleue (CAN); Carlsbad Springs (DFB).

Revised Status: Uncommon (in Ontario).

Pterospora andromedea (Pinedrops) Rare, Quebec only

- a saprophytic species of pine forests in the mountains of

western Canada, it is rare in Ontario (Haber and Keddy 1984) and
Quebec (Bouchard et al. 1983); known in the District from a
stand near Low since the early 1970s (Gillett 1972) and from a
single plant found near Baskins Beach, Torbolton Ward, West
Carleton Tp. by P.M. Catling in 1981 (P.M. Catling pers. comm.,
Brunton 1983). The Green's Creek stand is smaller than the Low
stand. Specimens: Low (CAN, DFB); Green's Creek (CAN, DFB).

Revised Status: Rare.

159

Pyrola chlorantha (Greenish Flowered Pyrola) Rare (in Ontario)
- a northern species of sandy, cool, coniferous woods across
Canada and found regularly across the Gatineau Hills, but known
elsewhere in Ottawa-Car leton only at Stony Swamp (Brunton 1982).
Specimen: Harwood Plains (DAO).

PRIMULACEAE PRIMROSE FAMILY

Lysimachia nummularia (Moneywort) Sparse along [rivers]

- a widespread introduction in Ontario that is common along
calcareous rivershores (Brunton 1980, Derbyshire 1982) but which
is rare inland (Brunton 1984). Savile (1951) describes (from
his studies at Britannia) how this species successfully colon-
izes after flooding has reduced competition. Specimens: Shir-

leys Bay, Kanata (CAN, DFB).

Revised Status: Common along rivers (rare inland).

APOCYNACEAE DOGBANE FAMILY

Apocynum cannabinum var . glaberrimum DC (= A. cannabinum)

(Indian Hemp) Sparse

- a southern species of rocky limestone shores in the Ottawa

Valley and (locally) in extreme southwestern Ontario (Boivin
1966); quite common along the Ottawa River shore (Derbyshire
1982) where it colonizes newly-created habitat (e.g. the Shir-
leys Bay dyke) in as little as two years. Specimens: Shirleys

Bay, Nepean (CAN, DFB).

Revised Status: Uncommon (locally abundant along rivers).

Apocynum cannabinum var. hypericifolium (Ait.) Gray (= A. sibir-
icum) (Indian Hemp) Sparse

- a widespread species of open shores across Canada (Boivin

1966) that occurs in large numbers along the Ottawa River.
Specimens: Ottawa River, Kanata (CAN, DFB).

Revised Status: Uncommon (locally abundant along rivers).

V inca minor (Periwinkle) Sparse escape from cultivation

- a well-known garden species that escapes (spreading almost

totally by vegetative means) at sites across eastern Canada
(Boivin 1966); a few widely-scattered records are known from the
District. Specimen: South March Highlands, Kanata (DFB).

BORAGINACEAE BORAGE FAMILY

Hackelia americana (American Stickseed) Sparse
- a transcontinental boreal species of dry hardwoods found in
the District in a few scattered sites in the Gatineau Hills and
from along the Ottawa River (Brunton 1982). Specimen: Harwood

Plains (DFB).

160

Hackelia virginiana (Virginian Stickseed) Sparse

- a southern species of rich calcareous hardwoods, found in

scattered sites across Ottawa-Car leton and from mostly old re-
cords on the Quebec side. The records of Mertensia paniculata
reported from the District (see below) actually represent this
species. Specimens: Harwood Plains (DAO, DFB).

Revised Status: Sparse Quebec, Uncommon Ontario.

Mertensia paniculata (Tall Lungwort) Rare, Gatineau Park

escarpment

- a boreal/subarctic calcicole that was reported in the District
from relict cliff sites in Gatineau Park (Brunton and Lafontaine
1974); these records are actually based on misident if ied sterile
rosettes of Hackelia virginiana.

Revised Status: delete from Checklist.

Myosotis arvensis (Forget-me-not) Rare, Ottawa

- a locally-common escape from cultivation across southern On-

tario (Montgomery 1957); known elsewhere in the District from
several old records. Specimen: Britannia Conservation Area

(DFB) .

Myosotis micrantha (Scorpion-grass) Rare, Britannia

- a rare introduction in southern Canada, it has been known in

the District since at least 1920 when it was collected at Bri-
tannia; it remains common there on open limestone flats but has
not spread beyond this area. Specimen: Britannia Conservation

Area (DFB).

LABIATAE MINT FAMILY

Physostegia virginiana (False Dragon-head) Sparse, Ontario

only

- an uncommon introduction that is known elsewhere in the Dis-

trict from a few (extirpated) stations by old settlement sites;
declining here. Specimens: Bridlewood, Kanata (CAN, DFB).

Revised Status: Rare, Ontario only (old records).

Pycnanthemum virginianum (Mountain-mint) Sparse

- a southern species of open calcareous fields and shores in
southwestern Ontario; approaching the eastern limit of its range
in the District; it is rare in Quebec (Bouchard et al. 1983);
known elsewhere in the District only from the Regional Forest,
Morris Island, and old records on the Quebec side. Specimens:
Shirleys Bay, Kanata (CAN, DFB); north of Burritts Rapids

(DFB) .

Revised Status: Rare Quebec, Sparse Ontario (old records).

Scutellaria parvula (Small Skullcap) Sparse

- a southern species that is found commonly on the calcareous
shores of the Great Lakes and on alvars along former post-
glacial drainage routes (such as the Ottawa Valley); its pres-

161

ence in the upper Ottawa Valley is taken as evidence of a former
linkage between eastern Ontario and Georgian Bay (Catling et al.
1975). In the District it is found along the Ottawa River
(where it is a successful colonizer of recent earthfill) and
from a few alvar/1 imestone plain sites inland west of the Rideau
River. Specimens: Shirleys Bay, Nepean (CAN, DFB).

Revised Status: Sparse Quebec, Uncommon (locally abundant)

Ontar io .

Thymus serpyllum (Wild Thyme) Sparse

- a locally abundant escape from cultivation across southern
Ontario and Quebec; known here from a few old settlement sites
(Brunton 1982). Specimens: Church Hill, Gatineau Park (CAN);

Val Tetreau (DFB).

SCROPHULARIACEAE FIGWORT FAMILY

Chaenorrhinum minus (Dwarf Snapdragon) Sparse

- a locally common weed of open disturbed sites; especially
abundant along railway tracks in the District. Specimens:
Shirleys Bay, Nepean (CAN, DFB); Shirleys Bay, Kanata (CAN);
Eaglesons Corners (CAN); Low (CAN); Green's Creek (CAN); Mer
Bleue (CAN).

Revised Status: Sparse Quebec, Uncommon Ontario.

Euphrasia stricta (Stiff Eyebright) Sparse

- an uncommon introduction across Ontario that is known from a

number of recent collections in the western side of Ottawa-
Carleton and in Gatineau Park (Brunton 1982); spreading very
rapidly across Ontario. Specimens: Bridlewood, Kanata (CAN,

DFB); Stony Swamp (CAN).

Revised Status: Sparse Quebec, Uncommon (and spreading)

Ontario.

Gerardia tenuifolia (Slender Gerardia) Sparse

- a widespread species of open calcareous sites across southern

Ontario and nearing the northern limit of its range here; found
quite commonly in the District (Derbyshire 1982); it is the
dominant species in some sites. Specimens: Manotick (CAN,

DFB); Shirleys Bay, Kanata (CAN, DFB); Shirleys Bay, Nepean
(CAN, DFB).

Revised Status: Sparse Quebec, Common Ontario.

Melampyrum lineare (Cow-wheat) Sparse (in Ontario)

- a common species of acidic, rocky sites (especially under

oaks) on the Canadian Shield; it is known elsewhere in Ottawa-
Carleton at Constance Bay, The Burnt Lands and Stony Swamp
(Brunton 1982). Specimen: Marchhurst, Carp Hills (DFB).

Pedicularis canadensis (Wood-betony) Sparse (in Ontario)

- a southern species of dry, young forests in usually basic sand
that is found in Ottawa-Car leton in scattered sites on limestone

162

bedrock along the Rideau and Ottawa Rivers (Brunton 1980).
Specimens: Shirleys Bay, Kanata (CAN, DFB).

Scrophularia lanceolata (Figwort) Sparse

- an uncommon species of open, usually moist meadows across
southern Canada in acidic, sandy soil (Brunton 1984); known in
the District (mostly in Ottawa-Car leton) from scattered sites,
many of which are old; population declining. Specimens; Mer
Bleue (CAN, DAO).

Veronica arvens is (Field Speedwell) Sparse

- a fairly common weed of open, calcareous sites in southern

Ontario (Montgomery 1957); found sporadically on limestone
plains and in urban areas in the District (Brunton 1982). Spec-
imens: Stony Swamp (CAN, DFB); South March Highlands, Kanata

(DAO, DFB).

Veronica longifolia (Long-leaved Speedwell) Rare, Ottawa

- an occasional escape from cultivation across southern Ontario

(Montgomery 1957); known elsewhere in the District only from
Stony Swamp and downtown Ottawa (Brunton 1982) and two old
Quebec-side collections. Specimens: Britannia Conservation

Area (CAN, DFB).

Revised Status: Rare, Ontario only (old records).

Veronica peregrina var. peregrina (Purslane Speedwell) Sparse

- a southern and western plant of open, calcareous ground

(especially rock flats); this taxon, the typical variety, is
introduced into the District and is regularly observed in
"weedy" situations (Brunton 1984). Specimens: Green's Creek

(CAN, DFB); Mer Bleue (CAN); Val Tetreau (CAN).

Revised Status: Sparse Quebec, Uncommon Ontario.

Veronica peregrina var. xalapensis (HBK) Pennell (Purslane
Speedwell )

New to List

- the western variety of this species (see above) appears to be

much less common than the typical taxon in Ontario; it is found
in more natural situations (limestone flats and alvars, etc. -
Catling et al. 1975) and may be native; found in the District in
scattered sites in this habitat. Specimens: Stony Swamp (CAN,

DAO, DFB).

Status: Sparse, Ontario only.

LENTIBULARIACEAE BLADDERWORT FAMILY

Utr icularia geminiscapa (Twin-scaped Bladderwort) Rare, Mer

Bleue

- an insectivorous aquatic that is typically found in the Atlan-
tic coastal plain and which is rare in Ontario and Quebec (Haber
1979, 1984, Bouchard et al. 1983); it is known in the District
only from the Mer Bleue, where it is locally common, and from a

163

large population at the Gatineau Park site. Specimens: Gatin-

eau Park (CAN, DAO, MICH, DFB).

Revised Status: Rare.

Utricular ia resupinata (Resupinate Bladderwort) Rare, Quebec

only

- an eastern coastal plain species that is at the western limit
of its range in Ontario; it is rare in Quebec (Bouchard et al.
1983); found in the District on slightly acid, emergent mud in
ponds and bogs in the Gatineau Hills and is abundant at these
sites. Specimens: Ramsay Lake, Gatineau Park (DAO, DFB).

RUBIACEAE MADDER FAMILY

Galium aparine (Cleavers) Sparse

- a transcontinental species of moist, rich hardwoods in eastern

Canada and British Columbia and a local weed of agricultural
areas in the prairies (Moore 1975); found locally in the Dis-
trict in rich, southern hardwoods (locally abundant). Speci-
mens: South March Highlands, Kanata (CAN, DFB); Cambrian Road,

Nepean (DAO).

Galium c ircaezans (White Wild Licorice) Sparse

- a southern species of rich hardwoods in Ontario; approaching

the northern limit of its range in the District, where it is
found locally in scattered Ottawa-Carleton sites (Brunton 1984);
it appears to be a calcicole and is largely replaced on the
Quebec side of the District by the similar G. lanceolatum; it is
considered to be rare in Quebec (Bouchard et al. 1983). Speci-
mens: Shirleys Bay, Kanata (CAN, DFB); Harwood Plains (DAO,

TRT, DFB); Eaglesons Corners, Stony Swamp (CAN, DFB); Log Farm,
Stony Swamp (CAN, DFB).

Revised Status: Rare Quebec, Sparse Ontario.

Galium labradoricum (Bog Bedstraw) Rare, old record, Ottawa

- a species of open, calcareous fens across northern Ontario, it
is restricted and rare in such sites in southern Ontario and
Quebec; erroneously reported for the District on the basis of an
old specimen that was mislabelled (Brunton 1981b). Dugal (1982)
identified valid records from misidentified specimens from three
fens in the District. (See also G. obtusum below.) Specimens:
north of Burritts Rapids (DAO, TRT, DFB).

Revised Status: Rare, Ontario only.

Galium mollugo (White Bedstraw) Rare

- a common weed in southwestern Ontario that is rare elsewhere

in the province (Montgomery 1957); long known in the District
only from the collection by C. and E. Frankton in Stony Swamp
(Brunton 1982), but recently found in a number of new sites,
some of which are very large; clearly expanding rapidly in the
District. Specimens: Green's Creek (CAN, DFB); Queensway at

Montreal Road, Gloucester (CAN, DFB); Mer Bleue (CAN); Carlsbad

164

Springs (DAO); Britannia Conservation Area (CAN); Val Tetreau
(DAO, DFB); Woodroffe Avenue, Nepean (DAO); Manotick (DAO);
Jockvale, Nepean (DAO).

Revised Status: Sparse Quebec, Uncommon Ontario (increasing)

Gal ium obtusum (Wild Madder) Sparse

- a southern species of open, calcareous shores that is ap-
proaching the northern limit of its range in the District;
restricted to rivershores (Brunton 1981b - as G. labradoricum
(Dugal 1982)).

Specimens: Innis Point, Kanata (CAN, DFB).

Galium tinctorium (Dyer's Bedstraw) Rare (in Ontario)

- a widespread species of wet, acidic shores and thickets in

central Ontario but less common off the Canadian Shield in
southern Ontario; status in Ottawa-Car leton not entirely clear
(cf. Dugal 1982) but probably not particularly scarce. Speci-
mens: Shirleys Bay, Kanata (CAN, DFB); Blackburn Hamlet (CAN).

Revised Status: Sparse in Ontario.

Galium verum (Yellow Bedstraw) Sparse

- a common escape from cultivation in southern Ontario (Montgom-

ery 1957); otherwise known in the District from a few scattered
sites about Ottawa and from a massive population in the Fitzroy
Harbour - Morris Island area, where it covers several hundred
hectares. Specimens: The Burnt Lands (CAN, DFB); Val Tetreau

(DAO, DFB).

Revised Status: Rare in Quebec, Sparse in Ontario (abundant at

Morris Island).

CAPRIFOLIACEAE HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

Linnaea borealis (Twinflower) Sparse (in Ontario)

- a common species of cool, acidic soils in mixed and coniferous

forests across the Canadian Shield of Ontario and Quebec; found
commonly on the Shield on the Quebec side of the District but
known elsewhere in Ottawa-Carleton from scattered stands (Brun-
ton 1984). Specimens: Green's Creek (CAN); Mer Bleue (DFB).

Symphor icarpos albus (Snowberry) Sparse

- a common southern species of open limestone plains and shores

that is very common in the District in such sites (e.g. alvars)
along the Ottawa River and in scattered limestone outcrops
inland. Specimen: Blackburn Hamlet (CAN).

Revised Status: Sparse Quebec, Locally common Ontario.

Triosteum perfoliatum (Horse-gentian) Sparse

- a widely distributed southern calcicole of rich hardwoods;

found in small numbers in scattered groups across the District,
usually with other southern species. Specimens: Stony Swamp,

Nepean (CAN, DFB); Harwood Plains (DAO, DFB).

165

viburnum alnifolium (Hobblebush) Sparse (in Ontario)

- a common species of acidic soil in hardwood forests on the

Canadian Shield but largely absent from limestone-based areas in
Ontario (Soper and Heimberger 1982); in the District it is found
commonly in the Gatineau Hills but only sporadically in Ottawa-
Carleton, in scattered woodlots. Specimens: Pinhey Forest,

Nepean (CAN, DFB); Blackburn Hamlet (CAN).

Viburnum cassinoides (Northern Wild Raisin) Sparse (in

Ontario)

- a common species of low, wet, shrubby areas across the acidic

Canadian Shield of southern and central Ontario and Quebec
(Soper and Heimberger 1982); found locally on moist, acidic,
sandy sites across Ottawa-Carleton, being particularly common
around the Mer Bleue. Specimens: Stony Swamp (CAN); Mer Bleue

(can); Carlsbad Springs (CAN).

Revised Status: Uncommon in Ontario.

Viburnum opulus var. opulus (European Cranberry) Sparse escape

from cultiviation

- an occasional escape from cultivation in much of southern

Ontario (Montgomery 1957); otherwise known in the District from
Stony Swamp (Brunton 1982). Specimens: Blair Road, Gloucester

(CAN, DFB).

Revised Status: Rare escape, Ontario only.

VALERIANACEAE VALERIAN FAMILY

Valeriana officinalis (Valerian) Sparse escape from cultiva-

t ion

- an occasional escape from cultivation across southern Ontario
(Montgomery 1957); found in scattered sites across the District.
Specimens: Wakefield (DAO, DFB).

CUCURBITACEAE GOURD FAMILY

Thladiantha dubia (Wild Potato) Rare escape from cultivation
- the first Ontario specimen for this species was from Ottawa
(in 1909), yet it remains rare here and prospers only in south-
western Ontario (Montgomery 1957); known in the District largely
from old specimens and from a recent record in Ottawa South. It
developed spontaneously in the garden of C. and E. Frankton some
years ago and continues to flourish there. Specimen: Whitehav-

en, Ottawa (DFB).

Revised Status: Rare escape, Ontario only (old records).

CAMPANULACEAE HAREBELL FAMILY

Campanula persicifolia L. (Peach-leaved Bellflower)

New to List

166

- a sporadically-escaping garden plant across southern Ontario
(Montgomery 1957), it is found in a young deciduous woods here,
far from existing habitations; these plants are the albino
variety alba Hort. Specimens: Stony Swamp (DAO, DFB).

Status: Rare escape, Ontario only.

COMPOS ITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY

Achillea ptarmica (Sneezeweed Yarrow) Rare escape from culti-

vat ion

- an uncommon escape throughout Ontario (Montgomery 1957); known

elsewhere in the District only from two extirpated stations in
Ottawa (Brunton 1984). Specimens: Mer Bleue (CAN, DFB).

Revised Status: Rare escape, Ontario only.

Arctium lappa (Great Burdock) Sparse

- an uncommon weed in southern Ontario beyond the southwest of

the province (Montgomery 1957); known otherwise in the District
from Britannia, Buckingham, Richmond and some old stations;
formerly the most common burdock in Ontario (Moore and Frankton
1974) but now apparently declining. The Britannia station has
certainly declined since its discovery by C. and E. Frankton in
1981. Specimens: Val Tetreau (CAN, DFB); Champlain Bridge,

Aylmer (DAO).

Revised Status: Rare (old records).

Artemisia ludoviciana (Western Sage) Sparse

- a common western species that is uncommon in the upper Great

Lakes region as an introduction, usually at pioneer farm sites
that have been long abandoned (Brunton 1984); known from only
old collections across the District. Specimens: Mer Bleue

(CAN, DFB).

Revised Status: Rare (old records).

Aster acuminatus (Whorled Wood Aster) Rare (in Ontario)

- a common Appalachian species of rich hardwoods and mixed
forest in acid soil that is at the natural western limit of its
range in eastern Ontario (Brouillet and Simon 1981); formerly
considered rare in Ontario (Argus and White 1977) but now con-
sidered to be too widespread for that designation (Argus and
White 1983); found elsewhere in Ottawa-Car leton in Stony Swamp
(Brunton 1982) and at Mer Bleue (Brunton 1984). Specimens:

Innis Point, Kanata (CAN, DFB); Blackburn Hamlet (CAN, DFB).
Revised Status: Sparse (in Ontario).

Aster laurentianus Fern. (= A. brachyactis) (Short-rayed
Aster) Sparse, Ontario only

- a common species of open, saline shores of prairie sloughs

that is an uncommon introduction at saline sites in southern
Ontario (Catling and McKay 1980); found in the District along
roadsides, at snow dumps and salt springs; locally abundant and
apparently becoming more common. Specimens: Borthwick Springs,

167

Gloucester (CAN, DFB); Carlsbad Springs (CAN, DFB); Champlain
Bridge, Aylmer (CAN); Queensway at Blair Road, Gloucester (CAN);
Stillwater Park, Nepean (CAN), Russell Road at Leitrim Road,
Gloucester (CAN).

Revised Status: Rare Quebec, Uncommon Ontario.

Aster nemoralis (Bog Aster) Rare; old record. Cascades

- a common species of bog margins in the Canadian Shield of

Ontaro and Quebec (Brouillet and Simon 1981); known in the
District from a pre-1900 collection and the Gatineau Park sta-
tion discovered recently (Brunton 1981a). Specimens: Ramsay

Lake, Gatineau Park (CAN, DFB).

Revised Status: Rare, Quebec only.

Aster umbellatus (Flat-topped White Aster) Sparse (in Ontario)

- common in open, damp, acidic sandy ground across Ontario;

abundant in such sites (locally) in Ottawa-Car leton, especially
around Mer Bleue (Brunton 1984). Specimens: Green's Creek,

Gloucester (CAN, DFB); Mer Bleue (WAT); Lower Duck Island (CAN);
Rockcliffe Airbase (CAN); Harwood Plains (DFB).

Revised Status: Uncommon (locally common) (in Ontario).

Centaurea jacea (Brown Knapweed) Sparse, chiefly Ottawa

- a common weed in southwestern Ontario but rare elsewhere in

the province (Moore and Frankton 1974); known from a few large
stands in the District (all in Ottawa-Carleton) where it can
form the dominant species (Brunton 1984). Specimens: Carling-

ton (CAN, DFB); Orleans (CAN, DFB); Mer Bleue (CAN); City View,
Nepean (DAO).

Revised Status: Sparse, Ontario only.

Centaurea X pratensis Thuill. (hybrid Knapweed)

New to List

- an uncommon hybrid between C. jacea and C. nigra that is found

occasionally in eastern Canada (Moore and Frankton 1974); appar-
ently spread by seed, since it can be found growing only with
one parent (e.g. there is no C. nigra known for the District);
found growing here with C. jacea. Specimens: City View, Nepean

(DAO, DFB).

Status: Rare, Ontario only.

Crepis tectorum (Hawk' s-beard) Rare, Ottawa

- a rare weed in Ontario that is known elsewhere in the District

from old stations at Hartwell Locks and Wentworth Avenue, and
from recent collections at Britannia and Victoria Island. Speci-
men: Whitehaven (DFB).

Revised Status: Rare, Ontario only (old records).

Gaillardia aristata (Great-flowered Gaillardia)

New to List

- a widespread prairie species that is introduced as a garden
plant in eastern Canada; known otherwise in the District from a
1949 collection at North Gower (Scoggan 1979 - as ^ pulchella);

168

spreading rapidly from an abandoned garden at the Quebec site.
Specimens: Low (DAO, DFB).

Status: Rare escape.

Gnaphalium obtusifolium (Sweet Everlasting) Sparse

- an abundant species of weedy, disturbed, sandy sites in open

ground in the Appalachians and along the Atlantic coastal plain
and locally westward to southern Ontario; known from several old
collections in the District as well as being locally common in
parts of Stony Swamp (Brunton 1982) and around the Mer Bleue
(Brunton 1984). Specimens: Trail 4, Stony Swamp (CAN, DFB);

Mer Bleue (CAN, DFB); Carlsbad Springs (CAN, DFB); Log Farm,
Stony Swamp (CAN, DFB).

Revised Status: Rare Quebec, Sparse Ontario (old records).

Gnaphalium viscosum (Clammy Everlasting) Uncommon

- a widespread boreal species of open, calcareous and/or sterile

ground that is an uncommon ear ly-succes s ional species south of
the Canadian Shield; known in the District from a number of old
records; all previous Ottawa-Carleton records predate 1912
(Brunton 1984). Specimens: Mer Bleue (CAN, DFB).

Revised Status: Uncommon Quebec, Rare Ontario (old records).

Helianthus laetiflorus (Showy Sunflower) Sparse

- an uncommon introduction in Ontario that is known otherwise in

the District from old and apparently extirpated sites. Speci-
mens: Mer Bleue (CAN, DFB).

Revised Status: Rare, Ontario only (old records).

Helianthus maximiliani (Maximilian's Sunflower) Rare, Carleton

County

- an uncommon escape from cultivation that is found sparingly

about old settlement sites in the District; on the Ontario side
only. Specimens: Shirleys Bay, Nepean (CAN, DFB).

Revised Status: Rare, Ontario only (old records).

Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem Artichoke) Sparse, chiefly

Ottawa

- known across Ontario as an escape at old settlement sites and

elsewhere in the District from mostly old collections, as well
as from Stony Swamp and Billings Bridge. Specimens: Alta Vista

(can); Blair Road, Gloucester (CAN, DFB); Ramsay Creek, Glouces-
ter (DAO, DFB).

Heliopsis helianthoides (Ox-eye) Sparse

- a southern species of dry, open sites in southern Ontario that

is at least partly introduced in the District (about old settle-
ment sites); known elsewhere in the District from along the
Ottawa River and from scattered inland sites. Specimens: Stony

Swamp (CAN, DFB); Val Tetreau (DAO, DFB); Antrim, West Carleton
(DAO) .

169

Hieracium caespitosum Dum. (= H. pratense) (Field Hawkweed)

Sparse, Carleton County

- widely distributed but uncommon weed in southern Ontario

(Montgomery 1957); known elsewhere in the District only from old
records. Specimens: Carlsbad Springs (CAN, DFB); Blackburn

(CAN, DFB).

Revised Status: Rare, Ontario only (old records).

Hieracium pilosella (Mouse-ear Hawkweed) Sparse

- locally common weed in southern Ontario (Montgomery 1957);

locally scattered across the District, usually as a lawn weed.
Specimens: Manotick (CAN, DFB); South March, Kanata (CAN, DFB);

Wakefield (DAO, DFB).

Hieracium scabr iusculum Schwein. (Flat-topped Hawkweed)

New to List

- a common species (including H. umbellatum) of open, dry,

acidic sand in the boreal and subarctic regions in Ontario,
occurring rarely in southern Ontario (in Killarney and Algonquin
Parks); found in 1983 in the District on a sand ridge with other
northern species (Brunton 1984). Specimens: Mer Bleue (CAN,

DAO, DFB).

Status: Rare, Ontario only.

Hieracium scabrum (Rough Hawkweed) Rare (in Ontario)

- a common species of open, dry, acidic ground across the Cana-

dian Shield of Ontario and Quebec and fairly common in the
Gatineau Hills in this habitat; known elsewhere in Ottawa-
Carleton only from two old collections (Brunton 1982). Speci-
mens: Stony Swamp (CAN, DFB).

Lapsana communis (Nipplewort) Sparse; chiefly Ottawa

- a common weed of calcareous ground in southwestern Ontario and

uncommon and local elsewhere in the province (Montgomery 1957);
known elsewhere in the District from scattered collections along
the Ottawa River; abundance varies from year to year. (It was
common in 1984 in the Britannia area.) Specimens: Britannia

(CAN, DAO, DFB).

Revised Status: Sparse (locally abundant) along the Ottawa

River, Ontario only.

Matricaria inodora L. (= M. maritima) (Scentless Chamomile)
Rare; Ottawa only

- a common weed of the prairie provinces and the maritimes in

Canada (possibly two taxa) that is a rare introduction into
Ontario (Frankton and Mulligan 1970); otherwise known in the
District only from the Whitehaven area. Specimens: Britannia

Conservation Area (DFB); Bells Corners, Nepean (CAN, DFB).
Revised Status: Rare, Ontario only.

Rudbeckia laciniata (Green-headed Coneflower) Sparse

- a southern species that is both native and introduced in the
District; the ornamental variety (var. hortens is Bailey,

170

"Golden-glow") is found occasionally about old settlement sites,
as is the typical variety (Brunton 1984). Specimens: Mer Bleue

(CAN, DFB).

Revised Status: Sparse escape. Rare native.

Senecio vulgaris (Common Groundsel) Sparse, Ottawa

- fairly common introduction that grows in rich, heavy soil

across southern Ontario (Frankton and Mulligan 1970); known from
recently disturbed, weedy sites in urban areas of the District.
Specimens: Centre Town, Ottawa (CAN); Green's Creek (CAN, DFB);

Dow's Lake (DAO).

Revised Status: Sparse, Ontario only.

Solidago ptarmicoides (Nees) Boivin (= Aster ptarmicoides )
(Upland Vfhite Goldenrod) Sparse

- a western calcicole of open limestone plains, alvars and rocky
shores that is rare across southern Ontario (Semple and Ringius
1983; Catling et al. 1975); rare in Quebec (Bouchard et al.

1983); found sparingly in the District, being locally common at
Innis Point, The Burnt Lands and in parts of the Regional Forest.
Specimens: Shirleys Bay, Kanata (CAN, DFB).

Revised Status: Rare Quebec, Sparse Ontario.

Taraxacum palustre (Lyons) DC. (Marsh Dandelion)

New to List

- apparently a newly recorded, introduced weed for Ontario (and

North America?) that is found in wet, open, saline sites in
southeastern Ontario; keys out to the microspecies T. turfosum
of central Europe (A.J. Richards pers. comm.) found in the
District in roadside ditches, wet areas in alvars, and along
shorelines. Specimens: Shirleys Bay, Nepean (CAN, DFB); The

Burnt Lands (BM, MICH, DFB); Kars (BM, DAO, DFB); Carp (CAN,

DFB) .

Status: Sparse, Ontario only.

Tussilago farfara (Coltsfoot) Sparse

a common species of damp, open, calcareous sites in disturbed
ground across southern Ontario; locally abundant in the District
near Chelsea and in Eardley Tp., and scattered elsewhere in
small numbers across Ottawa-Car leton; apparently increasing.
Specimens: Stony Swamp (CAN, DFB); Shirleys Bay, Nepean (DAO,

TRT, DFB).

Revised Status: Uncommon (locally abundant).

Acknowl edgemen ts

I would like to express my sincere thanks to everyone who
assisted with the field efforts; most particularly, I am pleased
to acknowledge the important assistance offered by my wife,

Karen McIntosh, in this regard. My thanks are due too to G.W.
Argus and W.J. Cody, curators of the CAN and DAO herbaria,
respectively, for the use of the outstanding resources there.

In addition, the constructive and useful criticism of Parts II
and III by George Argus and Jack Gillett of the National Museum
of Natural Sciences were most welcome. I would be remiss if I
failed to acknowledge the excellent efforts of Joyce Reddoch.

She spent a tremendous amount of effort and time on this arti-
cle, employing her considerable skills both as an editor and as
a field botanist. The end result benefits significantly from
her work, and I am most grateful.

A special vote of appreciation is due Clarie Frankton, who
critically reviewed portions of the article, examined specimens
for me, tipped me off to botanical possibilities, offered expert
field accompaniment, and who has been a generous and construc-
tive source of encouragement and challenge for years. He shares
largely in the credit of whatever contribution this article has
to offer.

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Argus, G.W. and D.J. White, editors. 1983. Atlas of the rare
vascular plants of Ontario Part 2. National Museum of Natur-
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Argus, G.W. and D.J. White. 1984. Panax quingue folium L. in
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Boivin, B. 1966. Les Apocynacees du Canada. Naturaliste
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Bouchard, A., D. Barabe , M. Dumais and S. Hay. 1983. The rare
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Brouillet, L. and J-P. Simon. 1981. An ecogeograph ical anal-
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Brunton, D.F. 1980. Shirleys Bay life sciences. Conservation
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Brunton, D.F. 1981a. Bog Aster (Aster nemoralis) rediscovered

172

in the Ottawa District. Trail & Landscape 15(3): 127-129.

Brunton, D.F. 198 1b. Bog Bedstraw (.Galium labrador icum) new to
the Ottawa District. Trail & Landscape 15(3): 130-132.

Brunton, D.F. 1982. An ecological inventory of the Stony Swamp
Conservation Area, National Capital Commission Greenbelt,
Nepean, Ontario. Conservation Studies 5, National Capital
Commission, Ottawa.

Brunton, D.F. 1983. An ecological inventory of the Green's
Creek Sector, National Capital Commission Greenbelt, Glou-
cester, Ontario. Conservation Studies 15, National Capital
Commission, Ottawa.

Brunton, D.F. 1984. The vegetation and flora of the Mer Bleue
Conservation Area, National Capital Commission Greenbelt,

Ot tawa-Carleton , Ontario. Conservation Studies 22, National
Capital Commission, Ottawa.

Brunton, D.F. 1985a. Recent significant plant records from the
Ottawa District, Part I. Clubmoss Family to Sedge Family.
Trail & Landscape 19(1): 27-47.

Brunton, D.F. 1985b. Recent significant plant records from the
Ottawa District, Part II. Pickerel-weed Family to Bean Fami-
ly. Trail & Landscape 19(2): 96-112.

Brunton, D.F. and J.D. Lafontaine. 1974. An unusual escarpment
flora in western Quebec. Canadian Field-Naturalist 88: 337-
344.

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Derbyshire, S. 1982. Some additions and annotations to the
Checklist of vascular plants of the Ottawa-Hull region,
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Dugal , A. 1982. Bog Bedstraw in Ottawa District fens. Trail
& Landscape 16(3): 126-130.

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Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. n

Natural History Workshop at Carleton University

The Department of Biology at Carleton, in co-operation with
the School of Continuing Education, has launched a series of
workshops in natural history for interested members of the
Ottawa area. Based in the new Natural History Centre in the Tory
Building, the series consists of modules designed to reflect the
changing seasons. The modules will present the significance and
relationships of the living world around us through discussions
and outdoor workshops. Enrolment is limited to 15 participants
per workshop. Transportation will be provided for the field
trips. Co-ordinator of this series is I.L. Bayly of Carleton's
Department of Biology.

SRING BIRD MIGRATION

Designed for the period encompassing the arrival of warblers and
sparrows, this three-day event will take you to widely differing
habitats in the Ottawa and Gatineau Valleys. Dress for outdoor
activity. Bring binoculars and bird identification books, if
you have them. Films, slides and specimens from the University
collections will supplement and complement the field trips.
Leaders: V.E.F. Solman and A.G. Loughrey.

Dates: May 15, 16 and 17

Fee: $70 (or $25 per day - preference will be given to those
registering for the entire session).

For further information, call the School of Continuing Educa-
tion, Carleton University, at 231-6660.

175

Guidelines for Participants on Field

Trips

The following notes were prepared by the Excursions and

Lectures Committee. They are intended to reflect common sense

and the experience of many years, and will, it is hoped, make

our field trips more enjoyable for all.

1. READ the excursion announcement in Trail <£ Landscape; know
where you are going and be on time. Your trip leader's
telephone number is provided should you require more infor-
mation or encouragement.

2. BE PREPARED. If the excursion calls for binoculars, boots,
compass, insect repellent, lunch, and so on, bring them.

Do not be deceived by the lack of biting insects in your,
perhaps sprayed, urban neighbourhood. Come prepared with
protection against insects, especially in May and June.
Gloves, long sleeves, a turned-up collar, and a hat or ker-
chief are armour enough for some people. If you depend on
insect repellent for protection, the most effective brands
contain an ingredient called N, N-d iethyl-m-toluamide (4%
to 95%). For especially sensitive individuals, a headnet
has been known to preserve sanity. PROTECTION AGAINST
INSECTS IS ESSENTIAL IF YOU WISH TO ENJOY THE OUTINGS.

3. DRESS APPROPRIATELY. Always dress for solid comfort. Tra-
ditional sources of discomfort for beginners are unsuitable
footwear and good clothing that may become mud-spattered,
snagged or grass-stained. Comfortable bush wear is best
for nature rambles. Comfortable hiking shoes are essen-
tial. For cold-weather spring and fall outings, wear wool
socks (with a spare dry pair) and hiking boots or water-
proof winter boots. Only an addict can continue to enjoy a
nature hike when feet become soggy wet and cold. Rubber
boots for wading in cold water need the insulation of heavy
insoles and wool socks. For summer exploration of wet-
lands, wear canvas running shoes and don't worry about get-
ting your feet wet. Bring a change of footwear for the
trip home.

4. PLEASE COOPERATE with your leader(s). Stay behind the
leader and give place to him/her. Do not expect special
treatment for yourself or your children; the leader is not
a babysitter. INFORM THE LEADER if you want to leave the
group for any reason.

5. DON'T TRAMPLE VEGETATION; it may not recover until the
following season, if then. In some areas your leader may
require you to follow in single file along the trail.

176

6. AVOID COLLECTING, PICKING AND DIGGING. Removing natural
objects from along the trail leaves the trail poorer for
others. If there is no objection to acquiring specimens,
it still is best not be take them from the trail side. On
private land get permission before you pick, dig or collect
specimens. Collecting on any National Capital Commission
property, including Gatineau Park and the Greenbelt, is
illegal unless you have been issued a permit.

7. STOW YOUR TRASH (tissues, wrappers, butts, flashcubes,
etc.) and dispose of it later. Orange peels and apple
cores may be biodegradable but will also mar the trail.

8. BE A RESPONSIBLE PHOTOGRAPHER. Photography is not always a
harmless activity. Be aware of the damage caused by remov-
ing a branch that hides or shades a nest or by beating a
trail to the hidden den of a wild creature. The Editor of
Trail s Landscape appreciates receiving black and white
photographs (record shots of Club outings and good nature
shots) but not at the expense of wild creatures and wild
habitat .

9. don't broadcast the location of rare or vulnerable flora or
fauna .

10. RESPECT ACCESS to private property; it may have been ar-
ranged especially for this trip. Don't assume that you
have a right to go back without permission.

11. DON'T BRING PETS; they are neither appropriate nor wel-
come on excursions.

12. DOUBLE UP IN CARS on auto excursions to conserve fuel.

Allow other traffic to pass, park so that other traffic

is not impeded, and don't abandon your car in the right-of-
way. Use discretion in parking so as not to block laneways
or damage early spring grass.

13. USE COMMON SENSE. The outing could be spoiled for everyone
if you get lost, injured or drive into a ditch.

14. IS THIS OUTING REALLY FOR YOU? Don't go if you have any
doubts about your physical capacity to undertake the hike.
(It's an unfair burden to others.) HANDICAPPED PEOPLE must
bring a responsible companion where required. Please make
the leader aware of your limitations before the outing com-
mences.

15. ANY CANCELLATION must be made not later than three days
prior to the event. Refunds after this time will be made
only in exceptional circumstances. n

177

arranged by the Excursions and Lectures Committee
Philip Martin (729-3218), Chairman

Times stated for excursions are departure times. Please
arrive earlier; leaders start promptly. If you need a ride,
don't hesitate to ask the leader. Restricted trips will be open
to non-members only after the indicated deadlines .

* If you register for an event and subsequently decide not to *

* go, please cancel your registration because there may be a *

* waiting list. On many occasions we have had to turn down *

* would-be participants only to have the bus leave with sev- *

* eral empty seats. *

BIRD WALKS FOR BEGINNERS

The following series of walks (of three to four hours
duration) is offered for novice birders. Binoculars are essen-
tial, and waterproof footwear is advisable.

Saturday
4 May
II May

25 May

Time

8:30 a.m.
8:00 a.m.

7:30 a.m.

Place

Britannia*
Vincent Massey
Park**

Br itannia*

Leader

George McGee (733-1739)
Jeff Harrison (230-5968)

Ray Holland (225-9655)

* Entrance to Filtration Plant; Bus #51 stops here.

** Northwest corner of parking lot near Heron Road Bridge.

MAY EVENING STROLLS

These four informal walks are offered to expand members'
general knowledge of local natural history. Insect repellent
may be useful; wear waterproof footwear.

Wednesday
1 May
6:30 p .m .

SOUTH MARCH HIGHLANDS

Leader: Ellaine Dickson (722-3050)

Meet: Lincoln Fields Shopping Centre, northeast

corner by the garden centre, Richmond Road
and Assaly Road.

Tuesday
7 May
6:30 p .m .

VINCENT MASSEY PARK

Leader: Marc Bose (225-3873)

Meet: Vincent Massey Park, parking lot near the

Heron Road Bridge.

178

Tuesday
14 May
6:30 p .in .

Thursday
23 May
6:30 p.m.

Date and
time to be
dec ided

Thursday
9 May
8:00 a.m.

Saturday
1 I May
9:00 a.m.

OTTAWA-CARLETON CONSERVATION CENTRE AREA
Leader: Fran Goodspeed (820-4601)

Meet: Lincoln Fields Shopping Centre, northeast

corner by the garden centre, Richmond Road
and Assaly Road.

NEW YORK CENTRAL RIGHT-OF-WAY
Leader: Bill Arthurs (225-6941)

Meet: Elmvale Shopping Centre, northeast corner

of the parking lot.

NIGHT-FLYING MOTHS IN MAY
Leader: Don Lafontaine (225-1841)

This field trip will take place from 9:00 p.m. until
midnight on an evening in late May when the weather
appears favourable. If you are interested in parti-
cipating, leave your name and phone number with the
leader and he will contact you when a date and meet-
ing place have been set. Don will attract a variety
of moths to a sheet with a light and these will be
identified with the aid of the new Peterson Field
Guide, A Field Guide to the Moths of Eastern North
America .

GENERAL INTEREST HIKE

Leader: Ellaine Dickson (722-3050)

Meet: Lincoln Fields Shopping Centre, northeast

corner by the garden centre, Richmond Road
and Assaly Road.

This will be a general interest walk, especially for
senior citizens, in the Stony Swamp area. Bring a
lunch, insect repellent, waterproof footwear and
binoculars on this half-day outing.

TREES IN SPRING

Leaders: Aileen Mason (722-2279)

and Ellaine Dickson (722-3050)

Meet: Neatby Building, Central Experimental Farm,

one block west of the Irving Place - Maple
Drive stoplight on Carling Avenue. Use the
parking lot west of the Neatby Building and
south of the greenhouses.

This trip, focusing on trees in bloom, will comple-
ment recent summer, autumn, and winter excursions on
the identification and location of native trees of
the Ottawa area. An excellent opportunity to see a
Black Maple. Bring a lunch, insect repellent, and
suitable footwear.

179

Saturday
& Sunday
I I & 12
May

SPRING WEEKEND IN THE WILD

Leaders: Harry and Sheila Thomson (234-0845)

A weekend tent-out on Mount St. Patrick to hear the
sounds of nature at dawn. Contact the leaders by
May 8 for directions and briefings or to arrange the
loan of a tent. (Motel information is available for
non-campers . )

Tuesday
14 May
8:00 p.m.

OFNC MONTHLY MEETING
ALLADIN'S GARDEN
Speaker: Ian Lambie

Meet: Auditorium, National Museum of Natural

Sciences, Metcalfe and McLeod Streets
Ian Lambie is a long-time active member of the Trini-
dad and Tobago Field Naturalists Club. As president
of the Asa Wright Nature Centre, he met several OFNC
members in February of 1982 and welcomed them to
Trinidad and Tobago. His lecture will include the
film Alladin's Garden featuring the beautiful hum-
mingbirds of the tropics. It is hoped that Ian will
have time to show some of his slides of oil birds and
marine turtles, extraordinary creatures native to
Trinidad. This will be a unique opportunity to learn
about some of the fascinating fauna familiar to the
members of our "twin" club in Trinidad and Tobago.
Don't miss it!

Wednesday BIRDING WITH GEORGE

22 May Leader: George McGee (733-1739)

8:00 a.m. Meet: Britannia Drive-In Theatre, Carling Avenue.

Midweek birding for the retired but not-so-t ired .
(Those playing hookey will not be turned away.)

Bring a lunch for this half-day outing. Binoculars,
insect repellent, and suitable footwear are recom-
mended .

Saturday
25 May
9:30 a.m.

CONSTANCE BAY: PLANTS AND BUTTERFLIES
Leaders: David White and Peter Hall (733-0698)

Meet: Neatby Building, Central Experimental Farm,

one block west of the Irving Place - Maple
Drive stoplight on Carling Avenue. Use the
parking lot west of the Neatby Building and
south of the greenhouses.

The Sand Hills of Constance Bay were formed after the
melting of the glaciers and retreat of the Champlain
Sea. They are home to many plant species that are
found nowhere else in the Ottawa District. In late
May several uncommon butterfly species for the Dis-
trict, particularly the elfins, are on the wing at
Constance Bay. Come and explore this unique dry

180

land. Bring a lunch. (See articles in Trail &
Landscape by David White (13(4): 126-131 (1979)) and

by Ross Layberry, Don Lafontaine and Peter Hall
( I6( 1): 3-59 ( 1982)).

Sunday
26 May
7:00 a .m .

BIRDING IN THE ANDERSON ROAD AREA
Leader: Bob Bracken (728-3495)

Meet: Elmvale Shopping Centre, St. Laurent Blvd. and

Smyth Road, in front of Woolworths.

This will be a half-day trip to see and hear marsh
birds in Ramsayville Marsh and song birds in the
surrounding woods and fields.

Sunday
26 May
9:00 a .m.

SPRING WILDFLOWER FIELD TRIP
Leader: Erich Haber (722-5523)

Meet: National Museum of Natural Sciences, Metcalfe

and McLeod Streets, front entrance.

This half-day trip will complement Erich's presenta-
tion at the February Monthly Meeting in which he
showed how to use Newcomb's Wild flower Guide to iden-
tify wildflowers rapidly. Insect repellent and
suitable footwear are recommended.

Sunday
2 June
5:30 a .m.

GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLERS

Leader: Bruce Di Labio (729-6267)

Meet: Parking lot of Health and Welfare Building,

Tunney's Pasture.

Besides Golden-winged Warblers, participats are like-
ly to see Yellow-billed Cuckoos, Yel low-throated
Vireos, Common Ravens, Turkey Vultures, Red-shoulder-
ed Hawks and Northern Goshawks. Bring a snack for
this half-day outing to the Lac Philippe area. A
good deal of walking will be involved. Binoculars,
good hiking boots, and insect repellent are essen-
t ial .

Thursday
6 June
9:00 a .m .

MIDWEEK TRIP TO MARY STUART'S FARM
Leader: Mary Stuart (820-5220)

Meet: Loblaws, Carlingwood Shopping Centre,

Carling Avenue at Woodroffe Avenue.

This is another outing that has become a tradition.
The route to Mary's farm near Pakenham leads past
rock outcrops of limestone, marble and granite. At
the farm, wildflowers await those free to ramble on
this summer Thursday. Bring a picnic lunch, water-
proof footwear, binoculars and insect repellent.
Telephone Mary the day before for any last-minute
instruct ions .

181

Saturday
8 June
3:30 a.m.

DAWN CHORUS IN THE RICHMOND FEN
Leader: Monty Brigham

Meet: Loblaws, Carlingwood Shopping Centre,

Carling Avenue at Woodroffe Avenue.

The Richmond Fen is famous for its Yellow Rails and
Sedge Wrens and for other species such as Least Bit-
tern, American Bittern, Black-billed Cuckoo, Whip-
poor-will, Marsh Wren, Winter Wren and several warb-
lers. Monty is an expert on bird songs and their
recording and has produced three records. The mos-
quitos are fierce, so insect repellent and/or head
nets and gloves are essential. Be prepared for a
long walk.

Tuesday
1 1 June
8:00 p . m .

OFNC MONTHLY MEETING

REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS OF THE OTTAWA AREA
Speaker: Francis Cook

Meet: Auditorium, National Museum of Natural

Sciences, Metcalfe and McLeod Streets.

Francis Cook, Curator of Herpetology at the National
Museum of Natural Sciences, will discuss the identi-
fication of local species of reptiles and amphibians
by pattern, colour and calls, as well as their life
histories including breeding sites and sequence. His
talk will be illustrated with colour slides. (See
his article in the March-April 1981 issue of Trail &
Landscape (15(2): 75-109).)

Sunday
16 June
7:30 a.m.

BUS TRIP TO THE ST. LAWRENCE ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK
Meet: National Museum of Natural Sciences, Metcalfe

and McLeod Streets, front entrance.

Cost: $5.00

Come out and celebrate the centennial of Canada's
national parks system on this general interest
outing. The group will be met at Mallorytown Landing
by a Parks Canada staff interpreter who will intro-
duce us to the park with a short slide presentation.
We will then proceed by bus to Hill Island to look
for the Black Rat Snake and Wild Turkey among magni-
ficent stands of Pitch Pine. A three-hour boat tour
after lunch, with scheduled stops, will permit a
closer examination of the unique micro-climates and
"tension zone ecology" found among these islands.
Other anticipated highlights include various water-
birds, unusual plants such as Rue Anemone and Deer-
berry (Canada's rarest shrub). The Museum's Dinobus
will be provided free of charge and should return to
Ottawa by 6:30 p.m. The cost of $5.00 is to cover
the boat tour fee. Bring a lunch and binoculars.
Please register at least ten days in advance by
sending a cheque or money order (payable to The

182

Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club) to Ellaine Dickson,
2037 Honeywell Ave., Ottawa K2A 0P7. Include your
name, address, telephone number and the name of the
trip.

Sunday
23 June
7:30 a .m.

BUS TRIP TO THE BONNECHERE CAVES
Leader: Janette Dean

Meet: National Museum of Natural Sciences, Metcalfe

and McLeod Streets, front entrance.

Cost: There will be a charge of several dollars for

entrance to tiie caves.

This outing offers several points of interest: marine
fossils of the Ordovician Period, limestone weather-
ing features in the caves, Karst topography, and a
scenic waterfall. The caves are always cool so bring
a sweater no matter how warm the day. Low-heeled
shoes are recommended. Since this is an all-day
outing, returning to Ottawa around 6 p.m., bring a
hearty picnic lunch. The excursion is limited to the
first 20 to register. Do so by telephoning the Club
number (722-3050) at least ten days before the trip.

Wednesday
10 July
9:30 a .m.
to

3:00 p.m.

MORE ABOUT INSECTS
Leader: Fenja Brodo

Meet: Lincoln Fields Shopping Centre, rear of

building at its northeast corner.

Join Fenja for a leisurely look at the insect life
of the Mer Bleue Bog. Bring a lunch, waterproof
footwear, and insect repellent (not too much!).

Friday to
Sunday
19, 20, 21
July

WEEKEND OUTING AT THE HAVEN ON LAC LAPECHE
Leader: NCC interpreter and an OFNC member yet to

be decided

Cost: $30.00 per person

Participants will arrive early Friday evening and
depart on Sunday afternoon. Overnight accomodation
on Friday and Saturday nights will be in cabins, each
with two bunks. (Extra bunks can be arranged.)
Cooking facilities will be available. An NCC inter-
preter will be on hand to provide information about
local points of interest and the various hiking
trails. There will be opportunities for swimming and
canoeing as well as hiking. The weekend will be
limited to 15 adults. Anyone wishing to go should
register by sending their cheque or money order so
that it arrives at least ten days in advance (payable
to The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club) to Ellaine
Dickson, 2037 Honeywell Ave., Ottawa K2A 0P7. In-
clude your name, address, telephone number and the
name of the excursion.

183

Date and
time to be
dec ided

Sunday
I 1 August
8:00 a .m.

Wednesday
28 August
8:00 a .m ,

Saturday
31 August
7:00 a.m.

NIGHT-FLYING MOTHS IN AUGUST
Leader: Don Lafontaine (225-1841)

See instructions for the companion field trip held in
May and described on page 179.

BUS TRIP TO CHAFFEY'S LOCKS
Leader: Peter Hall

Meet: National Museum of Natural Sciences, Metcalfe

and McLeod Streets, front entrance.

Cost: $10.00

The Chaffey's Locks excursion, one of the most popu-
lar Club outings, this year will again feature a
visit to the Queen's Biology Station and the hiking
trails of the Skycroft area. Highlights could in-
clude cuckoos, rare ferns. Black Rat Snakes, and
fritillary butterflies. The price of $10.00 will
cover the cost of the steak cookout provided courtesy
of the Biology Station. The Dinobus, which is pro-
vided free of charge by the National Museum of Natur-
al Sciences, should return to Ottawa by 8 p.m. Those
wishing to go should register at least ten days in
advance by sending their cheques or money orders
(payable to The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club) to
Ellaine Dickson, 2037 Honeywell Ave., Ottawa K2A
0P7. Include your name, address, telephone number
and the name of the trip. Anyone who wishes to go by
private car must still register for the meal. Bring
a lunch and insect repellent. Those wishing to swim
should bring bathing suits.

MORE BIRDING WITH GEORGE
Leader: George McGee (733-1739)

Meet: Britannia Drive-In Theatre, Carling Avenue.

Midweek birding for senior citizens or anyone with
the morning free. The emphasis will be on early
fall migrants including shorebirds if the river is
not too high. Bring binoculars, a lunch, insect re-
pellent, and waterproof footwear for this half-day
out ing .

BIRDING IN THE WEST END
Leader: to be decided

Meet: Britannia Drive-In Theatre, Carling Avenue.

The emphasis will be on early fall migrants includ-
ing shorebirds if the level of the Ottawa River is
not too high. For this three- or four-hour outing,
binoculars are essential and waterproof footwear is
advisable .

184