A PUBLICATION CONCERNED WITH NATURAL HISTORY AND CONSERVATION TRAIL & LANDSCAPE Vol. 1 No.1 p.1-28 Ottawa, March-April, 1967 THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS 1 CLUB - Founded 1879 - President: Mr. Hue MacKenzie, 228 Royal Ave. , Ottawa Secretary: Mr. A.W. Rathwell, Can. Wildlife Service Objects of the Club : To foster an acquaintance with and love of nature and to encourage and publish original research in natural history. Club Publications : THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST, official journal of the Club, devoted to the publishing of research in natural history. TRAIL & LANDSCAPE, a non-technical publication of general interest to local naturalists. Field Trips, Lectures and other natural history activities are arranged for local members. See inside back cover. Membership : Active membership ($5 annual fee) includes subscription to The Canadian Field-Naturalist. An Associate membership ($3 annual fee) is available to local naturalists, entitling them to join in field trips and similar Club activities. All Ottawa Valley members, both Active and Associate, receive TRAIL 6c LANDSCAPE; other members may receive it on request. Application for Membership should be addressed to: Miss L.G. Howden, Treasurer, Box 3264 Postal Stn. C, Ottawa 3. YOU ARE INVITED TO BECOME A MEMBER Published by THE OTTAWA FIELD NATURALISTS' CLUB Editor: Mrs. G.R. Hanes 18 Briarcliffe Drive, RR 1, Ottawa, Canada Assistant Editors: Dr. Theodore Mosquin Mrs. H.A. Thomson Message from the President Skunk Cabbage Rare in Ottawa District W.G. Dore On Planning for Ottawa Valley Parks T. Mosquin 2 4 9 Conservation News ------ 11 Let's Look at Gatineau Park 13 S. Thomson How Many Birds Have YOU Killed Lately? - 16 R. Pittaway A Bird Migration Chart for Ottawa 17 compiled by G.R. Hanes Members' Exchange ------ 20 The Editor's Mailbox - - - - - 22 Explorer's Corner ------ 23 Orchid Location Survey ----- 26 E.W. Greenwood Coming Events - - - inside back cover 1 Greeting fellow members, and welcome to this new venture of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists* Club. TRAIL & LANDSCAPE has been planned as an attractive periodical to be issued every two months. Each number will contain feature articles of local interest on nat¬ ural history, and on conservation. Regular sections, such as Coming Events, the Explorer’s Corner, and a question and answer department, will be provided. Every member should find interesting reading in each number. For this first issue, Bill Dore has contributed a fascinating article on Skunk Cabbage, an odorous but attractive member of our plant community. The accompanying photograph of the plant was made from an outstanding colour slide by Mary Stuart. The reader interested in botany will also take note of Ed Greenwood’s report of the activities of the Orchid group. Birdwatching activity will be approaching the annual peak as this appears in print. May I wish all a successful season with at least one outstanding find during the year for each of you. I am sure you will find the articles by Gary Hanes on spring arrival dates, and by Ron Pittaway on bird mortality, inter¬ esting and informative. Ted Mosquin has given us a look at what the future may hold for naturalists in the Ottawa Valley, in an article which ought to start us thinking and planning for action now. 2 Conservation is a topic occupying the thoughts of many people these days, including the Council of this Club* We have devoted one special meeting of Council to this topic, as a result of which Ted Mosquin is looking further into such questions as the legal position of the Club with respect to the holding of property, the problems of raising money, the need for fencing, posting and caretaking, and others* The Federation of Ontario Naturalists through its Executive Director, Mr. James Woodford (who will be our Speaker at the Club Dinner), has offered to advise us. He has provided a report of a symposium on the problems of land acquisition for conservation purposes, held by the South Peel Naturalists Club last year. It is expected that a brief report on our progress will be made at the Annual Dinner. Take note of the date of our 1967 Dinner which will be held on Tuesday April 11 at the Eastview Hotel. Reservations will be necessary this year and will not b e accepted after April 4th. More details are given on page 28. Council has voted $500 for the publication of five issues of TRAIL & LANDSCAPE in 1967. This cen¬ tennial year is certainly an appropriate time to begin a new venture such as this. On behalf of all of you I congratulate the Editor, Anne Hanes, and the members of her editorial board: Sheila Thomson, who is also chairman of the Excursions and Lectures Committee, and Ted Mosquin, who conceived the idea of this journal and sold it to Council. May they be assured of sup¬ port, encouragement and material for publication , so that the task they have undertaken may prove rewarding. Hue MacKenzie 3 SKUNK CABBAGE in bloom at Osgoode Station, beginning of April - Photo by Mary Stuart SKUNK CABBAGE SEEDS (natural size), like golden pebbles, are left smooth and clean on the ground when the plants decay in the fall. On the left some are cut across to show the solid white meat and thin skin; on the right, one seed from the previous season has grown into a new plant. All gathered at the Osgoode Station site. 2 October 1966. 4 SKUNK CABBAGE RARE IN OTTAWA DISTRICT William G, Dore Plant Research Institute Experimental Farm, Ottawa Few Ottawa residents have ever seen Skunk Cabbage except in pictures. The patch at Osgoode seems to be the only one in the 30-mile zone around the city. Other occurrences are at Perth, Wolfe Island, Prescott, Sheek Island (now flooded out), Cornwall Island, and Summertown, - 35, 85, 30, 40, and 50 miles away in a general southerly direction, and these are the only other sites known in eastern Ontario. Plants along Kazabazua Creek, about 70 miles north of Osgoode, represent the only occurrence in that direction. Why should a wild plant that grows so vigorously, flowers regularly, and produces sturdy seedlings be so sparingly scattered in our area, particularly when there is so much black swampy land around suitable for its growth! In southwestern Ontario and on down throughout the eastern States, Skunk Cabbage grows thickly in almost every wooded or grassy swampland. There everybody knows it as the first plant to flower in the spring, - a true 'harbinger of spring', even though poets are not wont to write much about it. It is claimed that a certain amount of warmth develops within the thick spathes themselves and this speeds up the flowering process, so that sometimes this harbin¬ ger of spring blooms even in the preceeding December or November. It is easy to get to the town of Osgoode, 20 miles due south of Ottawa, but you will need the accompanying chart if you wish to find the Skunk Cabbages in the early spring when their well-camouflaged liver-spotted spathes are striking up through the deep layer of dead grass. Park along Main Street, Osgoode, or go up the short lane along the railroad tracks on the north side of Main St., then walk northward along the tracks about a hundred feet. In the latter part of May, or in June or July, there will be no difficulty at all in seeing the clumps of large bright green leaves with character¬ istic odour when crushed. 5 /*1cU-n St. (/eo feet) Chart of Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus -foetuiu.s) at Osgoode — 1^57 There were 86 plants along the railroad right-of- way in 1957 when the above chart was made. One was dug up to photograph the retractile roots and another has been removed to get a chromosome count but all the rest should still be there. The plants grow to be very old, pulling themselves deeper into the soil until about a foot of stem is buried, and are essenti¬ ally indestructible. (Good references on the age and structure of the plants are: n The Methusalah of the Plant World" by J.M. Shull, in Journal of Heredity, XV: 443-450, 1924, and "Les Spadiciflores du Quebec" by Fr&re Marie-Victorin, in Contribution No. 19, Institut Botanique, Montreal, pages 30-41, 1931.) At Osgoode the plants are absent beyond the fence, eliminated by ploughing or grazing, or absent for another reason which may become obvious later. Our veteran botanist, Herbert Groh, discovered the Skunk Cabbage at Osgoode 35 years ago and recorded it is his Weed Survey notebook of 1932. Subsequently, several persons have been directed to the site to study or photograph the plants. The Section Foreman once told me, "this is the only place the Skunk Cabbage, Skunk Tobacco, Skunk Rhubarb, or Whatever-you- call-it grows around here." But looking back into the matter, we realize that Mr. Groh only rediscovered the site of an old specimen which has been preserved in the National Herbarium, labelled "near Ottawa, Cowley, 1899". Now, R.H. Cowley 6 was a full member of our Club, but apparently one some¬ what recalcitrant and reluctant to yield more details of his find. He made another specimen more indefinite¬ ly labelled,"Ontario, in springy places, R. H. Cowley 11 , without locality or date. At Queen*s University, Kingston, there is another, simply, **R. H. Cowley**. We think the three specimens must have come from the same site, the same as encountered by Mr. Groh, a third-century later. Fortunately we find that James Fletcher, guiding Father of the Club, put down some¬ thing definite in print. In his "Botanical Notes** (Ottawa Naturalist XIII, page 77, June 1899) he says, "SYMPLOCARPUS FOETIDUS - Abundant in a swamp about one mile from Osgoode. Collected by Mr. R. H. Cowley early in May. Not before collected in the Ottawa District**. Fletcher probably did not go out to Osgoode to check Cowley’s information, but accepted it as given. Today, one can look a long time in much swampy land ’about a mile from Osgoode* and not find a trace - nary a whiff, as one might say - of Skunk Cabbage.* The plants are concentrated only at Osgoode, or more accurately, at Osgoode Station according to the map name. In Cowley’s time, however, Osgoode landing on the Rideau and West Osgoode (which is to the east.*) were more important places than Osgoode Station, and about a mile on either side of it, so perhaps the old directions were adequate enough. When entering into speculation as to why Skunk Cabbage should occur as a single patch, highly local¬ ized at a site such as Osgoode Station, and how and when it got there in the first place, one should be aware of the discussion on distribution given by Drs. Soper and Rao in their paper "An Interesting Spring Harbinger** (Bulletin Federation of Ontario Naturalists No. 79, 18-22, 1958) where all the factors of soil, postglacial migration and extermination, aboriginal transport, and dispersal by means of wind, water, birds and animals are considered. Explanation of incidence can be a fascinating and involved matter but one to which the observant natural¬ ist can contribute. Note that the seeds of Skunk Cabbage are large, abundant, heavier than water, lie loosely on the ground, and germinate quickly on the surface. One might even risk to test their flavour. (The taste of the seeds has not been recorded in the 7 literature. The Author would be interested to know if the finding of others corroborates his.) Apparently, the local occurrence at Osgoode Station has some relationship to the position of the railroad. Which came first, - the railroad or the Skunk Cabbage? According to Chief Engineer Colpitts of the C. P. R., the trackage was constructed between 1852 and 1854, over 45 years before Cowley found the Skunk Cabbage. The plants, of course, could have been there before that, but it seems that they would have colonized a wider area than they have. It is the contention that a single seed of Skunk Cabbage was brought there, like a weed, in some bal¬ last to build the railroad or in some dirt from the cattle cars shunted onto the siding by the cattle pen and just opposite the old well and railway watertower. Recently it has been found that near Prescott there is a large swamp filled with Skunk Cabbage and some plants actually grow along the side of the C. P. R. at a point about four miles north of Prescott, so transport seems likely from that direction, albeit some 30 miles away from Osgoode Station. It is also understood that the line was originally built, and the main flow of early traffic came from Prescott on the St. Lawrence Front towards the newly developing town of Ottawa. Well, if the seeds were carried along via the railroad, why did they not also drop at Ottawa station, or at other points along the line? They probably did; but at Osgoode Station there happened to be a flowing well (now derelict) supplied by an arte¬ sian spring which gave a little habitat of oozy ground just suitable for that first stray seed to germinate and survive. This conclusion, tenuous as it may be, should be checked but it seems plausible this rare and only colony of a strange, pleasantly obnoxious, denizen of the swamp in the Ottawa District represents just an inadvertent introduction since settlement. (It is not implied that this same proposition applies equally to the stand of Skunk Cabbage along Kazabazua Creek, or to others in Eastern Ontario.) 8 ON PLANNING FOR OTTAWA VALLEY PARKS Theodore Mosquin Box 91, Aylmer E. , P.Q. A scientific study, published recently in the United States, forecast that in less than 100 years from now many parts of North America will have develop¬ ed into gigantic super-cities (called megapolises). One of these cities will extend from somewhere west of the present town of Ottawa eastward along the Ottawa Valley to Montreal, and then southwestward in a scarce¬ ly interrupted continuum to Toronto, Cleveland, Detroit and on to Chicago! Similar megapolises will grow between Boston and Washington, in Texas, Florida, the Vancouver-Seattle area, California and the arid south¬ west. During this time, new cities, many of which will be the size of the present city of Ottawa, will blos¬ som out in regions which today are considered to be wilderness. Can anyone imagine the problems that this super-civilization will create for civic leaders, sci¬ entists, engineers and political leaders? Let us consider for a moment the problem of recre¬ ation. How, with such unprecedented and massive popu¬ lation growth, can man develop laws by which he can maintain an environment that will give future urbanites a healthy and meaningful life? How, at the same time, can he prevent the extinction of numerous species whose very homes and habitat are being destroyed in the pro¬ cess of making more room for our own species? How much planning and how much random development will we permit in these, which are at present, relatively healthy inter-city lands? Mayor Don Reid of Ottawa may have had some of these problems in mind when he stated recently that Ottawa cannot plan the development of areas beyond its present limits, for the simple reason that the city does not have any jurisdiction over these lands. It is a paradox of our times that governments responsible for the lives of hundreds of thousands of people cannot control these regions, but that various developers, small operators, and land speculators have a free hand in them. Yet these areas beyond our present city lim¬ its are precisely the ones that future civic leaders will have to administer! 9 In a recent study of recreation needs in the Unit ed States it was discovered that most urban dwellers (and in the year 2067 nearly all persons will be urban dwellers) prefer to find recreation facilities within a relatively short driving distance of their homes. Therefore one of the most important (if not the most important) answer to our future recreation needs, will be large parks, variously developed, located within easy reach of the densely urbanized regions. Yet, under present laws, cities have no way of gaining control over such potential park lands except by ex¬ panding their limits. Such expansion is not often easily possible and usually takes place in small stag¬ es, only after the area to be acquired has become criss-crossed with random developments of many kinds. Such lands are not only expensive to purchase for park purposes, but their acquisition by civic authorities is bound up with legal and administrative tangles and complexities. These lands cannot readily be divided and restored in a way that would adequately fulfil recreation needs, and the new residents are too often forced to seek even their simplest recreation needs by extended motoring trips. It is clear that legislation permitting present cities to anticipate their park needs for the next hundred years is badly needed. If such future park lands could be purchased today, then the Citizens of the Ottawa Valley Megapolis, when they are out cele¬ brating Canada’s 200th birthday, would certainly be grateful to us. The alternative - cities on the model of Los Angeles and Toronto - is unacceptable. The Ottawa of today is, of course, unique among Canadian cities in that the Federal Government has acquired by purchase two large areas, the Green Belt and Gatineau Park. Both areas will be increasingly used for recreation purposes, but Gatineau Park has the added function of preserving a home for many ani¬ mals and plants which could not easily survive in more direct competition with man. These two pieces of fed¬ eral land may seem large to us today, but by the stand ards of the year 2067, these lands will seem much smaller indeed. Their importance should not, however, be underestimated. 10 It seems a matter of urgency therefore that present-day Canadian cities seek legislation to permit them to purchase large blocks of land that will serve as parks where natural values can be retained for people’s enjoyment. City dwellers, since they are be¬ coming the dominant group in society, must also bear the responsibility of seeing that certain of these park areas are maintained almost exclusively for the use of wildlife species many of which are now threatened with extinction. The extinction of a species is an awesome and final thing and no civilized society should permit it to happen. Only with careful planning and good laws, can such parks be created and maintained to serve the dual needs of human recreation and wildlife preservation. Naturalists, like most other people, have much to gain by actively encouraging the setting aside of such parks. ^yn^/u^atto^ •4W4- © © o (Q ©©€>><£> ©60 © GOOD NEWS FROM QUEBEC FOR NATURALISTS Two recent developments in our neighbouring Province will provide exciting opportunities for exploration and study by local naturalists. over... The Canadian International Paper Company will create a Nature Centre at their Harrington Forest Farm property* located north of Grenville on the Rouge River. This 15,000 acres of woodlands and waterways will draw many visitors from the Ottawa and Montreal areas. They will find attractive recreation there: picnic sites, an auto trail, hiking and lookout trails. And they will enjoy learning something about resources management while visiting the demonstration fish pond, tree nursery and sugar maple camp. The naturalist will want to see these, and the waterfowl pond, nature trails and the natural area, tree and plant identification sites and fish control dam. Especially valuable will be the educational function of this excellent centennial project. The Company will provide in the Farm area, facilities for lectures, accomodation for organized groups, a library of wildlife and resources management litera¬ ture, films and slides. CIP has already been active in providing summer training camps for youth organiza¬ tions such as Scouts and 4H Clubs. Other groups, schools and universities will be invited to the Har¬ rington Forest Farm for teaching and research. Naturalists applaud this major contribution to conservation in the Ottawa Valley. AND EVEN CLOSER TO HOME. . . Three hundred square miles of western Quebec will become a new provincial park this year. PAPINEAU PARK, a block of land east of Highway 35, contains some 200 lakes, with many sandy beaches. Pulp and paper firms, who will retain their timber rights, have built several good roads in the area. Eighteen private fish and game clubs will lose their licences, and the areas they leased will now be open to the public. Work on access roads is to begin this spring; only part of the park will be ready for use this year. Ottawa naturalists welcome the news of this new park. 12 o o o -^ooA cCt GATINEAU PARK In Gatineau Park in April, the woods vibrate with a sound as typical of wilderness as the call of a loon or the howl of a wolf. You will be mystified when first you hear it, or feel it.a strange throbbing sensation in the air around you.. In a minute or two you will feel it again, and then again. Beginning with slow deliberate beats, it quickly speeds up, to end in a muffled whir. April has come back to the Park, and the grouse are drumming again. Astride a favourite drumming log, the male grouse makes the woods vibrate to the beat of his wings, in a rhythm all his own. Biologists tell us that this is the mating song. The resulting "music” is hard to describe, but in Gatineau Park, in April, the woods are throbbing with it. You will not likely catch sight of the drummer unless you stalk him with patience, and with plenty of time for the game. By advancing several cautious steps each time the drumming comes, an hour or more, perhaps, should bring you your reward. The drumming itself is an astonishing performance, culminating in an exciting blur of feathers and sound. Sheila Thomson 13 Just how destructive to bird life can you be without realizing it? Birds are marvellous and it is no wonder so many people become personally involved with them. This can often be very harmful. Take the practice of photographing young birds in the nest. It doesn't matter how skillful the photographer may be to replace branches and to avoid exposing the young to the elements, nest photography carries a high mortality. The older birds may be frightened off. Predators such as dogs, cats and squirrels may follow the manscent to the nest. And, while the photographer is fussing, the young birds are not being fed. It is no surprise that nest photography is now forbidden in several wildlife sanctuaries in the United States. Another common problem is nestlings dying in bird houses. Young birds die from many causes. Poorly constructed bird houses are often the reason. Lack of ventilation kills many birds. All bird houses should have air holes or slits about hole high. Or, they may drown if you forget to put a drain hole in the floor of the bird house. What about bird feeders? They are generally safe, but watch the use of glass and metal. The edge of glass should never be placed so that it contacts the bird's head or bill. A deep cut may result in the bird bleeding to death. If you want a transparent front on your feeder, use plastic instead. Plastic can be sanded down and rounded smoothly. Everyone knows that a wet hand on an iron fence in cold weather will stick and tear skin painfully. It is quite likely that frosty metal may do the same thing when it contacts a bird's wet foot. The metal suet holders are especially dangerous to woodpeckers as they might lose an eye. In general it is better to avoid metal on a feeder when metal would be in contact with feed¬ ing birds. 16 What about insecticides? Unfortunately they do kill birds. So be careful with your bug sprays. You may not need them if you are kind to the birds. It is well to inquire from your local Agricultural Agent what sprays are safe to use and when to use them. So be careful and remember our birds. Ron Pittaway RUFFED GROUSE could not be found in the Britannia Christmas Census area this year in spite of a thorough search of every remaining habitat by a group of enthu¬ siastic and competent observers. Its absence from an area where it could always be found in previous years demonstrates that wildlife cannot survive in the wild state if suitable habitat is destroyed. T. Mosquin o SPRING BIRD MIGRATION CHART FOR OTTAWA On the following two pages you will find a chart showing the average arrival dates of our more common spring migrants. The dates were taken primarily from our own records covering approximately the last ten years, and are the average of the dates on which we first saw the bird for the year. I also used some data of Hue MacKenzie's, for which I thank him, and a list published many years ago by Hoyes Lloyd (Canadian Field-Naturalist .58, 143, 1944). The very extensive records of R. M. Saunders and J. L. Baillie for the Toronto area were referred to as well, as a check on my dates. Of course this list must be regarded as prelimin¬ ary, since it is based on relatively little data. There is much more available around the city in the files of some of our more senior members and if some¬ one were to undertake the job of processing it I feel sure they would be glad to see it being made available to others. G. R. 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