Transactions

TEXAS ACADEMY of SCIENCE

MAY 29, 1929 to NOVEMBER 30, 1929

Together with the Proceedings
for the same time

San Antonio, Texas, U, S. A.
Published by the Academy
1930

Transactions

of the

TEXAS ACADEMY of SCIENCE

MAY 29, 1929 to NOVEMBER 30, 1929

Together with the Proceedings
for the same time

Volume XIV.

San Antonio, Texas, U. S. A.
Published by the Academy

1930

Committee on Publication

0. W. SlLVEY
B. C. Tharp
W. J. McConnell

E. S. Quillin
Robert Runyon
H. B. Parks

Contents

Page

Transactions for May 29, 1929 to November 30, 1929 _ I

Letter of Incorporation - _ III

Constitution and By-Laws _ V

List of Officers, Fellows and Members _ X

Report of Secretary-Treasurer _ XIV

Page

Texas Cacti

1-200

Letters of Incorporation

The State of Texas,

County of Bexar.

We, the undersigned resident citizens of the State of Texas, do
hereby voluntarily associate ourselves together for the purpose of
forming a private corporation for purposes herein set forth, to-wit:

1. — The name of this corporation shall be “The Texas Academy
of Science.”

2. — The purposes for which this corporation is formed are: — To
stimulate scientific research, to promote fraternal relationship
among those engaged in scientific work, especially in Texas; to
diffuse among the citizens of the State a knowledge of the various
departments of science; to investigate and report on any subject
of science or industry when called upon by any Department of the
State Government; to arrange and prepare for publication such
reports of investigation and discussion as set forth in these articles;
to collect, arrange and exhibit articles of scientific worth; to acquire
and arrange for use a library of scientific literature; to acquire
relics, mementos and articles of scientific interest; to maintain
a museum in which these collections shall be available to the
Academy and to the public with such restrictions as are placed on
similar public institutions.

3. — The place where the principal business of this corporation
is to be transacted is in San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas, or
such other points as may be deemed expedient by this corporation.

4. — The term for which this corporation is to exist is fifty years.

5. — This corporation shall be managed by a board of five
directors. The names and residence of those selected to serve the
first year are as follows:

Clyde T. Reed, Kingsville, Texas.

C. M. Adkisson, Denton, Texas.

J. K. Strecker, Waco, Texas.

W. J. McConnell, Denton, Texas.

H. B. Parks, San Antonio, Texas.

6. — This corporation shall have no capital stock; and it owns
no goods, chattels, lands, rights or credits.

In Witness Whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names
on this the 12 day of November, A. D. 1929.

Clyde T. Reed,

C. N. Adkisson,

W. J. McConnell,

J. K. Strecker,

H. B. Parks.

iii.

Preamble

Be it Known to All People: — That we, the undersigned,
desire to aid in the advancement of the present state of knowledge,
to help in the dispersion of what is now recorded and to form an
association for mutual betterment, do hereby adopt the following
Constitution and By-Laws.

Be it Further Knowns — That an organization, entitled the
Texas Academy of Science, was organized in 1892 with these same
objects in view and continued in active operation up to 1912;
that we know and are aware of the life and activities of that
organization, and desiring to continue their good work, we have
adopted the name, Texas Academy of Science and have modified
the original constitution to the present need.

Be it Further Known: — That in the personal of the present
organization there are, by their own will and action, a majority
of the remaining members of the original organization and that
no legal obstruction exists, therefore the following articles are
adopted:

Article 1. — This constitution shall take precedence over and
make null and void the original constitution of the Texas Academy
of Science and any and all revisions of and amendments thereto.

Article 2. — All members and fellows of the old academy shall
upon meeting the provisions of this constitution be regarded as
members and fellows of The Texas Academy of Science under the
present constitution.

Article 3.- — Further, whatever funds remained in the treasury
of the old organization shall be transfered by the last secretary-
treasurer to the present secretary-treasurer. Any and all property
still belonging to the original organization shall become the pro¬
perty of the present Academy and subject to the provisions of this
Constitution.

Article 4. — All publications that may be issued shall be num¬
bered so as to continue the series already published and shall
conform to this series in size, make up, and character of contents.

iv.

Constitution and By-Laws

Article I. — Object

Section 1. — Name. — This organization shall be called “The
Texas Academy of Science.”

Section . — Purpose. — The purpose of this Academy shall be to
stimulate scientific research, to promote fraternal relationship
among those engaged in scientific work, especially in Texas; to
diffuse among the citizens of the State a knowledge of the various
departments of science; to investigate and report on any subject
of science, or industry when called upon by any department of the
state government; to arrange and prepare for publication such re¬
ports of investigation and discussion as set forth in these articles.

Article II. — Membership

Section 1. — Classification. The membership of this Academy
shall be composed of active members, fellows, honorary members,
and patrons.

Section 2. — Eligibility. — Any person engaged in scientific work
or interested in the promotion of science shall be eligible to mem¬
bership.

Section 3. — Active Members. — Active members may be annual
members or life members. Annual members may be elected at any
meeting of the Academy. To become an active member, the can¬
didate will fill in the application form of the Academy, which when
signed by two fellows and accompanied by the entrance fee and
one year’s dues shall be sent to the secretary, who will enroll the
applicant as an active member subject to confirmation by election
at the regular meeting of the Academy. They shall sign the
constitution, pay their admission fee, and their annual dues before
they are declared members. Any person who shall contribute
twenty-five dollars (fifty dollars after 1932) to the funds of this
Academy may be elected a life member of the Academy, free from
assessments.

Section 4.— Fellows. — Any member of this Academy who is
actively engaged in scientific reasearch or the administration of
scientific pursuit may be elected a fellow. To become a fellow,
the candidate must have held membership in the Academy at least
one year prior to his application for fellowship. His application
must be signed by two fellows who are acquanted with the ex¬
perience and achievement of the candidate. He must present to
the Academy for permanent file a copy of a publication of merit
of which he is the author. When these requirements are met, the

Executive Council will present the candidate to the Academy at
the annual meeting. If he receives two thirds vote, pays a fellow’s
fee of three dollars and the annual dues he is declared a, fellow.
All who were fellows in the former Academy may become fellows
upon election to membership in the present Academy.

At the annual meeting for 1929 the members of the Executive
Council and fifteen others shall be elected as the original fellow¬
ship. This group will be required to pay the fellow’s fee and file
the publications. The secretary shall prepare a list of fifteen
members who are eligible for this first selection.

Section 5. — Honorary Members.- — Anyone who has rendered
distinguished service to the. Academy or to Science may be elected
an honorary member. This honor carries with it neither obliga¬
tions or privileges.

Secton 6. — Patrons — Any person who shall at one time con¬
tribute one hundred dollars (five hundred after 1932) to the funds
of this Academy may be elected a patron, who is a life member
of the Academy and free from dues.

Section 7. — Dues. — The annual dues for the Academy shall be
one dollar per year payable on or before the annual meeting. An
entrance fee of two dollars must accompany every application for
election into the Academy. A fee of three dollars must be paid
by a member at the time he is elected to a fellowship.

Article III.-— Sections

Section 1. — The Academy shall be divided into sections accord¬
ing to the major interests of its members. The present division
shall be:

Section 1.

A (Mathematics), B (Physics), C (Chemistry),

D (Astronomy), M (Engineering).

Section 2.

E (Geology and Geography), F (Zoological Sciences),

G (Botanical Sciences), N (Medical Sciences),

O (Agriculture).

Section 3.

H (Anthropology), I (Psychology), K (Social and Economic
Sciences), L (Historical and Philological Sciences),

Q (Education)

(The divisions given correspond to, and are lettered the same
as the divisions of the American Association for the Advancement
of Scence) .

Section 2. — Each section shall elect one of its members as a
Vice-President of the Academy.

vi.

Section 3. — A section may elect officers to serve its own or¬
ganization providing such action is done with the approval of the
Executive Council of the Academy.

Section 4. — Members shall designate the section to which they
belong. A member may change from one section to another,
provided that he notifies the Secretary of such a change at least
two weeks prior to the annual election. He may take part in the
work of two or more sections but in no case shall he vote except
in the section he has designated. The Executive Council is author¬
ized to make redivisions of the sections, when this need shall arise.

Article IV. — Inter-Organizations

Section 1. — Local Chapters. — The Academy may establish
through the Executive Council a local chapter on receipt of a re¬
quest to do so signed by ten members of the Academy in good
standing, residing in the territory within which the club is desired.

Secton 2. — Officers of Local Chapters. — • Such chapters shall
appoint their own officers and committees and may make any
rules for their government not inconsistent with the constitution
and By-Laws of the Academy.

Section 3. — Territory.— /The place of headquarters and definite
territory selected by each Chapter within which its membership
shall reside will be subject to the approval of the Council.

Article V. — Affiliated Organizations

Section 1. — Conditions. — Any organization now existing within
the state, having a membership of more than ten and an object
in organization which meets the approval of the Executive Council
of this Academy may become an affiliated organization upon the
approval of the Executive Council.

Section 2. — Manner of Affiliation. — The organization desiring
affiliation must make application to the Secretary of the Academy
for a certificate of affiliation. With the application there must be,
at least ten (10) applications for membership into the Academy
of Science from among the members of the organization, each
accompanied by the dues for one year in the Academy. On re¬
ceipt of the application, membership dues and upon proper election
to membership in the Academy of such applicants, the certificate
will be granted. Additional members of this organization may
become members of the Academy without election by presenting
evidence of membership in the affiliated body in place of the usual
entrance fee and the payment of the annual dues of one dollar per
member. Any organization now existing within the state among

whose membership are ten or more, who are members in good
standing and regular standing in the Academy, may secure a
certificate of affiliation by application and presenting evidence of
membership in both organizations of at least ten persons. Other
members of such an organization have the privilege of becoming
members of the Academy without the payment of the entrance fee.

Article VI. — Executives

Section 1. — Officers. — The officers of this Academy shall be a
President, a Vice-President for each section and a Secretary-
Treasurer. These officers shall perform the duties usually devol¬
ving upon such officers in similar associations. All officers of the
Academy must be elected from the fellowship.

Section 2. — Executive Council. — The President, the Vice-Pre¬
sidents, the Secretary-Treasurer and the retiring President shall
constitute the Executive Council which shall transact any neces¬
sary business of the Academy not specifically provided for in this
constitution. At any meeting of the Executive Council three
members are authorized to transact business provided that suf¬
ficient notice is before sent to all the members of the Executive
Council.

Section 3.- — -Board of Directors. — -In order that the Texas
Academy of Science may comply with the charter granted by the
State of Texas and thereby make legal the actions of this body,
a board of five directors will be chosen at each annual meeting.
All directors shall be ex-officio. The Board shall consist of the
elected officers. The President shall be the chairman of the
Board. This Board shall have authority in all the legal relations
of the Academy.

Section 4. — Term of Office. — All elective or appointive officers,
with the exception of the Secretary-Treasurer, shall hold office
until the succeeding annual meeting. The Secretary-Treasurer
shall be elected for a period of two Academy years. The Executive
Council shall fill by appointment all vacancies that arise.

Article VII. — Committees

Section 1. — Program Committee. — There shall be a program
committee to consist of the Secretary-Treasurer of the Academy
as Chairman, and the Vice-Presidents of the sections with such
other persons as may be appointed by the President. The program
committee shall arrange for the meetings of the Academy, as
constitutionally provided and for such other special meetings as
may be called by the Executive Council.

Section 2. — Publication Committee. — This committee shall con¬
sist of the Vice-Presidents of the sections, the Secretary-Treasurer

viii.

and the authors of the papers to be issued. The Secretary-Trea¬
surer shall be the chairman. This committee shall have the power
to pass on all papers offered for publication.

Section 3. — Auditing Committee.- — The President shall appoint
at each meeting two members of the Academy not otherwise of¬
ficers who shall audit the accounts of the Treasurer and report
before the adjournment of the meeting.

Section 4. — Legislative Committee. — The Executive Council
may appoint a standing committee on legislation whose duties
shall be to familiarize itself with proposed legislation on matters
of scientific interest, and to represent the Academy in dealing
with any legislative proposals of interest to the Academy.

Section 5. — Nomination Committee. — At the opening of each
annual meeting the President shall appoint a committee to present
nominations for all officers and fellows to be elected.

Any section, district, club, or affiliated organization may pre¬
sent nominations for fellowship to ths Committee.

Section 6. — Publicity Committee. — This committee shall con¬
sist of three members appointed annually by the president. It
shall be the duty of this committee to place the Academy and its
work before- the people of Texas in the most favorable way pos¬
sible and to keep the public advised of the achievements and
undertakings of the Academy and its members. Also, to serve as
press representatives of the Academy at all times. All official
statements must be passed upon by the president or, in his ab¬
sence, the Secretary-Treasurer, before releasing to the press.

Section 7. — Membership Committee. — This committee shall
consist of three members, appointed annually by the President,
it shall cooperate with the Secretary-Treasurer in increasing the
membership of the Academy.

Section 8. — Special Committee.— The president may at any
time appoint any special committees that he may deem necessary
or advisable. Such committees shall not function longer, without
re-appointment, than the term of the president creating them.

Article VIII. — Procedure

Section 1.— Meetings. — The annual meeting of this Academy
shall be held on the Friday and Saturday following Thanksgiving
each year, unless otherwise ordered by the Executive Council,
and at such a place as said Council may deeme convenient or
expedient. Other meetings of the Academy may be called at the
discretion of the Executive Council, provided that the electoin of
officers may occur only at the regular meetings.

Section 2. — Amendments. — This constitution may be altered
or amended at any annual meeting of the Academy by a three-
fourths majority of the attending members of at least one year’s
standing; provided that no such question of amendment shall be
decided on the day of its presentation.

ix.

By-Laws

1. — The President shall deliver a public address at one of the

sessions of the 'annual meeting at the expiration of his term
of office.

2. — The time allotted to the presentation of a single paper shall

not exceed fifteen minutes except as provided for by the
program committee.

3. — The order of business of the Academy shall be: — (1) — Call

to order. (2)— Statements by President. (3) — Reading of
the minutes of the previous meeting. (4) — -Appointment of
committees as may be necessary, and hearing of any and all
proposed amendments to the constitution or by-laws. (5) —
Program. (6) — Reports of officers. (7) — Reports of Exe¬
cutive Council. (8)— Reports of standing committees. (9) —
Reports of special committees. (10) — Unfinished and deferred
business. (11) — New business. (12) — Announcements and
miscellaneous business. (13) — Election of officers. (14) —
Election of fellows. (15) — Election of members. (16) — Ad¬
journment.

4. — Ten per cent of the membership in good standing shall con¬

stitute a quorum for transaction of business.

5. — Money received through contributions of patrons and life

members shall be invested as a permanent fund, the interest
on which may be used toward paying for the printing of the
transactions of the Academy or for such other purposes as
the Council may determine.

Officers 1929-1930

President, Prof. C. T. Reed, Kingsville.

Vice-President — Section I. — O. W. Silvey, College Station.
Vice-President — Section II. — Dr. B. C. Tharp, Austin.
Vice-President — Section III. — W. J. McConnell, Denton.
Sec’y-Treasurer — H. B. Parks, Route 1, Box 368, San Antonio.

Fellows

Adkisson, C. M., Denton.

Bantel, Dr. E. C., Austin.

Barcus, Prof. J. M., Arlington.

Benedict, Dr. H. Y., Austin.

Bilsing, Dr. S. W., College Station.

Birge, Miss W. I., Denton.

Burt, F. A., College Station.

Carter, W. T., College Station.

Conner, Director A. B., College Station.

Cory, V. L., Sonora.

Culyer, Prof. R. H., Austin.

Dodd, Dr. E. L., Austin.

Ferguson, Mr. A. M., Sherman.

Francis, Dr. Mark, College Station.

Fraps, Dr. G. S., College Station.

Geiser, Dr. S. W., Dallas.

Godbey, Prof., Georgetown.

Harris, Prof. B. B., Denton.

Harper, Dr. H. W., Austin.

Isely, F. B., Fort Worth (Dean).

Kuehue, Dr. J. M., Austin.

Lewis, Dr. I. M., Austin.

Mally, F. M., San Antonio.

Masters, Prof. W. M., Denton.

Mather, Dr. W. T., Austin.

McConnel, W. J., Denton.

Parks, H. B., Rt. 1, Box 368, San Antonio.
Patterson, Dr. J. T., Austin.

Pearce, Dr. J. E., Austin.

Plummer, Mr. F. B., Austin.

Quillin, Mrs. E. S., San Antonio.

Reed, C. T., Kingsville.

Reinhard, H. J., College Station.

Romberg, Dr. A., Austin.

Silvey, Dr. O. W., College Station.

Schoch, Dr. E. P., Austin.

Simonds, Dr. F. M., Austin.

Strecker, J. K., Waco.

Taylor, T. U., Austin.

Tharp, Dr. B. C., Austin.

Udden, J. A., Austin.

Whitney, Dr. F. L., Austin.

Members

Adams, Mr. B. T., 2172 Avenue X, Wichita Falls.

Alexander, E. R., College Station.

Armendt, Prof. B. F., Austin College, Sherman.

Baker, Mrs. H. A., Stephenville, Texas.

Baker, H. A., John Tarleton Agricultural College, Stephenville.
Bass, Prof. S. W., College of Arts and Industries, Kingsville.
Bawden, Dr. A. T. Baylor University, Belton.

Bobo, Prof. Ralph, Belton.

Brady, Prof. T. H., East Texas State Teachers College,
Commerce.

Brown, Prof. L. S., University of Texas, Austin.

xi.

Brown, Prof. T. T., East Texas State Teachers, College,
Commerce.

Carroll, Mr. J. J., P. O. Box 386, Houston.

Cook, Prof. R. J., College of Arts and Industries, Kingsville.
Crenshaw, Mr. G. S. P., Georgetown.

Cribbs, Prof. W. J., State College of Women, Denton.
Crimmins, Colonel M. L., Fort Sam Houston.

Cushing, Mr. A. B., 315 Halliday Ave., San Antonio.

Cushing, Mr. M. C., Menard.

Damon, Mrs. H. G., University of Texas, Austin.

Doak, Mr. C. C., College Station.

Fletcher, Dr. R. K., Texas Agricultural Experiment Station,
College Station.

Godbold, Dr. E., Howard Payne College, Brownwood.
Goldsmith, Dr. G. W., University of Texas, Austin.

Gore, Mr. T. U., College Station.

Harris, Miss Fay, East Texas State Teachers College,
Commerce.

Hawtof, Mr. E. M., 309 Amicable Building, Waco.

Horlacher, Dr. W. R., College Station.

Howard, Mr. C. A., 3120 Princeton Avenue, Dallas.

James, Prof. W. A., Galveston Public School, Galveston.

Jones, Prof. E. M., Baylor University, Waco.

Johnston, Mr. H. G., College Station.

Le Compte, Prof. W. H., College of Arts and Industries,
Kingsville.

Little, Mr. V. A., College Station.

Loring, Porter, 206 Jefferson St., San Antonio.

Lutz, Prof. C. M., East Texas State Teachers College,
Commerce.

May, H. Y., 1738 W. Gramercy, San Antonio.

Maisteller, Dr. R. P., College Station.

McAllister, Dr. F. M., University of Texas, Austin.

Morrow, Miss Marie, University of Texas, Austin.

Nierman, Dr. J. L., College of Arts and Industries, Kingsville.
O’Neill, Mrs. Mike, 1311 Bonham, Commerce.

Oliver, Mr. C. P., University of Texas, Austin.

Oppe, Miss Greta, 1609 Avenue K, Galveston.

Parks, H. B., Jr., 2501 Nueces Street, Austin.

Parsons, Prof. L. D., East Texas State Teachers College,
Commerce.

Patton, Dr. L. T., Texas Tech., Lubbock.

Plummer, Mrs. F. B., 608 W. 7th Street, Austin.

Pope, Prof. M. D., San Angelo Junior College, San Angelo.
Potter, Dr. O. E., Baylor University, Waco.

Rea, Homer E., Temple.

Reid, Mrs. Bessie M., Port Arthur.

xii.

Reynolds, Mr. E. B., College Station.

Rix, Prof. R. A., Sam Houston Teachers College, Huntsville.
Sandlin, Mr. L. V., Alief, Texas.

Sinclair, Prof. J. F., Box 167, Kingsville.

Smith, Elmer, College Station.

Smyre, Prof. S. H., Caldwell.

Stenzel, Dr. H. B., College Station.

Stewart, Dr. W. A., Rice Institute, Houston.

Thomas, Dr. F. L., College Station.

Watson, Mr. E. H., East Texas State Teachers College,
Commerce.

West Texas Historical and Scientific Society, Alpine.
Winebranner, Dr. E. 0., Howard Payne College, Brownwood.
Whitley, Dr. S. H., East Texas State Teachers College,
Commerce.

Texas Academy of Science

ANNUAL MEETING

College Station, November 29-30, 1 930
Papers Presented and Read by Title

1. — “Chemical Factors of the Soil Which Influence Plant Distri¬

bution and Plant Physiological Behavior/’ Vernon A. Young,
A. & M. College.

2. — “The Correlation Between Plant Communities and the Micro¬

flora of the Soil.” With maps and charts. Miss Marie
Morrow, University of Texas.

3. — -“Notes on the Vegetation of San Marcos River Head Water.”

With maps, charts, and slides. Gustav Watkins, University
of Texas.

4. — “The Hybridization of Indian Corn and Related Species.”

With slides. P. C. Magelsdorf, Texas Experiment Station.

5. — Report on “Some Work Being Done on Datura at Cold

Spring Harbor with Special Reference to Pollen Tube Inves¬
tigation.” With drawings and slides. C. C. Doak, A. & M.
College.

6. — “The Spread of the Various Culture Units Among the

Aboriginal People of the Southwest.” With colored slides.
Colonel M. L. Crimmins, U. S. A. Retired, San Antonio.

xiii.

7. — “Kitiness in Pigeons/’ W. R. Horlacher, A. & M. College.

8. — “Clay-Galls— Their Origin and Significance.” With slides

and specimens. Frederick A. Burt, A. & M. College.

9. — “Molluscan Animals in Relation to the Social Life or Man.”

J. K. Strecker, Baylor University.

10. — “Educational Work in Yellowstone National Park.” Dr. E.
N. Jones, Baylor University.

Lecture Open to the Public

“Poisonous Snakes of Texas and the Treatment of Their
Bites.” Films made by the Antivenom Institute of America,
Colonel M. L. Crimmins, U. S. A. Retired, San Antonio, Texas.

Read By Title

1. — “Some Texas Liverworts,” Dr. Frederick McAllister, Univer¬

sity of Texas.

2. — “Chemical Character of Underground Waters from Eocene

Formation of Southwest Texas,” J. T. Londsdale, A. & M.
College.

3. — “Major Structural Features of the Gulf Coast Region.” H. E.

Stenzel, A. & M. College.

4. — “Scientific Disposal of Dairy Waste,” P. J. A. Zellner, A. &

M. College.

5. — “Texas Cacti.” Ellen Schulz Quillin, Witte Museum, San

Antonio.

November 29, 1928 — November 30, 1929

Receipts from fees and dues _

Expenses itemized in report of May 24.
June 6 From Standard Printing Co.

76 members $240.00

$114.10

500 — No. 10 envelopes

1000 — Letter head
From Darley’s Dup. shop

10.75

Postage, addressing envelopes.
July 13, from Darley’s Dup. shop

5.65

1 set letters. 1 set lists (2 sheets)
1 set ballots, stamps _ _

8.87

xiv.

October 28, from Barley’s Dup. shop

Notice of annual meeting _ 2.75

November 1. Expenses incured in

arranging Oberholser meeting _ 7.50

November 18. Stenographic help

for year _ 4.50

November 23. Expenses for Charter _ 15.00

Total Expense _ #169.12

November 30. Cash on hand _ i _ _ 70.88

#240.00 #240.00

H. B. Parks, Treasurer.

Report of Auditing Committee

We have examined this account and compared the items with
the original statements and receipts and have found this report
correct.

F. L. Thomas
A. B. Cushing
J. C. Sinclair.

xv.

Night-blooming cereus — Acanthocereus pentagonus

Mexican species extending into Texas near Brownsville. One of the two native
night-blooming cacti in Texas.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
VOLUME XIV

Texas Cacti

A popular and scientific account of the Cacti
native of Texas

by

Ellen D. Schulz, M. S.,

(MRS. ROY W. QUILLIN)

Author, Texas Wild Flowers
Fellow, Texas Academy of Science
Director, Nature Study and Science
San Antonio Public Schools
Director, Witte Memorial Museum

And

Robert Runyon

Member, Texas Academy of Science
Photographer of Wild Life

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

PUBLISHERS
San Antonio, Texas
1930

Copyright 1930
by

Ellen D. Schulz
and

Robert Runyon

Foreword

The purpose of assembling these notes and data was to meet
the need for a handbook which would give information and make
possible the easy identification of Texas Cacti. Much of the
material contained was compiled from the experience and observa¬
tions of others. Acknowledgements are gratefully made to the
following:

1. Carnegie Institution at Washington, D. C. for the privilege
of copying scientific description as given in their splendid four
volume work “The Cactaceae” by Britton and Rose.

2. To Dr. John K. Small for valuable assistance in identifying
species.

3. To Edwin G. Bogush, Plant Taxonomist, University of
Illinois, for part of the Introduction and Key to the Opuntias

4. To Mr. E. Mortensen, formerly Assistant Entomologist,
Australian Prickly Pear Investigations, Uvalde, Texas, and now
in charge of the Winter Garden Substation of the Texas Agricultural
Experiment Station, and by whom the articles on Diseases and
Insect Enemies were written.

5. To Mr. William E. Hess, of the San Antonio Floral Com¬
pany for valuable notes and proof-reading the manuscript.

6. To Miss Eleanor Onderdonk, Curator of Art, Witte Museum,
San Antonio, for the cover design.

7. To Laidlaw Brothers, publishers of Texas Wild Flowers,
who permitted the use of six plates from that volume.

8. To the following members of the Texas Academy of Science
for furthering the publication of the manuscript:

Mr. Clyde T. Reed, President.

Mr. H. B. Parks, Sec’y-Treas.

Dr. B. C. Tharp, Chairman Botanical Section.

Ellen Schulz Quillin
Robert Runyon.

San Antonio, Texas,

February, 1930.

iii

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

Distribution.

General Characteristics.

General Classification.

Early History

Geographical Distribution and Relation to
Soil and Climate.

Relation to Rainfall.

General Structure.

Leaves and Areoles.

Spines and their Uses.

Flowers.

Fruits.

Origin of Spineless Species.

CACTUS CULTURE

Propagation from Seeds.

Propagation by Cuttings.

Grafting.

Drainage.

Light.

Soil.

Repotting.

Transplanting.

Watering.

INSECT ENEMIES and DISEASES.

PLANT DESCRIPTIONS.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

GLOSSARY.

COMMON and LOCAL NAMES.

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

iv

Introduction

In the widespread conception a cactus is usually a plant in which
the thorny feature is predominant, and with this idea there is in
some way connected the thought of dry hillsides and desert country.
In the greater part this is true, for with the exception of the so-
called Burbank cacti and occasional specimens, practically every
member of this family of plants native of North America bears a
few or many spines which protect them well against the ravages
of animals.

DISTRIBUTION

The cactus group represents a case of optimum adaptation to
their natural environment, and the members reach their greatest ex¬
pression in the semi-arid and desert regions of the world. Never¬
theless, not all forms are confined to such areas of minimum rain¬
fall, for within the borders of the United States a few of the prickly
pear relatives range eastward to Massachusetts and the Atlantic
Coast. Texas, however, boasts of the most varied assortment of
forms found anywhere in the Southwest, and from central Texas
westward to the Trans-Pecos Region they become increasingly
abundant and diversified in form.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

None of the cacti except a few tropical genera (Pereskia and
Pereskiopsis) bear leaves. The broad and flattened leaf-like
“joints” (cladophylls) of the common “nopal” or prickly pear are
greatly modified stems that serve all the functions of the leaf. In
all other forms the shape of the stem is usually cylindrical, for in
this manner the plant can provide the greatest storage capacity for
the water necessary for its vital activity with the least exposure of
surface. Further protection is gained against evaporation by
a covering of waxy material on the surface that effectually seals all
but very minute microscopic openings (breathing pores or stomata)
against water-loss. So perfect is this protection that the cacti can
often thrive where few other plants can exist. Indeed, it has been
the writer’s experience to have specimens of Echinocereus that were
left without any provision for moisture or food in the laboratory
for more than a year resume their activity and grow when suitable

1

2

TEXAS CACTI

conditions were provided. In only one genus ( Opuntia ) represent¬
ed in Texas are leaves, in even a rudimentary form, to be found.
These minute fleshy projections that clothe the young growing
joints of the prickly pear and out of whose axils the spines grow
are what remains of leaves, and with the maturing of the flattened
leaf-like joints, the functionless leaves die and drop away.

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION

Those who have given more than a passing thought to our cacti
soon learn to recognize several distinctive forms. The most com¬
mon of these is the prickly pear just mentioned with its flattened
stems, the individual joints of which vary from less than three
inches in length to over a foot and produce by their irregular arran¬
gement the tall bush-like plants prominent over much of our area.

Another form is typified by the slender branched tasajillo , also
an Opuntia, whose habit is that of a low shrub, growing often in
masses and forming one of the features of the chaparral country.
The term chaparral is a misleading word applied indiscriminately to
any aggregation of thorny shrubs. The yellow flowers, often less
than 1/2 inch in diameter, usually pass unnoticed, but anyone
so fortunate as to see them will forget the strong spines that render
the plant objectionable and will admire the delicate petals and the
daintiness of the flower. The fruit that follows is a red berry-like
organ about the size of the last joint of the small finger on one’s
hand.

There is a third general group that passe& locally under several
different names, each applied to certain species. They are often
called “devil’s pin cushions” and “pancake cacti.” There are three
common genera represented in this group and some less closely
related genera confined to western Texas and beyond. The tallest
of these seldom grow more than a few inches high.

The first of these is the little Echinocereus , characterized by its
grayish white appearance due to the dense covering of radially
disposed spines. These spines are borne in regular rows down the
side of the stem and are set close together. The ridges on which
the spines are borne are either straight or twist to the right or the
left according to the species examined. The total height of these
plants found within our range is seldom over six or eight inches
and usually much less, while the diameter is usually below a

TEXAS CACTI

3

maximum of three and a half inches. In early spring, the plants
are conspicuous because of their delicate rose-colored flowers, last¬
ing seldom more than a day each. As in all cacti except those of
the tropics, those of the same species usually bloom simultaneously,
and on gravel slopes where plants of Echinocereus reichenbachii
occur, the scene will suddenly become resplendent with delicate
pink color; and at such times the bees find a harvest of nectar
they cannot well refuse.

The genus of Echinocactus is somewhat more varied in size,
although those in our area are comparatively small forms usually
growing flush with the surface of the ground or rising but a few
inches above it. Again, these plants have clear-cut similarities in
that the body of the plant is divided into prominent vertical ridges
on which the spines are borrye. The spines are usually much
coarser and stronger than in the preceding genus, and may be
arranged with or without a central spine, which in a few forms
may be decidedly recurved to give the plant the name of “fish¬
hook cactus.” The giant barrel cactus of the desert country of
Arizona and beyond, whose ample water storage capacity has often
saved the lives of weary and thirsting travelers, is a member of
this genus.

The third one of these low flattened cacti is the genus Mam-
mil lari a, very easily recognized because the ridges are replaced by
small conical tubercles, at the summit of which is borne a slender
group of white or reddish spines arranged radially like the spokes
of a wheel. With hardly an exception these plants grow flush with
the surface of the ground. A few larger ones are conical and thus
rise somewhat above it, and were it not for the bright red fruits
many would pass unnoticed. The fruits of practically all members
of the genus are edible, with a varying amount of acidity, giving
the fruit of some species a decided strawberry flavor. A few of
the species grow in masses, but the majority are solitary.

In the Trans-Pecos region of Texas one encounters now and
then smooth forms in which the tubercles are very much flattened.
These species have recently been taken out of the genus Mam-
mill aria. One is the so-called living rock cactus or the Texas star
cactus ( Ariocarpus fissuratus) and the other the “dry whiskey” or
peyote (Lophophora william sii), much sought after by certain
tribes of Indians who still use this cactus in their ceremonial rites.

4

TEXAS CACTI

The most conspicuous of the cacti of western Texas and on the
western edge of the Staked Plains is the tree cactus or cane cactus
(■ Opuntia arborescens) , whose latter name is derived from the use
the Mexicans make of the long slender joints. The softer parts
are allowed to decay, leaving the woody skeleton behind. This
resembles very much a skilfully plaited fiber cylinder but is really
very stout and polishes beautifully to produce the canes and walk¬
ing sticks sometimes offered to tourists who cross into Mexico.

In a few isolated parts of the Rio Grande Valley just below
the Big Bend country another slender stem cactus ( Wilcoxia posel-
geri) is found. The stems are scarcely larger than the tasajillo,
but they are clothed with small soft spines. It can be found oc¬
casionally in the protecting shade of mesquite bushes and other
small shrubs. On the higher mountains of Trans-Pecos Texas are
other forms whose relationships are less, clearly defined, including
low forms of Opuntia that often look like members of Echino-
cactus.

EARLY HISTORY

Many accounts of cacti are found in the earliest published re¬
ports of the introduced and cultivated plants of European gardens.
These plants were carried back to Europe by English, Dutch, and
Spanish traders on their return trips from the West Indies, Mexico,
and South and Central America. In 1753, when Linnaeus published
his Species Plantarum, twenty-two species were listed and recog¬
nized. All these were included under the Genus Cactus. The
common name was “thistles” doubtless in reference to the spiny
character of the plants. They were further dividend into the “melon
thistles” and the “torch and candle thistles.” The “Melon thistles”
were the more or less globose forms, and the “torch thistles” the
taller forms.

Since that time importations into Europe have increased, and
many new forms were described by Salm-Dyck, Link and Otto,
Haworth, P. DeCandolle, Lemaire, Pheiffer, Schumann and others.
A little later, but contemporaneous with the latter named botan¬
ists of Europe, America contributed her part in research and in
naming this great and interesting family. Chief among these work¬
ers are Engelmann, Lindheimer, Griffiths, Rose, Britton, Standley,
and Small.

TEXAS CACTI

5

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND
RELATION TO SOIL AND CLIMATE

The Cactaceae (cacti) are almost entirely confined to America,
the only exception being a few species of the Genus R hip sails.
Cacti of this genus are epiphytes with semi-transparent glutinous
berries, many of them resembling mistletoe more than cactus.

It is common to regard cacti as tropical or sub-tropical plants,
but there are a number which withstand the more severe winters

While some cacti limit themselves to one hillside in distribution, others
are more sociable as shown here. Neomammillaria hemisphaerica,
Homalocephala texensis, Hamatocactus setispinus, Ferocactus hamata-
eanthus, Opuntia leptocaulis, and Opuntia lindheimeri are all growing
within a few feet of each other on a clay dune. Note the three general
types as described : the broad flat jointed forms (1) ; the slender
branching more or less upright form (2) ; the globular types (3) .

or northern climates. Several Opuntias extend in range as far as
British Columbia in the Northern Hemisphere, and as far as Chile,
Argentina, and Uruguay in the Southern Hemisphere. Again
several species of Echinocereus and Mammillarias are to be found
native to Colorado. Others are found on islands and along the
seashore.

Individual species of cacti are often of very limited distribution.

6

TEXAS CACTI

Every hillside may yield a different form, or contrarily certain
areas will support only one definite species. Opposed to this habit
are several species such as Opuntia leptocaulis and Opuntia lind-
heimeri, which have a state wide distribution. The Opuntias
are rarely found in acid soils along the Texas Coast. As a whole
cacti are essentially children of the sun.

RELATION TO RAINFALL

With continuous data for fifty years on the rainfall of the State
available, it is definitely known that the average rainfall in the far
eastern part of the state is as much as fifty inches, and that it drops
off roughly one inch to a degree as one travels westward toward
El Paso. The cacti (except some Opuntias) being semi-desert
plants by preference become more numerous westward.

GENERAL STRUCTURE

The Cacti have a more or less pronounced woody axis usually
surrounded by pulpy cellular tissue in which water is stored. The
transpiring surface is much reduced and the stomata (breathing
pores) are usually situated in depressions or grooves in the wax-
covered leathery cuticle of the stem. As an additional means of
checking transpiration, the plant tissue is nearly always mucilagin¬
ous, and in some genera there are latex ducts filled with a milky
or gummy fluid.

LEAVES AND AREOLES

Some cacti have leaves. In most species these are rudimentary
and so small that they cannot be seen with the naked eye. In
others of the genus Pereskia, they are large and perfectly developed,
often with petioles and broad blades. In the genus Opuntia they
are awl-shaped and drop off early.

In the axils of the leaves are areoles. These are little cushions
clothed with down or felt-like wool from which the spines issue,
and in some species the flowers also. In the genus Opuntia and
Pereskiopsis, in addition to the spines, they usually bear a tuft of
small short barbed bristles, called glochidia.

SPINES

The spines are not connected with the woody axis of the stem
or branches, but emerge from the areoles. Most cacti bear two

TEXAS CACTI

7

types, namely central and radial spines. The radial spines are
usually small and weak. The central spines are generally erect or
projecting, and either straight and rigid or curved.

In some species the spines are straight, bristle-like, and awl-
shaped, or short and conical. In others they are bent at their tips
like fishhooks, or curved and hornlike, often with transverse ribs.
Sometimes they are minutely pubescent or hairy, and sometimes
even plumose or feathery. They may be grouped in star-like
clusters, with straight or curved rays spreading from a common
center, or in pectinate fasciles with the radial spines arranged
comb-shaped in two rows on each side of a longitudinal axis.

USES OF SPINES

Fishhooks were reported by Dr. Edward Palmer as being used
by the Mohave Indians of the Colorado River. Quoting William
Edwin Safford, in “Cactaceae of Mexico,” Annual Report of the
Smithsonian Institution, 1908, we have the following interesting
information. “Fishhooks with straight shanks of bone and barbs
of cactus spines were dug up by the writer from prehistoric graves
at Africa, on the Coast of Chile, in 1887. They were associated with
other articles made of cactus spines, such as needles and combs.
In December, 1891, the writer assisted at the opening of several
other graves at Iquique, on the same coast, in which not only hooks
and needles of the same description were found, but interesting
examples of the application of cactus spines to the mending of slits
in seal-skins which had been used for covering the graves. In these
the spines were stuck like awls through both margins and allowed
to remain with the ends projecting. Around the ends thread had
been passed in a zigzag manner and drawn tight, thus closing the
slits tightly and effectively.”

FLOWERS

*In most genera the flowers issue from the upper part of the
areoles. But in some species of Mammillaria and allied genera
they grow from between the mammillae, or from near their base
at the end of a groove extending backward from the areole. The
flowers are usually solitary and sessile but in the genus Pereskia
they are peduncled and clustered.

* — Taken for the most part from Cactaceae of Mexico — Safford.

TEXAS CACTI

In nearly all genera they are conspicuously colored in tints of
rose, crimson, purple, yellow, orange or copper, and sometimes
scarlet. Often they are pure white, gradually becoming rose tinted
in age. Some are large, and when wide open are as many as five
to ten inches across, and some are small and inconspicuous as the
greenish blossoms of the Tasajillo. Some ,are nocturnal as the
Echinopsis and Cereus, but most of them are diurnal. Some open
at sunrise and close at night or when the sky is clouded; others
open at a certain hour and close at a certain hour of the day or
night; some, like' Echinocereus triglochidiatus last for several days,
some for a day, and some for only a few hours.

The flowers do not possess a well-defined calyx and corolla,
although the outer floral leaves are often quite sepal-like and the
inner ones true petals. The floral leaves are not arranged in
definite series, but form a spiral in which the scale-like lower bracts
gradually assume a sepal-like appearance and at length become
broad and petaloid. In all cases the perianth crowns the ovary,
and often after withering it persists as a crown to the fruit. The
stamens are numerous and are inserted on the petals or perianth
tube. The style is robust and longer than the filaments. It usually
expands at the summit and bears a stigma divided into five to ten
rays. Sometimes the stigma is brightly colored and looks like a
star issuing from the dense cluster of anthers.

The ovary, though formed of several carpels, is always one-celled.
The placentae are parietal and bear an indefinite number of anatro-
pous ovules. In some genera (the Opuntia and its allies) the funi¬
culi, or ovule stalks, become thick and fleshy.

FRUITS

Many species of Texas cacti bear edible fruit. In Texas and
Northern Mexico several long-spined “ alicoches” are known as
“strawberry cactus” from the flavor of the fruits. They vary in
size from those as large as figs to the small currant-like berries
called “garambullas” in Mexico.

The fruits of many species of cacti are very refreshing, nourish¬
ing, and agreeable to the taste. This is especially true of many
species of the Opuntias and a few species of Lemaireocereus and
Echinocereus. In certain part of Mexico the tunas form an im¬
portant part of the diet of the poor natives. In other parts, the
Opuntias are cultivated, and the tunas sold on the market among

TEXAS CACTI

9

all classes. Tunas are imported to the United States regularly and
sold in city markets. The outer part is peeled like one pares an
apple. The inner pulp is eaten. Tunas usually possess a pleasant
flavor and have the added quality of giving the consumer the
impression that it is cool even in the hottest weather. Chilitos is
the other common edible' fruit, these being the smaller club-shaped
crimson fruits of a number of M ammillarias .

Tunas studding the joints of the prickly pear in Opuntia lindheimeri.
The coyote is particularly fond of these tunas which are covered with
spine clusters. He brushes the spines off with his tail, removes the
tunas with his foot; then eats the tunas in comfort.

9

*The fruits of the prickly year vary in size, shape, and color,
depending upon the specias and conditions under which they are
grown. They are from one to three inches in diameter and are
usually pear or fig-shaped, but in some species they are nearly
spherical. They will weigh from an ounce to a half pound or more,
and vary when ripe from a yellowish-green to a dark purple color.

*From Bulletin No. 64, April, 1927, New Mexico College of Agriculture
and Mechanic Arts.

10

TEXAS CACTI

All varieties of prickly pear have minute spicules arranged in
bunches over their surface, there being about one bunch to every
square inch of surface in the best varieties, but in most species
they are more numerous than this. The fruits of nearly all of the
species have large spines also, which correspond to those of the
plant body, but they are much more delicate and usually drop off
before tht fruits are thoroughly ripe. A cross section through the
fruit shows it to be covered with a thin skin or epidermis, under¬
neath which there is a rind varying in thickness from one-eighth
to one-half inch. This includes the pulp or edible portion in which
there are found inbedded from one-hundred to two hundred seeds.
In some fruits we have counted as many as four hundred.”

SPINELESS CACTUS

Among all pad-cacti are individuals which drop their spines
just as other plants drop leaves. Thus, the finding of a plant
without spines is often announced as a new spineless cactus, but
much to the disgust of the discoveror the next spring a fine crop of
spines shows the plant to be the common species.

There does occur, but widely scattered in location and time,
plants of Pad-cacti that never develop spines and which have poorly
developed areoles. These true spineless cacti are lethal mutations
of the species common where they are found. These plants seldom
make fruit and most of that which is developed does not contain
viable seed. The only way of perpetuation is by cuttings and as
the pads are dainty morsels to rabbits, rats, deer, and other animals,
the plant is hard to grow. Bereft of its protecting thorns and
power to produce seed the plants soon disappear. Several years
ago the spineless cactus was heralded as the coming crop for
semi-arid sections, but for the reasons given proved a failure.

Spineless cactus has been cultivated in southern Europe for
many years and was early reported from Mexico. There are two
common forms cultivated in Texas, one* with oval and the other
with round pads. Plant folk-lore says that oval pads come from
Mexico and the round pad from a location just west of the city of
El Paso. A form with large oval pads is sometimes met with under
the name of Burbank’s cactus. In locations where cactus fruits
form an important item of food, the growers have, by many years
of pad selection, produced varieties having large sized fruits, es¬
pecially valuable as they are seedless.

TEXAS CACTI

11

Cactus Culture

PROPAGATION FROM SEEDS

Most cacti yield seeds abundantly. Few of the seeds, however,
germinate and develop into mature plants because of unfavorable
environment. When planted under proper conditions a large per¬
centage will germinate and with a little care develop into healthy
plants.

The best soil for growing cacti from seed is a thoroughly de¬
composed sod mixed with an equal amount of clean sand. When
these have been thoroughly mixed, run the material through a sieve
of about one fourth inch mesh. This will remove all large particles
and any superfluous root fibers. Screening also forms a loose soil
which drains very readily. The soil need not be rich in humus.
Avoid manured soils because of their undue tendency to hold
moisture.

Next, secure a shallow wooden box of convenient size, some¬
thing about 18 by 24 inches and four inches deep. Or, use a large
flower pot saucer. Fill it to within one inch of the top with the
prepared dirt. Sow the cactus seeds and cover with very fine soil.
Then spread a layer of fine gravel to the depth of about one-fourth
of an inch.

This layer of gravel is important. As the box is later watered
with a fine spray, it prevents the surface of the soil from washing
and consequently keeps the seeds from being disarranged. It also
promotes the free passage of moist air through the spaces between
the bits of gravel, which together with the shading by the gravel,
prevents the surface of the soil from becoming dry and baked.

Next, cover the top of the box with fine mesh screen wire and
fasten the ends with tacks to keep the wire from sagging. This
gives protection to the seed during hard rains and when sprink¬
ling, and protects the young plants from birds and large insects.
The wire also helps to shade the delicate young plants.

For the first few months of their existence, cactus seedlings
are small, globular or cylindrical bodies, composed of very thin-
walled cells filled to turdigity with water. They are so tender and
delicate that they readily “damp off” if subjected to a sudden
change from a high to a low temperature. The death rate of

12

TEXAS CACTI

seedlings from this cause has been greatly minimized by the use
of the gravel over the surface of the soil. This layer, with its
intervening spaces, acts as a protection from sudden changes in
temperature. The little seedlings have exceedingly fine and deli¬
cate roots, which spread out near the surface of the soil. If this
surface is allowed to dry out these delicate rootlets are destroyed
and the seedlings are either damaged or killed. The temperature
should be kept about 70°F.

Never allow the soil to become water-logged. While the young
plants require moisture, they cannot stand too much water at one
time. Always remember that cacti are desert plants and when
full grown, they live for many months without water, and that
the young seedlings that do survive are those that are fortunate
enough to have been seeded near a tree trunk, or a large rock, or
other protection. These hold moisture and protect the little seed¬
lings. Millions of young plants perish each year in the desert for
lack of moisture at the right time.

When sprinkling, use a fine spray and do not throw the water
on in large gushes. Water the plants every day. After the plants
are crowding each other and are of fair size, transplant them to
pots that are filled with the same kind of soil as above mentioned.
Continue to keep them slightly moist but lesson the amount of
water as the plants grow older and larger.

PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS

Many cacti produce offsets in abundance at the sides or the
base of the plant. These may be separated from the mother plant
and placed on earth to form new individual plants.

In some species where offsets are not produced, individual
tubercles may be cut out. These should be exposed to the sun
for a short time in order to form a callous over the cut section.
The callous will prevent disease bacteria from entering. When
placed on soil a good percentage of these cuttings should take root.

The easiest of all cacti to propagate are the Opuntias. In this
genus, any joint may .be separated from the parent plant. Care
should be taken to callous the ends. This is done by exposing to
the sun for several days. Place the joints flat on the surface of
the ground. Roots soon develop from the under side of the pads.

TEXAS CACTI

13

GRAFTING

Grafting is principally done to preserve species of cacti that
are susceptible to rotting from contact with moist earth, to produce
a quicker growth, and to improve the blossoms. Also, by select¬
ing a hardy stock, the more delicate species can be lifted from the
ground, and in that way can be seen and enjoyed. It again comes
into use in producing “freak and ornamental’’ effects. For this
purpose, certain stems of the upright stiff-stemmed Cerei and
Pereskias produce the best stock.

Grafting cacti is a simple process. For slender varieties wedge,
cleft or saddle grafting is the best method. This method gives
a good surface for further union of the tissues. Cut back stock to
the height wanted, then split stock at the top (cut end), cut scion
to a wedge-shape and insert in the split stock. Hold in place by
running a cactus spine through in one or two places. To hold cut
edges even more firmly together, put on a split stick like a clothes
pin. Be careful to put it on tight enough to hold the graft from
opening and still not so tight as to hurt the plant. Wax is not
required. Leave splint on from five to ten days. A perfect ujiion
should take place in that time.

Remove any growths that may arise on the stock later so that
full strength may be given to the newly grafted scion.

Where a globular species is to be grafted, select a stout-stem¬
med Cereus for the stock. Cut top of stock into cone-shape and
fit carefully into a hole in the scion that is cut to fit the cone of
the stock. Fasten by running two or three spines through the
edges. If not firm, use twine to hold the scion more securely.

DRAINAGE

Good drainage is all important. Few species of cacti live in
places of poor drainage. Do not let plants remain dry any length
of time as the fine roots will be injured. Keep moist, but do not
let superfluous water stand about base of plant or around roots.
Failures in the growing of cacti are due more often to neglect of
good drainage than from all other causes combined.

In out-of-door planting select a situation where the ground
slopes sufficiently to insure perfect drainage, or use elevated beds.

14

TEXAS CACTI

LIGHT

Good light is quite as essential as good drainage. The best
rule to follow is to know where your plants grow naturally. Many
cacti grow in the hottest regions of the desert. Most of them
grow out in the open in full sunlight. Plant such species where
they are in the full sun. Part shading will not be objectionable
to most cacti.

Where plants grow naturally at the base of shrubs or small
trees where they get some shade, or in the open but where the
tall grasses shade them in mid-summer, reproduce these shade
conditions. Otherwise you will lose them from sun-scald. A
lattice over them in July and August is very useful, but hard to
provide. Palm leaves have sometimes been substituted for a lat¬
tice. A covering of weeds during the hottest months is not attrac¬
tive but saves the cacti.

SOIL

In outdoor beds where one mixture is desired to do for all
cacti, the following mixture has proven successful:

One third to one half finely screened black dirt, the other about
equal portions of fine sand and coarse sand (or very fine gravel).
The percentage of sand and gravel will vary with the soil used.
Sandy loam would require less sand, while black waxy soil would
require more. The essential and most important thing is to
produce a soil which will drain freely.

Ernest Braunton in his article “Best Soil for Cactus” in the Au¬
gust 1929 number of the Journal of the Cactus and Succulent So¬
ciety of America gives this mixture. One-half sharp sand, one-
fourth good peat, one-fourth good black loam; to this should be
added one-twentieth as much pulverized charcoal.

For all cacti, known to be or listed as growing in limestone
areas, including such species as Echinocereus reichenbachii , mix a
small percentage of powered limestone rock or slacked lime in the
soil before planting. Some Mammillarias do best in a mixture of
about one-half course sand and one-half light loam.

WATERING

With the exception of drainage, nothing is of greater import¬
ance in the successful cultivation of cacti than the watering. Too

TEXAS CACTI

15

much watering or too little may bring about the destruction of the
plant. More cacti suffer during the hottest weather for want of
water than from being planted in the wrong type of soil. A few
suggestions to the amateur grower may prove helpful.

Use clean water. Some cactus fanciers even suggest the use
of rain water only. Do not water over the plants in winter. This
is especially true for indoor watering, and where the water is
liable to settle in the crown of the plant. In summer, it is con¬
sidered beneficial by many to water over the plants.

Choose time of watering according to season. In the summer
it is probably best to water in the evening, in the spring and fall
the morning is suggested, and in the cold of winter mid-day is
most beneficial to the plant.

Water every evening during the continued hot weather of the
summer months. Similarly withhold watering or water mildly on
cloudy days and when the atmosphere is moist. Water plants
sparingly in winter.

REPOTTING

Select size of pot to match cactus. Put in an inch or so of
small rocks, wood or coal-ash cinders, or broken pieces of flower
pots. Then add soil as outlined above, leaving a cone-shaped
hollow in the center. Trim roots back to a reasonable length.
Then set your cactus and fill in around the roots. Water sparingly.

In repotting older plants disturb the roots as little as possible.
Remove the plant by inverting the pot and gently tapping its rim
on the edge of a bench or solid structure. Usually the roots and
dirt will come out in a lump. Remove any surface soil if it bears
evidence of fungus growth or algae. Put ball of dirt and roots
into new pot and pack fresh soil around it. Leave sufficient space
at the top to receive water.

TRANSPLANTING

To transplant cacti properly from their native location re¬
produce their original environment. Imitate as nearly as possible
the conditions in which the plants grew before you took them up.
Get as near Nature’s way as you can. In digging the plant, break
as few roots as possible. Then wrap each plant separately so that
it will not be injured by “spine pricks,” in transportation.

16

TEXAS CACTI

TRANSPLANTING “SHIPPED PLANTS”

When receiving a box of cacti, unpack and place plants in luke¬
warm water for half an hour. Cut the roots short, and plant out
in very sandy loam or a soil specially provided for them as sug¬
gested under “Soils.” Provide good drainage. Place a handful of
propagating sand around the roots of the plants. Give little water.
New roots form quickly if water is given sparingly. When trans¬
planting to the open in July and August weather, make an excep¬
tion to this rule. Water every day.

TEXAS CACTI

17

&

Insect Enemies

Over 250 species of insects have been collected from cactus in
Texas. Fifty species are more or less destructive. The Australian
government during the past eight years has collected, studied and
shipped large numbers of the more destructive of these species
from Texas and the Southwest to Australia for the purpose of
destroying the- prickly pear in that country.

One of the most widespread of these in Texas is the seed-midge,
Asphondylia opuntiae, which prevents seeds from developing in
the cactus fruit and causes it to send out little joints instead of
producing seed. The larvae within these fruits are very minute
orange-colored maggots which pupate and emerge in March causing
the infested fruit to drop off. Many species of fly maggots enter
the cactus and cause it to rot when it has been injured by other
insects.

The cactus “stink bugs” are very widespread in Texas. Some
species of these, Ghelinidea spp., leave yellow spots on the sides
of the joints where they suck the juices, and whitish blotches when
they are feeding heavily. Other species, Narvia spp. suck the
juices from the fruits but are seldom destructive. These bugs
probably aid in the dissemination of diseases on cactus.

Cactus weevils, Gerstaekeria spp., are found practically all over
the State. They destroy little areas in the joints sometimes giving
a “shot hole” effect. A half dozen species of large black beetles,
Moneilema spp., are found in the Eastern part of Texas, parti¬
cularly west of the Colorado River. They lay eggs near the sur¬
face of the ground and the grubs that hatch from them attack the
heavy stems and roots of the plants. The beetles themselves can
usually be found only at dusk or dawn on the plants as they do
not like sunshine and hide during the day.

The caterpillars (worm stage) of quite a number of species of
moths are probably the most destructive insects attacking cactus
in Texas. Some attack the fruits. These are largely species of
Ozomia, Noctuelia, and Olyca. Others attack the older joints and
stems, Melitara spp., and one attacks the young shoots as they
appear, Mimorista flavidissimalis. Ozarnia has a greenish tinge;
Noctuelia worms have red bands; Olyca worms are banded with

18

TEXAS CACTI

cither brown or blue; Melitaras has a deep blue color; and,
Mimorista worms are all light yellow in color. The adults of these
are moths and are seldom seen unless reared or trapped at night
with a light.

Grasshoppers are commonly found on the prickly pear of the
Southwest but they are relatively harmless to the plants.

Prickly pear showing a well advanced stage of Shot-hole Disease,
Gloesporium lunatum. The areas are first black, later turning gray.

No description of cactus insects is complete without mentioning
the cochineal insect, Dactylopius spp. This insect is found
mostly on Opuntias but will through lack of this species attack
many other cacti. It is known by the tufts of white cottony
material which covers a group of females. The insect when mash¬
ed shows the cochineal color. This insect often becomes a pest
in collections as also does its close relatives, the Diaspii, a small
smooth light-colored scale. The cure for all scale trouble is soapy
water put on with plenty of force.

TEXAS CACTI

19

Diseases

In Texas, diseases destroy more cacti annually than insects.
The most noticeable of these is the cactus anthracnose, Gloes-
porium lunatum, which is particularly active on cactus during the
more humid months of January, February and March. It is first
a brownish area. Later this turns gray with black spores on it.
This disease also destroys much of the young cactus growth in the
spring of the year.

Another common disease is “sun scald,” Hendersonia opuntiae ,
This forms light brown patches or scabs on the surface of the
cactus joints and sometimes “chokes” the plant.

A third disease occurs only in the more humid areas, Peris-
porium wrightii. It is characterized by patches of black sooty
spores on the surface of the cactus joint.

PREVENTING DECAY

Decay at the roots or stem is the only disease cacti in the home
garden are easily subject to. Cut off diseased part, then sprinkle
or cut the part of the plant with fully pulverized charcoal, sulphur,
or lime. Keep plant very dry for several weeks afterwards, or let
dry in the sun for a week, or until dried out. Replant by placing
propagating soil next to the plant.

The plant body is always a good medium for the development
of “Rot” as it is so completely saturated with water. Rot will
attack any part where the bacteria have opportunity to reach the
interior of the plant.

Cut and bruised places are the most favorable points for infec¬
tion. Water dripping on a plant for even a short time may produce
a good place for infection. Most plants become infected with rot
through their bases and roots, the rot gradually working upward.

E. O. Orpet of Santa Barbara, California, makes the following
recommendation in the September, 1929 number of the “Journal
of the Cactus and Succulent Society of America.”

“No mention seems to be made of “Semesan” as aA active
agent in preventing decay. This is the greatest styptic found after
fifty years of search. We keep a large pan of beach sand and
Semesan on tap all the time, and plunge the base of all cuttings

20

TEXAS CACTI

in this till they root. It is invaluable also to check decay in bad
spots, and if we plant a Cereus cutting out before rooting, some
of the above mixture is placed at the base of the cutting. There
is no risk, and we find the reaction is that of a stimulant to
growth. The regular propagating beds are watered with Semesan
in solution if we suspect any fungus present. Directions are sent
with each can.”

TEXAS CACTI

21

The Opuntias

The genus was first described in 1754. It enjoys an excep¬
tionally wide distribution for a cactus genus and grows from
Massachusetts to southwestern United States, south in Mexico and
continues through South America to the Strait of Magellan. It
includes a large number of species, numbering more than 900
names. Of these but 250 are considered as valid, the others either
being reduced to synonymy or are of such uncertain affinity as to
be practically valueless. Texas has 33 recorded as occuring within
its limits, and of these half are sufficiently rare to escape detection
by any but the most searching botanist. The average person re¬
cognizes about five different kinds, and even the average botanist
with more training is content with knowing two or three of the flat-
jointed species and a like number of the cylindrical forms. Never¬
theless, the different species when seen in both flower and fruit
offer SO' many differences that one cannot help but see the genus
fall into definite groups, namely the species herein described.

The habit of growth is a good criterion in some xasns, while in
others it is practically valueless. For example, the common prickly
pear ( Opuntia lindheimeri) is typically a low spreading or slightly
arborescent bush at its type locality, New Braunfels. Farther to¬
ward the Mexican border, however, it often assumes tree-like forms
with a decidedly rounded trunk. Likewise, the number of spines,
their color, and their distribution in some cases are constant; in
others they vary. A plant normally spiny may become spineless
in cultivation. Fruit and flower characters are the only constant
ones, for it is on these characters that the species are separated.

The key has been made as much as possible on stem structures
and spine characteristics. In several cases, however, reference to
the flower is the only sure way. In using this key, the reader is
cautioned to read both species descriptions when in doubt, for in
many cases, the material at hand may be typical or differ in the
characters demanded by the key.

The economic uses of the species of this genus are varied and
usually local. They vary from ornament to food. In the South¬
west, the “pear leaves” have often served as stock food after the
spines were burned off. This is usually done with a gasoline torch,

22

TEXAS CACTI

or the “pear leaves” are burned individually by holding them over
an open fire with a pitch fork. In Mexico and also in parts of
South America, the “tunas” are ' the rip>e fruits of certain species
They are used as food by the natives. Their taste is somewhat
sickening to the uninitiated, for the glutinous material found in the
stem is also present to a lesser degree in the fruits. One species
( 0 . soehrensii) , native to Bolivia and northern Argentina, found
value in the past because of the coloring matter adhering to its
dried seeds. They were used to give jellies and wines their deep
red color. Little use is made of them at present. The so-called
cactus candy of the border of Texas and Mexico is commonly
made from prickly pear, and in some parts the young joints have
the epidermis removed and are fried like squash. In South
America and parts of Mexico they are boiled like spinach. Ex¬
cellent jellies, it is reported, can be made from the mature fruits
of O. lindheimeri.

Although Opuntias are New World plants as are the rest of
the cacti, many species have naturalized themselves in Europe,
especially along the Mediterranean. Some were introduced for
ornament, and others planted for stock food. 0. ficus-indica, a
somewhat spineless form, has naturalized itself along the northern
Mediterranean Sea. The so-called pest pear of Australia and
southern India that was introduced and then spread until now in
many parts it is a menace is 0. dillenii, a native of the Gulf Coast
of the United States, Mexico, and South America. Another species,
0. vulgaris, has been reported from every state of Australia but
unlike the other ( Opuntia dillenii) is not proving itself a pest.

Of late years a great deal of credit has been given to Burbank
because of his spineless forms. In the United States this found
immediate acceptance. As a matter of fact, there are numerous
opecies that are normally and quite typically spineless, while others
become so upon cultivation. Thus O. ficus-indica, O. amyclaea,
0. tomentosa, and O. inamoena are usually typically spineless.
O. dillenii and others when grown in the shade lose their spines
in greater part.

As has been mentioned the genus ranges from the northern
United States to the tip of South America. It is also found re¬
presented on the cold heights of the Andes Mountains of southern
Peru by 0. floccosa. The average reader usually associates prickly

TEXAS CACTI

23

pear with arid climates. It is true that the culmination of devel¬
opment is reached in this habitat, but not to the exclusion of good
development in other and colder climates.

The propagation of species of this genus with but one or two
exceptions is chiefly by vegetative means. Almost any joint will

Opuntia lindheimeri

Showing normal and proliferous fruit. The structure, with the new
joints becomes so heavy that the ovary breaks off at its base and the
entire mass falls to the earth to take root and grow. Proliferation is
also very common in the fruits of “Tasajillo.”

24

TEXAS CACTI

strike root if placed in suitable contact with the soil. Indeed, in
such species as O. leptocaulis, this seems to be the chief method
of reproduction. As a consequence, the result of this method of
reproduction seems to be tending to terminate the usefulness of
the seed. Some species have never been known to grow from seed
naturally and only with great difficulty artificially. In many,
proliferations of the ovary produce new vegetative structures, some¬
times with incidental sterility of the ovules. The structure with the
new joints becomes so heavy that the ovary breaks off at its base
and the entire mass falls to the earth to strike root and grow. This
condition exists in 0. lindheimeri and related species. In many
cases the ovary tissues themselves are capable of producing both
root and leaf when in contact with the soil.

OPUNTIA (Tournefort) Miller

Cacti, sometimes with definite trunks, or more often much
branched from the base, the branches often spreading, reclining,
or prostrate, sometimes clambering but never climbing (one species
known with annual stems); roots fibrous or rarely tuberous and
large and fleshy; ultimate branches (joints or pads) cylindric to
globose or flattened, usually very fleshy, sometimes woody; areoles
axillary, bearing spines, barbed bristles (glochids), hairs, flowers,
and sometimes glands; leaves usually small, terete, mostly early
deciduous; spines solitary or in clusters, terete of flattened, naked
or sheathed, variously colored; glochids usually numerous, borne
above the spines; flowers usually one at an areole; ovary inferior,
one-celled, many ovuled, bearing leaves, the areoles often with
spines and glochids; sepals green or more or less colored, usually
grading into the petals; petals usually of various shades and com¬
binations of green, yellow, and red (rarely white), widely spread¬
ing; stamens much shorter than the petals, sensitive; style single,
thick; stigma-lobes short; fruit a berry, dry or juicy, often edible,
spiny or naked, globular, ovoid or ellipsoid; seed covered by a
hard, bony aril, white, flattened; embryc curved; cotyledons 2,
large.

TEXAS CACTI

25

KEY TO THE SPECIES OPUNTIA

Joints all terete, sometimes cylindric to globose.

Spines furnished with papery sheaths.

Spines usually solitary but sometimes several, acicular; last form¬
ed branches rarely more than 1 cm. thick.

Terminal joints not over 3.5 cm. long and usually at right angles

to main branches, from 4 to 7 mm. thick _ O. leptocaulis

Terminal joints over 3.5 cm. long and usually at an acute angle

to main branches, from 8 to 15 mm. thick _ - _ O. kleiniae

Spines always more than 1 : last formed branches over 1 cm.
thick.

Terminal joints not over 2 cm. thick _ 0. davisii

Terminal joints over 2 cm. thick. _ 0. imbricata

Spines not furnished with papery sheaths.

Spines usually flattened - - - 0. schottii

Spines usually terete, the central ones sometimes

flattened _ _ _ I _ O. grahamii

Joints, at least some, flattened.

Fruit a juicy berry.

Joints very readily detached ; plants low or

small jointed _ 0. nemoralis

Joints not readily detached, persistent.

Areoles small, 1 to 2 mm. in diameter, not elevated,

mostly close together _ O. rufida

Areoles larger, mostly distant.

Prostrate or spreading species, the joints relatively small.
Spines none or only 1 or 2 at an areole.

Joints bluish green, at least when young, flowers

6-7 cm. across _ 0. allairei

Joints dark green ; flowers 11-12.5 cm.

across _ O. grondiflora

Spines mostly 2 or more at an areole.

Ovary obconic, 2-4 cm. long.

Joints typically over 8 cm. long.

Spines yellow or brown _ O. macrorhiza

Spines white or light brown _ 0. tortispina

Joints typically 8 cm. or less long _ 0. fuscoatra

Ovary narrowly subcylindric, 5-6 cm. long _ 0. macateei

Bushy, depressed or tall species.

Spines when present brown or yellow.

Fruit less than 2 cm. across _ _ _ O. strigil

Fruit over 2 cm. across _ (except sometimes in O. ballii)

Spines acicular.

Fruit 2 cm. or less _ 0. ballii

Fruit 2.5 to 6 cm. long.

Flowers red to purple; plants low and

spreading, 3 dm. high or less _ O. pottsii

Flowers yellow.

Joints usually orbicular ; seeds 5 to 6

mm. broad _ O. mackensenii

26

TEXAS CACTI

Joints obovate; seeds 4 mm. broad

or less— _ _ _ 0. tenuispina

Spines subulate.

Joints thin ; spines, when present, very long and con¬
fined to the upper and middle areoles.

Plant pale green to purplish ; Spines up

to 12 cm. long _ .... _ ... _ 0. macrocentra

Plant dull dark green ; spines 6 cm.

long or less _ 0. tardospina

Joints thick ; spines not confined to the upper and
middle areoles.

Joints relatively small, seldom over 15 cm. broad;
plants relatively low.

Plant light green _ O. atrispina

Plant bluish green or grayish

green _ O. phaecantha

Joints relatively large, mostly over 15
cm. broad ; plants relatively

tall _ 0. engelmannii

Spines, if any, yellow, at least partially.

Joints spineless, or with only 1 or 2 spines at

some of the areoles, or spines very short _ 0. stricta

Joints usually manifestly spiny ; spines mostly 2 or more
at the areoles.

Joints elongated-lanceolate or oblong, several

times longer than wide _ O. linguiformis

Joints obovate to suborbicular.

Spines brown at base _ O. aciculata

Spines yellow or white.

Spines 4 cm. long or longer _ O. lindheimeri

Spines not over 2 or 3 cm, long _ O. anahuacensis

Fruit dry, not juicy.

Joints turgid.

Joints readily detached _ O. fragilis

Joints not readily detached _ _ _ O. arenaria

Joints not turgid, usually thinner and flat.

Seines or some of them very long, flexible, and

bristle-like _ O. trichophora

Spines stiff, acicular or subulate; areoles

distant _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ... _ 0, polycantha

TEXAS CACTI

27

OPUNTIA LEPTOCAULIS — Slender Stem Cactus — “Tasajillo”

“Tasajillo” has the largest distribution of any known cactus in
the Southwest. Its range is Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Cali¬
fornia, and the whole northern half of Mexico. It grows singly or
in dense thickets, in all kinds of well-drained soil but it reaches
perfection in high sandy loams.

The stems are terete, usually much branched or bushy, and
covered with spines which give protection to the plant. The spines
which are sheathed in most instances make very annoying and
painful wounds in the flesh. When extracted, the sheath remains,
causing the wound to fester and become very sore. In fact, the
spines are the most wicked of the Opuntia group. The species
name “leptocaulis” means slender-stemmed. The branches are
slender, from one-four to one-half inch in diameter, composed of
joints of different lengths, some not over an inch long, others a
foot or more long.

The fruit is globose or oblong. It is often proliferous, bearing
pieces of green stems, which detach and take root under favorable
conditions. It grows quickly from cuttings. The scarlet fruits are
very showy making the plant very attractive in the fall and winter.
A yellow-berried form is often seen in the vicinity of Somerset,
Texas. The plant at a distance resembles a shrub covered with
tiny lemons.

This cactus furnishes protection to many other cacti, birds and
small animals. It is generally known by the old Indian name,
Tasajillo. This name is probably as old as the plant itself.
“Garambullo” is another name given on account of its succulent
fruit.

Tasajillo blooms in the summer. The flowers are small, in¬
conspicuous, and yellowish-green. They open in bright sunlight
and close at night for about two consecutive days. The blossom¬
ing period is mid-summer, principally July and August.

The great variation in the lengths of the spines and the char¬
acter of the spine sheaths has led to the description of many
varieties. A short-spined species is often mentioned as Opuntia
leptocaulis var. brevispina. Britton and Rose give their opinion
as follows: — These all seem to us to merge into the one species
as above indicated. Further study confirms the same observa¬
tions made by local botanists. The old growth of the plant is

28

TEXAS CACTI

usually spineless or nearly so. The new growth is usually well
covered with spines. In a rainy season, the new growth has few
spines. In a dry year where plants grow slowly the new growth
Is generally a mass of long spines.

Opuntia leptocaulis is sometimes confused with Opuntia kleiniae
which has stouter stems and larger yellowish fruits. The flowers
are also larger, about one and one-half inches in diameter, and of
a dull purple hue with greenish streaks. With the exception of a

“Tasajillo” — Opuntia leptocaulis

The upper parts of the plant are an intricate maze of short joints,
the diameter of a pencil, and brilliant scarlet, rarely lemon-yellow fruits.

few yellow-berried sports, Opuntia leptocaulis has brilliant scarlet
fruits.

An interesting feature is that the fruits of this closely allied
species are commonly proliferous, that is branches grow from
the areoles of the cuticle covering the fruit itself.

Description: —Usually bushy, often compact, 2 to 20 dm. high,
but sometimes with a short, definite trunk 5 to 8 cm. in diameter,
dull green with darker blotches below the areoles, with slender,
cylindric, ascending, hardly tuberculate branches; branches, espe¬
cially the fruiting ones, thickly set with short, usually spineless joints
spreading nearly at right angles to the main branches, very easily
detached; leaves green, awl-shaped, 12 mm. long or less, acute;

TEXAS CACTI

29

spines usually solitary at young areoles, very; slender, white, at
areoles of old branches 2 or 3 together, 2 to 5 cm. long or less;
sheaths of spines closely fitting or loose and papery, yellowish
brown to whitish; areoles with very short white wool; flowers
greenish or yellowish, 1.5 to 2 cm. long including the ovary; sepals
broadly ovate, acute, or cuspidate; ovary obconic, bearing numer¬
ous small woolly brown areoles subtended by small leaves, its
glochids brown; fruit small, globular to obovate or even clavate,
often proliferous, red or rarely yellow, 10 to 18 mm. long, turgid,
slightly fleshy; seeds compressed, 3 to 4 mm. broad, with narrow,
often acute margins.

Tasajillo — Opuntia leptocaulis

The flowers are small, inconspicuous, and yellowish green in color,
while the fruits are usually numerous forming scarlet cactus sprays
throughout the winter. These sprays make an interesting am} effective
Christmas decoration. They are easily handled at the hard black base
of the stems where the noxious spines have practically all fallen off.

Type locality : — In Mexico.

Distribution : — Southwestern United States and Mexico. Un¬
usually wide distribution for an Opuntia. Wichita Falls to south¬
ern Mexico and east as far as the Brazos.

Synonymy ; — Opuntia leptocaulis De Candolle, Mem. Mus.
Hist. Nat., Paris, 17:118. 1828.

Opuntia ramulifera Salm-Dyck, Hort. Dyck. 360. 1834.

Opuntia gracilis Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 172. 1837.

Opuntia fragilis frutescens Engelmann, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.
5:245. 1845.

30

TEXAS CACTI

Opuntia virgata Link and Otto in Forster, Handb. Cact. 506.
1846.

Opuntia vaginata Engelmann in Wizlizenus, Mem. Tour North
Mex. 100. 1848.

Opuntia frutescens Engelmann, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 6:208.
1850.

Opuntia frutescens brevispina Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:309. 1856.

Opuntia frutescens longispina Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:309. 1856.

Opuntia leptocaulis brevispina S. Watson, Bibl. Index 1:407.
1878.

Opuntia leptocaulis vaginata S. Watson, Bibl. Index 1:407.
1878.

Opuntia leptocaulis stipata Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
3:456. 1896.

Opuntia leptocaulis longispina Berger, Bot. Jahrb. Engler 36:
450. 1905.

OPUNTIA KLEIN LYE

Opuntia kleiniae is a “cane-stemmed” Opuntia intermediate
between the slender-stemmed Opuntia leptocaulis and the more
stocky Opuntia imbricata.

The stems may grow sparcely and reach a height of three to
five feet, or they may form regular thickets. In diameter they are
always larger than “Tasajillo” ( Opuntia leptocaulis) and smaller
than the cholla cactus ( Opuntia imbricata.)

Opuntia kleiniae has long been in cultivation and is represent¬
ed in most desert garden collections. Opuntia kleiniae cristata is a
garden form.

Description : — Stems pale, glaucous, sometimes 2.5 meters tall,
woody at base; tubercles long; areoles large, a little longer than
wide, filled with white wool from the very first; spines usually 1,
but sometimes more, from the base of the areole, covered with
yellow sheaths, on old joints accompanied by several bristle-like
spines from the lower margin of the areole; glochids yellow to
brown; leaves linear, 15 cm. long, acute; flowers 3 cm. long, purp¬
lish; petals broad, rounded at apex; fruit red, 2 to 2.5 cm. long,
long persisting; seeds 4 to 5 mm. broad.

Type locality : — In Mexico.

Distributions, — Texas to Central Mexico, particularly the Big
Bend District.

Synonymy : — Opuntia kleiniae De Candolle, Mem. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Paris 17:118. 1828.

TEXAS CACTI

31

Opuntia wrightii Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:308. 1856.
Opuntia caerulescens Griffiths, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 20:86.
1909.

OPUNTIA DAVISXI

This cactus was named in honor of Jefferson Davis, Secretary
of War and under whom the Pacific Railroad surveys were made.
Davis was also Secretary of War when Whipple’s report was made.

Cholla Cactus — Opuntia imbricata

Before the introduction of coal tar dyes into Mexico an extract from
the tunas was used to dissolve and set cochineal dye.

Opuntia davisii is now believed to be rather limited in its range.
It was first reported from near Colorado, Texas. An interesting
feature of this cactus is that it has only one scientific name. It
evidently stands out as a clearly defined species even though it
was named as long ago as 1856.

The plants grow very low but their dense covering of pinkish
to straw-colored spines makes them conspicuous in the landscape.

32

TEXAS CACTI

The joints differ from the foreging Opuntias in that they are
slender and only two to four inches long.

Like Tasajillo the flowers are olive-green to yellow in color and
inconspicuous. In the field their low-growing habit makes iden¬
tification almost positive.

Description :• — Plants low, 3 to 5 dm. high, much branched,
their dense covering of straw-colored spines making them con-
spicious objects in the landscape; terminal joints slender, 6 to 8
cm. long, about 1 cm. in diameter, strongly tuberculate; spines
6 to 12, unequal, the longest ones 4 to 5 cm. long, acicular, covered
with thin sheaths; glochids numerous, yellow; flowers, including
ovary, 3.5 cm. long; petals olive-green to yellow, broad, with
rounded mucronate tips; ovary with large areoles bearing a few
spines each; fruit 3 cm. long, somewhat tuberculate, naked; seeds
not known.

Type locality : — Upper Canadian, about Tucumcari Hills, near
the Llano Estacado.

Distribution : — Western Texas and eastern New Mexico, par¬
ticularly the Plains and Big Bend in Texas.

Synonymy: — Opuntia davisii Engelmann and Bigelow, Proc.
Amer. Acad. 3:305. 1856.

OPUNTIA IMBRICATA — Candelabrum Cactus
Cholla, Tree Cactus, Cane Cactus, Velas tie Coyote

This is the common cane-stemmed Opuntia native to mesas
and the foot hills of mountains of western Texas. It particularly
favors lava-capped hills. Individual plants are frequently found
growing in Mexican door yards of central and southeastern Texas.
This is the most formidable of all Texas cacti. Anna Botsford
Comstock aptly describes it as “So prickly that even words shy
off at the thought of it.” The spines are the most lacerating and
difficult to remove from flesh of any of the cacti, even more so
than the spines of the dreaded Tasajillo, Opuntia leptocaulis.
Tasajillo spines have one deflexed barb while cholla spines are
t arbed their entire length.

Cholla is tree-like in form, with a few to many erect stems
growing to a height of three to eight feet. The stems are cylin-
drical^ tuberculated, about an inch in diameter, and conspicuosly
spiny. The spines are covered with loose-fitting, glossy white or
greenish to brownish-tipped sheaths. The spines are always short
and numerous. The flowers are bright purple, two and one-half

TEXAS CACTI

33

to three inches across. The fruits are tuberculate, dry and yellow
when ripe. Many of them are proliferous, and fall off in winter
thus making new plants.

The stems are used in the manufacture of canes, the reticulat¬
ed part giving them a peculiar appearance. Occasionally the spines
are removed by burning, and the stems cut into sections and fed
to stock. The cut sections are too tough to be palatable.

In Australia it is called the Devil’s Rope. It is now growing
wild in that country much to the distress of the inhabitants. It
is said to have originated in the garden of the parsonage of Sofala,
New South Wales. In 1911, it was reported as growing on ridges
in that town. It then spread along the river and escaped into the
brush around the township.

Before the introduction of coal tar dyes into Mexico this fruit
had an important place in the Arts. The tunas were gathered,
chopped into small pieces, and boiled, the fiber and seed being
filtered out and the extract used to dissolve and set cochineal dye.
It is still used in this way to a limited extent. Its mordanting
property is doubtless due to the large amount of acids and salts
of organic acids present.

The fruit is not eaten by man or beast. It is very high in
acid, and because of this and so much plant mucilage and the
absence of sugar it is not at all palatable.

The remarks of Britton and Rose in The Cactaceae, Vol. 1 are
of interest in explaining the synonymy of this interesting genus.
“We have followed Schumann and Weber in uniting Opuntia ar-
borescens and Opuntia imbricata. As thus treated, the species has
a wide geographic distribution, and in our view consists of many
slightly differing races. In its northern limits it is much smaller
than in its southern range.”

The species name imbricata means “covered with gutter tiles”
and refers to the ridges covering the joints.

Opuntia imbricata differs from Opuntia leptocaulis and Opuntia
kleiniae in the thicker cylindrical stems and the yellow tuberculate
fruits.

Other common names are cardenche, tuna juell, goconoxtie,
coyote prickly pear, Xoconochtli , xoconostle, joconoxtle, joconostle ,
tasajo, coyonostle, coyonoxtle , coyonostli, tuna joconctla, tuna
huell , “velas de coyote ” entrana.

34

TEXAS CACTI

Description : — Tree-like, often 3 meters high or higher, with a
more or less definite woody trunk 2.5 cm. in diameter; ultimate
joints 2 to 3 cm. in diameter; strongly tuberculate; leaves 8 to 24
mm. long, terete; tubercles 2 to 2.5 cm. long, flattened laterally;
spines 8 to 30, 2 to 3 cm. long, brown, covered with papery sheaths;
flowers borne at ends of branches, 4 to 6 cm. long, sometimes 8
to 9 cm. broad, purple; ovary tuberculate, bearing a few bristles
from some of the upper areoles; fruit naked, yellow, 2:5 to 3 cm.
long, strongly tuberculate or, when long persistent, smooth; seeds
2.5 to 3:5 mm. in diameter.

Type locality:— Unknown; introduced into England by Lod-
diges in 1830.

Distribution: — Central Colorado to Texas, New Mexico, and
central Mexico.

Synonymy: — Opuntia imbricata (Haworth) De Candolle,
Prodr. 3:471. 1828.

Cereus imbricatus Haworth, Rev. PI. Succ. 70. 1821.

Cactus cylindricus James, Cat. 182. 1825. Not Lamarck. 1783.

Cactus bleo Torrey, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 2:202. 1828. Not Hum¬
boldt, Bonpland, and Kunth. 1823.

Opuntia rosea De Candolle, Propr. 3:471. 1828.

Opuntia desipiens De Candolle, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris
17:118. 1828.

Opuntia exuviata De Candolle, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris
17:118. 1828.

Opuntia exuviata augustior De Candolle, Mem. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Paris, 17:118. 1828.

Opuntia exuviata spinosior De Candolle, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Paris, 17:118. Opuntia exuviata stellata Lamaire, Cact. Gen. Nov.
Sp. 67, 1839.

Opuntia exuviata viridior Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1844.
48. 1845.

Opuntia arborescens Engelmann in Wislizenus, Mem. Tour
North Mexico, 90.. 1848.

Opuntia imbricata crassior Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849.
249. 1850.

Opuntia imbricata ramosior Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849.
73. 1850.

Opuntia imbricata tenuior Salm-Dyck. Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849.
73. 1850.

Opuntia vexaus Griffiths, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 22:28. 1912.

Opuntia magna Griffiths, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 27:23.
1914.

Opuntia spinotecta Griffiths, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 27:
24. 1914.

TEXAS CACTI

35

DEVIL CACTUS— “Clavellina” — Opuntia schotti

A prostrate form of Opuntia occurring along the Rio Grande
from Hidalgo County to the Pecos River in West Texas. It is
very abundant near Rio Grande City, Texas and on the Mexican
side as far east as Reynosa.

It forms dense masses, ten to fifty feet square. These masses
are absolutely impenetrable, and therefore a great pest to grazing
stock.

The spines are long and very dangerous. The joints are easily
broken off and when the spine touches an animal’s foot or body,
the joint detaches and the piece is carried to another place by the
passing animal. Here they take root and form new plants.

The flowers are yellow, blooming in the spring, opening in
bright daylight, and closing at night. They bloom one or two
consecutive days. The plants do not produce flowers in abundance
as other species of Opuntia do, but depend on the scattering of
the broken stems for propagation.

Quoting Robert Runyon: aIn the Cemetery at Reynosa, I
noticed the graves covered with the devilish Clavellina, and asked
a Mexican who was cleaning up the Cemetery, why he did not
remove the Clavellina. His answer was, We don’t wanty the
dead to leave.’ Clavellina is a word that Mexicans apply to plants
that have large nail-like spines.

Description : — Prostrate, rooting from the areoles, forming
dense clusters sometimes 2 or 3 meters in diameter; joints clavate,
curved, ascending, easily breaking off, 6 to 7 cm. long, 2 cm. in
diameter at thickest part, strongly tuberculate; leaves subulate,
bronze-colored, 6 to 8 mm. long, acuminate; areoles 1 to 1.5 cm.
apart; spines white and sheathed when young, soon brown, the
larger ones sometimes as many as 12, very slender, sometimes 6
cm. long, somewhat flattened; wool white when young, turning
brown; glochids white when young, turning brown, 4 mm. long or
less; flowers yellow, 4 cm. long including ovary; sepals narrow,
acuminate; petals acuminate; fruit yellow, narrowly oblong in out¬
line, a little narrowed at base, 4 cm. long, closely set with areoles
bearing numerous short spines, bristles, and white wool, the um¬
bilicus depressed; seeds yellow, flattened, 4 mm. in diameter, not¬
ched at base.

Type locality : — Arid soil near the mouth of the San Pedro and
Pecos, western Texas.

Distribution : — Southern and western Texas and northern

36

TEXAS CACTI

Mexico. Very common in the Big Bend country and the Trans-
Pecos.

Synonymy : — Opuntia schottii Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:304. 1856.

OPUNTIA OKA II AMI I

This species was named in honor of James Duncan Graham,
Colonel, Corps of Engineers, United States Army, and who died
December 28, 1865, at Boston, Massachusetts. Colonel Graham
was for a time chief of the scientific corps of the United States

Opuntia grahamii

A low-growing west Texas species similar to O. Schottii but having
smaller joints.

and Mexican Boundary Commission, and sent the type specimens
of this plant to Dr. George Engelmann.

Opuntia grahamii grows in patches like Opuntia schottii but
both the plant and joints are smaller. The plant is also an extreme
western Texas cactus.

Description : — Roots at first thick and fleshy, becoming woody,
2 cm. thick or more; plant low, much branched, spreading, forming
low mounds often half buried in the sand, sometimes giving off roots
at the areoles; terminal joints erect, clavate, bright green, 3 to 5 cm.
long, with large oblongtu bercles; leaves thick, bronze-colored, ovate,

TEXAS CACTI

37

acute, 3 to 4 mm. long; areoles about 3 mm. broad; wool white;
spines 8 to IS, slender, slightly scabrous, terete or some of the
larger ones slightly compressed, white when young, soon reddish,
the longest 3.5 to 6 cm. long; glochids numerous, slender, 4 mm.
long or less, white, turning brown, persistent on the old stems;
flowers yellow, 5 cm. broad; sepals ovate, acute, about 5 mm.
long; fruit oblong to ovoid, 3 to 4.5 cm. long, its numerous areoles
bearing white glochids and some slender spines; seeds beakless,
5 to 5.5 mm. in diameter, the commissure indistinct, linear.

Type locality : — Near El Paso, Texas.

Distribution : — Western Texas, New Mexico, and adjacent parts
of Mexico. Common in the Big Bend District of Texas.

Synonymy : — Opuntia grahamii Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:304. 1856.

OPUNTIA NEMORALIS

This species strongly resembles Opuntia tortispina in its habit,
joints, and spines. Britton and Rose base their classification of
it as a distinct species on the fact that the joints are easily detached.

Description : — Plants low, usually prostrate, forming clumps 1
meter in diameter, sometimes 3 dm. high; joints ovate to obovate,
thick, 7 to 9 cm. long, green, but often with purple blotches about
the areoles; spines 1 or 2, only from the upper areoles, 2 to 2.5 cm.
long, mostly erect; glochids yellow; flowers yellow; fruit obovoid
to pyriform, small, 3 cm. long, light red, truncate.

Type locality : — Longview, Texas.

Distribution : — Pine woods and fields about Longview, Texas.

Synonymy : — Opuntia nemoralis Griffiths, Monatsschr. Kak-
teenk. 23. 133. 1913.

OPUNTIA RUFIDA— Blind Pear

This is the blind pear of the Big Bend District. It is a spine¬
less Opuntia of upright growth, and of a good size. The joints
are orbicular, thickish, velvety tomentose, and dull grayish or
bluish green. The leaves are green with reddish tips and fall off
early. The flowers are yellow to orange, the petals obovate. The
filaments are short and . greenish white. The style is thick and
bulbous just above the base.

Many of the plants grow in the crevices of rocks. The follow¬
ing note is added by Mr. William Hess of San Antonio, — “This
species with its close relative microdasys are probable the prettiest
of the flat jointed types of cacti. The former with its areoles
covered with short dark red velvety bristles against the deep or

38

TEXAS CACTI

blue green delicate appearing joints is hardly less attractive than
the 0. microdasys. The light green joints of this species are stud¬
ded with many yellow pearl-like tufts of bristles, which cause it
to be admired even by those people who see nothing in cacti in
general.”

Description : — More or less erect, 2 to 15 dm. high, with a
somewhat definite trunk; joints nearly orbicular, 6 to 25 cm. in
diameter, thickish, velvety-tomentose, dull grayish green; leaves

Opuntia rufida

The Blind Pear of the Big Bend District.

subulate, caducous, 4 to 6 cm. long, green with reddish tips; areoles
large, filled with numerous brown glochids; flowers yellow to
orange, 4 to 5 cm. long including the ovary; petals obovate, 2 to
2.5 cm. long; filaments greenish white, short, 1 cm. long; style 1.5
cm. long, thick, bulbous just above the base; stigma-lobes 5, deep
green; ovary globular, 1.5 cm. in diameter, umbilicate, with large
areoles; fruit, according to field observation of Dr. Griffiths,
bright red.

Type locality : — About Presidio del Norte, on the Rio Grande

Distribution : — Texas and northern Mexico. Particularly in the
Big Bend District in Texas.

TEXAS CACTI

39

Synonymy : — Opuntia rufida Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:298. 1856.

Opuntia microdasys rufida Schumann, Gesamtb. Kakteen 706.
1898.

OPUNTIA ALLAIREI

Description : — A low, spreading, tuberous-rooted, prostrate
plant, with some of the joints ascending; joints bluish green, obo-
vate, usually 10 to 15 cm. long, originally described as even longer,
with or without spines; spines, if present, 1 to 3, yellowish brown,

2.5 cm. long or less, slender but a little flattened; glochids numer¬
ous, especially abundant at very old areoles, yellow; leaves 6 to
8 mm. long; flowers 6 to 7 cm. broad, yellow with a red center;
fruit 4 to 5 cm. long, dark red.

Type locality : — Mouth of Trinity River, Texas.
Distribution:-^ Southern Texas and western Louisiana.

Synonymy : — Opuntia allairei Griffiths, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard.
20:83. 1909.

LARGE-FLOWERED OPUNTIA— Opuntia grandiflora

This species was first described by Dr. George Engelmann as
Opuntia rafinesquei grandiflora, and a good drawing of it was
published in the Pacific Railroad Report, Vol. 4, 1856. Its range
of distribution in Texas is from central Texas eastward. It is not
generally well known among Cactus Collectors. It is by far the
largest and most handsome flowered species in Texas. The flowers
are large, yellow with a red center, and very showy. The stems
are low and prostrate to ascending.

It will undoubtedly stand a moderate freeze and can be re¬
commended as a good species for outdoor planting where the
temperature does not fall below 15°F.

Description : — Low, with somewhat ascending branches; joints

12.5 to 15 cm. long; areoles 2.5 cm. apart; spines usually wanting;
flowers very large, 11 to 12.5 cm. broad, yellow with a red center;
petals broad; fruit elongated, 6 cm. long.

Type locality : — On the Brazos, Texas.

Distribution: — Eastern Texas.

Synonymy: — Opuntia grandiflora Engelmann, Proc. Amer.
Acad. 3:295. 1856.

Opuntia rafinesquei grandiflora Engelmann, Pac. R. Rep.
4:55. 1856.

Opuntia mesacantha grandiflora Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 3:429. 1896.

40

TEXAS CACTI

OPUNTIA MACRORHIZA

This is one of the low, nearly prostrate Opuntias that grows
from tuberous roots. The clumps vary in size from a foot to as
much as three feet across. The joints are orbicular to ob ovate,
dull green, and two to four inches long. In comparison with the
common prickly pear, Opuntia lindheimeri, the joints are very
small. The spines are frequently few or none at all. When
present, they vary from one to four, and are about one inch long.
The flowers are yellow with a reddish center. Compared with
Opuntia lindheimeri the fruits are slender, somewhat ob ovoid, one
to one and one-half inches long, and not edible.

This species is easily distinguished from the majority of Texas
species of Opuntia by the small joints, prostrate habit, and tuber¬
ous roots.

Description : — Plant low, usually nearly prostrate, forming a
clump 1 meter in diameter, from a cluster of tuber-like roots, these
sometimes 5 to 7.5 cm. in diameter; joints orbicular to obovate,
dull green, 5 to 16 cm. long, about 1 cm. thick; leaves subulate,
4 to 10 cm. long; areoles rather large, the lower ones and .some¬
times all of them spineless; gloehids numerous, yellow or brown;
spines, when present, 1 to 4, unequal, yellow to brown, the longest
2.5 cm. long; flower yellow, with a reddish or purplish center, 7
to 8 cm. broad; fruit narrowly ob ovoid, 3.5 cm. long, purple or red,
with a depressed umbilicus, not edible; seeds 5 mm. in diameter,
with broad margins.

Type locality : — (Rocky places on the Upper Guadalupe, Texas.

Distribution : • — Missouri and Kansas to Texas. Particularly
central Texas.

Synonymy : — Opuntia macrorhiza Engelmann, Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist. 6:206. 1850.

Opuntia fusiformis Engelmann and Bifelow, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:297. 1856.

Opuntia rafinesquei fusiformis Engelmann, Pac. R. Rep. 4:43.
1856.

Opuntia mesacantha macrorhiza Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 3:430. 1896.

Opuntia xanthoglochia Griffith, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 21:166.

1910.

Opuntia roseana Mackensen, Bull. Torr. Club 38:142. 1911.

OPUNTIA TORTISPINA

A prostrate and creeping species. The joints are ascending,
orbicular or obovate, and six to eight inches long. There are al-

TEXAS CACTI

41

ways several spines at each areole, usually six to eight. The upper
and longer spines are often one to two inches long. The color
varies from white to yellowish and brown. The flowers are sul¬
phur yellow and two and one-half to three inches across. The
fruit is rather large and fleshy, being one and one-half to two
inches long and three-fourths to one and one-fourth inches broad.

Compared with the foregoing species, Opuntia macrorhiza it is
a more erect species, with larger joints, more spines, sulphur yellow
flowers without the red center, and larger and heavier fruits.

Its range is exceptionally wide in that it may be found all the
way from Texas to Canada. Its hardy qualities make it a desir¬
able Opuntia for northern desert gardens.

Description : — Prostrate and creeping; joints ascending, orbi¬
cular to obovate, 15 to 20 cm. long; areoles 1.5 to 3 cm. apart;
spines several, often 6 to 8, the upper and longer ones 3 to 6 cm.
long, either white, yellowish, or brown; on the upper areoles one
spine erect, the others spreading or with the lowermost ones de-
flexed; flowers sulphur-yellow, 6 to 7.5 cm. broad; fruit rather
large, 4 to 5 cm. long, 2 to 3 cm. broad; seeds 4 to 6 mm. broad,
thick, regular, with a slight indentation at the hilum.

Type locality \-~On the Camanchica Plains near the Canadian
River.

Distribution : — Wisconsin to South Dakota, Texas, Kansas,
Colorado, and New Mexico.

Synonymy : — Opuntia tortispina Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:293. 1856.

Opuntia tortisperma Engelmann, Pac. R. Rep. 4: pi. 23, f 1 to
5. 1856.

Opuntia cymochila Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:295. 1856.

Opuntia rafinesquei cymochila montana Engelmann and Bige¬
low, Pac. R. Rep. 4:42. 1856.

Opuntia rafinesquei cymochila Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:295. 1856.

Opuntia mesacantha cymochila Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb
3:430. 1896.

Opuntia mesacantha greenei Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
3:431. 1896.

Opuntia mesacantha oplocarpa Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb
3:431. 1896.

Opuntia greenei Engelmann in Britton and Rose, Smiths. Misc
Coll. 50:523. 1908.

(?) Opuntia sanginocula Griffiths, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing¬
ton. 27:26. 1914.

42

TEXAS CACTI

OPUNTIA FUSCOATRA

This is an Opuntia with prostrate branching habits. The joints
are orbicular to obovate, somewhat tuberculate, two to three and
one-half inches long. The spines are two to three in number, one
being rather stout, one to one and one-fourth inches long, often
a little flattened. They vary in color from yellow to dark brown
or nearly black. The flowers are all yellow, fully three inches
across. The petals are very broad. The fruit varies from one and
one-half to two inches in length.

Compared with Opuntia tortispina, the joints are only about
half as large, the spines fewer in number, and the flowers paler
but approximately the same size. It is also a distinctly East Texas
species. Singularly its distinguishing characteristics are so well
defined and constant that it has only been given one scientific
name.

Description : — Diffuse prostrate plants; joints orbicular to obo¬
vate, somewhat tuberculate, 5 to 8 cm. long, areoles 12 to 20 mm.
apart, very large for the group; spines single or in twos or threes,
one rather stout, sometimes a little flattened, 2.5 to 3 cm. long,
yellow to dark brown or even nearly black; usually from the lower
areoles; glochids numerous, brown; flowers 7.5 cm. broad, yellow;
petals very broad; stigma-lobes 5; ovary 2.5 cm. long, slender;
fruit 4 to 5 cm. long, red; seeds 4 mm. broad.

Type locality : — Sterile places of prairies west of Houston, Tex.

Distribution : — Eastern Texas.

Synonymy : — Opuntia fuscoatra Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:297. 1856.

OPUNTIA MACATEEI

This species is strictly Texas in distribution. It was first col¬
lected by Mr. W. L. MacAtee near Rockport, Texas, in December,
1910, and first described by Britton and Rose in The Cactaceae,
Volume 1, 1919.

The stems are usually prostrate with small joints that bear only
1 to 3 brownish spines from each areole. The flower is yellow
with a red center.

It can be identified by its small slender joints and the elong¬
ated, leafy ovaries.

Description: — 'Small prostrate plant; joints 2.5 to 6 cm. long,
orbicular to obovate, glabrous, dull green, in age somewhat tuber-

TEXAS CACTI

43

culate; leaves linear, 10 mm.' long or less, green; spines 1 to 3,
brownish, the longer ones up to 2.5 cm. long; flowers, including
the ovary, 8 to 10 cm. long, 7 to 10 cm. broad, yellow with a red
center; fruit subcylindric, 5 to 6 cm. long, bearing conspicuous
leaves, sometimes 12 mm. long.

Type locality : — Rockport, Texas.

Distribution: — -Southeast Texas.

Synonymy : — Opuntia macateei Britton and Rose, Cactaceae,
Volume 1, Page 221. 1919.

OPUNTIA STRIGIL

Opuntia strigil is somewhat erect. The joints are orbicular to
obovate, four to five inches long. The areoles are close together
and rather prominent. The spines vary from five to eight in
number and are about an inch long. Most of them are spreading.
Many of them are appressed to the plant and some are deflexed.
They vary from red to reddish-brown in color with lighter tips.
The flowers as yet are unknown; the fruits are small, nearly
globular, and about one-half inch across.

Opuntia strigil is mostly a West Texas species. It differs from
most of the Opuntias in the small round fruits and the spreading
appressed spines.

Description: — Suberet, 6 dm. high; joints orbicular to obovate,
10 to 12.5 cm. long; areoles close together, prominent; spines 5 to
8, spreading, many of them appressed to the joint and deflexed,
red to reddish brown with lighter tips, the longer ones 2.5 cm.
long; glochids numerous; flowers unknown; fruits small, nearly
globular, 12 mm. in diameter, truncate, red; areoles on fruit very
small; seeds 3 mm. broad.

Type locality: — In crevices of limestone rock, between the Pecos
River and El Paso, Texas.

Distribution: — Texas.

Synonymy: — Opuntia strigil Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:290. 1856.

OPUNTIA BALLII

Opuntia ballii was named in honor of Mr. C. R. Ball, who first
collected it in Reeves County, Texas.

This species grows low, and is more or less procumbent. The
branches lie on the ground, spread more or less, and take root
wherever the joints touch the ground. It is generally a small

44

TEXAS CACTI

plant. The joints are obovate, two and one-half to four inches
long, pale green, glaucous, and thickish. The spines are slender,
two to four in number, one and one-half to two and three-fourths
inches long. The flowers are unknown. The fruit is small, slender,
club-shaped, spineless, and less than an inch long. The plant as
far as known is a distinctly West Texas species.

Britton and Rose in “The Cactaceae” give the following in¬
teresting note: “Wooton and Standley in their Flora of New
Mexico refer this species to Opuntia filipendula, but Opuntia ballii
grows in a different habitat, has smaller fruit, stouter and erect
spines, and different areoles; it grows on the dry mesa beyond
Pecos, Texas.”

Description : — Plants low, spreading; joints obovate, 6 to 10 cm.
long, thickish, pale green, glaucous; spines 2 to 4, brownish, a little
flattened, usually ascending or erect, the larger ones 4 to 7 cm.
long; glochids conspicuous; fruit small, about 2 cm. long, clavate,
glaucous, spineless; seeds thick, 3.5 mm. broad.

Type locality : — Pecos, Reeves County, Texas.

Distribution : — Western Texas.

Synonymy : — Opuntia ballii Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13:
309. 1911.

OPUNTIA POTTSII

This is a Mexican species which extends into southwestern
Texas and southern New Mexico and is abundant in that region.
It is easily identified by its peculiar, thick, tuberous roots and the
fact that the spines are mostly confined to the upper areoles or
margins of the pads. The very large purple flowers are also
characteristic.

This Opuntia was named in honor of Mr. John Potts, who was
manager of the mint at Chihuahua and who sent cacti to Mr. F.
Scheer at Kew Gardens, London, between 1842 and 1850. The
species name was given by Prince Salm-Dyck in 1850.

It has long been listed under the name Opuntia filipendula , but
Britton and Rose made a very careful study of it and they now
use Prince Salm-Dyck’s name Opuntia pottsii, which in our opinion
is correct.

Description : — Low, spreading plant, 3 dm. high or less, from
thickened tuberous roots 2 to 3 cm. in diameter, these sometimes
moniliform; joints broadly obovate, 3.5 to 12 cm. long, pale green

TEXAS CACTI

45

to bluish; spines few, either small or large, confined to the upper
and marginal areoles, 1 or 2, slender, 2 to 4 cm. long, usually
white, but sometimes purplish: glochids yellow, usually few but
sometimes abundant; flowers large, 6 to 7 cm. broad, deep purple;
ovary slender, 3 to 3.5 cm. long, with only a few scattered areoles;
fruit spineless.

Type locality : — Near Chihuahua City, Mexico.

Distribution : — Central Chihuahua, Mexico to Texas and New
Mexico.

Synonymy : — 1 Opuntia pottsii Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck.
1849. 236. 1850.

Opuntia filipendula Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:294. 1856.

OPUNTIA MACKEN SENII

With so many botanists working central Texas in the early
development of the State, it is singular that an Opuntia of such
marked characters should have been overlooked until 1911. The
species is named by Dr. Rose in honor of Mr. Bernard Mackensen
of San Antonio and author of Native Trees and Shrubs of San
Antonio and Vicinity.

This Opuntia is a low growing plant, with spreading branches,
the lower edge of the joints usually resting on ground. A few
branches are often erect. The joints are orbicular to obovate, four
to eight inches long, rarely broader than long. They are pale and
covered with a bloom when young, but deep green when older. The
lower areoles are usually without spines, the upper ones with one to
four. The spines vary from white to brown, many of them being
brown at the base and white above. Most of them are slender,
somewhat flattened, and twisted, and one to two inches long. The
flowers are about three inches across, yellow with a reddish brown
center. The stigma lobes are white, and vary from seven to nine.
The fruit is spineless, one and one-half to two and one-half inches
long, rose-purple when ripe.

In general appearance, habit of growth, type of root and flower
it strongly resembles Opuntia macrorhiza. Mr. E. Mortensen
formerly connected with the Prickly Pear Investigations of the
Australian government, at Uvalde, gives his opinion that Opuntia
mackensenii is a large form of Opuntia macrorhiza.

Description'. — Plants low, with thick, tuberous roots, spread¬
ing, usually resting on the edges of the joints, but some of the

46

TEXAS CACTI

branches often erect; joints orbicular to obovate, 10 to 20 cm. long,
rarely broader than long, pale and glaucous when young, deep
green when older; areoles small, the lower ones without spines,
the upper ones with 1 to 4 spines; spines white or brown, or brown
at the base and white above, somewhat flattened and twisted,
slender, 5 cm. long or less; glochids brown; flowers of medium
size, 7 to 8 cm. broad, yellow with a reddish brown center; stigma-
lobes 7 to 9, white; fruit spineless, 4 to 6 cm. long, truncate or
nearly so at apex, rose-purple; seeds suborbicular, 5 to 6 mm.
broad, acute on the margin.

Type locality : — Near Kerrville, Texas.

Distribution : — Kerr County, Texas.

Synonymy : — Opuntia mackensenii Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 13:310. 1911.

OPUNTIA TEN UISPI N A

The species name tenuispina means thin or slender-spined. The
plant is prostrate in habit. The joints are obovate, three to seven
inches long, three to four inches wide, light green in color. The
pads are usually densely covered with slender white spines, one
to three at each areole, each one to two inches long. The flowers
are yellow, two and one-half to three inches across. The fruit is
rather small, oblong to ellipsoidal in shape, one to one and one-half
inches long, red with greenish pulp and medium-sized seeds.

Quoting Britton and Rose in “The Cactaceae” we have the
following comparison with Opuntia pheacantha.

“Engelmann says that this plant grows with Opuntia phaea-
cantha, but is readily distinguished from the latter by its spines
and fruit. Cultivated plants and herbarium specimens closely re¬
semble Opuntia phaeacantha.”

The type locality “sand hills near El Paso” is also of good
assistance to the amateur in identification. Mr. E. Mortensen
reports it as “common in the Davis Mountains.”

Description:- — Low and spreading, but becoming 3 dm. high;
joints obovate, attenuate at base, 7 to IS cm. long, light green;
leaves very slender, 4 mm. long or less; spines 1 to 3 from an
areole, slender, usually white but sometimes brownish, 3 to 5 cm.
long, the upper spines erect or spreading; glochids brown; flowers
yellow, 6 to 7.5 cm. broad; ovary with numerous areoles filled
with brown wool and brown glochids; fruit oblong, 2.5 to 4 cm.
long, with a deep umbilicus; seeds 4 mm. broad or less, very
irregular.

TEXAS CACTI

47

Type locality : — Sand hills near El Paso, Texas.

Distribution'. — Southwestern Texas and adjacent parts of
Mexico and New Mexico, apparently extending to Arizona.

Synonymy: — Opuntia tenuispina Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:294. 1856.

Opuntia minor C. Mueller in Walpers, Ann. Bot. 5:50. 1858.

Opuntia macrocentra

The common long-spined opuntia of western Texas.

OPUNTIA MACROCENTRA

Opuntia macrocentra is one of the most attractive and at the
same time most common of the Opuntias on the mesas of West
Texas. It is easily the most striking and most abundant Opuntia
in the Big Bend Country. One distinguishes it at once from other
Opuntias by the reddish or purplish tinged joints and the very
long central dark-colored spines.

The plant is rarely over two and one-half feet high. It is
mostly erect with an inclination to spreading, but joints rarely lie
on the ground.

The joints are circular to oblong in outline, four to eight inches
long. The reddish-blue to purplish hue is a distinct characteristic
of the majority of the plants. The spines are one to two in num-

48

TEXAS CACTI

ber, rarely three, usually brownish or black in color, sometimes
paler at the tips, and two to five inches long. The flowers are
yellow, two to three inches across, often drying red. The fruit is
purple and varies from one to two inches in length.

E. Mortensen records it as growing common with the cresote
bush, and as a common species growing with Opuntia engelmannia
in the vicinity of Fort Stockton. H. T. Fletcher reports it as

Opuntia macrocentra

Known for its very long spines and purplish tinged “joints.”

common in the Davis Mountains and adds that the “joints are
thin and reddish.”

The brilliant purple hue throughout the winter season should
make it a good decorative species.

The species name macrocentra means large centrals in reference
to the unusually long central spines.

Description : — Somewhat bushy, with ascending branches, 6 to
9 dm. high; joints orbicular to oblong, or sometimes broader than
long, 10 to 20 cm. long, often bluish or purplish, sometimes spine¬
less but usually bearing spines at the uppermost areoles; spines 1
or 2, rarely 3 together, usually brownish or black but sometimes
white above, slender, erect or porrect, 4 to 7 cm. long; flowers

TEXAS CACTI

49

yellow, often drying red, 7.5 cm. broad; sepals ovate, acuminate;
ovary with few areoles, these bearing brown glochids; filaments
very short; fruit 3 to ,6 cm. long, purple; seeds 4 to 4.5 mm. broad.

Type locality : — Sand hills on the Rio Grande near El Paso,
Texas.

Distribution : — Western Texas to eastern Arizona and Chi¬
huahua, Mexico.

Synonymy : — Opuntia macrocentra Engelmann, Proc. Amer.
Acad. 3:292. 1856.

OPUNTIA TARDOSPINA

Opuntia tardospina is an abundant species in the section be¬
tween Del Rio and the Devil’s River. Mr. E. Mortensen also
reports it as common in the vicinity of Uvalde, Sanderson, and
San Angelo. He further reports it so common in the Fort Worth
section and southwest of Fort Worth as to be a pest. It has also
been recorded from Gillespie, Burnet, Lampasas, and Blanco
counties. The type locality is Lampasas.

Opuntia tardospina has fibrous roots. It is a low spreading
plant with the joints usually resting on the ground. The joints
are orbicular to obovate, six to twelve inches long. The spines
are usually wanting except on the upper margins and sections of
the pods. They are usually single, one to two inches long, dark
brown or black in color, paler at the tips. The fruit is red, and
two to two and one-half inches long.

Description: — Roots fibrous; low, spreading plant, the joints
usually resting on the ground; joints orbicular to obovate, 16 to
24 cm. long; areoles large, usually distant, often 4 cm. apart;
spines usually wanting except from the upper areoles and along
the upper margin, usually single, sometimes 2 from an areole, 4 to
5 cm. long, brown, but lighter towards the apex; glochids numer¬
ous, brown, peristent; fruit red, 6 cm. long; seeds 5 mm. broad,
acute on the margin.

Type locality: — Near Lampasas, Texas.

Distribution: — Eastern and central Texas.

Synonymy: — Opuntia tardospina Griffiths, Rep. Mo. Bot.
Gard. 22:34. 1912.

OPUNTIA ATRISPINA

This Opuntia was first described by David Griffiths in the
Report of the Missouri Botanical Gardens, Vol. 21, 1910. The
type species was collected near the Devil’s River, July 20th, 1928.

50

TEXAS CACTI

A good picture of it in its natural habitat was published in the
above mentioned Report (plate 26).

The stems are low, ascending, and usually lying on their edges.
The secondary stems are mostly erect. The spines are described
as jet black at the base, changing to orange toward the tip. The
flowers are yellow changing to orange, greenish within, and 4 to
5 cm. across when fully open. The filaments are yellowish above

Opuntia atrispina

and greenish below; the style white; the stigma yellowish, small,
and 7-parted. The fruit is small and pyriform.

It is either a rare species or it has not been collected extensi¬
vely. It is probably a Mexican species entering our territory along
the Devil’s River.

Description : — Usually low and spreading, sometimes 2 meters
in diameter, but sometimes the central branches nearly erect and
6 dm. high; joints rather small, nearly orbicular, 10 to 15 cm. in
diameter, light green, sometimes a little glaucous; lower areoles
spineless; spines from the upper areoles 2 to 4, the principal ones

TEXAS CACTI

51

spreading, flattened, dark brown, almost black at base, much
lighter above; glochids at first yellow or yellowish, but soon chang¬
ing to brown; flowers described as yellow, changing to orange;
fruit reddish purple.

Type locality : — Near Devil’s River, Texas.

Distribution:— Type locality and vicinity.

Synonymy : — Opuntia atrispina Griffiths, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard.
21:172. 1910.

OPUNTIA PHEACANTHA

The following remarks of Britton and Rose in '“The Cactaceae”
Vol 1, indicate that Opuntia pheacantha is a broad species and
somewhat troublesome.

“We have referred to Opuntia phaeacantha the common, low,
bushy Opuntia with small joints, brown spines, and yellow flowers
of the Southwest; we formerly regarded it as composed of several
species, and others have followed our lead; but we are unable to
draw any distinct lines after a study of much additional herbarium
and greenhouse material. Dr. Rose has collected a large series of
specimens from the Southwest, especially from the type localities,
but his specimens seem to bridge over differences which before
seemed tangible; cited differences appear to be racial rather than
specific.”

The plant grows low, with mostly prostrate branches and only
a few ascending ones. The joints are usually longer than broad.
The spines are from one to four in number, those on the sides of
the joints being stout, more or less reflexed, somewhat flattened,
one to two and one-half inches long, brown, sometimes nearly white
throughout.

The flowers are yellow, about two inches across, with a short
ovary. The fruit varies from one to one and one-half inches in
length, and is decidedly contracted at the base. The species name
pheacantha means brown-spined.

Description : — Low, usually prostrate, with some branches as¬
cending; joints usually longer than broad, 10 to 15 cm. long;
areoles rather remote, the lower ones often spineless; spines 1 to
4, those on the sides of the joints more or less reflexed, somewhat
flattened, usually rather stout, brown, sometimes darker at base,
or often nearly white throughout, the longer ones 5 to 6 cm. long;
glochids numerous, yellow to brown; flowers 5 cm. broad, yellow;
ovary short; fruit 30 to 35 mm. long, much contracted at base.

52

TEXAS CACTI

Type locality : — About Santa Fe and on the Rio Grande, New
Mexico.

Distribution : — -Texas to Arizona and Chihuahua.

Synonymy:— Opuntia pheacantha Engelmann in Gray, Mem.
Amer. Acad. 4:52. 1849.

Opuntia pheacantha brunnea Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:293. 1856.

Opuntia pheacantha major Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:293. 1856.

Opuntia pheacantha nigricans Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:293. 1856.

Opuntia camanchica Engelmann and Bigelow, Proc. Amer.
Acad. 3:293. 1856.

Opuntia chihuahuensis Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12:291.
1909.

Opuntia toumeyi Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12:402. 1909.

Opuntia blakeana Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12:402. 1909.

Opuntia zuniensis Griffits, Bull, Torr. Club, 43:86. 1916.

(From the description.)

OPUNTIA ENGELMANNH — Engelmann’ s Cactus

This species was first described in 1850 from the region be¬
tween El Paso and Chihuahua, Mexico. It ranges from Mexico
to Arizona, New Mexico, and over most of western Texas. It is
the common prickly pear of the southwest and has often been
confused in literature with Opuntia lindheimeri. It differs from
that species by the stout spines that have dark brown or black
bases and tips. As far as we know, it never assumes the tree-like
habit that the former takes in certain parts of the state. The
overlapping range of the two species accounts for the confusion
existing in regard to the identity.

This cactus is named in honor of Dr. George Engelmann of
St. Louis, who studied the cacti extensively and named most of
the species of the southwestern states.

It is probably the commonest large-jointed erect Opuntia grow¬
ing in the Southwest. The joints are large, circular to obovate,
eight inches to a foot long, rather yellowish-green, and usually
well covered with spines. The spines vary from two to five in
each cluster, are one to two inches long, white to whitish in color.
The spines on the edge of the joints are usually four to five in
number. The flowers are large and bright yellow when they first
open. The fruit is large, dark purple on the outside and inside.

TEXAS CACTI

53

Both rind and pulp are deep purple in color. The market name
“tuna negra” refers to the fact that over-ripe fruits turn a deep
purple to almost black.

In some localities the fruit is prepared into an attractive and
palatable syrup. The juice is expressed in a fruit press. It is
then boiled to one fourth its original volume after the addition of
one sixth its weight of cane sugar. The finished product is not
only palatable, but attractve in appearance as boiling does not
destroy the color in the least.

The following excerpt from The Cactaceae, Vol. I. is confusing
to the amateur but will throw some light to the specialist who
may not possess the above volume since it is out of print and al¬
most impossible to get.

“Opuntia engelmannii has been more confused than any other
species of Opuntia. Salm-Dyck, who first studied the species,
doubtless had but a single specimen before him, and this or a
duplicate is now in the herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Gar¬
den. This type specimen came from near Chihuahua City, from
which place Dr. Rose has collected identical material. Dr. Engel-
mann, who published Salm-Dyck’s name, described the plant as
erect and five to six feet high, giving its range from Chihuahua
City to Texas. These remarks of his were doubtless based on
notes of Dr. Wislizenus, who collected the type, and must have
included more than one species ; as Engelmann says it is both
cultivated and wild, the cultivated plants doubtless referring to
some of the many forms grown about towns and ranches. In 1852
Engelmann extends the distribution of the species westward to the
Pacific Ocean, referring especially to a San Diego specimen. In
1856 he .refers here to his previously described species Opuntia
lindheimeri , and extends the range eastward to the mouth of the
Rio Grande and to lower Mexico. Coulter brought all this material
together under Opuntia lindheimeri and four varieties.

An examination of herbarium and greenhouse specimens shows
that at least half a dozen species have been passing under the name
of Opuntia engelmannii. While certain varieties and specimens
are evidently to be excluded from the species, we are still un¬
certain as to its specific limits. It is quite common about Chi¬
huahua City and extends to Monterey and Saltillo or is represent¬
ed there by a near ally, while Mr. E. O. Wooton would refer here

54

TEXAS CACTI

plants of southern New Mexico, and we are including large, bushy
Opuntias from Arizona.

Dr. Rose was inclined at one time to separate the Tucson plant,
which seems to have some just claims for specific recognition, but
there is a mass of herbarium material which seems to connect this
with the true Opuntia engelmannii.”

Description : — Originally described as erect and up to 2 meters
high, but more properly a widely spreading bush, usually without
a definite trunk; joints oblong to orbicular, 2 to 3 dm. long, thick,
pale green; areoles distant, becoming large and bulging; spines
usually more or less white, with dark red or brownish bases and
sometimes with black tips, usually 3 or 4, sometimes only 1, or
entirely wanting from the lower areoles, but on old joints 10 or
more, usually somewhat porrect or a little spreading, but never
reflexed, the larger ones much flattened, the longest one 5 cm.
long; leaves subulate, about 15 mm. long; glochids numerous,
brown with yellowish tips flowers large, yellow; fruit 3.5 to 4 cm.
long, red; seeds small, 3 to 4 mm. broad.

Type locality : — From El Paso to Chihuahua.

Distribution : — Chihuahua, Durango, Sonora, Arizona, New
Mexico, and Texas.

Synonymy : — Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck in Engelmann,
Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 6:207. 1850.

Opuntia engelmannii cyclodes Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:291. 1856.

Opuntia lindheimeri cyclodes Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
3:422. 1896.

Opuntia dillei Griffiths, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 20:82. 1909.

Opuntia arizonica Griffiths, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 20:93. 1909.

Opuntia wootonii Griffiths, Rep Mo. Bot. Gard. 21:17. 1910.

Opuntia cyclodes Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13:309. 1911.

Opuntia gregoriana Griffiths, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 22:26. 1912.

Opuntia valida Griffiths, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 27:24.
1914.

Opuntia confusa Griffiths, Proc .Biol. Soc. Washington 27:28.
1914.

Opuntia magnarenensis Griffiths, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington
29:9. 1916.

Opuntia expansa Griffiths, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 29:14.
1916.

OPUNTIA STRICT A

Opuntia stricta is a Texas Coast species.

It should be noted that while Britton and Rose give Opuntia

TEXAS CACTI

55

stricta and Opuntia inermis as synonyms, the reports published
by the Australian government give them as separate species. The
plant called Opuntia inermis by them is so common as to be con¬
sidered a pest in the vicinity of Freeport, Texas.

This species is one of the “pest years” of Australia. It has
run over thousands of acres of the best agricultural and grazing

Opuntia linguiformis

Commonly called Cow-tongue cactus. Pads two to three feet long
and only three to four inches wide are not uncommon. Note O. lind-
heimeri at right.

lands in the interior of that country. Photographs seen by the
author show it as growing thick and high in woodland as well as
out in the open. In the effort to check its rapid advance, which
is reported as being several thousand acres per year, the Australian
government has sent scientific expeditions to the United, States
and other countries to find insects or a disease that might be
introduced to destroy the plants naturally. One of these stations
for investigation and study is located in Uvalde, Texas.

56

TEXAS CACTI

To emphasize its spread in Australia we quote J. H. Maiden.

“The growth of ■ this Opuntia is one of the wonders of1 the
world, and the spread of few plants in any country can be com¬
pared with it.”

A further remark in The Cactaceae, Vol. I. is of interest. “This
species if often cultivated on the west coast of South America. It
was there given the name Opuntia air amp o by Dr. Phillippi, who
supposed it to be the airampo of the Peruvians, a native species,
quite different from this one.”

Description: — Bushy, low, spreading plants, sometimes forming
large clumps, seldom over 8 dm. high; joints obovate to oblong,
usually 8 to 15 cm. long, but sometimes much elongated and then
30 cm. long or more, green or bluish green, glabrous, often spine¬
less especially in greenhouse specimens, sometimes but a spine
or two in joint, at other times spines more abundant; leaves stout,
subulate, 3 to 4 mm. long; areoles distant, the wool brownish, the
gloehids short; spines, when present, usually 1 or 2 from an areole,
stiff, terete, yellow, 1 to 4 cm. long;f lowers 6 to 7 cm. long;
petals yellow, broad, obtuse, apiculate; filaments yellow to green¬
ish; style usually white; stigma-lobes usually white but sometimes
greenish; fruit purple, usually broadest at top, tapering to a slender
base, 4 to 6 cm. long, with a more or less depressed umbilicus.

Type locality : — Not given.

Distribution: — Western Cuba; Florida to southern Texas.

Synonymy: — Opuntia stricta Haworth, Syn. PI. Succ. 191. 1812.

Cactus opuntia inermis De Candolle, PL Succ. Hist. 2: pi. 138
(C). 1799.

Cactus strictus Haworth, Misc. Nat. 188. 1803.

Opuntia inermis De Candolle, Prodr. 3:473. 1828.

Opuntian airampo Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile 85:492. 1894.

Opuntia parva Berger, Hort. Mortol. 411. 1912 .

Opuntia bentonii Griffiths, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 22:25. 1912.

Opuntia longiclada Griffiths, Bull. Torr. Club 43:525. 1916

(according to description and illustration).

OPUNTIA LING U f FOR MIS — Cow-Tongue Cactus

This rare cactus was first described by David Griffiths in the
nineteenth Annual Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden 1908.
Mr. Griffiths found it growing in a very limited amount in about
three places in the vicinity of San Antonio. It does not occur
elsewhere as far as is known. It is called Cow-tongue Cactus or
Lengua de Vac a, because the stems are elongated or taper olf

TEXAS CACTI

57

like a cow’s tongue. It is undoubtedly of south Texas origin and
a very rare species. It does well in cultivation and will stand cold
weather. The flowers which appear in the spring are large, yellow
or goldish in color, similar to Opuntia lindheimeri.

In its natural habitat it is affected by a black fungus which
seems to hold it in complete check. Due to its limited distribution
and the way cactus collectors are digging it up, it will probably
last only a few years in its natural habitat.

The following observations made by Mr. H. B. Parks, who
lives within three miles of the type locality are of interest.

To the genus Opuntia belong several species that are valuable
as honey plants. During years when low temperatures and high
humidity prolong the time of blooming, 0. lindheimeri gives the
bees an abundant supply of nectar. O. leptocaulis and O. macror-
hiza are well known as minor honey plants.

In making a distribution study of 0. lindheimeri it was found
that certain variations occur, the most striking of which is one
with triangular or parallel-sided pads. This form seems to be of
much more rapid growth than the type and for ease of record was
designated as 0. lindheimeri var. brava. The first peculiarity
noticed was that it seldom bloomed. In case of bloom, the flower
cannot be distinguished from that of 0. lindheimeri blooming in the
immediate vicinity. If fruits are set, they do not develop seeds.
This variety is therefore dependent upon pad distribution for its
perpetuation. The long padded form is more brittle and suscep¬
tible to disease than the round padded form. The habitat of this
form seems to be the “hog wallows” of the mesquite thickets.
These wallows are low places where storm water gathers and
where through a long lapse of time a very peculiar soil has been
developed through the decay of washed-in vegetation. The larger
of these basins have given rise to small water courses made neces¬
sary to carry off the excess of water. From such locations many
pads, separated from the parents by accident of weather, animals,
or by the simple vegetable division which occurs where an un¬
fertilized fruit gives rise to pads, have been carried and planted
at some distance by water. Two localities are known where roads
were built through growth of this cacti and the long padded form

58

' TEXAS CACTI

has been scattered from two to three miles on each side of the
original location by grading machinery.

Similar shaped pad cactus but with differing areoles is common
among ornamental cacti. Among those seen, judging from color
and arrangement of spines, two probably originated from 0. tor-
tispina and from O. macrorhiza.

The common characteristic of all these varieties is the long
tongue-shaped pad which bears few or no flowers. A close study
of the morphology of these plants gives the following: In the
common or recognized species, the pads are round or orbicular in
shape. They have no definite growing point. When the pad
starts to grow, its size and shape seem to be predetermined as the
growth expansion takes place all over the pad and at the same
time the outside edge is always smooth and complete. In the
variety the new pad has a growing point from which the pad
continues to elongate and to broaden, whenever, and as long as
growing conditions continue. If the growing period is short the
pad will be triangular. If the growing continues the pad elongates
and the sides become parallel. Pads three to four feet long and
only three to four inches wide are quite common. Such pads are
produced during wet seasons when the growing period is from May
until September. On many of these pads the scalloped edge gives
the record of alternate dry and wet conditions of the weather.
The coming of cold weather puts an end to the growing of the
pad but does not do away with the growing point.

The study which has been made of these long padded forms
thus far indicates that they are lethal mutations. This mutation
carries with it a rapidity of growth which is greater than that of
the parent plant. Should this be true and the food value be similar,
these mutations have possibilities as forage plants. The form named
O. lindheimeri var. brava was named O. ling.uiformis by Dr. Grif¬
fiths, but as there is little doubt that it is a lethal mutation and
cannot perpetuate itself, it is doubtful if it should receive specific
standing.

Description : — A bushy plant, 1 meter high or more; joints
elongated, oblong to ovate-oblong or lanceolate, 2 to 5 dm. long or
even more, often several times longer than wide, pale green and
slightly glaucous; leaves 6 mm. long, terete; spines yellow, very
slender, terete or nearly so; areoles filled with brown wool; flowers
yellow, 7 to 8 cm. broad; petals broad; filaments white or green-

TEXAS CACTI

59

ish at base: stigma-lobes 9, green; ovary bearing numerous long
glochids at the upper areoles; fruit reddish purple; seeds 3 or 4
mm. broad, acute on the back.

Type locality : — Near San Antonio, Texas.

Distribution: — Southern Texas, in the vicinity of San Antonio.

Synonymy : — Opuntia linguiformis Griffiths, Rep. Mo. Bot.
Gard. 19:270. 1908.

OPUNTIA ACICULATA

This species as reported, has a closely circumscribed area as
its natural habitat. Britton and Rose add in their notes in The
Cactaceae, Vol. I that it is not very common about Laredo, but
grows in small colonies to the exclusion of all other plants. It is
usually restricted to dry hills.

Opuntia . aciculata is a bushy plant. It has both horizontal and
erect branches. The joints are obovate, five to eight inches long,
dull dark green, sometimes glaucous, bearing large closely set,
almost spineless areoles. The spines are slender, several in a
cluster, one to two inches long, often reflexed, apparently decid¬
uous. The flowers are large, golden yellow, often with a greenish
center. The petals are broad. The fruit is purple and constricted
at the base.

Description : — Low, bushy plant, 1 meter high or more, often
3 meters broad or more, the lower branches decumbent and send¬
ing up erect branches; joints obovate, 12 to 20 cm. long, rounded
at apex, dull dark green, somewhat glaucous, bearing large, closely
set areoles, these often spineless; leaves subulate, 7 mm. long;
spines several in a cluster, acicular, slender, 3 to 5.5 cm. long,
often reflexed, brownish at base, with yellow tips, seemingly
deciduous; glochids numerous, from all parts of the areoles, long,
persisting for several years; flower golden yellow, sometimes with
a greenish center, large, 8 to 10 cm. broad; petals broad, rounded
or retuse; filaments yellowish; style dull yellowish green; stigma-
lobes 8 to 10 green; fruit pyriform, purple.

Type locality : — Near Laredo, Texas.

Distribution: — On high gravelly ground at type locality and
vicinity.

Synonymy: — Opuntia aciculata Griffiths, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington 29:10. 1916.

60

TEXAS CACTI

OPUNTXA LXNDHEIMERI— “Nopal” Prickly Pear

This cactus has a very wide range of distribution, Louisiana
to New Mexico and all the northeastern part of Mexico. Mr. E.
‘Mortensen gives it as “the common Opuntia in Wilson and De
Witte counties, but that it does not occur in the areas of Taylor,
Jones and Fisher counties.” In the lower Rio Grande Valley,
where conditions are very favorable, it reaches a height of twelve
to fifteen feet. It is of great economic importance and has saved
the lives of thousands of animals and people by furnishing them

Opuntia lindheimeri in fruit. Tlie blossoms and fruit form on the
edge of the leaf-like stems. During periods of drought enormous quan¬
tities of this plant are fed to livestock, particularly cattle, after the
thorns have been burned off by torches or “pear burners” especially
made for that purpose. To the cattlemen it is one of the most valuable
of our native plants.

food during long dry spells when every spring of grass was parched.

Opuntia lindheimeri is a very heavy, erect growing Opuntia.
It is very variable in form and habit of growth, even to its spines
and the shape of the pads. It produces beautiful flowers of many
colors, from lemon yellow to orange and scarlet red. Usually each
plant produces only one shade of flowers.

While the fruit is not relished by man generally it was form¬
erly used in great quantities by the Indians. Very little present

TEXAS CACTI

61

day use is made of the fruit by man. Government analyses show
that it is has comparatively little merit as a food. Occasionally a

family is found which makes a sort of preserve of the peeled

fruits. A few dry them, and a few are eaten in the raw state.

During July when it is ripe, the wild animals and the birds also

have a real “fiesta.” The Mexicans tell that the Coyotes whip
the small spines from the fruit with their tails and then eat the
fruit.

This cactus gives protection to many other weak cacti and
desert plants as well as birds and small animals.

It is also utilized as a stock feed, the spines and bristles being
singed off with a gasoline torch. Some varieties have had the
spines bred off, and where not too cold thrive under vegetation.

The fruits are called Tunas. The tender shoots are cooked
and relished by the Mexicans during Lent, a time when there
are few other vegetables and their religious faith prohibits them
from eating meat. The young tender shoots are called “Nopa-
litos.”

Quoting H. T. Fletcher of Alpine, Texas in his Report of the
Flora of Green Valley we have the following interesting note:

“The fruits are eaten by the Mexicans and Indians, being a
staple diet of the latter when the first Americans visited Texas.
The joints, when young and tender are cooked and served with
dressing and pepper. They are also used for making candy, the
flavor suggesting watermelon. Good syrup is made by boiling
ripe fruit and straining to remove the seeds which are stony and
annoying. Queso de tuna (Tuna cheese) is made by making a
pulp of seed fruit and after evaporation, making it into small
masses resembling cheeses. A tea made from the fruit is said to
be a cure for gall stones. Commercial alcohol has been made
from the sap. The fruit is also host to the fuzzy insects from
which cochineal dye is made.”

The remarks of Britton and Rose in The Cactaceae, Vol. I may
be of interest in clearing up doubtful identifications:

ccOpuntia lindheimeri is an extremely variable species, com¬
posed of many races, differing in armament, color of flowers, size
and shape of joints and of fruit. Certain forms have been described
which in cultivation we have been able to recognize as possibly
distinct; but in the field they seem to intergrade with other forms,
indicating that they are at most only races of a very variable

62

TEXAS CACTI

species. In the delta of the Rio Grande this is especially true,
and from this region a number of species has been described. In
fact, all the plants described as species which are cited above in
the synonymy grow within a relatively small distributional area.
Dr. Rose has examined all this region and is of the opinion that
only one species of this series exists there, and this we believe is to
be referred to Opuntia lindheimeri. It is very common about
Brownsville and Corpus Christi, where it forms thickets covering
thousands of acres of land. It is very variable in habit, being
either low and wide spreading or becoming tall and three-like
sometimes three meters high, with a definite cylindric trunk.

Plants from these two extremes, if studied apart from the field,
might be considered as different species, but in the field one sees
innumerable intergrading forms. The low, prostrate forms gradually
pass into others with more or less erect or ascending branches,
while the large tree-like forms often bear large lateral branches

which lie prostrate on the ground, indicating that they have

developed from the prostrate ones. Decided differences in the

flower colors have been pointed out in the original descriptions,
and we have observed them in greenhouse specimens, but they do
not correlate with other characters.

“Opuntia ellisiana Griffiths, is quite different from the Ficus-
indicae series, which it much resembles, and is quite hardy in
southern Texas. It may be a spineless race of the common
Opuntia lindheimeri of this region.”

Description : — Usually erect, 2 to 4 meters high, with a more
or less definite trunk, but at times much lower and spreading;
joints green or bluish green, somewhat glaucous, orbicular to obo-
vate, up to 25 dm. long; leaves subulate, 3 to 4 mm. long, some¬
what flattened, pointed; areoles distant, often 6 cm. apart; spines
usually 1 to 6, often only 2, one porrect and 4 cm. long or more,
the others somewhat shorter and only slightly spreading, pale
yellow to nearly white, sometimes brownish or blackish at base,
or some plants spineless; glochids yellow or sometimes brownish,
usually prominent; petals yellow to dark red; stigma-lobes usually
green; fruit purple, pyriform to oblong, 3.5 to 5.5 cm. long.

Type locality. — About New Braunfels, Texas.

Distribution : — - Southwestern Louisiana, southeastern Texas,
and Tamaulipas, Mexico.

Synonymy: — Opuntia lindheimeri Engelmann, Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist. 6:207. 1850.

Opuntia dulcis Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:291. 1856.

TEXAS CACTI

63

Opuntia lindheimeri dulcis Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
3:421. 1896.

Opuntian engelmannii dulces Schumann, Gsamtb. Kakteen
725. 1898.

Opuntia cacanapa Griffiths and Hare, N. Mex. Agr. Exp. Sta.
Bull. 60:47. 1906.

Opuntia ferruginispina Griffiths, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 19:
267. 1908.

Opuntian tricolor Griffiths, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 20:85. 1909.
Opuntia texana Griffiths, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 20:92. 1909.

Opuntia subarmata Griffiths, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 20:94. 1909.
Opuntia alta Griffiths, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 21:165. 1910.

Opuntia gomei Griffiths, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 21:167. 1910.

Opuntia sinclairii Griffiths, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 21:173. 1910.
Opuntia cyanella Griffiths, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 22:30. 1912.
Opuntia gilvoalba Griffiths, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 22:35. 1912.
Opuntia convexa Mackensen, Bull. Torr. Club 39:290. 1912.

Opuntia griffithsiana Mackensen, Bull. Torr. Club 39 : 29 lfl
1912.

Opuntia reflexa Mackensen, Bull. Torr. Club 39:292. 1912.

Opuntia deltica Griffiths, Bull. Torr. Club 43:84. 1916.

Opuntia laxiflora Griffiths, Bull. Torr. Club 43:85. 1916.

Opuntia floexospina Griffiths, Bull. Torr. Club 43:87. 1916.

Opuntia squarrosa Griffiths, Bull. Torr. Club 43:91. 1916.

OPUNTIA ANACHUACENSIS

This species was named for its type locality, Anahuac.

The plant is low, with reclining or prostrate stems. The joints
are obovate, yellowish green, and glossy. The spines are one to
two in number, about an inch long, flattened and twisted. The
flowers are yellow. The fruit is dark purplish red, unusually long
(about two and one-half inches), and narrowed at the base.

Description:- — A low, reclining or prostrate plant, up to 5 dm.
high, 1.5 meters broad; joints obovate, glossy, yellowish green, 27
cm. long, 13 cm. broad; spines yellow or becoming white, 1 or 2,
porrect, flattened, twisted, 2 or 3 cm. long; flowers yellow; style
white; stigma-lobes 6, white; fruit dark purplish red, pyriform,
7 cm. long.

Type locality : — Anahuac, Texas.

Distribution : — Known only from the type locality, at the
mouth of Trinity River, eastern Texas.

Synonymy : — Opuntia anahuacensis Griffiths, Bull. Torr. Club
43:92. 1916.

64

TEXAS CACTI

OPUNTIA FRAGILIS

Opuntian fragilis is included here because of its probable oc¬
currence in the Pan Handle. It is generally considered a north¬
ern Opuntia. The remarks of Britton and Rose in The Cactaceae
Vol. 1 are both graphic and interesting.

“This species is of wide distribution and is especially common
on the Plains. It usually grows low, often being hidden by the
grass. In the grazing country it is a most, troublesome weed, for
the joints easily break off and become attached by their spines
to passing objects, thus greatly annoying and pestering all animals
on the range, even frightening horses. The wide distribution of
the species is doubtless due to the fact that the joints are so easily
scattered.

The plant is of special interest as the most northern in distri¬
bution of the Opuntias.”

Description : — Usually low and spreading, small and inconspi¬
cuous, but sometimes forming mounds 2 dm. high in the center
and 4 dm. in diameter, with hundreds of joints; joints fragile (the
terminal ones especially breaking off at the slightest touch), often
nearly globular but sometimes decidedly flattened, usually dark
green, 1 to 4 cm. long; areoles closely set, small, filled with white
wool; spines 5 to 7, brown or only with brown tips and lighter
below, 1 to 3 cm. long; glochids yellowish; flowers pale yellow,
about 5 cm. broad; fruit dry, spiny, 1.5 to 2 cm. long, with a
truncate or slightly depressed umbilicus; seeds large, 5 to 7 mm.
broad.

Type locality: — “From the Mandans to the mountains, in
sterile but moist situations.”

Distribution : — Wisconsin to central Kansas and northwestern
Texas, westward to Arizona, Oregon, Washington, and British
Columbia.

Synonymy : — Opuntia fragilis (Nuttall) Haworth, Suppl. PI.
Succ. 82. * 1819.

Cactus fragilis Nuttall, Gen. PI. 1:296. 1818.

Opuntia brachyartha Engelmann and Bigelow, Proc. Amer.
Acad. 3:302. 1856.

Opuntia fragilis brachyarthra Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
3:440. 1896.

Opuntia fragilis caespitosa and tuberiformis Hortus, Stand.
Cycl. Hort. Bailey 4:2363. 1916.

(?) Opuntia Columbiana Griffiths, Bull. Torr. Club 43:523.
1916.

TEXAS CACTI

65

OPUNTIA AREN ARIA

Opuntia arenaria is a distinctly west Texas species. It is also
of limited distribution as indicated by the remarks of Britton and
Rose in The Cactaceae , Vol. I.

“This species is very rare and has been reported only a few
times. Dr. Rose, who has repeatedly collected at El Paso, was
never able to find it until October 1913, and then but a single
plant about eight miles from El Paso on the New Mexican side
of the Rio Grande. It grows in nearly pure sand not far above
the level of the river.”

It is much branched plant with prostrate stems. The roots
are spindle-form, somewhat fleshy, and in clusters of ten to fifteen.
The joints are small, two to three inches long, are somewhat turgid
in the growing season, later becoming much thinner. The areoles
are large, numerous, and filled with brown wool, glochids, and five
to eight spines.

The spines are unequal in length. The flowers are large, red,
about two and one-half inches across. The fruit is both dry and
spiny.

Description : — Roots in clusters of 10 to 15, spindle-form, some¬
what fleshy; stems prostrate, 2 to 3 dm. long, much branched;
joints during growing season quite turgid, afterwards much thin¬
ner, 4 to 8 cm. long, half as broad as long; areoles large, numer¬
ous, filled with brown wool, glochids, and spines; spines 5 to 8
from an areole 2 to 3 much longer than the others, sometimes 4
cm. long; flowers red, 7 cm. broad; fruit dry, spiny, 3 cm. long;
seeds large, 7 cm. broad.

Type locality'. — Sandy bottoms of the Rio Grande near El
Paso.

Distribution:— Texas and southern New Mexico.

Synonymy : — Opuntia arenaria Engelmann, Proc. Amer Acad.
3:301. 1856.

OPUNTIA TRICHOPHORA

This is a Texas species which laps over the border into New
Mexico and Oklahoma. It is very closely related to Opuntia
polycantha and sometimes mistaken for it. It can be identified
by the closely set areoles, numerous slender unequal spines, and
yellow flowers with red tinged sepals. The ovary is covered with
numerous areoles that bear pale bristles.

66

TEXAS CACTI

It is a low spreading plant and sometimes forms clumps of
fair size. It is fairly abundant throughout northern Texas and
eastern New Mexico.

This species is closely related to Opuntia polycantha. Britton
and Rose base their classification as a separate species chiefly on
the long weak spines.

Description : — A low, spreading plant, often forming small
clumps 5 to 10 dm. diameter; joints orbicular to obovate,6 to 10
cm. in diameter; areoles closely set; spines numerous, very un¬
equal, the longest one 4 cm. long or so, acicular, pale, often white,
but on old joints developing into long, weak hair-like bristles;
flowers yellow, the sepals tinged with red; ovary with numerous
areoles these bearing weak pale bristles; fruit unknown.

Type locality : — Mountains near Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Distribution : — New Mexico, Texas, and Oklahoma.

Synonymy : — Opuntia trichophora (Engelmann) Britton and
Rose, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 50:535. 1908.

Opuntia missouriensis tri'chophora Engelmann, Proc. Amer.
Acad. 3:300. 1856.

Opuntia polycantha trichophora Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 3:437. 1896.

OPUNTIA POLiYACANTHA

This is the Opuntia missouriensis of the older books. It is
one of the first of our western species to be collected and describ¬
ed. It was first collected by Thomas Nuttall. As indicated by
its fourteen synonyms the species has been a source of much ob¬
servation and argument.

In Texas it is confined to the Panhandle and Plains. The
general distribution ranges from the Panhandle north to the
Dakotas, Washington and Alberta, Canada, and west to Utah.
Notes on this plant in The Cactaceae , Vol. I by Britton and Rose
give a good description of the habits and habitat of this prolific
and interesting plant.

“This species has a wide distribution laterally and altitudinally.
It is properly a plains5 species but is found in mountain valleys
and on dry hills, usually in the open but sometimes in sparse pine
woods. In a species of such wide distribution, and growing under
such diverse conditions a wide range of forms is to be expected
and a number of varieties have been proposed for the various

TEXAS CACTI

67

races, some of which may perhaps have red flowers. The plant
is hardy at New York, flowering freely in June.”

Opuntia pheacantha is a small-jointed, nearly prostrate plant.
The clumps are usually small. The joints are mostly obovate or
circular, thin, generally light green. The spines are numerous in
each cluster, often as many as nine. Those on the sides of the
joints are usually short and appressed. Often they are highly
colored. The fruit is small, less than an inch long, dry, covered
with small white spines. The seeds are white.

Wooton gives it as “the common plant in the pinon and cedar
covered areas and on the high mesas in the northern part of New
Mexico where it forms large irregular beds mainly on sandy soils.”

Description : — Low, spreading plants, with fibrous roots, usual¬
ly forming small clumps; joints not very thick, orbicular, usually
less than 10 cm. in diameter, generally light green; areoles small,
closely set, usually less than 1 cm. apart, all spiny; spines numer¬
ous, often 9, those from the sides mostly short, appressed, and
white, but often 1 or 2 of these elongated and like those from the
upper and marginal areoles, dark brown, with lighter tips and
about 3 cm. long; glochids yellow; flowers small, 4 to 5 cm. long,
including the ovary; sepals tinged with red; petals lemon-yellow;
stigma-lobes green; fruit dry, oblong, 2 cm. long, bearing small
clusters of white, acicular spines at the areoles; seeds white, 6 mm.
long, acute on the margin.

Type locality : — Arid situations on the plains of the Missouri.

Distribution : — North Dakota to Nebraska, Texas, and Arizona
to Utah, Washington, and Alberta. Confined to Panhandle and
Plains in Texas.

Synonymy : — - Opuntia polycantha Haworth, Suppl. PI. Succ.
82. 1819.

Cactus ferox Nuttall, Gen. PL 1:296. 1818. Not Willdenow.

1813.

Opuntia media Haworth, Suppl. PL Succ. 82. 1819.

Opuntia missouriensis De Candolle, Prodr. 3:472. 1828.

Opuntia splendens Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 159. 1837.

Opuntia missouriensis albispina Engelmann and Bigelow, Proc.
Amer. Acad. 3:300. 1856.

Opuntia missouriensis microsperma Engelmann and Bigelow,
Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:300. 1856. Not O. rafinesquei microsperma

Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:295. 1856.

Opuntia missouriensis platycarpa Engelmann, Proc. Amer.
3:300. 1856.

Opuntia missouriensis rufispina Engelmann and Bigelow, Proc.
Amer. Acad. 3:300. 1856.

68

TEXAS CACTI

Opuntia missouriensis subinermis Engelmann, Proc. Amer.
Acad. 3:300. 1856.

Opuntia polycantha albispina Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
3:437. 1896.

Opuntia polycantha borealis Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
3:436. 1896.

Opuntia polycantha platycarpa Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 3:436. 1896.

Opuntia polycantha watsonii Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
3:437. 1896.

Opuntia schweriniana Schumann, Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 9:148.
1899.

LEAD PENCIL CACTUS— Dahlia cactus— Sacasil

The Lead Pencil Cactus is one of the few cacti having its type
locality in Texas. It is a rare and extremely interesting desert
plant. The Mexicans have long called it Sacasil. The tuberous
roots are used by them as a remedy.

The plant was formerly known as Cereus tuber os a and Echino-
cereus tuberosus. In 1909 it was given generic rank by Britton
and Rose. It was classified with the Cereii and Echinocerii so
long because the flowers, fruit and seed strongly resemble these
genera. It differs noticeably in its slender, erect or reclining
stems, and the dahlia-like roots.

It grows on gravel or sandy hillsides, and sandy flats. Its
range is from Hidalgo County up the Rio Grande to Laredo or
probably farther west, and in adjacent Mexico. It is difficult to
find in its natural habitat when not in blossom, because it grows
hidden in clumps of Chaparral , Nopal and Tasajillo. __The protec¬
tion afforded by these plants has undoubtedly saved it from exter¬
mination

The stems are erect, simple or branched, about the size of a
lead pencil, and woody or dry at the base. Some stems are en¬
larged and fleshy upward. The 8 to 10 inconspicuous ribs are
covered with delicate soft, grayish or brownish, interlaced, mostly
radial spines.

The flowers are showy, rose to pinkish purple in color, near the
tip of the branches, H/2 to 2 inches across, and large for the size
of the plant. They open at midday and close at about five o’clock,

TEXAS CACTI

69

The period of blossoming is from March to May. The styles are
green, and the stamens yellow.

Plate 38 in Bliihende Kakteen, Vol. 1 is a splendid reproduc¬
tion in color.

The roots are black, tuberous, in dahlia-like clusters, and only
two to four inches below the surface of the ground. The plants
reach perfection in dry sandy loam soil.

Wilcoxia is a rare and interesting plant. In greenhouse cul¬
tivation it gradually loses its vitality. Plants have however per-

Lead Pencil Cactus — Dahlia cactus — Wilcoxia poselgeri

The stems are about the size of a lead pencil, very graceful, and
covered with a lacy network of delicate spines. The flowers are deep
rose to pinkish purple in color.

sisted ten years in cultivation. When grafted on Selenicereus
pteranthus , very vigorous p^nts that will blossom each year can
be developed.

Wilcoxia was named in honor of General Timothy E. Wilcox,
U. S. A., who for many years was an enthusiastic student of
plant life.

70

TEXAS CACTI

Description : — Roots tuberous, black, several, near the surface
of the ground; stems 60 cm. high or less, 6 to 10 mm. thick, with
8 to 10 inconspicuous ribs, the lower and older parts naked, spiny
above, the spines almost hiding the ribs; radial spines 9 to
12, appressed, 3 to 5 mm. long, delicate, puberulent; central one
ascending, black tipped, about 1 cm. long, stouter than the radials;
flowers purple or pink, 5 cm. long; spines of ovary and flower-
tube intermixed with white hairs; perianth-segments linear, acum¬
inate, about 2.5 cm. long, widely spreading or strongly recurved;
style pale green; stigma-lobes slender, green; seeds pitted or
rugose, 8 mm. long.

Synonymy : — Wilcoxia poselgeri (Lemaire) Britton and Rose,
Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12:434. 1909.

Cereus tuberosus Poselger, Allg. Gartenz. 21:135. 1853. Not

Pfeiffer, 1837.

Echinocereus poselgeri, Lemaire, Cact. 57. 1868.

Echinocereus tuberosus Rumpler in Forster, Handb. Cact. ed.
2:783. 1885.

Cereus poselgeri Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:398. 1896.

DEER HORN CACTUS — Chaparral Cactus — Penicereus greggii

Penicereus greggii is remarkable for its enormous fleshy root.
These are often a foot thick, and as much as a foot and a half
long.

It is often known as the “Night Blooming Cereus of the Texas
desert” as the flowers are white and open at night. The plant
grows erect, has one or more stems at the base, and branches
sparingly above. The stems are more or less slender, about half
an inch thick, 4 or 5 ribbed. The color is a dark gray or dull
green, the skin of a peculiar velvety texture.

The flowers are nocturnal, fragrant, large for the size of the
plant, white • with the outer perianth segments tinged with red.
The floral tube is long and slender. The majority of the flowers
appear on the same night and being extremely fragrant make ex¬
cellent guides to collectors searching for the plant. In Tucson,
Arizona, the approximate flowering date is given as June fifteenth.

The fruit is bright scarlet, fleshy, edible, and through its habit
of tipping the branches is an easy second guide for the collector
in the location of plants.

The plants invariably grow nestled at the base of a small
clump of desert shrubs, the slender stems growing through the

TEXAS CACTI

71

branches of these shrubs. This habit has given it the name,
Chaparral Cactus.

This cactus is unique in that it is a monotypic genus, native
to the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. The
plants slowly lose their vitality in greenhouse cultivation and
finally die. Outdoor cultivation in their native climate does not
injure them. Botanically they are extremely rare and interesting.

The generic name, Penicereus, is of Greek origin, signifying
thread-cereus.

It is easily distinguished from the Lead Pencil Cactus by the
stouter stems, the 4 to 5 angled ribs bearing short spines with the
space between the ribs naked, the heavy turnip-shaped root, and
the nocturnal blossoming of its large white flowers.

Description : — Roots often very large, sometimes 6 dm. in dia¬
meter, weighing 60 . to 125 pounds, usually 15 to 20 cm. long by
5 to 8 cm. in diameter; stems 3 dm. to 3 meters high, 2 to 2%
cm. in diameter, theyoung parts pubescent; spines small, blackish;
radials 6 to 9, centrals usually 1, sometimes 2; flowers 15 to 20
cm. long, the tube slender and terminating in a short funnelform
throat, covered with stamens; inner perianth-segment lanceolate,
acute, 4 cm. long, spreading, or the outer ones reflexed; filaments
erect, exerted; style slender, the stigma-lobes about 1 cm. long;
fruit tuberculate, 12 to 15 cm. long, including the elongated beak.

Type locality : — Near Chihuahua, Mexico.

Distribution : — Western Texas, southern New Mexico and
Arizona to Sonora, Chihuahua, and Zacatecas.

Synonymy: — Peniocereus greggii (Engelmann) Britton and
Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12:428. 1909.

Cereus greggii Engelmann in Wislizenus, Men. Tour, North
Mexico. 102. 1848.

Cereus bottsii Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849. 208. 1850.

Cereus greggii transmantanus Engelmann, Proc. Amer Acad.
3:287. 1856.

Cereus greggii roseiflorus Kuntze, Monatsschr. Kakteenk, 20:-
172. 1910.

TRIANGLE CACTUS— Night-blooming cereus—1 “Organo”— “Pitahaya”
Acanthocereus pentagon us

Acanthocereus is one of the two night-blooming cacti growing
native in Texas. The stems are 3 to 6-angled, erect or reclining.
The plant is of a spreading habit, and older plants form in large
clumps as illustrated in the photograph. The young stems are at

72

TEXAS CACTI

first upright, but when attaining four or more feet in length, arch
over, the tips taking root in the soil.

The flowers are large, white, open at night, and are known for
their fragance. The floral tubes are especially long and covered
with a number of soft spines. The inner perianth segments are
white, the outer green. The buds begin to expand about four
o’clock in the afternoon and are wide open by ten o’clock at night.
The flowers close at daylight the following morning, and do not
open again.

The fruits are oval, spiny, bright scarlet, with thick black seeds
and a luscious red pulp. The Mexican name for this fruit is
Pitahaya.

The distribution of this cactus in Texas is very limited. As
far as is known, it is confined to Cameron, Willacy, and probably
Kenedy counties, except a few scattered patches along the Gulf
Coast.

It is called Triangle cactus or Night-blooming Cereus by the
American people and Organo by the Mexicans. The name “or-
gano” in Mexico is also applied to Pachycereus marginatus , a
cactus which resembles a pipe organ in its manner of growth.

Our Texas-Mexico species is the type of the genus. It was
first described by Linnaeus in his “Species Plantarum,” under the
name Cactus pentagonus. The generic name Acanthocereus is
taken from the Greek word “akonthos,” meaning a spine. The
species name pentagonus means five-angled, in reference to the
angled stems.

There are eight species of this tropical cactus, with only one
extending into Texas and Mexico. It has a very wide distribution
in low altitudes.

Acanthocereus pentagonus varies greatly in the relative thick¬
ness of the stems, in the number of angles of the stem, in its
armament, and in the size of the flowers. The following notes
were contributed by Mr. William Hess:

“On account of its vigorous growth this is one of the best
species to graft upon. If a specific name should apply to certain
characters of the plant this species ought to be variabilis Engel-
mann. This describes it perfectly, while pentagonus does not. It
has been a question for years whether or not Linnaeus really had
this species in mind when giving his name.”

TEXAS CACTI

73

Description'. — Stems clambering, usually 2 to 3, sometimes 7
meters high, but when growing in the open more or less arched
and rooting at the tips, then making other arches and thus form¬
ing large colonies; old trunk becoming nearly round, 5 cm. in
diameter or more, covered with a thick mucilaginous, spineless
cortex and a hard wood axis with only a small pithy cavity; joints
3 to 8 cm. broad, 3 to 5-angled, low-crenate; juvenile growth near¬
ly terete, with 6 to 8 low ribs, approximate areoles and numerous
short acicular spines; areoles on normal branches 3 to 5 cm. apart;
spines gray, acicular to subulate, various; radials at first 6 or 7,
1 to 4 cm. long; central spine often solitary, longer than the radials;
spines of old areoles of as many as 12, of which several are cen¬
trals; flowers 14 to 20 cm. long; tube and ovary bearing conspi¬
cuous areoles with brown felt and several subulate spines; outer
perianth-segments green, inner perianth-segments white, acuminate;
fruit oblong, red, edible; cotyledons broadly ovate, 5 to 8 mm.
long, thick, united at base, gradually passing below into the
spindle-shaped hypocotyl.

Type locality : — America, but no definite locality cited.

Distribution : — Coast of Texas, south along the east coast of
Mexico to Guatemala and Panama; the coast of Columbia and
Venezuela and Guadeloupe. Introduced on St. Thomas and St.
Croix. Recorded from Cuba.

Synonymy : — Acanthocereus pentagonus (Linnaeus) Britton
and Ros.e Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12:432. 1909.

Cactus pentagonus Linnaeus Sp. PI. 467. 1753.

Cactus pitajaya Jacquin, Enum. PI. Carib. 23, 1761.

Cereus pentagonus Haworth, Syn. PI. Succ. 180. 1813.

Cactus prismaticus Willdenow, Enum. PI. Suppl. 32. 1813.

Cereus prismaticus Haworth, Suppl. PL Succ. 77. 1819.

Cereus pitajaya De Candolle, Prodr. 3:466. 1828.

Cereus undulosus De Candolle, Prodr. 3:467. 1828.

Cactus undulosus Kosteletzky, Allg. Med. Pharm. FI. 4:1393.
1835.

Cereus cognatus Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 106, 1837 as synonym.

Cereus acutangulus Otto in Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 107. 1837.

Cereus priceps Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 108. 1837.

Cereus ramosus Karwinsky inPfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 108. 1837.

Cereus baxaniensis Karwinsky in Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 109.
1837.

Cereus variabilis Engelmann, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5:205.
1845. Not Pfeiffer 1837.

Cereus nitidus Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck, 1949. 211. 1850.

Cereus dussii Schumann, Gesamtb. Kakteen 89, 1899.

Cereus sirul Weber in Gossenlin. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat, Paris.
10:384. 1904.

Cereus vasmeri Young, FI. Texas 276. 1873.

74

TEXAS CACTI

Claret Cup — Echinocereus triglochidiatus

One of the earliest of cacti to blossom. The scarlet goblet-shaped
blossoms remind one of a plant studded with claret cups. The flowers
do not close at night as do most cacti, but remain open in good condi¬
tion several days.

The plants are cespitose, consisting of one to many stems,
usually many, and forming large clumps. The stems forming
these clumps are thick and heavy, shaped like bananas, and bunch
into a heavy rosette. Each stem bears five to eight ribs. The
ribs are tuberculate, with spines on the top of each tubercle. The
radial spines vary from six to more in number. A cental spine is
often missing.

CLARET CLP CACTUS— Pitaya
Echinocereus triglochidiatus

This is the well known Echinocereus paucispinus of cactus
collectors and fanciers. It extends from New Mexico as far east
as Sabinal, Texas. It has also been collected by Mr. William
Hess in Medina county and at Somerset in Atascosa county.

TEXAS CACTT

75

The flowers are small in comparison with other plants of this
genus. They are brick-red to dark red in color, open about
noon and remain open night and day for several consecutive days.
The flowers do not open wide and look as if made of colored wax.
The blossoms appear about the middle of March.

This species is easily distinguished from Echinocereus ennea-
c ant hus and other closely related species by the stouter and heavier
stems, the small brick-red flowers which remain open all night
as well, and the earlier blossoming period. Both species resemble
each other strongly in their manner of growth and the rosette
tormation of the stems of the older plants. Echinocereus triglo-
chidiatus seldom has a central spine as is common in other similar
species. It should be remembered however that E. triglochidiatus
is very variable in its growth and number oHspines. For colored
plate see Schumann and Gurke, Plate 124, Vol. 3, Bliihende
Kakteen.

There are about sixty recognized species of the genus Echino¬
cereus. About one third of these are indigenous to Texas. Echino¬
cereus jendleri is the State Flower of New Mexico.

Description : — Always cespitose, with few or many simple
stems, these 2 to 6 dm. long, 5 to 8 cm. in diameter, deep green,
erect or spreading, 5 to 8 ribbed; spines 3 to 8, various, nearly
terete to strongly angled, when young reddish to yellow, but gray
in age, usually spreading, often all radial, 3 cm. long or less;
flowers scarlet, 5 to 7 on. long; perianth -segments oblong, obtuse,
3 cm. long; areoles on the flower-tube and ovary few, white-felted,
the subtending scales small and red; spines on ovary and flower-
tube few, red and white; fruit at first spiny, but in age smooth,
bright red, 3 cm. in diameter; seeds 1.6 mm. in diameter or less.

Type locality : — Wolf Creek, New Mexico.

Distribution: — Western Texas, New Mexico and Colorado.

Synonymy: — Echinocereus triglochidiatus Engelmann in Wisli-
zenus, Mem. Tour. North. Mexico. 93. 1848.

Cereus triglochidiatus Engelmann in Gray, PI. Fendl. 50. 1849.

Cereus gonacanthus Engelmann and Bigelow, Proc. Amer Acad.
3:283. 1856.

Cereus paucispinus Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:285. 1856.

Cereus hexaedrus Engelmann and Bigelow, Prop. Amer. Acad.
3:285. 1856.

Echinocereus paucispinus Riimpler in Forster, Handb. Cact.
ed. 2:794. 1885.

Echinocereus gonacanthus Riimpler in Forster, Handb. Cact.
ed. 2:806. 1885.

76

TEXAS CACTI

Echinocereus hexaedrus Riimpler in Forster, Handb. Cact,
2:807. 1885.

Echinocereus paucispinus triglochidiatus Schumann, Gesamtb.
Kakteen 281. 1889.

Echinocereus paucispinus gonacanthus Schumann, Gesamtb.
Kakteen 281. 1898.

Echinocereus paucispinus hexaedrus Schumann, Gesamtb. Kak¬
teen 281. 1898.

ECHINOCEREUS OCTACANTHUS

As Engelmann always contended this cactus is undoubtedly a
variety of Echinocereus enneacanthus.

Description : — Cespitose, with many simple joints; joints ovoid,
yellowish green, 7 to 10 cm. long, 5 to 7 cm. in diameter; ribs 7
to 9, obtuse, somewhat tubercled; areoles when young white-woolly,
in age naked, 8 to 16 mm. apart; spines rigid, grayish brown;
radial spines 7 or 8, 10 to 24 mm. long; central spine solitary,
stouter than the radials, porrect, 2 to 3 cm. long; flowers red, 5
cm. long, remaining open for several days; fruit unknown.

Type locality : — Northern Texas.

Distribution : — Known to Britton and Rose definitely only
from northwestern Texas, but reported by Coulter from New
Mexico and Utah.

Synonymy: — Echinocereus octacanthus (Muhlenpfordt). Brit¬
ton and Rose.

Echinopsis octacantha Muhlenpfordt, Allg. Gartenz. 16:19.
1848.

Cereus roemeri Engelmann in Gray, PL Fendl. 50. 1849. Not
Muhlenpfordt, 1848.

Echinocereus roemeri Rumpler in Forster, Handb. Cact. ed.
2:792. 1885.

Cereus octacanthus Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:395.
1896.

ECHINOCEREUS CONOIDEUS

This is a western Texas and New Mexico species. It is very
closely related to Echinocereus coccineus and is very common
throughout its range of distribution. The stems are cespitose,
rather stout, and well covered with stiff, strong spines. The flowers
are scarlet and open in bright sunlight for two to three consecutive
days. Britton and Rose in “The Cactaceae” make this statement:

“The species is closely related to Echinocereus coccineus , per¬
haps not specifically distinct from it.”

TEXAS CACTI

77

Type locality. — On the upper Pecos, New Mexico
Distribution : — Southeastern New Mexico and western Texas
Synonymy: — Echinocereus conoideus (Engelmann and Bige¬
low) Riirnpler in Forster, Handb. Cact. ed. 2:807. 1885.

Cereus conoideus Engelmann and Bigelow, Proc. Amer Acad.
3:284. 1856.

Echinocereus phoeniceus conoideus Schumann, Gesamtb, Kak-
teen 283. 1898.

A western Texas species distinguished from other species by the
father stout stems and stiff strong spines. The flowers are scarlet.

ECHINOCEREUS ROSEI

Echinocereus rosei is generally identified as Echinocereus poly-
acanthus Engelmann, a Mexican species. It is easily distinguished
through characters pointed out by Dr. Paul C. Standley. —
“ Echinocereus polyacanthus is amply separated by the presence
of long white wool in the areoles of the ovary and fruit.”

Description: — Cespitose, forming small compact clumps, the
stems 1 to 2 dm. long, 5 to 8 cm. in diameter, sometimes as many

Echinocereus Conoideus

78

TEXAS CACTI

as 40; ribs 8 to 11, obtuse; areoles rather closely set; spines pink¬
ish to brownish grey; radial spines about 10, spreading; centrals
4, 4 to 6 cm. long; flowers 4 to 6 cm. long, scarlet; inner perianth-

Brown-F lowered Pitaya — Echinocereus chloranthus

A west Texas species. A unique feature of the plant is the ap¬
pearance of the small greenish-yellow, sometimes greenish-brown blos¬
soms near the middle of the plant.

segments broad, obtuse; spines on ovary and flower-tube brown¬
ish or yellowish, intermixed with short hairs; fruit spiny.

TEXAS CACTI

79

Type locality : — Agricultural College, New Mexico.

Distribution : — In mountains and dry hills and sometimes on
the mesas of southern New Mexico, western Texas, and adjacent
parts of northern Mexico.

Synonymy : — Echinocereus rosei Wooton and Standley, Contr.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 19:457. 1915.

BROWN-FLOWERED PITAYA— Rainbow-cactus
Echinocereus chloranthus

This cylindric, simple-stemmed cactus resembles the better
known Echinocereus reichenbachii, and like this cactus, the low
ribs are generally hidden by the dense covering of spines.

The plant is unique in that the buds open well down near the
middle of the plant. The greenish-yellow color of the small blos¬
soms is likewise a surprise in one’s first introduction to the species.
The flowers do not open wide as is characteristic of many species
of this genus.

The species is somewhat similar to Echinocereus viridijlorus in
having similar small greenish-yellow flowers. It differs generally
in being more elongated, having longer central spines, and the
flowers appearing lower down on the plant, usually below the
middle.

This is the Rainbow Cactus of the Big Bend. It is the most
common of the cylindric lower forms of that region. The majority
of the plants have reddish-tinged spines.

Description : — Cylindric, usually simple, 8 to 15 cm. long, 5 to
7 cm. in diameter; ribs about 13, often nearly hidden by the
densely set spines; areoles nearly circular; radial spines several,
spreading; centrals 3 or 4, not angled, in a vertical row, one much
more elongated than the others, 2 to 3 cm. long; flowers yellowish
green, 2 cm. long; fruit small, nearly globular, 5 to 10 cm. long,
dark purplish red, covered with small bristly spines; seeds black,
dull, pitted, the hilum nearly basal, round.

Type locality: — About El Paso, Texas.

Distribution : — Western Texas, southeastern New Mexico, and
northern Mexico.

Synonymy — Echinocereus chloranthus (Engelmann) Riimpler
in Forster, Handb. Cact. ed. 2:814. 1885.

Cereus chloranthus Engelmann, Proc. Amer Acad. 3:278. 1856.

80

TEXAS CACTI

ECHI NOCERETJ S VIRIDIFLORUS

As the name signifies, this is the Green-flowered Pitaya. It is
a very common cactus on the Plains of the West, but not generally
known as abundant as many of the plants are hidden by grass.

The stems are single or branched, 4 to 8 inches in height,
globose to cylindric. The spines .are often variegated from dark

Green-Flowered Pitaya — Echinocereus viridiflorus

The most northern species of the genus. Of wide distribution, but
short-lived in cultivation. The spines are often “rainbow” colored.

red to orange, yellow and white. Often these run in bands of
color. The flowers are somewhat unique in that they blossom
midway and nearly always on one side of the stem. The blossoms
are yellowish-green to brownish green, about % inch across, and
1 inch long. The stamens are green, the anthers yellow. The pistil
is pale green and the ten-rayed stigma extends high above the
anthers.

The plant holds an unusual scientific record in that it has been
described only under one species name. It was originally named
and described by Dr. George Engelmann, a co-worker with Dr.
Ferdinand Lindheimer. Both men figured prominently in the early

TEXAS CACTI

81

history of Texas in finding and describing new plants from the
State.

It is frequently introduced into greenhouse collections, but lasts
only a few years. In range it extends farther north than any other
species of the genus.

Description : — - Plants small, nearly globular, but sometimes
cylindric and 20 cm. high, simple, or more or less cespitose; ribs
14, low; areoles elongated; spines white, dark brown or variegated,
usually arranged in circular bands of light and dark about the
plant; radial spines about 16, appressed; centrals, when present,
2 or 3, arranged in a perpendicular row, often elongated and then
2 cm. long; flowers greenish, 2 to 2.5 cm. long; perianth-segments
obtuse; fruit 10 to 12 mm. long; seeds 1 to 1.2 mm. long.

Type locality : — Prairies about Wolf Creek, New Mexico.

Distribution : — Southern Wyoming to eastern New Mexico,
western Kansas, western Texas, and south Dakota.

Synonymy : — Echinocereus viridiflorus Engelmann in Wisli-
zenus, Mem. Tour. North. Mex. 91. 1848.

Cereus viridiflorus Engelmann in Gray, PL Fendl. 50. 1849.

Cereus viridiflorus cylindricus Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:278. 1856.

Echinocactus viridiflorus Pritzel, Icon. Bot. Index 2:113. 1866.

Echinocereus viridiflorus cylindricus Riimpler in Forster, Handb.
Cact. ed. 2:812. 1885.

Echinocereus strausianus Haage Jr. in Quehl, Montasschr. Kak-
teen 10:70. 1890.

Cereus viridiflorus tubulosus Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat Herb.
3:383. 1896.

Echinocereus viridiflorus tubulosus Heller, Cat. N. Amer. PI.
ed. 2:8. 1900.

YELLOW-FLOWERED PIT AY A— Echinocereus dasyacanthus

This plant is easily distinguished from other species of this
genus by the unusually large yellow blossoms. These likewise
please the cactus grower in that they stay open several days and
do not close fully at night. The centers are usually light green.

The plants are usually simple, cylindric, and very spiny. When
old they form clusters of 4 to 8 stems, 10 to 16 inches high. The
spines are usually grey but often run into the rainbow type. In
color they vary from dark brown to almost white.

Echinoceeus dasyacanthus resembles Echinocereus chloranthus
and Echinocereus viridiflorus except in color of the spines, the

82

TEXAS CACTI

constant length of the spines, and the large yellow flowers. Echino-
cereus reichenbachii, another widespread member of the genus,

Yellow-Flowered Pita y a — Echinocereus dasy acanthus

Popular with both the collector and layman for its large yellow
blooms.

and of the same general stem structure, has large shell pink blos¬
soms.

TEXAS CACTI

83

A good colored illustration may be found on Plate 81, in Vol.
2, Kakteen Kunde by Schumann.

Description : — Plants usually simple, cylindric, 1 to 3 dm. high,
very spiny; ribs 15 to 21, low, 2 to 3 cm. high; areoles approxim¬
ate, 3 to 5 mm. apart, short-elliptic; radial spines 16 to 24, more
or less spreading, 1.5 cm. long or less, at first pinkish but gray
in age; central spines 3 to 8, a little stouter than the radials,

Echinocereus dasyacanthus
The rainbow cactus of the Big Bend District.

never in a single row; flowers from near the apex, often very large,
often 10 cm. long, yellowish, or drying reddish; outer perianth-
segments linear-oblong, 4 to 5 cm. long, acute; inner perianth-
segments oblong, 5 cm. long; ovary very spiny; fruit nearly glob¬
ular, 2.5 to 3.5 cm. in diameter, purplish, edible.

Type locality : — El Paso, Texas.

Distribution : — 1 Western Texas, southern New Mexico, and
northern Chihuahua. It has been reported from Arizona, but
doubtless wrongly. Common in the Big Bend District of Texas.

Synonymy: — Echinocereus dasyacanthus Engelmann in Wisli-
zenus Mem. Tour. North. Mex. 100. 1848.

Cereus dasyacanthus Engelmann in Gray, PI. Fendl. 50. 1849.

Cereus dasyacanthus neo-mexicanus Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 3:84. 1896.

84

TEXAS CACTI

Echinocereus spinosissimus Walton, Cact. Journ. 2:162. 1899.

Echinocereus rubescens Dams, Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 15:92.
1905.

ECHINOCEREUS CTENOIDES

This is a cylindrical Echinocereus . It is very closely related
to Echinocereus dasyacanthus and may not be specifically distinct.
Mr. William Hess considers it “a type of Echinocereus dasyacan¬
thus.”

It differs in its spines and seems to have a more southern range
than Echinocereus dasyacanthus. It is probably a Mexican species
extending from Northern Mexico into our territory.

It has been collected about Eagle Pass, Texas and seems to be
quite common in that region. Its range of distribution is south¬
west Texas and adjacent parts of Mexico.

The flowers are a reddish yellow and very large for the size
of the plant. The filaments are yellow; the style white. The
ovary and fruit are very spiny.

Description : — So far as known simple, cylindric, elongated, 10
to 40 cm. long, 8 to 10 cm. in diameter, decidedly banded with
pink and gray as in the rainbow cactus; ribs 15 to 17, low; areoles
crowded together, short-elliptic; radial spines often as many as 20,
not spreading but standing out at an angle to the ribs; central
spines 8 to 10, arranged in a single row or sometimes a little irreg¬
ular; flowers up to 10 cm. long, about as wide as long when fully
expanded, bright to reddish yellow; filaments yellow; style white;
ovary and fruit very spiny.

Type locality : — Eagle Pass, Texas.

Distribution : — Southern Texas and Chihuahua.

Synonymy : — Echinocereus ctenoides (Engelmann) Riimpler in
Forster, Handb. Cact. ed. 2:819. 1885.

Cereus ctenoides Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:279. 1856.

YELLOW-FLOWERED ALICOCHE— Echinocereus papillosus

A very attractive species. The stems are green, 4 to 8 inches
high, about V/\ inches in diameter, branched at the base, often
forming a dozen or more heads. The ribs are six to ten in number,
usually eight, tuberculate. The spines vary from white to brown¬
ish in color. The radial spines vary from 7 to 8. The central
spine varies from ^2 to 1 inch in length.

The blossoms are yellow with a reddish center, about 3^/2 inches
long, 2^4 inches across, with nearly three rows of petals. The

TEXAS CACTI

85

anthers are yellow, and the pistil green. The base of the flower
on the outside is covered with white spine clusters.

The following remarks of Britton and Rose in The Cactaceae,
Vol. III. are of interest:

“Although this species is supposed to come from the vicinity
of San Antonio, Texas, no specimens are known to us from that
place but we have an herbarium specimen collected by Miss Mary

Yellow-Flowered Alicoche — Echinocereus papillosus

The blossoms are yellow with reddish centers. The amateur will
call this a small eiuieacanthus as it has the habit and somewhat the
appearance of this species when not in bloom.

B. Croft at San Diego, Texas. It is one of the few species in the
genus with yellow flowers and ought easily to be distinguished
from other Texan species.”

Description : — More or less cespitose, rather dark green, decum¬
bent or ascending, 5 to 30 cm. long, 2 to 4 cm. in diameter; ribs
6 to 10, prominent, strongly tubercled; radial spines acicular,
spreading, about 7, white to yellowish, 1 cm. long or less; central
spine solitary, acicular, porrect, 12 mm. long or more; flowers
large, 10 to 12 cm. broad, yellow with a reddish center, with rather
few perianth-segments 4 to 6 cm. long, oblong-spatulate, acuminate,

86

TEXAS CACTI

more or less serrate; scales on ovary red, spreading; fruit not
known.

Type locality: — Not cited.

Distibution: — Western Texas. Also collected near San Diego,
Duval County, Texas.

Synonymy: — Echinocereus papillosus Linke in Forster, Handb.
Cact. ed. 2:783. 1885.

Echinocereus texensis Riinge, Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 4:61.

1894. Not Jacobi, 1856.

Echinocereus ruengei Schumann, Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 5:124.

1895.

Cereus papillosus Berger, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 16:80. 1905.

ECHINOCEREUS BLANCKII

Echinocereus blanckii was first discovered near Camargo,
Tamps., Mexico. It appears that it was never critically described
and for that reason it has been confused with Echinocereus ber-
landieri and other species of Echinocereus. It occurs along the
Rio Grande River in Hidalgo and Starr Counties, Texas, and ex¬
tends as far south as Victoria, Tamps., Mexico.

The stems are erect or ascending, but prostrate when elongated.
The stems become terete and brownish at the base with age. They
sprout from underground stems, thus forming fair sized clumps
or colonies. They are flabby but brittle, and will grow from
cuttings.

The stems are dark green in color, vary from 6 to 12 inches
in length, and are about D/2 inches in diameter. The ribs are 6
to 8 or probably more in number, tuberculate, with spines at the
top of each tubercle. The spines vary from six to eight in number.
There are usually six radial spines, the upper two brown, the
lower ones yellowish, each about one half inch long.

The flowers are reddish to dark reddish-purple in color, 2 to
3 inches across, darker in the center. The anthers are yellow; the
filaments dark red. The pistil is green. The flowers open about
noon and close near 5 o’clock for two or three consecutive days.
They blossom the last of March or first of April, but nearly always
the first week in April. The fruit is greenish, globose, and covered
with small spines.

The stems are much larger than those of Echinocereus berlan-
dieri. The plant also has a more southern range, and the flowers
appear at least one month earlier. It does well in cultivation and
will stand a slight freeze without injury.

TEXAS CACTI

87

Description : — Procumbent; joints slender, 3 to 15 cm. long,
2 to 2.5 cm. in diameter; ribs 5 to 7, strongly tuberculate, or when
turgid scarcely tubercled; areoles 1 to 1.5 cm. apart; radial spines
6 to 8, 8 to 10 mm. long, white; central spine solitary, 10 to 50

Echinocereus blanckii

A cactus of extreme southern range. The flowers are a very dark
red to rich purple in color with darker centers.

mm. long, brownish to black; flowers purple, 5 to 8 cm. long;
perianth-segments narrow, oblanceolate, acute.

Type locality : — Near Camargo, state of Tamaulipas, Mexico.
Distribution : — Northeastern Mexico and southern Texas.

Synonymy: — Echinocereus blanckii (Poselger) Palmer, Rev.
Hort. 36:92. 1865.

Cereus blanckii Poselger, Allg. Gartenz, 21:134. 1853.

Cereus berlandieri Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:286. 1856.
Echinocereus poselgerianus Linke, Allg. Gartenz. 25:239. 1857.
Echinocereus berlandieri Riimpler in Forster, Handb. Cact. ed.
2:776. 1885.

Echinocereus leonensis Mathson, Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 1:66.
1891.

Cereus leonensis Orcutt, West Amer. Sci. 13:27. 1902.

Cereus poselgerianus Berger, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 16:80. 1905.

Berlandier/s Alicoche — Echinocereus berlandieri
A south Texas species with underground stems and rich reddish-
purple blossoms.

He then gave his opinion that the plant was a good species. Mr.
C. R. Orcutt in Cartography, a small pamphlet issued by him in
February, 1926 called it Echinocereus runyonii, but this seems to
be unnecessary.

The stems are procumbent, erect or ascending, contracted at
the base, straight or spiral, flabby or soft, about six inches high or
slightly higher. The ribs are about six in number, containing
numerous tubercles with spines at the apex of each tubercle.
The spines are grayish or brownish. There are about 6 radials,
each one half inch long, and one central spine about one inch long.

The flowers are about two iches long, one and one half inches
across, pink to reddish-purple in color. They open about 11 A. M.
and close near 5 P. M. for two or three consecutive days. The

ECHINOCEREUS BERLANDIERI

This cactus was first discovered by Dr. J. L. Berlandier along
the lower part of the Nueces River. Britton and Rose in “The
Cactaceae,” place it as a synonym of Echinocereus blanckii. Later
in 1927 Dr. Rose had the opportunity to examine it in the field.

TEXAS CACTI

89

stamens are yellow, the pistil green. The petals are pointed at
the apex. The plant blossoms from April to May.

It occurs scattered to fairly abundant in high, well-drained,
sandy, clay or black soil, from the Nueces River along the Gulf
Coast to the Lower Rio Grande Valley, and in adjacent Mexico.

After two or three years the plant dies back to the ground and
sprouts from the underground stems again. This is probably caused
by fungi. It does well in cultivation, and will stand freezing to
26° F. for two or three days at a time. It differs from other
Echinocereus species by its well developed underground stems
from which it branches in profusion.

It is often confused with Echinocereus blanckii which is larger,
has stouter stems, and blossoms earlier. Echinocereus blanckii is
a more Mexican species than Texas; Echinocereus berlandieri is a
more southern Texas species. Both have underground stems.
The color of the flowers is about the same.

ALICOCHE — Lady finger cactus — Echinocereus pentalophus

Echinocereus pentalophus is a near relative of Echinocereus
berlandieri, and is its associate in their natural habitat. It is a
very variable species having many varieties, which seem to run
into each other. The stems may be 4, 5 or 6-angled, growing
separately or in a large clump. The spines may be short or long.
Because of this, it has been described under several names. Echino¬
cereus procumbens is the most common name used by cactus
fanciers. Britton and Rose only recognize one species after several
years of field work and careful observation.

The stems are prostrate, erect or ascending, 4 to 12 inches long,
one half to one inch in diameter, green, flabby or somewhat soft,
but brittle. It has 4 to 5 ribs, with inconspicuous tubercles.
These tubercles bear the spines. The spines are brownish or
grayish. The radials are J4 to 1 inch long and the central spine
is % to 2 inches long.

The flowers are large for the size of the plant, delicate pink to
reddish-purple in color, paler towards the center. The flowers are
about 3 inches long and 4 inches across when wide open. The
petals curve downward from the center when the flower is wide
open. The flowers open about noon and close near five o’clock
for two or three consecutive days. They bloom the last week in

90

TEXAS CACTI

March, except a few late plants, which put forth one or more
flowers during the first week of April.

The plants are scattered throughout the Lower Rio Grande
Valley, in well drained sandy or black soil. Near the Gulf Coast,
they are found on clay dunes.

It is called Lady’s finger cactus by the English speaking people
and Alicoche by the Mexicans. The name Lady’s finger bears

Lady’s Finger — Echinocereus pentalophus

A low growing species with 4, 5 or 6-angled stems, and large pink
to purplish flowers with a paler center.

reference to its slender stems.

It does well in cultivation and will grow from cuttings. It will
stand a slight freeze without injury.

The following note by Mr. William Hess of San Antonio is of
interest. “The three fore-named species are so similar in growth
and bloom that when grown together for several years at one place
they cannot be distinguished as separate species.”

Description : — Procumbent, with ascending branches, deep
green; ribs 4 to 6, somewhat undulate, bearing low tubercles;
radial spines 4 or 5, very short, white with brown tips; central
spine 1, rarely wanting; flowers reddish violet, large, 7 to 12 cm.

TEXAS CACTI

91

long; perianth-segments broad, rounded at apex; stamens borne
on the lower half of throat for a distance of about 12 mm.; tube
proper not much broader than the style, purple within, 8 mm.
long; filaments short; style a little longer than the filaments;
scales on the ovary and flower-tube bearing long cobwebby hairs
and brownish spines; style stiff, 3.5 cm. long.

T ype locality : — Mexico.

Distribution : — Eastern Mexico and southern Texas. From
Bexar county south to the Rio Grande.

Synonymy: — Echinocereus pentalophus (De Candolle) Rum-
pier in Forster, Handb. Cact. ed. 2:774. 1885.

Cereus pentalophus De Candolle, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris

17:117. 1828.

Cereus pentalophus simplex De Candolle, Mem. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Paris '17: 117. 1828.

Cereus pentalophus subarticulatus De Candolle, Mem. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Paris 17:117. 1828.

Cereus pentalophus radicans De Candolle, Mem. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Paris 17:117. 1828.

Cereus propinquus De Candolle in Salm-Dyck, Allg. Gartenz.
1:366. 1833.

Cereus procumbens Engelmann in Gray, PI. Fendl. 50. 1849.

Cereus pentalophus leptacauthus Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck.
1849. 42. 1850.

Echinocereus procumbens Rompler in Forster, Handb. Cact.
ed. 2. 781. 1885.

Echinocereus leptacanthus Schumann, Gesamtb. Kakteen 260.
1898.

ECHINOCEREUS PERBELLUS

Mr. William Hess considers this species a southern type of
Echinocereus reichenbachii. It was discovered in Texas in 1910
by Standley and Rose and is described as a distinct species by
Britton and Rose in “The Cactaceae” published by the Carnegie
Institution of Washington.

Description : — Stem either simple or clustered, 5 to 10 cm.
high; ribs 15, low and broad; distance between the areoles about
equal to the length of the areoles themselves; areoles elongated;
spines all radials, 12 to 15, spreading but not widely, 5 to 7 mm.
long, pale brown to reddish or nearly white below; flowers purple,
4 to 6 cm. long; perianth-segments broad, oblong to oblanceolate,

92

TEXAS CACTI

acuminate, nearly 4 cm. long; areoles on flower-tube very woolly
as well as spiny.

Type locality : — Big Springs, Texas.

Synonymy : — Echinocereus perbellus Britton and Rose.

Echinocereus perbellus

A beautiful cactus similar to Echinocereus reichenbachii in form,
spine clusters, and blossoms but more delicate in structure. A choice
cactus for the rock garden. It can be handled with the bare hands, and
blossoms abundantly in cultivation.

LACE CACTUS— Classen’s cactus
Echinocereus reichenbachii

A very ornamental and popular cactus. It is easy to handle
and the shell-pink blossoms are particularly large and beautiful.
The size of the flowers borne on these small plants can best be
illustrated by the name “Merry Widow” given them by Don
Manuel Fraile. The “Merry Widow” was a large spreading ladies’
hat at one time in vogue in the United States.

The cactus is cylindrical in shape, solitary or growing in
clusters of two to several stems. The stems vary from 2 to 3

TEXAS CACTI

93

inches in diameter, and one to ten inches in height depending on
age. The ribs are 10 to 15 in number, the crest of each so closely
covered with spines that the cactus bears a scaly appearance.

The flowers are shell to deep pink in color, 21/2 to 3 inches
across, opening and closing with the sun, and lasting several days.
The blossoms appear singly or a few at a time at the top of the
stems. The stamens are numerous, yellow, in several rows, and
circle a ten-rayed stigma. The blossoming period is March and
April.

The Lace Cactus is one of the most widespread small cacti in
Texas. It is a common plant of the limestone hills of the Edward’s
Plateau and likes well-drained gravel or rocky hillsides. Plants
from red granite areas and sandy regions often have reddish
spines. “Rainbow” types also appear sporadically in limestone
areas.

The Lace Cactus is a popular rock garden plant. Older plants
are not easily transplanted. Young plants one to two inches high
do better. A good soil is one third sand, one third gravel, one
third earth mold (humus). Good drainage is all important.

A species similar in form, spines and blossoms is Echinocereus
perbellus. The flowers of this species are somewhat smaller, a
deeper pink or rose in color, the spines even more delicate, and
the stems noticeably smaller in diameter.

Description : — -More or less cespitose; stems simple, globose to
short-cylindric, 2.5 to 20 cm. long, 5 to 9 cm. in diameter; ribs 12
to 19; areoles approximate, elliptic; spines 20 to 30, white to
brown, but usually those of each individual plant of one color,
pectinate, interlocking, 5 to 8 mm. long, spreading, more or less
recurved; centrals 1 to 2, like the radials, or often wanting; flowers
fragrant, rather variable as to size, often 6 to 7 cm. long and fully
as broad, opening during the day always closing at night and
sometimes opening the second day, light purple, often reflexed;
perianth-segments narrow, the margin more or less erose; fila¬
ments pinkish; fruit ovoid, about 1 cm. long; seeds black, nearly
globose, 1.2 to 1.4 in diameter.

T ype locality : — Mexico.

Distribution : — Texas and northern Mexico; recorded from
western Kansas.

Synonymy : — Echinocereus reichenbachii (Terscheck) Haage
Jr., Index Kewensis 2:813. 1893.

Echinocactus reichenbachii Terscheck in Walpers. Report Bot.
2:320. 1843.

94

TEXAS CACTI

Cereus caespitosus Engelmann, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5:247.
1845.

Echinopsis pectinata reinchenbachiana Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort.
Dyck. 1844. 26. 1845.

Echinocereus reichenbachii

Called Lace Cactus in reference to the lacy appearance of its spines.
The shell to deep pink blossoms are unusually large for the size of the
plants. The spine rows are far apart due to inflation by water from
recent rains.

Echinocereus caespitosus Engelmann in Wislizenus, Mem. Tour
North Mex. 110. 1848.

Cereus caespitosus castaneus Engelmann. Bos. Journ. Nat.
Hist. 6:203. 1850.

Cereus reinchenbachianus castaneus Labouret, Monogr. Cact.
318. 1853.

TEXAS CACTI

95

Cereus caespitosus minor Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:280.

1856.

Cereus caespitosus major Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:280.

1856.

Echinocereus texensis Jacobi, Allg. Gartenz. 24:110. 1856.

Mammillaria caespitosa A. Gray, First Lessons in Botany 96.

1857.

Echinocereus rotatus Linke, Wochenschr. Gartn. Pflanz. 1:85.

1858.

Echinocereus caespitosus castaneus Rtimpler in Forster, Handb.
Cact. ed. 2:811. 1885.

Echinocereus caespitosus major Riimpler in Forster, Handb.
Cact. ed. 2:811. 1885.

Echinocereus pectinatus caespitosus Schumann, Gesamtb. Kak-
teen 272. 1898.

ECHINOCEREUS FITCHII

This is a new species named by Dr. J. N. Rose in honor of
Mr. William R. Fitch who accompanied him on collecting trips to
western Texas and to the West Indies in 1913. Living plants were
collected by Dr. Rose near Laredo in 1913. These flowered in
the New York Botanical Garden, April 10, 1914. The scientific
description was made from this group of plants. (No. 18037.)

Description : - — - Plant short-cylindric or somewhat narrowed
above, 8 to 10 cm. long, 4 to 5 cm. in diameter; ribs 10 to 12, low,
rounded; areoles 4 to 6 mm. long; central spines 4 to 6, slightly
spreading, 12 mm. long or less, acicular, brownish, but sometimes
white at base; flowers 6 to 7 cm. long, pink; perianth-segments,
oblanceolate, widely spreading, acute, serrate on the margin; ovary
2.5 cm. long, bearing numerous areoles, these spiny and with cob-
weeby hairs.

Type locality :• — Near Laredo, Texas.

Synonymy : — Echinocereus fitchii Britton and Rose.

ECHINOCEREUS ROETTERI

A southwest Texas species. It is named in honor of Paulus
Roetter, the artist, who made the cactus drawings for the Mexican
Boundary Survey. According to the author, Dr. George Engel¬
mann, it is similar to Echinocereus dasyacanthus except for its
fewer ribs, stouter spines, purple flowers, smaller fruit, and larger
seed.

Description : — Cespitose, or perhaps sometimes simple and
occasionally budding above, 1 to 2.5 dm. high; ribs 13, straight,

96

TEXAS CACTI

more or less undulate; areoles circular, or a little longer than broad,
about 1 cm. apart; radial spines 15 to 17, acicular, about 1 cm.
long, white or purplish; central spines 1 to 5, not in a single row,
a little stouter but scarcely longer than the radials; flowers ap¬
pearing below the top of the plant, large, 6 to 7 cm. long, perhaps
even broader than long, light purple; outer perianth-segments
greenish yellow; inner perianth-segments oblanceolate, acute, 3 to
4 cm. long; ovary and fruit spiny.

Synonymy : — Echinocereus fendleri (Engelmann) Riimpler in
Forster, Handb. Cact. ed. 2:829. 1885.

Cereus dasyacanthus minor Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:279. 1856.

Cereus roetteri Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:345. 1856.

Echinocereus kunzei Giirke, Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 17:193.
1907.

ECHINOCEREUS FENDLERI

Except for its erect habit and the dark central spine, this species
strongly resembles the more widespread Echinocereus enneacan-
thus. The blossoms open fairly wide, are bright red with darker
centers, and open about 1% inches across. In some plants the
spines are almost black.

This species was named in honor of August Fendler (1813-
1883) who collected extensively in New Mexico and Venezuela.

In common with several species of Echinocereus , this species
varies greatly in armament and the size of its blossoms.

The following note made by Mr. William Hess may be valuable
in comparing species. “I would not compare this with enne acan¬
thus as the latter always grows in bunches or rather makes many
and much larger stems, while fendleri has never more than 2 or 3
short stout branches. It would be better to compare it with viridi-
florus because of its vari-colored spines and similar size and habit.”

Description : — Cespitose; stems about 8, ascending or erect, 1
to 3 dm. long, 5 to 7.5 cm. in diameter; ribs rather prominent, 9
to 12, somewhat undulate; spines very variable as to color, length,
and form; radial spines 5 to 10, more or less spreading, 1 to 2 cm.
long, acicular to subulate; central spine solitary, usually porrect,
4 cm. long or less, dark colored, often black-bulbose at base; flow¬
ers borne at the upper part of the plant, often very large, 10 cm.
broad when fully expanded, but sometimes smaller, deep purple;
inner perianth-segments spatulate, 3 to 4 cm. long, acute, the
margin sometimes serrulate; filaments purple, very short, 1 cm.
long or less; style very pale; ovary deep green, its areoles bearing

TEXAS CACTI

97

white felt and white bristly spines; fruit ovoid, 2.5 to 3 cm. long,
purplish, edible; seeds 1.4 mm. long.

Type locality : — Near Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Distribution : — Texas to Utah, Arizona, and northern Sonora
and Chihuahua, Mexico.

Synonymy : — Echinocereus fendleri (Engelmann) Riimpler in
Forster, Handb. Cact. ed. 2. 801. 1885.

Cereus fendleri Engelmann, in Gray, PI. Fendl. 50. 1849.

Cereus fendleri pauperculus Engelmann in Gray, PL Fendl. 51.
1849.

Fendler/s Pitaya — Echinocereus jendleri ,

PITAYA — Strawberry Cactus
Echinocereus enneacanthus

It is not definitely known just what plant was first described
as Echinocereus enneacanthus , but a large robust species in south
Texas and northern Mexico has been known by that name for
many years and the description seems to fit it very well.

The plant has many cylindrical stems, most of them branching
from the root. It often forms clumps with one hundred or more
elongated stems. These clumps are often more than a yard across.
The stems are erect or ascending. The ribs are prominent, 7 to 9
or probably more in number, tuberculate. The spines are borne

98

TEXAS CACTI

on the top of each tubercle, and are grayish or brownish. The
radials are about one half inch long. The central spine varies
from 1 to 2 inches in length. The plant is dark green in color,
slightly flabby, and easily broken.

The flowers are borne on the side of the plant, from about half
way up to near the top. The blossoms are a rich reddish-purple
in color, and about two inches across. They open about noon in
bright sunlight and close about 5 o’clock for two or three consecu-

Pitaya — Echinocereus enne acanthus

One of the most widespread and common Echinocereii in Texas. It
is also known as Strawberry Cactus because of the delicious fruit of
strawberry flavor.

tive days. Their period of blossoming ranges from April to June.
To see this plant in bloom, with its cluster of several hundred
flowers, is a never-to-be-forgotten experience.

The fruit is greenish or brownish when ripe, and has a fragrant
odor. It is called strawberry cactus by the American people on
account of the strawberry-like flavor of the fruit. The fruit is
used for making preserves. Cob cactus is another name given in
reference to the cob-like shape of its branches. Pitaya is common-

TEXAS CACTI

99

ly used by the Mexicans, but this really means the fruit. The
plant itself is known by them as Alicoche.

In distribution it probably has the widest range of the Echino-
cereus group. One may find it beginning in Willacy County west
along the Rio Grande into the Big Bend District, and north as far
as San Antonio. It is known as the common Pitaya throughout
southwest Texas. It does equally well on limestone hillsides and
on sandy loam flats.

The plant is easily distinguished from Echinocereus triglochidia-
tus by the smaller circumference of the stems and the later blos¬
soming period. The blossoms of E. triglochidiatus are smaller,
brick-red and remain open day and night several consecutive days.
E. enneacanthus blossoms are large and showy and the richest
reddish-purple.

This cactus attains its best growth in a well drained sandy
loam, but does well on gravel hillsides or in clay.

Description : — Cespitose, with many stems, often forming
clumps one meter in diameter or more; joints often elongated,
prostrate, 5 to 7 cm. in diameter; ribs 7 to 8, prominent, more or
less tuberculate, somewhat flabby, dull green; areoles 2.5 cm.
apart; radial spines unequal, usually less than 12 mm. long, acic-
ular, at first yellowish, becoming brownish; central spine solitary,
usually elongated, nearly terete, 3 to 5 cm. long; flower purple,
7.5 cm. broad; perianth-segments nearly oblong; style cream-
colored, a little longer than the stamens; fruit globular, juicy,
edible.

Type locality : — Near San Pablo, south of Chihuahua, Mexico.

Distribution : — Southern Texas, Northern Mexico and New
Mexico.

Synonymy : — Echinocereus enneacanthus Engelmann in Wisli-
zenus, Mem. Tour. North. Mex. 112. 1848.

Cereus enneacanthus Engelmann, PI. Fendl. 50. 1849.

Echinocereus carnosus Riimpler in Forster, Handb. Cact. ed.
2. 796. . 1885.

Echinocereus enneacanthus carnosus Quehl. Monatsschr. Kak-
teenk 18:114. 1908.

ECHINOCEREUS LLOYDII

This cactus was collected in 1909 near Tuna Springs, Texas
by T. E. Lloyd, and later named in his honor by Dr. Rose. From
the scientific description one will note there are 11 ribs, and the

100

TEXAS CACTI

spines are rather short, wine-colored, and paler at the base. The
flowers are large and reddish-puple.

Description : — Stems in clusters of 6 or more, very stout, 20
to 25 cm. high, 10 cm. in diameter, bright green; ribs 11, about 3
cm. apart, nearly straight; areoles 15 mm. apart, rather large,
circular, somewhat woolly when young; spines rather short, about
10 mm. long, wine-colored, paler at base, radial spines 14; centrals
4 to 6, nearly porrect; flowers large, 8 cm. long, reddish-purple;
areoles on the ovary beaing clusters of reddish spines; stigma-
lobes numerous; perianth-segments narrowly obovate, obtuse or
obtusish.

Synonymy : — Echinocereus lloydii Britton and Rose.

ECHINOCEREUS DUBIUS

This cactus was first named by Dr. George Engelmann in 1856.
It resembles Echinocereus enneacanthus in general appearance.
The flowers differ in being pale purple and in having rather few
and narrow petals. The fruit is very spiny. Dr. Engelmann
placed it near Echinocereus enneacanthus and Echinocereus stra-
mineus in his classification.

Description : — Somewhat cespitose; stems 12 to 20 cm. long,
pale green, of a soft flabby texture, 7 to 9-ribbed; ribs broad;
spines white; radial spines 5 to 8, 12 to 30 cm. long; centrals 1
to 4, 3.5 to 7.5 cm. long, angled, often curved; flowers pale purple,
6 cm. long or more, with rather few and narrow perianth-segments;
scales on flower-tube bearing 1 to 3 white bristles in their a^ils;
fruit very spiny 2.5 to 3 cm. long; seeds covered with confluent
tubercles.

Type locality : — Sandy bottoms of the Rio Grande at El Paso.

Distribution : — Southwestern Texas, perhaps confined to the
El Paso region.

Synonymy: — Echinocereus dubius (Engelmann) Riimpler in
Forster, Handb. Cact. ed. 2. 787. 1885.

Cereus dubius Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:282. 1856.

ECHINOCEREUS STRAMINEUS

This species is one of the few cacti where botanists write “Has
luscious red fruit with a strawberry flavor. Can be eaten with
sugar and cream. The spines are few and easily removed.’’

Collectors who have seen this cactus best remember it in refer¬
ence to the massing of the cylindrical heads into clumps varying

TEXAS CACTI

101

from a few inches across the mounds as large as five feet across
and four feet in height.

The plant would resemble Echinocereus enneacanthus except
that the cylindrical stems bear 11 to 13 ribs which are almost hid¬
den by the long spines. The spines are at first brownish to straw-
colored, but turn white with age. The blossoms are large and

‘ f Pitah aya” — Echinocereus stramineus
A west Texas species which prefers dry mountains and hills. Ex¬
ceptional plants have been known to form mounds 5 feet across and 4
feet high, with as many as 400 joints.

bright purple in color. The fruit is red, palatable, spiny at first,
but turns smooth as it ripens.

Its habit of growing in the mountains of western Texas easily
separates it from many cacti of similar general appearance.

Description : — Plants grouped in masses forming immense
mounds 1 to 2 meters in diameter and 3 to 10 dm. high; joints 12
to 25 cm. long, 3 to7 cm. in diameter; ribs about 13, almost hidden
by the long spines; spines at first brownish to straw-colored, in
age nearly white; radial spines 7 to 14, 2 to 3 cm. long, spreading;
central spines 3 or 4, 5 to 9 cm. long; flowers purple, 8 to 12 cm.
long; perianth-segments oblong, 3 to 4 cm. long, rounded at apex;
spines from the axils of scales on ovary and flower-tube, 2 to 5,
short, white; fruit nearly globular, 3 to 4 cm. in diameter, red,

102

TEXAS CACTI

spiny at first, becoming glabrous, edible; seeds 1.5 mm. in dia¬
meter, somewhat oblique.

Type locality : — Mountain slopes, El Paso, Texas.

Distribution : — Western Texas, southern New Mexico, and
northern Chihuahua.

Synonymy : — Echinocereus stramineus (Engelmann) Riimpler
in Forster, Handb. Cact. ed. 2 797. 1856.

Cereus stramineus Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:282. 1856.

Living Rock — Ariocarpus fissuratus ¥

The plant is low, grayish in color, and difficult to find as it looks
so much like stone. The flowers are usually pink.

LIVING ROCK— Chautle— Chaute—

Ariocarpus fissuratus.

This is the well-known Living Rock. It is one of the greatest
cusiosities in the Cactus family. Its appearance may well be
described as a plant carved from stone in a most intricate fashion.

There are about three species of this arid plant. Only one
species is native to Texas. It grows along the Rio Grande west-

TEXAS CACTI

103

ward into the Big Bend District and extends southward into north¬
ern Mexico. It grows on dry stony ground, where rain seldom
falls, and when not in flower is easily mistaken for the rocks
which surround it.

The stems are low, extending only about an inch above the
surface of the ground. The plant itself resembles the common

Living rock — Ariocarpus fissuratus
In native habitat in Brewster County.

carrot in its large succulent taproot. The stem is dark gray in
color, spineless, with rough, triangle-shaped tubercles. These
tubercles may even have the appearance of horns. The flowers
are about 1/2 inch across and appear in the center of the flat top
of the stem. The flowers appear singly or with two to four,
whitish to pink, or even purple blossoms, crowded together. The
fruit is small, oval, and pale green.

This species passed under the scientific name Anhalonium for
many years, but Ariocarpus has priority and has been generally

104

TEXAS CACTI

accepted. It is known as Chautle, C haute, and Peyote cimarrons
by the Mexican people, and is sold on the markets of Mexico as
a remedy. Star rock is a name used by certain tribes of Indians.
When adding this curious plant to your collection, use coarse
gravelly sand, and give comparatively little water.

Description : — Plant body scarcely appearing above the ground,
flat or somewhat rounded, sometimes 15 cm. broad; tubercles,
imbricated, ovate, the upper part 2 to 3 cm. broad at base, acute
or obtuse, the whole surface more or less fissured and irregularly
warty; areoles filled with a dense mass of hairs; flowers 3 to 4 cm.
broad, white to purple; inner perianth-segments oblong-oblanceo-
late; style and stigma-lobes white; fruit oval, pale green, 10 mm.
long; seeds black, tuberculate-roughened.

Type locality. — Near the juction of the Pecos with the Rio
Grande.

Distribution : — Western Texas and northern Coahuila and
Zacatecas, Mexico. Along the Mexican border near the Great
Bend of the Rio Grande, extending southward into Northern
Mexico.

Synonymy. — Ariocarpus fissuratus (Engelmann) Schumann in
Engler and Prantl. Pflanzenfam. 3:195. 1894.

Mammillaria fissurata Engelmann, Proc. Amer Acad. 3:270.
1856.

Anhalonium fissuratum Engelmann, Cact. Mex. Bound. 75.
1859.

Anhalonium engelmannii Lemaire, Cactees 42. 1868.

Ariocarpus lloydii Rose, Contr. ET. S. Nat. Herb. 13:308. 1911.

PEYOTE — Mezcal Button— Dry Whisky
Lophophora williamsii

This is a Mexican plant which extends into the southern part
of Texas and is abundant in patches from Hidalgo County to the
Big Bend country. It is called Peyote by the Mexicans. This is
the old Indian or Aztec name. The Amercian people call it Mescal
Button because it is a narcotic used by the Indians in their religious
ceremonies. It is said to leave a peculiar effect on the vision in
that it produces objects in beautiful colors. It is also reported that
the person under its influence can see all the bad things that he
or she has done and then all the good things in very beautiful
and attractive colors. The Spaniards called it Sacred Mushroom
because the Indians used it in their religious ceremonies, and be-

TEXAS CACTI

105

cause it, when dried, resembles a dried mushroom. Undoubtedly,
the Spaniards never saw the green plant at that time. Many
newspaper and magazine articles have been written about Peyote,
and probably most of them are much exaggerated.

Its habitat is like most other cacti. It occurs in colonies on
certain hillsides and then may not occur for another ten miles.

El Peyote — Lophophora williamsii

Known to produce color hallucinations, and long used in the cere¬
monial rites of certain tribes of Indians.

It is at home in sandy loam or clay flats, but also occurs in gravel
soil, mostly on the south side of gravel hills, rarely on top.

The plants are blue green, about one inch above the surface
of the soil, and usually under thorny shrubbery for protection.
The plant resembles a common carrot in the shape of its large
succulent tap root and the small crown exposed above the ground.
The cactus is flabby, the top being covered with little tufts of
wool at intervals of one half to one inch. The flowers are pale
pink, about one half inch across when fully open. They open
about ten in the morning, and close in the late afternoon, reopen-

106

TEXAS CACTI

ing two to three consecutive days. The blossoms appear at inter¬
vals throughout the summer from April to November. The
stamens are yellow, and the pistil whitish.

Peyote does well in cultivation and will stand a freeze to about
26° F.

For a complete account of this plant, see Peyote, an abridged
compilation from the files of the Bureau of Indian affairs, prepared
by Dr. Robert L. Newborne.

The following remarks taken from Vol. 3, page 84, “The Cacta-
ceae” by Britton and Rose are of interest: —

“This plant contains a narcotic and has been the subject of
much study regarding its chemical, medicinal, and therapeutic
properties. Dr. L. Lewin isolated an alkaloid which he named
anhalonin. Since then one or more other alkaloids have been
discovered. The active drug contained in this plant, however, it
is claimed, does not lie in the alkaloids but in certain resinous
bodies discovered by Dr. Erwin E. Ewell. The dried plants have
been used since pre-Columbian times by certain North American
Indians in some of their religious ceremonies and dances. The
physiological effects which follow the eating of the dried plants
are remarkable visions, and these have been described in consider¬
able detail by writers who have visited the Indians and who have
recorded laboratory experiences. There is considerable commerce
carried on in this plant by some of the Indian tribes, although it
is forbidden by law. The globular plants are sliced into 3 or 4
sections and then dried in the sun and these dried pieces form
the “mescal buttons” of the trade.

Description : — Plants dull bluish green, globular to top-shaped
or somewhat flattened at top, 5 to '8 cm. broad, with a thickened
tap-root, sometimes 10 cm. long or more; ribs 7 to 13, nearly
vertical or irregular and indistict, tubercled; flowers central, each
surrounded by a mass of long hair, pale pink to white, 2.5 cm.
broad when fully open, with a broad funnelform tube; outer
perianth-segments and scales green on the back, callous-tipped;
filaments much shorter than the perianth-segments, nearly white;
style white below, pinkish above, shorter than the perianth-seg¬
ments; stigma-lobes 5, linear, pinkish; ovary naked; fruit 2 cm.
long or less; seeds 1 cm. in diameter, with a broad basal hilum.

Type locality : — -Not cited.

Distribution : — Central Mexico to southern Texas. Also west¬
ern Texas.

TEXAS CACTI

107

Synonymy : — Lophophora williamsii (Lemaire) Coulter, Contr.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:131. 1894.

Echinocactus williamsii Lemaire in Salm-Dyck, Allg. Gartenz.
13:385. 1845.

Anhalonium williamsii Lemaire in Forster, Handb. Cact. ed.
2. 233. 1885.

Anhalonium lewinii Hennings, Gartenflora 37:410. 1888.

Mammillaria williamsii Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 2:-
129. 1891.

Lophophora williamsii lewinii Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3:-
131. 1894.

Echinocactus lewinii Hennings, Monatsschr: Kakteenk. 5:94.
1895.

Mammillaria lewinii Karsten, Deutsche FI. ed. 2. 2:457. 1895.
Lophophora lewinii Thompson, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9:133.
1898.

BUTTON CACTUS — Epithelantha micromeris

This is a dainty little cactus varying in size from a dime to
a little over a dollar. The name “button cactus” aptly describes
its general appearance. The scarlet fruits are called “chilitos,”
and are slightly acid and edible.

Epithelantha micromeris

Appropriately called button cactus. The plants are covered with a
soft network of white spines, and vary in size from a dime to a dollar.

108

TEXAS CACTI

The flowers are very small, about Ya inch across, whitish to
flesh-colored, and blossom early. The perianth-segments “petals,”
vary from eight to ten.

The genus Epithelantha is distinct from the Mammillarias in
that the blossom comes from the new growth instead of the old
growth.

Description : — Plants small, simple or cespitose, nearly glob¬
ular, but depressed at apex, 6 cm. in diameter or less; tubercles
very low, small, arranged in many spirals, 1 mm. long; spines

Hedgehog cactus — Fish-hook cactus — Hamatocactus setispinus

An addition to any flower bed, as the big yellow blossoms form
continuously from April to late summer. A fairly common cactus in
the mesquite area, but rarely seen as it usually nestles close to a
mesquite tree or under a sheltering bush, where it is well concealed by
grass and weeds. Birds like the scarlet berries which nestle among the
spines at the top.

numerous, white, the lower radials about 2 mm. long, the upper
radials on the young tubercles 6 to 8 mm. long and connivent over
the apex, narrowly clavate, the upper half finally falling off;
flowers from near the center of the plant in a tuft of wool and
spines; flower very small, whitish to light pink, 6 mm. broad;
perianth-segments 8 to 10; stamens 10 to 15 stigma-lobes 3; fruit
8 to 12 mm. long; seed 1.5 mm. broad.

TEXAS CACTI

109

Synonymy : — Epithelantha micromeris (Engelmann) Weber.
Mammillaria micromeris Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:-
26°. 1856.

Mammillaria micromeris greggii Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:261. 1856.

Cactus micromeris Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1:268. 1891.

Cactus micromeris greggii Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
3:101. 1894.

Mammillaria greggii Safford, Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst. 1908:
531. pi. 4, f. 1. 1909.

Hedgehog cactus — Hamatocactus setispinus

The globose type confines its habitat to the mesquite thickets while
the cylindrical type prefers gravel hills.

TWISTED-RIB CACTUS— Hedgehog Cactus— Fish Hook Cactus
Hamatocactus setispinus

Hamatocactus setispinus is known by cactus collectors as
Echinocactus setispinus. Its range is from the Brazos to the
Rio Grande and westward to the San Pedro river. It also
extends south of the Rio Grande to Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico.
It reaches Austin and probably goes even farther in its northern

110

TEXAS CACTI

limits. It is abundant on some of the islands along the Gulf
Coast, and seems to do well in any kind of soil, as long as the
soil is well drained. In the Lower Rio Grande Valley, it is most
abundant in mesquite thickets. It will stand freezing weather,
but it is doubtful if it will stand much below 25 degrees F more
than two or three days at a time.

It does well in cultivation and is a free flowering plant from
early spring until late fall. The flowers are single or in clusters,
lemon yellow with a red center. They have a very peculiar odor,
which is attractive to many bees. The flowers open about noon
and close about 5 o’clock in the afternoon for two or three con¬
secutive days.

The stems are simple or branched, two to twelve inches high.
The young plants blossom when about two years old. The plant
usually has 13 ribs, twisted or spiral, with well defined tubercles,
on which the spines form. The spines are variable, but usually
seven or more in number. The central spine is longer than the
radials and conspicuously hooked.

From a botanical standpoint, it is a very interesting plant.
Its flowers and fruit indicate that it has no close relatives in the
cactus family, and for this reason Britton and Rose have placed it
in a genus by itself.

There seems to be two well defined forms or varieties. The
most common form is the larger one with high ribs and robust
spines, and is confined mostly to mesquite thickets. On the
gravel hiils in Hidalgo and Starr Counties and far south in
Tamaulipas is a form about two to three inches in diameter and
rather tall, sometimes reaching one foot or more in height. The
ribs are low, the flowers smaller and sometimes pure yellow or
nearly so. The fruit is sweet and is cherished by birds and wild
animals.

This is one of the easiest plants to collect and transplant. It
can be dug up by prying with the toe of one’s boot. The roots
are fibrous, and if cut back to three inches before planting, the
roots will not rot but send up a network of new fibers to feed the
plant body. Plants can be transferred to new soil anytime with¬
out interfering with the blossoming period. Good drainage is
fairly important. Older plants which are corky and brown at the
base should not be transplanted.

The brilliant crimson fruits which nestle in the crown of the

TEXAS CACTI

111

plant are as ornamental as the flowers, and birds are very fond
of them.

Description : — Plants up to 15 cm. high, with long fibrous
roots; ribs usually 13, more or less oblique, thin, high, undulate
on the margin; radial spines 12 to 16, slender, often 4 cm. long,
some white, others brownish; central spines 1 to 3, longer than
radials; flower 4 to 7 cm. long, yellow, with a red center; inner
perianth-segments oblong, acute, widely spreading; fruit 8 mm.
in diameter, nearly naked; seeds 1.2 to 1.6 mm. in diameter.

Type locality:— Thickets along the Colorado River, Texas.
Distribution : — Southern Texas and northern Mexico.

Synonymy: — Echinocactus setispinus Engelmann, Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist. 5:246. 1845.

Echinocactus muehlenpfordtii Fennel, Allg. Gartenz. 15:65.

1847.

Echinocactus hamatus Muehlenpfordt, Allg. Gartenz. 16:18.

1848. Not Forbes, 1837.

Echinocactus setispinus hamatus Engelmann, Bost. Journ. Nat.
Hist. 6:291. 1850.

Echinocactus setispinus setaceus Engelmann, Bost. Journ. Nat.
Hist. 6:201. 1850.

Echinocactus setispinus cachetianus Labouret, Monogr. Cact.
203. 1853.

Echinocactus hamulosus Regel, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 34.
1856.

Echinopsis nodosa Linke, Wochenschr. Gartn. Pflanz. 1:85.
1858.

Echinocactus nodusus Hemsley, Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 1:535.
1880.

Echinocactus setispinus muehlenpfordtii Coulter, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 3:370. 1896.

Echinocactus setispinus mierensis Schumann, Gesamtb. Kak-
teen 340. 1898.

Echinocactus setispinus orcuttii Schumann, Gesamtb. Kak-
teen 340. 1898.

BARREL CACTUS — Viznaga — Biznaga
Ferocactus wislizeni

There are thirty known species of the genus Ferocactus with
only two known to be native of Texas.

Ferocactus wislizeni is a very beautiful scenic desert plant,
which has saved the life of many a human being. It is known
as the “Viznaga” or Barrel Cactus and is used to make candy.
Another common name is Fish-hook cactus.

112

TEXAS CACTI

The stems are globular to cylindric, often very large, up to
six feet or more high, single or branched, prominently ribbed.
The flowers appear in clusters at the top of the plant. They are
commonly yellow, but sometimes rose or other shades of red.

The central spine forms into a perfect hook of great strength,
and often becomes six inches long. The blossoms are followed
by large yellow seed pods that stay on for months and produce a
very pretty effect all winter.

The following notes treating the genus as a whole and taken
from Vol. 23, Part 4, Shrubs of Mexico by Dr. Paul C. Standley
are of interest.

“The species of Ferocactus are well known in the arid regions
of Mexico' and the United States because of their large size and
abundance, and the varied uses made of them. In the United
States they are usually known by the name Barrel cactus. By
the Indians they were sometimes employed as cooking vessels, the
interior being scooped out and mashed, and the water thus ob¬
tained being replaced in the cavity and heated with hot stones,
after which meat and other substances were placed in the liquid
and cooked. The liquid obtained by crushing the pulp has some¬
times been used as a substitute for water in the desert. The pulp
is often fed to horses and cattle.

The candied pulp makes an excellent sweetmeat, which is
much used in Mexico, and the southwestern United States, and is
often sold in the eastern United States as “cactus candy.” The
Papago Indians of Arizona are reported to have prepared a sweet¬
meat by boiling' the pulp in the syrup of Carnegie a gigantea.

The usual Mexican name for plants of this genus is “ biznaga ”
or “visnaga.” The name bisnaga is applied in Spain to the par¬
snip. (Pastinaca sativa), and the word is of Arabic origin. The
Mexican word, however, is believed to have been derived from
the Nahuatl, huitzli meaning spine and nahuac, around, i.e., cover¬
ed with spines.

Concerning these plants Robelo writes as follows: “It is well
known that the Mexicans in their bloody and gloomy religion
performed the rite of sacrificing their flesh drawing blood from
the ears, thighs, arms, and legs, nose and even the tongue. For
such sacrifices they employed the spines of the biznaga and metl
(maguey); and these objects being consecrated or even deified,
the biznaga founded a cult, which was personified by a deity

TEXAS CACTI

113

Huitznahuatl, to whom was erected a temple, Huitznahuateapan,
and to the place where the spines were kept was given the name
Huitzcalco.” The Mexicans also used the name teacamotu, “divine
vessel,” for the plants; while Hernandez mentions the “comitl,”
“Tepenexcomitl,” and “hueycomitl,” all of which probably belong
to this genus. The biznaga was sacred to the god Mixcoatl.

Buelna reports the Otomf name as “pe,” and the name “cabal-
luna” is reported for an unidentified species.

Clavigero gives a description of one of the species of Fero-
cactus in Baja California, and says, “In New Spain some people
use the spines for toothpicks, and in some of the missions of
California they employed them for knitting stockings, straighten¬
ing out the tips and reducing the thicker part. Among these
spines the viznaga produces its handsome flowers, tinged with
white, red, and yellow, which are followed by the fruit, much
smaller than that of the tammia , and full like that of the cardon ,
with viscous juice and seeds, which latter the Californians eat,
after preparing them like those of the cardon. In Mexico they
make a good sweetmeat from the juicy pulp of the viznaga.”

Clavigero also makes the following shrewd statement, which
indicates that he had no mean knowledge of plants: “It is cer¬

tainly wonderful that the plants of which I have spoken, and
others of which I shall speak later, have more juice in arid places
than other kinds of trees have in humid regions; but it is still
more remarkable that they maintain themselves without any
deterioration with little or no dew, although it may not rain for
10 months or more, as often happens in California. I believe
that these plants are more juicy because they transpire less, in¬
asmuch as they have no leaves, for these, as is the fundamental
belief of physicists, are the principal organs of transpiration among
plants; it may be conjectured that the Creator denied these plants
leaves because He destined them to inhabit dry lands.”

Description : — At first globular but becoming cylindric, when
very old much elongated, 2 meters long or more, usually simple,
but when injured often giving off several heads or branches; ribs
numerous, often 25, 3 cm. high; areoles elliptic, large, sometimes
2.5 cm. long, brown-felted, 2 to 3 cm. apart, or the flowering ones
often approximate; spines variable; radials, absent in young plants,
thread-like to acicular, the longest 5 cm. long; central spines
several, white to red, annular, all subulate, one of them much

114

TEXAS CACTI

stouter, usually strongly flattened, strongly hooked; flowers yellow,
some red, 5 to 6 cm. long; fruit yellow, oblong, scaly, 4 to 5 cm.
long; seeds dull black, the surface covered with shallow indistinct
pits.

Type locality 4 — Donana, New Mexico.

Distribution : — El Paso, Texas, west through southern New
Mexico and Chihuahua to Arizona and Sonora and perhaps south

Ferocactus hamatacanthus is a variable species and has many forms,
but the flowers and fruit on all varieties are the same. It usually
blossoms in mid-summer and the fruit remains on the stem into the
winter months.

along the Gulf of California into Sinaloa. Reported also from
Lower California.

Synonymy. — Echinocactus wislizeni Engelmann in Wislizenus,
Mem. Tour. North. Mex. 96. 1848.

Echinocactus emoryi Engelmann in Emory, Mil. Reconn. 157.
1848.

Echinocactus wislizeni decipiens Engelmann in Rothrock, Rep.
U. S. Geogr. Surv. 6:129. 1878.

TEXAS CACTI

115

Echinocereus emoryi Rumpler in Forster, Handb. Cact. ed. 2.
804. 1885.

Echinocactus wislizeni albispinus Tourney, Gard. and For. 8:-
154. 1895.

Echinocactus falconeri Orcutt, West. Amer. Sci. 12:162. 1902.

Echinocactus arizonicus Kunze, Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 19:-
149. 1909.

TURK’S HEAD— Viznaga — Ferocactus hamatacanthus

This is the well known Echinocactus longihamatus of the earlier
cactus collectors. It is easily recognized by its large head and

Turk’s Head — Ferocactus hamatacanthus

The flowers are a lemon yellow, some with red centers. The fruits
are called “Limos de viznaga,” are greenish in color, and used like
limes in flavoring pies, cakes, and drinks.

long hooked spines. It has a wide range of distribution, central
Texas to New Mexico and south into Mexico. It prefers gravel
hills or highlands for its home. It also occurs on the clay dunes
near the Texas Coast. It is not very abundant in Cameron
County and north Tamaulipas, Mexico. It requires high ground
that does not absorb much water during the rainy seasons.

116

TEXAS CACTI

The stems are simple, rarely branched, globular to oblong,
dark green, turning reddish on exposure to strong sunlight. The
ribs are prominent, straight or spiral. The spines are born on the
crest of the ribs and are brownish or grayish in color. Those on
the top of the plant are very long and slightly curved or hooked
at the end. The spines are rather brittle, and as the older ones
break off, they leave the plant “necked” near the base.

The flowers are a beautiful lemon yellow, some with red centers,
in clusters or sometimes single. They flower from June to August.
Like the Hedgehog cactus, they open for two or three consecutive
days in bright sunlight, about eleven in the morning, and close in
the late afternoon.

The fruit is greenish in color, oblong, persistent, remaining on
the plant nearly all winter. Due to a high acid content, they are
called “Limas de Viznaga” by Mexicans, and used like limes in
flavoring pies, cakes, and drinks.

The name Turk’s Head is used in the Big Bend region.

It does well in cultivation, and will stand freezing to about
28° F.

It is very variable as to spines and shape. H. T. Fletcher of
Alpine writes of it “This species stores a large amount of water
and in desert areas lives have been saved by cutting into them
for the water stored in them.”

The following notes by Britton and Rose in “The Cactaceae”
are of interest.

‘This species develops elongated glands, 2 to 4 mm. long, in
the areoles between the flower and the spines, as do some of the
others; these at first are soft, but in age become hard and spine¬
like. The fruit of this species is unlike that of most other species
of the genus; the skin is thin and the flesh juicy and edible.’

This species resembles Hamatacanthus setispinus. It dif¬
fers from this cactus in the longer and stouter, strongly hooked,
central spine, the drab-green fruits, and larger flowers. The fruit
also remains on the plant all winter. The habitat is more often
slopes of limestone hills, sandy slopes, and gravel hillsides.

Hamatacanthos setispinus has scarlet fruits, and the central
spine is more delicate, shorter, and slightly hooked or not hooked
at all. In this species the flowers are yellow with red centers.
The habitat is more often open mesquite thickets and rather
heavy soil.

TEXAS CACTI

117

Description : — Solitary, globular to oblong, up to 60 cm. high;
ribs usually 13, sometimes 17, strongly tubercled, 2 to 3 cm. high;
areoles large, 1 to 3 cm. apart; radial spines about 12, acicular,
terete, 5 to 7 cm. long; central spines 4, elongated, angled, some¬
times IS cm. long, one of them hooked at apex; flowers large, 7
to 8 cm. long, yellow, in some forms said to be scarlet within;
fruit oblong, 2 to 5 cm. long, fleshy, edible, dark brown to drab-
colored (not red) ; seeds pitted.

Type locality : — Mexico.

Distribution: —Southern Texas, New Mexico, and northern
Mexico.

Synonymy : — Echinocactus hamatocanthus Muhlenpfordt, Allg.
Gartenz. 14:371. 1846.

Echinocactus flexispinus Engelmann in Wislizenus, Mem. Tour.
North. Mex. 111. 1848.

Echinocactus longihamatus Geleotti in Pfeiffer, Abbild. Beschr.
Cact. 2: pi. 16. 1848.

Echinocactus sinuatus Dietrich, Allg. Gartenz. 19:345. 1851.

Echinocactus setispinus sinuatus Poselger, Allg. Gartenz. 21:-
119. 1853.

Echinocactus setispinus robustus Poselger, Allg. Gartenz. 21:-
119. 1853.

Echinocactus setispinus longihamatus Poselger, Allg. Gartenz.
21:119. 1853.

Echinocactus longihamatus hamatacanthus Labouret, Monogr.
Cact. 201. 1853.

Echinocactus treculianus Labouret, Monogr. Cact. 202. 1853.

Echinocactus longihamatus gracilispinus Engelmann, Proc.

Amer. Acad. 3:273. 1856.

Echinocactus longihamatus crassispinus Engelmann, Proc.

Amer. Acad. 3:273. 1856.

Echinocactus longihamatus brevispinus Engelmann, Proc.

Amer. Acad. 3:274. 1856.

Echinocactus flavispinus Meinshausen, Wochenshr. Gartn.
Pflanz. 1:28. 1858.

Echinocactus haematochroanthus Hemsley, Biol. Centr. Amer.
Bot. 1:532. 1880.

Echinocactus hamatacanthus longihamatus Coulter, Contr. U.
S. Nat. Herb. 3:365. 1896.

Echinocactus hamatacanthus brevispinus Coulter, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 3:366. 1896.

Echinocactus longihamatus sinuatus Weber in Schumann,
Gesamtb. Kakteen 342. 1898.

118

TEXAS CACTI

FEROCACTUS UNCINATE 8

This cactus is generally known as turk’s head and catclaw
cactus. The plant is short-cylindric, bluish green in color, slightly
covered with a bloom, and has spindle-shaped roots. The ribs
are usually 13 in number, and strongly tubercled. In mature
plants the tubercles are large and heavy. The central spine is
long and hooked, yellow below, reddish above. The flowers are
dark orange to chocolate brown in color and hidden in the com¬
pact spine cluster at the top of the plant.

Technically this plant differs from all other species in having
the tubercles grooved on the upper side and the flower borne at
the opposite end of the groove from the spine-cluster.

The plant is native to western Texas. It is most commonly
found on rocky ridges and foothill slopes.

The stems attain a height of 12 to 18 inches, and are often 6
to 8 inches in diameter.

Description : — Plant short-cylindric, 10 to 20 cm. high, bluish,
slightly glaucous, with spindle-shaped roots; ribs usually 13,
straight, strongly tubercled, undulate; flowering areoles narrow,
extending from the spine-clusters to the base of the tubercles with
the flower at the opposite end, felted: areoles also bearing one or
more large flat yellow glands, these surrounded by a ring of short
yellow hairs; central spine usually solitary, 12 cm. long or less,
erect, yellow below, reddish above, hooked at tip; 3 lower radial
spines spreading or reflexed, hooked; upper radials straight;
flowers brownish, 2 to 2.5 cm. long, widely spreading; perianth-
segments numerous, linear-oblong; filaments numerous, short;
scales on ovary and flower-tube triangular, scarious-margined, in
age broadly auriculate at base; fruit small, oblong, 2 cm. long, at
first green, turning brown to crimson and finally scarlet, naked
except the appressed scales, somewhat fleshy, edible; seeds black,
small, oblong, 1 to 1.5 mm. long, with basal hilum; cotyledons
foliaceous.

Type locality : — Mexico.

Distribution : — Rocky ridges and foothill-slopes in western
Texas to central Mexico.

Synonymy : ■ — Echinocactus uncinatus Galeotti in Pfeiffer,
Abbild. Beschr. Cact. 2: pi. 18. 1848.

Echinocactus ancylacanthus Monville in Labouret, Monogr.
Cact. 201. 1853.

Echinocactus uncinatus wrightii Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:272. 1856.

Echinocactus wrightii Coulter, Cycl. Amer. Hort. Bailey 2:-
513. 1900.

TEXAS CACTI

119

Turk’s Head — F eroc actus uncinatus

This cactus is easily identified by the unusually long, hooked, central
spines, the large, heavy tubercles, and the dark orange to chocolate
colored flowers hidden in the compact spine clusters at the top of the
plant.

120

TEXAS CACTI

WHITE-FLOWERED VIZNAGITA— Echinomastus intertextus

There are six species in this genus. Two are found in Texas.
They were formerly treated as Echinocactus.

Echinowiastus intertextus is a small plant, nearly always globose
or short cylindrical. The flowers are white to cream-colored,
about one inch across. The pink pistil and white perianth is un¬
usual for a day blooming cactus. The spines are pectinate.

Echinomastus intertextus — White-flowered “viznagita”

The white flowers and pink pistil are unusual for a day-blooming
cactus.

TEXAS CACTI

121

The remarks from The Cactaceae, Britton and Rose may be of
some assistance in identification. ‘Engelmann states that the scales
on the fruit are with or without some wool in their axils. The
fruit is always in a mass of wool, but so far as we have seen the
scales are always naked in their axils.’

Description : — Simple, globular or nearly so, 2.5 to 10 cm.- in
diameter; ribs 13, somewhat acute, more or less divided into
tubercles; areoles 5 to 6 mm. apart, somewhat elliptic; spines
rigid, red with darker tips; radial spines 16 to 25, appressed, 8 to
15 mm. long, 3 or 4 of the upper radial spines white or nearly so,
more slender than the others, almost bristle-like; central spines 4,
subulate, 3 of them turned upward and similar to the radials, 10
to 18 mm. long, the other one very short, porrect; flowers 2.5 cm.
long, nearly as broad as long, purplish; outer perianth-segments
about 20, broadly ovate, white-margined; inner perianth-segments
20 to 25, oblong, mucronate; fruit nearly globular, 8 to 10 mm.
in diameter, with a few scarious scales; seeds black, shining, 2 mm.
in diameter.

Type locality : — Not definitely cited.

Distribution : — Southwestern Texas, to southeastern Arizona
and northern Mexico.

Synonymy: — Echinocactus intertextus Engelmann, Proc. Amer.
Acad. 3:277. 1856.

Cereus pectinatus centralis Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
3:386. 1896.

Echinocereus pectinatus centralis Schumann, Gesamtb. Kek-
teen 271. 1898.

Echinocereus centralis Rose, Conth. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12:293.
1909.

ECHINOMASTUS DASYACANTHUS

This species is similar to the foregoing but the flowers are
much larger, the inner perianth-segments are acute to acuminate,
and its range is more northern and eastern.

Description: — Plants cylindric, 10 to 15 cm. high; ribs some¬
what spiraled, made up of numerous compressed tubercles; spines
slender, more or less purplish; radials 19 to 25, 12 to 22 mm.
long; centrals about 4, nearly equal; top of flowering plant and
young areoles very woolly; scales and outer perianth-segments
red with white margins; inner perianth-segments white or purplish,
about 2.5 cm. long, acute or acuminate; ovary bearing a few ovate
scales, these naked in their axils; stigma-lobes 9, erect, truncate
at apex, deep purple.

122

TEXAS CACTI

Echinocactus horizonthalonius

The only representative of this genus in Texas. Common names are
Devil’s Head and Bisnagre. The blossoms are a delicate to deep pink.

Cactaceae” published by The Carnegie Institution of Washing¬
ton, recognize 9 species. Of these, only one is reported from
Texas.

Echinocactus horizonthalonius is commonly known as Devil’s
Head and Bisnagre. It is the true hedgehog cactus of the desert.
Niggerhead is the name used in some localities.

Type locality : — Near El Paso, Texas.

Distribution Southwestern Texas.

Synonymy: — Echinocactus intertextus dasyacanthus Engel-
mann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:277. 1856.

DEVIL’S HEAD— Bisnagre
Echinocactus horizonthalonius

The genus Echinocactus was established in 1827. About 138
species have passed under this name. Britton and Rose in “The

TEXAS CACTI

• 123

_

The heads are simple, hemispherical, short cylindric, mostly
rounded. The ribs vary from 7 to 13, usually eight in number.
These are broad and rounded as illustrated in the photograph, or
rarely spiral, and bear comparatively few clusters of stout spines.
The spines are stout, somewhat flattened, ringed, mostly recurved,
and reddish or bluish. The buds are covered with a cottony coat.
The flowers are deep pink. The blossoms appear from May to
late August. The fruits are scarlet. The plant is grayish with
the green showing through, giving the effect of a bloom like cab¬
bage.

Their range is over a great stretch of country, along the
Texas-Mexican Boundary from El Paso to Eagle Pass and as far
north and east of the mountains of west Texas as Ft. Stockton
and Marathon.-

Occasional plants are cylindrical in shape. The very young
plants are only an inch or two across and look like tiny pin¬
cushions. Plants as small as two inches in diameter blossom.

This cactus grows nearest like the following species, Homaloce-
phala texensis. But the ribs are rounded instead of angular,
fewer in number, and the petals are not frilled at the tips. Both
have delicate pink blossoms that appear in the center of the plant.

In reproducing their native habitat of gravel hills and gravelly
mountain slopes, be sure to use a rich soil mixed with about two
thirds sand and gravel and give good drainage.

Description : — Simple, globular or sometimes depressed or short-
cylindric, 4 to 25 cm. high, glaucous; ribs 7 to 13, obtuse, often
spirally arranged; spines 6 to 9, somewhat curved or straight, 2
to 4 cm. long, often very stout, more or less flattened, often an¬
nulate, reddish or sometimes blackish pX. base; central spine soli¬
tary, stouter than the radials; flowers pale rose to pink, 5 to 7
cm. long before expanding, broader than long when fully open;
outer perianth-segments linear with more or less pungent tips;
inner perianth-segments narrowly oblong, about 3 cm. long; throat
of flower short and broad, covered with numerous stamens; tube
of flower wanting or nearly so; filaments white; style pink;
stigma-lobes pinkish to olive; ovary and fruit bearing linear scales,
their axils very woolly; fruit dehiscing by a basal pore, oblong,
red, 3 cm. long, clothed with white long wool; seeds 2 mm. long,
more or less angled, brownish black, papillose; hilum large, lateral
but below the midde.

Type locality : — Not cited.

124

TEXAS CACTI

Distribution : — Western Texas, southern New Mexico to Ari¬
zona, and Northern Mexico.

Synonymy: — Echinocactus horizonthalonius Lemaire, Cact.

Gen. Nov. Sp. 19. 1839.

Echinocactus equitans Scheidweiler, Bull. Acad. Sci. Brux. 61:-
88. 1830.

Echinocactus horizonthalonius curvispinus Salm-Dyck, Cact.

Hort. Dyck. 1849. 146. 1850.

Echinocactus horizonthalonius centrispinus Engelmann, Proc.

Amer. Acad. *3:276. 1856.

Echinocactus laticostatus Engelmann and Bigelow, Pac. R.
Rep. 4:32. 1856.

Echinocactus parryi Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:276.
1856.

Echinocactus horizonthalonius obscurispinis R. Meyer, Mon-

atsschr. Kakteenk. 21 : 181. 1911.

DEVIL’S PIN-CUSHION— “Viznaga” “Manco caballo”

“Candy Cactus” — Homalocephala texensis

This is the well known Echinocactus texensis. It has a very
wide distribution in Texas, but is not abundant in any one locality.
It is at home in most any kind of soil providing that the soil is
high and well drained. Like most cacti, it prefers dry gravel hill¬
sides. It does well in cultivation and will stand rather cold wea¬
ther.

In the Lower Rio Grande Valley it is called Visnaga and
Manco caballo. Its large rigid spines are very harmful to the
hoofs of horses and cattle, and the Mexican ranchmen uproot
them and turn the roots to the sun to slowly dry them up. The
name Manco caballo means horse-crippler. The ribs are 13 to
27 in number, very prominent, and armed with clusters of very
strong spines.

The flowers are very beautiful, feather-like and fragrant, shell
to deep pink, gradually becoming deeper pink to reddish toward
the center. The stamens are yellow and loaded with pollen.

The stems are simple or branched, but nearly always simple,
and four inches to one foot across. They vary from a few inches
to a foot in height and are even higher when the plant is very old.
Old plants often have three or four small heads growing out of
the crown of the original plant.

The fruit is scarlet in color, and ripens in the summer. It is

TEXAS CACTI

125

variable, sometimes juicy and sweet, sometimes hard and leathery.
Usually several form in a cluster.

The plant blossoms in the spring, usually in April. The flow¬
ers open for two or three consecutive days in bright sunlight,
from noon to about five o’clock. The flowers are single or in
clusters at the top of the plant.

An interesting bit of Texas Pioneer History is recorded in the

Devil’s Head — Homalocephala texensis*

This plant is truly a master of any ground space it chooses to oc¬
cupy. Horses and cattle alike avoid stepping on it as the stout thorns
will penetrate their hoofs and cause long-lasting festering sores and
consequent lameness.

remarks of Britton and Rose, Vol. 3, The Cactaceae. The writer
is doubtful if the fences were very high.

Dr. C. R. Ball writes of this plant as follows: — -“This plant is
extremely abundant on the high plains of western and northern
Texas. In establishing farms in this section large numbers of this
cactus are plowed out in the breaking of the sod land. Occasion¬
ally the farmers gather them and haul them to the margins of
the field and there build fences much like the stone walls so
familiar in New England. The plants are easily corded and the
strong sharp spines make the fences quite formidable.”

126

TEXAS CACTI

Type locality : — Texas; type grown in a botanical garden from
seed.

Distribution: — Southern New Mexico, Texas, and northern
Mexico. Of wide distribution in Texas.

Synonymy: — Echinocactus texensis Hopffer, Allg. Gartenz,
10:297. 1842.

Echinocactus lindheimeri Engelmann, Bost. Tourn. Nat. Hist.
5:246. 1845.

Devii/s Head Cactus — Homalocephala texensis

The cluster of bright scarlet fruits is even more attractive than the
pink blossoms.

Echinocactus platycephalus Muhlenfordt, Allg. Gartenz. 16:9.
1848.

Echinocactus texensis gourgensii Cels in Labouret, Monogr.
Cact. 196. 1853.

Echinocactus texensis longispinus Schelle, Handb. Kakteenk,
161. 1907.

ROOT CACTUS-FISH HOOK CACTUS
Ancistrocactus scheeri

This plant as well as Thelocactus bicolor is closely related to
the genus Coryphantha.

It prefers gravel hillsides and high sandy flats where the

TEXAS CACTI

127

water never stands. Hidalgo County is its eastern limit. It ex¬
tends along the Rio Grande probably to the Big Bend district.

The stems are single or branched, globular to oblong, 4 to
10 inches high, dark green, very spiny. It has about 13 ribs,
that are somewhat spiraled and divided into tubercles which are

Ancistrocactus scheeri

Due to the crowding of the numerous rigid hooked spines at the top
of the plant, the small greenish-yellow flowers seldom open wide. The
roots are large, thick, and succulent.

grooved to the middle. The tubercles are tipped with large
spine clusters.

The central spine is strongly hooked and very crowded at the
top of the plant. Often the spines are so crowded at the top of
the plant that the flowers can scarcely open.

The flowers are greenish, rather small, and rarely open wide.

128

TEXAS CACTI

They bloom singly or in clusters as early as January. The fruit
is about one half to three fourths inches long, green, and ripens
in May or June.

This plant has very peculiar roots in that they are very large
and fleshy. They often extend downward in sandy soil. They
are always constricted at the top.

The plant does well in cultivation and will stand cold weather
to at least 25° F.

There are only three recognized species in this interesting
genus. Two are native to Texas.

Description: — Globular to clavate, 3.5 to 5 cm. long; ribs
usually 13, indistinct, somewhat spiraled, strong divided into
stout, terete tubercles grooved only to middle; radial spines 15 to
18, spreading, 12 mm. long or less, white to straw-colored; central
spines 3 or 4, the lowest one strongly hooked; flowers small, 2.5
cm. long, greenish yellow; ovary small, nearly naked; seeds large
(about 2 mm. long) brown and minutely tuberculate (according
to Coulter).

Type locality:- — Not cited.

Distribution: — -Southern Texas and northern Mexico. From
Pleasanton, Atascosa County south to the Rio Grande in Texas.

Synonymy: — Echinocactus scheeri Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort.
Dyck. 1849. 155. 1850.

ANCISTROCACTUS BREVIHAMATUS

A ncistro cactus brevihamatus was first described by Dr. George
Engelmann as Echinocactus brevihamatus . It is a west Texas
species. It resembles Ancistrocactus scheeri in general appearance,
but differs from it in its tubercles, which are grooved to the base,
the groove woolly or slightly so. In Ancistrocactus sheeri the
tubercles are grooved half way from the spine cluster. The
flowers of Ancistrocactus brevihamatus are rose-colored, while
those on Ancistrocactus sheeri are a pale yellowish-green in color
and nearly hidden by the large spine clusters at the apex of the
stem.

This species is rather rare and is not generally found in collec¬
tions.

Regarding this species and the one preceding Mr. William
Hess gives the following statement — “Our observation is that the
flowers and habit are identical. While one has long central spines,
the other has shorter.”

TEXAS CACTI

129

Description : — Globular to obovoid, 5 to 10 cm. high, 5 to 7.5
cm. in diameter, dark green; ribs usually 13, compressed, strongly
tubercled; tubercles grooved on upper side from spine-cluster to
base, the groove woolly; radial spines 10 to 14, terete, white, 10
to 20 mm. long; central spines 4, the lower one porrect, hooked
at apex; flowers rose-colored, 25 to 32 mm. long, not so broad as
long; inner perianth-segments 15 mm. long, 4 mm. broad; mid¬
rib darker colored than margins; fruit about 1.5 cm. long, thin-
walled, nearly naked; seeds brownish black, about 2 mm. long,
smooth or with low flattened papillae, with a deep-set hilum.

Type locality : — On the San Pedros, Texas.

Distribution: — Southern Texas. From Pleasanton, Atascosa
County south to the Rio Grande River and west to Uvalde.

Synonymy: — Echinocactus brevihamatus Engelmann, Proc.
Amer. Acad. 3:271. 1856.

Echinocactus scheeri brevihamatus Weber in Schumann, Ges-
amtb. Kakteen 336. 1898.

THELOCACTUS BICOLOR

This is a Mexican species that extends into southern Texas
and is only known along the Rio Grande in Starr and Zapata
Counties. It grows on the south side of gravel hills and lime¬
stone ridges, but is apparently not very abundant. This is due to
a bright red fungus that holds it in check. At least two thirds
of the plants are diseased, so that they gradually lose their vitality
and dry up.

The plants are simple or branched, globose to conic, about
four to eight inches high, with about eight ribs which are tubercled
and very spiny. The spines are reddish to brown or gray.

The flowers are a pretty pink or reddish purple in color,
showy, and blossom from early spring to late fall. They open at
midday, and close near five o’clock in the afternoon for two or
three consecutive days.

This cactus does not do well in cultivation. When planted in
dry soil containing lime, and given plenty of sunshine and very
little water, it will thrive for several years. A plant collected at
Saltillo, Mexico lived for seven years in cultivation. It finally
got too wet during a long rainy spell and the roots rotted.

The Texas species are less spiny than the Mexican species and
their spines have less color.

Description: — Plants simple, globose to conic, glaucous, small,

130

TEXAS CACTI

up to 3 cm. high, very spiny; ribs usually 8, broad, somewhat
tubercled; areoles, approximate; spines highly colored, sometimes
bright red or yellowish or red and yellow; radial spines 9 to 18,
widely spreading or sometimes bent backward at tip, 3 cm. long
or less; central spines usually 4, ascending or porrect, all straight,
3 to 5 cm. long, subulate; flowers large, 5 to 6 cm. long and fully
as broad when expanded; outer perianth-segments pale purple;
inner perianth-segments deep purplish pink, oblong, acute; scales
on ovary and flower-tube imbricated, ovate, with scarious and

Thelocactus bicolor

A Mexican species extending into Starr and Zapata counties. The
specific name refers to the two-color spines of most plants. The
flowers are a pretty pink or reddish purple and blossom from spring
to fall.

ciliate margins; filaments white to purple; stigma-lobes pale to
pinkish yellow; fruit small, about 1 cm. long, dehiscing by a large
irregular basal opening; seeds 2 mm. long, black, broader at apex,
tuberculate with a circular and depressed basal hilum.

T ype locality : — Mexico.

Distribution : — (Southern Texas to central Mexico.

Synonymy : — Echinocactus bicolor Galeotti in Pfeiffer, Abbild.
Beschr. Cact. 2: pi. 25. 1848.

Echinocactus rhodophthalmus Hooker in Curtis’s Bot. Mag.
76: pi. 4486. 1850.

TEXAS CACTI

131

Echinocactus rhodophthalmus ellipticus Hooker in Curtis’s Bot.
Mag. 78: pi. 4634. 1852.

Echinocactus ellipticus Lemaire, Jard. Fleur, 3: pi. 270. 1853.

Echinocactus bicolor schottii Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.

: 277. 1857.

Echinocactus bolansis Riinge, Gartenflora 38: 106. 1889.

Echinocactus bicolor bolansis Schumann, Gesamtb. Kakteen

303. 1898.

Echinocactus bicolor tricolor, Schumann, Gesamtb. Kakteen

303. 1898.

Echinocactus schottii Small, FI. Southeast. U. S. 814. 1903.

NEOLLOYDIA TEXENSIS

There are seven recognized species of Neolloydia in the United
States. Only one species is indigenous to Texas. The genus was
named in honor of Prof. Francis E. Lloyd, an enthusiastic cactus
student.

The stems are small, cylindric, and very spiny. The tubercles
are arranged in long spirals. The flowers are usually pink or
purple, growing from the nascent (newly forming) tubercles at
the top of the plant.

Description : — Globular to short-oblong, 4 to 6 cm. long; tuber¬
cles arranged in long spirals, somewhat imbricated, a little flattened
dorsally; radial spines 10 to 15, white, widely spreading, about
1 cm. long; central spines 1 to 3, much stouter than the radials,
elongated, 2 to 3 cm. long, black; flowers not seen; fruit small,
globular, almost hidden by the spines, greenish, thin-walled, dry;
seeds black, tuberculate, 1.5 mm. in diameter; hilum large, basal,
white lunate.

Synonymy : — Neolloydia texensis. Britton and Rose. Cact. 4:-
18. 1923.

CORYPHANTHA MACROMERIS

This cactus is of a loose growing appearance. The one to many
stems branch from a thick heavy root, and due to their fleshy
structure have a somewhat flabby appearance. The stems are a
mass of heavy tubercles. The tubercles vary in size and length,
and are tipped with spine clusters. The flowers are large, wine-
purple, and blossom abundantly from the upper parts of the stem.

Coryphantha macromeris differs from Coryphantha runyonii
by the larger and more numerous spines and the longer tubercles.
Coryphantha i runyonii is confined to southern Texas, while Cory¬
phantha macromeris is a western Texas species.

132

TEXAS CACTI

The stems spread from the top of the root like the common
Pitaya, Echinocereus enneacanthus , but each branch is tubercled
instead of ridged.

When transplanting stems that are not rooted, set on dry sand
in good sunlight. Give almost no water until the roots take form.
The plant rots rapidly when decay sets in on account of the soft
nature of the tissues.

Thirty-seven species make up this genus. About eight are

CoRYPHANTHA MACRO MERIS

The flowers are large, wine-purple, and blossom abundantly from the
upper parts of the stem in late summer.

native to Texas. They were formerly treated in the genus Mam-
millaria, but differ from this genus by the grooved tubercles,
green fruit, and large yellow or purple flowers. They form a very
interesting group of cacti and are much sought by the cactus
fancier.

Coryphantha macromeris and Coryphantha runyonii are not
closely related to other members of the genus. The tubercles of
both species are much more elongated and flattened, and the
groove on the upper surface never extends to the base.

Description'.- — Plant branching at base, often many-headed, up
to 2 dm. long; tubercles large, soft, loosely arranged, elongated,

TEXAS CACTI

133

12 to 30 cm. long, grooved on upper side about two-thirds of their
length; spines 10 to 17, slender, the radials white; central spines
several, black, the longer ones 5 cm. long; flowers large, purple,
6 to 8 cm. broad; scales on flower-tube ciliate; ovary bearing a
few scales with hairy axils; fruit 15 to 25 mm. long; seeds globose,
brown but sometimes described as yellow, smooth.

Type locality : — Near Donana, New Mexico.

Distribution’. — Southern New Mexico, western Texas, and
Chihuahua, south to Zacatecas, Mexico.

Synonymy : — Coryphantha macromeris (Engelmann) Lemaire,
Cactees 35. 1868.

Mammillaria macromeris Engelmann in Wislizenus, Mem. Tour.
North Mex. 97. 1848.

Mammillaria heteromorpha Scheer in Salm-Dyck. Cact. Hort.
Dyck. 1849. 128. 1850.

Echinocactus macromeris Poselger, Allg. Gartenz. 21:102.
1853.

Echinocactus heteromorphus Poselger, Allg. Gartenz. 21:126.
1853.

Mammillaria dactylithele Labouret, Monogr. Cact. 146. 1853.

Cactus macromeris Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1:260. 1891.

Cactus heteromorphus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1:260. 1891.

CORYPHANTHA RUNYOMI— Runyon s Coryphantha

This is a newly described species of Coryphantha from the
Lower Rio Grande Valley. It forms low clumps, sometimes 24
inches in diameter, but usually 8 to 10 inches in diameter. Some
clumps weigh as high as 50 pounds. It grows on gravel hillsides
or high clay flats near Rio Grande City and Roma, and southward
into Mexico. It was observed at La Llorona about 50 miles south
of the Border.

The stems are about 4 to 6 inches high, covered with irregular
tubercles, which are grooved on the upper side, about half way
down from the tip. The tubercles bear spines at their tips. The
spines are irregular in length and variable in color, mostly grayish
or brownish.

It has a very large succulent taproot, extending deep into the
earth, and bearing numerous heads, so crowded together that they
appear as a single plant.

The flowers are very showy, pink to reddish purple, one or
more single blossoms appearing at a time from April to August.
The petals are frilled at the tips. They open in bright sunlight

134

TEXAS CACTI

about noon, and close late in the afternoon for about two conse¬
cutive days. The fruit is oblong, one half inch in diameter, about
three fourths inch long, and of a greenish color.

This cactus does well in cultivatoin if not kept too wet and
will stand cold weather to about 25 degrees F.

Description:- — Forming low clumps, sometimes 5 dm. in dia¬
meter, grayish green, with a thick, elongated tap-root; tubercles

CORYPHANTHA RUNYONII

A recently described species from the lower Rio Grande Valley. The
flowers are large, showy, and pink to reddish-purple.

rather short, 1 to 2 cm. long, terete or somewhat flattened, grooved
on the upper half, rarely more, but never to the base; radial
spines 6 or more, spreading, acicular, very variable in length, 3
cm. long or less, sometimes all yellow or sometimes one or more
in a cluster brown, otherwise yellow; central spines on young
plant solitary, dark brown to black but in old plants sometimes
2 or 3, somewhat angled, up to 6 cm. long; flowers large, purple,
5 cm. broad; outer perianth-segments ciliate; inner perianth-seg¬
ments spatulate, oblong, acute; fruit green; seeds brown.

Type locality: — Near Rio Grande City.

TEXAS CACTI

135

Distribution : — Found along the Rio Grande from Brownsville
to Laredo.

Synonymy: — Coryphantha runyonii Britton and Rose. The
Cactaceae. Carnegie Institution. Vol. 4. 26.

LONG Tl BERCLEI) CORYPHANTHA— Coryphantha muehlenfordtii

A very attractive and extremely interesting species of the
Coryphantha group, easily recognized by its long, well defined
tubercles, each tipped with a showy spine cluster. It is generally

Coryphantha muehlenpfordtii

known in cactus collections as Coryphantha scheeri and is much
sought by cactus fanciers.

It blossoms about the first of June and then afterwards at
intervals of a month until September. The flowers are generally
produced in a large cluster at the top of the stem. It has the
added peculiarity of also producing flowers in the grooves and in
the center of the upper side of the old tubercles. This is an
extremely rare characteristic in the cactus family. It is a west
Texas and New Mexico species with a well defined range in each
state.

The stems are about five inches high, and three and one-half
inches in diameter. The tubercles are about one inch in length,

136

TEXAS CACTI

grooved above (all the way to the base), and tipped with about
twelve to fifteen spines, each about an inch long. There are nine
to twelve radials spines, and two to three centrals. About three
or four of the radials are very weak; the balance are stiff and
strong.

The flowers may appear singly but are mostly in clusters.
They open about 10 in the morning and close in the afternoon.
Generally they do not reopen. The flowers are showy, orange tinted
with red. The filaments are reddish; the anthers yellow or
orange; the style yellow.

The fruit is greenish, about one to one and one-half inches
long and one-half inch in diameter. They taper towards each
end and are usually tipped with the dried flower stem.

Description : — Plants nearly globular, usually simple, short-
oblong, 20 cm. long, 7.5 to 15 cm. in diameter; tubercles large, 1
to 2.5 cm. long; axils of young tubercles grooved and young spine-
areoles very woolly; grooves bearing large dark-colored glands;
spines variable, reddish to yellow with brown to black tips; radials
6 to 16, usually about 2 cm. long, straight; central spines 1 to 4,
subulate, stouter than the radials, 3 to 3.5 cm. long, from nearly
straight to curved at tip or even strongly hooked; flowers yellow,
6 cm. long; scales on flower-tube and outer perianth-segments
more or less lacerated; inner perianth-segments oblong, entire,
acute; fruit greenish, oblong, 3 to 3.5 cm. long, naked; seeds large,
3 mm. long, brown, shining smooth.

T ype locality : — Mexico.

Distribution : — [Northern Chihuahua, western Texas, and south¬
ern New Mexico.

Synonymy : — Coryphantha muehlenfordtii (Poselger) Britton
and Rose.

Mammillaria scheeri Muehlenfordt, Allg. Gartenz. 15:97.
1847. Not Muhlenpfort, 1845.

Echinocactus muehlenpfordtii Poselger, Allg. Gartenz. 21:102.
1853.

Mammillaria scheeri valida Engelmann, Proc. Amer Acad.
3:265. 1856.

Coryphantha scheeri Lemaire, Cactees 35. 1868.

Cactus scheeri Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 1:261. 1891.

COMB-SPINED CORYPHANTHA— Coryphantha pectinata

This cactus was first described by Dr. Engelmann as Mam¬
millaria pectinata. A very good illustration is given in the

TEXAS CACTI

137

Mexican Boundary Survey. It is a rare species and is seldom
seen in collections. Its range is limited to western Texas and the
northern tip of adjacent Mexico.

The stems are usually simple, small, and globose. The upper
tubercles are longer than the lower ones, and are usually arranged
in thirteen spiral rows. The spines are all radial, or comb-like,
with the lower ones sometimes bent backward or recurved. The
flowers are yellow.

The following observation by Mr. William Hess is of interest.
“C. pectinata and C. echinus are no doubt the same with the
exception that the latter has a central spine 1 to 1.5 cm. long.
They are fairly common in the valleys near Sanderson and to¬
wards Fort Stockton.”

Description0. — Usually simple, globose, 3 to 6 cm. in diameter;
tubercles usually arranged in 13 spirals; upper tubercles 10 to 12
mm. long, about twice as long as lower ones; areoles a little longer
than broad; spines 1-6 to 24, all radial, those on lower areoles
appressed and often a little recurved, those from upper part of
upper areoles 12 to 18 mm. long, connivent over apex, yellowish
white with black tips; flowers yellow, 5 cm. long; ovary 6 to 8
mm. long; fruit 12 mm. long.

Type locality : — On the Pecos River in western Texas.

Distribution : — Southern Texas and adjacent parts of Mexico.
Also west Texas.

Synonymy : — Coryphantha pectinata (Engelmann). Britton
and Rose. Cact. 4:34. 1923.

Mammillaria pectinata Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:266.
1856.

Mammillaria pectinata cristata Hortus in Forster, Handb. Cact.
ed. 2. 403. 1885.

Cactus pectinatus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1:259. 1891.

CORYPHANTHA ECHINUS

This species was first described by Dr. Engelmann in 1856
as Mammillaria echinus and illustrated in the Mexican Boundary
Survey, 1859. It is easily distinguished from Coryphantha pecti¬
nata by its long straight central spines. Its range is limited to
west Texas and adjacent parts of Mexico. It is seldom seen in
collections.

The stems are solitary, globose to cone-shaped, and covered
with tightly appressed white spines. The flowers are yellow.

138

TEXAS CACTI

Description : — Solitary, globose to subconic, 3 to 5 cm. in dia¬
meter, almost hidden under the closely appressed spines; areoles
orbicular or a little longer than broad; radial spines numerous,
white, 10 to 16 mm. long; central spines 3 or 4, the 3 upper erect
or connivent over the apex, the lower one porrect on side of plant,
erect near top, subulate, straight, 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long, often
blackish; flowers 2.5 to 5 cm. long, yellow; outer perianth-seg¬
ments linear-lanceolate; inner perianth-segments 20 to 30, narrow;
stigma-lobes about 12; fruit oblong, 12 mm. long.

Type locality : — On the Pecos River, Texas.

Distribution : — Western Texas, particularly the valleys near
Sanderson and towards Fort Stockton.

CORYPHANTA VIVIPARA

This is a central state species that extends into northwest
Texas. According to Britton and Rose it has a very wide range
of distribution even to reaching into Canada.

It is a very pretty species and usually well known with collec¬
tors, but under many different names. The round form and
whitish spines suggest a snow ball at a distance. It requires well
drained soil and will stand hard freezing if kept dry during the
winter.

The stems are globular, solitary or in clusters, sometimes
forming large mounds. The tubercles are prominent and tipped
with white spine clusters. Each cluster has about sixteen white
radials and four to six centrals. The flowers are pinkish.

Description : — Plants solitary or in clusters forming mounds
3 to 6 dm. in diameter, globular, with prominent tubercles; areoles
large, woolly; radial spines about 16, rather delicate, radiating,
white; centrals 4 to 6, divergent, much stouter, brownish, swollen
at base; ovary green, naked; outer perianth-segments greenish;
inner ones somewhat pinkish, long-ciliate; innermost perianth-
segment pinkish purple, narrow, acuminate, entire, spreading;
filaments much shorter than the segments, pinkish, but paler be¬
low; style greenish to purple above, longer than the stamens;
stigma-lobps linear, purple, about 8, apiculate; fruit green when
mature, juicy, nearly globular, 1.5 cm. in diameter, with several
(sometimes 5 or 6) small ciliate scales scattered over its surface;
seeds light brown, 1.5 mm. long.

Type locality : — Near the Mandan towns on the Missouri, lat.
near 49°.

Distribution: — Manitoba to Alberta, Kansas, south to northern
Texas and Colorado. Mr. E. Mortensen records its as “quite

TEXAS CACTI

139

common near San Angelo. Also, south of Fredericksburg near the
Pedernales River/’

Synonymy : — Coryphantha vivipara (Nuttall) Britton and
Rose in Britton and Brown, Illustr. FI. ed. 2. 2:571. 1913.

Cactus viviparus Nuttall, Fraser’s Cat. No. 22. 1813.

Mammillaria vivipara Haworth, Suppl. PI. Succ. 72. 1819.

Mammillaria radiosa Engelmann, Bost. Tourn. Nat. Hist.
6:196. 1850.

Echinocactus radiosus Poselger, Allg. Gartenz. 21:107. 1853.

Echinocactus viviparus Poselger, Allg. Gartenz. 21:107. 1853.

Mammillaria vivipara vera Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:269. 1856.

Mammillaria vivipara radiosa Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:269. 1856.

Mammillaria vivipara radiosa Engelmann, Cact. Mex. Bound.
15. 1859, as subspecies.

Cactus radiosus Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:120. 1894.
Mammillaria hirschtiana Haage, Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 6:-
127. 1896.

Coryphantha radiosa Rydberg, FI. Rocky Mountains 581. 1917.

Coryphantha vivipara

One of a very variable group which ranges from Arizona to Texas
and north to Canada. Each locality produces its own form. Not less
than six distinct varieties have been named. Coryphanta neo-mexicana
is one of these.

140

TEXAS CACTI

NEW MEXICO CORYPHANTHA— Coryphantha neo-mexicana

This species is very closely related to Coryphantha vivipara, and
probably runs into this species. It was first described by Dr.
Engelmann in 1856 and is illustrated in the Mexican Boundary
Survey. Its range of distribution is western Texas, New Mexico
and adjacent parts of Mexico.

The plants are usually solitary, sometimes forming in clusters,
globular to short oblong, the whole body hidden under a mass of
white spines. The radial spines are very numerous and white.
The central spines are several in number, and brownish to black

Coryphantha neo-mexicana

towards the tip. The flowers are large in comparison with the
size of the plant. Like many other cacti it is a variable species.

Description : — -Plants usually solitary, globular to short-oblong,
8 to 12 cm. long, the whole body usually hidden under a mass of
spines; radial spines numerous, acicular, usually white; central
spines several, much stouter than the radials, pale below, brown
or black towards top; flowers 4 to 5 cm. broad when fully ex¬
panded; outer perianth-segments greenish or the ones nearer
center purplish, ciliate; inner perianth-segments broadly linear,
acuminate and apiculate, more or less serrate above; filaments
greenish, much shorter than perianth-segments; stigma-lobes ex-

TEXAS CACTI

141

tending beyond filaments, white, obtuse, not apiculate as in Cory-
phantha vivipara; fruit 2.5 cm. long, green, juicy, naked except
a few hairy scales neat top, capped by withered perianth, depressed
at apex.

Type locality : — Western Texas to New Mexico, doubtless at
El Paso.

Distribution : — Western Texas, New Mexico, and northern
Chihuahua, Mexico.

Synonymy. • — • Mammillaria vivipara radiosa neo-mexicana
Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:269. 1856.

Mammillaria radiosa neo-mexicana Engelmann, Cact. Mex.
Bound. 64. 1859.

Mammillaria radiosa borealis Engelmann, Cact. Mex. Bound.
68. 1859.

Mammillaria radiosa texana Engelmann, Cact. Mex. Bound.
68. 1859.

Cactus radiosus neo-mexicanus Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 3:120. 1894.

Cactus neo-mexicanus Small, FI. Southeast. U. S. 812. 1903.

Mammillaria neo-mexicana A. Nelson in Coulter and Nelson,
Man. Bot. Rocky Mountains 327. 1909.

NIPPLE CACTUS — Coryphantha sulcata

These plants grow singly or in clusters. Individual plants vary
from small rounded masses of spine-tipped nipples, to larger plants
more oblong and cylindric in shape. The nipples are large and
heavy, and grooved all the way on the upper side.

The tubercles are often slightly curved upward. The central
spine is stout, about inch long. The radial spines have the
peculiarity of branching at the top. The flowers are lemon-
yellow and large for the size of the plant. The fruits are green,
smooth, oblong and variable in shape, and remain on the plant
throughout the winter.

In appearance this plant somewhat resembles N eobesseya
similis, but the flowers of N eobesseya similis are greenish-yellow,
and the fruit bright scarlet with black globose seeds. The fruit
of Coryphantha sulcata is green with brown oblong seeds.

This little cactus has a very limited range iin central Texas.
It likes limestone hills and high sandy flats, but will grow in any
well drained soil. It behaves well in cultivation if kept from ex¬
cessive moisture. New plants are formed by “shoots” from the
central plant.

142

TEXAS CACTI

Description : — Cespitose, 8 to 12 cm. in diameter; tubercles
rather large, 10 to 12 mm. long, somewhat flattened, soft; radial
spines acicular, straight, white; central spines several, one some¬
what stouter than the others, porrect or slightly curved outward,
others erect; flowers several, from near center of plant, 5 cm. in
diameter or more, yellow, with a red center; inner perianth-seg¬
ments lanceolate, apiculate; filaments reddish; style greenish
yellow, exserted beyond stamens; stigma-lobes 7 to 10, yellow,
notched at apex, fruit oblong, greenish; seeds oblong, shining,
dark brown.

Coryphantha sulcata — Finger cactus
An example of beauty produced in nature, seemingly under the most
adverse conditions. The plants grow best in poor dry gravel soil. The
flowers are large, yellow, and satiny in texture and new buds open
throughout the summer.

Type locality : — Industry, Texas.

Distribution : — Southern Texas.

Synonymy : — • Mammillaria sulcata Engelmann, Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist. 5:246. 1845.

'Mammillaria strobiliformis Miihlenpfordt, Allg. Gartenz, 16:-
19. 1848. Not Engelmann, 1848.

Mammillaria calcarata Engelmann, Bost. Journ. Not. Hist.
6:195. 1850.

Coryphantha calcarata Lemaire, Cactees 35. 1868.

Cactus calcaratus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1:259. 1891.

TEXAS CACTI

143

Cactus scolymoides sulcatus Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
3:116. 1894.

Mammillaria radians sulcata Schumann, Gesamtb. Kakteen
496. 1898.

Cactus sulcatus Small, FI. Southeast. U. S. 812. 1903.

NEOBESSEYA SIMILIS

N eobesseya similis is similar to Coryphantha sulcata but the
tubercles in mature plants do not seem to be so heavy. In Cory¬
phantha sulcata the tubercles bend upward and the grooves are
deep. In N eobesseya similis the tubercles are straight or nearly
so, and the grooves inconspicuous.

The blossoms are a peculiar yellowish green, one and one-half
inches across, with decidedly long narrow pointed petals. The
stamens are short, yellow, delicate, and concealed in the cup.
The stigma is heavy and green. The fruit is scarlet and contains
black globose seeds. When not eaten by birds and ants, they
remain on the plant all winter.

Description: — Plants sometimes growing in large clumps 1 to
1.5 dm. high by 2 to 3 dm. in diameter, containing 25 individuals
or more; larger plants 6 to 10 cm. in diameter; tubercles deep
green, cylindric, sometimes 2 cm. long, when young the groove
filled with white wool; spines all puberulent; radial spines 12 to
15, spreading, dirty white with brownish tips; central spine solitary
or often wanting, similar to but stouter and longer than the radials;
flowers 5 to 6 cm. long, light yellow, the outer lobes tinged with
brown and green; inner perianth-segments long, narrow, acumin¬
ate; flower-tube definite, covered nearly to its base with short
greenish stamens; style green; stigma-loges 4 to 6, linear; fruit
globular or short-oblong, 10 to 20 mm. in diameter; seeds large,
globose, 2 mm. in diameter.

Type locality : — Near Industry, Texas.

Distribution : — Eastern Texas.

Synonymy: — Mammillaria similis Engelmann, Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist. 5:246. 1845.

Mammillaria similis caespitosa Engelmann, Bost. Journ. Nat.
Hist. 6:200. 1850.

Echinocactus similis Poselger, Allg. Gartenz. 21:107. 1853.

Mammillaria nuttallii caespitosa Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:265. 1856.

Mammillaria missouriensis caespitosa S. Watson Bibl. Index
1:403. 1878.

144

TEXAS CACTI

Cactus missouriensis similis Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
3:111. 1894.

Mammillaria missouriensis similis Schumann, Gesamtb. Kak-
teen 498. 1898.

Cactus similis Small, FI. Southeast. U. S. 812. 1903.

Coryphantha similis Britton and Rose in Britton and Brown,
Illustr. FI. ed. 2. 2:571. 1913.

NEOBESSEYA WISSMANNII

This is a central Texas species which usually goes under the
name of Mammillaria missouriensis and is becoming very scarce.
It is very closely related to the next species and probably runs
into it. A very good colored plate in Vol. 1, Bluhende Kakteen
by Schumann will help to identify it.

The stems are solitary or in masses, forming large mounds of
twenty to thirty heads or even more. The heads are usually
globose, covered with long tapering tubercles. The tubercles
spread out noticeably and are tipped with spine clusters. The
spines are white to gray or cream to yellowish. The flowers are
large for the size of the plant, and vary from orange to yellow.

Description : — Plant solitary, or forming mounds 2 to 3 dm.
in diameter and 1 dm. high with 25 heads or more; areoles elliptic
when young, conspicuously white-woolly, the head usually globose,
tubercles rather large, spreading, somewhat narrowed towards
apex; spines 7 to 14, when young white to brownish, in age gray
with yellow swollen base, acicular, 1.5 to 2 cm. long, sometimes
all radial and spreading, rarely 1 or 2 centrals and these porrect;
flowers large, 4 to 5 cm. long, dark yellow; scales on flower-tube
strongly nerved; margin of perianth-segments naked; inner seg¬
ments abruptly long-apiculate; fruit globose, 8 mm. in diameter.

Type locality: — Not cited, presumably Texas.

Distribution : — Central Texas.

Synonymy: — * Neobesseya wissmannii (Hildemann). Britton
and Rose.

Mammillaria simils robustior Engelmann, Bost. Journ. Nat.
Hist. 6:200. 1850.

Mammillaria nuttallii robustior Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:265. 1856.

Mammillaria missouriensis robustior S. Watson, Bibl. Index.
1:403. 1878.

Mammillaria wissmannii Hildmann in Schumann, Gesamtb.
Kakteen 498. 1898.

Cactus robustior Small, FI. Southeast. U. S. 812. 1903.

TEXAS CACTI

145

NEOBESSEYA MISSOURIENSIS

The new genus N eobesseya consists of four species. All are
native to the United States, three being native to Texas. They
were formerly treated as M ammillarias and were taken out of
that genus by Britton and Rose. They are nearest the genus Cory-
phantha, but differ from that genus in the fruit and seed. The
genus is named in honor of Dr. Charles Edwin Bessey, an eminent
botanical teacher and professor in the University of Nebraska.

NEOBESSEYA MISSOURIENSIS

The stems are simple, or in masses that sometimes form a foot
or more across. The cactus is becoming very scarce and probably
will soon become extinct. It is a very interesting genus and is much
sought for by cactus students and fanciers.

N eobesseya missouriensis has its type localty in Missouri as
the species name would indicate. Britton and Rose make the
following remarks in “The Cactaceae,” Vol. IV.

‘This little cactus has a wide distribution on the Great Plains;
both its conspicuous yellow flowers and its round red fruits are
very attractive.’

146

TEXAS CACTI

It is not generally known in Texas, being confined to the
northern part of the State.

Description : — Plants solitary or cespitose, globose, 2.5 to 5
cm. in diameter; tubercles more or less spiraled, 10 to 15 mm.
long; spines 10 to 20, acicular, gray, pubescent, all radial or some¬
times 1 central; flowers greenish yellow; outer perianth-segments
narrowly oblong, gradually tapering to an acute apex, ciliate;
inner segments linear-lanceolate, attenuate; fruit globose, scarlet,
about 1 cm. in diameter; seeds 1 mm. in diaeter.

Type locality : — On the high hills of the Missouri, probably
to the mountains.

Distribution : — North Dakota to Montana, Colorado to Kansas
Oklahoma, and northern Texas.

Synonymy : — Neobesseya missouriensis (Sweet) Britton and
Rose. Cact. 4:53. 1923.

Cactus mammillaris Nuttall, Gen. PI. 1:295. 1818. Not Lin¬

naeus, 1753.

Mammillaria missouriensis Sweet, Hort. Brit. 171. 1826.

Mammillaria simplex Torrey and Gray, FI. N. Amer. 1:553.
1840.

Mammillaria nuttallii Engelmann, PI. Fendl. 49. 1849.

Mammillaria nuttallii borealis Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:264. 1856.

Cactus missouriensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 1:259. 1891.

Mammillaria missouriensis nuttallii Schelle, Handb. Kakteenk.

241. 1907.

Coryphantha missouriensis Britton and Rose in Britton and
Brown, Illustr. FI. ed. 2. 2:570. 1913.

ESCOBARIA TUBERCULOSA

Eight species make up the Escobaria group, with about half
the number native to Texas. The genus was named for the
Escobar Brothers, both distinguished Mexican cactus students.
The genus was formerly known as Mammillaria .

The stems are small, globose or cylindric, single or caespitose,
never milky. The roots are always fibrous. The tubercles are
spiny, but the spines are never hooked. The flowers are pink or
yellowish, and appear at the bottom of the groove of the youngest
tubercles (which are at the top of the plant). The flowers appear
early in the spring.

Escobaria tuberculosa is one of the largest species of the genus.

TEXAS CACTI

147

It is native to southwest Texas, New Mexico, and adjacent Mexico.
The stems are single or branched, 3 to 6 inches high, usually
cylindric. The tubercles are spiraled and spiny towards the top
of the plant. The spines are white or grayish, falling from the
older tubercles, and leaving them “necked” toward the base of the
plant. The flowers are pink, about one inch across. The petals
are pointed and in two rows. The stamens and pistil are of a

Escobaria tuberculosa

Easily distinguished from other members of the genus by the delicate
white spines. Older plants lose their spines on the bottom tubercles.

148

TEXAS CACTI

cream color. The blossoms open late in the day (about two
o’clock), and close at sundown.

The plant is easily distinguished from the other members of
this genus by the white and delicate spines. Older plants lose
their spines on the bottom tubercles, thus producing a corky and
woody base.

Description : — Usually growing in clumps, cylindric or becom¬
ing so, 5 to 18 cm. high, 2 to 6 cm. in diameter; tubercles more
or less regularly arranged in spirals, 6 mm. long; radial spines
numerous, white, sometimes as many as 30, acicular, 4 to 15 mm.
long; central spines several, stouter than radials, brown to blackish
or colored only at tips, one of them usually porrect; flowers 2.5
cm. in diameter when fully expanded, light pink; outer perianth-
segments acute, ciliate; inner perianth-segments narrowly pointed;
fruit oblong, up to 20 mm. long, red; seeds pitted, with a small
ventral hilum.

Type locality : — Mountains near El Paso and eastward.

Distribution : — Southwestern Texas, southern New Mexico and
adjacent Mexico. Common throughout the Big Bend District of
Texas. (Sanderson, Marathon, Alpine south to the Rio Grande).

Synonymy : — Mammillaria strobiliformis Scheer in Salm-Dyck,
Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849. 104. 1850. Not Engelmann, 1848.

Echinocactus strobiliformis Poselger, Allg. Gartenz, 21:107.
1853.

Mammillaria tuberculosa Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:268.
1856.

Cactus tuberculosus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 1:261. 1891.

Cactus strobiliformis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1:261. 1891.

Mammillaria strobiliformis pebescens Quehl, Monatsschr. Kak-
teenk. 17:87. 1907.

Mammillaria strobiliformis durispina Quehl, Monatsschr. Kak-
teenk. 17:87. 1907.

Mammillaria strobiliformis rufispina Quehl, Monatsschr. Kak-
. teenk. 17:87. 1907.

Mammillaria strobiliformis caespititia Quehl, Monatsschr, Kak-
teenk. 19:173. 1909.

Escobaria tuberculosa (Engelmann) Britton and Rose, Cact.
4:54. 1923.

ESCOBARIA DASYACANTHA

Escobaria dasyacantha so closely resembles Escobaria tuber¬
culosa in general appearance that it is often mistaken for it. The
seeds are different, and the plant is always globose or nearly so.
The spines on the lower tubercles of the older plants do not usually

TEXAS CACTI

149

fall off; thus avoiding the “necked” appearance of Escobaria
tuberculosa .

It probably runs into the first species and for that reason is
difficult to identify except in its extreme form.

The stems are globose to short oblong. The tubercles are
tipped with about twenty white radial spines, and about eight
(more or less) stout, reddish or brownish, central spines. The
flowers are pinkish or nearly the same color as those in Escobaria
tuberculosa. Mr. William Hess adds: — “The flowers of this
species open in the morning and close about 3 or 4 o’clock in the
afternoon, and are of a deeper rose pink than E. tuberculosa .”

Escobaria dasyacantha is a west Texas species.

Description'. — Globose to short-oblong, usually 4 to 7 cm. in
diameter but sometimes 20 cm. long; radial spines 20 or more,
white, bristle-like; central spines about 9, stouter and longer than
the radials, upper half usually reddish or brownish, often 2 cm.
long; flowers pinkish; perianth-segments narrowly oblong, ciliate,
apiculate; stigma-lobes green; fruit clavate, scarlet, 15 to 20 mm.
long; seeds black, 1 mm. in diameter, slightly flattened, pitted,
with a narrow white subbasal hilum.

Type locality : — El Paso and eastward.

Distribution : — Western Texas, southern New Mexico, and
northern Chihuahua, Mexico.

Synonymy: — Mammillaria dasyacantha Engelmann, Proc.
Amer. Acad. 3:268. 1856.

Cactus dasyacanthus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 1:259. 1891.

Escobaria dasyacantha (Engelmann) Britton and Rose, Cact.
4:55. 1923.

RUNYON’S ESCOBARIA— Escobaria runyonii

Owing to the fact that this little cactus has a wide distribution,
it is strange that it had never been collected until 1921. On the
Texas side of the Rio Grande, it extends from Hidalgo County to
the Devil’s River and probably farther west. In Mexico it extends
as far south as Victoria, Tamps., Mexico.

On first acquaintance it is easily mistaken for Neomammillaria
multiceps, which it resembles in size, color of * spines, flower and
fruit. This similarity explains why it was formerly collected and
sold as the above mentioned Neomammillaria. But it does not
have the fine woolly hairs of Neomammillaria multiceps; instead,
it has brown spines and is more oblong and higher.

150

TEXAS CACTI

The stems are single or cespitose, and vary from one to four
inches in height. They average from a dozen to 100 heads in
each cluster. The stems are erect, the brown central spines
pointing mostly upward. The plant blossoms from the top of the
stem and never from the base of the tubercles as in N eomamillaria
multiceps. The flowers are yellowish. The fruit is bright red
and oblong to club-shaped.

The roots are fibrous and spread in all directions near the

Runyon’s Escobaria

First discovered in 1921 by the author for whom it is named. The
flowers are small and cream-yellow, and the fruits scarlet and oblong.

surface of the earth. The plants bloom very early in the Spring,
beginning about February and finishing in May. They do well
in cultivation.

Mr. .William Hess adds this valuable observation: — “There are
two forms. One has brown colored spines, the other white.”

Description : — Cespitose, with numerous (sometimes 100) glo¬
bose to short-oblong heads, grayish green, 3 to 5 cm. long with
fibrous roots; tubercles 5 mm. long, terete in section with very
narrow groove above; groove at first white -woolly, not glandular;
radial spines numerous, acicular, white, 4 to 5 mm. long; central

TEXAS CACTI

151

spines stouter than radials, 5 to 7, slightly spreading with brown
or black tips, 6 to 8 mm. long; flowers 1.5 cm. long, pale purple;
segments with a dark purple stripe down the middle and pale
margins; outer perianth-segments narrow-oblong, with thin ciliate
margins; innre perianth-segments narrower than outer, with margins
entire, acute; filaments purplish; style very pale; stigma-lobes 6,
green; fruit scarlet, globose to short-oblong, 6 to 9 mm. long,
juicy.

Type locality : — Reynosa, Mexico and Starr County, Texas.

Synonymy : — Escobaria runyonii. Britton and Rose. Cact.
4:55. 1923.

ESCOBARIA SNEEDII

This is a newly described species. The original description
appears in The Cactaceae by Britton and Rose. It is a small,
densely cespitose species indigenous to western Texas.

The stems are jointed or branched, forming masses that spread
out over the ground. It is very rare and to date is reported only
from the Franklin Mountains. The flowers are described by Mrs.
Hugh Slater of El Paso as pink to saffron.

The tubercles are numerous, terete, and hidden beneath the
many spines which cover the plant.

Description : — Densely cespitose, sometimes with as many as
50 joints, creeping or spreading; joints cylindric, up to 6 cm. long,
1 to 2 cm. in diameter; tubercles numerous, hidden under the
many spines, terete, 2 to 3 mm. long, in age naked; groove narrow,
hairy throughout its length; axils of tubercles not setose; spines
20 in a cluster or more, nearly white, or the large ones brown at
tip, longest one 6 mm. long, all usually appressed, but the longer
ones near top, connivent; flowers small, 10 mm. long or less when
dry, the outer segments long-ciliate ; fruit (immature) a little
longer than thick, 5 to 7 cm. long, green (?), at first juicy, naked;
seeds globose, brown, nearly 1 mm. in diameter, pitted.

Type locality : — -Franklin Mountains.

Synonymy: — Escobaria sneedii. Britton and Rose. Cact. 4:-
56. 1923.

NIPPLE CACTUS — Dolichothele sphaerica

This is the famous Mammillaria sphaerica, as known by cactus
collectors, and is one of the most interesting plants in this region.
It has a very wide distribution, ranging from Corpus Christi as
far north or farther than Live Oak County, as far south as Vic¬
toria, Tamps., Mexico, and along the Rio Grande westward to

152

TEXAS CACTI

probably the Devil’s River. Three species make up the genus;
only one is native to Texas. It was originally treated as a Mam-
millaria but differs from that genus by the large sulphur yellow
flowers and the large green fruit.

The stems are low and depressed, single or in large cespitose
masses or clumps. The tubercles are long and tender, green, and
bear spines on the tip of each tubercle. The flowers are very
showy, large for the size of the plant, lemon yellow. They open

Dolichothele sphaerica

One of the most attractive cacti for blossoms. The flowers are large
and sulphur yellow, with the stamens spiralled around the ten-rayed
stigma.

i#

in bright sunlight, and close in the late afternoon. The blossoms
last about three consecutive days. Sometimes as many as twenty-
five flowers on a single cluster open at one time, completely
covering the plant, and giving off a fragrance comparable with a
field of honey daisies. The blossoms appear from May to August.
The roots are very large, fleshy, thick, succulent, and very
much like the root of Ancistrocactus sheerii. The flowers and
fruit are produced at the base of the tubercles as in the Mam-
mill arias.

TEXAS CACTI

153

The fruit is dark green and does not ripen until several months
after the flowers have gone. They are fragrant and juicy.

This cactus does well in cultivation, and will stand cold weather
without injury.

Description : — Low and depressed, often growing in large
cespitose masses 2 dm. in diameter, with a large thickened root;
tubercles soft and turgid, resembling those of the following species
(D. longimamma) but shorter, 12 to 16 mm. long; areoles small,
circular, at first short-lanate; spines 12 to 15, glabrous, generally
pale yellow, a little darker at base at first, in age darker, often
reddish, 7 to 9 mm. long, spreading or a little curved backward;
central spine 1, straight; flowers appearing toward top of plant
but not from axils of younger tubercles, with a rotate limb 6 to 7
cm. broad; inner perianth-segments widely spreading, oblanceolate,
acute to apiculate, tapering at base into a slender claw; stigma-
lobes 8, yellow, narrow; fruit greenish white to purplish, short-
oblong, 10 to 15 mm. long, juicy, very fragrant; seeds black,
flattened, with a straight ventral face, rounded on the back,
pitted; hilum sub ventral.

Type locality : — Near Corpus Christi, Texas.

Distribution : — Southern Texas and northern Mexico, especially
along the Rio Grande from Eagle Pass to the sea.

Synonymy : — Mammillaria sphaerica Dietrich in Poselger, Allg.
Gartenz. 21:94. 1853.

Cactus sphaericus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1:261. 1891.

Mammillaria longimamma sphaerica K. Brandegee, Cycl. Amer.
Hort. Bailey, 2:975. 1900.

Dolichothele sphaerica (Dietrich) Britton and Rose, Cact. 4:-
61. 1923.

HEMISPHERE CACTUS— Pichilinga
Neom am miliaria hemisphaerica

This little plant was first collected near Matamoros, Mexico,
and is very abundant in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. It is at
home in most any kind of soil providing the soil is well drained.

It is very closely related to N eomammillaria heyderi, if it does
not actually run into this species. It is very abundant in certain
localities, but otherwise scattered throughout the entire Valley and
Northern Mexico.

The plants are dark green, one to two inches high, and about
two to five inches in diameter, low, half sphere-shaped, covered
with nipples. The nipples bear spines at the tips.

The flowers are medium in size, about half an inch across,

154

TEXAS CACTI

yellowish to brownish, tinted with red. The plants bloom very
o-arly in the spring, beginning in February and ending about May.
The flowers are single or in crowns around the top of the plant.
The blossoms come at the base of the tubercles. It is very
peculiar in its fruiting. The fruits do not appear for six months
to one year after the flowers. Sometimes the fruits produced by
previous flowers appear with the new flowers, thus giving the

Pin cushion Cactus — N eomammillaria hemisphaerica

Of interest to the observer as the scarlet club-shaped fruits, “Chilitos”
take from six months to a year to develop, thus often appearing with
the next year’s flowers.

impression that the fruit ripens immediately after the flowers have
gone.

The fruits are bright red, showy, club-shaped, and remain on
the plant for two or three weeks. They are called “Chilitos” by
the Mexicans because they resemble a red pepper indigenous to
this region.

The roots are usually taproots, or slightly fibrous, but generally
deep seared.

TEXAS CACTI

155

Description : — Deep-seeted in the soil, hemispheric, 8 to 12 cm.
broad, dark green; tubercles only slightly angled, not very closely
set, 1 to 1.5 cm. long, somewhat pointed, their axils nearly naked
in the dormant stages; spine-areoles woolly when young, becoming
glabrate in age; radial spines 9 to 13, widely spreading, acicular,
the upper ones more delicate, 4 to 8 mm. long, brownish or smoky,
often with black tips; cetnral spine solitary, porrect, brown; flow¬
ers small, cream-colored, 1 to 1.5 cm. long; inner perianth-segments
acute; filaments pinkish; style pinkish; stigma-lobes 6 to 10,
greenish yellow; fruit slender, clavate, red, 1 to 1.5 cm. long.

Type locality: — Below Matamoros on the Rio Grande.

Distribution : — Southeastern Texas and northeastern Mexico.

Synonymy: — Neomammillaria hemisphaerica (Engelmann).
Britton and Rose. Cact. 4:75. 1923.

Mammillaria hemisphaeric Engelmann in Wislizenus, Mem.
Tour. North. Mex. 105. 1848.

Mammillaria heyderi hemisphaerica Engelmann, Proc. Amer.
Acad. 3:263. 1856.

Cactus heyderi hemisphaericus Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat
Herb. 3:97. 1895.

Cactus hemisphaericus Small, FI. Southeast. U. S. 811. 1903.

“BIZNAGA DE CHILILLOS”— Neomammillaria heyderi

Neomammillaria heyderi so closely resembles Neomammillaria
hemisphaerica that only the close observer notes the difference.
Neomammillaria heyderi is the flat growing species, and is more
concave. It seems to pull itself into the soil. It is not easily seen
until one is right on it. In flowers, fruit, and tubercles the two
species are almost alike. The rounded top of Neomammillaria
hemisphaerica and the flat, somewhat concave top of the heyderi
seem to be the easiest mark of distinction.

Neomammillaria heyderi has the same form as Neomammillaria
applanata but differs in having the stout spines of applanata with
a background of white laterals.

Descripion: — Plant globose or somewhat flattened at apex;
tubercles conic, 12 mm. long, when young bearing wool in their
axils; young spine-areoles white-woolly; radial spines 20 to 22,
white, setaceous, the lower ones stouter and longer; central spine
solitary, brown at base and apex, 5 to 7 mm. long; flowers pinkish,
the segments linear-oblong; fruit oblong, red.

Type locality: — Not cited.

Distribution: — Texas and northern Mexico.

156

TEXAS CACTI

Synonymy — Neomammillaria heyderi (Muhlenpfordt). Brit¬
ton and Rose. Cact. 4:75. 1923.

Mammillaria heyderi Muhlenpfordt, Allg. Gartenz. 16:20. 1848.
Cactus heyderi Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1:260. 1891.

Mammillaria buchleimeana Quehl, Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 27:-
97. 1917.

NEOMAMMILLARIA APPLANATA

Neomammillaria applanata is easily grown. Like all of this
new genus, the plants are of the flat cushion-like form. The
flowers are white, striped with pink to mauve. Their chief
beauty is the bright scarlet fruits that come into full color at about
the same time as the flowers. This is due to the fact that the fruit
takes a full year to mature after the flowers form.

N eomammillaria applanata is similar to both Neomammillaria
hemisphaerica and N eomammillaria heyderi but the tubercles are
more spreading and fewer, and the clusters of spines at the top
of each tubercle are stronger and fewer. In number the spines
average six instead of twenty. They also lack the background of
white laterals. The flowers and fruit are about the same in all
species.

All are early blooming species. The flowers may appear as
early as February, but the aveage is early in March.

Description : — ■ Plants, much flattened; tubercles somewhat
angled, their axils naked; radial spines 10 to 18, the radials widely
spreading, lower ones darker brown than upper; central spine one,
porrect, dark brown; young spine-areoles very woolly; flower-
buds pointed, greenish; outer perianth-segments greenish, lanceol¬
ate, acuminate margins not ciliate; inner segments 2.5 cm. long,
cream-colored, lanceolate, acuminate, with a broad green stripe
down the middle; filaments white, shorter than the style; stigma-
lobes green; fruit scarlet, naked, 2.5 cm. to 3.5 cm. long; seeds
brown.

Synonymy : — Neomammillaria applanata (Engelmann). Brit¬
ton and Rose. Cact. 4:76. 1923.

Mammillaria applanata Engelmann in Wislizenus, Mem. Tour.
North. Mex. 105. 1848.

Mammillaria declivis Dietrich, Allg. Gartenz. 18:235. 1850.

Mammillaria texensis Labouret, Monogr. Cact. 89. 1853.

Mammillaria heyderi applanata Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad.
3:263. 1856.

Cactus texensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1:261. 1891.

TEXAS CACTI

157

NEOMAMMILLARIA MEIACANTHA

This species is very closely related to th eNeomammUlaria hey¬
deri group. This difference is best noted in the pyramidal tuber¬
cles, and the short spines and fruit. It is also a west Texas species.

The stems are simple, rarely branched, low, nearly flat across
the top, and depressed in the center. The tubercles are irregular
in shape and usually angled. About seven radial spines and one
central spine tip each tubercle. These are grayish to brownish,

NEOMAMMILLARIA MEIACANTHA

Species similar to the Neomammillaria heyderi group but differing
in the pyramidal tubercles, distinct short spines, and ovoid fruit. A
cactus which prefers to remain hidden until one is right on it.

and about one-fourth to three-eighths inches long. The flowers
are cream to whitish with a darker stripe on the petals, and about
three-fourths of an inch across. The stamens are yellow, and the
style light green. The fruit is ovoid, and red when mature.

Mr. William Hess gives the following note: — “We might call
this the giant form of N. heyderi as to growth, tubercles and fruit
except that the color of the fruit of meiacantha is a rose red, while
the other three species are a brick red.”

Description : — Somewhat depressed, 12 cm. broad or more;
tubercles milky, bluish green, more or less angled, somewhat flat-

158

TEXAS CACTI

tened dorsally, their axils naked; spines 5 to 9, ascending, pale
flesh-colored, the tips darker, the lower a little stouter than the
upper; central spines porrect, similar to but a little stouter than
radials and often subradial; spine-areoles short-woolly at first;
flowers not very abundant, at least on cultivated plants; inner
perianth-segments white with a pink sripe along inside of midrib,
one-fourth its width, greenish brown on outside; filaments white;
style pink; stigma-lobes yellow; fruit scarlet, 22 mm. long; seeds
brownish.

Type locality : — Western Texas and New Mexico.

Distribution : — Texas, New Mexico, and northern Mexico.

Synonymy : — Neomammillaria meiacantha (Engelmann). Brit¬
ton and Rose. Cact. 4:84. 1923.

Mammillaria meiacantha Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3
263. 1856.

Cactus meiacanthus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1:260. 1891.

HAIR-COVERED CACTUS — Neomammillaria multiceps

This is the well known Mammillaria pusilla or Mammillaria
texensis of the Cactus Collector. It prefers mesquite thickets for
its home. It is never abundant, but has a wide range of distri¬
bution in southern Texas and northeastern Mexico.

The plants are low, single or in dense clumps often producing
numerous heads. Individual heads are very small, one-half, to
one inch across, sometimes a little larger. These often “hump up”
into irregular masses. They usually grow so low that they are
seen only by accident. They are commonly found in crevices of
rocks. Britton and Rose state that they are very plentiful, with
a rather wide distribuion, and seem to prefer mesquite thickets
where the soil is very rich.

There are two distinct varieties. The most common has brown
spines. The other has gray or nearly white spines. The flowers
and fruit of the two varieties are very much alike. The cactus
appears woolly all over due to the abundance of small fine hairs
underneath the spines.

The flowers are medium in size (for this genus), being about
one-half inch across, and yellowish. They open in bright sunlight
about noon, and close late in the afternoon. The blossoms last
two or three consecutive days. The plant blooms in early spring,
usually during February, March, and April. The fruit appears

TEXAS CACTI

159

in late summer. The fruits are red, oblong, or club-shaped. The
roots are small taproots, or fibrous.

This cactus does well in cultivation if kept from excessive
moisture.

Description : — Cespitose, often forming large clumps; separate
plants globose to short-oblong, often only 1 to 2 cm. in diameter;
tubercles small, terete, hairy in their axils; radial spines hair-like,
white; central spines several, pubescent, yellowish at base, dark
brown above; flowers about 12 mm. long, whitish to yellowish
salmon, often becoming reddish on outside; fruit oblong, 8 to 12
mm. long, scarlet; seeds black, 1 mm. long, punctate.

Type locality:- — -Not cited.

Distribution:— Texas and northeastern Mexico.

Synonymy: — Neomammillaria multiceps (Salm-Dyck). Brit¬
ton and Rose. Cact. 4:125. 1923.

Mammillaria multiceps Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849.

81. 1850.

Mammillaria multiceps elongata Meinshauspn, Wochenschr.

Gartn. Pflanz. 1:27. 1858.

Mammillaria multiceps grisea Meinshausen, Wochenschr.

Gartn. Pflanz. 1:27. 1858.

Mammillaria multiceps humilis Meinshausen, Wochenschr, Gartn.
Pflanz. 1:27. 1858.

Mammillaria multiceps perpusilla Meinshausen, Wochenschr.

Gartn. Pflanz. 1:27. 1858.

Mammillaria pusilla texana Engelmann, Cact. Mex. Bound.
5. 1859.

Mammillaria texana Poselger in Young, FI. Texas. 279. 1873.

Cactus multiceps Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1:260. 1891.

Cactus stellatus texanus Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:-
108. 1894.

Cactus texanus Small, FI. Southeast. U. S. 812. 1903.

NEOMAMMILLARIA LASIACANTHA

This is a western Texas species with a range of distribution
throughout southwest Texas, New Mexico, and adjacent parts of
Mexico.

The plant is very small and covered with small tubercles, each
tipped with forty to sixty white spines. This abundance of spines
completely covers the plant and gives it a snowy white appearance.

The flowers are small, whitish or pinkish, usually opening near
the middle of March. The blossoms open about 10 in the morn-

160

TEXAS CACTI

ing and close in the early afternoon. Being very sensitive to
darkness, they often start to close when a large dark cloud covers
the sun’s disk.

This cactus is very closely related to the next species. In fact
the two may not be distinct species. The spines in this species
are hairy as the name signifies.

Description: — Globose, 2 to 2.5 cm. in diameter; tubercles
small, their axils naked; spines 40 to 60, in more than one series,
white, puberulent, 2 to 4 mm. long; flowers 12 mm. long, whitish
or pink; fruit 1 to 2 cm. long; seeds blackish, pitted.

Type locality: — On the Pecos in western Texas.

Distribution: — Western Texas and northern Chihuahua, Mex.

Synonymy: — Neomammillaria lasiacantha (Engelmann) Britton
and Rose. Cact. 4:128. 1923.

Mammillaria lasiacantha Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:261.
1856.

Mammillaria lasiacantha minor Engelmann, Cact. Mex. Bound.
5. 1859.

Cactus lasiacanthus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1:259. 1891.

NEOMAMMILLARIA DENUDATA

This species is very closely related to Neomammillaria lasia¬
cantha. The resemblance is so strong that Neomammillaria denu-
data is often mistaken for it. Neomammillaria denudata is a very

small, white spined cactus, with western Texas and adjacent

Mexico as its range of distribution.

The stems are single or in clusters. The tubercles are small
and completely covered with the spines they bear. The spine
clusters sometimes equal eighty in number. The flowers open
about March 15. Like most other cacti the blossoms open in

bright sunlight and close late in the afternoon for three or more

consecutive days. The flowers are one-half inch across, cream
colored, with a brownish stripe on the inside of the perianth-seg¬
ments. The stamens are yellow, the style greenish.

It is a very attractive and peculiar species in that it produces
its flowers from near the center of the top of the stem and not
from the new growth of the tubercles.

Mr. William Hess makes this comparison with the foregoing
species: — -“This is a larger form of N . lasiacantha as to flower
and size. The spines are almost hairless.”

TEXAS CACTI

161

Description: — Globose, 2.5 to 3.5 cm. in diameter; tubercles
5 to 6 mm. long; spines 50 to 80, glabrous or nearly so, 3 to 5
mm. long, the innermost usually much shorter; flowers and fruit
from near the center but not from the axils of young tubercles;
flowers 10 to 12 mm. long; perianth-segments few, about 12, oblong,
obtuse, the margins white, the center light purple; stamens white;
style and stigma-lobes green; fruit clavate, red, 1.5 to 2 cm. long;
seeds black with basal hilum.

Type locality: — Western Texas.

Distribution: — Western Texas and northern Coahuila, Mexico.

Neomammillaria denudata

A pigmy among cacti, being only one to two inches in diameter.
The flowers are large for its size, white with light purple centers and
white stamens. The brilliant red fruits are equally attractive.

Synonymy: — Neomammillaria denudata (Engelmann) Britton
and Rose. Cact. 4:129. 1923.

Mammillaria lasiacantha denudata Engelmann, Cact. Mex.
Bound. 5. 1859.

Cactus lasiacanthus denudatus Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
3:100. 1894.

Mammillaria lasiandra denudata Quehl, Monatsschr. Kakteenk.
19:79. 1909.

NEOMAMMILLARIA POTTSII

N eomammillaria pottsii is usually known as Mammillaria leona
in cactus collections. It is a cylindric form extending into the Big

162

TEXAS CACTI

Bend Country from Mexico. The stems are single or cespitose.
The individual plants are cylindric, and covered with whitish or
grayish spines that almost hide the tubercles. The radials are
about thirty in number and rather weak. The centrals vary from
six to a dozen, and are strong, straight or nearly so. The flowers
are small, purple, and borne in a circle just below the top of the
plant. It is a very attractive plant and fairly abundant throughout
its range.

Description : — -More or less cespitose, the individual plants
cylindric, 12 cm. long or more; tubercles almost hidden by the
spines; radial spines about 30, white, weak, short; central spines
6 to 12, much stouter and longer, more or less ascending, grayish
with brown tips; axils of tubercles woolly; flowers borne in a
circle about 2 cm. below top of plant, about 1 cm. long; inner
perianth-segments light purple, somewhat spreading at tip, acute;
stamens pale, much shorter than the style, purplish above; stigma-
lobes narrow; fruit red, clavate; seeds blackish brown, the surface
deeply pitted.

Type locality : — Not cited.

Distribution:— Id. the highlands of the Rio Grande, Texas;
Nuevo Leon and Coahuila to Chihuahua and Zacatecas, Mexico.

Synonymy : — Neomammillaria pottsii (Scheer) Britton and
Rose. Cact. 4:136. 1923.

Mammillaria pottsii Scheer in Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck.
1849. 104. 1850.

Mammillaria leona Poselger, Allg. Gartenz. 21:94. 1853.

Echinocactus pottsianus Poselger, Allg. Gartenz. 21:107. 1853.

Cactus pottsii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1:261. 1891.

NEOMAMMILLARIA WRIGHTII

This is an extremely rare Mammillaria and seems to be on the
verge of extinction. It enters Texas near El Paso and on the
Upper Pecos, from New Mexico. A splendid drawing of this plant
showing the fruit is given in the Mexican Boundary Survey.

The stems are simple, globose or short cylindrical, with an
almost flat top. They are two to three inches high, or slightly
higher when old. The tubercles are rather crowded, flabby, dark
green, tipped with about twenty spines. Each cluster consists of
about sixteen radials and two to four centrals. The radials are
cream or nearly white in color, spreading and interlacing. The
centrals are red or dark red, two or three hooked and one straight,
sometimes all hooked, the hooks turned up or down. The fruit

TEXAS CACTI

163

is ovoid, reddish when ripe, three-fourths inch long, three-eights
inch in diameter. It is rather unusual in shape for the Mammil-
laria group, and stays on all winter.

Description — Depressed-globose, simple; tubercles terete, 10 to
12 mm. long, with naked axils; radial spines 8 to 15, white, spread¬
ing, acicular; central spines 1 to 3, stouter than the radials, brown
to black, 1 or sometimes 2 or 3 hooked at apex; flowers large, 25
mm. long and as broad as long when expanded; outer segments
about 13, triangular-obtuse, fimbriate; inner perianth-segments

bright purple; fruit obovoid, large, 25 mm. long, purple; seeds 15
mm. long, black, with a narrow ventral hilum.

Type locality : — Anton Chico on the Pecos east of Santa Fe,
New Mexico.

Distribution : — Mountains of northeastern New Mexico.

Synonymy : — Neomammillaria wrightii (Engelmann) Britton
and Rose. Cact. 4:152. 1923.

Mammillaria wrightii Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:262.
1856.

Cactus wrightii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1:261. 1891.

Neomammillaria wrighti

A very rare cactus in collections and rare in the open. It was named
in honor of Charles Wright who explored extensively in Texas and Cuba.

164

TEXAS CACTI

Mammillaria grahamii

pitose. The tubercles are small. The radial spines are about
fifteen to thirty in number, spreading, cream-colored, darker or
reddish towards the tip. The central spines are one to three in
number, stout, dark or reddish brown.

The flowers are pinkish to purplish near the top of the plant,
opening in strong sunlight about ten in the morning and closing
in the afternoon for two or three consecutive days.

Description : — 'Globose to cylindric, simple or budding either
at base or near middle, often cespitose, but in small clusters, some¬
times 8 cm. high; tubercles small, corky when old; axils of tuber¬
cles naked; radial spines 15 to 30, spreading, white, sometimes
with dark tips, slender, rigid, glabrous, 6 to 12 mm. long; central

NEOMAMMILLARIA MICROCARPA

This is the well known Mammillaria grahamii among cactus
collectors and fanciers. It has been known so long under that
name that many refuse to call it anything else. It is a hooked-
spine species. Often the hooks hold so fast that the plant is
jerked from its moorings by passing animals.

It has a wide range of distribution throughout the desert region
of west Texas.

The stems are simple or branched, globose, to cylindrical, ces-

TEXAS CACTI

165

spines 1 to 3, dark, when more than one the lower stouter, often
18 mm. long, hooked; flowers from near top of plant, 2 to 2.5 cm.
long, broadly funnel-shaped; outer perianth-segments ovate, ob-

Neomammillaria microcarpa

An attractive species of wide distribution. It is easily distinguished
by the numerous soft white spreading radials and the hooked central
spine. The flowers are pale rose to purplish with paler margins.

tuse, short-ciliate; inner perianth-segments purplish, sometimes
with whitish margins, obovate, acuminate; style longer than sta¬
mens, purplish; stigma-lobes 7 or 8, linear, green; fruit clavate,
2 to 2.5 cm. long, scarlet; seeds black, shining, pitted globose,
0.8 to 1 mm. in diameter.

166

TEXAS CACTI

Echinocereus pentalophus
The flowers are large, pink to purplish, with paler centers.

Type locality :• — -“On the Gila 3,000 to 4,000 feet above the
sea.”

Distribution:- — Southwestern Texas and Chihuahua to Arizona
and Sonora; recorded from southern California and southern Utah.

Synonymy: — Neomammillaria microacrpa (Engelmann) Brit¬
ton and Rose. Cact. 4:155. 1923.

Mammillaria microcarpa Engelmann in Emory, Mil. Reconn.
157. 1848.

Mammillaria grahamii Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:262.
1856.

Cactus grahamii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 1:260. 1891.

Mammillaria grahamii arizonica Quehl. Monatsschr. Kakteenk.
6:44. 1896.

Coryphantha grahamii Rydberg, FI. Rocky Mountains 581.
1917.

TEXAS CACTI

167

Bibliography

1. — Books and Bulletins

Bluhende Kakteen. — 3 Yols. 180 colored plates. By Dr. Max Giirke,
Dr. Karl Schumann, and Dr. F. Vaupel. 1900-1921.

Cactaceae, The. — 4 Vols. Many colored plates. By Britton and Rose.
The latest monograph of Cacti as published by Carnegie Institution
of Washington.

Cacteae in Horto Dyckensi Cultae. — 266 pages. 1849. By Jos. Salm-
Dyck.

Cactaceae of Northeastern and Central Mexico, — together with a Synop¬
sis of the principal Mexican Genera. By William Edward Safford.
1909.

Cacti in New Mexico. — By E. O. Wooten. 1911. Bulletin No. 78, New
Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

Cactus Culture for Amateurs. — By William Watson. London. 135 pages.
First edition 1889, now in fourth edition.

Experiments on the Digestibility of Prickly Pear by Cattle. — By R. F.

Hare. 1908. Bulletin No. 69, New Mexico College of Agriculture
and Mechanic Arts.

Ornamental Cacti, their Culture and Decorative Value. — By Charles
Henry Thompson. 1912. Bureau of Plant Industry Bulletin No. 262.

Peyote. — An Abridged Compilation from the Files of the Bureau of Indian
Affairs. By Dr. Robert E. L. Newberne.

Prickly Pear and other Cacti as a Food for Stocks — By David Griffiths
and R. F. Hare. Bulletin No. 60, New Mexico College of Agriculture
and Mechanic Arts.

The Prickly Pear as a Farm Crop. _ By David Griffiths. Bureau of
Plant Industry, Bulletin No. 124, 1908.

The Thornless Prickly Pear. — By David Griffiths. Farmers Bulletin
No. 483. 1912.

Cacti. — - By David Griffiths and Charles Henry Thompson. Circular
No. 66. U. S. Dept, of Agriculture. Price 25c. 1929 ed.

In Quest of Lost Cacti. — By John K. Small. Joum. of N. Y. Bot.
Garden 21:161-178. Sept. 1920.

The Cacti. — An interesting plant group in the Study of Survival, John
K. Small. Jour, of N. Y. Bot. Garden. 25 : 197-201. 1924.

The Tuna as a Food for Man. — By R. F. Hare and David Griffiths.
Bulletin No. 64, New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic
Arts, 1907.

Behavior under Cultural Conditions, of Species of Cacti known as
Opuntia. — By David Griffiths, 1913. Bulletin of the Department
of Agriculture, No. 31.

168

TEXAS CACTI

Handbuch der Cacteenkunde. — By Carl Friedrich Forster, 1886. 1029

pages with many illustrations. Leipzig.

Monographic de la Famille es Cactees. — 674 pages. By J. Labouret.
Paris, 1853.

Reports of Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad from the Missis¬
sippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Cactaceae. — By George Engelmann
and Dr. John M. Bigelow. Vol. 4, 1853-54.

Mexican Boundary Survey. — Volume 2, Part 1, 1859. Cactaceae by Dr.
George Engelmann.

Preliminary revision of the North American Species of Echinocactus,
Cereus and Opuntia. — By John M. Coulter. Contributions from the
United States National Herbarium, Vol. Ill, No. 7, 1896.

The principal Cactus Insects of the United States. — By \V. D. Hunter,
F. C. Pratt and J. D. Mitchell. Bureau of Entomology, Bulletin
113. 1912.

Les Cactees, Les Plantes grasses autres que les Cactees. — Lemaire (C.)
Paris, 1868.

Gesamtbeschreibung der Kakteen. — By Karl Schumann, reprinted 1296.
Neudamn. This is Schumann’s Monograph of Cactaceae, published
several years ago.

II. — Articles appearing in Magazines.

Notes on California Cacti. — By A. H. Alverson. Cact. Journ. I. 20-21,
1898.

Raising Cacti and Succulent from Seed. — Cact. Journ. I. 18-19. 1898.

Opuntia macrorhiza. — Addisonia : 37. 1926. Pub. by New York Bota¬

nical Gardens.

Hybridizing Cacti and Succulents. — Cact. Journ. 1 : 40-41. 1898.

Cacti in the Vicinity of Field Creek, Texas. — By E. R. Behrens, Cact.
Journ. II: 171. 1899.

Culture of Stapelias — By George H. Bourne. Cact. Journ. 1 : 23-24.
1898.

Twenty Minutes with the Phyllocactus — Cact. Journ. I: 37-38. 1898.

Studies in Cactaceae. — By Britton and J. N. Rose. Contri. U. S. Nat’l.
Herb. 16: 239-242. 1912-16.

The Cacti of Trinidad. — By N. L. Britton. Bulletin Dept. Agric. Trini¬
dad and Tobago 192: 81-87. 1921.

The Genus Epiphyllum and its Allies. — by N. L. Britton and J. N. Rose.
Contri. U. S. Natl. Herb. 16:255-262. 1912-16.

A Preliminary Treatment of the Opuntoideae of North America. —

Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 50, Pt. 4.

Cactaceous Plants. — By Lewis Castle. Horticultural Press, 1884. London.

On the Structure of Epiphyllum truncatum. — By F. J. Chittenden Cact.
Journ. I: 34-36. 1898.

TEXAS CACTI

169

The Protective Devices of Succulents. — By Fred J. Chittenden. Cact.
Journ. 1 : 3-4. 1898.

The Structure of Cereus. — Cact. Journ. 1 : 82-83. 1898.

A Few Remarks on Haworthias. — By Thomas Cooper. Cact. Journ. 1 :
39-40. 1898.

A Few Remarks on Aloes and Gasterias. — Cact. Journ. 1 : 50-51. 1898.

Opuntia vulgaris and rafinesqui. — By J. M. Coulter. Bot. Gaz. 1 : 47.
1876.

My Conception of Opuntia macrorhiza Engelm. — By David Griffiths.
Plant World 19: 141-144. 1916.

Conduction in Cactaceae and some other Desert Plants. — By Ansel F.
Heiemwau, Univ. of Arizona.

Las Cactaceae de los Alrededores de Zapallar. — By Federico Johow. Rev.
Chilena His. Nat. 25: 152-166. 1921.

A Monstrous Opuntia. — By Eleanor M. Lucas. Cact. Journ. II : 2-3.
1899.

Origin and Nature of Mucilage in Cacti and Certain other Plants. —

By Francis E. Lloyd.

Some Morphological Relationships of the Cactaceae. — By C. F. Maxwell.
Transactions of the Texas Academy of Science, Vol. L. No. 3, 1894.

On the Characters of Species in Cacti. — By Thomas Meehan. Bot. Gaz.
11 : 117-118. 1886.

Las Cactaceas de Mendoza. — By Renato Sanzin. Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat.
25: 96-119. 1921.

The Jointed Cactus. — By S. Schonland. Journ. Dept. Agric. Union South
Africa 9: 216-225. 1924.

Gesamtbeschreibung der Kakteen. — By Prof. Dr. Karl Schumann.

Opuntia macrorhiza, Large Rooted Prickly Pear. — Addisonia, Plate 19,
Page 37. Volume 1, 1916.

Nuevas Notas cactologicts. — By Carlow Spegazzini. Anal. Soc. Cien.
Argentina 99: 85-156. 1925.

Die Kakteen in den Steppen des Sudwestliches Nordamerika. — By J. C.

Th. Uphof. Garten welt 28: 36, 107-108. 1924.

How to Treat Imported Cacti. — By F. A. Walton. Cact. Journ. II, 84.
1898.

Stapelia gigantia. — By C. F. Wood. Cact. Journ. 1 : 23. 1898.

Hamatocactus setispinus, Twisted-Rib Cactus. — By J. N. Rose. Addi¬
sonia, Vol. 8, plate 279, page 45. 1923.

Journal of the Cactus and Succulent Society of America. — 1800 Marengo
St., Los Angeles, California. The first number appeared July, 1929.
The best current cactus magazine on the market.

170

TEXAS CACTI

Glossary

ACANTHOCLADOUS — Having spiny branches.

ACUMINATE — Ending in a tapering point.

ABORTION — Imperfect development or non-development of an organ.

ACANTHOPHOROUS— Spine bearing.

ACEROSE — Needle shaped.

ACICULAR— Bristle-shaped or slender needle-shaped.

ACUTE — Terminating in an acute angle.

ANNULATE — Marked with rings.

ANTRORSE — Directed upward or forward.

APICULATE — Ending in a short pointed tip.

APPRESSED — Lying flat against or together for the whole length.

AROELE — Space marked out on a surface as by the reticulation of
veins. Plural — Areolae.

ATTENUATE — Slenderly tapering, or narrow’.

AXIL — The angle formed on the upper side of the attachment of a
leaf with the stem.

BULBOUS — An underground port7' on shaped like an onion bulp.

CADUCOUS — Dropping off very early, as the calyx of a poppy at the
time of expansion.

CAESPITOSE — Near or just above the surface of the ground.

CAMPANULA'TE — Bell-shaped ; elongated cup shaped or shorter, and
broad from the base.

CENTIMETER — The hundredth part of a meter. 2 y2 centimeters are
the same as an inch.

CILIATE — Marginally fringed with hairs.

CLAVATAE — A division of cacti, in which the joints are cylindrical or
club-shaped, and the spines unsheathed.

COMMISSURE — The face by which two carpels cohere.

COMPRESSED— Flattened lengthwise.

CONFLUENT — Blended into one ; passing by degrees the one into the
other.

CYLINDRIC — Having the form of a cylinder.

COTYLEDONS — The seed leaves of the embryo.

CRENATE — Toothed by crenatures; scalloped.

CUSPIDATE — Tipped with a cusp, or sharp and rigid point.

CYLINDROPUNTIA — Cacti with cylindrical or terete joints of the
genus Opuntia.

CYLINDRACEAE — A division of cacti with comparatively stout joints,
and spines sheathed in a scabbard. This includes Opuntia imbricata
and Opuntia leptocaulis.

DECUMBENT — Reclining but with summit ascending.

DEFLEXED — Bent or turning abruptly downward.

DEHISCENT — The mode of opening of a capsule or anther by valves,
slits, or regular lines.

DEPRESSED — Flattened from above, so as to be greater in width
than in height.

DETACHED — Disconnected, unconnected.

DIVERGENT — Inclining away from each other.

DORSAL — Relating to the back.

ELLIPTIC — In the form of an ellipse.

ELON GATED — Lengthened.

EXERTED — Protruding beyond or out of, as the stamens beyond the
corolla.

TEXAS CACTI

171

FOLIACEOUS — Leaf like in texture or appearance, or bearing leaves.

FRUIT — A ripened ovary. Ex. tunas of the prickly year.

FULVI-SPINOSAE — A division of cacti. Bushy or spreading plants,
with brown or partly brown spines and fleshy joints including

Opuntia engelmannia.

GLANDULAR — Bearing glands or having the nature of glands.

GLAUCOUS — Covered or whitened with a bloom, like that on a cab¬
bage leaf.

GLOBOSE — Having or approaching a spherical form. \

GLOBULAR — Globose or nearly so.

GLOCHIDS — Barbs ; bristles with barbed tips.

HEMISPHERIC — Half a sphere; half round as a ball cut in two.

HILUM — The scar or place of attachment of a seed.

HYPOCOTYL — Region of stem below the cotyledons.

JOINT — Section of the stem or branch of an Opuntia.

IMBRICATE — Overlapping like shingles on a roof.

LANCEOLATE — Shaped like a lance or spear head; narrower than
oblong, and tapering to each end, or at least to the apex.

LINEAR — Narrow, several times narrower than wide, and the margins
parallel.

LUNATE — Half-moon shaped ; crescent shaped.

MILLIMETER — One tenth of a centimeter. About one twenty-fifth of
an inch.

MONILIFORM — Necklace shaped ; cylindrical and with contractions at
intervals.

MUCILAGINOUS — Slimy; of the consistence or appearance of mucilage.

MUCRONATE — Tipped with an abrupt, short point.

OBLANCEOLATE — Lanceolate but tapering toward the base more than
toward the apex.

OBOVATE — Ovate with the broader end toward the apex.

OBCONICAL — Conical, but attached at the apex.

OBLIQUE — Unequal sides or slanting.

OBTUSE — Blunt or rounded at the extremity.

ORBICULAR — Said of a flat body with a circular outline.

OVARY — That part of the flower in which the seeds form. The lower
part of the pistil.

OVATE — Of the shape of the longitudinal section of a hen’s egg, the
broader end basal. Having the base broader than the apex. Used
in describing shapes of leaves.

PAPILLAE — Minute, nipple shaped projections.

PAPILLOSE — Bearing or resembling papillae.

PECTINATE — Pinnatifid with narrow and closely set segments, like
comb-teeth.

PERIANTH — The floral envelopes or leaves of the flower consisting
of calyx, corolla, or both.

PORRECT — Standing so one end is always away from the body ;
stretching out, as the spines of certain cacti.

PROCUMBENT — Lying along the ground.

PROLIFEROUS — Bearing progeny, in the way of off shoots.

PROSTRATE — Lying quite flat on the ground.

PUBESCENT — Clothed or furnished with hairs or down, especially
with soft or downy and short hairs.

PUBESCENTES — A division of cacti, with pubescent joints and some¬
times without spines, though usually rich in bristles.

PUNCTATE — Dotted, either with depressions like punctures of trans¬
lucent internal glands, or with colored dots.

PUNGENT — Terminating in a rigid and sharp point or acumipation,
like a prickle.

172

TEXAS CACTI

PYRIFORM — Pear-shaped.

RECURVED — Curved backward or downward.

REFLEXED — Abruptly bent or turned downward or backward.

RETUSE — A round apex with a shallow notch.

RUGOSE — Covered or thrown into wrinkles.

SCABROUS — Rough to the touch.

SERRATE — Beset with antrorse teeth.

SERRULATE — Serrate with very fine teeth.

SETISPINAE — A division of cacti. Low plants with small joints and
fine bristle-like spines, including Opuntia fiiipendula and Opuntia
setispinus.

SHEATH — A tubular or enrolled part or organ; the covering of the
spines in certain cacti.

SOLITARY — Single, only one from the same place.

SPATULATE — Oblong with the low^er end attenuate. Shaped like a
druggist’s spatula.

SPINE — A stiff, thorn-shaped or pointed growth of a plant. A sharp
pointed woody or indurate body, commonly a branch, sometimes a
petiole or stipule.

STIGMA — That part of surface of a pistil which receives the pollen
for the fecundation of the ovules.

SUBULATE— Awl shaped.

STYLE — The usually attenuated portion of a pistil or carpel between
the ovary and stigma.

TERETE — Round in the sense of having a circular tranverse section.

TERMINAL- — Growing at the end.

TOMENTOSE — Densely pubescent with a matted wool.

TRUNCATE — As if cut off at the end.

TUBERCLE — A small tuber or an excrescence.

TUBERCULATE — Beset with knobby projections or excrescences.

TUNAE — A division of cacti. Bushy plants, often with abundant yellow
spines, including the common prickly pear, Opuntia lindheimeri.

TUBEROUS — Shaped like a tuber.

TURGID — Swollen beyond natural size. Inflated.

UMBILICUS— The hilum of a seed.

UNDULATE— Wavy.

VENTRAL — Belonging to the side opposite the dorsal.

TEXAS CACTI

173

Common and Local Names

ALICOCHE — Usually applied to the caespitose types of cacti, particul¬
arly Echinocereus.

BANANA CACTUS — Echinocereus enneacanthus, referring to the banana
shape of the many stems.

BIZNAGA — VIZNAGA — Ferocactus wislizeni and other cacti of this
type. Bisnaga, Bisnegre and Bisagre are corruptions of the Spanish
word Yisnaga and have a very local usage in Texas. It appears
that the illiterate Mexican is unable to distinguish the sound B
from V.

BISNAGA DE CHILILLOS — Neomammillaria heyderi and similar
species.

BISNAGRE— BISAGRE— See Biznaga.

CANDLELABRUM CACTUS — Name applied to Opuntia imbricata and
similar species in reference to the candlelabrum-like whorls of its
many branches.

CARDENCHE — Name applied to Opuntia imbricata in the vicinity of
Durango and Zacatecas, Mexico.

CHAUTE — Ariocarpus fissuratus. Chautle is the common name for
Ariocarpus, the word Chaute wes sent into Washington by collectors,
who could not understand Spanish and in this, way has drifted into
some of the books.

CHAUTLE — Ariocarpus fissuratus. See Chaute.

CHILITOS — Fruit of the Mammillarias, especially those bearing crimson
club-shaped fruits.

CHOLLA — Common name of the cylindric-stemmed, cane-like Opuntias,
particularly Opuntia imbricata.

CLAVELLINA — Opuntia schottii and other low prostrate forms

COB CACTUS — Echinocereus enneacanthus and others with similar
stem structure.

COLA DEL DIABLO — Selinocereus spinulosus.

COW-TONGUE CACTUS — Opuntia linguiformis in reference to the long
tongue like “pads.”

COYONOSTLE — Opuntia imbricata and other similar species. Name
applied to cholla cactus and all other cylindric, cane-like cacti.

COYOTE PRICKLY PEAR — The common cholla cactus, Opuntia im¬
bricata.

DEVIL’S HEAD— Homalocephalus texensis and similar ground species
with strong thorns.

DEVIL’S PIN CUSHION — Common name for Homalacephaius texensis
and many other low growing, strong-spined species.

DEVIL’S ROPE — Name used in Australia for Opuntia imbricata.

DRY WHISKEY — Eophopliora williamsii. Wrongly applied to Ario¬
carpus fissuratus.

DUMPLING CACTUS — Lophophora williamsii.

FINGER CACTUS — Mammillarias having teat-shaped tubercles as Cory-
phantha sulcatus.

FISHHOOK CACTUS — Hamatacactus setispinus and other species hav¬
ing a central hooked spine.

GARAMBULLAS — The word Garambullas is applied to nearly all cur¬
rant-like fruits, whether from Cacti or other plants. In Central
America they call Myrtillocactus geometrizans, Garambullo, but
the word really means the fruit and not the plant. Garambullo is

174

TEXAS CACTI

not applied to Opuntia leptocaulis, but it is possible that the Mex¬
icans call the fruit by that name.

GARAMBULLO — Name applied to the fruits of “Tasajillo,” Opuntia
leptocaulis. See Garambullas.

GOCONOXTIE — Name applied to Opuntia imbricata in certain parts of
Mexico.

HEDGEHOG CACTUS — Hamatocactus setispinus.

HIKULI — Indian name for Lophophora williamsii.

INDIAN FIG — Common name for prickly pear, especially the species
that are cultivated for their fruits.

JOCONOXTLE — A species of Opuntia grown in Mexico. The tunas are
eaten only when cooked.

KAMABA — Indian name for Lophophora williamsii.

LACE CACTUS — Echinocereus reichenbachii in reference to the lace¬
like appearance of the spines.

LENGUA DE YACA — Opuntia linguiformis in reference to the elongated
pads.

LIMAS DE VIZNAGA — Fruit of Echinocereus longihamatus.

LIVING ROCK — Ariocarpus fissuratus.

MANCO CABALLO — Echinocactus texensis, commonly called Devil’s
head.

MELCOCHA— See miel de tuna.

MELON CACTUS — Echinocactus horizonthalonius and others of the
shape described in the term “melon.”

MERRY WIDOWS — Echinocereus reichenbachii in reference to the
flower which resembles one of the large spreading hats at one time
popular in the United States.

MESCAL BUTTON — Lophophora williamsii.

MIEL DE TUNA — A thick syrup made by boiling tuna.

MISSION PEAR— All edible tunas.

NIGGERHEAD — Echinocactus horizonthalonius and many of the “he¬
misphere” Mammillarias.

NIGHT BLOOMING CEREUS— Penicereus greggii.

NIPPLE CACTUS — All Mammillarias having nipple of teat-shaped
tubercles.

NOPAL — Mexican name applied to all flat- jointed species of Opuntia.

NOPAL CEGADOR — Opuntia rufida. Nopal cegador is applied to all
kinds of Opuntia that bear glochids instead of spines. The tiny
spines or glochids are said to blind cattle, horses, etc.

NOPALITOS — Strips of the young and tender mucilaginous pads of
prickly pear, which are cooked like string beans by the Mexicans.
The tender stems of the Opuntias are eaten by the Mexican people
during Lent, as vegetables at this season are very scarce.

OCHOTERENA— Opuntia rufida.

ORGANO — Organo is applied to Acanthocereus pentagonus in Southern
Texas, but in Mexico it is applied to Pachycereus marginatus.

PANCAKE CACTUS — Referring to any of the flat round Mammillarias.

PEAR — Any Opuntia. An abbreviation for prickly pear.

Pencas — Mexican term used for prickly pear “pads” which are eaten
extensively by cattle in arid regions.

PEST PEAR — Term used for any Opuntia which is a nuisance to land.
In Australia the two common pest pears are Opuntia inervis and
Opuntia stricta.

PEYOTE — Lophophora williamsii.

PEYOTE CIMARRONS — Ariocarpus fissuratus.

PETAYA — Fruit from species of Cereus and Echinocereus, particularly

Echinocereus enneacanthus.

TEXAS CACTI

175

PICHILINGA — The common name of Neomammillaria hemisphaerica and
allied species throughout southern Texas. The plant is very well
known by the Mexicans under that name.

PIOTE BEAN— See Peyote.

PITAHAYA, or PITAJAYA — Name given any species of Cereus through¬
out Mexico. A word of Carib and Haytian origin, early brought
to Mexico by the Spanish Conquistadores. Applied more generally
to the fruits of climbing and tree-like forms of cacti.

PITAHITA — Diminutive of Pitahaya.

PITAYA — Modified form or Pitahaya. More generally applied to the
edible fruits and plants of low growing cacti.

PRICKLY PEAR — Applied to flat-jointed species of Opuntia.

SACASIL — Wilcoxia poselgeri.

STRAWBERRY CACTUS — Echinocereus enneacanthus.

TASAJILLO — Term applied to the common finger cactus, Opuntia lep-
tocaulis.

TASAJO — Term used in Chihuahua for Opuntia leptocaulis and other
large stemmed species.

TEAT CACTUS — All Mammillarias with teat-shaped tubercles, Cory-
phantha sulcata, Neomammillaria hemisphaerica and others.

TUNA — The larger edible fruits of the prickly pear, particularly of the
species Opuntia ficus-indica.

TUNA JUELL — Applied to Opuntia imbricata in certain parts of New
Mexico and Texas.

TUNA PASADAS — Dried tuna fruits.

TUNAS SECAS— Dried tunas.

TWISTED-RIB CACTUS — Hamatocactus setispinus, in reference to the
spiral ribs.

VELAS DE COYOTE — Term used in Mexico in reference to Opuntia
arborescens and Opuntia imbricata.

VISNAGA — Term applied to Echinocereus wislizeni, the common barrel
cactus, and occasionally to the Devil’s head, Homaloeephalis
texensis.

WOKOWI — Name used in certain parts of Mexico for Lophophora
williamsii.

176

TEXAS CACTI

INDEX

Page

Acanthocereus pentagonus _ 71

Alicoche _ J _ 84, 88, 89, 173

Ancistrocactus breviliamatus _ 128

Ancistrocactus scheeri _ 126

Anhalonium engelmannii - 104

Anhalonium fissuratum _ 104

Anhalonium lewisii - - - 107

Anhalonium williamsii _ 7-107

Ariocarpus fissuratus .. _ 102

Ariocarpus lloydii _ - 104

Banana cactus _ 173

Barrel cactus _ 111

Biznaga _ 111, 173

Biznaga de chilillos _ 155, 173

Biznagre _ _ 122, 173

Blind Pear _ 37

Button cactus _ 107

Cactus bleo _ 34

Cactus calcaratus _ ...142

Cactus cylindricus _ 34

Cactus dasyacanthus _ 148

Cactus ferox _ 67

Cactus fragilis _ r - 64

Cactus grahamii _ 166

Cactus hemisphaericus _ 155

Cactus heteromorphus - 133

Cactus heyderi _ 156

Cactus heyderi hemisphaericus 155

Cactus lasiacanthus ... _ 160

Cactus lasiacanthus denudatus .161

Cactus macromeris _ 133

Cactus mammillaris .— M _ 146

Cactus meiacanthus _ _ — 158

Cactus micromeris _ 109

Cactus micromeris greggii - 109

Cactus missouriensis _ 146

Cactus missouriensis similis _ 144

Cactus multiceps _ 159

Cactus neo-mexicanus _ 141

Cactus opuntia inermis _ 56

Cactus pectinatus _ 137

Cactus pentagonus _ 73

Cactus pitajaya _ 73

Cactus pottsii . _ 162

Cactus prisinaticus _ 73

Cactus radiosus _ _ _ 139

Cactus radiosus neo-mexicanus 141

Cactus robustior _ 144

Cactus scheeri _ 136

Cactus scolymoides sulcatus _ 143

Cactus similis _ _ 144

Cactus sphaericus _ 153

Cactus steilatus texanus _ _ — 159

Cactus strictus _ 56

Cactus strobiliformis _ .... 148

Page

Cactus sulcatus _ 143

Cactus texanus _ 1..159

Cactus texensis _ 156

Cactus tuberculosus _ 148

Cactus undulosus _ 73

Cactus viviparus _ 139

Cactus wrightii _ 163

Candlelabrum cactus _ 173

Candy cactus _ 124

Cane cactus _ 32

Cardenche _ 33, 173

Cereus acutangulus _ 73

Cereus baxaniensis _ 73

Cereus berlandieri _ 87

Cereus blanckii _ 87

Cereus bottsii _ 71

Cereus caespitosus _ 94

Cereus caespitosus castaneus _ 94

Cereus caespitosus major _ 95

Cereus caespitosus minor _ 95

Cereus chloranthus _ 79

Cereus cognatus _ | _ 73

Cereus conoideus _ 77

Cereus ctenoides _ 84

Cereus dasyacanthus _ 83

Cereus dasyacanthus minor _ 96

Cereus dasyacanthus neo-

mexicanus _ 83

Cereus dubius _ r _ 100

Cereus dussii _ 73

Cereus enneacanthus _ 99

Cereus fendleri _ 97

Cereus fendleri pauperculus _ 97

Cereus gonacanthus ... _ 75

Cereus greggii _ 71

Cereus greggii roseiflorus _ 71

Cereus greggii transmontanus— 70

Cereus hexaedrus _ 75

Cereus imbricatus _ 34

Cereus leonensis _ 87

Cereus nitidus _ 73

Cereus papillosus _ 86

Cereus paucispinus ..... _ 75

Cereus pectinatus centralis _ 121

Cereus pentagonus _ _ 73

Cereus pentalophus _ 91

Cereus pentalophus leptacantus 91

Cereus pentalophus radicans _ 91

Cereus pentalophus simplex _ 91

Cereus pentalophus

subarticulatus _ 91

Cereus pitajaya _ 73

Cereus poselgeri _ 70

Cereus poselgerianus - _ 87

Cereus princeps _ 73

Cereus prismaticus _ 73

TEXAS CACTI

177

Page

Cereus procumbens - 91

Oereus propinquus - 91

Cereus ramosus - 73

Cereus reichenbachianns - 94

Cereus roetteri - 96

Cereus sirul _ 73

Cereus stramineus - 102

Cereus triglochidiatus - . - 75

Cereus tuberosus - 70

Cereus undulosus _ 73

Cereus variabilis - 73

Cereus vasmeri ... - 73

Cereus viridiflorus - 81

Cereus viridiflorus cylindricus- 81

Cereus viriflorus tubulosus - 81

Chaparral cactus - 70

Chaute _ 102, 173

Chautle - 102, 173

Chilitos - 173

Cholla _ 31, 32, 173

Claret cup cactus - 74

Classen’s cactus - 92

Clavellina _ 35, 173

Cob cactus - : - 173

Cola del diablo _ 173

Coryphantha calcarata - 142

Coryphantha echinus - 137

Coryphantha grahamii __ - 166

Coryphantha macromeris - 131

Coryphantha missouriensis - 146

Coryphantha muehlenpfordtii — 135

Coryphantha neo-mexicana - 140

Coryphantha pectinata - 136

Coryphantha radiosa - 139

Coryphantha runyonii - 133

Coryphantha scheeri - 136

Coryphantha similis .. . 144

Coryphantha sulcata _ 141

Coryphantha vivipara - . - 138

Cow-tongue cactus _ 56, 173

Coyonostle _ 33, 173

Coyote prickly pear - 33, 173

Dahlia cactus _ 68

Deerhorn cactus - 70

Devil cactus _ — — 35

Devil’s . head-— . . . — 122, 173

Devil’s pin-cushion - - 124, 173

Devil’s rope _ _ — .. - 33, 173

Dolichothele sphaerica - 151

Dry whisky - r - - - 104, 173

Dumpling cactus _ 173

Echinocactus ancylacanthus - 118

Echinocactus arizonicus - 115

Echinocactus bicolor _ 130

Echinocactus bicolor bolansis— 131

Echinocactus bicolor sqhottii - 131

Echinocactus bicolor tricolor - 131

Echinocactus bolansis _ 131

Page

Echinocactus breviliamatus _ 129

Echinocactus ellipticus _ 130

Echinocactus emoryi _ 111

Echinocactus equitans _ 124

Echinocactus falconeri J _ —115

Echinocactus flavispinus _ 117

Echinocactus flexispinus — _ 117

Echinocactus hamatacanthus _ 117

Echinocactus hamatacanthus

brevispinus _ : _ 144

Echinocactus hamatacanthus

longihamatus _ 117

Echinocactus haematoch-

roanthus _ _ _ 1.117

Echinocactus hamatus _ 111

Echinocactus hamulosus _ 111

Echinocactus heteromorphus _ 133

Echinocactus horizonthalonius .122
Echinocactus horizonthalonius

centrispinus _ 124

Echinocactus horizonthalonius

curvispinus : _ _ 124

Echinocactus horizonthalonius

obscurispinus _ 124

Echinocactus intertextus _ 121

Echinocactus intertextus

dasyacanthus . . .122

Echinocactus laticostatus _ 124

Echinocactus lewinii _ 107

Echinocactus lindheimeri _ 126

Echinocactus longihamatus _ 117

Echinocactus longihamatus

brevispinus _ 117

Echinocactus longihamatus

crassispinus _ 117

Echinocactus longihamatus

gracilispinus - 117

Echinocactus longihamatus

hamatacanthus _ ... _ 117

Echinocactus longihamatus

sinuatus _ 117

Echinocactus macromeris : _ 133

Echinocactus muehlenp¬
fordtii _ IS _ 111, 136

Echinocactus nodosus - 111

Echinocactus parryi _ 124

Eclr nocactus platycephalus - 126

Echinocactus pottsianus _ 162

Echinocactus radiosus _ 139

Echinocactus reichenbachii .... - 93

Echinocactus rhodophthalmus— 130
Echinocactus rhodophthalmus

ellipticus - 130

Echinocactus scheeri _ 128

Echinocactus scheeri

brevihamatus — _ 129

Echinocactus schottii .. — I - . — 131

Echinocactus setispinus ... - 111

Echinocactus setispinus

cachetianus - H-Hl

178

TEXAS CACTI

Page

Echinocaetus setispinus

hamatus _ 111

Echinocaetus setispinus

longihamatus _ 117

Echinocaetus setispinus

mierensis _ 111

Echinocaetus setispinus

niuehlenpfordtii _ L _ _ 111

Echinocaetus setispinus

orcuttii _ I _ 111

Echinocaetus setispinus

ro'bustus _ 117

Echinocaetus setispinus

setaceus _ 111

Echinocaetus setispinus

sinuatus . . 117

Echinocaetus similis _ 143

Echinoccatus sinuatus _ 117

Echinocaetus strobiliformis _ 148

Echinocaetus texensis _ _ 126

Echinocaetus texensis

gourgensii _ 126

Echinocaetus texensis

longispinus _ 126

Echinocaetus treculianus _ 117

Echinocaetus uncmatus _ 118

Echinocaetus uncinatus

wrightii _ 118

Echinocaetus viridiflorus _ 81

Echinocaetus viviparus _ 139

Echinocaetus williamsii _ 107

Echinocaetus wislizeni _ 114

Echinocaetus wislizeni

albispinus _ 115

Echinocaetus wislizeni

decipiens _ _ 114

Echinocaetus wrightii _ 118

Echinocereus berlandieri _ 87, 88

Eclrnocereus blanckii _ 86

Echinocereus caespitosus _ 94

Echinocereus caespitosus

castaneus _ 95

Echinocereus caespitosus

major _ .... J . . . :... . 95

Echinocereus carnosus _ !.„ 99

Echinocereus central5 s - ...121

Echinocereus chloranthus _ 79

Echinocereus conoideus _ ... 76

Echinocereus ctenoides _ 84

Echinocereus dasyacanthus _ 81

Echinocereus dub ‘ms _ 100

Echinocereus emoryi ..... _ .....115

Echinocereus enneacanthus _ 97

Echinocereus enneacanthus

carnosus __ °9

Echinocereus Fendleri _ 96

Echinocereus fitchii 9r>

Echinocereus gonacanthus ... _ 75

Eclrnocereus hexaedrus _ 76

Echinocereus kunzei _ 96

Page

Echinocereus leonensis _ 87

Echinocereus leptacanthus _ 91

Echinocereus llyodii _ 99

Echinocereus octacanthus _ 76

Echinocereus papillosus _ 86

Echinocereus paucispinus _ 75

Echinocereus paucispinus

gonacanthus _ ... 76

Echinocereus paucispinus

hexaedrus ^ _ _ _ J. . . 76

Echinocereus paucispinus

triglochidiatus _ 76

Eclrnocereus pectinatus

caespitosus _ 1 _ ... _ _ _ ..... 95

Eclrnocereus pectinatus

centralis _ ..... _ 121

Echinocereus pentalophus .89, 166

Echinocereus Perbellus _ 91

Echinocereus phoeniceus

conoideus _ 77

Echinocereus poselgeri _ 70

Echinocereus poselgerianus _ 87

Echinocereus reichenbachii _ 92

Echinocereus roetteri _ 95

Echinocereus rosei _ _ . ... 79

Echinocereus rotatus _ 95

Eclrnocereus rubescens _ 84

Echinocereus ruengei _ 86

Echinocereus spinosissimus _ 84

Echinocereus stramineus _ 100

Echinocereus strausianus ... . . .. 81

Echinocereus texensis _ 86, 95

Echinocereus triglochidiatus 74

Echinocereus tuberosus _ 70

Echinocereus viridiflorus _ 80

Eclrnocereus viridiflorus

cylindricus _ 81

Eclrnocereus viridiflorus

tubulosus _ 81

Echinomastus dasyacanthus _ 121

Echinomastus intertextus _ 120

Echinopsis nodosa _ 111

Echinopsis pectinata _ I . 94

Echinopsis pectinata

reichenbachiana _ _ 94

EpitheJantha micromeris _ 107

Escobar i a dasyacantha _ 148

Escobaria runyonii .... _ 149

Escobaria sneedii _ 149

Escobaria tuberculosa _ 146

Ferocactus hamatacanthus _ 115

Ferocactus uncinatus _ 118

Ferocactus wislizeni _ 111

Finger cactus _ 142, 173

Fish-hook cactus .108, 109, 126, 173

Garambullo _ 27, 174

Garambullas _ _ _ _ 1 73

Goconoxtie _ 174

TEXAS CACTI

179

Page

Hair-covered cactus - - - 158

Hamatocactus setispinus 109

Hamatocactus uncinatus - 118

Hedgehog cactus - 108, 109, 174

Hemisphere cactus - 153

Hikuli - 1^

Homaiocephala texensis 124

Indian fig - - — t - - - 1^

J oconoxtle - 1^4

Kamaba - — — - — m

Lace ccatus - 92, 174

Lady finger cactus - 89, 90

Lead pencil cactus - 68

Lengua de vaca - — - 56, 174

Limas de viznaga - - - 174

Lophophora lewinii ... - 107

Lophophora williamsii - 104

Lophophora williamsii lewinii ... 107

Mammillaria applanata - 156

Mamnr'llaria buchleimeana - 156

Mammillaria caespitosa - — - 95

Mammillaria calcarata — - 142

Mammillaria dactylithele - 133

Mammillaria declivis - 156

Mammillaria dasyacantha _ - 148

Mammillaria fissurata - 104

Mammillaria grahamii - 165, 166

Mammillaria grahamii

arizonica _ 166

Mammillaria greggii - 109

Mammillaria hemisphaerica —...155
Mammillaria heteromorpha — -138

Mammillaria heyderi - 156

Mammillaria heyderi

applanata - 156

Mammillaria heyderi

hemisphaerica - 155

Mammillaria hirsehtiana ... — - 139

Mammillaria lasiacantha - 160

Mammillaria lasiacantha

denudata _ 161

Mammillaria lasiacantha

minor - 160

Mammillaria lasmndra

denudata _ ------ 161

Mammillaria leona - — — . 162

Mammillaria lewinii - 107

Mammillaria longimamma

sphaerica _ 153

Mammillaria macromeris - 133

Mammillaria meicantha - 158

Mammillaria microcarpa .... - 166

Mammillaria micromeris — - - 109

Mammillaria micromeris

greggii - ....... ..109

Page

Mammillaria missouriensis _ 146

Mammillaria missouriensis

caespitosa _ _ _ 143

Mammillaria missouriensis

nuttallii _ 1 _ _ _ 146

Mamnr’llaria missouriensis

robustior _ 144

Mammillaria missouriensis

similis _ 1 _ ..._144

Mammillaria multiceps _ 159

Mammillaria multiceps

elongata — _ _ ... _ 159

Mammillaria multiceps

grisea _ 159

Mammillaria multiceps

humilis _ 159

Mammillaria multiceps

perpusilla _ 159

Mammillaria neo-mexicana _ 141

Mammillaria nuttallii _ 143, 146

Mammillaria nuttallii

borealis _ 146

Mammillaria nuttallii

caespitosa _ _ 143

Mammillaria nuttallii

robustior _ 144

Mammillaria pectinata _ ... _ 137

Mammillaria pectinath

crestata _ 137

Mammillaria pottsii _ 162

Mammillaria pusilla texana _ 159

Mamnr’llaria radians sulcata... 143

Mammillaria radiosa . 139

Mammillaria radiosa borealis. .141
Mammillaria radiosa neo-

mexicana _ 141

Mammillaria radiosa texana _ 141

Mammillaria scheeri _ 136

Mamnr’llaria scheeri valida _ 136

Mammillaria similis _ 143

Mammillaria similis caespitosa..l43
Mammillaria similis robustior ... 144

Mammillaria simplex _ _ _ _ 146

Mamnr'llaria sphaerica _ 153

Mammillaria strobiliformis .142, 148
Mammillaria strobiliformis

caespititia . . 148

Mammillaria strobiliformis

durispina _ 148

Mammillaria strobiliformis

pubescens _ - - 148

Mammillaria strobiliformis

rufispina _ 148

Mammillaria sulcata _ T — 142

Mammillaria texana - 159

Mammillaria texensis _ 156

Mammillaria tuberculosa - 148

Mammillaria vivipara - ...139

Mammillaria vivipara

radiosa - ..139

180

TEXAS CACTI

Page

Mammillaria vivipara

radiosa neo-mexicana - 141

Mammillaria vivipara vera - 139

Mammillaria williamsii - 107

Mammillaria wissmannii _ 144

Mammillaria wrightii _ 163

Melcocha _ 174

Melon cactus _ ... - - - 174

Merry widow cactus _ 174

Mescal button - 104, 174

Mezcal button _ 104

Miel de tuna _ 174

Mission pear - 174

N eobessey a missouriensis — . -145

Neobeseya similis _ 143

Neobesseya wissmannii _ 144

Neolioydia texensis _ 131

N eomammillaria applanata _ 156

Neomammillaria denudata _ 160

N eomammillaria hemisphaerica. 153

Neomammillaria heyderi _ 155

Neomammillaria lasiacantha _ 159

Neomammillaria meiacantha — 157

Neomammillaria microcarpa - 166

Neomammillaria muticeps _ 158

Neommamillaria pottsii _ 161

Neomammillaria wrightii _ 162

Nopal - - - 60, 174

Nopal cegador _ 174

Nopalitos - 174

Ochoterena _ 174

Opuntia aciculata _ 59

Opuntia airampo - 56

Opuntia allairei _ 39

Opuntia alta - - - 63

Opuntia anahuacensis _ 63

Opuntia arborescens — _ 34

Opuntia arenaria _ 65

Opuntia arizonica _ 54

Opuntia atrispina _ 49

Opuntia ballii _ 43

Opuntia bentonii ... _ 56

Opuntia blakeana _ 52

Opuntia brachyarthra _ 64

Opuntia cacanapa _ 63

Opuntia caerulescens _ 31

Opuntia camanchica _ 52

Opuntia chihuahuensis _ _ 52

Opuntia Columbiana _ 64

Opuntia confusa . _ — _ 54

Opuntia convexa .„ _ 63

Opuntia cyanella _ I _ 63

Opuntia cyclodes _ 54

Opuntia cymochila _ 41

Opuntia davisii _ 31

Opuntia deltica _ 7 _ 63

Opuntia desipiens _ 34

Page

Opuntia dillei _ 54

Opuntia dulcis _ 62

Opuntia engelmannii _ 52

Opuntia engelmannii cyclodes _ 54

Opuntia engalmannii dulcis _ 63

Opuntia expansa _ 54

Opuntia exuviata _ 34

Opuntia exuviata angustior _ 34

Opuntia exuviata spinosior _ 34

Opuntia exuviata stellata . 34

Opuntia exuviata viridior _ 34

Opuntia ferox _ 67

Opuntia ferruginispina _ 63

Opuntia filipendula _ 45

Opuntia flexospina _ 63

Opuntia fragilis _ 64

Opuntia fragilis brachyarthra— 64

Opuntia fragilis caespitosa _ 64

Opuntia fragilis frutescens _ 29

Opuntia frutescens _ 30

Opuntia frutescens brevispina— 30
Opuntia frutescens longispina— 30

Opuntia fuscoatra _ 42

Opuntia fusiformis _ 40

Opuntia gilvoalba _ 63

Opuntia gomei .... _ 63

Opuntia gracilis _ _ _ _ — 29

Opuntia grahamii _ 36

Opuntia grandiflora _ 39

Opuntia greenei _ 41

Opuntia gregoriana _ — 54

Opuntia griffithsiana _ 63

Opuntia imbricata _ ...32, 32

Opuntia imbricata crassior - 34

Opuntia imbricata ramosior _ 34

Opuntia imbricata tenuior _ 34

Opuntia inermis — _ _ 56

Opuntia kleiniae _ 30

Opuntia laxiflora _ — 63

Opuntia leptocaulis _ 27

Opuntia leptocaulis brevispina — 30
Opuntia leptocaulis longispina.. 30

Opuntia leptocaulis stipata _ 30

Opuntia leptocaulis vaginata — 30

Opuntia lindheimeri _ 60

Opuntia lindheimeri cyclodes — 54

Opuntia lindheimeri dulcis - 62

Opuntia linguiformis _ 55, 56

Opuntia longiclada _ 56

Opuntia macateei _ 42

Opuntia mackensenii _ 45

Opuntia macrocentra _ 47

Opuntia macrorhiza _ 40

Opuntia magna _ 34

Opuntia magnarenensis _ 54

Opuntia media _ 67

Opuntia mesacantha cymochila.. 41
Opuntia mesacantha

grandiflora _ 39

Opuntia mesacantha greenei _ 4]

TEXAS CACTI

181

Page

Opuntia mesacantha

macrorhiza _ _ _ 40

Opuntia mesacantha oplocarpa.. 41

Opuntia microdasys rufida - 39

Opuntia minor — _ 47

Opuntia missouriensis _ 67

Opuntia missouriensis

albispina _ 67, 68

Opuntia missouriensis

microsperma _ 67

Opuntia missouriensis

rufispina _ 67

Opuntia; missouriensis

subinermis _ 68

Opuntia missouriensis

trichophora _ 66

Opuntia nemoralis _ .... _ 37

Opuntia parva _ 56

Opuntia phaeacantha _ 51

Opuntia phaeacantha brunnea — 51

Opuntia phaeacantha major _ 51

Opuntia phaeacantha nigricans- 51

Opuntia polyacantha _ 66

Opuntia polyacantha albispina.. 68
Opuntia polyacantha borealis — 68
Opuntia polyacantha

platycarpa ... _ 68

Opuntia polyacantha

trichophora _ _ 66

Opuntia polyacantha watsonii — 68

Opuntia pottsii _ 44

Opuntia refinesquei

cymochila _ 41

Opuntia refinesquei

montana _ _ 41

Opuntia refinesquei

fusiformis _ _ 40

Opuntia refinesquei

grandiflora _ 39

Opuntia ramulifera _ 29

Opuntia reflexa _ 63

Opuntia rosea . 34

Opuntia roseana - 40

Opuntia rufida _ 37

Opuntia sanguinocula - 41

Opuntia schottii _ 35

Opuntia schweriniana _ 68

Opuntia sinclairii _ 63

Opuntia splendens _ 67

Opuntia spinotecta _ 34

Opuntia squarrosa . 63

Opuntia stricta _ 54

Opuntia strigil _ 43

Opuntia subarmata _ — 63

Opuntia tardospina _ . _ 49

Opuntia tenuispina _ _ 46

Page

Opuntia texana _ I _ 63

Opuntia tortisperma _ 40

Opuntia tortispina _ -JO

Opuntian tourney i _ 52

Opuntia trichophora . . 65

Opuntia tricolor _ 63

Opuntia vaginata _ 30

Opuntia valida _ 54

Opuntia vexaus _ 34

Opuntia virgata _ 30

Opuntia wootonii _ 54

Opuntia wrightii _ 31

Opuntia xanthoglochia . . 40

Opuntia zuniensis ... _ 52

Organo L _ 71, 174

Pancake cactus _ 174

Pear _ 174

Pencas _ 174

Penicereus greggii _ 70

Pest pear _ 174

Petaya - - 174

Peyote _ 104, 174

Peyote cimarrons ... _ _ 174

Pichilinga _ 153, 175

Pin-cushion cactus _ 154

Piote bean _ 175

Pitahaya _ 71, 101, 175

Pitaya _ 74, 79, 80, 81, 97, 175

Prickly pear _ 60, 175

Rainbow cactus _ 79

Root cactus _ 126

Sacasil _ _ _ 68, 175

Slender stem cactus _ _ 27

Strawberry cactus _ 175

Tasajillo _ 27, 175

Tasajo _ 175

Teat cactus _ 175

Thelocactus bicolor _ 129

Tree cactus _ 32

Triangle cactus _ 71

Tuna _ 175

Tuna juell _ 33, 175

Tuna pasados __ _ ... _ 175

Turk’s head _ 115

Twisted-rib cactus _ 109, 175

Yelas de Coyote _ 32, 175

Yiznaga _ 111, 115, 124, 173

Viznagita _ 120

Wilcoxia poselgeri _ 68, 69

Wokowi _ 175

Xoconochtli _ 33

Transactions

of the

TEXAS ACADEMY of SCIENCE

/

1930 TO 1931

TOGETHER WITH THE PROCEEDINGS
FOR THE SAME TIME

VOLUME XV

v/

IhR

Austin, Texas

Published by the Academy
1932

r s- 'y'

i , . M a

. -yr-^-pzi . ... : '

fyi'i & fli***^

Transactions

of the

TEXAS ACADEMY of SCIENCE

v

1930 TO 1931

TOGETHER WITH THE PROCEEDINGS
FOR THE SAME TIME

VOLUME XV

Austin, Texas

Published by the Academy
1932

OFFICERS, 1930-1931

J. K. Strecker,

J. M. Kuehne, ___
F. B. Plummer,
W. J. McConnell,
H. B. Parks, _

_ President

Vice-President, sec. 1
Vice-President, sec. 2
.vice-President, sec. 3
Secretary-Treasurer

CONTENTS

Page

In memoriam, Edgar Everhart and J. A. Udden _ _ _ 4

Picture story of the Aztec peregrinations, by Col. M. L. Crimmins__ 5

Occurrence and mining of sulphur in Texas, by Wm. A.

Cunningham _ 9

Soils of Trans-Pecos Texas and some of their vegetative relations _ 19

Chlorophyll deficiencies induced in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

by radiations, by W. R. Horlacher and D. T. Killough _ 33

Catalogue of Texas Hepaticae, by F. McAllister _ 39

Proceedings of the Texas Academy of Science _ 59

^Irt JHentoriam

EDGAR EVERHART
Chemist

1854-1932

Founder and First President of the Academy

JOHAN AUGUSTUS UDDEN
Geologist

1859-1932

Fellow of the Academy

PICTURE STORY OF THE AZTEC PEREGRINATIONS

By

Colonel M. L. Crimmins
Fort Sam Houston, Texas-

The origin of the Aztecs is of great interest to students
of the prehistoric southwest. Traces of their dialect — the
Uto-Aztecam — are found over a larger area than any other
American tribe. Traces of their dialect have been found
among the Utes as far north as Montana, among the Paiutes
as far west as California, among the Comanches formerly
of Texas, the Aztecs of Mexico, the Hopi, the Pima, and
Papago of Arizona. This is a large, diamond-shaped
area extending about two thousand miles north and south
and one thousand miles east and west. It is not improbable
that the Mimbres of southern New Mexico were related to
the Aztecs a thousand years ago, as much of their pottery
designs are like those of Casas Grandes.

Dr. Edgar L. Hewett, Director of the School of American
Research at Santa Fe, New Mexico believes the Aztecs
started their long peregrination from Aztlan, which he iden¬
tifies as Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, near where General
Pershing had his headquarters during the Punitive Expe¬
dition in 1916 and 1917. It is probable that the Aztecs re¬
mained there from about 960 A. D. to 1064 A. D. when
they started their peregrinations that lasted until they
stopped at the site of the City of Mexico, about 1325 A. D.

There are three primary historical sources telling of
their migration. The Codex Boturini, the Codex Aubin,
and the Mapa de Siguenza. This paper deals with the Mapa
de Siguenza.

When Gemeli Careri, the Italian explorer, was on his
voyage around the world from 1663 to 1699, he stopped at
the City of Mexico and copied this map now in the National
Museum of that City. He published the book i of his travels
in Venice in 1728. His map shows undoubted Italian in¬
fluence. The robes of his Aztecs are more like Roman togas,
his children look like cupids, and his Aztecs have Italian fea¬
tures. That is the map produced by Lord Kingsborough
in Volume IV. of his “Antiquities of Mexico” and by Paul
Radin in his “Sources and Authenticity of History of An¬
cient Americans/”

1 Giro del Mondo, by Gemeli Careri.

6

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

The Rameriz map reproduced herewith as Plate I seems to
be the best. It gives more interesting details about the bat¬
tles and servitude of other people than the Codex Boturini.
The Mapa de Siguenza ended in a definite and important
epoch — the founding of the Aztecs of an independent na¬
tion. It tells of their defeat and how they sought refuge in
a lagoon where they built the City of Mexico — Tenochtitlan.

The following story by Rameriz as given in connection
with the map is herewith translated by J. Haggard— Vil-
lasana, Archives, University of Texas, January 12, 1932.

HISTORICAL HIEROGLYPHIC PAINTING OF THE PILGRIMAGE OF
THE AZTEC TRIBES TO THE VALLEY OF
MEXICO

This valuable hieroglyphic painting is i'ound in the National Mu¬
seum of Mexico. Although it has already been published in many
works, we are here reprinting it, being certain that through it rather
than through any others, an idea may be obtained of the Aztec writing.
Following is its interpretation, according to Sr. D. Jose Fernando Rami¬
rez, curator of the museum.

This painting is an itinerary: it represents the long pilgrimage
that the Aztecs made from Aztlan to the valley of Mexico. The path
is marked by the narrow copper colored belt which winds like a snake
from number 1 to number 48 the journey and direction of the Aztecs
is indicated by the black trail which is seen at intervals along the same
narrow belt; the time spent in the pilgrimage is shown by the bundles
of xiuhmolpillis grass which the reader will see, for example, at the
right of lake number 1, and at the right of figure number 4; the time
of their permanency in each stopping-place is given by the green dots
seen either to the right or to the left of figures as those of numbers
5 and 7; the villages in which the pilgrims tarried are marked by their
respective hieroglyphics. The bundle of grass is the hieroglyphic of the
cycle or period of 52 years; each one of the green dots indicates one
of the years of this cycle.

With this general idea in mind, let us see what each one of the
figures, indicated by numbers, represents.

Numbers 1 and 2. The Aztecs used to state that they had started
from a place surrounded by water, Aztlan by name, because a bird
had appeared to them several times singing from the top of a tree:
Tihui, we are coming [or, let us go, ya vamos .] They had believed that
a superior will had ordered them to leave the island, and they had left
under the orders of Huitriton, Tenocli, Tocpation, and others. Number
1 shows the lake, the island, the tree, and the bird of this wandering
tradition. The bird is singing: so it is stated by the number of tildes
issuing from its mouth. The Aztecs are listening: this is indicated
by the attention with which the men of number 2 watch him. At the
foot of the mountain, number 1, there are two heads: this means that
not all the inhabitants left the island. In the lake, there is a man
stretched out in a boat; this is probably the hieroglyphic of the name
of the place left by the emigrants. The bundle of grass at the right of
the lake signifies that the latter began their pilgrimage at the begin¬
ning of a new cycle. In the same figure, number 2, the Aztecs are seen
already on the road: each chief of tribe has a figure on his head
which is the phonetic hieroglyphic of his respective name.

PICTURE STORY OF AZTEC PEREGRINATIONS

7

Number 3. Here we see a teocalli, or temple, a tree, a phonetic
hieroglyphic, and a xiuhmolpilli or bundle of grass. The hieroglyphic
is without doubt the name of the place in which the Aztecs made their
first stop; the other figures mean that they remained there until the
end of the cycle and that they built a temple.

Number 4. The figures in this number indicate that in the place
named by the hieroglyphic the emigrants counted another cycle.

Number 5. One hieroglyphic says Cincotlan; the dots say that
the Aztecs remained there ten years.

Number 6. Tocolo. Here, according to the bundle seen at the
side, the Aztecs counted another cycle.

Number 7. Octotlan. Here they remained five years, according
to the dots on the right.

Number 8. Mizquiahuala . Here it is stated that they raised a
temple, completed another cycle, and lost one of their chiefs, the one
indicated in number 2 by the letter m, which is that of a corpse in a
shroud, according to the custom in Mexico. Notice that this chief has
the same figure on his head in number 8 and number 2.

Number 9. Nalpan. Here it is stated that they remained fifteen
years.

Number 10.
years.

Number 11.
years.

Number 12.

Number 13.

Number 14.

Number 15.

Number 16.

Number 17.

Number 18.

Tetepanco. Here it is stated they remained five
Oxitlipan. Here it is seen that they remained ten

T etzapotlan. Permanency: 4 years.

Ilhuilcatepec. Again 4 years.

Pqpantla. Two years.

Tzonpanco. Five years.

Apazco . Four years.

Atlicataquian. Two years.

Cuauhtitlan. Here they remained three years, and
one of their chiefs deserted them — the one indicated in number 2 by
the letter k , — and went to found the town of

Number 19, whose identification is unknown.

Number 20. Azcapotzalco. Here they remained 7 years and they
saw the end of another cycle. The different position occupied by the
bundle of grass avid an old tradition both authorize, according to Sr.
Ramirez, the conjecture that here they made a chronological correction.
Number 21. Chaleo. They must not have spent a full year here.

Pantitlan. They did not spend a year here either.
Tolpetlac. Here they remained two years.
Tlecohuatl. They must not have spent even one year

Number 22.
Number 23.
Number 24.
here.

Number 25.
Number 26.

Cuauhtepec . Two years of residence.

Chocomoztoc. Eight years of residence. The seven
dots which are seen above the figure of this number are part of the
hieroglyphic of the town. Seven in Mexican is chicome, cave is oztotl :
hence Chicomoztoc.

Number 27. Huitzquilocan. Residence: three years.

Number 28. The name of this place is not known. Residence:
four years.

Number 29.

Number 30.

Number 31.

Number 32.

Number 33.

Number 34.

Number 35.

Xaltepozauhcan : four years.
Cozcacuauhco: four years.
Techcatitlan : five years.
Azcaxochic : four years.
Tepetlapa: five years.
Hardly one year.

Teozomaco : six years.

8

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Numbers 36, 37, 38, 39, and 40. Chapultepec , Tlatelolco, Colhuacan,
a part of the lake of Mexico, an unknown place, perhaps another part
of the lake. In Chapultepec, where it is stated they spent four years,
the Aztecs lived with great difficulty and were continually at war with
the natives. Broken in the last encounter, they sought safety through
the only point which remained open to them, on the side of Mexico,
which then extended to the foot of the same mountain. Some of the
fugitives went to Tlatelolco (number 37) ; but, overtaken on the shores
of the lake, at a place p wdiose hieroglyphic name is formed by half
body of a deer and half its head, they were defeated, as is expressed
by the human body which is seen mutilated and bloody. Of those who
escaped alive, some were taken prisoners and conveyed to Colhuacan
(number 38) as shown by the two bleeding human figures which are
running along the upper part of the road, and the five heads, also
bloody, which are seen at the left; others were saved in the part of
the lake numbered 39; but the king of Colhuacan succeeded in find¬
ing them and made them his subjects, as is shown by figures /, i, s,
this last one ( s ) is the image of the king, and the others (/ & i) rep¬
resent the subject tribes. They remained there four years and closed
the fifth cycle.

Number 41. It is believed that this hieroglyphic represents the
fact that the Aztecs took refuge in the thickets and swamps in the
interior of the lake, where it is stated they remained six years.

Number 42. Here it seems to be indicated that a human sacrifice
was made, and that there was a battle.

Numbers 43, 44, 45, and 46. Posts in each of which the Aztecs
remained ten years.

Number 47. Mixiuhcan. The group represents a woman who had
just given birth to a child.

Number 48. The Aztecs remained here four years and closed the
seventh cycle.

Number 49. Tenochtitlan, end of the pilgrimage and foundation
of the present City of Mexico. The cactus, the badge of the city, is
seen here; the four wards (divisions) of the city are indicated by the
two blue lines crossing at right angles; the tribes which were left are
indicated by the seven chiefs who are seated in two files.

I hope that the reader has understood that this interpretation can
be considered only as an essay. It is, as may be seen, incomplete, and
we are far from assuming that it is exact in every detail.

PLATE I

l Mexico.

PLATE

Historical hieroglyphic painting of the pilgrimage of the Aztec tribes to the valley of Mexico.

OCCURRENCE AND MINING OF SULFUR IN TEXAS

By

Wm. A. Cunningham

Chemical Engineer,

Austin, Texas.

To most people sulfur is regarded as one of the essential
plant foods or as a yellow powder to be bought at the corner
drug store and to be used occasionally to dust on growing
plants or burned as a disinfectant in a room after sickness.
Few persons indeed know that Texas produces annually
about 2,500,000 tons of sulfur, valued at $45,000,000, and
that this is approximately 85 per cent of the world’s sulfur
production and 98 per cent of the United States sulfur pro¬
duction. Thanks to the Texas Legislature, the entire sulfur
industry has become quite noted, or notorious, whichever
one may choose to call it, within the past two years. Re¬
cently a production tax of $0.75 per ton has been imposed
which will mean a state revenue of almost $2,000,000 per
year, in addition to about half that amount in general prop¬
erty taxes. So there must be quite a sizeable sulfur indus¬
try here in Texas.

So important are sulfur and its derivatives that indus¬
trial leaders and statisticians use the yearly consumption of
sulfuric acid, into which the majority of sulfur is made, as
one of the basic factors in the estimation of the progress
and industrial development of a particular locality or na¬
tion. The feasibility of such a plan is easily seen when the
use of sulfur products in the various industries is under¬
stood. The automobile is dependent upon sulfur for fuel,
oil, rubber tires, all plated parts, paints and enamels, and
numerous other smaller articles. All business must use
paper, the manufacture of which involves the use of sulfur
in some form. Much of the nation’s food and clothing comes
from land enriched with fertilizer having sulfur as one of its
constituents. A goodly percentage of the nation’s freight
and transportation expenditure is for the conveyance of sul¬
fur and its products. Thus, the wide diversity of the uses
of sulfur makes its consumption a most accurate barometer
of the nation’s welfare.

The amount of sulfur in the earth’s crust is estimated
to be about one-tenth of one per cent. It occurs in a variety
of mineral forms, but those of commercial importance are

10

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

the sulfates, the sulfides or pyrites, and the native, or free,
sulfur. A large number of minerals occur in the form of
the sulfate, the most abundant of which is probably the
sulfate of calcium, more commonly known as gypsum.
These minerals are of no importance as a source of sulfur.
A process has been patented by which calcium sulfate can
be used as a raw material for the manufacture of Portland
cement, with a view to reclaiming the sulfur dioxide pro¬
duced in the clinkering process for the manufacture of sul¬
furic acid. This process, however, has never been developed
on a commercial scale.

The sulfide ores were for many years the most impor¬
tant source of sulfur for the manufacture of sulfuric acid.
These ores include the sulfides of lead, zinc, copper, iron,
antimony, arsenic, and selenium, but the copper, lead, zinc,
and iron sulfides are the only ones that have been used as a
source of sulfur. Arsenic, antimony, and selenium are ob¬
jectionable constituents in the ores to be used in the manu¬
facture of sulfuric acid, and even the presence nf lead and
zinc is sometimes undesirable. Probably the greatest
sources of sulfide ores are the extensive deposits of iron
pyrites that occur in Spain. Large deposits of this mineral
occur in the metamorphic rocks of the Pre-Cambrian
extending from New Hampshire to Alabama. Pyrite also
occurs in commercial quantities in Indiana, Illinois, Ohio,
and California, and in the Canadian provinces of Ontario
and Quebec.

Prior to the discovery of native sulfur in the United
States, iron pyrites was exported in large quantities from
Spain to European ports and to the United States for the
manufacture of sulfuric acid. In this process the mineral
is roasted in furnaces at moderate temperatures. The roast¬
ing process converts the ore to the oxide, and the sulfur
passes out of the furnace in the form of sulfur dioxide. This
gas is then collected and used in the manufacture of sulfuric
acid by either the contact or the chamber process. One of
the advantages of this mineral as a source of sulfur lies in
the fact that the residue from the roasting process may
be used as a raw material for the smelting of iron.

Lead and zinc sulfide ores occur in the Appalachian belt
along the Atlantic seaboard, in the Virginia-Tennessee belt,
in the Saucon Valley of Pennsylvania, and in the Upper
Mississippi Valley. Mixed ores of lead and zinc, together
with gold , silver, copper, etc., are prominent in the Cordil-
leron section of western United States. A few of the smel-

OCCURRENCE AND MINING OF SULFUR IN TEXAS

11

ters in these regions are equipped to use the by-product
sulfur dioxide in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, but this
practice is not general. With the discovery of native sulfur
in the Gulf Coastal area of Texas and Louisiana, and the
development of an economic method for mining these de¬
posits, the use of pyrite ores as a source of sulfur has stead¬
ily decreased.

Although free sulfur is of very common occurrence in the
sedimentary rocks of the earth’s crust, it is seldom found
in sufficient concentration to be of commercial importance.
Native sulfur may be formed in several ways. The type
known as solfataric sulfur is often found in fissures of lava
and tuff in the vicinity of active and almost extinct volca¬
noes. Since hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide are known
to be common constituents of volcanic gases, the occurrence
of this type of sulfur can be explained by one of the follow¬
ing equations:

(1) H2S + 2S02 = H2SCh + 2S

(2) 2H2S + 02 = 2H20 + 2S

(3) 3S02 + 2H20 = 2H2S04 + S

Very few deposits of this nature are of commercial im¬
portance, but some have been worked on a small scale in Ja¬
pan. Sulfur of this type has also been found in the crater of
Popocatepetl, in Mexico, and several other such deposits are
said to occur in the volcanic regions of the Chilean and
Argentine Andes.

Native, or free, sulfur is also of common occurrence in
the vicinity of some mineral springs Its formation can be
explained by the incomplete oxidation of the hydrogen sul¬
fide according to equation (2) above, but there is consider¬
able evidence that the sulfur in such vicinities may be due
to bacterial action. Deposits of this type occur throughout
the western States, and a few — -namely, those which occur
at Cove Creek mine, Utah, and at Cody and Thermopolis,
in Wyoming— have been worked on a small scale. Such de¬
posits, however, are of a superficial nature, and play a very
minor part in the world production.

The “gypsum type” of sulfur is of world-wide occur¬
rence, and is so called because of its constant association
with gypsum. Deposits of this nature are obviously in no
way connected with volcanic activity, and their close asso¬
ciation with sedimentary formations has made the explana¬
tion of their mode of occurrence exceedingly difficult. Many
hypotheses have been advanced, but none of them has been

12

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

proved sufficiently to merit universal acceptance. The
most generally accepted of these hypotheses, is that the
sulfur has been produced as a result of the reduction of
gypsum by material of an organic nature. This hypothesis,
however, is based upon certain reactions which are known
to take place at elevated temperatures but which have not
been produced experimentally under the conditions which
are known to have existed in the formations. The Sicilian
deposits of Europe and the sulfur that occurs in the Gulf
Coast area of Louisana and Texas are well known occur¬
rences of the gypsum type of sulfur.

For many years the Sicilian deposit constituted a world
monopoly. These deposits consist of from 25 to 40 per cent
of free sulfur in a matrix of gypsum and calcite, with oc¬
casional occurrences of relatively large masses of pure sul¬
fur. It is mined for the most part in open quarry operations
ranging from 200 to 500 feet in depth. The ore is carried
to the surface by manual labor, and is placed in kilns known
as “calceroni” These kilns usually consist of a shallow pit
about twenty feet in diameter with walls about ten feet
high. The sulfur ore is placed in these kilns in such a man¬
ner as to provide draft holes at several points. Fires are
then started by dropping burning waste or straw down
though these draft-holes. Part of the sulfur in the ore is
burned, and the heat of combustion is sufficient to melt the
sulfur in the remaining ore. The melted sulfur drains to
the bottom of the calceroni, where it is collected and drained
into molds at more or less regular intervals. This method
is very uneconomical, as about 30 per cent of the total sul¬
fur charged into the kiln is burned. No effort is made to
utilize the sulfur dioxide that is produced.

In 1869 sulfur was discovered in Calcasieu Parish, Louisi¬
ana, in a well being drilled for oil. This deposit was in the
geological structure known as a salt dome. In America these
domes occur only in the area known as the Gulf Coastal
Plain. About two hundred such domes have since been
located in this region. Though most of these domes con¬
tain some sulfur, only about seven have been found thus far
to contain a sufficient amount to be of commercial impor¬
tance.

The sulfur that occurs in these domes is of the gypsum
type, similar to that of tjhe Sicilian deposits, the gangue
material being gypsum and a porous type of limestone. The
native sulfur is disseminated through the gangue, with oc¬
casional pockets of massive sulfur occurring in cavities of

OCCURRENCE AND MINING OF SULFUR IN TEXAS

18

the gangue. The deposits are located at depths varying
from 400 to 2000 feet, and the super-imposed strata consist
of pack sands and loose clay formations.

The loose and friable nature of the overlying formations,
together with the poisonous gases which are encountered,
make it impossible to sink a shaft and mine the sulfur by
underground methods. Consequently, these deposits were
a potential but unobtainable resource for many years. About
1900, Herman Frasch patented a process for mining the
Louisiana deposit. The basic principle of this patent de¬
pended upon the low melting point of sulfur, 248 °F, and
upon the higher temperatures that could be obtained by
heating water under a pressure of about 125 pounds per
square inch. The essential feature of the process consisted
of pumping water at a temperature of about 325 °F and 125
pounds pressure down a well and into the porous formation
in which the sulfur occurred. The heat content of the
water melted the sulfur, which then collected at the bottom
of the well. The liquid sulfur was pumped to the surface
and discharged into a temporary wooden vat, where it was
allowed to cool and solidify.

As originally operated, this process was crude and in¬
efficient, yet it produced a high grade of sulfur at a much
lower cost than that at which the Sicilian sulfur could be
produced. Many improvements have since been made in the
plant and the equipment for mining, and greater efficiencies
have been attained, but the basic principle involved in the
extraction of sulfur from the deposit remains the same.

At present three companies are operating sulfur mines,
and all of them are in Texas. The oldest of these is thb
Freeport Sulfur Company, which is operating mines at
Bryan Mound and at Hoskins Mound, both near Freeport.
The deposit at Bryan Mound is about depleted, but large
amounts of sulfur have been removed from there, particu¬
larly during the war when it was practically the only Amer¬
ican source of sulfur.

The Texas Gulf Sulfur Company is operating primarily
at New Gulf in Wharton County, where it has the largest
sulfur mines in the world. This company first mined a
large deposit at Gulf in Matagorda County, but this loca¬
tion is now being abandoned.

The latest entry into the sulfur mining field is the Duval
Sulfur Company, which has been operating a deposit at
Palangana dome in Duval County for the past three or four
years.

14

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

The actual application of the Frasch process to the min¬
ing- of sulfur as it is now operated by the above companies
may be divided quite logically into two departments— the
plant department in which the steam is generated and the
water heated, and the field department, which handles the
drilling, steaming, and pumping of the individual wells. The
sulfur mining equipment of the Freeport Sulfur Company
at Hoskins Mound furnishes an excellent illustration of the
commercial application of the Frasch process.

The power plant at Hoskins Mound contains twelve 700-
horsepower Stirling type boilers, which are operated at
about 200 per cent rating, thus making a total of approxi¬
mately 16,000 horsepower available. Under normal operat¬
ing conditions natural gas is used for fuel, but in an emer¬
gency this may be switched to fuel oil within five minutes
time. The plant proper also contains two 500 KV-A and one
1,000 KV-A General Electric turbo-generators, two low-
pressure (250 pounds per square inch) air compressors, and
five high-pressure (1,000 pounds per square inch) air com¬
pressors, having a total rated capacity of 3,800 cubic feet
of free air per minute. In addition to this equipment, there
are sixty-one steam pumps, which are required to handle the
enormous amount of water used, boiler feed water pre-heat¬
ers, mine water heaters, and numerous other pieces of aux¬
iliary equipment.

The daily water consumption of the mines is near
7,000,000 gallons Part of this water is surface water taken
from Austin Bayou, and part of it comes from deep wells.
During periods of drouth, the surface water is taken from a
350,000,000-gallon storage reservoir, which is filled when
good water is available. Of the 7,000,000 gallons required
each day, 2,000,000 gallons are used for boiler feed water
and 5,000,000 gallons are heated by steam to a temperature
of 335°F and pumped directly to the wells.

The boiler water receives a closely contolied chemical
treatment by the cold lime-soda-sodium aluminate method.
The water receives the dosage of chemicals in a long, baf¬
fled flume and passes directly into a large settling basin.
After a three-day sedimentation period, it is passed through
a rapid sand filter to remove all suspended matter. When¬
ever needed, sodium sulfate is added to the boiler water to
maintain the correct sulfate-carbonate ratio. The water
passes from the filter to the “bleed-water” heat exchangers,
where it is partially heated by the spent water coming up

OCCURRENCE AND MINING OF SULFUR IN TEXAS

15

from the sulfur-bearing stratum. The feed water then
enters the pre-heaters, where the temperature is raised to
218 degrees Fahrenheit by exhaust steam from the genera¬
tors and prime movers in the plant. The heaters are vent¬
ed, and all dissolved oxygen is removed before the water
enters the boilers. As the water enters the main boiler feed
line, which supplies all the boilers, it is given a light dosage
of di-sodium phosphate, which very effectively prevents
scale formation in the boilers.

The blow-down water from the boilers is used to aid in
heating the mine water, and hence there is no heat loss.
As a result, a continuous boiler blow-down of often as high
as 20 per cent is maintained. This amount is flexible, and
can be varied in such a way as to aid in the maintenance of
an economical heat balance.

The mine water ordinarily receives a cold lime-soda
treatment, supplemented by the addition of ferrous sulfate
coagulant whenever required. The treated mine water is
heated initially by direct contact with the hot flue gases,
thus saving approximately 80 per cent of the heat which is
commonly lost up the stack. The water then passes into
the exhaust mine water heaters, where it is heated to 212
degrees Fahrenheit by the continuous boiler blowdown and
by exhaust steam from the generators and prime movers.
Whenever necessary, live steam may be used to keep the
temperature up to 212 degrees Fahrenheit. These heaters
are equipped with vent condensers whereby the dissolved
gases are removed without causing a heat loss.

The preheated mine water is then pumped into the high-
pressure heaters, where it is heated to 335 degrees Fahren¬
heit by direct contact with the live steam. These heaters
operate at boiler pressure and are practically 100 per cent
efficient in the utilization of all the available heat in the
steam. The heated water is then pumped through well-in¬
sulated ten-inch lines to the field for use by the field de¬
partment.

The entire Hoskins Mound plant is a model for the eco¬
nomic production of steam and hot water; it also furnishes
a record of outstanding engineering achievement in every
respect. The general arrangement of the whole system is
such that it is sufficiently flexible to utilize all available
heat under all conditions. The heat lost up the stack is
probably lower than that of any other power plant in opera¬
tion. An accurate and a comprehensive record of all opera-

16

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

tion is kept and is checked daily for any possible sources
of heat losses. In effect, every B. t. u. is followed from the
gas to the molten sulfur to see that it does not go astray
and that it does every bit of work of which it is capable.
With such a system which functions so perfectly in this
water-heating plant, heat efficiencies even greater than
those encountered in the most highly praised central-power
plant are to be expected, and, better still, they are realized.

The field department handles the drilling of the new
wells and the actual production of the sulfur. The wells are
drilled with the standard rotary well-drilling equipment
which is used in drilling for oil. The well is drilled to the
top of the cap rock, which forms the roof of the sulfur¬
bearing limestone. It is then cased with a ten-inch pipe to
prevent the unconsolidated formation above from caving in
and filling up the well. The drilling operation is then re¬
sumed and the well is extended to the top of the anhydrite
stratum which forms the floor of the formation in which
the sulfur occurs. The well is then equipped with an 8-inch
hot-water line, a 4-inch sulfur line, and a 1^4-inch air line,
all located concentrically within the larger pipe. The eight-
inch line rests on the anhydrite floor. Thirty-five feet of
the lower end of this pipe is perforated to permit the hot
water to pass out into the sulfur-bearing formation and to
allow the molten sulfur to enter the well. A flange is weld¬
ed inside this perforated pipe a short distance above the
bottom, and the four-inch sulfur line rests on this flange.
The air line is suspended from the top of the well and ex¬
tends to within about two hundred feet of the bottom.

Water at a temperature of about 325 degrees Fahrenheit
is then pumped down the eight-inch line and out through
the perforations above the flange at the bottom into the sul¬
fur formation. The heat in the water melts the sulfur,
which then flows down through the formation and collects
in a pool around the bottom of the well. The pressure of
the water causes the liquid sulfur to flow into the well
through the lower perforation and to rise a considerable
distance in the four-inch line. When a sufficient quantity
of melted sulfur has accumulated, the quantity of hot water
that is pumped into the well is reduced, air at 500 pounds
pressure is turned into the air line, and the molten sulfur
is brought to the surface by the air lift.

At first the periods of pumping are rather short because
a comparatively small amount of molten sulfur is available,
but the duration of pumping periods is increased as rapidly

OCCURRENCE AND MINING OF SULFUR IN TEXAS

17

as possible. The optimum condition is attained when con¬
tinuous pumping removes just that amount of sulfur that
is melted by the hot water being pumped into the well.
Once a well has started to produce, it is never allowed to
cool, because whenever a well “freezes”-— that is, the sul¬
fur solidifies in the sump at the bottom of the well — it is
lost to production and must be abandoned. All lines through
which the molten sulfur passes must be equipped with
steam “gut lines” to prevent the freezing of the sulfur.

The sulfur produced by all the wells within a definite
area is pumped by air to so-called “relay stations” and then
pumped by centrifugal pumps to the storage vats. As the
molten sulfur enters the relay station it flows into a sepa¬
rator in which the air ^nd other gases are released to tin
atmosphere, and the sulfur passes into a constant-level flow
tank. From the level tank, the sulfur is discharged into
the steam-heated relay pit. The production of each well is
accurately measured and recorded by specially designed ori¬
fice meter equipment devised by engineers of the Freeport
Sulphur Company. The metering of the sulfur is aided by
the fact that at about 320 degrees Fahrenheit its viscosity
is near that of water. At higher temperatures the sulfur
becomes quite viscous, and at lower temperatures there is
danger of its freezing and plugging the system.

Whenever the relay pit gets full, it is accurately sam¬
pled and the contents pumped by large centrifugal pumps to
the storage vats. The samples thus obtained are sent to the
laboratory for analysis. In this way, an accurate check is
kept on the quality of sulfur being produced.

The storage vats are huge wooden enclosures averaging
800 to 1,000 feet long, 200 feet wide, and 40 feet high, and
containing approximately 300,000 tons of sulfur. The vats
are built up gradually as the sulfur is pumped into them,
the walls being at all times only three or four feet above
the level of the sulfur. When the vat is full, the sulfur is
allowed to solidify throughout. The heat transfer is so slow
through the solid sulfur that this cooling takes from six
months to a year. The wood retaining walls are then re¬
moved, leaving the huge golden-yellow block of solid sulfur
having a purity of over 99.95 per cent. A standard gauge
railroad track is then laid alongside, the sulfur is broken up
by blasting with dynamite, loaded into box cars or gondolas
by large steam shovels, and shipped to points all over the
world to satisfy an ever-increasing demand.

18

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

During* 1929 the sulfur consumption in the United States

was divided as follows:

Long tons

Heavy chemicals _ 560,000

Fertilizers and insecticides _ 415,000

Pulp and paper _ , _ 265,000

Explosives _ 67,000

Dyes and coal-tar products _ 47,000

Rubber _ 43,000

Electro-chemicals _ 23,000

Fine chemicals _ _ 15,000

Paint and varnish _ 5,000

Food products _ 5,000

Miscellaneous _ 137,000

Total _ 1,582,000

•

An examination of the above table shows that sulfur in
one form or another is absolutely essential to modern life.
Sulfuric acid, into the manufacture of which 70 per cent of
the world’s sulfur goes, is used to make fertilizer to grow
our foodstuff ; it is used to make the gasoline and lubricat¬
ing oil for our cars ; it is used in the manufacture of many
of the iron and steel products in daily use; it is used to
make the paints and pigments with which our buildings,
bridges, pipe lines, and many other things are painted and
protected from corrosion; it is used in the manufacture of
explosives and gases upon which the very life of the nation
depends in time of war. Sulfur is used in the manufacture
of paper of all sorts ; it is used in the manufacture of rubber
products — in short, sulfur is used in the growth or prepa¬
ration of over 60 per cent of all materials used by mankind.

SOILS OF TRANS-PECOS TEXAS AND' SOME OF THEIR
VEGETATIVE RELATIONS

By

W. T. Carter 1 and V. L. Cory 2
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station

INTRODUCTION

That extreme western portion of Texas lying west of
Pecos River and commonly referred to as Trans-Pecos Texas
is a vast area of more than 20,000,000 acres, comprising
somewhat over one-tenth of the total area of the State. This
great region, which is nearly as large as the state of Maine,
occupies all of nine counties and part of one other, some of
these counties having an area greater than the combined
areas of Delaware and Rhode Island.

The Trans-Pecos region differs as a whole from other
parts of Texas in physiography, local relief, native vegeta¬
tion, and in characteristic land forms. Within this region
occur transition zones between four great physiographic
regions of continental scope, each characterized by diverse
forms of surface configuration representing features of the
Rocky Mountain province on the north, the Great Plains on
the east, the Mexican Plateau on the southwest, and the
Basin Range in the west.

PHYSIOGRAPHY

The western part is crossed from northwest to south¬
east by the great Cordilleran uplift represented here by
three parallel belts of roughland ridges giving rise to the
various mountains of the area and the intervening troughs
of flat plains or basins, sometimes referred to as bolsons.
The mountains and other roughlands are subjected to severe
erosion, but large areas of the basins and plains have so
little slope as to have no well-developed drainage channels.

The eastern section is subdivided into Pecos Basin,
a flat plain; Edwards Plateau, a high, eroded, limestone
plain cut by erosion into a region of very rough stony land ;
and Culberson Plateau, a high, dissected area of deep soft
beds of gypsum. The Mountains and Basins consist of
mountain ranges, isolated mountain and hilly areas, buttes,

1 Chief, Division of Soil Survey.

2 Acting Chief, Division of Botany.

20

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

mesas, dissected pleateaus, and various valleys, basins, and
plateau plains. The varied land forms of the mountains
and roughlands are due to orogenic uplift of ridges and sep¬
arate bodies, by protrusion of igneous rocks, followed by
erosion of these and of large areas of sedimentary rocks.
The basins and intermontane plains comprise very deep de¬
posits of mountain debris washed from the local highlands.

The Trans-Pecos region is a high area, the elevations
above sea level ranging mostly from about 3,000 to 4,000
feet in the basins and plains and 5,000 to 8,000 feet in the
mountains. The highest point in Texas, 9,020 feet above
sea level, is located near the south end of Guadalupe Moun¬
tains where El Capitan Peak rises to an elevation of more
than one mile above the floor of Salt Basin a few miles to
the west.

All the developed drainage system carries run-off water
into the Rio Grande, a large proportion first entering Pecos
River. These rivers have narrow shallow valleys through
the plains and basins areas but have cut deep gorges and
canyons through mountains and rough lands.

CLIMATE

The climate of the Trans-Pecos region is, in general, arid
to semi-arid in type. The average anual precipitation
ranges from about 10 inches to 15 inches except in the vi¬
cinity of Davis Mountains, where it is about 17 inches. Rain¬
fall is largely local and irregular from year to year, there
being periods of several years wherein rainfall is mudh
lower than the average, followed by years in which it may
be much greater. As a rule, the largest amount of the rain¬
fall comes in the latespring and summer months. Many
rains are torrential and of the thunderstorm type.

The winters are short and mild with longer periods of
relatively uniform temperatures than prevail as a rule on
the more easterly lying plains, which are frequently swept
by sudden cold waves during the winter. The mean tem¬
perature for the summer months is 74.6 degrees F. at Fort
Davis, and 60.8 degrees F. is the mean for the year at this
place. The average yearly period free from frost at Fort
Davis is 227 days.

The native vegetation of the region is largely of the so-
called “desert shrub” type, though in many valleys and on
some mountains there is a growth of grasses and trees that
occur in regions to the east where rainfall is much greater.
The character of the natural vegetation is related largely

SOILS OF TRANS-PECOS TEXAS

21

to the character of the soils and to the amount of rainfall.
In many places where soils are thin and rainfall is low, there
is only a very thin growth of plants, whereas the deep soils
most favorably situated with regard to moisture conditions
support a heavy growth of various shrubs and trees or
grasses

SOILS

The developed soils of the Trans-Pecos area belong to
light-brown and brown-soil groups, which are characteristic
of semi-arid and arid regions. Soil development under the
conditions of a relatively warm dry climate where moisture
evaporation naturally great is increased by high elevations,
and under a light vegetative growth of grasses, tends to
form light-colored soils with fewer differences in the soil
profile layers than occur in regions of greater rainfall. The
light vegetative growth does not furnish much organic mat¬
ter to the surface soil, and therefore the color of this layer
is not dark. The small amount of rainfall is not sufficient
to cause the transfer of much soil material from the upper
to the lower soil horizons by the processes of eluviation and
illuviation. The small amount of moisture, reduced further
to a large extent by the great rate of evaporation of the
high altitude and dry climate, tends to permit the accumu¬
lation of salts in the soil horizons. The characteristic layer
of accumulated calcium carbonate therefore, occurs beneath
the soils where they have been in place long enough to have
been subjected to the influences of regional soil develop¬
ment. In places considerable calcium sulphate occurs in as¬
sociation with the carbonate in the soil layers, there being
some areas where this substance is very abundant.

On the mountains and roughland areas soil development
is very slight, as erosion removes the soil material about
as fast as the rocks disintegrate into fine earth. Over the
mountain areas, therefore, there is at most only a very thin
layer of soil in places or an accumulation of fine earth in
shelves and throughout accumulations of rock debris on the
slopes. Two principal kinds of rocks form the mountains:
limestone, which occupies a very large portion of mountains
and other roughlands, including the Edwards Plateau : and
igneous rocks, which make up large bodies of mountain and
some less prominent roughlands.

The soils of the basins and plains are developed from
deep deposits of gravel and fine earth materials washed
from the local high lands. In places, the gravel occupies

22

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

the greater portion of the soil mass, but large areas are
occupied by a surficial deposit of fine earth material many
feet deep over the beds of gravel. Here the surface is most¬
ly smooth or nearly flat and the soil material is long sub¬
jected to the undisturbed influences of soil development.
Here the characteristic regional profile of the soils of
greatest maturity is as follows:

1. A thin crust 1/16 to V2 inch thick. This is slick on the up¬

per side, but on the lower side is a mass of lightly bound
roundish pellets. In an air-dry condition this crust is
very distinctly formed. It is very fragile and pulverizes
readily between the fingers. This is light brown calcar¬
eous soil in many places, and rests on that described in 2.

2. A bed V2 to 2 inches thick, of fine or coarse, roundish, gran¬

ular fragments, loose and readily pulverized to fine grains
with slight pressure. This rests on the layer described
in 3.

3. A layer of soil slightly darker than the layers above. In an

air-dry condition this layer is rather hard but is not im¬
pervious to water. It appears to be a lightly bound mass
of clods which vary in size according to texture. The
mass is readily broken apart with slight force, the more
tightly bound, harder and larger clods making up the bulk
when the texture is clay, and silty textures having the
smaller and more fragile clods. This layer supports the
largest number of plant roots. It is normally free of
large accumulations of soluble salts. The soil has a fair¬
ly well-developed columnar build. This layer ranges in
thickness from 6 to 15 inches. It is not sharply separated
from the layer below but merges with it through a short
range of transition.

4. This layer consists of material somewhat similar to 3, but is

lighter in color, contains a relatively larger amount of
calcium carbonate, and is more friable. The mass of clods
is less tightly bound and, as a rule, are small and pulver¬
ize easily. The columnar form is present. Both hard and
small fine and small lumps of free calcium carbonate oc¬
cur, these increasing in number with increase in depth.
This layer varies in thickness, the lower part extending
to a depth of 3 to 5 feet beneath the surface. It rests
upon the layer below in places, though in other places
there is a short zone of transition.

5. This is a layer of accumulated calcium carbonate (in places

with also considerable calcium sulphate) which consists
of either a highly calcareous clay in which the white soft
carbonate may or may not constitute the principal bulk
of the mass, or it may be almost pure calcium carbonate,
the upper part crusted by thin consolidated layers of the
calcium carbonate in many places. This layer (often loc¬
ally referred to as caliche) is several inches to several
feet in thickness.

The soils over large areas contain considerable calcium
carbonate and calcium sulphate in all the soil horizons and in

SOILS OF TRANS-PECOS TEXAS

23

some places where underdrainage in deficient there are ap¬
preciable amounts of soluble salts or alkali.

The alluvial soils of the region occupy relatively narrow
strips along the larger streams, but on the whole they con¬
stitute a very small proportion of the total area. The larg¬
est areas occur in the vicinity of El Paso along the Rio
Grande and about 50 miles downstream from the place. The
chief other areas of alluvium occur along Pecos River and
on some of the larger creeks. The alluvium is chiefly red
or brown in color and consists of transported soil materials
that have not remained undisturbed sufficiently long to
have attained true soil characteristics. Most of the mate¬
rial is quite calcareous and comprises deep beds of mis¬
cellaneous soil materials washed from upland soils of the
semi-arid and arid regions.

The soils developed from the rock formations of the
county are divided into the following series: (1) Brewster
series, comprising reddish soils derived from igneous rock
parent materials; and (2) Ector series, light brown in color,
from limestone. The Brewster and Ector stony soils, with
the accompanying Rough stony lands, comprise the moun¬
tains and roughlands of the region.

The Brewster soils as found in this region consist of very
thin soils layers with only slightly developed soil character¬
istics, due to the soil material washing away rapidly from
the mountain and hilly roughlands. In the smoother areas,
however, where the rocks have a surface covering of several
inches of soil material, a thin layer of accumulated calcium
carbonate lies immediately on the parent rocks beneath.
Most of the soils are very stony, and Brewster stony loam,
the chief soil of the series, covers large areas in the igneous-
rock mountains, the largest areas occurring in Davis Moun¬
tains. Associated with the Brewster soils are large areas
of Rough stony land which cannot be classed as a soil.

The Ector soils consist of brown calcareous soils devel¬
oped from limestone. These occur on the limestone areas,
mostly mountains, hills, eroded plateaus, and rolling high¬
lands. Here also there is little soil accumulation or develop¬
ment due to the fine earth being carried away by erosion al¬
most as fast as rock disintegration occurs. The stony-loam
type occurs almost exclusively associated with areas so
rough and stony as to comprise Rough story land with no
soil. The stony soils have only a very thin layer of fine
earth material a few inches thick on smooth places and as
a slight admixture in broken stony material.

24

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

The soils developed in the basins and plains from the
ancient fine earth debris washed from mountain slopes are
of three principal soil series: the Reagan, Reeves, and Ver-
halen. The Reagan soils are brown and slightly darker
than the Reeves, which are very light brown. The darker
color of the Reagan is due to a larger amount of organic
matter which accumulates from the heavier grass vegeta¬
tion of the Reagan, there being practically no growth of
grass on some of the Reeves soils. The Verhalen soils are
the reddish soils of the basins and plains in association with
the Reeves soils. The Reeves soils are underlain in many
areas by soft gypsum, or this is associated with the cal¬
cium carbonate beneath these soils. The Verhalen soils ap¬
pear to be developed largely from the parent materials
washed from the igneous-rock mountain areas.

The dominant texture of the basins and plains soils is
clay loam or silty clay loam, though some bodies of loams
and sandy soils also occur in places. Large areas of very
gravelly soils also are included with these series, whereas
great beds of gypsum in Salt Basin, Culberson Plateau, and
other places have 1 been included with Reeves series as
Reeves Chalk.

The alluvial soils have been included in several series.
Those along the Rio Grande, are chiefly brown and belong
to the Gila series. The reddish soils along Pecos River are
grouped in the Pecos series; the brown and light brown in
the Arno and Patrole series. The small strips of alluvium
of the creeks in and near the mountains are dark and belong
to the Toyah series. Where natural drainage is slow, there
is a rather high accumulation of alkali in the soils along the
Rio Grande and Pecos River.

NATIVE VEGETATION

The native vegetation of the Trans-Pecos area is varied
and comprises plants peculiar to semi-arid and arid regions,
although some typical plants of humid and subhumid re¬
gions also occur in places. On the basins and plains areas
the vegetation is grasses and shrubs, these being in places,
very scant. Large areas have practically no grass and are
occupied by species of Covillea and Flourensia. In places
grama grasses occur, and in other locations plants and
grasses indicating alkali conditions occur. The mountains
^and roughlands have in places rather abundant grama grass
cover, and in other places are practically destitute of
grasses. On some of the mountains and in the valleys and

SOILS OF TRANS-PECOS TEXAS

25

canyons small pine or oak or juniper trees grow with vari¬
ous shrubs. On some of the roughland areas, largely those
of limestone leehuguilla, sotol, and yucca dominate the plant
community.

As one drives through this region, the plant communi¬
ties are readily recognized. On the Edwards Plateau and
other limestone roughlands and mountains, the lechugilla,
sotol, and yucca plants and a few other shrubs, with occa¬
sional tufts of grass, give a characteristic note to the land¬
scape; the grama grass cover, with occasional clumps of
pine or oak or cedar, marks the igneous rock mountains;
and creosote bush and black brush constitute almost the
only vegetation over large areas of the flat plains and
basins. Small mesquite and tornillo trees occur in some of
the Rio Grande valley flood plain areas, whereas mesquite
trees feature other bottom lands along Pecos River and
other streams. Various other small trees such as buckeye,
persimmon, walnut, and cherry occur in some of the moun¬
tain valleys. In some sections, white brush is abundant
and, with catclaw and other plants, affords, a valuable
honey-plant growth, which in the Marathon section provides
a resource for a considerable industry in the production of
honey. The guayule, from which rubber is manufactured,
is found in places growing on the thin limestone soils, and
formerly a small factory at Marathon extracted rubber from
these plants, but now practically all of this valuable plant
has been used up in this region. The wax plant or cande-
lilla grows abundantly on the thin soils in the Big Bend sec¬
tions and small outdoor factories extract the wax from the
plants hauled in by Mexicans. On the flat heavy soils in
some sections of the basins, there are large areas where
practically the only vegetation is a dense growth of tobosa
grass giving rise to the local term of “tobosa flats.” In
some sandy basins sand sage and mesquite shrubs constitute
the outstanding vegetative growth.

A very large proportion of the shrubs and grasses com¬
prise valuable grazing and browse for cattle, sheep, and
goats, and stock raising is a very important industry
throughout all parts of the region.

Owing to the value of much of the native vegetation as
a natural resource, the need is realized for more informa¬
tion relating to its character and distribution. This is true
primarily of all the species of economic importance, but is'
particularly true of all the forage plants. It was this con¬
sideration that caused a botanist to accompany the soil sur-

26

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

vey parties while the reconnaissance soil survey of that area
was in progress.

The vegetation of the Trans-Pecos area remains largely
unchanged from its natural distribution, although in places
it has been modified to some extent by the influence of
range livestock. It falls naturally into several general
groups, some of which occur in communities of geographic
significance which can be shown on a map, while other
characteristic plants and associations of plants inject them¬
selves as individuals into other associations or are confined
in promiscuous small areas that cannot be here outlined
separately.

The following list includes the more important plants
growing within the area surveyed:

Common name

Species

Black grama grass _ Bouteloua hirsuta

Blue grama grass _ Bouteloua gracilis

Woolly-foot grama grass__Bouteloua eriopoda

Yeso grass _ Bouteloua breviseta

Chino grass _ Bouteloua ramosa

Grama grass _ Bouteloua chondrosioides

Side-oats grama grass _ Bouteloua curtipendula

Buffalo grass _ Bulbilis dactyloides

Curley mesquite grass _ Hilaria cenchroides

Tobosa grass _ Hilaria mutica

Burro grass _ Scleropogon brevifolius

Tussock grass _ _ Sporobolis airoides

Saccaton _ Sporobolis wrightii

Sporobolis flexuosus
Sporobolis asperifolius
Sporobolis cryptandrus

Texas timothy _ Lycurus phleoides

Triodia grass _ Triodia pilosa

Triodia pulchella
Triodia mutica

Needle grass _ Aristida glauca

Needle grass _ Aristida pansa

Needle grass _ Aristida ternipes

Needle grass _ Aristida wrightii

Needle grass _ Aristida purpurea

Needle grass _ Aristida schiediana

Needle grass _ Aristida adscensiones

Needle grass _ Stipa tenuissima

Broom sage, Bluestem _ Andropogon scoparius

Broom sage, Bluestem _ Andropogon saccharoides

Broom sage, Bluestem _ Andropogon cirrhatus

Broom sage, Bluestem _ Andropogon feensis

SOILS OF TRANS-PECOS TEXAS

27

Coarse grass_. _ Elyonurus barbiculmis

Coarse grass _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Epicampes berlandieri

Coarse grass___ _ _ _ Epicampes emersleyi

Coarse grass _ _ _ Chloris virgata

Coarse grass _ Heteropogon contortus

Coarse grass _ _ _ Leptochlea dubia

Salt grass _ _ _ _ _ Distichlis spicata

Sotol _ _ _ _ _ Dasylirion texanum

Sotol _ _ Dasylirion leiophyllum

Lechuguilla _ Agave lecheguilla

Creosote bush _ Covillea tridentata

Blackbrush _ _ _ Flourensia cernua

Lote bush _ _ _ Condalia obtusifolia

White brush; Cabradora__. Lippia ligustrina

White brush _ Lippia wrightii

Canatilla _ Ephedra trifurca

Canatilla _ _ _ Ephedra antisyphilitica

Canatilla _ Ephedra torreyana

Yucca, Spanish dagger _ Yucca elata

Yucca _ Yucca thompsoniana

Yucca _ _ Yucca treculeana

Yucca _ Yucca macrocarpa

Tasajillo _ Opunta leptocaulis

Tasajillo _ Opunta kleiniae

Prickly pear _ Opuntia species

Tree cactus _ Opuntia imbricata

Huajillo _ Mimosa species

Catclaw _ Acacia species

Catclaw _ Acacia greggii

Green bush _ Viguiera stenoloba

Winter fat _ __.Eurotia lanata

Chamiza: shadscale _ Atriplex conescens

Chacate _ Krameria grayii

Parosela _ Parosela formosa

Parosela _ Parosela frutescens

Sand sage _ r _ Artemesia filifolia

Cenizo _ Leucophyllum frutescens

Cenizo _ Leucophyllum minus

Cenizo _ Coldenia greggii

Sacahuiste _ Nolina texana

Sacahuiste _ Nolina erumpens

CandeiTlla or waxplant _ Euphorbia antisyphilitica

Mariola _ _ _ Parthenium incanum

Guayule _ Parthenium argentatum

Tomatilla _ _ _ Lycium torreyi

Little buckthorn _ Microrhamnus ericoides

Broomweed _ Gutierrezia sarothrae

Agrito _ Odostemon trifoliatus

Crotonweed ______ _ Croton neomexicanus

Ocotillo _ _ _ _ Fouquieria splendena

Sangregado _ _ Jatropha spathulata

Resurrection plant _ Selaginella lepidophylla

28

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Coarse weed _ Acanthochiton wrightii

Globe mallow _ Sphaeralcea incana

Loeoweed _ Astragalus earlii

Guayacan _ Porlieria angustifolia

Spectacle plant _ Dithyraea wislizeni

Adolphia _ Adolphia infesta

Coarse gypsum shrub _ Coldenia liispidissima

Pickleweed _ Allenrolfea occidentalis

Blanket flower _ Gaillardia pinnatifida

Pepperweed _ Lepidium alyssoides

Allthorn or Junco _ Koeberlinia spinosa

(Peculiar plant in

Big Bend) _ Hechtia texensis

Rayless goldenrod _ Aplopappus heterophyllus

Cachanilla _ Pluchea sericea

Ash _ Fraxinus velutina

Hackberry _ Celtis reticulata

Mexican walnut _ Juglans rupestris

Madrofia _ Arbutus xalapensis

Desert willow _ Chilopsis linearis

Soapberry: wild china _ Sapindus drummondii

Wild cherry _ Prunus virens

Mexican persimmon:

Chapote _ Diospyros texana

Sumac _ Rhus virens

Sumac _ Rhus microphylla

Sumac _ Rhus trilobata

Mexican buckeye _ Ugnadia speciosa

Mesquite _ _ Prosopis chilensis glandulosa

Screwbean or Tornillo _ Prosopis pubescens

Oak _ * _ Quercus grisea

Oak _ Quercus pungens

Oak _ Quercus emoryi

Oak _ Quercus undulata

Oak _ Quercus novomexicana

Spanish oak _ Quercus texana

Juniper: alligator bark Juniperus pachyphloea

Juniper: Utah _ Juniperus pinchoti

Juniper: one-seeded _ Juniperus monosperma

Juniper: Tascate _ Juniperus mexicana

Juniper: drooping _ Juniperus flaccida

Pine: Pinon _

Pine: nutpine _

Pine: western yellow
Pine: white _ , _

Pinus cembroides
Pinus edulis
Pinus brachyptera
Pinus flexilis

The vegetation of the Trans-Pecos Area can be divided
into five general groups, as follows:

1. Grassland, which is subdivided into three types

2. Mesquite-sand sage

3. Yeso-salt grass

4. Bottomland, mixed trees, and shrubs

5. Creosote-black brush

SOILS OF TRANS-PECOS TEXAS

29

In addition, there are plants associations that cannot
well be shown separately, as they occur in places within the
various groups outlined. These are chiefly the lechuguilla
sotol, pine oak, and others.

1. Grassland . — Probably about two-thirds of the area
is occupied by the grassland groups. Where one or more
species of grass is abundant enough to give character to the
vegetation, the range is regarded grassland. Though, it
may be essentially a pure stand of grasses, such as occur
in tobosa grass flats, much of the larger portions of the
grassland is characterized by the presence of some woody
plants. Usually two or more species of woody plants are
associated in most sections of grassland, frequently one
more abundant than the others. The three types of Grass¬
land are: (a) Roughland-grassland with large amounts of
associated shrubs; (b) Roughland-grassland of relatively
thick cover of grasses; and (c) Smoothland grassland.

The first of these consists of a rather thin cover of
grasses in most places and depends largely on the depth of
the soil. In general, the less rough places have a growth
mainly, of grama grasses, the amount depending on thick¬
ness of soil. The main species are black, woolly foot, and
side oats grama, although in some of the Big Bend areas
Chino grass is very abundant. Some needle grass also oc¬
curs. Associated with this grassland are many shrubs of
which the more common are lechuguilla and sotol and, in
southerly sections, cenizo, huajillo, guayule, guayacan, can-
delilla, and Resurrection plant. In the Big Bend district
some of the peculiar shrubs, Hechtia texensis, also occur.
Various other common shrubs are catclaw, mesquite, oco-
tillo, cacti, yucca, Parosela formosa , Viguiera stenoloba,
prickly pear, mariola, little buckthorn, canatilla, sumac, lots
bush, selloa, and agrito. Small oaks, pine, and juniper grow
on some of the higher mountains. Sacahuiste occurs in
places. This grassland occurs mostly on the Edwards Pla¬
teau, Carmen, Santiago, Delaware, Grass, Hueco, and Frank¬
lin Mountains, and Sierra Diablo. Numerous very narrow
valleys within these areas have a relatively large amount of
grasses and smaller proportions of shrubs. In the Edwards
Plateau area some of these valleys have considerable buffalo
grass. The Grassland of this community occurs largely on
the limestone (Ector) soils, and limestone Rough stony
land.

The Roughland-grassland of relatively thick cover also
varies in proportion and amounts of plants according to the

30

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

depth of soil and character of the surface. On the smoother
surfaces the grass dominates and after rains becomes thick
and abundant in many places. This community of grasses
consists largely of black grama, though there are also
some blue, side oats, woolly foot gramas and Boutelouci
chondrosioides. On the rougher slopes, where usually con¬
siderable soil is lodged between the rocks, there are con¬
siderable amounts of such coarse grasses as needle grasses,
bluestems, Elyoncrus barbiculmis, Epicampes berlandieri,
E. emersleyi, Heteropogon contortus, Texas timothy, and
others. The grama grasses, with these coarser grasses, con¬
stitute largely the excellent range of the Davis Mountain
section. Associated with these grasses in places are some
pine, oak, and juniper. On some of the lower slopes in
places, usually in thin soil areas, are some sotol and lechu*
guilla. A thin scattering of shrubs in places consist main¬
ly of yucca, sumac, buckeye, persimmon, catclaw, and
others This plant association occurs chiefly in Davis,
Chisos, Bofecillos, Chinati, Tierra Vieja, and Eagle moun¬
tains and some other smaller roughland areas of igneous
rocks. The narrow valleys of these mountains have a thick
growth of the grasses. The principal soils are Brewster
stony soils, and associated Rough stony land.

The Smoothland-grassland consists largely of several
species of grama grass, mainly black and blue grama, with
in places some needle grasses, sacahuiste, small amounts
of curly mesquite, and others, whereas in other places
tobosa grass is dominant and practically the only growth
over considerable areas. Shrubs occur thinly scattered for
the most part over this grassland, these consisting mostly
of lote bush, catclaw, canatilla, tree cactus, yucca, me¬
squite, and others. The soils on which this grassland oc¬
curs are mostly deep and free of stones, although some are
gravelly. The main areas occur on Marfa, Presidio, and
Diablo Plateaus, Valentine, and Marathon basins and on
parts of the Pecos Plain. The principal soils on which this
community occurs are of the Reagan series.

2. Mesquite-sand sage. — The dominant growth of this
community consists of mesquite shrubs, with considerable
sand sage in places. The plant cover is very thin and scat¬
tering, although after rains some coarse grasses and weeds
are numerous, consisting of some species of Sporobolus,
wild flax, and some Acanthochiton wrightii, Gutierrezia sp.,
spectacle plant, globe mallow and others. Occasional accom-

SOILS OF TRANS-PECOS TEXAS

31

panying shrubs are yucca, canatilla, Chamiza, and lote bush.
This plant association occurs on deep sands, and in places
where the mesquite dominates, and the sand is blown up
around the shrubs with only a small amount of the branches
projecting from the sounds. This growth occurs over the
main portion of Hueco Bolson. This is a comparatively
small proportion of the Trans-Pecos Area. This plant com¬
munity occurs mainly on Reeves sandy soils.

3. Yeso-salt grass.- — This community of peculiar plants
comprises a very sparse growth of probably less than five
to ten per cent growth cover. Yeso grass (Bouteloua
breviseta) occurs in places, with tussock grass in scattered
depressions. In places, especially near salt lake beds, there
is a considerable amount of salt grass (Distichlis spicata )
indicating a considerable amount of salt or alkali present
in the soil. A very thin scattering of stunted shrubs con¬
sist mostly of Coldenia hispidissima, juniper, yucca,
Krameria grayii, sumac, cactus, and mesquite shrubs. Some
chamiza, broom weed, Dondia diffusa, creosote bush, and
burroweed also occur in places. This vegetation occurs en¬
tirely on areas of “gypland” in Salt Basin and on Culberson
Plateau. Much of this land is bare soft gypsum with only
a very slight layer of soil, although it is several inches deep
in uneroded positions. This group occupies shallow soils of
the Reeves series, much of it being on Reeves silty-clay
loam.

4. Bottomland, mixed trees, and shrubs. — This com¬
munity of plants is confined to the alluvial bottomlands
which, in the aggregate, constitute a relatively small pro¬
portion of the area. The larger vegetation consists mainly
of small trees of mesquite and screw bean in Rio Grande
Valley and in mountain valleys of some oaks, walnut, wild
cherry, cotton, willow, and ash. In Pecos River Valley
mesquite, desert willow, and tamarisks prevail. In addition
to this growth, in the river bottoms there is considerable
of such shrubs as Pluchea sericea, and tomatillo, and some
salt grass, and saccaton. The smaller valleys have many
of the grasses of Grassland types and considerable catclaw.
The soils are of Gila, Pecos, Toyah, and other alluvial series.

5. Creosote-blackbrush.— This type of vegetation oc¬
curs over probably about one-third of the Trans-Pecos Area.
It is composed mainly of the two shrubs, creosote and black-

32

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

brush, which are sometimes called desert shrubs. A very
slight amount of other plants occur in association with this
group. The creosote bush grows alone over much of the
land with very slight amounts of catclaw ( Acacia ver-
nicosa) , ocotillo, lote bush, and in some rougher positions
a scattering of lechuguilla and sotol, cacti, prickly pear, yuc¬
ca, and occasional clumps of burro grass. The creosote bush
grows most dominantly on the very shallow and very gravel¬
ly soils, or in positions where soils have the very slightest
amount of moisture. The black brush occurring in close
association with creosote bush chooses the deeper soils and
depressions with better moisture conditions and is accom¬
panied in many places by small amounts of burro grass,
tobosa grass, tussock grass and Triodia species, with occa¬
sional shrubs such as mesquite, lote bush, yucca, pricklv
pear, and catclaw. Where spots of soil occur with consid¬
erable salt content salt grass, chamiza, and pickleweed are
also found. This group occurs chiefly on a large portion
of Pecos Plain, in parts of Valentine, Sierra Blanca, Salt,
Stillwell, Marathon, San Francisco, and Big Bend basins ; in
areas of Edwards and Diablo plateaus ; and on Bio Grande
gravel plain. It also occurs in Alamito, Tornillos, and Mara-
villas valleys. The soils are mostly moderately heavy in
texture and are located where moisture is usually very
slight. The surface is mostly smooth and flat. The Reeves
silty-clay loam and the gravelly loam are occupied mainly
by the creosote bush, whereas the Reeves silty clay loam,
deep phase, has much of the black brush.

CHLOROPHYLL DEFICIENCIES INDUCED IN COTTON
(GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM) BY RADIATIONS1 2 3

By

W. R. Horlacher 2 and D. T. Kili.otjgh s
College Station, Texas

Chlorophyll deficiencies, both partial and complete, have
been found rather frequently among numerous species of
plants. The inheritance of many of these has been studied
in detail in various crops of economic importance, particular¬
ly in maize and sorghum. A considerable portion of the
genetic studies that have been made in these two species
have dealt with chlorophyll deficiencies. Hitherto only one
instance of a complete chlorophyll deficiency has been re¬
corded in Gossypium, that reported by Stroman and Ma¬
honey 4 in 1925. This chlorophyll-deficient seedling type
segregated out from a cross of two different species of cot¬
ton, Gossypium barbadense and Gossypium hirsutum. It was
shown to be due to the presence of two recessive genes, one
of which was contributed by each parent. Stroman and
Mahoney reported also on a seedling type showing chloro¬
phyll deficiency in a part of each leaf. This type was
hereditary.

Likewise numerous chlorophyll deficiencies have been
produced artificially in various plants that have been sub¬
jected to X-ray treatment. Our studies concerning the ef¬
fects of X-radiation on cotton have yielded several cases
of chlorophyll deficiencies.

The plants grown from X-rayed dry seed developed large
numbers of variegated leaves with chlorophyl?, -deficient
areas. This was particularly true when a line of virescent
yellow cotton was used. All the plants produced from seeds
of this line that had been subjected to a heavy X-ray treat¬
ment (100 K. V., 5 ma., for 60 minutes, at a target distance
of 17 cm.) produced variegated leaves on either all or some
portion of the plant. When lighter treatments were given,
the amounts of variegation were less.

1 Contributed from the Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical
Series, paper No. 180.

2 Professor of Genetics, Agricultural and Mechanical College of
Texas.

3 Agronomist, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.

4 Stroman, G. N., and Mahoney, C. H., Heritable chlorophyll deficien¬
cies in seedling cotton: Texas Agric. Exper. Sta., Bull. 333, 19,25.

34

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

The variegated leaves produced were of two types,
splotched and angular. Leaves of both types had areas that
were devoid of chlorophyll. Two leaves showing splotched
variegation are shown on Plate II, fig. 1. These leaves in¬
dicate that some very distinct cytoplasmic disturbance or
abnormal chromosome behavior or both had been induced.
Plate II, figs. 2, 3, and 4 show examples of angular variega¬
tions, or sectorial chimeras, in which chlorophyll-deficient
areas are evident. These are of particular interest as be¬
ing highly indicative of nuclear changes. An unequal nu¬
clear division early in development will cause different sec-

Fig 1. Cotton seedlings of the three types, green, virescent
yellow, and yellow.

tions of the leaf to develop into different types whenever
different genes are distributed to the two areas. The color¬
less sections can be accounted for by assuming: that the
genes for color have become lost from that area. If the radia¬
tion should cause a mutation of one gene to albinism and
then non-disjunction should occur so that the chromosome
bearing the normal allelomorph were lost from the cell, the

CHLOROPHYLL DEFICIENCIES INDUCED IN COTTON 35

Fig. 2. Yellow seedlings segregating from red-leaf cotton
grown in the greenhouse.

Fig. 3. Yellow seedlings segregating from red-leaf cotton
grown in the field.

Fig. 4. Yellow seedlings segregating from green-leaf cotton
grown in the field.

36

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

production of these albino sections of the leaves would be
brought about.

The production of such large numbers of variegated
leaves in the X-rayed lines shows that radiations produce
very pronounced effects on cotton. This is especially true
when it is considered that variegated leaves are rarely ever
produced by non-rayed cotton. The only variegated leaf ob¬
served on several hundred control plants is shown on Plate
II, fig. 5. The variegated area in this case is very small.

The chlorophyll deficiencies mentioned above are due to
somatic changes5 and do not necessarily affect the germ
cells. However, germinal mutations were produced also.
Chlorophyll-deficient seedlings of a type that we have
named yellow appeared among the progeny from three dif¬
ferent plants that had been grown from X-rayed seed.
These plants were from three different lines of cotton:
homozygous red-leaf cotton, homozygous green-leaf cotton,
and a line that was green leaf but was heterozygous for
virescent yellow. No yellow seedlings were found among
the controls from any of these lines. Figure 1 shows seed¬
lings of the three types, green, virescent yellow, and yellow.
This gives an idea of the relative amount of pigment in
these three types of seedlings, also of their differences in
rate of growth. Yellow seedlings segregating from the
red-leaf line grown in the greenhouse are shown in figure
2, from the red-leaf line grown in the field in figure 3, and
from the green-leaf line grown in the field in figure 4.

A larger view of the leaves of a single yellow seedling
is shown on Plate II, fig. 6. The word “yellow,” 0r “golden,”
describes the color of these seedlings rather accurately.
They are completely devoid of chlorophyll. The yellow hue
is caused by the yellow pigment that is present in these
seedlings. This yellow pigment is present in green cottons,
but is covered up by the chlorophyll. The black areas are
the resin glands, which are also present in all cotton and
show up plainly in the yellow seedlings because of the ab¬
sence of chlorophyll. The yellow segregates from the red-
leaf line contained numerous red flecks. These facts indi¬
cate that yellow deviates from other cotton only in that it
contains no chlorophyll. This fact is further emphasized
by cross-sections of a green seedling leaf and of a yellow
seedling leaf (PL II, fig. 7).

5 Horlacher, W. R.. and Killough, D. T.. Somatic changes induced in
Gossypium hirsutum by X-raying seeds: Jour. Hered., vol. 22, p. 253-
262, 1931.

CHLOROPHYLL DEFICIENCIES INDUCED IN COTTON 37

Yellow is lethal. These seedlings die after using up the
stored food material of the seed. Death usually occurs
about two weeks after emergence, at which time the yellow
seedlings will have reached a height of 4.5 cm. as compared
with 10 cm. by green seedlings and 9 cm. by virescent yel¬
low seedlings.

Data concerning the exact nature of the inheritance of
yellow could not be taken from the generation in which the
yellow seedlings first appeared, because it could not be de¬
termined whether the mutation was induced in all or only
a part of the parent plant. Seedling progeny grown from
heterozygous plants of that generation have, however, been
found to segregate in a ratio of 3 green : 1 yellow, the exact
figures being 41 green : 15 yellow. “Green” as used here
includes both green and virescent yellow seedlings. This
shows that yellow is produced by a single gene which is
recessive to normal green.

Several other mutations, both those that are evident
in the somatic tissue of the plant grown from the X-rayed
seed and those that are definitely hereditary have been in¬
duced in cottons that we have X-rayed. These include
changes in the type of plant, in leaf shape, in leaf form,
and other changes in color than those described in this
paper. Taken together they show definitely that mutations
can be induced in Gossypium by radiations.

38

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

PLATE II

Figures —

1. Two leaves showing splotched variegation with chlorophy 11 •

deficient areas.

2. Angular variegation in cotton leaves. Note chlorophyll-

deficient areas in the leaves in a and c.

3. Cotton leaf showing angular variegation with two chloro¬

phyll-deficient areas.

4. Cotton leaf showing angular variegation. Note chlorophyll-

deficient area on the left.

5. The only variegated leaf observed among several hundred

control cotton plants. This variegated area is very small.

6. The cotyledon leaves of a yellow cotton seedling. These

leaves are completely devoid of chlorophyll. The black
dots are resin glands.

7. Cross section of the cotyledon leaf of a green cotton seed¬

ling, a , and a yellow cotton seedling, &. The light color
of the yellow cotton seedling is due to the absence of chloro¬
phyll. x85.

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, VOL. XV

PLATE II

CATALOGUE OF TEXAS HEPATICAE

With Notes on the Habitat and Distribution

By

F. McAllister, P. Y. Hoglund, and Eula Whitehouse
University of Texas, Austin, Texas

INTRODUCTION

The sources from which this list have been prepared
have necessarily been largely the collections in the herbari¬
um of The University of Texas. Through correspondence
it has been possible to amplify the list of species in the
university herbarium by procuring the names of specimens
that have been sent away for identification and are not in
our collections.

Very few references to Texas Hepaticae are to be found
in the literature on American bryophytes. It is quite prob¬
able that an examination of the herbaria of the country
will reveal many Texas species that have not been referred
to in the literature. Revisions of genera, such as those of
Professor Evans on the genus Asterella and the genus Mar-
chctntia, will undoubtedly bring to light other Texas forms.

It will be seen from an examination of the list that Tex¬
as, at least the region about Austin, is especially rich in
members of the Marchantiaceae. Ten of the genera in¬
cluded in the order in “North American Flora” have been
found in Texas, all but one of which (Riccio carpus) is fre¬
quent, at least in the Austin area. It is very probable that
other species of some of these genera will be found in the
state, as well as some genera not yet known in the state.

From the list of families and genera of the Order Mar-
chantiales it will be seen that the family Sauteriaceae and
the genus Bugecia of the family Marchantiaceae are arctic
or alpine and probably will not be found in Texas, even in
the mountains of the Trans-Pecos country. From their
range, it seems certain that Lunularia and Dumortieria
must occur in Texas, and since Mexican and California spe¬
cies can be expected in Texas, Targionia and Cryptomitrium
may also occur here.

The Jungermanniales are very poorly represented in this
part of the state, or else they have been overlooked in col¬
lecting. It is quite certain that they are not so abundant

40

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

as in the moister parts of the country. According to Evans
and Nichols, “the Jungermanniales are about nine times as
numerous in Connecticut as the Marchantiales.”1

It will be observed that this list shows that about twice
as many members of Marchantiales as Jungermanniales
have been found in Texas.

Order MARCHANTIALES

(Families and genera as given in North American Flora)
Family ricciaceae —

Genus Riccia. 25 species known in North America; 16 occur in
Texas.

Genus Ricciocarpus. One species in N. A.; in Texas.

Genus Oxymitra. One species in N. A.; in Texas.

Family corsiniaceae—

Genus Corsinia. One species; in Texas.

Family targioniaceae —

Genus Targionia. One species in N. A. ; in Arizona and Mexico.
Genus Cyathodium. One species in N. A.; “Cuba; perhaps
Mexico”.

Family sauteriaceae —

Genus Clevia. One species in N. A.; arctic and alpine.

Genus Sauteria. One species in N. A.; arctic and alpine.

Genus Peltolepis. One species in N. A.; arctic and alpine.

Family rebouliaceae —

Genus Plagiochasma. Seven species in N. A.; all southwestern
U. S. and Mexico. P. rupestre, cosmopoli¬
tan.

Genus Grimaldia. Four species in N. A.; G-. fragrans in Texas;
G. californica also perhaps.

Genus Cryptomitrium. One species in N. A.; in California and
Mexico.

Genus Reboulia. One species in N. A.; in Texas; cosmopolitan.
Genus Asterella. Fifteen species in N. A.; two in Texas, four
others probable.

Family marchantiAceae —

Genus Lunularia. One species in N. A.; probably in Texas.
Genus Conocephalum. One species in N. A.; in Texas.

Genus Dumortiera. Two species in N. A.; both probably in Texas.
Genus Bugecia. One species in N. A.; “on calcareous rocks at
high altitudes”.

Genus Preissia. One species in N. A.; apparently not southern.
Genus Marchantia. Five species in N. A.; two known in Texas,
M. polymorpha must also occur there.

LITERATURE

The literature on the Hepaticae of North America is
scanty and not entirely satisfactory for beginners. Many

1 Evans, A. W.,.and Nichols, G. E., The bryophytes' of .Connecti¬
cut: State Geol. & Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. 1±, p. 17, it) 08.

CATALOGUE OF TEXAS HEPATICAE

41

of the publications carry no illustrations, and for one who
has little or no training in visualizing a technical description
illustrations are imperative. The following publications
comprise the comprehensive literature on the Hepaticae, and
the Bibliography at the end of this paper presents numerous
special papers of interest in connection with a study of this
group.

North American Flora , Pt. I, Vol. 14, includes the orders
Sphaerocarpales and Marchantiales, and for those who are
somewhat experienced with Hepaticae nothing more could be
desired. Its lack of illustrations makes it difficult for begin¬
ners. This can be obtained from the publishers, New York
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y.

Mosses with a hand Lens, by A. J. Grout. M. A. Howe gives a
brief account of the Hepaticae. Its numerous illustrations
make the book very helpful to beginners, and since the student
of this group is quite certain to become interested in mosses,
sooner or later, it is a very good guide to begin with. It is
obtainable from Dr. A. J. Grout, 1 Vine Street, New Brighton,
New York, N. Y.

A Descriptive Catalogue of the North American Hepaticae, north
of Mexico, by Underwood, has been long out of print. It
covers the entire field of the Hepaticae and is worth having,
though it contains no illustrations. It may perhaps be ob¬
tained from C. E. Stechert & Co., 31-33 East 10th Street, New
York, or from Henry George Fiedler, 89 Chambers St., New
York, N. Y.

The Bryophytes of Connecticut, by Evans and Nichols, contain
keys that are especially helpful for the Jungermanniales, which
comprise so large a proportion of the Connecticut Hepaticae.
Since this group is represented by so few species in Texas, how¬
ever, these keys are not so useful here as in a moister region.
This is probably still obtainable from George S. Godard, State-
Librarian, Hartford, Conn.

Order SPHAEROCARPALES
Family SPHAEROCARPACEAE
Genus SPHAEROCARPOS (Micheli) Boehm.

Sphaerocarpos texanus Aust. (PI. 4, fig. 1)

Moist, sandy soil, along paths and in bare places. Fruits from
December to March.

Distribution — Texas: San Marcos (Wright, 1849), Austin, Bastrop,
College Station (LaMotte). Virginia to Missouri, Florida, California.
Uruguay, Europe, and northern Africa.

References — Bull. Torrey Club, vol. 6, pp. 157-158, 1877; N. A. Flora,
vol. 14, p. 4, 1923.

Recognized by the minute, sac-shaped involucres on the female
gametophyte, which contain the archegonia and later sporophytes.
Involucres are short-cylindrical, about 1.5 mm. in length and have a
small opening at the apex. The spores are permanently united in
fours.

42

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Genus RIELLA Mont.

Riell a am eric ana Howe and Underwood.

Growing erect or semi-erect in water.

Distrisbution — Texas: Limpia Canyon (Howe and Underwood), and
pond near Lubbock (Studlialter) .

References — Bull. Torrey Club, vol. 30, pp. 214-224, 1903; N. A.
Flora, vol. 14, p. 7, 1923.

This rare liverwort can be recognized by its habit of growth and
by the ruffled or ribbonlike thallus.

Order MARCHANTIALES
Family RICCIACEAE

Genus RICCIA (Micheli) Linnaeus
Key (adapted from Howe, N. A. Flora, vol. 14, p. 11, 1923) —

1. Thallus “spongy,” i.e. with large air chambers communicating
with the outer surface, giving the thallus a spongy appearance.

2. Thallus floating in water or creeping on wet ground; main

segments of thallus narrowly linear. _ R. fluitans

2. Thallus growing on moist soil.

3. Spores separating before maturity; thallus conspicuously
spongy.

4. Spores angular, areolate or ridged.

5. Spores areolate, at least on the outer face.

6. Areola of outer face of spores 8-13 microns broad;

thallus margins obtuse; scales rudimentary _

_ R. sullivantii

6. Areola of outer face of spores 10-30 microns broad,
those of the middle sometimes larger and enclosing
a free-ending spur or an isolated tubercle.

_ R. crystalline.

5. Spores marked with short, delicate ridges which rarely

anastomose; thaili dioecious. _ R. frostii

4. Spores ovoid, ellipsoidal, subglobose, spinulose. _

_ R. membranacea

3. Spores adhering in fours. _ _ _ R. curtisii

1. Thallus “solid,” i.e. with very narrow vertical or subvertical
air-canals which are usually not noticeable at the surface.

7. Thallus-margins naked or showing latero-ventral scales, not
ciliate.

8. Scales conspicuous, extending beyond the margin of the

thallus, whitish-hyaline. _ R. austini

8. Scales usually inconspicuous, not reaching the margin.

9. Dorsal surface of the thallus more or less green, not
calcified.

10. Spores angular, distinctly wing-margined.

11. Scales whitish or brownish, rarely tinged with
violet.

12. Thallus margins green, hyaline or occasionally
violet.

CATALOGUE OF TEXAS HEPATICAE

43

13. Median sulcus narrow and acute. __R. sorocarpa

13. Median sulcus obtuse, commonly occupying one-
third or more of the width of the thallus.

14. Thalli 6-10 mm. long, the segments mostly

1. 5-2.5 mm. wide. _ . _ R. glauca

14. Thalli mostly 3-6 mm. long, the segments

mostly 1-1.5 mm. wide. _ R. arvensis

12. Thallus-margins commonly yellowish-brown or

salmon-colored, thin and membranous. _

_ R. campbelliana

11. Scales blackish-purple; thallus segments 0.6-1.25

mm. wide. _ R nigrella

10. Spores obscurely or not at all angled; wing margins
wanting or rudimentary. Thalli 2-20 mm. long, the
segments 1-3.5 mm. wide, the margins not papillate.

15. Spores at first violet, soon violet-black and

opaque. _ _ _ R. McAllisteri

15. Spores brown; thallus-margins blackish purple.

_ R. dictyospora

9. Dorsal surface of thallus chalk-white, calcified. _

_ R. albida

7. Thallus-margins normally bearing few to many cilia or setae.

16. Monoecious; thallus segments 0.6-2. 5 mm. wide.

17. Cilia 0:05-0.4 mm. long, none on dorsal surface above
capsules.

18. Antheridial ostioles conspicuous; cilia stout; median
sulcus rather broad, occupying one-thir'd to two-

fiftlis the width of the thallus _ R. beyrichiana

18. Antheridial ostioles inconspicuous or lacking; cilia

slender; median sulcus narrow. _ R. hirta

17. Cilia or setae 0.3-0. 9 mm. long, slender, commonly 1-12

on dorsal surface above each capsule _ R. trichocarpa

16. Dioecious; thallus-segments 2-7 mm. wide; cilia stout.

_ _ _ R. donnellii

Riccia fluitans L.

Thallus growing floating in water or on moist soil as water re¬
cedes. Rarely fruiting.

Distribution — Texas: San Marcos, Marble Falls, Enchanted Rock
north of Fredericksburg, Ottine marshes. Cosmopolitan.

Reference — Howe, N. A. Flora, vol. 14, p. 13, 1923; Underwood,
N. A. Hepaticae, p. 28, 1883.

This species is recognized by its floating habit and by its slender,
linear thallus.

Riccia crystallina Lt. (PI. 3, fig. 1)

On moist earth, often near springs or on margins of ponds. Fruits
in spring, February to April.

Distribution — Texas: Austin area (Onion Creek and Colorado
River below Austin dam), Dripping Spring, Marble Falls. Throughout
United States, West Indies, Europe.

References— Howe, N. A. Flora, vol. 14, p. 15, 1923; Underwood,
N. A. Hepaticae, p. 27, 1883.

44

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

This species is recognized by the conspicuously spongy nature of
the thallus.

Riccia curtisii T. P. James

On moist, sandy soil. Fruits often as early as December.

Distribution— Texas: Austin, Bastrop, Hammett’s Crossing on
Pedernales River, Young’s Ranch in Blanco County. North Carolina
to Florida.

References — McAllister, Bull. Torrey Club, vol. 43, pp. 117-126,
1916; Haynes, Bull. Torrey Club, vol. 47, pp. 279-287, 1920; Howe, N.
A. Flora, vol. 14, p. 17, 1923.

Recognized by the spongy thallus and the spores that adhere in
fours.

Riccia austini Stephani (PI. 3, fig 3)

Seems to prefer calcareous soils, though occasionally found in
sandy habitat. Often fruits as early as December.

Distribution — Texas: Bastrop, Real County, sandy seashore at

Aransas Pass. Connecticut to Texas, California.

References — Howe, Mem. Torrey Club, vol. 7, p. 24, 1899 (as R.
americana nov. sp.) ; Howe, N. A. Flora, vol. 14, p. 17, 1923.

Easily recognized by its conspicuous, whitish scales, which extend
considerably beyond the thallus margins. When dry the scales are
uppermost on the thallus.

Riccia sorocarpa Bisch.

Sandy soil. Fruits in winter, usually January and February,
though may be later, if moisture conditions are suitable.

Distribution — Texas: Austin (Botanical Gardens) and vicinity,
Bastrop. Massachusetts to Washington, California, Alabama, Green¬
land, Europe, Asia, and northern Africa.

References — Underwood, N. A. Hepaticae, p. 24, 1883, Howe, N. A.
Flora, vol. 14, p. 18, 1923.

Small and not easily recognized; distinguished from R. glauca and
R. arvensis, which are near it in size, by the narrow median sulcus as
compared with the wide sulcus in these two species.

Riccia glauca L. (PI. 4, figs. 3-5)

Sandy soil. Reproduces during mid-winter.

Distribution — Texas: Bastrop. California, Europe.

References — Underwood, N. A. Hepaticae, p. 23, 1883; Howe, N. A.
Flora, vol. 14, p. 18, 1923.

Riccia arvensis Aust.

“Rocky ground and cultivated fields.” I have found it only at
Granite Mountain near Marble Falls and at Enchanted Rock north
of Fredericksburg growing in dense masses, in places covering several
square feet. These perennnial plants dry up during the summer and
become active when moistened.

References — Underwood, N. A. Hepaticae, p. 25, 1883; Haynes, Bull.
Torrey Club, vol. 47, pp. 279-287, 1920; Howe, N. A. Flora, vol. 14, p.
19, 1923.

R. glauca and R. arvensis are very similar in the characters of the
individual thalli and spores, and both have the wide median sulcus.
Although R. glauca is in general much larger than R. arvensis, a small

CATALOGUE OF TEXAS HEPATICAE

45

specimen might not be far different from it in size. .The dense mats
of thalli of R. arvensis and its habitat give a very definite clue to its
identification.

Riccia campbelliana M. A. Howe

Sandy soil. Fruits during January and February.

Distribution — Texas: Bastrop, College Station (LaMotte), En¬
chanted Rock north of Fredericksburg, Granite Mt. near Marble Falls.
California.

References — Howe, Mem. Torrey Club, vol. 7, p. 26, 1899; Howe,
N. A. Flora, vol. 14, p. 19, 1923.

Distinguished by its membranous, salmon-colored thallus margins.

Riccia nigrella DC.

Sandy soil, along with R. campbelliana, R. curtisii, R. trichocarpa,
and others.

Distribution — Texas: Bastrop, Granite Mt. near Marble Falls,

Enchanted Rock north of Fredericksburg.

References — Underwood, N. A. Hepaticae, 1883; Howe, Mem. Tor-
rey Club, vol. 7, p. 28, 1899; Howe, N. A. Flora, vol. 14, p. 20, 1923.

Distinguished, with some difficulty, by its small size, the dark
purple of the under surface of the thallus and the dark purple ventral
scales.

Riccia McAllisteri M. A. Howe

Distribution — Texas: Granite Mt. near Marble Falls, Enchanted
Rock north of Fredericksburg, Austin.

References — Bryologist, vol. 20, pp. 33-37, 1917; Howe, N. A. Flora,
vol. 14, p. 21, 1923.

Should be distinguished by the spores, which are obscurely or
not at all angled and without wing margins, and which are at first
violet and finally opaque. Spore characters are, however, trouble¬
some for beginners.

Riccia dictyospora M. A. Howe (PI. 3, fig 6)

Sandy soil, with R. campbelliana, R. trichocarpa, R. curtisii, and
others.

Distribution — Texas: Austin, Bastrop, Industry. Connecticut and
Georgia.

References — Howe, Bull. Torrey Club, vol. 28, pp. 161-165, 1901;
Howe, N. A. Flora, vol. 14, p. 22, 1923.

This species can be distinguished from R. McAllisterii, which it
resembles in possessing spores that are not angular and are without
wing margins, by its brown, rather translucent spores as compared
with the violet-black, opaque spores of the former.

Riccia albida Sull. (PI. 3, fig. 2)

Growing on calcareous rocks of the Edwards Plateau. Fruits
early, November and December.

Distribution-— Texas : Uvalde, Kerrville, Real County. Type ma¬
terial collected by Wright in Texas.

Reference — Howe, N. A. Flora, vol. 14, p. 23, 1923.

Recognizable by its white, more or less calcified, spongy surface,
both in living and dried material.

46

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Riccia beyrichiana Hampe

On sandy soil. Fruits in winter.

Distribution — Texas: Austin, Bastrop, Padre Island. Massachu¬
setts to Florida, California, British Columbia, Europe.

References — Underwood, N. A. Hepaticae, p. 23, 1883; Howe, Bull.
Torrey Club, vol. 28, pp. 161-165, 1901; Howe, N. A. Flora, vol. 14, p.
23, 1923.

Distinguished by its stout cilia, which are usually present at the
margin, and also by its broad median sulcus.

Riccia liirta Aust. (PI. 3, figs. 4, 5; PI. 4, fig. 2)

Sandy soil. Fruits during the moist months.

Distribution — Texas: Austin, Bastrop. Connecticut to Louisiana.
References — Underwood, Bot. Gaz., vol. 19, pp. 273-278, 1894; Howe,
N. A. Flora, vol. 14, p. 24, 1923.

The plants are small and are not easily recognized, but the narrow
median sulcus separates it from the other Riccias with ciliate margins.
Cilia, however, are sometimes lacking.

Riccia trichocarpa M. A. Howe

Usually on sandy .soil, along paths, and in newly denuded areas.
Fruits during the moist winter months.

Distribution — Texas: Austin, Bastrop, Enchanted Rock north of
Fredericksburg, West Cave half a mile west of Hammett’s Crossing on
Pedernales River (30 miles west of Austin).

References — Howe, Bull. Torrey Club, vol. 25, pp. 183-193, 1898;
Howe, Mem. Torrey Club, vol. 7, p. 17, 1899; Howe, N. A. Flora, vol.
14, p. 25, 1923.

Recognized easily by its small size and by its numerous, conspicu¬
ous bristles around the margin and on the surface above each capsule.

Riccia donnellii Aust. (PI. 3, fig. 7)

On sandy soil, “gardens and cattle ranges.” Fruits during January
and February.

Distribution — Texas: Bastrop, Austin, College Station (LaMotte).
Florida.

References — Underwood, N. A. Hepaticae, p. 27, 1883; Howe, N. A.
Flora, vol. 14, p. 25, 1923.

Recognized by the dioecious thalli and the conspicuous cilia. The
antlieridial ostioles are very conspicuous. This is the largest of our
Riccias.

Genus RIOCIOCARFUS Corda
Ricciocarpus natans (L.) Corda

Thalli usually floating in ponds; as ponds dry up it often lives on
the moist margins.

Distribution — Texas: Liberty. Cosmopolitan. Ontario to British
Columbia, San Luis Potosi in Mexico, Cuba.

References — Underwood, N. A. Hepaticae, p. 27, 1883, (as R. lutes-
cens) ; Howe, N. A. Flora, vol. 14, p. 26, 1923.

Recognized by its floating habit and the thick thallus bearing num¬
erous rhizoids. The thallus tends to be circular, and this with its stout¬
ness makes it very different from Riccia fluitans.

CATALOGUE OF TEXAS HEPATIC AE

47

Genus OXYMITRA Bisch.

Oxymitra androgyna M. A. Howe (PL 4, fig. 6)

Found in exposed places, along paths, and in naked areas; usually
on sandy soil, though not uncommon on calcareous soil. Fruiting from
December to March. Thallus perennial.

Distribution — Texas: Austin (common), Bastrop, Granite Mt. near
Marble Falls, College Station (Blodgett), Enchanted Rock north of
Fredericksburg.

References — Howe, Bryologist, vol. 17, pp. 72-75, 92-94, 1914; Howe,
N. A. Flora, vol. 14, p. 27, 1923.

The thallus has large whitish scales, which project beyond its
margin to form a conspicuous fringe. Upon drying the thallus rolls
up, and the scales come to be uppermost. The fruiting thalli have
cone-like involucres arising in the median sulcus.

Family CORSINIACEAE
Genus CORSINIA Raddi

Corsinia coriandrina (Spreng.) Lindb. (PI. 4, fig. 7)

On moist, sandy soil, forming extensive matted areas, which propo-
gate by tuberous outgrowth of the thallus. Fruits in winter.

Distribution — Texas: Austin, Bastrop, College Station (LaMotte).
Possibly Louisiana. Europe, Algeria, Japan, and South America.

References — Evans, Bryologist, vol. 22, pp. 54-73, 1919; Howe, N.
A. Flora, vol. 14, p. 29, 1923.

It can be recognized by the thick thallus with chlorophyll-bearing
upper part and the lower storage tissue; the sporophytes are borne
singly or in groups in depressions in the thallus, and each is surround¬
ed by an irregular green calyptra scarcely rising above the surface of
the thallus.

Family REBOULIACEAE

Key (A. W. Evans, N. A. Flora, vol. 14:39, 1923) —

1. Pseudoperianth lacking.

2. Female receptacle becoming dorsal, the stalk without a rhi-

zoid-furrow; operculum falling away in fragments. _

_ : _ . _ 1. Plagiociiasma

2. Female receptacle terminal, the stalk with a single rhizoid-
furrow.

3. Female receptacle shortly or not all lobed; operculum re¬
maining intact.

4. Involucre undivided _ 2. Grimaldia

4. Involucre bilabiate _ 3. Cryptomitrium

3. Female receptacle distinctly lobed; involucre bilabiate;

operculum falling away in fragments _ 4. Reboulia

1. Pseudoperianth present, consisting of a white to purple inflat¬
ed tube contracted at the mouth, soon becoming longitudinally
split into narrow segments usually remaining attached at their
tips _ ; _ 5. Asterella

48

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Genus PLAGIOCHASMA Lehm. and Lindb.

Members of this generic group have stalked female receptacles and
more or less sessile male receptacles. They are separated from the
rest of the American Rebouliaceae by the lack of a rhizoid-furrow in
the stalk of the female receptacle. American members of the Mar-
chantiaceae, all of which resemble the Rebouliaceae in their general
appearance, have the rhizoid-furrows, except Lunularia cruciata, an in¬
troduced species, rarely found outside of green-houses.

Plagiochasma wrightii Sull.

On limestone along creeks. Fruits in February.

Distribution — Texas: Austin and vicinity (Onion Creek), San
Marcos (Wright, 1849). Oklahoma, Arizona, Mexico.

References — Evans, Bull. Torrey Club, vol. 32, pp. 259-308, 1895;
Evans, N. A. Flora, vol. 14, p. 42, 1923.

Plagiochasma cuneatum A. W. Evans

On limestone rocks and soil. Fruits in February.

Distribution — Texas: Hamilton’s Pool (30 miles west of Austin

near Pedernales River).

Reference — Evans, Am. Jour. Bot., vol. 19, pp. 626-631, 1932.

Its jointed thallus and the large spores (100 microns in diameter)
differentiate P. cuneatum from P. wrightii, the spores of which aver¬
age 75-80 microns in diameter.

Genus GRIMALDA Raddi

Distinguished from the other members of the family by the bleach¬
ed ventral scales, which extend beyond the margin of the thallus and
form tufts of chaffy bristles at the base and apex of the stalk of the
female receptacle.

Grimaldia fragans (Balbis) Corda

On dry hillsides, in usually calcareous soil. Fruits in February
and March.

Distribution — Texas: Austin, Bastrop, College Station (LaMotte),
Ottine. Widely distributed east of Rocky Mountains. Europe and
northern Asia.

References — Underwood, N. A. Hepaticae, p. 35 (as G. barbifrons )
1883; Evans, N. A. Flora, vol. 14, p. 43, 1923.

Genus REBOULIA Raddi

This genus is quite similar to Grimaldia, although in the Austin
area its only species is noticeably larger; the ventral scales are much
less conspicuous, scarcely reaching the margin of the thallus.

Reboulia hemisphaerica ( L.) Raddi (PI. 4, fig. 8)

On calcareous soil, growing best in protected canyons and shaded
locations. Fruits during January and February, the earliest of the
family to form spores.

Distribution — Texas: Austin (abundant), Bastrop, College Sta¬
tion, Marble Falls. Widely distributed in United States, also in Mex¬
ico, West Indies, South America, Europe, Asia, and Australasia.

References — Evans, N. A. Hepaticae, p. 37, 1883; Evans, N. A.
Flora, vol. 14, p. 46, 1923.

CATALOGUE OF TEXAS HEPATICAE 49

Genus ASTERELLA Beauv.

The genus is distinguished when in fruit by the fimbriate false
perianth surrounding the sporophyte.

Asterella tenella (L.) Beauv. (PI. 4, figs. 9, 10)

Damp rocks in protected ledges; moist soil where competition is
not too keen. Fruits between February and March.

Distribution — Texas: Austin, Bastrop, Harwood, Marble Falls,
College Station (Blodgett), Hunt County (Saunders). Maine to On¬
tario and southward to Georgia and Louisiana.

References — Evans, N. A. Species of Asterella, p. 261, 1920; Evans,
N. A. Flora, vol. 14, p. 48, 1923.

Asterella echinella (Gottsche) Underw.

On rocky banks usually on limestone. Fruits during Febru¬
ary and March.

Distribution — Texas: Austin, Young’s Ranch in Blanco County,
Granite Mt. near Marble Falls, Miller’s Ranch in Real County, En¬
chanted Rock north of Fredericksburg.

References — Evans, N. A. Species of Asterella, p. 261, 1920; Evans,
N. A. Flora, vol. 14, p. 48, 1923.

The female disc of A. echinella bears numerous blunt tubercles,
whereas the disc of A. tenella is smooth. A tenella is the larger species
and seems to prefer a moister habitat.

Family MARCHANTIACEAE

Key (A. W. Evans, N. A. Flora, vol. 14:57, 1923) —

1. Thallus with air-chambers and epidermal pores, pale green or
more or less pigmented with purple, the upper surface divided
into polygonal areas.

2. Epidermal pores of thallus simple; air chambers in a single
layer with vertical green filaments; male receptacle sessile;
psuedo perianth lacking.

4. Receptacles without epidermal pores; stalk of female re¬
ceptacle without a rhizoid-furrow; cupules present, cres¬
centic _ 1. Lunularia

3. Receptacles with epidermal pores; stalk of female recep¬
tacle with a single rhizoid-furrow; cupules lacking _

_ ; _ 2. CONOCEPHALTJM

2. Epidermal pores of thallus compound; receptacles stalked
and provided with epidermal pores,, the stalks with two (or
more) rhizoid-furrows; psuedoperianth present.

4. Air-chambers apparently in several layers, destitute of

green filaments _ 4. Bugecia

4. Air-chambers in a single layer with vertical green fila¬
ments.

5. Apical innovations present; cupules lacking_5. Preissia
5. Apical innovations lacking, cupules present, cup-shaped.

_ 7 _ 6.^ Marchantia

1. Thallus (at least at maturity) without air chambers or epi¬
dermal pores, dark green, the upper surface not divided into
polygonal areas, receptacles stalked, without epidermal pores,
the stalks with two rhizoid-furrows; psuedoperianth and cup¬
ules lacking. _ _ 3. Dumortiera

60

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Genus CONOOEPHAIiUM Weber

Recognized by its cone-shaped female disc; in sterile condition it
is distinguished from members of the Rebouliaceae by its single layer
of air chambers, the boundaries of which are distinctly visible through
the epidermis; it is distinguished from Marchantia by its lack of gem¬
ma cups and by its simple air-pores as compared with the barrel-shaped
air-pores of the latter.

Conocephalum coniciun (L. ) Dumort. (PL 4, figs, 11, 12)

Shaded banks and limestone ledges along streams. Fruits during
March and April.

Distribution — Texas: Hammett’s Crossing on Pedernales River SO
miles west of Austin, Granite Mountain near Marble Falls.

References — Underwood, Bot. Gaz., vol. 20, pp. 59-71, 1895; Evans,
N. A. Flora, vol. 14, p. 58, 1923.

Genus MARCHANTIA (Marchant f. ) Linnaeus

The Marchantias are distinguished from all other forms that are
in any way similar by their gemmae, which are borne in cupules on
the surface of the tliallus. Lunularia has crescent-shaped gemma-cups,
ill. polymorpha L. must occur in Texas, since it occurs in Mexico and
Central America, but it has not yet been reported. Lunularia also
probably occurs here, as it is so common in greenhouses, but it has not
yet been reported.

Marchantia paleacea Bertol.

In moist shaded places among streams and near springs. Fruits
from March to May.

Distribution — Texas: Blanco River near Kyle, Dripping Springs,
Mill Seat (10 miles west of Dripping Springs). Arizona to Guatemala,
Cuba, Jamaica, Africa, Asia.

References — Evans, American Species of Marchantia, p. 253, 1917;
Evans, N. A. Flora, vol. 14, p. 64, 1923.

Marchantia domingensis Lehm. and Underw. (Pl. 4, figs. 13, 14)

On moist limestone ledges near water and on calcareous soils on
stream banks. Fruits during April and May.

Distribution — Texas: Austin below Austin dam (Fort Worth
(Thompson), Hallettsville (Nealey), Salado (Sealey), Granite Moun¬
tain near Marble Falls, Enchanted Rock north of Fredericksburg.

References — Evans, American Species of Marchantia, p. 269, 1917;
Evans, N. A. Flora, vol. 14, p. 64, 1923.

The two Texas species are distinguished in sterile material by
the cross-shaped inner pore in M. paleacea, which is lacking in M.
domingensis. The gemma cups of the former have deeply and acut-
ly cut lobed margins, whereas the latter species has margins slightly
or not at all lobed.

CATALOGUE OF TEXAS HEPATICAE

ai

Order JUNGERMANNIALES
Family METZGERIACEAE
Genus PALLAVICINIA S. F. Gray

Pallavicinia lyellii (Hook.) S. F. Gray

In boggy places. Fruits from February to April.

Distribution — Texas: Conroe, marshes near Ottine, Beaumont,
Atlanta. New Foundland, Ontario to tropical America, Europe, Asia,
Africa, New Zealand.

References — Underwood, N. A. Hepaticae, p. 57 (as Steetzia Lyellii
Lehm.), 1883; Evans, Rhodora, vol. 5, pp. 170-173, 1903; Howe in
Grout’s Mosses with a Hand Lens, p. 261, 1924.

The thallus is very green and thin and has a distinct midrib. The
spore capsule is cylindric, several times longer than broad.

Genus PETALOPHYLLUM Nees and Gottsche

Petaiophyllum ralfsii (Wils.) Nees and Gottsche

On sandy soil in wet places. Fruits in March.

Distribution — Texas: Austin (M. S. Young), Bastrop, College Sta¬
tion (C. H. Farr).

Reference — Evans, Bryologist, vol. 22, pp. 54-73, 1919.

This plant appears like a large Fossombronia to which it is close¬
ly related. The thallus is lobed to form leaf-like extensions from the
upper surface of the flat thallus. The spore capsule is spherical.

Genus FOSSOMBRONIA Raddi

Fossombronia angulosa Raddi

On poor, sandy soil. Fruits from January to March.

Distribution — Texas: Austin-Cameron road. Common in north¬
eastern United States, Europe.

Reference — Underwood, N. A. Hepaticae, p. 60, 1883.

Referring to this Austin material, Dr. M. A. Howe says, “It is pos¬
sibly the briefly described F. texana Lindb., but in default of any au¬
thentic specimens (except perhaps in the Lindberg herbarium in Fin¬
land) nobody seems to know exactly what F. texana is.”

Fossombronia longiseta Aust.

Collected by Wright in Texas (1847-1852), but no definite locality
was given. Reported also from California and Arizona.

Reference — Underwood, N. A. Hepaticae, p. 60, 1883.

Fossombronia salina Lindb.

On moist soil and damp limestone ledges. Fruits from January
to March. Thallus perennial.

Distribution — Texas: Austin (common), Blanco River, Bastrop,
Marble Falls.

References — Evans, Rhodora, vol. 5, pp. 170-173, 1903; Evans and
Nichols, Bryophytes of Conn., p. 46, 1908.

52

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Fossombronia wondraczekii (Corda) Dumort.

On moist, sandy soil. Fruits from January to March.

Distribution — Texas : Austin.

References — Evans, Rliodora, vol. 5, pp. 170-173, 1903; Evans and
Nichols, Bryophytes of Conn., p. 47, 1908.

Family JUNGERMANNIACEAE
Genus FRULLANIA Raddi

Frullania inflata Gottsche

On the bark of trees. Fruits in spring.

Distribution — Texas: Austin (not common). Connecticut to Mex¬
ico.

References — Evans, Bryologist, vol. 15, pp. 22-26, 1912; Evans, Bry-
ologist, vol. 26, pp. 65-67, 1923.

Frullania squarrosa (R. Bl. and N. ) Dumort.

On rocks and trees. Fruits in spring.

Distribution — Texas: Austin, Deep Eddy, Onion Creek, Smith-
ville. Connecticut, Ohio, southward into northern South America,
Asia, Africa, Australia.

References — Underwood, N. A. Hepaticae, p. 64, 1883; Evans,
Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., vol. 10, pp. 1-39, 1897; Evans and Nichols, Bry¬
ophytes of Conn., p. 73, 1908.

Frullania riparia Hampe

On bark of trees in protected canyons, “on shaded rocks.” Fruits
in spring.

Distribution — Texas: Austin, Shoal Creek, Onion Creek.

Reference — Evans, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. 10, pp. 1-39, 1897.

Frullania brittoniae Evans

On rocks and trees, in canyons. Fruits in spring.

Distribution — Texas: Austin. New England to Illinois and south¬
ward to Virginia.

Reference — Evans, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., vol. 10, pp. 1-39, 1897.

Frullania eboracensis Gottsche

On trees, occasionally on rocks. Fruits in spring.

Distribution — Texas: Austin, Onion Creek, Shoal Creek, all in
Travis County.

Reference — Underwood, N. A. Hepaticae, p. 61, 1883.

Genus CEPHALQZIA Dumort.

Cephalozia connivens (Dicks.) Lindb.

Moist, sandy stream banks. Fruits in February and March.
Distribution — Texas: Bastrop. Connecticut south to Florida and
the Gulf states.

References — Howe, Bull. Torrey Club, vol. 29, pp. 281-289, 1902-
Evans, Bryologist, vol. 20, pp. 17-28, 1917; Grout, Mosses with a Hand
Lens, p. 291, 1924.

CATALOGUE OF TEXAS HEPATIC AE

53

Cephalozia macrostachya Kaalas

Moist soil along streams, usually sand. Fruits in February and
March.

Distribution — Texas: Bastrop. Connecticut to Texas.

References — Evans, Rhodora, vol. 17, pp. 107-120, 1915; Evans, Bry-
ologist, vol. 20, pp. 17-28, 1917.

Genus SCAPAMA Dumort.

Scapania nemorosa (L.) Dumort.

Moist, sandy banks. Fruits from January to March.

Distribution — Texas: Caldwell County (McBryde), College Sta¬
tion (LaMotte).

References — Underwood, N. A. Hepaticae, p. 109, 1883; Grout, Moss¬
es with a Hand Lens, p. 283, 1924.

Genus PORELLA (Dill.) Linnaeus
Porella pinnata L.

Growing on bark of trees, usually close to ground in moist areas.
Fruits in February and March.

Distribution — Texas: Ottine marshes, Conroe, Liberty.

References — Underwood, N. A. Hepaticae, p. 76, (as Madotheca
'porella Nees), 1883; Grout, Mosses with a Hend Lens, p. 278, 1924.

Genus ANTHOCEROS (Mich.) Linnaeus

This genus can be recognized by its deep green thallus, lacking
air-chambers, and by its green hornlike sporophyte arising singly or
several from the surface of the thallus.

Anthoceras laevis L. (PI. 4, fig. 15)

On moist ground and occasionally on wet rocks. It does not stand
competition. Fruits from February to April.

Distribution — Texas: Austin, Bastrop, Industry, Kounze, Marble
Falls, Enchanted Rock north of Fredericksburg. New England and
Ontario to Iowa and south, Gulf States and Mexico. Europe and Asia.

References — Underwood, N. A. Hepaticae, p. 45, 1883; Howe, Bull.
Torrey Club, vol. 25, pp. 1-25, 1898.

This species is recognized by its yellow spores.

Anthoceros punctatus L.

On moist ground and occasionally on wet rocks. Fruits perhaps
a month later than A. laevis.

Distribution — Texas: Austin, Bastrop, Industry, Enchanted Rock
north of Fredericksburg.

References — Underwood, N. A. Hepaticae, p. 45, 1883; Howe, Bull.
Torrey Club, vol. 25, pp. 1-25, 1898.

The thallus of A. punctatus is very similar to that of A. laevis.
The dark-brown to black spores distinguish it from A. laevis.

54

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Order ANTHOCEROTALES
Family ANTHOCEROTACEAE
Genus NOTOTHYLAS Sull.

Notothylas is distinguished from Anthoceros by the fact that the
capsule barely projects beyond the basal sheath that surrounds the
sporophyte in both genera. In Anthoceros the sporophyte projects for
the most of its length beyond the sheath.

Notothylas orbicularis (Schwein.) Sull.

On moist soil near seepy places. Fruits during January and Feb¬
ruary.

Distribution — Texas: Conroe (Lewis and Tharp), Liberty (Lewis
and Tharp). New England to Indiana to North Carolina. South Amer¬
ica, Europe.

References — Underwood, N. A. Hepaticae, p. 45, 1883; Howe, Bull.
Torrey Club, vol. 25, pp. 1-25, 1898.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Austin, C. F., New Hepaticae: Bull. Torrey Club, vol. 6, pp. 157-158,
1877.

Evans, Alexander, W., The Genus Plagiochasma and its North Amer¬
ican species: Bull. Torrey Club, vol. 42, pp. 259-308, 1895.

_ A revision of the North American species of

Frullania, a genus of Hepaticae: Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., vol. 10,
pp. 1-39, 1897.

_ Preliminary lists of New England plants: Rho-

dora, vol. 5, pp. 170-173, 1903.

_ ’ _ A new Frullania from Florida: Bryologist,

vol. 15, pp. 22-26, 1912.

_ Notes on New England Hepaticae, XII: Rho-

dora, vol. 17, pp. 107-120, 1915.

_ Notes on North American Hepaticae, VII: Ery-

ologist, vol. 20, pp. 17-28, 1917.

_ The American species of Marchantia: Trans.

Conn. Acad. Sci., vol. 21, pp. 201-313, 1917.

_ Notes on North American Hepaticae, VIII:

Bryologist, vol. 22, pp. 54-73, 1919.

_ The North American species of Asterella: Con-

trib. U. S. Nat. Herb., vol. 20, pp. 247-312, 1920.

_ _ Corsiniaceae: North American Flora, vol. 14,

pp. 29-30, 1920.

_ Rebouliaceae: North American Flora, vol. 14,

pp. 39-56, 1923.

__ _ _ Marchantiaceae: North American Flora, vol.

14, pp. 57-66, 1914.

_ A new Plagiochasma from Texas: Am. Jour.

Bot., vol. 19, pp. 626-631, 1932.

Evans, Alexander W., and Nichols, G. E., The Bryophytes of Connecti¬
cut: Conn. State Geol. & Nat. Hist. Survey, Bull. 11, 1908.

CATALOGUE OF TEXAS HEPATIC AE

55

Grout, A. J., Mosses with a Hand Lens, 3rd ed., 1924 (contains a sec¬
tion on Hepaticae by M. A. Howe).

Haynes, Caroline C., Illustrations of six species of Riccia, with the orig¬
inal descriptions: Bull. Torrey Club, vol. 47, pp. 279-287, 1920.
Howe, M. A., The Anthocerotaceae of North America: Bull. Torrey
Club, vol. 25, pp. 1-24, 1898.

New American Hepaticae: Bull. Torrey Club, vol. 25,
'pp. 182-192, 1898.

The Hepaticae and Anthocerotes of California: Mem.
Torrey Club, vol. 7, pp. 1-208, 1899.

Riccia Beyrichiana and Riccia dictyospora: Bull. Tor¬
rey Club, vol. 28, pp. 161-165, 1901.

Notes on American Hepaticae: Bull. Torrey Club, vol.
29, pp. 281-289, 1902.

Oxymitra (Tesselina) in the United States: Bryologist,
vol. 17, pp. 72-75, 1914.

Further observations on the Texan Oxymitra (Tesse¬
lina) : Bryologist, vol. 17, pp. 92-94, 1914.

Notes on North American species of Riccia: Bryologist,
vol. 20, pp. 33^37, 1917.

Ricciaceae: North American Flora, vol. 14, pp. 11-27,

1923.

Howe, M. A., and Underwood, L. M., The genus Riella, with descrip¬
tions of new species from North America and the Canary Islands:
Bull. Torrey Club, vol. 30, pp. 214-224, 1903.

McAllister, F., The morphology of Thallocarpus Curtisii : Bull. Torrey
Club, vol. 43, pp. 117-126, 1916 (R. curtisii)

Underwood, L. M., Descriptive catalogue of the North American Hepati¬
cae. north of Mexico: Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, pp.
1-133, 1883.

_ _ __ Notes on our Hepaticae; II, the genus Riccia: Bot.

Gaz., vol. 19, pp. 273-278, 1894.

_ _ Notes on our Hepaticae; III, the distribution of the

North American Marchantiaceae: Bot. Gaz., vol. 20, pp. 59-71, 1895.

56

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

PLATE III

Figures — Page

1. Riccia crystalline, L., x8. Portion of the spongy thallus__ 43

2. Riccia albida Sull., x5. Group of thalli showing calcified

surfaces _ 45

3. Riccia austini Stephani, x5. A dried plant with rolled

edges showing conspicuous ventral scales _ 44

4, 5. Riccia hirta Aust. _ 46

4. Group of young thalli, x5.

5. Mature thalli showing characterisitc margins and

conspicuous median sulcus, x5.

6. Riccia dictyospora M. A. Howe, x5. Mature thalli show¬
ing thin submembraneous margins _ 45

7. Riccia donnellii Aust. x5. Mature thalli showing elevated

antlieridial ostioles _ 46

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, VOL. XV

PLATE III

58

te'xas academy of science

PLATE IV

Figures — Page

1. Sphaerocarpos texanus Aust., xlO. Female plant showing

archegonial involucres _ 41

2. Riccia hirta Aust. x3. Thallus with ciliated margins _ 46

3-5. Riccia glauca L. _ _ _ 44

3. Thallus. Circular shaded areas show position of
imbedded sporopliytes, x3.

4, 5. Angled and wing-margined spores, xl60.

6. Oxymitra androgyne M. A. Howe, x3. Thallus showing

pyramidal involucres containing sporophytes _ 47

7. Corsinia coriandrina (Spreng. ) Lindb. x2. Thallus show¬

ing rosette-like archegonial involucres _ 47

8. Reboulia hemisphaerica (L.) Raddi, x2. Thallus with

female branch and receptacles _ 48

9, 10. Asterella tenella (L.) Beauv. _ _ 49

9. Thallus with female branches and receptacles,
x2.

10. Female receptacle showing fimbriate pseudoperi¬

anth, x4.

11, 12. Conocephalum conicum (L.) Dumort. _ 50

11. Thallus with female receptacle, x2.

12. Section of thallus showing simple pore, x60.

13, 14. Marcliantia domingensis Lehm. and Underw. _ 50

13. Thallus with female receptacles, x2.

14. Thallus with male receptacle, x2.

15. Anthoceras laevis L., x3. Thallus showing hornlike sporo¬
phytes _ ; _ 53

\W\)),J Oi

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, VOL. XV

PLATE IV

PROCEEDINGS

59

PROCEEDINGS
of the

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Annual Meeting, November 27, 28, 1931

A general meeting of the members of the Texas Academy of Sci¬
ence was held at Witte Museum, San Antonio, Texas, Friday and Sat¬
urday, November 27 and 28, J. K. Strecker (President) occupying the
chair. New members were elected, several old members were elevated
to the rank of Fellow, and officers for the coming year were elected.
A program of numerous papers in two sections was enjoyed during
the two days. After the general meeting the Executive Committee
held a business session.

New Fellows— W. S. Adkins, G. W. Goldsmith, R. P. Mar-
stellar, Jacolyn Manning, Helen J. Plummer, Gayle Scott, Vic¬
tor J. Smith, M. A. Stewart, F. L. Thomas, O. A. Ullrich.

Officers elected for 1931-1932. — H. Y. Benedict, president;

W. E. Carter, vice-president, sec. 1; E. N. Jones, vice-president,
sec. 2; J. F. Sinclair, vice-president, sec. 3; H. B. Parks, secre¬
tary-treasurer.

Report of the Treasurer. — The following report for the period from
November 16, 1930, to November 27, 1931, was presented;

EXPENDITURES

Postage . . - . $ 52.99

Express . 3.20

Printing . 309.59

Seal . 15.00

Incidental expenses . 25.00

Office supplies . 6.75

$412.53

RECEIPTS

Cash brought forward . . . . . $ 14.80

Refund for money advanced at Oberhol-

ser meeting . 4.50

Membership fees from A.A.A.S... . 50.00

Fees and dues received . . . . 192.00

Sale of “Texas Cacti’’ . . 180.60

Sale of old publications . 86.85

$528.75

STATEMENT

Total expenses . . . $412.53

Total receipts . . . . . . . $528.75

Amount on hand . . . . . . . . . $116.22

Report of the Auditing Committee. — We have examined this ac¬
count and have found this report correct.

Frederick A. Burt
W. R. Horlacher
Ellen Schultz Quillin

<60

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Papers presented— In the meeting of the Executive Committee it
was ordered that the following papers presented or read by title dur¬
ing the annual meeting be printed in the Proceedings. It was further
ordered that in the future when an important paper is at the disposal
of the Publication Committee, it shall be printed as soon as possible
and in this way combine the Bulletin and the earlier volume of the
Transactions and Proceedings.

Color Photography Illustrating Texas Wild Flowers, by J. M.
Kuehne, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Texas Academy of Science, Its Origin and Founders, by Fred¬
erick W. Simonds, University of Texas, Austin Texas.

New Discoveries of the Department of Anthropology of the
University of Texas, by J. E. Pearce, University of Texas,
Austin, Texas.

Aztec Influence on Primitive Art in the Southwest, by M. L.
Crimmins, San Antonio, Texas.

Archeological Explorations by the Witte Museum in the Big
Bend of Texas, by Emma Gutzeit, San Antonio, Texas.

Sulphur Industries of Texas, by William Cunningham, Univer¬
sity of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Earthquake of August 16, by E. H. Sellards, University of Texas,
Austin, Texas.

Rift Valleys in the Trans-Pecos and the Rio Grande, by C. L.
Baker, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Silting of Lake Worth, by T. U. Taylor, University of Texas,
Austin, Texas.

Formative Processes in Aluminum-bearing Concretions, by F. A.
Burt, A. & M. College, College Station. Texas.

New Discoveries Relative to Potash Deposits, by E. P. Schoch,
University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Birds That Go to School, by Don O. Baird, State Teachers
College, Huntsville, Texas.

Nature Study in Child Education, by C. H. Gable and Ellen
Schulz Quillin, San Antonio, Texas.

Chlorophyll Deficiencies induced in Cotton, by W. R. Horlocher
and D. F. Killough, A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Problem of Sedimentary Cycles in Deposits of Pennsylvanian
Age in Texas, F. B. Plummer, University of Texas, Austin,
Texas.

Some New Fossil Ammonids from the Basal Permian of Texas,
by F. B. Plummer, University of Texas. Austin, Texas.

Current Trends in Health Education, by Don O. Baird, State
Teachers College, Huntsville, Texas.

Estimation of Losses of Cotton from Phymatotrichum (root
rot), by W. N. Ezekiel and J. J. Taubenhaus, Experiment
Station, College Station, Texas.

Core Rot a New Disease of Freesias, by W. N. Ezekiel and J. J.
Taubenhaus, Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station, Tex.

Mineral Content of Honey, by Cathora Remy, San Antonio, Tex.

Age Incidence in the Lines of Retzius in the Enamel of Human
Permanent Teeth, by J. H. Swanson, College of Arts and In¬
dustries, Kingsville, Texas.

PROCEEDINGS

61

LIFE FELLOWS

Bailey, James R., University of Texas, Austin, Texas
Benedict, H. Y., University of Texas, Austin, Texas
Clark, James F., Texas Land Office, Austin, Texas
*Dumble, E. T.

♦Everhart, Edgar
Halley, R. B., (address unknown)

♦Halsted, G. B.

James, Dr. A. Judson, 811 Kress Bldg., Houston, Texas
♦MacFarlane, Alexander
♦Nagle, J. C.

Simonds, F. W., University of Texas, Austin, Texas
Taylor, T. U., University of Texas, Austin, Texas
Thompson, R. A., 3310 Drexel Drive, Dallas, Texas
♦Streeruwitz, W. von

FELLOWS

Adkins, W. S., Bureau of Economic Geology, Austin, Texas
Adkisson, Dr. C. M., Texas State College for Women, Denton, Texas
Baird, Dr. Don 0., Sam Houston State Teachers College, Huntsville,
Texas.

Bantel, E. C. H., University of Texas, Austin, Texas
Bargus, Prof. J. M., North Texas Agric. College, Arlington, Texas
Barton, Donald C., Petroleum Bldg., Houston, Texas
Battle, Dr. W. J., University of Texas, Austin, Texas
Bilsing, Prof. S. W., College Station, Texas

Birge, Miss W. I., Texas State College for Women, Denton, Texas
Burt, Prof. Frederick A., College Station, Texas

Carter, William T., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station, Texas
Charlton, Prof. Orlando C., 1736 Bennett Ave., Dallas, Texas
Conner, A. B., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station, Texas.
Cory, V. L., Substation No. 14, Sonora, Texas
Crimmins, Col. M. L., Ft. Sam Houston, Texas
Cuyler, R. H., University of Texas, Austin, Texas
Dana, Bliss F., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station, Texas
Dodd, Prof. E. L., University of Texas, Austin, Texas
English, Prof. P. F., Box 25, Williamston, Michigan
Ezekiel, Dr. Walter N., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station,
Texas

Ferguson, A. M., 602 W. Grand Ave., Sherman, Texas
Francis, Dr. M., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas
Fraps, Dr. George Stronach, Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Sta¬
tion, Texas

Fuller, Prof. Frederick D., 3003 Ennis Ave., Bryan, Texas
Geiser, Prof. S. W., Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas
Godbey, Prof. J. C., Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas
Goldsmith, G. W., University of Texas, Austin, Texas
Harper, Dr. Henry Winston, University of Texas, Austin, Texas
Harris, Dr. B. B., 2307 San Antonio St., Denton, Texas
Hathaway, Prof. Arthur S., Boerne, Texas

♦Deceased.

<62

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Hawley, John Blackstock, 411 Capps Bldg., Ft. Worth, Texas
Henze, Prof. Henry Rudolf, University of Texas, Austin, Texas
Horlacher, Dr. W. R., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas
Iseley, Prof. F. B., 2732 Ave. E., Fort Worth, Texas
Jones, Edward N., Baylor University, Waco, Texas
Jones, Dr. L. Goodrich, College Station, Texas
Letord, Henri, 513 Roberts Banner Bldg., El Paso, Texas
Lewis, Dr. Isaac McKinney, University of Texas, Austin, Texas
Mally, F. W., 1627 W. Huisache, San Antonio, Texas
Manning, Dr. Jacolyn, 187 North Craig Ave., Pasadena, California.
Marsteller, Dr. R. P., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas
Masters, Prof. W. N., North Texas State Teachers College, Denton,
Texas

Mather, Prof. William T., University of Texas, Austin, Texas
McAllister, Dr. Frederick, 3205 West Ave., Austin, Texas
McConnell, W. J., North Texas State Teachers College, Denton, Texas
Olsen, Prof. Julius, 1204 Vogal Ave., Abilene, Texas
Parks, H. B., Route 1, Box 368, San Antonio, Texas
Patterson, Dr. John Thomas, University of Texas, Austin, Texas
Pearce, Prof. James Edwin, 2607 University Avenue, Austin, Texas
Plummer, Mrs. F. B., 3109 Walling Drive, Austin, Texas
Plummer, F. B., Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas,
Austin, Texas

Prentiss, Dr. Elliott C., 515 Roberts-Banner Bldg., El Paso, Texas
Price, Dr. W. Armstrong, 808 Esperson Bldg., Houston, Texas
Quillin, Mrs. Ellen Schulz, Witte Memorial Museum, San Antonio,
Texas

Reed, Prof. Clyde T., Box 1067, Kingsville, Texas

Reinhard, H. J., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station, Texas
Romberg, Arnold, University of Texas, Austin, Texas
Schoch, Dr. E. P., University of Texas, Austin, Texas
Scott, Prof. Gayle, Texas Christian Univ., Fort Worth, Texas
Silvey, Dr. O. W., College Station, Texas.

Smith, Dr. Cornelia M., Baylor University, Waco, Texas
Smith, Victor J., Alpine, Texas
Stewart, Dr. M. A., Rice Institute, Houston, Texas
Strecker, J. K., Baylor University, Waco, Texas
Tharp, Dr. B. Carroll, 206 Bellevue Place, Austin, Texas
Thomas, Dr. Frank L., College Station, Texas

Ullrich, Dr. Oscar A., Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas
Weiser, Harry B., Rice Institute, Houston, Texas
Whitney, F. L., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Wilson, Prof. Harold Albert, Rice Institute, Houston, Texas

MEMBERS
November 23, 1931

Adams, B. T., Public Schools, Wichita Falls, Texas
Alex, A. H., Route 1, Box 368, San Antonio, Texas
Alexander, Prof. E. R., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas
Alves, Mrs. R. B., 1120 Arizona St., El Paso, Texas
Armendt, Prof. B. F., Austin College, Sherman, Texas
Baines, Geo. W., Alpine, Texas

Baker, Prof. H. A., John Tarleton Agric. College, Stephenville, Texas
Baker, Mrs. H. A., Stephenville Public School, Stephenville, Texas
Barker, Campbell, Alpine, Texas

Bass, S. W., South Texas State Teachers College, Kingsville, Texas

PROCEEDINGS

63

Bawden, Dr. A. T., Baylor College for Women, Belton, Texas
Berkman, Prof. Anton H., Dept, of Biology, College Mines, El Paso,
Texas

Bickel, Prof. D. Alvin, North Texas Agric. College, Arlington, Texas
Blau, Dr. Ludwig Wilhelm, 2027 Colquitt Ave., Houston, Texas
Bobo, R., Dept, of Science, Belton Public Schools, Belton, Texas
Bodansky, Dr. Meyer, School of Medicine, University of Texas, Galves¬
ton, Texas

Brady, Prof. T. H., East Texas State Teachers College, Commerce,
Texas

Braun, Prof. T. T., East Texas State Teachers College, Commerce,
Texas

Brown, Geo. A., Alpine, Texas

Brown, Prof. L. S., University of Texas, Austin, Texas
Burges, Major Richard, Two Republics Bldg., El Paso, Texas.

Bybee, Halbert P., 210 S. Madison St., San Angelo, Texas
Caldwell, W. E., Alpine, Texas.

Capt, Miss Lucile, Baylor College, Belton, Texas

Carney, Prof. Frank, Box 397, Baylor University Station, Waco, Texas
Carroll, J. J., 16 Courtland Place, Houston, Texas
Casey, C. B., Alpine, Texas

Casteel, Dr. Dana B., University of Texas, Austin, Texas
Chambers, Dr. Leslie A., Texas Christian University, Fort Worth,
Texas

Cheatum, E. P., Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas
Cheney, M. G., Coleman, Texas

Clare, Sister Mary, Our Lady of Lake College, San Antonio, Texas
Clark, Prof. J. Frank, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas
Conkling, Roscoe, 4507 Pershing Drive, El Paso, Texas
Conner, Dr. Augustus C., Box 7, Lexington, Texas
Cook, Prof. R. J., Kingsville, Texas.

Couch, Mrs. C. M., Sanderson, Texas
Craige, Mrs. Branch, 507 Corto St., El Paso, Texas
Crenshaw, Prof. Geo. Samuel Parker, Southwestern University, George¬
town, Texas

Cribbs, W. J., Box 34, Texas State College for Women, Denton, Texas
Cullinan, J. S., Remington Lane, Houston, Texas
Cushing, A. B., 315 Halliday Ave., San Antonio, Texas
Cushing, E. C., Golovin, Alaska

Damon, H. G., Box 1609, University of Texas, Austin, Texas
Decherd, Miss Loraine, Box 535, College of Industrial Arts, Denton,
Texas

Decherd, Miss Mary E., 2313 Nueces St., Austin, Texas
Doak, Prof. C. C., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas
Dobie, J. Frank, University of Texas, Austin, Texas
Dovre, Adolph O., 128 E. Magnolia Ave., San Antonio, Texas
Dunenberger, Shelton, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas
Dunlavy, Henry, Temple, Texas

Dunn, Burgin, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas

Duval, Hugh H., Bastrop, Texas

Eifler, Gus K. Jr., 4008 Ave. F., Austin, Texas

Erdis, E. C., 1017 Montana, El Paso, Texas

Evans, Prof. Arthur Wilson, Texas Tech. College, Lubbock, Texas
Fisher, Francis A., Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas
Fletcher, Henry T., 02 Ranch, Alpine, Texas
Fletcher, Robert K., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas
Floyd, Prof. Lucius Perry, North Texas State Teachers College, Denton,
Texas

64

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Fountain, H. C., Leander, Texas

Gable, C. H., 108 Barrett, San Antonio, Texas

Getzendanner, Frank M., Uvalde, Texas

Gill, Stanley, Drawer C., Houston, Texas

Gish, Wesley, Sinclair Bldg., Tulsa, Oklahoma

Godbold, Dr. Edgar, Howard Payne College, Brownwood, Texas

Goodell, Joe, Two Republics Bldg., El Paso, Texas

Gorzycki, Lillian, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas

Guenzel, Paul, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas

Hardt, Ben F., Box 131, Victoria, Texas.

Hawtof, M. E., 1215 N. 16th St., Waco, Texas.

Hill, Harry, Dept, of Physics, Texas Tech. CoWege, Lubbock, Texas
Hodges, H. A. Edinburg College, Edinburg, Texas
Howard, C. A., 120 Princeton Ave., Dallas, Texas
Hughes, W. L., North Texas Agric. College, Arlington, Texas
Huser, C. W., Box 1382, Texas College Arts & Industries, Kingsville,
Texas

James, W. A., Ball High School, Galveston, Texas

Jeffers, Cedric McClellan, 8 W. Adams, Temple, Texas

Johnson, Prof. Horace Greeley, A. & M. College, College Station, Texas

Johnson, Ola, North Texas State Teachers College, Denton, Texas

Jones, S. E., College Station, Texas

Jones, W. Goodrich, Box 1585, Waco, Texas

Joor, W. E., 1203 W. Russell Place, San Antonio, Texas

Junigan, Mrs. R. J., Box 116, Port Arthur, Texas.

Kemp, Mrs. Augusta Hasslock, Box 626, Seymour, Texas
Kendall, Chas. Hansford, Box 515, Palestine, Texas
Keyser, Lester, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas
Killiam, O. L., North Texas Agric. College, Arlington, Texas
Kimball, Edwin Boyce, 1810 Electric Bldg., Fort Worth, Texas
Kirn, Albert J., Somerset, Texas

Knight, Dr. Harry O., 3120 Avenue Q, Galveston, Texas
Kuehne, Prof. John Matthias, University of Texas, Austin, Texas
Lade, O. R., 300 W. 33rd St., Route 1, Waco, Texas
Leasure, Mrs. C., 4131 Montana, El Paso, Texas
LeCompte, W. H., Kingsville, Texas

LeMotte, Chas. Prof., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas
Lewis, Dr. Isaac McKinney, University of Texas, Austin, Texas
Linn, Miss A. D., Alpine, Texas

Little, Prof. V. A., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas
Long, Miss Grace, College of Mines, El Paso, Texas
Longnecker, Mayre, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas
Loring, Porter, San Antonio, Texas

Lutz, C. M., East Texas State Teachers College, Commerce, Texas
Mackensen, Otto, 2501 Nueces St., Austin, Texas
Marvin, Miss Elizabeth, 914 W. Mulberry, San Antonio, Texas
May, H. Y., 1738 W. Grammercy Place, San Antonio, Texas
McCorkle, W. H., College Station, Texas

Mennie, Mrs. G. W., Jr., 2233 Winton Terrace West, Fort Worth, Texas
Middleton, C. R., Route 1, Buckholdts, Texas
Mitchell, Nick P., Jr., 702 West 21st St., Austin, Texas
Mixson, Mrs. Edward, East Texas State Teachers College, Commerce,
Texas

Moore, Miss Viola, Brackenridge Senior High School, San Antonio,
Texas

Morrow, Miss Marie B., University of Texas, Austin, Texas
Mortensen, E., Winterhaven, Texas

Moss, Miss Homiselle, 1001 E. Nevada St., El Paso, Texas

I:

PROCEEDINGS

65

Mower, Lowell K., Shell Petroleum Corp., Athletic Club Bldg., Dallas,
Texas

Nelson, Herndon, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texhs
Nierman, J. L., Prof., South Texas State Teachers College, Kingsville,
Texas

Norwood, Briten, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas
O’Neil, Mrs. M., East Texas State Teachers College, Commerce, Texas
Oppe, Greta, Ball High School, Galveston, Texas
Owen,. Edgar W., 1015 Milam Bldg., San Antonio, Texas
Parks, H. B., Jr., 2812 Nueces St., Austin, Texas

Parsons, Prof. L. D., East Texas State Teachers College, Commerce,
Texas

Partch, Prof. A. W., Wesley College, Greenville, Texas
Patton, LeRoy T., 2415 19th St., Lubbock, Texas
Payne, L. W., Dr., University of Texas, Austin, Texas
Place, J. A., Texas State Medical School, Galveston, Texas m
Pope, H. D., San Angelo, Texas

Potter, Dr. George E., Dept, of Zoology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas

Radetzky, Frederick J., Box 68, Route 2, Athens, Texas

Rea, Homer E., 1306 N. Fifth St., Temple, Texas

Reid, Mrs. Bessie M., Gulf Refinery, Port Arthur, Texas

Reid, Lewin, Box 3242, Polytechnic Station, Fort Worth, Texas

Reynolds, Dr. E. B., Collgee Station, Texas

Rischar, Eduard, M. D., Cameron Hospital, Cameron, Texas

Ritzau, Kurt, 2416 Milam, Houston, Texas

Rix, R. A., East Texas State Teachers College, Commerce, Texas
Rosenthal, Helman, 2411 S. Hardwood, Dallas, Texas
Sanders, Otly E., 211 S. Polk St., Dallas, Texas
Sanders, Ruth Maxwell, 211 S. Polk St., Dallas, Texas
Sandlin, V. L., Alief Public Schools, Alief, Texas
Sayles, E. B., Box 508, Abilene, Texas
Schmidt, Corinne, Trinity, Texas
Scobee, Barrie, Ft. Davis, Texas

Secrest, P. G., Jr., Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas
Semmes, Dr. Douglas R., 1601 Milam Bldg., San Antonio, Texas
Simpson, Robert, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas
Sinclair, John F., Box 167, Kingsville, Texas

Sinclair, John Geo., Medical Branch, University of Texas, Galveston,
Texas

Smith, E. G., College Station, Texas

Smith, Mrs. Gertrude W., Byron and Ft. Blvd., El Paso, Texas
Smith, Victor J., Alpine, Texas
Smyre, S. H., Caldwell, Texas

Stainbrook, Prof. M. A., Texas Tech. College, Lubbock, Texas
Starkie, John L., Box 790, Brownwood, Texas

Stephens, Prof. Ira Kendrick, Southern Methodist University, Dallas,
Texas

Stephens, Prof. William Richmond, Dept, of Chemistry, Baylor Univ.,
Waco, Texas

Stump, William, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas
Sullivan, Mrs. Maud D., El Paso Public Library, El Paso, Texas
Svensen, Prof. Carl Lars, Texas Tech. College, Lubbock, Texas
Swanson, J. H., Edinburg, Texas

Taubenhaus, Dr. J. J., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station,
Texas

Thomas, DeRossette, 131 Park Drive, San Antonio, Texas
Thomas, Norman L., Box 1007, Fort oWrth, Texas

66

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Tilbury, Mrs. G. O., Port Arthur, Waco

Tinsley, John D., Santa Fe General Office Bldg., Amarillo, Texas
Townsend, Dr. E. E., Alpine, Texas

Tucker, Prof. Ernest R., Texas Christian University, Fort Worth,
Texas

Ullrich, Dr. Oscar A., Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas
Vogel, Miss Bertha, Arcadia St., San Antonio, Texas
Wallace, Miss Olga Mae, 225 Wickes St., San Antonio, Texas
Walter, E. V., Box 1077, San Antonio, Texas

Wapple, Albert Russell, Prof., Southwestern University, Georgetown,
Texas

Ware, Robert, Raymondville High School, Raymondville, Texas
Watkins, Mr. Gustav M., 813 John Jay Hall, Columbia University,
New York City

Watson, Prof. E. H., Commerce, Texas

Whitacre, Dr. Jessie, Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station,
Texas

Whitehead, L. C., 105 Grove Place, San Antonio, Texas

Whitley, S. H., East Texas Teachers College, Commerce, Texas

Williams, Dr. Walter J., Baylor University, Waco, Texas

Winebrenner, Prof. 0. E., 903 Rogan Ave., Brownwood, Texas

Winkler, E. W., Librarian, University of Texas, Austin, Texas

Winkler, B. 0., Humble Oil & Ref. Co., Drawer D., Houston, Texas

Wisdom, William, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas

Wolfe, Ross R., Stephenville, Texas

Wolff, Simon E., 901 South 25th St., Temple, Texas

Yarnell, S. H., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station, Texas

Young, Ellen D., 1103 Seymour Ave., Laredo, Texas

Yun, San Wan, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas

Zimmerman, Miss Ruth, Route 1, Marlin, Texas

Transactions

of the

TEXAS ACADEMY of SCIENCE

i

1931 TO 1932

TOGETHER WITH THE PROCEEDINGS
FOR THE SAME TIME

VOLUME XVI

Austin, Texas ...•""T ;. ■ !■ $ (if-S

Published by the Academy ■ ■

1933

Transactions

of the

TEXAS ACADEMY of SCIENCE

1931 TO 1932

TOGETHER WITH THE PROCEEDINGS
FOR THE SAME TIME

VOLUME XVI

Austin, Texas

Published by the Academy
1933

ORGANIZATION
of the

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Member of

American Association for the Advancement of Science

AFFILIATED AND SUBORDINATE BODIES

Texas Archeological and Paleontological Society

West Texas Historical Society

Texas Folklore Society

North Texas Biological Society

Southwestern Science Society

Texas Entomological Society

University1 Science Club

El Paso Archeological Society

Chapter I, Commerce

Chapter II, San Antonio

Chapter I, Junior Academy of Science, Commerce

OFFICERS, 1931-1932

H. Y. Benedict _ I _ President

F. B. Plummer _ Executive Vice-President

W. E. Carter _ , _ Vice-President, sec. 1

E. N. Jones _ ’ _ vice-President, sec. 2

J. F. Sinclair _ vice-President, sec. 3

H. B. Parks _ _ Secretary-Treasurer

CONTENTS

Page

In memoriam, John Kern Strecker _

Check list of diseases of plants in Texas, by J. J. Taubenhaus
and W. N. Ezekiel _

Proceedings of the Texas Academy of Science, 1931-1932

91

JOHN KERN STRECKER
Naturalist

1875-1932

Member, 1902
Raised to Fellow, 1929
President, 1930

CHECK LIST OF DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXASi

J. J. TAUBENHAUS and WALTER N. EZEKIEL3

INTRODUCTION

Plant diseases annually levy heavy toll on the yield and
quality of Texas crops. In this way, diseases may rob the
farmer of part or all of the profits from crops and thus
affect the economic welfare of the entire region. Further
widespread interest in plant diseases is brought about by
the frequent attacks of diseases on home plantings, even in
the cities.

The individual grower, were he the theoretical average
for the State, would lose in different years from 10 to 20
per cent of all his crops from plant diseases. This does not
sound alarming, but it is estimated that the aggregate an¬
nual loss from Phymatotrichum root rot alone, in Texas,
lies between fifty and one hundred million dollars. Consid¬
ering all plant diseases, the total annual loss for Texas may
reasonably be estimated as at least twice this figure, or two
hundred million dollars at normal price levels.

Plant pathologists today are busily engaged in studying
the causes of these diseases with a view to developing con¬
trol methods. Much has already been done in that direction
and much more still remains to be accomplished. For years,
the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station has been work¬
ing on the plant diseases that affect crops grown in Texas.
The results of these studies have been published in various
technical journals and Station bulletins, but a combined list
of the diseases known to occur in Texas has been lacking.
It is hoped that the present list, admittedly incomplete, may
be of value not only to research workers in plant pathology
in Texas and in the South, but also to teachers in vocational
agriculture, county agents, growers, and land owners.

The list contains data on Texas plant diseases accumu¬
lated during the last sixteen years by the senior writer, who
also assumes full responsibility for the identification of the
causes of various plant diseases. However, doubtful speci¬
mens have been submitted to the Plant Disease Survey, Bu¬
reau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture,

i Published with the approval of the Director as Contribution No. 227,
Technical Series, Texas Agricultural Experimental Station.

Chief of Division of Plant Pathology and Physiology.

Plant Pathologist.

6

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

and to specialists in various parts of the country, to whom
grateful acknowledgment is here made. In the present list,
the names of fungi are mainly in accord with those given in
the “Check List of Diseases of Economic Plants in the Unit¬
ed States” (United States Department of Agriculture, De¬
partment Bulletin 1366, 1926) and Seymour’s “Host Index
of the Fungi of North America” (Harvard University
Press, 1929). The common and scientific names used for
plants are those given in “Standardized Plant Names”
(American Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomencla¬
ture, 1923) and in Ellen D. Schulz’ “Texas Wild Flowers”
(Laidlaw Brothers, 1928).

The host plants mentioned in the list have been ar¬
ranged in five groups. The first group includes cereal, for¬
age, fiber, and hay crops ; the second, truck crops ; the third,
fruits, nuts, and berries ; the fourth, shade and forest trees,
and ornamental herbaceous plants and shrubs; and the
fifth, non-cultivated herbaceous and woody annuals and pe¬
rennials with the exception of native trees and shrubs in¬
cluded in group four. Most of the common weeds are in¬
cluded in group five. In each group, the hosts are arranged
alphabetically by the common name, but the technical name
of the plant is given also. The importance of each plant is
indicated by small numbers in parentheses: (1) includes
commercial nursery plants and new introductions grown as
yet primarily in the nursery; (2) includes plants grown on
a very small scale in backyard gardens, either for food or
ornamental purposes but not usually intended for the mar¬
ket; (3) represents plants grown in somewhat less limited
areas but still not on a field basis, as in farmers’ gardens,
home orchards, or in street or park planting in cities, also
native plants growing in limited areas; (4) includes plants
grown on a large scale for commercial or market purposes
or on a large scale in nature and includes most important
cultivated crops, native forest trees, and grasses. Nota¬
tions of this sort are not given for the non-cultivated plants
in the last group.

The diseases of each plant are likewise arranged alpha¬
betically by their common names. Following the name of
each disease is given the name of the fungus or bacterium
or other cause of the disease. For the cultivated plants,
the relative importance of each disease is indicated by the
following symbols in parentheses: (f) diseases that oc¬
cur occasionally and cause little loss, usually of less than
5 per cent of the plants exposed to infection; (ft) diseases
that are of somewhat more importance but which rarely

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

7

cause losses of more than 5 to 15 per cent; (fff) diseases
that occur frequently and may cause losses of 15 to 40 per
cent; and (f fff ) diseases that occur frequently and al¬
most invariably cause disastrous losses of over 40 per cent.
For instance, Phymatotrichum root rot has been listed as
(f) under the common hackberry, which is highly resistant
to the disease, only occasional seedlings being affected ; un¬
der the fig, on the other hand, root rot is given a (fftf)
rating since fig trees are invariably killed by root rot when
they are exposed to infection.

The writers wish to express their indebtedness for in¬
formation on the prevalence of certain plant diseases in
Hidalgo County and in Bell County, respectively, to their
colleagues, Mr. W. J. Bach and Mr. S. E. Wolff; to the late
Dr. L. H. Pammel, to the late Professor H. Ness, and to Mr.
V. L. Cory, Range Botanist, for identification of many of
the plants mentioned here; and to Mrs. F. B. Plummer for
editorial assistance.

GROUP 1

CEREAL, FORAGE, FIBER, SUGAR, AND HAY CROPS

Alfalfa, Medicago sativa (3) (4)

Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town, (ff)

Crown rot, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (f)

Crown wTart, UropTilyctis alfalfae (Lagh.) Magn. (f)

Dodder, Cuscuta sp. (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fft)

Root knot, Gaconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ff)

Rust, XJromyces medicaginis Pass, (ff)

Violet root rot, Rhizoctonia crocorum (Pers.) DC. (f)

Artichoke, Jerusalem, Helianthus tuberosus (2)

Crown rot, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (fff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ffff)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. (ff)

Rust, Puccinia helianthi-mollis (Schw.) Jack, (ff)

Barley, Hordeum vulgare (3) (4)

Bacterial blight, Bacterium translucens L. R. Jones, A. G. Johnson,
C. S. Reddy (ff)

Covered smut, Ustilago hordei (Pers.) Kell, and Sw. (ff)

Leaf and stem stripe, Helminthosporium gramineum Rabh. (ff)
Leaf rust, Puccinia anomala Rostr. (f)

Loose smut, Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Kell, and Sw. (fff)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe graminis DC. (fff)

Scab, G-ibberella saubinetii (Mont.) Sacc. (ff)

Spot blotch, Helminthosporium sativum Pam. (ff)

Stem rust, Puccinia graminis Pers. (fff)

8

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Bean, Mung, Phaseolus aureus (2) (3)

Crown rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (tf)

Leaf blight, Bacterium phaseoli EFS. (f)

Mosaic, virus (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Bean, Velvet, Stizolobium deeringianum (3)

Crown rot, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (f)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta mucunae Ell. and Ev. (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (f)

Bermuda Grass, Capriola dactylon (2) (3) (4)

Leaf spot, Helminthosporium giganteum Heald and Wolf (ft)
Rust, Puccinia cynodontis DeLac. (ff)

Smut, Ustilago cynodontis P. Henn. (ft)

Broom Corn, Holcus technicus (4)

Covered kernel smut, Sphacelotheca sorghi (Lk. ) Clint, (ft)

Leaf stripe, Bacterium andropogoni EFS. (ft)

Loose kernel smut, Sphacelotheca cruentu (Kuehn) Potter (ft)

Broomcorn Millet, Panicum miliaceum (3) (4)

Black blotch, Phyllachora graminis (Pers.) Fckl. (f)

Clover, Bur, Medicago maculata (3)

Leaf spot, Cercospora medicaginis Ell. and Ev. (ff)

Corn, Indian, Zea mays (4)

Aspergillus ear mold, Aspergillus niger V. Tiegh. (ff)

Aspergillus ear mold, Aspergillus glaucus Link, (ff)

Ear rot, Diplodia zeae Lev. (ff)

Ear rot, Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. (ff)

Leaf spot, Cercospora sorghi Ell. and Ev. (ft)

Mosaic, virus (f)

Root and stem rot, Gil)l)erella sauMnetii (Mont.) Sacc. (ff)

Rust, Puccinia sorghi Schw. (ff)

Seedling blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (f)

Smut, TJstilago zeae (Beckm.) IJng. (fff)

Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (4)

Angular leaf spot, black arm, boll rot, Bacterium malvacearum
EFS. (fff)

Anthracnose, Glomerella gossypii (E. A. Southw.) Edg. (f)

Black leaf spot, Macrosporium nigricantium Atk. (f)

Black stem, Helminthosporium gossypii Tucker (f )

Boll rot, Choanephora cucurbitarum (B. and Rav.) Thax. (f)

Boll rot, Diplodia gossypina Cke. (ff)

Boll rot, Fusarium sp. (fff)

Boll rot, Pestalozziella gossypina Atk. (f)

Crown rot, Schizophyllum alneum (L.) ex Schrt. (f)

Frosty mildew, Ramularia areola Atk. (ff )

Leaf spot, Cercospora althaeina Sacc. (ff)

Leaf spot, Mycosphaerella gossypina (Cke.) Earle (f)
Malnutrition, physiologic If)

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

9

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ttft)

Root knot, Oaconema radicicola (Greet) Cobb (|f )

Rust, Aecidium gossypii Ell. and Ev. ( Puccinia hibisciata (Schw.)
Kell.) (t)

Seedling blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (t)

Seedling blight, Pythium debaryanum Hesse (f)

Sore-shin, Gorticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ft)

Strangulation, caused by tight soil (f)

Wilt, Fusarium vasinfectum Atk. (ft)

Cowpea, Vigna sinensis (2) (3) (4)

Bacterial blight, Bacterium phaseoli EFS. (ft)

Bacterial streak, Bacillus lathyri Manns and Taub. (f)

Deaf spot, Cercospora cruenta Sacc. ( f ft )

Leaf spot, Cercospora vignae M. Raciborski (ff)

Mosaic, virus (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ftf)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC. (ft)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greet) Cobb (ft)

Rust, Uromyces vignae A. Barclay (ft)

Stem blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (f)

Stem rot, Gorticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ff)

Wilt, Fusarium vasinfectum var. tracheiphilum EFS. (ff)

Guar, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (3)

Crown rot, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. ( ttft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Guayule, Parthenium argentatum (3)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Crown rot, Fusarium sp. (?) (ff)

Johnson Grass, Holcus halepensis (4)

Anthracnose, Colletotrichum lineola Cda. (f)

Leaf blight and root rot, Ilelminthosporium turcicum Pass, (ff)
Leaf spot, Cercospora sorghi Ell. and Ev. (ff)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta sorghina Sacc. (f )

Leaf spot, Septoria pertusa Heald and Wolf (ff)

Rust, Puccinia purpurea Cke. (ff)

Smut, Sphacelotheca sorghi (Lk.) Clint, (ff)

Kudzu-bean, Pueraria thunbergiana (3)

Leaf and stem rot, Diplodia puerariae Barthol. (f)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Mescalbean, Sophora secundiflora (2) (3)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta sophorae Ell. and Ev. (f )

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Millet, Ghaetochloa italica (3) (4)

Leaf spot, Piricularia grisea (Cke.);Sacc. ( ftf)

V

10

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Oats, Avena sativa (4)

Anthracnose, Collet otrichum graminicolum (Ces.) Wils. (f)
Covered smut, Ustilago levis (Kell, and Sw.) Magn. (ft)

Crown rust, Puccinia coronata Cda. (fff )

Halo leaf spot, Bacterium coronafaciens Charlotte Elliott (ft)
Leaf spot and crown rot, Helminthosporium avenae Eidam (ft)
Loose smut, Ustilago avenae (Pers. ) Jens, (ttt)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe graminis DC. (ttt)

Stem rust, Puccinia graminis Pers. (ft)

Peanut, Arachis hypogaea (3) (4)

Black mold, Aspergillus niger V. Tiegh. (f)

Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in the soil (f)

Leaf spot, Cercospora personata (Berk, and Curt.) Ell. and Ev. (ft)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Seedling blight, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ff)

Stem and pod rot, Diplodia natalensis Evans (ff)

Stem rot, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (ff)

Wilt, Fusarium vasinfectum Atk. (ff)

Pigeon-pea, Cajanus indicus (3)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Rust, Uromyces dolicholi Arth. (f)

Rice, Oryza sativa (4)

Black smut, Tilletia horrida Tak. (ff)

Leaf blast, Piricularia grisea (Cke.) Sacc. (fff)

Leaf blight, Helminthosporium oryzae Van Breda de Haan (ff)
Leaf spot, Cercospora oryzae Miyake (ff )

Glume blight, Phoma glumarum Ell. and Tr. (f)

Green smut, U stilaginoidea virens (Cke.) Tak. (f)

Seedling blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (f)

Stem rot, Sclerotium oryzae Catt. (f)

Straiglithead, non-par. (ff)

Rye, Secale cereale (3) (4)

Foot rot, Helminthosporium sativum Pam. (ff)

Mosaic, virus (f)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe graminis DC. (ft)

Scab, Gibber ella saubinetii (Mont.) Sacc. (f)

Stem rust, Puccinia graminis Pers. (ff)

Sesbania, Sesbania canabina (3)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (f)

Sorghum, Holcus sorghum (4)

Anthracnose, Collet otrichum lineola Cda. (f)

Covered kernel smut, Sphacelotheca sorghi (Lk.) Clint, (fff)

Head smut, Sorosporium reilianum (Kuehn) McAlp. (ff)

Leaf blight, Helminthosporium turcicum Pass, (ff)

Leaf spot, Cercospora sorghi Ell. and Ev. (f)

Leaf stripe, Bacterium andropogoni EFS. (ff)

Loose kernel smut, Sphacelotheca cruenta (Kuehn) Potter (fff)
Rust, Puccinia purpurea Cke. (ft)

Seedling blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (f)

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

11

Sorgo, Holcus sorghum saccharatus (4)

Anthracnose, Collet otrichum lineola Cda. (f)

Bacterial stripe, Bacterium andropogoni EFS. (f)

Leaf spot, Phoma insidiosa F. Tassi (f)

Rust, Puccinia purpurea Cke. (f)

Soybean, Soja max (3)

Bacterial pustule. Bacterium phaseoli sojense Hedges (f)

Crown rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (t)

Fusarium wilt, Fusarium vasinfectum var. tracheiphilum EFS. ( tt )
Leaf spot, Cercospora cruenta Sacc. (f)

Mosaic, virus (f)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC. (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (tiff)

Root knot, 1 Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb ( f ft )

Stem and crown rot, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (fit)

Streak, Bacillus lathy ri Manns and Taub. (t)

Sudan Grass, Holcus sorghum sudanensis (4)

Anthracnose, Collet otrichum graminicolum (Ces.) Wils. (f)
Covered kernel smut, Sphacelotheca sorghi (Lk.) Clint, (f)

Head smut, Sorosporium reilianum (Kuehn) McAlp. (f )

Leaf blight, Helminthosporium turcicium Pass, (f)

Sugarbeet, Beta vulgaris (3) ; Mangel-wurzel, Beta vulgaris macrorhiza
(3)

Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town, (t)

Crown rot, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (ft)

Curly-top, virus (t)

Leaf spot, Cercospora beticola Sacc. (ft)

Leaf spot and root rot, Phoma ~betae (Oud.) Frank (t)

Mosaic, virus (t)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ttt)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ft)

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (f)

Scab, Actinomyces scabies (Thax.) Gues. (f)

Sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum (2) (3)

Anthracnose or red-rot, Collet otrichum falcatum F. A. Went (ft)
Ey© leaf-spot, Helminthosporium sacchari Butl. (ft)

Mosaic, virus (f)

Red spot, Cercospora vaginae W. Krueger (ff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (f)

Root rot, Marasmius stenophyllus Mont, (ff)

Sheath rot, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (ft)

Sunflower, Helianthus annuus (3) (4)

Leaf spot, Cercospora pachypus Ell. and Kell, (ff )

Leaf spot, Septoria helianthi Ell. and Kell, (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. (ff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ff)

Rust, Puccinia helianthi-mollis (Schw.) Jack, (fff)

Violet root rot, Rhizoctonia crocorum (Pers.) DC. (ff)

12

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Sweetclover, White, Melilotus alba (3)

Crown rot, Sclerotinia trifoliorum Eriks, (t)

Mosaic, virus (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ftff)

Root knot, Cacohema radicicola (Greet) Cobb (ft)

Stem rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (f)

Vetch, Vicia sativa; V. villosa (3)

Downy mildew, Peronospora viciae DeBy. (ft)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC. (ft)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greet) Cobb (f)

Wheat, Triticum aestivum (4)

Anthracnose, Colletotrichum graminicolum (Ces.) Wils. (f)

Foot rot, Phoma sp. (f)

Foot rot, Helminthosporium sativum Pam. (ft)

Foot rot, Septoria graminum Desm. (fff)

Glume blotch, Septoria nodorum Berk, (f )

Leaf rust, Puccinia triticina Eriks, (ft)

Loose smut, Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Rostr. (fff)

Mosaic, virus (f)

Nematode, Tylenchus tritici (Stein.) Bast, (f)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe graminis DC. (ff )

Scab, Gibberella saubinetii (Mont.) Sacc. (f)

Speckled leaf-blotch, Septoria tritici Desm. (f)

Stem rust, Puccinia graminis Pers. (ff)

Stinking smut, Tilletia laevis Kuehn (fff)

GROUP II
TRUCK CROPS

Anise, Pimpinella anisum (2) (3)

Crown rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (ff)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Artichoke, Globe, Cynara scolymus (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora obscura Heald and Wolf (ff)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (fff)

Stem end rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ff)

Asparagus, Asparagus officinalis (2) (3)

Leaf blight, Ascochytula asparagina (f)

Leaf spot, Cercospora asparagi Sacc. (ff)

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (f)

Rust, Puccinia asparagi DC. (f )

Stem rot, Diplodia asparagi Pk. (f)

Bean, Phaseolust vulgaris (2) (3) (4)

Anthracnose, Glomerella lindemuthiana Shear (f)

Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in the soil (ff)

Crown rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (f)

Dry root rot, Fusarium martii phaseoli Burk, (f )

Gray mold rot, Botrytis cinerea Auct. (f )

Leaf blight, Bacterium phaseoli EFS. (fff)

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

13

Leaf blotch, Cercospora cruenta Sacc. (ff)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta phaseolina Sacc. (t)

Mosaic, virus (ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (tff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb ( tttt )

Rust, Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Lk. (ttt)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (ttt)

Stem canker, Colletotrichum caulicolum Heald and Wolf (tt)
Stem and root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and/ Curb, (ttt)
Streak, Bacillus lathyri Manns and Taub. (t)

Bean, Lima, Phaseolus lunatus macrocarpus (2) (3)

Anthracnose, Glomerella lindemuthiana Shear (t)

Crown rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (t)

Leaf blight, Bacterium phaseoli EFS. (ttt)

Leaf spot, Cercospora cruenta Sacc. (ttt)

Mosaic, virus (t)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ttt)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC. (ttt)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (tttt)

Rust, Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Lk. (t)

Stem and root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ttt)

Bean, Tepary, Phaseolus acutifolius latifolius (2) (3)

Dry stem and root rot, Fusarium martii phaseoli Burk, (t)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ttt)

Rust, Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Lk. (tt)

Beet, Beta vulgaris (2) (3) (4)

Crown gall. Bacterium tumelaciens EFS. and Town, (tt)

Crown and root rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (t)
Curly-top, virus (t)

Leaf spot, Cercospora beticola Sacc. (ttt)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ttt)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ttt)

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (tt)

Scab, Actinomyces scabies (Thax.) Gues. (t)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (ttt)

Broccoli, Brassica oleracea botrytis (3) (4)

Black-rot, Bacterium campestre (Pam.) EFS. (tt)

Leaf spot, Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. (tt)

Brussels Sprouts, Brassica oleracea gemmifera (2) (3)

Black-rot, Bacterium campestre (Pam.) EFS. (tt)

Drop, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (t)

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (tt)

Cabbage, Brassicai oleracea (2) (3) (4)

Black leaf spot, Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. (tt)

Black-rot, Bacterium campestre (Pam.) EFS. (tt)

Downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) DeBy. (ttt)

Drop, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (t)

Leaf spot, Cercospora bloxami Berk, and Br. (tt)

14

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Cabbage (concluded)

Oedema, non-par. (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC. (t)

Ring-spot, Mycosphaerella brassicicola (Fr.) Lindau (f )

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greet) Cobb ( f ft )

Slimy soft rot. Bacillus carotovorus L. R. Jones (ft)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (t)

White rust, Allmgo Candida (Pers. ) O. Kuntze '(f)

Wilt or yellows, Fusarium conglutinans Woll. (fff)

Wire-stem, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ff)

Cabbage, Chinese, Brassica pekinensis (2) (3)

Black leaf spot, Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. (t)

Black-rot, Bacterium, campestre (Pam.) EFS. (f)

Drop, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (f)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (ft)

Cantaloupe, Cucumis melo (2) (3) (4)

Anthracnose, Colletotrichum lagenarium (Pass.) Ell. and Hals,
(tt)

Bacterial wilt, Bacillus tracheiphilus EFS. (ft)

Charcoal rot, Sclerotium bataticola Taub. (f )

Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in the soil (f)

Downy mildew, Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk, and Curt.)
Rostew. (ftf)

Fruit rot, Bacillus melonis Gidd. (f)

Gray rot, Diplodia natalensis Evans (f )

Gummy stem-blight, Mycosphaerella citrullina (C. O. Smith) Gross,

(f)

Leaf blight, Macrosporium cucumerinum Ell. and Ev. (ft)

Mosaic, virus (f )

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. (tft)

Root knot, ‘Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ffff)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (fff)

Timber rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (f)

Wilt, Fusarium sp. (f)

Carrot, Daucus carota (2) (3) (4)

Crown rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (ff)

Dodder, Cuscuta sp. (f)

Leaf spot, Cercospora apii carotae Pass, (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ffff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ff)

Soft rot, Bacillus carotovorus L. R. Jones (f)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (fff)

Stem rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ff)

Violet root rot, Rhizoctonia crocorum (Pers.) DC. (f)

Cauliflower, Brassica oleracea botrytis (2) (3) (4)

Black-rot, Bacterium campestre (Pam.) EFS. (ff)

Crown rot and drop, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (f)
Downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) Deby (ff)

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

15

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greet) Cobb (t)

Stem rot, Gorticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (f )

Wilt or yellows, Fusarium conglutinans Woll. (ft)

Chayote, Chayota edulis (2)

Anthracnose, Collet otrichum lagenarium (Pass.) Ell. and Hals,
(ft)

Leaf spot, Cercospora cucurbitae Ell. and Ev. (ft)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (ff)

Collards, Kale, Brassica oleracea acephala (2) (3)

Black leaf spot, Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. (ff)

Black-rot, Bacterium campestre (Pam.) EFS. (ff)

Downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) DeBy (ff)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greet) Cobb (f)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (ff)

Stem rot, Gorticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (f)

White rust, Albugo Candida (Pers.) O. Kuntze (f)

Wilt or yellows, Fusarium conglutinans Woll. (f)

Cucumber, Cucumis sativus (2) (3) (4)

Angular leaf spot, Bacterium lachrymans EFS. (ff)

Anthracnose, Colletotrichum lagenarium (Pass.) Ell. and Hals,
(ft)

Bacterial wilt, Bacillus tracheiphilus EFS. (ff)

Downy mildew, Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk, and Curt.)
Rostew. (fff)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta cucurbitacearum Sacc. (ff)

Mosaic, virus (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug. (f)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. (fff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greet) Cobb (fft)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (ff)

Stem and root rot, Gorticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (f )

Timber rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (f)

Wilt, Fusarium sp. (f)

Dasheen, Colocasia esculcnta (2)

Dry rot, Fusarium solani (Mart.) App. and Woll. (f)

Java black rot, Diplodia tubcricola (Ell. and Ev.) Taub. (ff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greet) Cobb (ff )

Slimy soft rot, Bacillus carotovorus L. R. Jones (ff)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (fff)

Dill, Anethum graveolens (2)

Drop, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Eggplant, Solanum mclongena (2) (3) (4)

Bacterial wilt, Bacterium solanacearum EFS. (f)

Leaf spot, and fruit rot, Phomopsis vexans (Sacc. and Syd.) Harter

(ttt)

16

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Eggplant (concluded)

Mosaic, virus (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ftt)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greet) Cobb (ft)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (ft)

Stem and root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ft)

Endive, Cichorium endivia (3) (4)

Anthracnose, Marssonina panattoniana (Berl.) Magn. (f)
Damping-off, Corticium vagum Berk, and 'Curt, (ft)

Drop, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (tff)

Escarole, Cichorium intybus (2)

Anthracnose, Marssonina panattoniana (Berl.) Magn. (f)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ff)

Garlic, Allium sativum (2) (3)

Black leaf and stalk rot, Macrosporium sarcinula parasiticum
Thuem. (ff)

Pink root, Fusarium malli Taub. (ftt)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (f)

Gourd, Cucurbita sp. (2)

Downy mildew, Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk, and Curt.)
Rostew. (ff)

Horseradish, Radicula armoracia (2)

Leaf spot, Alternaria brassicae Sacc. (ff)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta decidua Ell. and Kell, (ff)

Leaf spot, Ramularia armoraciae Fckl. (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Stem and, root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ff)

Kohlrabi, Brassica oleracea caulorapa (2) (3)

Downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) DeBy. (ff)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ff)

Lettuce, Lactuca sativa (2) (3) (4)

Anthracnose, Marssonina panattoniana (Berl.) Magn. (f)

Bottom rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (f )

Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in the soil; (f)

Drop, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (ff)

Leaf spot, Macrosporium cladosporioides Desm. (f)

Mosaic, virus (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Rio Grande disease, virus (f)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (fff)

Slimy soft rot, Bacillus carotovorus L. R. Jones (fff)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (f)

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

17

Mustard, Brassica alba (2)

Downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) DeBy. (f)

White rust, Albugo Candida (Pers.) 0. Kuntze (ft)

Okra, Hibiscus esculentus (2) (3) (4)

Leaf spot, Cercospora althaeina Sacc. (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Piny mat o trichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (tttt)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb ( ttt )

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (tt)

Wilt, Fusarium vasinfectum Atk. (ft)

Onion, Allium cepa (2) (3) (4)

Black leaf and stalk rot, Macrosporium sarcinula parasiticum
Thuem. (ft)

Black mold, Aspergillus niger V. Tiegh (ff )

Gray smudge, Diplodia natalensis Evans (ttt)

Neck rot, Botrytis allii M. T. Munn (t)

Pink root, Fusarium malli Taub. (ttt)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (tt)

Slimy soft rot, Bacillus carotovorus L. R. Jones (tt)

Smudge, Collet otrichum circinans (Berk.) Vogl. (ttt)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (t)

Parsley, Petroselinum hortense (2) (3) (4)

Dodder, Cuscuta sp. (t)

Leaf spot, Septoria petroselini Desm. (tt)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ttt)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (tt)

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (tt)

Stem rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (tt)

Parsnip, Pastinaca saiiva (2) (4)

Crown rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (tt)

Leaf blight, Septoria pastinacina Sacc. (tt)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ttt)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (tt)

Slimy soft rot, Bacillus carotovorus L. R. Jones (t )

Stem and root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (tt)

Pea, English, Pisum sativum (2) (3) (4)

Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in the soil (t)

Crown rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (tt)

Leaf and pod spot, Mycosphaerella pinodes (Berk, and Blox.) R. E.
Stone (t)

Leaf spot, Septoria pisi West (t)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (t)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC. (ttt)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ttt)

Root rot, Fusarium martii pisi F. R. Jones (tt)

Stem rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (t)

Streak, Bacillus lathyri Manns and Taub. (t)

Wilt, Fusarium martii minus Sherb. (t)

18

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Pepper, Capsicum annuum (2) (3) (4)

Anthracnose, Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. and Schrenk
(ft)

Bacterial wilt, Bacterium solanacearum EFS. (ft)

Blossom-end rot, cause unknown (ft)

Damping-off, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (t)

Leaf and fruit spot, Cercospora capsici Heald and Wolf ( f f f )
Mosaic, virus (fft)

Paper white spot of fruit, cause unknown (ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fft)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (tf)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. ( fft )

Stem and fruit rot, Sclerotium bataticola Taub. (f )

Stem and root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (f)

Wilt, Fusarium annuum L. H. Leonian (ft)

Potato, Irish, Solanum tuberosum (2) (3) (4)

Anthracnose, Collet otrichum atramentarium (Berk, and Br.) Taub.
(t)

Bacterial wilt, Bacterium solanacearum EFS. (f)

Black-leg, Bacillus carotovorus L. R. Jones (f)

Early* blight, Alternaria solani (Ell. and Mart.) L. R. Jones & A. J.
Grout (f)

Curly-dwarf, virus (t)

Hopperburn, virus (f)

Late blight, Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) DeBy. (f)

Leaf roll, virus (ff)

Leaf spot, Cercospora solanicola Atk. (ff)

Mosaic, virus (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (fft)

Russet dwarf, virus (f)

Scab, Actinomyces scabies (Thax.) Gues. (fff)

Scurf and stem rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ff)

Silver scurf, Spondylocladium atrovirens C. O. Harz (f)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (fff)

Stem rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (f)

Violet root rot, Rhizoctonia crocorum (Pers.) DC. (f)

Wilt, Fusarium oxysporum Schl. (ff)

Yellow dwarf, virus (f)

Potato, Sweet, Ipomoea batatas (2) (3) (4)

Black rot, Ceratostomella fimbriata (Ell. and Hals.) Elliott (fff)
Charcoal rot, Sclerotium bataticola Taub. (ff)

Dry rot, Diaporthe batatatis (Ell. and Hals.) Hart, (ff)

Java black rot, Diplodia tubericola (Ell. and Ev.) Taub. (ff)

Leaf spot, Septoria bataticola Taub. (ff)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta batatas (Thuem.) Cke. (f)

Mosaic, virus (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Pox or soil rot, Cystospora batata (Ell. and Hals.) J. A. Elliott (f)
Punky rot, Trichoderma Tconingi Oud. (f )

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (f)

Rust, Coleosporium ipomoeae (Schw.) Burr, (f)

Scurf, Monilochaetes infuscans Ell. and Hals, (f)

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

19

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (ff)

Stem rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (t)

Surface rot, Fusarium oxysporum Schl. (f)

White rust, Albugo ipomoeae-panduranae (Schw.) Sw. (f)

Wilt or stem rot, Fusarium batatatis Woll. & F. hyper oxysporum
Woll. (ft)

Radish, Raphanus sativus (2) (4)

Black-rot, Bacterium campestre (Pam.) EFS. (ff)

Crown rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (f)

Downy mildew , Per onospora parasitica (Pers.) DeBy. (ff)

Leaf spot, Cercospora cruciferarum Ell. and Ev. (f )
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC. (f)

Scab, Actinomyces scabies (Thax.) Gues. (f)

Stem rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ff)

White rust, Albugo Candida (Pers.) O. Kuntze (fff)

Rhubarb, Rheum rhaponticum (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (fff)

Stem and foot rot, Phytophthora parasitica rhei G. H. Godfrey
(tf)

Stem rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ff)

Roselle, Hibiscus sabdariffa (2) (3)

Crown rot, Phytophthora terrestris Sherb. (f)

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Rutabaga, Brassica campestris (2) (3)

Black leaf spot, Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. (f)

Black-rot, Bacterium campestre (Pam.) EFS. (ff)

Downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) DeBy. (ff)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC. (f )

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (f)

White rust. Albugo Candida (Pers.) O. Kuntze (ff)

Salsify or Vegetable-oyster, Tragopogon porrifolius (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (fff)

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ff)

Slimy soft rot, Bacillus carotovorus L. R. Jones (ff )

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (ff)

White rust, Albugo tragopogonis (DC.) S. F. Gray (f)

Shallot, Allium ascalonicum (2)

Pink root, Fusarium malli Taub. (ff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ff)

20

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Spinach, Spinacia oleracea (2) (3) (4)

Anthracnose, Colletotrichum spinaciae Ell. and Hals, (t)

Black mold, Cladosporium macrocarpum Preuss (ft)

Downy mildew, Peronospora effusa (Grev.) Ces. (ttf)

Leaf spot, Cercospora beticola Sacc. (f)

Leaf spot, Heterosporium variabile Cke. (ft)

Mosaic, virus (ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (t)

Root rot, Fusarium solani (Mart.) App. and Woll. (ft)

Squash, Cucurbita maxima; Pumpkin, C. pepo; Cushaw, C. moschata
(2) (3) (4)

Anthracnose, Colletotrichum lagenarium (Pass.) Ell. and Hals, (f)
Bacterial wilt, Bacillus tracheiphilus EFS. (ft)

Blossom blight, Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk, and Rav.) Thax.
(ft)

Charcoal rot, Sclerotium bataticola Taub. (f)

Downy mildew, Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk, and Curt.) Ros-
tew. (ttf)

Gray rot, Diplodia natalensis Evans (f)

Mosaic, virus (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. (ttf)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ttf)

Stem and root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (f)

Wilt, Fusarium cucurbitae Taub. (ff)

Swiss Chard, Beta vulgaris cicla (2) (3)

Leaf spot, Cercospora beticola Sacc. (fff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ff)

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ff)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (fff)

Tomato, Lycopersicum esculentum (2) (3) (4)

Anthracnose, Colletotrichum phomoides (Sacc.) Chester (f)
Bacterial canker, Aplanobacter michiganense EFS. (fff)

Bacterial spot, Bacterium vesicatorium Doidge (fff)

Bacterial wilt, Bacterium solanacearum EFS. (ft)

Blossom-end rot, non-par. (ttf)

Fruit puffing, cause unknown, (fff)

Late blight, Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) DeBy. (ff)

Leaf mold, Cladosporium fulvum Cke. (f)

Leaf spot, Septoria lycopersici Speg. (fff)

Leaf spot and ripe rot, Phoma destructiva Plow, (fff)

Mosaic, virus (ff)

Nailhead rust, Alternaria solani (Ell. and Mart.) L. R. Jones &
A. J. Grout (f)

Nailhead rust, Macrosporium tomato Cke. (f)

Oedema, non-par. (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (fff)

Slimy soft rot, Bacillus carotovorus L. R. Jones (f)

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

21

Soil rot and stem rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ft)

Sour rot, Oospora lactis parasitica F. J., Pritchard and W. S. Porte
(t)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (tft)

Stem rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (ft)

Wilt, Fusarium lycopersici Sacc. (ttf)

Turnip, Brassica rapa (2) (3) (4)

Black-rot, Bacterium campestre (Pam.) EFS. (ft)

Downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) DeBy. (ft)

Drop, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC. (ft)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greet) Cobb (ff)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (ff)

Stem rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ff)

White rust. Albugo Candida (Pers.) 0. Kuntze (ff)

Wilt or yellows, Fusarium conglutinans Woll. (f)

Watermelon, Citrullus vulgaris (2) (3) (4)

Anthracnose, Colletotrichum lagenarium (Pass.) Ell. and Hals,
(ttt)

Bacterial wilt, Bacillus tracheiphilus EFS. (ff)

Blossom-end rot, cause unknown (fff)

Charcoal rot, Sclerotium bataticola Taub. (f)

Downy mildew, Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk and Curt.) Ros-
tew. (ff)

Fusarium wilt, Fusarium niveum EFS. (fff)

Leaf spot, Cercospora citrullina Cke. (fff)

Mosaic, virus (f)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. (ff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greet) Cobb (ff)

Seedling wilt, Fusarium citrulli Taub., F. poolensis Taub. (ff)
Sooty mold, Capnodium sp. (ff)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (f)

Stem end rot, Diplodia natalensis Evans (fff)

GROUP III

FRUITS, NUTS, AND BERRIES

Almond, Amygdalus communis (1)

Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. & Town, (ff)

Fire blight, Bacillus amylov or us (Burr.) Trev. (f)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greet) Cobb (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Apple, Malus sylvestris (1) (2) (3)

Bitter rot, and canker, Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. and
Schrenk (f)

Black rot, and canker, Physalospora malorum (Pk.) Shear (ff)
Blotch canker, Phyllosticta solitaria Ell. and Ev. (fff)

Blue mold, Penicillium expansum (Lk.) Thom, (f)

Brown rot, Sclerotinia americana (Wormald) Norton and Ezekiel
(t)

Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in the soil (ff)

22

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Apple (concluded)

Crown, gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town, (ft)

Fire blight, Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) Trev. (ttt)

Fruit blotch, Phyllosticta solitaria Ell. and Ev. (iff)

Leaf spot, Cercospora mali Ell. and Ev. (ft)

Limb canker, Septobasidium pseudopedicellatum Burt, (ft)
Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt, (f )
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug, (fttt)

Powdery mildew, Podosphaera oxyacanthae (DC.) DeBy. (ft)
Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greet) Cobb (ft)

Root rot, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel, (f)

Root rot, Clitocybe monadelpha (Morgan) Sacc. (ft)

Water-core, non-par. (ft)

Apricot, Prunus armeniaca (1) (2) (3)

Brown rot, Sclerotinia americana (Wormald) Norton and Ezekiel

(ft)

Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in the soil (ft )

Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town, (ft)

Fire blight, Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) Trev. (ft)

Leaf rust, Tranzschelia punctata (Pers.) Arth. (f)

Leaf shot-hole, Bacterium pruni EFS. (ft)

Leaf shot-hole, Cercospora circumscissa Sacc. (ft)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greet) Cobb (ft)

Root rot, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel, (ft)

Scab, Cladosporium carpophilum Thuem. (fff)

Twig blight, Valsa leucostoma (Pers.) Fr. (ff)

Avocado, Per sea americana (1) (2)

Leaf and fruit anthracnose, Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld.

and Schrenk (ft)

Leaf spot, Pestalozzia sp. (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Scab, Sphaceloma fawcettii A. Jenkins (f)

Banana, Musa sp. (1) (2)

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium musarum Cke. and Mass, (ff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greet) Cobb (f)

Cassava, Manihot esculenta (1) (2)

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium manihotis P. Henn. (f)

Leaf spot, Cercospora cassavae Ell. and Ev. (f)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta mortoni Farman (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Cherry: Sour, Prunus cerasus ; Sweet, P. avium (1) (2)

Black-knot, Plowrightia morbosa (Schw.) Sacc. (f)

Brown rot, Sclerotinia americana (Wormald) Norton and Ezekiel
(tt)

Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in the soil (f)

Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town, (ff)

Leaf and fruit spot, Bacterium pruni EFS. (fff)

Leaf shot-hole, Cercospora circumscissa Sacc. (f)

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

23

Phymatotrichum root rot, Pliymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ttt)

Powdery mildew, Podosphaera oxyacanthae (DC.) DeBy. (f)

Root rot, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel, (f)

Witches’-broom, Exoascus cerasi (Fckl.) Sadeb. (f)

Citrus spp.

Grapefruit, C. grandis (4)

Foot rot, cause unknown (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ftf)

Scab, Sphaceloma fawcettii A. Jenkins (ff)

Seedling blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (f)

Stem-end rot, Phomopsis citri Fawc. (ff)

Stem-end rot, Diplodia natalensis Evans (ft)

Wither-tip, Collet otrichum gloeosporioides Penz. (f)

Lemon, C. limonia (1) (2) (3)

Foot rot, cause unknown (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Root rot, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel, (t)

Wither-tip, Collet otrichum gloeosporioides Penz. (f)

Lime, C. aurantifolia (1) (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ttt)

Orange, C. sinensis (1) (3) (4)

Black rot, Alternaria citri N. B. Pierce (t)

Die-back or Exanthema, cause unknown (t)

Greasy spot, cause unknown (t)

Leaf spot, Cercospora aurantia Heald and Wolf (tt)

Mottled-leaf or frencliing, cause unknown (t)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ttt)

Scaly bark, also known as Psorosis, cause unknown (t)

Orange, Hardy, (7. trifoliata (1)

Melanose, Phomopsis citri Fawc. (tt)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (t)

Twig-blight, Diplodia aurantii Catt. (t)

Orange, Satsuma, C. nohilis unshiu (1) (3) (4)

Black rot, Alternaria citri N. B. Pierce (tt)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (tt)

Stem-end rot, Diplodia natalensis Ev. (tt)

Stem-end rot, Phomopsis citri Fawc. (ttt)

Wither-tip, Collet otrichum gloeosporioides Penz. (t)

Orange, Sour, C. aurantium (1)

Chlorosis, cause unknown (t)

Die-back, high water table (t)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug (t)

Scab, Sphaceloma fawcettii A. Jenkins (tt)

Stem-end rot, Phomopsis citri Fawc. (t)

Wither-tip, Collet otrichum gloeosporioides Penz. (tt)

Tangerine, C. nohilis (1) (3)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ttt)

24

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Tangerine (concluded)

Scab, Sphaceloma fawcettii A. Jenkins (ft)

Wither-tip, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. (f)

Crab Apple, Siberian, Malus baccata (1)

Blotch, Phyllosticta solitaria Ell. and Ev. (ft)

Fir© blight, Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) Trev. (ft)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Currant, Ribes vulgar e (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Date Palm, Phoenix dactylifera (1) (2)

False smut, Graphiola phoenicis (Moug.) Poit. (ft)

Leaf anthracnose, Colletotrichum gossypii Southw. (f )

Leaf spot, Exosporium palmivorum Sacc. (ff)

Leaf spot, Pestalozzia palmarum Cke. (ff)

Dewberry, Blackberry, Rubus spp. (1) (2) (3) (4)

Anthracnose, Plectodiscella veneta (Speg.) Burk, (f)

Cane-blight, Leptosphaeria coniothyrium (Fckl.) Sacc. (fff)
Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in thei soil (f)

Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town, (ff)

Leaf blotch, Cercospora rubi Sacc. (ff)

Leaf curl, virus (f)

Leaf spot, Cylindrosporium rubi Ell. and Morgan (ff)

Leaf spot, Mycosphaerella rubi E. W. Roark (ft)

Mosaic, virus (f)

Orange rust, Gymnoconia inter stitialis (Schl.) Lagh. (ff)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug (f)

Powdery mildew, Sphaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burr, (f)

Root rot, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel, (f)

Fig, Ficus carica (1) (4)

Anthracnose, Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. and Schrenk (f)
Black mold, Aspergillus nigerY. Tiegh. (ff)

Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town, (ff)

Die-back, Diplodia sycina syconophila Sacc. (ff)

Fruit canker, Macrophoma fici Aim. and Cam. (f)

Leaf blight, Rhizoctonia microsclerotia J. Matz (ff)

Leaf rust, Cerotelium fici (Cast.) Arth^ (fff)

Leaf spot, Cercospora fici Heald and Wolf (ff)

Leaf spot, Mycosphaerella bolleana Hig. (ff)

Limb blight, Corticium laetum Karst, (f)

Limb canker, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (f)

Limb canker, Tubercularia fici Edg. (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ffff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (fff)

Soft rot, Rhizopus nigricans Ehr. (f)

Souring of fruit, Oospora sp. (f )

Gooseberry, Ribes grossulariae (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Powdery mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae (Schw.) Berk, and Curt,
(f)

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

25

Grape, Vitis spp. (1) (2) (3) (4)

Black rot, Guignardia bidwellii (Ell.) Viala and Ravaz (fff)
Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in the soil (ft)

Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town. ( f f f )

Downy mildew, Plasmopara viticola (Berk, and Curt.) Berl. and
DeToni (ft)

Leaf blotch, Briosia ampelophaga Cav. (ft)

Leaf spot, Cercospora viticola (Ces.) Sacc. (ft)

Leaf spot, Coniothyrium diplodiella (Speg. ) Sacc. (ft)

Leaf spot, Isariopsis clavispora (Berk, and; Curt.) Sacc. (f)

Leaf spot, Septoria ampelina Berk, and Curt, (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Powdery mildew, Uncinula necator (Schw. ) Burr, (ft)

Ripe-rot, Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. and Schrenk (f)
Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ft)

Root rot, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel, (f)

Root rot, Clitocybe monadelpha (Morgan) Sacc. (f)

Guava, Psidium guajava (1) (2)

Anthracnose, Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. and Schrenk (f)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Jujube, Zizyphus jujuba Mill (1) (2)

Anthracnos e, Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. and Schrenk (f)
Black rot, Diplodia sp. (f)

Cracked fruit, caused by growth cracks (ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Loquat, Eriobotrya japonica (1) (2)

Fire blight, Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) Trev. (f)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Mango, Mangifera indica (1) (2)

Anthracnose, Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. and Schrenk

(t)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta mortoni Fairman (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Nectarine, Amygdalus persica nectarina (1) (2)

Brown rot, Sclerotinia americana (Wormald) Norton and Ezekiel
(ft)

Leaf curl, Exoascus deformans (Berk.) Fckl. (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Root rot, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel, (f)

Scab, Cladosporium carpophilum Thuem. (ff)

Olive, Olea europaea (1) (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Root rot, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel, (f )

26

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Papaw, Asimina triloba (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora asiminae Ell. and Kellerm. (ft)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta asiminae Ell. and Kellerm. (ft)

Leaf spot, Septoria asiminae Ell. and Ev. (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Sooty mold, Capnodium fuligo B. and Desm. ( ft f )

Papaya, Carica papaya (1) (2)

Anthracnose, Collet otrichum falcatum Went, (f)

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium papayae Henn. (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Powdery mildew, Oidium caricae F. Noack (f)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ft)

Root rot, Pythium debar yanum Hesse (f)

Rust, Pucciniopsis caricae Earle (f)

Peach, Amygdalus persica (1) (2) (3) (4)

Bacterial spot of leaf and fruit, Bacterium pruni EFS. ( ft f )
Brown rot, Sclerotinia americana (Wormald) Norton and Ezekiel
(ttt)

Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in the soil (ff)

Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town. ( f ft )
Die-back, Valsa leucostoma (Pers.) Fr. (ff)

Frosty mildew, Cercosporella persicae Sacc. (ff)

Leaf curl, Exoascus deformans (Berk.) Fckl. (ff)

Leaf rust, Tranzschelia punctata (Pers.) Arth. (ff)

Mosaic, virus (f)

Phoney peach, root virus (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Powdery mildew, Podosphaera oxyacanthae (DC.) DeBy. (ff)
Powdery mildew, Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr.) Lev. (ft)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (fft)

Root rot, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel, (f)

Scab, Cladosporium carpophilum Thuem. (iff)

Seedling blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (f)

Shot-hole, Cercospora circumscissa Sacc. (f)

Pear, Pyrus communis (1) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) (4)

Ashy leaf spot, Mycosphaerella sentina (Fr.) Schroet. (f)

Bitter rot, G-lomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. and Schrenk (f)
Black rot, Physalospora malorum (Pk.) Shear (f)

Blue mold, Penicillium expansum (Lk.) Thom, (f)

Brown rot, Sclerotinia americana (Wormald) Norton and Ezekiel
(ft)

Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium, in the soil (ff)

Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town, (ff)

Fire blight, Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) Trev. ( f ft )

Flyspeck, Leptothyrium carpophilum Pass, (f)

Leaf blight, Corticium stevensii Burt (f)

Leaf spot, Cercospora minima Tr. and Earle (f)

Leaf spot, Hendersonia foliorum Fckl. (ff)

Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt, (f)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

27

Root rot, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel, (f)

Rust, Gy mno sporangium germinale Kern I (f)

Stem canker, Septobasidium pseudopedicellatum Burt (f)

Pecan, Hicoria pecan (1) (2) (3) (4)

Anthracnose, Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. and Schrenk (t)
Brown leaf-spot, Cercospora fusca (Heald and Wolf) F. V. Rand
(ft)

Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town, (ft)

Die-back, Botryosphaeria berengiana DeNot. (fff)

Kernel-spot, caused by southern stinkbug ( Nezara viridula L.)

(ttt)

Leaf spot, Microstroma juglandis (Bereng.) Sacc. (ft)

Leaf spot, Scptoria caryae Ell. and Ev. (ft)

Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt, (f)

Nursery blight, Phyllosticta caryae Pk. (ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Powdery mildew, Microsphaera alni (Wallr.) Wint. (ff)

Root knot, Caconcma radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ff)

Rosette, caused by iron deficiency (ft)

Scab, Fusicladium ellusum Wint. (ft)

Persimmon: Common, Diospyros virginiana (2); Japanese, D. TcaJci (1)
(2)

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium diospyri Ell. and Ev. (f)

Black rot, Physalospora malorum (Pk.) Shear (f)

Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in the soil (ff)

Fruit spot, Macrophoma diospyri Earle (ff)

Leaf spot, Cercospora diospyri Thuem. (ff )

Leaf spot, Cercospora fuliginosa Ell. and Kell, (ff)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta biformis Heald and Wolf (ff)

Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt, (f)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Powdery mildew, Podosphaera oxyacanthae (DC.) DeBy. (f)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ft)

Pistache, Pistacia chinensis, P. mexicana, P. vera (1)

Leaf blight, Corticium stevensii (Noack) Burt (f)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Plum and Prune, Prunus spp. (1) (2) (3) (4); Plum, American Wild,
P. americana (2)

Black-knot, Plowrightia morbosa (Schw.) Sacc. (ff)

Black spot, Bacterium prunv. EFS. (ff)

Blotch, Phyllosticta congesta Heald and Wolf (fff)

Brown rot, Sclerotinia americana (Wormald) Norton and Ezekiel
(ft)

Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town, (ff)

Fire blight, Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) Trev. (f)

Limb canker, Septobasidium retiforme (Berk, and Curt.) Pat. (f)
Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt, (f)

Plum pockets, Exoascus pruni (Berk.) Fckl. (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ff)

28

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Plum and Prune (concluded)

Root rot, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel, (f)

Rust, Tranzschelia punctata (Pers.) Arth. (ft)

Quince, Cydonia ohlonga (1) (2)

Bitter rot, Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. and Schrenk (f)
Black rot, Physalospora malorum (Pk.) Shear (f)

Brown rot, Sclerotinia americana (Wormald) Norton and Ezekiel
(t)

Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town, (f)

Fire blight, Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) Trey, (f)

Leaf blight, Corticium stevensii Burt (f)

Leaf spot, Faioraea maculatu (Lev.) Atk. (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ttt)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ff )

Strawberry, Fragaria sp. (2) (3) (4)

Black or burned root, caused by excessive alkalinity of soil (ft)
Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in the* soil (ft)

Crimp or leaf nematode, Aphelenchus fragariae Ritzema Bos (ff)
Crown rot, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (f)

Crown rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (f)

Fruit rot, Sphaeronemella fragariae Stevens and Peterson (f)

Leaf scorch, Diplocarpon earliana (Ell. and Ev.) Wolf (ff)

Leaf spot, Mycosphaerella fragariae (Tul.) Lindau (ff)

Leak, Rhizopus nigricans Ehr. (f)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ff)

Root rot, Rhizoctonia sp. (f)

Slime mold, Fuligo violacea Pers. (f)

Stem nematode, Tylenchus dipsaci (Kuehn) Bast, (f)

Sugar-apple, Annona squamosa (1)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Rust, TJredo cherimoliae Lagh. (f)

Stem blight, Diplodia natalensis Evans (ff)

Walnut: Black, Juglans nigra; Japanese, J. sieboldiana; Persian, J.
regia (1) (2)

Anthracnose, Gnomonia leptostyla (Fr.) Ces. and DeNot. (f)
Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town, (ff)

Leaf spot, Phleospora multimaculans Heald and Wolf (ff)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Powdery mildew, Microsphaera alni (Wallr.) Wint. (ff)

Root rot, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel, (f)

Stem canker, Diplodia sp. (f)

GROUP IV

SHADE AND FOREST TREES, ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS AND
HERBACEOUS PLANTS

Abelia, Glossy, Ahelia grandiflora (1) (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

29

Acacia, Rose, Robinia hispida (1) (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug (f)

Acacia, Sweet, Acacia farnesiana ; Catclaw, A. greggii (1) (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug (f)

Rust, Ravenelia australis Diet, and Neg. (f)

Rust, Ravenelia siliquae Long (t)

Alder: Black, Alnus rubra; Hazel, A. rugosa; Mountain, A. tenuifolia
(1) (2)

Anthracnose, Gnomonia alni Plow, (f)

Catkin decay, Taphrina robinsoniana Gies. (t)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Powdery mildew, , Microsphaera alni (Wallr.) Wint. (ft)

Rust, Melampsoridium alni (Thuem.) Diet, (f)

White heart-rot, Fomes igniarius (L.) Fr. (ff)

Althea, Shrub, Hibiscus syriacus (1) (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ftf)

Root knot, Gaconema radicicola (Greet) Cobb (ff)

Rust, Kuehneola malvicola (Speg.) Arth. (f)

Amaranth, Blood, Amaranthus paniculatus cruentus (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Rust, TJredo amaranthi (S.) B. (f)

White rust, Cystopus bliti (Biv.) Lev. (f)

Anemone, Anemone japonica (1) (2)

Rust, Tranzschelia cohaesa (Long) Arth. (f)

Araucaria, Brazilian, Araucaria brasiliana (1)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Arbor'vitae: Thuja occidentalis ; Oriental, T. orientalis; Giant, T. plv
cata (1) (2) (3)

Leaf blight, Pestalozzia funerea Desm. (f)

Limb blight, Keithia thujina E. J. Durand (f)

Nursery blight, Phomopsis juniperovora G. Hahn (ff)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Root rot, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel, (f)

Ash, Prickly, Zanthoxylum americanum (1) (3)

Leaf spot, Cercospora xanthoxyli Cke. (f)

Rust, Aecidium xanthoxyli Pk. (fff)

Sooty mold, Fumago vagans Fr. (f)

Stem canker, Diplodia natalensis Evans (f)

Ash: White, Fraxinus americana ; Water, F. caroliniana ; Green, F.
pennsylvanica (1) (2)

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium decipiens Ell. and Ev. (f)

30

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Ash (concluded)

Leaf spot, Cercospora fraxinites Ell. and, Ev. (ft)

Leaf spot, Cercospora texensis Ell. and Gall, (ft)

Leaf spot, CylincLrosporium viridis Ell. and Kell, (ft)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta viridis Ell. and Kell, (f)

Leaf spot, Piggotia fraxini Berk, and Curt, (f)

Leaf spot, Septoria submaculata Wint. (f)

Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt, (ft)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Rust, Puccinia fraxinata (Lk.) Arth. (f)

White heartwood rot, Fames jraxinophilus Pk. (f)

Aster, China, Callistephus chinensis (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivoy'um (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (f)

Stem rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (f)

Wilt, Fusarium conglutinans var. callistephi Beach (f)

Yellows, virus (f)

Avens, Geum japonicum (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Azalea, Azalea spp. (1) (2) (3)

Leaf gall, Exobasidium vaccinii (Fckl.) Wor. (f)

Leaf spot, Septoria solitaris Ell. and Ev. (ff )

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Rust, Pucciniastrum myrtilli (Schum.) Arth. (f)

Stem rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ff)

Bamboo, Bambusa sp. (1) (2)

Root rot, Schizophyllum multifidum Fr. (f )

Rust, Puccinia melanocepliala Syd. (f)

Stem blight, Diplodia bambusae Ell. and Langlois (f)

Bamboo: Japanese Timber, Phyllostachys bambusoides ; Blackjoint, P.
nigra (1) (2)

Rust, Puccinia melanocephala Syd. (f)

Smut, Ustilago shiraiana P. Henn. (f)

Barberry: Allegheny, Berberis canadensis; Japanese, B. thunbergii;
Common, B. vulgaris (1) (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Barberry, Box, Berberis thunbergii minor (1) (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Basketflower, Centaur ea americana (1) (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phynvatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Rust, Puccinia irrequisita H. S. Jackson (f)

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

31

Bayberry, or Southern Waxmyrtle, Myrica cerifera (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora myricae Tr. and Earle (tf)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta myricae Cke. (ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Bearberry or Manzanita, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (1)

Leaf curl, Exobasidium vaccinii (Fckl.) Wor. (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Beautyberry, Callicarpa americana (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora callicarpae Cke. (ff)

Sooty mold, Meliola cookeana Speg. (ff)

Beech, Fagus grandifolia (1) (2) (3)

Anthracnose, G-loeosporium fagi (Desm.) Ell. and Ev. (ff)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Powdery mildew, Microsphaera alni (Wallr.) Wint. (f)
White-streaked rot, Fomes applanatus (Pers.) Wallr. (f)

Begonia, Begonia sp. (1) (2)

Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town, (f)

Leaf spot, Cercospora sp. (f)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (fft)

Birch: White,1 Betula alba; Sweet, B. lenta; Yellow, B. lutea (1) (2)
River, B. nigra (1) (2) (3)

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium betularum Ell. and Mart, (ff)
Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt, (ff)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Powdery mildew, Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) Karst, (f)

Powdery sapwood rot, Polyporus betulinus (Bull.) Fr. (f)

Rust, Melampsoridium betulae (Schum.) Arth. (f)

Bittersweet, Celastrus scandens (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Ramularia celantri Ell. and Mart, (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Powdery mildew, Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) Karst, (ff)

Twig blight, Diplodia celastri Cke. (ff)

Bluebell, Texas, Eustoma russellianum (2) (3)

Root rot, Fusarium solani (Mart.) App. and Woll. (fff)

Stem blight, Sclerophoma eustomonis Taub. (fff)

Box, Buxus sempervirens (1) (2)

Leaf blight, Macrophoma candollei (Berk, and Br.) Berl. and Vogl.
(ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Boxelder: Acer negundo; California, A. negundo californicum (1) (2)
Leaf blight, Gloeosporium negundinis Ell. and Ev. (f )

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta arida Earle (f)

Leaf spot, Septoria marginata Heald and Wolf (ff)

32

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Boxelder (concluded)

Leaf spot, Septogloeum acerinum (Pass.) Sacc. (f )
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Red stain, Fusarium negundi Slierb. (t)

Bridalwreath, Spiraea prunifolia (1) (2)

Fire blight, Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) Trev. (f)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Powdery mildew, Sphaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burr, (ft)

Buckeye: California, Aesculus calif ornica ; Ohio, A. glabra leucodarmis ;
Yellow, A. octandra; Red, A. pavia (1) (2) (3)

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium carpogenum Cke. (f )

Leaf blotch, Guignardia aesculi (Pk.) V. B. Stewart (f)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta aesculicola Sacc. (f)

Mistletoe, Phoradendron villosum Nutt, (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Powdery mildew, Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) Karst, (ff)
Witches’-broom, Exoascus aesculi (Ell. and Ev.) F. Patterson (f)

Buckthorn: Carolina, Rhamnus caroliniana ; Cascara, R. purshiana (1)
(2) (3)

Crown rust, Puccinia coronata Cda. (ff)

Leaf spot, Cercospora rhamni Fckl. (f )

Leaf spot, Septoria blasdalei Sacc. and Syd. (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Buffaloberry, Yellow, Shepherdia canadensis xanthocarpa (1) (2)
Powdery mildew, Sphaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burr, (f)

Burningbush, Evergreen, Euonymus japonicus (1) (2) (3)
Anthracnose, Collet otrichum griseum Heald and Wolf (ff)

Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town, (f)

Leaf spot, Cercospora destructiva Rav. (f)

Leaf spot, Exosporium concentricum Heald and Wolf (ff)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta pallens Ell. and Ev. (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Powdery mildew, Microsphaera alni (Wallr.) Wint. (f)

Butterflybush, Buddleia sp. (1) (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ff)

Buttonbush, Cephalanthus occidentals (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Ascochyta cephalanthi Ell. and Ev. (f)

Leaf spot, Cercospora perniciosa Heald and Wolf (ff )

Leaf spot, Pestalozzia funerea Desm. (f)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta cephalanthi Tharp (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Sooty mold, Capnodium elongatum B. and Desm. (ff)

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

33

Cactus: Acanthocereus spp. ; Ancistro cactus spp.; Ariocarpus spp.;

Coryphantha spp.; Dolichothele spp.; Echinocactus spp.; Echinocer-
eus spp. ; Echinomastus spp. ; Epithelantha spp. ; Escobaria spp. ;
Ferocactus spp.; Hamatocactus spp.; Lophophora spp.; Neobesseya
spp.; Neolloydia spp.; N eomammillaria spp.; Opuntia spp.; Penicereus
spp.; Tiielocactus spp.; Wilcoxia spp.

Anthracnose, Sphaerella opuntiae (E. and E.) Wolf (ttt)

Black spot, Perisporium wrightii B. and C. ( ttt )

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotriciium omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Slimy soft rot, Bacillus carotovorus L. R. Jones (ttt)

Sunscald, Hender sonia opuntiae E. and E. (ftt)

Calendula, Calendula officinalis (2)

Mosaic, virus (ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greet) Cobb (ff)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (ff)

Stem and root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ff)

Camphor-tree, Cinnamomum camphor a (1) (2)

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium camphorae Sacc. (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Stem canker, Diplodia natalensis Evans (ff)

Canna, Ganna indica (1) (2)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (f)

Cape-jasmine, Gardenia florida (1) (2)

Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in the soil (f)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Sooty mold, Capnodium sp. (f)

Carnation, Dianthus caryophyllus (1) (2) (3); Sweet William, D.
barbatus (1) (2)

Anthracnose, Volutella dianthi (Hals.) Atk. (f)

Leaf spot, Heterosporium echinulatum (Berk.) Cke. (ff)

Leaf spot, Septoria dianthi Desm. (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (fff)

Rust, Uromyces carophyllinus (Schrank) Wint. (fff)

Stem rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ff)

Castor-bean, Ricinus communis (2)

Crown gall. Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town, (f)

Gray mold, Sclerotinia ricini G. H. Godfrey (f)

Leaf spot, Cercospora ricinella Sacc. (f )

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Stem and root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and;, Curt, (f)

34

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Catalpa, Catalpa speciosa (1) (2) (3)

Leaf spot, Cercospora catalpae Wint. (ft)

Leaf spot, Macrosporium catalpae Ell. and Mart, (ft)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Powdery mildew, Microsphaera alni vaccinii (Schw. ) Salm. (ft)
Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (f)

Cedar: Alaska, or Nootka Cypress, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (1) ;
White, C. thyoides (1) ,

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Cedar, Incense, Libocedrus decurrens (1)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Cedar: Mountain, Juniperus mexicana; Red, J. virginiana (1) (2) (3)
(4)

Brown fibrous rot, Fomes t exanus (Murr.) Hedge, and Long (f)
Cedar rust, Gymnosporangium exiguum Kern (f)

Nursery blight, Phomopsis juniper ovora G. Hahn (fff)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Whitening or stem blight, Cyanospora aVbicedrae Heald and Wolf
(ft)

Yellow* pocket rot, Fomes earlei (Murr.) Sacc. and D. Sacc. (ft)

Centuryplant, Agave americana (1) (2)

Anthracnose, C olletotrichum agaves Cay. (ff)

Leaf spot, Stagonospora gigantea Heald and Wolf (fff)

Cherry: Black, Prunus serotina (1) (2) (3); Chokecherry, P. vir¬
giniana, P. demissa (2) (3)

Black-knot, Plowrightia morbosa (Schw.) Sacc. (f)

Brown rot, Sclerotinia americana (Wormald) Norton and Ezekiel

(ft)

Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in the soil (f)

Leaf curl, Exoascus pruni Fckl. (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Rust, Tranzschelia punctata (Pers.) Arth. (f)

Witches’-broom, Exoascus cerasi (Fckl.) Sadeb. (f)

Witches’-broom, Exoascus pruni Fckl. (f)

Chestnut: Castanea dentata; Japanese, C. japonica; Spanish, C. sativa

(1)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta castanea Ell. and Ev. (ff)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta fusispora Ell. and Ev. (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ffff)

Powdery mildew, Microsphaera alni (Wallr.) Wint. (f)

Powdery mildew, Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) Karst, (f)

Chinaberry: Melia azedarach; Umbrella, M. azedarach uml>raculiformis

(1) (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora meliae Ell. and Ev. (f)

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

35

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta meliae Ell. and Ev« (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, PJiymatotrichum omnivor um (Shear)
Dug. (ftff)

Chinquapin, Castanea pumila (1) (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (tff)

Powdery mildew, MicrospJiaera alni (Wallr.) Wint. (t)

Chokeberry, Aronia spp. (1) (2)

Fire blight, Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) Trev. (f)

Leaf spot, Cercospora mali Ell. and Ev. (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Rust, Gymnosporangium germinate (Schw.) Kern (f)

Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum sp. (1) (2)

Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in the soil (f)

Leaf spot, Cercospora chrysanthemi Heald and Wolf (fff)

Leaf spot, Cylindrosporium chrysanthemi Ell. and Dearn. (ff)

Leaf spot, Septoria chrysanthemella Cav. (f )

Mosaic, virus (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug. (fff)

Powdery mildew, Erysiplie cichoracearum DC. (fff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (fff)

Rust, Puccinia chrysanthemi Roze (fff)

Stem and root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ff)

Clematis or Virgins-bower, Clematis sp. (1) (2)

Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town, (f)

Leaf blight, Phleospora adusta Heald and Wolf (ff)

Leaf spot, Cercospora rubigo Cke. and Hark, (ff)

Leaf spot, Cercospora squalidula Pk. (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC. (ff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ff)

Rust, Puccinia clematidis (DC.) Lagh. (f)

Columbine, Aquilegia spp. (2)

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium aquilegiae Thuem. (ff)

Crown rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (f)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC. (f)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (ff)

Coneflower, Rudbeckia laciniata (2)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta rudbeckiae Ell. and Ev. (ff )
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phyviatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Rust, Uromyces rudbeckiae Arth.'and Holw. (f)

Coraltree, Erythrina crista-galli (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora erythrinae Ell. and Ev. (ff)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

36

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Cosmos: Common, Cosmos bipinnatus ; Yellow, C. sulphur eus (2)

Leaf and stem blight, Phomopsis stewartii Pk. (ft)

Leaf scorch, virus (?) (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ftf)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. (ft)

Root and stem rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (fft)

Cotoneaster: Pekin, Cotoneaster acutifolia; Spreading, C. divaricata;
Rock, C. horizontalis ; Silverleaf, C. pannosa (1) (2)

Fireblight, Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) Trev. (ft)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fft)

Twig blight, Diplodia sp. (ft)

Cottonwood: Smoothbark, Populus acuminata ; Carolina, P. angulata;
Narrowleaf, P. angustifolia; Southern, P. deltoides (1) (2) (3)
Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town, (ff)

Leaf spot, Cercospora populina Ell. and Ev. (ff)

Leaf spot, Septoria populicola Pk. (ff)

Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt, (ff)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ffff)

Powdery mildew, Uncinula salicis (DC.) Wint. (f)

Rust, Melampsora larici-populina Kleb. (ff)

Rust, Melampsora medusae Thuem. (ff)

Stem canker, Cytospora chrysosperma (Pers.) Fr. (ff)

White heart-rot, Fomes igniarius (L.) Fr. (f )

White-streaked rot, Fomes applanatus (Pers.) Wallr. (f)

Crapemyrtle, Lagerstroemia indica (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora lythracearum Heald and Wolf (ff)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta lagerstroemiae Ell. and Ev. (ff)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Creeper: Peppervine, Ampelopsis arborea; Virginia, A. quinque folia ;
Japanese or Boston Ivy, A. tricuspidata (1) (2)

Black rot, Guignardia bidwellii (Ell.) Viala and Ravaz (fff)
Downy mildew, Plasmopara viticola (Berk, and Curt.) Berl. and
DeToni (f)

Leaf spot, Cercospora arboriae Tharp (ff)

Leaf spot, Cercospora viticola (Ces.) Sacc. (ff)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta viticola (Berk, and Curt.) Thuem. (ff)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Powdery mildew, Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr, (ff)
pHrilllhU-HM H
Cycas, Sago, Cycas revoluta (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Ascochyta cycadina G. Scalia (fff)

Cyclamen, Common, Cyclamen persicum giganteum (1) (2)

Anthracnose, Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. and Schrenk (f)
Leaf spot, Phyllosticta cyclaminicola Trel. (ff )

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (fff)

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

37

Cypress, Taxodium distichum (1) (2) (3)

Leaf spot, Pestalozzia funerea Desm. (ft)

Pecky heartwood rot, Fomes geotropus Cke. (t)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivor um (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Cypress: Arizona, Cupressus arizonica ; Smooth, C. glabra; Italian, C.
sempervirens (1) (2) (3)

Nursery blight, Phomopsis juniper ovora Hahn (ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Cypress, Summer, Kochia scoparia and K. trichophylla (1) (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Rust, Puccinia subnitens Diet. I (f)

Stem and root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ff)

Cypressvine, Quamoclit pinnata (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Dahlia, Dahlia sp. (2)

Mosaic, virus (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ttft)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. (ff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (fff)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (fff)

Stem and root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (fff)

Daylily, Orange, Hemerocallis aurantiaca (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora hemerocallis L. R. Tehon (ff )

Leaf spot, Hetcrosporium gracile Sacc. (ff)

Deutzia: Common, Deutzia sp. ; Slender, D. gracilis; Lemoine’s, D.
lemoinei (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora deutziae Ell. and Ev. (ft)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta deutziae Ell. and Ev. (ff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (f)

Devils-walkingstick, Aralia spinosa (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora atromaculans Ell. and Ev. (f)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta araliae Ell. and Ev. (f)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta everhartii Sacc. and Syd. (f)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ff)

Dogwood: Tatarian, Cornus alba (1) (2); Silky, C. ammonum (1)

(2) ; Roughleaf, C. asperifolia (1) (2); Flowering, C. florida (1) (2)

(3) ; Bloodtwig, C. sanguinea (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora cornicola Tr. and Earle (ft)

Leaf spot, Septoria cornicola Desm. (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ttff)

Powdery mildew, Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) Karst, (f)

Sooty mold, Dimer osporium pulchrum Sacc. (ff)

38

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Ebony, Texas, Pithecolobium flexicaule (1) (3) (4)

Anthracnose, C olletotrichum erythrinae Ell. and Ev. (t)

Leaf spot, Pestalozzia funerea Desm. (t)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta pithecolobii E. Young (ft)

Rust, Ravenelia gracilis Arth. (f)

Rust, Ravenelia pithecolobii Arth. (f )

Elder: American, Sambucus canadensis; European, S. nigra; Albino,
S. pubens leucocarpa (1) (2)

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium lineum Sacc. (f)

Leaf spot, Cercospora catenospora Atk. (ft)

Leaf spot, Septoria sambucina Pk. (ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ftf)

Powdery mildew, Microsphaera alni (Wallr.) Wint. (ft)

Violet root rot, Rhizoctonia crocorum (Pers.) DC. (ft)

Elephants-ear, Colocasia escnlenta (2)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ft)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (fff)

Elm: Winged, Ulmus alata; American, U. americana; Cedar, U.
crassifolia; Red or Slippery, U. fulva; Chinese, XJ. parvifolia (1) (2)
(3)

Anthracnose, Gnomonia ulmea (Sacc.) Thuem. (ft)

Leaf spot, Cercospora sphaeriaeformis Cke. (ft)

Leaf spot, Cylindrosporium tenuisporum Heald and Wolf (fff)
Leaf spot, Phyllosticta erratica Ell. and Ev. (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Powdery mildew, Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) Karst, (ft)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (f)

Twig blight, Coniothyrium ulmi Tharp (ft)

Fir, Douglas, Pseudotsuga taxifolia and P. douglasii (1) (2) (3)
Damping-off, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (f)

Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt, (ft)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Four-o’clock, Mirabilis jalapa (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora mirabilis Tharp (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

White rust, Albugo platensis (Speg.) Sw. (ff)

Foxglove, Digitalis purpurea (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta digitalis A. Bellynck (f)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (ff)

Fringetree, White, Chionanthus virginica (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta chionanthi Thuem. (ff)

Leaf spot, Septoria eleospora Sacc. (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Gaillardia, Gaillardia aristata (2)

Leaf spot, Septoria gaillardiae Ell. and Ev. (ff )

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

39

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ttt)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. (tt)

Gaura, Gaura lindheimeri and G. parviflora (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Septoria gaurina Ell. and Kellerm. (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (tt)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC. (t)

Rust, Aecidium gaurae Ell. and Ev. (t)

Geranium, Pelargonium graveolens and P. peltatum (2)

Bacterial blight, Bacterium erodii I. M. Lewis (ttt)

Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in the soil (t)

Leaf spot, Cercospora hrunkii Ell. and Gall, (ft)

Gladiolus, Gladiolus sp. (1) (2) (3)

Bacterial blight, Bacterium ' gummisudans McC. (tt)

Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in the soil (t)

Dry rot, Sclerotium gladioli Massey (t)

Fusarium rot, Fusarium oxysporum (Schl.) var. gladioli Massey

(tt)

Leaf spot and corm rot, Phyllosticta gladioli Ell. and Ev. (ft)

Leaf spot, Septoria gladioli Pass, (ftf )

Moist rot, Pythium deharyanum Hesse (ft)

Mosaic, virus (ft)

Penicillium rot, Penicillium gladioli Machacek (ft)

Scab, Bacterium marginatum McC. (ftf)

Stem and root rot, Corticium vagum Berk., and Curt, (ff )

Goldenbell, Forsythia sp. (1) (2)

Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town, (f)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta terminalis Ell. and Mart, (ft)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ftf)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ff)

Goldenseal, Hydrastis canadensis (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fft)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ff)

Grass, Carpet Bentgrass, Agrostis stolonifera (2) (in lawns)

Leaf spot, Helminthosporium giganteum Heald and Wolf (ff)

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ff)

Gum: Cotton, Nyssa aquatica; Black, N. sylvatica (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta nyssae Cke. (f)

Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt, (f)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Rust, Aplopsora nyssae (Ell. and Tracy) E. B., Mains (f)

Gum, Elastic (Chittam Wood), Bumelia lanuginosa (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora lanuginosa Heald and Wolf (ff).

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta humeliifolia Heald and Wolf (ff)

Leaf spot, Septoria bumeliae Sacc. (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

40

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Gum, Sweet or Red, Liquidambar styraciflua (1) (4)

Leaf spot, Cercospora liquidambaris Cke. and Ell. (f)

Leaf spot, Septoria liquidambaris Cke. and Ell. (f)

Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt, (ft)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (tft)

Hackberry: Southern, or Sugarberry, Celtis mississippiensis ;
Rough-leaved, C. occidentals crassifolia (1) (2) (3)

Crown rot, ThelepTiora retiformis B. and C. (ft)

Leaf blight, Cylindrosporium defoliatum Heald and Wolf (tft)
Leaf spot, Cylindrosporium celtidis Earle (ft)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta celtidis Ell. and Kell, (ft)

Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt. ( tttt )
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Powdery mildew, Uncinula polychaeta (Berk, and Curt.) Ell. (f )

Haw, Rusty Black, Viburnum rufidulum (1) (4)

Leaf spot, Helminthosporium beaumonti Sacc. (f)

Leaf spot, Hendersonia foliorum Fckl. (ff )

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ftt)

Powdery mildew, Microsphaera alni (Wallr.) Wint. (f)

Hawthorn, Red, White, Crataegus spp. (1) (4)

Fire blight, Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) Trev. (ft)

Leaf spot, Cercospora crataegi Heald and Wolf (ft)

Leaf spot, Hendersonia foliorum Fckl. (f)

Leaf spot , Phyllosticta crataegi (Cke.) Sacc. (ff)

Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt, (ff)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Rust, Gymnosporangium exiguum Kern (fff)

Rust, Gymnosporangium trachysorum Kern (ff)

Hazelnut or Filbert, Corylus sp. (1)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta coryli West, (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Hemlock, Tsuga diversifolia (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Sooty mold, Dimerosporium tsugae Dearn. (ff)

Hickory: White or Mockernut, Hicoria alba; Black, H. buckleyi; Bitter-
nut or Pignut, H. cordiformis ; Shellbark or Scaly-bark, H. ovata (1)
(2) (3)

Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town, (f)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta caryae Pk. (ff)

Leaf spot, Septoria hicoriae Tharp (ff)

Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt, (ff)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Powdery mildew, Microsphaera alni (Wallr.) Wint. (ff)

Root rot, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel, (ff)

Scab, Fusicladium effusum Wint. (ff)

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

41

Holly, American, Ilex opaca (1) (2) (3)

Leaf spot, Cercospora ilicicola Maub. (ff )

Leaf spot, Cercospora pulvinula Cke. and Ell. (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Tar-spot, Rhytisvia curtisii Berk, and Ray. (f)

Hollygrape, Mahonia spp. (1) (2)

Rust, Puccinia oxalidis Diet, and Ell. (f)

Hollyhock, Althaea rosea (2)

Anthracnose, Colletotrichum malvarum (Braun and Casp.) E. A.
Southworth (f)

Leaf blight, Rhizoctonia microsclerotia Matz (f)

Leaf spot, Cercospora althaeina Sacc’. >( f f f )

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ffff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (fff)

Rust, Micropuccinia heterospora (Berk, and Curt.) Arth. (ff)

Honeysuckle, Lonicera spp. (2)

Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town, (f)

Leaf spot, Cercospora varia Pk. (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Powdery mildew, Microsphaera alni (Wallr.) Wint. (f)

Honeysuckle, Bush, Diervilla rivularis (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora diervillae Ell. and Ev. (ff)

Leaf spot, Cercospora weigeliae Ell. and Ev. (ff)

Leaf spot, Pestalozzia syringae Oud. (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Hoptree or Wafer Ash, Ptelea trifoliata (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora afflata Wint. (f )

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Rust, Puccinia windsoriae Schw. (f)

Hornbeam, American or Blue Beech, Carpinus caroliniana (1) (2) (3)
Blight, Fracchiaea callista (Berk, and Curt.) Sacc. (f)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Powdery mildew, Microsphaera alni (Wallr.) Wint. (f)

Powdery mildew, Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) Karst, (f)

Horsechestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum (1) (2)

Anthracnose, Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. and Schrenk (f )
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Huckleberry, Tree, or Sparkleberry, Vaccinium arhoreum (2)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta vaccinii Earle (f )

Leaf spot, Septoria albopunctata Cke. (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Tar-spot, Rhytisma vaccinii (S.) Fr. (ff)

42

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Hyacinth, Common, Hyacinthus orientalis (2)

Bulb rot, Fusarium bulbigenum Cke. and Mass, (ff)

Mosaic, virus (f)

Yellow disease, Bacterium hyacinthi J. H. Wakker (tt)

Hydrangea, Hydrangea sp. (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora hydrangeana Tharp (ff)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta hydrangeae Ell. and Ev. (ff)

Leaf spot, Septoria hydrangeae Bizz. (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (f)

Indigo, Indig of era tinctoria (1) (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Rust, Ravenelia laevis Diet, and Holw. (f)

Rust, Uromyces indigoferae Diet, and Holw. (f)

Iris, Iris spp. (2)

Leaf spot, Didymellina iridis (Desm.) Hoehn (fff)

Leaf spot, Didymellina macrosporu Kleb. (ff)

Leaf spot, Macrosporium iridis Cke. and Ell. (ff)

Leaf spot, Scolecotrichum punctulatum Tr. and Earle (ff )

Mosaic, virus (f)

Rhizome rot, Bacterium iridis Van Hall (ff)

Slimy soft rot, Bacillus carotovorus L. R. Jones (ff )

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (ff)

Stem rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (f)

Ironwood or Hophornbeam, Ostrya virginiana (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Taphrina virginica Seym, and Sadeb. (f)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Powdery mildew, Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) Karst, (f)

Ivy, English, Hedera helix (1) (2)

Anthracnose, Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. and Schrenk
(tt)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta concentrica Sacc. (tt)

Leaf spot, Ramularia hedericola Heald and Wolf (ft)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Jessamine, Carolina, Gelsemium sempervirens (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta gelsemii Ell. and Ev. (ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Sooty mold, Capnodium grandisporum Ell. and Martin (ff)

luneberry, Garden or Serviceberry, Amelanchier alnifolia pumila (1)

(2)

Fire blight, Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) Trev. (f)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Rust, Gymnosporangium nidus-avis Thax. (f)

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

43

Juniper: Chinese, Juniperus chinensis; Common, J. communis (1)
(2) (3)

Limb blight, Phomopsis juniperovora G. Hahn (fff )
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug. (ft)

Kerria, Silver, Kerria japonica argenteovariegata (1) (2)

Twig blight, Phoma japonica Sacc. (f )

Leaf spot, Cylindrosporium kerriae V. B. Stewart (ft)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug. (ft)

Larch, American, Larix laricina (1) (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug. (ft)

Larkspur, Delphinium spp. (2)

Leaf spot, Bacterium delphinii (EFS.) Bryan (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (ft)

Stem and root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ft)

Laurel, Mountain, Kalmia lati folia (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora sparsa Cke. (f )

Leaf spot, Pestalozzia kalmicola Ell. and Ev. (f)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta kalmicola (Schw.) Ell. and Ev. (ft)

Leaf spot, Septoria angustifolia Ell. and Ev. (ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Lilac: Persian, Syringa persica; Common, S. vulgaris (1) (2)
Bacterial blight, Bacterium syringae (Van Hall) EFS. (ft)

Leaf spot, Cercospora lilacis (Desm.) Sacc. (f)

Leaf spot, Cercospora macromaculans Heald and Wolf (ft)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fftt)

Powdery mildew, Microsphaera a Ini (Wallr.) Wint. (ft)

Lily, Lilium spp. (2)

Crown rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass, (f)

Stem rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (f)

Lily, Belladonna, Amaryllis belladonna (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora amaryllidis Ell. and Ev. (ft)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta hymenocallidis Seaver (ft)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (f)

Lily, Common Calla, Zantedeschia aethiopica (2)

Slimy soft rot. Bacillus aroidae Town, (ft)

44

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Linden, American or Basswood, Tilia americana (1) (2) (4)
Anthracnose, Gloeosporium tiliae Oud. (f)

Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt, (ft)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ftt)

White sap wood rot, Hydnum septentrionale Fr. (f)

Loblolly-bay, Gordonia lasiantha (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta gordoniae Ell. and Mart, (tt)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug (f)

Locust, Black, Robinia pseudo-acacia (1) (2) (3)

Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in the soil (ftt)

Heartwood rot, Polyporus obtusus Berk, (f)

Leaf spot, Cylindrosporium solitarium Heald and Wolf ( ftt )
Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt, (ft)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (tftf)

Locust: Water, Gleditsia aquatica; Honey, G. triacanthos (1) (2) (3)
Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in the soil (fff)

Leaf spot, Cercospora olivacea (Berk, and Rav.) Ell. (ft)

Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt, (ft)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ftft)

Lupine, Sundial, Lupinus perennis (2)

Crown rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum A Lib.) Mass, (ff)

Leaf spot, Cercospora longispora Pk. (ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Maackia: Amur, Maackia amurensis ; Chinese, M. hupehensis (1) (2)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Madrone, Arbutus menziesii (1)

Black spot, Rhytisma arbuti Phill. (ff)

Leaf gall, Exobasidium vaccinii (Fckl.) Wor. (ff)

Leaf spot, Ascochyta hanseni Ell. and Ev. (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Stem blight, Diplodia maculata Cke. and Hark, (f)

Magnolia, Magnolia grandiflora (1) (2) (3) (4); Sweet Bay, M. vir-
giniana australis (1) (2) (3)

Leaf blotch, Gladosporium fasciculatum Cda. (ff)

Leaf spot, Coniothyrium olivaceum grandiflorae Sacc. (ff)

Leaf spot, Septoria magnoliae Cke. (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Sooty mold, Dimerosporium magnoliae Tr. and Earle (ft)

Maidenhair-tree, Ginkgo biloba (1) (2)

Anthracnose, Glomerclla cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. and Schrenk (f)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ffff)

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

45

Maple: Amur, Acer ginnala; Black, A. nigrum; Japanese, A. palmar
turn; Norway, A. platanoides; Sycamore, A. pseudoplatanus ; Red,
A. rubrum; Sugar, A. saccharum ; Silver, A. saccharinum; Mountain,
A. spicatum (1) (2)

Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in the soil ( f ft )

Leaf spot, Phleospora aceris (Lib.) Sacc. (ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fft)

Powdery mildew, Uncinula circinata Cke. and Pk. (f)

Root rot, Ar miliaria mellea (Vahl) Quel, (f)

Tar-spot, Rhytisma acerinum (Pers.) Fr. (f)

Marigold: African, Tagetes erecta; French, T. patula (2)

Stem and root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (fft)

Mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (2) (4)

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium leguminum Cke. (ft)

Ball moss, Tillandsia recurvata L. (ff)

Blight, Scleropycnium aureum Heald and Lewis (ft)

Heart rot, Fomes rimosus Berk, (ff)

Heart rot, Polyporus texanus (Murrill) Sacc. and Trott. (ff)

Heart rot, Polystictus Imdheimeri B. and C. (ff)

Heart rot, Schizophyllum commune Fr. (ff)

Leaf spot, Cercospora prosopidis Heald and Wolf (ff)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta juliflora Ell. and Barth, (ff)

Mistletoe, Phoradendron calif ornicum Nutt, (f)

Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt, (f)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Rust, Neoravenelia holwayi (Diet.) Long (f)

Rust, Ravenelia arizonica Ell. and Ev. (f)

Mignonette, Reseda* odorata (2)

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (f)

Mimosa, Leucaena greggii (1) (2)

Rust, Ravenelia leucaenae Long (f)

Mint, Mentha arvensis (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora menthicola Tehon and Daniels (f)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC. (f)

Rust, Puccinia menthae Pers. var. americana Pk. (f)

Mockorange, Philadelphus spp. (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora angulata Wint. (f)

Leaf spot, Septoria philadelphi Ell. and Ev. (f)

Limb blight, Diplodia microspora B. and C. (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Monkshood, Chinese, Aconitum chinense (1) (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC. (ff)

Rust, Uromyces aconiti Fckl. (f)

46

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Mountain-ash, Sorbus sp. (1) (2)

Fire blight, Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) Trey, (f)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta sorbi West, (ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Stem canker, Physalospora malorum (Pk.) Shear (t)

Mulberry: WThite, Morus alba ; Russian, M. alba tatarica; Black, M.
nigra; Red, M. rubra (1) (2) (3)

Blight, Bacterium mori (Boyer and Lambert) EFS. (tff)

Leaf spot, Cercospora missouriensis Wint. ( ttf )

Leaf spot, Cercosporella mori Pk. (fff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Pop-corn disease or fruit swelling, Sclerotinia carunculoides E. A.

Siegler & A. Jenkins (f)

Twig blight, Myxosporium diedickei Syd. (ft)

Nandina, Nandina domestica (1) (2)

Anthracnose, Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. and Schrenk
(ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Narcissus, Jonquil, Narcissus sp. (2)

Leaf spot, Hender sonia curtisii B. (f)

Mosaic, virus (f)

Nasturtium, Tropaeolum majus (2)

Bacterial blight, Bacterium aptatum N. Brown and Jamieson (ft)
Bacterial wilt, Bacterium solanacearum EFS. (ff)

Leaf spot, Cercospora tropaeoli Atk. (f)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (f)

Ninebark, Goldleaf, Physocarpus opulifolius luteus (2)

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium neilliae Hark, (f)

Leaf spot, Marssonia neilliae Hark, (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Oak: White, Quercus alba; Daimyo, Q. dentata; Durand White, Q.
durandii; Emory, Q. emoryi; Overcup, Q. lyrata; Burr, Q. macrocar-
pa; Black Jack, Q. marilandica; Shin, Q. mobriana; Mongolian, Q.
mongolica; Chinquapin, Q. muhlenbergii ; Water or Pin, Q. nigra;
Pin, Q. palustris; WTllow, Q. phellos; Swamp Chestnut, Basket or
Cow, Q. prinus; Southern Red, Q. rubra; Spotted, Q. shumardii;
Post, Q. stellata; Texas Red, Q. texana; Black, Q. velutina (1) (2)
(3) (4)

Blister leaf, Taphrina coerulescens (Mont, and Desm.) Tul. (ft)
Honeycomb heart rot, Stereum subpileatum Berk, and Curt, (f)
Large leaf spot, Monochaetia desmazierii Sacc. (ff )

Leaf spot, Leptothyrium dryinum Sacc. (ff)

Leaf spot, Marssonia quercus Pk. (ff)

Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt, (ff)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Root rot, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel, (ff)

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

47

Rust, Cronartium stroMlinum (Arth.) Hedge, and Hahn (f)
Tar-spot, Rhytisma erythrosporum Berk, and Curt, (f)

Twig blight, Diplodia longispora Cke. and Ell. (f)

White pocket rot, Polyporus rheades Fr. (f)

White wood rot, Polyporus lerkeleyi Fr. (ft)

Oak, Live, Quercus virginiana (1) (2) (3) (4)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (t)

Other diseases, same as for other oaks

Oleander, Nerium oleander (1) (2) (3)

Leaf spot, Cercospora neriella Sacc. (tt)

Leaf spot, Macrosporium nerii Cke. (t)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta nerii West, (f)

Leaf spot, Septoria oleandrina Sacc. (f)

Limb gall, Bacterium savastanoi EFS. (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Olive, Russian, Elaeagnus angustifolia (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora elaeagni Heald and Wolf (ttt)

Leaf spot, Septoria argyraea Sacc. (ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ttt)

Osage-orange, Toxylon pomiferum (1) (2) (3)

Cottony leaf spot, Ovularia maclurae Ell. and A. B. Langlois (tt)
Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt, (f)

Rust, Cerotelium fici (Cast.) Arth. (t)

Osmanthus, Silver, Osmanthus aquifolium argenteus (2)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta oleae Ell. and Mart, (ft)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta sinuosa Ell. and Mart, (ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Sooty mold, Capnodium elongatum B. and Desm. (t)

Sooty mold, Fumago salicina (P. and Fr.) Tul. (f)

Pagoda Tree, Sophora japonica (1) (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Pansy, Viola tricolor and V. cornuta (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora violae Sacc. (ft)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ttt)

Parkinsonia, Parlcinsonia aculeata (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Cylindrosporium parkins oniae Heald (ft)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta parkinsoniae Ell. and Ev. (ft)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug. (ft)

Sooty mold, Dimerosporium parkinsoniae Heald and Wolf (tt)

Peony, Paeonia spp. (2)

Leaf mold, Cladosporium paeoniae Pass, (t)

Leaf and stem blight, Botrytis paeoniae Oud. (tt)

Mosaic, virus (t)

48

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Peony (concluded)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (tttt)

Root knot,. Caconema radicicola (Greet) Cobb (ft)

Stem and root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ft)

Peppertree: California, Schinus molle; Brazilian, S. terebinthifolius
(1) (2) (3)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greet) Cobb (f)

Root rot, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel, (ft)

Petunia, Petunia hybrida (2)

Black stalk-rot, Macrosporium sarcinula parasiticum Thiiem. (t)
Leaf spot, Ascochyta petuniae Speg. (f)

Mosaic, virus (f)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greet) Cobb (ft)

Stem and root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ft)

Phlox, Phlox spp. (2)

Leaf spot, Ascochyta phlogis phlogina Fairman (t)

Leaf spot, Septoria divaricata E. and E. (f)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. (ff)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greet) Cobb (ft)

Rust, Uromyces polemonii (Pk.) Artli. (f)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (f)

Photinia: Christmasberry, Photinia arbutifolia; Low, P. serrulata

(1) (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora heteromeles Hark, (f)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta heteromeles Cke. and Hark, (f)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ftf)

Scab, Fusicladium photinicola R. L. McClain (ff)

Pine: Shortleaf, Pinus echinata; Pinon, P. edulis ; Limber, P. flexilis ;
Longleaf, P. palustris; Western Yellow, P. ponderosa; Mexican White,
P. strobiformis ; Loblolly, P. taeda (1) (2) (4)

Brown pocket rot, Fomes roseus (Alb. and Schw.) Fr. (ff)

Brown crumbly rot, Fomes pinicola Fr. (ff)

Damping-off, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ff)

Damping-off, Pythium debaryanum Hesse (ff)

Mistletoe, Razoumofskya campylopoda (Engelm.) Piper (f)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ftf)

Red rot, Polyporus ellisianus (Murr.) Long (ff)

Rust, Coleosporium carneum (Bose) Jack, (f)

Rust, Coleosporium delicatulum (Arth. and Kern) Hedge, and Long

(t)

Rust, Coleosporium ipomoeae (Schw.) Burr, (f)

Rust, Coleosporium terebinthinaceae (Schw.) Arth. (f)

Rust, Cronartium Jusiforme (Pk.) Hedge, and Hunt (f)

Pine, Cypress, Callitris rhomboidea and C. robusta (1)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug. (ff)

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

49

Pittosporum, Pittosporum sp. (1) (2)

Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in the soil (f)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (ft)

Poinsettia, Poinsettia pulcherrima (1) (2)

.Leaf spot, Gercospora pulcherrimae Tharp (ft)

Leaf spot, Gercospora pulcherrimae var. minima Tharp (ff)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ftf)

Rust, Uromyces proeminens Pass, (ff)

Stem and root rot, Gorticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ff)

Pomegranate, Punica granatum (1) (2)

Blotch, Mycosphaerella lythracearum Wolf (ft)

Fruit rot, Sterigmatocystis castanea F. Patterson (ff)

Leaf spot, Gercospora lythracearum Heald and Wolf (ff)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Root knot, Gaconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (f)

Poppy, California, Eschscholtzia calif ornica (2)

Bacterial blight, Bacterium papavericola Bryan and McW. (f)

Root knot, Gaconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb, (ff)

Primrose: Evening or Sundrops, Oenothera drummondii; Evening
Ozark, 0. missouriensis (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Primrose, Showy, Primula obconica superla (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Root knot, Gaconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (f)

Princess Tree, Royal, Paulownia tomentosa (1) (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shears
Dug. (ff)

Privet, Ligustrum spp. (1) (2) (3)

Anthracnose, Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. and Schrenk
(tt)

Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town, (f)

Leaf spot, Gercospora adusta Heald and Wolf (ff)

Leaf spot, Gercospora ligustri Roum. (f)

Leaf spot, Exosporium concentricum Heald and Wolf (fff)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta ovalifolii Brun. (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Root knot, Gaconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (f)

Root rot, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel, (f)

Privet, Swamp, Forestiera acuminata (1) (4)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Powdery mildew, Microsphaera alni (DC.) Wint. (ff)

Rust, Goleosporium minutum Hedge, and Hunt (f)

Rust, Puccinia fraxinata Arth. I (f)

50

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Quince, Flowering, Cydonia japonica (1) (2)

Fire blight, Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) Trev. (ft)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ftt)

Redbud: Cercis canadensis; California, C. occidentalis (1) (2) (3) (4)
Leaf spot, Cercospora cercidicola Ell. (ft)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta siliquastri Sacc. (tt)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ttt)

Redwood: Weeping Giant, Sequoia gigantea pendulata; Blue, 8. sem-
pervirens glauca (1) (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Rhododendron, Rhododendron sp. (1) (2)

Bloom blight, Sporocybe azaleae (Pk.) Sacc. (t)

Leaf spot, Hendersonia concentrica Ell. and Ev. (tt)

Leaf spot, Lophodermium rhododendri (S.) Pk. (t)

Leaf spot, Pestalozzia funerea Desm. ( t )

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta maxima Ell. and Ev. (t)

Leaf spot, Septoria rhododendri Cke. (t)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (tt)

Rust, Melampsoropsis roanensis Arth. (t)

Rose: Rosa spp. (1) (2) (3); Meadow, R. blanda (1) (3); Pasture, R.
humilis (1) (3)

Black rot canker, Physalospora malorum (Pk.) Shear (t)

Bloom blight, Discosia artocreas (Tode) Fr. (tt)

Blossom rot, Botrytis cinerea Auct. (t)

Canker, Diaporthe umbrina A. Jenkins (ttt)

Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in the soil (tt)

Crown canker, Cylindrocladium scoparium Morg. (tt)

Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town, (tt)

Die-back, Leptosphaeria coniothyrium (Fckl.) Sacc. (ttt)

Leaf blight, Dicoccum rosae Bon. (tt)

Leaf blotch, Diplocarpon rosae Wolf (ttt)

Leaf spot, Cercospora rosigena Tharp (tt)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta rosae Desm. (tt)

Mosaic, virus (t)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ttt)

Powdery mildew, Sphaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burr, (ttt)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ttt)

Root rot, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel, (t)

Rust, Phragmidium disciflorum (Tode) G. F. James (tt)

Rust, Phragmidium speciosum Cke. (tt)

Rust, Phragmidium subcorticinum (Schrank) Wint. (tt)

Stem canker, Coniothyrium rosarum Cke. and Hark, (ttt)

Twig blight, Diplodia natalensis Evans (tt)

Twig blight, Gloeosporium rosae Hals, (tt)

Salvia, Autumn, Salvia greggi alba (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (t)

Rust, Puccinia menthae P. (tt)

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS 51

i 'fjiiS iliili in: i, Ilii

Sapodilla Vine, Achras sapota (1) (2)

Limb gall, Pestalozzia scirrofaciens N. Brown (t)

Pliymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (tff)

Sassafras, Sassafras variifolium (1) (3)

Anthracnose, Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spaniel, and Schrenk (t)
Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt, (f)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ftt)

Silktassel-bush, Garry a elliptica (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora garryae Hark, (ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus (2) (3)

Anthracnose, Collet otrichum antirrhini Stev. (f)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta antirrhini Syd. (ft)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ftt)

Rust, Puccinia antirrhini Diet, and Holw. (ftt)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (ft)

Stem and root rot, Corticium vagum Berk and Curt, (ft)

Snowberry, Symphoricarpos sp. (1) (2)

Powdery mildew, Microsphaera diffusa Cke. and Pk. (ftt)

Violet root rot, Rhizoctonia crocorum (Pers.) DC. (ft)

Soapberry or Wild China, Sapindus drummondi (1) (3)

Anthracnose, Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. and Schrenk (t)
Leaf blight, Cylindrosporium griseum Heald and Wolf (ft)
Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt, (ft)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fftt)

Powdery mildew, TJncinula circinata Cke. and Pk. (f)

Sourwood, Oxydendrum arboreum (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Cercospora oxydendri Tr. and Earle (ft)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta oxydendri Ell. and Ev. (ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ftt)

Spicebush, Benzoin aestivale (2) (3)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta linderae Ell. and Ev. (ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Spirea, Vanhoutte, Spiraea vanhouttei (2)

Chlorosis, caused by too much calcium in the soil (t)

Fire blight, Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) Trev. (f)

Leaf spot, Septoria salicifolia (Trel.) Ell. and Ev. (f)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (tff)

Spruce: White, Picea canadensis ; Engelmann, P. engelmanni (1) (2)
Brown crumbly rot, Fomes pinicola Fr. (f)

Brown pocket rot, Fomes roseus (Alb. and Schw.) Fr. (f)
Damping-off, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (f)

52

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Spruce (concluded)

Damping-off, Pythium debaryanum Hesse (f)

Mistletoe, Razoumofskya douglasii microcarpa Engelm. (f )
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ftt)

Stock, Common, Matthiola incana (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ft)

Stem and root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ft)

Sumac: Shining, Rhus copallina; Smoketree, R. cotinus; Smooth, R.
glabra; Lemonade, R. trilobata; Staghorn, R. typhina (1) (2)

Leaf curl, Exoascus purpurascens (Ell. and Ev.) Sadeb. (f )

Leaf spot, Cercospora copallina Cke. (ff )

Leaf spot, Cercospora rhoina Cke. and Ell. (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ftf)

Summersweet, Clethra alnifolia (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta clethricola Ell. and Martin (ff)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Sweetleaf or Horse Sugar, Symplocos tinctoria (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Exobasidium sy7nploci Ell. and Martin (f)

Leaf spot, Septoria symploci Ell. and Martin (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Sweet Pea, Lathyrus odoratus (2) (3)

Anthracnose, Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. and Schrenk (f)
Fasciation, caused by Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (f)

Mosaic, virus (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC. (ftf)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ftf)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (f)

Stem rot, Eusarium lathyri Taub. (ff )

Stem and root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (fff)

Streak, Bacillus lathyri Manns and Taub. (fff)

White blight, Erostrotheca multiformis Mart, and Charles (f)

Sycamore, Platanus occidentalis (1) (2) (3)

Anthracnose, Gnomonia veneta (Sacc. and Speg.) Kleb. (ff)

Leaf blight, Phleospora multimaculans Heald and Wolf (ff)

Leaf spot, Cercospora platanicola Ell. and Ev. (ff)

Leaf spot, Septoria platanifolia Cke. (ff)

Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursli) Nutt, (ff)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Root rot, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel, (ff)

Tallowtree, Chinese, Sapium sebiferum (1) (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

53

Tamarix, French, Tamarix gallica (1) (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Teosinte, Euchlaena mexicana (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Helminthosporium turcicum Pass, (ft)

Rust, Puccinia sorghi Schw. (f)

Smut, Ustilago zeae (Beckm.) Ung. (t)

Treemallow, Lavatera arbor ea (1) (2)

Anthracnose, Colletotriciium malvarum A. Braun and Casp. (t)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ftt)

Tree-of-heaven, Ailanthus glandulosa (1) (2)

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium ailanthi Dearness and Barthol. (ft)
Leaf spot, Gercospora glandulosa Ell. and Kell, (ft)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ftt)

Stem blight, Diplodia ailanthi Cke. (f)

Stem blight, Phoma ailanthi Sacc. (f)

Trumpetcreeper, Bignonia radicans (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Gercospora pallida Ell. and Ev. (ft)

Leaf spot, Gercospora sordida Sacc. (ft)

Leaf spot, Septoria tecomae Ell. and Ev. (ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Powdery mildew-,' Microsphaera alni (Wallr.) Wint. (ft)

Sooty mold, Dimerosporium tropicale Speg. (ft)

Tulip, Tulipa sp. (2)

Blight, Botrytis tulipae (Lib.) E. F. Hopkins (f)

Tuliptree, Liriodendron tulipifera (1) (2)

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium liriodendri Ell. and Ev. (ft)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta liriodendrica Sacc. ( f f )

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ftf)

Tar-spot, Rhytisma liriodendri Wallr. (f)

Viburnum, Common, Viburnum opulus sterile (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Helminthosporium beaumonti Sacc. (ft)

Leaf spot, Hendersonia foliorum Fckl. (ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Powdery mildew, Microsphaera alni (Wallr.) Wint. (ff)

Violet, Viola odorata (2)

Leaf spot, Alternaria violae Gall, and P. H. Dorsett (ftf)

Leaf spot, Gercospora violae Sacc. (ff)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greef) Cobb (ff)

Root rot, Gorticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (ff)

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (f)

54

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Vitex or Chaste-tree, Vitex agnus-castus ; V. negundo; V. negundo in -

cisa (1) (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Wandering- Jew, Tradescantia fluminensis (2)

Root knot, Caconema radicicola (Greet) Cobb (t)

Weigela, Japanese, Weigela japonica (1) (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Willow, Black, Salix nigra (1) (2) (3)

Crown gall, Bacterium tumefaciens EFS. and Town, (ft)

Leaf spot, Cercospora salicina Ell. and Ev. (ft)

Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt, (f)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (fff)

Powdery mildew, Uncinula salicis (DC.) Wint. (f)

Rust, Melampsora americana Arth. (ft)

Rust, Melampsora bigelowii Thuem. (f)

Tar-spot, Rhytisma salicinum Fr. (f)

Willow, Desert, Chilopsis linearis (1) (2) (3)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta erysiphoides Sacc. (f)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ft)

Winterberry, Common, Ilex verticillata (1) (2)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Wisteria, American, Wisteria frutescens (1) (2)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta wistariae Sacc. (ft)

Leaf spot, Septoria wistariae Tharp (ft)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (ff)

Yaupon, Ilex decidua; I. vomitoria (1) (2) (4)

Leaf spot, Cercospora ilicis Ell. (f)

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta concomitans Ell. and Ev. (f)
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. (f)

Yucca, Common, Yucca filamentosa (1) (2) (3)

Leaf spot, Cercospora concentrica Cke. and Ell. (fff)

Leaf spot, Coniothyrium concentricum (Desm.) Sacc. (ff)

Zinnia, Zinnia elegans (2)

Fusarium wilt, Fusarium sp. (ff)

Leaf spot, Cercospora atricincta Heald and Wolf (fff)

Leaf spot, Cercospora zinniae Ell. and Mart, (ff)

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. (fff)

Stem and root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt, (fff)

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

55

GROUP V

NON-CULTIVATED HERBACEOUS AND WOODY PLANTS
(Except Trees and Shrubs)

Adder’s Tongue or White Troutlily, Erythronium alMdum.

Blight, Sclerotinia erythroniae Whetzel

Rust, Teleutospora heteroderma (Syd.) Arth. and Bisby

Smut, Ustilago erythronii G. W. Clinton

Agrimony: Tall Hairy, Agrimonia gryposepala ; Soft, A. mollis; Small*
flowered, A. parviflora.

Downy mildew, Peronospora potentillae DeBy.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta decidua Ell. and Kell.

Leaf spot, Septoria agrimoniae Roum.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Caeoma (Credo) agrimoniae S.

Stem blight, Phoma herharum Westd.

Anacahuita, Cordia hoissieri

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Sooty mold, Fumago vagans Fr.

Angelica, Angelica villosa

Leaf spot, Cercospora thaspi Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Septoria dearnessii Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Bullaria hullata (Schrt.) Arth.

Angel’s Trumpet: Acleisanthes herlandieri ; A. longiflora

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Apple-of-Peru, Nicandra physalodes

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Arrowleaf or Water Potato, Sagittaria lancifolia

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium confluens Ell. and Dearness
Leaf spot, Cercospora sagittariae Ell. and Kell.

Leaf spot, Epicoccum vulgar e Cda.

Rust, Credo sagittariae Westd.

Aster: Frost, Aster ericoides ; White, A. exiguus ; A. exilis ; Starved, A.
lateriflorus ; Dense-flowered, A. multiflorus ; Aromatic, A. oblongi -
folius; Showy Blue, A. patens ; A. sphiosus; Corymbed, A. umhellatus
Leaf spot, Cercospora asterata Atk.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta astericola Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Ramularia asteris (Phil, and Plowr. ) Bubak.

Leaf spot, Ramularia macrospora asteris Trelease
Leaf spot, Septoria atropurpurea Pk.

Leaf spot, Septoria solidaginicola Pk.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.

Rust, Coleosporium soli laginis Thim

56

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Asters, Baby, Chaetopappa asteroides

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Avens, White, Geum canadense

Downy mildew, Peronospora potentillae DeBy.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta decidua Ell. and Kell.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Baby Blue-eyes, Nemophila phacelioides

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.

Baby’s Breath or Bluets: Houstonia angustifolia ; H. humifusa; H.
minor

Downy mildew, Peronospora seymourii Burrill
Leaf spot, Septoria galiorum Ell.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Bank Hyacinth or Pickerel Weed, Pontedaria cordata
Leaf spot, Cercospora pontederiae Ell. and Dearness
Leaf spot, Mycosphaerella pontederiae (Pk.) House
Rust, Uromyces pontederiae Gerard

Barnyard Grass, Echinochloa crus-galli

Foot rot, Collet otrichum graminicolum (Ces.) G. W. Wilson
Leaf spot, Helminthosporium monoceras Drechsler
Smut, Sphacelotheca diplospora (Ell. and Ev.) G. P. Clinton

Basket Grass: Nolina lindheimeri; N. microcarpa; N. texana
Smut, Tolyposporella nolinae G. P. Clinton

Beach Weed, Salicornia perennis

Leaf spot, Pleospora salsolae Fckl.

Rust, Uromyces peckianus Farl. I

Bear-grass or Adam’s Needles: Yucca rupicola; Y. tenuistyla
Anthracnose, Gloeosporium yuccigenum Ell. and Ev.

Blight, Diplodia circinans B. and Br.

Leaf spot, Coniothyrium concentricum (Desm.) Sacc.

Leaf spot, Cylindrosporium angustifolium Ell. and Kell.

Leaf spot, Kellermania yuccigena Ell. and Ev.

Bergamot, Wild, Monarda mollis

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Rust, Puccinia menthae P., var. americana Pk.

Bindweed: Field, Convolvulus arvensis; Gray, C. hermannioides ; Hedge,
C. sepium

Leaf spot, Septoria convolvuli Desm.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Rust, Aecidium calystegiae Cast.

Stem blight, Diplodia convolvuli Dearness and House
White rust, Albugo ipomoeae-panduranae (Farl.) Swingle

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

57

Bird Pepper, Capsicum baccatum

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium piperatum Ell. and Ev.
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Bird’s Nest or Queen Anne’s Lace, Daucus pusillus

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Bitterweed, Ilelenium tenuifolium

Leaf spot, Metasphaeria sanguinea Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Septoria helenii Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.

Black-eyed Susan, Rudbeckia triloba

Downy mildew, Rhysotheca halstedii (Farl.) G. W. Wilson
Leaf spot, Cercospora tabacina Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Septoria rudbeckiae Ell. and Halsted
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Bladder-pod, or Pop-weed: Lesquerella lasiocarpa; L. polyantha; L.
recurvata

Leaf spot, Helminthosporium nanum Nees.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Stem blight, Phoma punctiformis Desm.

Blazing Star, Prairie, Liatris pycnostachya

Leaf spot, Septoria liatridis Ell. and Davis

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Coleosporium laciniariae Arth.

Bloodroot, Sanguinaria canadensis

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium sanguinariae Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Cercospora sanguinariae Pk.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta sanguinariae Wint.

Bluebonnet, Lupinus texensis

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium lupinicola Dearness
Crown rot and damping-off, Pythium debaryanum Hesse, and
Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Leaf spot, Cercospora texensis Tharp.

Leaf spot, Ramularia lupini J. J. Davis

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Blue-eyed Grass: Narrow-leaved, Sisyrinchium angustifolium; Dwarf,
S. minus; S. varians

Leaf spot, V ermicularia af finis Sacc. and Briard.

Rust, Aecidium residuum Arth.

Rust, Uromyces probus Arth.

Rust, Credo nominata Arth.

58

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Blue Flag, Iris versicolor

Leaf spot, Asteroma venulosum (Wallr.) Fckl.

Leaf spot, Cylindrosporium iridis Ell. and Halsted
Leaf spot, Didymellina iridis (Desm.) Hoehn
Leaf spot, Phyllosticta iridis Ell. and Martin
Leaf spot, Sphaeria iridis S.

Blue Thistle: Eryngium diffusum; E. leavenworthii
Leaf spot, Cylindrosporium eryngii Ell. and Kell.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Blue Weed, Helianthus ciliaris

Leaf spot, Septoria helianthi Ell. and Kell.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Puccinia massalis Arth.

Brookweed, Samolus cuneatus

Leaf spot, Septoria conspicua Ell. and Ev.

Broomweed, Chitierrezia texana

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.

Stem blight, Diplodina coloradcnsis Ell. and Ev.

Bull Nettle, Jatropha ( Cnidosculus ) texana

Leaf spot, Septoria jatrophae Heald and Wolf
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Bur Cucumber, Cyclanthera dissecta

Anthracnose, Colletotrichum lagenarium (Pass.) Ell. and Halsted

Burdock: Great, Arctium lappa; Common, A. minus

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium lappae Dearness and House
Leaf spot, Cercospora a?'cti-aml)rosiae Halsted
Leaf spot, Phlyctaena arcuata Berk.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta lappae Sacc.

Leaf spot, Sphaeropsis lappae Ell. and Ev.

Leaf and stem blight, Phomopsis arctii (Lasch) Trav.
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.

Bur-head or Mud Babies, Echinodorus cordifolius
Smut, Burrillia echinodori G. P. Clinton

Bur Seed, Lappula echinata

Downy mildew, Peronospora echinospermi Swingle
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Micropuccinia mertensiae (Pk.) Arth. and Jackson

Butter and Eggs, Linaria vulgaris

Anthracnose, Colletotrichum vermicularioides Halsted
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

59

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Stem blight, Phoma linariae Dearness and House

Buttercup, Creeping, Ranunculus repens
Leaf spot, Ovularia decipiens Sacc.

Leaf spot, Ramularia decipiens Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC.

Rust, Puccinia clematidis Lagerh. I.

Butterfly-weed, Asclepias tuberosa

Leaf spot, Cercospora asclepiadorae Ell. and Kell.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Puccinia jamesiayia Arth. I.

Calico Bush, Lantana horrida

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Camomile: Corn, Anthemis arvensis ; Dog-fennel, A. cotula

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Camphor Plant, Heterotheca subaxillaris

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Candlewood, Fouquiera spendens

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Candytuft, Wild, Yalerianella stenocarpa

Leaf spot, Septoria valerianellae L. E. Miles

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Cardinal Feather: Acalypha lindheimeri; A. radians
Leaf spot, Cercospora acalypharum Tharp
Leaf spot, Ramularia acalyphae Tharp

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Cardinal Flower: Lobelia inflata; L. puberula; L. splendens
Leaf spot, Cercospora effusa (B. and C.) Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Cercospora lobeliae Kell, and Swingle
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Carpetweed, or Indian Chickweed, Mollugo verticillata
Leaf spot, Cercospora molluginia Halsted
Leaf spot, Phyllosticta molluginis Ell. and Halsted
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

60

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Cat-brier, Smilax bona-nox

Leaf spot, Cercospora mississippiensis Tracy and Earle
Leaf spot, Diplodia smilacina B.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta smilacis Ell. and Martin
Rust, Puccinia smilacis S.

Catchfly: Forked, Silene dichotoma ; Night-flowering, S. noctiflora;
Sleep y,.S. antirrhina

Downy mildew, Peronospora silenes Wilson
Leaf spot, Phyllosticta silenes Pk. •

Leaf spot, Septoria noctiflorae Ell. and Kell.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Puccinia subnitens Diet.

Smut, Ustilago violacea (P.) Fckl.

Catnip, Nepeta cataria

Leaf spot, Cercospora nepetae Tehon
Leaf spot, Septoria nepetae Ell. and Ev.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Cattail, Typha latifolia

Foot rot, Phoma orthosticta Ell. and Ev.

Foot rot, Phoma typhicola Oud.

Leaf spot, Cladosporium typharum Desm.

Leaf spot, Epicoccum scabrum Cda.

Leaf spot, Leptosphaeria luctuosa Neissl.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta typhina Sacc. and Malbr.

Leaf spot, Stagonospora typhoidearum (Desm.) Sacc.

Celandine, Chelidonium majus

Leaf spot, Septoria chelidonii Desm.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Celestials or Wild Iris, Nemastylis acuta

Leaf spot, Cercospoi'a amaryllidis Ell. and Ev.

Chaparral: Lippia lycioides ; Turkey Tangle, L. nodiflora
Leaf spot, Cercospora lippiae Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Cylindrosporium lippiae Heald and Wolf
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Chaparral Berry, Berberis trifoliolata

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium berberidis Cke.

Leaf spot, Stagonospora berberidina Sacc.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Sooty mold, Fumago vagans Fr.

Charlock, Brassica arvensis

Downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica (P. ) Fr.

Leaf spot, Cercospora bloxami Berk, and Br.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

White rust, Albugo Candida (P. ex Lev.) O. Kuntze

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

61

Chess or Cheat: Bromus secalinus; Soft, B. horcleaceus

Anthracnose, Colletotrichum graminicolum (Ces.) G. W. Wilson
Leaf spot, Septoria bromi Sacc.

Smut, Ustilago bromivora (Tul.) Fiscli. Wald.

Chickweed: Powder-horn, Cerastium brackypodium ; C. longipeduncu-
latum; C. viscosum; Large Mouse-ear, C. vulgatum
Leafspot, Septoria cerastii Rob. and Desm.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Stem blight, Phoma herbarum Westd.

Chickweed: Common, Stellaria media; S. nuttallii
Leaf blister, Synchytrium stellariae Fckl.

Leaf spot, Septoria stellariae Rob.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Puccinia subnitens Diet.

Smut, Entyloma alsines Halsted

Chicory, Wild, Cichorium intybus

Crown rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass.

Leaf spot, Cercospora cichorii J. J. Davis
Leaf spot, Ramularia cichorii Dearness and House
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug. *

Rust, Bullaria hieracii (Mart.) Arth.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Cinquefoil: Silvery, Potentilla argentea; Rough, P. monspeliensis
Anthracnose, Gloeosporium potentillae (Desm.) Oud.

Downy mildew, Peronospora potentillae DeBy.

Leaf blister, Synchytrium aureum Schrt.

Leaf curl, Taphrina potentillae (Farl.) Johans.

Leaf spot, Ramularia arvensis Sacc.

Leaf and stem blight, Physalospora potentillae Rostr.
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powdery mildew, Sphaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burrill
Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Rust, Phragmidium potentillae (P.) Karst.

Stem blight, Phoma potentillica Allescher.

Clematis: Scarlet, Clematis coccinea; Goat’s Beard, C. drummondii;
Mountain, C. ligusticifolia ; C. reticulata

Leaf spot, Ramularia clematidis Dearness and Barthol.

Leaf spot, Sphaerella applanata Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Puccinia clematidis Lagerh. I.

Climbing Buckwheat: Polygonum scandens ; Wild Buckwheat, P. con¬
volvulus

Leaf spot, Cercospora polygonacea Ell. and Ev.

62

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Climbing Buckwheat (concluded)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC.

Rust, Puccinia polygoni-amphibii P.

Smut, Ustilago anomala J. Kunze
Stem blight, Septoria polygonorum Desm.

Clover, Bush, Lespedeza prairea

Leaf spot, Cercospora flagellifera Atk.

Leaf spot, Cercospora latens Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Clover, Hop, Trifolium procumbens

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Rust, Puccinia oblonga (Vize) Arth.

Cockle, Grostemma githago

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Cocklebur: American, Xanthium canadensis; Common, X. commune;
Spiny, X. spinosum

Anthracnose, Collect otrichum xanthii Halsted
Leaf spot, Cercospora xanthicola Heald and Wolf
Leaf spot, Rhabdospora xanthii Pk. »

Leaf spot, Vermicularia dematium (P.) Fr.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Micropuccinia xanthi (S.) Arth. and Jackson

Coffee Bean, Sesbania macrocarpa

Leaf spot, Cercospora glotidiicola Tracy and Earle
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Common Wood Sage or Germander, Teucrium canadense
Leaf spot, Phyllosticta decidua Ell. and Kell.

Coral Bean, Erythrina herbacea

Leaf spot, Cercospora erythrinae Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Corydalis, Golden or Scrambled Eggs : Capnoides curvisiliquum ; C.
micrantha

Downy mildew, Peronospora corydalis DeBy.

Leaf spot, Septoria corydalis Ell. and Davis

Cotton Weed, Froelichia drummondii

Leaf spot, Cercospora crassoides J. J. Davis

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

63

Couch Grass, Agropyron repens

Anthracnose, C oil etot rich urn graminicolum (Ces.) G. W. Wilson
Leaf spot, Septoria agropyri Ell. and Ev.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe graminis DC.

Smut, Tilletia striiformis (Westd.) Wint.

Stem blight, Helminthosporium giganteum Heald and Wolf

Cow-itch Vine, Oissus incisa

Leaf spot, Cercospora arboriae Tharp
Leaf spot, Phyllosticta cissicola Speg.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Cow Lily, Nymphaea microcarpa

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta nymphaeacea Ell. and Ev.

Smut, Entyloma nymphaeae (Cunningh.) Setchell

Cow Parsnip, Heracleum lanatum

Leaf spot, Cylindrosporium heraclei Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta heraclei Ell. and Dearness
Leaf spot, Ramularia heraclei (Oud.) Sacc.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear;
Dug.

Stem blight, Phoma heraclei Earle

Cowslip, American, Dodecatheon meadia

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta dodecathei Trelease

Crab Grass: Small, Digitaria ( Syntherisma ) humifusa ; Large, D. san-
guinalis

Leaf spot, Piricularia oryzae Cav.

Leaf spot, Septoria graminum Desm.

Cranesbill, Carolina, Geranium carolinianum
Downy mildew, Peronospora geranii Pk.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta geranii Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

* Dug. .

Rust, Aecidium geraniatum Lk.

Creeping Cucumber, Melothria pendula

Downy mildew, Plasmopara cubensis (B. and C.) J. E. Humphrey
Rust, Puccinia melothriae F. L. Stevens

Croton: Woolly, Groton capitatus ; Shrubby, C. fruiticulosus ; Mexican
Tea, C. monanthogynus ; Gulf, C. punctatus; Sand, C. texensis
Leaf spot, Cercospora capitati Tharp
Leaf spot, Cercospora crotonis Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Cercospora maritima Tracy and Earle
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Bubakia crotonis (Burrill) Arth.

Crowfoot: Ranunculus fascicular is ; R. macranthus ; R. sceleratus
Rust, Uromyces alopecuri Seym.

Crowpoison, False Garlic or Scentless Wild Onion, Nothoscordum
bivalve

Rust, TJromyces nothoscordi Syd.

64

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Cudweed: Gnaphalium falcatum; G. wrightii
Leaf spot, Cercospora gnaphaliacea Cke.

Leaf spot, Cercospora gnaphalii Hark.

Leaf spot, Cylindrosporium gnaplialicola Atk.

Leaf spot, Septoria cercosperma Rostr.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotriclmm omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Stem canker, Phoma erysiphoides Ell. and Ev.

Culver’s Root, Leptandra ( Veronica ) virginica
Leaf spot, Phyllosticta decidua Ell. and Kell.

Leaf spot, Ramularia veronicae Fckl.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phy mat otr ichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Rust, Micropuccinia veronicarum (DC.) Arth. and Jackson

Dandelion, Taraxacum officinale

Leaf spot, Ramularia lineola Pk.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Darnel, Poison, Lolium temulentum

Anthracnose, Collet otr ichum graminicolum (Ces.) G. W. Wilson
Stem rust, Puccinia graminis P.

Dayflower, Virginia or Dew Flower, Commelina angustifolia
Anthracnose, Colletrotrichum commelinae Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Mycosphaerella tetraspora Seaver
Leaf spot, Phyllosticta commelinicola Young
Rust, Uromyces commelinae Cke.

Dead Nettle or Henbit, Lamium amplexicaule
Downy mildew, Peronospora lamii A. Braun
Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Devil's Bouquet, Nyctaginia capitata

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

White rust, Albugo platensis (Speg.) Swingle

Devil’s Elbow, Forestiera pubescens

Powdery mildew, Microsphaera alni (DC.) Wint.

Dock: Pale, Rumex altissimus ; Bitter, R. obtusifolius
Anthracnose, Gloeosporium rumicis Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Cercospora rumicis Ell. and Langlois
Leaf spot, Macrosporium commune Rabh.

Leaf spot, Ra?nularia circumfusa Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Dragonhead Mint, Dracocephalum parviflorum

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta dracocephali Dearness and Bisby
Leaf spot, Septoria dracocephali Thm.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Duckweed, Lemna minor

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

65

Encelia, Encelia calva

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Everlasting Sweetlife, Gnaphalium polycephalum
Leaf spot, Cercospora gnaphaliacea Cke.

Leaf spot, Cylindrosporium gnaphalicola Atk.

Leaf spot, Septoria cercosperma Rostr.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Puccinia gnaphaliata (Arth.) Arth. and Bisby
Smut, Entyloma compositarum Farl.

Stem blight, Phoma erysiphoides Ell. and Ev.

Eve’s Necklace, Sophora affinis

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta sophorae Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Evolvulus, Silky, Evolvulus sericeus

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Fake Goldenrod, Gymnosperma corymbosa

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

False Boneset, Kuhnia rosmar ini folia

Leaf spot, Pleospora compositarum Earle

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

False Flax, Camelina sativa

White rust, Albugo Candida (P. ex Lev.) 0. Kuntze

False Flax, Gilia incisa; Golden Eye, G. rigidula; Texas Star, G. rubra
Downy mildew, Peronospora giliae Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Stem blight, Diplodia leptodactyli Earle

False Foxglove or Beard-tongue, Pentstemon cobaea; Scarlet-beard
Foxglove, P. murrayanus

Leaf spot, Cercospora pentstemonis Ell. and Kell.

Leaf spot, Septoria pentstemonis Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

False Gromwell, Onosmodium bejariense

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

False Hyacinth, Quamasia hyacinthina
Smut, Urocystis ornithogali Korn.

False Indigo, Amorpha fruticosa

Leaf spot, Cercospora passaloroides Wint.

Leaf spot, Diplodia amorphae (Wallr.) Sacc.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

66

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

False Mallow, Malvastrum americanum

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Fireweed, Epilobium angustifolium

Leaf spot, Cercospora epilobii Schneid.

Leaf spot, Ramularia cercosporoides Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Micropuccinia gigantea (Karst.) Arth. and Jackson
Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Fireweed, Erechtites hieracifolia

Downy mildew, Peronospora halstedii Farl.

Leaf spot, Cercospora erechtitis Atk.

Leaf spot, Septoria erechtitis Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Firewheel, Gaillardia pulchella

Leaf spot, Septoria gaillardiae Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Flame Flower: Talinum Imeare; T. parviflorum

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Flax: Tall, Linum lewisii; L. rupestre ; Wild, L. sulcatum
Leaf spot, Cercospora lini Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Fleabane: Daisy, Erigeron annuus; Horse-weed, E. canadensis

Downy mildew, Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) Berl. and De Toni
Leaf spot, Basidiophora entospora Roze and Cornu
Leaf spot, Cercospora griseella Pk.

Leaf spot, Leptothyrium dearnessii Rabat and Bubak
Leaf spot, Ramularia macrospora Fres.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.

Rust, Puccinia asterum Kern I.

Fool’s Parsley, Aethusa cynapium

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Frost-weed, Helianthemum majus

Leaf spot, Cylindrosporium eminens J. J. Davis
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Garlic, Wild, Allium vineale

Anthracnose, Vermicularia liliacearum Westd.

Leaf spot, Heterosporium allii Ell. and Martin

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

6'

Gaura, Gaura biennis

Leaf spot, Cercospora gaurae Kell, and Swingle
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Geranium, Wild: Geranium maculatum ; G. texanum
Downy mildew, Peronospora geranii Pk.

Leaf spot, Cercospora geranii Kell, and Swingle

Goldenrod: Stiff, Solidago rigida; Rough, S. serotina
Black spot, Rhytisma solidaginis S. Spec. Dub.

Leaf spot, Cercospora stomatica Ell. and Davis
Leaf spot, Ramularia minax J. J. Davis
Leaf spot, Ramularia serotina Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Septoria canadensis Ell. and Davis

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.

Rust, Coleosporium solidaginis Thm.

Goosefoot, Oak-leaved, Chenopodium glaucum
Rust, Puccinia subnitens Diet. I
Smut, Urophlyctis pulposa (Wallr.) Schrt.

Gourd, Wild, Cucurbita foetidissima

Anthracnose, Colletotrichum lagenarium (Pass.) Ell. and Halsted
Leaf spot, Cercospora cucurbitae Ell. and Ev.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.

Green Lily, Schoenocaulon drummondii

Rust, Puccinia atropunctum Pk. and Clinton

Ground Nut, Apios tuberosa

Leaf spot, Cercospora glaucescens Wint.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Aecidium falcatae Arth.

Ground Plum, Astragalus mexicanus

Downy mildew, Peronospora viciae (B.) DeBy. var. astragali Sacc.
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Gum, Elastic, Bumelia lanuginosa

Leaf spot, Cercospora lanuginosa Heald and Wolf
Leaf spot, Phyllosticta bumeliifolia Heald and Wolf
Leaf spot, Phyllosticta curtisii (Sacc.) Ell. and Ev.
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Hawkweed: Orange, Hieracium aurantiacum; Mouse-eared, H. pilosella
Leaf spot, Rhabdospora cercosperma (Rostr.) Sacc.
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.

Rust, Bullaria hieracii (Mart.) Arth.

Stem blight, Phoma hieracii Rostr.

68

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Heal-all, Prunella vulgaris

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta brunellae Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Ramularia brunellae Ell. and Ev.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Hemp, Wild, Cannabis sativa

Leaf spot, Septoria cannabina Westd.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivor'um (Shear)
Dug.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Hibiscus: Wild, Hibiscus trionum

Leaf spot, Cercospora althaeina Sacc.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta hibiscina Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Hoarhound, Marrubium vulgare

Leaf blister. Synchytrium. marrubii Tobler
Leaf spot, Cercospora marrubii Tharp
Stem blight, Diplodia herbarum (Cda.) Lev.

Stem blight, Phoma lanuginis Fairman

Horsemint: Monarda dispersa; M. fistulosa; M. lasiodonta ; M. punctata
Leaf spot, Phyllosticta decidua Ell. and Kell.

Leaf spot, Ramularia brevipes Ell. and Ev.

Rust, Puccinia menthae P., var americana Pk.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Hound’s Tongue, Cynoglossum officinale

Downy mildew, Peronospora cynoglossi Burrill
Leaf spot, Phyllosticta decidua Ell. and Kell.

Leaf spot, Ramularia lappulae J. J. Davis

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Stem blight, Phoma cynoglossi Dearness

Indian Blanket, Castilleja indivisa; Indian Paint-brush, C. lindheimeri
Leaf spot, Ramularia castilleiae Ell. and Ev.

Indian Cup, Sarracenia flava

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium cinctum B. and C.

Leaf spot, Pestalozzia aquatica Ell. and Ev.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Indian Hemp: Apocynum androsaemifolium ; A. cannabinum
Leaf spot, Cercospora apocyni Ell. and Kell.

Leaf spot, Cylindrosporium apocyni Ell. and Ev.

Phvmatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Indian Mallow: Abutilon incanum; Velvet Leaf, A. theophrasti
Leaf spot, Alternaria abutilonis Speg.

Leaf spot, Cercospora althaeina Sacc.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta althaeina Sacc.

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

69

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Micropuccinia heterospora (B. and C.) Arth. and Jackson

Indian Tobacco: Verbesina texana; V. virginica
Leaf spot, Cercospora fulvella Heald and Wolf
Leaf spot, Phyllosticta verbesinae Heald and Wolf
Leaf spot, Rhysotheca Jialstedii (Farl.) G. W. Wilson
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.

Indigo Bush, False, Baptisia sphaerocarpa

Leaf spot, Cercospora velutina Ell. and Kell.

Leaf spot, Septoria baptisiae Cke.

Leaf spot, Sphaerella granulata Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Stem blight, Phoma baptisiae Cke.

Iris, Wild, Iris hexagona

Leaf spot, Didymellina iridis (Desm.) Hoehn
Leaf spot, Macrosporium iridicola Ell. and Ev.

Rust, Puccinia iridis Rabh.

Ironweed: Vernonia fasciculata; Baldwin’s, V. baldwinii; Missouri, V.
missourica

Leaf spot, Cercospora vernoniae Ell. and Kell.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Rust, Coleosporium sonchi Auct. Amer. p. p.

Jimson Weed: Datura meteloides ; D. stramonium

Leaf spot, Alternaria solani (Ell. and Martin) Jones and Grout
Leaf and stem blight, Ilelminthosporium socium Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Septoria lycopersici Speg.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Joint Vetch, Aeschynomene viscidula

Phymatotrichum root -rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Knawel, Scleranthus annuus

Leaf spot, Septoria scleranthi Desm.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Krameria, Krameria secundiflora

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Rust, Uromyces Tcrameriae Long

Lacef lower: Ptilimnium laciniatum; P. nuttallii

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

70

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Lady’s-thumb, Polygonum persicaria

Phymatotrichum root rot, PhymatotricTium omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Puccinia polygoni-amphibii P.

Lamb’s-quarters or Pigweed, Chenopodium album
Leaf spot, Cercospora chenopodii Fres.

Leaf spot, Macrosporium amaranthi Pk.

Leaf spot, Ramularia dubia Riess.

Phymatotrichum root rot, PhymatotricTium omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Puccinia subnitens Diet. I

Larkspur, Wild: Delphinium carolinianum ; D. consolida; D. stathisa-
gria

Blight, Sclerotium delphinii Welch

Crown rot, Sclerotinia : sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass.

Leaf spot, Cercospora delphinii Tlim.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Rust, Micropuccinia delphinii (Diet, and Holw.) Arth. and Jackson
Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Stem blight, Phoma delphiniicola Tracy and Earle

Lettuce: Wild, Lactuca canadensis ; L. ludoviciana ; Prickly, L. scariola
Downy mildew, Premia lactucae Regel.

Leaf spot, Alternaria sonchi J. J. Davis
Leaf spot, Asteroma lactucae J. J. Davis
Leaf spot, Calosphaeria herbicola Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta lactucae Atk.

Leaf spot, Pleospora lactucicola Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Septoria unicolor Wint.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.

Smut, Entyloma compositarum Farl.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Lobelia, Great, Lobelia siphilitica

Leaf spot, Cercospora effusa (B. and C.) Ell.

Leaf spot, Septoria lobeliae Pk.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Loco Weed, Astragalus mollissimus

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Uromyces punctatus Schrt.

Loosestrife, Fringed, Steironema ciliatum

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta decidua Ell. and Kell
Leaf spot, Septoria conspicua Ell. and Martin
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Puccinia distichlidis Ell. and Ev.

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

71

Lotus, Nelumbo lutea

Leaf spot, Cercospora nelumbonis Tharp
Leaf spot, Macrosporium nelumbii Ell. and Ev.

Mallow: Small-flowered, Malva parviflora ; Common, or Cheeses, M.
rotundifolia

Leaf spot, Cercospora althaeina Sacc.

Leaf spot, Septoria destruens Auct. Amer.

Leaf spot, Septoria malvicola Ell. and Martin

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Micropuccinia heterospora (B. and C.) Arth. and Jackson

Marguerites: Aphanostephus humilis; A. skirrobasis

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Marsh Elder, Iva xanthifolia

Leaf spot, Basidiophora kellermanii (Ell. and Halsted) G. W. Wil¬
son var. paupercula Pk.

Leaf spot, Heterosporium tuberculans Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta ivicola Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Physalospora arthuriana Sacc.

Leaf spot, Septoria ivicola Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

May Apple, Podophyllum peltatum

Anthracnose, Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. and Schrenk
Leaf spot, Macrosporium podophylli Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, V ermicularia podophylli Ell. and Dearness
Rust, Puccinia podophylli S.

Meadow Salsify, Tragopogon pratensis

Downy mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.

Leaf spot, Cercospora tragopogonis Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

White rust, Albugo tragopogonis (P. ) ex S. F. Gray

Medick, Black, Medicago lupulina

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium medicaginis (Rob. and Desm.) Ell. and
Kell.

Leaf spot, Cercospora medicaginis Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Uromyces medicaginis Pass.

Stem blight, Septoria medicaginis Rob. and Desm.

Menodora, Menodora heterophylla

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Mexican Mallow, Hermannia texana

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

72

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Mexican Persimmon, Brayodendron texanum

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Mexican Tea or Wormseed, Chenopodium ambrosioides
Leaf spot, Cercospora anthelmintica Atk.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Mexican Thistle: Argemone alba; A. mexicana; A. platyceras ; A. rosea
Anthracnose, G-loeosporium argemonis Ell. and Ev.

Downy mildew, Peronospora arborescens (B.) DeBy.

Leaf spot, A.lternaria lancipes Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Septoria argemones Tharp

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Milkweed, Acerates viridiflora

Leaf spot, Cercospora briareus Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Milkweed: Common, Asclepias syriaca; Whorled, A. verticillata
Leaf spot, Cercospora asclepiadis Ell.

Leaf spot, Septoria cryptotaeniae Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Rust, Aecidium jamesianum Pk.

Stem blight, Phoma asclepiadea Ell. and Ev.

Stem blight, Vermicularia compacta C. and E.

Milkweed, Star, Yincetoxicum biflorum

Downy mildew, Plasmopora vincetoxici Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Cercospora vincetoxici Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Micropuccinia obliqua (B. and C.) Arth. and Jackson

Mist-flower: Eupatorium ageratifolium ; E. coelestinum

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Mitrewort, Cynoctonum mitreola

Leaf spot, Cercospora torta Tracy and Earle

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Mockorange, Wild, Philadelphus se?'pyllifolius
Leaf spot, Ramularia philadelphi Sacc.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Moneywort, Lysimachia nummularia

Leaf spot, Septoria conspicua Ell. and Martin
Leaf spot, Ramularia lysimachiae Thm.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Puccinia lysimachiae Kern I

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

73

Morning Glory: Wild Blue, Ipomoea hederacea; Bush, I. leptophylla ;
White-flowered, I. litt oralis ; Purple-flowered, I. pescaprae
Leaf spot, Gercospora ipomoeae Wint.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta ipomoeae Ell. and Kell.

Leaf spot, Septoria convolvuli Desm.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Coleosporium ipomoeae Burrill

White rust, Albugo ipomoeae-panduranae (Farl.) Swingle

Wilt, Fusarium batatatis Wollenw.

Wilt, Fusarium hyperoxysporum Wollenw.

Motherwort, Leonurus cardiaca

Leaf spot, Dinemasporium hispidulum (Schrad.) M. A. Curtis
Leaf spot, Helotium fumosum Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta decidua Ell. and Kell.

Mountain Daisy, Melampodium cinereum

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Mountain Mint, Pycanthemum -flexuosum

Rust, Puccinia menthae P., var. americana Pk.

Mullein: Moth, Verbascum blattaria; Common, V. thapsus
Leaf spot, Gercospora verbasicola Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta verbasci Sacc.

Leaf spot, Ramularia variabilis Eckl.

Leaf spot, Septoria verbascicola B. and C.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Stem blight, Phoma thapsi Ell. and Ev.

Mustard, Wild, Brassica alba

Downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica (P.) Fr.

White rust, Albugo Candida (P. ex Lev.) 0. Kuntze

Nigger Weed: Sphaeralcea angustifolia ; Pompadour Mallow, S. cuspi-
data; S. lindheimeri

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Aecidium sphaeralceae Ell. and Ev.

Nightshade: Purple, Solanum eleagnifolium ; Black, S. nigrum;

Beaked, S. rostratum ; White, S. triquetrum

- Anthracnose, Golletotrichum atramentarium (B. and Br.) Taub.
Crown rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass.

Leaf spot, Alternaria solani (Ell. and Martin) Jones and Grout

Leaf spot, Gercospora carolinensis Tharp

Leaf spot, Gercospora nigri Tharp

Leaf spot, Macrophoma subconica Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta decidua Ell. and Kell.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta dulcamarae Sacc.

Leaf spot, Septoria lycopersici (Speg.) Sacc.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

74

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Nightshade (concluded)

Root rot, Pythium debaryanum Hesse
Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Stem blight, Diploclia dulcamarae Fckl.

Stem blight, Diplodia natalensis Evans

Nutgrass, Cyperus esculentus
Rust, Puccinia cyperi Arth.

Oats, Wild, Avena fatua

Smut, Ustilago levis (Kell, and Swingle) Magn.

Stem rust, Puccinia graminis Pers.

Onion, Wild, Allium canadense

Leaf spot, Heterosporium allii Ell. and Martin
Pink root, Fusarium malli Taub.

Rust, Puccinia sporoboli (Ell. and Ev.) Arth. I.

- ■

Orache: Halberd-leaved, Atriplex Tiastata; Spreading, A. patula
Downy mildew, Peronospora effusa (Grev.) Rabh.

Leaf spot, Cercospora chenopodii Fres.

Leaf spot, Septoria atriplicis (Westd. ) Fckl.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Puccinia subnitens Diet. I
Smut, Urophlyctis pulposa (Wallr.) Schrt.

Ox-eye Daisy, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum var. pinnatifidum
Crown rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass.

Leaf spot, Cylindrosporium chrysanthemi Ell. and Dearness
Leaf spot, Septoria chrysanthemi Halsted
Leaf spot, Septoria herharum B. and C.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Sooty mold, Fumago vagans Fr.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Stem blight, Phoma herbarum Westd.

Parsnip, Wild, Pastinaca sativa

Crown rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass.

Leaf spot, Cercospora apii Fres. var. pastinacae Sacc.

Leaf spot, Cylindrosporium crescentum Barthol.

Leaf spot, Ramularia pastinacae (Karst.) L'indr. and Vestergren.
Leaf spot, Septoria pastinacina Sacc.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Stem blight, Phoma nebulosa (P. ) Mont.

Partridge Pea, Cassia chamaecrista

Leaf spot, Septoria cassiicola Kell, and Swingle
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC.

Rust, Aecidium chamicristae Arth.

Rust, Ravenelia cassiicola Atk.

DISEASE, Sf OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

75

Passion Flower: Pctssiflora affinis ; P. incarnata; Dwarf, P. lutea
Leaf spot, Cercospora fuscovirens Sacc.

Leaf spot, Cercospora regalis Tharp
Leaf spot, Cercospora truncatella Atk.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Pea-vine: Dolicholus minimus; D'. americanus ; D. texensis

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Pennyroyal, Hairy, Hedeoma hispida

Leaf spot, Rhabdospora hedeomina (Pk.) Sacc.

Rust, Puccinia menthae P., var. americana Pk.

Pepper-grass: Apetalous, Lepidium apetalum; Field, L. campestre;
Hoary, L. draba; Golden, L. sativum; Wild, L. virginicum
Damping-off, Pythium debaryanum Hesse
Downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica (P.) Fr.

Leaf spot, Pleospora lepidiicola Earle

Leaf spot, Septoria lepidiicola Ell. and Martin

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Rust, Puccinia subnitens Diet. I

White rust, Albugo Candida (P. ex Lev.) O. Kuntze

Phanerotaenia, Phanerotaenia texana

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Pigeon Grass: Setaria glauca; S. viridis
Leaf spot, Cercospora setariae Atk.

Leaf spot, Piricularia grisea (Cke.) Sacc.

Smut, Ustilago neglecta Niessl

Pigweed: Green, Amaranthus hybridus; Rough, A. retroflexus
Anthracnose, Cloeosporium amaranthicola Dearness
Leaf spot, Alternaria solani (Ell. and Martin) Jones and Grout
Leaf spot, Phyllosticta amaranthi Ell. and Kell.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Rust, Puccinia subnitens Diet. I

Stem rot, Phoma longissima (P. ex Fr.) Westd.

White rust, Albugo amaranthi (S.) O. Kuntze

Pigweed, Winged, Cycloloma atriplicifolium

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Pin Clover: Er odium cicutarium; Stork’s Bill, E. texanum
Leaf blister, Synchytrium papillatum Farl.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Plantain: Large-bracted, Plantago aristata; Sand, P. arvenaria ; Nar¬
row-leaved, P. lanceolata

Downy mildew, Peronospora plantaginis Underw.

Leaf spot, Septoria inconspicua B. and C.

76

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Plantain (concluded)

Leaf spot, Ramularia plantaginis Ell. and Martin
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Rust, Uromyces seditiosus Kern I
Rust, Puccinia subnitens Diet. I

Plantain, Tuberous Indian, Cacalia tuberosa
Leaf spot, Septoria cacaliae Ell. and Kell.

Poison Hemlock, or Spotted Cowbane, Conium maculatum

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Poison Ivy, Rhus toxicodendron

Leaf spot, Cercospora toxicodendri Ell.

Leaf spot, Cylindrosporium toxicodendri (Ell. and Martin) Ell.
and Ev.

Leaf spot, Exosporium pallidum Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta rhoicola Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Pileolaria toxicodendri (B. and Rav.) Arth.

Poke-berry, Rivina humilis

Leaf spot, Cercospora jlagellaris Ell and Martin
Leaf spot, Septoria rivinae Pat.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Pokeweed, Phytolacca decandra

Leaf spot, Dendryphium nodulosum Sacc.

Leaf spot, Phlyctaena septorioides Sacc.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Stem blight, Phoma apocrypta Ell and Ev.

Polypteris, Polypteris texana

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Poppy Mallow, Callirhoe involucrata

Anthracnose, Vermicularia sparsipila Ell. and Kell.

Leaf spot, Cercospora althaeina Sacc.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Puccinia hibisciatum (Kell.) Arth. I
Poverty-weed, Filago nivea

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powder Puffs, Centaurea americana

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

77

Prairie clover: Petalostemon obovatus; P. stanfieldii; Purple, P. fwr-
pureum.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Aecidium petalostemonis Kell, and Carl.

Prairie or Rain Lily, Cooperia pedunculata

Leaf spot, Cercospora amaryllidis Ell. and Ev.

Rust, Puccinia cooperiae Long

Prickly Pear: Opuntia leptocaulis ; 0. lindheimeri

Anthracnose, Sphaerella opuntiae (E. and E.) Wolf
Leaf spot, Perisporium wrightii B. and C.

Pad spot, Phoma mamillariae Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Sunscald, or scorch, Hendersonia opuntiae Ell. and Ev.

Primrose, Yellow Evening, Oenothera laciniata
Leaf spot, Septoria oenotherae Westd.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Puccoon, Lithospermum linear if olium

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Puncture Plant, Tribulus terrestris

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Purslane: Portulaca grandiflora; P. oleracea; P. pilosa
Anthracnose, V ermicularia oblongispora Ell. and Ev.
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

White rust, Albugo portulacae (DC.) 0. Kuntze

Queen Anne’s Lace or Chervil, Chaerophyllum dasycarpum

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Queen’s Root or Queen’s Delight, Stillingia linearifolia
Leaf spot, Cercospora stillingiae Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rabbit Lettuce, Bowlesia septentrionalis

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Ragged Daisy, Tetraganotheca texana

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Ragweed: Small, Ambrosia artemisiifolia; Small Western, A. psilosta-
chya; Giant or Bloodweed, A. trifida

Downy mildew, Peronospora halstedii Farl.

78

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Ragweed (concluded)

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

White rust, Albugo tragopogonis (P.) ex S. F. Gray

Ragweed, Parthenium hysterophorus

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Ram’s Horns or Unicorn Plant: Martynia fragrans; M. louisiana
Leaf spot, Cercospora beticola Sacc.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rattle Box, Crotalaria sagittalis

Leaf spot, Cercospora demetrioniana Wint.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Red Mallow, Malvaviscus drummondii

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Micropuccinia heterospora (B. and C.) Arth. and Jackson

Red Sunflower, or Purple Coneflower, Echinacea angustifolia

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Rock Cress: Arabis ludoviciana; A. petiolaris

Downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica (P.) Fr.

Leaf spot, Septoria arabidis Sacc.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

White rust, Albugo Candida (P. ex Lev.) 0. Kuntze
Rose, Wild, Rosa bracteata

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rose Mallow, Pavonia lasiopetala

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rose Mallow, Swamp, Hibiscus moscheutos

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Puccinia hibisciatum (Kell.) Arth. I

R,osetilla, Franseria hookeriana

Leaf spot, Cercospora racemosa Ell. and Martin
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Puccinia franseriae Syd.

White rust, Albugo tragopogonis (P.) ex. S. F. Gray

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

79

Rosin-weed, Grindelia inuloides .

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rosin-weed, Silphium integrifolium

Downy mildew, Peronospora halstedii Farl.

Leaf spot, Cercospora silphii Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Septoria silphii Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Smut, Entyloma compositarum Farl.

Rush, Slender, J uncus tenuis
Rust, Uromyces silphii Arth.

Smut, Ustilago junci (S.) M. A. Curtis

Russian Thistle, Salsola tragus

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Puccinia subnitens Diet. I

Sage: Shrubby, Salvia ballotae flora ; Blue, S. farinacea; S. lanceaefolia
Leaf spot, Cercospora salviicola Tharp
Leaf spot, Ramularia salviicola Tharp
Rust, Puccinia caulicola Tracy and Gall.

Sand Bells, Marilaunidium hispidum; Fiddle-leaves, M. jamaicense
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Sandbur, Cenchrus tribuloides

Anthracnose, Collet otrichum graminicolum (Ces.) G. W. Wilson
Smut, Ustilago cenchri Lagerh.

Sand-dune Weed, Sesuvium portulacastrum

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Puccinia subnitens Diet. I

White rust, Albugo trianthemae G. W. Wilson

Sand Parsley, Ammoselinum popei

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Sand Verbena, Abronia fragrans

Downy mildew, Peronospora oxybaphi Ell. and Kell.

Leaf spot, Heterospgrium abroniae Hark.

Sandwort: Arenaria benthamii ; Thyme-leaved, A. serpyllifolia
Leaf spot, Hendersonia tenella Schrt.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Micropuccinia arenariae (Wint.) Arth. and Jackson
Rust, Micro puccinia hysteriiformis (Pk.) Arth. and Jackson
Smut, Ustilago arenariae Ell. and Ev.

Smut, Ustilago violacea (P.) Fckl.

80

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Sarsaparilla Vine, Cebatha ( Cocculus ) carolinus

Leaf spot, Cercospora menispermi Ell. and Holw.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Scarlet Pea: Cracca lindheimeri; C. thuberi

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Scouring Rush, Equisetum hyemale

Anthracnose, Mycosphaerella altera (Pass.) House
Leaf spot, Septoria equiseti Desm.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

»

Sea Blite, Dondia fruiticosa

Rust, Uromyces chenopodii Schrt.

Sea Lavender, Limonium brasiliense

Leaf spot, Fusicladium staticis Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Sea Rocket, Cakile geniculata

White rust, Albugo Candida (P. ex. Lev.) 0. Kuntze

Sesban, Sesbania vesicaria

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium i glottidi Ell. and Martin
Leaf spot, Phomatospora sesbaniae (Ell. and Ev.) Sacc.
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum ■ omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC.

Stem blight, Phoma clitoricarpa (Cke.) Sacc.

Shepherd’s Barometer, Anagallis arvensis

Leaf spot, Septoria anagallidis Ell. and Halsted

Shepherd’s Purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris

Downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica (P.) Fr.

Leaf spot, Cylindrosporium capsellae Ell. and Ev.

White rust. Albugo Candida (P. ex Lev.) 0. Kuntze

Sida: Small-leaved, Sida diffusa; S. longipes ; S. physocalyx; Prickly,
S . spinosa

Anthracnose, Collet otrichum malvarum (A. Br. and Casp.) South-
worth

Leaf spot, Cercospora sidicola Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta spinosa Ell. and Kell.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Micropuccinia heterospora (B. and C.) Arth. and Jackson

Skull-cap, Small, Scutellaria parvula

Leaf spot, Cercospora Scutellariae Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta verbenae Sacc.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

81

Sleepy Daisy, Xanthisma texanum

Phyrnatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Snail Flower, Phacelia congesta

Leaf spot, Gylindrosporium phaceliae Ell. and Ev.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.

Snake Apple, Ibervillea lindheimeri

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Snake Herb, Calophanes linearis

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Snakeroot, White, Eupatorium urticaefolium
Downy mildew, Peronospora halstedii Farl.

Leaf spot, Septoria eupatorii Rob.

Leaf spot, Ramularia dispar J. J. Davis

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Sneezeweed, Helenium autumnale

Leaf spot, Septoria helenii Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Puccinia helenii Schw.

Smut, Entyloma compositarum Farl.

Snow-on-the-mountain, Euphorbia marginata

Leaf spot, Macrosporium euphorbiae Barthol.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Uromyces proeminens Pass.

Stem blight, Sphaerella euphorbiicola (S.) Ell. and Ev.

Soapwort or Bouncing Bet, Saponaria officinalis
Leaf spot, Phyllosticta tenerrima Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Sorrel: Tall, Rumex acetosa; Sheep, R . acetosella
Anthracnose, Gloeosporium rumicis Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Oercospora acetosellae Ell.

Leaf spot, Septoria pleosporoides Sacc.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Sotol or Saw Yucca, Dasylirion texanum; D. wheeleri

Leaf spot, Botryosphaeria dasylirii (Pk.) Theissen and Syd.

Leaf spot, Coniothyrium hysterioideum Karst.

Sow Thistle: Field, Sonchus arvensis ; Spiny-leaved, S. asper; Common,
S. oleraceus

Collar rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass.

Downy mildew, Premia lactucae Regel.

82

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Sow Thistle (concluded)

Leaf spot, Alternaria sonchi J. J. Davis
Leaf spot, Septoria sonchifolia Cke.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Speedwell: Veronica anagallis-aquatica; Corn, V. arvensis ; Common,
V. officinalis ; Brooklime, V. peregrina
Downy mildew, Peronospora aquatica Gauman
Leaf spot, Ovularia veronicae (Fckl.) Sacc.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Smut, Entyloma veronicae (Wint.) Lagerh.

Spider Flower: Polanisia trachysperma ; P. uniglandulosa
Leaf spot, Cercospora cleomis Ell. and Halsted

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Spider Lily, Western, Hymenocallis occidentals

Anthracnose, Gloeosporium hemerocallidis Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Cercospora amaryllidis Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Mycosphaerella aggregata Earle
Leaf spot, Phyllosticta hymenocallidis Seaver

Spiderwort or Grass Violets, Tradescantia humilis

Leaf spot, Cylindrosporium tradescantiae Ell. and Kell.

Rust, Uromyces commelinae Cke.

Spring Beauty, Claytonia virginica

Downy mildew, Peronospora claytoniae Farl.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Micropuccinia agnita (Arth.) Arth. and Jackson

Spurge: Flowering, Euphorbia corollata; Cypress, E. cyparissias ;
Toothed, E. dentata; Leafy, E. esula; Spotted, E. maculata
Leaf spot, Cercospora euphorbiae Kell, and Swingle
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Aecidium pammelii Trel.

Rust, Uromyces proeminens Pass.

Spurry, Spergula arvensis

Leaf spot, Macrosporium parasiticum Thm.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Micropuccinia arenariae (Wint.) Arth. and Jackson
White rust, Albugo lepigoni (DeBy.) 0. Kuntze

Squirrel-tail Grass, Horcleum jubatum

Leaf spot, Septoria gramineum Desm.

Powdery mildew, E'rysiphe graminis DC.

Rust, Puccinia anomala Rostr.

Smut, Ustilago lorentziana Thm.

Stagger Grass or Copper Lily, Atamosco texana
Rust, Puccinia cooperiae Long

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

83

Staggerwort, Senecio jacobaea; Squaw-weed, S. obovatus
Leaf spot, Oercospora senecionis Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotriclium omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Aecidium jacobeae Grey.

Smut, Entyloma compositarum Farl.

White rust, Albugo tragopogonis (P.) ex S. F. Gray

Star Cucumber, Sicyos angulatus

Downy mildew, Plasmopara cubensis (B. and C.) J. E. Humphrey
Leaf spot, Oercospora echinocystis Ell. and Martin
Leaf spot, Phyllosticta sicyna Sacc.

Leaf spot, Septoria sicyi Pk.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.

Star Flower, Erythraea beyrichii ; Mountain Pink, E. calycosa

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Star Thistle, Centaurea solstitialis

Downy mildew, Plasmopara ha.lstedii (Farl.) Berl. and DeToni
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Rust, Puccinia centaureae Mart.

Stick-leaf, Mentzelia nuda

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta mentzeliae Ell. and Kell.

Leaf spot, Septoria mentzeliae Ell. and Kell.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Stickseed, Lappula texana

Downy mildew, Peronospora echinospermi Swingle
Leaf spot, Phyllosticta decidua Ell. and Kell.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.

Stinging Nettle, Tragia nepetaefolia

Leaf spot, Oercospora euphorbiicola var. tragiae Tharp
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Stinging Nettle : Urtica chamaedryoides ; U. dioica; Slender, U. gracilis
Leaf spot, Helminthosporium urticae Pk.

Leaf spot, Ramularia urticae Ces.

Leaf spot, Septoria urticae Desm. and Rob.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Aecidium urticae Schum.

Stem blight, Phoma nebulosa (P. ex Fr.) B.

Stink Weed or Penny Cress, Thlaspi arvense
Leaf spot, Ramularia armoraciae Fckl.

Rust, Puccinia subnitens Diet.

84

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Stonecrop, Sedum nuttallianum

Leaf spot, Cercospora sedi Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Cladosporium herbarum (P.) ex Lk.

Leaf spot, Septoria sedicola Pk.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Sunflower, Maximilian’s, Helianthus maximilianl

Downy mildew, Rhysothec a halstedii (Farl.) G. W. Wilson
Leaf spot, Cercospora helia?ithi Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.

Tansy Mustard, Sophia ( Sisymbrium ) pinnata

Downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica (P.) Fr.

Leaf spot, Cercospora nasturtii Pass.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Micropuccinia holboellii (Rostr.) Arth. and Jackson

Tar-weed, Grindelia squarrosa

Leaf spot, Ampelomyces quisqualis Ces.

Leaf spot, Cercospora grindeliae Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Ramularia grindeliae Ell. and Kell.

Leaf spot, Septoria grindeliae Ell. and Barthol.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Aecidium grindeliae Syd.

Rust, Micropuccinia grindeliae (Pk.) Arth. and Jackson
Stem blight, Phoma leptospora Sacc.

Teasel, Common, Dipsacus sylvestris

Crown rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Mass.

Leaf spot, Cercospora elongata Pk.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Stem blight, Phoma oleracea Sacc. var. dipsaci Sacc.

Texas Star, Sabbatia campestris

Leaf spot, Cercospora sabbatiae Ell. and Ev.

Texas Star, Blue, Amsonia texana

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Texas Star Daisy, Lindheimera texana

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Thistle: Canada, Cirsium arvense; Woolly, C. canes cens ; Roadside, C.
discolor; Bull, C. lanceolatum.

Leaf spot, Cercospora Tcansensis Syd.

Leaf spot, Septoria cirsii Niessl.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

White rust, Albugo tragopogonis (P.) ex S. F. Gray

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

85

Three-seeded Mercury, Acalypha virginica

Downy mildew, Peronospora euphorbiae J. J. Davis
Leaf blight, Volutella acalyphae Atk.

Leaf blister, Synchytrium aureum Schrt.

Leaf spot, Cercospora acalyphae Pk.

Leaf spot, Ramularia acalyphae Tharp.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Thoroughwort, Late-flowering, Eupatorium serotinum
Leaf spot, Septoria eupatorii Rob.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Aecidium compositarum , var. eupatorii (S.) B.

Tickseed: Nodding Bur, Bidens cernua; Leafy-bracted, B. comosa;
Purple-stemmed, B. connata
Downy mildew, Peronospora halstedii Farl.

Leaf spot, Cercospora umbrata Ell. and Holw.

Leaf spot, Ramularia concomitans Ell. and Holw.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powdery mildew, Sphaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burrill
Rust, Puccinia obtectum Pk. I
Smut, Entyloma compositarum Farl.

Tickweed: Coreopsis car damine folia ; C. crassifolia; C. drummondii
Leaf spot, Septoria coreopsidis J. J. Davis

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Toad-flax, Blue, Linaria texana

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Treemallow, Lavatera trimestris

Anthracnose, Collet otrichum malvarum (A. Br. and Casp.) South-
worth

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Trefoil, Tick or Jointed Clover: Meibomia ( Desmodium ) canadensis;
M. paniculata; M. wrightii

Anthracnose, Vermicularia herbarum Westd.

Leaf blister, Synchytrium decipiens Farl.

Leaf spot, Isthmospora glabra F. L. Stevens
Leaf spot, Phyllosticta desmodiiphila Speg.

Leaf spot, Ramularia desmodii Cke.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC.

Rust, Caeomurus hedysari-paniculati (S.) Arth.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

86

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Tumble Weed, Amaranthus graecizans

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Rust, Puccinia subnitens Diet. I
White rust, Albugo bliti (Biv.) Lev.

Umbrella-wort: Allionia alba; A. aggregata; A. linearis; A. nyctaginia
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Puccinia subnitens Diet. I

White rust, Albugo platensis (Speg.) Swingle

Umbrella-wort: Hairy, Oxybaphus hirsutus; Heart-leaved, 0. nycta-
gineus

Leaf spot, Cercospora oxybaphi Ell. and Halsted
Leaf spot, Heterosporium oxybaphi Patterson

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Velvet Mallow, Wissadula holosericea

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Venus’ Looking-glass: Specularia coloradoensis ; S. perfoliata
Leaf spot, Septoria speculariae B. and C.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Verbena: Wild, Verbena bipinnatifida ; V. ciliata; Blue, V. hastata; Ver¬
vain, Narrow-leaved, V. angustifolia ; V. officinalis; Hoary, V. stricta;
Nettle-leaved, V. urticaefolia

Leaf spot, Cercospora verbenicola Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta texensis Seaver

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.

Vetch, Wild, Vicia leavenworthii

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Vetchling, Lathyrus pusillus

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Viguiera, Viguiera helinthoides

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Virginia Creeper, Texas, Parthenocissus ( Ampelopsis ) heptaphylla
Black rot, Guignardia bidwellii (Ell.) Viala and Ravaz
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Wallflower, Cheirinia arkansana

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

White rust, Albugo Candida (P. ex Lev.) O. Kuntze

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

87

Water Cress, Radicula nasturtium-aquaticum
Crown canker, Pythium debaryanum Hesse
Leaf spot, Oercospora nasturtii Pass.

Root rot, Corticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Rust, Puccinia subnitens Diet. I

Water Hemlock or Beaver Poison, Cicuta maculata
Leaf spot, Cylindrosporium cicutae Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Helminthosporium inters eminatum B. and Rav.
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Uromyces scirpi Burrill

Water Hemp: Western, Acnida tuberculata

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta amaranthi Ell. and Kell.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

White rust, Albugo amaranthi (S.) O. Kuntze

Water Lily, Castalia elegans

Leaf spot, Oercospora nymphaeae Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta fatiscens Pk.

Smut, Entyloma castaliae Holw.

Water Primrose, Jussiaea diffusa ; Willow Primrose, J. suffruticosa
Anthracnose, Collet otrichum jussiaeae Earle
Leaf spot, Oercospora jussiaeae Atk.

• Leaf spot, Septoria jussiaeae Ell. and Kell.

Water Smartweed: Polygonum acre; P. lapathifolium
Leaf spot, Oercospora avicularis Wint.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Uredo polygonorum DC.

Smut, Ustilago utriculosa (Nees) Tul.

Water Willow, Dianthera americana

Leaf spot, Oercospora diantherae Ell. and Kell.

Wheat Thief, Lithospermum arvense

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.

Rust, Aecidium onosmodii Arth.

White Campion, Lychnis alba

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta lychnidis (Fr.) Ell. and Ev.
Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Rust, Uromyces verruculosus Schrt.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

White or Zygadenus Lily, Zygadenus nuttallii
Rust, Puccinia atropuncta Pk. and Clinton
Rust, Uromyces zygadeni Pk.

Wild Alfalfa: Psoralea floribunda; Brown-flowered, P. rhombifolia
Leaf spot, Oercospora latens Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Ramularia psoraleae Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

88

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Wild Alyssum: Draba cuneifolia; D. platycarpa
Downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica (P.) Fr.

Wild Buckwheat: Eriogonum annuum ; E. longifolium ; E. multiflorum
Leaf spot, Cercospora eriogoni Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.

Rust, Uromyces intricatus Cke.

Wild Mercury, Ditaxis ( Argythamnia ) mercurialina

Leaf spot, Cercospora argithamniae Dearness and House
Phvmatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Wild Pea, Bradburya virginiana

Leaf spot, Cercospora bradburyae E. Young

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Wild Senna, Cassia marilandica

Leaf spot, Cercospora atromaculans Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Cercospora nigricans Cke.

Leaf spot, Cercospora simulata Ell. and Ev.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Stem blight, Ramularia cassiicola (Ell. and Kell.) Heald and Wolf

Wild Tuberose or Spice Lily, Manfreda maculosa
Leaf spot, Cercospora amaryllidis Ell. and Ev.

Leaf spot, Phyllosticta hymenocallidis Seaver
Rust, Aecidium modestum Arth.

Wine Cup, Callirhoe digitata

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

Rust, Aecidium roestelioides Ell. and Ev.

Wine Flower: Boerhaavia decumbens ; Boerhaavia, B. erecta
Leaf spot, Ascochyta boerhaaviae Tharp

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

White rust, Albugo platensis (Speg.) Swingle

Winter Cress, Barbarea vulgaris

Downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica (P.) Fr.

Leaf spot, Ramularia barbareae Pk.

Southern blight, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

White rust, Albugo Candida (P. ex Lev.) 0. Kuntze

Wood Sorrel: Oxalis corniculata ; Sour Grass, 0. drummondii ; 0. stricta
Leaf spot, Phyllosticta oxalidis Sacc.

Rust, Puccinia sorghi Schw.

Smut, ZJstilago oxalidis Ell. and Tracy

Wood Violet, Anemone decapetala

Rust, Tranzschelia cohaesa (Long) Arth.

Smut, Urocystis anemones (P.) Wint.

DISEASES OF PLANTS IN TEXAS

89

Wormwood, Artemisia biennis

Leaf blister, Synchytrium aureum Schrt.

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.

White rust, Albugo tragopogonis (P.) ex S. F. Gray

Yarrow or Milfoil, Achillea millefolium

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Root rot, Oorticium vagum Berk, and Curt.

Rust, Micropuccinia millefolii (Fckl.) Arth. and Jackson
Stem blight, Phoma erysiphoides Ell. and Ev.

Yellow Daisy, Tetraneuris linearifolia

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)
Dug.

Zornia, Four-leaved, Zornia bracteata

Phymatotrichum root rot, Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear)

Dug.

PROCEEDINGS
of the

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Annual Meeting, November 11, 12, 1932

The annual meeting of the members of the Texas Academy of
Science was held at Rice Institute, Houston, Texas, Friday and Sat¬
urday, November 11 and 12, 1932, Dr. H. Y. Benedict, President, pre¬
siding either in person or by a representative. New members were
elected; five old members elevated to the rank of Fellow and the offi¬
cers for the coming year were elected. A program of excellent papers
in five sections was enjoyed during the two days. After the general
meeting the Executive Committee held a business session.

Officers elected for 1932-1933. — E. N. Jones, president; F. B.
Plummer, executive vice-president; H. A. Wilson, vice-president,
section 1; F. B. Isely, vice-president, section 2; Col. M. D. Crim-
mins, vice-president, section 3; H. B. Parks, secretary-treasurer;

S. W. Bilsing, representative to A.A.A.S. Council.

Fellows elected. — Albert J. Kirn; Dr. J. J. Taubenhaus;
Avery B. Cushing; William Alonzo James; Dr. E. H. Sellards.

Report of the Treasurer. — The following report for the period from
November 27, 1931, to October 31, 1932, was presented:

RECEIPTS

Cash brought forward . $116.22

Membership fees from A.A.A.S . 61.00

Fees and dues received . 106.00

Donation . 10.00

Sale of old publications . 58.95

$342.17

EXPENDITURES

Postage . . . $ 33.00

Stationery . 47.00

Printing . 28.20

Expenses of annual meeting . 7.50

$115.70

STATEMENT

Total receipts . $342.17

Total expenses . 115.70

Amount on hand . . . $226.47

Report of the Auditing Committee. — We have examined this ac¬
count and have found this report correct.

Donald C. Barton
M. A. Stewart

Papers presented. — Following the precedent set in Volume XV the
names of papers given at the Annual Meeting are recorded here. Of
these papers some will be printed by other organizations and some
by the Academy. The Committee on Publications will select from the
material in their hands those papers which will appear in the future
numbers of the Transactions.

92

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

BOTANICAL SCIENCE'S

Further Study on Barriers to Prevent the Spread of Phymatotrl-
chum Root-rot, by J. J. Taubenhaus and Walter N. Ezekiel.

Structure and Development of Strands and Sclerotia of Root-rot,
by C. H. Rogers.

Cotton Variety Tests in the Differentiation of Two Wilt Diseases,
by W. N. Ezekiel and J. J. Taubenhaus.

Progress Notes on the Study of the Water Requirement of Cotton
Plants on Lufkin Very Fine Sandy Loam, under Field Condi¬
tions, by L. B. Jones.

Effect of Ecological Conditions on Injury by the Cotton Flea Hop¬
per, by F. L. Thomas.

Some Studies on Cotton Seed, by M. K. Thornton, Jr.

Our Present Knowledge of Tomato Puffing, by J. J. Taubenhaus
and Walter N. Ezekiel.

Vegetation of a Blackland Hillside, by Simon E. Wolff.

Effect of Oil Sprays on Carbohydrate Manufacture in Citrus
Leaves, by J. B. Corns.

Inheritance of Color Pigments in Cotton, by W. R. Horlacher and
D. T. Killough.

GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Big Springs of Texas, by R. E. Ryan.

An Illustrated Lecture on Salt Domes and Gulf Coast Oil Fields,
by Marcus Hanna.

A Cretaceous Ammonite with an Anomalous Suture Pattern, by
Gayle Scott.

Relation of Texas Soils to Geological Formations, by W. T. Carter.

Some Graptolites from the Ordovician “Unnamed Shale” of Mara¬
thon Basin, by George D. Harris.

Leaves of Geologic History from the Topography around Houston,
by Donald C. Barton.

Progress in Geologic Mapping in Texas, by E. H. Sellards.

Some Comments on the Pennsylvania Tillite of Brewster County,
by Frank Carney.

Recovery of Types of Important Cretaceous Fossils, by W. S. Ad¬
kins.

Alkali Lakes of the Llano Estacado, by C. L. Baker.

Interesting Beach Deposits in the Tertiary Formations of the Gulf
Coast, by F. B. Plummer.

Metallic Minerals of the Winfield Salt Dome, Louisiana, by V. E.
Barnes.

New Plants of the Eocene of Texas, by O. M. Ball.

Notes on Geology of Webb County, by J. T. Lonsdale.

General Faunal Aspects of the Travis Peak Formation, by Robert
H. Cuyler.

Mica of the Coastal Plain, by H. Gordon Damon.

Is There a Deposit of Volcanic Ash in North-central Texas, by
Augusta Hassloch Kemp.

Notes on a Brackish-Water and a Marine Fauna from the Cata¬
houla Formation, Fayette County, Texas, by Leslie Bowling.

MENTAL AND RELATED SCIENCES

In and Into Long Canyon, by M. L. Crimmins.

Recent Researches in Archeology and Indian Mounds along the
Gulf Coast, J. E. Pearce.

Some Dynamic Consequences of the Industrial Revolution, by
Elmer H. Johnson.

PROCEEDINGS

93

Public Utilities, An Expanding Category, by A. S. Long.

Organic Evidences Accompanying Behavior as Criteria of Specific
Emotions, by J. Dewitt Davis.

Comparison of the Texas Academy with other State Academies,
by S. W. Bilsing.

Science Clubs and the Junior Academy of Science, by Clyde T.
Reed.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES

The New McDonald Observatory to be Erected in Davis Mountains,
by H. Y. Benedict.

A Polarimetric Test of Sugar Content of Grapefruit and its Corre¬
lation with the Sugar-Acid Ratio, by H. A. Hodges.

Reverberation Time Bridge, by G. R. Tatum.

A Large Cobalt Steel Permanent Magnet, by H. A. Wilson.

Effects of Storage on Vitamin A Contents of Dried Foods, by
G. S. Fraps.

Use of the Micro-Micrometer for Measuring Megnestostriction, by
R. L. Peurifoy.

Measurements of the Propagation Characteristics of Electric Wave
Filters, by A. W. Straiton.

Rotation of the Positive Column in a Radical Magnetic Field and
Determination of Ionic Velocities, by Sidon Harris.

Airplane Cosmic Ray Measurements, by L. M. Mott Smith and
L. C. Howe.

ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCES W

Some Factors Affecting the Lethal Point of Suffocation in Phryno-
woma, by G. E. Potter.

Notes on Rhopalocera, of Texas, by H. B. Parks.

Banded Gecko and Some Measurements of the Rate of Tail Regen¬
eration in this Lizard, by Stanley Mulaik.

Fleas of Texas and Their Economic Importance, by M. A. Stewart.

Study of the Animal Communities of a Restricted Area of the Sea
Bottom in the San Juan Channel, by John H. Swanson.

Human Side of Bees, by Don O. Beard.

New Treatment for the Bites of Our Poisonous Snakes, by Karl
Bleyl.

Circulatory System of Gambusia patruelis speciosa, by Ammon
Medlen.

Student Genetical Studies, by E. N. Jones.

Genetical Views of the Origin of Life, by Edgar Altenberg.

LIFE FELLOWS

Bailey, James R., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Benedict, H. Y., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Clark, James F., Texas Land Office, Austin, Texas.

♦Durable, E. T.

•Everhart, Edgar
♦Halley, R. B.

•Halsted, G. B.

James, Dr. A. Judson, 811 Kress Bldg., Houston, Texas.

♦Macfarlane, Alexander
♦Nagle, J. C.

Simonds, F. W., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Taylor, T. U., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Thompson, R. A., 3310 Drexel Drive, Dallas, Texas.

♦Streeruwitz, W. von

•Deceased

94

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

FELLOWS

Adkins, W. S., Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas, Aus¬
tin, Texas.

Adkisson, Dr. C. N., State College for Women, Denton, Texas.

Baird, Dr. Don O., Dept, of Biology, Sam Houston State Teachers Col¬
lege, Huntsville, Texas.

Bantel, Prof. E. C. H., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Barcus, J. M., North Texas Agri. College, Arlington, Texas.

Barton, Dr. Donald Clinton, 1801 Rosedale St., Houston, Texas.

Battle, Dr. W. J., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Benedict, Dr. Harry Y., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Bilsing, Dr. S. W., College Station, Texas.

Birge, Willie Isabella, Dept, of Biology, Texas State College for Women,
Denton, Texas.

Brown, Prof. L, S., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Burt, Dr. Frederick A., College Station, Texas.

Bybee, Halbert P., 210 S. Madison St., San Angelo, Texas.

Carney, Dr. Frank, Baylor University, Waco, Texas.

Carter, William T., Texas Agric. Eixper. Station, College Station, Texas.
Charlton, Prof. Orlando C., 1736 Bennett Ave., Dallas, Texas.

Conner, A. B., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station, Texas.

Cory, V. L ., Substation No. 14, Sonora, Texas.

Crimmins, Col. M. L., Witte Museum, San Antonio, Texas.

Cushing, Avery B., 315 Halliday Ave., San Antonio, Texas.

Cuyler, Dr. R. H., 1216 W. 22nd St., Austin, Texas.

Dana, Bliss F., 429 North Eighth St., Corvallis, Oregon.

Dodd, Prof. E. L., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

English, Prof. P. F., Box 25, Williamston, Michigan.

Ezekiel, Dr. Walter N., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station,
Texas.

Ferguson, A. M., 602 W. Grand Ave., Sherman, Texas.

Francis, Dr. Mark, A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Fraps, Dr. George Stronach, Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Sta¬
tion, Texas.

Fuller, Prof. Frederick D., 3003 Ennis Ave., Bryan, Texas.

Geiser, Prof. S. W., 3543 Haynie Ave., Dallas, Texas.

Godbey, J. C., 1408 Olive St., Georgetown, Texas.

Goldsmith, G. W., Box 1611, University Station, Austin, Texas.

Harper, Henry Winston, M. D., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.
Harris, B. B., North Texas State Teachers College, Denton, Texas.
Hathaway, Prof. Arthur S., Boerne, Texas.

Hawthorn, Leslie R., Substation 19, Winter Haven. Texas.

Hawley, John Blackstock, 411 Capps Bldg., Fort Worth, Texas.

Henze, Prof. Henry Rudolf, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.
Horlacher, Dr. W. R., Dept, of Genetics, A. & M. College, College Sta¬
tion, Texas.

Isely, Prof. F. B., Dept, of Biology, Trinity University, Waxahachie,
Texas.

James, Dr. A. Judson, 811 Kress Bldg., Houston, Texas.

James, W. A., Galveston Public Schools, Galveston, Texas.

Jones, Edward N., Baylor University, Waco, Texas.

Jones, L. Goodrich, College Station, Texas.

Kirn, Albert J., Somerset, Texas.

Kuehne, Prof. John Matthias, University1 Station, Austin, Texas.
Letord, Henri, 513 Roberts-Banner Bldg., El Paso, Texas.

Lewis, Dr. Isaac McKinney, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.
McAllister, Dr. Frederick, 3205 West Ave., Austin, Texas.

McConnell, Dr. W. J., North Texas State Teachers College, Denton,
Texas.

PROCEEDINGS

95

McCorkle, W. H., College Station, Texas.

Mally, F. W., 1627 W. Huisache, San Antonio, Texas.

Manning, Jacolyn, M. D., 187 N. Craig Ave., Pasadena, California.
Marstellar, Dr. R. P., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Masters, Prof. W. N., North Texas State Teachers College, Denton,
Texas.

Mather, Prof. William T., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Olsen, Prof., 1204 Vogal Ave., Abilene, Texas.

Owen, Edgar W., 1147 Milam Bldg., San Antonio, Texas.

Parks, H. B., Box 368, Route 1, San Antonio, Texas.

Patterson, Dr. John Thomas, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.
Patton, Leroy T., 2415 19th St., Lubbock, Texas.

Pearce, James Edwin, 2607 University Ave., Austin, Texas.

Plummer, Mrs. Helen Jeanne, 3109 Walling Drive, Austin, Texas.
Plummer, F. B., Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas,
Austiil, Texas.

Prentiss, Elliott, M. D., 1108 Cincinnati St., El Paso, Texas.

Price, Dr. Armstrong, Box 112, Corpus Christi, Texas.

Quillin, Mrs. Ellen Schulz, Witte Museum, San Antonio, Texas.

Reed, Prof. Clyde T., Box 1067, Kingsville, Texas.

Reinhard, H. J., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station, Texas.
Romberg, Arnold, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Schoch, Dr. E. P., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Scott, Gayle, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas.

Sellards, Elias H., Director of Bureau of Economic Geology, University
of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Semmes, Dr. Douglas R., 1601 Milam Bldg., San Antonio, Texas.
Silvey, O. W., College Station, Texas.

Smith, Prof. V. J., Alpine, Texas.

Smith, Dr. Cornelia M., Baylor University, Waco, Texas.

Stewart, Dr. M. A., Rice Institute, Houston, Texas.

Taubenhaus, Dr. Jacob J., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station,
Texas.

Taylor, Dean T. U., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Tharp, B. Carroll, 206 Bellevue Place, Austin, Texas.

Thomas, Dr. Frank L., College Station, Texas.

Thomas, Norman L., P. O. Box 1007, Fort Worth, Texas.

Ullrich, Dr. Oscar A., Dept, of Education, Southwestern University,
Georgetown, Texas.

Vickery, Roy Albion, P. O. Box 884, San Antonio, Texas.

Weiser, Harry B., Rice Institute, Houston, Texas.

Whitney, Prof. F. L., University, Austin, Texas.

Wilson, Prof. Harold Albert, Rice Institute, Houston, Texas.

Yarnell, S. H., Div. of Horticulture, Texas Agric. Exper. Station, Col¬
lege Station, Texas.

MEMBERS

Adams, B. T., Public Schools, Wichita Falls, Texas.

Adams, Dr. F. J., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Adkins, Mrs. W. S., 1013 W. 22 % St., Austin, Texas
Albers, C. Clarence, 4715 Ave. G, Austin, Texas.

Alex, A. H., Route 1, Box 368, San Antonio, Texas.

Alexander, Prof. E. R., East Texas State Teachers College, Commerce
Texas.

Alves, Eileen, 1120 Arizona St., El Paso, Texas.

Aynesworth, Dr. K. H., 415 Mt. Lookout Ave,, Waco, Texas
Armendt, Prof. B. F., Austin College, Sherman, Texas.

Avery, Paul C., Mission, Texas.

96

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Baines, George W., Alpine, Texas.

Baird, Gladys H., Teachers College, Huntsville, Texa*.

Baker, Bryant 0., Box 653, San Marcos, Texas.

Baker, Mrs. H. A., Stephenville Public School, Stephenville, Texas.
Baker, Prof. H. A., John Tarleton Agricultural College, Stephenville,
Texas.

Ball, Dr. 0. M., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Barber, J. W., Box 309, Bay City, Texas.

Barker, Campbell, Alpine, Texas.

Bass, S. W., South Texas State Teachers College, Kingsville, Texas.
Bawden, Dr. A. T., Baylor College for Women, Belton, Texas.

Beil, Olin G., 510-12 Somes-Moore Bldg., Laredo, Texas.

Berkman, Anton H., Dept, of Biology, College of Mines, El Paso, Texas.
Bertschler, G. W., 1608 Ave. G., Galveston, Texas.

Bickel, Prof. D. Alvin, North Texas Agric. College, Arlington, Texas.
Blau, Ludwig Wilhelm, 2027 Colquitt Ave., Houston, Texas.

Bleyl, Karl, Route 1, Needville, Texas.

Bobo, R., Dept, of Science, Belton Public Schools, Belton, Texas.
Bodansky, Dr. Meyer, John Sealy Hospital, Galveston, Texas.

Bolen, Homer R., State Teachers College, Cape Girardeau, Missouri.
Box, E. O., E. Texas State Teachers College, Commerce, Texas.

Boyles, A. K., Witte Museum, San Antonio, Texas.

Brady, T. H., 1701 Campbell St., Commerce, Texas.

Braun, T. T. E., Texas State Teachers College, Commerce, Texas.
Brewster, Weldon, Dept, of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin,
Texas.

Brock, Clarence L., 212 Dallas Ave., Houston, Texas.

Brogan, A. P., 3018 West Ave., Austin, Texas.

Brown, George A., Alpine, Texas.

Buechel, F. A., 2304^ Trinity, Austin, Texas.

Burges, Maj. Richard, El Paso Nat’l Bank Bldg., El Paso, Texas.

Burr, J. C. 2812 Nueces St., Austin, Texas.

Burleson, Mrs. R. C., Artillery Post, Ft. Sam Houston, San Antonio,
Texas.

Barnes, Mrs. Grace, 3715 Speedway, Austin, Texas.

Batchelder, P. M., 808 W. 22nd St., Austin, Texas.

Caldwell, W. E., Alpine, Texas.

Calhoun, Dr. J. W., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Capt, Miss Lucile, Baylor College, Belton, Texas.

Carroll, J. J., 16 Courtland Place, Houston, Texas.

Casey, C. B., Alpine, Texas.

Casteel, Dana B., Dr., Prof, of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin,
Texas.

Cheatum, E. P., Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.

Cheney, M. G., Coleman, Texas.

Clapp, Alston, 3718 Mt. Vernon, Houston, Texas.

Clark, J. Frank, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas.

Clare, Sister May, Our Lady of the Lake College, San Antonio, Texas.
Cook, Prof. R. J., Kingsville, Texas.

Cooper, A. E., 701 W. 23rd St., Austin, Texas.

Conkling, Roscoe, 1141 E. River St., El Paso, Texas.

Connor, Augustus C., M. D., P. O. Box 7, Lexington, Texas.

Corns, J. B., Texas College of Arts and Industries, Kingsville, Texas.
Correll, J. A., 402 W. 30th St., Austin, Texas.

Couch, Mrs. C. M., Sanderson, Texas.

Craige, Mrs. Branch, 507 Corto St., El Paso, Texas.

Cullinan, J. S., Remington Lane, Shadyside, Houston, Texas
Cushing, Emory Clayton, Box 487, Menard, Texas.

Damon, H. G., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

PROCEEDINGS

97

Davis, Dr. J. D., College of Arts and Industries, Kingsville, Texas.
Davis, W. B., 1000 Boulevard, Houston, Texas.

Decherd, Miss Mary E., 2313 Nueces, Austin, Texas.

Decherd, Miss Loraine, Box 535, College of Industrial Arts, Denton,
Texas.

Denny, Miss Grace, East Texas State Teachers College, Commerce,
Texas.

Dobie, J. Frank, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Doak, Clifton C., Box 124, College Station, Texas.

Dovre, Adolph O., 128 E. Magnolia, San Antonio, Texas.

Dunn, Burgin, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas.

Dunlavy, Henry, Temple, Texas.

Duval, Hugh, Bastrop, Texas.

Eanes, Robert, 1813 24th St., Galveston, Texas.

Eby, J. Brian, Box 962, Houston, Texas.

Eifler, Gus K., Jr., 4008 Avenue F, Austin, Texas.

Erdis, E. C., El Paso Public Library, El Paso, Texas.

Evans, Prof. Arthur Wilson, Texas Technological College, Lubbock,
Texas.

Felsing, W. A., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Fenton, Alfred, Houston, Texas.

Fisher, Geo. L., 611 W. Pierce Ave., Houston, Texas.

Fisher, Francis A., Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.
Fletcher, Robert K., Box 152, Faculty Exchange, College Station, Texas.
Fletcher, Claude C., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Fletcher, Henry T., 02 Ranch, Alpine, Texas.

Foscue, Dr. Edwin J., Dept, of Geology and Geography, Southern Meth¬
odist University, Dallas, Texas.

Fountain, H. C., 215 Narp St., San Antonio, Texas.

Fraser, C. K., Texas College of Arts and Industries, Kingsville, Texas.
Friend, W. H., Box 548, Weslaco, Texas.

Gable, Charles H., 108 Barrett Ave., San Antonio, Texas.

Gaines, J. C., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Gardner, Maj. Fletcher, Camp Normoyle, San Antonio, Texas.
Garrison, D. N., Texas College of Arts and Industries, Kingsville, Texas.
Getzendaner, Frank M., Uvalde, Texas.

Gentry, G. V., 600 W. 32nd St., Austin, Texas.

Gidley, Prof. W. F., College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin,
Texas.

Gish, Wesley, P. O. Box 908, Tyler, Texas.

Godbold, Edgar, Dr., Howard Payne College, Brownwood, Texas.
Gooch, Dr. Wilby T., 808 Speight Ave., Waco, Texas.

Goodell, Joe, El Paso National Bank Bldg., El Paso, Texas.

Hanna, Marcus A., Dr., Gulf Production Co., Houston, Texas.

Hardt, Ben F., Box 131, Victoria, Texas.

Harris, Sidon, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Hawtof, Manuel E., 312 Amicable Bldg., Waco, Texas.

Hayes, Edwin S., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Heiser, J. M., Jr., 1724 Kipling, Houston, Texas.

Henderson, Leta May, 2504 San Antonio, Austin, Texas.

Hill, Harry, 5704 Kenwood Ave., Chicago, Illinois.

Hodges, H. A., Edinburg College, Edinburg, Texas.

Hodges, Hill, 407 W. 27th St., Austin, Texas.

Holman, Myrna, 1931 Ave. N, Huntsville, Texas.

Howard, C. A., 120 Princeton Ave., Dallas, Texas.

Hubbell, Julia, East Texas State Teachers College, Commerce, Texas.
Hughes, W. L., North Texas Agric. College, Arlington, Texas.

Huser, C. W., Texas A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Jeffers, Cedric McClellan, 8 W. Adams Ave., Temple, Texas.

98

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Jones, S. E., College Station, Texas.

Jones, W. Goodrich, Box 1585, Waco, Texas.

Judson, Sidney A., 3783 Carlon St., Houston, Texas.

Jernigan, Mrs. R. J., Box 116, Port Arthur, Texas.

Kendall, Charles Hanford, P. O. Box 185, Woodville, Texas.

Kemp, Mrs. Augusta Hasslock, P. 0. Box 626, Seymour, Texas.

Keyser, Lester, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas.

Killian, 0. L., North Texas Agric. College, Arlington, Texas.

Kimball, Edwin Boyce, 1810 Electric Bldg., Fort Worth, Texas.

Knight, Harry, M. D., 3120 Ave. Q, Galveston, Texas.

Lade, 0. R. Prof., 300 W. 33rd St., Waco, Texas.

LaMotte, Prof. Chas., 204 Faculty Exchange, A. & M. College, College
Station, Texas.

Lang, Dr., Aldon S., 1700 S. 10th, Waco, Texas.

LaRue, E. B., Athens, Texas.

Leasure, Mrs. C., 4131 Montana St., El Paso, Texas.

Lewis, Margaret, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas.

Linn, Miss A. D., Alpine, Texas.

Little, Prof. V. A., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Long, Miss Grace, 1221 Robinson Blvd., El Paso, Texas.

Longnecker, Mayne, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.
Lonsdale, Dr. J. T., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Loring, Porter, San Antonio, Texas.

Lubben, Dr. R. G., 708 W. 22% St., Austin, Texas.

Lund, E. J., 212 Park Lane, Austin, Texas.

Lutz, Prof. Columbus Marion, Commerce, Texas.

McCamy, Julia B., 2110 Nueces, Austin, Texas.

McCarter, C. E., 112A Little Campus, Austin, Texas.

McCray, F. A., Sam Houston Teachers College, Huntsville, Texas.
McDonald, J. E., Commissioner of Agriculture, Austin, Texas.
McDonald, R. E., 521 Ave. A, San Antonio, Texas.

Mackenson, Otto, 807 W. 22nd, Austin, Texas.

Marvin, Miss Elizabeth, 914 W. Mulberry, San Antonio, Texas.
Martin, Margaret, 1704 Stuart Ave., Houston, Texas.

Matthes, Homer C., 2317 Louisiana St., Houston, Texas.

May, H. Y., 1733 W. Gramercy Place, San Antonio, Texas.

Medlen, Prof. A. B., Baylor University, Waco, Texas.

Middleton, C. R., Route 1, Buckholtz, Texas.

Moore, Miss Violet, Brackenridge Senior School, San Antonio, Texas.
Morris, H. F., Substation No. 11, Texas Agric. Bxper. Station, Nacog¬
doches, Texas.

Morrow, Marie Betzner, Woman’s Bldg., University of Texas, Austin,
Texas.

Mortensen, E., Winter Haven, Texas.

Mulaik, Stanley, Box 155, Edinburg, Texas.

Muegge, Mrs. Ada Belle, 1104 N. Park, Brenham, Texas.

Mueller, Neal, Dept, of Botany, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.
Nierman, John L., South Texas State Teachcers College, Kingsville,
Texas.

O’Byrne, Sister Michael Edward, Incarnate Word College, San Antonio,
Texas.

Offermann, Carlos A., Dept, of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin,
Texas.

O’Neil, Mrs. Mike, East Texas State Teachers College, Commerce,
Texas.

Oppe, Miss Greta, 1609 Avenue K, Galveston, Texas.

Overstreet, G. T., 811 S. Francis St., Terrell, Texas.

Painter, Theophilus S., 506 W. 33rd St., Austin, Texas.

Parks, Mabel, Kirby Hall, Austin, Texas.

PROCEEDINGS

99

Parks, H. B., Jr., 2812 Nueces, Austin, Texas.

Partch, Prof. A. W., Wesley College, Greenville, Texas.

Patten, F. C., Rosenberg Library, Galveston, Texas.

Payne, Dr. L. W., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Peurifoy, Prof. Leroy, Texas College of Arts and Industries, Kings¬
ville, Texas.

Place, Jesse Alfred, University of Texas, Galveston, Texas.

Pope, H. D., San Angelo, Texas.

Porter, Eugene L., 2616 Ave. P, Galveston, Texas.

Potter, Dr. George E., Dept, of Zoology, Baylor University, Waco,
Texas.

Radetzky, Frederick Julian, Route 2, Box 69, Athens, Texas.

Rayner, Charles B., 4 Summit View, Austin, Texas.

Rea, Homer E., 1306 N. Fifth St., Temple, Texas.

Reid, Lewin, Box 3242, Polytechnic Station, Fort Worth, Texas.

Reid, Mrs. Bessie M., Gulf Refinery, Port Arthur, Texas.

Reynolds, Dr. E. B., College Station, Texas.

Rischar, Eduard, M. D., Cameron Hospital, Cameron, Texas.

Ritzau, Kurt F., 2416 Milam St., Houston, Texas.

Rix, Robert A., East Texas State Teachers College, Commerce, Texas.
Roach, Mrs. J. M., Box 445, Seymour, Texas.

Rogers, Dr. C. N., Texas Agri. Exper. Exper. Station, Substation 5,
Temple, Texas.

Rosenthal, Helman, 2411 S. Harwood St., Dallas, Texas.

Ross, Gene, Continental Oil Co, Milam Bldg., San Antonio, Texas.
Ryan, Russell F., 512 McGowen Ave., Plouston, Texas.

Sanders, Ottys, 211 S. Polk St., Dallas, Texas.

Sanders, Mrs. Ruth Maxwell, 211 S. Polk St., Dallas, Texas.

Sargent, E. C., 103 E. 31st St., Austin, Texas.

Sargent, Mrs. Florence H., 103 E. 31st St., Austin, Texas.

Sayles, E. B., P. O. Box 508, Abilene, Texas.

Scobee, Barrie, Fort Davis, Texas.

Schuler, Dr. Ellis W., Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.
Sell, R. A., 136 Rutland Ave., Houston, Texas.

Sinclair, John F., Box 167, Kingsville, Texas.

Sinclair, John G., Medical Branch, University of Texas, Galveston,
Texas.

Smith, Mrs. Gertrude W., Byron and Fort Blvd., El Paso, Texas.
Smith, E. G., College Station, Texas.

Smith, Dr. C. L., Pecan Expert, Austin, Texas.

Smith, Hugh B., John Tarleton Agric. College, Stephenville, Texas.
Smyre, S. H., Caldwell, Texas.

Spencer, Dr. S. R., 821 Speight Ave., Waco, Texas.

Stainbrook, Prof., Merrill A., Dept, of Geology, Texas Technological
College, Lubbock, Texas.

Starkie, John L., G. C. & S. F. Railway Co., Galveston, Texas.

Stephens, Prof. Ira Kendrick, Southern Methodist University, Dallas,
Texas.

Stephens, Dr. William R., Dept, of Chemistry, Baylor University,
Waco, Texas.

Stiles, J. W., 1902 Bradshaw, Houston, Texas.

Stratton, Prof. A., Texas College of Arts and Industries, Kingsville,
Texas.

Sullivan, Mrs. Maud D., El Paso Public Library, El Paso, Texas.
Swanson, J. D., Edinburg, Texas.

Svensen, Prof. Carl Lars, Dept, of English and Drawing, Texas Tech¬
nological College, Lubbock, Texas.

Taft, Charles H., Jr., 2411 34th St., Galveston, Texas.

Tatum, Prof. Gordon Russell, 1127 S. Fifth St., Waco, Texas.

100

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Thomas, Prof. DeRossette, 131 Park Drive, San Antonio, Texas.
Tinsley, John D., Santa Fe General Office Bldg., Amarillo, Texas.
Townsend, Dr. E. E., Alpine, Texas.

Tucker, Prof. Ernest R., Texas Christian University, Fort Worth,
Texas.

Ulrich, Felix, Brackenridge Senior School, San Antonio, Texas.
Vanzant, Dr. B. T., Medical Arts Bldg., Houston, Texas.

Vezey, Edward Earl, A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Vogel, Miss Bertha, Arcadia St., San Antonio, Texas.

Walker, Mrs. Emily B., East Texas State Teachers College, Commerce,
Texas.

Walter, E. V., Box 1077, San Antonio, Texas.

Wapple, Prof. Albert Russell, Southwestern University, Georgetown,
Texas.

Ware, Robert, Raymondville High School, Raymondville, Texas.
Warner, S. R., 1602 L St., Huntsville, Texas.

Watkins, Gustav M., 813 John Jay Hall, Columbia University, New
York, N. Y.

Watson, E. H., East Texas State Teachers College, Commerce, Texas.
Whitacre, Dr. Jessie, Texas Agric. Exper. Station, A. &. M. College,
College Station, Texas.

Whitehead, L. C., 105 Grove Place, San Antonio, Texas.

Whitehouse, Miss Eula, 2808% N. Guadalupe, Austin, Texas.

Whitley, Dr. S. H., East Texas State Teachers College, Commerce,
Texas.

Williams, Dr. Walter J., Baylor University, Waco, Texas.

Williams, Dr. O. B., University, Austin, Texas.

Winebrenner, Prof. O. E., 903 Rogan Ave., Brownwood, Texas.
Winkler, E. W., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Winkler, B. O., Humble Oil & Refining Co., P. O. Drawer D, Houston,
Texas.

Wisdom, William, Westmoorland College, San Antonio, Texas.

Wolfe, Ross R., Stephenville, Texas.

Wolff, Simon E,, 901 S. 25th St., Temple, Texas.

Young, Ellen D., 1103 Seymour Ave., Laredo, Texas.

LIBRARIES

West Texas Historical & Scientific Society, Alpine, Texas.
El Paso Library, El Paso, Texas.

University of Texas Library, Austin, Texas.

Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.

Rosenberg Library, Galveston, Texas.

INDEX TO COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC
NAMES OF PLANTS

Page

A

Abelia, Glossy _ 28

Amelia grandiflora _ 28

Abronia fragrans _ 79

Abutilon incanum _ 68

theophrasti _ 68

Acacia, Rose _ 29

Sweet _ 29

Acacia farnesiana _ 29

greggii _ 29

Acalypha lindheimeri _ 59

radians _ 59

virginica _ 85

Acanthoeereus spp., _ 33

Acer ginnala _ 45

negundo _ 31

negundo californicum _ 31

nigrum _ 45

palmatum _ 45

platanoides _ 45

pseudoplatanus _ 45

rubrum _ , _ 45

saccharinum _ 45

saccharum _ 45

spicatum _ 45

Acerates viridiflora _ 72

Achillea millefolium _ 89

Achras sapota _ 51

Acleisanthes berlandieri _ 55

longiflora _ 55

Acnida tuberculata _ 87

Aconitum chinense _ 45

Adam’s Needles _ 56

Adder’s Tongue _ 55

Aeschynomene viscidula _ 69

Aesculus californica _ 32

glabra leucodermis _ 32

hippocastanum _ 41

octandra _ 32

pavia _ 32

Aethusa cynapium _ 66

Agave americana _ 34

Agrimonia gryposepala _ 55

mollis _ 55

par vi flora _ 55

Agrimony, Smallflowered _ 55

Soft _ 55

Tall Hairy _ 55

Agropyron repens _ 63

Agrostis stolonifera _ 39

Ailanthus glandulosa _ 53

Alder. Black _ 29

Hazel _ 29

Mountain _ 29

Page

Alfalfa _ 7

Wild _ 87

Allionia alba _ 86

aggregata _ 86

linearis _ 86

nyctaginia _ 86

Allium ascalonicum _ 19

canadense _ 74

cepa _ 17

sativum _ 16

vineale _ 66

Almond _ 21

Alnus rubra _ 29

rugosa _ _ _ 29

tenuifolia _ 29

Althaea rosea _ 41

Althea, Shrub _ 29

Alyssum, Wild _ 88

Amaranth, Blood _ 29

Amaranthus graecizans _ 86

hybridus _ 75

paniculatus cruentus _ 29

retroflexus _ 75

Amaryllis belladonna _ 43

Ambrosia artemisiifolia _ 77

psilostachya _ 77

trifida _ ; _ 77

Amelanchier alnifolia pumila__ 42

Ammoselinum popei _ 79

Amorpha fruticosa _ 65

Ampelopsis (Parthenocissus) _ 86

Ampelopsis arborea _ 36

qwinquefolia _ 36

tricuspidata _ 36

Amsonia texana _ 84

Amygdalus communis _ 21

per sica _ 26

persica nectarina _ 25

Anacahuita _ 55

Anagallis arvensis _ 80

Ancistrocactus spp. _ 33

Anemone _ 29

Anemone decapetala _ 88

japonica _ 29

Anethum graveolens _ 15

Angelica _ 55

Angelica villosa _ _ _ 55

Angel’s Trumpet _ 55

Anise _ 12

Annona squamosa _ 28

Anthemis arvensis _ 59

cotula _ 59

Antirrhinum maius _ 51

Aphanostephus humilis _ 71

skirrobasis _ _ _ _ 71

102

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Page

Apios tuberosa _ 67

Apocynum androsaemifolium _ 68

cannabinum _ 68

Apple _ 21

Apple-of-Peru _ 55

Apricot _ 22

Aquilegia spp. _ 35

Arabis ludoviciana _ 78

petiolaris _ 78

Arachis hypogaea _ 10

Aralia spinosa _ 37

Araucaria, Brazilian _ 29

Araucaria brasiliana _ 29

Arborvitae _ 29

Giant _ 29

Oriental _ _ 29

Arbutus menziesii _ 44

Arctium lappa _ ; _ 58

minus _ 58

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi _ 31

Arenaria benthamii _ 79

serpyllifolia _ 79

Argemone alba _ 72

mexicana _ 72

platyceras _ 72

rosea _ 72

Argythamnia (Ditaxis) _ 88

Ariocarpus spp. _ 33

Aronia spp. _ 35

Arrowleaf _ 55

Artemisia biennis _ 89

Artichoke, Globe _ 12

Jerusalem _ 7

Asclepias syriaca _ 72

tuberosa _ 59

verticillata _ 72

Ash, Green _ 29

Prickly _ 29

Water _ 29

White _ 29

Asimina triloba _ 26

Asparagus _ 12

Asparagus officinalis _ 12

Aster, Aromatic _ 55

China _ 30

Corymbed _ 55

Dense-flowered _ 55

Frost _ 55

Showy Blue _ 55

Starved _ 55

White _ 55

Aster ericoides _ 55

exiguus _ „ _ 55

exilis _ 55

lateriflorus _ 55

multiflorus _ 55

oblongiflorus _ 55

patens . _ 55

Page

spinosus _ 55

umbellatus _ 55

Asters, Baby _ 56

Astragalus mexicanus _ 67

mollissimus _ 70

Atamosco texana _ 82

Atriplex hastata _ _■ 74

patula _ ” 74

Arena fatua _ 74

sativa _ r _ 10

Avens _ 30

White _ 56

Avocado _ : _ _ _ _ _ 22

Azalea _ 30

B

Baby Asters _ 56

Baby Blue-eyes _ 56

Baby’s Breath _ 56

Bamboo _ 30

Blackjoint _ 30

Japanese Timber _ 30

Bambusa sp. _ 30

Banana _ 22

Bank Hyacinth _ 56

Baptisia sphaerocarpa _ 69

Barbarea vulgaris _ 88

Barberry, Allegheny _ 30

Box _ 30

Common _ 30

Japanese _ 30

Barley _ 7

Barnyard Grass _ 56

Basket Grass _ 58

Basketflower _ r _ _ 30

Basswood _ 44

Bayberry _ _ 31

Beach Weed _ 58

Bean _ 12

Castor _ 33

Lima _ 13

Mung _ _ 8

Tepary _ 13

Velvet _ cS

Bearberry _ 31

Beard-tongue _ 65

Bear-grass _ _ _ 58

Beautyberry _ 31

Beaver Poison _ 87

Beech _ 31

American _ 41

Blue _ 4^

Begonia _ 31

Eelladonna Lily _ _ _ 42

Bentgrass _ 39

Benzoin aestivale _ 51

Berberis canadensis _ 30

thunbergii _ . _ 30

INDEX 103

Page

thunbergii minor _ 30

trifoliolata _ 60

vulgaris _ 30

Bergamot, Wild _ 56

Bermuda Grass _ 8

Beta vulgaris _ 11

vulgaris cicla _ 20

vulgaris macrorhiza _ 11

Betula alba _ 31

lenta _ . _ 31

lutea _ 31

nigra _ 31

Bidens cernua _ 85

comosa _ 85

connata _ 85

Bignonia radicans _ 53

Bindweed, Field _ 56

Gray _ 56

Hedge _ 56

Birch, River _ 31

Sweet _ 31

White _ 31

Yellow _ 31

Bird Pepper _ 57

Bird’s Nest _ 57

Bitternut _ 40

Bittersweet _ 31

Bitterweed _ 57

Blackberry _ 24

Black-eyed Susan _ 57

Bladder-pod _ 57

Blazing Star, Prairie _ 57

Bloodroot _ _ 57

Bloodweed _ 77

Blue Flag _ 58

Thistle _ 58

Weed _ 58

Bluebell, Texas _ 31

Bluebonnet _ 57

Blue-eyed Grass, Dwarf _ 57

Grass, Narrow-leaved _ 57

Bluets _ 56

Boerhaavia _ 88

Boerhaavia decumbens _ 88

erecta _ 88

Boneset, False___ _ 65

Boston Ivy _ 36

Bouncing Bet _ . _ 81

Bowlesia septentrionalis _ 77

Box _ 31

Boxelder _ 31

California _ 31

Bradburya virginiana _ 88

Brassica alba _ 17, 73

arvensis _ 60

campestris _ 19

oteracea _ 13

oleracea acephala _ 16

Page

oleracea botrytis _ 13, 14

oleracea caulorapa _ 16

oleracea gemmifera _ 13

pekinensis _ 14

rapa _ 21

Brayodendron texanum _ 72

Bridalwreath _ 32

Broccoli _ 13

Bromus hordeaceus _ 61

secalinus _ 61

Brookweed _ . _ 58

Broom Corn _ 8

Broomcorn Millet _ 8

Broomweed _ 58

Brussels Sprouts _ 13

Buckeye, California _ 32

Ohio _ ! _ 32

Red _ 32

Yellow _ 32

Buckthorn, Carolina _ 32

Cascara _ 32

j Buckwheat, Climbing _ 61

Wild _ 61, 88

Buddleia sp _ 32

Buffaloberry, Yellow _ 32

Bull Nettle _ 58

Bumelia lanuginosa _ 39, 67

Bur Cucumber _ 58

Seed _ 58

Burdock, Common _ 58

Great _ 58

Bur-head _ 58

Burningbush, Evergreen _ 32

Bush Clover _ 62

Butter and Eggs _ 58

Buttercup, Creeping _ 59

Butterflybush _ 32

Butterfly-weed _ 59

Buttonbush _ 32

Buxus sempervirens _ 31

c

Cabbage _ 13

Chinese _ 14

Cacalia tuberosa _ 76

Cactus _ 33

Cajanus indicus _ _ _ 10

Cakile geniculata _ 80

Calendula _ 38

Calendula officinalis _ 38

Calico Bush _ _ _ 5

California Poppy _ _ 4

Calla Lily _ 4 ;

Callicarpa americana _ : _ 3

Callirhoe digitata _ 8

involucrata _ _ 7G

Callistephus chinensis _ 30

104

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Page

Callitris rhomboidea _ 48

robusta _ 48

Calophanes linearis _ 81

Camelina sativa _ 65

Camomile, Corn _ 59

Camphor Plant _ 59

Camphor-tree _ 33

Campion, White _ 87

Canada Thistle _ 84

Candlewood _ 59

Candytuft, Wild _ 59

Canna _ 33

Canna indica _ 33

Cannabis sativa _ 68

Cantaloupe _ 14

Cape-jasmine _ 33

Capnoides curvisiliquum _ 62

micrantha _ 62

Capriola dactylon _ 8

Capsella bursa-pastoris _ 80

Capsicum annuum _ 18

baccatum _ 57

Cardinal Feather _ 59

Flower _ 59

Carica papaya _ 26

Carnation _ 33

Carpet Grass _ 39

Carpetweed _ 59

Carpinus caroliniana _ 41

Carrot _ 14

Cassava _ 22

Cassia chamaecrista _ 74

marilandica _ 88

Castalia elegans _ 87

Castanea dentata _ 34

japonica _ 34

pumila _ 35

sativa _ 34

Castilleja indivisa _ 68

lindheimeri _ 68

Castor-bean _ 33

Catalpa _ 34

Catalpa speciosa _ 34

Cat-brier _ 60

Catchfly, Forked _ 60

Night-flowering _ 60

Sleepy _ 60

Catclaw _ 29

Catnip _ 60

Cattail _ 60

Cauliflower _ 14

Cebatha carolinus _ 80

Cedar, Alaska _ 34

Incense _ 34

Mountain _ 34

Red _ 34

White _ 34

Celandine .. _ _ 60

Page

Celastrus scandens _ 31

Celestials _ 60

Celtis mississippiensis _ 40

occidentalis crassifolia _ 40

Cenchrus tribuloides _ 79

Centaurea americana _ 30, 76

solstitialis _ 83

Centuryplant _ 34

Cephalanthus occidentalis _ 32

Cerastium brackypodium _ 61

longipedunculatum _ 61

viscosum _ ; _ 61

vulgatum _ 61

Cercis canadensis _ 50

occidentalis _ 50

Chaerophyllum dasycarpum _ 77

Chaetochloa italica _ 9

Chaetopappa asteroides _ 56

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis _ 34

thyoides _ 34

Chaparral _ 60

Chaparral Berry _ 60

Charlock _ 60

Chaste-tree _ 54

Chayota edulis _ 15

Chayote _ 15

Cheat _ 61

Cheeses _ 71

Cheirinia arkansana _ 86

Chelidonium majus _ 60

Chenopodium album _ 70

ambrosioides _ _ _ 72

glaucum _ , _ 67

Cherry, Black _ 34

Sour _ 22

Sweet _ 22

Chervil _ 77

Chess _ 61

Chestnut _ 34

Japanese _ 34

Spanish _ 34

Chickweed, Common _ 61

Indian _ 59

Large Mouse-ear _ 61

Powder-horn _ 61

Chicory, Wild _ 61

Chilopsis linearis _ _ 54

Chinaberry _ 34

Umbrella _ 34

Chinquapin _ 35

Chionanthus virginica _ 38

Chittam Wood _ 39, 67

Chokeberry _ 35

Chokecherry _ 34

Christmasberry _ 48

Chrysanthemum _ 35

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum
var. pinnatifidum _ 74

INDEX 105

Page

sp. _ / _ - _ _ _ 35

Cichorium endivia _ _ _ 16

intybus _ _ _ _ 16, 61

Cicuta maculata _ ... _ 87

Cinnamomum camphora _ 33

Cinquefoil, Rough _ 61

Silvery _ . _ _ 61

Cii'sium arvense _ 84

canescens _ 84

discolor _ _ _ 84

lance olatum _ 84

Cissus incisa _ 63

Citrus aur anti folia _ 23

aurantium _ 23

grandis _ 23

lirnonia _ 23

nobilis _ 23

nobilis unshiu _ 23

sinensis _ 23

trifoliata _ 23

Citrullus vulgaris _ 21

Claytonia virginica _ 82

Clematis _ 35

Mountain _ 61

Scarlet _ 61

Clematis coccinea _ 61

drummondii _ 61

ligusticifolia _ 61

reticulata _ 61

sp. _ 35

Clethra alnifolia _ 52

Clover, Bur _ 8

Bush _ 62

Hop _ 62

Pin _ 75

Prairie _ 77

Cnidosculus (Jatropha) _ 58

Cocculus (Cebatha) _ 80

Cockle _ 62

Cocklebur, American _ 62

Common _ 62

Spiny _ 62

Coffee Bean _ 62

Collards _ 15

Colocasia esculenta _ 15, 38

Columbine _ 35

Commelina angustifolia _ 64

Common Wood Sage _ 62

Coneflower _ 35

Purple _ 78

Conium maculatum _ 76

Convolvulus arvensis _ 56

hermannioides _ 56

sepium _ 56

Cooperia pedunculata _ 77

Copper Lily _ _ _ 82

Coral Bean _ 62

Coraltree _ _ 35

Page

Cordia boissieri _ 55

Coreopsis car damine folia _ _ 85

crassifolia _ _ _ 85

drummondii _ 85

Corn, Indian _ 8

Cornus alba _ 37

ammonum _ 37

as peri folia _ 37

florida _ 37

sanguinea _ 37

Corydalis, Golden _ 62

Corylus sp. _ 40

Coryphantha spp. _ 33

Cosmos, Common _ 36

Yellow _ 36

Cosmos bipinnatus _ 36

sulphur eus _ _ _ 36

Cotoneaster, Pekin _ 36

Rock _ 36

Silverleaf _ 36

Spreading _ 36

Cotoneaster acutifolia _ 36

divaricata _ 36

horizontalis _ 36

pannosa _ 36

Cotton _ 8

Cotton Weed _ 62

Cottonwood, Carolina _ 36

Narrowleaf _ 36

Smoothbark _ _ _ 36

Southern _ 36

Couch Grass _ _ 63

Cowbane, Spotted _ 76

Cow-itch Vine _ 63

Cow Lily _ 63

Parsnip _ 63

Cowpea _ 9

Cowslip, American _ . _ 63

Crab Apple, Siberian _ 24

Crab Grass, Large _ 63

Small _ 63

Cracca lindheimeri _ 80

thuberi _ 80

Cranesbill, Carolina_ _ _ _ 63

Crapemyrtle _ 36

Crataegus spp. _ , _ 40

Creeper, Japanese _ 36

Peppervine _ 36

Virginia _ _ 36

Creeping Cucumber _ 63

Cress, Water _ 87

Crotalaria sagittalis _ 78

Croton, Gulf _ 63

Sand _ 63

Shrubby _ 63

Woolly _ 63

Croton capitatus _ _ _ 63

fruiticulosus 63

106

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Page

Croton (concluded)

monanthogynus _ 63

punctatus _ 63

texensis _ 63

Crowfoot _ 63

Crowpoison _ 63

Cucumber _ 15

Bur _ 58

Creeping _ 63

Star _ 83

Cucumis melo _ 1 _ 14

sativus _ 15

Cucurbita foetidissima _ 67

maxima _ 20

moschata _ _ _ 20

pepo _ 20

sp. _ 16

Cudweed _ 64

Culver’s Root _ 64

Cupressus arizonica _ 37

glabra _ 37

semper virens _ 37

Currant _ 24

Cus'haw _ 20

Cyamopsis tetragonoloba _ 9

Cycas, Sago _ 36

Cycas revoluta _ 36

Cyclamen, Common _ 36

Cyclamen persicum giganteum 36

Cyclanthera dissecta _ 58

Cycloloma atriplicifolium _ 75

Cydonia oblonga _ 28

japonica _ 50

Cynara scolymus _ 12

Cynoctonum mitreola _ 72

Cynoglossum officinale _ 68

Cyperus esculentus _ 74

Cypress _ 37

Arizona _ _ _ 37

Italian _ 37

Nootka _ 34

Smooth _ 37

Summer _ 37

Cypress Pine _ 48

Cypressvine _ 37

D

Dahlia _ 37

Daisy, Mountain _ 73

Ox-eye _ 74

Ragged _ 77

Sleepy _ 81

Texas Star _ 84

Yellow _ 89

Dandelion _ 64

Darnel, Poison _ 64

Dasheen _ 15

Page

Dasylirion texanum _ 81

wheeleri _ 81

Date Palm _ 24

Datura meteloides _ 69

stramonium _ 69

Daucus car ota _ 14

pusillus _ 57

Dayflower, Virginia _ 64

Daylily, Orange _ 37

Dead Nettle _ 64

Delphinium carolinianum _ 70

consolida _ 70

spp. _ 43

stathisagria _ 70

Desert Willow _ 54

Desmodium (Meibomia) _ 85

Deutzia, Common _ 37

Lemoine’s _ 37

Slender _ 37

Deutzia gracilis _ 37

lemoinei _ 37

sp. _ 37

Devil’s Bouquet _ 64

Elbow _ _ 64

Devils-walkingstick _ 37

Dewberry _ 24

Dew Flower _ 64

Dianthera americana _ 87

Dianthus barbatus _ 33

caryophyllus _ 33

Diervilla rivularis _ 41

Digitalis purpurea _ 38

humifusa _ 63

sanguinalis _ 63

Dill _ 15

Diospyros kaki _ 27

virginiana _ 27

Dipsacus sylvestris _ 84

Ditaxis mercurialina _ 88

Dock, Bitter _ 64

Pale _ 64

Dodecatheon meadia _ 63

Dog-fennel _ 59

Dogwood, Bloodtwig _ 37

Flowering _ 37

Roughleaf _ 37

Silky _ 37

Tatar ian _ ] _ 37

Dolicholus americanus _ _ 75

minimus _ 75

texensis _ 75

Dolichothele spp _ 33

Dondia fruiticosa _ 80

Draba cuneifolia _ 88

platycarpa _ 88

Dracocephalum parviflorum _ 64

Dragonhead Mint _ 64

Duckweed _ 64

INDEX

107

Ebony, Texas _ 38

Echinacea angustifolia _ 78

Echinocactus spp.___ _ 33

Echinocereus spp. _ 33

Echinochloa crus-galli _ _ 56

Echinodorus cordifolius _ 58

Echinomastus spp. _ 33

Eggplant _ 15

Elaeagnus angustifolia _ 47

Elder, Albino _ 38

American _ 38

European _ 38

Elephants-ear _ 38

Elm, American _ 38

Cedar _ 38

Chinese _ 38

Red _ 38

Slippery _ 38

Winged _ 38

Encelia _ 65

Encelia calva _ 65

Endive _ 16

Epilobium angustifolium _ 66

Epithelantha spp. _ 33

Equisetum hyemale _ 80

Erechtites heiracifolia _ 66

Erigeron annuus _ 66

canadensis _ 66

U'riobotrya japonica _ 25

Eriogonum annuum _ 88

longifolium _ 88

multiflorum _ 88

Erodium cicutarium _ 75

texanum _ 75

Eryngium diffusum _ 58

leavenworthii _ 58

Erythraea beyrichii _ 83

calycosa _ 83

Erythrina crista-galli _ 35

herbacea _ 62

E rythronium albidum _ 55

Escarole _ 16

Eschsclioltzia calif ornica _ 49

Escobaria spp. _ 33

Euchlaena mexicana _ 53

Euonymus japonicus _ 32

Eupatorium ageratifolium _ 72

coelestinum _ 72

serotinum _ 85

urticaefolium _ 81

Euphorbia corollata _ 82

cyparissias _ 82

dentata _ 82

esula _ 82

maculata _ 82

marginata _ 81

Eustoma russellianum _ 31

Page

Evening Primrose _ 49

Primrose, Yellow _ 77

Everlasting Sweetlife _ 65

Eve’s Necklace _ 65

Evolvulus, Silky _ 65

Evolvulus sericeus _ 65

F

Fagus grandifolia _ 31

Fake Goldenrod _ 65

False Boneset _ _ _ 65

Flax _ 65

Foxglove _ 65

Garlic _ 63

Gromwell _ 65

Hyacinth _ 65

Indigo _ £< _ 65

Mallow _ 66

Ferocactus spp. _ 33

Ficus carica _ 24

Filago nivea _ 76

Filbert _ 40

Fiddle-leaves _ 79

Fig _ 24

Fir, Douglas _ 38

Fireweed _ 66

Firewheel _ 66

Flag, Blue _ 58

Flame Flower _ 66

Flax, False _ 65

Tall _ 66

Wild _ 66

Fleabane, Daisy _ 66

Fool’s Parsley _ 66

Forestiera acuminata _ 49

pubescens _ 64

Forsythia sp. _ 39

Fouquiera spendens _ 59

Four-o’clock _ 38

Foxglove _ 38

False _ 65

Scarlet-beard _ 65

Franseria hookeriana _ 78

Frag aria sp. _ 28

Fraxinus americana _ 29

caroliniana _ ; _ 29

pennsylvanica _ 29

Fringetree, White _ 38

Froelichia drummondii _ 62

Frost-weed _ 66

G

Gaillardia _ 38

Gaillardia aristata _ 38

pulchella _ 66

Garlic _ 16

Wild ___ _ 66

Gardenia florida _ _ _ 33

108

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Page

Garrya elliptica _ 51

Gaura _ 39, 67

Gaura biennis _ 67

lindheimeri _ 39

parviflora _ 39

Gelsemium sempervirens _ 42

Geranium _ 39

Wild _ 67

Geranium carolinianum _ 63

maculatum _ 67

texanum _ 67

Germander _ 62

Geum canadense _ 56

japonicum _ 30

Gilia incisa _ 65

rigidula _ 65

rubra _ 65

Ginkgo biloba _ 44

Gladiolus _ 39

Gleditsia aquatiea _ 44

triacanthos _ 44

Gnaphalium falcatum _ 64

polycephalum _ 65

wrightii _ 64

Goat’s Beard _ 61

Golden Eye _ 65

Goldenbell _ 39

Goldenrod, Fake _ _ 65

Rough _ 67

Stiff _ 67

Goldenseal _ 39

Gooseberry _ 24

Goosefoot, Oak-Leaved _ 67

Gordonia lasiantha _ 44

Gossypium hirsutum _ 8

Gourd _ 16

Wild _ 67

Grape _ 25

Grapefruit _ 23

Grass, Bermuda _ 8

Carpet Bentgrass _ 39

Couch _ 63

Crab _ 63

Johnson _ 9

Pigeon _ 75

Squirrel-tail _ 82

Stagger _ 82

Grass Violets _ 82

Green Lily _ 67

GrindeUa inuloides _ 79

squarrosa _ 84

Gromwell, False _ 65

Grostemma githago _ 62

Ground Nut _ 67

Plum _ 67

Guar _ 9

Guava _ 25

Guayule _ 9

Page

Gum, Black _ 39

Cotton _ 39

Elastic _ 39, 67

Red _ _ _ 40

Sweet _ 40

Gutierrezia texana _ 58

Gymnosperma corymbosa _ 65

H

Hackberry, Rough-leaved _ 40

Southern _ 40

Hamatocactus spp. _ 33

Haw, Rusty Black _ _ 40

Hawkweed, Mouse-eared _ 67

Orange _ 67

Hawthorn, Red _ 40

White _ 40

Hazelnut _ 40

Heal-all _ 68

Hedeoma hispida _ 75

Hedera helix _ 42

Helenium autumnale _ 81

tenuifolium _ 57

Helianthemum majus _ 66

Helianthus annuus _ 11

ciliaris _ 58

maximiliani _ 84

tuberosus _ 7

Hemerocallis aurantiaca _ 37

Hemlock _ 40

Poison _ 76

Hemp, Indian _ _ 68

Wild _ 68

Henbit _ 64

Heracleum lanatum _ 63

Hermannia texana _ 71

Heterotheca subaxillaris _ 59

Hibiscus, Wild _ 68

Hibiscus esculentus _ 17

moscheutos _ 78

sabdariffa _ 19

syriacus _ 29

trionum _ _ _ 68

Hickory, Black _ 40

Scalybark _ 40

Shellbark _ 40

White _ 40

Hicoria alba _ 40

buckleyi _ 40

cordiformis _ 40

ovata _ 40

pecan _ 27

Hieracium aurantiacum _ 67

pilosella _ 67

Hoarhound _ 68

Holcus halepensis _ 9

sorghum _ 10

sorghum saccharatus _ 11

INDEX

109

Page \

sorghum sudanensis _ 11

technicus _ 8

Holly, American _ 41

Hollygrape _ 41

Hollyhock _ 41

Honey Locust _ 44

Honeysuckle _ 41

Bush _ 41

Hophornbean _ 42

Hoptree _ 41

Hordeum jubatum _ . _ 82

vulgare _ 7

Hornbean, American _ 41

Horse Sugar _ 52

Horsechestnut _ 41

Horsemint _ 68

Horseradish _ _ 16

Horse-weed _ 66

Hound’s Tongue _ 68

Houstonia angustifolia _ 56

humifusa _ 56

minor _ 56

Huckleberry, Tree _ 41

Hyacinth, Common _ 42

False _ 65

Hyacinthus orientalis _ 42

Hydrangea _ 42

Hydrastis canadensis _ 89

Hymenocallis occidentalis _ 82

I

Ibervillea lindheimeri _ 81

Ilex decidua _ 54

opaca _ 41

verticillata _ 54

vomitoria _ 54

Indian Blanket _ 68

Chickweed _ 59

Cup _ 68

Hemp _ 68

Mallow _ 68

Mallow, Velvet Leaf _ 68

Paint-brush _ 68

Tobacco _ 69

Indigo _ 42

False _ 65

Indigo Bush, False _ 69

Indigofera tinctoria _ : _ 42

Ipomoea batatas _ 18

hederacea _ 78

leptophylla _ 73

littoralis _ 73

pescaprae _ 73

Ironweed _ 69

Baldwin’s _ 1 _ 69

Missouri _ 69

Ironwood _ 42

Iris _ 42

Page

Wild _ 60, 69

Iris hexagona _ 69

spp. _ 42

versicolor _ 58

Iva xanthifolia _ 71

Ivy, Boston _ 36

English _ 42

Japanese _ _ ^ _ 36

Poison _ 76

J

Jatropha texana _ 58

Jerusalem Artichoke _ 7

Jessamine, Carolina _ 42

Jimson Weed _ 69

Johnson Grass _ _ _ 9

Joint Vetch _ 69

Jointed Clover _ t _ 85

Jonquil _ 46

Juglans nigra _ 28

regia _ : _ 28

sieboldiana _ 28

Jujube _ 25

Juneberry, Garden _ 42

Juniper, Chinese _ 43

Common _ 43

Juniperus chinensis _ 43

communis _ 43

mexicana _ 34

virginiana _ 34

Jussiaea diffusa _ 87

suffruticosa _ 87

J uncus tenuis _ 79

K

Kale _ 15

Kalmia latifolia _ 43

Kerria, Silver _ 43

Kerria japonica argenteovarie-

gata _ 43

Knawel _ 69

Kochia scoparia _ 37

trichophylla _ 37

Kohlrabi _ 16

Krameria _ 69

Krameria secundiflora _ 69

Kudzu-bean _ _ 9

Kuhnia rosmarinifolia _ 65

L,

Laceflower _ 69

Lactuca canadensis _ 70

ludoviciana _ 70

sat iva _ 16

scariola _ 70

Lady’s-thumb _ 70

Lagerstroemia indica _ 36

Lamb’s-quarters _ 70

110

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Page

Lamium amplexicaule _ 64

Lantana Tiorrida _ 59

Lappula echinata _ 58

texana _ 83

Larch, American _ 43

Larkspur _ 43

Wild _ 70

Larix laricina _ 43

Lathyrus odoratus _ ! _ 52

pusillus _ 86

Laurel, Mountain _ 43

Lavatera arborea _ 53

trimestris _ 85

Lemna minor _ 64

Lemon _ 23

Leonurus cardiaca _ 73

Lepidium apetalum _ 75

campestre _ 75

draba _ 75

sativum _ 75

virginicum _ 75

Leptandra virginica _ 64

Lespedeza prairea _ _ 62

Lesquerella lasiocarpa _ 57

polyantha _ 57

recurvata _ 57

Lettuce _ 16

Prickly _ 70

Rabbit _ 77

Wild _ 70

Leucaena greggii _ 45

Liatris pycnostachya _ 57

Libocedrus decurrens _ 34

Ligustrum spp. _ 49

Lilac, Common _ 43

Persian _ 43

Lily _ 43

Belladonna _ 43

Common Calla _ 43

Copper _ 82

Cow _ 63

Green _ 67

Rain _ 77

Spider _ 82

Water _ 87

Zygadenus _ 87

Lilium spp. _ 43

Lima Bean _ 13

Lime _ 23

Limonium brasiliense _ 80

Linaria texana _ 85

vulgaris _ 58

Linden, American _ 44

Lindheimera texana _ 84

Linium lewisii _ 66

rupestre _ 66

sulcatum _ 66

Lippia lycioides _ 60

Page

nodiflora

60

Liquidambar styraciflua

40

Liriodendron tulipifera

53

Lithospermum arvense

87

linearifolium

77

Live Oak

47

Lobelia, Great

70

Lobelia inflata

_ 59

puberula

59

siphilitica

70

splendens

59

Loblolly-bay

44

Loco Weed

70

Locust, Black

44

Honey

44

Water

44

Lolium temulentum

_ 64

Lonicera spp.

41

Loosestrife, Fringed

70

Lophophora spp.

33

Loquat

_ 25

Lotus

71

Lupine, Sundial

44

Lupinus perennis

44

texensis

57

Lychnis alba

87

Lycopersicum esculentum

20

Lysimachia nummularia

72

M

Maackia, Amur

44

Chinese

44

Maackia amurensis

44

hupehensis

44

Madrone

44

Magnolia

44

Magnolia grandiflora

44

virginiana australis

44

Mahonia spp.

41

Maidenhair-tree

44

Mallow, Common

71

False

66

Indian

68

Mexican

71

Pompadour

73

Poppy

76

Red

78

Rose

78

Small-flowered

71

Tree

85

Velvet

86

Malva parviflora

71

rotundifolia

71

Malvastrum americanum

66

Malvaviscus drummondii

78

Malus baccata

24

sylvestris

21

Manfreda maculosa

88

INDEX

111

Page

Mangel-wurzel _ 11

Mangifera indica _ 25

Mango _ 25

Manihot esculenta _ 22

Manzanita _ - — 31

Maple, Amur _ 45

Black _ 45

Japanese _ 45

Mountain _ 45

Norway _ 45

Red _ 45

Silver _ 45

Sugar _ _ _ 45

Sycamore _ 45

Marguerites _ 71

Marigold, African _ 45

French _ 45

Marilaunidium hispidum _ 79

jamaicense _ 79

Marrubium vulgare _ 6S

Marsh Elder _ 71

Martynia fragrans _ 78

louisiana _ 78

Matthiola incana _ 52

May Apple _ 71

Meadow Salsify _ 71

Melia azedarach _ _ 34

azedarach umbraculiformis 34

Medicago lupulina _ 71

maculata _ 8

sativa _ 7

Medick, Black _ 71

Meibomia canadensis _ 85

paniculata _ 85

wrightii _ 85

Melampodium cinereum _ 73

Melilotus alba _ 12

Melothria pendula _ 63

Menodora _ 71

Menodora heterophylla _ 71

Mentha arvensis _ 45

Mentzelia nuda _ 83

Mercury, Three-seeded _ 85

Wild _ 88

Mescalbean _ 9

Mesquite _ _ _ 45

Mexican Mallow_ _ 71

Persimmon _ 72

Tea _ 63, 72

Thistle _ 72

Mignonette _ 45

Milfoil _ 89

Milkweed _ 72

Common _ 72

Star _ 72

Whorled _ 72

Millet _ 9

Broomcorn _ 8

Page

Mimosa _ 45

Mint _ 45

Mountain _ 73

Mirabilis jalapa _ L _ 38

Mist-flower _ !1 _ 72

Mitre wort _ 72

Mockernut _ 40

Mockorange _ 45

Wild _ _ 72

Mollugo verticillata _ 59

Monarda dispersa _ 68

fistulosa _ 68

lasiodonta _ 68

mollis _ _ _ 56

punctata _ 68

Moneywort _ 72

Monkshood, Chinese _ t _ 45

Morning Glory, Bush _ 73

Purple-flowered _ 73

White-flowered _ 73

Wild Blue _ 73

Morus alba _ \ _ 46

alba tatarica _ : _ 46

nigra _ 46

rubra _ 46

Motherwort _ 73

Mountain-ash _ 46

Mountain Daisy _ 73

Mint _ 73

Pink _ 83

Mud Babies _ 58

Mulberry, Black _ ^ _ 46

Red _ 46

Russian _ _ _ 46

White _ _ _ 46

Mullein, Common _ 73

Moth _ 73

Musa spp. _ 22

Mustard _ _ _ 17

Tansy _ 84

Wild _ 73

Myrica cerifera _ 31

N

Nandina _ 46

Nandina domestica _ 46

Narcissus _ 46

Nasturtium _ 46

Nectarine _ 25

Nelumbo lutea _ 71

Nemastylis acuta _ 60

Nemophila phacelioides _ ! _ 56

Neobesseya spp. _ 33

Neolloydia spp. _ 33

N eomammillaria spp. _ 33

Nepeta cataria _ . _ 60

Nerium oleander _ 47

Nettle, Bull _ 58

112

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Page

Nettle (concluded)

Stinging _ 83

Nicandra physalodes _ 55

Nigger Weed _ 73

Nightshade, Beaked _ 73

Black _ 73

Purple _ 73

White _ 73

Ninebark, Goldleaf _ 46

Nolina lindheimeri _ 56

micro carpa _ 56

texana _ 56

Nootka Cypress _ 34

Nothoscordum bivalve _ 63

Nutgrass _ 74

Nyctaginia capitala _ 64

Nymphaea microcarpa _ 63

Nyssa aquatica _ 39

sylvatica _ 39

o

Oats _ _ _ 10

Wild _ 74

Oak, Basket _ 46

Black _ 46

Black Jack _ 46

Burr _ 46

Chinquapin _ _ 46

Cow _ ; _ 46

Daimyo _ 46

Durand White _ 46

Emory _ 46

Live _ 47

Mongolian _ 46

Overcup _ 46

Pin _ _ _ 46

Post _ 46

Shin _ 46

Southern Red _ 46

Spotted _ 46

Swamp Chestnut _ 46

Texas Red _ 46

Water _ 46

White _ 46

Willow _ 46

Oenothera drummondii _ 49

laciniata _ 77

missouriensis _ 49

Okra _ _ 17

Olea europaea _ _ 25

Oleander _ 47

Olive _ _ 25

Russian _ 47

Onion _ 17

Scentless Wild _ 63

Wild _ 74

Onosmodium bejariense _ 65

Opuntia leptocaulis _ 77

Page

lindheimeri _ 77

spp. _ : _ _ 33

Orache, Halberd-leaved _ 74

Spreading _ _ _ 74

Orange _ 23

Hardy _ 23

Satsuma _ 23

Sour _ 23

Oryza sativa _ 10

Osage-orange _ 47

Osmanthus, Silver _ 47

Osmanthus aquifolium argent-

eus _ 47

Os try a virginiana _ 42

Oxalis corniculata _ 88

drummondii _ 88

stricta _ 88

Ox-eye Daisy _ 74

Oxybaphus hirsutus _ 86

nyctagineus _ 86

Oxydendrum arboreum _ 51

p

Paeonia spp. _ •_ 47

Pagoda Tree _ „ _ 47

Panicum miliaceum _ 8

Pansy _ 47

Papaw _ 26

Papaya _ 26

Parkinsonia _ _ 47

Parkinsonia aculeata _ 47

Parsley _ 17

Parsnip _ 17

Wild _ 74

Parthenium argentatum _ 9

hysterophorus _ _ 78

Parthenocissus heptaphylla _ 86

Partridge Pea _ 74

Pas si flora af finis _ 75

incar nata _ 75

lutea _ 75

Passion Flower _ 75

Dwarf _ 75

Pastinaca sativa _ 17, 74

Paulownia tomentosa _ 49

Pavonia lasiopetala _ 78

Pea, English _ _ _ 17

Partridge _ 74

Wild _ 88

Peach _ _ _ _ _ 26

Peanut _ _ _ 10

Pear _ . _ 26

Pea-vine _ _ _ 75

Pecan _ 27

Pelargonium graveolens _ 39

peltatum _ 39

Penicereus spp. _ 33

Penny Cress _ _83

INDEX

113

Page

Pennyroyal, Hairy

75

Vent stem, on cobaea

65

onurrauanus

65

Peony

47

Pepper

18

Pepper-grass, Apetalous

_ 75

Field

75

Golden

75

Hoarv

75

Wild

75

Peppertree. Brazilian

48

California

48

Peppervine

36

Persea americana

22

Persimmon, Common

— 27

Japanese

27

Mexican

72

Petalostemon obovatus

77

purpureum

77

stanfieldii

77

Petroselinum hortense

17

Petunia

48

Petunia hybrida

48

Phacelia congesia

81

Phanerotaenia

75

Phanerotaenia texana

75

Phaseolus acutifolius latifolius 13

aureus

•8

lunatus macrocarpus

13

vulgaris

12

Philadelphus serpyllifolius_

72

spp.

45

Phlox

48

Phoenix dactylifera

24

Photinia

48

Low

48

Photinia arbutifolia

48

serrulata

48

Phyllostachys bambusoides _

30

nigra

30

Physocarpus opulifolius luteus 46

Phytolacca decandra

76

Picea canadensis

51

engelmanni

51

Pickerel Weed

56

Pignut

40

Pigeon Grass

75

Pigeon-pea

10

Pigweed

70

Green

75

Rough

75

Winged

75

Pimpinella anisuw

12

Pin Clover

75

Pine, Cypress

48

Limber

48

Loblolly

48

Longleaf

48

Page

Mexican White _ 48

Pinon _ 48

Shortleaf _ 48

Western Yellow _ _ 48

Pinus echinata _ 48

edulis _ 1 _ 48

flexilis _ 48

palustris _ _ 48

ponderosa _ 48

strobiformis _ 48

taeda _ _ 48

Pistache _ 27

Pistacia chinensis _ 27

mexicana _ 27

vera _ 27

Pisum sativum _ 17

Pithecolobium flexicaule _ 38

Pittosporum _ _ _ 49

Plantago aristata _ 75

arvenaria _ 75

lanceolata _ ; _ 75

Plantain, Large-bracted _ 75

Narrow-leaved _ 75

Sand _ 75

Tuberous Indian _ 76

Platanus occidentalis _ 52

Plum _ 27

American Wild _ 27

Podophyllum peltatum _ 71

Poinsettia _ 49

Poinsettia pulcherrima _ 49

Poison Hemlock _ 76

Ivy _ 76

Poke-berry _ 76

Pokeweed _ 76

Polanisia trachysperma _ 82

uniglandulosa _ 82

Polygonum acre _ 87

convolvulus _ 61

lapathifolium ■ _ 87

persicaria _ 70

scandens _ 61

Polypteris _ 76

Polypteris texana _ . _ 76

Pomegranate _ 49

Pompadour Mallow _ 73

Pontedaria cordata _ 56

Poppy, California _ 49

Poppy Mallow _ 76

Populus acuminata _ 36

angulata _ 36

angustifolia _ 36

deltoides _ 36

Pop-weed _ 57

Portulaca grandiflora _ 77

oleracea _ 77

pilosa _ 77

Potentilla argentea _ 61

114

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Potentilla (concluded)
w,onspeliensis

Potato, Irish

Sweet

Pnvertv-weed

Powder Puffs

Prairie Clover

Purple

Prairie Lily

Pricklv Pear

Primrose. Evening:

Page

61

18

18

76

76

77
77
77
77
49

Evening Ozark

49

Showy

49

Water

87

Willow

87

Yellow Evening

77

Primula obconica superba

49

Princess Tree, Royal

49

Privet

49

Swamn

49

Prosopis juliflora

45

Prune

27

Prunella vulgaris

68

Prunus americana

27

armeniaca

22

avium

22

cerasus

22

demissa

34

serotina

34

spp.

27

virginiana

34

Pseudotsuga douglasii

38

taxi folia

38

Psidium guajava

_ 25

Psoralea floribunda

87

rhombifolia

87

Ptelea trifoliata

41

Ptilimnium laciniatum

69

nuttallii

69

Puccoon

77

Pueraria thunbergiana

9

Pumpkin

20

Puncture Plant

77

Punica granatum

49

Purple Coneflower

78

Purslane

77

Pycanthemum flexuosum

73

Pyrus communis

26

a

Quamasia hyacinthina

65

Quamoclit pinnata

37

Queen Anne’s Lace

57, 77

Queen’s Delight

77

Root

77

Quercus alba

46

dentata

46

durandii

46

Page

emoryi _ 46

lyrata _ 46

macrocarpa _ 46

marilandica _ 46

mobriana _ 46

mongolica _ 46

muhlenbergii _ 46

nigra _ 46

palustris _ 46

phellos _ 46

prinus _ 46

rubra _ 46

shumardii _ 46

stellata _ 46

texana _ 46

velutina _ 46

virginiana _ 47

Quince _ 28

Flowering _ 50

R

Rabbit Lettuce _ 77

Radicula armoracia _ 16

nasturtium-aquaticum _ 87

Radish _ 19

Ragged Daisy _ 77

Ragweed _ _ 78

Giant _ 77

Small _ 77

Small Western _ 77

Rain Lily _ 77

Ram’s Horns _ 78

Ranunculus fascicularis _ 63

macranthus _ 63

repens _ 59

scleratus _ 63

Raphanus sativus _ 19

Rattle Box _ 78

Red Mallow _ 78

Sunflower _ 78

Redbud _ 50

California _ 50

Redwood, Blue _ 50

Weeping Giant _ 50

Reseda odorata _ 45

Rhamnus caroliniana _ 32

purshiana _ 32

Rheum rhaponticum _ 19

Rhododendron _ 50

Rhubarb _ 19

Rhus copallina _ 52

cotinus _ 52

glabra _ 52

toxicodendron _ 76

trilobata _ , _ 52

typhina _ 52

Ribes grossulariae _ 24

vulgare _ 24

INDEX

115

Page

Rice _ 10

Ricinus communis _ 33

Rivina humilis _ 76

Robinia hispida _ 29

pseudo-acacia _ 44

Rock Cress _ 78

Rose _ 50

Meadow _ 50

Pasture _ 50

Wild _ 78

Rosa blanda _ 50

bract eata _ 78

humilis _ 50

spp. _ 50

Rose Mallow _ 78

Swamp _ 78

Roselle _ 19

Rosetilla _ 78

Rosin-weed _ 79

Rubus spp. _ 24

Rudbeckia laciniata _ 35

triloba _ 57

Rumex acetosa _ 81

acetosella _ 81

altissimus _ 64

obtusifolius _ 64

Rush, Slender _ 79

Russian Thistle _ 79

Rutabaga _ _ 19

Rye _ 10

s

Sabbatia campestris _ 84

Saccharum officinarum _ 11

Sage, Blue _ 79

Shrubby _ 79

Sagittaria lancifolia _ 55

Sago Cycas _ 36

Salicornia perennis _ 56

Salix nigra _ 54

Salsify _ 19

Meadow _ 71

Salsola tragus _ 79

Salvia, Autumn _ 50

Salvia ballotaeflora _ 79

farinacea _ 79

greggi alba _ 50

lanceaefolia _ 79

Sambucus canadensis _ 38

nigra _ 38

pubens leucocarpa _ 38

Samolus cuneatus _ 58

Sand Bells _ 79

Parsley _ 79

Verbena _ 79

Sandbur _ 79

Sand-dune Weed _ 79

Page

Sandwort _ 79

Thyme-leaved _ 79

Sanguinaria canadensis _ _ 57

Sapindus drummondi _ 51

Sapium sebiferum _ 52

Sapodilla Vine _ 51

Saponaria officinalis _ 81

Sarracenia flava _ 68

Sarsaparilla Vine _ 80

Sassafras _ 51

Sassafras variifolium _ 51

Saw Yucca _ 81

Scarlet Pea _ 80

Scarlet-beard Foxglove _ 65

Schinus molle _ 48

terebinthifolius _ 48

Schoenocaulon drummondii _ 67

Scleranthus annuus _ 69

Scouring Rush _ 80

Scrambled Eggs _ 62

Scutellaria parvula _ 80

Sea Blite _ 80

Lavender _ 80

Rocket _ 80

Secale cereale _ 10

Sedum nuttallianum _ 84

Senecio jacobaea _ 83

obovatus _ 83

Senna, Wild _ 88

Sequoia gigantea pendulata _ 50

sempervirens glauca_ _ 50

Serviceberry _ 42

Sesban _ 80

Sesbania _ 10

Sesbania canabina _ 10

macro car pa _ 62

vesicaria _ 80

Sesuvium portulacastrum _ 79

Setaria glauca _ 75

viridis _ 75

Shallot _ 19

Shepherdia canadensis xantho-

carpa _ 32

Shepherd’s Barometer _ 80

Purse _ 80

Sicyos angulatus _ 83

Sida, Prickly _ 80

Small-leaved _ 80

Sida diffusa _ 80

longipes _ 80

phy so calyx _ 80

spinosa _ 80

Silene antirrhina _ 60

dichotoma _ 60

noctiflora _ : _ 60

Silktassel-bush _ 51

Silphium integrifolium _ 79

Sisymbrium (Sophia) _ 84

116

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Sisyrinchium angustifolium_
minus
varians

Skull-cap, Small

Page

57

57

57

80

Sleepy Daisy

81

Smartweed, Water

87

Smilax bona-nox

60

Smoketree

52

Snail Flower

81

Snake Apple

81

Herb

81

Snakeroot, White

81

Snapdragon

51

Sneezeweed

81

Snowberry

51

Snow-on-the-mountain

81

Soapberry

51

Soapwort

81

Soja m ax

11

Solanum eleagnifolium

73

melongena

15

nigrum

73

rostratum

73

triquetrum

73

tuberosum

18

Solidago rigida

67

serotina

67

Sonchus arvensis

81

as per

81

oleraceus

81

Sophia pinnata

84

Sophora af finis

65

japonica

47

secundiflora

9

Sorbus sp.

46

Sorghum

10

Sorgo

11

Sorrel, Sheep

81

Tall

81

Wood

88

Sotol

... 81

Sour Grass

88

Sourwood

51

Southern Waxmyrtle

31

Sow Thistle, Common

81

Field

81

Spiny-leaved

81

Soybean

11

Sparkleberry

41

Specularia coloradoensis

86

perfoliata

86

Speedwell

82

Brooklime

82

Common

82

Corn

82

Spergula arvensis

82

Sphaeralcea angustifolia

73

cuspidata

73

Page

lindheimeri _ 73

Spice Lily _ 88

Spicebush _ 51

Spider Flower _ I _ 82

Spider Lily, Western _ 82

Spiderwort _ 82

Spinach _ 20

Spinacia oleracea _ 20

Spiraea pr unifolia _ 32

vanhouttei _ 51

Spirea, Vanhoutte _ 51

Spotted Cowbane _ 76

Spring Beauty _ 82

Spruce, Engelmann _ 51

White _ 51

Spurge, Cypress _ 82

Flowering _ 82

Leafy _ 82

Spotted _ 82

Toothed _ 82

Spurry _ 82

Squash _ 20

Squaw-weed _ : _ 83

Squirrel-tail Grass _ 82

Stagger Grass _ 82

Staggerwort _ 83

Star Cucumber _ 83

Flower _ 83

Thistle _ 83

Steironema ciliatum _ 70

Stellaria media _ 61

nuttallii _ 61

Stick-leaf _ 83

Stickseed _ 83

Stillingia linearifolia _ 77

Stinging Nettle _ 83

Slender _ 83

Stink Weed _ 83

Stizolobium deeringianum _ 8

Stock, Common _ 52

Stonecrop _ 84

Stork’s Bill _ 75

Strawberry _ 28

Sudan Grass _ 11

Sugar-apple _ 28

Sugarbeet _ 11

Sugarberry _ 40

Sugarcane _ 11

Sumac, Lemonade _ 52

Shining _ 52

Smoketree _ 52

Smooth _ 52

Staghorn _ 52

Summersweet _ 52

Sundrops _ ; _ . 49

Sunflower _ 11

Maximilian’s _ 84

Red _ 78

INDEX 117

Page

Sweet Bay _ 44

Pea _ 52

Potato _ 18

William _ 33

Sweetclover, White _ 12

Sweetleaf _ 52

Sweetlife, Everlasting _ 65

Swiss Chard _ 20

Sycamore _ 52

Symphoricarpos sp. _ 51

Symplocos tinctoria _ 52

Syntherisma (Digitaria)_ _ 63

Syringa persica _ 43

vulgaris _ 43

T

Tagetes erecta _ 45

patula _ 45

Talinum lineare _ 66

parviflorum _ 66

Tallowtree, Chinese _ 52

Tamar ix, French _ 53

Tamarix gallica _ 1 _ 53

Tangerine _ 23

Tansy Mustard _ 84

Taraxacum officinale _ 64

Taro _ 38

Tar-weed _ 84

Taxodium distichum _ 37

Teasel, Common _ 84

Teosinte _ 53

Tetraganotheca texana _ 77

Tetraneuris linearifolia _ 89 |

Teucrium canadense _ 62

Texas Bluebell _ 31

Star _ 65, 84

Star, Blue _ 84

Star Daisy _ ’ _ 84

Thelocactus spp. _ 33

Thistle, Blue _ 58

Bull _ 84

Canada _ 84

Mexican _ 72

Roadside _ 84

Russian _ 79

Sow _ 81

Star _ 83

Woolly _ 84

Thlaspi arvense _ 83

Thoroughwort, Late-flowering_ 85

Three-seeded Mercury _ 85

Thuja occidentals _ 29

orientalis _ 29

plicata _ 29

Tickseed, Leafy-bracted _ 85

Nodding Bur _ 85

Purple-stemmed _ 85

Tickweed _ 85

Page

Tilia americana _ 44

Toad-flax, Blue _ 85

Tomato _ 20

Toxylon pomiferum _ 47

Tradescantia fluminensis _ 54

humilis _ 82

Tragia nepetaefolia _ 83

Tragopogon porrifolius _ 19

pratensis _ 71

Treemallow _ _ 53, 85

Tree-of-heaven _ 53

Trefoil, Tick _ 85

Tribulus terrestris _ j. _ 77

Trifolium procumbens _ 62

Triticum aestwum _ 12

Tropaeolum majus _ 46

Troutlily, White _ 55

Trumpetcreeper _ 53

Tsuga diversifolia _ 40

Tuberose, Wild _ 88

Tulip _ 53

Tulipa sp. _ 53

Tuliptree _ 53

Tumble Weed _ 86

Turkey Tangle _ 60

Turnip _ 21

Typha latifolia _ 60

u

Ulmus alata _ 38

americana _ 38

crassifolia _ 38

fulva _ 38

parvifolia _ 38

Umbrella-tree _ 34

Umbrella-wort _ 86

Hairy _ 86

Heart-leaved _ 86

Unicorn Plant _ 78

Urtica chamaedryoides _ 83

dioica _ 83

gracilis _ 83

v

Vaccinium arboreum _ 41

Valerianella stenocarpa _ 59

Vegetable-oyster _ 19

Velvet Bean _ 8

Mallow _ 86

Venus’ Looking-glass _ 86

Verbascum blattaria _ 73

thapsus _ 73

Verbena, Blue _ 86

Hoary _ 86

Nettle-leaved _ 86

Wild _ 86

Verbena angustifolia _ 86

bipinnatifida _ 86

ciliata _ 86

118

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Page

Verbena (concluded)

hastata _ 86

officinalis _ 86

stricta _ 86

urticaefolia _ 86

Verbesina texana _ 69

virginica _ 69

Vernonia baldwinii _ 69

fasciculata _ 69

miss our ica _ _ _ 69

Veronica (Leptandra) _ 64

Veronica anagallis-aquatica _ 82

arvensis _ 82

officinalis _ 82

peregrina _ 82

Vervain, Narrow-leaved _ 86

Vetch _ 12

Wild _ 86

Vetchling _ 86

Viburnum, Common _ 53

Viburnum opulus sterile _ 53

rufidulum _ 40

Vicia leavenworthii _ 86

sativa _ 12

villosa _ 12

Vigna sinensis _ 9

Viguiera _ 86

Viguiera Tielinthoides _ 86

Vincetoxicum biflorum _ 72

Viola cornuta _ 47

odorata _ 53

tricolor _ 47

Violet _ 53

Virginia Creeper _ 36

Texas _ 86

Virgins-bower _ 35

Vitex _ 54

Vitex agnus-castus _ 54

negundo _ 54

negundo incisa _ 54

Vitis spp _ 25

w

Wafer Ash _ 41

Wallflower _ 86

Walnut, Black _ 28

Japanese _ „ _ 28

Persian _ _ _ 28

Wandering- Jew _ 54

Water Cress _ _ 87

Hemlock _ 87

Hemp, Western _ 87

Lily _ _ _ 87

Locust _ 44

Potato _ 55

Primrose _ 87

Smartweed _ 87

Willow _ 87

Watermelon _ 21

Page

Waxmyrtle, Southern _ 31

Weigela, Japanese _ 54

Weigela japonica _ 54

Wheat _ 12

Wheat Thief _ 87

White Campion _ 87

Lily _ 87

Wilcoxia spp. _ 33

Wild Alfalfa _ 87

Alfalfa, Brown-flowered _ 87

Alyssum _ 88

Buckwheat _ 88

China _ 51

Iris _ 60

Mercury _ 88

Pea _ 88

Senna _ 88

Tuberose _ 88

Willow, Black _ 54

Desert _ 54

Willow Primrose _ 87

Wine Cup _ 88

Flower _ 88

Winterberry, Common _ 54

Winter Cress _ 88

Wisteria, American _ 54

Wisteria frutescens _ 54

Wissadula holosericea _ 86

Wood Sage, Common _ 62

Sorrel _ 88

Violet _ 88

Wormseed _ 72

Wormwood _ 89

X

Xanthisma texanum _ 81

Xanthium canadensis _ 62

commune _ 62

spinosum _ 62

Y

Yarrow _ . _ 89

Yaupon _ 54

Yellow Daisy _ 89

Yucca, Common _ 54

Yucca filamentosa _ 54

rupicola _ 56

tenuistyla _ 56

z

Zantedeschia aethiopica _ 43

Zantlnoxylum americanum _ 29

Zea mays _ 8

Zephyranthes (Atamosco) _ 82

Zinnia _ 54

Zinnia elegans _ 54

Zizyphus jujuba _ 25

Zornia, Four-leaved _ 89

Zornia bracteata _ 89

Zygadenus Lily _ 87

Zygadenus nuttallii _ 87

Transactions

of the

TEXAS ACADEMY of SCIENCE

1932 TO 1933

TOGETHER WITH THE PROCEEDINGS
FOR THE SAME TIME

VOLUME XVII

Austin, Texas

Published by the Academy

Transactions

of the

TEXAS ACADEMY of SCIENCE

»

1932 TO 1933

TOGETHER WITH THE PROCEEDINGS
FOR THE SAME TIME

VOLUME XVII

Austin, Texas

Published by the Academy
1935

ORGANIZATION

of the

TEXAS ACADEMY of SCIENCE

MEMBER OF

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

AFFILIATED AND SUBORDINATE BODIES

Texas Archeological and Paleontological Society

West Texas Historical Society

Texas Folklore Society

North Texas Biological Society

Southwestern Science Society

Texas Entomological Society

University Science Club

El Paso Archeological Society

Chapter I, Commerce

Chapter II, San Antonio

Chapter I, Junior Academy of Science, Commerce

OFFICERS, 1932-1933

President . . . E. N. Jones, Baylor University

Vice-President, Chairman Section I . H. A. Wilson, Rice Institute

Vice-President, Chairman Section II . F. B. Iseley, Trinity College

Vice-President, Chairman Section III . M. L. Crimmins, San Antonio

Secretary-Treasurer . H. B. Parks, Agric., Exp. Sta., San Antonio

fyrz

CONTENTS

Page

Land and fresh-water snails of Texas, by John K. Strecker, Jr . 5

Proceedings of annual meeting, October 20 and 21, 1933 . . 45

ILLUSTRATIONS

Plates —

I. Counties in which land and fresh-water snails have been made...— 4
II, III. Figures of some snails of Texas . ----- 44

I Cottle. J

Transactions of Texas Academy of Science, Vol. XVII

Plate I

1 —
i

j

i _

i

~ cn

w

i

L__

b

£

x

i

L

-\

LAND AND FRESH- WATER SNAILS OF TEXAS

Bv JOHN K. STRECKER, JR.1

Family HELICINIDAE
HELICINA CHR YSOCHEIL A A. Binney

Helicina chrysochetla, Singley, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 311.

Said by W. G. Binney to occur in Texas, near the mouth of the Rio
Grande. Pilsbry and Johnson in their catalogue of North American
snails repeat this statement, but no other information is available.

HELICINA ORBICULATA Say
PI. Ill, figs. 15, 16

Helicina orbiculata, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 311.

This includes the form H. orbiculata var. tropica Jan, which Pilsbry
regards as an ill-defined race.

Galveston, Galveston County ; Corpus Christi, Nueces County
(Singley) . El Paso, El Paso County (Askew (Singley) ) . Victoria,
Victoria County (Mitchell). Ellis County (Cheatum and Burt).
Laneport, Williamson County; Pecos, Devils, and Nueces river drift;
east of Brackettville, Kinney County; Dekalb and Bowie counties
(Ferriss) . Fort Clark, Kinney County; Fort Worth, Tarrant County
(Mearns (Dali)). Cibilo River in Wilson County (Johnson and
Strecker). Helot es, Bexar County; New Braunfels, Comal County;
San Marcos, Hays County; Dallas, Dallas County; Waco, McLennan
County; Burnet, Burnet County; Austin, Travis County; Rosebud,
Falls County; Matagorda Peninsula and Palacios, Matagorda County;
Refugio, Refugio County; Glen Rose, Somervell County (Strecker).
San Antonio, Bexar County; Hondo, Medina County; Del Rio, Devils
River, High Bridge over Pecos River, Val Verde County (Pilsbry).
Live Oak County (Vanatta) .

1 This paper is published from a manuscript completed by Mr. John Kern Strecker, Jr.,
Curator of Baylor University Museum, previous to his death on January 9, 1933. Except
for editing and the addition of species reported from the Davis Mountains area by E. P.
Cheatum in 1935, the material is as prepared by Mr. Strecker. Grateful acknowledgments
are extended by the editor to Henry A. Pilsbry, H. A. Rehder, T. D. A. Cockerell, E. P.
Cheatum, Frank Collins Baker, M. L. Thompson, and G. D. Hanna for aid in checking
some of the names and references.

No attempt has been made by the author to offer to the reader complete synonymies.
For those species named from Texas localities reference to the original paper has been
made. A few references to papers that present helpful illustrations of Texas species have
been included. Because Singley’s lists in the Fourth Annual Report of the Geological
Survey of Texas in 1893 are classic and constitute a starting point in any compilation of
recorded occurrences of species in Texas, these are presented in the synonymies. — Editor,
Texas Academy of Science.

6

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Family HELICIDAE
HELIX ASPERA Muller
PI. II, figs. 11, 12

Two small local colonies in Waco, McLennan County. The members
of these colonies have so far not wandered any great distance from their
original neighborhoods.

HELIX LACTEA Muller
PI. II, figs. 5, 6

I have specimens that were reared in local snaileries in Waco. This
snail, like H. aspera, is not confined, and it is merely a matter of a short
time before it becomes more widely distributed.

HELIX VERMICULATA Muller
PI. II, figs. 7, 8

Introduced at Waco, McLennan County; now widespread and
abundant. The first colony of which I have knowledge was established
near Cameron Park in the northeastern part of the city. Another colony
established by Tony Gooch on South Seventh Street has already spread
as far west as Tenth Street and five blocks southward to Speight Avenue.
Another healthy colony is scattered along Fort Avenue in the north¬
western part of Waco. In some of these places the snails are so abundant
that they can be collected by the hundreds.

HUMBOLDTIANA CHISOSENSIS Pilsbry

Humboldtiana chisosensis Pilsbry, 1927, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 79, pp. 182-184, pi. 12, figs. 7, 8, pi. 14, fig. 8.

In Chisos Mountains, Brewster County, this species occurs in rock
slides on steep slopes and in recesses of the crags along the summit (type
locality) to the left of Naill’s ranch house (Pilsbry and Ferriss, Nov.
23-25, 1923) ; also at "Lost Mine Peak" near Moss Well (Morgan
Hebard (Pilsbry)).

HUMBOLDTIANA FERRISSIANA Pilsbry

Humboldtiana ferrissiana Pilsbry, 1928, Nautilus, vol. 41, p. 82.

Type locality at Mitre Peak in Davis Mountains, Pecos County.

HUMBOLDTIANA HUMBOLDTIANA (Valenciennes)

Helix (Pomatia) humboldtiana, Stearns, 1891, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 14,
p. 96.

Helix humboldtiana, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann, Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 304.

Lysinoe humboldtiana, Pilsbry and Johnson Catalogue, 1898.

Altuda, Brewster Co. (Stearns) ; single specimen found in soil thrown
out by a prairie dog; elevation 5,000 feet (Stearns (Singley) ).

LAND AND FRESH-WATER SNAILS

7

HUMBOLDTIANA TEXANA Pilsbry

Humboldtiana texana Pilsbry, 1927, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 79,
pp. 179-182, pi. 12, figs. 9-11, pi. 14, fig. 5.

Type locality in Brewster County along the Marathon-Sanderson high¬
way 1 5 to 20 miles east of Marathon at Housetop Mountain ; occurs also
about 25 miles east of Marathon and on the south side of valley near
water tank about 34 miles east (all collected by James H. Ferriss).

HUMBOLDTIANA CHEATUMI Pilsbry

Small canyon tributary to Limpia Canyon about five miles north of
Fort Davis, Jeff Davis County (Cheatum) .

HUMBOLDTIANA ULTIMA Pilsbry

Humboldtiana ultima Pilsbry, 1927, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 79,
pp. 184-186, pi. 12, figs. 12-14; pi. 13, fig. 4.

This species was described from the canyons high in Guadalupe
Mountains southeast of Orange, New Mexico. It probably ranges into
Texas, as Pilsbry infers that the type locality is near the boundary
between the two states.

HUMBOLDTIANA PALMERI Clench and Rehder

Humboldtiana palmeri Clench and Rehder, 1930, Nautilus, vol. 44, p. 12,
pi. 2, figs. 1—4.

The type locality is Livermore Peak in Davis Mountains, Jeff Davis
County.

VALLONIA COSTATA (Muller)

Eight miles southeast Aspermont, Stonewall County; North Fork
Little Wichita River south of Dundee, Archer County (Case (Walker) ) .

VALLONIA GRACILICOSTA Reinhard

V allonia gracilicostata Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 5,
p. 189.

Helix gracilicosta, Singley, 1893, Idem, pt. 10, p. 307.

Amarillo, Potter County (Henderson). Swisher County (Cummins
(Singley) ) . Pleistocene.

VALLONIA PERSPECTIVA Sterki

Drift from Pecos, Devils, and Nueces rivers (Ferriss). Amarillo,
Potter County (Henderson) .

VALLONIA PULCHELLA (Muller)

Laneport (Ferriss), Williamson County.

VALLONIA EXCENTRICA Sterki

Under boards in a vacant lot in Galveston, Galveston County
(Pilsbry).

8

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

PRATICOLELLA BERLANDIERIANA (Moricand)

PI. Ill, figs. 11, 12

Helix berlandieriana, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10
p. 304.

Anderson, Austin, Bexar, Brazos, Caldwell, Cameron, Comal, Duval,
Fort Bend, Galveston, Gillespie, Goliad, Gonzales, Hays, Hidalgo,
Kendall, Lampasas, Lee, Milam, Nueces, Travis, Waller, Washington,
and Williamson counties (Singley) . Harris County (Askew (Singley) ) .
Palacios and Matagorda Peninsula, Matagorda County ; McLennan
County (Strecker). Live Oak County (Vanatta). Jackson and Victoria
counties (Mitchell). San Benito, Cameron County (Cockerell) . Wilson
County (Johnson and Strecker). Bosque County (Pilsbry). Dallas
County (Cheatum and Burt).

PRATICOLELLA GRISEOLA (Pfeiffer)

Helix griseola, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10, p. 304.

Brownsville and other localities in Cameron County, Edinburg,
Hidalgo County (Strecker collection). In addition to the above two
counties Singley lists this shell from Duval County and in these three
records he was correct. All the other counties he mentions for
P. griseola are no doubt based on P. berlandieriana.

POLYGYRA CEREOLA (Muhlfeldt) var. FEBIGERI (Bland)

Helix febigeri, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 307.

Galveston and Virginia Point, Galveston County (Singley). Mata¬
gorda Peninsula, Matagorda County (Strecker).

POLYGYRA UVULIFERA (Shuttleworth)

Helix uvulifera, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 305.

L

Recorded from Corpus Christi by Binney. It is doubtful whether
this shell is a native of Texas. Singley was unable to find it at Corpus
Christi and in other localities where he was told that he would be likely
to find it.

POLYGYRA AURIFORMIS (Bland)

Helix auriformis, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,

p. 306.

Quarantine Island, off Aransas Pass, Aransas County (Roy Quillin,
Strecker collection). Galveston County (Ferriss). New Braunfels,
Comal County (Strecker) . Calhoun County (Hubbard (Pilsbry) ) .
Comal, Bastrop, and Burleson counties (Singley) . Austin, Travis
County; San Antonio, Bexar County (Pilsbry).

LAND AND FRESH-WATER SNAILS

9

POLYGYRA ESPILOCA Ravenal

Helix es pi l oca, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 306.

Indianola, Calhoun County (Binney (Singley) ) . Matagorda Penin¬
sula, Matagorda County (Strecker) .

POLYGYRA PUSTULA (Ferussac)

Helix pustula, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,

p. 306.

Recorded from Texas by Binney, but doubtless in error.

POLYGYRA LEPORINA (Gould)

Helix leporina, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 306.

Matagorda Peninsula, Matagorda County (Strecker). Mt. Pleasant,
Titus County (Ferriss) . Anderson, Lee, Fort Bend, and Washington
counties (Singley).

POLYGYRA DORFEUILLIANA (Lea)

PI. Ill, figs. 9, 10

Helix dorfeuilliana, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,

p. 306.

McLennan County (Bland, Strecker, and Williams). Tarrant and
Grayson counties (Askew (Singley) ) . Burleson and Brazos counties
(Singley). Cooke County (Ragsdale (Singley)). Galveston, Galveston
County (Pilsbry) . Matagorda Peninsula, Matagorda County (Sttecker) .
Naples, Morris County (Ferriss). Bowie and DeKalb counties; Dallas,
Dallas County; Waco, McLennan County; Fort Worth, Tarrant County
(Pilsbry and Ferriss).

POLYGYRA DORFEUILLIANA (Lea) var. SAMPSONI Wetherby

Waco, McLennan County (Strecker) ; identified by Bryant Walker.
In the Pilsbry and Johnson catalogue this species is listed as Texan, but
I do not recall seeing any specific localities listed for it.

POLYGYRA MOOREANA (W. G. Binney)

Polygyra mooreana, W. G. Binney, 1885, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 28, p. 370,
fig. 405.

Helix mooreana, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,

p. 306.

Polygyra mooreana, Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila¬
delphia, vol. 58, p. 129, pi. 5, figs. 4-10.

Abundant and widely distributed. Williamson and Wharton counties
(Walker (Singley)). Lampasas County (Mrs. Sinks (Singley)).
Burnet County (Cummins (Singley) ) . Lee, Brazos, Burleson, Wash¬
ington, Austin, Waller, Fort Bend, Fayette, Anderson, Bastrop,

10

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Travis, Comal, Bexar, Nueces, Webb, Starr, and Hidalgo counties
(Singley). Wilson County (Johnson and Strecker). McLennan
County; Helotes, Bexar County; New Braunfels, Comal County;
Palacios, Matagorda Peninsula, Matagorda County (Strecker) . Dallas
County (Cheatum and Burt) .

POLYGYRA MOOREANA (W. G. Binney) var. THOLUS (W. G. Binney)

Helix mooreana var. tholus, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt.,

pt. 10, p. 306.

Polygyra mooreana tholus, Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Hist.
Philadelphia, vol. 58, p. 130, pi. 5, figs. 1-3.

Brazos and Fort Bend counties (Singley). Washington County
(Pilsbry). Galveston County (Ferriss). Calhoun County (Hubbard
specimens in Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia) .

POLYGYRA BICRURUS (Pfeiffer)

Brownsville and the mouth of Rio Grande (Pilsbry) . A Mexican
species. Specimens from "Texas” collected by A. D. Brown are in the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

POLYGYRA VENTROSULA (Pfeiffer)

Helix ventrosula, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 307.

A species of northwestern Mexico, reported from Texas by Binney.
Listed in the Pilsbry and Johnson catalogue, but Vanatta of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia informs me that that institution has
no Texas specimens of this species nor of the following variety.

POLYGYRA VENTROSULA (Pfeiffer) var. HINDSI Pfeiffer

Polygyra hinds't, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 307.

Southern Texas, according to Binney. Singley reported specimens of
Pliocene age from the Galveston artesian well.

POLYGYRA MATERMONTANA Pilsbry

Texas (Pilsbry). Two specimens labeled "Texas” and collected by
A. B. Brown are in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences.

POLYGYRA RICHARDSONI von Martens

Specimens from "Texas” collected by J. S. Phillips are in the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

POLYGYRA TEXASIANA (Moricand)

PI. Ill, figs. 7, 8

Helix texasiana Moricand, 1833, Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve, vol. 6,
p. 538, pi. 1, fig. 2.

Helix texasiana (pars), Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt.,
pt. 10, p. 306.

LAND AND FRESH-WATER SNAILS

11

Polygyra texasiana, Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel¬
phia, vol. 58, p. 128, pi. 5, figs. 16-20.

Polygyra texasiana var. tillsandsiae Cockerell, 1917, Nautilus, vol. 31, p. 36.
(Type locality at San Benito, Cameron County.)

Ranges over most of Texas. Lee, Washington, Robertson, Burleson,
Waller, Austin, Fort Bend, Travis, Hays, Comal, Bexar, Frio, Nueces,
Webb, Hidalgo, and Uvalde counties (Singley). Dallas, Dallas County;
Waco, McLennan County; Chilton, Cedar, and Big Deer creeks, Falls
County; Palacios, Matagorda Peninsula, Matagorda County (Strecker).
Cibolo Creek, Wilson County (Johnson and Strecker). Ellis County
(Cheatum and Burt). North Fork Little Wichita River south of
Dundee, Archer County; Double Mountain Fork Brazos River eight
miles southeast of Aspermont, Stonewall County (Case (Walker)).
Fort Worth, Tarrant County (Mearns (Dali)). Live Oak County
(Vanatta). Laneport, Williamson County (Ferriss). San Benito,
Cameron County (Cockerell). Jackson and Victoria counties
(Mitchell). Lampasas County (Mrs. Sinks (Singley)). Cooke County
(Ragsdale (Singley)). Burnet County (Cummins (Singley)). Hill,
Hunt, and Kaufman counties (Askew (Singley) .

POLYGYRA TEXASIANA (Moricand) var. TEXASENSIS Pilsbry

Helix texasiana (pars), Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt.,
pt. 5, p. 189, pt. 10, p. 306.

Polygyra texasensis Pilsbry, 1902, Nautilus, vol. 16, p. 31.

Polygyra texasiana var. texasensis, Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 58, p. 129, pi. 5, figs. 11, 12.

Polygyra texasiana hyperolia Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Idem, p. 128, pi. 5,
figs. 13-15. (Type locality is the high land west of Devils River.)

The type locality for this variety is Colorado City, Mitchell County
(Ferriss). Sanderson, Terrell County (Strecker collection). Alpine,
Brewster County; Langtry, mouth of Pecos River, Val Verde County;
Devils River; east of Brackettville, Kinney County; Nueces River
(Ferriss). Reeves and Ward counties (Askew (Singley as P.
texasiana) ) . Fort Clark, Kinney County (Mearns, as P. texasiana).

POLYGYRA TRIODONTOIDES (Bland)

Polygyra triodontoides, W. G. Binney, 1885, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 28, p. 370,
fig. 404.

Helix triodontoides, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt. pt 10
p. 306.

Lafitte’s Cove on Galveston Island, and the mainland, Galveston
County (Singley) . Jefferson County (Kennedy (Singley) ) . Corpus
Christi, Nueces County; Dewitt County (Binney). (T. D. A .Cockerell
records this species from Roswell, New Mexico, but Dr. Pilsbry who
has examined Cockerell’s specimens, says that they are P. texasiana var.
texasensis Pilsbry.)

12

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

POLYGYRA LATISPIRA Pilsbry

Western Texas (Pilsbry) . Two specimens collected by Dr. Horatio C.
Weed from the Big Bend of the Rio Grande, Brewster County, Texas,
are in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

POLYGYRA ARIADNAE (Pfeiffer)

Helix ariadnae, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 307.

Texas, on the Rio Grande, according to Binney (Pilsbry and Johnson
catalogue) .

POLYGYRA HIPPOCREPIS (Pfeiffer)

Helix hippocrepis, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 307.

Known only from New Braunfels, Comal County, where it has been
collected by Singley, Askew, Mitchell, Pilsbry, Strecker, and others.

POLYGYRA FALLAX (Say)

Helix fallax, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 305.

Texas (Binney) ; an extremely doubtful record.

POLYGYRA VULTUOSA (Gould)

Helix vultuosa, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 305.

Twenty miles north of Beaumont, Jefferson County (Wetherby).
Smith and Wood counties (Askew (Singley) ) . Anderson County
(Singley).

POLYGYRA VULTUOSA (Gould) var. HENRIETTAE (Mazyck)

Helix vultuosa var. henriettae, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann.
Rpt., pt. 10, p. 305.

Angelina County (Askew (Singley) ) . Lee and Robertson counties
(Singley).

POLYGYRA VULTUOSA (Gould) var. COPEI Wetherby

Helix vultuosa var. copei, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt.,
pt. 10, p. 305.

Hardin County (Pilsbry) . Harris County (Askew (Singley) ) . Lee,
Robertson, Anderson, and Galveston counties (Singley).

POLYGYRA VULTUOSA (Gould) var. CRAGINI (Call)

Helix vultuosa var. cragini, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt.,
pt. 10, p. 305.

Wood County (Singley) . Naples, Morris County (Ferriss) .

LAND AND FRESH -WATER SNAILS

13

POLYGYRA INFLECTA (Say)

Helix in fie eta, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10, p. 305.

Recorded by Binney from Texas, no definite locality. It occurs in
Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Missouri and may have entered northern
Texas.

POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS (Say)

Helix albolabris, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 305.

Daingerfield, Morris County (McDaniell (Singley) ) . Tyler, Smith
County, introduced (Askew (Singley) ) . Ellis County (Cheatum and
Burt) .

POLYGYRA ROEMERI (Pfeiffer)

PI. Ill, figs. 17, 18

Helix roemeri, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10, p. 305.

Goeth’s ranch, 12 miles from San Antonio, Bexar County (Quillin).
Falls, McLennan, Coryell, Oglesby, and Robertson counties (Strecker).
Fort Worth, Tarrant County (Mearns (Dali) ) . Ellis County (Cheatum
and Burt). Tarrant County (Askew (Singley)). Falls, Brazos, and
Milam counties (Kennedy (Singley) ) . Lampasas County (Mrs. Sinks
(Singley) ) . Burnet County (Cummins (Singley) ) . Travis, Bexar,
Comal, Hays, and Dallas counties (Singley).

POLYGYRA CLAUSA (Say)

Dallas County (Cheatum and Burt) .

POLYGYRA THYROIDES (Say)

Helix thyroides, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 304. !

San Marcos, Hays County (Pilsbry and Ferriss, Strecker) . Smithville,
Bastrop County; DeKalb, Bowie County (Ferriss). Jefferson County
(Kennedy (Singley)). Ellis County (Cheatum and Burt). Jackson
and Victoria counties (Mitchell).

POLYGYRA THYROIDES (Say) var. BUCCULENTA (Gould)

Helix thyroides var. bucculenta, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann.
Rpt., pt. 10, p. 304.

Harris, Gonzales, and Grayson counties (Askew (Singley)). Collin
and San Jacinto counties (Ragsdale (Singley) ) . Lee, Washington,
Robertson, Waller, Fort Bend, Anderson, and Caldwell counties
(Singley) .

POLYGYRA MONODON (Rackett)

Helix monodon, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 5,
p. 189, pt. 10, p. 305.

Hardeman County (Cummins (Singley) ) . Pleistocene. San Amtonio,
Bexar County (Pilsbry). Dallas County (Cheatum and Burt).

14

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

POLYGYRA FRATERNA (Say)

Helix monodon var. jraterna, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann.
Rpt., pt. 10, p. 305.

New Braunfels, Comal County (Pilsbry and Ferriss, Singley,
Strecker). Austin, Travis County (Pilsbry). Ellis County (Cheatum
and Burt). McLennan County (Strecker). Wood and Gonzales
counties (Askew (Singley) ) . Cooke County (Ragsdale (Singley) ) .
Jefferson and Milam counties (Kennedy (Singley) ) . Bexar, Burleson,
Brazos, and Fort Bend counties (Singley) . Dallas County (Cheatum
and Burt) .

POLYGYRA FRATERNA (Say) var. ALICIAE (Pilsbry)

Gainesville, Cooke County; Cass County (Ragsdale). Wood County
(R. Walton (Pilsbry)). DeKalb, Bowie County; Mt. Pleasant, Titus
County; Naples, Morris County (Ferriss).

POLYGYRA FRATERNA (Say) var. FRIERSONI (Pilsbry)

Fayette County (Pilsbry) . DeKalb, Bowie County (Ferriss) . Sulphur
River, Bowie County (Strecker and Williams) . Matagorda Peninsula,
Matagorda County (Strecker) .

THYSANOPHORA INCRUSTATA (Poey)

Patula incrustata, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 304.

Galveston, Galveston County; Corpus Christi, Nueces County
(Binney). Hidalgo County (Singley).

THYSANOPHORA HORNII (Gabb)

Hondo River in Medina County; Rio San Felipe near Devils River,
Val Verde County (Pilsbry and Ferriss). Live Oak County (Vanatta).
Devils River and Nueces River drift, scarce in drift (Ferriss) . Head of
Fern Canyon; drift along Kokernot Creek in Musquiz Canyon, Jeff
Davis County (Cheatum) .

PUPISOMA DIOSCORICOLA (C. B. Adams) var. INSIGNIS Pilsbry

Live Oak County (Vanatta) .

PUPISOMA DIOSCORICOLA (C. B. Adams) var. CAECA (Guppy)

Patula caeca, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10, p. 304.

Hidalgo County (Singley).

PUPISOMA MACNEILLI (Clapp)

Ellis County (Cheatum and Burt) .

Family BULIMULIDAE
BULIMULUS PATRIARCH A (W. G. Binney)

Ellis County (Cheatum and Burt). This identification is based on a
young specimen and is questionable.

LAND AND FRESH-WATER SNAILS

15

BULIMULUS DEALBATUS (Say)

Northeast Texas (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ms.).

BULIMULUS DEALBATUS (Say) var. LIQUABILIS (Reeve)

PI. Ill, figs. 21, 22

Bulimulus dealbatus, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 309.

Bulimulus dealbatus var. liquabilis, Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 58, p. 134, pi. 6, figs. 7-12.

Lake Kemp, Baylor County; McLennan, Falls, Bosque, Hays, San
Marcos counties (Strecker). Ellis County (Cheatum and Burt).
DeKalb, Bowie County (Ferriss) . Eastern and southeastern Texas
(Pilsbry and Ferriss). Double Mountain and Aspermont, Stonewall
County (Case (Walker) ) . Somerset, Atascosa County (Kirn, Strecker
collection). Jackson and Victoria counties (Mitchell). Bloomington,
Victoria County (Quillin, Strecker collection) . Live Oak County
(Vanatta) . Madison and Milam counties (Kennedy (Singley) ) .
Duval, Gillespie, and Grayson counties (Askew (Singley) ) . Cooke,
Hill, and Lampasas counties (Ragsdale (Singley) ) . Lee, Brazos,
Nueces, Burleson, Wharton, Robertson, Washington, Waller, Fort Bend,
Travis, Frio, and Hidalgo counties (Singley). Fort Clark, Kinney
County (Mearns).

BULIMULUS DEALBATUS (Say) var. RAGSDALEI (Pilsbry)

Bulimulus ragsdalei, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 309.

Bulimulus dealbatus ragsdalei . Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, vol. 58, p. 137, pi. 6, figs. 16-24.

Alpine, Housetop Mountain, Brewster County; Sanderson, small hills
west of St. John ranch, Terrell County; Langtry, Devils River, and
about three miles east of Del Rio, Val Verde County (Ferriss). Fort
Clark, Kinney County (Mearns). St. Jo, Montague County (Pilsbry,
Singley) . Bluffs of Red River and southwest Texas (Pilsbry and
Ferriss) .

BULIMULUS DEALBATUS (Say) var. MOOREANA (W. G. Binney)

Bulimulus schiedeanus var. mooreanus, W. G. Binney, 1885, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 28, p. 400, fig. 438.

Bulimulus schiedeanus, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt.,
pt. 10, p. 309.

Bulimulus schiedeanus var. mooreanus, Singley, 1893, Idem, p. 309.

Bulimulus dealbatus mooreanus, Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, vol. 58, p. 133, pi. 6, figs. 1-6.

Originally described from Washington and DeWitt counties. San
Antonio, Bexar County (Quillin and Strecker) . "Arid region of central
and southern Texas” (Pilsbry and Ferriss). San Marcos, Hays County;
Oglesby, Coryell County; New Braunfels, Comal County; McLennan

16

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

County (Strecker). San Marcos, Hays County; Baylor Park in Waco,
McLennan County, all brown form (Williams). Bloomington, Victoria
County (Quillin). Temple, Bell County, white form (York). Wilson
County (Johnson and Strecker). Victoria County (Mitchell, as B.
schiedeanus). Somervell County (Sterki). Coleman, Cameron,
Guadalupe, Goliad, Kerr, Kendall, Duval, and McLennan counties
(Askew (Singley) ) . Denton County (Ragsdale (Singley) ) . Burnet
County (Cummins (Singley) ) . Milam County (Kennedy (Singley) ) .
Williamson County (Walker (Singley) ) . Hidalgo, Caldwell, Austin,
Waller, Washington, Travis, Comal, Bexar, Frio, Webb, and Nueces
counties (Singley) .

BULIMULUS DEALBATUS (Say) var. SCHIEDEANA (Pfeiffer)

Rare in the mountains of western Texas. Terlingua, Brewster County
(Koch (Clapp)).

BULIMULUS DEALBATUS (Say) var. PASONIS Pilsbry

Bulimulus dealbatus pasonis Pilsbry, 1902, Nautilus, vol. 16, pp. 32-33.

Bulimulus dealbatus pasonis, Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Philadelphia, p. 139, pi. 6, fig. 25.

Type locality at El Paso, El Paso County.

BULIMULUS DEALBATUS (Say) var. PECOSENSIS Pilsbry and Ferriss

Bulimulus dealbatus pecos en sis Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Philadelphia, p. 138, pi. 6, figs. 26, 27.

Type locality on mesa one and one-half miles southeast of the eastern
end of High Bridge over the Pecos (S. P. R. R.), Val Verde County
(Pilsbry and Ferriss). Mouth of Pecos in several places, and about
halfway between there and Del Rio; near, and west of, Nueces River
below junction of two dry branches and in river drift (Ferriss) .

BULIMULUS ALTERNATUS (Say) var. MARIAE (Albers)

Tuleta and Beeville, Bee County; Kenedy, Karnes County; Blooming¬
ton, Victoria County; Ayrea Dugout, 2 C Islands, between Rockport
and Seadrift, very large patriarchal form (Quillin) . Sharyland, Hidalgo
County (Mrs. M. B. Seitz). Brownsville, Cameron County (Strecker
Coll.). Jackson and Victoria counties (Mitchell). Edinburg, Hidalgo
County (Fitzpatrick). Falfurrias, Brooks County; Eagle Pass, Maverick
County (Plummer). Live Oak County (Vanatta) . Duval, Cameron,
Maverick, Frio, Webb, Hidalgo, and Nueces counties (Singley) .

BULIMULUS ALTERNATUS (Say) var. ALBIDA Taylor

Derly, Frio County.

BULIMULUS ALTERNATUS (Say) var. INTERMEDIA Singley

Corpus Christi, Nueces County.

LAND AND FRESH -WATER SNAILS

17

BULIMULUS ALTERNATUS (Say) var. HESPERIA Pilsbry and Ferriss

Bulimulus alternatus mariae (western form), Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 58, p. 139, pi. 7, figs. 1-12.

Bulimulus alter at us hesperius Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1924, Nautilus, vol. 38, pp.

40-41.

The type locality is on the east of the Pecos High Bridge, Val Verde
County. Valley north of the canyon of the Rio Grande south -southwest
of Terlingua, Brewster County; Langtry, west of and at the highway
bridge over the Pecos near its mouth, Val Verde County (Ferriss) . Fort
Clark, Kinney County (Mearns).

BULIMULUS PILSBRYI Ferriss

Bulimulus pilsbry i Ferriss, 1925, Nautilus, vol. 39, p. 25.

The type locality is Sanderson, Terrell County.

DRYMAEUS SERPERASTRUM (Say)

A Mexican species said to occur just north of the Rio Grande in
Texas.

Family UROCOPTIDAE

MICROCERAMUS TEXANUS (Pilsbry)

Macroceramus texanus Pilsbry, 1898, Nautilus, p. 23, 1898.

Macroceramus gossei, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt.,

pt. 10, p. 310.

Microceramus texanus, Pilsbry, 1904, Manual of Conchology, ser. 2, vol. 16,
pi. 25, figs. 1-4, 1904.

The type locality is New Braunfels, Comal County (Pilsbry, Singley,
Strecker, Bartsch). Helot es, Bexar County (Bartsch, Strecker). Sinking
Creek near San Marcos, Hays County (Pilsbry and Ferriss). Travis
County (Singley) .

HOLOSPIRA GOLDFUSSI (Menke)

Holospira goldfussi, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 309.

New Braunfels, Comal County (Gurley, Singley, Strecker). Helotes,
Bexar County; rare (Strecker). San Marcos, Hays County (Stearns
(Bartsch)). Blanco River (Shumard (Bartsch)).

HOLOSPIRA GOLDFUSSI (Menke) var. ANACACHENSIS Bartsch

Holospira (Holospira) goldfussi anacachensis Bartsch, 1907, Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus., vol. 31, p. 123, pi. 4, fig. 4.

The type locality is in Anacacho Mountains, Kinney County. Nueces
River (Bartsch). Twenty miles north of Brackettville on Hillcoals
ranch, 6 to 8 miles east of Spofford, 6 miles southeast of Cline near
Frying Valley, Kinney County (Stanton (Bartsch)). Elm Creek about
6 miles above Eagle Pass, Maverick County (Vaughan and Stanton
(Bartsch) ) .

18

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

HOLOSPIRA HAMILTONI Dali

Holospira (Haplostemma) hamiltoni Dali, 1897, Nautilus, vol. 11, p. 39.

The type locality is in Rio Grande Mountains, Brewster County, at an
altitude of 3500 feet (collected by J. M. Hamilton (Dali)).

HOLOSPIRA ROEMERI (Pfeiffer)

Holospira roemeri, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 309.

Painted Cave, mouth of Pecos River, and Devils River region
(Stearns). Comal County (Singley, Strecker) . Helotes, Bexar County
(Strecker). Alpine and Housetop Mountain, Brewster County; Nueces
River (Ferriss). New Braunfels, Comal County (Gurley (Bartsch)).
Helotes, Bexar County (Wetherby (Bartsch) ) . Japonica, Kerr County;
13 miles south of Juno, Val Verde County (M. Surber (Bartsch)).
Headwarters of Nueces River, Edwards County; Round Mount on
Uvalde River, Uvalde County (Stanton and Vaughan). Edwards
County (Vaughan). Devils River; Painted Cave on Pecos River, Val
Verde County (Lloyd (Bartsch)). Near High Bridge over Canyon of
Pecos River, Val Verde County (F. M. Bailey (Bartsch)). Near
Spofford, Kinney County (T. W. Stanton (Bartsch) ).

HOLOSPIRA PASONIS Dali

Holospira pasonis Dali, 1895, Nautilus, vol. 8, p. 112.

The type locality is in Mule Canyon, El Paso County, at an altitude
4,000 feet (J. A. Singley) .

HOLOSPIRA MESOLIA Pilsbry

Holospira mesolia Pilsbry, 1912, Nautilus, vol. 26, pp. 88-90.

The type locality is a low limestone ledge along the railroad at
Sanderson, Terrell County (Hebard and Rehn (Pilsbry)).

Family PUPIDAE

STROBILOPS TEXASIANA Pilsbry and Ferriss

Helix labyrinthica, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 307.

Strobilops labyrinthica texasiana Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 58, p. 147.

The type locality is Guadalupe River four miles above New Braunfels
(Pilsbry and Ferriss). Austin, Travis County; New Braunfels, Comal
County; Lee, Robertson, Nueces, Bexar, and Hidalgo counties (Singley,
as S. labyrinthica but most of these are doubtless true S. texasiana).
Calhoun County (Hubbard). Gainesville, Cooke County (Quintard).
Ellis County (Cheatum and Burt, as S. labyrinthica Say and Strobilops
texasiana floridana Pilsbry). San Marcos, Hays County ; Hondo River
in Medina County (Pilsbry and Ferriss). Lavaca River in Jackson

LAND AND FRESH -WATER SNAILS

19

County; Guadalupe River in Victoria County (Mitchell). Brazos River
drift in McLennan County (Strecker). Red River, Burkburnett,
Wichita County (Walker, as S. texasiana).

STROBILOPS AFFINIS Pilsbry

Somervell County (Sterki)'.

STROBILOPS HUBBARD! (A. D. Brown)

Helix hubbardi Brown, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 333,
text fig.

Helix hubbardi, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rept., pt. 10,
p. 307.

The type locality is Indianola, Calhoun County. Ellis County
(Cheatum and Burt).

PUPOIDES MARGINATUS (Say)

Pupa jallax, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rept, pt. 5, p. 187,
pt. 10, p. 307.

Drift on Salt Fork of Red River, Armstrong County; McLennan
County (Stecker). Ellis County (Cheatum and Burt). North Fork
Wichita River south of Dundee, Archer County (Case (Walker)).
Prairie Dog Fork Red River, Silverton-Clarendon road, Briscoe County;
Red River and Burkburnett, Wichita County; eight miles southeast of
Aspermont, Stonewall County (Walker). Somervell County (Sterki).
Live Oak County (Vanatta). Amarillo, Potter County (Henderson).
Drift along Pecos, Nueces, and Devils rivers (Ferriss). Fort Clark,
Kinney County (Mearns, as Pupa jallax Say). "Found throughout the
state: Hidalgo and Galveston and all of the central Texas counties
and sent from Cooke County by Ragsdale” (Singley).

GASTROCOPTA ARMIFERA (Say)

Pupa armifera, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 5, p. 187,

pt. 10, p. 308.

Bifidaria armifera, Pilsbry and Johnson Catalogue, 1898.

New Braunfels, Comal County (Singley). Amarillo, Potter County
(Henderson). DeKalb, Bowie County (Ferriss). Somervell County
(Sterki). Ellis County (Cheatum and Burt). McLennan County
(Strecker) .

GASTROCOPTA CONTRACTA (Say)

Pupa contracta, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt.. pt. 10,

p. 308.

Bifidaria contracta, Pilsbry and Johnson Catalogue, 1898.

Wood, Jefferson, Cooke, Clay, Hidalgo, Nueces, and Galveston
counties (Singley, "all over the state”). Devils and Nueces rivers
(Ferriss). Live Oak County (Vanatta). Somervell County (Sterki)

20

TEXAS ACADEMY Of SCIENCE

Red River, Burkburnett, Wichita County (Walker). Ellis County
(Cheatum and Burt). McLennan County (Strecker). Fort Clark,
Kinney County (Mearns).

GASTROCOPTA CONTRACTA (Say) var. CLIMEANA (Vanatta)

Southern United States Gulf Coastal Plain from Alabama to Texas
(Pilsbry) .

GASTROCOPTA HOLZINGERI (Sterki)

Pupa holzingeri, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,

p. 308.

Bifid art a holzingeri, Pilsbry and Johnson Catalogue, 1898.

New Braunfels, Comal County, drift (Singley). Somervell County
(Sterki) .

GASTROCOPTA HORDEACEA (Gabb)

Pupa hordeacea , Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 308.

Bifdaria hordeacea, Pilsbry and Johnson Catalogue, 1898.

Colorado County (Sterki (Singley) ) . Lee, Comal, and Fort Bend
counties (Singley) . Hardeman County (Cummins). Subfossil.

GASTROCOPTA PROCERA (Gould)

Pupa procera, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10, p. 308.

Bifdaria procera, Pilsbry and Johnson Catalogue, 1898.

Lee and Comal counties (Singley) . North Fork Little Wichita River
south of Dundee, Archer County ; eight miles southeast of Aspermont,
Stonewall County (Case (Walker) ) . Live Oak County (Vanatta) .
Somervell County (Sterki) .

GASTROCOPTA CRISTATA (Pilsbry and Vanatta)

Pecos, Devils, and Nueces river drift (Ferriss) . Amarillo, Potter
County (Henderson) . Eight miles southeast of Aspermont, Stonewall
County ; Prairie Dog Fork Red River on Silverton-Clarendon road,
Briscoe County (Walker) . Red River, Burkburnett, Wichita County ;
North Fork Little Wichita River south of Dundee, Archer County (Case
(Walker) ) . McLennan County (Strecker) .

GASTROCOPTA PELLUCID A (Pfeiffer) var. HORDEACELLA (Pilsbry)

Pupa hordeacella, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 308.

Bifdaria hordeacella, Pilsbry and Johnson Catalogue, 1898.

Pecos, Devils, and Nueces river drift (Ferriss) . Colorado County
(Sterki (Singley) ) . Lee, Comal, and Fort Bend counties (Singley) .
McLennan County (Stretcker) . Amarillo, Potter County (Henderson) .
Live Oak County (Vanatta) . Somervell County (Sterki) . Eight miles
southeast of Aspermont, Stonewall County ; Red River, Burkburnett,

LAND AND FRESH-WATER SNAILS

21

Wichita County; North Fork Little Wichita River south of Dundee,
Archer County (Case (Walker) ) . Prairie Dog Fork Red River on
Silverton-Clarendon road, Briscoe County (Walker) . One specimen in
humus from Quercus texana eight miles north of Fort Davis in Limpia
Canyon, Jeff Davis County (Cheatum) .

GASTROCOPTA RUPICOLA (Say)

Bifidaria ru pi cola, Pilsbry and Johnson Catalogue, 1898.

"Texas” in the first draft but not mentioned in the completed work.
Probably not a Texan species.

GASTROCOPTA RIOGRANDENSIS (Sterki)

Pupa riograndensis Sterki, 1892, Nautilus, vol. 6, p. 4.

The type locality is Hidalgo County (Sterki). Humus from Quercus
texana eight miles north of Fort Davis in Limpia Canyon, Jeff Davis
County ( Cheatum ) .

GASTROCOPTA CORTICARIA (Say)

Pupa corticaria, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 307.

Bifidaria corticaria, Pilsbry and Johnson Catalogue, 1898.

Columbus, Colorado County (Sterki (Singley) ) . Somervell County
(Sterki). Ellis County (Cheatum and Burt).

GASTROCOPTA CURVIDENS (Gould)

Pupa curvidens, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,

p. 308.

Bifidaria curvidens, Pilsbry and Johnson Catalogue, 1898.

Colorado County (Sterki (Singley)). Comal County (Singley).

GASTROCOPTA DUPLICATA (Sterki)

Somervell County (Sterki).

GASTROCOPTA PENTODON (Say)

Pupa pentodon, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 308.

Bifidaria pentodon, Pilsbry and Johnson Catalogue, 1898.

Live Oak County (Vanatta). Nueces River (Ferriss). Somervell
County (Sterki). Ellis County (Cheatum and Burt). McLennan
County (Strecker) . Colorado County (Sterki (Singley) ) . Comal and
Fort Bend counties (Singley) . Hardeman and Swisher counties
(Cummins (Singley) ) . Subfossil. Humus from Quercus texana about
eight miles north of Fort Davis in Limpia Canyon, Jeff Davis County
(Cheatum) .

GASTROCOPTA PENTODON (Say) var. FLORIDANA (Dali)

Somervell County (Sterki).

22

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

GASTROCOPTA TAPPANIANA (C. B, Adams)

Pupa pentodon, of authors, not Say.

Amarillo, Potter County (Henderson). North Fork Little Wichita
River south of Dundee, Archer County (Case (Walker)). Somervell
County (Sterki) . Salt Fork Red River, Armstrong County; McLennan
County (Strecker) .

GASTROCOPTA TAPPANIANA (C. B. Adams) var. CURTA (Sterki)

Somervell County (Sterki).

PUPA MUSCORUM Linne var. BLANDI (Morse)

Pupa muscorum var. blandi, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt.,
pt. 10, p. 307.

New Braunfels, Comal County, river drift (Singley) .

PUPA SYNGENES Pilsbry

Pupa syngenes, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,

p. 308.

New Braunfels, Comal County, river drift (Singley) .

VERTIGO MILIUM (Gould)

Pupa milium, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10, p. 308.

Colorado and Somervell counties (Sterki). Comal County (Singley).

VERTIGO RUGOSULA Sterki

Vertigo rugosula, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,

p. 308.

Colorado County (Sterki (Singley) ) . Lee and Comal counties
(Singley) . Somervell County (Sterki) .

VERTIGO OVATA Say

Vertigo ovata, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,

p. 308.

Colorado County (Sterki (Singley) ) . Comal and Fort Bend counties
(Singley) . Swisher County (Cummins (Singley) ) . Subfossil.
Amarillo, Potter County (Henderson). Nueces River drift (Ferriss).

VERTIGO TRIDENTATA Wolf

Vertigo tridentata, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 309.

Colorado County (Sterki (Singley) ) . Comal County (Singley) .

VERTIGO OSCARIANA Sterki

Vertigo oscariana, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 309.

Colorado County (Sterki) . Comal County (Singley) .

LAND AND FRESH-WATER SNAILS

23

Family ACHATINIDAE
RUMINA DECOLLATA (Linne)

PL II, figs. 9, 10

Introduced. Brownsville, Cameron County (Camp (Ferriss) ) .
Austin, Travis County (Plummer and Strecker). San Antonio, Bexar
County (Quillin and Strecker). Waco, McLennan County (Potter,
Strecker, Williams) .

Family GLANDULINIDAE
EUGLANDINA TEXASIANA (Pfeiffer)

Glandina texasiana, W. G. Binney, 1878, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 4, p. 87,
text fig.

Glandina texasiana, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt, 10,

p. 301.

Brownsville, Cameron County (Binney, Camp, Ferriss). Fort Clark,
Kinney County (Mearns). Found on both sides of Pecos River near
the highway (Ferriss).

EUGLANDINA SINGLEYANA (W. G. Binney)

PI. Ill, figs. 23, 24

Glandina decussata var. singley ana, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th
Ann. Rpt., pt. 10, p. 302.

Atascosa County (Kirn). Bexar County (Quillin). Austin, Travis
County; Helotes, Bexar County (Strecker). Wilson County (Johnson
and Strecker). San Marcos, Hays County (Williams). Guadalupe
River bottoms, Victoria County (Mitchell in Strecker collection).
Goliad, Gonzales, and Guadalupe counties (Askew (Singley) ) . Bexar,
Comal, Caldwell, Frio, and Travis counties (Singley) .

EUGLANDINA EXESA Cockerell

Euglandina exesa Cockerell, 1930, Proc. Colorado Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 9,
No. 5, pp. 52-53, text fig.

Type from cinnabar mine, 90 miles south of Alpine, Brewster County.

EUGLANDINA VANUXEMENSIS (Lea)

A Mexican species recorded by Binney from southern Texas. A very
doubtful record.

EUGLANDINA TRUNCATA (Gmelin)

Recorded from Texas by Binney but not likely to occur in the State
Family CIRCINARIIDAE
HAPLOTREMA CONCAVUM (Say)

Ellis County (Cheatum and Burt) .

24

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Family ZONITIDAE
OMPHALINA FRIABILIS (W. G. Binney)

Zonites friabilis, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,

p. 302.

Waco, McLennan County; San Marcos, Hays County (Strecker)'.
Bowk County: Sulphur River bottoms (Williams and Strecker) ; DeKalb
County (Ferriss). Bell and Gonzales counties (Askew (Singley)).
Brazos County (Kennedy (Singley) ) . Lampasas County (Ragsdale
(Singley)). Milam and Williamson counties (Walker (Singley)).
Lee, Caldwell, Waller, Hays, and Travis counties (Singley).

RETINELLA SCULPTILIS (Bland)

Recorded from Waco by Binney and from northern Texas by Pilsbry
Not Texan. These records are based on the large form of Rctinella
indentata (Say).

RETINELLA INDENTATA (Say )

PI. Ill, figs. 13, 14

Zonites identatus, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 303.

Live Oak County (Vanatta) . Somervell County (Sterki) . Red River,
Burkburnett, Wichita County (Case (Walker)). Ellis County (Cheatum
and Burt). Wilson County (Johnson and Strecker). "Entire State"
(Singley). McLennan, Travis, Bell, Hays, and Bexar counties
(Strecker) .

RETINELLA INDENTATA (Say) var. UMBILICATA (Singley )

Vitrea indentata var. umbilicata, Cockerell, Nautilus, vol. 12, p. 120.

Pecos, Nueces, and Devils river drift (Ferriss). Lee County
(Cockerell). McLennan County (Strecker). In the majority of local¬
ities investigated by me, both the typical form of the species and its
variety are associated.

RETINELLA INDENTATA (Say) var. PAUCILIRATA (Morelet)

Fern Canyon in a bed of humus beneath Crataegus trees ; drift along
Kokernot Creek in Musquiz Canyon, Jeff Davis County (Cheatum).

RETINELLA HAMMONIS (Strom) var. ELECTRINA (Gould)

Fort Clark, Kinney County (Mearns, as Zonites radiatula (Alder) ) .

RETINELLA DALLIANA (Simpson) var. ROEMERI (Pilsbry and Ferriss)

Vitrea dalliana roemeri Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila¬
delphia, vol. 58, p. 151, fig. 8.

The type localtiy is Sinking Spring Creek near San Marcos, Hays
County. The species occurs also along Hondo River in Medina County ;
Rio San Filipe and Devils River in Val Verde County (Pilsbry and
Ferriss). McLennan County (Strecker). Somervell County (Sterki).
Nueces river drift (Ferriss).

LAND AND FRESH-WATER SNAILS

25

RETINELLA CRYPTOMPHALA (Clapp)

Vitrea cryptomphala Clapp, 1915, Nautilus, vol. 29, pp. 25-28, fig. 1.

San Antonio, Bexar County (Clapp).

EUCONULUS FULVUS (Draparnaud)

Zonites fulvus, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 303.

McLennan County (Strecker). "Widely distributed" entire state
(Singley) .

EUCONULUS CHERSINUS (Say)

EMis County (Cheatum and Burt).

EUCONULUS CHERSINUS (Say) var. TROCHULUS (Reinhard)

Conulus cherisinus trochulus, Pilsbry, 1899, Nautilus, vol. 12, p. 116.

McLennan County (Strecker) . Live Oak County (Vanatta) . Hondo
River in Medina County; Sinking Springs in Hays County (Pilsbry and
Ferriss). New Braunfels, Comal County (Pilsbry). Rio San Filipe,
Devils, and Nueces river drift (Ferriss).

EUCONULUS CHERSINUS (Say) var. POLYGYRATA (Pilsbry)

Ellis County (Cheatum and Burt).

GUPPYA GUNDLACHI (Pfeiffer)

Zonites gundlachi, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 303.

Hidalgo County (Singley, Pilsbry).

ZONITOIDES ARBOREUS (Say)

Zonites arbor eus, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 302.

"Entire state”, Sabine River to Rio Grande; Cooke and Hidalgo
counties (Singley). Ellis County (Cheatum and Burt). Somervell
County (Sterki) . New Braunfels, Comal County; Sinking Spring, Hays
County (Pilsbry and Ferriss). Live Oak County (Vanatta). Mt.
Pleasant, Titus County (Ferriss). McLennan, Falls, Bell, Coryell,
Travis, Hays, and Bexar counties (Strecker). In bed of humus under
Quercus texana in Limpia Canyon, Jeff Davis County (Cheatum).

HAWAIIA MINUSCULA (W. G. Bianey)

Zonites minusculus, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 303.

Devils and Nueces river drift (Ferriss). Salt Fork Red River in
Armstrong County; McLennan County (Strecker). "Entire state”;
Colorado and Fort Bend counties; New Braunfels, Comal County

26

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

(Singley). Fifteen miles southeast of Amarillo, Potter County (Hen¬
derson) . Prairie Dog Fork Red River near Silverton-Ciarendon road,
Briscoe County; North Fork Little Wichita River south of Dundee,
Archer County (Walker). Red River, Burkburnett, Wichita County;
eight miles southeast Aspermont, Stonewall County (Case (Walker) ) .
Somervell County (Sterki). Live Oak County (Vanatta). Hondo
River, Medina County; Del Rio, Devils River, and Pecos River, Val
Verde County (Pilsbry and Ferriss). Hidalgo County (Pilsbry).

The variety, Haivaiia m'muscula var. alachuana Dali occurs with the
typical form at most Texas localities. Specimens from Galveston in
the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia are
labeled "near to H. mmuscula neomexicana (Pilsbry and Cockerell).’’

STRIATURA MILIUM (Morse) var. MERIDIONALIS (Pilsbry and Ferriss)

Zonites milium, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 303.

Vitrea milium ?neridionalis Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, vol. 58, p. 152.

The type locality is along Guadalupe River above New Braunfels,
Comal County (Pilsbry and Ferriss). Sinking Spring Creek, near San
Marcos, Hays County; Hondo River, Medina County; Drift from Pecos
River, Val Verde County (Pilsbry and Ferriss) . Comal and Fort Bend
counties (Singley). Somervell County (Sterki).

VENTRIDENS INTERTEXTUS (W. G. Binney)

Zonites intertextus, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 302.

Beaumont, Jefferson County (Wetherby (Singley) ) .

VENTRIDENS DEMISSUS (W. G. Binney)

Zonites demissus, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,

p. 302.

Beaumont, Jefferson County (Wetherby (Singley) ) . Carinated
variety.

Family LIMACIDAE
LIMAX MAXIMA Linne

New Braunfels, Comal County (Pilsbry (Singley) ) . Introduced.

LIMAX FLAVA Linne

Waco, McLennan County (Strecker) . Introduced.

AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS (Linne)

Agriolimax agrestis, Strecker, 1910, Nautilus, vol. 24, pp. 3-4.

Waco, McLennan County (Strecker). Introduced.

LAND AND FRESHWATER SNAILS

27

AGRIOLIMAX CAMPESTRIS (A. Binney)

Fort Clark, Kinney County (Mearns) . Supposed to inhabit the entire
United States. Probably occurs in McLennan County.

Family PHILOMY CIDAE
PHILOMYCUS CAROLINENSIS (Bose)

T ebennopborus carolinensis, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann.
Rpt., pt .10, p. 303.

Anderson County (Singley) . Falls and McLennan counties
(Strecker) .

Family ENDODONTIDAE
ANGUISPIRA ALTERNATA (Say)

PI. II, figs. 3, 4

Patula alternately Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 303.

Pyramidula alternata, Pilsbry and Johnson Catalogue, 1898.

I have specimens of A. alternata which, though not perfectly typical,
are nearer the typical form than to the next variety. These specimens
are from McLennan County and other central and eastern Texas
counties.

ANGUISPIRA ALTERNATA (Say) var. RARINOTATA (Pilsbry)

Pyramidula alternata rarinotata Pilsbry, 1900, Nautilus, vol. 13, p. 114.

This is the common Texas form of Anguispira. Probably most of
the following records refer to it. Caldwell and Fayette counties
(Singley (Pilsbry) ). Navidad River bottom, Jackson County (Mitchell
(Pilsbry)). Bruceville, McLennan County; New Braunfels, Comal
County; San Marcos, Hays County; Texarkana, Bowie County
(Strecker). Denison, Grayson County (Ferriss). Bell, Gonzales, and
Guadalupe counties (Askew (Singley)). Williamson County (Walker
(Singley) ) . Burleson, Fort Bend, and Travis counties (Singley) . New
Braunfels, Comal County (Pilsbry) . Colorado and Victoria counties
(Mitchell).

ANGUISPIRA ALTERNATA (Say) var. CARINATA (Pilsbry and Rhoads)

Waxahachie, Ellis County (Cheatum and Burt).

GONYODISCUS PERSPECTIVUS (Say)

Patula perspectiva, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 303.

Is found in Texas, according to Binney and Pilsbry.

GONYODISCUS STRIATELLA (Anthony)

Patula striatella, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 303.

Swisher County (Cummins (Singley) ) . Post-Pliocene.

28

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

GONY ODISCUS CRONKHITEI (Newcomb) var. ANTHONYI (Pilsbry)

Midlothian, Ellis County (Cheatum and Burt). Drift.

HELICODISCUS SINGLEYANUS (Pilsbry)

Zonites sin gley anus Pilsbry, 1889, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 84.

Hyalinia laeviuscula Sterki, 1892, Nautilus, vol. 6, p. 53. (Type locality,
New Braunfels, Comal County.)

Zonites laeviuscula, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt.,
pt. 10, p. 303.

Zonites singleyanus, Singley, Idem, p. 303.

The type locality is at New Braunfels, Comal County (Singley).
Devils and Nueces river drift (Ferriss). Salt Fork Red River in
Armstrong County; McLennan County (Strecker). New Braunfels,
Comal County; Columbus, Colorado County (Singley). Ellis County
(Cheatum and Burt). Fifteen miles southeast of Amarillo, Potter
County (Henderson). Prairie Dog Fork Red River on the Clarendon-
Silverton road, Briscoe County; North Fork Little Wichita River south
of Dundee, Archer County; Red River, Burkburnett, Wichita County;
eight miles southeast of Aspermont, Stonewall County (Walker).
Somervell County (Sterki). Live Oak County (Vanatta). Drift along
Kokernot Creek in Musquiz Canyon between Fort Davis and Alpine,
Jeff Davis County (Cheatum). Comal, Fort Bend, and Colorado
counties (Singley, as Zonites laeviuscula).

HELICODISCUS NUMMUS (Vanatta)

Zonitoides nummus Vanatta, 1899, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 524,
text fig.

The type locality is at New Braunfels, Comal County (Ferriss).
Devils River, Pecos River canyon above High Bridge, Del Rio, Val Verde
County; San Marcos, Hays County; Hondo River in Medina County
(Pilsbry and Ferriss) . Devils and Nueces River drift (Ferriss) . North
Fork Little Wichita River south of Dundee, Archer County (Case
(Walker)). Red River, Burkburnett, Wichita County; eight miles
southeast of Aspermont, Stonewall County (Walker). Somervell
County (Sterki).

HELICODISCUS PARALLELUS (Say)

Helix lineata Say, 1817, (not Olivi, 1792), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 1, p. 18, vol. 2, p. 373.

Helicodiscus parallelus, Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, vol. 58, p. 156, pi. 8, figs. 7‘-10.

Eight miles southeast of Aspermont, Stonewall County (Case
(Walker)). Amarillo, Potter County (Henderson). Ellis County
(Cheatum and Burt).

"I have not seen Texas specimens of typical lineatus, but it doubtless
occurs in northern and eastern parts of the state. In New Mexico,
at Pecos, Las Vegas, Mesilla, Sandia Mountains, and other places, and

LAND AND FRESH-WATER SNAILS

29

in the Pecos River canyon near its mouth, Val Verde County, Texas,
there is a form of H. parallellus with rather weak, sparse spirals, the
intervals more distinctly striate radially than in typical parallelus. This
seems to be a form of the southeastern Rocky Mountains and southward
to the Rio Grande, occupying territory between the ranges of H.
eigenmanni and H. arizonensis, with some overlapping on the territory
of the latter” (Pilsbry and Ferriss). Near a large reservoir one mile
west of Fort Davis on a rocky ledge covered by a bed of cactus humus,
Jeff Davis County (Cheatum) .

HELICODISCUS EIGENMANNI Pilsbry

Helicodiscus eigenmanni Pilsbry, 1900, Nautilus, vol. 14, p. 41.

Helicodiscus eigenmanni, Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Philadelphia, vol. 58, p. 157, pi. 8, figs. 1-3.

The type locality is Beaver Cave near San Marcos, Hays County
(Pilsbry). Pecos, Devils, and Nueces river drift (Ferriss). Sinking
Spring Creek, Hays County; Hondo River, Medina County; Alpine,
Brewster County (Pilsbry and Ferriss). Calhoun County (Hubbard).
Lee County (Singley). Navidad River in Jackson County (Mitchell).
McLennan County (Strecker) .

For H. lineatus (H. parallelus) Singley records Lee, Burleson, Comal,
Bexar, Hidalgo, and Cooke counties, and Sterki records Somervell
County, but most of these are H. eigenmanni.

PUNCTUM PYGMAEUM (Drapernaud)

Punctum pygmaeum, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 304.

Nueces River (Ferriss). River drift in Comal County (Singley).
River drift at Columbus, Colorado County (Sterki (Singley) ) . Hondo
River, Medina County (Pilsbry and Ferriss). McLennan County
(Strecker) . North Fork Little Wichita River south of Dundee, Archer
County (Case (Walker)). Somervell County (Sterki).

COLUMELLA EDENTULA (Drapernaud)

Sphyradium edentulus, Pilsbry and Johnson Catalogue, 1898.

Ellis County (Cheatum and Burt) .

Family SUCCINEIDAE
SUCCINEA SALLE AN A Pfeiffer

Lake in Jackson County and Traylor’s Lake, Victoria County
(Mitchell) .

30

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

SUCCINEA CAMPESTRIS Say

Succinea campestris, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 311.

Galveston Island, Galveston County (Singley) . Ellis County
(Cheatum and Burt). It is possible that the form recorded from these
localities is 5. unicolor Tryon.

SUCCINEA LUTEOLA Gould

Succinea luteola, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,

p. 310.

Edinburg, Hidalgo County (Fitzpatrick). Fort Clark, Kinney County
(Mearns). Fort Worth, Tarrant County (Mearns (Dali)). Alpine,
Brewster County; Langtry, mouth of Pecos, and Devils River, Val Verde
County (Ferriss). Frio County (Singley). Comal, Val Verde, and
Medina counties (Pilsbry and Ferriss). Bexar County (Askew
(Singley) ) .

SUCCINEA CONCORDIALIS Gould

Succinea concordialis, Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila¬
delphia, vol. 58, p. 159, text figs. 11, 12.

Succinea concordialis, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,

p. 310.

Lake Concordia, Louisiana (not Texas), (Pilsbry) ; Gould thought
locality in Texas. Mud Island off coast, Aransas County (Quillin
(Strecker collection)). Matagorda Peninsula, Matagorda County
(Strecker) . West Yegua Creek, Lee County (Singley) . Waller County
(Ragsdale (Singley) ) . Hays, Comal, Bexar, Val Verde, and Victoria
counties (Pilsbry and Ferriss).

SUCCINEA GROSVENORII Lea

Succinea grosvenori, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 311.

Ellis County (Cheatum and Burt) . North Fork Little Wichita River
south of Dundee, Archer County; Piedroso Creek north of Amarillo,
Potter County (Case (Walker) ) . San Antonio, Bexar County (Pilsbry) .
Lee, Washington, and Fort Bend counties (Singley) . Cockerell named
a form 5*. rufescens from Lee County specimens. Fort Clark, Kinney
County (Mearns, as S. lineata W. G. Binney). Howard County
(Cummins (Singley)). Subfossil (W. G. Binney, as S. lineata).

SUCCINEA AVARA Say
PI. Ill, figs. 1, 2

Succinea avara, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,

p. 310.

Jefferson County (Kennedy (Singley) ) . Rockwall County (Ragsdale
(Singley)). Ward, Reeves, and Bexar counties (Askew (Singley)).
Comal, Bexar, and Val Verde counties (Pilsbry and Ferriss) . Webb and

LAND AND FRESH-WATER SNAILS

31

Travis counties (Singley) . McLennan, Falls, Hays, and Travis counties
(Williams and Strecker). Turk Head, Medina County (Quillin
(Strecker collection) ) . Wilson County (Johnson and Strecker) . Fort
Clark, Kinney County (Mearns). Ellis County (Cheatum and Burt).
Mt. Pleasant, Titus County; Devils and Nueces rivers (Ferriss). Fern
Canyon on moist ledge ; Musquiz and Limpia canyons, Jeff Davis County
(Cheatum) .

Family AURICULIDAE
CARYCHIUM EXIGUUM (Say)

Carychium exiguum, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 311.

Colorado and Somervell counties (Sterki). Hondo River, Medina
County; Devils River in Val Verde County (Pilsbry and Ferriss).
Comal, Fort Bend, and Travis counties, Guadalupe River (Singley) .

CARYCHIUM EXILE H. C. Lea

Carychium exile , Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 311.

Somervell County (Sterki). McLennan County (Strecker). Comal
County (Singley). Drift in Hays, Medina, and Val Verde counties
(Pilsbry and Ferriss) .

Family LYMNAEIDAE

LYMNAEA DALLI Baker

Drift along Kokernot Creek in Musquiz Canyon between Fort Davis
and Alpine, Jeff Davis County (Cheatum).

PSEUDOSUCCINEA COLUMELLA (Say)

Limnaea columella, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 313.

West Yegua Creek, Lee County (Singley) . Fort Clark, Kinney
County (Mearns). "South to central Texas” (Baker).

PSEUDOSUCCINEA COLUMELLA (Say) var. CHALYBEA (Gould)

"In Texas, lies on the border of the Rio Grandian region” (Baker).
Baker mentions no specific localities but a dot on the map outlining the
distribution of this subspecies indicates the neighborhood of Jackson
and Victoria counties where most of J. D. Mitchell’s conch ological
collecting was done.

GALBA CUBENSIS (Pfeiffer)

Garcitas Creek, Victoria County (collected by Mitchell (Baker)).

32

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

GALBA BULIMOIDES (Lea) var. TECHELLA (Haldeman)

PI. Ill, figs. 5, 6

Limnea techella Haldeman, 1867, Am. Jour. Conch., vol. 3, pi. 6, fig. 4.

Limnea bulimoides, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 313.

Lymnaea bulimoides techella, Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, vol. 58, p. 163, text figs. 20-23.

Galba bulimoides techella, Baker, 1911, Chicago Acad. Sci., Spec. Publ. 3, pp.
214-217, pi. 27, fig. 32.

Dallas, Dallas County (E. Hall (Baker)). Greenville, Hunt County
(Hanna (Baker)). Houston, Harris County (Hemphill, Pilsbry).
Dallas, Dallas County (Hemphill). Rockwall County (Ferriss). San
Marcos, Hays County (Pilsbry and Ferriss, Strecker). San Antonio,
Bexar County (Pilsbry). Royse City, Rockwall County (Ragsdale).
Fort Worth, Tarrant County (Sampson, Walker, Mearns (Dali)).
Rio Grande near El Paso, El Paso County (Smith collections, Mearns
(Dali)). Bouldin Creek, Travis County; New Braunfels, Comal
County; Cala Creek, Throckmorton County; Jackson County (Smith
collection). North Fork Little Wichita River near Dundee, Archer
County (Case (Walker)). Ellis County (Cheatum and Burt).
McLennan County (Strecker). Sabine River, Hunt County (Askew
(Singley)). Lampasas County (Mrs. Sinks (Singley)). Brazos River
in Fort Bend County; Colorado River and tributaries in Travis County
(Singley).

GALBA BULIMOIDES (Lea) var. COCKERELLI (Pilsbry and Ferriss)

Lymnaea bulimoides cockerelli Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, vol. 58, p. 162, text figs. 13-17.

Sabine River, Greenville, Hunt County (Smith collection (Baker) ) .
Rutersville, Fayette County (Lea) .

GALBA CAPERATA (Say)

Limnaea caperata, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 313.

Reeves County (Askew), "an elongate variety” (Singley). Swisher,
Hardeman, and Cottle counties; subfossil (Cummins (Singley)).
Piedroso Creek north of Amarillo, Potter County (Case (Walker) ) .

GALBA PARVA (Lea)

Drift in Somervell County (Sterki). Devils and Nueces river drift
(Ferriss) . Drift along Kokernot Creek, Musquiz Canyon, between Fort
Davis and Alpine, Jeff Davis County (Cheatum).

LAND AND FRESH -WATER SNAILS

33

GALBA HUMILIS (Say) var. MODICELLA (Say)

Limnaea humilis, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 313.

Limnaea modicella, Singley, 1893, Idem, p. 313.

Fort Clark, Kinney County (Mearns). Wild Horse Creek, Big
Spring, Howard County; Hardeman County (Cummins) ; Pleistocene.
Southern Texas (Pilsbry) .

GALBA OBRUSSA (Say)

Limnaea desidiosa, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 313.

McLennan County (Strecker). Leon Creek in Bexar County (Askew
(Singley)). Comal Creek, New Braunfels, Comal County; Colorado
River and tributaries in Travis County (Singley).

GALBA PALUSTRIS (Muller)

Limnaea palustris, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 313.

Limnaea tryoniana, Singley, 1893, Idem, p. 314.

No Recent specimens from Texas (Baker). Tule Canyon, Swisher
County; Kiowa Peak, Stonewall County (Cummins (Singley)).
Pleistocene.

GALBA REFLEXA (Say)

Limnaea reflexa, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 313.

This species is recorded by Singley from a Pleistocene deposit in
Robertson County (collected by Kennedy) . Baker makes the following
comment on these specimens: "Kennedy’s record from the Brazos
River valley, Robertson County, Texas, needs confirmation, as reflexa has
not been authentically reported south of Illinois.”

Family PLANORBIDAE
PLANORBIS ANTROSUS Conrad

Planorbis bicarinata, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 5,
pp. 186, 187, pt. 10, p. 314.

Nueces River (Ferriss). Somervell County (Sterki). Fort Clark,
Kinney County (Mearns). McLennan County (Strecker). Pedernales
River in Gillespie County (Askew (Singley)). Brushy Creek in
Williamson County (Walker (Singley) ) . Guadalupe River and
tributaries in Comal County ; San Marcos River in Hays County ;
Colorado River and tributaries in Travis County; San Antonio River
in Bexar County; Burton, Washington County (Singley). Stonewall,
Howard, and Hardeman counties (Cummins (Singley) ) . Pleistocene.

34

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

PLANORBIS CARUS Pilsbry and Ferriss

Planorbis earns Pilsbry and Ferris, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 58, p. 164, pi. 9, %s. 4, 5.

The type locality is the canyon of Pecos River above Pligh Bridge,
Val Verde County; Rio San Felipe, Devils River; Sinking Springs near
San Marcos, Hays County; Guadalupe River, Comal County (Pilsbry
and Ferriss). Devils, Pecos, Nueces river drift (Ferriss). Somervell
County (Sterki).

PLANORBIS CULTRATUS d’Orbigny

Planorbis cultratus, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 314.

Hidalgo County (Singley) . Devils River, Val Verde County (Pilsbry
and Ferriss). Brownsville, Cameron County (Ferriss, Camp’s speci¬
mens) .

PLANORBIS DILATATUS Gould

Planorbis dilatatus, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 314.

Guadalupe River in Victoria County (Mitchell) . Nueces River drift
(Ferriss) . Pond in Greenwood Cemetery in Houston, Harris County
(West gate (Singley) ) . Colorado River drift at Columbus, Colorado
County (Sterki (Singley) ) . Guadalupe River in Comal County
(Singley).

PLANORBIS EXACUOUS Say2

Planorbis exacutus, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 314.

Swisher County (Cummins (Singley) ) .

PLANORBIS LENTUS Say

Planorbis lentus, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 314.

Staked Plains at Crosbyton, Crosby County (Walker). North Fork
of Wichita River south of Dundee, Archer County ; Piedroso Creek north
of Amarillo, Potter County (Case (Walker) ) . Ellis County (Cheatum
and Burt) . "Common in all of the (Texas) streams that have been
explored" (Singley) . Pleistocene deposits in the Staked Plains region
(Cummins (Singley) ) . Scenic drive one mile northwest of Fort Davis ;
Limpia and Musquiz canyons, Jeff Davis County (Cheatum) .

PLANORBIS LIEBMANNI Dunker

Planorbis liebmanni, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 314.

Devils and Nueces river drift (Ferriss) . Ellis County (Cheatum and
Burt) . Fort Clark, Kinney County (Mearns) . McLennan County ;
Guadalupe River in Comal County (Strecker) . Rancho Los Fresnos

2 Because of fundamental anatomical differences, this species is now placed by Frank
Collins Baker in the genus Menetus (American Midland Naturalist, vol. 16, p. 271, 1935)
Editor.

LAND AND FRESH-WATER SNAILS

35

in Cameron County; Pedernales River in Gillespie County; Leon Creek
in Bexar County (Askew (Singley) ) . Comal Creek, New Braunfels,
Comal County; pond in Hidalgo County (Singley). Tributaries of
Colorado River in Travis County (Singley, Strecker).

PLANORBIS PARVUS Say

Flanorbis parvus, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 314.

Salt Fork of Red River in drift, Armstrong County; McLennan
County (Strecker) . Amarillo, Potter County (Henderson) . Somervell
County; Colorado River at Columbus, Colorado County (Sterki) . Eight
miles southeast of Aspermont, Stonewall County (Case (Walker) ) .
Ellis County (Cheatum and Burt). Swisher and Stonewall counties
(Cummins (Singley) ) . Pleistocene.

PLANORBIS TRIVOLVIS Say
PI. II, figs. 1, 2

Flanorbis trivolvis, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 314.

Nueces River (Ferriss). A lake in Jackson County; Spring Creek
and Traylor Lake in Victoria County (Mitchell) . Fort Clark, Kinney
County (Mearns). McLennan County (Strecker). Stonewall County
(Cummins (Singley) ) . Pleistocene.

PLANORBIS TUMIDUS Pfeiffer

Flanorbis tumidus, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 314.

Walker (1918) claims that Planorbis caribaeus d’Orbigny has priority
over P. tumidus.

Tank on Lutrell ranch in Armstrong County; Blanco River in Hays
County; McLennan and Falls counties (Strecker). Las Moros Creek
in Kinney County; Rio Grande near El Paso in El Paso County (Mearns
(Dali)). Creek near San Antonio in Bexar County (Quillin). Fort
Clark, Kinney County (Mearns). Devils River (Stearns). Rancho Los
Fresnos, Cameron County (Askew (Singley) ) . Lampasas County
(Mrs. Sinks (Singley) ) . Tributaries of the Colorado River in Travis
County (Singley).

SEGMENTINA HAVANENSIS (Pfeiffer)

'"This species is said to have been collected by Dr. F. Roemer in
Texas, the locality not given. I have not seen it” (Singley, Geol. Survey
Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10, p. 315, 1893) .

SEGMENTINA OBSTRUCTA (Morelet)

Segmentina armigera, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 315.

"Occurs abundantly in Texas as far north as Austin” (Pilsbry).
Brownsville, Cameron County (Ferriss, Camp’s specimens). Live Oak

36

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

County (Vanatta). Devils and Nueces river drift (Ferriss). Fight
miles southeast of Aspermont, Stonewall County (Case (Walker) ) .

Family PHYSIDAE

PHYSA ANATINA Lea

Ellis County (Cheatum and Burt). Pot-holes in Limpia, Musquiz,
and Fern canyons; reservoir just northwest of Fort Davis, Jeff Davis
County (Cheatum).

PHYSA AMYGDALUS G. B. Sowerby

Physa amygdalus Geo. B. Sowerby, Jr., 1873, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 19,
pi. 8, sp. 63. Physa.

Type locality, "Texas, North America".

PHYSA CRANDALLI Baker

Middle Bosque River in McLennan County (Strecker; identified by
Bryant Walker) .

PHYSA FORSHEYI Lea

Physa forsheyi Lea, 1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 114.

Physa forsheyi, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,

p. 312.

The type locality is at Rutersville, Fayette County (Forshey). Stroud’s
Branch, Cooke County (Ragsdale (Singley) ) . Ponds and streams in Lee
County (Singley). Armstrong and McLennan counties (Strecker).
Piedroso Creek north of Amarillo, Potter County (Case (Singley) ) .
North Fork Little Wichita River south of Dundee, Archer County (Case
(Walker)). Eight miles southeast of Aspermont, Stonewall County
(Walker).

PHYSA GYRINA Say

Spring near forks of Navidad and Lavaca rivers, Jackson County
(Mitchell, who listed it as P. heterostropha, dwarf variety; identified as
P. gyrinus by Crandall). Piedroso Creek north of Amarillo, Potter
County (Case (Walker) ) . Tank in Hubbard City, Hill County (Askew
(Singley) ) . Brazos River in Fort Bend County (Singley) . Brownsville,
Cameron County (Camp).

PHYSA HALEI Lea

Physa halei, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10, p. 312.

Ellis County (Cheatum and Burt). Balcone’s Creek in Kendall
County; Pedernales River in Gillespie County (Askew (Singley)).
Ponds and streams in Bexar, Hays, and Comal counties.

PHYSA HETEROSTROPHA (Say)

Physa heterostropha, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 5'

p. 188, pt. 10, p. 312.

Rio Grande at Eagle Pass, Maverick County; Sabine River in Hunt
County (Askew (Singley) ) . Reeves, Ward, and Smith counties

LAND AND FRESH -WATER SNAILS

57

(Askew). Tule Ranch, Swisher County; Stonewall and Hardeman
counties; Pleistocene (Cummins (Singley)). Colorado River and
tributaries in Travis County; Clear Lake in Fort Bend County; brackish
pond in Galveston County (Singley) .

PHYSA MEXICANA Philippi

PL III, figs. 3, 4

Physa mexicana, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,

p. 312.

McLennan County; Rush Creek in Armstrong County (Strecker).
Corpus Christi, Nueces County (Singley) . Fort Worth, Tarrant County;
Fort Clark, Kinney County (Mearns (Dali) ).

PHYSA MEXICANA Philippi var. CONOIDEA Fischer and Crosse

McLennan County (Strecker) ; identified by Bryant Walker.

PHYSA OSCULANS Haldeman

Physa osculans, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 313.

Includes P. mexicana , according to Fischer and Crosse, Pilsbry, and
von Martens (see Walker, 1918) . Fort Clark, Kinney County (Mearns) .
McLennan County (Strecker). Del Rio, Val Verde County (Stearns).

PHYSA SAYII Tappan

Physa sayii, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10, p. 312.
West Yegua Creek, Lee County (Singley).

BULIMUS BERLANDIERIANUS W. G. Binney

Bulinus berlandierianus, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt.,
pt. 10, p. 313.

"Texas, in the vicinity of Matamoros” (Binney) .

Family ANCYLIDAE
FERRISSIA PARALLELA (Haldeman)

Ancyclus parallelus, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 5.
p. 187, pt. 10, p. 315.

Pecos River in Ward County (Askew (Singley) ) .

FERRISSIA TARDA (Say)

Ancyclus tardus, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 315.

Tule Canyon, Swisher County (Cummins (Singley) ) . Subfossil.

38

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

FERRISSIA EXCENTRICA (Morelet)

Ancyclus excentricus, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 315.

Ancyclus excentricus, Baker, 1906, Nautilus, vol. 17, p. 27.

Comal Creek, New Braunfels, Comal County; Barton Creek, Travis
County (Walker, Pilsbry, Singley) .

FERRISSIA KIRKLANDI (Walker)

Comal Creek, New Braunfels, Comal County (Pilsbry and Ferriss).
Garcitas Creek and Guadalupe River in Victoria County (Mitchell
(Pilsbry and Ferriss)).

GUNDLACHIA HJALMARSONI Pfeiffer

Rio Grande drift at Brownsville, Cameron County (Clapp).

Family VIVIPARIDAE
VIVIPARUS SUBPURPUREUS (Say)

Vivipara subpurpurea, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 311.

Caddo Lake in Harrison County (Vaughan (Singley) ) . Houston,
Harris County (Kennedy (Singley) ) . Subfossil. Artesian well in
Galveston, Galveston County (Gwyn). Sulphur River in Bowie County
(Strecker and Williams) .

CAMPELOMA LEWISII Walker

Campeloma lewisii Walker, 1915, Nautilus, vol. 28, pp. 126-127, pi. 5, fig. 3.

Campeloma decisa Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 311.

Sabine River in Shelby County; Village Creek in Hardin County
(Askew (Singley)). Caddo Lake in Harrison County (Vaughan
(Singley) ) . Sulphur River in Bowie County (Strecker and Williams) .

Family VALVATIDAE
VALVATA TRICARINATA Say

Valvata tricarinata, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 5,
p. 187, pt. 10, p. 312.

Tule Canyon, Swisher County (Cummins (Singley) ) . Subfossil.

VALVATA GUATAMALENSIS Morlet

Fort Clark, Kinney County (Mearns).

Family AMNICOLIDAE
AMNICOLA COMALENSIS Pilsbry and Ferriss

Amnicola comalensis Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila¬
delphia, vol. 58, p. 171, text fig. 37.

The type locality is Comal Creek near New Braunfels, Guadalupe
River four miles above New Braunfels, Comal County (Pilsbry and
Ferriss) .

LAND AND FRESH-WATER SNAILS

39

AMNICOLA PERACUTA Pilsbry and Walker

Amnicola per acuta Pilsbry and Walker, 1889, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila¬
delphia, p. 88, pi. 3, fig. 20.

Amnicola peracuta, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,
p. 312.

The type locality is at Spivey’s Lake, Navarro County. McLennan
County (Strecker) . Fort Clark, Kinney County (Mearns) . Comal
County; Colorado River and tributaries in Travis County; Long Lake
in Anderson County; Galveston, Galveston County (Singley). White
Oak Bayou in Houston, Harris County (Askew (Singley) ) .

PALUDESTRINA DIABOLI Pilsbry and Ferriss

Paludestrina dtaboli Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila¬
delphia, vol. 58, p. 170, text fig. 36.

The type locality is drift debris on Devils River about four miles
from its mouth; also Rio San Filipe near Del Rio, Val Verde County
(Pilsbry and Ferriss). Somervell County (Sterki).

PALUDESTRINA PROTEA (Gould)

Nueces River drift (Ferriss) .

PALUDESTRINA SEEMANNI (Frauenfeld)

Nueces river drift (Ferriss).

POTAMOPYRGUS SPINOSUS (Call and Pilsbry)

Pyrgulopsis spinosus Call and Pilsbry, 1893, Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci.,
vol. 5, p. 14, pi. 2, figs. 17-19.

Hy dr obi a texana Pilsbry, 1893, Idem, p. 33, pi. 3, figs. 1-6. Type locality,
Guadalupe River and Comal Creek, Comal County. This is the non-
carinate form of the species.

Hydrobia texana, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt., pt. 10,

p. 312.

The type locality is Comal Creek, Comal County.

POTAMOPYRGUS CHEATUMI Pilsbry

Phantom Lake, about four and one-half miles southwest of Toyahvale,
Reeves County (Cheatum) .

COCHLIOPA TEXANA Pilsbry

Phantom Lake, about four and one-half miles southwest of Toyahvale,
Reeves County (Cheatum) .

COCHLIOPA RIOGRANDENSIS Pilsbry and Ferriss

Cochliopa riograndensis Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, vol. 58, p. 171, pi. 9, figs. 10-13.

The type locality is Rio San Felipe near the Rio Grande in Val Verde
County (Pilsbry and Ferriss) . Devils, Pecos, and Nueces rivers.

40

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

HORATIA MICRA (Pilsbry and Ferriss)

Valvata mi era Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia
vol. 58, p. 172, pi. 9, figs. 7-9.

The type locality is drift on Guadalupe River about four miles above
New Braunfels, Comal County (Pilsbry and Ferriss) .

HORATIA MICRA (Pilsbry and Ferriss) var. NUGAX (Pilsbry and Ferriss)

Valvata micra nugax Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila¬
delphia, vol. 58, p. 173, pi. 9, fig. 6.

The type locality is on Guadalupe River near New Braunfels, Comal
County.

GONIOBASIS COMALENSIS Pilsbry
PI. Ill, figs. 19, 20

G oniobasis comalensis Pilsbry, 1890, Nautilus, vol. 4, p. 49.

Goniobasis pleuristriata, Singley, 1893, Geol. Survey Texas, 4th Ann. Rpt.,
pt. 10, p. 311.

Goniobasis comalensis, Singley, 1893, Idem, p. 312.

Goniobasis comalensis, Pilsbry, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 58, p. 167, text figs. 24-28.

The type locality is Comal Creek at New Braunfels, Comal County;
also on Guadalupe River, Comal County; San Marcos River at San
Marcos, Hays County (Pilsbry and Ferriss) . San Marcos, Hays County
(Singley, Strecker) . Helotes Creek in Bexar County (Walker,
Wetherby) .

GONIOBASIS COMALENSIS Pilsbry var. FONTINALIS Pilsbry and Ferriss

Goniobasis comalensis form fontinalis Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 58, p. 169, text figs. 32-35.

The type locality is at a small spring that feeds Comal Creek in
New Braunfels, Comal County.

LAND AND FRESH-WATER SNAILS

41

BIBLIOGRAPHY3

Baker, Frank Collins, The Lymnaeidae of North and Middle America, recent
and fossil: Chicago Acad. Sci., Special Publication No. 3, pp. i-xvi, 1-539,
pis. 1-57, 1911.

Bartsch, Paul, The urocoptid mollusks from the mainland of America in the
collection of the U. S. National Museum: Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31,
pp. 109-160, 3 pis., 1907.

Binney, W. G., Land and fresh-water shells of North America; Pt. II,
Pulmonata, Limnophila, and Thallasophila: Smithsonian Misc. Coll., No. 143,
pp. 1-161, Sept., 1865.

. . . Land and fresh-water shells of North America; Pt. Ill,

Ampullaridae, V alvatidae, Viviparidae, etc.: Smithsonian Misc. Coll., No. 144,
pp. 1-120, Sept., 1865.

. . The terrestrial air-breathing mollusks of the United States and

adjacent territories of North America (vol. 5): Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
Harvard College, vol. 4, pp. 1-439, pis. 1-16, 1878.

. . . A manual of American land shells: U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 28,

pp. 1-528, 1885.

Brown, A. D., Description of two new species of Helix: Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, p. 333, 1861.

Call, R. E., and Pilsbry, Henry A., On Pyrgulopsis, a new genus of rissoid
mollusk, with descriptions of two new forms: Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci.
for 1885-1889, vol. 5, pp. 9-14, pi. 2, 1893.

Cheatum, Elmer P., and Burt, Charles E., An annotated list of the snails of
Ellis County, Texas: Amer. Midland Naturalist, vol. 12, pp. 329-340, 1931.

. An annotated list of the snails of

Dallas County, Texas: Field and Laboratory, vol. 2, pp. 1-8, 1933; pp. 43-52,
1934.

Cheatum, Elmer P., Gastropods of the Davis Mountains vicinity in west Texas:.
Nautilus, vol. 48, pp. 1-4, pi. 5, 1935.

Clapp, G. H., Gundlachia hjalmarsoni Pfr. in the Rio Grande, Texas: Nautilus,
vol. 27, pp. 77-78, 1913.

. Bulimulus schiedeanus (Pfr.) in Texas: Nautilus, vol. 28,

p. 132, 1915.

. Vitrea cryptomphala n. sp., with notes on the indentata group:

Nautilus, vol. 29, pp. 25-28, 1915.

Clench, William J., and Rehder, H. A., A new Humboldtiana from Texas:
Nautilus, vol. 44, pp. 10-13, pi. 2, 1930.

Cockerell, T. D. A., Notes on the indenta group of Vitrea: Nautilus, vol. 12,
p. 120, 1899.

. . . . . . . An arboreal Polygyra: Nautilus, vol. 31, p. 36, 1917.

. . . . An apparently extinct Euglandina from Texas: Proc.

Colorado Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 52-53, text fig., Dec. 16, 1930.

Dali, W. H., On a new species of Holospira from Texas: Nautilus, vol. 8,
p. 112, 1895.

. . Report of the mollusks collected by the International Boundary

Commission of the United States and Mexico, 1892-1894: Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 19, art. 1111, pp. 333-379, pis. 31-33, 1897.

. . . . . On a new Holospira from Texas: Nautilus, vol. 11, p. 39, 1897.

Only the publications that contain definite Texas locality records are listed.

42

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

. Illustrations and descriptions of new, unfigured, or imperfectly

known shells, chiefly American, in the U. S. National Museum: Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., vol. 24, art. 1264, pp. 499-566, pis. 27-40, 1902.

Ferriss, James H., In search of Polygyra pilsbry't: Nautilus, vol. 14, pp. 25-31,
1900.

. . . Notes: Nautilus, vol. 27, pp. 134-136, 1914.

. . Rumina decollata in Texas: Nautilus, vol. 28, p. 11, 1914.

. . On the Rio Grande: Nautilus, vol. 38, pp. 37-43, 1924.

. A new Texas Bulimulus : Nautilus, vol. 39, pp. 24-25,

1925.

Henderson, Jr., J. B., Lists of mollusks from Amarillo, Texas: Nautilus,
vol. 22, p. 9, May, 1908.

Lea, Issac, Descriptions of 24 new species of Physa of the United States and
Canada: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 114-116, 1864.

Mearns, Edgar Alexander, Mammals of the Mexican boundary of the United
States: U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 56, p. 77, 1907. (Contains list of Mollusca
collected in the vicinity of Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas.)

Mitchell, J. D., List of Texas Mollusca, land and fresh water: Natural
Science News, vol. 1, p. 40, 1895.

. General Notes: Nautilus, vol. 12, p. 144, 1899.

Pilsbry, H. A., New and little known molluscs: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, pp. 81-89, pi. 3, 1889.

. Description of a new Hydrobia, with notes on other Rissoidae:

Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 5, pp. 33-34, 1885-1889 (1893).

. 1 . Notices of new species and varieties of American land shells:

Nautilus, vol. 12, pp. 23, 24, 1898.

. . . Remarks on the American species of Conulus: Nautilus,

vol. 12, pp. 111-117, 1899.

. . New species and subspecies of American land snails: Nautilus,

vol. 13, pp. 114-115, 1900.

. Notices of new American snails: Nautilus, vol. 14, pp. 40-41,

1900.

. New American land shells: Nautilus, vol. 16, pp. 30-33, 1902.

. Two new American land shells collected by Messrs. Hebard

and Rehn: Nautilus, vol. 26, pp. 88-90, 1912.

. The structure and affinites of Humboldtiana and related

helicid genera of Mexico and Texas: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. 79, pp. 165-192, pis. 11-14, text figs. 1-14, 1927.

. Helices from California and Texas and a Zonitid from

Virginia: Nautilus, voL 41, pp. 81-83, 1928.

Pilsbry, H. A., and Ferriss, J. H., Mollusca of the southwestern states; pt. II:
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 58, pp. 123-175, pis. 5-9, text figs.

. 1-37, 1906.

. . . . . Mollusca of the Ozarkian fauna: Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 58, pp. 529-567, pis. 20-22, text figs. 1-5,
1906.

Pilsbry, H. A., and Johnson, C. W., A classified catalogue with localities of
the land shells of America north of Mexico: pp. 1-35, Philadelphia, 1898.

Sampson, F. A., Notes on the distribution of shells; pt. II, Shells of Fort Worth,
Texas: Kansas City Review of Science and Industry, vol. 5, pp. 681-682,
1882.

LAND AND FRESH-WATER SNAILS

43

Singley, J. A., List of Pleistocene and Recent shells: in "Notes on the Geology
of Northwest Texas", by W. F. Cummins, Geol. Survey Texas, Fourth Ann.
Rpt., pt. 5, pp. 186-190, 1893.

. . . . . Contributions to the natural history of Texas; pt. I, Texas

Mollusca: Geol. Survey Texas, Fourth Ann. Rpt., pt. 10, pp. 297-343, 1893.

Stearns, R. E. C., List of North American land and fresh-water shells received
from the U. S. Department of Agriculture with notes and comments thereon:
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 14, pp. 95-106, 1891.

Sterki, V., Preliminary list of North American Pupidae (north of Mexico):
Nautilus, vol. 6, pp. 2-8, 1892.

. . . Drift shells from Texas: Nautilus, vol. 25, pp. 115-117, 1912.

Strecker, Jr., John K., The Mollusca of McLennan County, Texas: Nautilus,
vol. 22, pp. 63-67, 1908.

. . . . Agriolimax agrestris Linn, at Waco, Texas: Nautilus,

vol. 24, pp. 3-4, 1910.

. . . . . Notes on land shells from Matagorda Peninsula, Texas:

Nautilus, vol. 24, pp. 4-6, 1910.

. . . . Notes on the fauna of a portion of the canyon region of

northwestern Texas: Baylor Univ. Bull., vol. 13, Nos. 4-5, p. 31, 1910.

. . . . . . . Edible-snail colony at Waco: Contrib. Baylor Univ.

Mus., No. 18, pp. 10-11, 1929.

. . Notes on the eggs of Euglandina singley ana (W. G.

Binney) : Contrib. Baylor Univ. Mus., No. 18, p. 12, 1929.

Vanatta, E. G., A new species of Zonitoides: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila¬
delphia, p. 524, text fig., 1899.

. . Shells from Live Oak County, Texas: Nautilus, vol. 42, p. 66,

1928.

Walker, Bryant, Notes on eastern American Ancyli: Nautilus, vol. 17,
pp. 25-31, 1903.

. Notes on Planorbis; pt. II, P. bicarinatus: Nautilus, vol. 23,

p. 27, 1909.

. . A list of shells collected in Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and

Oklahoma by Dr. E. C. Case: Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool., Occasional Papers,
No. 15, pp. 1-11, 1915.

. . . On Paludina coarctata and incrassata Lea: Nautilus, vol. 28,

pp. 121-127, pi. 5, fig. 3, 1915.

. . . . A synopsis of the classification of the fresh-water Mollusca

of North America, north of Mexico, and a catalogue of the more recently
described species, with notes: Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool., Misc. Pub., No. 6,
pp. 1-213, 1918.

44

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

DESCRIPTIONS OF PLATES

PLATE II

Figures — Page

1, 2. Planorb'ts trivolvis Say . 35

3, 4. Anguispira alternata (Say) . 27

5, 6. Helix lactea Muller . . . 6

7, 8. Helix vermiculata Muller . 6

9, 10. Rumina decollata (Linne) . 23

11, 12. Helix aspera Muller . 6

PLATE III

1, 2. Succinea avara Say . 30

3, 4. Physa mexicana Philippi . . . . 37

5, 6. Galba bulimoides (Lea) var. techella (Haldeman) . 32

7, 8. Polygyra texasiana (Moricand) . 10

9, 10. Polygyra dorfeuilliana (Lea). . . . . . . 9

11, 12. Praticolella berlandieriana (Moricand) . 8

13, 14. Retinella indentata Say . 24

15, 16. Helicina orbiculata Say . . . . 5

17, 18. Polygyra roetneri (Pfeiffer).... . . . 13

19, 20. Goniobasis comalensis Pilsbry . . . . 40

21, 22. Bulimulus dealbatus (Say) var. liquabilis (Reeve) . 15

23, 24. Euglandina singleyana ( W. G. Binney) . 23

(All figures are approximately natural size)

Transactions of Texas Academy of Science, Vol. XVII

Plate II

\Z

Transactions of Texas Academy of Science, Vol. XVII

Plate III

PROCEEDINGS
of the

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Annual Meeting, October 20, 21, 1933

The annual fall meeting of the Texas Academy of Science was held
at Baker Hotel, Dallas, Texas, Friday and Saturday, October 20 and 21,
1933, E. N. Jones, President, presiding. Four members were raised to
the rank of Fellow, and officers for the coming year were elected. A
program of excellent papers filled the two days. Friday evening Dr.
R. T. Hill, pioneer geologist, geographer, and early member of the
Academy, was the guest of honor and received a certificate of Life
Membership. Dr. A. C, Noe, Professor of Paleobotany, University of
Chicago, delivered the main address, "Plant Life of the Past”, and
showed a very fine series of lantern slides. Saturday morning three
educational moving pictures of sound films, prepared by the University
of Chicago, were shown: "Electrostatics”, "Molecular Theory”, and
"Oxidation and Reduction”.

Officers elected for 19 3 3^19 34. — B. C. Tharp, President; J. C. Burr,
Executive Vice-President; J. C. Godbey, Vice-President section 1; Mayne
Longnecker, Vice-President section 2 ; W. J. McConnell, Vice-President
section 3 ; Gayle Scott, Vice-President section 4 ; F. A. Burt, Secretary-
Treasurer; S. W. Bilsing, representative A.A.A.S. Council.

Fellows elected. — Mayne Longnecker, J. G. Burr, Mrs. Augusta H. Kemp,
and Miss Jet C. Winters.

Report of the Treasurer. — The following report for the period from
October 31, 1932, to October 20, 1933, was presented:

EXPENSES

Expenses of Houston meeting (Dec. 10, 1932) . . . _$ 10.00

Printing and mailing Voh 15 . . - . . . 209.35

Expenses, Strecker death and memorial . . . . 22.92

Expenses College Station meeting . . . . 5.60

Printing and mailing Vol. 16 . . . . . . 359.73

Interest on indebtedness to A. J. Kirn . . . . ... 24.00

$631.60

RECEIPTS

Cash on hand (Oct. 31)- _ - . - . „.$226.47

Received from A.A.A.S - - - - - - - - - - 64.50

From J. K. Strecker’s friends- . . . . . 22.92

Donations to aid College Station Meeting . . . . . . . . — 5.00

Sale of 50 copies Vol. 16 . . . . . . . . . . 30.00

Dues _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 245.00

Old publications.- . . . . . . . . . — 58.21

$658.10

46

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

STATEMENT

Expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631.60

Balance . . . . . . . . . $ 26.50

Papers presented. — The following papers were presented during
Friday and Saturday of this meeting. A few of these will be selected
for publication in the Transactions of the Texas Academy of Science,
and others will be published elsewhere :

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

The zonation of intertidal organisms in selected areas of the Pacific coast; by
W. G. Hewatt, Texas Christian University.

Development of the posterior cardinal veins in relation to the swim bladder in
Lepidosteus ; by G. E. Potter and J. Teague Self, Baylor University.

"Stinging asps” in Dallas in 1933; by O. C. Charlton, Dallas.

The colonial bryozoan, Pectinatella magnified Leidy, as an epidemic river pest;
by S. W. Geiser, Southern Methodist University.

1933 trapping studies of Texas Orthoptera; by F. B. Isely, Trinity University.

The beach as a habitat ; bv J. K. G. Silvey, McMurry College.

Parasitology in Texas ; by Asa C. Chandler, Rice Institute.

New and little-known insects; by H. B. Parks, San Antonio.

The ability ; of fresh-water fish to extract oxygen at different hydrogen-ion con¬
centrations; by A. W. Wiebe.

The explorations in Texas of Jean Berlandier; by S. W. Geiser, Southern
Methodist University.

Root systems of some native plants of west Texas; by E. L. Reed, Texas
Technological College.

Census of Texas ferns and flowering plants ; by Geo. L. Fisher, Houston.

Growth phenomena and unusual anatomical features of American mistletoe;
by S. R. Warner, Sam Houston State Teacher’s College.

The coastal sand dunes in Texas ; by B. C. Tharp, University of Texas.

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

The genetic viewpoint in the breeding of dairy cattle; by W. R. Horlacher,
A. & M. College.

Alkali in some Texas soils and its significance; by L. G. Jones, A. & M. College.

Diseases of cultivated bluebells; by J. J. Taubenhaus and W. N. Ezekiel, A. & M.
College.

An improved technique for the emasculation and bagging of cotton flowers;
by Clifton C. Doak, A. & M. College.

Hybridization and species relationships in the genus Nicotina; by F. A. McCray,
Sam Houston State Teacher’s College.

The evolution of the cone scale in Pinus; by Clifton C. Doak, A. & M. College.

Some insect problems in Texas ; by F. L. Thomas, A. & M. College.

Some problems of plant diseases in Texas ; by J. J. Taubenhaus, A. & M. College.

PROCEEDINGS

47

MEDICAL SCIENCES

A comparison of the types of dysentery bacilli observed in an epidemic of dysentery
in Dallas, Texas, particularly in the South; by Sol Haberman, Baylor Medical
College.

Relapsing fever in Texas, a summary of the work done up to the present time at
Baylor University of Medicine; by Hardy A. Kemp, Baylor Medical College.

PHYSICAL SCIENCES

The gamma rays of radium C; by H. A. Wilson, Rice Institute.

Neutrons; by T. W. Bonner, Rice Institute.

A combination of fine-structure photometer, densitometer, and comparator; by
Sidon Harris, University of Texas.

Camphor from cedar leaves ; by J. C. Godbey, Southwestern University.

The electromagnet spectrum ; by S. LeRoy Brown, University of Texas.

A colloidial mechanism for the formation of gall stones; by H. B. Weiser, Rice
Institute.

The relations of mathematics to the natural sciences; by G. C. Evans, Rice
Institute.

The production of electrical energy by the living cell and its significance; by
E. J. Lund, University of Texas.

GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCES

Notes on the formation of oolite from spray in a water-cooling plant; by Augusta
H. Kemp, Seymour High School.

Pennsylvanian glaciation in Brewster County, Texas; by Willard Gill, Baylor
University.

Some notes on the fauna of the Pennsylvanian of Parker County, Texas; by
George D. Harris, Baylor University.

Progress made on the geology of the Carboniferous in Franklin Mountains; by
L. H. Nelson, School of Mines, El Paso.

Geologic reconnaissance of lower Conchos Valley, Chihuahua, Mexico; by W. S.
Adkins, University of Texas.

Age of the Midway group with special reference to Texas ; by Gayle Scott, Texas
Christian University.

Occurrence and origin of the mineral waters of north-central Texas; by F. B.
Plummer, University of Texas.

Investigations under way at the Bureau of Economic Geology; by E. H. Sellards,
University of Texas.

Geographical centers of origin of cultivated plants of the world; by Elmer H.
Johnson, University of Texas.

SOCIAL SCIENCES

The basket-maker Indian; by Mrs. Ellen Schultz Quillin, Witte Museum.

Archeology among the Humanities ; by J. E. Pearce, University of Texas.

49

INDEX

Agriolimax agrestis.. . . . 26

campestris - - — . - — - - - — 27

Amnicola comalensis . — — . - . 38

peracuta . . . . . . — . — 39

Anguispira alternata.— . . . . . .27, 44

carinata . — . . . . . ... 27

rarinotata _ .. _ _ — - - ... 27

Bulimulus alternatus

albida . 16

hesperia - - - 17

intermedia .................... — - - 16

mariae - - - - — . . . 16

dealbatus . . . . . . 1 5

liquabilis — - - .......15, 44

mooreana ...................................... 15

pasonis _ 16

pecosensis ................ _ ................. 16

ragsdalei _ 15

schiedeana . 16

patriarcha . . 14

pilsbryi - ...... — ..................... — 17

Bulimus berlandieriana. . . . 37

Campeloma lewisii _ .... — ........... - 38

Carychium exiguum - - — . — - 31

Cochliopa riograndensis . . . — . 39

texana ................ — . . 39

Columella edentula - - - 29

Drymaeus serperastrum.................. . . — .... 17

Euconulus chersinus . . . 25

poly grata . . 25

trochulus _ ... 25

fulvus .................................. - 25

Euglandina exesa. . . . 23

singleyana ..................... - .............23, 44

texasiana _ _ ..... _ ..................... _ _ 23

truncata - — 23

vanuxemensis . . 23

Ferrissia excentrica ........ - .................. - 38

kirklandi _ _ 38

parallela ... _ .... — . . . 37

tarda . . 37

Galba bulimoides

cockerelli _ _ _ _ 32

techella . 32, 44

caperata . _... . 32

cuDensis ................. - - — . 31

humilis

modicella .... _ 33

obrussa . . 33

palustris . 33

parva - - - - — _ _ _ 32

reflexa . . 33

Gastrocopta armifera......................... _ 19

contracta ..................... _ ... _ .... _ 19

climeana - ................ _ ......... 20

corticaria _ ... 21

cristata . . 20

curvidens .............................................. 21

duplicata .............. — . . . — 2 1

holzingeri . . 20

hordeacea . 20

pellucida

hordeacella . 20

pentodon . . . . 2 1

floridana . . 21

procera . . . — - - 20

riograndensis . 21

rupicola . _ . . . 2 1

tappanniana — _.. - 22

curta . . — - - - - - 22

Goniobasis comalensis.- . — - - - 40, 44

fontinalis — . . . . — 40

Gonyodiscus cronkitei

anthonyi . . . . — . 28

perspective .. — ............... - 27

Gundlachia hjalmarsoni....... - ... — ....... 38

Guppya gundlachi - 25

Haplotrema concavum - - - ... - 23

Hawaiia minuscula . 25

Helicina chrysocheila........ _ _ _ _ _ 5

orbiculata ........................................ 5, 44

Helicodiscus eigenmanni _ 29

nummus _ _ ................... _ _ _ ....... 28

parallelus - ............... _ ..... _ 28

singleyanus _ ..... _ 1 . . 28

Helix aspera . - . . . . .

lactea - - - ...... _ _ _ _

vermiculata _

Holospira goldfussi . . . .

anacachensis _ ...........

hamiltoni . . . .

mesolia _ _ _

pasonis . . . . .

roemeri _ _ _ _ _ _

Horatia micra . . .

nugax . . . . . . .

Humboldtiana cheatumi _ ....

chisosensis . . . .

ferrissiana _ .... _ ......

humboldtiana .. ... . . .

palermi ...... _ ..... _ .... _ .....

texana . . . ..... _

ultima _ _ _ _ _

6, 44
6, 44
6. 44

_ 17

_ 17

_ 18

_ 18

— 18

_ 18

. 40

. 40

7

..... 6
— 6
..... 6
..... 7
— 7

_ 7

Limax flava _ _ _

_ 26

maxima _ _ _ _ _

. 26

Lymnaea dalli . . . . . . .

- - 31

Microceramus texanus . . .

_ 17

Omphalina friabilis _ _ _

_ 24

Palndesrrina diahnli _ _

30

nrnrea _ 3Q

seemanni _ ,.T _ _

_ 39

Philomycus carolinensis . .

_ 27

Phy<;a amygdalns

_ 36

anatina . . . ...........

- . 36

crandalli . . .

. 36

fnrshpvi

36

e-vrina . . . 36

halpi . . . _ _

. 36

heterostropha . . .

. 36

mexicana . . . .

. . 37, 44

conoidea - - - - -

_ _ 37

osculans . . . .

. . 37

say i i . . . _ - _

.... 37

P1flpr>rhi« anrrn«;ii<! .

. . . 33

earns _ . .

34

cultratus . . ........ _ _ _ _ _

. 34

rlilafafnc _

_ 34

pvnriirms _ _ _ _ — 34

havanpnsis _ _ _

35

lenrus . - . . .

_ 34

ljphrnjinnj _ _ _

34

parvus .

. . 35

50

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Planorbis (concluded)

trivolvis . 35,

tumidus . .

Polygyra albolabris .

ariadnae _

auriformis _ ...

bicrurus . . . .

cereola

febigeri - - -

clausa - - -

dorfeuilliana . 9,

sampsoni . _

espiloca . .

fallax .

fraterna .

aliciae .

friersoni . . . .

hippocrepis .

inflecta . .

latispira . . .

leporina . .

matermontana .

monodon ... _

mooreana .

tholus .

pustula .

richardsoni .

roemeri . . .

texasiana . 10,

texasensis .

thyroides . 1 -

bucculenta .

triodontoides . — .

uvulifera .

ventrosula .

hindsi - - -

vultuosa .

copei _

cragini . . .

henriettae .

Potamopyrgus cheatumi . .

spinosus . . . . .

Praticolella berlandieriana . 8,

griseola .

Pseudosuccinea columella _ ....

chalybea _

Punctum pygmaeum . . . .

Pupa muscorum

blandi ... _

syngenes . . . . .

Pupis dioscoricola

caeca _ \4

insignis . . 14

macneilli _ 14

Pupoides marginatus.. _ _ 19

Retinella cryptomphala . 25

dalliana

roemeri . 24

hammonis

electrina . 24

indentata . 24, 44

paucilirata . 24

umbilicata . 24

sculptilis . 24

Rumina decollata. . 23, 44

Segmentina havanensis . 35

obstructa . 35

Striatura milium

meridionalis . 26

Strobilops affinis . 19

hubbardi - 19

texasiana _ 18

Succinea avara . „30, 44

campestris . 30

concordialis . 30

grosvenorii . 30

luteola . 30

salleana . 29

Thysanophora hornii . 14

incrustata _ 14

Vallonia costata _ 7

excentrica . 7

gracilicosta _ 7

perspectiva . 7

pulchella _ 7

Valvata guatamalensis . 38

tricarinata . 38

Ventridens demissus . 26

intertextus . — 26

Vertigo milium _ 22

oscariana . — 22

ovata ..... _ 22

rugosula _ — _ _ ............. 22

tridentata - ..... 22

Viviparus subpurpureus . 38

Zonitoides arboreus . — . . 25

44

35

13

12

8

10

8

13

44

9

9

12

14

14

14

12

13

12

9

10

13

9

10

9

10

13

44

11

13

13

11

8

10

10

12

12

12

12

39

39

44

8

31

31

29

22

22

Transactions

of the

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

VOLUME XVIII

/

raAR 1 0 S'?

Austin, Texas

Published by the Academy
1936

Transactions

of the

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

VOLUME XVIII

Austin, Texas

Published by the Academy
1936

CONTENTS

Page

Contrasting traits of certain wild animals of the West, by J. G. Burr . 5

Old and new fossil plant localities in Bexar County and adjacent areas, by
H. B. Parks and A. J. Kirn . 11

North Texas meteorites, by Ralph H. King.... . . . 17

CONTRASTING TRAITS OF CERTAIN WILD ANIMALS
OF THE WEST

By J. G. BURR1

Looking upward at one of the mountain ranges of the Big Bend area
some one made this remark: "Thank God, nobody can turn this into a
farm." It was the citadel of a wilderness that could not be taken by
agriculture, the home of the exclusive wild animals fond of the privacy
of mountain peaks. In choosing a habitat a wild animal is governed
by two considerations: food, and safety from its enemies. Crags and
declivities afford a protection against pursuit that is more valuable than
speed in the open plains. That is probably the reason why the little
Sonora deer, Odocoileus couesi, has chosen the rugged uplifts of Chisos
Mountains and the ranges south and westward. These little creatures,
weighing from 50 to 75 pounds range from 5000 feet at the upper
edge of the Lower Sonoran zone through Upper Sonoran and Tran¬
sition to the top of the mountains at 9,000 feet. They are most
numerous on the plateau top at 8,500 feet where a steep, 3000-foot
slope protects them from most hunters and where the sweet acorns of
the little gray oak are abundant (Vernon Bailey, 1905).

Of similar exclusive habits is the mountain sheep or Texas Bighorn,
Ovis canadensis texiana, which inhabit the Upper Sonoran and Tran¬
sition zones of the desert ranges of extreme west Texas with other
races to the north and west. They are found in the Guadalupe and
other mountain ranges. They come into the Grand Canyon of the Rio
Grande mainly from the Mexican side, says Vernon Bailey, and con¬
tinuing he says "most of the ranges are steep, extremely rugged, and
barren with deep canyons and high cliffs. Here the sheep find ideal
homes on the open slopes of terraced lime rock or jagged crests of old
lava dikes, and, thanks to the arid and inaccessible nature of the
country, they have held their own against a few hunters of the region.”
They have enjoyed a continuously closed season since 1903.

Less given to the higher elevations, the mule deer, Odocoileus
hemionus canus, is found in the United States west of the 100th
meridian. It is a creature of the half open, dry hilly country typical
of the lower Sonoran desert regions. They choose the high slopes of
the mountains in summer, and in winter they return to the lowlands.
The mule deer is regarded as one of the most imposing of the Cervidae
in appearance. It holds its head and neck erect, and its antlers are
much wider than those of the white-tail. "It is a proud spirited, high¬
headed animal," says Dr. Hornaday, "a bold traveler and like the
mountain sheep is often found where the scenery is wild and pic¬
turesque.” In winter the coat is blue; in summer, reddish. When
seen alive the deer appears to be large with immense ears and a white
face with a large black patch on the forehead. From behind it shows

1 Director Public Relations, Game, Fish and Oyster Commission.

6

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

an angular whitish patch taking in the tail, which is small and mainly
white with a black tip (Seton 1929). The white patch is suggestive
of the antelope.

The mule deer is not so swift as the white-tail deer which prefers
the level country. When they hurry away from danger it is with leaps
and bounds. Their bounding is what lessens their speed. They leap
from 15 to 25 feet. Seton speaks graphically of their style. "I
watched them bounding along the level bottom-lands, bounding, bound¬
ing, oh, it was beautiful, it was glorious, but it was sad: For they were
losing time. The greyhounds far behind at first were low, skimming
like prairie hawks, were making three yards to the deer’s two, were
gaining, would surely win. In vain we tried to call the dogs off. On
and on the chase. The little ones suffering now — it was a mother doe
and her twins. It was a question of barely a quarter mile. Then we
riders saw a thing that touched our hearts. The poor, devoted mother,
in despair, dropped back behind — deliberately it seemed — at least her
young should have a chance, and my blood rushed hot. My hand
sought the gun in reckless determination to stop those dogs. Only 25
yards ahead the mother now, when all at once an inspiration came.
The unseen prompter whispered wisdom; and the mother turned aside,
made for the rugged piling hills so near ; she — all three — soon reached
their base and tapped with their toes, then rose in the air to land some
15 feet above, and tapped again — and tapped and tapped all three;
and so they rose and sailed and soared. The greyhounds reached the
rise and there were lost; their kingdom was the level plain; on the
rugged hills they were hopeless, balked and left behind. But the
mother and her two went bounding, soaring like hill-hawks, and so
they sailed away till hidden in the heights and safely at peace. That
day I learned the meaning of the bounding. These are the deer of the
broken lands; theirs is the way of the uplands; this pace is their gift,
their power, and their hold on life.”

Mearns (1907) says ''the fawns made gentle pets, fawning like dogs
on those they knew and climbing upon one to be petted. They like to
rub their heads against those whom they knew well but would butt
and kick vigorously if strangers tried to pick them up or carry them.”
Owing to the gentleness or stupidity of the mule deer and the openness
of the country that it occupies, this fine deer is perhaps doomed to an
early extinction, says Mearns. In recent years their dwindling numbers
in the trans-Pecos brought a shortening of the open season down to
two weeks and one buck to the season. Again quoting Mearns, "no
wild animal of the region is so valuable to man as this deer, especially
to the Indians whom it supplied with meat, clothing, shelter, and
numerous utensils made from its skin, tendons, or skeleton. Its charred
bones and various tools fashioned from the bones and teeth were
usually found in the deserted buildings and cave dwellings formerly
occupied by the extinct people known as the Cliff Dwellers, in the

TRAITS OF CERTAIN WILD ANIMALS

7

Verde Valley of Arizona.” That the mule deer is a creature of the
high elevations became evident when an effort to stock them in Kerr
County was made a few years ago. Several importations were made
from the Kaibab forest of Arizona, but all died in a few months from
hemorrhagic septisemia.

The tactics of the mule deer contrast widely with those of the
antelope, Antilocapra am eric ana americana, whose original range was
over most of the states west of the Mississippi, but now limited to
scattered areas. They are an animal of the open plains, though they
are driven by winter weather into the shelter of the woodlands. There
are perhaps 2000 in Texas mostly in the extreme west and a few in
Jim Hogg County. It is estimated that at one time the antelope was
more numerous than the buffalo, between 30 and 40 million, not that
their herds were so large, but because the area occupied was so much
greater than that of the buffalo.

State law had to come to the rescue of the antelope in 1903 to
avert extinction, and there has been no open season since. The fleetest
of all wild animals, the safest from all his natural enemies, he could not
protea himself from man. With his keen eyes to discover danger and
the certainty that he could out-run any pursurer, the antelope had a
great sense of curiosity which was his undoing. A hunter could lie
down on the ground and wave a handkerchief to and fro and cause
the animal to approach within firing range. They would sometimes
trot towards the objea and run away, then overcome by curiosity,
return for a closer inspection. But it is said they overcome this
curiosity to a great extent when the ruse was practiced too often. Their
habit is to see everything with those keen eyes, thus they prefer the
open spaces and will invariably see a man before they are seen. The
antelope is equipped with a heliograph by which he can transmit the
danger signal to his fellows, and this habit of seeing everything that
is going on makes the heliograph effettive. On the buttocks are two
white circular patches of hair. According to Seton, under the skin is
a circular muscle by means of which the hair can, in a moment, be
raised and spread radially into two great blooming chrysanthemums,
more or less flattened at the center. When this is done in the bright
sunlight, they shine like tin pans, giving flashes of light that can be
seen father than the animal itself, affording conspicuous identification
mark. At the sight of danger all the long white hairs of the rump-
patch are raised with a jerk that makes the patch flash in the sun. Each
grazing antelope sees the flash, repeats it instantly and looks in the
direttion toward which the first was looking. In addition to this there
is a musk gland in the center of the disk from which a quantity of
musk odor is set free as an additional sign of danger. Both these
signals may be also a serving of notice to its attacker that the antelope
as such can not be caught, so why bother him. At any rate his shining
disks are the reverse of protettive colors used by most animals to evade

8

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

discovery and constitute the highest kind of self-advertisement and an
implied boast to come and get me if you can.

In some respects the antelope is a perfect symbol of what a man
ought to be. He comes out and faces the world without fear, though
he has great caution. His life is such that he has nothing to hide; he
•defies the world to get him if it can, and he has the fine judgment to
fall back in an orderly way in the presence of danger. I once knew a
man of great physical strength who boasted that he had never been
whipped. He said "You have got to catch a man before you can whip
him.” The antelope is the perfect example of non-resistance. But
his fatal defect was that he had a single-track mind. He was not
versatile in self -protection, and he could not survive in great numbers.

The white-tail deer was versatile and highly adaptable to all con¬
ditions. He could run, but he preferred to hide. He did not accept
that notion of getting out and facing the world. He made his color
conform to the seasonal landscape; in summer reddish and in winter
slaty. His powers of smelling an enemy is another means of self-
preservation. They can doubtless smell a man a mile away when the
wind is right, and possibly they could smell some men that far when
the wind is not right. I assume that an occasional bath might improve
the hunter’s success.

Thus, the white-tail has survived and is destined to remain the
most useful of the large game. Its range is throughout the United
States, except California, Nevada, Utah, and portions of Arizona
and New Mexico, extending well up into Canada and over into Mexico
and Central America. Seton estimated a few years ago the total white-
tails of the United States to number around three quarters of a million.
The Texas form, Odocoileus texanus, numbers perhaps 50,000 to 75,000.
The annual kill in Texas is about 10,000. Seton estimates for the nation a
20-percent annual drain. This is not too low, when we consider that
only bucks are shot. White-tail deer in Texas have been increasing
during the past 15 years and on certain ranches for longer than that.
The white-tail has followed the frontierman into the forest, possibly
because his farm furnishes certain forage and also because where live
stock is multiplied, the cougar and the wolf, great enemies of deer,
subsist more on the young of domesticated animals, thus diminishing
the pressure on wild game. A further increase in deer became possible
when ranchmen provided watering places in desert areas for their stock,
thus extending the deer range and at the same time preventing their
concentrations at few waterholes where predators laid in wait.

But the great herds of deer that were once known are no longer
possible even if all hunting were stopped. Competition with livestock
for food is the insurmountable barrier. Over-pasturage with sheep and
goats is the unpardonable crime to all game. Cattle do not so much
compete with wild animals. The maximum production of wild game
rests with the land owner. Many ranchers of the West and Southwest

TRAITS OF CERTAIN WILD ANIMALS

9

have converted the nuisance of hunters into revenue by selling hunting
rights, and sometimes they make as much money on game as they do
on livestock. This is possible because they reap a natural harvest
which costs them nothing. Domesticated animals must be cared for
and often at considerable expense, and there was of course, the original
investment. The wild animal will take care of itself.

We have had much to say about the relative speed of deer and ante¬
lope and some exact figures might be more to the point. Capt. R. B.
Marcy (1852) in his exploration of the upper Red River says: "The
greyhounds have, upon several different occasions, run down and cap¬
tured the deer and the prairie-rabbits, which are also regarded as very
fleet, but although they have had many races with the antelope under
favorable circumstances, yet they have never, in one instance, been able
to overtake them; on the contrary, the longer the chase has continued
the greater has been the distance between them. Our deer have usually
been considered the fleetest animal upon the continent after the horse
but the pronghorned antelope of the plains is much swifter.”

Following is the racing table of some wild animals compared with
the race horse, according to Seton.

Race horse, speed for a mile, 34 miles per hour.

Pronghorned antelope, speed for a mile, 32 miles per hour, though
there are claims of 43 miles per hour.

Greyhound, 30 miles per hour.

Jack rabbit, 28 miles per hour.

Common fox, 26 miles per hour.

Coyote, 24 miles per hour.

Foxhound, 22 miles per hour.

American gray wolf, 20 miles per hour.

Ancestors of the antelope had four hoofs to the foot, but the back
pair have been dropped. Deer, living in swamps, could utilize the little
hind or mud hoofs, but antelope, living on the hard, dry upland, had no
use for them and they were eliminated by evolution.

As stated in the outset, food and safety from its enemies determines
the habitat of the wild animal. With the coming of men both the food
and the safety have passed to a large extent from natural to artificial
conditions, and man has become the custodian of the future of wildlife.

In Genesis we read that the Creator caused creeping things and beasts
to appear on the earth and birds to fly in the firmament above the earth
and gave man dominion over them. It is only in recent years that man
has begun to make intelligent use of that dominion, and now the
journals of the nation are shouting from the housetops the conservation
of wild life and the preservation of all useful species.

OLD AND NEW FOSSIL PLANT LOCALITIES IN
BEXAR COUNTY AND ADJACENT AREAS

H. B. PARKS1 and A. J. KIRN2
INTRODUCTION

In geological literature on Bexar County a number of plant localities
have been recorded. Because of changes that have been made in roads
and because of utilization of fossiliferous limestones for road con¬
struction, a number of these localities have ceased to exist or can not
be located through the aid of modern maps. It is therefore thought
best to offer new records of the localities mentioned in literature and
to make comment on their present status.

WILCOX GROUP OF STRATA

Earlei locality — This was a group of large, very hard, tightly
cemented, gray sandstone concretions lying in the zone of outcrop of
middle Rockdale formation, and they formerly lay between Medina
River bridge and the town of Earle (now called Florestown) on
Highway No. 9, twelve miles south of San Antonio, Bexar County.
The plant impressions in these concretions were numerous and quite
perfect. This deposit was first described by E. W. Berry from notes
made by L. W. Stephenson and Alexander Deussen. Berry lists ten
species from here. (Berry, E. W., U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 91,
1916, and Prof. Paper 132-E, 1924.) Additional collecting by the
authors has added thirty species.

The rock near Earle was long thought to be a continuous massive
sandstone layer. It was a source of stone for building and for road
work for almost three generations. Large amounts of rock were
hauled from here for buildings, for road improvement, and for other
construction work. The last rock was removed by the San Antonio,
Uvalde & Gulf Railroad when it built southward about thirty years ago.
At this time the last of the rock was removed, and it was evident that
the rock was a local ledge of concretions in softer Tertiary beds. The
only rock available from this locality for study at the present time is
to be found along the face of the dam of Mitchell Lake and in some
few scattered rock fills along Highway No. 9.

Calaveras locality. — This exposure of fossiliferous beds in Wilson
County was discovered by Alexander Deussen. It is said to be located
five hundred yards east of the San Antonio & Aransas Pass Railroad
just north of the city of Calaveras, and from here twelve species are
recorded (Berry, E. W., U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 91, p. 59,
1916).

1 Chief, Division of Apiculture, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, San Antonio,
Texas.

2 Somerset, Texas.

12

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

On account of changes in the course of Calaveras Creek, it has been
impossible in recent years to find this fossiliferous deposit.

Elmendorf locality. — -C. L. Baker reported to E. W. Berry the occur*
rence of three species of fossil plants in the clay pit worked by the
Star Pottery Company four and one-half miles south of Elmendorf,
Bexar County. (Berry, E. W., U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 131-A,
p. 3, 1923.)

The two clay pits referred to are located at the foot of the hill on
the south side of San Antonio River four and one-half miles south of
Elmendorf. The first and largest is located slightly west of south
from the junction of the Borregas road and the old Corpus Christi
highway. The other is one-fourth mile south of the Borregas school
and store. These clay pits have not been worked for at least twenty
years, and as a result all plant material there is very badly weathered.
The authors have added two species to the list given by Berry.

Saspamco locality— This deposit was reported by C. L. Baker from
the pit of the San Antonio Sewer Pipe Company which is located near
the plant of that company and is to be found about three-fourths of a
mile north and east of the town of Saspamco, Wilson County. Mr.
Baker remarks that it contains many plant impressions but gives no
lists. (Sellards, E. H., LJniv. Texas Bull. 1932, June 5, p. 113, 1919.)

This pit is no longer used, and the walls have caved in. The plant¬
bearing strata have not been relocated.

Pine locality— These fossiliferous strata are known only from
shallow-well material near the intersection of the new Sutherland
Springs road and the Elmendorf -Adkins road, eighteen miles east of
San Antonio in the extreme eastern edge of Bexar County. The leaves
were said to occur in a clay formation and to be well preserved. No
record is given as to the depth of the formation. (Sellards, E. H.»
Univ. Texas Bull. 1932, p. 58, 1919.)

This well was located, but the materials coming from it had long
lost their original form. The owner of the land said that the leaves
were found at a depth of about twelve feet. This location is very
important, as it gives evidence of the exact location of the Simsboro
sands in a section of Bexar County where no recognizable outcrops are
available.

Adkins locality. — Mr. L. C. Gass collected a specimen of Cinna-
momum affine Lesquereux from the fragments of a boulder which
had been removed from a field near Adkins, Bexar County. (Ball,
O. M., A Contribution to the Paleobotany of the Eocene of Texas;
Bull. A. & M. College of Texas, ser. 4, vol. 2, No. 5, p. 63, May 1,
1931.)

FOSSIL PLANT LOCALITIES

13

This deposit was located, after much inquiry, on the farm of
Theodore Dzerzonowski two and one-half miles east of Adkins. This
is a typical outcrop of the weathered middle Rockdale boulders, and
they were found to contain numerous plant impressions. The deposit
consisted of a line of boulders extending along the slope of a hill for
over one-half mile. Most of them have been blasted and removed from
the fields, the fragments having been used to fill up gullies and for
cement work. The only available rock is to be found in the gullies
on the farm mentioned and along the road between the farm and
Adkins. Twenty-five additional species are now known to occur at
this location.

Lytle locality. — This boulder, found in a field about one and one-
half miles northwest of Lytle, is amply described in a paper by A. J.
Kirn and H. B. Parks (Trans. Texas Acad. Sci., vol. 19, p. 11, 1936).
Dr. Berry has recorded thirty-five species, and the authors have added
ten additional ones. (Berry, E. W., Jour. Washington Acad. Sci.,
vol. 19, pp. 39-40, 1929.)

The remainder of this boulder consists of a few blocks of stone
lying beside the old Frio City road which runs due west from the north
boundary of the city of Lytle. Numerous other boulders are in the
same neighborhood, but whether any of these are fossiliferous is a
question.

Cassiano locality— These fossiliferous beds are found on the Cassiano
road twelve miles east of San Antonio where the road no longer can
be followed because of the very deeply eroded condition of the country.
This outcrop consists of an exposure of the middle Rockdale.

Thickness

Feet

3. Red clay . . . . . . . .

2. Simsboro sand. . . . . . . . 8

1. Alternating layers of compact, yellow and sandy clays, contain¬
ing a lense of steel-blue sandstone similar to those at Adkins,
Earle, and Lytle... . . . . . . . . . 12

The entire lower 12 feet of the above section is rich in plant remains.
The sandstone concretions have been worked only sufficiently to prove
that they carry the same impressions as do the others mentioned. The
clays have been worked enough to prove that the deposit is very rich
in large well-preserved leaves and that these layers extend over con¬
siderable area. The leaves in this clay are such that the surface must
be coated with some cohesive as soon as the block is exposed to the air.
Over forty species are known from this location. This deposit will
probably repay the investigator more than any other one in this district.
It was discovered by the writer in August, 1933.

Thelma locality. — This locality is found on the Williams farm at the
right hand of Highway No. 9 about a mile and one-half east of

14

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Thelma and one hundred yards up the hill from the road, Bexar County.
It consists of layers of white, compact sand carrying very delicate im¬
pressions of many kinds of plants. Owing to the softness of the layers
it is very hard to work. This location was discovered in 1934.

CARRIZO FORMATION

F. B. Plummer (Univ. Texas Bull. 3232, pp. 612-619, 1933) in
several places makes statements which summed up would indicate that
Carrizo plants or plant-bearing strata have not been recorded. These
statements have led the authors to make a search for plant remains in
this formation.

Senior locality. — One and one-half miles from the old town of Senior,
Bexar County, the hard, red, quartzitic member of the Carrizo is ex¬
posed. Here in 1933 the authors procured material from which sixteen
species of plants have been recognized. In a reconnaissance survey of
the Carrizo formation plant remains in varying amounts are found in
almost any exposure, but not generally in a condition to give any
information as to their identity.

Rossville locality. — This exposure is the same zone of the Carrizo
and at about the same horizon as is the Senior locality. It is located
on the Benton-Rossville private road on the west side of Atascosa
Creek about four miles south of Benton, Atascosa County. Very little
work has been done at this place, but four species have so far been
recognized. This was found in 1934.

Cibolo locality. — These fossiliferous sands lie in the bank of Cibolo
Creek about one hundred feet downstream from the bridge on Highway
81, northern Wilson County. At this point the creek cuts through the
lowest layer of the Carrizo sands. The plant impressions occur in
unconsolidated sand, and, though they are quite perfect, it is almost
impossible to remove them. Six species have been recognized.

FAYETTE FORMATION

Scattered along the belt of Fayette deposits (Univ. Texas Bull. 3232,
p. 683, fig. 46, 1933) F. B. Plummer has shown a large number of
deposits of filter clays commonly known as Fuller’s Earth. No record
is at hand showing that fossil plants, other than petrified wood and
palm stumps, occur in these layers. It is therefore thought of value to
give the following records.

Muldoon locality. — In the west pit of the Texas Company located at
Muldoon, Fayette County, are numerous plant impressions of the species
belonging to the Fayette formation. Impressions have been observed
in the other pits at the same place, but nowhere were they so well
defined and so numerous as in the west pit. Twelve species have
been easily identifiable.

FOSSIL PLANT LOCALITIES

15

Gonzales locality. — This plant-bearing layer is to be found in the
pits of the Earth’s Products Company of Houston. These pits are
located six and one-half miles southeast of Gonzales and opposite the
Dubois home, Gonzales County. The plant layer is just above the
filler clay. In some places the plant impressions are very numerous
and quite perfect. There are at least fifty species represented at this
locality ranging from palm to Dryophyllum. The only drawback to
these Fayette localities is the fragility of the specimens, which must
be taken out very carefully and slowly dried; after the shrinkage has
taken place, the specimens must be hardened.

Conquiesta locality. — This deposit is located on the south bluff of
San Antonio River four miles west of Fall City in Karnes County.
The plant layers are about ten feet above the high-water mark on the
face of the bluff, and they extend for about one-half of a mile along
the river. Surface findings indicate that with sufficient work this out¬
crop should yield fine specimens.

Witherspoon locality. — This is a pit leased from the Witherspoon
ranch by Three Rivers Glass Company. It is to be found in McMullen
County just south of San Miguel Creek about three miles from Cross
Store on the Christine-Tilden highway. Surface indications show many
fragments of the common Fayette plants.

Los Angeles locality.— This exposure in LaSalle County is found
three miles east of the town of Los Angeles and about eighteen miles
west of Fowlerton near the Fowlerton-Cotulla road. The Fuller’s Earth
here is massive, very hard, and porcelain-white. Weathered specimens
show numerous fragments of the common Fayette flora. Because of
the hardness of the rock this location, if properly worked, will un¬
doubtedly repay the time spent upon it.

FORMATIONAL CONTACTS

In order to be certain of the stratigraphic positions of plant localities
found, it became necessary to have an accurate knowledge of forma-
tional contacts in the Eocene section in eastern Bexar County. During
the past four years these contacts have been hunted out and are here-
within recorded.

Navarro-Midway. — No contact between the Midway and the older
formations is known to be exposed in central Bexar County.

Midway-Seguin. — On account of erosion and of the presence of
Pleistocene deposits, no actual contact of the Midway and Seguin can
be found, yet it is easily discernible in the differences in soils and by
changes in types of concretions exposed by erosion.

Seguin-Rockdale. — The Seguin is well marked throughout much of
central Bexar County, and the line of contact of the Seguin and the

16

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Rockdale with its layers of sand concretions and oyster beds is easily
recognizable. Good exposures are found west of Highway No. 2
sixteen miles south of San Antonio at the Tinsley schoolhouse and
ranging west to the line of the Texas and Pacific Railroad. Another
exposure is found on the Somerset road just south of the crossing of
Elm Creek within two and one-half miles of Somerset. It is exposed
also on the Palo Alto road eleven miles south of San Antonio.

Rockdale -Sabinetown. — The Simsboro sands as a common outcrop can
be recognized on the surface from a point twelve miles east of San
Antonio on the Cassiano road to a point three miles north and east
of Lavernia. This deposit is generally about one half of a mile wide
but is evident and continuous save for ravines which cross it. The
contact with the Sabinetown is marked by a layer of very hard, blue,
ripple-marked sandstone on which is a layer of a marine beach deposit
containing shells ( Venericardia and gastropods), shark’s teeth, and
water-worn pebbles (Univ. Texas Bull. 3232, pp. 603-604). This
contact line is exposed on Losoya Creek at the crossing of the old
Corpus Christi highway; in the clay pits one-fourth of a mile east of
the Utzville schoolhouse; in the crossing of the Stuart road and Parita
Creek; and at the crossing of Parita Creek and the Adkins-Elmendorf
road. These contacts are very similar, and their combined exposures
give a very complete record of the Sabinetown formation.

Sabinetown-Carrizo. — This contact is to be found in three widely
separated locations in Bexar County. One lies in a steep hillside along
the road leading from Somerset through Senior to Poteet, one-half mile
north of Senior. The contact is a severe unconformity. Another is
in the east pit near the town of Borregas. The third is on the Williams
farm one and one-half miles east of Thelma. These locations are well
exposed and are easily accessible.

NORTH TEXAS METEORITES

By RALPH H. KING1

There are definite historical records of three meteorites in north-
central Texas. In 1808 Capt. Anthony Glass (5) 2 saw one of these
masses and was informed that there were two others in the vicinity,
one about 30 miles, the other about 50 miles distant. In 1810 two
parties headed by men who had been with Capt. Glass set out to pro¬
cure the largest mass, and one party accomplished its purpose (5).
In 1812 and 1813 John Maley (5) saw one or both of the remaining
masses and bargained with the Indians for them. He was not of the
type of man who would purchase anything "sight unseen”, so probably
he knew where both were located. Although he failed to acquire
either of these two bodies, the fact that there were originally three such
meteorites seems definitely established.

On the return of Capt. Glass and his men to settled country two of
the men organized parties to go after the mass they had seen in place.
George Schamp led a party of nine, who started from Natchitoches,
Louisiana. John Davis set out with eight or ten men from Nacogdoches,
Texas. Davis’s party found the stone but had no means of taking it
away, as it weighed 1635 pounds, so they hid it under a flat rock while
they went back for a wagon. The other party found the hiding place
after a few days’ search and made a truck wagon into which they loaded
the meteorite. They crossed the Brazos without much trouble, but
Indians stole their horses one night, and they were delayed until more
horses could be obtained from Natchitoches. They finally reached Red
River, where the meteor was loaded on a boat and taken down¬
stream to the Mississippi and down that river to New Orleans (5).
It was shipped from there to New York, where it was bought by Col.
Gibbs, who placed it in trust in the Museum of the Lyceum of New
York. Upon the death of Col. Gibbs in 1835 his widow presented the
meteor to Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University,
where the main Gibbs collection of meteorites (2) was deposited.

In 1812 John Maley (5) traveled through north-central Texas
and saw one or both of the other two stones in place. He finally
agreed on the price which he was to pay the Indians for the masses
of iron and returned to New Orleans to obtain the merchandise. In
1813 he started after the meteorites with the goods which he was to
give in payment, but he was attacked by some members of a hostile
tribe and lost his goods and horses so gave up the enterprise.

Not until 18563 is there any other record of these meteorites. In
that year Major Neighbors, United States Indian Agent, sent a wagon
out to obtain one of the stones (6, 7). How he knew its whereabouts

1 Research Assistant, Bureau of Economic Geology, Austin, Texas.

2 Numbers in parenthesis refer to articles in the appended bibliography.

3 Erroneously 1836 in Shumard (7). Major Neighbors was not appointed Indian agent
until after 1845.

18

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

is not stated, but it was found about 60 miles from the Indian Reserva¬
tion on the east side of Brazos River and hauled to Ft. Belknap,
which was about three miles south of the present town of Newcastle
in Young County. Major Neighbors took the 320-pound mass to
San Antonio with him and later, at Dr. Shumard’s request, sent it to
Austin, where it was placed in the old Capitol Building. It was un¬
injured by the fire that destroyed the building in 1881 and was removed
from the ashes intact. It remained for a while in the temporary capitol
and was then given to The University of Texas. The portion remaining
is now in the museum of the Bureau of Economic Geology at Austin.

The third mass is probably where it fell, as there is no record of the
removal of a third mass from north-central Texas. The Denton
County mass (7) has a different composition and belongs to a different
fall. It has been established that when a falling meteor breaks up,
the fragments tend to fall along a straight line, the largest pieces travel¬
ing farthest because of their greater momentum. Since the distances
between the stones under discussion are known approximately, the
established locations of the first two should make the location of the
third relatively easy.

The largest mass, that which was first removed, was found southwest
of the Brazos, about three days’ journey southwestward from Red
River (5) . Maley (5) traveled southwest for about three days in going
to the smaller masses, which lay between the Brazos and Red rivers.
Both explorers mention a Pawnee Indian village on Red River as their
starting point, and later writers have assumed that it was the one
below the present city of Texarkana. However, since the village was
located about 400 miles above Natchitoches, it probably was the one at
the mouth of the Little Wichita, near the present town of Ringgold
in Montague County. Incidentally, the Indians were probably Caddo
or Wichita rather than Pawnee.

Bringier (3) describes the country in which the meteorites lay as
being just west of the "cross-timbers” belt which gives rise to the
headwaters of Trinity River, where the timber belt runs south-southeast
and is about a mile wide. This is, of course, the western "cross¬
timbers” on the Trinity-Paluxy sand outcrop, and the place most similar
to that described is in the southeastern part of Parker County. Here
there are several stream valleys trending southeast, none of which is
over a mile in width of outcrop of the Paluxy sand. The outcrop
widens about 15 miles north to about 15 or 20 miles, as described by
Bringier, and this part of the country is about three days’ journey by
wagon from Red River and nearly due south of the mouth of Little
Wichita River. It could hardly be regarded, however as a part of the
ridge between Brazos and Red rivers. This is probably the place
visited by Bringier, but it is doubtful whether or not the objects he
saw were the meteorites, as he describes them as being scattered over a
distance of seven to ten miles and as weighing 1000 to 7000 pounds,

NORTH TEXAS METEORITES

19

whereas the meteoric bodies were 20 to 30 miles apart, and the largest
Weighed but 1635 pounds. The latitude and longitude cited in his
paper indicate a point in northern Cherokee County in the heart of the
iron-ore district.

Perhaps the most definite statement of locality is that of Shumard
(7), who says that the specimen obtained by Major Neighbors was
found on the east side of Brazos River about 60 miles from the Indian
Reservation. As Major Neighbors was stationed at Ft. Belknap, the
reservation referred to was probably the one in southeastern Young
County. The Brazos flows southeastward for more than 150 miles,
passing through the Indian Reservation in this portion of its course.
The statement that the meteorite was on the east side of the Brazos
implies that it was close to that stream. A point 60 miles downstream
from the Indian Reservation would be in south-central Parker County,
not far from the point which Bringier described. However, this
locality is also open to the objection that it can not well be regarded
as part of the ridge between Brazos and Red rivers.

On the other hand, a point 60 miles upstream from the Indian
Reservation would be a few miles southeast of Seymour, in Baylor
County, on the divide between the Brazos and Red River or, more
precisely, between Brazos and Wichita rivers. Inasmuch as it was
not until 1852 that Marcy determined the source of Red River, it is
quite possible that earlier explorers mistook the Wichita for the main
stream. The objections to this site as the probable location of the
meteorite are, first, it is more west than southwest of the postulated site
of the Indian village, and second, there would be very few large
limestone ledges such as Maley ( 5 ) encountered on his trip to view the
stone. The first objection may be discounted in view of the fact that
other Indian villages lay farther up the river, any of which might
have been the actual starting point of the various expeditions. In
answer to the second objection it must be pointed out that the Leuders
limestone forms a prominent escarpment passing through Baylor and
Throckmorton counties, and it provided a solid footing where the
old military road crossed Wichita River at Military Crossing.

The most likely conclusion, therefore, is that the stone collected by
Major Neighbors was found in southeastern Baylor County and the
Gibbs stone was found on the south side of Salt Fork of Brazos
River in what is now Throckmorton County, about 30 miles to the
south. The third mass is probably lying near Wichita River in northern
Baylor County, possibly covered by the waters of Lake Kemp.

Since the heavier fragments of a broken meteorite travel farther
than the lighter ones, the body in falling probably had a southward
course, because the largest fragment was found on the southwest side
and a lighter one on the northeast side of Brazos River. Chemical
analysis shows the stones were part of the same fall.

20

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

In Coronado’s Children, by J. Frank Dobie, the tales of past
mineral riches in Texas include a record of a 'dump of platina” that
was used by the Indians for fashioning their arrows. This lump was
quite likely one of the meteorites and seems to settle the matter of their
location.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Anonymous, Meteroic iron (1. In Texas): Am. Jour. Sci., ser. 1, vol. 33,

p. 257, 1838.

2. Anonymous, Great mass of meteoric iron from Louisiana: Am. Jour. Sci.,

ser. 1, vol. 27, p. 382, 1835. (Notice of presentation to Yale University.)

3. Bringier, L., Notices of the geology, mineralogy, topography, productions,

aboriginal inhabitants of the regions around the Mississippi and its
confluent waters: Am. Jour. Sci., ser. 1, vol. 3, pp. 45-46, 1821.

4. Cummins, W. F., The Texas meteorites: Trans. Texas Acad. Sci., vol. 1,

No. 1, pp. 14-18, read April 2, 1892.

5. H. C., Notice of the malleable iron of Louisiana: Am. Jour. Sci., ser. 1,

vol. 8, pp. 218-225, 1824. (Quotes Glass and Maley MSS.)

6. Mallett, J. W., On a mass of meteoric iron from Wichita County, Texas:

Am. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, vol. 28, pp. 285-288, 1884.

7. Shumard, B. F., Notice of meteoric iron from Texas: Trans. St. Louis

Acad. Sci., vol. 1, pp. 622-624, paper received May 7, I860.

8. Silliman, B., Jr., and Hunt, T. S., On the meteoric iron of Texas and

Lockport: Am. Jour. Sci., series 2, vol. 2, pp. 370-376, 1846.

m ^ W ? ‘ pR n i v- ^

' — '•■■".'■•V..'’ v- ':." v .'Vv -'M>:'^':-'- ' •

flE

•MHft

HXz

Transactions

of the

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

'■■■. /

1934-1935

TOGETHER WITH THE PROCEEDINGS
FOR THE SAME TIME

VOLUME XIX

A,

1/

MR i n »

Austin, Texas

Published by the Academy
1936

siissiiiiia*

f; |t ft „ rv PSP

-

mm

* - ’ ’ ' i l’ ^ * “ *>{ ’'Tl^ $P%3 ,. 1 ■" •= r T*sSO " * '■> " 'i’jjjf ~ S Ai”1'

' >: - . : -■'•.■'■.••. &$£&

•-:■'•
r; 'm-< •■■’ -

5! l#Si^8^pfc

t* • ' • . • • . • • . ■ •• • • • ' 5 • -\- .*•." . • • ;*> » '.'>v. '•‘~>‘> #*^x •• ' „ ** -•: •*. ■-.: ■ ,*'' v -5^.-.

Transactions

of the

TEXAS ACADEMY OF

i

SCIENCE

1934-1935

TOGETHER WITH THE PROCEEDINGS
FOR THE SAME TIME

VOLUME XIX

Austin, Texas

Published by the Academy
1936

ORGANIZATION
of the

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

MEMBER OF

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

AFFILIATED SOCIETIES

Beta Beta Beta, Beta Tau Chapter, Baylor University

Central Texas Section, American Chemical Society

Dallas Astronomical Society

El Paso Archeological Society

Faculty Science Club of University of Texas

Houston Museum and Scientific Society

North Texas Biological Society

Science Club of Texas Technological College

Southwestern Science Society

Texas Archeological and Paleontological Society

Texas Association of Science Teachers

Texas Entomological Society

Texas Folk-Lore Society

West Texas Historical and Scientific Society

LOCAL CHAPTERS

Chapter 1, Commerce
Chapter 2, San Antonio

JUNIOR ACADEMIES

Chapter 1, Commerce
Chapter 2, Brownsville
Chapters 3 and 4, Austin
Chapter 5, Bryan
Chapter 6, Canyon

OFFICERS FOR 1934-1935

President, J. C. Godbey, Southwestern University.

Executive Vice-President, W. M. Winton, Texas Christian University.

Vice-President, Chairman of Section 1 , W. N. Masters, North Texas State
Teachers College.

Vice-President, Chairman Section 2, Don O. Baird, Sam Houston State Teachers
College.

Vice-President, Chairman Section 3, Aldon S. Lang, Baylor University.

Vice-President, Chairman Section 4, W. Armstrong Price, Corpus Christi, Texas.

Treasurer, Mayne Longnecker, Southern Methodist University.

Secretary, F. A. Burt, Agricultural and Mechanical College.

Editor, Helen Jeanne Plummer, Bureau Economic Geology.

Representative to American Association for the Advancement of Science, S. W.
Bilsing, Agricultural and Mechanical College.

7>i 7>i

CONTENTS

Page

Mosquitoes of Brazos County; by Emory C. Cushing . 5

An Eocene florule near Lytle, Texas; by A. J. Kirn . . . 11

Proceedings ................ . 17

Regional meetings . . . 17

Annual meeting . 17

Abstracts of papers . 20

Affiliated societies . . . 37

Membership list . 40

ILLUSTRATIONS

Reproductions and restorations of leaves of Ampelocissites lytlensis Berry.

15

MOSQUITOES OF BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS

EMORY C. CUSHING1
INTRODUCTION

The mosquitoes in the section of Texas in which Brazos County is
located constitute an almost constant source of annoyance to the in¬
habitants. For this reason a study of the mosquito fauna of the
county was undertaken with the object of determining, in so far as
possible, the number of species present and the relative abundance
of each.

The work was done during the spring, summer, and fall of 1927
and consisted of making collections of larvae and pupae wherever
they could be found. These were then reared to the adult stage in
the laboratory of the Entomology Department of Texas Agricultural
and Mechanical College, College Station, Texas. Occasionally adults
were taken in the open. These were classified and placed in the col¬
lection with those reared from larvae and pupae. Identifications
were made by the writer, but when any doubt existed as to the
identity of a species, specimens were sent to H. G. Dyar of the U. S.
National Museum for verification.

LOCATION AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

Brazos County is located in the center of what is known as the
"flatwoods country” of east-central Texas. This section comprises
the following counties: Navarro, Freestone, Leon, Madison, Walker,
San Jacinto, Montgomery, Waller, Austin, Fayette, Bastrop, Wash¬
ington, Burleson, Lee, Grimes, Brazos, Milam, Robertson, Falls, and
Limestone. The elevation is approximately 300 feet above sea level.
Bryan, the county seat of Brazos County, is about 95 miles northwest
of Houston and 140 miles from the Gulf Coast.

The average annual rainfall amounts to about 39 inches, 20 per
cent of which occurs during the months of June, July, and August,
and about 50 per cent from January to May. Except in extremely
dry years, rainfall is sufficient throughout the year to provide excel¬
lent mosquito-breeding places in artificial receptacles, woodland
pools, and along stream beds.

The annual frost-free period for the past 21 years has averaged
251 days. The average date of the first killing frost for the same
period is November 19, whereas the last killing frost in the spring
usually occurs near the middle of March. The temperature rarely
drops low enough to inhibit the appearance of mosquitoes until
about December 15; some species, however, continue to be pests
throughout the milder winters.

1 Division of Insects Affecting Man and Animals, Bureau of Entomology and Plant
Quarantine, U. S. Dept. Agriculture.

6

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

SPECIES IN BRAZOS COUNTY

Dyar, in The Mosquitoes of the Americas (2), reports 43 species
from Texas. These are given in Table 1, together with the localities
from which they have been reported .

Table 1. — Species of mosquitoes reported from Texas and localities where
they occur.

Psorophora ciliata (Fab.)2 . Brownsville

Psorophora champerico (D. & K.) . Brownsville, Dallas

Psorophora ferox (Humbolt) . Dallas

Psorophora varipes (Coq.) . Dallas, Brownsville

Psorophora cyanescens (Coq.) . ...Paris, Brownsville

Psorophora signipennis (Coq.) . Camp McAllen, Austin, San Antonio,

Laredo

Psorophora discolor (Coq.) . Plano, Brownsville

Psorophora columbiae (D. & K.)2 . Llano Grande, San Antonio, Brownsville

Aedes fulvus (Wied.) . Brownsville

Aedes trivittatus (Coq.) . Denison, Leon Springs

Aedes infirmatus D. & K . Brownsville

Aedes thelcter Dyar . Brownsville, Camp McAllen

Aedes gonimus D. & K . Kerrville

Aedes hirsuteron (Theob.) . Paris

Aedes nigromaculis (Ludl.)2 . Brownsville, Plano

Aedes sollicitans (Walk.) . .Sandpoint, Galveston, Corpus Christi,

Victoria, Smith Point

Aedes mitchellae (Dyar)2 . Victoria

Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wied.)2 . Victoria, Houston, Cypress Bayou

Aedes zoosophus D. & K . Kerrville

Aedes triseriatus (Say)2 . Victoria

Aedes alleni Turner . . Rio Grande Valley

Aedes vexans (Meig.)2 . Dallas

Aedes aegypti (Linne)2 . . . Dallas, San Antonio

Culicella inornata (Williston) . Dallas

Culex erraticus (D. & K.) . Plano, Victoria, Brownsville

Culex inhibitator D. & K . Dallas, San Antonio

Culex stigmatosoma Dyar . Kerrville

Culex salinarius Coq . . . . . (Particular locality not given)

Culex declarator D. & K . Brownsville

Culex restuans Theob.2 . . . Denison

Culex quinquefasciatus Say2 . Corpus Christi

Culex tarsalis Coq.2 . Dallas, Devils River

Culex coronator D. & K . San Benito

Culex apicalis Adams . ...(Particular locality not given)

Orthopodomyia signifera (Coq.)2 . Kerrville

Megarhinus rutilus Coq . (Not listed by Dyar for Brazos County)

Megarhinus septentrionalis D. & K . Dallas

Uranotaenia syntheta Dyar & Shannon..Rio Grande Valley

Uranotaenia sapphirina (O. S.) . . (Particular locality not given)

Anopheles albimanus Wied . Rio Grande Valley

Anopheles pseudopunctipennis Theob.... Devils River, Brownsville

Anopheles punctipennis (Say)2 . Paris

Anopheles crucians Wied . Galveston

Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say2 . Dallas

2 Occurs also in Brazos County.

MOSQUITOES OF BRAZOS COUNTY

7

The following fifteen species have been found in Brazos County, all
but one of which, Megarhinus rutilus Coquillett, are reported by Dyar.

PSOROPHORA (PSOROPHORA) CILIATA (Fabricius)

The adults are severe biters and are known colloquially as "galli-
nippers.” They are most commonly found in the river bottoms. The
larvae live in temporary rain puddles in stream beds and are predacious
on one another, as well as on other mosquito larvae with which they
are associated. The adults are not abundant but sometimes are annoy¬
ing to campers and fishermen.

PSOROPHORA (GRABHAMIA) COLUMBIA (Dyar and Knab)

This species is not abundant, and larvae were obtained only from
woodland pools near Wellborn. Adult females are persistent biters.
They have been taken in cotton fields during the summer.

This species has been called "the spotted-legged mosquito.”

AEDES (TAENIORHYNCHUS) NIGROMACULIS (Ludlow)

Only one specimen of this species was obtained. This was reared
from a larva obtained from a woodland pool near the central part of
the county.

AEDES (TAENIORHYNCHUS) MITCHELLAE (Dyar)

Larvae were obtained from a ground pool near the Brazos River in
the southern part of the county, but they are not abundant. Specimens
were sent to Dr. Dyar for his determination of the species.

AEDES (TAENIORHYNCHUS) TAENIORHYNCHUS (Wiedemann)

This species is not numerous. One adult female taken near Wellborn
was probably transported from the lower coastal region.

AEDES (FINLAYA) TRISERIATUS (Say)

This species was not found near human habitations, as the larvae
inhabit tree holes or artificial receptacles in wooded sections in the
southern and central parts of the county. The adults are fairly numer¬
ous in localities where they occur and are often troublesome in dry
woods.

AEDES (AEDIOMORPHUS) VEXAJNS (Meigen)

The larvae frequent ground pools and can be found in almost every
part of the county. The adults cause considerable annoyance in the
woods but are seldom troublesome about houses.

AEDES (STEGOMYIA) AEGYPTI (Linne)

In some localities this species is more numerous and is a greater pest
than Culex quinquefasciatus Say. It is a domesticated species and breeds
in any kind of artificial receptacle. The females are severe and ex¬
tremely irritating biters. Negro communities suffer considerably from

8

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

these pests, as the houses are usually unscreened. The species occurs
generally over the county. With the first hard frost the adults dis¬
appear.

CULEX (CULEX) RESTUANS Theobald

Larvae of this species were found most commonly in rain barrels
close to habitations but occur also in temporary streams. The species
does not occur in large numbers, and specimens are difficult to find late
in the season.

This species is rather closely allied to Culex quinquefasciatus Say and
Culex pipiens Linne.

Specimens of this species were sent to Dr. Dyar for identification.

CULEX (CULEX) QUINQUEFASCIATUS Say

This species is probably the one most common in Brazos County. The
larvae may be found in any place near habitations where water stands
long enough for the eggs to hatch. During mild winters the adults are
almost as abundant as in the other seasons. Early in the spring the
abdomen of the female is greatly distended with eggs and is of a pale
greenish color. Overwintering females are quite abundant in out¬
houses and underneath buildings. The first spring brood usually ap¬
pears about the first of March.

CULEX (CULEX) TARSALIS Coquillett

Larvae of this species were found in pools left in stream beds and in
woodland pools but never in artificial receptacles. They are extremely
shy and disappear rapidly upon the slightest disturbance. The adults
bite viciously, but have never been observed in large numbers.

ORTHOPODOMYIA SIGNIFERA (Coquillett)

This species is common in the vicinity of College Station. The larvae
are found in places similar to those in which Aedes triseriatus (Say)
occur. It is not known whether or not the adults bite.

MEGARHINUS (MEGARHINUS) RUTILUS Coquillett

Heretofore this species has been reported only from Florida. In
Texas larvae were found in only one place, a rain barrel in the bee yard
of the Entomology Department of Texas Agricultural and Mechanical
College, five miles west of Wellborn. They are extremely large and
pinkish red, and in general appearance they resemble somewhat the
larvae of Psorophora ciliata (Fabricius) , except that the air tube is
shorter and more blunt, and the anal gills are different.

Because of their cannibalistic habits, it is very difficult to rear larvae
of M. rutilus to the adult stage when they are kept together in the
same container. Several hundred were first obtained, but this number
was reduced over night to a few dozen. The remaining ones were
removed to separate vessels but began to die when they did not have

MOSQUITOES OF BRAZOS COUNTY

9

other mosquito larvae upon which to feed. Shredded cooked beef was
substituted for mosquito larvae as food, and they ate this with as much
avidity as they devoured their brothers.

The reared adults were kept alive for more than a week by feeding
them with honey that they obtained from a honey-soaked sponge placed
in the cage. Since the adults will feed on honey, it is thought that
perhaps their occurrence in the bee yard may have been due to their
ability to obtain honey in some way from the beehives.

The adults are hard to distinguish from those of the more common
related species Megarhinus septentrionalis D. & K. None of the latter,
however, have been found in Brazos County.

ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) PUNCTIPENNIS (Say)

This species is of common occurrence in the county and is commonly
found about negro houses and outhouses.

ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) QUADRJMACULATUS Say

This species is found occasionally but is not so common as A. puncti-
pennis (Say).

SUMMARY

Culex quinquefaciatus Say is apparently the most troublesome species
around dwellings, but its importance in this respect may be overshad¬
owed by Aedes aegypti (Linne) in certain localities. Aedes vexans
(Meigen) and Aedes triseriatus (Say) are the most troublesome species
in the woods.

REFERENCES

1. Dyar, H. G., The mosquitoes of the United States: U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc.,

vol. 62, art. 1, pp. 1-119, 1922.

2. Dyar, H. G., The mosquitoes of the Americas: Carnegie Inst., Washington,

Publ. No. 387, pp. 1-616, pis. 1-123, 1928.

3. Freeborn, S. B., The mosquitoes of California: California Univ. Publ., Ent.,

vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 333-460, 1926.

4. Headlee, T. J., The mosquitoes of New Jersey and their control: New Jersey

Agric. Exper. Station Bull. 348, pp. 1-229, 1921.

AN EOCENE FLORULE NEAR LYTLE, TEXAS

By A. J. KIRN1 and H. B. PARKS2

In 1916 E. W. Berry published an account (2) of the discovery of a
rock deposit containing the impressions of leaves collected by Alexander
Deussen and L. W. Stephenson near the town of Earle in Bexar County.
In 1921 Berry, accompanied by A. C. Trowbridge and L. W. Stephen¬
son, visited the locality. The records of the observations made at the
two visits constitute the literature of paleobotany of Bexar County with
the exception of a few short notices which give resumes of this work.

Dr. Berry describes the plant-bearing formation at Earle as the in¬
durated portions of a sandy deposit which was regarded by him as
belonging to the Midway formation. In his publication of 1924(5) he
states definitely that, although structural geologists place the Earle lo¬
cality in the Wilcox, he still maintains that the resemblance of the plant
fossils to those common in the Raton and Denver formations of New
Mexico and Colorado points to Midway age.

The Earle locality is unique, and its history must be given in order
to understand why a number of the proposed studies by Dr. Berry have
not been made. The town of Earle was located on the east bank of
Medina River at one of the several crossings of the Camino Real
(King’s Highway) between San Antonio and the City of Mexico. Near
the town and the ford there existed a hill of very hard, gray sandstone.
This rock deposit furnished foundations, chimneys, and well curb¬
ing during several generations for the farmers in that section of
country. Large quantities of rock from here went into the walls of
Mission El Carmen. Rock for road construction and for the building
of the cement wagon bridge at Earle also came from the quarry. When
the San Antonio, Uvalde and Gulf Railroad was built from San Antonio
southward, it was found necessary to build the right-of-way across the
quarry. The large amount of rock then removed was used in building
the railway bridge abutments, and many tons were hauled elsewhere
and used in culverts. As a result only a few blocks of this sandstone
deposit are left, and at a little distance northwest is one remaining
boulder of this once-famous quarry. With the coming of the railroad a
depot was built on the west side of the river, and around this sprang up
the town of Cassin. With the loss of patronage by railroads the station
was discontinued. The gin, warehouses, and other properties were
moved away, and the town of Cassin like the town of Earle has become
simply a name on record. The present town of Florestown is just east
of the old town of Earle. It is thus seen that the only chance to study
the flora contained in this deposit is to hunt up places where the rock
has been used and, where possible, to remove the fragments with the
hope of finding additional fossil plants.

1 Somerset, Texas.

2 Chief, Division of Apiculture, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, San Antonio,
Texas.

12

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

It is very interesting to note that a regular folk-lore has grown up
among the Mexicans whose relatives formerly worked the quarry, and
one can obtain some most exaggerated stories relative to size and kinds
of leaves found there. One of the best tales concerns a grapevine,
which had a number of perfect leaves measuring some feet in diameter
and clusters of grapes on which from two to three hundred berries had
been counted.

There is no doubt from what is now known that the Earle sandstone
consisted of a number of large concretions in the upper part of the
Rockdale formation. Wherever the Rockdale is exposed, hard, cal¬
careous sandstone concretions occur in that part of its section known as
the Simsboro sands. The Wilcox group extends in a twelve-mile belt
across the southern part of Bexar County. Near the center of this belt
the entire Wilcox group of strata is exposed, but to the northeast and
southwest it has been eroded until in many places only a small portion
of the deposit remains. Because of the friability of the strata, erosion
has carried away the sands and clays, and the gray concretions being
too heavy for transportation have remained in their original geograph¬
ical position. In many places erosion has removed the deposits from
under the concretions, which now lie lower than their original strati-
graphical position. This is evidenced by the lack of conformity between
the stratification in the loose boulders and that in the underlying forma¬
tion. At the Earle locality a large number of such boulders had been
assembled by erosion and possibly by water transportation.

About twenty miles north and west of the Earle location the Rockdale
formation occupies almost the entire plain between Medina River and
the headwaters of Atascosa River. In a broad belt conforming to the
strike of the Rockdale there are numerous concretionary sandstone
boulders that belong to the described formation. That these are many
feet below their original position is attested by the fact that they lie
at angles to the horizontal and below known concretionary deposits in
situ.

In 1928 the senior author discovered abundant plant impressions in a
typical Rockdale boulder that was being removed from a field about one
and one-half mile west-northwest of Lytle3 and in the extreme eastern
edge of Medina County. The concretionary boulder was ovate in outline
and about three times as long as thick and measured approximately
eight feet by sixteen feet by twenty-four feet. It lay at an angle of
about thirty-five degrees to the surface of the soil and rested upon an
undisturbed portion of Rockdale. The entire boulder was removed,
portions of it were used for foundations and the remainder for road
work. Collections of this plant material were successfully made.

3 The locality is reached from the town of Lytle by driving northwestward along the
street that passes south of the Lytle High School to a point 0.7 of a mile from the school;
thence northward on the Medina-Atascosa county line road for 0.1 of a mile; thence west¬
ward 0.8 of a mile. From this point on the road the location .of the large cavity left after
the removal of the boulder lies 400 feet to the north in the field, and some remnants of
the rock still remain in the bottom of the cavity at this date. The land is a part of the
Medina Irrigation Project and lies on the Gillam farm.

EOCENE FLORULE NEAR LYTLE

13

Dr. Berry described ten plants from the Earle locality. Stephenson,
Vaughan, and Baker later collected a few plants near Elmendorf and
Calaveras bringing the total number of species collected in Bexar
County up to eighteen. Since these later collections were made in soft
clay, and since some question of age may exist, only those species found
in the analgous hard sandstone concretions are listed.

Quite a complete collection of species from the Lytle locality was
shipped to E. W. Berry, who has been able to identify thirty-five species
from this material. It is to be seen that, by comparing the Earle list
and the Lytle list, the floras are the same, the Lytle list containing all
of the Earle species with the exception of two. The additional species
substantiate the Rockdale age of the Earle deposits, as paleobotanical
work since the study of that flora has shown very definitely that it is
in this part of Texas that the plants recorded from the Eocene of New
Mexico and Colorado met and mingled with those in the deposits now
called Rockdale and that the Denver and Raton deposits are not Mid¬
way in age but are Rockdale. Dr. Berry from the Kirn material de¬
scribed two new species (7, 8) naming one for the senior author
(Kirn) and the other from the place of location (Lytle) .

Since Berry’s study of the Lytle material, further work has been done
among the fragments of this boulder, and the present authors are here
amplifying the original description of Ampelocissites lytlensis Berry,
genotype of Ampelocissites. This species was described (8) from a
single seed belonging to the family Vitaceae and is probably from
some kind of a fruit very much resembling the common grape. In the
description Berry states that the form of the seed places the plant be¬
tween the genus Ampelocissus and the genus Vitis. Among the frag¬
ments of the boulder from which this seed came the authors have
found three leaves of a plant that likewise falls between these same two
genera. As it is not probable that two so closely related species should
occur in a fossil flora in a deposit of so small dimensions, the authors
are placing these leaves in the species described by Dr. Berry.

Species collected from concretions in the Rockdale formation, Bexar and
Medina counties , Texas . (Identifications by E. W. Berry.)

Earle locality —

Asimina eocenica Lesquereux
Cinnamomum affine Lesquereux
Dolichites deusseni Berry
Ficus denveriana Cockerell
Ficus sp.4

Ficus occidentalis (Lesquereux)

Laurus wardiana Knowlton
Platanus aceroides latifolium Knowlton
Pourouma texana Berry
Terminalia hilgardiana (Lesquereux)

4 Later identified as F. mississippiensis Berry.

14

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Lytle locality —

Anacardium kirni Berry
Anona ampla Berry
Anona eolignitica Berry
Ampelocissites lytlensis Berry
Apocynophyllum wilcoxense Berry
Apocynophyllum sapindifolium Hollick
Artocarpus pungens (Lesquereux)

Asimina eocenica Lesquereux
Banisteria repandifolium Berry
Celastrus taurinensis Ward
Cinnamomum affine Lesquereux
Cinnamomum postnewberryi Berry
Cucurbites acrobiculatus Berry
Dryophyllum tennesseense Berry
Euonymus splendens Berry
Engelhardtia ettingshauseni Berry
Ficus denveriana Cockerell
Ficus mississippiensis Berry
Ficus pseudopopulus Lesquereux
Ficus occidentalis (Lesquereux)

Ficus schimperi Lesquereux
Ficus vaughani Berry
Gleditsiophyllum eocenicum Berry
Glyptostrobus europaeus (Brogniart)

Lygodium kaulfussi Heer
Laurus? caudata Knowlton
Laurus wardiana Knowlton
Magnolia angustifolium Newberry
Magnolia leei Knowlton
Nyssa eolignitica Berry
Oreodaphne obtusifolium Berry
Platanus aceroides latifolium Knowlton
Sabalites grayanus (Lesquereux)

Terminalia hilgardiana (Lesquereux)

Ternstroemites eolignitica Berry.

AMPELOCISSITES LYTLENSIS Berry

Ampelocissites lytlensis Berry, 1929, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 19, p. 39,
text fig. 1.

The genus Ampelocissites was erected by E. W. Berry (8) to accom¬
modate a fossil plant that was found in a hard, calcareous, sandstone
concretion belonging to upper Rockdale formation one and one-half
miles west-northwest of the town of Lytle and in the extreme eastern
edge of Medina County. This plant, as first described, is represented
by a single seed which is well preserved and shows the characteristics of
both Ampelocissus and Vitis. Further collecting has been rewarded by
the discovery in the fragments of the rock from which the seed came,
portions of three leaves, which like the seed described by Berry exhibits
the characteristics of Ampelocissus and Vitis. An extensive sutdy of
the two genera has led to the conclusion that there is no doubt that
these leaves represent the species described by Berry. It is hard to be¬
lieve that another species so nearly related would be found within a

EOCENE FLORULE NEAR LYTLE

15

few feet of the first discovery. The fossil material is well defined, and
fortunately both surfaces of the leaves are represented.

The leaves have the typical venation of the Vitaceae. The specimens
agree in that the leaves bear the same relative proportion of length,
width, and outline. The leaves are serrate and tridentate. The base of
the leaves lies 84 degrees from the direction of the main vein,
and the upper edge of the lateral dentation is parallel to the base of
the leaf. The upper surface of the leaf is smooth and punctate,
whereas the under surface is decidedly woolly. The small leaf is six by
eight centimeters; the largest ones measure ten by twelve centimeters.

Fig. 1. Reproductions and restorations of leaves of Am pelocis sites lytlensis
Berry, x0.5, found at the type locality for the species. The shaded areas repre¬
sent the preserved portions of the leaves, a, Leaf with the largest preserved
area (L-l-33; K-O.lA). b, Leaf restored from specimen showing opposite sur¬
faces (L-l-33; K-P-l and K-P-lA). c, Small leaf showing considerable surface
preserved (L-l-33; K-0.1). The notations in parentheses refer to collection num¬
bers in the collections of the authors. The drawings have been made by Miss
Mabel Parks.

16

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Drawings of these leaves, as accurately as can be produced, have been
compared with the leaves of the Mustang grape, Vitis candicans Engel-
mann. The resemblance is very striking, especially as comparison shows
that the smaller leaf grew near the end of the vine, whereas the larger
leaves, which are slightly different in outline, belong farther back on the
stem. Reproductions of these leaves are given in the accompanying
illustrations (fig. 1).

These specimens are the property of the authors, who take pleasure
in making this addition to a more complete knowledge of this species
described by E. W. Berry.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Ball, O. M., A contribution to the paleobotany of the Eocene of Texas:

Agric. Mech. Coll. Texas Bull., ser. 4, vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 1-173, pis. 1-48,
1931.

2. Berry, E. W., The lower Eocene floras of southeastern North America:

U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 91, pp. 1-490, pis. 1-117, 1916.

3 . - . — An Eocene flora from the trans-Pecos Texas: U. S. Geol.

Survey Prof. Paper 125, pp. 1-9, pis. 1-3, text figs. 1, 2, 1920.

4 . Additions to the flora of the Wilcox group: U. S. Geol.

Survey Prof. Paper 131-A, pp. 1-21, pis. 1-18, 1922.

5. . . . . Middle and upper Eocene floras of southeastern North

America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 92, pp. 1-206, pis. 1-65, 1924.

6 . . . An early Eocene florule from central Texas: U. S. Geol. Sur¬

vey Prof. Paper 132-E, pp. 87-92, pi. 23, text fig. 8, 1924.

7 . . . An Anacardium in the lower Eocene of Texas: Jour. Wash¬

ington Acad. Sci., vol. 19, pp. 37-39, figs. 1, 2, 1929.

8 . . Seeds of a new species of Vitaceae from the Wilcox Eocene

of Texas: Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 19, pp. 39-41, text fig. 1,

1929.

9 . . . . Revision of the lower Eocene Wilcox flora of the southeast¬

ern states: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 156, pp. 1-196, pis. 1-50,

1930.

PROCEEDINGS
of the

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

REGIONAL MEETINGS

South Texas Meeting. — This meeting was held at Kingsville, April
26 to 27, W. Armstrong Price presiding. At the technical sessions
sixteen papers were presented. The program at the banquet consisted
of an illustrated talk by a Junior Academy member and an address by
Pres. H. Y. Benedict of The University of Texas on "Early Attempts at
Measuring Distances of Stars.” At the business session eighteen new
members were elected and other business discussed. A field trip over
King Ranch filled the afternoon.

East Texas Meeting. — This meeting was held at Huntsville, May 3
and 4, Don O. Baird presiding. At the technical sessions ten papers
were presented. The unique feature of the general session was an illus¬
trated lecture by Robert M. Zimmerman, a deep-sea diver, entitled
"Down, Down, Down to the Bottom of the Sea.” In the business ses¬
sion sixteen new members were elected. A tour of inspection of the
State Penitentiary was conducted.

West Texas Meeting. — This meeting was held at Abilene, W. M.
Winton presiding. Eleven papers were presented at the technical ses¬
sions. After the banquet J. M. Kuehne gave an illustrated lecture,
"The McDonald Observatory.” At the brief business session four new
members were elected.

ANNUAL MEETING

The annual fall meeting of the Texas Academy of Science was held
on the campus of Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas,
College Station, November 7-9, 1935, J. C. Godbey, President, presid¬
ing. Technical sessions filled most of the second day and business
sessions were held on the first and last days. Capt. G. B. Troland was
guest speaker after the annual banquet, his title being "The Melting
Pot of the Pacific.” Another guest speaker at the general session was
geologist for the Second Byrd Expedition, Charles G. Morgan, who
spoke on his experiences in the Antarctic. Thirteen members were
raised to the rank of Fellow, and fifteen new members were
elected, making fifty-three new members added during the year. Fol¬
lowing the final business session at which new officers were elected field
trips in the vicinity were led by members located at College Station.

Officers elected for 1933-1936 — W . Armstrong Price, President; Don O.
Baird, Executive Vice-President; W. T. Gooch, W. R. Horlacher, S. B.
McAlister, Olin G. Bell, and John G. Sinclair, Vice-Presidents and Chair¬
men of Sections 1-5 respectively; Frederick A. Burt, Secretary; Mayne
Longnecker, Treasurer. (The other officers carry over from the previous
year. )

18

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Fellows elected. — C. L. Svensen, Sister Michael Edward O’Byrne, M. F.
Landwer, F. A. Cray, W. Goodrich Jones, D. B. Casteel, J. A. Place,
Donald Duncan, J. Frank Dobie, S. B. McAlister, T. D. Brooks, L. W.
Blau, Olin G. Bell.

New Junior Academy chapters. — Science Club of Georgetown High School,
Science Club of the high school division of Incarnate Word College, Nature
Science Club No. 1 of Austin High School.

New section. — Section 5, Basic Medical Sciences.

Report of the Treasurer. — The following report for the period of November
17th, 1934, to November 9th, 1935, was presented as follows:

RECEIPTS

From F. A. Burt (Sec.-Treas., 1933-1934).....,

T"1^ips f rnm memhers . __ _ i. _

. . . „..........„....$240.36

_ _ _ _ ..... 244.35

Received from A.A.A.S.... - ...... - - -

. . . . 73.50

$558.21

EXPENSES

Printing of oertihcares - - . .

$ 12 01

Expenses of Secretary . ....4....... . .

_ _ _ _ 50.00

Clerical assistance _ ... _ _ ...... . .... . . ... . . .

_ _ _ _ _ _ 18.00

Interest on indebtedness to A. J. Kirn. _ .........

_ _ _ _ ........ 23.13

Fxppnsps ICingsvillp mppfi'ng .

_ ..... _ .... 6.57

Expenses of Huntsville meeting;... . . .

. 40 00

Sprrpffirial supplies . . . .

Check returned . . . ...

2 00

Printing and mailing of Vol. 17 .

ZZZZZZZZZ" 251.65

$405.21

STATEMENT

Receipts

. . . . ...$558.21

Exoenses . . .

_ _ 405.21

$153.00

Papers presented. — The following papers were presented on Friday
of this meeting:

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

The cotton flower in relation to developmental times; by Clifton C. Doak,
A. & M. College.

A new method of the determination of the velocity of absorption of water on
different regions of the root; by H. F. Rosene and E. J. Lund, The University
of Texas.

Hybrid vigor in cotton ; by D. T. Killough and W. R. Horlacher, College Station.

Vegetational survey of the lower Rio Grande Valley; by Elzada U. Clover,
University of Michigan.

Effects of sulphur on the control of potato scab; by J. J. Taubenhaus, College
Station.

Some additions to the flora of Texas; by George L. Fisher, Houston Museum.

Chimeras in cotton; by W. R. Horlacher and D. T. Killough, College Station.

The pollution of North Fork of Trinity River with special reference to the effect
of waste dye on fish life; by A. H. Wiebe, Fish, Game, and Oyster Commis¬
sion.

Distribution of bioelectrical potentials in Chara vulgaris; by Sidney O. Brown,
The University of Texas.

PROCEEDINGS

19

Flight stridulation in American acridians; by F. B. Isely, Trinity University.

Notes on the feeding habits of the short-eared owl; by Claude Kelley and E. P.
Cheatum, Southern Methodist University.

Deforestation, the nemesis of historic civilizations ; by O. C. Charlton, Forester,
Dallas.

The genus Ephedra in Texas; by V. L. Cory, Agricultural Experiment Station,
Sonora.

Fossil plants; by H. B. Parks, Agricultural Experiment Station, San Antonio.

Wild flowers of Erath County; by Lewis Waters, Baylor College, Dallas.

Notes on the plankton of the Gulf shore waters; by Clyde T. Reed, Texas
College of Arts and Industries, Kingsville.

A unique distribution of littoral habitats for oceanographic studies on the Gulf;
by E. J. Lund, The University of Texas, and A. H. Wiebe, Fish, Game, and
Oyster Commission, Austin.

Procedure in protection of wild life; by J. G. Burr, Fish, Game, and Oyster
Commission, Austin.

GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Biology of fossil crabs; by H. B. Stenzel, Bureau of Economic Geology.

Recent advances in oil-field technology and their application to oil-field produc¬
tion problems ; by F. B. Plummer, Bureau of Economic Geology.

Hydrothermal activity in Yellowstone and other points in Wyoming; by Augusta
H. Kemp, Seymour High School.

The use of electrical surveys in drill holes; by J. L. Mathieu, Schlumberger
Well Survey Corporation, Houston.

Exhibit of gastroliths from Wyoming; by Augusta H. Kemp, Seymour High
School.

Recent studies in the classification of the Paleozoic ammonites in Texas; by F. B.
Plummer, Bureau of Economic Geology.

Some tectonics of the Gulf Coastal Plain ; by Charles L. Baker, A. & M. College.

Tentative glacial time scale for south Texas Quaternary formations; by W.
Armstrong Price, Corpus Christi, and John Doering, J. R. Black, and J. L.
Collins, Dallas.

New structural map in Texas; by E. H. Sellards, Bureau of Economic Geology.

Some contributions of paleontology; by N. L. Thomas, Pure Oil Co., Dallas.

Subsurface evidence of the Navarro-Taylor contact in central Texas; by Helen
Jeanne Plummer, Bureau of Economic Geology.

Geology of the Antarctic; by C. G. Morgan, Geologist of Byrd Expedition.

PHYSICAL SCIENCES

The requirements of animals for vitamin A; by George S. Fraps, State Chemist.

Spectroscopic method for the determination of vitamin A; by A. R. Kemmerer,
College Station.

Bromine-sensitized photodecomposition of gaseous dibromotetrachloroethane ; by
J. L. Carrico, Lamar College.

Chemistry of color in Texas bluebonnets (Lup'tnus texensis) ; by Sister Michael
Edward O’Byrne, Incarnate Word College.

The nine-point circle; by W. H. Bruce, North Texas State Teachers College.

Recent potash investigations in west Texas ; by W. A. Cunningham, The
University of Texas.

20

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Study of the gasoline sold in some Texas cities and a review of the modern
gasoline specifications; by D. A. McKnight and Reuben Pfenning, The Uni¬
versity of Texas.

Demonstration of fluorescence and phosphorescence of minerals with an iron-arc
spark-gap lamp; by Clarence L. Brock, Houston Museum of Natural History.
McDonald Observatory; by J. M. Kuehne, The University of Texas.

Scientific gleanings from the Anglo-Saxon Chronical; by Augusta H. Kemp,
Seymour High School.

SOCIAL SCIENCES

The Texas securities act; by Karl E. Ashburn, Southern Methodist University.
Silviculture and civilization ; by L. L. Bishop, U. S. Forestry Service, Houston.
Social Science in the revised curriculum; by S. B. McAlister, North Texas State
Teachers College.

Crime and civilization ; by W. Armstrong Price, Corpus Christi.

The cotton program in Egypt; by J. S. Mogford, A. & M. College.

Reactionary aspects of the so-called "New Deal” in the light of possible social
order; by F. B. Clark, A. & M. College.

Some practical applications of anthropology; by J. E. Pearce, The University of
Texas.

Melting pot of the Pacific; by G. B. Troland, Capt. U. S. Army.

MEDICAL SCIENCES

Stereo-photography in embryology; by J. G. Sinclair, M.D., The University of
Texas Medical College.

Some notes on three problems in teaching embryology; by J. G. Sinclair, M.D.,
The University of Texas Medical College.

Relation of maternal vitamin A to embryonic eye development; by Fred Hale,
Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station.

Some studies on the fiber composition of the spinal nerve root; by Donald
Duncan, M.D., The University of Texas Medical College.

The biological position of the filterable viruses, a review; by Hardy A. Kemp,
M.D., Baylor Medical College.

Use of the headless (spinal) cat for research on the nervous system; by E. L.

Porter, M.D., The University of Texas Medical College.

Preparation and performance in medical students; by J. G. Sinclair, M.D., The
University of Texas Medical College.

Impending trends in medical education; by Hardy A. Kemp, M.D., Baylor
Medical College.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

The following abstracts represent some of the papers presented at
regional meetings and at the annual fall meeting of the Academy.

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Distribution of bioelectric potentials in Chara vulgaris, by Sidney O. Brown. —
Measurement of the distribution of electric potentials along the axis of the
stonewort, Chara vulgaris, shows that this water plant exhibits the usual electric
polarity found in many other plants and animals. The observed continuously
maintained E. M. F.’s between the apex and base of the second internode average
about 20 millivolts with the apex positive. The potential pattern is quite variable
among individual plants, and the electric polarity in the same individual may be
diminished or completely inverted by slight mechanical stimulation of the apex.

PROCEEDINGS

21

Control of gar and carp, by J. G. Burr. — So long as the predacious fishes, such
as gar and carp, go uncontrolled, increasing the supply of food fish in the
rapidly increasing number of lakes and reservoirs is extremely difficult. The best
time to meet such destroyers is at the time of spawning in April and May, when
the communal species concentrate in great numbers after the waters have reached
the proper temperature of 60 degrees and above and when spring rains make
running a common habit. Hoop nets at such times are used effectively in
catching gar and this and other netting devices can be employed successfully on
carp, when they approach the shoreline to spawn. They can be kept coming all
summer if baited with corn and other suitable foods. An electrical machine has
also been used effectively in taking gar during the summer weather, when they
swim near the surface, and the same form of electrical current has been used at
the spawning beds to sterilize the eggs to prevent hatching.

We have three species of gars in Texas: the Long-nosed Garpike, Lepisosteus
osseus, the Short-nosed Garpiks, Cylindrosteus playstomus, and the Alligator
Gar, Atractosteus spatula. The first-named species is the most numerous
and widely distributed, and it is most easily caught. The Short-nosed is not
so well understood ; their shorter bill indicates a closer kinship with the Alligator
Gar, though they never grow large. Like the Alligator Gar, they spawn later
than the Long-nosed. It is said that they do not school at spawning time, nor
does the Alligator Gar school, and further study of their habits is essential to
effective control.

Procedure in protection of wildlife, by J. G. Burr. — This paper traces the
procedure of the Game, Fish, and Oyster Commission in protecting wildlife and
shows methods of restoration by direct purchase of the game, by trapping from
areas where a surplus exists, and by distributing species in areas where they are
scarce or absent. Trapping of wild deer has not been found feasible, because
the animal often kills itself in an effort to escape; the methods of catching the
fawn and rearing it to a certain age before distribution has been found the only
feasible plan. Quail, bobwhite, and the Gambel species are trapped successfully
and are planted in depleted areas. Pheasant propagation, though widely prac¬
ticed in the last year or two, has not been tried out with success in the open,
and it is yet to be learned where and under what conditions they will survive.
Fish production from nine hatcheries supplies the nucleus of species that are
planted in all parts of the state, and lake studies indicate adaptability of the
various waters to fish life. This department has prevented the extermination of
game species of the type that can easily be exterminated and has increased the
population beyond what it was a few years ago. It has furnished recreational
values in fishing and hunting beyond esf,‘mation in dollars and cents.

V egetational survey of Rio Grande Valley, Texas, by Elzada Clover. — This
survey covers 5,000 square miles, extending over Zapata, Starr, Hidalgo, Cam¬
eron, and Willacy counties. Edaphic factors and geologic formations seem to
have a definite relation to plant distribution. Pros o pis juli flora var. glandulosa
Torrey is conspicuous or dominant in a large part of this area. Inodes texana
Cook forms the most distinctive association, appearing tropical. It covers ap¬
proximately one hundred acres in the vicinity of Brownsville. An intensive
study was made of the vegetation on Clark island, which lies about one mile
west of Boca Chica, Cameron County. Two new species, Dyssodia tephroleuca
Blake and Echinocereus angusticeps Clover were found, and several possible new
species are still under investigation.

The genus Ephedra in Texas, by V. L. Cory. — This paper presents general
information concerning species of the genus Ephedra, and in particular the latest
information relative to the botanical knowledge of its several Texas species. To
the latest published list of the species of this genus (1928) the addition of two
species and one variety is made. The circumstance that heretofore two distinct
species have been included under one name is detailed, and the proper separation

22

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

of these two species is announced. A botanical key is presented to give aid in
the separation and the recognition of the Texas species, and this is supplemented
by a discussion of the distribution of each of these species. Mention is made
of the economic importance of certain species and of their worth as medicinal
plants, including their usage in Mexico and southwestern United States in the
forms of infusions either as medicinal drinks or as hot beverages.

Cotton flower in relation to developmental time, by Clifton C. Doak. — The
fruiting branches of cotton are nearly typical sympodia. The regularity with
which they produce nodal organs makes possible the establishment of an average
time interval between successive flowers. This interval may be used in turn as
a measure of physiologic vigor or as a measure of the rate of floral ontogeny.
Successive nodes were tagged on the date of anthesis of their respective flowers.
Averages were taken. These were then used as a measure by which to estimate
the probable time which would have been required to bring the series of floral
buds on dissected branches into flower. The story of floral ontogeny with
reference to time was thus outlined. The minimum time required for a flower
bud primordium to develop into an open flower was found to be approximately
thirty-one days.

Bud and sheath scales of Pinus, by Clifton C. Doak. — The bud and sheath
scales of Pinus are unique in that their primordia become hooded over the
growing plant and the young needles respectively. Subsequent growth of under¬
lying parts perforates the crown of the hood and they thus provide encircling
sheathes. On the short shoot this serves to reinforce the weak bases of the
leaves. By pressure it shapes them into circular forms. Its support makes
possible their zonal growth. The first three scales on the short shoot are
morphologically different from the others. They are regularly placed, the first
adaxial and the others lateral. This is held to be significant because these
scales are thought to be homologous to the three sporophyll constituents in the
seed scale. The number of scales per sheath varies from seven in P. albicaulis
to twenty-three in P. torreyana but is not a sufficiently fixed character to be of
taxonomic value.

Additions to the flora of Texas, by George L. Fisher. — Species, varieties, and
forms of uncultivated plants in Texas not mentioned in the usual floras or
manuals as growing in this state are here presented. While making a list of
Texas plants in cooperation with C. V. Cory, State Range Botanist, and H. B.
Parks, Chief of Division of Apiculture, many plants heretofore not recorded
from Texas, except in pamphlets, miscellaneous papers, and botanical periodicals,
have been observed. Some new species, varieties, and forms have been found
and named from material sent by the U. S. National Museum, Field Museum,
and by specialists in certain groups of plants. A short review of this unrecorded
group of plants, together with location of each, the collector, and other informa¬
tion is given.

Ecological succession in the Mytilus calif ornianus habitat as observed in
Monterey Bay, California, by Willis G. Hewatt. — Ecological succession was
observed for a period of two years on a denuded square yard of rock surface
in the mussel habitat along the southern margin of the Monterey Bay, California.
The results of the investigation indicate that the succession in this densely
populated habitat progresses in the following manner: (1) a cleaned area first
becomes covered with a film of algae and bacteria; (2) those forms that feed on
this algal growth, such as limpets, are the first animals to appear in the area;
(3) during their respective spawning seasons the mussels, goose barnacles, and
rock barnacles attach themselves to the cleaned surface; (4) these sessile forms
gradually come to occupy the greater part of the surface and to make the habitat
unfavorable for the larger specimens of the limpets; (5) the limpets thus move
to a higher zone, in which the mussels and barnacles cannot exist.

PROCEEDINGS

23

Chimeras in cotton, by W. R. Horlacher and D. T. Killough.— Chimeras,
resulting from the absence of chlorophyll from certain areas of the plant, have
occurred and continue to occur in several varieties of American Upland cotton,
Gossypium hirsutum. This characteristic is transmitted through the cytoplasm.
Green areas of a chimera plant give rise to green progeny, chimera areas to
chimera progeny, and white areas to white seedlings, which do not live because
of the absence of chlorophyll. Chimera female X green male gave chimeras in
the Fi. White female (white area on a chimera plant) X green male gave all
white seedlings in the Fi. Green female X chimera male gave all green plants
in both the Fi and F2 generations. A similar chimera has been observed in
Chinese cotton, G. nanking.

Flight stridulation in American acridians, by F. B. Isely. — In 1908 Karny
experimentally demonstrated that in a number of European acridians only the
hind wings are used in making flight noises. Current American authors, how¬
ever, still hold to the theory that during flight the grasshopper rubs the wings
and the tegmina (wing covers) together, producing the characteristic clacking
sound.

During last summer actively stridulating grasshoppers were secured, and from
these the tegmina were carefully clipped off at their bases. The operated speci¬
mens when liberated were still able to make their characteristic flight songs.
Eleven species were checked, and for each species the results were the same, that
is, the tegmina were not concerned in flight noises. Snodgrass has shown that
the fan-like opening and closing of the hind wings is operated by an independent
flexor mechanism. It seems evident that the flight stridulation emanates entirely
from the hind wings and results from the fan-like opening and closing of these
wings.

Hybrid vigor in cotton, by D. T. Killough and W. R. Horlacher. — Inter¬
specific crosses in cotton manifest considerable hybrid vigor in the vegetative
characters in the Fi generation. Succeeding generations from one cross have
segregated into large and small lines. The crosses analyzed in this study are:
Gossypium hirsutum X G. barbadense (Sea Island); G. hirsutum X G. barba-
dense (Pima) ; and G. hirsutum X G. purpurescens. Hybrid vigor was studied
in the following vegetative characters: height of plant, length of vegetative
branches, length of fruiting branches, diameter of stem, length of leaf, width of
leaf, thickness of leaf, number of vegetative branches, number of fruiting
branches, number of cases in which two branches grew from one node, length
of boll, and diameter of boll.

Unique distribution of littoral habitats for oceanographic studies on the Gulf,
by E. J. Lund and A. H. Wiebe. — Attention is called to the fact that two drain¬
age systems, which for practical purposes may be regarded as two symmetrical
systems of habitats, consist of (1) Nueces River, Nueces Bay, Corpus Christi
Bay, Ship Channel, and (2) Aransas and Mission rivers, Mission Bay, Copano
Bay, Aransas Bay, and Lighthouse Channel. Both these systems empty into the
Gulf of Mexico through a common deep government-maintained outlet, the Pass,
at Port Aransas. Control of gradients of the salinity, the depth, the direction,
magnitude, and times of flow of water in this symmetrical system is controlled
by rainfall, wind, and tides. Since the system is very shallow (average of ten
feet), it is subject to a wide amplitude of change in water temperature, salinity,
and rapid displacement. Such a variable and symmetrical system of graded
habitats is obviously admirably suited for observations on marine organisms that
migrate into it from the open Gulf, and vice versa.

A few preliminary hydrographic observations in the Pass, the two channels,
and the two sets of connecting bays are presented in tables. One of the facts
brought out by the tables is the stratification of water of different salinities in
the Pass and adjacent regions of the open Gulf near the jetties during outflow

24

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

from the system. These phenomena appear to be the primary basis for the
recent mortality of fish on the Gulf Coast. A brief report on the conditions
that induced this fish mortality has already been made to the Texas State Game,
Fish, and Oyster Commission. It will be pointed out that the pass at Port
Aransas is an unusually strategic center from which may be observed on a large
scale the action of environmental factors on marine organisms. No other loca¬
tion on the Texas coast appears to offer so unique a set of opportunities for
oceanographic studies.

Digest of " Preliminary Work on Problems of Shrimp Investigation by
Kenneth H. Mosher. — The development of the shrimp industry has been so
rapid, that now about one-hundred million pounds are obtained each year. Of
that amount about 97 per cent are caught from the south Atlantic and Gulf
coasts. Louisiana, Florida, Mississippi, and Texas are the leading shrimp-
producing states. In 1931, the Bureau of Fisheries obtained the cooperation of
Louisiana, Georgia, and Texas and began a study of the commercial shrimp.
The shrimp catches were found to consist of Penaeus setiferus, P. brasiliensis,
and a closely related Xiphopenaeus kroyeri. The first-named species comprises
more than 95 per cent of the catches.

Evidence points to a rapid growth for this species. Shrimp hatched out one
season spawn and probably die the next. This life history makes it imperative
that our shrimp-producing states, especially Texas, adopt some suitable method
for the collection of fishery statistics concerning shrimp, as well as our fish.
If depletion should set in, it might run a rapid course to extinction of shrimp.
If some method were in force to obtain from the fishermen the catch per boat,
per day or trip, depletion could be detected as soon as it sets in, and measures
could be taken to stop any further inroads on the supply and to build up the
supply again to its former level.

Spiders of Texas, by Stanley Mulaik. — -The economic importance of many
spiders as insect controls has been considerably underestimated by agriculture.
These have remained one of the little-studied, though conspicuous, groups of
invertebrates inhabiting Texas. Over three years of collecting in south Texas and
a number of summers and week-ends into west and central Texas have netted
over five hundred species, eighty-six of which are new. Thirty-three families,
two of which are new to the fauna of the United States, and a number of new
genera are included. The rate with which new state records and new species
are being added indicates that there is still much to be done in this large group,
specially in the work on microscopic spiders. Likewise, life histories need to be
worked out, in order to understand better the biology of the group.

New method for the determination of the velocity of absorption of water by
different regions of the root, by H. F. Rosene and E. J. Lund. — For the first
time it has been possible to make a quantitative determination of the dis¬
tribution of the rate of the absorption of water in a single intact root under
controlled conditions (humidity, transpiration, light, etc.). This was accom¬
plished by means of a technique that permitted a comparison of the velocity
of absorption of different regions of the same root simultaneously under
the same conditions. Measurements were made on the roots of small white
onions (Allium cepa) which were grown either in a saturated atmosphere or in
tap water in the dark at 28° C.

The experimental chamber consisted of a removable glass cover which fitted
over the apparatus and rested in a groove in a bakelite base. An onion bulb
from which all roots but one had been carefully removed was placed in a cork
ring held by a swivel attachment, which was supported by a rod that passed
through the base and was mechanically manipulated from the outside. Water
was absorbed from small glass potetometers which consisted of graduated
capillary tubes of uniform bore and twenty-five millimeters or more in length

PROCEEDINGS

25

made from pyrex tubing. One end of each tube had been ground down on
opposite sides and a hole had been bored through for the passage of the root.
A selected number of tubes were carefully aligned and cemented in horizontal
positions at given distances to a vertical support which passed through the base
and was manipulated from the outside. By means of delicate adjustments of
three-way manipulators on the outside of the chamber, it was possible to thread
the intact root without injury or stimulation through the holes in the horizontal
tubes by either moving the root down through the holes or by moving the tubes
up over the root to the desired position. All adjustments were made with the
aid of a horizontal microscope which was fitted with a micrometer ocular for
the measurements. The apparatus made possible very accurate placing of the
tubes and control of the water levels. When desired the contacts were main¬
tained at given distances from the apex by moving them at frequent intervals.
Air or other gases saturated with water vapor were circulated through the
chamber by means of entrance and exit tubes that passed through the bakelite
base. The chamber could be completely isolated from the exterior.

The rate of water absorption was determined by recording the movement of
the terminal meniscus in each tube. By making a series of careful measurements
of the diameter of the root at each region under observation it was possible to
make a reasonably accurate estimate of the volume of tissue in any given region.
A typical series of determinations made on certain regions of the first 16 mm.
of a given root during a 15-hour period when it grew from 30.2 mm. to 40 mm.
in length gave the following averages in milligrams of water per hour per cubic
millimeter of tissue at the regions designated: 0.19 mg. by the two millimeter
segment between points 0.5 to 2.5 mm. from the apex, 0.30 mg. by the segment
represented by the fourth and fifth millimeters, 0.42 mg. by the ninth and
tenth millimeters, and 0.613 mg. by the fourteenth and fifteenth millimeters of
the root.

Life of Frederick Wilheim Thurow, by Martinus H. Stougaard. — Thurow was
born at Wartenstein, Germany, April 3, 1852. In 1864 his parents migrated
to Burlington, Wisconsin, where his mother died shortly afterwards. His father
left for parts unknown and he remained at the mercy of relatives, for whom he
worked to earn his board and clothing. Though he had practically no school¬
ing, after his first wages began at the age of 15 he spent everything he had for
books to get an education and accumulated a fine library that consisted mainly
of scientific and natural history books. He became especially proficient in
botany.

In 1876 he left for Texas and settled near Hockley, Waller County. Here he
set out exploring the surrounding country and discovered many new species,
one of which was later named Thurowia tri flora. He made contacts with a
number of prominent botanists, one of which was J. M. Coulter, whom he
assisted in collecting material for Coulter’s Botany of West Texas. He fur¬
nished also the U. S. National Museum and the Field Museum with hundreds
of specimens. His collection of 1600 Texas species of plants constitutes the
herbarium located at present at Sam Houston State Teacher’s College at Hunts¬
ville.

Thurow died in the Harris County Old Folk’s Home in May, 1930.

Pollution of East Fork of Trinity River at McKinney, Texas, by A. H. Wiebe. —
That this stream is grossly polluted is shown by a set of dissolved-oxygen deter¬
minations on September 24th, 1935. At a point 0.5 of a mile below the city
discharge the 02 = 0.0 p.p.m. ; at 3.5 miles, 1.25 p.p.m.; at 7 miles, 2.5 p.p.m.;
and at 14 miles, 3.44 p.p.m. The flow of the creek had practically ceased. On
October 10th, three days after a heavy rain, conditions were greatly improved.
Seven days later conditions were again bad. The disposal plant handles the
domestic sewage of the city as well as the sewage from a cotton mill where
cotton is dyed. The sewage from this mill is a combination of domestic and

26

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

industrial (dye) waste, and its character is subject to wide variations. The
effluent of the sewage plant had a pH varying from 7.6 to 8.0, and that of the
cotton mill from 7.0 to 10.0 (?). Total alkalinity of the former is from 900
to 1,000 p.p.m. ; that of the latter approximately 1,100. The immediate oxygen
demand ranges from 12.56 to 14.6 p.p.m. in the former and from 22.45 to
28.78 in the latter. The sewage plant effluent contains 21 p.p.m. H2S (5 p.p.m.
are lethal to fish) and 29 p.p.m. sulfide as Na2S. The pollution of the stream
is not due to a direct action of the waste dye (except as H2S) but to the over¬
loading of the stream with unstable organic matter. A mixture of 50 per cent
sewage plant effluent and 50 per cent mill effluent failed to kill catfish in 72
hours so long as 02 was supplied (aeration removes H2S). Either Al2(S04)s or
FeCla will remove the waste dye completely and leave clear supernatant liquid.

Effect of water-soluble fraction of crude oil on fresh-water fish , by A. H.
Wiebe. — An extensive series of experiments with fresh-water fish shows that
crude oil contains a water-soluble gas extremely toxic to fish. The gas enters
the water when the latter is shaken in contact with the oil or by diffusion from
a layer of crude oil over the surface. The subnatant liquid from a water-and-oil
mixture containing as little as 0.5 per cent crude oil caused an 11-centimeter

bass and a 6-centimeter bream to lose their equilibria in 32 and 25 minutes

respectively. Higher concentrations of crude oil are more rapidly fatal. Con¬
centrations of 0.1 per cent and 0.05 per cent produced no ill effects. A 10-per
cent mixture of refined oil yielded no toxic substances. The toxic substance
is a gas and can be completely removed by mechanical aeration. Fish that have
lost their equilibria in the presence of this gas recover completely if transferred
immediately to fresh water.

Vertical distribution of dissolved oxygen in some Texas lakes , by A. H.
Wiebe. — The variations with depth of dissolved oxygen have been determined
for lakes Medina, Cisco, Kemp, and others. A series of readings for Medina
Lake on August 13th, 1934, is as follows: surface, 8.0 p.p.m.; at 10 feet, 7.6

p.p.m.; at 20 feet, 7.2 p.p.m.; at 30 feet, 5.2 p.p.m.; at 40 feet, 2.4 p.p.m.;

at 50 feet, 1.0 p.p.m.; at 60 feet, 0.0 p.p.m. The winter overturn again affects
the almost uniform distribution of 02. On March 11th, 1935, the 02 in
Medina Lake decreased from 9.45 p.p.m. at the surafce to 5.25 p.p.m. at 95 feet.
Lake Cisco has a definite thermocline between a depth of 24 and 34 feet during
the summer. At the bottom of the thermocline and in the hypolimnion dis¬
solved oxygen is absent; the epilimnion has 6.4 p.p.m. That the stratification
depends on the size and shape of the lake as well as on the depth of the lake
is shown by the data for lakes Cisco and Kemp. These lakes have approximately
the same maximum depth, yet Lake Cisco shows a much more complete stratifi¬
cation. Lake Kemp has no thermocline. Lake Waco shows no stratification,
whereas a much smaller lake, Lake Crockett, shows definite variations- in dis¬
solved oxygen with respect to depth. The maximum depths of these two lakes
were the same at the time of the observation.

Investigations on the cause of puffing in tomatoes, by S. H. Yarnell. — As early
as 1894 R. H. Price found the Terra Cotta variety of tomatoes to be badly
puffed. Affected fruits are partially hollow because of abnormal development
of the seed-bearing tissue. Wide differences have since been found in the amount
of puffing in present-day varieties. Marglobe, one of the most popular varieties,
is one of the worst to puff. Bonny Best, another popular variety, has much
less puff. Significant differences have been found between strains of certain
varieties. Selections of plants showing least and greatest amount of puff have
also given significant differences between their progeny. Intervarietal crosses
have less puff than the parent varieties because of covering up of hereditary fac¬
tors affecting this character by dominant factors for normal development from the
other parent. Environmental factors, such as the amount of available water,
also affect the amount of puff obtained.

PROCEEDINGS

27

PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND ENGINEERING

Trends in water purification , by H. R. Arrant. — Through the splendid co¬
operation of state and national health agencies water purification plants are
improving by procuring better equipment and by employing better-trained
operators. The aim of these plants and organizations is toward uniformity in
water treatment procedure and technique, the objective being to provide water
that is free of bacteriological impurities and reasonably soft and palatable (free
from objectionable taste and odor). Uniformity and efficiency are accomplished,
in part at least, by facilities for coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and
chlorination as primary treatment processes. In addition to these aeration,
ammonification, and adsorption through the use of activated carbon are looked
upon as valuable secondary processes. The accomplishment of these objectives is
in no way completed. Much study and research remain to be done. Details and
procedures will undoubtedly be changed frequently, but the general trend is
fairly well established along the lines indicated.

Bromine-sensitized photo-decomposition of gaseous dihromotetrachloroethane,
by James L. Carrico. — Quantum yields of the bromine-sensitized photo¬
decomposition of dihromotetrachloroethane have been measured with 43 58 A
radiation between 100-150° C. and they established the chain nature of the
reaction. Conditions have been chosen to render the reverse reaction more or
less negligible. The rate of decomposition has been found proportional to the
dihromotetrachloroethane pressure and proportional to the first power of the
light intensity at relatively low intensities but to a power less than the first
when the light intensities become higher. A satisfactory mechanism involving
bromine atoms and a C2Cl4Br intermediate has been developed. This mechan¬
ism attributes an inhibition to the bromine. The mechanism follows:

( 1 ) Br2+h^— >2Br

(2) ^QBr + GChBr^GChBr + Br.

(3) (3')C2ChBr^±C2Cl4 + Br

(4) Br— »Br(Wall) ->i/2Br2

(5) 2Br + M— >Br2 + M

This work was done in collaboration with Dr. R. G. Dickinson, Institute of
Technology, California.

Recent potash investigations in west Texas, by Wm. A. Cunningham. — The
recently completed survey of the potash resources in west Texas (made under
the direction of the Board of Regents, The University of Texas) indicates the
possible presence of polyhalite-bearing strata of commercial importance in
Crane, Ector, Upton, Crockett, Midland, and Irion counties. The survey was
conducted by chemical and microscopical examination of cuttings from oil wells
drilled in the area, hence results are only qualitative. Data concerning the
thickness and purity of the strata are available only by core drilling. No
definite indication of the presence of soluble potash minerals was found.

The areas where polyhalite (2CaS04-MgS04-K2S04-2H20) was found in
largest quantities are on or near the edge of the original Perman Salt Basin
and not in the middle or deepest portions of the basin. Since this is contrary
to the accepted principles of deposition of evaporites, it indicates that polyhalite
formation took place near the point of influx of gypsum, the least soluble of
the three minerals.

Spectroscopic method for the determination of vitamin A, by A. B. Kemmerer. —
The importance of vitamin A as a nutritive factor in the diet necessitates speedy
and accurate methods for its assay. Biological procedures frequently used are:
the growth method, the opthalmic method, and the vaginal smear method.
These methods within their limitations do very well, but progress will be ex¬
pedited when suitable chemical techniques are standardized. The chemical

28

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

methods for vitamin A are the antimony trichloride test and the spectrographic
procedure. The spectrographic method has been tested and used successfully at
this laboratory for vitamin A in butters and livers. The technique consists in
photographing the intensity of the absorption bands at 328 mg of the unsaponi-
fiable residue dissolved in methanol. The amount of vitamin A is then cal¬
culated by use of the Beer-Lambert equation E — l/cd log I/Io where E is 1600
(the extinction coefficient of pure vitamin A), d the depth in centimeters of the
solution log I/Io the reading of the sectorphotometer, and c the concentration
of vitamin A.

To obtain the most accurate results the methyl alcohol solution of the un-
saponifiable residue must be purified by cooling several hours with an ice-salt
mixture. This removes substances other than vitamin A that absorb at 328g.
After purifying, the methyl alcohol solution must be diluted to such a volume
as to give a value for log I/Io of 0.6 to 1.1. Also apparatus with ground glass
seals should be used as material from either cork or rubber stoppers absorb
328mg.

MacDonald Observatory , by J. M. Kuehne. — -Through the munificent bequest
of W. J. McDonald and the unique arrangement of cooperation with Yerkes
Observatory, Texas has suddenly come into the possession of an astronomical
observatory that will rank among the foremost in the world. The type of
equipment is such as to adapt it to the problems of modern astronomy or
astrophysics. An 80-inch reflecting telescope having many unique features and
a spectroscopic equipment in advance of anything so far realized are to con¬
stitute the basic instrumental equipment. The location in Davis Mountains
seems, from all indications, to be one of the most favorable so far found. With
a strong personnel of astronomers in charge of the work, great results can be
confidently expected.

Study of gasoline sold in Texas and review of gasoline specifications, by
David McKnight, Jr., and Ruben F. Pfenning. — A review of the technical
literature reveals that, in the light of present knowledge on the subject, a satis¬
factory motor gasoline can be assured by specifying minimum 10-per cent, 50-
per cent, and 90-per cent points on the distillation curve, maximum vapor
pressure, maximum sulphur and gum contents, negative doctor and corrosion
tests, and range of anti-knock rating. The allowable vapor pressure, varies with
climatic conditions and with the time of the year. Range of anti-knock values
varies according to the type of motor in which the gasoline is to be used.
Most distributors offer three grades of gasolines, from which the motorist must
choose the grade that gives most satisfactory performance in his car. Of seventy-
seven gasolines obtained in Austin, Houston, and San Antonio, only a few were
found unsatisfactory, as judged by the specifications mentioned. The only
general conclusion to be gained from the results is that the motorist will do
well to beware of gasolines offered at inordinately low prices. (Published as
Univ. Texas Bull. 3543.)

The use of the Schlumberger electrical logging, by J. L. Mathieu. — The
Schlumberger process is electrical and uses two electrical diagrams for the
identification of formations. One shows the electrical resistivity of the for¬
mations ; the other their permeability. The first diagram, or log, varies with
the electrical resistance of the successive formations, which is directly related
to the amount of conductive salt water contained. The second diagram varies
according to the electrical current generated spontaneously opposite a porous
medium by electro-filtration and electro-osmosis phenomena. These two dia¬
grams offer: (1) numerous points of correlation in neighbouring wells, per¬
mitting the exact location of faults and the otherwise improved subsurface
mapping of a field ; (2) cross-country correlations ; (3) information about
physical characteristics of formations and often about the exact character of the
fluids contained ; (4) location of porous media overlooked in the drilling. The

PROCEEDINGS

29

Schlumberger method can therefore aid the geologist greatly in his subsurface
studies, and the production engineer in his problems about casing points, per¬
forating depths, water determination, and other salient problems.

Chemistry of color in Texas bluebonnets (Lupinus texensis), by Sister Michael
Edward O’Byrne. — Chrysanthemin chloride, an anthocyanin coloring matter has
been isolated. It was purified by the use of picric acid. This pigment on
hydrolysis yields cyanidin chloride and glucose. In appearance and reactions
with chemical reagents the crystals resemble those of Willistater and Bolton.
The fats and waxes were extracted with ether; the pigment was extracted by
means of five-per cent methyl alcoholic hydrogen chloride and evaporated under
reduced pressure. After filtration, the deep red solution was treated again with
ether. This precipitate was dissolved in 0.01 -per cent aqueous hydrochloric acid.
The anthocyanin, as a bluish violet salt, resulted from the addition of neutral
lead acetate. This pigment was dissolved in a minimum quantity of 10-per cent
methyl alcoholic hydrogen chloride, and the lead chloride was removed by
filtration. The pigment was then converted into chrysanthemin picrate. The
picrate has a metallic lustre and forms slender needle-like prisms. The chloride
showed diamond-shaped platelets.

Recent advances in oil-field technology and their application to oil-field pro¬
duction problems, by B. F. Plummer. — This paper presents a brief resume of the
history of the petroleum industry and the present importance of petroleum
as the state’s largest natural resource except underground water; importance
of one or two of the leading recent technical developmnts in measuring the
reservoir energy and in controlling rate of flow of oil through sands; and a
brief description of two recent investigations carried on at The University of
Texas and their application to these problems.

GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY

Fluorescence and phosphorescence of certain minerals when exposed to the
ultra-violet rays of the iron arc spark-gap lamp, by Clarence L. Brock. — Few
people have seen the beautiful colors exhibited by certain minerals exposed to
the ultra-violet rays, because the cost of equipment has been almost prohibitive.
Now this equipment is so priced, that lamps of several types are owned by
museums, schools, and colleges, and one type of lamp (argon gas-filled bulb)
sells for half a dollar, so that almost any mineral collector can afford some type
of lamp.

Willemite from New Jersey comes in many shades of green, brown, and red,
as well as in white. This mineral fluoresces a beautiful apple-green, and the
white variety phosphoresces long after the light is turned off. A pinkish calcite
from Brewster County, Texas, is fluorescent pink and phosphorescent a rare
shade of purple. Sphalerite from Tsumeb, Africa, fluoresces and phosphoresces
golden. Hyalite from Mitchell County, North Carolina, fluoresces bluish green.
Calcium arsenate from Franklin, New Jersey, fluoresces yellow. Scheelite from
Nevada fluoresces blue. Fluorite from England fluoresces a beautiful purple.
Calcite from Franklin, New Jersey, fluoresces a beautiful pink or red. In ad¬
dition to these and many other minerals, certain shells, butterflies, and many
kinds of wood show fluorescence.

Scientific gleanings from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, by Augusta H. Kemp. —
These consist largely of records of eclipses. In the meticulous care with which
their dates and times are recorded, and the way in which other facts are stated,
we see some signs of the scientific spirit during the "Dark Ages.”

An exhibit of gastroliths from Wyoming, by Augusta H. Kemp. — These
gastroliths came from the eastern foothills of the Wind River Mountains about
20 miles southwest of Lander, Wyoming. Most of them were found on the

30

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

slopes of the Morrison formation not far from a large mass of Brontosaur bones.
The pebbles are all quartzitic rocks and are highly polished.

Hydrothermal activity in Y ellowstone and other points in Wyoming, by
Augusta H. Kemp. — The extent of hydrothermal action in Yellowstone is not
realized until the region is seen. Hot springs are active, or have been active,
in widely separated areas, such as Cody, Thermopolis, and Alcova. At these
points their activity is associated with thrust faults or folds. Sulphur of low
commercial value is associated with some of these hydrothermal deposits.

Additions to the knowledge of the paleobotany of Bexar County, by H. B.
Parks and A. J. Kirn. — Dr. E. W. Berry (U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 91)
records ten species of fossil plants collected by Alexander Deussen and L. W.
Stephenson, at Earle, Texas, and concludes that the formation is lower Midway,
an opinion that he has maintained for years. An intensive study of this location
shows definitely that the plant impressions occur in a layer about the middle of
the Simsboro sand member of the Rockdale and that this layer in this part of
the state is generally fossiliferous. Careful collecting has added thirty-seven
species to the original list. Later Dr. Berry identified thirty-five species from the
Lytle location. Thirty-five species were collected from fragments of the rock
removed from the Adkins location and used for road metal. Ten species are
known from a newly discovered boulder near Sayres. A systematic tabulation
of species from the sandstone boulders shows seventy species. In clay and sand
locations in the same layer about the same number of species is found. If Dr.
Berry had had sufficient material, he would have correlated this flora with that
part of the section now known as Rockdale Wilcox instead of with the Midway.
The central sandy member of the Simsboro contains fossil plants throughout
Bexar and adjoining counties.

It is very evident that the concretions represent the filling of pot holes by
slowly deposited sand containing organic matter and that the decay of organic
matter caused the concretions. These must have been located in streams flowing
from Eocene land to the ocean. The plant material obtained from the clay
and packed sand indicate that the vegetable material was either blown or washed
out on a sandy beach where it was later covered by very thin layers of sand
seemingly deposited in shallow waters.

A number of undescribed plants occur in this material. The collection, with
the exception of a few specimens, is in the hands of the authors.

Microscopical evidence of the Navarro-Taylor contact in subsurface sections
in central Texas, by Helen Jeanne Plummer. — Each of the two grey, calcareous
clay units, the Navarro and Taylor formations, have been found in outcrop to carry
numerous diagnostic species of foraminifera, and Inoceramus prisms have been
observed in no strata higher than the topmost Taylor. Geologic sections pene¬
trated by wells are represented mainly by series of cuttings contaminated by any
or all the strata above each sample taken. In such material, formations where
first penetrated are likely to be present in small proportions in the samples
taken just below the upper formational limit. Consequently only the most
abundant species present in the top of a formation are likely to be observed in
the concentrates. In central Texas the best evidence of topmost Taylor has
been found to be Inoceramus prisms, Anomalina henbesti Plummer, and Cibicides
nelsoni (W. Berry). (See Univ. Texas Bull. 3501, pp. 281-292, 1936.)

Hurricanes, deltas, and resacas, by W. Armstrong Price. — A resume of salient
characteristics of tropical cyclones, and their severe phases known as "hurricanes,”
with the geologic work attributable to them in Texas coastal lowlands.

Although two or three cyclones occur monthly somewhere on the earth, severe
damage is rare at any one point, because of their curving paths and the narrow
zone of heavy damage compared to the great width of the storms. Texas

PROCEEDINGS

31

expects one hurricane in three years, any coastal town one in 14.3 years (but
irregularly grouped in a century), and severe damage not oftener than twice a
century. Hurricanes produce storm floods 10 to 16 feet high with strong winds
and waves for periods of 24 to 48 hours and with heavy soaking rains. Their
total erosive effect on bluffs of clay and low-lying sand and silt deposits has
been very great, probably including much of the marine planation which
widened Texas bays during the Recent period from narrow, drowned valleys to
oval basins eight to ten miles wide. Hurricane tides form new tidal inlets in
the offshore bar.

The Coast Prairie and adjoining Lissie Prairie are deltaic plains built during
the Pleistocene. Floods following the striking of tropical cyclones on moun¬
tains and hills interior to the Coastal plain did much of the delta building by
forming new distributaries or "resacas,” and by spreading silt over the plain.
Delta building in Texas ceased with a sea-level change at the end of the
Ice Age, except for the active Rio Grande Delta, known as the Lower Rio Grande
''Valley.”

Prediction of numerous Gulf cyclones between 1933 and 1935, inclusive, and
of their concentration in the Brownsville and Tampico sectors, was made in
1932 from statistical studies. An interesting phase of local hurricane lore is
the belief (apparently true for this coast) that hurricanes strike only in the light
of the moon and toward full moon.

Geologic criteria of climatic zone boundaries in the south Texas depositional
plains, by W. Armstrong Price. — Thornthwaite’s new quantitative classification
of climate is recommended as a substitute for the rainfall zones as climatic
zone boundaries. Distribution patterns of physiographic types and geologic
deposits dependant upon climatic factors, of soil types, of soil minerals, and,
so far as the writer knows, of plant assemblages and agricultural methods fit
Thornthwaite zones closely. Rainfall zones fit only roughly with appreciable
disconformity.

Variation of stream pattern, abundance and permanence of stream branches,
effective wind scour, sand movement, dune occurrence (both sand and clay
dunes), evaporites in lagoons and playa lakes, boundaries of lime-accumulating
and non-lime-accumulating soil types, and the distribution of caliche in
Pliocene strata — all these evidences have been employed in checking the
Thornthwaite zones and zone boundaries. Distribution of young stages of caliche
in Pleistocene coastal plain deposits also checks the climatic zones. These checks
are remarkably close.

Tentative glacial time scale for south Texas Quaternary formations, by W.
Armstrong Price and John Doering. — Two positive tie points have been found.

( 1 ) The gravel bed below the Goliad sandstone of Howeth and Martyn
(LaBahia beds of Plummer) contains unworn bones of Hipparion, a Pliocene
horse, identified by Chester Stock. The Goliad and overlying Willis strata (of
Doering) seem to form one period of sedimentation followed by pre-Lissie
warping. Pleistocene is assumed to begin with the basal gravel of the Lissie.

(2) The Ingleside terrace (of Price) is a shoreline of latest Beaumont time, the
Beaumont outcrop showing fluviatile deposits. Sea level then fell more than
50 feet, dropping by stages that are represented by river terraces (Corpus Christi
and Angelita terraces on the Nueces). The return of the sea to the present level
began in the Recent epoch with dry-humid and semi-arid climate in south
Texas. The preceding low sea-level stage was not more arid than today. The
latest Beaumont sedimentation occurred in a pluvial period. Hence the Ingle¬
side terrace represents the last interglacial stage (Peorian). Post-Ingleside
Pleistocene represents the last glacial stage (Wisconsin).

Other possible tie points are suggested. The loess on the Beaumont terrace
up Mississippi River (Doering) is probably Iowan (glacial) on pre-Ingleside

32

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

surface. Bayside coquina (Price) may represent the Sangamon interglacial stage,
and basal Beaumont the Illinoisan, leaving Lissie to cover Yarmouth, Kansan,
Aftonian, and Nebraskan.

Biology of fossil crabs , by H. B. Stenzel.— The shape and structure of an
animal is indicative of its mode of life. Even in fossils it is possible to make
deductions concerning life habits. The position of the eyes is characteristic in
species that live partly or largely buried in bottom sediment. Their eyes are
turned upward and forward, as in Calappa, Calappilia, and Notopocorystes.

Fossil moults of crabs are common. They are recognized by the displacement
of arms with reference to the top of the carapace, although left and right arms
are in place with reference to each other. This indicates a cleft between top and
bottom of the moulted skin. Moults of fossil shrimp are recognized by a gap
between the cephalothorax and the abdomen.

Some contributions of paleontology , by N. L. Thomas. — Ideas concerning
fluctuations of sea-level, evolution of organisms, and the use of fossils for corre¬
lations have been amongst the leading contributions. Zones of index fossils and
the appearance and disappearance of fossils are used for correlation. Formations,
fossil zones, and time horizons are three different units, the first two being useful
for determining the third.

SOCIAL SCIENCES

The Texas Securities Act , by Carl E. Ashburn. — The Texas Securities Act,
which went into effect May 23, 1935, should be thoroughly understood by every
person in the state. The act was sponsored and guided by Gerald C. Mann,
brilliant former Secretary of State. The whole purpose of the act is to protect
Texas investors from sellers of worthless securities and to prevent outright
fraud. The Legislature passed the new Securities Act to supplant the old Blue
Sky Law, which was notoriously ineffective. The act is modelled on the
Pennsylvania statute, which has served that state effectively for twelve years.
The penal provisions of the act are stringent, and the law is doubtless one of
the most constructive pieces of legislation ever passed by a Texas legislature.
Stocks, bonds, certificates of interest in oil and gas properties, and many other
forms of commercial interests are defined as securities under the law. The act
requires the registration of the issuers of securities, security dealers, and sales¬
men, and explicitly defines their activities. Permits are issued for one year
and are revocable at any time for violation of the law’s provisions. Sworn state¬
ments are required of those registered with regard to the securities in which they
propose to deal, and copies of all advertising literature in the furtherance of
security sales are required to be filed with the Department of State. Administra¬
tion of the Texas Securities Act is vested in the person of the Secretary of State.
Finally, it must be stated that the Texas Securities Act was passed to run the
stock swindler and racketeer out of Texas. This state has been infested by
security parasites far too long. They must be driven out of the state and the
investment business placed in the hands of honest men. When the crooked
dealers and salesmen are exterminated, legitimate business will be greatly helped.

Deforestation, the nemesis of historic cizilizations, by O. C. Charlton. — Long
before the Christian Era the most highly civilized nations of eastern Asia and of
the Mediterranean region sacrificed their forests both in peace and war. Co¬
incident therewith their resources for pastoral life, in agriculture and in inland
waters, decreased, and the stagnation of poverty gradually succeeded. In all this
vast region the ruins of exhausted civilizations abound. Shall we not hope that
enlightened statesmanship, aided by science, will restore forests ultimately to
these ancient lands and with them renew the prosperity of remote ages?

Reactionary aspects of the so-called "New Deal” in the light of possible social
orders, by F. B. Clark.-— If we view the social orders from the puristic point of
view, we are forced to conclude that the human intellect is capable of con-

PROCEEDINGS

33

ceiving of only five social orders. Any one of these five may become an
established order. By way of historical sequence these possible five social
orders are: (1) anarchy, (2) communism, (3) feudalism, (4) mercantilism, and
(5) economic freedom. The order which the so-called "New Deal’’ challenges
is the last. It is possible to examine the essential characteristics of each of these
social orders. If that is done, we are led to conclude that the characteristics of
the "New Deal’’ are almost identical with those of mercantilism. Since, there¬
fore, the so-called "New Deal’’ amounts to an effort to re-establish mercantilism,
an order which has long been discredited, we are forced to conclude that the
so-called "New Deal" is reactionary in nature.

Social sciences in the revised curriculum, by S. B. McAlister. — Our public-
school-trained students are greatly deficient in the fundamentals of sociology,
economics, and government. This is due primarily to (1) unbalanced public-
school curriculum, and (2) lack of training of the school teachers of Texas in
the social sciences. A pupil may graduate from a fully accredited high school
without having studied in an organized way sociology, economics, or govern¬
ment. Knowledge of these subjects is not required either for admission to, or
graduation from, our colleges or universities. About six per cent of our college
faculties are engaged in teaching courses in sociology, economics, and govern¬
ment. Few teachers major or minor in these subjects because they are not
taught in the public schools. Our college and public-school leaders should give
more thought to the place of the social sciences in the modernized curriculum.

The cotton program in Egypt, by J. S. Mogford. — The growing of crops in
Egypt, the granary of the East, antedate her recorded dates in history. Ancient
tombs have carved on their walls picturesque designs of ancient agriculturists
engaged in their daily toil. In many of the tombs grains of wheat and barley
were stored. The Egyptian proper is truly an agronomist; he depends on the
soil for his food and clothing. Cotton first came into Egypt as a crop in 1820.
The growing of this crop has been directed more or less by the Egyptian gov¬
ernment from its first introduction. An effort has been put forth to get the
natives to adopt modern methods in their cultural operations, but to date this
encouragement has had little or no effect on the farmer. The high percentage
of illiteracy has made it very hard for the foreigner to have any effect on the
Egyptian’s way of doing things. Egypt’s seed-control program and marketing
system, however, are being followed by all new cotton-growing countries. A
study of the Egyptian farmer in his home, his methods of producing his living,
implements used, and the way this crop (90 per cent of his cash income) is
handled give one a better appreciation of how cotton is produced in different
parts of the world.

Race survival under civilization, by J. E. Pearce. — The factors of race survival
are considered according to the following outline:

1. The meaning of species and race in organic evolution.

a. Race survival emphasized in all reproductive activities.

b. Sense of kind in animal life.

2. Race in history.

a. Effects of cross-breeding under slavery and conquest.

b. Effects of pure race inbreeding; examples.

3. Disintegrative and degenerative factors under civilization.

a. War.

b. Slavery.

c. Differential birth rate.

(1) Luxury and standard of living.

(2) Doctrine of equalitarianism.

34

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

4. Effects of care of the weak.

a. Kindliness and its meaning in civilization.

b. Medicine and eleemosynary institutions.

c. Doctrine of all men equal.

5. The history of great peoples in the past.

a. All have ultimately gone down.

b. No one of them has ever come back.

6. Evidences of race decay in the Western world.

a. Physical disease and physical decrepitude.

b. Mental defects.

7. Eugenic program.

Evidence of early man in Texas, by J. E. Pearce. — Evidences of early man in
Texas consist of (1) deep kitchen middens in central Texas, (2) oldest kitchen
deposits on the coast, and (3) the oldest evidences of man in central Texas
revealed in deposits uncovered in the bed of Tehuacana Creek at Waco and in
an old diluvial terrace along Brush Creek at Round Rock. On the basis of
such evidences it seems logical now to conclude that man must have come into
North America during the retreat of the last ice sheet, probably some 20,000
years ago and that the earliest migration wave was either possessed of a low
culture of late Paleolithic times or that in the vast raw American continent the
culture of the first comers degenerated to a Paleolithic level and that later
Neolithic culture was revived by later waves of migration from Asia.

Crime and civilization, by W. Armstrong Price. — We commonly say that the
prevalence of crime reflects on civilization. Some psychologists startlingly an¬
nounce that crime is one of its characteristic features. Civilization is a human
culture. It arose from a single stem and spread throughout the world by a
complex course. Its progress is attained by change. Non-civilized cultures are
static, regulated by taboos strictly adhered to, preventing progress. Change,
under civilization is accomplished mainly by law-breaking, in the widest sense,
crime. All great reformers were criminals, consciously breaking laws for the
advancement of the race. Change by legal processes have proved ineffective,
because slow. Unfortunately the spirit of unrest, which has fostered civiliza¬
tion, engenders also violent crimes, prevalent where progress is most rapid, as
in pioneer lands.

Influences that contribute to the development of a wholesome personality, by
Jesse D. Reynolds. — Properly trained individuals frequently can detect symptoms
of personality defects in their incipiency and can trace their genesis to such
causes in the home as early formation of bad habits, wrong methods of discipline,
and faulty attitudes of the parents toward their children. Often schools are at
fault in failing to supervise adequately the selection of courses, in training the
intellect and neglecting the emotions, and in emphasizing what the child is,
rather than what he may become. Such other causes as physical defects, mental
inferiority, and deep underlying mental conflicts often can be detected. A whole¬
some personality is important to the individual, as it affects his vocational
success and his feeling of social adequacy; it is important to society, in that
defective personality is a basic factor in delinquency, dependency, and poverty.
Because of present waste in money and in human personality, child-guidance
departments should be established in connection with our public schools and be
given real financial support.

Some men of science, by B. E. Schulze. — A study of the men who have made
worth-while contributions to the theoretical phases of the physical sciences shows
that they were comparatively very young men, some of humble origin and
others highborn. The rule as to age does not appear to hold, -when the great

PROCEEDINGS

35

experimentalists are studied, and several important cases may be cited. Further,
the men who have advanced the frontiers in science most were and are men
of great versatility. It appears, therefore that encouragement should early be
given to those that show ability to the end that their powers will not be lost
to civilization.

The proposed Big Bend National Park, by W. M. Winton. — This area of the
Big Bend of Texas is the American half of a proposed International Park, which
will preserve a typical sonoran region. Several of the parks already established
by the United States exhibit either the high montane type of flora and fauna
or the intervening desert phenomena, but no one of these shows the character¬
istic sonoran features of deserts and mountains or "life islands.” At present
the region, at least on the American side, is nearly untouched, but road con¬
struction and other encroachments of civilization are threatening to change the
original character and to upset the delicate balance of the living things.

The principal features of interest are in the geology, zoology, and botany;
but it is thought that archeological possibilities exist. Basket-maker’s caves are
within the proposed boundaries.

MEDICAL SCIENCES

Some studies on the fiber composition of the spinal nerve roots , by Donald
Duncan. — This is a brief review of the present knowledge of the types and
sources of fibers in the dorsal and ventral roots, and some unpublished ratios of
fibers to cells in the thoracic dorsal roots and ganglia of the cat. Most of the
fibers in the ventral roots are myelinated and arise from spinal grey matter of
the same side and segment. Varying small numbers of unmyelinated fibers are
found, and fibers arising from cells in the opposite side of the cord, the dorsal
root ganglia, and the ventral roots are described. The dorsal roots contain
fibers arising principally from the corresponding dorsal root ganglia, but possibly
a small percentage have cells of origin in the spinal cord and in adjacent ganglia.
The number of fibers in the dorsal roots is within ten per cent of the number of
cells in the ganglion. From 50 to 70 per cent of these fibers are unmyelinated in
the cat.

Inheritance in diabetes, by Sidney E. Goldman. — One of every 250 persons
in the United States suffers from Diabetes mellitus. The part that inheritance
plays in its incidence has long puzzled the medical profession. For many reasons,
the study is a difficult one on which to procure accurate and reliable data. A
consensus of opinions of the best-informed men interested in this problem seems
to be that diabetes is inherited as a pure Mendelian recessive. There seems to be
some relation between inheritance of diabetes and race, explained partly by mode
of living, type of work, and amount of exercise of the individual. Obesity and
high living, together with mental anxiety, seem to be predisposing factors. The
disease is contracted usually between the ages of forty and forty-five, and this
has led medical authorities, insurance companies, and others interested in public
health to warn against obesity, high living, rich foods, and lack of exercise
during middle life.

Relation of maternal vitamin- A deficiency to embryonic eye development, by
Fred Hale. — Forty-two pigs (four litters) were born blind at Texas Agricultural
Experiment Station in the course of experiments relating to maternal vitamin-A
deficiency. Other defects noted were cleft palate, cleft lip, accessory ears, and
arrested ascension of the kidneys. Definite and complete genetic tests were made
to determine whether or not an hereditary factor was responsible for the eye
anomaly. Close matings, such as blind brother X blind sister, and normal
mother X blind son, produced only normal pigs. These studies leave no reason¬
able doubt that maternal deficiency of vitamin A will result in a variety of defects

36

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

in the offspring, including blindness and even a failure of complete development
of eye tissue, cleft palate, cleft lip, and the arrested ascension of the embryo
kidney.

Vitamin- A deficiency is by no means uncommon in human diet, and it may
easily be that many of the eye weaknesses which we suffer today are due to
maternal vitamin-A deficiency, just as Dr. H. M. Taylor has recently discovered
that some of the deafness among southern children is due to quinine taken by
the mother during pregnancy. In any case, it is obvious that until we have
evidence to the contrary, we should insist on an abundance of vitamin A in the
diet of the expectant mother in the early stages of pregnancy, when so many of
the vital organs of the embryo are being formed.

Biological position of viruses, a review, by Dr. Hardy A. Kemp. — After forty
years of study of viruses, their exact nature is still unknown. Four theories have
been advanced: (1) inheritable cell mutations produced by external stimuli;
(2) the formation through external stimuli of separable cell complexes not
antigenic; (3) similar complexes antigenic; and (4) the possibility of a minute
living organism. It is regarded as possible that the many virus diseases may be
explained in particular through all these several explanations. (The full paper
will be published in the Texas State Journal of Medicine.)

Use of the headless ( spinal ) cat for research on the nervous system, by Eugene
L. Porter. — A cat is etherized, arteries to head tied, artificial respiration supplied,
and head cut off. Such a preparation will survive for hours and show numerous
reflexes from the spinal cord. The simplest is flexion of the leg on stimulating
a "pain” nerve. If special precautions are taken to keep the nerve in normal
condition, this flexion reflex can be used as a delicate indicator of the condition
of the spinal cord. The effect of drugs on the cord, or the effect of changes in
the character of the blood may be followed quantitatively for many hours. The
resultant data are more accurate than those obtained on the whole animal.

Stereo-photography in teaching embryology, by J. G. Sinclair. — Students have
great difficulty in visualizing the third dimension from sections. Some dis¬
sections are not satisfactory, because relations are distorted in the process. X-ray
stereo-photography of many types and degrees of injection are easily procured.
The negatives can then be reduced to the standard card size, or contact prints of
small areas from the larger negatives can be made. Thus the cranial, thoracic,
or pelvic circulation of the late foetus may be shown in situ before dissection.
The use of the wide-field binocular, using a camera in each tube successively,
covers the field from 1 mm. up to 45 mm. For higher powers it is possible
to place two new screw holes at the sides of the old hole at one end of the
track in a standard mirroscope, so the track can be shifted at the standard angle
and the tube tilted. This permits even oil immersion stereo-photographs with
the standard microscope. If smaller fields are satisfactory, it is possible to take;
stereo-photographs on two parts of one plate by shifting the image, thus using
the two sides of the ocular separately. This is the principle in common use in
producing stereo-images in the mon-objective binocular. In copying, fields
larger than 45 mm. as in the Leitz copying stand using a Leica camera, a brass
plate is placed between the sliding attachment and the stand. This plate has
one screw hole and one slot whose limits are calculated to give just the proper
tilt to the camera in two directions. Stereo-photographs of dissections have been
used successfully in demonstrating the development of the palate, face, and
diaphragm as well as brain neuromeres and ventricles.

Preparation and performance in medical students, by J. G. Sinclair. — The
problem of selecting 100 from about 200 applicants for entrance to Medical
School of The University of Texas calls for evaluation of previous records and
determination of minimum requirements for entrance. It is commonly supposed
that a longer period of pre-medical training would produce work of higher grade

PROCEEDINGS

37

and fewer failures. Since the minimum requirement for entrance is two years of
general college work, men coming with a degree should on the whole be better
prepared. Out of 300 students studied over a two-year period, 90 with degrees
averaged 2.3 per cent below the general average. The cause may lie possibly in
the average age of entrance beyond the point of average greatest learning capacity,
which is shown by Wechsler to be 21 years. Pre-medical scholastic records are
not comparable for different schools, because of different methods of grading
and of standards. Pre-medical aptitude tests are supposed to give a clue to
capacity and are commonly used to weigh the applicants. It is true that a
statistical correlation exists between tests and performance, but results are erratic
as applied to any individual. Amongst 300 students, 232 aptitude scores available
were recalculated in terms of grade expectancy. These were compared with the
average two-year performance. The expectancy shows an average deviation of
4.1 per cent with individual deviations of 12 to 32 per cent. This is in contrast
to the average grade of two first-year courses, a grade that shows an average
deviation from the two-year (14-course) average of 1.7 per cent with a single
deviation of 8 per cent for 300 students. Those whose expectancy on aptitude
scores was below 70 (43 students) actually averaged 73 and included one at 89
and six above 80. The 27 who actually failed had an average aptitude ex¬
pectancy of 68, but this group included students who should have made 80, 82,
or 83.

Notes on problems in teaching embryology, by J. G. Sinclair. — In teaching
embryology, an important objective is to present the unity of the animal world
and the great similarity of developmental processes. Some facts available for this
purpose are commonly omitted from text-books. Mesoderm formation in Am-
phioxus is presented as pouched evaginations from the archenteron in the form
of somites, neglecting the fact that more caudal somites are formed exactly like
the amphibian and still more caudal somites like the chick and man. Human
amnion formation is pictured like that of the hedgehog and unlike that of other
primates. The youngest human embryo known is the Miller embryo, and it
shows an invaginated pit suggesting the method the amnion formation like other
primates. Endoderm in the chick and human is pictured as forming by delami¬
nation, while a close study of thin sections shows proliferation from two grooves
lateral to the primitive knot and a very small blastopore present in the primitive
knot up to the 11 -somite stage. Origin of the tongue is said to be hypothetically
traced to occipital somites. It need not be hypothetical if frontal and transverse
section of the stages between 20 and 30 somites be correlated.

AFFILIATED SOCIETIES

A brief account of each local society affiliated with the Texas
Academy of Science is here presented, together with the officers of each
during the year 1935-1936.

Beta Beta Beta, Beta Tau Chapter, was organized at Baylor University May 15,
1931. Its aim is to encourage high scholarship in the biological sciences by
promoting interest in research being done in this field through acquaintanceship
with current literature and by bringing about friendly social relationships between
biological students and alumni. At each meeting a member presents a paper of
interest, and occasionally a guest speaker gives a lecture. The present officers
are: Walter B. King, President; Billie Lynn Packingham, Secretary (Dept, of
Biology, Baylor University, Waco); Brewer Wheelis, Historian; and G. E.
Potter, Treasurer.

The Central Texas Section of the American Chemical Society was organized in
1916 and comprises the members of the American Chemical Society residing in
central Texas, which includes the area bounded by Dallas and Fort Worth on

38

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

the north and by College Station, Georgetown, and Austin on the south. Ap¬
proximately eighty members meet twice annually to enjoy a program of original
papers or to hear lectures by chemists of national reputation. The officers are:
H. L. Lochte, President; N. C. Hamner, Vice-President; W. T. Gooch, Secretary-
Treasurer (Baylor University, Waco) ; and J. R. Bailey, Councillor.

The Dallas Astronomical Society was organized in November, 1921, to promote
astronomical knowledge by personal intercourse of its members, to present papers
and lectures, to acquire telescopes and other astronomical instruments, to estab¬
lish and maintain a suitable library, and to erect and operate an astronomical
observatory in the vicinity of Dallas. The subsidiary organization known as
Howard Observatory was formed in October, 1926, and is controlled by officers
of the Dallas Astronomical Society. The equipment consists of a 121/4-inch
reflecting telescope equatorially mounted. Dr. A. D. Laugenour, Chester A.
Howard, and Prof. J. D. Boon make studies of planetary markings; E. F. Mc¬
Intyre, Dr. A. D. Laugnenour, and Chester A. Howard study the supposed lunar
changes of surface detail. The present officers are: Chester A. Howard, Presi¬
dent; W. F. Bane and D. E. Waggoner, Vice Presidents; P. W. Eble, Secretary-
Treasurer (1033 Cedar Hill, Dallas); and Mrs. Chester A. Howard, Librarian.

The El Paso Archeological Society was organized June 15, 1922, by a small
group of El Pasoans interested in the study of archeological problems of the
Southwest. The purpose of the organization has been to promote the study of
this science and to preserve the records of ancient life in the Southwest. Through
the generosity of friends and members sites near El Paso have been surveyed and
artifacts collected by the society have been stored in the Public Library. At
present the organization is inactive, but it is likely that renewed activity will be
resumed in the near future. Meanwhile Miss Maude Sullivan, Librarian of the
El Paso Public Library and former secretary-treasurer of the society, is preserving
the records and the collections.

The Faculty Science Club of The University of Texas was founded December
8, 1911. Its purpose is to encourage scientific research and study amongst its
members. Meetings are the first Monday evening in each month and speakers
are procured through a regular exchange with A. & M. Seminar and Houston
Philosophical Society. The present officers are: D. W. Goldsmith, President;
and F. M. Bullard, Secretary-Treasurer.

Houston Museum and Scientific Society, Inc., was organized in 1909 and in¬
corporated with a fifty-year charter. Its purpose was to establish a free public
museum in Houston and to sponsor scientific lectures and research. In 1914
the society procured a part of the H. P. Atwater Collection, which was installed
with a few other exhibits in a building in Hermann Park and opened in 1928.
In 1930 the society came into possession of the Major John Milsaps Collection
of minerals and other specimens and also of the Sigmund Westheimer Collection
(balance of Atwater Collection), and the museum was opened in a new building
in Hermann Park in 1930. Property and collections belong to the City of
Houston, but the society owns books, pamphlets, and cash. The present officers
are: Alston Clapp, Sr., President; Geo. L. Fisher, Vice President; J. W. Stiles,
Treasurer; and Clarence L. Brock, Secretary and Director (Hermann Park,
Houston) .

The North Texas Biological Society was organized in 1924 at Fort Worth for
the purpose of binding together a group interested in biological work. The
organization holds meetings regularly in March or April, and other meetings are
irregularly scheduled on occasion throughout the year. The only publication
issued consists of mimeographed abstracts of papers distributed to members at
time of registration at the annual meetings. The present officers are: Mayne
Longnecker, President; George Potter, Vice President; W. L. Hughes, Secretary-
Treasurer (North Texas Agricultural College, Arlington).

PROCEEDINGS

39

The Sctence Club of Texas Technological College was organized December 3,
1925, at Lubbock for the purpose of stimulating interest in scientific progress,
of diffusing scientific knowledge, and of promoting fellowship amongst its mem¬
bers. The group meets once each month during the school year. The present
officers are: C. C. Schmidt, President; W. F. Helwig, Secretary; and Harry Hill,
Treasurer.

Southwestern Science Society was organized in 1918 on the campus of South¬
western University at Georgetown as the Southwestern Chemical Society. Within
a very short period it was made to include all the scientific departments and the
name was changed to its present title. The organization aims to promote intense
interest in scientific advancement and in scientific research amongst its members.
The present officers are: Owen Erekson, President; Eugene Smith, Lilia Bes-
sonette, and Sybil Atkins, Vice Presidents; Lawrence Wilkenson, Secretary-
Treasurer (Southwestern University, Georgetown) ; and J. C. Godbey, Counselor..

The Texas Archeological and Paleontological Society was organized with
headquarters in Abilene in 1928 for the purpose of collecting, studying, and
preserving the evidences of past and disappearing cultures. The activities of
the society have consisted of annual meetings and programs on the last Saturdays
in October and of the publication of the Bulletin. To date seven publications*
have been issued, each consisting of 100 to 150 pages of text and of 15 to 20
pages of illustrations. The present officers are: Cyrus N. Ray, President; J.
Olsen, Vice President; Otto O. Watts, Secretary-Treasurer (Abilene); Cyrus N.
Ray, Editor.

The Texas Association of Science Teachers was organized as the science
section of the State Teachers’ Association. Its purpose is "to establish and to
maintain a professional consciousness in this great group of teachers to the end
that membership in the profession may be more pleasant and desirable and that
the profession of teaching be dignified and science education effectively pro¬
moted and achieved through mutual helpfulness, cooperative study and planning
and concerted action.’’ Annual meetings are held with the State Teachers’
Association in November. Officers are: J. C. Godbey, President; Miss Grace
Kelley, Vice President; and Miss Greta Oppe, Secretary-Treasurer (Ball High
School, Galveston).

The Texas Entomological Society was organized November 23, 1928, at
Austin, to promote and advance the development of the science of entomology
in Texas. No regular publication is issued, and dates of annual meetings are
decided by the Executive Committee. Present officers are: M. A. Stewart, Presi¬
dent; F. A. Fenton, Vice President; H. J. Reinhard, Secretary -Treasurer (Texas
Experiment Station, College Station).

The Texas Folk-Lore Society was organized in 1911 for the purpose of col¬
lecting and recording the folk-lore of Texas. An annual publication is issued,
and contributors are scattered over Texas, New Mexico, California, and Mexico.
Twelve volumes have been printed, and recently three of the four volumes that
had gone out of print were reprinted, and Legends of Texas (1924) is now
being revised and amplified for reprinting. The present officers are: Martha
Emmons, President; Marcelle L. Hamer, Treasurer; and J. Frank Dobie, Secretary
and Editor (University of Texas, Austin).

The West Texas Historical and Scientific Society, Inc., was organized at Alpine
December 7, 1925, with twenty-five charter members. It was incorporated under
the laws of the State of Texas April 28, 1926. The museum sponsored by the
society has grown from a few artifacts to approximately 10,000 specimens, which
are housed in two rooms of the Administration Building of Sul Ross State
Teachers College. A grant of $25,000 from the Texas Centennial Committee

40

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

will be used as a nucleus for a modern-building fund. The organization has
issued five publications that present papers of varied interests. Members are
actively engaged in research in history, anthropology, folk-lore, biology, geology,
and meteorology. An annual meeting and several sectional meetings are held
each year. Present officers are: H. T. Fletcher, President; Capt. J. B. Gillett, Vice
President; Anna D. Linn, Secretary-Treasurer (West Texas State Teachers Col¬
lege, Alpine), John Perkins, Legal Advisor; E. E. Townsend, Curator.

MEMBERSHIP LIST

LIFE FELLOWS

Bailey, James R., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Benedict, Harry Y., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Clark, James F., Texas Land Office, Austin, Texas.
fDumble, E. T.
fEverhart, Edgar.
fFrancis, Mark.
tHalley, R. B.
fHalstead, G. B.

Hill, Robert T., Dallas News, Dallas, Texas.

James, A. Judson, 811 Kress Bldg., Houston, Texas.
fMcfarlane, Alexander.
tNagle, J. C.

Parks, H. B., Box 368, Route 1, San Antonio, Texas.

Simonds, F. W., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Taylor, T. U., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Thompson, R. A., 3310 Drexel Drive, Dallas, Texas.
fStreeruwitz, W. von.

MEMBERS

* Adams, Frederick J., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Adams, B. T., 2172 Ave. I, Wichita Falls, Texas.

Adams, Elzah, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas.

Adams, John Emery, P. O. Drawer R, Midland, Texas.

Adamson, William H., 1614 15th St., Huntsville, Texas.

* Adkins, Mrs. Mary Grace, 307 East 14th St., Austin, Texas.

* Adkins, W. S., Shell Company, Houston, Texas.

*Adkisson, Charles N., Texas State College for Women, Denton, Texas.

Albers, C. Clarence, 4714 Ave. G, Austin, Texas.

Alex, A. H., Box 368, Route 1, San Antonio, Texas.

Alexander, J. M., 706 Park Place, Austin, Texas.

Allen, E. A., 600 Dutton Ave., Waco, Texas.

Alstatt, G. E., College Station, Texas.

Arnette, D. W., 2165 Swenson, Abilene, Texas.

Ashburn, Karl E., Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.

Avery, Paul C, P. O. Box 723, Mission, Texas.

Aynesworth, K. H., 415 Mt. Lookout Ave., Waco, Texas.

Bahmfalk, Stanley, Georgetown, Texas.

Bailey, John F., Breckenridge, Texas.

* Baird, Don. O., Sam Houston State Teachers College, Huntsville, Texas.

Baird, Mrs. Gladys H., Sam Houston State Teachers College, Huntsville, Texas.
Baird, Mrs. Josephine R., Laredo, Texas.

Baker, C. L., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

*Baker, Harry A., John Tarleton Agricultural College, Stephenville, Texas.

t Deceased.

* Fellows.

PROCEEDINGS

41

Baker, Mrs. Harry A., Stephenville Public Schools, Stephenville, Texas.

Baker, Sidney F., Brooks Hall, Baylor University, Waco, Texas.

♦Ball, O. M., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Baltazar, E. P., Agricultural College, Univ. of Philippines, Leguna, Philippines.
Balthis, R. F., Kirbyville, Texas.

♦Bantel, E. C. H., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Barker, J. M., Humble Oil & Rfg. Co., Houston, Texas.

Barksdale, Amos, North Texas State Teachers College, Denton, Texas.

♦Barton, Donald C, 1801 Rosedale St., Houston, Texas.

Barton, G. L., Jr., 119 West Magnolia St., San Antonio, Texas.

Bass, S. W., College of Arts & Ind., Kingsville, Texas.

♦Batchelder, Paul M., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

♦Battle, W. J., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Behrendt, H. B., Rosenberg, Texas.

Bell, Miss Joy, Decatur, Texas.

♦Bell, Olin G., 510-512 Sames-Moore Bldg., Laredo, Texas.

Berkman, Anton H., State College of Mines, El Paso, Texas.

Bertschler, G. W., 1608 Ave. G, Galveston, Texas.

♦Bilsing, S. W., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

♦Birge, Willie I., Texas State College for Women, Denton, Texas.

Blackburn, McMaster S., 332 Encino Ave., San Antonio, Texas.

♦Blau, L. W., 2027 Colquitt Ave., Houston, Texas.

Bleyl, Karl, Rosenberg, Texas.

♦Bliss, Dana F., Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon.

Block, Stanley R., 307 Austin St., Waco, Texas.

Bodansky, Meyer, University School of Medicine, Galveston, Texas.

Bodeman, Elsie, University of Texas, Austin.

Boner, C. P., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Box, E. C, 2312 Monroe St., Commerce, Texas.

Boyd, Glenn, Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station, Texas.

Brady, T. H., East Texas State Teachers College, Commerce, Texas.

Branner, Mrs. J. W., Pennington, Texas.

Braun, T. Taylor, 1616 Campbell, Commerce, Texas.

Brock, Clarence L., 212 Dallas, Houston, Texas.

♦Brogan, A. P., 3018 West Ave., Austin, Texas.

♦Brooks, T. D., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Browman, Ludwig G., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station, Texas.
Brown, C. L., Junior College, Wichita Falls, Texas.

Brown, Miss Elizabeth, Junior College, Wichita Falls, Texas.

Brown, Frank T., Texas Military College, Terrell, Texas.

Brown, John Hickman, 719 Chaparral St., Corpus Christi, Texas.

Brown, Sidney O., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Buechel, F. A., 2304l/2 Trinity St., Austin, Texas.

Burchard, C. W., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

♦Burr, J. G., 2812 Nueces St., Austin, Texas.

Burress, Walter M., P. O. Box 13, Palestine, Texas.

♦Burt, Frederick A., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Bums, P. W., College Station, Texas.

♦Bybee, Halbert P., 210 S. Madison St., San Angelo, Texas.

Bynum, C. H. II, 2903 Flora St., Dallas, Texas.

Calhoun, J. W., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Capt, Miss Lucille, Baylor College, Belton, Texas.

Carrico, J. L., Lamar College, Beaumont, Texas.

Carroll, J. J., P. O. Box 356, Houston, Texas.

♦Carter, William T., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station, Texas.

* Fellows.

42

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Casey, Miss Josephine, Bureau of Economic Geology, Austin, Texas.
♦Casteel, D. B., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Cernosek, S. F., Public Schools, Victoria, Texas.

♦Charlton, Orlando C, 1736 Bennett Ave., Dallas, Texas.

♦Cheatum, E. P., Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.

Cheney, M. G., P. O. Box 446, Coleman, Texas.

Clapp, Alston, Sr., 1115 Cotton Exchange Bldg., Houston, Texas.

Clare, Sister Mary, Our Lady of the Lake College, San Antonio, Texas.
Clark, W. A., Jr., Whittenburg, Texas.

♦Cline, Joseph L., U. S. Weather Bureau, Dallas, Texas.

♦Colby, Malcomb Y., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Conkling, Roscoe P., 1141 E. River St., El Paso, Texas
Connell, W. B., P. O. Box 1786, Dallas, Texas.

♦Conner, A. B., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station, Texas.
Conner, A. C., Lexington, Texas.

Corns, J. B., College of Arts & Ind., Kingsville, Texas.

♦Cory, Victor L., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, Sonora, Texas.

Crenshaw, George S. P., 3511 27th St., Bryan, Texas.

♦Crimmins, Col. M. L., 734 Lexington Ave., New York, N. Y.

Cullinan, J. S., Shadyside, Remington Lane, Houston, Texas.

Cumley, Russell, P. O. Box 1713, University Station, Austin, Texas.
♦Cushing, Avery B., 315 Halliday Ave., San Antonio, Texas.

Cushing, Emory Clayton, Dept, of Agric., Washington, D. C.

♦Cuyler, Robert H., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Davis, Carlos, Timpson, Texas.

Davis, Joe W., Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas.

Davis, J. De Witt, College of Arts & Ind., Kingsville, Texas.

Davis, S. F., John Tarleton Agric. College, Stephenville, Texas.

Decherd, Miss Mary E., 2313 Nueces St., Austin, Texas.

Denny, Miss Grace, East Texas State Teachers College, Commerce, Texas.
♦Doak, C. C, A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

♦Dobie, J. Frank, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

♦Dodd, Edward L., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

♦Duncan, Donald, 2123 29th St., Galveston, Texas.

Dunn, Burgin, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas.

Duval, Hugh H., Bastrop, Texas.

♦Eby, J. Brian, Box 962, Houston, Texas.

Edens, Olin, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas.

Edwards, A. F., Junior College, Wichita Falls, Texas.

Ellsworth, J. C., Texas Technological College, Lubbock, Texas.

Elwell, C. M., State Education Dept., Austin, Texas.

♦English, P. F., Conn. State College, Storrs, Connecticut.

Erekson, Owen, Georgetown, Texas.

♦Ezekiel, Walter N., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station, Texas.

Falls, W. T., Wichita Falls High School, Wichita Falls, Texas.

Farrington, C. B., 1408 14th St., Huntsville, Texas.

♦Felsing, W. A., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Fenton, Alfred, 1104 Second National Bank Bldg., Houston, Texas.
Ferguson, A. M., Ferguson Seed Farms, Sherman, Texas.

Ferguson, I. F. (address unknown).

Ferguson, Thomas, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas.

Fisher, George L., 611 W. Pierce Ave., Houston, Texas.

Fitzpatrick, A. L., 4926 San Jacinto St., Dallas, Texas.

♦Fletcher, R. K., Box 152, Faculty Exchange, College Station, Texas.

* Fellows.

PROCEEDINGS

43

Foltz, Mrs. Katherine C, 201 Roland St., Tyler, Texas.

♦Fraps, G. S., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station, Texas.

Freeman, W. W., 1318 Chestnut St., Commerce, Texas.

* Fuller, Frederick D., 3003 Ennis Ave., Bryan, Texas.

♦Gaines, Newton, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas.

Garrison, Dwight N., 807 W. King St., Kingsville, Texas.

Gee, James G., Sam Houston State Teachers College, Huntsville, Texas.
♦Geiser, S. W., Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.

♦George, E. F., Texas Technological College, Lubbock, Texas.

Getzendaner, F. M., Uvalde, Texas.

Giddings, Marley, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas.

♦Gidley, W. F., College of Pharmacy, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas.
Giesecke, F. E., Texas Eng. Exper. Station, College Station, Texas.

Gill, Willard, Geology Dept., Columbia University, New York, N. Y.
Gingrich, Wendell, University Medical College, Galveston, Texas.

Gish, Wesley G., P. O. Box 1990, Fort Worth, Texas.

Glass, H. M., Jacksonville, Texas.

Glass, J. T., Abilene Christian College, Abilene, Texas.

Glover, Tom E., 1807 First St., Brownwood, Texas.

♦Godbey, J. C, 1408 Olive St., Georgetown, Texas.

Godbey, J. C, Jr., Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas.
♦Goldsmith, G. W., Box 1611, University Station, Austin, Texas.

♦Gooch, W. T., 808 Speight Ave., Waco, Texas.

Goodwin, R. C, Texas Technological College, Lubbock, Texas.

Griffin, E. L., 316 Bartlett, Marlin, Texas.

Guinn, Newbern W., 142 West Levee, Brownsville, Texas.

Guthrie, Vernon, Westmoreland College, San Antonio, Texas.

Halperin, H., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Hamilton, Oscar, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas.

♦Hanna, Marcus A., P. O. Drawer 2100, Houston, Texas.

Harmon, Miss Elsie, 148 E. Elizabeth St., Brownsville, Texas.

Hardt, Ben F., P. O. Box 131, Victoria, Texas.

♦Harper, Henry W., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

♦Harris, B. B., North Texas State Teachers College, Denton, Texas.

Harris, George D., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Harris, Sidon, (address unknown).

Harrison, John W., 316 Fredonia, Longview, Texas.

♦Hawley, John B., 411 Capps Bldg., Fort Worth, Texas.

♦Hawthorn, Leslie R., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, Winterhaven, Texas.
♦Heaps, C. W., Rice Institute, Houston, Texas.

Heiser, J. M., Jr., 1724 Kipling St., Houston, Texas.

Henderson, Miss Leta Mae, 2504 San Antonio, Austin, Texas.

♦Heuse, E. O., 3421 University Blvd., Dallas, Texas.

Hewatt, Willis G., 2932 Lowden St., Fort Worth, Texas.

Hibler, Calvin D., Kingsville, Texas.

Hicks, Miss Vesta C., Austin High School, Austin, Texas.

Hill, John, Providence, Rhode Island.

Hodge, Arthur, 1411 Eleventh St., Huntsville, Texas.

Hodges, H. A., Edinburg College, Edinburg, Texas.

♦Horlacher, W. R., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Hubbell, Miss Julia, East Texas State Teachers College, Commerce, Texas.
Hughes, M. C, A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Hughes, W. L., North Texas Agric. College, Arlington, Texas.

Huser, C. W., Rio Grande City, Texas.

♦Isley, E. B., Trinity University, Waxahachie, Texas.

* Fellows.

44

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

♦James, William A., Galveston Public Schools, Galveston, Texas.
Jennings, E. D., 3434 McFarlin, Dallas, Texas.

Johnson, Mrs. Bessie K., 611 Northwest Levee St., Brownsville, Texas.
Johnson, George W., 611 Northwest Levee St., Brownsville, Texas.
Johnson, E. H., 2911 Pearl St., Austin, Texas.

Johnson, Miss Helen R., 611 North Levee St., Brownsville, Texas.
Johnson, J. Ed., Jr., 306 Provident Bldg., Waco, Texas.

♦Jones, E. N., Baylor University, Waco, Texas.

♦Jones, Luther G., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Jones, S. E., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, Winterhaven, Texas.

♦Jones, W. Goodrich, Box 1585, Waco, Texas.

♦Judson, Sidney A., 3783 Caslon St., Houston, Texas.

♦Kemp, Mrs. Augusta H., P. O. Box 626, Seymour, Texas.

♦Kemp, Hardy A., Baylor Medical College, Dallas, Texas.

Kendall, Charles H, Woodville, Texas.

Kennedy, W. Jay, 731 Gibson St., Waxahachie, Texas.

Killian, O. L., North Texas Agric. College, Arlington, Texas.

Killough, D. T., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station, Texas.
Kimball, Albert B., Baylor University, Waco, Texas.

Kimball, E. B., 1814 Electric Bldg., Fort Worth, Texas.

King, Miss Effie, Randolph College, Cisco, Texas.

King, L. E., 1532 Avenue O, Huntsville, Texas.

King, Ralph, Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pennsylvania.
♦Kirn, Albert J., Somerset, Texas.

♦Knight, Harry O., 3120 Avenue Q, Galveston, Texas.

Knight, James, Box 972, Harlingen, Texas.

♦Kuehne, John M., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

♦Laake, E. W., U. S. Bureau of Entomology, Box 208, Dallas, Texas.

La Motte, Charles, A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

♦Landwer, M. F., Texas Technological College, Lubbock, Texas.

♦Lang, Aldon S., Baylor University, Waco, Texas.

Lange, Rev. B. H. B., St. Edward’s University, Austin, Texas.

Lattimore, J. E., Trice Avenue, Waco, Texas.

Lawhon, Miss Harriet, Moody, Texas.

Lesesne, Sherman, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas.

♦Letord, Henri, 513 Roberts-Banner Bldg., El Paso, Texas.

Linn, Miss Anna D., Alpine, Texas.

Little, V. A., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

♦Longnecker, Mayne, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.
♦Lonsdale, John T., Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa.

Lowry, W. E., Huntsville High School, Huntsville, Texas.

♦Lubben, R. G., 708 West 22l/2 St., Austin, Texas.

♦Lund, E. J., 212 Park Lane, Austin, Texas.

Lutz, C. M., East Texas State Teachers College, Commerce, Texas.

Lynch, Shirley A., North Texas Agric. College, Arlington, Texas.

♦McAlister, S. B., North Texas State Teachers College, Denton, Texas.
♦McAllister, Frederick, 3205 West Avenue, Austin, Texas.

McCamy, Miss Julia B., (address unknown).

♦McCollum, Burton, McCollum Exploration Company, Houston, Texas.
♦McConnell, W. J., North Texas State Teachers College, Denton, Texas.
♦McCorkle, W. H., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

♦McCray, F. A., Sam Houston State Teachers College, Huntsville, Texas.
McDonald, R. E., 521 Avenue A, San Antonio, Texas.

Mclnnis, Sam R., C. C. C. Camp, Corpus Christi, Texas.

* Fellows.

PROCEEDINGS

45

McKee, Miss Lena, Wichita Falls High School, Wichita Falls, Texas.

McKinney, Miss Cornelia, 1527 Avenue J, Huntsville, Texas.

McKnight, James O., Kerrville, Texas.

McMillan, Thomas, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas.

McNew, J. T. L., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

*Malley, F. W., 1627 Huisache, San Antonio, Texas.

Mangum, N. A., (address unknown).

♦Manning, Jacolyn, 187 Craig Ave., Pasadena, California.

♦Masters, W. N., North Texas State Teachers College, Denton, Texas.

Matthes, Homer C, Rice Institute, Houston, Texas.

May, H. Y., 1738 W. Gramercy Place, San Antonio, Texas.

Mayhall, Mrs. Mildred P., 3123 Hemphill Park, Austin, Texas.

Medley, Mrs. R. M., McMurry College, Abilene, Texas.

Melberg, Robert Lee, Crystal City, Texas.

♦Michie, James N., Texas Technological College, Lubbock, Texas.

Miles, J. H., Abilene Christian College, Abilene, Texas.

Miller, Ensor Owens, China Springs, Texas.

Millwee, Robert H., 1803 Medical Arts Bldg., Dallas, Texas.

Moore, Miss Elizabeth J., 3504 Duval St., Austin, Texas.

Moore, Miss Margaret J., Baylor University, Waco, Texas.

Morris, H. F., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, Nacogdoches, Texas.

Morris, Miss Ruth, 201 N. Montclair, Dallas, Texas.

Morris, W. J., Zundellowitz Junior High School, Wichita Falls, Texas.
Morrow, Miss Marie B., 1305 West 22nd, Austin, Texas.

♦Mortensen, E., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, Winterhaven, Texas.

Moses, Raleigh, Hewitt High School, Hewitt, Texas.

Mosher, Kenneth H., Game Commission, Aransas Pass, Texas.

Mosty, Robert L., Center Point, Texas.

Mueller, Standley, P. O. Box 155, Edinburg, Texas.

Mullens, Macon S., Box 1545, Waco, Texas.

Nash, Ira E., 1707 Medical Arts Bldg., Dallas, Texas.

Newcomb, R. B., Jr., West Production Co., Sterling Bldg., Houston, Texas.
Nierman, John L., College of Arts & Ind., Kingsville, Texas.

♦Noe, A. C, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.

Norman, Miss Emma, Sam Houston State Teachers College, Huntsville, Texas.
Northway, J. W., Box 447, Kingsville, Texas.

♦O’Byrne, Sister Michael Edward, Incarnate Word College, San Antonio, Texas.
Ojerholm, Miss Elizabeth, 807 E. 14th St., Austin, Texas.

♦Olsen, Julius, 1204 Vogal Avenue, Abilene, Texas.

O’Neil, Mrs. N. S., 1311 Bonham St., Commerce, Texas.

Oppe, Miss Greta, 1609 Avenue K , Galveston, Texas.

♦Owen, Edgar W., 1716 Milam Bldg., San Antonio, Texas.

Parker, David F., Box 1904, Dallas, Texas.

Paine, L. S., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Parks, H. B., Jr., Corpus Christi Junior College, Corpus Christi, Texas.

Parks, Mabel, Box 363, Route 1, San Antonio, Texas.

Parr, Miss Maggie, Robstown, Texas.

Parsons, L. D., East Texas State Teachers College, Commerce, Texas.

Partch, A. W., Wesley College, Greenville, Texas.

♦Patterson, John T., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

♦Patton, Leroy T., Texas Technological College, Lubbock, Texas.

Payne, Lee, Bloomington, Texas.

♦Pearce, James Edwin, 2607 University Ave., Austin, Texas.

* Fellows.

46

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Perry, F. B., Baylor University, Waco, Texas.

♦Place, J. A., University Medical College, Galveston, Texas.

♦Plummer, F. B., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

♦Plummer, Mrs. Helen Jeanne, 3109 Walling Drive, Austin, Texas.
Pollock, Chauncey L., 220 South Locust Street, Denton, Texas.

Pope, H. D., San Angelo, Texas.

♦Porter, Eugene L., 2602 Avenue F, Galveston, Texas.

♦Potter, George E., Baylor University, Waco, Texas.

Potts, Miss Frances, 1406 Monroe Street, Commerce, Texas.

Pratt, Miss Maydean, College of Arts & Ind., Kingsville, Texas.
Pressley, Miss Margaret, Georgetown, Texas.

Presson, A. K., Junior College, Wichita Falls, Texas.

Preston, Mrs. Corrinne, 1410 Washington Street, Commerce, Texas.
♦Price, W. Armstrong, P. O. Box 112, Corpus Christi, Texas.

Quebedeaux, Coral, 2607 Wichita Street, Austin, Texas.

Quebedeaux, W. A., 2607 Wichita Street, Austin, Texas.

♦Quillin, Mrs. Ellen S., Witte Memorial Museum, San Antonio, Texas.

Radetyky, Frederick J., Route 2, Box 68, Athens, Texas.

Rea, Homer Earl, Texas Agric. Exper. Station, Temple, Texas.
Ragsdale, William E., Hardin-Simmons College, Abilene, Texas.
Randall, Mrs. W. S., 2 Enfield Road, Austin, Texas.

♦Reed, Clyde T., Box 1067, Kingsville, Texas.

Reed, E. L., 2910 Twenty-first St., Lubbock, Texas.

Reed, Miss Ruth K., May Day Apts., Brownsville, Texas.

♦Reeves, R. G., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Reid, Duncan H., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

♦Reinhard, H. J., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station, Texas.
Renner, K. N., Texas Technological College, Lubbock, Texas.
Richardson, T. F., Junior College, Wichita Falls, Texas.

Richey, R. T., College Station, Texas.

Riney, W. A., 341 Peach St., Abilene, Texas.

Rischar, Edward, Cameron Hospital, Cameron, Texas.

Rix, R. A., 1611 Stonewall Street, Commerce, Texas.

Roach, Mrs. J. M., Box 445, Seymour, Texas.

Roberts, W. B., 4320 Worth Street, Dallas, Texas.

Robinson, Lewis, McAllen, Texas.

Rode, N. F., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Rogers, John, Corpus Cave, Texas.

♦Romberg, Arnold, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Rosene, Hilda F., 2607 University Avenue, Austin, Texas.

Rosenthal, Helman, 2411 South Harwood St., Dallas, Texas.

Ross, Gene, Continental Oil Co., Houston, Texas.

♦Russell, C. E., Texas Technological College, Lubbock, Texas,

Russell, D. R., Yoakum High School, Yoakum, Texas.

Sanders, Ottys, P. O. Box 4084, Dallas, Texas.

Sanders, Mrs. Ottys, 211 S. Polk St., Dallas, Texas.

Sargent, E. C., 307 E. 31st St., Austin, Texas.

Sargent, Mrs. E. C, 307 E. 31st St., Austin, Texas.

Sayles, E. B., Box 508, Abilene, Texas.

Schmidt, H., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station, Texas.
♦Schoch, E. P., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Schulze, B. E., 2919 Dempsey St., Corpus Christi, Texas.

Sell, R. A., P. O. Box 1126, Houston, Texas.

♦Semmes, Douglas R., 1601 Milam Bldg., San Antonio, Texas.

* Fellows.

PROCEEDINGS

47

Sharpe, John M., Jr., Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas.

♦Shuler, Ellis W., Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.

Slage, W. M., Texas Technological College, Lubbock, Texas.

Sikes, James R., Consolidated School, College Station, Texas.

♦Silvey, O. W., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Silveus, W. A., 832 Cambridge Oval, San Antonio, Texas.

♦Sinclair, John F., Box 167, Kingsville, Texas.

♦Sinclair, John G., University Medical College, Galveston, Texas.

♦Smith, Mrs. Cornelia, John B. Stetson University, Deland, Florida.

Smith, Eugene, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas.

♦Smith, E. G., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Smith, Miss Harriet, 1603 Ave. J, Huntsville, Texas.

Smith, Hugh B., John Tarleton Agric. College, Stephenville, Texas.

Smith, Logan, Baylor University, Waco, Texas.

Smith, Mac, China Springs High School, China Springs, Texas.

♦Smith, V. J., Sul Ross College, Alpine, Texas.

♦Snider, L. C., 60 Wall St., New York, N. Y.

♦Spencer, S. R., 821 Speight Avenue, Waco, Texas.

Sprague, Robert D., Sinclair-Prairie Oil Company, Box 1990, Ft. Worth, Texas.
♦Stainbrook, Merrill A., Texas Technological College, Lubbock, Texas.

Stangaard, M. H., Sam Houston State Teachers College, Huntsville, Texas.
Stangle, W. L., Texas Technological College, Lubbock, Texas.

Starkie, John L., 1827 Avenue J, Galveston, Texas.

Stephens, Ira K., Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.

♦Stephens, William R., Baylor University, Waco, Texas.

♦Stewart, M. A., Rice Institute, Houston, Texas.

Stiteler, R. H., Jr., 1015 S. 7th St., Waco, Texas.

Stougaard, M. H., Sam Houston State Park, Huntsville, Texas.

♦Studhalter, R. A., Texas Technological College, Lubbock, Texas.

Suche, Meta L., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Sullivan, Miss Frances, P. O. Box 14 14, Corpus Christi, Texas.

Sullivan, Mrs. Maud D., 234 N. Davis St., No. 7; El Paso, Texas.

♦Svensen, Carl L., 2102 Broadway, Lubbock, Texas.

Swenson, J. R., 323 Normal Ave., Denton, Texas.

Taft, Charles H., Jr., University of Texas, Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.
Tarter, B. C., 1601 Walnut St., Commerce, Texas.

♦Taubenhaus, J. J., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station, Texas.

♦Tharp, B. C., University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

♦Thomas, Frank L., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station, Texas.

♦Thomas, Norman L., P. O. Box 1007, Ft. Worth, Texas.

Tinsley, John D., 500 Santa Fe Bldg., Amarillo, Texas.

Tinsley, R. W., Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas.

Townsend, E. E., Alpine, Texas.

Tunnell, John W., College of Arts & Ind., Kingsville, Texas.

Turner, R. L., Public Schools, Nacogdoches, Texas.

♦Ullrich, Oscar A., Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas.

Vezey, E. E., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

♦Vickery, Roy Albion, P. O. Box 884, San Antonio, Texas.

Walker, Elisia D., Abilene Christian College, Abilene, Texas.

Walker, Miss Emily B., East Texas State Teachers College, Commerce, Texas.
Wallace, Paul, 2100 Nueces St., Austin, Texas.

Walter, E. V., Lafayette, Louisiana.

Walton, T. O., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Wapple, A. R., Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas.

* Fellows.

48

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

♦Warner, S. R., 1602 L Street, Huntsville, Texas.

* Warwick, B. L., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Washington, W. O., Brownsville, Texas.

Watkins, G. M., Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station, Texas.
Watson, E. H., East Texas State Teachers College, Commerce, Texas.
♦Watts, Otto O., Simmons University, Abilene, Texas.

Weatherby, E. B., Box 2040, Tulsa, Okla.

Webb, W. J., Wichita Falls High School, Wichita Falls, Texas.
Weber, Walter A., National Park Service, Austin, Texas.

West, G. H., 1725 S. 7th St., Waco, Texas.

Whitacre, Jessie, Texas Agric. Exper. Station, College Station, Texas.
White, Thomas A., Kingsville, Texas.

Whitehead, L. C, 904 Smith-Young Tower, San Antonio, Texas.
Whitley, S. H., East Texas State Teachers College, Commerce, Texas.
♦Whitman, J. L., Texas Christian University, Ft. Worth, Texas.

* Whitney, Francis Luther, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

♦Wiebe, A. H., Fish, Game, and Oyster Commission, Austin, Texas.

Wilkinson, Lawrence, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas.
Williams, A. V., 2966 Russell Ave., Abilene, Texas.

♦Williams, Walter J., Baylor University, Waco, Texas.

Williamson, W. M. N., Plantersville, Texas.

♦Wilson, Harold A., Rice Institute, Houston, Texas.

Wilson, Miss Velma, 224 Hibiscus St., Brownsville, Texas.

Winkler, C. H., A. & M. College, College Station, Texas.

Winkler, E. W., 104 W. 32nd St., Austin, Texas.

♦Winters, Miss Jet C., 311 West 21st St., Austin, Texas.

♦Winton, W. M., Texas Christian University, Ft. Worth, Texas.
Wisdom, William, Westmoreland College, San Antonio.

Witt, Paul C, 2130 South 2nd St., Abilene, Texas.

Woodberry, George W., Texas Technological College, Lubbock, Texas.
Worley, Gordon, Jr., 206 E. 23rd St., Austin, Texas.

Yarnell, S. H., College Station, Texas.

* Fellows.

Transactions

of the

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

t

1935-193 6

VOLUME XX

Transactions

of the

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
1935-1936

VOLUME XX

Austin, Texas

Published by the Academy

ORGANIZATION
of the

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
MEMBER OF

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE
AFFILIATED SOCIETIES

Beta Beta Beta, Beta Tau Chapter, Baylor University
Central Texas Section, American Chemical Society
Dallas Astronomical Society
El Paso Archeological Society
Faculty Science Club of University of Texas
Houston Museum and Scientific Society
North Texas Biological Society
Phi Sigma Kappa, Incarnate Word College
Science Club of Texas Technological College
Southwestern Science Society
Texas Archeological and Paleontological Society
Texas Association of Science Teachers
Texas Entomological Society
Texas Folk-Lore Society

Texas Society of College Teachers of Education
West Texas Historical and Scientific Society

LOCAL CHAPTERS

Commerce
San Antonio
West Texas (Alpine)

JUNIOR ACADEMIES

Incarnate Word
Gladewater
Corpus Christi
Marfa
Denton
Galveston

OFFICERS FOR 1936-1937
President, W. Armstrong Price, Corpus Christi, Texas.

Executive Vice-President, Don O. Baird, Sam Houston State Teachers College.
Vice-President , Chairman of Section 1, W. T. Gooch, Baylor University.
Vice-President, Chairman Section 2, W. R. Horlacher (to May 2), E. J. Lund,
The University of Texas.

Vice-President, Chairman Section 3, S. B. McAlister, North Texas State Teachers
College.

Vice-President, Chairman Section 4, Olin G. Bell, Humble Oil & Refining Com¬
pany.

Vice-President, Chairman Section 5, John G. Sinclair, University Medical College.
Treasurer, Mayne Longnecker, Southern Methodist University.

Secretary, F. A. Burt, Agricultural and Mechanical College.

Editor, Helen Jeanne Plummer, Bureau Economic Geology.

Representative to American Association for the Advancement of Science, S. W.
Bilsing, Agricultural and Mechanical College.

Commerce

Brownsville

Austin (3)

Bryan

Canyon

Georgetown

CONTENTS

Page

Vegetation in Chisos Mountains; by C. M. Muller................. . 5

Introduction . . 5

General characters of the area . . . . . p . 5

List of Chisos Mountain plants . 9

Polypodiaceae (Fern family) . 9

Equisetaceae (Horsetail family)... . 9

Selaginellaceae (Selaginella family) . . . 9

Pinaceae (Pine family) . . . 10

Juniperaceae (Juniper family) . 10

Gnetaceae (Joint-fir family). . 10

Typhaceae (Cat-tail family) . 10

Zannichelliaceae (Pondweed family) . 10

Poaceae (Grass family).......... . 10

Festuceae . 10

Hordeae . 11

Aveneae . 11

Agrostideae . 11

Nazieae . 12

Chlorideae . 12

Paniceae . 12

Andropogoneae . 13

Tripsaceae . !.. . 13

Cyperaceae (Sedge family) . 13

Bromeliaceae (Pineapple family) . 13

Commelinaceae (Spiderwort family) . 13

Junaceae (Rush family) . 14

Alliaceae (Onion fomily) . 1 . . . 14

Dracaenaceae (Yucca family) . 14

Leucojaceae (Amaryllis family) . . . 14

Orchidaceae (Orchid family) . 14

Salicaceae (Willow family) . 14

Juglandaceae (Walnut family) . 15

Fagaceae (Beech family) . 15

Ulmaceae (Elm family) . 15

Artocarpaceae (Mulberry family) . 15

Urticaceae (Nettle family) . 15

Loranthaceae (Mistletoe family) . 16

Polygonaceae (Buckwheat family) . 16

Chenopodiaceae (Goosefoot family) . 16

Amaranthaceae (Amaranth family) . 16

Allioniaceae (Four-o’clock family) . 16

Petiveraceae (Pokeweed family)..... . 17

Portulacaceae (Portulaca family).... . 17

Alsinaceae (Chickweed family) . 17

Corrigiolaceae (Whitlow-wort family) . 17

Ranunculaceae (Crowfoot family) . 17

Podophyllaceae (Barberry family).......' . , . k... . . 18

Papaveraceae (Poppy family) . 18

Brassicaceae (Mustard family) . 18

Capparidaceae (Caper family) . . . . ...J. . . 18

Sedaceae (Orpine family) . T . . . . . 18

Hydrangeaceae (Hydrangea family) . 18

Rosaceae (Rose family) . 18

Mimosaceae (Mimosa family) . . . 19

Cassiaceae (Senna family) . 19

Krameriaceae (Krameria family) . 19

Page

Fabaceae (Pea family) . •- . 19

Geraniaceae (Geranium family) . , . 20

Oxalidaceae (Wood-sorrel family) . . . . 20

Linaceae (Flax family) . 20

Zygophyllaceae (Caltrop family) . 20

Rutaceae (Rue family) . ~ . . . 21

Polygalaceae (Milkwort family) . id . - . 21

Euphorbiaceae (Spurge family) . 21

Spondiaceae (Sumac family).....,.....1. . . . ... 22

Aceraceae (Maple family) . . . : . . . . . 22

Sapindaceae (Soapberry family)..... . . . i... 22

Frangulaceae (Buckthorn family) . . . 22

Vitaceae (Grape family) . . . 22

Malvaceae (Mallow family). . . . . . . . 22

Fouquieraceae (Coachwhip family) . 23

Cistaceae (Rock-rose family) . 23

Koeberliniaceae (Junco family) . . . . . . . 23

Loasaceae (Loasa family) . . . . . . . . . 23

Cactaceae (Cactus family) . . . . . . . I . . . 23

Onagraceae (Evening-primrose family) . . . . . .’. 23

Ammiaceae (Carrot family) . . . . . 23

Nyssaceae (Dogwood family)..... . . . . . . 23

Ericaceae (Heath family). . . . . . . . . . . 24

Primulaceae (Primrose family) . 24

Ebenaceae (Ebony family) . . . , . 24

Oleaceae (Olive family) . 24

Apocynaceae (Dogbane family).. . 24

Asclepiadaceae (Milkweed family) . 24

Dichondraceae (Dichondra family) . 25

Convolulaceae (Morning-glory family) . . . . . 25

Cuscutaceae (Dodder family) . . . . . 25

Polemoniaceae (Phlox family)........ . 25

Hydroleaceae (Water-leaf family) . 25

Borraginaceae (Borage family) . 25

Verbenaceae (Vervain family) . . . . . , . 26

Lamiaceae (Mint family) . 26

Solanaceae (Potato family).... . 26

Rhinanthaceae (Figwort family) . 27

Bignoniaceae (Trumpet-creeper family) . 27

Martyniaceae (Unicorn-plant family) . . . „ . 27

Orobanchaceae (Broom-rape family) . 27

Acanthaceae (Acanthus family) . 27

Rubiaceae (Madder family) . 27

Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle family).. . 28

Cucurbitaceae (Gourd family).... . 28

Lobeliaceae (Lobelia family) . . . . . 1 . . . 28

Ambrosiaceae (Ragweed family) . 28

Carduaceae (Thistle family)..... . r . . . . . 28

Eupatorieae . 28

Astereae . 28

Inuleae . 29

Heliantheae . 29

Helenieae . . . . , . 30

Anthelmideae . 30

Senecioneae . 30

Cynareae . . 31

Mutisieae . .'. . J . . . . . 31

Cichoriaceae (Chicory family) . 31

Bibliography . 31

VEGETATION IN CHISOS MOUNTAINS, TEXAS

By

C. H. MULLER1

INTRODUCTION

Work was undertaken in Chisos Mountains in the summers of 1931
and 1932 over a total period of about five months. The collections
enumerated in the following list were made for the purpose of deter¬
mining as nearly as possible the constituent vegetation as a necessary
preliminary to an attack upon the phytoecology of these mountains.
Ample equipment and supplies were transported by pack train up the
steep trail from the end of the automobile road to a centrally located
camp site. From this base excursions of one to several days duration
were made afoot, on horseback, and partly by automobile to the neigh¬
boring canyons, mountain sides, and desert.

The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Dr. B. C.
Tharp, who suggested the problem, aided materially in its initiation,
and contributed to its execution both in the field and laboratory. The
hospitality and cooperation of Mr. Homer Wilson, ranchman and
owner of a large part of the mountains, contributed greatly to the
thoroughness of the investigation and to the pleasantness of the work.

The identification of the collections was undertaken by Dr. B. C.
Tharp, Miss Eula Whitehouse, and the author to the extent that
library facilities have permitted. Further identification and verifica¬
tions were kindly made by Mr. Paul Standley (all groups except the
Poaceae, Rhinanthaceae, and Pteridophyta) of the Field Museum,
Prof. A. S. Hitchcock (Poaceae) of Smithsonian Institution, Dr. W. R.
Maxon (Pteridophyta) of Smithsonian Institution, and Dr. F. W.
Pennell (Rhinanthaceae) of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia. To all these the author makes grateful acknowledgement.

GENERAL CHARACTERS OF THE AREA

Chisos Mountains, situated near the apex of the "Big Bend” region
of Texas, are the southernmost spur of the Rocky Mountain system in
the United States. They consist of an uplift of igneous and meta-
morphic material in the form of a rough circle of peaks about five
or six miles across situated in the midst of an extensive sloping plain
and surrounded by the usual foothills. The major peaks average
about 7500 feet in altitude, the highest being 7835 feet or about 4000
feet above the surrounding desert. The topography is exceedingly

1 This work was done at The University of Texas in partial fulfillment of the require¬
ments for a Master's degree.

6

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

rough, though several broad canyons occur. Frequent deposits of late
Cretaceous clays and limestone occur in the mountains and on the plain.

The upper mountains are watered by springs and in summer normally
by almost daily afternoon rains. The plain receives little rain and has
for the most part a high percentage of run-off, due in part to scant
vegetation, in part to the nature of the soil, and in part to the torrential
character of precipitation. Only three of the upper waterways run
normally. These are reduced to dry creek beds before they reach the
foothills, and water runs in their lower reaches only after torrential
rains. Grazing by sheep and goats is quite intensive in the foothills
but is rare in the mountains because of predatory animals.

The occurrence of so luxuriant a forest as that of the Chisos Moun¬
tains in the midst of a vast desert plain is paradoxical but nevertheless
easily explainable. The most powerful influence in the distribution of
plants is climate, as it affects the quantity of water available to plant
roots and the severity of water loss from plant leaves by evaporation.
Differences in the climates of the upper mountains and the surrounding
desert are readily discernible by the most casual observer. These dif¬
ferences are brought about by the altitudinal and physiographic features
of the area.

If for any reason a mass of air is forced to rise, it expands with the
lessening pressure and in so doing becomes cooler. Cooling of a mass
of air reduces its ability to retain water vapor with the result that the
moisture condenses and ultimately is precipitated usually in the form
of rain. A current of air moving horizontally across a plain and
encountering any obstruction is forced to rise. Thus a wind striking
the slopes of a mountain rises above the peak, and if the rise is suf¬
ficiently great, cloudiness and rain occur about the peak. In Chisos
Mountains rains of this nature occur every time an atmospheric dis¬
turbance passes over them.

The daily afternoon rains that characterize the summer season of
that area are caused by a different condition. The mountains, because
of their great altitude, cloudiness, and dense vegetational cover, are not
heated so rapidly as the surrounding desert. By mid-day there is a very
considerable difference in the temperatures of the two areas. The
heating of the atmosphere lying above the desert causes its rapid
expansion. Because the mountain atmosphere does not expand so
rapidly, the expanding desert air overflows into the mountain area and
causes currents of air into the mountains from all sides. As these are
deflected upward by the mountains and cooled, the resultant condensa¬
tion of water vapor forms a hood of clouds over the peaks and a very
considerable amount of rain is precipitated. The greatly reduced
evaporation caused by the cloudiness and the increased water supply
resulting from the rain greatly favor more luxuriant plant growth, all
of which serve to increase the temperature differences between desert
and mountain. Thus these conditions form a cycle that perpetuates
itself by means of energy supplied by the sun.

VEGETATION IN CHISOS MOUNTAINS

7

The close proximity of Chisos Mountains to the extensive Sierra del
Carmen of Mexico would lead one to expect them to be biologically
related. This is readily evidenced by the grosser characters of the
almost identical forests that occur in the two mountain ranges. More
specifically it is indicated by the occurrence in both areas of the same
dominant species of plants. Most striking to the lay observer is per¬
haps the occurrence in most of the Big Bend region of such typically
Mexican desert genera as Dasylirion, Agave, Yucca, Fouquiera, Lane a.,
and others. Several Mexican species of Stipa, Aristida , and other
genera are noteworthy constituents of the various vegetational com¬
munities. Of great interest to the biologist and of particular signifi¬
cance in establishing the relationships of the Chisos flora is the occur¬
rence of several species of oaks whose centers of distribution lie south
of the Rio Grande. Qu evens graciliformis, known only from Chisos
Mountains, is related to no other species in that area but bears a close
relationship to Quercus canbyi near Monterrey, Mexico. Quercus
endemica occurs only sparsely in the Chisos area but forms an extensive
forest in the Sierra del Carmen. Quercus chisosensis is abundant in
both the Chisos and Davis mountain regions of Texas, but its greatest
abundance and widest extent of range occurs in the Sierra del Carmen
and ranges to the south over half the length of the state of Coahuila.
Quercus intricata occurs sparsely in the Chisos and Davis mountains;
its greatest luxuriance is found in southern Coahuila.

The relation of the vegetation to that of the Rockies is indicated by
the occurrence of a number of relatively northern plants. Of these,
Finns brachyptera, Cupressus arizonica var. bonita, Fseudotsuga mucro-
nata, Acer grandidentatum, Populus tremuloides, and Rhamus betulae-
foha are the more striking examples.

The occurrence of a surprisingly great number of plants found
frequently east of the 98th meridian is also interesting. Among the
grasses are two gramas, Bouteloua hirsuta and B. curtipendula; three
bluestems, Andropogon saccharoides, A. scoparius, and A. jurcatus;
and Tripsacum dactyloides. Among the shrubs are Clematis drum-
mondii, Ptelia trifoliata, Celtis pallida, Ungnadia speciosa, Rhus virens,
R. trilobata. Common herbs are Argemone plat yc eras, Solatium ros-
tratum, S. eleagnifolium, Alternanthera repens, and Silene antirrhina.

The surrounding plain averages about 3500 feet in altitude and
slopes gradually away from the mountains. Most of the plains soil
is derived from Cretaceous rocks and supports desert scrub such as
Larrea, Flourensia, Condalia, Acacia, Mimosa, and Prosopis. In this
are frequently found societies of Leucophyllum texanum, L. minus,
Parthenium incanum, and Porlieria angustifolia. Grasses are sparse,
due in part to extreme overgrazing and in part to desert conditions.

On the low foothills and the uneven outwash of the mountains are
found relatively heavy growths of Dasylirion, Agave lechuguilla, Yucca
macrocarpa, Fouquiera, Condalia, and numerous cacti. The waterways

8

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

support Ungnadia, Chilopsis linearis, Juglans rupestris, Fallugia para-
do xa, and Fraxinus greggii.

In the higher foothills the shrubbery becomes denser and is less
confined to waterways. On the lower mountain slopes are vast areas
thickly covered by Rhus virens, R. trilohata, Fraxinus greggii, and
occasional junipers, Pinus edulis, and oaks. Of the oaks, Quercus
grisea, Q. emoryi, and Q. chisosensis are more common. Quercus grisea
is found in practically all types of situations in the upper mountains,
but Q. chisosensis requires more moisture and is consequently confined
to arroyos, hollows, and better watered areas. The junipers are
] uni per us flaccida, J. pachyphlaea, and /. monosperma.

The vegetational composition of the tops of the mountain is rela¬
tively quite simple. Practically all mesas and gentle slopes bear a more
or less dense growth of Quercus grisea, Pinus edulis, Juniperus flaccida,
and J. pachyphlaea. Of the grass dominants Muhlenbergia emersleyi
and M. rigida are the most important. Less important are Valota
saccharata, Lycurus phleoides, and Oryzopsis fimbriata. The community
becomes more wooded and less grassy on north exposures in proportion
to the declination of the slope. Some south slopes are almost devoid
of trees and are thickly covered by grass. The shrubs are mostly Rhus,
Salvia, Agave lechuguilla, A. scabra, Nolina, Garrya ovata, and scrub
Quercus grisea, Q. undulata var. pungens, and Pinus edulis.

In the canyons and on steeper slopes can be found heavy growths
of Quercus chisosensis, with which there occur locally Cupressus ari-
zonica var. bonita, Pseudotsuga mucronata, Arbutus xalapensis, Prunus
virens, and others. The forests thus formed are quite dense, and the
grasses are of the less xeric types. Stipa tenuissima, Bromus margi-
natus, Poa involuta, Panicum bulbosum, Oryzopsis fimbriata, and
Muhlenbergia pauciflora are the principal ones.

On one northeast slope an almost pure stand of Cupressus arizonica
var. bonita covers the upper 1500 feet (from 6000 to 7500 feet eleva¬
tion) so conspicuously as to have caused the canyon to be named
Juniper Canyon. Intermingled with Cupressus are Quercus grisea and
Q. chisosensis. Acer grandidentatum and Pseudotsuga mucronata are
added where the slope face swings to the northwest.

The west slope of another high canyon bears a heavy growth of
Pinus brachyptera with which are found Cercis reniformis and the pre¬
viously mentioned oaks and junipers.

The foregoing description presents only the grosser characters of
the vegetation. The following list of all the species found offers notes
on habitats.

VEGETATION IN CHISOS MOUNTAINS

9

LIST OF CHISOS MOUNTAIN PLANTS2
POLYPODIACEAE (Fern Family)

Poly podium thysanolepis A. Br. (Polypody) — Matted along crevices in boulders
in one moist, densely wooded canyon at about 6500 feet.

Notholaena bonariensis (Willd. ) C. Chr. (Notholaena) — Common on dry, rock-
strewn slopes of 6500 to 7500 feet in altitude.

Notholaena sinuata (Ser.) Kaulf. — More or less moist crevices in rocks at high
altitudes; common about talus slopes and on east exposures at about 7300
feet.

Notholaena standi eyi Maxon — Common on rocky, grass-covered, south and east
slopes at 5500 to 6500 feet.

Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (Maiden-hair fern) — Abundant at the water’s edge
in two moist, wooded canyons from 4200 to 4300 feet.

Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link (Cliff brake) — Common in oak and pine wood¬
land at 6000 to 7000 feet.

Pellaea intermedia Mett. — Sparse in the moist woodland from 6500 to 7500
feet.

Pellaea microphylla Mett. — More or less abundant on one very dry north ex¬
posure at 6800 feet.

Pellaea wrightiana Hook. — Sparse in rock crevices on the east-facing talus slope
at about 7300 feet.

Cheilanthes castenea Maxon (Lip-fern) — Scattered in oak and pine woodland
from 7300 to 7800 feet.

Cheilanthes eatoni Baker— Scattered in east-facing rock crevices at 7300 to 7800
feet on one mountain side.

Cheilanthes lindheimeri Hook. — A few specimens in the shelter of a boulder in
one very dry locality in the foothills at about 4000 feet.

Cheilanthes wrightii Hook. — One specimen from the water’s edge in an un¬
wooded canyon at about 6300 feet.

Asplenium resiliens Kuntze (Spleen-wort) — Infrequent in rock crevices in one
moist, wooded canyon at about 6500 to 6700 feet.

Woodsia mexicana Fee ( Woodsia) — Common in moist, wooded canyons and
slopes at 6500 to 7500 feet.

EQUISETACEAE (Horsetail Family)

Equisetum sp. (Horsetail) — One fragmentary and sterile specimen in shallow
water in a moist, wooded canyon at about 4100 feet.

SELAGINELLACEAE (Selaginella Family)

Selaginella lepidophylla (H. & G.) Spreng. (Club moss; resurrection plant) —
Abundant on north-facing, vertical faces of rock in one canyon at about 6200
feet.

Selaginella pringlei Baker — Abundant on north-facing vertical faces of rock in
two canyons at about 4200 feet.

Selaginella sherwoodii Maxon — Abundant on rocks and in crevices in moist,
wooded canyons at 6500 to 7500 feet.

2 The species are arranged in families in the order of Engler and Prantl partly as

emended by Small. Species indicated by an asterisk (*) are quoted on the authority of

Mr. Paul C. Stanley who has made, or intends to make, formal publication of such

changes as are implied but whose specific references are not at present available.

10

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

PINACEAE (Pine Family)

Pinus brachyptera Engelm. (Western yellow pine) — Abundant in one moist can¬
yon, covering the west-facing slope and floor; occurs very sparsely in another
similar canyon (5700 to 6600 feet).

Pinus edulis Engelm. (Pinyon pine) — Probably the most abundant tree in the
vicinity, a major constituent of the woodland and the last of that group to
give way to grassland in the lower and drier localities. It is shaded out only
by the dense stands of P. brachyptera and Cupressus arizonica. Its altitude
range is from about 5000 to 7800 feet.

Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. (Douglas fir) — Frequent but in¬
conspicuously scattered on the floor and slopes of one moist and densely
wooded canyon at about 6500 feet.

JUNIPERACEAE (Juniper Family)

Cupressus arizonica var. bonita Greene (Arizona cypress) — Abundant but re¬
stricted to two contiguous north and northwest slopes ; a very dense stand of
trees at 6000 to 7500 feet.

Juniper us flaccida Schlecht. (Weeping juniper) — A common constituent of
woodland; very abundant from 5500 to 7800 feet.

Juniperus monos perma (Engelm.) Sarg. (One-seeded juniper) — More or less
common but restricted to savannahs on the more gentle slopes at 5300 to 6800
feet.

Juniperus pachyphlaea Torr. (Alligator juniper) — A common constituent of the
woodland; very abundant from 5500 to 7800 feet.

GNETACEAE (Joint-fir Family)

Ephedra antisyphilitica Mey. (Joint fir) — Scattered generally about the foothills
and desert from 2500 to 4200 feet.

TYPHACEAE (Cat-tail Family)

Typha latifolia L. (Cat-tail) — Several specimens in small pools in one densely
wooded canyon at 4300 feet.

ZANNICHELLIACEAE (Pondweed Family)

Potamogeton diversifolia Raf. (Pondweed) — Common in pools of two unwooded
canyons from 6400 to 6700 feet.

POACEAE (Grass Family)

Festuceae

Bromus marginatus Nees (Brome grass) — Common in moist situations in several
wooded canyons from 6400 to 6800 feet.

Bromus porteri (Coult.) Nash. — Common in two moist, wooded canyons at
5000 and 6500 feet.

Festuca ligulata Swallen. (Fescue grass) — Sparse in one moist, wooded canyon
at 6500 feet.

Poa involuta Hitchc. (Involute blue grass) — Abundant throughout the more
dense woodland in moist situations from 6500 to 7800 feet.

Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Link. (Love-grass)- — Common about a ranch house
in one more or less moist and wooded canyon at 4200 feet.

Eragrostis diffusa Buckl. — Common along the unwooded waterways of two
more or less moist canyons from 6300 to 6800 feet.

Eragrostis lugens Nees — Commonly scattered in moist situations all over the
mountains from 5000 to 7700 feet.

Phragmites communis Trin. (Giant reed ) -—Numerous, but limited to one moist,
unwooded situation at about 4800 feet.

VEGETATION IN CHISOS MOUNTAINS

11

Pappophorum mucronulatum Nees — Common about a ranch house in one more or
less moist and wooded canyon at about 4200 feet.

Triodia avenacea HBK. — Common along the dry creek bed of one unwooded
canyon at about 4800 feet.

Triodia mutica (Torr.) Scribn. — Scattered along one dry arroyo at about 4500
feet and a few specimens about a ranch house in the foothills at 3600 feet.

Triodia pulchella HBK. — Scattered in the dry foothills and lower canyons from
4000 to 4300 feet.

Hordeae

Agropyron arizonicum Scribn. Sc Smith — Sparse in two moist situations at 6500
and 7500 feet.

Agropyron inerme (Scribn. & Smith) Rydb. (Wheat grass) — Sparse in dry, un¬
wooded situations from 5600 to 6300 feet.

Agropyron smithii Rydb. — A few specimens in one more or less moist and un¬
wooded meadow at 6800 feet.

Sitanion hystrix (Nutt.) J. G. Smith (Fox-tail grass) — Scattered in dry situa¬
tions from 5600 to 6900 feet.

Aveneae

Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. (June grass) — Common in several more or less
moist wooded situations from 5000 to 6500 feet.

Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. — Common along the moist floor of one
wooded canyon from 6500 to 6800 feet.

Agrostideae

Agrostis hiemalis (Walt.) B. S. P. (Bent grass) — Sparse in two moist, more or
less wooded canyons at about 6300 feet.

Agrostis verticellata Vill. — Common at the water’s edge in several more or less
openly wooded canyons from 4100 to 4800 feet.

Lycurus phleoides HBK. — Abundantly scattered throughout the woodland from
5200 to 7800 feet.

Miiblenbergia cuspidata (Torr.) Rydb. (Dropseed grass) — Sparse in two moist,
wooded situations of 6500 and 7500 feet.

Miiblenbergia emersleyi Vasey (Dropseed grass) — Very abundant throughout
the mountains from 5000 to 7800 feet; dominant on open or unwooded
slopes.

Miiblenbergia monticola Buckl. (Dropseed grass) — Common in rock crevices in
dry situations from 5500 to 7300 feet.

Miiblenbergia pauciflora Buckl. (Dropseed grass) — Commonly scattered in south
and east exposed rock crevices from 7000 to 7800 feet.

Miiblenbergia polycaulis Scribn. (Dropseed grass) — Scattered in rock crevices in
wooded situations from 6500 to 7000 feet.

Miiblenbergia porteri Scribn. (Dropseed grass) — Common on the dry, open
foothills east of the mountains at about 3500 feet.

Miiblenbergia repens (Presl.) Hitchc. (Dropseed grass) — Abundant in one more
or less moist and openly wooded meadow at 6800 feet.

Miiblenbergia rigida (HBK.) Knuth (Dropseed grass) — Sparsely scattered in
the moist woodland from 6500 to 7200 feet, and co-dominant with Miiblen¬
bergia emersleyi in two grassy canyons at about 6000 feet.

Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray (Covered dropseed grass) — Commonly
scattered along the dry creek bed of one canyon from 4500 to 5500 feet.

Blepbaroneuron tricbolepis (Torr.) Nash — Sparsely scattered in a few moist
situations from 6500 to 7500 feet.

12

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Oryzopsis fimbriata (HBK.) Hemsl. — Abundantly scattered throughout the moist
woodland from 5400 to 7800 feet.

Stipa eminens Cav. (Needle grass) — Abundantly scattered over the grassy slopes
from 5000 to 7800 feet.

Stipa neomexicana (Thurb.) Scribn. — Sparsely scattered on one somewhat dry
north slope from 6600 to 6900 feet.

Stipa scribneri Vasey — Scattered on the slope of one shrub-covered foothill at
about 5700 feet.

Stipa tenuissima Trin. — Abundant on moist soil in wooded and unwooded situa¬
tions from 6500 to 7800 feet.

Aristida adscensionis L. (Triple-awn grass) — Very sparse on two openly
wooded slopes from 6400 to 6800 feet.

Aristida arizonica Vasey — Common on several grassy slopes from 6800 to 7500
feet.

Aristida divaricata Humb. & Bonpl. — Commonly scattered on rocky south slopes
from 4500 to 7700 feet.

Aristida glauca (Nees) Walp. — Common on dry slopes from 5000 to 6500 feet.

Aristida schiedeana Trin. & Rupr. — Commonly scattered in more or less dry situ¬
ations from 5400 to 7000 feet.

Aristida ternipes Cav. — Sparse in two dry, shrub-covered canyons of about 5500
feet.

Aristida wrightii Nash — Sparse on very dry, rocky slopes from 4000 to 5500
feet.

Nazieae

Nazia aliena (Spreng.) Scribn. — One specimen near a ranch house in a moist,
wooded canyon at about 4200 feet.

Chlorideae

Leptochloa dubia (HBK.) Nees — Scattered on dry slopes in several unwooded
canyons from 5300 to 6400 feet.

Chloris virgata Swartz (Crowfoot grass) — Numerous about a ranch house in one
moist, wooded canyon at about 4200 feet.

Bouteloua aristidoides (HBK) Thurb. (Grama grass) — Sparse in one unwooded
canyon at about 4800 feet.

Bouteloua breviseta Vasey — Numerous in one very dry canyon at about 4300 feet.

Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. — Common in both dry and moist,
wooded and unwooded situations from 5400 to 6800 feet.

Bouteloua eriopoda Torr. — Numerous in two dry, shrub-covered canyons of
4400 and 5400 feet.

Bouteloua gracilis (HBK.) Lag. — Common on unwooded or openly wooded
slopes throughout the mountains from 5000 to 7000 feet.

Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. — Common on open ground from 5000 to 6800 feet.

Bouteloua trijida Thurb. — Numerous in one more or less moist and wooded
canyon at about 4200 feet.

Paniceae

V alota saccharata (Buckl.) Chase — Commonly scattered throughout the wood¬
land and shrubby slopes from 5500 to 7500 feet.

Leptoloma cognatum (Schult.) Chase — Sparse in one dry, un wooded canyon at
about 5000 feet.

Panic urn bulbosum HBK. (Panic grass) — Common in moist, wooded situations
from 5000 to 7000 feet.

Panicum hallii Vasey — Scattered in several openly wooded situations from 5300
to 6800 feet.

VEGETATION IN CHISOS MOUNTAINS

13

Pant cum obtusum HBK. — Sparse in one moist, wooded canyon at about 5000
feet.

Pant cum tennesseensis Ashe — Numerous in one moist, wooded canyon at about
4300 feet.

Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link — Common at the water’s edge in two canyons
near ranch houses at 4200 and 5000 feet.

Setaria grisebachii Fourn. (Wild millet) — Numerous at the water’s edge in one
wooded canyon at about 6800 feet.

Setaria macrostachya HBK. — Widely scattered in more or less moist situations
in the foothills and canyons from 4000 to 6300 feet.

Setaria viridis L.— Sparse in one openly wooded canyon at about 5400 feet.

Andropogoneae

Andropogon furcatus Miihl. (Beard grass) — Scattered in three more or less
moist and wooded canyons from 4300 to 6800 feet.

Andropogon saccharoides Swartz — Commonly scattered on unwooded slopes
from 5200 to 7700 feet.

Andropogon saccharoides var. laguroides (DC.) Hack. — Occurs sparsely in one
dry, unwooded canyon at about 5400 feet.

Andropogon scoparius Michx. — Abundant in numerous more or less moist and
wooded situations from 4500 to 7700 feet but never very extensive.

Heteropogon contortus (L.) Roem. & Schult. — Commonly scattered in two dry,
unwooded canyons from 5000 to 5400 feet.

Tripsaceae

Tripsacum dactyloides L. (Gama grass) — Numerous but limited to a small area
in a moist, unwooded canyon at about 4800 feet.

CYPERACEAE (Sedge Family)

Cyperus fendlerianus Boeck. — Scattered sparsely in moist, grassy situations from
5000 to 7300 feet.

Cyperus injlexus Miihl. — Common at the water’s edge in one unwooded canyon
at 6300 feet.

Cyperus rusbyi Britton — Sparse in one moist, unwooded canyon at 6300 feet.

Cyperus seslerioides HBK. — Scattered on one moist slope at about 7500 feet
and in one mioist, unwooded canyon at 6300 feet.

Cyperus sp. — Abundant in the saturated soil of one canyon at about 4200 feet.

Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britton — Abundant on one moist slope at about
7500 feet and in one moist, unwooded canyon at 6300 feet.

Euirena simplex V ahl — Abundant in the saturated soil of one canyon at about
4200 feet.

Carex sp. — Abundantly scattered on one more or less wooded east slope at about
6500 feet.

BROMELIACEAE (Pineapple Family)

Tillandsia recurvata L. (Ball moss) — Abundant on vertical faces of south-facing
bluffs in one moist canyon from 6500 to 7000 feet. Although in its eastern
range this plant grows usually on the branches of trees, in this vicinity
it was observed only once growing sparingly on one scrubby Juniper flaccida
on the face of a cliff literally covered with Tillandsia.

COMMELINACEAE (Spiderwort Family)

Tradescantia leiandra Torr. var. ovata Coult. (Spiderwort) — Frequent in moist
situations in the woodland from 6500 to 7800 feet.

14

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Commelina crispa Woot. (Day-flower) — Abundant in one moist, unwooded
situation at about 4800 feet.

Commelina diantbifolia Delile. — Frequent in moist soil in unwooded canyons
from 6500 to 7500 feet.

JUNCACEAE (Rush Family)

J uncus interior? Wiegand (Bullrush) — Common; usually in saturated soil in
upper canyons on mountain sides. (4300 to 7000 feet.)

Juncus nodosus L. — Abundant in the saturated soil of one wooded canyon at
about 4200 feet.

ALLIACEAE (Onion Family)

Allium recurvatum Rydb. (Wild onion) — Abundant in the woodland and along
the waterway of one moist, wooded canyon at 6500 to 7000 feet.

Allium scaposum Benth. — Abundant in moist soil of the upper canyons and
mountains from 6300 to 7700 feet.

DRACAENACEAE (Yucca Family)

Yucca elata Engelm. (Bear grass) — A few in one locality on the dry sand flats
near the mountains at about 3400 feet.

Yucca macrocarpa (Torr.) Engelm. (Spanish bayonet) — Abundant in some of
the dry, lower canyons and common throughout the foothills from 4000 to
5000 feet.

Nolina erumpens (Torr.) Wats. (Slender beargrass) — Common throughout the
woodland of the upper mountains as well as in the shrub zones of the lower
slopes. (5000 to 7500 feet.)

Dasylirion leiophyllum Engelm. (Sotol) — Very abundant in the foothills as low
as 4000 feet and common on dry slopes to altitudes of 5500 feet.

LEUCOJACEAE (Amaryllis Family)

Agave lechuguilla Torr. (Lechuguilla) — Very abundant throughout the flats
and foothills and, on very dry slopes, to altitudes of 6000 feet.

Agave wislizeni Engelm. (Century plant) — Reaches its best growth on the grassy
lower slopes (especially on south exposures) as low as 4000 feet but is com¬
mon throughout the mountains to 7500 feet.

Cooperia drummondii Herb. (Rain lily) — Abundant in two moist situations in
openly wooded canyons from 6800 to 7000 feet.

ORCHIDACEAE (Orchid Family)

Hexalectris aphyllus (Nutt.) Raf. (Leafless orchid) — Occurs very rarely in all
moist, wooded canyons from 5000 to 7000 feet.

Gyrostachys cinnabarina (Llave) Kuntze (Scarlet ladies’ tresses) — Sparse in one
unwooded canyon on a grassy slope at about 6300 feet.

Epipactis gigantea Dough (Giant orchid) — Fairly abundant at the water’s edge
in one moist, wooded canyon at about 4300 feet.

SALICACEAE (Willow Family)

Populus palmeri Sarg. (Palmer’s poplar) — Several specimens about each of a
number of springs on the desert at about 3500 feet. Usually they are the
only trees in sight for miles.

Populus tremuloides Michx. (Quaking aspen) — Numerous specimens on a south¬
facing talus slope at about 7250 feet.

Salix goodingii Ball (Willow) — Common at the mouths of the lower, moist
canyons from 4200 to 4300 feet.

VEGETATION IN CHI SOS MOUNTAINS

15

Salix taxifolia HBK. — A few specimens near a waterhole in the foothills; ap¬
parently not planted by the ranchman about whose house they occur. (At
about 3650 feet.)

JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut Family)

Juglans rupestris Engelm. (Western walnut) — Common along the more moist
arroyos of the foothills from 4100 to 4300 feet.

FAGACEAE (Beech Family)

Quercus diversicolor Trel. (Reticulate oak) — One or two specimens in one
moist, heavily wooded canyon at about 6500 feet.

Quercus endemica C. H. Mull. — Common in the dense wood along the waterway
of one moist canyon at about 6500 feet.

Quercus grisea Liebm. (Grey oak) — An important constituent of the woodland,
penetrating the coniferous savannahs of the lower, grassy slopes as well as the
dense stands of Cupressus and Pinus brachyptera at higher altitudes. (About
5000 to 7800 feet.)

Quercus intricata Trel. (Intricate oak) — Abundant in two localities on a heavy,
weathered limestone soil at about 6800 feet. A few specimens were found
scattered in the woodland.

Quercus undulata var. vaseyana Rydb. (Undulate oak) — Very abundant in one
moist canyon at about 4300 feet and sparsely scattered on dry slopes up to

^7800 feet.

Quercus undulata var. pungens Engelm. — A rare shrub on one dry slope at about
6000 feet.

Quercus cbisosensis (Sarg.) C. H. Mull. (Chisos Mt. oak) — This species is,
next to Pinus edulis, the most abundant and most apparent growth in the
vicinity. It is found in all the more moist situations, especially on north
slopes, from 4300 to 7800 feet.

Quercus emoryi Torr. (Emory’s oak) — Very abundant in the dry, lower can¬
yons, extending down to 4000 feet, and scattered more or less throughout the
mountains up to 6800 feet; intolerant of shade.

Quercus graciliformis C. H. Mull. — An abundant small tree on the slopes and
along the waterway of one canyon at 4000 to 5000 feet.

Quercus graciliformis f. parvilobata C. H. Mull. — Common with the typical
form.

Quercus robusta C. H. Mull. — A few large trees along the streamside at the
mouth of one canyon at about 4200 feet.

Quercus tardifolia C. H. Mull. — Rare in the moist wood of one canyon at about
6800 feet.

ULMACEAE (Elm Family)

Celtis laevigata var. texana (Scheele) Sarg. (Mississippi hackberry) — Frequent
along waterways in the lower, dry canyons; some specimens growing luxur¬
iantly in the more moist, upper canyons (4500 to 6800 feet).

Celtis pallida Torr. (Pallid hackberry) — A few specimens scattered throughout
the scrub of the foothills and flats from 3600 to 4300 feet.

ARTOCARPACEAE (Mulberry Family)

Alorus microphylla Buckl. (Small-leafed mulberry) — Very few specimens in the
lower shrub 2ones of one somewhat moist, unwooded canyon and a few in one
low, wooded canyon. (4100 to 5500 feet.)

URTICACEAE (Nettle Family)

Parietaria pennsylvanica Miihl. (False nettle) — Sparse in one locality in a dry,
unwooded waterway at about 5300 feet.

16

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

LORANTHACEAE (Mistletoe Family)

Pboradendron juniperinum Engelm. (Juniper mistletoe) — Commonly growing
on / uni per us flaccida and /. pacbyphlaea in the more moist canyons at 6000
to 7000 feet.

Pboradendron tomentosuni (DC.) Oliver (Woolly mistletoe) — Common on
Quercus grisea, Q. undulata, and Q. cbisosensis in the upper canyons from
6000 to 7500 feet.

POLYGONACEAE (Buckwheat Family)

Eriogonum bieracifolium Benth. — A few specimens in one more or less dry
situation at about 6800 feet.

^Eriogonum bieracifolium f. atropurpureum Standi. — A new form differing
from E. bieracifolium in having a deep wine-colored perianth. Common in
two more or less wooded canyons from 5000 to 6800 feet.

Eriogonum pineatorum Greene — Scattered along an intermittently flowing water¬
way in one moist canyon at about 4200 feet.

Eriogonum tenellum Torr. — Common in rock crevices and on rocky soil in dry
situations all over the upper mountains and occasionally lower. (5500 to
7800 feet.)

Eriogonum undulatum Benth. — Distribution the same as E. tenellum but more
abundant.

Eriogonum wrigbtii Torr. — Sparse on rocky soil in one dry, unwooded canyon
at about 5600 feet.

Rumex crispus L. — A few specimens in one moist, wooded canyon at about
6500 feet.

CHENOPODIACEAE (Goosefoot Family)

Chenopodium album L. (Lamb’s quarters) — A few specimens on a high, grassy
mountain side, in a low, moist canyon, and about a waterhole in the dry,
lower foothills. (From 4000 to 7500 feet.)

Chenopodium incisum Poir. — A few specimens about an old camp site in a
moist, wooded canyon at about 6500 feet.

Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. (Shodscale) — A few specimens about a
waterhole in the dry, lower foothills at about 3600 feet.

AMARANTHACEAE (Amaranth Family)

Amaranthus powellii Wats. (Pigweed) — Numerous specimens about old camp
sites and along trails in the upper mountains from 5500 to 6500 feet.

Alternantbera repens (L.) Kuntze (Creeping pigweed) — Abundant over small
areas in two wooded canyons at about 4900 feet.

Froelichia campestris Small — Abundant in rocky soil in the dry, unwooded
canyons from 4800 to 5000 feet.

Froelichia gracilis Moq. — Locally scattered along the waterways of the unwooded
upper canyons from 6300 to 6700 feet.

Iresine celosia L. — Occurs sparsely in one heavily wooded, moist canyon at
about 6000 feet.

Tidestroemia lanuginosa (Nutt.) Small — Abundant in one locality of the dry,
lower foothills at about 3600 to 4000 feet.

ALLIONIACEAE (Four-o’clock Family)

Mirabilis aggregata (Ort.) Cav. (Four-o’clock) — Common throughout the wood¬
land of the upper mountains from 5500 to 7700 feet.

Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) Heimerl. (Four-o'clock) — Sparse in the open wood
land of two canyons at about 5500 feet.

VEGETATION IN CHI SOS MOUNTAINS

17

Mirabilis oxybaphoides Gray (Four-o’clock) — Luxuriant in the dense woodland
of one mountain slope at about 7500 feet.

Allionia incarnata L. (Umbrellawort) — Very sparse near a ranch house in the
dry, lower foothills at about 4200 feet.

Boerhaavia caribea Jacq. (Stickseed) — Common in the woodland of the upper
mountains from 6500 to 7000 feet.

Boerhaavia gracillima Heimerl. — Common along the stream beds of the dry
canyons around 5000 feet.

Boerhaavia intermedia Jones — One specimen near a ranch house in the lower,
dry foothills at 4200 feet and one on a dry slope at about 4800 feet.

Cyphomeris gypsophiloides (Mart. & Gal.) Standi. — Sparse in one dry, un¬
wooded situation at 6800 feet and one moist, wooded canyon at 4200 feet.

PETIVERACEAE (Pokeweed Family)

Rivina humilis L. (Dwarf red pokeweed) — Inconspicuously scattered in various
wooded canyons and along waterways in the upper foothills, ranging from
4300 to 6000 feet.

PORTULACACEAE (Purslane Family)

Talinum aurantiacum Engelm. — Sparsely scattered in two situations on dry,
rocky soil from 5500 to 6300 feet.

Talinum parviflorum Nutt. — Scattered in one dry, unwooded canyon at about
6300 feet.

Talinum youngae C. H. Mull. (Torreya, vol. 33: p. 148) — Sparse on the rocky,
grassy bank of one arroyo at about 6300 feet.

Portulaca pilosa L. (Pursley) — Sparse in one moist, wooded canyon at about
4200 feet.

Portulaca retusa Engelm. — Commonly scattered in two dry, unwooded canyons
ranging from 5500 to 6300 feet.

ALSINACEAE (Chickweed Family)

Silene antirrhina L. (Sleepy catchfly) — Common in more moist, upper wood¬
land from 6500 to 7000 feet.

Silene laciniata Cav. — Conspicuous throughout the moist upper woodland from
6300 to 7500 feet.

Cerastium brachypodum (Engelm.) Robinson (Powder-horn) — Scattered in the
dense wood of one canyon from 6500 to 7300 feet.

Stellaria prostrata Baldw. — Luxuriant in one limited area in a dense coniferous
wood at about 6800 feet.

Arenaria benthamii Fendl. — Sparse in one openly wooded canyon at about 6600
feet.

CORRIGIOLACEAE (Whitlow-wort Family)

Paronychia jamesii Torr. & Gray — Sparsely scattered on the dry soil of two
canyons from 5000 to 5500 feet.

RANUNCULACEAE (Crowfoot Family)

Aquilegia longissima Gray (Columbine) — Dense along the water’s edge in three
moist, wooded canyons ranging from 4200 to 6000 feet.

Clematis simsii Sweet — Scattered in the drier, openly wooded canyons from 4200
to 5500 feet.

Clematis drummondii Torr. & Gray — Sparse in the dry, lower canyons from 4200
to 5500 feet.

18

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

PODOPHYLLACEAE (Barberry Family)

Berber is haematocarpa Woot. (Barberry) — Abundant in one dry situation at
6800 feet and sparsely scattered in the lower canyons at about 5500 feet.

Berberis trifoliata Moric. — Sparsely scattered on the flats surrounding the moun¬
tains at about 3500 feet.

PAPAVERACEAE (Poppy Family)

Argemone platyceras Link & Otto (Prickly poppy) — Common in the waterways
of the dry canyons from 4200 to 6300 feet.

BRASSICACEAE (Mustard Family)

Lepidium lasiocarpum Nutt. (Pepper-grass) — A few specimens about an old
camp site in a moist, wooded canyon at 6500 feet.

Greggia camporum Gray — One collection from a sand flat in the lower, brush-
covered foothills at about 4000 feet.

Lesquerella purpurea Wats. (Bladderpod) — Common on the grassy slopes of
the upper mountains from 6000 to 7800 feet.

Thely podium ivrightii Gray — A single occurrence in an openly wooded canyon
at about 5500 feet.

Thely podium micranthum Wats. — Abundant throughout the more moist wood¬
land from 6400 to 7500 feet.

Sisymbrium difjusum Gray — A single occurrence in each of two openly wooded
canyons at 5000 and 5500 feet.

Erysimum asperrimum (Greene) Rydb. — Conspicuous in several of the moist,
densely wooded canyons from 6500 to 7000 feet.

Arabis virginica (L.) Trelease — Scattered in the moist, upper woodland from
6300 to 7000 feet.

Sophia halictorum Cockerell — Abundant in one small area in a dense coniferous
wood at about 6800 feet.

CAPPARIDACEAE (Caper Family)

Polanisia uniglandulosa (Cav.) DC. ( Clammy- weed ) — Sparse in one locality in
the foothills and one dry canyon, ranging from 4000 to 5500 feet.

SEDACEAE (Orpine Family)

Sedum moranense? HBK. (Flowering moss) — Common in rock crevices along
the waterways of the openly wooded upper canyons from 6600 to 7500 feet.

Echeveria strictiflora Gray — Scattered on dry ridges and south-facing slopes
throughout the mountains from 5000 to 7500 feet.

HYDRANGEACEAE (Hydrangea Family)

Philadelphus micro phyllus Gray (Mock-orange) — Abundant along the waterways
in the heavily wooded, moist, upper canyons from 5500 to 6800 feet.

Heuchera rubescens Torr. — Common in moist soil pockets in the upper wood¬
land from 6500 to 7800 feet.

ROSACEAE (Rose Family)

Fallugia paradoxa (Don.) Endl. (False rose) — Very abundant along the dry
waterways of the lower canyons and arroyos, ranging from 4000 to 6500 feet.

Holodiscus dumosus (Nutt.) Heller — A few specimens in the woodland on one
peak ranging from 7500 to 7800 feet.

Cercocarpus eximius (Schneid.) Rydb. (Mountain mahogany) — Very abundant
throughout the woodland and adjacent shrub zones of the upper mountains
from 4500 to 7800 feet.

VEGETATION IN CHISOS MOUNTAINS

19

Vauquelinia corymbosa Correa — Common in one low, dry canyon and occurring
sparsely in a high, dry, unwooded canyon. (5300 to 6300 feet.)

Prunus minutiflora Engelm. (Wild plum) — Inconspicuously scattered through¬
out the drier situations of the mountains, attaining abundance in one dry,
unwooded canyon. (5000 to 6500 feet.)

Prunus virens (Woot. & Standi.) Standi. — Common throughout the more moist
woodland of the upper mountains, ranging from 5500 to 7800 feet.

MIMOSACEAE (Mimosa Family)

Calliandra humilis (Schlecht.) Benth. — Scattered in one dry, openly wooded
canyon at about 5600 feet.

Acacia constricta Benth. (Cat-claw) — Abundant throughout the shrub zones of
the drier slopes from 4000 to 6000 feet.

Acacia filicioides (Cav.) Trelease — Common throughout the woodland from
5500 to 7500 feet.

Acacia greggii Gray — Scattered in the foothills and abundant on the adjacent
flats, ranging from 3500 to 5000 feet.

Acacia roemeriana Scheele — Scattered throughout the foothills from 4000 to
5000 feet.

Prosopis chilense (Mol.) Stuntz, var. glandulosa (Torr.) Standi. (Mesquite) —
Scattered on the flats adjacent to the foothills and in one dry canyon of
middle altitude. (3500 to 5500 feet.)

Mimosa biuncifera Benth. (Cat-claw) — Commonly scattered throughout the drier
slopes of the mountains and foothills from 4000 to 6500 feet.

Mimosa lindheimeri Gray — Abundant in the lower, dry canyons and adjacent
foothills; scattered sparsely on the drier, upper slopes. (4000 to 6000 feet.)

Leucaena retusa Benth. — One specimen in an openly wooded, dry canyon near
an abandoned ranch house at about 5000 feet.

Desmanthus acuminatus Benth. — One specimen in a dry, rocky waterway at
about 5200 feet.

CASSIACEAE (Senna Family)

Cercis reniformis Engelm. (Redbud) — Common along the waterway of one
moist, heavily wooded canyon from 5500 to 6000 feet.

Cassia durangensis Rose (Senna) — Sparse in two dry, unwooded situations at
5500 and 6500 feet.

Cassia lindheimeri Scheele (Senna) — Common along the waterways of the dry,
unwooded canyons from 4300 to 6500 feet.

KRAMERIACEAE (Krameria Family)

Krameria grayi Rose & Painter — Common on dry, gravelly slopes and flats from
3500 to 6500 feet.

FABACEAE (Pea Family)

Sophora secundijiora Lag. (Texas Mountain laurel) — A few specimens in one
wooded canyon at about 5000 feet.

Lotus puberulus (Benth.) Greene — Common in several of the more moist, wooded
situations from 5300 to 7500 feet.

Oxytropis lambertii Pursh (Lambert’s loco-weed) — Common in several localities
varying from densely wooded, moist situations to openly wooded, dry ones,
ranging from 5500 to 6800 feet.

Eysenhardtia texana Scheele — A few specimens in one moist, wooded canyon at
4100 feet.

Parosela aurea (Nutt.) Britton — Scattered in several dry, unwooded canyons
from 5000 to 5500 feet.

20

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Parosela dalea (L.) Britton — Sparse in one dry, unwooded canyon at about 5200
feet.

Parosela jrutescens (Gray) Vail — Common throughout the woodland from 6000
to 7500 feet.

Parosela lachnostachys (Gray) Heller — Sparse in one dry, unwooded canyon at
about 5000 feet.

Parosela wrightii (Gray) Vail — Sparse in one dry, unwooded canyon at about
5000 feet.

Rhynchosia texana Torr. & Gray — Common throughout the woodland from
6000 to 7500 feet.

Phaseolus gray anus Woot. & Standi. (Wild bean) — Common in one moist,
densely wooded canyon from 6500 to 7000 feet.

Cologania longifolia Gray — Scattered commonly in one moist, densely wooded
canyon from 6500 to 7000 feet.

Desmodium grab ami Gray — Abundant over a small area in one moist, wooded
canyon at about 6500 feet.

Desmodium wrightii Gray — Abundant over a small area in one moist, wooded
canyon at about 6500 feet.

Vicia exigua Nutt. (Wild Pea) — Common throughout the woodland from 6000
to 7000 feet.

GERANIACEAE (Geranium Family)

Geranium caespitosum James — Sparse in two moist, wooded canyons of 5000
and 6000 feet.

OXALIDACEAE (Wood-sorrel Family)

Oxalis diver gens Benth. — Sparse in very moist soil pockets in one densely
wooded canyon at about 6500 feet.

Oxalis stricta L. — Common throughout the woodland from 5500 to 7000 feet.

Oxalis violacea L. — Common in moist situations throughout the woodland from
6000 to 7800 feet.

LINACEAE (Flax Family)

Linum aristatum Engelm. (Wild flax) — Sparse in one dry, unwooded canyon at
about 5300 feet.

Linum greggii Engelm. — Frequent along the waterway of one dry, unwooded
canyon from 5000 to 5500 feet.

Linum lewisii Pursh — Common on grassy spots throughout the woodland from
6000 to 7800 feet.

Linum multi caul e Hook. — Sparse in one dry, unwooded canyon at about 5400
feet.

Linum rigidum Pursh — Scattered on the dry slopes of one wooded canyon at
about 5400 feet.

Linum schiedeanum Schlecht. & Cham. — Common in one densely wooded canyon
from 6400 to 7000 feet.

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE (Caltrop Family)

Larrea mexicana Moric. (Creosote bush) — Very abundant throughout the lower
foothills and desert from 3000 to 4500 feet.

Tribulus terrestris L. (Weed bur) — Common in several low, dry canyons in the
vicinity of old camp sites at about 5500 feet.

Porlieria angustijolia (Engelm.) Gray (Lignum- vitae) — Abundant on sandy soil
on the lower foothills and adjacent flats from about 3500 to 4000 feet.

Kallstroemia birsutissima Vail — Common in one dry, openly wooded canyon near
an old camp site at about 5500 feet.

VEGETATION IN CHISOS MOUNTAINS

21

RUTACEAE (Rue Family)

Thamnosma texana (Gray) Torr. — Scattered in the foothills at about 4000 feet.

Ptelea trifoliata L. (Wafer ash) — Common in the moist, wooded canyons from
6000 to 7000 feet.

POLYGALACEAE (Milkwort Family)

Polygala alba Nutt. (Milkwort) — Common on dry slopes from 4300 to 5400
feet.

Poly gala macrodenia Gray — Sparse in one dry, unwooded canyon at about 5000
feet.

Polygala scoparium HBK. — Scattered in one dry, unwooded canyon at about 5000
feet.

Polygala puberula Gray — Commonly scattered throughout the drier slopes of the
mountains from 4100 to 7500 feet.

EUPHORBIACEAE (Spurge Family)

Phyllanthus polygonoides Nutt. (Leaf flower) — Common in open spots through¬
out the woodland from 5500 to 7800 feet.

Croton corymbulosus Engelm. — Common along low, dry waterways on the drier,
upper slopes from 4000 to 5500 feet.

Croton frutlculosus Torr. — Scattered in two dry, shrub-covered canyons at about
5500 feet.

Croton neomexicanus Muell. — Abundant in one vicinity in the dry foothills at
about 3500 feet.

Ditaxis humilis (Engelm. & Gray) Pax. — One specimen in the dry foothills at
about 4200 feet.

Acalypha lindheimeri Muell. — Common in two openly wooded, dry canyons at
5400 feet.

Acalypha neomexicana Muell.-Arg. — A few specimens in the dry waterway of
one moist, wooded canyon at about 4300 feet.

Tragia ramosa Torr. (Spurge nettle) — Scattered in several more or less dry can¬
yons from 5200 to 6000 feet.

Jatropha spathulata Muell. (Leather plant) — Abundant in two dry localities in
tire foothills between 4000 and 4300 feet.

Euphorbia antisiphylitica Zucc. (Spurge) — Scattered sparsely on the foothills and
dry flats at about 3500 feet.

Euphorbia chaetocalyx (Boiss.) Standi. — Scattered sparsely in one dry, openly
wooded canyon at about 5500 feet.

Euphorbia cuphosperma (Engelm.) Boiss. — Sparse along the waterway of one
canyon at about 6300 feet.

Euphorbia dentata Michx. — Sparse at the water’s edge in two unwooded canyons
of 6300 and 6800 feet.

Euphorbia melanadenia Torr. — Common in two dry, unwooded canyons between
5500 and 6000 feet.

Euphorbia montana Engelm. — Common throughout the denser woodland from
6000 to 7500 feet.

Euphorbia nutans Lag. — A few specimens in one moist, wooded canyon at about
4200 feet.

Euphorbia serpyllifolia Pers. — Scattered in one more or less dry, openly wooded
canyon at about 5500 feet and one moist, wooded canyon of 4200 feet.

Euphorbia serrula Engelm. — Scattered throughout the drier woodland from 4200
to 6500 feet.

Euphorbia villifera Scheele — A few specimens in one moist, wooded canyon at
4200 feet.

22

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

SPONDIACEAE (Sumac Family)

Rhus micro phylla Engelm. (Small leafed sumac) — Abundant in one vicinity on
the flats and a few specimens in one dry, more or less wooded upper canyon.
(3600 to 5000 feet.)

Rhus toxicodendron L. (Poison oak; poison ivy) — A few specimens in two
moist, wooded canyons from 4100 to 4300 feet.

Rhus trilobata Nutt. (Three-leafed sumac) — Rather generally abundant through¬
out the mountains, ranging from about 4100 (in moist canyons) to 7500 feet.

Rhus virens Lindh. (Evergreen sumac) — A common constituent of the shrub
zones and scattered throughout the woodland from 4000 to 7700 feet.

ACERACEAE (Maple Family)

Acer grandidentatum Nutt. (Maple) — Abundant in two moist, densely wooded
canyons from 5800 to 6800 feet.

SAPINDACEAE (Soapberry Family)

Sapindus drummondii Hook. & Arn. (Soap-berry) — Abundant in one small,
moist, wooded canyon at about 4300 feet and a few specimens about a ranch
house on the flats at 3600 feet.

Ungnadia speciosa Endl. (Mexican buckeye) — Abundant in the dry waterways
of the lower, unwooded canyons and a few specimens in some of the high,
moist, wooded canyons. (5000 to 6600 feet.)

FRANGULACEAE (Buckthorn Family)

Condalia lycioides (Gray) Weberb. — Common in the lower foothills and on the
flats from 3500 to 5000 feet.

Condalia spathulata Gray — Common on the flats and in one dry situation in an
openly wooded canyon. (3500 to 5500 feet.)

Rhamnus betulaefolia Greene (Buckthorn) — Abundant in one moist, densely
wooded canyon at about 6500 feet.

Ceanothus greggii Gray (Red-root) — A few specimens in one dry, unwooded
canyon at about 6300 feet and scattered on the openly wooded slopes as low
as 5600 feet.

VITACEAE (Grape Family)

Vitis vulpina L. (Grape) — Common in the moist, wooded canyons from 5800 to
7700 feet.

MALVACEAE (Mallow Family)

Abutilon incanum (Link) Sweet (Indian mallow) — One specimen in a more or
less wooded canyon at about 6000 feet.

Abutilon parvulum Gray — Scattered in two dry, openly wooded canyons from
5300 to 5500 feet.

Sphaeralcea cuspidata (Gray) Britton — Common throughout the drier woodland
from 5500 to 6800 feet.

Sida neomexicana Gray — Scattered in one dry, unwooded canyon at about 5600
feet.

Sida phy so calyx Gray — A few specimens in one moist, wooded canyon of 4100
feet.

Sida procumbens Swartz — Variously scattered in several dry localities in the
foothills and canyons from 4100 to 5000 feet.

Hibiscus coulteri Harv. — Sparsely scattered over the flats and foothills from
3500 to 4500 feet.

VEGETATION IN CHISOS MOUNTAINS

23

FOUQUIERACEAE (Coach-whip Family)

Fouquiera splendens Engelm. (Ocotillo) — Abundant throughout the dry ridges
of the entire mountains and desert from 3500 to 7000 feet.

CISTACEAE (Rock-rose Family)

Helianthemum majus (L.) B.S.P. (Rock-rose) — A few specimens along the
waterway of one dry, unwooded canyon at about 6300 feet.

Lechea tenuijolia Michx. (Pinweed) — Scattered in one dry, unwooded canyon at
5300 feet.

KOEBERLINIACEAE (Junco Fomily)

Koeberlinia s pinos a Zucc. (Allthorn) — Common throughout the lower, dry foot¬
hills and flats from 3500 to 4000 feet.

LOASACEAE (Loasa Family)

Mentzelia multiflora (Nutt.) Gray (Leech-leaf) — Scattered in one vicinity on
the flats at 3500 feet.

Mentzelia oligosperma Nutt. — One specimen in a dry waterway at about 5500
feet.

Cevallia sinuata Lag. (Stinging leech-leaf) — A few specimens in one dry, openly
wooded canyon at about 4100 feet.

CACTACEAE (Cactus Family3)

Mamillaria tuberculosa Engelm. (Nipple cactus) — Common in rock crevices on
unwooded mountain sides and canyons from 6000 to 7500 feet.

Opuntia engelmannii? Salm-Dyck (Prickly pear) — Commonly scattered through¬
out both the moist and dry woodlands of the entire mountains; the most con¬
spicuous species of the family in the upper mountains. (5500 to 7800 feet.)

Opuntia imbricata? (Haworth) DC. (Tasajo) — Conspicuously scattered on dry
slopes and ridges of the foothills from 3700 to 5000 feet.

Opuntia leptocaulis DC. (Pencil cactus; tasajillo) — Very abundant in wide areas
of the flats at about 3700 feet.

ONAGRACEAE (Evening-promise Family)

Oenothera brachycarpa Gray (Evening primrose) — Scattered in one limited area
in a dry, unwooded canyon at 5500 feet.

Kneiffia spachiana (Torr. & Gray) Small — A few specimens scattered in one
moist, wooded canyon at 4200 feet.

Gaura drummondii Torr. & Gray (Standing honeysuckle) — Numerous over
limited areas on the dry slopes of two unwooded canyons from 5300 to 5600
feet.

AMMIACEAE (Carrot Family)

Aletes acaulis (Torr.) Coult. & Rose (Stemless carrot) — One specimen in a
moist, wooded canyon at about 5800 feet.

NYSSACEAE (Dogwood Family)

Garrya ovata Benth. — Abundant throughout the upper woodland from 6000 to
7800 feet.

3 No attempt was made to procure a representative collection of the many species of
cacti present in the mountains. The three Opuntias are perhaps the most common spe¬
cies of the family in the vicinity.

24

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

ERICACEAE (Heath Family)

Arbutus xalapensis HBK. (Madrona) — Common throughout the more moist
upper woodland from 5500 to 7800 feet.

PRIMULACEAE (Primrose Family)

Satnolus ebracteatus HBK. — Common at the water’s edge in two moist, wooded
canyons at about 4200 feet.

EBENACEAE (Ebony Family)

Diospyros texana Scheele (Mexican persimmon) — Abundant in the dry, lower
canyons and the upper foothills from 4500 to 5500 feet.

OLEACEAE (Olive Family)

Forestiera angustifolia (Engelm.) Gray (Devil’s elbow; crooked bush) — Com¬
mon in one vicinity in the lower foothills and adjacent flats from 3600 to
4000 feet.

Forestiera neomexicana Gray — Abundant over small areas on moist soil in three
wooded canyons from 5500 to 6800 feet.

Fraxinus cuspidata Torr. (Ash) — Scattered frequently in several wooded and
shrub-covered canyons at about 5500 feet.

Fraxinus greggii Gray — -The most abundant and conspicuous shrub in the vicinity ;
common along dry, lower canyons, upper foothills, and grassy slopes at all
altitudes. (4000 to 7800 feet.)

Menodora longijlora Gray (Twin-pod) — A common inhabitant of dry, un¬
wooded slopes from 5000 to 6000 feet.

Menodora scabra Gray — Scattered in one vicinity on the flats at about 3600 feet.

APOCYNACEAE (Dogbane Family)

Apocynum androsaemifolium L. (Dogbane) — Abundant along the waterway of
one moist, densely wooded canyon at about 6500 feet.

Macrosiphonia macrosiphon (Torr.) Heller — Common on dry, unwooded slopes
from 5000 to 7000 feet throughout the mountains.

ASCLEPIADACEAE (Milkweed Family)

Funastrum heterophyllum (Engelm.) Standi. — A few about a waterhole on the
flats at about 3600 feet.

Funastrum torreyi (Gray) Schlecht. — Commonly scattered in one canyon ranging
from lower woodland at about 6000 feet to the shrub zone at 5000 feet.

* Funastrum undulatum (Gray) Standi. — One specimen in a dry, openly wooded
canyon at about 6000 feet.

Asclepias glaucescens HBK. (Milkweed) — Scattered generally in moist situa¬
tions all over the mountains from 5000 to 7300 feet.

Asclepias lindheimeri Gray (Milkweed) — One specimen in a dry, openly wooded
canyon at about 6000 feet.

Asclepias perrenis Walt. (Milkweed) — Common throughout the woodland from
4200 to 7000 feet.

Metastelma barbigerum Scheele (Small climbing milkweed) — A few specimens
on one dry, unwooded slope at about 6800 feet.

Roulinia uni f aria (Scheele) Engelm. — A few specimens in one more or less
wooded, dry canyon at about 5500 feet.

VEGETATION IN CHISOS MOUNTAINS

25

DICHONDRACEAE (Dichondra Family)

Dichondra argentea Willd. (Dwarf morning-glory ) — Abundant over small areas
in two wooded canyons ranging from 5000 to 6500 feet.

Dichondta brachypodum Woot. & Standi. — Common in several moist, wooded
canyons from 6500 to 7000 feet.

CONVOLVULACEAE (Morning-glory Family)

Evolvulus alsinoides L. (Prostrate morning-glory) — Common in one high, moist,
unwooded canyon and a few specimens in one low, moist, wooded canyon.
(4200 to 6500 feet.)

Evolvulus argenteus Pursh (Prostrate morning-glory) — One specimen in a dry,
unwooded canyon at about 5300 feet.

Ipomoea leptosiphon Wats. (Wild morning-glory) — Abundant in the moist soil
of one unwooded east exposure at about 7600 feet and common in one moist,
unwooded canyon at 6300 feet.

Ipomoea lindheimeri Gray (Wild morning-glory) — Scattered in the more moist
situations of one high, unwooded canyon and one grassy mountain side (6600
to 7500 feet).

Ipomoea muricata Cav. (Wild morning-glory ) — Scattered in one dry, sparsely
wooded canyon at about 6800 feet.

Convolvulus hermannioides Gray (Small bindweed) — Scattered in the drier
situations in one wooded canyon at about 4200 feet.

Convolvulus incanus Vahl — Common in one dry, unwooded canyon from 4500
to 5300 feet.

CUSCUTACEAE (Dodder Family)

Cuscuta indecora Engelm. (Dodder; love-vine) — Abundant on one dry, un¬
wooded south slope at 5500 feet.

POLEMONIACEAE (Phlox Family)

Phlox mesoleuca Greene (Phlox) —Scattered over small areas on dry slopes from
5400 to 6800 feet.

Gilia aggregata Spreng. — Common in one more or less moist, wooded canyon
from 6500 to 6800 feet.

Gilia incisa Benth. — Sparsely scattered in one wooded canyon from 4100 to 5500
feet.

HYDROLEACEAE (Water-leaf Family)

Phacelia congesta Hook. (Blue curls) — Common in a few moist, wooded situa¬
tions ranging from 5000 to 7800 feet.

Phacelia conugata A. Nels. — Sparse in one moist, wooded canyon at about 6 800
feet.

BORRAGINACEAE (Borage Family)

Lithospermum linearijolium Goldie (Stone-seed) — A few specimens in one dry,
unwooded situation at about 6800 feet.

Lithospermum multiflorum Torr. — Abundant in the more moist woodland from
6000 to 7000 feet.

Onosmodium thurberi? Gray (Borage) — A few specimens in one moist, wooded
situation at about 5500 feet.

Coldenia greggii (Torr.) Gray (Shrub borage) — Frequent on the dry, open foot¬
hills east of the mountains at about 3000 to 4000 feet.

26

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

VERBENACEAE (Vervain Family)

Verbena neomexicana (Gray) Small (Verbena) — Abundant in one locality in
the foothills at about 3600 feet.

Verbena wrightii Gray — Numerous specimens on dry, unwooded slopes ranging
from 5500 to 6900 feet.

Verbena xutha Lehm. — Common in one moist, wooded canyon at 6800 feet.

Lippia ligustrina (Lag.) Britton — Scattered in several dry situations in the
sparsely wooded canyons of about 5500 feet and abundant in one locality in
the lower foothills and adjacent flats from 3700 to 4000 feet.

Lantana macro poda Torr. (Lantana) — Sparsely scattered in several dry canyons
from 4000 to 5000 feet.

LAMIACEAE (Mint Family)

Teucrium laciniatum Torr. — Abundant along the waterway of one moist, wooded
canyon from 4100 to 4800 feet.

Scutellaria wrightii Gray (Skullcap) — Common in several dry, unwooded can¬
yons at about 5500 feet.

Marrubium vulgare L. (Hoarhound) — A few specimens in one dry canyon
about an old camp site at 5500 feet.

Agastache mi cr ant ha (Gray) Woot. & Standi. — Scattered along the waterway of
one moist, densely wooded canyon from 6500 to 6800 feet.

Stachys coccinea Jacq. — Abundant on one south talus slope at about 7700 feet.

Salvia roemeriana Scheele (Sage) — One specimen in a moist, densely wooded
canyon at about 6000 feet.

Salvia arizonica Gray (Sage) — Common in one moist, densely wooded canyon
from 6400 to 6900 feet.

Salvia ramosissima Fernald (Sage) — Common in several moist, wooded canyons
at about 6500 feet.

Salvia regia Cav. (Sage) — A common and conspicuous shrub throughout the
moist woodland from 6000 to 7800 feet.

Hedeoma nana (Torr.) Greene (Lemon-mint) — A few specimens in one dry,
sparsely wooded canyon at about 5500 feet.

Hedeoma plicata Torr. — Common in several moist, more or less wooded canyons
from 6300 to 6900 feet.

Poliomintha mollis (Torr.) Gray — Scattered sparsely throughout the moist
woodland from 4200 to 7800 feet.

SOLANACEAE (Potato Family)

Physalis hederifolia Gray (Ground-cherry) — Common in several more or less
moist, openly wooded situations from 4200 to 7800 feet.

Solanum eleagnifolium Cav. (Nightshade) — Common in two dry, sparsely
wooded canyons from 5000 to 5500 feet (about old camp sites).

Solanum nigrum L. — Sparse in several dry, unwooded situations of 5500 to 6800
feet.

Solanum rostratum Dunal — Common in the dry foothills and in several dry, un¬
wooded canyons. (3600 to 5000 feet.)

Nectouxia formosa HBK. — A few specimens in one wooded situation at 7800
feet.

Nicotiana trigonophylla Dunal (Wild tobacco) — Common in two moist, wooded
canyons from 4200 to 5500 feet.

Petunia parviflora Juss. (Midget petunia) — Abundant at the water’s edge of one
moist, wooded canyon at 4200 feet.

VEGETATION IN CHI SOS MOUNTAINS

27

RHINANTHACEAE (Figwort Family)

Leucophyllum minus Gray — Abundant over limited areas throughout the desert
at about 3600 feet.

Leucophyllum texanum Benth. (Cenizo; purple sage) — Abundant over limited
areas in two dry, unwooded canyons and throughout the desert (3500 to 5200
feet).

Maurandya antirrhiniflora H. & B. (Climbing snapdragon) — Sparsely scattered
in several moist, wooded situations ranging from 4200 to 7500 feet.

Pentstemon havardii Gray (Beard-tongue) — Common along the diy stream beds
of the unwooded canyons from 4300 to 6300 feet.

Pentstemon torreyi Benth. — Common in moist, wooded canyons all over the
mountains from 5500 to 7800 feet.

Seymeria scabra Gray — Very common on one grassy east exposure at about 7600
feet.

Pages ia humilis S. & M. — Common at the water’s edge in one unwooded canyon
at about 6300 feet.

Castilleja Integra Gray (Indian paint brush) — Common on dry, unwooded slopes
throughout the mountains and on the desert. (3600 to 7000 feet.)

BIGNONIACEAE (Trumpet-creeper Family)

Tecoma stans Juss. (Trumpet bush) — Common along the dry waterways of the
lower, unwooded canyons and foothills from 4000 to 5400 feet.

Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet (Desert willow) — An abundant shrub along the
dry, lower waterways from 4000 to 5500 feet.

MARTYNIACEAE (Unicorn-plant Family)

Proboscidea parviflora (Woot.) Woot. & Standi. — Sparsely scattered in the less
dry situations on the desert at about 3500 feet.

OROBANCHACEAE (Broom-rape Family)

Conopholis mexicana Gray (Broom-rape) — Common; parasitic on the roots of
oaks in the moist, dense woodland from about 6300 to 6800 feet.

Orobanche ludoviciana Nutt. (Broom-rape) — Sparse in one dry, openly wooded
canyon at about 4600 feet.

ACANTHACEAE (Acanthus Family)

Anisacanthus insignis Gray — A common shrub along the dry waterways of un¬
wooded canyons from 4000 to 5500 feet.

Cal op banes linearis (Torr. & Gray) Gray — Scattered sparsely in one dry, openly
wooded canyon at about 5500 feet.

RUBIACEAE (Madder Family)

Galium circaezans Michx. (Bedstraw) — Scattered in soil pockets amongst the
rocks of one moist, wooded canyon at about 6500 feet.

Galium rothrockii Gray — Scattered in two moist, wooded canyons from 6500 to
7300 feet.

Galium wrightii Gray — Abundant along one moist, wooded canyon at about
6500 feet.

Bouvardia ternifolia (Cav.) Schlecht. — Abundant on well-drained soil in several
moist, more or less wooded canyons and mountain slopes from 6200 to 7500
feet.

Houstonia angustifolia Michx. (Narrow-leafed bluet) — Common in several
moist, wooded situations from 4200 to 7800 feet.

28

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Houstonia fasciculata Gray — Common in one dry, unwooded canyon at about
5400 feet and sparse in one moist, wooded canyon of 6200 feet.

Houstonia polypremoides Gray — Commonly scattered on grassy, south exposed
slopes from 4500 to 6900 feet.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honeysuckle Family)

Sambucus caerulea Raf. (Elder) — A few specimens on one south exposed rock
slide at about 7700 feet.

Symphoricarpos rotundifolia Gray (Partridge-berry) — Abundant over limited
areas in two moist, wooded canyons at about 7000 feet.

Lonicera albiflora Torr. & Gray, var. dumosa (Gray) Rehder (White bush
morning-glory ) — Scattered in two wooded, more or less moist canyons from
6500 to 6900 feet.

CUCURBITACEAE (Gourd Family)

S icy os angulatus? L. — A few specimens in two sheltered, moist, wooded situa¬
tions, one at 5500 and one at 7800 feet.

Ibervillia tenuisecta (Gray) Small (Wild balsam) — Sparsely scattered, growing
in the shelter of Koeberlinia spinosa in one locality in the lower, dry foothills
and adjacent desert at about 4000 feet.

LOBELIACEAE (Lobelia Family)

Lobelia splendens Willd. (Cardinal flower) — A few specimens at the water’s
edge in two moist, wooded canyons, ranging from 4000 to 4500 feet.

AMBROSIACEAE (Ragweed Family)

Iva ambrosiaefolia Gray (False ragweed) — A few specimens on one grassy east
slope at about 7500 feet.

CARDUACEAE (Thistle Family)

Eupatorieae

Carminatia tenuiflora DC. — A few specimens in one moist, wooded canyon at
about 4400 feet.

Eupatorium dissectum Gray — Abundant over small areas in two dry, openly
wooded canyons at about 5000 feet.

Eupatorium jendleri Gray — Common in one moist, wooded canyon at about
6500 feet.

Eupatorium wrightii Gray — Scattered in several more or less moist and wooded
canyons from 6300 to 7500 feet.

Stevia serrata Cav. — Common along the waterways of three more or less moist
and wooded canyons from 6300 to 6800 feet.

Carpochaeta bigelovii Gray — Scattered in one moist, densely wooded canyon at
about 6500 feet.

Liatris punctata Hook. (Blazing star) — Scattered in colonies in three dry, openly
wooded canyons from 5000 to 5500 feet.

Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. — Common in one moist, wooded canyon ar
about 6500 feet.

Brickellia oliganthes Gray — A few specimens in one moist, wooded canyon at
6500 feet.

Astereae

Baccharis glutinosa Pers. — Sparsely scattered about one waterhole on the desert
at about 3600 feet.

Baccharis havardii Gray — Abundant on one grassy, east exposed slope from 7300
to 7700 feet.

VEGETATION IN CHISOS MOUNTAINS

29

Erigeron bellidiastrum Nutt. (Fleabane) — Common throughout the woodland
from about 5000 to 7800 feet.

Erigeron canadensis L. — A few specimens along the waterway of one moist,
wooded canyon at about 4500 feet.

Aster leucelene Blake (Aster) — A few specimens in one dry, unwooded canyon
of about 5000 feet.

Aster leucelene var. arena sus (Heller) Standi. (Aster) — Sparse in one dry, un¬
wooded canyon at 5400 feet.

Chrysopsis julcrata Greene (Yellow aster) — Common in crevices of rocks in
several dry situations from 6500 to 7800 feet.

Sideranthus australis (Greene) Rydb. — Common in two dry, unwooded canyons
at about 5200 feet.

Solidago wrightii Gray (Goldenrod) — Abundant in one moist, wooded canyon
at 6500 feet and in one openly wooded, more or less dry canyon at 5400 feet.

Chrysothamnus baileyi Woot. & Standi. — A few specimens on one dry, un¬
wooded slope at about 6500 feet.

Selloa glutinosa Spreng. (Gum-weed) — Common throughout the woodland from
4200 to 7000 feet.

Inuleae

Gnaphalium chilense Spreng. (Rabbit tobacco) — A few specimens in one moist,
wooded canyon from 6500 to 6800 feet.

Gnaphalium decurrens Ives — In small groups in several moist, wooded canyons
from 5500 to 6800 feet.

Gnaphalium wrightii Gray — Common in one moist, wooded canyon from 6500
to 6700 feet.

Heliantheae

Melampodium leucanthum Torr. & Gray (Mountain daisy) — Common in dry
situations throughout the woodland from 5000 to 7800 feet.

Parthenium incanum HBK. (False guayule) — Abundant over considerable areas
throughout the foothills and desert from 3500 to 4500 feet.

Parthenium lyratum Gray — Scattered on one grassy east slope at about 7500 feet.

Berlandiera lyrata Benth. — A few specimens in two dry unwooded canyons from
4300 to 5300 feet.

Heliopsis scabra Dunal — Abundant in two more or less moist and wooded can¬
yons, ranging from 5400 to 7000 feet.

Cosmos parviflorus (Jacq.) HBK. — Sparse along the water’s edge of one moist,
wooded canyon at about 6700 feet.

Thelysperma gracile Gray — Scattered in two dry, unwooded canyons ranging
from 5000 to 5400 feet.

Thelysperma longipes Gray — Common in one dry, unwooded canyon at about
5000 feet.

Bidens bigelovii Gray (Tick-seed) — Scattered at the water’s edge of several
moist, wooded and unwooded canyons ranging from 4200 to 6400 feet.

Heterospermum pinnatum Cav. — A few specimens in one moist, openly wooded
situation at about 6800 feet.

Lepachys columnifera (Nutt.) McBride (Cone-flower) — Abundant in one lim¬
ited area in a moist meadow at 6800 feet.

Viguiera cordifolia Gray (False sunflower) — Abundant in one moist, wooded
canyon at 6500 feet.

Viguiera multiflora (Nutt.) Blake — Scattered in one moist, wooded canyon at
about 6500 feet.

30

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Viguiera stenoloba Blake — Common throughout the drier woodland and lower
waterways from 4500 to 7500 feet.

Flour ensia cernua DC. (Tar-bush) — A very abundant shrub on the desert,
usually associated with Lane a mexicana, but frequently dominant alone (3000
to 4200 feet).

Zexmenia brevifolia Gray — Common throughout the drier woodland from 5400
to 7500 feet.

Helenieae

Porophyllum scoparium Gray — Abundant in one dry, unwooded canyon from
about 4300 to 5200 feet.

Cbrysactinia mexicana Gray — Common throughout the upper woodland from
about 6000 to 7800 feet.

Pedis tenellum DC. — Scattered abundantly over an extensive flat in the lower
foothills at about 4000 feet.

Tagetes micrantha Cav. — Scattered at the water’s edge in one moist, wooded
canyon at about 6700 feet.

Dyssodia polychaeta (Gray) Robinson — Scattered in one dry, unwooded canyon
at about 4800 feet.

Ridellia tagetinae Nutt. — Abundant throughout the lower foothills and canyons
from 4000 to 5000 feet.

Baileya multiradiata Harv. & Gray — Abundant along the dry, lower waterways
from 4000 to 5000 feet.

Pericome caudata Gray — Abundant on several high rock slides from 6000 to
7800 feet.

Perityle parryi Gray — A few specimens in one moijt, wooded canyon at about
4500 feet.

Schkuhria wrightii Gray — Scattered along the water’s edge of two moist, openly
wooded canyons from 6400 to 6700 feet.

Bahia biternata Gray — Common along several dry, unwooded canyons from 5000
to 5500 feet.

Bahia dealbata Gray — A few specimens on dry ridges in the foothills and in one
unwooded canyon (4000 to 6400 feet).

Bahia dissecta (Gray) Britton — A few specimens in one moist, wooded canyon
at about 6500 feet.

Helenium amphibolum Gray (Sneezeweed) — Sparse in one moist, wooded can¬
yon at about 4200 feet.

Tetraneuris linearis (Nutt.) Greene — Common on dry, grassy, openly wooded
slopes from 4500 to 7000 feet throughout the mountains.

Flaveria repanda Lag. — A few specimens in one moist, wooded canyon at about
4200 feet.

Anthelmideae

Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh (Sage-brush) — Scattered in one moist, wooded
canyon at about 6500 feet.

Artemisia redolens Gray — Sparse in one moist, wooded canyon at about 6500

feet.

Senecioneae

Senecio filifolius Nutt. (Squaw weed) — Scattered in one dry, unwooded canyon
of about 5500 feet.

Senecio lobatus Pers. — Abundant in two moist, wooded canyons from 6000 to
7000 feet.

VEGETATION IN CHI SOS MOUNTAINS

31

Cynareae

Civ sium undulatum (Nutt.) Sprang. — Common in several more or less moist,
unwooded canyons from 5000 to 6500 feet.

Mutisieae

Perezia wrightii Gray — Abundant on openly wooded and shrub-covered slopes
in dry areas of 5000 to 6500 feet.

Trixis calif ornica Kell. — -A few specimens in one dry, unwooded canyon of about
5000 feet and about a waterhole on the desert at 3600 feet.

CICHORIACEAE (Chicory Family)

Hieracium fendleri Schultz — Common throughout the moist, upper woodland
from about 6000 to 7700 feet.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Bray, W. L., Vegetation of the sotol country in Texas: Univ. Texas Bull.

60, 1905.

2. Coulter, J. M., Botany of western Texas: Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb., vol. 2,

1891-1894.

3. Hitchcock, A. S., The genera of grasses of the United States: U. S. Dept.

Agric. Bull. 772, 1920.

4. Sargent, C. S., Manual of the trees of North America: Second edition,

Boston, 1922.

5. Small, J. K., Flora of the southeastern United States: Second edition, New

York, 1913.

6. Standley, P. C, Trees and shrubs of Mexico: Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb.,

vol. 23, 1920-1926.

7. Stiles, A., Chisos Mountains quadrangle: U. S. Geol. Survey, Washington,

1903.

8. Torrey, J., Botany of the boundary: U. S. Mexican Boundary Survey,

Washington, 1859.

9. Udden, J. A., A sketch of the geology of the Chisos country, Brewster

County, Texas: Univ. Texas Bull. 93, 1907.

10. Wooten, E. O., and Standley, P. C, Flora of New Mexico: Contrib. U. S.
Nat. Herb., vol. 19, 1915.

.

:|

Transactions

of the

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

1936-1937

VOLUME XXI

Austin, Texas

Published by the Academy
1938

Transactions

of the

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

)

1936-1937

VOLUME XXI

Austin, Texas

Published by the Academy
1938

ORGANIZATION
of the

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

MEMBER OF

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE
AFFILIATED SOCIETIES

Beta Beta Beta, Beta Tau Chapter, Baylor University

Central Texas Section, American Chemical Society

Dallas Astronomical Society

El Paso Archeological Society

Faculty Science Club of University of Texas

Houston Museum and Scientific Society

North Texas Biological Society

Phi Sigma Kappa, Incarnate Word College

Science Club of Texas Technological College

Southwestern Science Society

Texas Archeological and Paleontological Society

Texas Association of Science Teachers

Texas Entomological Society

Texas Folk-Lore Society

Texas Society of College Teachers of Education
West Texas Historical and Scientific Eociety

LOCAL CHAPTERS

Commerce
San Antonio
West Texas

JUNIOR ACADEMIES

Commerce

Brownsville

Austin (3)

Bryan

Canyon

Georgetown

Incarnate Word

Gladewater

Corpus Christi

Marfa

Denton

Galveston

OFFICERS FOR 1936-1937

President, Don O. Baird, Sam Houston State Teachers College.

Executive Vice-President, F. B. Isely, Trinity College.

Vice-President, Chairman of Section 1, Otto O. Watts, Simmons University.
Vice-President, Chairman Section 2, George E. Potter, Baylor University.
Vice-President, Chairman Section 3, O. A. Ullrich, Southwestern University.
Vice-President, Chairman Section 4, Douglas R. Semmes, San Antonio, Texas.
Secretary, F. A. Burt, Agricultural and Mechanical College.

Treasurer, A. J. Kirn, Somerset, Texas.

Editor, Helen Jeanne Plummer, Bureau of Economic Geology.

Representative to American Association for the Advancement of Science, S. W.
Bilsing, Agricultural and Mechanical College.

,y%tps

CONTENTS

Amphibians of Texas, by A. H. and A. A. Wright . . . . 5

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figures —

1. Sketches of narrow-mouthed toads, the Microhylidae, showing essen¬

tial characters . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2. Sketches of typical spadefoots, the Scaphiopodidae, showing essential

characters . . . . . . . . . 17

3. Sketches of toads, the Bufonidae, showing essential characters... . 19

4. Sketches of robber frogs, the Leptodactylidae, showing essential char¬

acters ... _ ... . . . . . 21

5. Sketches of tree frogs, the Hylidae, showing essential characters . 22

6. Sketches of true frogs, the Ranidae, showing essential characters . 25

Plates —

I— III. Photographs of Texas toads and frogs.

TABLES

1. Key to Texas species of the order Salientia . . 7

2. Key to Texas species of the order Caudata . . . . 27

,JAN S t '939

DEDICATION

Twenty-one years have passed since John K.
Strecker’s catalogue of the "Reptiles and
Amphibians of Texas” (1915) appeared. His
introduction and bibliography make unneces¬
sary any such attempt in this paper, which is
here dedicated to John K. Strecker, his prede¬
cessors and successors in Texas. Some of
these earnest field workers have made this
account possible.

Albert H. Wright and Anna A. Wright.

AMPHIBIANS OF TEXAS

By

ALBERT HAZEN WRIGHT AND ANNA ALLEN WRIGHT

INTRODUCTION

In a "Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles”
Drs. Leonhard Stejneger and Thomas Barbour (1933) give 86 sala¬
manders and 81 frogs and toads. Today doubtless no more than 5
species of salamanders and 5 frogs might be added to this list. In
Texas 16 salamanders, or one-sixth the total number for the United
States and Canada, are recorded ; three of these are restricted to Texas.
Of frogs and toads Texas claims 38 species or five-twelfths of the total
number, and nine are restricted to Texas.

In adjoining states are recorded 13 species of salamanders not
yet reported from Texas, but at least half of these might well be found
in eastern or northern Texas. About 6 frogs and toads recorded in
adjoining states may yet be found in Texas.

Many plants and animals have been named for Texas as for other
states in the Union. Before 1850 from twenty-three to twenty-five
animals were specifically named by their authors texanus or texana or
texanum, texensis or texense, texianus or texiana or texianum, and cer¬
tainly some forty or fifty more have received similar names since that
date. The salamander, Ambystoma texanum, still retains its state name,
but within the last year or so the name of a frog, Gastrophryne texana,
has been found to be invalid according to the International Rules of
Zoological Nomenclature, and is known as Microhyla olivacea. Amongst
the frogs, at least two have the common names "Texas” or " Texan”,
namely, Texan cliff frog and Texas narrow-mouthed toad. Amongst
the salamanders are three such species: Texas blind salamander, Texan
salamander, and Texan newt.

Some forty citizens, scientists, and scholars are honored by the name
of some amphibian or reptile. Probably few educated Texans could
state what connections Attwater, Boll, Bailey, Emory, Graham, Lind-
heimer, Lacey, Marcy, Poinsett, and Schott have had with Texas
zoology or natural history or why the scientific or common names
of Texas frogs, toads, or tree frogs have been named for Berlandier,
Camp, Clark, Cope, Couch, Hammond, Hurter, Hallowed, Marnock,
Mitchell, Strecker, Taylor, Van Vliet, and Woodhouse. These men,
like some seventy-five more, are indelibly linked with Texas zoology.
They have scientific monuments more enduring (than evanescent

4AN81 1939

6

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

publicity) in the names of snails, rattlers, fish, cacti, thorns or flowers
of plants, and other living species. Several explorers in Texas have as
many as forty plants named after each of them.

Of the forty to fifty principal articles or works that treat of Texas
amphibians nearly one-half have been written from 1898 to 1929 by
John K. Strecker, Jr., of Baylor University. Many of his students and
friends, particularly Professor Walter J. Williams, have helped him.
In his last years he began devoting his efforts to eastern Texas from
Brazos River to the Louisiana line, where much work yet needs to be
done. Contemporaneous with Strecker were M. C. Dickerson, A. E.
Brown, Julius Hurter, C. S. Brimley, Witmer Stone, R. W. Camp,
P. H. Pope, C. E. Burt, H. T. Gaige, E. H. Taylor, and Dr. Remington
Kellogg whose "Mexican Tailless Amphibians in the United States
National Museum" treats of Texas amphibian material and scientific
exploration in Texas and Mexico.

The period preceding 1898 might well be divided into two parts'
the period from 1851 to I860, when Spencer Fullerton Baird and Charles
Girard published vigorously; and the period from I860 to 1898, when
Cope dominated the field. From 1851 to I860 Baird, by correspond¬
ence, through appointments of collectors with army explorations,
through purchases, and by other means, assembled in Washington much
Texas material from Dr. Thomas H. Webb, John H. Clark, Arthur
C. V. Schott, Lieutenant D. N. Couch of the army, and from Lind-
heimer, L. Berlandier, and other naturalists of Texas. From 1860
to 1891 Baird and Cope corresponded with numerous outstanding
naturalists, such as Jacob Boll, Marnock, and others, to help to com¬
plete the survey of Texas amphibians and reptiles. In this period
Edward Hallowell, H. C. Yarrow, Samuel Garman, F. W. Cragin,
G. A. Boulenger (through correspondents like Taylor of San Diego,
Texas), L. Stejneger, and many others have contributed.

TABLE 1 — Key to Texas species in the order Salientia

AMPHIBIANS OF TEXAS

7

•5

3 <u
O

E

• * ft
1-8
S3

C ei

33 oc

cj

J* 6

>>

33

O

JO

& i?

♦->

3 &
O ~

e

s.g

S v.

ftft

G To

§ 8
cl

J3* to

Bm

*

G 3
• •> o

CO

<D w

33 to

.S 8

JO *-*

<U -rt

G -5 .

ft «>8

^s-s

°.S'~

1 i'*?
P UH

2 J

<u .5 *r\

lO VI

S ^2

O 5 1

S §^q

Pj 2 33 ^

/— t —

rH O

• 5P 2

Nh »-t

Vi

O

<U

Vi

O

TO

cCi

CN-

K w ’G

5 a 6 §
3 3 | s

M O <u

„ o
of -?

S s

a

U

ecJ

VD

33 5G -O

t&’S

ro ^

to

,&p

tv

rtf

U —33 .£
^ *2 ft 33

«n O

55 G
to

^ — s

•ft

ftJO'— '

£

| J3

$;» . •>

55 r-s

^ *s
b a

a

G

(U

3 <u V,
o d>

i -S 33

nh g

I

8 .g|.i

55 c

.G

O d>

O ft To

Q to *£ ">
w <u l>

* .§ 8)-a

C - G tJ

2 cts 2

O n w H

G

C •-<

S 8

^ a

.6 times

ually sn
olive wi
>s more

1

O

ed

3

2

Jo vO _ p

§j 4< 73
~wa

ftft 1/5

tJ oj <u

£ s.a

T ° >

ds gft

s

si «

ti "53 ft

•5 s £
g.SP^

3 -H v<
O &0

5 £ o

6 u a

Gft Er
O

»H JO

cq o
*§ G S

rt 2 3
S^ft

JO x! 1/3

»-§S
•S S „
sa&

JO f-4

3ft 6

- y o

y— ^JQ '-in

1§ ff'E

S g* £
gi:-0
jj ta 2

p <u ft

ril

a « •

<u §<£

IO-hG

<d

<u — :
VM 33
G

c s

Oft

to 'Tj

jo 2

<L> ft

*-e

o 2
c g

:r ft

*2 3
<U O*
JO ^0
2-8

2 S

$ G

a,-*

O 2

•5

00

<u

£?ft

.2 O
— o
jy E

N to
N

r} to

tG to

Ejy

pft .§

.s-gr*

ft • • t

tO l-l '->
00 ^
— «

■s

g^£

<U ~ xs
— < <LJ tS

£ ft
to -O

6S g

*r\ <u G CO

I TI,H <

cr.Cc X

to 3 § W

s

It'S 5^

^sjy.s gj

- o <u

— .S o,—

■T3 _ _

<U to flj ctS

(O (LI H-H

s E 2r9

ft - 6 ~
oo to .£

^ Jh G
^ I g W
T3 o ft 2
O c-< ft.S

CQ w « P

w

LT'C G ^

2 ~ 00

ft2 G <i»

G 0 0.2

O ft ft CO

#N ^

— a fi

^ §— -s

3 O S2 W)

Sja g S

JO d,—

3S83

o ciJ: c
1 a a »

»H G 9J

G «s © G

•G ft^.S
« M a ~

• " W G cO

G C ^

W) ^ G ^

•s ay $

.§

;-s^

?! i^*

«o-§ 2 8

to <N o <U
"uOO 2 S

igC^JS

w M JcT G
o JJ.S

•x> i —

s g s 8

£G g §

O $

coTD^.S

to >, • "JO
4) ut3

— 1 i_, .to

m S-6.S.S

'G

.00

t+U

CN

£

C)

V.

2

■3

<a

§

I

$ §

hr\

W ^

!g 8

8 w

E £

- B

°q O

CN S

•s

00

G

w H
g 3
.5 ft

oo S

S to

o S
^ ft

U O

*G
<u

N
N iJ
3 to

aa

5? J>
u >
x *55
« C
*-> 2
G tJ
4J 5J
to ^

B

'X} vi

•G <u
o <u

*-> t+H

2 •"

«S r~t

ft-E
• " 00
gs

;s.g

"O to
c 2
G

S'=.

VI

o

CJ

•a

JO

CO

to

v!

Jl

8

W

4 ^

tu CQ
<J0W

&J0 3

|s "

ft O co"
. « G <U

8 "’S
^•2
_. O 00

“ Vi .

G JO op

•g’S *)
•ft s —

O

Swtf

XI G Cd
3 —

£3 2

u

« o.2

s

<u

"s 8. a

t+H >0

G3-2 •«

Sl&

U

d) jS

</3 M-i

s°»

| 8 S'

Hi

^.Sc

PQ

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Ji B &

O o 3
co JCJ CL

CO "G

tcy tq
8

£Lx5 u

W5 ^

o a.g
_, *2 >,

— a t»

e o.g

-a

• 2 C
13 F1 co

.2 tj SJ

O v2

S.°.I

*"0 -G — i

^og

f Is

O CO >

2 § «

-B | a

s f: i

8-s|

ftO £

„ 9 to

s iJS

<L> G

a, <u °

co > fl>

Ill

•sp

G t/5 M

<L> G

CO — < ' -

jQ as

2
co O
^ TJ
O •-

r* Q->

CL M ZJ

~3f

CCS J.C+H

-o a ...

^ p a

-Q O «j

W‘S 2

■3|*

1 -'S

Sr <— * *— <
>30
O

’E,-S - --

G 23 C3
PL, £ XJ CL

O Jd

<L> VJ • ~ CO • «.

n O^w B

o o - o <u
... 00 co ui

G _ <L>

s-§

•S w <U 3

g’g'-S S)^

o V CO r; .23

^ £-5-0

•S-S-f £ G
2

G S .52 <u

II Tp

£°P ? oo£

^x>

^ go g a

^Ja-§

1 Mslf

G s_, G O
O 2 -G -3 O

~ 60S 2 g
JQ.S g ~ 1/3

s .G
tn . — s

'S g-s S *
I- g>g^

•“ ID 5 „

O qj

£-■5 .S 3 .5

tn CXO CC* v*-*

£ S g «.s

-1 2 jd

-G c'G.co co

« ~ vo £ iT

.a s VU " .

^ ^ s

^ in 7) C ^
o

ccS . J^XJ __ c

a ™ 55 12 -5

^ 4 S3 <U a t

cCo -*°IA

^ ^ co CL--5

8 & a 3 2 _r

^ SP 3 a =3

ss

Q>

8

g

CS

<5
<->
St
-cl
<0
• ^

L M » >.

<U G -G -G>

t! CO .CO Jd

O S G 2P
JG *3 QJ 5
to (L) O

-Q -S M ^

| '5-el

o o

00

-h _, r-> u **

•S-S S ^ a p
ooStr^ W.S ^

G G r* (-h '-g

d).S 6 (n ^

CO «*H ^ _J ^

§ s a .s

•i at i

^ fM cr^-O^ O

cjs

OJO

w G -G w

5

J 2 JJ li M ^

K a 2 1/5 a

VN t3 o O U ! S G

ox w d o y c

►G co j~ "G Pi ca
co w — ' O — ‘

-O 0> 3 ^ o ^

2

OJ0

VO

.s -5 -s *-r 2

G<2-*att
*2 --S w §

-g *S S3 ^

c" 6 T? G
<u *;

>N

OJ CS

3 6

o.S ^

G CO CN 2 -G
^ G rl co ^

g.§ ^ S3 <U

U 4-» ^ < W

r" vD ^

7 S .§« §

4 a a s

<N "G
<N

vo G * -
VO — ' G
<N ?).8

>. •

CSi ®

M M

I °
2, "G

_ >^>

cci O ^

00 G -s>

P G
tJ QJ

2 "o

° g CO

LG G 2

■S §7
Ee g- °

-la

-G •- S

as- §

Jag

CjJG

2-2
2 g S

w go

vo-S u

ir\
en

4 i >

3J?|

W VO, -O

sT-s

sa>!

a^2 §

« 3^

G o a>
o c >

6 "G

_ _ o

ol) a 3-a

A ‘G r2 <_,
cn\0 i3 -G
co oo

L

—0 • X) o

aCrt c

co (U

M n 5

X3 <L> •-■ fe
03 PG w O

a ccs c op

^ g.S «

<rH co

° a §=g

■s §

2 g c 2

-Ig-c

.g 71 g «*

aj 4-j

<

O c O l»

co '"-hX O
co _i G w
>-< OJ .£j *->

S I 8 S S

$ 3 3 <

s a

•8 3 g g

$ i* s

! u g

O >> G co
d 2 ccS Q
n3 ^ <

1 ^ S

o .2

2 co CQ

Co <u

_ ** M * N

o

o a ^

S

9 -I i
ft .§:

^ G

d 35 a

sl-C

, w g >» a

O CO 00

— H <U X
GG CG

cs.t; rt<i

I * £rnj
3g^
§43 a

CO L o G

G »-c 9
• “ co *-t-i <U
•— v .. X3

JZS

*b3

w

H

Pd

D

M

oo

3 So G
5P G^
G _l> co

C^3

<U "S ^

Ui M v *v ca

8-2 2 &-S §

G

O

4 2

O *G
^ u

CJ

G

o .2 ^1

n

O G

Skin
limb
with
back
on b
size

G

Xd

<uo

7 t!

w co

<U i-i

IH <u

O JO

a b

CO

XJ

y

CA 4U

<u a d

XJ co

a a

SI

w

EE.

Paroto:

inches.

W

EE.

oo 'G

C CL 3

o 3

•S g 2
oo ft

G <L» -G

rt 5s

-§CQ

" G

-C

I.S

js-g

o

CO

X) <U

a *g

<33 <L>

cl

QJ co
’flu +->

CO

XJ O

s a .

. ~ ca

G ^ O
0> *_, ui

a S-s

CL 2 T3
cq ^ 8

XI ^ o

'o 3*0

o 2 a

CCS U 'G

CL

-II

S 5 *
2

<U . I

> __, ccS
X3 3

o 2 ^

O G g

G ^

ui

f2 ^

Cranial crests absent or obscure.

AMPHIBIANS OF TEXAS

w ^ Tt
-C O

iu C

^ 3 Bi
_ o G-o

.2 g S g

m

bfe

w

#»■< 0

rr\ . ^

_,

« rG ^ jg
S 2 g.52
*G £ «g<s
o e c

^ B |-a

h S S ^

I go

o ^ o
os C'g. w

l, S * *'*OS Vi

3 p <u u <u

S ^ tuo-a -g

5^T3a«

o t vga
g i? VO

G -a •£ u ^

_ _ tJ CJ I

r

O £■.♦* ^ OS

G PT • -

• G _g .5 w

vo (-1 >G

S G "-5>

g 6T S-S s

«— < cci G

CO 0-) *— < #«H C

1^1 B

<u G Ui o <u

lulls’

Wi'w S ^vS
w o *3 "S' 2

s>fi s sa

■S.Sii 3 C

vi -Q c "C

72 ^ 2 S -S

o m vi

S >4h •
iG O •— j qj -g
oS-Q g >, G
^ rtJ «JTI

c .2
5 55

8

8

*5

a

5 t«oo
ja.G GJO

•> £

'S.eJi

Ci

<u GO-fi
~ «j‘g

'o «-Th3
° <u g

<L» %

70 jg vj

5/3 Vi o vo

"s8\§
~ fte.s

^3°o
C? Gp~3 (i,

O G g O

’“‘'3 I ^

w 3 <u
ca £j J2 „N
_, o .G ’So

^3 »H s.

G Cl, £ ^

- G £? j?

72 * *%

g .2 G Vi
° o <0> <L>

<*0,272

^ GO ^

P t?-s 8

• IG 1/3

60 ^ <u m

v^j 3 G °

- 2~ «
^ O,*0 §

a. ^

T *t> ^ jy

•5 G Tj

•f> .22 £00^

^ 3

<S O <3
« 3^ *

Hi

p. S S

-O qj if 2
- ^ SbJa

fe O G g
O £.2 S

gl-8

« a «i-a

~f..§ s

co jr w p-
X’T? o
-G ^2 <N ZG
2 ^ *“l <U
O g I >

„«sSs

-

O

T3

§

0

C

VI

H

<U

aJ J4

z

w

as

u

so

db

v3

s

54

g Sf* . ;
^ g-ss o

^ 2 Z

w
ps;
o

w 5

iG <L> w
H ^G m *TS
H <L> <3J _

« bJQ g q
•— • CJ G o t^s

d *ia S-vi

" fas:

ja 2.S.N

-tTg § n

•slig

3 °-^l

S^2S

- is euo g
"g S o'a
.22 G *-* n
2 o ^ °

w *5 qj
f- vG
ZG <u <u
13 >» uT ^
£ °G

^ c og
jq o u $

7d u, ^
"o ^ -G -T3

« 72 £ ,£<

Ph M — i w

G <u i • -

2-5^2 8

1 c S §

g,° “ 3

ft W 1 n

S*^| 8

G ^ S

§ 2 - §
3.2 o «

&3>-5^

.&So

‘G ^ ci
§ -G i

to

in cG

S3 ii'^

^Vi

•• n ^

° a
^ %
euo o

72 ^

Vi

Vi

G ^
^ O
O

■•S o
75

Vi .^2

*3 2

U VJ
O
>

o

a,

Vi

s ^

VJ (U

’g’S

^ o

-Q

CSJ

GO

CQ

$

8

Vi

g

7

aJ

w

<5

O

<N

'S ^

O ii

.2 B'S-c
§ 5P

'O ^ ^ GG
m rt’-j m

o £ 2 tuo

g 2 3^
Ss,:

^a'c-2

2^ ^ vo*
*2 « **-2^
S 07a g o

*a O .-2
O ^ O g O

S^g’ST

<s$ <u ^ Vi (4
Vi . OS

rt fry! H
flZ! n 2 (U

8*3 §0.2

pH Oi vo GD v)

S? «

CO

cS 3

ail
2 ^
6 8
!d^

h

2^ 01

&.«

il

•S G

o <u
S O,

So <u

aS G
u a>

>*§
C >.

n

t» 22
T3 G

-O* Vi

1 O
! JG

a.

o

Sh • ~
-t-< o>

3 1

II

O G

2^
O *^h

a ^

i±J <u H3
as -Q as

XB2

Ph

w

a w
u

Parotoids oval to elongate; interorbital space narrow (10-15 times in length); dorsal
pattern of 4-6 pairs of spots along mid-dorsal line; crests low; superciliary crests meeting
postorbitals at right angles.

10

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

c c y?

o fc.y s

2 o

g £ ► &

CO « • - «

> x x ^

^ wo <y 2

« s §

S' -0 O.'TO

S'Sl3

co § „

2 o >- w

X wo 2 £j <u

•gSi"!

^ g

x .2 co o <n

3 G fr'V*

(U 2 uT! 1
d GX -3 O :

,5 <u c 6 (n <

e-S 3uh c 1

*!

* g g 1

Si § 3 S §

-T 52
2 £

• fr

.to S

V+H X

5 X

CG o
'—' Oh

$ g

Co O
'+-* XI

•§.*
3 -3

£ c3 .S
* * ^
S B’c *x S jyx

M y.s o

o

3 <U ^
(N-n.tJ ^5
. - cO $0 &l

x: £ S w

VJ 55 O

Jj wo_;2 2

c s?! £ s

2 t->

8-S 8.
jp frl*

SgOu"

v2 v2 G^x
*3 m ... g X
S 3 wo x >

2 V5 <U ^

| Sg J §

W Dp-G u

O

<ro

<U cO

°

V5

6 -2

3 O

WO <~>

X to
G ^

O g

g to

wo 2 X

1=3

o co

co d

cO

w

u +-■ x

<u .

•3>7

.5 •*>

00 <N
cO ™

-*•» aj

X £P

TO G
3 CO

WO - - 1

3 <U

N

wT55

co G
* cO

*3 a*

S2 n

O O

^ X

<u <L>

go a

b o

Oh

, -. <U

G ^ G -2
0-0 Oh'55

X ’§ S S3

« 2 2 °

3>0
u CXi_| cj
X . - g <u
rJ wo S co
01 *-> X 1~|

a|l >
g-e-'af3
'&1JS

2 S3 §

rt o O

G*§ &2
co 00 aj -G

^ 2 oCo

X 5 -G

O 6 £

r>1 G

CO

\T\

a™

6

^ d
_, x _

S X
o'g S ^

'S cO

^ I

•"X X /~N
tj i3 .52 Cs
if 00 C
& 2 ^ 00
CO G c

■a S-8 -‘
S a s-S s

rt O k y Ph

§ -5 2^

° ‘S g ^ 2S
x p 2x g

2 c-° 1

CO D , IA vS

o ^ ?>

„ ° r>

Si IS 2 <u .

to X N <0
+j <u x -j5 't~-
u x: CQ

s !§ '&•! §

^"2 o

> 2 ^ H
X oo O cO >7

2,0 52 §
^Ohu o <
Xx •«'? £

X .tj X -n ^
t>0 S p

d ^ g o
^ tJ 6 „ 2
«2uJ3 f
X G co euo >H
o o -° X

O u ^ > o
£ G c ^ 5

„ g*

. ^X <L» 2 V''
X ^ x G '”'

o 2 s cj

§ G -

•-1 x <l> 2

•H i-4 W

oo o <->

m Sr w

2-2 £

•2

to

G

<u

i 2x
-g

to

2 K' „

* 5 ^ Qj

d° ^ c

t^x" 2 S

jy 2-s «

1o ,a) 5

> *op §

X ^ ss

«^g“i

tOS CO c

a§

1/3 2

"cO Oh

4— >

3 2
ui to

o 2

• G 1/3
_ O
2 ^
CO ««

*3 T>

O x

x t:

c 2
G O

8x

in

^S.a

.g,

x x

X CO
„ 4>

X x

nj m-h _r<

x °x

^ Oh *

o o

^ „ o

<U _N H

2 '53 w

° •- 2

w ° 3
x .c ^

cO

G

GX
t? <u

<u

X X

w 'S 5 a3

c l> X >

«0 „ G *_(

x - - -

cO O

to

QJ X

to G

CO <U

oS 3a

2. c a 2

V) Oh

CO W

oo _
So O
<U U

O 4-.
G

« O

uX

o ^

oX

a *

O H

O g

cO cO

Qh Oh

S O

• - WO G X

x S3 .2 g
2 ^ o
o u u

to

o •« it 2 M-'

_u x c_Q
X i; QJ ’-'

X vo G

vox 2 > x

■h u ^ n.

- * a O c.

m rs ^

> S ^ ^

=6 2 a § . §

* <y c oo

. X « <u <s

! -2 tO
'Cm Oh

cO hhh -

G t3 »

\c G CQ

'S >> JLT 'J

cO X t>^ ,—, ,-G

<U 5 <L> M X O

§

O ^ H

WX Oh 3 ™ 2
^ o «jX (L, <

^ 8>*a a

wo o to X S

C^J »-H * P U-i

ux o w S

-rl rt A X M

vd 2^x to ^ ^
^ ^-53 ^ X I -S3

'~~t G 4h X cl
O ° °x §
w wo Xi*^ ^

£.2 o-g e
2 2^0
G gx G <u

illit

3o— - xx S3

G 3 G — M

1/5 "S _c ” °

X o 2 X X
u u G u C3
3 m 2 3

gxa^x

xx^ S a

2 o

_ - 2 *g

% g .sp a 1/5

PU mXX cO

X

"o

o

G

cO

Oh

O

X .

aj x

£?«

g 3

-So

£ *
<L>

to^
.2^
'*"'2
s I

§5

-i-H

3^

■s-l

H CO

G p,

c *2

X ^

g *

c cu
^ Oh

•-* <U

-So u

<u

wo

^ -2

Co

t-S

^vi
.2 ^

SI

•S-J5

wJi'
52^
;gi g

w N^*

§ 2

wo .2

•su

S s

;a «

<

c

Robber frogs, LEPTODACTYLIDAE

AMPHIBIANS OP TEXAS

11

O ^

a^

^a

-b 3

*3 £

CO

H b

<y cd
> d
-v o

^ S
^ O

~S ’ci
‘E,

S 3
3 cu

4^ •-

Vi T3

a

Is o
■§•§

•-* o

w d

8 P

4) JU

Q

•— « OJ •»

«3

? o g
. <»
* o

•SIS §

V-l

Oi M 0

dd-rl

3 «T^
d 25 -S
o a, go

<U VJ ^

.&*: a

iJ g w
w

6 4) 60

jci^d

^Srf

o

*s> ” a,

°13 ”
« S^4

u o

.CO £

3

M
C2 a$

J2 01 *3

«TI bo

-d *o Si

d 2 -a
S <u -d

2 s £

4) — i

~ o d

s a £

d o o

3 d -d
O c3 XI

•g a
£ bS
§Sa

tn-H , — i t>

8'iJ .

o o to

P «TJg
| S

<^0 0-3

<ov£ „o

sfl,4

’d

d

cS

m

<u

CO

.2

Oh aj

X b-

^ 05 ’

^ MV.

. <U
00 CO’
2 d

r- Ono

3*3

is'S

+3 Oh
’d ^

S §-*

2- a
^.szs

*T3

3 W3 (U

1.8?

"2 6
0h2
2 o

S'*

lL o
H d

CO . „

&&
d .tr

b S3

OS "3

Oh£

CN

.to

Mh

fb

"2 v\ -3

•SS’Slri -

G ^ gj! vS

’3 LL b — .

dw£.2 £
d ^ £

o g j5 .a *©
Sg.Sft s

*■• to »rj

Oh 4) -2

rt ^ bd to
<U 5j ?S Oh „

.U W Oh*^ 0"

?.j#l2

u c-^ t?

rt v 5 u<

^ S 2 2 •->
13 3 u

o L,p2 2

- 4) d <

CO * X

<u

^ S ♦$
* o

to

S-S CN

- -S

'3 rt So
w ^.5o

O • ’ V*H

_ 8 S --2
Si c ^ ^

?J8«

Os

•SSg
' coJ§ ^

.a-

-gas a

f s-s *a

<U t3 c

.§ a

[/2 4-> d Ci

O M
<U

Oh^

.td O.

H 3

w

Jr! oo -d
»> I d

1> its oi
O w _Q

g

G si

T)

03 ‘ *

^ 8.

ca >

Oh • ~ O
.3 6 d
^ 3
C d >.
wj rd

« Onis
S 3

d r w

d b d
<u

o •-

u +-• M

•-H QJ

I

.? s «

o-d 8
> ^ CO

^ I'

3 w

§ g1

C J?
4)

t>

C$

3 d

g

3 ’d d

I

•g.d ^

• •'nd
to *-* OJ
4» CO l-H

•s s 00

d— 1 a
•"* d t?
so •*-'

r~*

4^

6 ^

«\o w 5
4)^ g g
N(m S 5
c/3 w‘3 -O

.2 S a

O 2

s’r §

Ij.s
^ >
I • M

oo <u -d
o 3 -3

i <u d
o

Sb

O o
+!j

sl^

Isa

.2 ^

-2^ S"

a 2-3

d
3

-d --
d ^ <u

13 -S *5

CO «
•" d d
£ *
o

-d

So

g

'u w

•S -1 '?

8^1
Si g

♦- CL,
U, 00

I «.2
p d

s»

C)

Si

55

<2.

t

Co

O

O

Pi

Hh

00

U

o

z

s

d

CM

A) W QJ
-—1 LO V M
^ , «y rr! s__ i

6

CO

4 ^

* *-0

, CL) ^

si a *s .

O -

3*S " ^

3g

2 1/5
a co

4>

h-^ ^-a

•"o^’d
-lo a
-d ^

So-d ^

|&1

^ os

to q>
4) i5

a a

?’
pi ^

VO

to

Uh

m

K

§

^5-2 g

w CO'S e

; 3
g > d

— ' d -2 "*
C3'"4 o

<N

oo

2 -P

5P 2 -

4> d '

a-§“ ;

w o
o -H --

7 C7S O
00 •

Oh

a

b

b2

— ~ h 8 1
2 - §

« 8
tfp 3X3

d Oh to +-•
W lH VH

^ «3 cj rd

d P ^ B
§ ”2 -P ^
2 o
fe G
cu g ^ -

|§5 !
[— < .5

« O Tj

^ M

J8

to b

to S

CD

O ^ ^4

c g

O o

4» Oh
to 3 to 05

§

a-§^ 8
J-'S u
^ 2
G O 3 oJ

•H,+H rt-Q

45 u w
to

co'

O

O

Pi

-2 -d

”3 "IS

2 o

Sb.2

j>> o
13

3 >*

to 03

3 ?3

d3 Oh
tf 3
g Oh

05 . «

Si

s'S

W 05

^’d
-d
d oj
3 o

°*S
.2 ^

q a

12

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

2 o ui
g I 60

QJ • Vh

> O o

<u wo <u

T3 G g

"33 °o

o

g qj

«« ft >

VO

• 3d

Cm

(N*

K

g "2 o

c c ^

qj ^
-T3 d

qj qj
XJ Oh

" &

b°

S g~

*-*-( <SJ

w iT3

Oh QJ d

'B &'S

a S M

3 >3

> £ o

“ qj QJ

Qj -O . „

3 g wo

o a

• ~ rj — < c/>
c/3 w <D

*■■5. "ti 5

.SP © ^ y
•g.g 8-S

^ bS £

O d <N

3 6r^ 7

«> oj h n6
c 3 >A ^
° 8
W5 •

3 £ 60
S d a m

3 ab"

WO Oh W QJ

03 G > _G

_ a 2 ~

Isis

*.8G§

d *_, G3 02

,^g|
S H .3 3

a d °

a! Gd <3 <~)

5 3 B-g

< Xl ‘G £

’ N

t*

Va

«->

5$

s g

8.S

aS •

H — ,

s JS ‘

S -2P--0

3 -s^l

-G
Vh QJ
QJ _Q

o '3b

go

d 03 'G

M-

G gC*

o-g3
*>-5 &P

HD
G

al X
-O 2

£ G

^ QJ

c/3

Gd

u

<-? H-l CO

wbc 2

•J* 9J g

II w -g 3

1 u ^

G Oh 00

as

:2

o

wo

XJ

QJ

tJ

o

Oh

w

G

G

£ JE; 3b j;h

•g-.«g »

to ’ '3

^ £ G •’■' u-.

• G ^ 00 O
Wo JG QJ

•a *■£.§ s

^ G 'G ,3 M
^ & *> •*

§ -S'S'A &
£ o US T3

m co -t

«s se o

3 G 8

<U W

G <u G

°

, <u ^

j-Q CO

3 W SP

•3

^ G T3
0.3 G

3

oS

o G iJ i+H
-G O _q „
.t! _, U CM
QJ Tj G

G*=3 ^

G Oh

° 8 w
G ’X) I ^
0-h>A S»

2i 10 fc
So ^ ^ .«

oh g.N ^

•s *75 S ^

• *H C3

^ <U G ^>

H-l . G S-H - ^

os — H os

QJ

<u

gj o

.2 ^

H O m-h

u. QJ
O >h

tn

" w

cf W

'3 gS

os -G

m-i

O

d 55

w

FJ5

/-> ^-T s_i

g 00 OJ
G ^ WO
*"• -o -G
o o 0

G O QJ

g .t5

O wG

«-i y .
G d d
Oh-G jQ

»G Ul • JH

WO QJ fe
•GXJ ^
*S G o
JU io

33 3

d'f' ^

Uh

Va

8 § -5

QJ

>-H

a£

G IH
8 0

LT.2

QJ ^O
JC 'G

° »
QJ QJ
WO M

d C

s 0

QJ

-C WO

wox)

3 w

+-> QJ
M-h -G
O -C

M ^

w o

Ph G

3 W

g So

§.s

uj *HH

-Q w
o .i3

qj cn
U <U

woo

fl

C/3

2 § G

|J2 <0

•5 3 7

o On

"go

- QJ w

16g

QJ ••'jG

QJ O g^
OO O

S ™ G

wo O G
3 ^-5

O

2 2
S 2
3 g

>H ^

8 >TN
««VO

w, I
o

ir\

G ■w

8 S

3 60

• « o

QJ — «

>H ,

w 3

s. WO

l..s

J3 O

.wo ~

G3 ht-,
u, C
O

o'

o

m

Uh

d _g G NO

wo'3 g 7

.8 ^.s

g X3

o y 4j r-H
U h-j >%

QJ QJ QJ ^
GO G . QJ
&■ ?0
J»G O b

- <U

G £ N

8^ Oh'53

^ to

^ rt C 2
U QJ QJ o
d in Qj X
n u< JG
•- WO 5,3

g ^ in jg
« O °G

^Tj ^ ^
Gd ^ O

X u >,oi

§a§3

^ 8- c

<u

ir««s
^•s | o

er jaw
fingers
hes.

U

«r\

(N

<4H

O

G

0

*QJ

JO

H

rplish r
green

Oh NJ

3g g

GO”-1

<N

<HH

c

O

Oh

V)

K*

§ a

d puj
back

§|7

QJ

.Oh

3

wo

Oh d

Gd

G

d w

Qj 3 ^

*a

QJ Oh
d QJ

^ s

t rH

•tr qj

V3

T3

33

3 4»

h! wo w

3 ««

Gd

u

d

QJ

S

O

^ 2
oJB

!“•

Oh

Gh ••'**'

wo-o C'

G <uG

o§*P

-O Oh

s i£

a I1!

8 ^NO
-O 0 m
Gd do

d r-<

X3 ^

I§ 3

&

OS

60

XS

-Ss

$

o

o

gs

Wh

-G -n

O rt.2 WH ^

NJ G d QJ

g'O QJ-G-G

2

d

QJ C QJ Pu
qj U) QJ rj

> WO 0.5

AMPHIBIANS OF TEXAS

13

o

G

• •* U?

o

P

W3

o

■x*

u

ra

t=H

M M

o o

«■§
bO u

^ 1°
o 'g S

rt

a

4D

.a

o

fs

G

a ^

» 3 o

*> ‘5b M

■s

sj

Mh

r*

%*»

cm"

° s

Mh-G

G

ss oo

-o

P

f

o

o

m

£

o

G

«2 o

?S W5

V c «

.rt a0«

JH

«L>

•n

G3 ^

<U

eu

1

V.

o

&*o

th X ‘2

O c “

p

o

W3

d .

il

43 M

SI'S
6 P

s £

•S-2

*S §

*■0 Crt

G 00

, _ _ »rs

_Q r-
o 6
a ..

w |
a> .2
"P -O

*s g
^ s
J 2

*3 :g3

>> si

a 8

Q

43 Ja

«s .50

*3 c

<u

VM *U

0 ft

O P3

fc§

<u a

c a

o o

z a

° | S j:

O a> 43
__M *=** r\ -W

1U Sb °
2 *
na

b ©

Om "

<D ,G _

e.SP-S

s -

6 <L>
W &

» y

<u .2

u

^ o>

-5 eM

o »-*
2 «
£ .a

W3

w .*,
w -a

g g>

«# c

w M

Oh >»

U o
. 8
s I

u
w
<U
U
Gi

3 & PO

*" §

M-t M

O o M
- *«
M C -

« o^

O N

Q ‘55

(J «3

0,-d
«tT qj
dn CL*
&» rt
@d

l-l (O

O J,

j” r; ^

y «j («

a ^

•g °-§
^3 *.S

-.2 md

l-?s

.Oh
G D. i
£ " «
8 p

feJQ • "

-C —' 1 oj

.2P0 s

•s c «

O OJ

3 §
pS^

H *§

tS-O

m1
O <u

•t~>

2 "*
5bZ*

G T3

gj d

o 5«

SH O .

^ B
«J5-8

VJ -Tj G
JH gJ .2

<u p
> W O

8 3c4
§ .« I
£j O vs
~

®* o

•5 | *j

'5-2 ^
£ o g3
. ja <?s

S ^ 2

13 o ««

H CL*. — i

V5 ^

d *_.
•--G „
-O W)u
<U Ch

o §.S

- -a

G to N

p %
A

s

"£^

O O
-d „

w a

•M 5/3

qj s^3

H

S>« M
d3 bO
ei
P

§*Ai

2 °q Sb

c m a

<L>

r* I d

7 fi,rt

CM a 3

.2 a a

r9 &‘'c1
^ O
. ^ <_> io,

H-Q fO

5 I

*g •‘'rn^

G ^ ^ o

•d tk-G y

n3 bO tj .S

3 G P

w u O m

■5b^ a ri
§•2^7

W5 ° «^>

°.§’5bo

|r s «

* °5'g

a°

r^ o 1/3
-5

G VO <u ^

- 6^ S

i^r2

o.S w

g <y

■3

'«S

.$0

»

«n O IT
r-. *-*

6-0 3o

^ g g

J3

O .» d

t|“

.S G G

p « a

.S °o
S «,%©

•-a

•S *d

P

5b §

C Os w
«J CM

<u

bO

^ O

So

*-* u

o M

»> §
<u 2
cu a

^ u

8’&

-§
> u

tii .a

P . ^ W5 ^

W5 bD-S ^
o G ^ w
O* O _i o
*G ’-1 o

2 s/d .a ^ s

UJ

Oh

wj •

s o

a,

= -S g-i S •§

•P '<T bO

sSS

■i |.S

^ !i

4l“

.S*5vi

g SO

*i3-cs ^ s

.«••' hJ3

<-» jc -S u
M-b P G

S 6 «o
>o4

ci, vi o Q

*S a t.§

Wp t4 w

14

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

| S
o ^

60

! &
u

I u

Oj

» -Q

•=3 6
“ s “-2,1
V-» VO r“<

<l> ;G y -C w

cJ _, O &0 t-i
— i T3 • <n

:-§^S

-O-g &-< ^
J§83

2 *-i O r- wo

j$m-* a h
5 ^ 3 w 4-1

O "g O VO X!

—4 Q f! ~

’ ^ CJ • w

^ \-T^ O

c Si -5 w °

« ’S

CJO § 2 ,—

-S e-1 2jg

• +3 K

£
‘Si!-

<L»

60 -C

3 °4

o
G

^ <U _2
>. ._ 2 u —'

=3 g| a.s^

g.2 w wo 7

l“'as2

g <N N

C 2

’&' g a g £,■$

G 2 cJ — ' 00

O "So <u • ► w G

G H

|||s|i

Qjh Uh r’ .S G
XI 0.5^‘P

>% 1 |

M vo

<u ^

1^5 3 e a

S „.a 6 .a

w w •»
-G

<U X ^ u

- p ^ £.2 ^

a.g «ol>.a-9-3

<u s *S a? G

cu oo

r\i ttf —

■g

S *2 o, wo I' ~ ^
•3 § 1,3 S <u

2 o JJia.n

8 8 2-3.34 r.

I-S-P^s-

G "G _ *2 ^ 00

<L> u ^ O tj, <u

wo o m °P oo S

n o u xj ^ c ^

2 - ??§~-2 G
00 00 o ^ flj wo

S^LTgSPg

u -G O -C v-n

§4 §!2

U, G .«•

^ ^ - o

3 W “2 ’f S ob S

p &o as ,\r ^ c bo

qj G *™0 m\ O d) c
w o 2P-C 1 — 1 o

.S rt'S J £ c~

tj 3 -a g I s I

.s g SB §

j „ s-S gl ►

g ! lie" 1

m wo ex, o .id

00

G

O

W

<<

§5

.60

u

Q

S§

V+H

Ph

a

g

G 3

cnT

G

OJ G

•

-G

wo Jr;
_Q 2

Cb

*CJ

wT

cJ x
— <U

S °
^ §
^ 8

$ s

o S
o >

04

S •«
P 3

o <L»-

2
o «

™ G
. ‘U

cTv ..

00

wo W5
ID CU

2 «CJ
^ u

G -S

l!

-s-

^ OJ

ft! £P

.2: ctj
oo ”

S 2

B a
•-.2
"G

•tS <u

.SPS

c.J3

O wo

J2 4

wo G

11

!Z ^

wo

(U

a, .

^ S

CJ O

aj o

C'aft

*3 Oh ^
00 G in
G °
w

^ to b

§£

E"°

ir\

G G
3 1>

' «« ^
<U O

| o S

c 2 3
— » o o

u,

QJ U ^

00 MG
%£ 2
"18°
<u _ _ o

11*
S o T3
OUg g
<u

U(

>. <u
<jj *g bd
^ °G3
>» wo
iU

2 mm £
flo 1 1 . o

g l:

o -a

' ' o

Oh «1 . „

G -G ^
r ftu
r>> cJ

[-1 U tfl

Upper jaw unicolor; dorso-lateral fold absent except short fold over and behind tympanum; toes com¬
pletely webbed; eye smaller (9.4-12 times in length) ; upper eyelid smaller (12.3-16 times in length) ;
color greenish drab to black on back, undersurfaces yellowish white or may be mottled with black on
Gulf Coast; size large, 3.4-8.0 inches.

34. Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana (PI. 3, fig. 9)

AMPHIBIANS OF TEXAS

15

25|
s g>-g

O £-6
© P-fi

H3 <L» ^
c 00 o

«) on-*

w
o a >
~0 00

co

u iy © A F

-« a « 8 o

g g. 60 <3 o*

g &g-s §

<2 «.£ -S *

slit §
g-s!"s
S.*1 so
f°^4~

<-• d) ^ flj rn

l^!6
Ǥ 8-f.S

g* w 8

w ji . ~
rt w • ~

6 3-S §

e O 00 m

S'** G-g

© *-m ©

So ° . ^

«s.s°

l&foU

G"« .§ «
ga^-S

12

-° u- -

-O'G «r< •*
u o J» «

*5-°

o'-p^ A,

d O"^ w

ipTHp*

o ST 3
’Itj >

lit

^ *3

Sift
-a 2

G <N
c/5 G
H3 ... ...

o2 S3

^ ° G
2 © >
g-Su, .

6 | S g
b]k ^Ԥ>
^ P 2

,3£ 8 *
•S 2^3

Jift s 8

CJ-O Ol

• P P u

?-H -

o3

© cd

©

lf&

P ctf

„ '-M
00 ^

>-. o

c/5 -rj

T3 c 2

° 2 g
3 s

t:

i— < r-*— « C3

<L>” QJ

CO

©-*'

'G ij c

Uh WS "S
O

o OO^
-; «H > o

|tl s

& <N G 2

©

* O

S G . .

2 © ©
S.S-J J3

a o © 3

H « U 2 M)U
O © c -P »-< ©
•s Gw^.p t;

8-a“|l

,gl§ 1 3 S ”
So ^ +-* 3 8 g
m S P

2

^ ^ “ 2 S d
3 s

ob

>. c/5
, _Q ©

©

■S-O ^ rt

-Q © Gh-T

©

It . .. 1/3

’© o >>3

!3 G|P 2 G

-S^o^aog.
* S--S-5

s^gg*.,

-Ss-g g o-S

W M-h

O

" a

a

&

o §3 «,

.SP-* 'P *© hrC
*P m G O0

w fto

w

s

H

eeS

O

.,3

wj w
«— ■ O »— I

_ O G p
X H3

<L> cfl JG
w G a> *-*

^1T?

O g G -a

-G qj <4h JL>

C-00

2 £ ja

qi O rt

>, a, o

5? ifl M °0

-G

<4h T3 «

O *-i w
<U -G <L>
dj 00 u r9 *-• G
.g Bi > *■* !fl S

-- o G

uSh Omu
8 § c 2

s|i §.s « „•

i! o ^ ^ -

^0 m tj n.t*p< ^

o !,'S.Sm

c ° oi S!ii^

S 2 SSggg
^ ^ B 3. n> oj <n

^7 t

3 w _

N

ftp

G g ^

rt ^ p- ^ § X

w O G (S

JG_& Clc OJ w

00 <L> G G J3 00

O

G w.S

.ss»

a ^ -

O Op

p fe X
A< G cJ

P-, J3

O w

O "P G

a Oh

<u ^

3.>.5P H

o’© „ d,

SpG p ?P-g'^>
^.2.53 g-a.jj

.Il'S'g >£so

^ 00 § . r. W r4

u «« (O^oo I
0,-9 _ « t! C (N
•— T <-1 G (ft, 5 -P <N

P X> 3 & a ^

G <L>
w •'H -G

««

s 2 G
- § 2.
o 00-©

T)

o § a
8\* S

SM s
© 2
T3-S u

C3

T3 Mh ^

a 3 — <

P js d
O u
^ G ©

-G S • h

. - P 3

. U< QJ

P O -P

g s u

-O oj

^ © 3

<u G
.2^2

-|J

•>G U

oo 00

•-;t! i>

G ^

3

© oo a
^ g G

oo ^0

fe © © *-i

3 © G ©

-1-1 t« qj ©
© Pr>

oo

a^ ^

1 '■d-Q-P

. © o

■Ml/}©

8

O rt rr

| V Oh P

1/5 g

^ a

' G5 w i«

M ’nri i

a

M © fc»,

OP «

-G

to ••'**'

.2 -G -g crC

r9 SbSo ^

. - © © Oh
d^-1 w

O.G.G g

P 00 Ah

ci © ©

3 as

3‘o ^

I?? ^

^ ob ob ob

G G CS
T3 © ©

2 © © w

§.§•§

-2 p g ^

°Hh •§

©00^

S77
^ «kcJi

O fO H

-© ♦-> p

2 © p

s.’Si

•^lss

§ |3|
^3 g ©.a

5*7 S

© o

o © © "*

^§0*55
ob 2*5 ©

2*3 G g

G X!’“‘ w
G -C

w 3 *^ .ftp

©-a «a

.191=,

2>’G o

°9 <n

a (N S

Li *H

S a a

M ^ G M

O Gs G ©
-G __, rt m

M J frG
u 10 a c

S^&g

w

2 a

o 1 *-»

-a vo I §

^ (N <s

^O wGs

2g>7 a

m 03 |

0*7 ^ «

Oh-S-^

w O

2 IUJ g

© © *g w

^ovh.s |

M -2 & ^ Q

© 00 a*™ ^

^ G 3 m W

S«..| 2
o *5 ®

•- M djQlN Z
© © W

•M pj N JtH

ftp^ G -55 H

2 /2 2“ g

2 w

.a -sag .

00‘G 8 00
10 G cTv

© © 00 P

•§"e <li!§
“•Sci-=

cn "J ca^h

vo g <n
cn

fM

'=et

6 ^ i’a

T" S.3

© v> a g
92^8
-rsi

S Sb-o g-

o p rt a

fc*

16

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

TEXAS SPECIES IN THE ORDER SALIENTIA
Family MICROHYLIDAE

1. TAYLOR’S TOAD, Hypopachus cuneus Cope (PI. 2, fig. 1)

Range — Records from Cameron and Hidalgo counties northward to
28°, or to Duval and Kleberg counties.

Habitat — In holes near tree stumps and in other subterranean places.
Breeding — They breed in natural water holes, ditches, and overflows
from March to September. "The eggs float on the surface of temporary
pools in rafts barely held together.” The eggs "are black and white” —
and "the envelope is truncate” (Mulaik and Sallberger, 1938). The
tadpoles, 1.2 inches long, transform from April to October into frogs
0.4 to 0.5 inch.

2. TEXAS NARROW-MOUTHED TOAD, Microhyla olivacea (Hallowell)
(PI. 2, figs. 2, 3)

Range — Records mainly west of line from Fort Worth, Waco, Austin,
Victoria, and Brownsville.

Fig. 1. — Sketches of narrow-mouthed toads, the Microhylidae, showing essen¬
tial characteristics. 1, Broad waist. 2, Femur partially involved in body skin.
3, Two metatarsal tubercles. 4, Slight basal web. 5, Transverse fold of skin
across the head. 6, Depressed form of body. 7, Thick body. 8, Short legs.

Habitat — Under logs, dead stumps, fallen trunks of Spanish bayonets,
and other decomposing vegetation, and in different kinds of holes.

Breeding — They breed in ponds, temporary rain pools, "prairie ponds,
pools in damp gulches, road side ditches” from March 25 to September
during heavy rainy periods. The eggs float on the surface. The
grayish-olive tadpoles, 0.94 inch long, transform April 15 to October
into frogs 0.4 to 0.5 inch.

3. NARROW-MOUTHED TOAD, Microhyla carolinensis (Holbrook) (PI.

2, fig. 4)

Range — East Texas, mainly east of the east line of M. olivacea.

Habitat — Hides in decaying logs, under haycocks, or any shelter.

Breeding — They breed in many diverse shallow aquatic environments
from May 1 to September 1. The egg mass is a surface film. The flat,
small tadpoles, 1 inch long, transform from mid-June to mid-October
into frogs 0.32 to 0.5 inch.

AMPHIBIANS OF TEXAS

17

4. MITCHELL’S NARROW-MOUTHED TOAD, Microhyla areolata (Strecker)

Range — Known only from Victoria and Calhoun counties.

Habitat — In bottomlands, lowland pine lands, under logs and similar
shelter. This species with back areolate, the posterior parts even
pustular, is a debatable form, doubtless synonymous with M. caro-
linensis.

Breeding — In spring they breed in shady, shallow overflows of
streams, ponds, and other small bodies of water. The eggs are laid at
the surface in trash at edge of ponds. The tadpoles have not been
described.

Family SCAPHIOPODIDAE

5. HAMMOND’S SPADEFOOT, Scaphiopus hammondii Baird
Range — From Wilbarger to Bexar counties and westward.

Habitat — They live in subterranean burrows at bases of weeds.
Breeding — They breed in temporary pools or temporary areas from

Fig. 2. — Sketches of typical spadefoots, the Scaphiopodidae, showing essential
characters. 1, Wide interorbital space. 2, Upper eyelid. 3, Small round paro-
toids. 4, Fleshy webs. 5, Broad waist. 6, Pectoral glands. 7, Vertical pupil.
8, Two metatarsal tubercles, the outer large and with a cutting edge.

mid-April to August. The eggs are in cylindrical masses attached to
grass or plant stems; some eggs are stalked. The dark greenish-black
tadpoles, 2.4 to 2.8 inches long, transform from May 20 to September 1
into frogs 0.5 to 1 inch.

6. COUCH’S SPADEFOOT, Scaphiopus couchii Baird (PL 1, fig. 1)

Range — Western Texas to east boundary of records from Wilbarger
to Tarrant, McLennan, Bexar, Refugio, and Cameron counties.

Habitat — They live in subterranean burrows under logs and many
diverse shelters.

Breeding — They breed in very temporary pools, hollows, roadside
ditches, overflowed fields, abandoned water-filled quarries, and other
similar places from April to August. The eggbands soon assume a
more or less cylindrical mass-like form, or are loosely arranged. The

18

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

bronzy small tadpoles, 1 inch long, transform in summer and fall into
little spadefoots 0.3 to 0.5 inch.

7. SOLITARY SPADEFOOT, Scaphiopus holbrookii holbrookii (Harlan)
Range — With S. holbrookii hurteri in east Texas.

Habitat — Nocturnal shallow burrows in ground, in wells, in shade.
Breeding — They breed in all kinds of temporary pools as well as
permanent ponds from March to September in rainy periods. The eggs
are in irregular bands. The small bronzy tadpoles, 1.12 inches long,
transform from July to September into frogs 0.3 to 0.5 inch.

8. HURTER’S SPADEFOOT, Scaphiopus holbrookii hurterii (Strecker)

Range — Houston to Somerset and Brownsville. A debatable form;

H. M. Smith believes it to be a distinct form.

Habitat — Similar to that of the solitary spadefoot.

Breeding — They breed from April 13 (J. K. Strecker) to June 28
(A. J. Kirn) . The eggs and tadpoles have not been described.

Family BUFONIDAE

9. SPADEFOOT TOAD, Bufo compactilis Wiegmann (PI. 1, fig. 3)

Range — Eastern boundary from Wichita County on Red River south¬
eastward along Brazos River.

Habitat — Desert form.

Breeding — They breed from May to August in rain pools in open
fields, near streams, in pools, in creek valleys, in irrigation tanks or
cattle tanks, or in as temporary places as true spadefoots choose. The
brown and yellow eggs are in long, fine strings. The bicolored tad¬
poles, 1.12 inches long, transform from June to September 1 into frogs
0.5 inch.

10. LITTLE GREEN TOAD, Bufo debilis Girard (PI. 1, fig. 7)

Range — From Brownsville to El Paso; records west of a line from
Cooke County to Waco, San Antonio, and Refugio County.

Habitat — Grassy mesquite flats.

Breeding — They breed from last of March to June in temporary rain
pools, ditches or shallow ponds, in streams of intermittent flow ; prairie
ponds. The eggs are in small strings and are attached to grass and
weed stems. The tadpoles are smaller than those of B. punctatus (J. K.
Strecker, 1926, p. 10) . They transform into frogs 0.3 to 0.4 inch.

11. CANYON TOAD, Bufo punctatus Baird and Girard (PI. 1, fig. 6)

Range — Dallas to Waco, San Antonio, San Diego, Brownsville, and

westward.

Habitat — Desert canyons.

AMPHIBIANS OF TEXAS

19

Breeding — They breed from April to July in rock-bottomed or
gravelly pools of intermittent streams or gulches. The eggs are single
or sometimes stuck together in a film on the bottom. The black tad¬
poles, 1 inch long, transform in June to August into frogs 0.4 inch.

12. GREAT PLAINS TOAD, Bufo cognatus (Say) (PL 1, fig. 2)

Range — Mainly west of the 100th meridian.

Habitat — -Grazing lands or agricultural lands of Great Plains.

Breeding — They breed from April to September along irrigating
ditches, flood plains of stream, overflow bottom lands, and cattle tanks
in arroyos. "The eggs are in one or two rows in single tubes of jelly.
The almost black tadpoles, one inch long, transform in June to October
into frogs 0.4 to 0.5 inch.” (Bragg, 1936, 1937.)

13. FOWLER’S TOAD, Bufo fowleri Hinckley (PI. 1, fig. 10)

Range— Schmidt, Myers, Strecker (1926), and others call the B.
americanus of Strecker, Beyer, and others B. fowleri, i. e., the form of

Fig. 3. — Sketches showing characters of the toads, the Bufonidae. 1, Parotoid.
2, Tympanum (ear). 3, Warts at angle of mouth. 4, Gland on femur. 5, Glands
on tibia. 6, Two metatarsal (sole) tubercles. 7, Two metacarpal (palmar)
tubercles. 8. Crests united forming a prominent raised boss between the eyes.
9, Canthus rostralis. 10, Canthal crest. 11, Preorbital crest. 12, Supraorbital
crest. 13, Postorbital crest. 14, Preparotoid crest. 15, Parietal crest. 1 6, Folds
of skin of lower throat of male, covered at periods of rest by the lappet.
17, Lappet or apron at rear of throat of male.

the Gulf Coast, eastern Texas to open plains or central Texas. Others
call it B. woodhousii fowleri. Others pronounce it B. woodhousii.
More material is needed.

Habitat — Beaches, coasts, lake shores, river banks ; in fields, pastures,
gardens, sand dunes, pine barrens.

Breeding — Breeds later than B. americanus from April 15 to mid-
August in shallow water of permanent ponds, flooded low ground,
ditches, rivers, and streams. The eggs are in long files, at first the
eggs in a double row. The small tadpoles, 1.1 inches long, transform
from mid-June to August into frogs about 0.5 inch.

20

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

1 4. AMERICAN TOAD, Bufo americanus Holbrook (PI. 1, fig. 8)

Range — Records east of line from Fort Worth to Burnet and Refugio
counties; along the coast into Louisiana. It is B. vallice ps-like if not
breeding with it.

Habitat — About gardens, cultivated fields, and houses. Under
boards, stones, logs, wood piles, and other cover.

Breeding — They breed from April to August 1 in shallow water of
diverse environments. The eggs are in long spiral tubes. The small
black tadpoles, 1.1 inches long, transform from June 1 to September 1
into frogs 0.25 to 0.5 inch.

15. ROCKY MOUNTAIN TOAD, Bufo woodhousii Girard (PI. 1, fig. 9)
Range — Most records (except for a few) are west of a line from

Cooke County to Waco, Austin, to Victoria. Three records east of 96°
longitude.

Habitat — In gardens, fields, irrigating ditches, along rivers, and
edges of swamps, in canyons, and under shade of many diverse places.
Breeding — They breed from March to August, laying eggs in files,

which have only one jelly tube, like that of B. fowleri. The young
transform from July 1 onward.

16. MARINE TOAD, Bufo marinus (Linne) (PI. 1, fig. 5)

Range — Recorded solely at Zapata, Zapata County, Texas (Taylor
and Wright) .

Habitat — Roadsides, gardens, edges of swamps and woods. Seek
cover under boards, stones, logs, or in burrows of soft earth.

Breeding — Breeding periods vary with different parts of its wide¬
spread range. The eggs are in strings; tadpole black.

17. MEXICAN TOAD, Bufo vallice ps Wiegmann (PI. 1, fig. 4)

Range — Records in eastern and southern Texas, generally south of
33° latitude, i. e., from Henderson and Ellis counties southward to
Sabine River, Brownsville, and mouth of Pecos River.

Habitat — Pinelands of eastern Texas.

Breeding — They breed from March to August in open stretches of
small streams, often in railroad ditches or roadside pools or in damp
gulches. The eggs are often in double rows in each of the two strings.
The black tadpole transforms into a frog 0.3 to 0.5 inch.

Family LEPT OD ACT YLID AE

18. WHITE-JAWED ROBBER FROG, Leptodactylus labialis (Cope) (PI.
3, fig. 3)

Range — Extreme southern Texas in Starr and Hidalgo counties.

AMPHIBIANS OF TEXAS

21

Habitat — Moist meadows, irrigated cane fields, drains, and gutters
in towns, beneath stones, logs, in sandy banks and fields; near streams
and marshy places.

Breeding — A foamy "egg mass containing 86 yellow eggs was found
in a rounded excavation — at the base of a grass hummock afloat from
the water’s edge. The tadpoles 1.3 to 1.6 inches transform from June
onward into frogs 0.5 to 0.6 inch" (Mulaik, 1937).

19. TEXAS CLIFF FROG, Eleutherodactylus latrans (Cope) (PL 3, fig. 2)

Range — Waco to Burnet, Bexar, and Real counties and possibly into
the trans-Pecos country.

Habitat — Limestone ledges of the cliffs that front Edwards Plateau.
In rock walls of gorges or on mountainous slopes. Reported also from
caves.

Breeding — Breed probably from February to May and doubtless lay
their eggs in moist rain-filled cracks, crevices, or caves. The large

Fig. 4. — Sketches showing characters of robber frogs, the Leptodactylidae.

I, Ventral disk. 2, Dorso-lateral fold. 3, Lateral folds. 4, Transverse
(T-shaped) disks. 5, Subarticular tubercles, sharp and sawtoothed. 6, Brachium
(upper arm). 7, Antebrachium (forearm). 8, Femur. 9, Tibia. 10, Heel.

II, Tarsus. 12, Foot.

eggs indicate that the whole development takes place in the egg and
that a fully formed small cliff frog issues therefrom.

20. MARNOCK’S FROG, Syrrhophus marnockii Cope (PI. 3, fig. 7)

Range — Records from Travis, Hays, and Bexar counties.

Habitat — In cracks, crevices, caves in limestone ledges of the hills
and ravines, under flat stones.

Breeding — They breed apparently in spring. The eggs have not been
described. There is doubtless no tadpole stage.

21. CAMP’S FROG, Syrrhophus camp't Stejneger (PL 3, fig. 6)

Range — Southern Texas. Recorded from Cameron and Hidalgo
counties.

22

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Habitat — In moist earth under board, brick, or stone piles, under
walks, or any cover of yard, field, grass, or brush.

Breeding — They breed from April to May or later. The eggs (6-12)
are very large, and the whole larval development is doubtless within
the egg.

Family HYLIDAE

22. CRICKET FROG, Acris gryllus crepitans Baird (PI. 2, fig. 6)

Range — Sabine River to trans-Pecos ; Panhandle to southern Texas.
Habitat — In meadows, creeks, bayous, and ponds ; in open areas along
wooded edges ; abundant in numerous habitats.

Breeding — They breed from February to October. The single eggs
are brownish and white. The dark-olive tadpoles, 1.7 inches long,
transform from April to October into frogs 0.4 to 0.6 inch.

Fig. 5. — Sketches showing essential characters of the tree frogs, the Hylidae.
1, Tympanum (ear). 2, Tympanic fold. 3, Snout (nuzzle). 4, Plaits on
throat of male. 5, Pectoral fold across breast. 6, Tarsal fold. 7, Small adhesive
disks. 8, Large adhesive disks. 9, Prepollex. 10, Rear of casque (skin fastened
to skull) outlines rear of head.

23. GREEN TREE FROG, Hyla cinerea (Schneider) (PI. 2, fig. 10)

Range — Eastern Texas, Beaumont to Brownsville, west to Dallas,
Bosque, Burnet, and Real counties.

Habitat. — Swampy edges of water courses; on taller water plants, in
ditches or pools ; on lily pads, trees, bushes, or vines not far from water.

Breeding — They breed from April to August 15. The black, brown
and white, or cream-colored eggs are in small packets or films at or near
surface attached to floating vegetation. The medium tadpoles, 1.6
inches long, transform from July 1 to October into frogs 0.5 to 0.7 inch.

24. SQUIRREL TREE FROG, Hyla squirella Latreille

Range — Records in eastern Texas roughly run from Bowie to Comal,
Bexar, and Goliad counties.

Habitat — In and around buildings; about wells; in bushes, trees, or
vines; in fields and gardens.

Breeding — They breed from April to August in open ponds in the
pine barrens, or in shallow roadside pools. The brown and cream-

AMPHIBIANS OF TEXAS

23

colored eggs are singly laid. The citrine, small, drab tadpoles, 1.25
inches long, transform from June to September into frogs 0.4 inch.

25. CANYON TREE FROG, Hyla areni color Cope (PI. 2, fig. 11)

Range — Records from Yal Verde (Del Rio) to El Paso counties.
Possibly in Panhandle.

Habitat — On rocks, canyon walls, trees, or bushes, in rocky canyons.
Breeding— They breed from March 1 to July 1 in pools in ra¬
vines, canyons, arroyos. The single eggs floating at or near surface or
on the bottom of the pool are attached to leaves. The medium tadpoles,
2 inches long, transform from June 1 to August 15 into a frog 0.6 inch.

26. MEXICAN TREE FROG, Hyla baudinii (Dumeril & Bibron) (PI. 2, fig. 9)
Range— Southern Texas north to Refugio and Bexar counties.

Habitat — -On houses, in meadows, overflow lands, on trees of forests,

in palm groves.

Breeding — They breed in overflowed pools, wet grassy meadows,
overflows or resacas, or streams. The period must be long, though
most records are in June and July. The tadpole history is poorly known.

27. COPE’S TREE FROG, Hyla versicolor chrysoscelis (Cope)

Range — Eastern Texas from Cooke to McLennan, Comal, Bexar to
Refugio counties, and eastward. (This form and pustular form may
be identical.)

Habitat — Wooded stretches along creeks, rivers.

Breeding — They breed from March 15 to July in permanent ponds,
gravel pit pools, stream courses if quiet, water lily marshes, and other
similar locations. The eggs are in films at the surface. The tadpoles
transform from July to September into frogs 0.6 inch.

28. COMMON TREE TOAD, Hyla versicolor versicolor (Le Conte) (PI. 2,
fig. 12)

Range — Eastern edge of Texas, and coast counties from Liberty to
Bexar and Refugio counties.

Habitat — Trees, mossy or lichen-covered stone fences, fruit trees, and
other trees and bushes.

Breeding — They breed from April 30 to August 11 in rain pools,
permanent ponds, stone-quarry pools, and bayous. The brown and
cream-colored eggs are in little packets at the surface. The medium
tadpoles, 2 inches long, transform from June 30 to August into frogs
0.5 to 0.8 inch.

29. PINEY WOODS TREE FROG, Hyla femoralis Latreille

Range — Strecker could find no authentic record in 1915, but Stejneger
and Barbour in 1933 record it. Probably eastern Texas.

24

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Habitat — Trees and shrubs of pine barrens.

Breeding — They breed from April 20 to September 1 in grassy
transient pools at roadside, or in the woods, in cypress ponds or bays,
or lily-covered marshes. The eggs are in small films at the surface.
The small tadpoles, 1.3 inches long, transform from June 15 to October
at 0.5 inch.

30. CLARK’S STRIPED TREE TOAD, Pseudacris nigrita clarkii (Baird)
(PI. 2, fig. 5)

Range — West of line from Dallas to Waco and Victoria, except for
record at Indianola and Galveston.

Habitat — In marshes and many temporary habitats.

Breeding — They breed from March 5 to June 1 in roadside ditches,
shallow waterlily ponds, shallow mesquite ponds, grassy ponds, prairie
ponds, or transient pools. The eggs are in irregular masses attached to
plants. The small grayish-olive tadpoles transform from April 1 to
July 1 into frogs 0.3 to 0.5 inch.

31. STRIPED CRICKET FROG, Pseudacris nigrita triseriata (Wiedemann)
Range — Possibly from northeastern Texas.

Habitat — On low bushes and plants and on the ground.

Breeding — They breed from March 28 to May 20 in ditches, swamps,
or temporary ponds. The eggs are in loosely irregular clusters. The
small tadpoles, 0.95 inch long, transform from June to July into frogs
0.3 to 0.45 inch.

32. TEXAS ORNATE CHORUS FROG, Pseudacris streckeri Wright & Wright
(PI. 2, fig. 7)

Range — Eastern Texas with a western boundary of records from
Tarrant to Coryell, Kendall, and Bandera counties.

Habitat — Moist shady woods, grassy pastures, among grain stalks, or
in cotton fields, or flooded corn fields.

Breeding — They breed from December to late May in roadside
ditches, semi-swampy, springy, rocky branches, hollows in gulches. The
“eggs (are) in small bunches * * * * attached to weeds and water
grasses” (Strecker 1926, p. 11).

33. SONORA TREE FROG, Hyla gracilipes Cope (PL 2, fig. 8)

Range — Stejneger and Barbour credit Hyla eximia to Texas (S. & B.
1933, p. 35).

Habitat — Near water.

Breeding — They breed from June to mid- August in marshy and wet
places. The eggs, not described, were found by Mr. William Chapel
in Arizona. The deep olive and dull citrine tadpoles, 1.95 inches long,
transform from July onward into frogs 0.5 to 0.55 inch.

AMPHIBIANS OF TEXAS

25

Family RANIDAE

34. BULLFROG, Rana catesbeiana Shaw (PL 3, fig. 9)

Range — All over the state in suitable habitats.

Habitat — Strictly aquatic, these frogs seem to prefer small ponds,
hydraulic lakes, reservoirs, tanks, waterlily streams, stump- and brush-
bordered streams or ponds, also marshes.

Breeding — They breed from May to July. The eggs are in a large
surface film (1 to 2.5 feet in diameter). The large olive tadpoles, 4 to
6.6 inches long, from June 1 to September 1 transform into frogs at
1.25 to 2.4 inches.

35. GREEN FROG, Rana clamitans Latreille (PI. 3, fig. 1)

Range — Eastern Texas, records from Bowie to McLennan and Harris
counties, i. e., mainly east of Brazos Valley.

Habitat — Lives in swamps, large and small ponds and pools, and
bayous. Along water courses, edges of all sorts of permanent aquatic
habitats.

Fig. 6. — Sketches showing essential characters of true frogs, the Ranidac.
1, Nostril. 2, Internasal space. 3, Costal (dorso-lateral) fold. 4, Enlarged
thumb of male. 5, Enlarged tympanum of male. 6, Tympanum of female.
7, Tympanic fold. 8, Fleshy fold on jaw. 9, Glandular folds on tibia.
10, Sacral hump. 11, Full webbing of male bullfrog. 12, Narrow interorbital
space. 13, Intertympanic space.

Breeding — They breed from end of May to mid-August. The eggs
are a surface film (usually less than 1 foot in diameter). The large
olive tadpoles, 2.5 inches, transform between April 1 and September
into frogs 0.9 to 1.5 inches.

36. NORTHERN GOPHER FROG, Rana areolata Baird and Girard (PL 3,
fig. 5)

Range — Three records: Galveston, Harris, and Colorado counties.
Northward to Oklahoma and Louisiana mainly east of 96° meridian.

Habitat — More or less nocturnal. Old burrows, crayfish burrows,

26

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

small mammal holes, pasture holes, under stumps, logs, and other
similar places.

Breeding — They breed from March to April and possibly May. The
eggs are in large masses. The tadpoles we have seen, but they are not
yet described. Transformation of the tadpoles begins from June or July
onward, the little frogs being about 1.3 inches.

37. MEADOW FROG, Rana pipiens Schreber (PI. 3, fig. 8)

Range — Mainly west of line from Dallas to Waco, Austin, San
Antonio, San Diego, and southward.

Habitat — Breeds in swampy marshlands, upland backwaters, over¬
flows, ponds, and creeks. In summer they may be in swamplands,
grassy woodlands, moist cultivated fields, and similar locations.

Breeding — They breed from March 25 to June 1. The egg mass is
a plinth. The large tadpoles, 3.4 inches long, transform from June to
August into frogs 0.75 to 1.25 inches.

38. SOUTHERN MEADOW FROG, Rana sphenocephala (Cope) (PL 3 Jig. 4)
Range — Eastern Texas along coast to Refugio County; up some rivers

some distance into central Texas. Some specimens need to be re¬
examined.

Habitat — Cypress ponds, runs, canals, river swamps, overflowed
roads, and ditches. Edges of marshes, small pools, and in creeks.

Breeding — They breed from February to December. The egg mass
is a plinth, submerged. The large tadpoles, 3 inches long, transform
from April to December into little frogs 0.8 to 1.3 inches.

TABLE 2. — Key to Texas species in the order Caudata.
Adults with external gills (permanent larvae).

B. Hind limbs absent; digits 4; pigmented; costal grooves 31-39.

C. Coastal grooves 31-35 rarely 36; breeding females 7.75-15 inches long.

AMPHIBIANS OF TEXAS

27

g>

o

1

<D

H

*5

CO H

.£

ID

£

<u

M-i

00

c

;o

<U

ID

. o

1 rs ©

I

^ G

•3 • «
g

D

l I

Oh S

J3 f

£ £

3 u
£

t'

o

C

G

<D

C

<D

£

00

£

G

ID

Oh

>.

G

O

J2

£

55

•*»

•C^h

£

»-f

w

w

O

o

2

O

u

Q

w

O

H

w

w

(A

X

H

<N

JO

. £

oo s jj

•— < <U -G

3

* c?.2
q a

D

O »
o •" vo
M © O

00 ^ o,

s«.s 3
•Bla> a

to a

G «/>

•“ ftC

<2 C w Tl
Gh .G !> o>
G vo g ui

g ©

a^

.. Oh

•s a

oo

© 3

qj ca

ID

D 00

O __

_ £

csg 2

VO CIS >
M <U

© -G •"
G G

©H C

X o §
a <d g

•£70 3

to VO _

*3 c ”3

•£ ° ID

* © a

© _G uh

G v ©

J a ©
-8 ^*3

s n s
©^ 8
2 ©£
OO-G on

o £

o

G *

CO

rrj <l>

s-s

... G

-G

D

N

G VO
rt . „

G ©
§ ©
-Q 3

G ©
os 00
ID U

X^

w

* Q

°m

M <2

o .tj

m coi

^ .SP

Jo ON

4 °

VO GJ

CO

:§>§>

|5o ci

3 ^

Cm ©

D

V-4 * - •

O 04

"S ©

.O D
>

>H <D

G

Wj H

*3 c

TS

00 .5
<D

« eft

^4

D •
£ rH
M -C

g 3b

g G
O ID

VO — H

ID

00

G

G 3 £ -

C3 Oh w

w

2

o CO

M-l 4-»

a 'S

« 3

•0^1 ’5

<

o

G A

vt ob

3 *73 S3

w

H

«-< co

C+4

^ §

G* vo © >

cij g •© ©

C 00 G

•s'S

g o

•5^0 .H

reft

w e

,©.2 ©

ft?

2 -

2 c; to

.S— © s

M-I cs fe

”2 Jd

C u
oS cu

VO

2 *©

. G W

G h cs

G3

3 *S

cs © G

© .

co

w X *X|

13 ©g: -2

S^*

3 .£
o

2 m*-*©

3 3©©

g ©

I'S

Uh g

H-l .S

U-i

>.£ © o

nil

= '§>
ccJ

rJ

44

al tail

vo

Oh *

G

vi ciS
<D <D

S'*

2^

~ £

© o

G

u

© ffl

G

<

28

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

’-a

— 3 <L>
ci >

‘■5

' q>

’*-( — -j
° 2
jG o

\

8

at

•5 £
2.2

8

at

CO M-l

XJ o
G

d u~\

"3

*o

G

qj

ob^>

G qj

QJ .bj
^ _ G

•»»

<0

^H

G ”8

|s

XI ^

8

O c
*H *-*

u o

_G

*d ^

co 00

ts

— . J3

O,

t/5

O XI

o §

8

d to
CO

2
, cj

M-, *S

8

Gh-G

CO

<s

•M.

-8 2

Oh

G

<U

CO

7!

qj _G

^Sb

2 S

o — '

2x

•G G
1!

(U *-»

u 00

-s 3

xi
G w
3 b{

2 a

qj a>
G co

Si O qj
^ ^ ul

W U
2 £o

S d

DOS

3)^ c
|ff-s

A 2 a,

>-< q» ,3

S 3) 2

> c £
8 2o

«-■ o
h_t g

1 =
-G Ut

"-Q

d X
+-* d
O

qj qj

-O -c

w xi

u. <U
d co

W CO ,

C JJ <«

cu„g

ajj u

x c

£§7

^ O ^

Sf -c S

> CO .-H
8 >» •“

^ |
x-a.S
2 •

O £ d

UiiS

00"

O

S§

is “
Gif!

qj

• ^3
$ 2^

*2 §>^

<U G X
JD O d

2 T3 n

M £ 2

2 ° d

C ’O’s
«2 G U

a, g d

op

O M §

G v*h G
u°

° £X
qj o <u

G 2 JQ

°„ 03 J£ <A
-

* 1^.2
1 dg

o

u

§ 2

QJ G

* X °

5 ^

< JS S •

co w JJ w

S 111
t: j-s
° 3 ^
a, d w |
CO S) OOco

-a J2 *S

d 00
O d G
Vh q>
-Q O-3

s

7 *>j>

<N .tj

H § o

*5 ^*5

•-. d to

* s §

•s-sT.

d 'G x

sf.s

ffl — ,
erf d

2 2

K *

G

O

-O

d

2 •“ .$*

S o

<u_g 5

*-* ’"trf

3c rt ^

£ s

o

•s J S

i

u

-3rf ° ^

U ^

8

jq jy ^

qj O

X W d

-o 5G

. X

W
Q

G •- z

O co <;

G S
u O <

3^fM- ^

y <u

iT-S-S v

2 S3-2 §

<U > co
,n ^ i> o'

3

O '|

. ^

w

M . tc,
*G -<t

2 CO’S ^

M a, o' 0°

a* to jj '*r

<N G

O G

CO

co

<U _
> d

I S

obU

<L»

G <u
"> -2
S|3

<U.h g

G 3 5

o is .8

w s

£ *6
o c

8

at

.«

St

■Kk

o

o

(U

*-4 qj Prf

d n W
^ *d S

& qj

*3 6

oo d

q J to

.8 -G

•s ^
^ "8

q> ch
-Q O
2 6

G-JO
d . „

*H< s
©■§
H xi

d 1/1 ™

2

o o -Q

^ Mi d

W

Black or brown with 10—15 broad yellow crossbands on top of head, body
and tail; length 5.5-8 inches.

(50. Annulated salamander, Amby stoma annulatum)

AMPHIBIANS OF TEXAS

29

oo

S ««

O <D

g-6

s.s

'£•5
* g>

u oj
pS — 1

-ft to
_ <L>

•S3

VH «*

°

d4 rt

s §

cu

•s

<u

OJ

O

a

<u

-c

a,

S

u w Q
_D flj w
,X2 03

w u §

>-S 2

o'o £

i<T>

CO

8 S
I

00 —

2 ^
rH i

SJ 13

8 sb

&5

o*3

(N «

o

§ 2

o -S

O 3

obS
_ <u

pS G

S 5P
o ^

u 2

O

'TO

<u

cu

o

1 13

£

i-*** J*

3 2 |

*° M U

•- o

^4

ps

u G< -G

3 - £

-n to 2
. <u ft
o

§§M
“ &3

3 £

to

— <U

a _c

.ro t 1

*u

PS

o

3 iT3S

■rs-g^,

CO ,

ss ^

-S

?

&o

c>

g

Q

Z

o

H

2

-Q

»H

O «-M

<u "to
w G
O °

<u

Is s

r-

7

fTi

i—l

lO

8 «;

o g

l-l -G
00—
_ T3

a 8

W W5

ft 8
U a,

-G

(U

•6

pS

pS

<U

d

I

o

H

H 4J

6 X! £
Uh.SPS
O — JD

«° u

G£o
PS o o

w
.d
<u g

> a

O e4
-8 «

a

ii’s -

<D 3

3 a

OJ

.£P3 ^

t_4 £W a,

-G

s g

u TO

1j

co

3 CO

O <D

-T
* -

j*s _LT
JJ'u
3

J3-&

d e
3 o

MMs 1

to PS

O *8

o.i

1/3 G
H3 3
2 &•

"o'3

<u 4-1

^ <y •«

O .tJ to

«-* ft <u

•sis

o-o "g

■ c c/>
* 8
'o S3 ft
33 &
j?“* g
§ g 8

| to t

O 4-» <U

*3 &•*

<u ^8
c w >
— -ft ft
w 00 ft

to • • -
” C («
O 1) W
Oh O
to to +-1
<L>

<U G -G

.G -5 <u

d *j to
*t*i (U to

s s a

J= s &

.ts , ecS

^ O c

■3 8 |
33 £

n to <u

<U o
d « to

3t3 >
<u o

S.s 2

^ CO

ri 2 PS

3

<L) ’

— . 1
.00

3 3
3 ^

oo U

o u

ir>

r-H <U ^

I 3 M

^ 53 o

O ft G
2 | 8s?
oog-ft^

3^ >/S

co qj *q3 5P

° 0-3 J

?s

Oo

s»

o

-S5

X

JJ. Costal grooves 15-17; black with dorsum more or less red and
sides spotted with white; throat white; 1-4 costal grooves
between appressed toes; length 3-4.5 inches. (Rich Mt.,
Polk Co., Ark.; LeFlore Co., Okla.

(55. Ouachita salamander, Plethodon ouachitae)

HH. Tongue mushroom-like, free all around, central pedicel present.

I. Costal grooves 14 or 15; color orange or red; spots scattered over
whole dorsum, sides and tail, not in stripes; appressed toes meeting
or with 1 costal groove between; length 2.2-6.75 inches.

(56. Spotted-tailed salamander, Eurycea lucifuga)

30

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

(U

g tj

g .S

-G ^5

Vi

K

Is

u

© O
£ 6
g vi
G3 <L>
W .CL,

p <3

O «h — I

. „ ca

X}* 03

T-t—? O
^0-0
O 2 -d

u

J* c
u

'S +3 ^

g c -S

^ ° t-

O Vi Si

35 £ §

JQ

60 -H 8

§ S

<3 \p .

fs ^ tfl ^

§ t*
m ~ a ^

o s m

00

g G

^ ^ <3 (N
2^ .
Sjc ^

U

a -p §

o I 17
(.«■> 2

m. •£ a

°g>5
I -a S

^ ^ m

w, >

O.g <
0, S u

C if w

3 - 6 *
O -3 «» g

Pl ca qj w

K 2 O W
• O £
r- 'Ona
£, -O " H
5(3^
o g; 06

2 S'-"-

§ o
<u Y>

£ o

^ •
u, ««
t/) ^ fli

«-§.£
> u (_»

O G

g <U ■”

ST

O ir\

c a

« B

.35 g M
«»o tJ -JQ
?§ -°-G

C* .2

o ^
o o

O »H

1

i/-\

O o •

U u, H
Q

ir\ .G

. 3 OG
VO ^ g

^ <L» ’ 1

s sfe

^ C 0:5
o O s
o

&iT n
8m •«

1-t

o « o

U

•--a u
a g~o
o t3 c
0/3 0

i/i £3 O

Vi u,

^ G 00

3 8^

3^-h
o £
.G C _0

’> rp 13
^ a >>

•W

<u C

| § «
£ g o.

. „ <3

VTI oj

Vi

> §

O

o •-

*h ai

ojq 55

oj

■3*°

a.i

O i
Oh t

c <u
o x:

U U

; m
I

' (TV

T

u, co

g 2

•— t rv <U

«

^TJ.SS

> QJ ^
l> CO . ^

^QJ <U

-O' Si >

s

CQ rt ca

'5b O

S

AMPHIBIANS OF TEXAS

31

TEXAS SPECIES IN THE ORDER CAUDATA

39. DWARF SIREN, Siren intermedia Le Conte

Range — ''Southern United States and northern Mexico, as far north
as Arkansas . . . . (Noble and Marshall). They definitely name
Upson, Maverick County, as one locality.

Habitat — See S. lacertina Linne.

Breeding — The eggs are laid in March and April and the outer
capsule is about one-half the diameter (4.4 mm.) of that of S. lacertina
(Noble and Marshall).

40. GREAT SIREN, Siren lacertina Linne

Range — Eastern Texas. Records from Dallas to Waco, San Antonio,
and up Rio Grande to mouth of Pecos River or farther.

Habitat — Nocturnal. In debris, mud and vegetation, and other

cover, in or near roadside ditches, marshes, ponds, lakes.

Breeding — The eggs, 0. 3-0.4 inch in diameter, are laid singly or in
small groups in the habitats above.

41. TEXAS BLIND SALAMANDER, Typhlomolge rathbuni Stejneger
Range — Ezell’s and Beaver caves, Johnson’s Well, all of Purgatory

Creek system, San Marcos, Hays County. Uhlenhuth reports it from
Burnet Cave in Kendall County, Twin Sister Mt. in Hays County, and
from near Ozona in Crockett County. Specimens from these and
other localities are needed.

Habitat — Subterranean. In water caves, wells, underground springs.
Breeding — No data.

4 la. NEOTENIC SALAMANDER, Eurycea neotenes Bishop and Wright
Range — Type locality, "Culebra Creek, 5 miles north of Helotes,
Bexar County”. We have seen specimens in the leafy mats along the
edges of Helotes Creek (H. A. & A. A. Wright) and one is reported
from a cave near Boerne (R. D. & Ellen Quillin) .

Habitat — Larvae were taken over bedrock at the foot of a wooded
ridge, and the water was shallow, except in small pools 12 to 18 inches.

Breeding — Externally larvae with gills, but sexually mature. Do they
ever transform? In body form, color, and pattern they resemble the
two-lined salamander, Eurycea bislineata bislineata.

42. THREE-TOED CONGO EEL, Amphiuma tridactylum Cuvier

Range — Probably in extreme eastern and coastal Texas. Taken in
Bowie County and in several places across state border in Louisiana.

Habitat — Wet swampy meadows, ditches, alluvial swamp lands in
crayfish networks.

Breeding — Eggs laid in rosary strings either on land or in water.

32

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

4 3. TEXAS NEWT, Tri turns meridionalis (Cope)

Range — We have seen specimens from San Benito, Harlingen,
Helotes (type, locality), San Antonio, San Diego, and Brazos River,
and it is reported (Cope, type description) from Matamoras, Mexico.

Habitat — Lives on land or in still water, slowly flowing streams,
ponds, roadside ditches, or pools in marshlands.

Breeding — Nothing on record concerning its breeding habits. From
account by H. G. M. Jopson.

44. LOUISIANA NEWT, Triturus viridescens louisianensis (Walterstorff )
Range — Texas specimens from Velasco, Victoria, Collecto Creek, and

Fall County have been examined.

Habitat — Much the same as for T. meridionalis or T. viridescens
viridescens.

Breeding — The life history of this form is poorly known; doubtless
like that of T. viridescens viridescens. From account by H. G. M.
Jopson.

45. MOLE SALAMANDER, Amby stoma talpoideum (Holbrook)

Range — Hypothetical for Texas. Taken just across Sabine River in
Louisiana.

Habitat — Lives in damp places below logs, stones, and stumps,
in bases of trees; around ponds. A burrower.

Breeding — Eggs not described. Larvae have been found in ditches
and ponds.

46. SPOTTED SALAMANDER, Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw)

Range — Only positive record from Bowie County in northeastern
Texas. "Between Indianola-El Paso" (Cope). We have seen one
in Edinburg school collection. (Is it Texan?)

Habitat — Lives under stones, in stumps, logs, cellars, and similar
locations.

Breeding — Breed in ponds. They lay from 100 to 250 eggs in
several masses from February to April and transform from the last
of July to October.

47. MARBLED SALAMANDER, Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst)

Range — Records east of line from Wichita County to McLennan,

San Jacinto, and Liberty counties, i. e., roughly east of Brazos River.
Habitat — Under logs, slaps of wood.

Breeding — Breed on land near ponds or streams, in swampy or sandy
region. Eggs (50 to 150 in all) separate, gelatinous, rubbery ; laid
in September under bark, logs, on ground, near ponds. Larvae washed
into pool or hatched in water and transform from April 1 to May or
June at 1.9 to 2.2 inches in length.

AMPHIBIANS OF TEXAS

33

48. JEFFERSON’S SALAMANDER, Amhy stoma ieffersonianum (Green)

Range — Hypothetical for Texas. Taylor records it in extreme south¬
west Arkansas at Lewisville, Lafayette County.

Habitat — Under logs, in stumps, beneath stones, debris, and other
cover.

Breeding — Breeds in ponds, slow streams, and other similar wet
places. The eggs are in masses laid earlier than those of A. maculatum,
i. e., February to April. The larvae transform at 1.5 to 3 inches in
length.

49. TIGER SALAMANDER, Ambystoma tigrinum (Green)

Range — Most of the records are west of a line from Wise and
Tarrant counties to Burnet, Bexar, and Brooks counties. Easternmost
record, Henderson County.

Habitat — In burrows, holes of animals, under logs, stones, stone
walls, drains, stables, rubbish heaps.

Breeding — They breed in still water, prairie, woodland or roadside
ponds and ditches, cattle tanks. Eggs laid in bunches February 15 to
April 1 or later. The larvae transform at varying sizes and seasons,
and some breed as larvae.

50. ANNULATED SALAMANDER, Ambystoma annulatum Cope

Range — Hypothetical for Texas. Missouri to Hot Springs, Arkansas.

Habitat — Under logs, in crayfish holes, under debris and other cover.

Breeding — "They deposit their eggs on the ground, under logs or
among masses of decayed wood” in March. "The eggs are never in
strings but are always separate, .... (Strecker and Combs). It "lays
its eggs in water after rains in September” (Noble and Marshall).

51. TEXAS SALAMANDER, Ambystoma texanum (Matthes)

Range — Eastward from the Panhandle to Burnet, Bexar, and Refugio
counties, i. e., eastern Texas.

Habitat — In crayfish and animal burrows, under rocks, logs, around
ponds.

Breeding — Eggs laid in bunches in water (ponds, ditches, marshy
places, gravel pits) from late January to April 25. Transformation
of larvae, 1.5 to 2.2 inches, comes from mid- April to late June.

52. MANY-RIBBED SALAMANDER, Eurycea multi plicata (Cope)

Range — Pertinent records of Missouri, Little Rock, Arkansas, through
Red River, eastern Oklahoma, to Jemez Mts. in New Mexico makes
it possible in Texas. U. S. National Museum has an accession card
from San Marcos River, Texas, (U. S. Fish Commission) with notation
"Lost in transit”.

34

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Habitat — Under rocks in water, at edges of springs or their rivulets,
in caves or streams from underground sources.

Breeding — Not much information or record.

53. BRIMLEY’S TRITON, Desmognathus brimleyorum Stejneger

Range — Pertinent records extend from southeast Oklahoma to Waco,
Texas.

Habitat — Under planks, logs, rocks, in damp woods near water
(Strecker and Combs).

Breeding — In August and early September female lays 30 to 36 eggs
in strings and deposits them under logs or decaying wood near water
(Strecker and Combs).

54. SLIMY SALAMANDER, Plethodon glutinosus (Green)

Range — Eastern Texas, most of the records from McLennan County
to Bexar, Medina, and Real counties.

Habitat — Moist humus, damp moss banks, shady ravines, rocky talus,
forest molds, fallen logs, caves.

Breeding — Not well known. Eggs recorded were laid from July to
August. In most places the eggs are laid deep in rocky talus, shale,
or rock wall possibly earlier than mid-summer.

55. OUACHITA SALAMANDER, Plethodon ouachitae Dunn and Heinze

Range — Hypothetical for Texas. At Rich Mt. east of Page in
Le Flore County, Oklahoma, and Rich Mt. in Polk County, Arkansas.
Habitat — "Moist, densely shaded, rocky ravine of northern exposure.”
Breeding — No data.

56. SPOTTED-TAILED SALAMANDER, Eurycea lucifuga Rafinesque
Range — Hypothetical for Texas. Nearest state record in Arkansas.
Habitat — A cave species, under moss, bits of rock near or just within

a cave’s entrance. Occasionally under logs, under slabs on side of
gullies, a mile or more from caves and cave springs.

Breeding — Eggs and mating not recorded. Eggs possibly laid in
December or January. Banta and McAtee described the larvae and
state they live as larvae from 12 to 15 months. Transformation at
55 to 58 mm.

57. HOLBROOK’S SALAMANDER, Eurycea gutto-lineata (Holbrook)

Range — Hypothetical in Texas ; known in Louisiana.

Habitat — Under debris and cover, in springy ditches or in logs, under
stones in oozy spots or along springy banks of streams or even rivers.
Breeding — Larvae known, but eggs undescribed.

AMPHIBIANS OP TEXAS

35

58. STEJNEGER’S CAVE SALAMANDER, Eurycea melanopleura (Cope)
Range — Hypothetical in Texas ; known in extreme southwest

Arkansas. Verbal reports of it from caves of Texas, but no scientific
publication of such records.

Habitat — In caves, in twilight regions and mouths of caves, under
rocks at margins of springy pools.

Breeding— -Breeding habits little known.

59. DWARF SALAMANDER, Eurycea quadridigitata quadridigitata (Hol¬
brook)

Range — All records east of Trinity River, but doubtless along many
cypress-bordered rivers of coast.

Habitat — Under logs, rubbish, planks, bark, at, near, or in ponds,
marshes, leaf -strewn rivulets, springy trickles and oozy spots.

Breeding — Eggs laid singly or in small groups in mid-winter,
December 20 to February. Eggs scattered among decaying leaves in
water. Larvae transform from May onward at 0.5 to 0.75 inch.

Is F. C. Test’s "6. Spelerpes bilineatus Green. One very small
specimen was secured, shell possessing gills and cirri. It is quite
dark .... Museum No. 17700, Neches River, 14 miles below Palestine,
Texas, Nov. 24, 1891” E. quadridgitata, E. bislineata, or some other
form of Eurycea?

60. FOUR-TOED SALAMANDER, Hemidactylium scutatum (Schlegel)

Range — Hypothetical in Texas. "Canada to Texas” (S. Garman,

1884). Dunn gives Texas on basis of "Texas, no locality, 3 (MCZ
No. 206)”. Possibly in eastern or coastal Texas.

Habitat — On hillsides, in moist woodlands, around pools, swamps,
logs.

Breeding — From mid-April to mid-May they lay their eggs in
sphagnum moss or in similar moist cover near or over water. They
transform when about 0.6 to 0.8 inch.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES

PLATE I

Figures — Page

1. Couch’s spadefoot (No. 6), Scaphiopus couchii Baird . . . 17

2. Great Plains toad (No. 12), Bufo cognatus (Say) . . . 19

3. Spadefoot toad (No. 9), Bufo compactilis Wiegmann . 18

4. Mexican toad (No. 17), Bufo valliceps Wiegmann . 20

5. Marine toad (No. 16), Bufo marinus (Linne) . 20

6. Canyon toad (No. 11), Bufo punctatus Baird and Girard . 18

7. Little green toad (No. 10), Bufo debilis Girard....... . 18

8. American toad (No. 14), Bufo americanus Holbrook . 20

9. Rocky Mountain toad (No. 15), Bufo woodhousii Girard . . . 20

10. Fowler’s toad (No. 13), Bufo fowleri Hinckley... . 19

PLATE II

1. Taylor’s toad (No. 1), Hypopachus cuneus Cope . 16

2, 3. Texas narrow-mouthed toad (No. 2), Microhyla olivacea (Hallowell) 16
lowell) . . . 1 . 16

4. Narrow-mouthed toad (No. 3), Microhyla carolinensis (Holbrook).... 16

5. Clark’s striped tree frog (No. 30), Pseudacris nigrita clarkii (Baird).. 24

6. Cricket frog (No. 22), Acris gryllus crepitans Baird . 22

7. Texas ornate chorus frog (No. 32), Pseudacris streckeri Wright and

Wright . 24

8. Sonora tree frog (No. 33), Hyla gracilipes Cope . 24

9. Mexican tree frog (No. 26), Hyla baudinii (Dumeril and Bibron).... 23

10. Green tree frog (No. 23), Hyla cinerea (Schneider) . 22

11. Canyon tree frog (No. 25), Hyla arenicolor Cope . 23

12. Common tree toad (No. 28), Hyla versicolor versicolor (Le Conte).. 23

PLATE III

1. Greeen frog (No. 35), Rana clamitana Latreille . 25

2. Texas cliff frog or barking frog (No. 19), Eleutherodactylus latrans

Cope . 21

3. White-jawed robber frog (No. 18), Leptodactylus labialis (Cope).... 20

4. Southern meadow frog (No. 38), Rana sphenocephala (Cope) . 26

5. Northern gopher frog (No. 36), Rana areolata Baird and Girard . 25

6. Camp’s frog (No. 21), Syrrhophus campi Stejneger . 21

7. Marnock’s frog (No. 20), Syrrhophus marnockii Cope . 21

8. Meadow frog (No. 37), Rana pipiens Schreber . 26

9. Bullfrog (No. 34), Rana catesbeiana Shaw . 25

Transactions of Texas Academy of Science, Vol. XXI

Plate I

T ransactions of Texas Academy of Science, Vol. XXI

Plate I

12

Transactions of Texas Academy of Science, Vol. XXI

Plate II

2

1

9

INDEX

Acris gryllus crepitans... . . . 12, 22

Ambystoma annulatum . 28, 33

jeffersonianum . . . — - 28, 33

maculatum . 28, 32

opacum . . 28, 32

talpoideum . . . — - 28, 32

texanum . . . — - 29, 33

tigrinum . 28, 33

American toad . . . - 10, 20

Amphiuma tridactylum . 27, 31

Annulated salamander...— . . . 28, 33

Brimley's triton........... . . 29, 34

Bufo americanus americanus . 10, 20

cognatus . — — - . 9, 19

compactilis . - 9, 18

debilis . — — . 9, 18

fowleri . . . - . - . 10, 19

marinus . 10, 20

punctatus . - . 9, 18

valliceps . 10, 20

woodhousii . - 10, 20

Bufonidae . . — . - 8, 18

Bullfrog . . . 14, 25

Camp’s frog.... . - . 11, 21

Canyon toad . 9, 18

Canyon tree frog—. . 12, 23

Caudata . . . - . 27, 31

Clark’s striped cricket frog (tree

toad) . . . . 13, 24

Couch’s spadefoot . 8, 17

Cricket frog...... . . . 12, 22

Cope’s tree frog . 13, 23

Desmognathus brimleyorum . 29, 34

Dwarf salamander . 30, 35

Dwarf siren . 27, 31

Eleutherodactylus latrans . 11,21

Eurycea gutto-lineata . 30, 34

lucifuga . . . 30, 34

melanopleura . 30, 35

multiplicata . 29, 33

neotenes . . . 27, 31

quadridigitatus quadridigita-

tus . . 30, 35

Four-toed salamander . 30, 35

Fowler’s toad . 10, 19

Great Plains toad . 9, 19

Great siren..... . 27, 31

Green frog . 15, 25

Green tree frog . 12, 22

Hammond’s spadefoot . . . 8, 17

Hemidactylium scutatum . 30, 35

Holbrook’s salamander . 30, 34

Hurter’s spadefoot . 8, 18

Hyla arenicolor . — 12, 23

baudinii . 12, 23

cinerea cinerea . 12, 22

femoralis . . . - . 13, 23

gracilipes . 14, 24

squirella . . 12, 22

versicolor chrysoscelis . 13, 23

versicolor versicolor.... . 13, 23

Hylidae 11,22

Hypopachus cuneus . 7, 16

Jefferson’s salamander... . . 28, 33

Leptodactylidae . . 11, 20, 21

Leptodactylus labialis . 11, 20

Little green toad . . . 9, 18

Louisiana newt . . . ... 27, 32

Many-ribbed salamander............ 29, 33

Marbled salamander . 28, 32

Marine toad... . . . 10, 20

Marnock’s frog . . . 11, 21

Meadow frog.. . . . 15, 26

Mexican toad..... . 10, 20

Mexican tree frog.. . . . ... 12, 23

Microhyla areolata... . . 7, 17

carolinensis . 7, 16

olivacea . 7, 16

Microhylidae . 7, 16

Mitchell’s narrow-mouthed toad 7, 17

Mole salamander... . 28, 32

Narrow-mouthed toad . 7, 16

Neotenic salamander . 27, 31

Northern gopher frog . . 15, 25

Ouachita salamander . 29, 34

Piney woods tree frog . 13, 23

Plethodon glutinosus . 29, 34

ouachitae . 29, 34

Pseudacris nigrita clarkii . 13, 24

nigrita triseriata . . . 13, 24

streckeri . 14, 24

Rana areolata . . . 15, 25

catesbiana . 14, 25

clamitans . . 15, 25

pipiens pipiens . . . 15, 26

sphenocephala . 15, 26

Ranidae . 14, 25

Robber frogs..... . 11, 20

Rocky Mountain toad . 10, 20

Salientia . 7, 16

Scaphiopus couchii . 8, 17

hammondi . 8, 17

holbrookii holbrookii . 8, 18

holbrookii hurterii... . 8, 18

Scaphiopodidae . 8, 17

Siren intermedia . . . 27, 31

lacertina . . . 27, 31

Slimy salamander . 29, 34

Solitary spadefoot . 8, 18

Sonora tree frog . 14, 24

Southern meadow frog . 15, 26

Spadefoot toad . . . 9, 18

Spadefoots . . 8, 17

Spotted salamander . 28, 32

Spotted-tailed salamander . 30, 34

Squirrel tree frog..... . 12, 27

Stejneger’s cave salamander . 30, 35

Striped cricket frog . 13, 24

INDEX — Continued

Syrrhophus campi . 11,

marnockii . 11,

Taylor’s toad. . . . 7,

Texas blind salamander . 27,

Texas cliff frog . 11,

Texas narrow-mouthed toad...... 7,

Texas newt . 27,

Texas salamander . 29,

Texas ornate chorus frog. . . 14,

Three-toed congo eel . . . 27,

Tiger salamander . 28, 33

Toads . . . 8, 18

Tree frogs . . . . . 11,22

Tree toad . 13, 23

Triturus meridionalis . . 27, 32

viridescens louisianensis . 27, 32

True frogs . . . 14, 25

Typhlomolge rathbuni . 27, 31

White-lipped frog.. . 11,20

21

21

16

31

21

16

32

33

24

31

.

/ Ns,