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TRANSACTIONS 


OF THE 


CONNECTICUT ACADEMY 


ARTS AND SCIENCES. 
VOLUME I. 
NEW HAVEN: 


PUBLISHED BY, THE ACADEMY. 


PRINTED BY TUTTLE, MOREHOUSE & TAYLOR 


1866 To 1871. 


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CON LENeseor VOL. I, PART 1. 


PAGE 
Art. I1—A RecisTeER oF THE AvuRoRA Boreratis AT NEw 


Haven, Conn., From Marcu, 1837, ro May, 1854. By 

Epwarp C. Herrick, Liprarian oF YALE CoLiecs,-_-_-- 9 
EXTRACTS FROM AN AURORAL REGISTER KEPT aT NEW 

Haven, Conn., By Mr. Francis BRADLEY,..-..__--.__- 139 


Arr. IL—Norices oF AURORAS EXTRACTED FROM THE METEOR- 
OLOGICAL JOURNAL or Rey. Ezra Strives, §.T.D., FORMERLY 
PRESIDENT OF YALE COLLEGE ; TO WHICH ARE ADDED, No- 
TICES OF A FEW OTHER AURORAS RECORDED BY OTHER 
OBSERVERS, AT Nrw Haven, CONN., COLLECTED AND 
ARRANGED BY Pror. Extas Loomts, 


Art. II].—On Brekxker’s DicamMatTEep Text oF Homer. By 
Pins dn oils Be i oe ee ee ee ee 173 


Art. 1V.—Own THE Mean TEMPERATURE, AND ON THE FLuctUu- 
ATIONS OF TEMPERATURE, AT NEw Haven, Conn., Lat. 
41° 18’ N., Lone. 72° 55’ W. or GreEnwicu. By Pro- 
FEssors Ex1as Loomis anp H. A. Newron,._-_-__-- ._-- 194 


ope 


Seen is OF VOL. F, PART 2, 


ArT. V.—NoTES*‘on THE RADIATA IN THE Museum oF YALE 
CoLLEGE, witH DEscRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND 
SEBEtG) . bY WenOn As Hy ViRRILL,. ...---<-----=- 247 


No. 1.—Derscriptions oF NEW STARFISHES FROM NEW 
ERAT AGN|() Eee eee ee On ye SS es Se ee 247 


No, 2.—NotTEs oN THE EcHINODERMS OF PANAMA AND 
West Coast oF AMERICA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW 
niga AN SBNOUHG. = 92 22822. 242582252. 4. -- = 251 


CONTENTS. 


No. 3.—On THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE 
EcuINoDERMS OF THE West Coast OF AMERICA,.. -- 


CoMPARISON OF THE TRopIcAL EcHINODERM—F AUN 
oF THE East anD West Coasts oF AMERICA, 


No. 4.—NoricE oF THE CorALs AND ECHINODERMS COL- 
LECTED BY Pror. C. F, Hartt, ar THE ABROLHOS REEFs, 
Province oF Banta, Braz, 1867, 


No. 5.—Noricr oF A CoLLecTION OF ECHINODERMS FROM 
La Paz, Lower Catirornia, wirh DESCRIPTIONS OF A 
NEW GENUS, 


SuPpPLEMENTARY NoTE ON ECHINODERMS OF THE WEST 
Coast oF AMERICA, 


No. 6.—REVIEW OF THE CoRALS AND POLYPS OF THE 
West Coast oF AMERICA, 


No. 7.—On THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE 
Portyrs oF THR West Coast OF AMERICA, 


No. 8.—AppirTionaL OBSERVATIONS ON ECHINODERMS, 
CHIEFLY FROM THE Pacrric Coast oF AMERICA, 


No. 9.—On THE EcurInopERM—FAUNA OF THE GULF OF 
CALIFORNIA AND Caper St. Lucas, 


PAGE 


351 


568 


593 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


In the year 1799, several gentlemen in New Haven formed a So- 
ciety for the promotion of useful knowledge, under the name of the 
Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences; and in October of the 
same year, obtained from the Legislature of the State, an Act of 
Incorporation. Under this charter, a copy of which is subjoined, 
the Academy was fully organized, and has continued in active ope- 
ration to the present time. 

One important object proposed by the founders of the Association, 
was to collect materials for a statistical account of the State of Con- 
necticut. This object was partially accomplished. A large amount 
of statistical facts were collected and a portion of them were pub- 
lished. 

The main design of the Association was, however, the general pro- 
motion of the arts and sciences; and in compliance with this design, 
several papers on philosophical subjects were from time to time pre- 
sented to the Academy, and some of them were selected for publi- 
cation. In the year 1810 was issued Part I of an octavo volume, 
embracing seventeen short memoirs in various departments of science ; 
and in subsequent years, eight other memoirs were added, making 
together an octavo volume of 412 pages. Besides this, the Academy 
also published some statistics of the State of Connecticut. 

After the establishment of the American Journal of Science in 
1819, by Professor Benjamin Silliman, the Academy judged it inex- 
pedient to continue the publication of memoirs in a separate form, 
and henceforth such papers as were read at its meetings, and were 
considered worthy of publication, were given to the public through 


the medium of the Journal of Science. This practice has continued 


4 


to the present time. But within the last few years it was found that 
the Academy had at its command a considerable amount of scientific 
materials, which were thought worthy of publication, and which did 
not seem suited to the pages of an ordinary scientific journal. It was 
therefore proposed that the Academy should resume its practice of 
independent publication, and through the liberal subscriptions of 
several gentlemen of New Haven, the means of doing this have been 
provided. The Part now issued forms but half of a volume which it 
is intended before long to complete; a portion of the materials for 


the remainder of the volume being nearly ready for the printer. 


AN ACT 


To INCORPORATE THE CoNNEcTICUT ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 


Whereas literary Societies have been found to promote, diffuse and preserve 
the knowledge of those Arts and Sciences which are the support of Agriculture, 
Manufactures and Commerce, and to advance the dignity, virtue and happiness of 
a people: Therefore, 

Be it enacted by the Governor and Council, and House of Representatives, in 
General Court assembled, That Timothy Dwight, James Dana, Zephaniah Swift, 
John Allen, David Daggett, Jesse Root, Jolin C. Smith, Isaac Beers, Nathaniel 
Smith, Elijah Munson, Josiah Meigs, Enoch Perkins, Jeremiah Atwater, 4th, John 
Barker, Elias Shipman, Noah Webster, Jr., Simeon Baldwin, Elizur Goodrich, 
Obadiah Hotchkiss, Jr., Timothy Pitkin, Jr., Theodore Dwight, Abraham Bishop, 
Ashur Miller, Stephen Titus Hosmer, James Hillhouse, Jeremiah Wadsworth, 
Pierpont Edwards, Isaac Mills, Eli Whitney, John Davenport, John Bowden, Bela 
Hubbard, Jonathan O. Moseley, Jonathan Sturgiss, Elizuar Wright, Jeremiah 
Townsend, Jr., Jared Mansfield, John Marsh, Nathan Perkins, Levi Hart, John 
Treadwell, Oliver Ellsworth, Jonathan Trumbull, and Eneas Munson, and their 
associates, be, and they hereby are formed into, constituted and made a body 
politic and corporate, by the name of “ The Connecticut Academy of Arts and 
Sciences,” and by that name, they and their successors shall and may have per- 
petual succession; shal] be capable of sueing and being sued, pleading and being 
impleaded, in all suits, of what nature soever; may have a Common Seal, and 
may alter the same at pleasure; and may also purchase, receive, hold and convey 
any estate, real or personal; provided that the annual income of such estate shall 
not exceed one thousand dollars. 

2d. And be it further enacted, That the said Academy may, from time to time, 
elect a President and a Keeper of Records, which Keeper of Records shall be sworn 
to a faithful discharge of his trust; and such other officers as they may find nec- 
essary or convenient; may elect additional members, provided the whole number 
of members resident in this State shall never exceed two hundred, nor ever be 
less than forty. And the said Academy may make by-laws respecting the num- 
ber, qualifications and duties of their Officers; the mode of election and admis- 
sion of members; the time, place and manner of holding their meetings; and the 
number necessary to make a quorum, and all other by-laws which they may deem 
necessary for the due regulation of said Society, not repugnant to the laws of the 
State or of the United States; and may annex reasonable pecuniary fines and 
penalties, for the breach of such by-laws, not exceeding ten dollars for one offence. 

3d. And be it further enacted, That the first meeting of said Academy be held, 
at the State House in New Haven, on the fourth Tuesday of instant October. 

4th. And be it further enacted, That this Act, or any part thereof, if found inad- 
equate or inconvenient, may be altered, amended, or repealed. 


Passed on the second Thursday of October, A.D. 1799. 


OFFICERS OF THE ACADEMY. 


President, 
CHESTER 8. LYMAN. 


Vice President, 
ELIAS LOOMIS. 


Recording Secretary, 
HUBERT A. NEWTON. 


Librarian, 
ADDISON VAN NAME, 


Treasurer, 
HENRY C, KINGSLEY. 


Corresponding Secretaries, 
WILLIAM A. NORTON, 
BENJAMIN SILLIMAN, 
LEONARD J. SANFORD, 
HUBERT A. NEWTON, ex officio. 


Councillors, 


ALEXANDER C. TWINING, ELI W. BLAKE, 


BENJAMIN SILLIMAN, 


HUBERT A. NEWTON. 


Committee of Publication, 


ELIAS LOOMIS, JAMES D, DANA, 


CHESTER 8. LYMAN, 
HUBERT A. NEWTON, 


GEORGE J. BRUSH. 


WILLIAM D. WHITNEY, 


WILLIAM D. WHITNEY, 
DANIEL C. GILMAN, 


Introductory notice to Herrich’s Auroral Register by Professors 
Elias Loomis and H. A. Newton, to whom the editing of Mr. 
Herrick’s observations was committed. 


Epwarp ©. Herrick was born in New Haven, Feb. 24th, 1811. 
His advantages for early education were good, and they were faith- 
fully improved; but a chronic inflammation of the eye-lids prevented 
his receiving a collegiate education, which he always lamented as a 
disadvantage. 

At the age of about sixteen he became a clerk in a book-store, and 
he continued in the book-business, either as clerk or proprietor, for 
about a dozen years. In 1843, he was appointed Librarian of Yale 
College, and in 1852 Treasurer of the College, which office he retained 
until his death, which occurred June 11, 1862. 

Although Mr. Herrick was by profession a business man, he had 
an ardent love for science, and devoted nearly all the time which he 
could call his own, to the study of various subjects, but particularly 
Natural History and Meteorology. As early as 1832, he became 
deeply interested in certain questions connected with Natural His- 
tory, which he prosecuted for many years with untiring zeal. 

The remarkable display of meteors, Novy. 13, 1833, stimulated his 
curiosity, and from that time to the very close of his life, he was one 
of the most indefatigable observers of meteors, whether in America 
or in Europe. 

In 1826, when only fifteen years of age, he commenced a meteoro- 
logical journal, making observations with the greatest regularity four 
times a day, and continued it without interruption for five years. It 
was subsequently resumed, and continued for several years longer, 
though with various interruptions. In this journal, as early as 1827, 
he made a most scrupulous record of every aurora which he observed. 
The remarkable aurora of Noy. 17, 1835, combined with those of 
April 22, 1836, and Jan. 25, 1837, excited a deep interest among sci- 
entific men in New Haven, and stimulated Mr. Herrick to undertake 
that careful record of auroras which is herewith published. 

In the spring of 1837, Dr. William Tully, Professor of Materia 
Medica in Yale College, had arranged to spend a few weeks at Cas. 
tleton, Vt., a place about 125 miles north of New Haven; and Mr. 
Herrick made an agreement with him to observe in concert for auro- 
ras. It was decided to make a record every evening, stating whether 
the sky was clear or overcast; and whenever an aurora was seen, to 
describe its peculiarities with minuteness. Dr. Tully’s record ex- 
tended from March 8th to June 5th, and again from Aug. 10th to 
Oct. 27th. The result of these comparisons confirmed Mr. Herrick 
in his opinion of the utility of such a record, and henceforth his au- 
roral register was continued for seventeen years, with only a few un- 


8 


avoidable interruptions. The most important of these interruptions 
was one of seven months, from March to Sept., 1851, at which time 
Mr. Herrick was attacked by a fit of sickness so severe that it was 
not supposed that he could survive it. After this sickness he never 
fully recovered his former physical vigor, and this consideration com- 
pelled him to abandon his systematic register in 1854. 

During these seventeen years, it was Mr. Herrick’s invariable cus- 
tom to go out into the open air at several different times each evening, 
in order to see whether any traces of auroral light could be detected, 
and the result of his observations was entered in his register. When- 
ever an aurora was seen, a brief description of its principal features 
was given. He however regarded it as of almost equal importance 
that the record should show upon what nights zo auroral light could 
be seen; also how far observation was interfered with by moon-light, 
clouds, haze, ete., and on what nights observation was from any 
cause rendered impossible. 

In the printed register, we have generally allowed but one line to 
each evening. Whenever the record required a larger space, the re- 
mainder is given at the bottom of the page, and this addition is indi- 
cated by an asterisk inserted in the corresponding line. 

Whenever any auroral light was seen or suspected, we have not 
felt at liberty to abridge the record, since Mr. Herrick was scrupu- 
lously careful in his choice of expressions; but when no light was 
suspected, we have abridged his descriptions of the state of the sky, 
so as to reduce them to the limits of a single printed line. 

The numbers in parentheses at the ends of the lines are intended 
to indicate the auroras actually seen at New Haven. No fixed rules 
could be followed as regards including or excluding suspected auro- 
ras. Those cases which have been included correspond, however, 
with but few exceptions, to Mr. Herrick’s own judgment as indicated 
in a numerical summary of all his observations, which he furnished 
to one of the committee a few years before his death. 

The following abbreviations are used for words of frequent occur- 
rence. Entries made in the Register by Mr. Herrick upon the author- 
ity of Mr. Francis Bradley are marked (F. B.). 


A.B., Aurora Borealis. |dif., difficult. obse., obscured. 

ac’t, account. al, doubtful. oe’l, occasional. 

aft., after., afterwards. d’s, doubtless. oc’y, occasionally. 

alt., altitude. ev’g, evening. pos., possible, possibly. 
al’t, almost. hor., horizon. p., prob., probable, probably. 
betw’n, between. imp., impos., impossible. Py, partly. 

cd, could. impr., improbable. r’y, rainy. 

cert., certain, certainly. |interf., interferes. sl’t, slight. 

cl’ded, clouded. ts light. sl’tly, slightly. 

cl’ds, clouds. Vtnings, lightnings. susp., suspected. 

cl’ss, cloudless. m’g, morn., morning. twil’t, twilight. 

el’r, clear. m’y, mostly. unc., uncertain. 

el’y, cloudy. n't, night. Vis., visible. 

det., determine. n’y, nearly. wh’y, wholly. 


dg, during. obs., observation. 


A REGISTER 


OF THE 


UR, OL Rea OB Ovks Hed L-LS 
AT NEW HAVEN, CONN., 
FROM MARCH, 1837, TO DECEMBER, 1853. 


BY EDWARD C. HERRICK, 


LIBRARIAN OF YALE COLLEGE. 


1 s 

Mar 29 Clear: a plain A.B. from end of twil’t: not very conspicuous. 
30| Clear. 
31| Raining moderately at 10". Began to rain at 7° 12™. 

Apr. 1/Clear. No A.B. seen. 
2) Pair. Nio A.B. 
3|Clear. No A.B. 
4/Ov’t at 6%. Clouds breaking up at 10". No A.B. seen. 
5|Ov’t, but breaking up at 6". Clear at 10... No A.B. 
6|Clear. A.B. from end of twilight. 
7\Ov’t: began to rain about 8". Obs. impos. 

8|Ov’t at 10". Obs. impos. 

9| Cloudy. 
10|Clear. No A.B. seen. 
11|Clear. No A.B. 
12|Clear. No A.B. 
13| Nearly ov’t at 105. Obs. impos., or nearly. 
14| Broken clouds. No A.B. seen, but obs. impaired. 
15| Nearly clear. No A.B. seen. 
16|Ov’t. Occasional rain. 
17| Nearly clear. No A.B. seen. 
18| Broken cumuli. No A.B. seen. 
19|Partly ov’t. Clouds broken. 
20\/Ov’t. A little rain during the evening. 
21|Nearly clear. Red aurora, not very splendid. 
22)Clear at 10". No A.B. 
23|Raining moderately. A few flakes of snow about 7°. 
24| Hazy. 
25|Mostly ov’t at 75. Thinly ov’t at 10%. Hazy. 
26|Ov’t. 
27|Mostly clear, hazy. 
28|Clear. Hazy. 
29|Clear. Hazy in horizon. 
30| Began to rain about 7°. 

2 


10 Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


1837. 
May 1|Exceedingly clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
2)Cloudy in N. A.B. could not well have been seen to 10". 
3, Much ov’t. No A.B. visible to 10", and prob. none in reality. 
4/Clear until 8": after that so much obse. that A.B. could not be obs. 
5|Raining. Impos. to observe A.B. to 10". 
6| Mostly ov’t. A.B. seen. (4) 
7|Clear, and no A.B. to 1044. 
8/Clear. No A.B. to 10}. 
9|No A.B. could have been seen on account of clouds. 
10|Clear. No A.B. to 103. ® 
11|Nearly clear. Moonlight. No A.B. to 11". 
12|Ov’t. Clouds prevented obs. on A.B. to 11%. 
13|Ov’t. Misty. No obs. could be made to 10". 
14|Ov’t. No obs. e’d be made after 84" to 10". None visible before 83". 
15|Ovwt. No obs. could be made to 10", and prob. to sunrise. 
16|;Ov’t. No obs. could be made. 
17|Clear. Moonlight. No A.B. to 10%. 
18|Ov’t. No obs. could be made to 10". 
19|Rain. No obs. could be made to 10", 
20)/Clear. Moonlight. No. A.B. 
21)Clear. No A.B. to 10". Apparently faint zod. light. 
22/Ov’t: rain. No obs. could be made. 
23|/Clear, No A.B. to 10". Zod. light very faint, if visible at all. 
24; Rain. No obs. could be made. 
25 Rain. No obs. could be made. 
26|Clear. No A.B. to 10". Zod. light appears to have departed. 
27|Clear. No A.B. to.10*. 
28/Clear. No A.B. to 93". 
29/Clear. No A.B. to 10". 
30/Clouding in N. at 7%. Ov’t at 10". No obs. could be made. 
31|Clear. Low cl’dsin N. No A.B. (or pos. very faint glimmer) to 10". 
June 1)Hazy: clouds in N. No A.B. to 10", orif any, scarcely perceptible. 
2|Mostly clear. A very good aurora. 
3| Mostly ov’t.* (6) 
4/Ov’t after 8". Clouds prevented obs. on A.B. 
5|Clear, hazy. No A.B. to 10°. 
6|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
7/Ov’t, rain. Obs. impos. to 10°. 
8)}Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", 
9| Mostly ov’t. No A.B. to 10", Moon and cl’ds interfere somewhat. 
10 Ov’t. Obs. impos. 
11/Clear. No A.B. to 10". 
12)Ov’t, rain. Obs. impos. to 105, 
13|Thinly ov’t. No A.B. to 105. 
14,Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 104". 
15|Ov’t. Clouds dispersing at 10". No. A.B. visible. 
16|Ov’t, slight rain, Obs. impos. 
17, Owt. Obs. impos. to 10", 
18|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
19|Ov’t. Obs. impos, all night. 
20/Clear. No A.B. to 103". 


June 3d.—Flashes of lightning nearly incessant from N.W. to N.E. to 9h 30m, and perhaps 
longer. A.B. could not therefore be observed. [A.B. seen Sunday between 1h and 2h a. M. 
(4th) by Mrs. Prof. Goodrich. | 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 11 


1837. ; ; 
June 21/Ov’t. Obs. impos. all night. 
22|Cloudless, but hazy. No A.B. to 10". 
23) Dimly clear in zenith, very dusky in horizon. No A.B. to 10%. 
24| Mostly ov’t. Clouds almost prevented obs. : none to 10" prob.* (7) 
25|Smoky: too hazy to permit obs. to 10", and prob. all night. 
26|Too hazy for obs. all night: a few stars in zenith visible. 
27|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 104%. 
28| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
29/Ov’t. Obs. impos. 
30|Clear. No A.B. to 103"; and none at 2 a.m. of Ist July. 
July 1/Clear. Splendid A.B. (8 
2/Clear. A.B. moderate. 9 
3| Mostly clear at 10". Showersin theev’g. A.B. very moderate. (10 
4|Thinly ov’t. Obs. uncertain. Apparently none to 10". 
5 
6 
7 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103%. [None at 10}. 
Mostly ov’t. N.sky much clouded till 11", some light through ¢l’ds. 
Mostly ov’t. Obs. uncertain to 10". 

8/Clear. No A.B. to 11". Moonlight. 

9\Clear. No A.B. to 1044. 

10/Clear. No A.B. to 105. 

11/Ov’t. No certain obs. could be made up to 11".* 

12/Clear. No A.B. to 115. [and moonlight. 
13|Clear. No A.B. to 11": obs. uncertain on account of clouds in N. 
14/Ovy’t. Obs. impos. to 112. 

15|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 107, 

16/Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

17|Clear. No A.B. except a segment of a single arch. (11) 
18|Clear. No A.B. to 103*.* 

19|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 

20|Clear, with slight haze. No A.B. to 10$. 

21)Clear. No A.B. to 115. 

22)Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

23| Mostly ov’t at 6". Mostly clear at 10". No A.B. to 10$". 
24|Ov’t at 6". Mostly clear at 10". No A.B. to 10". 

25| Mostly ov’t at 6". Clear at 10". No A.B. to 104°. 

26/Clear. No A.B. to 10}. 

27|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 103". 

28\Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", 

29) A.B. seen from 9" to 10, when sky became ov’t. 


30|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11".* (12) 
31|Clear. No A.B. (or possibly very faint light) to 103". 
Aug. 1)Clear. No A.B. to 103", or possibly a faint light.* (13) 
2)Mostly ov’t. No A.B. 
3/Clear. A.B. visible from a little before 9".* (14) 


4|Clear. No A.B. to 10", or possibly a faint dawn. 
5|Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

6|Clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon. 

7\Raining. Obs. impos. to 10" 


June Mth.—[Aurora after 10b 30m; a diffuse light only seen; watched but a few minutes, and 
therefore a very imperfect observation (Mrs. Mary Foster’s). I did not see it.] 

July 11th.—Some uncertain indications of A.B. through the clouds. 

July 18th.—[{Mr. Chas. Rich saw at 8h what he thinks a faint streamer. ] 

July 30th.—According to Dr. Hooker there was A.B. with waves, 3 A.M. of 31st. 

Aug. Ist—[Mr. Wm. Daggett says he saw an A.B. last night. ] , 

Aug. 3d.—Principally diffuse white light; few streamers. Watched till 11h. Returned after 
midnight, with more display ; loftier streamers: seen by Mr. Wm. Daggett. 


12 Flerrick’s Auroral Register. 


Aug. 8|Ov’t. Rain. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
9|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon. 

10, Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 105. [parently none to 11". 
11 Clouds breaking. Obs. uncertain on ac’t of clouds and moon: ap- 
12 Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 103". Moon. Prob. no A.B. 
13 Partly clear. Obs. rather uncertain on ac’t of clouds and moon.* 
14 Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. ; apparently none to 11%, 

15 Ov’t from 83". Obs. impos. on account of clouds. Moon. 

16 Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos.; apparently none to 10", Moon. 
17 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and prob. all night. [none to 103”. 
18 ‘Clearing off: obs, rather une. on ae’t of cl’ds and moon : apparently 
19 Mostly ov’t. Obs. uncertain; probably none to 10}. 

20 Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. ; none discov arable, 

21/Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

22|Clear. No A.B. to 115. 

23 Clear at 6". Ov’tat10": sooncl’r. No A.B. to 103". Prob. a frost. 
24 Mostly clear, No A.B. to 10%, 


> 


25 Mostly clear. A.B. seen from 8" 40™, (15) 
26/Ov’t. Rain. Obs. impos. 

27|Clear. A.B. seen. Rank, No. 5. in 
28/Clear. A.B. seen. Rank, No. 7. 17 


29 9 Mostly ov’'t. No A.B. seen. Cloudy after 8".* 
30) ‘Thickly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10",* 
31| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10", Probably a frost. 
Sept. 1 Mostly clear. No A.B. seen to 11", Probably a frost. 
2 Clear except faint cirriin N. No A.B. seen to 10, 
3/Clear. No A.B. seen to 10%. 
4|Clear. No A.B. to 10". 
5|Mostly ov’t. Clear at 9". No A.B. to 10". Moon. 
6 Mostly ov’t, thinly. No A.B. to 10". 
7, Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 


8|Ov’t after 912. No A.B. to that time. 

9|Clear. No ‘AB. to 10%, 

10 Mostly clear to 83". No A.B. to that time, and prob. none to 11". 
11|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11°. 

12|Clear. Very slight A.B. if any. I saw none to 11".* 

13|Clear. No A.B. to 10". | 
14|Mostly ov’t, with cirri, No A.B. to 11". | 
15 Obs. rather uncertain on ac’t of cl’ds and moon; prob. nonetol0" | 
16|Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

17| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon. 
18|Clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon. 
19|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 


20 Clear. A.B. not very conspicuous. 18) 
1 Aes 19 
22)Partly owt. Obs. doubtful on account of clouds.* 20 
23|\Clear. A.B. 21 


Aug. 13th.—Apparently none to 10h 30m. Mr, Chas. Rich thinks he saw auroral light through 
the clouds about 11h. 

Aug. 29th.—Went to Southampton. Mr. A. B. Haile keeps record during my absence (till 
Sept. “4th, inclusive). I saw a faint A.B. during the evening at Southampton, 1 f 

Aug. 30th.—I thought I saw an A.B. through the clouds at Southampton, but it is some- 
what uncertain. 

Sept. 12th.—Mr. Haile thinks he saw a single streamer, but is uncertain. 

Sept. 22d.—Apparently a faint illumination, but no streamers seen. Probably was a slight 
aurora. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 13 


1837. 
Sept. 24/Clear. A.B. (22) 


25} Half ov’t at 65. Mostly clear at 10°. Obs. une. on ac’t of clouds.* 
26|Cloudy till 9", clear till 10%. A very faint A.B. detected. 

27\Ov’t. Obs, impos. to 10*, and probably all night. 

28)Oy’t. Obs, impos. to 11%, and probably all night.* 

29/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

30)Rain. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

Clear. No A.B. to 94*.* 

2/Cl’y: no A.B. to 108. Obs. somewhat uncertain on ac’t of cl’ds. 
3 Mostly clear. No A.B. to 103". None at 4" 20™ next a. mM. 
4\Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

5|Rain. Obs. impos. to 103", and probably all night. 

Clear. A.B. seen from 6? 36™ to 10° 20™ and probably later.* (23) 
Obs. unc. from cl’ds and moon; p. none to 10": cert. none over 3. 
Clear. No A.B. visible to 10%. Moon. 

No A.B. seen to 9". Obs. slightly uncertain from clouds and moon. 
10 Thinly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10".* 

11|M’y ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9%. Mr. C. Rich thinks he saw a faint light. 
12/ Obs. almost impos. to 10" on account of clouds and moon.* 
13/Clear. No A.B. to 10", but uncertain on account of moon. [moon. 
14|M’y ov’t: no A.B. seen: p. none to 11”: som’t unc. from cl’ds and 
15|Oy’t. Obs. impos. to 103" 


Oct. 


_ 


oOo ost o 


16|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. [of clouds and moon, 
17| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10", but obs. very uncertain on account 
18|Clear.* (24) 


19/Ovy’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
20|No A.B. to 9". 


21/Clear. A.B. seen from 64° to 10", and probably later.* (25) 
22|/Clear. A.B. seen from 6" 10". (26) 
23\Clear. No A.B. to 103"; thick fog from 10°. [ov’t. 


24| Obs. to 9$" une. on ac’t of cl’ds; cert. none over 2 to 93": after that 
25|Entirely ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all nate 
26;Ov’t. Rain. Obs. impos. to 10°, ‘and probably all night. 

27| No A.B. to 10%, but slightly unc. on ac’t of clouds: none over 3 cert. 
28) Thinly ov’t vhazy: no A.B. to 10", obs. unc. from cl’ds: none over 3. 
29| Mostly clear: no A.B. to 10", but sky most of evening slightly obse.* 
30| Ov’t: obs. after 8" impos., and previous to that nearly sO; none seen. 
31| Clear. 

Noy. 1|Clear. A.B. seen; a few transient streamers, early in evening. (27) 
2|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10", or possibly a very faint light. 
3\Clear. No A.B. to 9"; moon slightly interfered: none at 4° a. M. 
4)Obs. une. from cl’ds and moon; none under 6 or 7 c’d beseen: p. none. 


Sept. 25th.—I think there is a faint light, before 10h. 

Sept. 28th.—Mr. D. E. Sykes tells me that at Boston, Mass., two auroral arches were seen, 
about 8h; they were concentric, and about 20° high. Possibly this may belong to the previous, 
or the succeeding Thursday. 

Oct. 1Ist.—A faint light in the N. like the dawn at 4h 4. m. (of 2d) extending up 1° or 2°; no 
streamers. Zod. light distinct, extending to the nebula in Cancer, and perhaps 3° beyond it. 

Oct. 6th.—Faint streamers at 6h 36m, ‘and more at 10h20m, Between these dates only a 
general diffusion of light in the N. 

Oct. 10th.—At 4h a.m. of 11th there seemed to be a very faint light in the N., but Iam un- 
certain whether there it is unusual. 

Oct. 12th.—Needale slightly disturbed, but no A.B. seen. 

Oct. 18th.—A faint A.B. low in N. horizon (much of the time obscured by clouds), to 8h 30m, 
when moon interfered. No A.B. visible after this to 10h. 

Oct. 2ist.—A diffuse fluctuating light. No streamers. Aurora seen Sunday morning, by Dr. 
N. B. Ives, between 3h and 4h; numerous bright short streamers. 

Oct. 29th.—At 10h thought there was a faint N. light, but not very sure. 


14 Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


5) Half clear: clouds and moon interfered.* 
6|Cl’r early inev’g; moon: no A.B. seen: after 7$" ov’t and obs. imp. 
7{Clear. No A.B. to 10"; moon present; no A.B. from 4 a. mM. of 8th. 
8/Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

9}Ov’t most of evening, so that obs. was impos. to 10" and d’s all n’t 
10| M’y cl’r: no A.B. to 10°; sI’tly une. from cl’ds, moon; no A.B. susp. 
11/Ov’t and misty. Rain about 7%. Obs. impos. 


12|Clear. A.B. (28) 
13] My ov’t: obs. n’y impos. from cl’ds and moon: none over 7 or 8. 
14|Sky entirely ov’t till 7" and mostly so until 10" 40".* (29) 


15|Clear. No A.B. to 103". Moon present. 
16|Clear. No A.B. to 74, when moon rose, and none seen after to 10". 
7| Clear.* (30 
18| Mostly clear. A.B. from twilight to 10" at least.* an 
19| Mostly ov’t at 6". (No later record.) 
20|M’y c’r: no A.B. to 10", or pos. an exceedingly faint reflection.*(32) 
21|Hazy. No A.B. to 10°. 
22)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10°. 
23|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
- 24/Ov’t. Snowing. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
25|Mostly ov’t at 6": Clear at 10". No "A.B. to 10", 
26|Clear. No A.B. to 9". 
27\Clear. No A.B. to 10, 
28|/Clear. No A.B. to 10". 
29| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10%. 


30/Clear. Slightly hazy. No A.B. to 10".* (33) 
Dec. 1|Clear. Low fog. Brilliant A.B.* (34) 


2)Owt. Misty. Obs. impos. to 10". 

3) Ov’t most of ev’g to 10" and prob. all n’t: obs. n’y impos. : none seen. 
4| Mostly clear at 10". No A.B. at 10". Most of the evening cloudy. 
5)Ov’t. A.B. seen. (35) 
6\Clear, No A.B. to 10°, 
( 
8 
9 


Mostly ov’t. No A.B. to 9", after which clouds interfere.* 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

9/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

10}Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

11|Clear. No A.B. to 9% Full moon. 

12|Clear. No A.B. to 9%. [fore uncertain. 
13|Half clear at 6". No A.B. seen to 10"; cloudy and moonlight, there- 
14|Clear. No A.B. to 105, 

15|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. Moon. 

16|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 


Noy. 5th.—A great coronal aurora about 11h. I did not see it. Seen early in the evening 
at Norfolk, Conn., by Mr. R. Gaylord, but overlooked here. 

Nov. 14th.—It was then clearing r apidly. Magnificent rose-red auroral light covering the en- 
tire hemisphere; brightest about ‘6h m. t. Needle exceedingly disturbed. [See Dec. 29th, 1842. ] 

Nov. 17th.—Slight “A.B. to 8h or until moon rose; after which it could be seen. 

Nov. 18th.—I saw no streamers; but early much diffuse reddish light ; after, a distinct arch, 
with vertex about 5° high and dark segment beneath, all fluctuating and ever changing ; loud 
roar of waves (pr obably those of the Atlantic) distinctly audible. 

Nov. 20th.—Mr. J. H. Dulles and Mr. J. D. Whitney report a single streamer seen by them 
about 11h 50m, 

Noy. 80th.—An aurora is reported to me which must have been considerable, but much 
obscured by clouds. I was in the house most of the evening. 

Dec. 5th.—A few red streamers in N.E. about 5h 45m reaching to zenith, not much seen after; 
evening, especially latter part, very unfavorable. I did not see it at all. 

Dec. 7th.—Yet a faint one suspected, but uncertain on account of moon. 


Ferrick’s Auroral Register. 15 
1837. 

Dec. 17;Ov’t and raining all night. Obs. impos. [tain on ac’t of cl’ds. 
18 Clear at 10". No A.B. to 10". Some auroral light susp., but uncer- 
19|Ov’t at 6": clear at 10". No A.B. to 10°. 
20|Clear. No A.B. to 10". 
21\/No A.B. all night, yet shghtly uncertain on account of cloudiness. 
22|Clear. No A.B. visible. 
23/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
24\/Clear. No A.B. to 10", nor from 4° to 65 a.m. of 25th. 
25|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10". 

26 Ov’t. No A.B. to 10", or possibly a very faint light. 
27 Mostly ov’t. No A.B. seen, but obs. nearly impos. to 10", 


28\Clear. A.B. scarcely detected before 8}". (36) 
29 Partly clear. Obs. uncertain; after 10" m’y cl’rand no A.B. visible. 
30 Clear. A.B. faint; I saw no streamers. (37) 


31|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10°. 


1838. 

Jan. 1|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
2 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 
3 Mostly clear. No A.B. visible, but obs. rather imperfect. 
4 Obs. impos. most of ev’g and n’t on ac’t of c’ds: no A.B. seen or susp. 
5\Clear. A.B. seen; not till 9" to 10%.* (38) 
6|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
7, Very wet fog during ev’g. No A.B. seen; obs. nearly impos. to 10". 
8 Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
9)Ovw’t. Raining. Obs. impos. to 10°, 


10|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

11/Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

12|Clear. No A.B. to 10. 

13|Clear. No A.B. to 105. 

14/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

15|Clear.* (39) 
16| Mostly clear at 6": mostly ov’t at 10".* (40) 
17|Clear.* 

18 Fog. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

19|Clear. No A.B. to 10".* 

20/Clear. No A.B. to 10°, 

21 Obs. nearly impos. on account of cloudiness. None suspected. 

22 Many cirrous clouds: fair. No A.B. to 10", and prob. all night. 
23/Ov’t. Obs. doubtful on account of clouds. None suspected.* 

24) Mostly clear. A.B. seen.* (41) 
25/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

26|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

27|Driving storm. Obs. impos. all night. 

28\Ov’t at 6". Clear, in whole or in part, later.* (42) 


Jan. 5th.—Many red patches and some white streamers; greatest altitude about 50°. Bright 
moon. 

Jan. 15th.—A very faint light in the N. between 9h and 10h, but moon soon rose and obscured it. 

Jan. 16th.— No A.B. during eveuing up to 9h 30m, when it became cloudy. Between 10h 
and 11h, through the broken clouds, I saw unusual light. I presume there was an aurora. [A 
decided aurora at 4 A.M. I did not see it. ] 

Jan. 17th.—No A.B. to 10h, yet a very faint light appeared to lie low in the N. about I1h, 
Uncertain. ; 

Jan. 19th.—At one time I suspected there was a very faint light, but I am uncertain. 

Jan. 23d.—I have since heard that a lady saw, about 10h, through breaks in the clouds, an 
auroral corona. Needle not inspected. 

pete gnu Bright low arch; red stains in N.W.; streamers, none higher than 40°. Rank 

about No. 5. 

Jan. 28th.—A.B. seen, chiefly between 9b and 10h; streamers about 40° high. Rank about 


No.6. None visible at 4 4.m. of 29th. Seen at Buffalo, N. Y 


16 


Ferrick’s Auroral Register. 


1838. 
Jan. 29|/Clear. No A.B. seen to 10". 


30 
yl 
Feb. 1 


Clear. No A.B. to 10". 
Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
M’y ov’t. Obs. uncertain on ac’t of cl’ds and moon: none detected. 


2\Clear. No A.B: to 10°, 


28 
March 1 


10 
Hal 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 


Ov’t, snowing at 6": scattered clouds at 10°. No A.B. to 10".* (43) 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103". 

Clear at 6": mostly ov’t at 10", Obs. nearly impos. to 11..* 
Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11". 

Half clear. No A.B. to 10%. [Mr. A. B. Haile.) 
Ov’t. Obs, impos. to 10": (cl’r after 112; no A.B. according to 


») 
Ov’t. No A.B. early in evening; afterwards obs. impos. to 10". 


Raining. Obs. impos. to 10". se 

Clear. No A.B. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", except a few minutes at 9"; no A.B then.* 
Clear. No A.B. 

A.B. noticed first about 10"; seen also at 12" and after.* (44) 
Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Clear. Splendid A.B. (45 

Clear. A slight illumination in the N., seen by Mr. C. Rich. tie) 
M’y ov’t: obs. n’y impos. on ac’t of cl’ds and haze: none seen to 10". 
Clear. No A.B. to 10°, 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Clear. A very faint light in N. to 10", prob. a distant A.B. (47) 
No A.B. at 10", and obs. before nearly impos.: no A.B, at 4" (28th). 
Clear. No A.B. to 10%. Moon in the way.* 

Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Ov’t; foggy. Obs. impos. to 11". 

Ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. all the evening to 10". None suspected. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10". 

Ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. during the evening. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 9". 

Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

Clear. No A.B. to 1134. 

Mostly clear, hazy. No A.B, to 94°. 

Clear at 6", Clear in FE. at 10"; cloudy in W. Slight A.B.* (48) 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

Ov’t. Snowing. Obs. impos. 


Feb. 3d.—A.B. seen between 5 and 6 A.M. (4th); red colors: (Mr. A. R. Street.) 

Feb. 8th.— Some unusual light suspected, but it is very uncertain. 

Feb. 16th—Mr. J. Huntington thinks he saw A.B. at 11h. 

Feb. 18th.—A small display, but few streamers. 

Feb. 28th.—Query. A red aurora at 4h to 5h a.m. of March Ist ? 

March 15th.—Not discoverable until about 9h, Up to 10h, there was but little action. Not 


over No. 2. 


Watched only until 10b, 


1838. 
Mar. 18 


19 


31 
April 1 


ho 


May 


Fervich’s Auroral Register. 1% 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 


|\Mostly clear at 6". Mostly ov’t at 10".* (49) 


Mostly clear, slightly hazy. No A.B. to 10". Obs. uncertain. 
Hazy: no A.B. all might; hazy from 3"; mod. A.B. ¢’d not be seen. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

Ov’t. Misty. Obs. impos. to 112, and doubtless all night. 
Mostly ov’t at 6%, Clear at 10". No A.B. to 10". 

Fair. No A.B. to 9°. 


iClear. No A.B. to 10}. 


Snowing slightly. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 

Ov’t.: obs. impos. most of ev’g; cl’ra short time at 8"; no A.B. seen. 
Clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon interferes. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 

Clear. No A.B. 

Ov’t, with thick haze. Obs. nearly impos. to 10°. 

No A.B. seen to 93", but obs. very une. on ac’t of clouds and moon. 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

Dense haze. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

Clear at 6". No A.B. to 10°. 

Rain storm during evening. Obs. impos. 

No A.B. to 10". 

Clear. No A.B. to 93". . 

Clearing at 6". Mostly clear at 10". No A.B, to 10". 

Clear. A.B., slight. No streamers detected. (50) 
Raining. Obs. impos. 

Clear. No A.B. during the evening to 93". 

Obs. uncertain on account of clouds. Possibly a very faint light. 
Clear. No A.B. 

Thickly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 12".* 

Mostly ov’t at 6". Clear at 10%. No A.B. to 103”. 

Thinly ov’t. No A.B. seen. Cloudy about horizon. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10, and probably all night. 

Ov’t at 6", Clear at 10". No A.B. to 10%. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t: rainy. Obs. impos. 


Clear. No A.B. visible to 10". Moon however interferes. 

Ov’t. Rain during evening. Obs. impos. to 10". 

Clear. A.B., splendid.* (51) 
Clear. A.B., moderate: streamers and red spots. (52) 


Partly ov’t. No A.B. seen, but obs. unc. on ac’t of moon and haze. 
Ov’t: obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night: rain during night. 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 12". Moon interferes. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 


‘Obs. nearly impos. on account of clouds and moon. 


March 19th.—Slight A.B. between 9h and 10h and perhaps earlier. Clouds interfered much 
with observation. ; 

April 19th.—After that mostly clear, and apparently a faint light, but uncertain. 

April 29th.—Whole N. demi-hemisphere covered with streamers and spots, of red and white ; 
streamers converged, but the corona was not distinctly formed. Rank about No. 9. 


3 


18 


1838. 
May 7 
8 


June 


FHerrick’s Auroral Register. 


Ov’t at 10": obs. thenimpos.; did not observe early ; then pos. cl’r- 
Ov’t. Raining. Obs. impos. to 10",-and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", [moon and clouds. 
Rain at 6"; half clear at 10": no A.B. to 10%, Obs. une. on ac’t of 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 

Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

Mostly clear, A.B., moderate.* (53) 
Clear: hazy about horizon. No A.B, 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 12". 

Ov’t. Rain during night. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night. 
Clear. No A.B. to 11’. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10". i 
Half clear: no A.B, to 9": sky som’t hazy and cl’y; obs. a little unc. ' 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", 
Half clear at 6"; raining at 10": obs. impos. to 11", and p. all night.* 
Oy’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. | 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and probably all night. | 
Obs. uncertain on account of clouds; pos. a faint light about 9°. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10°. 

Ov’t; rain between 95 and 10", Obs. impos. to 10". 


8|No A.B. to 10". Moon. 


Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon. 

No A.B. to 10", Moon. 

Clear at 6". Obs. nearly impos. to 10" on ac’t of clouds and moon. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

No A.B. to 10". Moon. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon. 

Ov’t, rain. Obs. impos. to 10%. 

Partly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. on account of clouds and moon. 
Ov’t, drizzling. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Clear. No A.B. to 10% Moon. 

Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon. 

Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. | 
Clear. No A.B. | 
Half clear: obs. une. on ac’t of clouds; apparently a faint light. | 
Obs. uncertain early in the evening: none at 10°, 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°, 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Nearly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. 

Clear. No A.B. to 105. 

Clear. No A.B. to 944. 


Clear. No A.B. to 105. | 
Partly clear. Obs. unc. on ac’t of clouds. Prob. none to 10°. 
Clear. No A.B. to 103}. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 124, | 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", 
Clear. A.B., distinct: a low arch with occasional streamers.* (54) 
Clear. A.B., streamers, some colored, and 40° to 50° high. (55) 


May 22d.—Possibly auroral light seen through clouds. 
June 25th.—Watched for a few minutes only, about 10h 30m, 


May 14th.—Chiefly a diffuse illumination about N. horizon, with occasional streamers. | 
| 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 19 
1838. 

June 27{Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11" on account of clouds. 

28| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 11". Moon, 

29)Clear. No A.B. to 112. Moon. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
Ovt. Obs. impos. to 10". Thunder storm at 35> a. mM. (2d). 
Obs. n’y impos. to 10" on ac’t of cl’ds in N.; frequent lightning in N. 
Partly ov’t. Obs. unc. to 10" on ac’t of cl’ds and moon: prob. none. 
M’y clear. No A.B. to 11, but moon and some cl’ds interf. a little. 
M’y ov’t; frequent lightning in N.: obs. impos., or nearly so to 10", 
Clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon. 
Clear. No A.B. to 11%. Moon. 
Clear. No A.B. to 10" Moon. 
Mostly clear. No A.B, to 11%. Moon.* 
10} Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon. |susp. to 10*, 
11| Frequent P’tnings in N. in the ev’g: obs. unc. on ac’t of cl’ds: none 
12)Ovw’t. Obs. impos. to 10°. 
13/Clr: no A.B. to 10". [A.B. at 11", according to Mr. A.B. H.] (56) 
14|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
15|Clear: A.B., moderate, diffuse light and eccasional streamers.* (57) 
16| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10". 
17|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
18|Ov’t, rain. Obs. impos. to 10. 
19|Clear. Possibly some auroral light; very little, however, if any. 
20|Obs. impos. on account of clouds and storms. 
21/Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
22|)Clear. No A.B. to 10". 
2aiClear. No A.B. to 11°. 
24| No obs. except at 10", when it was partly cloudy and no A.B. susp. 
25|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
26|Ovwt, rain. Obs. impos. 


: co 
CHTAKCRPWNHHS 


27)Clear: no A.B. to 10".* (58) 
28{ Mostly ov’t in N. Obs. nearly impos. to 10". None suspected. 
29|Clear. No A.B. to 103%. Moon.* (59) 


30|Clear. No A.B. to 12". 
31)Cloudy. Obs. impos. to 10. 
Aug. 1/Clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon. 
2\Clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon. 
Clear. No A.B. to 10% Moon. 
No obs. If conspicuous A.B. was visible I should have heard of it. 


66 “ oe be 6 


Mostly clear. No A.B. to 11". Moon. 
Clear. No A.B. to 10°. Moon. 
9{Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 2" a.m. of the 10th. 


3 
4 
5 
6| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 11". Moon. 
7 
8 


11)Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 12". 

12/Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

13| Mostly clear. Obs. uncertain. 

14|Clear. No A.B. to 10". [somewhat uncertain. 
151Obs. impos. to 9"; partially clear about 10", and no A.B, seen: obs. 


July 9th.—Dr. W. Tully suspected an aurora before the moon rose, but there is much uncer- 
tainty about it. 

July 15th.—None above 30° altitude while I watched. 

July 27th.—[A.B. seen about 11h by Mr. A. B. Haile; streamers.] 

July 29th.—A faint auroral light suspected, but uncertain, [A.B., streamers seen about 11h 
by Mr. A. B. Haile.] 


20 LHerrickh’s Auroral Register. 


17)|'Clear INovUALB. to 11". 
18|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

19|Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

20|Ov’t at 10”; previously chiefly clear, and no A.B. 

21'Ovt. Obs. impos. to 10%, Lightning during the evening. 

22| Partly clear.* (60) 
23|Clear. A little A.B. about midnight: none seen previously. (61) 

24| Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. 

25|Raining. Obs. impos. 

26|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. Moon sets at 9% 55™, 

27|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 

28|Clear. A.B. to 10°.* (62) 

29| Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", 

30|Clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon. 

31/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

Clear. No A.B. | 
Clear. No A.B. | 
Clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon. | 
Clear. No A.B. Moon. 


Sept. 


Clear. Faint red stains of A.B. about 8".* (63) 
Clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon. 
Clear. Some auroral streamers, very faint. (64) 


Clear. No A.B. to 10", 

Clear. No A.B. to 105, 

Clear. Faint auroral light to 93"; about 11" streamers. (65) 
Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. 


— 
HODDOWTO MAR WD 


12)Ov’t and rain. Obs. impos. 

13|Clear, A.B. during evening and night.* (66) 
14/Clear. A.B. from end of twilight onward.* (67) 
15|Mostly ov’t. A.B. seen through the broken clouds.* (68) 
16| Mostly ov’t. A.B. seen through the broken clouds.* (69) 
17|Mostly ov’t. A.B. seen very imperfectly through the clouds.* (70) 
18|Ov’t. Obs. impos. after about 8". No obs. previously. 

19|Clear. No A.B, 


20|Clear. No A.B., or possibly a very faint light. 

Ovy’t. Obs. impos. 

22|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%. 

23|Clear. No A.B. to 9", Moon begins to interfere. 

24|Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 

25|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9*. 

26)/Ov’t. Storm from N.N.E, Obs. impos, to 10" and all night. 
27);Ov’t. Obs. impos. 

28/Ov’t. Obs. impos. | 
29}Clear. No A.B. 

30|Clear. No A.B., and none at 4" a. mu. of Oct. Ist. : 


Se) 
om 


“ 


Aug. 22d.—Some unusual light in the N. but no streamers noticed to 10h. A faint A.B. prob- 
ably. [Mr. A. B. Haile saw streamers between 10b and 11h.] 

Aug. 28th.—Little else than a diffuse light—an occasional low streamer. 

Sept. 5th—Moon interferes greatly. Saw no streamers, but did not watch long. 

Sept. 15th.—A distinct arch from 1° to 2° high in N. I'saw no streamers. 

Sept. 14th.—Groups of short streamers at an altitude of 40°, gliding westward. Nota very 
great display. (Seen at Richmond, Ky.) 

Sept. 15th.—Probably not a great display. 

Sept. 16th.—No streamers noticed, but a strong illumination. 

Sept. 17th—No doubt as to its existence ; but ‘much uncert: ainty as to its extent. 


1838. 


Oct. 


Novy. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 21 


Clear. No A.B. to 9". Moon. 

Much clouded: obs. searcely pos. on ac’t of cl’ds and moon to 10°, 
Clear. No A.B. to 10°. Moon. 

Clear. No A.B. to 9°. Moon. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Quite cloudy. No A.B. seen, but obs. unc. [any magnitude. 
Cl’r: no A.B. to moonrise; aft. not easy to det.; p. (at least) none of 
Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 

Cloudy. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 9", 

Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. 

Clear to 942. No A.B. to that time. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 

Mostly clear. No A.B. to 9%. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11". 

Clear about 8", and after. No A.B. to 10%. 

Clear. Slight auroral dawn in the north. (71) 
Clear. No A.B. to 9%, 

Much oy’t, and obs. som’t unc. : no A.B, detected; prob. none to 9". 
Ov’t and stormy from iE Obs. impos. to 10". 

Partly ov’t: obs. unc.: a little unusual light susp., but very une, 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9 

Clear. No A.B. to 10", or at 12°, 

Ov’t. Obs. scarcely possible to 10". Probably none. 

Ov’t and stormy. Obs. impos. to 10". Began to clear about 10". 
Clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon early part of evening. 

Clear. No A.B. to 11". 

Hazy. Obs. dif.; haze and moon: no great display, p. none at all. 
Ov’t and stormy. Obs. impos. all night probably. 

Clear. No A.B. to 108. Moon interferes. 

Partly clear: obs. unc. on ac’t of c’ds and moon; prob. none to 10", 
Clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon. 

Partly clear to 8", aft. clouds. No A.B. seen: obs. nearly impos. 
Clear. No A.B. to 93°. Full moon. 

M’y cl’r: no A.B. seen to 9", but obs. very d’l from moon and haze. 
Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10°, and doubtless all night. [night. 
Ov’t, very heavy rain d’g ev’g with some lightning ; ; obs, impos. all 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 9%. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

Ov’t. Obs. nearly i ie to 9". None seen. 


Partly clear: A.B. ut 11" several fine streamers.* (72) 
Ov’t to 10". A.B. seen after 10°.* (73) 
Clear. Slight A.B., diffuse light, seen to 10". (74) 


Ov’t. Rainy and foray. Obs. impos. all night. 

Partly clear. No A.B. to 11°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 9". 

Ov’t, snowing. Obs. impos. to 10°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Ov’t till about 9". No A.B. between 9" and 10" Sky very clear. 


iClear. No A.B. to 10". 


Nov. 12th.—Light seen all night through the clouds. 
Nov. 13th.—Not very great, according ‘to reports of others. 


22 Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


Nov. 22|M’y ov’t: no A.B, about 6"; soon after that ov’t, and obs. imp. to 10% 
23 Ov’t: obs. n’y imp., oc’! breaks in cl’ds ; moon interf, ; prob, none. 
24|Clear. No A.B. Moon interferes. 

25 Clear. Very fine A.B.* (75) 
26/Clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon. 

27 Ov’t, snowing. Obs. impos. to 10". 

28|Clear. No A.B. to 9". Moon. 

29|Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 

30| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 9°. 

Dec. 1)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10°. 

2|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 12". Moon. 

3/ Mostly clear. No A.B. to 11°. 

4/Ov’t all night; snow. Obs. impos, all night, and morning of 5th. 

5|Ov't. Obs. impos. to 10", 

6 Clear. No A.B. all night. Shooting stars in unusual numbers. 

7|Clear. No A.B. to 10", Shooting stars in unusual numbers. 

8|Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

9 Clear till 7° 5™. No A.B. to that time; after that ov’t. 

10, Partly clear till 74". No A.B. to that time; after that ov’t. 

11/Ov’t to 8", after that clear. No A.B. from 8° to 105, 

12/Clear. No A.B. to 93h, 

13 Mostly cloudy; breaking away about 10".* (76) 

14, Almost w holly ov’t, and. misty: obs. nearly impos. all night. 

15|Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 

16 Clear. No A.B. to 9"; or from 4° to 5" next morning. 

17 Ov’t: snowing after 74". Obs. impos. to 11", 

18 Ov’t to 10" and obs. impos, ; at 10 clouds broken: no A.B., I think. 

19 Ov’t to 95" with oc’l breaks; obs. imp.; cl’y early on morn. of 20th. 

20 Mostly clear to 10"; hazy toward horizon.* 

21 Ov’t all evening to 105", except for a few minutes. No A.B. then. 

22 Clear in early part of ev’g, cl’y after.: no A.B. seen; moon present. 

23 Mostly clear. No A.B, seen to 10". Moon, 

24 Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

25 Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 10, 

26/Clear. No A.B. to 10", but moon. None at 54" next morning. 

27 Ov’t to about 10"; after that partly clear. Moon, No A.B. seen. 

28 Ov’t, thinly and thickly: obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

29] Clear. No A.B. to 10%. Moon. 

30 Clr to 8; som’t cl’y aft.: no A.B. to 9"; moon; ov’t at 6” of 31st. 

31\Clear. No A.B. to 12, Moon. 


P’y clear to 11": no A.B. seen to that time: moon: ov’t next morn. 
(Ov’t. Slight snow. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
Ov't. Obs, impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10, and probably all night. 

Clear to about 8" 40", No A.B. to that time. Ov’t afterwards. 
Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Ov’t, and rainy part of evening. Obs. impos. to 10". 

Very clear. W indy. .No A.B. to 12". 

Ov’t: obs. impos. to 9", and d’s all night; snow during night. 


OO ATO OH Co DOH 


Noy. 25th.—First noticed about 84 30m a long arch about 15° high at vertex, quite persistent. 
About 9h an outburst of streamers with much red, W. of N. No corona then. Some spots in 
W.N.W. besides. 

Dec. 13th.—A faint light in N.; most probably an aurora. 

Dec. 20th.—No A.B. seen. Moon. Overcast from 10h, and early in morning. 


‘ 


1839. 
Jan. 10 
11 
12 


Feb. 1 


Ferrick’s Auroral Register. 23 


Ov’t to 88. After that very clear.* (77 

Ov’t from 6" to 10°: py cl’r for a short time at 10": obs. n’y impos. 

Mostly clear all evening. Very clear from 10", No A.B. to 11", 
Ov’t. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 11.* 

Ov’t from 94" to 11".* (78) 
Mostly cl’r: no A.B. to 112, or pos. a very faint light: clear at dawn. 
Very clear: slight A.B. about 74"; a very faint diffuse I’t after. (79) 
Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 10". None suspected.* 


Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 10". None suspected. 

Clear. Fine A.B. from end of twilight to 10" at least.* (80) 
Hazy. Obs. nearly impos. to 10°. 

Ov’t to between 9% and 10".* (81) 


Ov’t and snowing all evening. Obs. impos. to 11".* 

Clear. No A.B. to 12°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos, to 94" at least, and prob. later. [obs. impos. 
Ov’t to 8", aft. m’y cl’r to 93": no A.B. seen between ; at other times 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10%. Moon. 

Partly clear. No A.B. seen. Obs. difficult and uncertain. 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon, 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10$?. 

Ov’t, snow. Obs. impos. to 103}. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

M’y ov’t: obs. nearly impos. to 10"; none seen, and yet som’t susp. 
Mostly clear.* (82 
Very clear. No A.B. to 10", or (barely possible) a very faint light. 
Very clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Ov’t to 9", after that clear. No A.B. to 105, 

Ov’t to 11", and doubtless all night. Quiet rain. Obs. impos. 
Very clear. No A.B. to 93". 

Ov’t. No obs. possible to 9", and doubtless to 10". [after 9" ov’t. 
Ov’t to 8"; from 8? to 9" partially cl’r but hazy: no A.B. seen then ; 
Very clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10". 

Clear; slightly hazy. No A.B. to 10". 

Ov’t and somewhat rainy. Obs. impos. to 10" at least. 

Clear to 8". After, ov’'t. No A.B. to 8". 

Ov’t, and rainy. Obs. to 10" (at least) impos. 

Very clear: moon: low auroral bank during most of evening. (83) 
M’y cl’r most of ev’g: no A.B. seen to 93", but obs. unc. and difficult. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 

Ov’t to 10", and doubtless all night. Obs. impos. 

Ov’t to 10", and all night. Rain during night. Obs. impos. 

Ov’t to 9"; partly clear at 10": no A.B. then visible: moon interf. 
Ov’t to 10", and probably all night. Obs. impos. 


Jan. 10th.— Auroral bow of much constancy and brightness. A few streamers 10° or 20° 
high between 9h and 10h. 
Jan. 13th.—About 9h, through a break in the clouds, saw some light, but probably nothing 


unusual. 


Overcast at 6h a.m. (14th). 


Jan. 14th.—A narrow strip of clear sky for about 160° around the N., very bright; doubtless am 
A.B. behind. Mostly overcast at 6h a.m. (15th); some light in north. 

Jan. 17th.—[Aurora Australis seen this day.— Year Book of Facts, 1840, p. 276.] 

Jan. 19th—Not many streamers, but many arched spots—one in horizon 8. of E. 

Jan. 21st.—After it cleared some auroral light, or a low bank, or arch, in north. 

Jan. 22d.—Reddishness (?) of clouds about 7h (?). 

Feb. 4th.—Faint auroral light, but undoubted; from about Sh 30m onward. 


24 


1839. 
Feb. 25 


26 
21 
28 
March 1 


© OH aT oS Or OO bO 


10 
Ti, 
12 
13 
14 


Ferrvick’s Auroral Register. 


Clear; slightly smoky. No A.B. to 104%. Moon.* 

Ov’t; rain from easterly quarter. Obs. impos. to 10". 

Ov’t to 93"; nearly clear then. No A.B. seen. Moon near the full. 
Ov’t and raining to 11%, Obs. impos. Snow during night. 

Clear to 74" (moonrise). No A.B., and none seen to 10", 

Ov’t to 93", and probably all night. Obs. impos. Snow storm. 
Very clear. No A.B. to 93°. 

Very clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Mostly clear. Faint, but decided A.B, at 8", and up to 10".* — (84) 
|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t to 932, and obs. impos. ; clearing at 10", but no A.B. seen.* 
Very clear. A.B. seen from dark: diffuse light with low arch.* (85) 
Very clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

Partly clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10". 


15| Very clear. Slight A.B.* 86 


16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
99 
23 
24 


Partly clear. No A.B. to 10", or pos. a very faint I’t, but doubtful. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Mostly ov’t, and moon. Obs. nearly impos. to 10". None seen. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 

Ov’t; sleet fallmg. Obs. impos. to 10, and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t; drizzle. Obs. impos. all night. 


22/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably most of the night. 


Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". [have been detected. 
M’y ov’tin N.: moon: obs. nearly impos. to 10": none but No. 1 e’d 


25/Clear. No A.B. seen to 10". Bright moonlight. 


26 
27 
28 
29 


30 


Clear. No A.B. Bright moonlight. 

‘Mostly ov’t in N. Obs. nearly impos. to 10": moon: none susp. 
Smoky: obs. n’y impos. to 10" on ac’t of this and moon: none susp. 
Ov’t: obs. impos, to 10° and @sallm’t: rain during w’t: full moon. 
Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 


31)Clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon rose 10™ after close of twilight. 


April 1 
2 | 
3 | 


M’y cl’r, hazy. No A.B. seen to moonrise (about 9"), and none aft. 
Clear. No A.B. to 105. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", 


4|Clear, but hazy. No A.B. to 103". 
5 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 


Cl’ss, but hazy: no A.B. seen to 9$": obs. near hor. dif. : p. none. 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 93. 


8| Very clear. Very faint A.B., scarcely visible before 9".* (87) 


|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10°. 


10 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10°. 
11) Densely ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night: began to rain, 


12 
13 
14 


Ov’t: high wind and driving rain. Obs. impos. 
‘Ovw’t: rain storm from N.N.E. Obs. impos. all night. 
Ovwt. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 


— 


Feb. 25th.—Possibly a very faint light in N., but uncertain on account of moon. 
March 5th.—Streamers 40° high after 10h, as Mr. H. L. Smith informs me. 
March 9th.—Perhaps a very faint appearance of A.B. 

March 10th.—I saw no streamers, but I watched only a short time. 

March 15th.—A soft low light in N. quarter up to 10h. No streamers. 

April 8th.—Seen up to 10h 10m; merely low diffuse light. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 25 


1839. 


Apr. 


15 Mostly ov’t to 108, when about half clear. No A.B. visible then, 
16 Ov’t to 10", and doubtless all night. Obs. impos. 
17 Ov’t to 10°, and doubtless all night. Obs. impos. 
18 Clr: no A.B. during the n’t: moon interf. until about 1 4. wu. (19th), 
19 Mostly clear. No A.B. seen to 10", nor at midnight. 
20 Mostly clear. No A.B. seen to 10". Moon. pi 
21 Clear: faint A.B. lying along N. horizon: I saw no streamers.* (88) 
22 Clr: no A.B. to 115, or pos. a very faint light: moon makes it une. 
23 M’y cl’ss, hazy: no A.B. seen to 10", but obs. dif. on ac’t of moon 
24 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 104}. [and haze. 
25 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 
26 Mostly clear. No A.B. seen to 10". Moon interferes. 
27, Almost wholly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 
28 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10*. [ov’t to 10", and obs. impos. 
29 Clear a few minutes at 8"; no A.B. seen then, but twil’t interf.: aft. 
30 Ov’t and showery. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
1 Ov’t, sprinkling: obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
2 Clear. No A.B. to 10". Thunder storm during night. 
3 Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 7" 
4\Clear. No A.B. to 10". 
5 Mostly ov’t.* (89) 
6 Clear. No A.B. to 10". 
7\Clear. No A.B. to 94%, and none at 1" of 8th. 
8 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". Thunder shower from 1® to 2" of 9th. 
9 Mostly clear in north.* 80) 
10 Clear: diffuse auroral light in N.: no streamers noticed to 11". (91) 
11|Clear; hazy about horizon. No A.B. to 10".* 
12'Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
13/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night: rain in night.* 


14| Mostly clear after 9". A.B. seen.* (92) 
15 Mostly clear except a bank of clouds in N. and N.W.* (93) 


16|Ov’t, showery. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
17;Ov’t; rain during night: obs. impos. to 10%, and prob. all night. 
18| Mostly clear; few clouds about N. Moon interferes.* 

19 Clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon interferes. 

20|Clear; hazy near horizon. No A.B. to 103". 

21|Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. (unless a very extensive aurora) to 10°. 
22 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. [liant. 
23 Clear to 10, when it became oy’t. No A.B. seen to 10": moon bril- 
24,;Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

25|Clear. No A.B. to 944. Moon brilliant. 

26| Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". None suspected. 

27/Ov’t, and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

28 M’y ov’t: obs. n’y or quite impos. to 11", and d’s all m’t: none susp. 
29|Clear: no A.B. at 9": moon rose about 9" 10™: no A.B. seen to 10°. 


April 21st.—[Streamers were seen here however.] I saw the same appearance at 3h 4. M. 


of 22d. 


May 5th.—Through openings in clouds an unusual light appeared in N., doubtless an A.B. 
[Very fine display, perhaps coronal, as I hear from good authority. | 

May 9th.—A faint auroral dawn visible all the evening up to 10h at least. Isaw no streamers. 

May 11th.—A.B. at Worcester, Mass. ost. Med. and Surg. Jour., xx, 18. 

May 13th.—Is there a faint light in N. behind the clouds? 

May 14th.—Streamers 20° high at times; a little red light ; going on at 10h. 

May 15th.—Moon lowin W. A.B. undoubtedly, but mostly concealed by clouds. I saw two 
streamers 30° high. 

May 18th.—No certain A.B. to 10h, but possibly a faint light. 


4 


26 Herrich’s Auroral Register. 


1839. 
May 30)Clear. No A.B. to 10%, 
31|/Clear. A.B. seen.* (94) 


June 1)/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

2) Mostly clear: clouds 10° high j in W., N. and N.E.; no A.B. above. 
3|Ov't with oc’l breaks in c’ds. Obs. impos. to 10", and prob. later. 
4/Ov’t; began to rain at 10". Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night.* 
5|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 

6| Beautifully c’rand calm: A.B. seen; very shght dawnin N.* (95) 
i pe! clear ; gradually clouding From 9h to 10,* tee 
8)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

9/CPr at 10" except N. hor.: no A.B. vis., and p. none to 10" 10™, 
10|M’y clr, low cl’ds in N. hor.: no A.B. vis. to 11", and prob. none. 
11|Clear, but no A.B, to 10". [ing and night. 
12|M’y ov’t; oc’l breaks; no A.B. then seen: obs. nearly impos. even- 
13 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 16", and probably later.* 

14|Clear. No A.B. to 10%, or at 1" of 15th. [very good. 
15|Clear. No A.B. at 11, and prob, none previous, but the obs. not 
16/Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

17 Ov’t with dense haze. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
18 Ov’t to 10", and later. Cleared during the night. 

19'Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. to 102. 

20 Ov’t about N. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
21;Ov’t. Obs. impos, to 10", and doubtless all night. 


22\;Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s later: cleared off during night. 
23\P’yc a ded, but an A.B. of much brightness w’d have been vis. if pres- 
24/Ov't: obs. impos. to 10", and p. all night. [ent: no A.B, to 105, 


25|Clear. No A.B. to 1014, Moon ne: arly full. 

26/Ov’t in N, Obs. impos. to 10%, and probably later. 

27/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 

28/Ov’t; some rain. Obs. impos. to 103", and probably all night. 

29|Clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon rises about 10°, 

30/Clear: no A.B. to 10" 10", or perhaps there is a faint ’t in N.N.W.* 
July 1)Cloudless but slightly hazy. No A.B. to 10°. 


2)/Ov’t, rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 


3 Mostly clear, A decided A.B.* ‘ (97) 
4 Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10", or possibly a very faint light, 
5|Clear. No AB. tolo®, 

6|Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

7|Clear. No A.B. to 9" 40™, 

8| Mostly ov "t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 

9 Mostly clear. No A.B. to 112. 

10 Mostly ov't, Obs. impos. to 1034, 


11, Thunder shower during ev’g. Frequent lightning after it passed.* 


May 3lst.—A low ill-defined band in N., about 3° high at vertex, at 10h; horizontal extent 
about 30° or 55°; little change up to 10b. No streamers. 

June 4th.—Clouds lighter near N. horizon. Are they thinner there, or is there an A.B. be- 

ond? 
2 June 6th.—Watched at 10h 10m a short time. No arch, but only a dim illumination, At 
10h 40m Mr, E. P. Mason saw bright streamers 10° high, and arch 1° high. 

June 7th.—A.B. Distinct band of illumination about 5° high; without much change to 10h, 
but clouds obscured parts of it. No streamers to 10h. 

June 15th.—Mr. A. B, Haile tells me that at 11h 5m the clouds lifted in the N. and left a long 
narrow space, in which the light appeared unusual; perhaps an aurora, 

June 30ih.—I am uncertain, but suspect a very slight A.B. 

July 5d.—Several streamers about N. 15° E., about 12° or 15° high, No others seen up to 
11h, but clouds interfere greatly. 

July 11th.—Clouds breaking away about 10h, Probably no A.B. up to 10h 10m, but at times 
T suspected a faint light. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 27 


July 12,Clear. No A.B. to 11, [somewhat uncertain. 
13 |Clouded, oc’] breaks: no A.B. to 10" as far as e’'d be ascertained: obs. 
14/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 104, 
15)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 105 20™, 
16|Clear and pleasant. No A.B. to 2" of 17th. 
17| Very clear after about 10°. No A.B. to 11.* 
18|Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. to 101. 
19/Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. to 10". 
20/Ov’t and showery. Obs. impos. to 10%, and probably all night. 
21)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
22/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably most of the night. 
23|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10%. 
24/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%, and probably most of the night. 
25/Ov't. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later, 
26|/Clear. Full moon. No A.B. to 112. [ suspected. 
27|Very hazy. Moon dimly shining: obs. nearly impos. to 10": none 
28/Cloudless but hazy. Moon. Obs. uncertain. Prob. none to 10°, 

29/P*y c’r from 9" to 10"; obse. in N., obs. une.: no A.B. seen to 10%. 

30 Mostly clear. A.B. seen.* (98) 

31) Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10%.* 

1|Splendidly clear. No A.B. to 103". 

2 Ov’t; raining at 10". Obs. impos. to 11”, and probably later. 

3/Clear. No A.B. to 105. 

4\Clear. No A.B. to 11". Somewhat hazy. 

5 

6 

by 


‘Cloudless, but hazy. No A.B. to 10°, [all night. 
Ov’t almost entirely, and at 93" wholly. Obs. impos. to 11", and p. 
7|Clear. No A.B. to 1144, but partly cloudy after 10%. 
8|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s later: cl’rat 15: no A.B. vis. 
9 Beautifully clear.* 
10| Beautifully clear. A.B. seen. Watched till 1)” of 11th.* — (99) 
11 Much clouded. Very clear for a short time at 8}°.* 
12 Ov’t with oc’l heavy showers: obs. impos. to 10", and p. all night. 
13 Almost wholly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably later. 
14 Clear. Between 11" and 12" a faint light across the N. horizon.* 
15 |Ov’t: obs. impos. to 11", and p. allt: I’t streak in N., p. thin cl’ds. 
16 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10, and doubtless all night. 
17 Oy’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
18 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
19 Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 10". 
20 Cloudy in N. to 9", after that mostly clear: no A.B. to 103".* (100) 
21/ Partly clear to 10"; then ov’t, p. all night: no A.B. present: moon. 
22)P’y cl’r: moon: no A.B. seen to 10", but dif. to det.: none susp. 
23/M’y cl’r to 9", aft. ov’t, and obs. impos., p. all n’t: no A.B, seen to 9". 


July 17th.—The very faint light in N.N.W. is probably the zodiacal light, seen laterally. 

July 30th.—About 9h 25m a single ill-defined streamer, 20° high at top, at N. 5° E. slowly 
drifting to W., and in five minutes had reached N. 5° W. and soon disappeared. Other slight 
auroral indications afterward till moonrise. 

July 3lst.—But at one time I suspected a faint illumination; doubtful. Tornado passed 
through N. part of the city at noon. WS . 

Aug. 9th.—Watched till 2b 10m (of 10th) for meteors, which were abundant. A faint light in 
N.N.W. and N.—perhaps auroral, more probably zodiacal. 

Aug. 10th.—A streamer about 1ih, and zones; arch and diffuse light afterwards. 

Aug. 11th.—At 10h nearly overcast. An auroral light suspected at various times, but uncer- 
tain. I did not myself look for it during the clearest part of the evening. ; ‘ 
~ Aug. 14th.—It is probably auroral. Nothing previous. No streamers and possibly zodiacal 


ight. 
Aug. 20th.—Mr. F. Bradley thinks there was an A.B. but no streamers. 


28 Flerrick’s Auroral Register. 


1839. 
Aug. 24/Ov’t and cl’r by turns, mostly the former: no A.B. seen to 103", but 
25|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10%. [most of time obs. impos. 


26|M’y ov’t: obs. impos. owing to cl’ds and moon, to 10", and p. all n’t. 
27\ M’y cl’r to 9", ov’t to 10", p.alln’t: no A.B. to 9; obs, obstructed. 


28| Mostly ov’t, but partly clear in north.* (101) 
29 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and p. all night: northeaster coming on. 
30 Ov't: a violent wind and rain: obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all n’t. 
31| Very clear.* (102 
Sept. 1|Very clear. A.B. seen.* (103 


2 Clr, some haze in hor.: no A.B. toll: aft. 9" Mr. A. B. H. watched. 
3| Magnificent A.B. covering at times n’y the whole heavens.* (104) 
+ Densely ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night.* 
5|Clear. No A.B. to 10", or at 4" of 6th. 

6|V ery ‘cloudy during ev’g. No A.B. seen to 93%. Obs. som’t unc. 
7\Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10, and probably all night. 

8 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10, and doubtless all night. 

9|Clear. No A.B. to 11}$*. 

10/Clear. No A.B. to 105. 

11|Clear and cloudy by turns.* 

12/Clear and cloudy by turns.* 

13|Clear. No A.B. to 104, 


14/Clear. A.B. seen.* (105 

15/Clear. A.B. seen.* (106 

16 Many clouds: moonlight. Obs, nearly impos. to 10°.* 

17/Ov’t nearly all evening. Partly clear at 8".* [am informed. 
18|Cl'red between 9" and 10%,- No A.B, seen to 10°, nor to 115) asi 
19|Clear. Moon interferes.* (107) 


20;/Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

21 Smoky, misty and somewhat cloudy: no A.B. seen to 9".* (108) 
22|Ov't to 9. Obs. impos. 

23|Clear. No A.B. to 105, 

24 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10°, and doubtless later. 

25|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", "and probably all night. 

26/Clear. No A.B. to 94". Moon rose about 7h, 

27, Ov't; rain. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 

281 Mostly clear. A fine A.B.; not much seen before 9".* (109) 


Aug. 28th.—A decided A.B. reported by divers persons, but I was engaged within doors, and 
did not see it. Streamers seen, but probably not very high. 

Aug. 3lst.—An A.B. seen about 9h; several faint streamers for a few minutes; afterwards a 
diffuse light only to 10h. 

Sept. Ist.—Diffuse light ; several faint streamers, some 10° high about 10h: no arch seen to 10h, 

Sept. 3d.—Visible as early as 7h 15m, and as late as 4h a. M. of 4th. 

Sept. 4th.—Mr. W. C. Redfield informs me that at Albany, N. Y., it was partly clear, and 
there was visible a plain auroral segment for some time. He saw no streamers. 

Sept. 11th.—Tolerably good opportunity for observation. Faint A.B. suspected to 10h, but 
uncertain. 

Sept. 12th.—Tolerably good opportunity for observation. No A.B. to 11h, or possibly a faint 
illumination. 

Sept. 14th.—About 10h a low bright band of light lying along the North. About midnight 
more light, and streamers 20° high. At 3b A.M of 15th, Mr. ey A. Daggett tells me that A.B. 
was brilliant, but no higher than 30°. 

Sept. 15th. "_No streamers seen to 10h, but not well watched; a band of strong light; up to 
10h there was no light higher than about 20°, 

Sept. 16th. —Possibly a faint auroral light, but doubtful. 

Sept. 17th.—Some faint auroral light suspected, but quite doubtful. 

Sept. 19th.—A.B. seen, but slight: about 9h a few streamers 15° high about N. 20° E. Did 
not observe for more than 15 minutes. 

Sept. 21st.—On account of clouds and moon, observation very unsatisfactory. [A decided 
A.B. between 9h and 10h, Seen by Mr. F. Bradley.] 

Sept. 28th.—At 11h an arch 25° high, and much general light. Moon then two hours high. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 29 


839. 

Sept. 29|Clear. No A.B. to 10% 

30) Ov’t; rainy to 93". Obs. impos. [uncertain. 
Oct. | My cPr, but some el’ds about N.: no A.B. seen to 10": obs. slightly 
Almost ‘wholly ev’t. Obs. impos. to 92". 

My el’r, but some cl’ds about N.: no A.B. to 93" >, nor at 5" of 4th. 

Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10%, 

|Clear. No A.B. to 9}. 

| Partly clear. No A. B. to 10, but obstructed and slightly une, 

\Partly clear. No A.B. to 11". Obs. toler ably good, 

‘Cloudless, but hazy. A very faint A.B. about 8",* (110) 

\Crdless, but hazy: no A.B. to 9", or pos. a very faint light about 9°. 

10 Cl oudy and clear by turns. A decided A. B., but faint.* (111 

11'Cloudy about N., and obs much embarrassed.* Be 
12/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

13/Cl’r at 6%, but soon obse. by mist: obs. impos. to 9", and p. all n’t. 

14 Rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

15 P’y c’dy: moon: no A.B. susp. to 10": none from 2" to 5" of 16th, 

16/Clear. “Moon. No A.B. to 10%. [sky being clear. 

17|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 94. 

18,Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

19; Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 9h, 

20|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9°. 

21|)Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 1034.* 

22|Clear: moon: A.B.; being occupied, did not obs. it much.* (113) 

23|Cloudless, but smoky. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9", but obs. une, 

24/Cloudy and ver y smoky. Obs. impos. to 932. 

25|Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

26|Cl’ss, but hazy. No A.B. to moonrise, and none seen after to 94°, 

27 Cloudless, but hazy. No A.B. to 942 

28|Clear, but foggy near horizon. No “A.B. to 94, 

29 Mostly clear. No A.B. to 93". 

30/Ov'’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 

31 Rainy: obs. impos. to 10"; lighter in N., p. from thinness of cl’ds. 
Noy. 1|Mostly clear at 6”, then ov’t to 11": no A.B. at 6"; aft. obs, impos. 
Clear. <A long low cloud along N. horizon.* 

Ov’t to 9", and later. Obs. impos. to 9". 

Clear. Possibly a slight auroral light to 10", but som’t une.* (114) 
Violent rain and wind storm: obs. impos. to 11", and d’s all night. 
Clear.* (115) 
Cl’r and cP’dy by turns: no A.B. to 103", or pos. a very faint light. 
Clear. Slight A.B. during evening: no streamers to 10", — (116) 
Almost entirely ov’t: obs. nearly impos. to 10%, and d’s all night.* 


2D OHTOH WR OD 


CO OO -T GO Or OO tO 


Oct. 8th.—After that nothing seen to 10h, A decided A.B. at 3h 45m a. Mm. of 8th: streamers 
about 6° high, generally drifting to eastward. 

Oct. 10th.—No streamers seen. At 3h a.m. of 11th a segment of light in N. about 2° high. 
No streamers. 

Oct. 11th.—An unusual light suspected through breaks in the clouds, but not certain; up to 
9h, Probably a faint aurora. 

Oct. 21st.—[Prof. C. U. Shepard on board Great Western saw auroral display. ] 

Oct. 22d.—No corona. Red stains, white streamers, some 40° high. 

Nov. 2d.—Above that seems to be a faint unusual light. No streamers seen, I presume it 
is a faint A.B.; up to 10h. 

Nov. 4th.—Dr. Chas. Hooker saw an A.B. this morning, 2h a.m. Not very splendid. 

Nov. 6th.—A very slight auroral dawn in N., and slightly uncertain whether it is unusual; 
up to 10h. 

Noy. 9th.—Through breaks in clouds appeared some unusual light in N., but doubtful. 


30 Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


1839. 
Nov, 10/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 
11|Clear. A slight auroral light in N. now and then to 11°.*  (117} 
12/Ov’t early part of ev’g; cr at 93> 34 and onward. No A.B. to 1034, 
13| Mostly clear to midnight. No A.B. to 11. 
14/Ov’t, foggy. Obs. impos. to 11". 
LS Ov't. Obs. impos. to 11". 
16|/Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. to 10°. 


17|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10".* (118) 
18|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 
19|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10°. [to night. 


20| M’y cl’r aft. 74°; bank of cl’ds in N.: no A.B. seen to 11": moon full 

21 Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 95, 

22\Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9". 

23 Partly clear at sunset and to 7", after which ov’t.* (119} 

24 Ov’t t and raining. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night, 

25 Clear at fine. No A.B. to 9°. 

26|Clear. No A.B. to 11*, 

27/| Clear. No Asb. A011 

28|Clear. No A.B. to 11%. 

29 Mostly clear. No A.B. to 115. 

30 Mostly clear, hazy. No A.B. to 10%. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and pr obably all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 104", and doubtless all night. 

(Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 108, and doubtless all night. 

Almost entirely ov’t to 10", when it suddenly cleared up.* (120) 

_ Mostly clear. No A.B. to 1. [no A.B. 
6 M’y ov’t aft. 7°: obs. n’ y impos. to 10"; oc’l breaks in cl’ds: prob. 

7 Wh’y ov’t to 10", and d’salln’t: obs. i impos. : N.E, rain storm com- 

8|W holly ov’t to 10", and (’s all n’t: rainy d’g the day. [ing on. 

9 Wh’ y ov’t and raining: obs. impos. to 10", and p- most or all night. 

10 Clear. Moon to 82". No A.B. to 10, 

11 Ov’t and rainy after 9": obs, impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

12 Mostly clear after 8". Moon. No A.B. to 1044, 

13 Mostly clear. Moon. Some clouds about N.* 

14 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

15) Ov't, s snowing: high wind from N. or N.N.W.: obs. impos. all n’t. 

16/P’y cPr after 9": obs, impos. before: ean hear of no A.B. after that 

17|Clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon. [ time. 

18 Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10", 

19 Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10" 

20/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10°. 

21) Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. uncertain. No A.B. prob. to 10°, 

22,QOv’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10% 

23 Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10}, 

24 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%. 

25|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

26/Clear. No A.B. to 11*. 

27'Snowing and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 


Dec. 


mw bre 


Nov. 11th.—Possibly not unusual, but probably an A.B. Apparently an unusual light from 
10h to 11h in W. near horizon. 

Noy. 17th—At 2h a. mM. of 18th Dr. J. G. Percival saw an A.B.; an arch and some streamers. 

Noy. 23d.—A considerable A.B., beginning at 5h 30m, Reddish light 40° high; few stream- 
ers. Bright white light after. 

Dec. 4th.—A slight A.B. between 10h and 11h probably. 

Dee. 18th.—A slight A.B. suspected, but very uncertain; up te 10b, 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 31 


1839. 
Dec. 28) Mostly ov't, clearing: p. no A.B. to 10"; obs. une. on ac’t of el’ds, 
29 Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 10°. 
30| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 11".* 
ae. Clear. No A.B. to 12", [A.B. at 4" a.m. of Ist.] (121) 
an, 1 Very clear. No A.B. to midnight. 
2 Mostly clear. No A.B. to 11". 


Clear. Fine display of A.B.: not higher than 40°.* (122 
Mostly ov’t.* 1238 
124 


Mostly clear. No A.B. to 16°. 
\Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 
Clear. No A.B. to 9% 
9 Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10". 
10 Mostly ov't. Obs. impos. to 9". 
11 Ov't and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
12 Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 10", 
13 Ov’t to 8"; then clearing, and clear by 9". No A.B. to 93°. 
14,Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11”. 
15 Cldy and p’y cl’r by turns: moon: obs. unc.: no A.B, susp. to 10°. 
16|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 11". 
17\Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10". 
18|Clear. No A.B. to 10% 
19 Owt. Obs. impos. to 10" 
20| Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", 
21 Very clear. No A.B. Moon rose at 8°. 
22 Snowing. Obs. impos., doubtless all night. 
23|Ov’t to 83"; afterwards clear. No A.B. to 944. 
24|Clear. No A.B. to 10". 
25|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
26 Mostly clear to 93%, No A.B. to 93". Clouding up. 
27 Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
28 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 
29 Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night: foggy and drizzling. 
30 Clearing between 8? and 9", Very clear soon after 9°.* 125 
31 Clear early part of evening. Ov’t at 8}, and onward.* tie 
Mostly ov’t, and obs. nearly impos. to 10".* 
Clear. No A.B. to 9" 
Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
Mostly evt. Obs. impos. to 10*. 
6 Clear early part of evening; ov’t at 9". No A.B. seen. 
7|Clear. A.B. seen.* (127) 
8 Ov't; foggy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
9 Ovy’t; raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
10/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 
11/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10". 
12’ Mestly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 10". None seen. 


3 
4 
5|Clear. A.B.* 
6 
Fi 
8 


Feb. 


ot ® he 


Dec. 30th.—At 11h I thought there was a very faint auroral light ; uncertain. 

Jan. 3d.—Much red light; streamers and arches. Most brilliant from 6h to 7h, 

Jan. 4th.—Evidently some (but not great) display of A.B. ; obscured by clouds. ‘ 

Jan. 5th.—Not much up to 10h, but a luminous arch, not changing much, about 7° high at 
vertex: occasional streamers. ; 

Jan. 30th.—Fine auroral arch low in the N. I saw no streamers. Arch 6° high at vertex. 

Jan. 3lst.—Low arch in N. Isawno streamers. Arch 6° high at vertex. 

Feb. 1st.—A faint auroral light suspected. inal 

Feb. 7th.—A low arch in N. with occasional streamers, not more than 25° high. 


32 


184 
Feb. 


Mar. 


Hervick’s Auroral Register. 


0. 
18] Mostly ov’t: obs, n’y impos. to 10"; none seen: moon also interf. 


14|}Ov’t, misty. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later, 
15|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10%. 


-16| Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 


17| Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
18|Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless much later. 
19| Thick fog. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

20/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 104°. 

21|Clear. Slight auroral appearances low in north.* (128) 
22)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

23\/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

24|Much obse. by clouds. Obs. nearly impos. to 10", None seen. 
25|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10". Obs, som’t embarrassed by cl’ds. 
26/Ov’t. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 103", and prob. all night. 


.27/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 


28/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", [Clear at 11"; no A.B.: fide E. P. M.} 
29|Half clear. No A.B. to 10". Obs. embarrassed by clouds a little. 
1;Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

2|M’y ov’t to 9", when cl’ss but hazy: no A.B, to 10%, but obs. une. 
3/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

4/Cloudless, but hazy. No A.B. to 10". 

5|Clear. Fine A.B.* (129) 
6|Clear. No A.B. to 10", or pos. a very faint light in N. about 105. 
7|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10" 

8|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9. 

9|Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10%. 

10;Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10? 

11|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10°. 

12|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 8", 

13|Mostly clear; low clouds in N. Moon. No A.B. to 9". 

14) Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

15)/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9". 

16| Mostly clear to 93", then clouding over. No A.B. seen or susp. 
17{/Ov’t to 10%, then clear. Moon. No A.B. to 11°. 

18|/Ov’t to 10", and doubtless later. Obs. impos. 

19|Ov’t, rainy. Obs. impos to 10°, 

20;Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11°. 

21|Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

22) Mostly clear, but some clouds in N. No A.B. to 9", and p. none. 


23/Ov’t to 9", and doubtless all night. 

24 /Sleet, snow, and rain all ev’g. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s later. 
25 |Clear.* (130) 
26 | Clear.* (131) 
27|Partly clear to 83", then ov’t. No A.B, Cloudy during night d’s. 
28|Ov’t entirely to 10", and doubtless all night. Obs. impos. 
29|Cloudless but foggy. Obs. below 25° impos. None susp. to 93". 
30/Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 11". 

31}Clear.* (132) 


Feb. 


21st.—No streamers seen to 10h, 


March 5th.—Not seen or visible until 9h 80m; gradually increased until the low arch was 
very luminous. Streamers perhaps 20° high, and some red light. 

March 25th.—Most of evening no auroral light, but from 9h to 10h there was a slight A.B.; 
dawn merely. 

March 26th.—No A.B. to 9h, but about 10h there seemed to be a very faint auroral light in N. 

March 31st.—Not watched before 9b, but some very faint traces of A.B. suspected up to 10h. 
{A splendid display at 2h 30m 4.m., April 1st; reported by Mr. Willard Lyon: crimson and 
white streamers reached almost to zenith. ] 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 33 


1840. 
April 1) Spat in evening; clear at 9: faint auroral light visible. (133) 
2 Clear. No A.B. to 10%, 
3 Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10*. 
4 Clear. Slight auroral appearance in N, to 103": moon interf. (134) 
5/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10°. 
6|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9". 
7\Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 115. 
8 Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10%. 
9|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10°. 
10 Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10". 
11 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 
12 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10" and later. 
13/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9". 
14 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10°. 
15|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10°. 
16 Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10%. 
17\/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10}5. 
18 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 105, 
19|Cl’r: very sl’t A.B. at 9", and aft. to 94", whenI ceased obs. (135) 
20| Clear. Slight A.B. at 10" anda little before: no streamers. (136) 
“a ‘Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 
a t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 
Partly obsc. by clouds. No A.B. to 10" apparently, and p. none. 
2 Mostly clear. A.B. beginning after twilight.* (137) 
25 /Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%, and probably all night. 
26 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10°. 
27|Clear. No A.B. to 9". 
28 |/Ov’t, rainy at 9" and after. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night. 
29 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
30/Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
May 1/Clear.* (138) 
2|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
3 Ovt and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
4 Ov’t. Obs. impos, to 10", and doubtless later. 
5 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and later. 
6 Cloudy in N.: moon interferes: obs. n’y impos. to 10": none seen. 
7,Clear. No A.B. to 10", Moon. 
8 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
9 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and no doubt all night. 
10 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%. 
11| Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. to 93". 
12 Partly cloudy. Moon. Obs. uncertain. No A.B. seen to 94%. 
13|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 93°. 
14|Clear, mostly. Moon. No A.B. to 9}. [no A.B. seen. 
15 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". Clear (I am told) between 10" and 11"; 
16/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 934. 
17 Clear. No A.B. to 95. Moon then rose. None seen after, to 93%. 
18 Clear, but slightly hazy. No A.B. to 94°. 
19 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
20 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. Rain in night. 


April 24th.—Much diffuse light, and now and then streamers, some 20° high. Long cloud in 
N. obscures the low arch. [A. B. seen in Ireland same right. ] 

May 1st.—Apparently a faint auroral light in N. at different times up to 10h30m, Someslight 
uncertainty as to its auroral nature. Probably the A.B. 


9] 


Hervick’s Auroral Register. 


May 21|Ov’t and rainy in ev’g. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all n’t 
22| Mostly clear after 9". No A.B. to 10°. 
23|Clear after 9", except long low clouds in N.* 
24/Clear. No A.B. to 98 40%, 
25'Cl’r: I didnot obs., but from what I can learn, prob, no A.B, to 10". 
26|Clear. No A.B. to 10%, 


27\Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
28/Clear. No A.B, to 10". 
29|Hazy and somewhat cloudy. A conspicuous A.B.* (139) 
30|Clear. A.B., moderate.* (140) 


31|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 93. 


June 


1) Ov’t to 10", and doubtless all night. Obs. impos. 
2}Ov’t to 10", and doubtless all night. Some rain, Obs. impos. 


Ov’t to 10", and no doubt all night. 
Ov’t to 10", and doubtless all night. 


My ov’t: obs. n’y or quite impos, to 11": oc’l breaks; no A.B. seen. 
Ov’t, a little rain in ev’g. Obs. impos. to 10", and prob. all night. 


3 
4 
5|Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. to 108". 
6 
7 


8| Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", 
9|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 


10| Mostly ov t. Obs. impos. to 10", 

11| Partly cl’r: cl’y in N.: moon: obs. nearly or quite impos. to 10% 
12|Halfclear. Moon. At 10" nearly clear in N.: no A.B. seen to 10°, 
13|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10}. [ A.B. seen. 
14|M’y ov’t. Clr in N. a little after 9°; at 94" wh’y ov’t: moon: no 


5 Mostly clear. Moon interferes. ie 


16| Very clear. No A.B. to 104". Moon rose about 93°, 


“iClear. No A.B. to 10°. 


18/Ov’t, rain in night. Obs. impos, till after midnight, 

19| Much ov’t, and at 10" almost entirely.* 

20|Clear, No A.B. to 1044. 

21\Clear. No AB. to 11, Lightning in N. from 9" to 10" oe’y. 


2|Mostly cloudy. Obs. nearly impos. to 103". None seen. 


23|Clear. No A.B. to 10}, 

24 Mostly clear, but slichtly hazy. No A.B. to 10}. [aft. ov’t. 
25|Ov’t below 20° ; mostly cl’r above: no A.B. seen to 93"; then and 
26|Mostly clear in N. No A.B. to 10". 


7|M’y ov’t and wh’y so after 93": no A.B. seen at cl’r intervals m N. 


28 Hazy. Obs. obstructed. No A.B. seen to 103". 
29|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 104", and doubtless all night. 
30| At 9" ov’t, and onward to 104", and later. Obs. impos. 


July 


1|Fleecy c’'ds: no A.B. seen to 11", p. none: at 114" wh’y ov’t in N. 
2)}Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 114°. 
Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. to 10%. 


4 
5|Sky much cl’ded by cirri: moon: obs. very impert. none seen to 10", 
6 


Wh’y ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night. Rain in night. 


May 25 


d.—Watched to 11h; possibly a faint auroral light, but uncertain. 


May 29th.—A narrow belt overhead between 9h and 10h; and after 10h auroral waves as high 
as zenith. 

May 30th.—About 9h 20m, several streamers 20° high. 

June 15th.—I have some suspicion that there is at 9h30m an unusual light, but am far from 
being certain. 

June 19th.—Observation nearly impossible to 10h, probably all night. Some light among 
clouds in N.; possibly an A.B., but very doubtful. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 35 


1840. 
July °. Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
8|Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 114", and doubtless all night. 
9/ Mostly clear after 9". Moon interferes. No A.B. to 10". 
10;Clear. Moon, No A.B. to 10". 
11|Hazy. Moon, Obs. embarrassed. No A.B. seen to 10" 20", 
12} Thick haze; few stars visible. Obs. impos. to 10", and p. all night.* 
13/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%, and probably all night. 
14|Clear. Moon, No A.B. to 10°. 
15|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 103°. 
16|Clear. A very faint auroral bank in N. susp. from 9" to 10".* (141) 
17; Mostly ov’t after 8" 50™: obs. impos. to 10", and prob. all night. 
18)}Ovwt. Obs. impos. to 103". 
20/Clear. No A.B. to 1034. Faint zod. light in N. and N.N.W. 
21|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 


Aug. 


Clear, but somewhat hazy. No A.B. to 103%. 

Ov't and rainy. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
Clear. No A.B. to 104", or pos. a very faint illumination ; doubtful. 
25|Clear: a faint auroral light between 10" and 11", and p. later.* (142) 
Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

27|Clear. No A.B. to 10" 25™. 

Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103%. 

Clear. A.B. from 83" onward.* (143) 
Hazy about bor.: no A.B. to 103"; a faint A.B. wd not be visible. 
P’y el’r for 15™ at 9": no A.B. then: ov’t aft. and obs. impos. to 10", 
Ovt. Obs. impos. to 103", and prob. all night. [and p. all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10°, and probably most of night. 

Ov’t and rainy to 1" (4th) at least, and p. all night: obs. impos. 
Ov’t wholly to 10%. Clearing off about 10$". No A.B. then. 
Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. to 10". 

Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably to midnight. 
Clear. No A.B. to 93°, Moon interferes. 

Cl’y and r’y early inew’g: after 93" m’y cl’r: no A.B. to 10": moon. 
Beautifully clear: no A.B, d’g whole wt: moon interf. to 3" of 10th. 
10;Clear. No A.B. to 11". Moon. 

11/Ov’t. Thunder shower about 11". Obs. impos. to that time. 
12;Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless much later. 

13)Ov’t and rainy to midnight, and ov’t doubtless all night. 

14) Very clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 11". 

15| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon interferes, 

16|Clear: no A.B. to 83", when moon rose: none seen after that to 103°. 
17|Clear, but hazy near horizon. No A.B. to 103". 

18/Clear. No A.B. to 10}. 

19| Mostly clear. A considerable A.B. from 8" onward.* (144) 
20| Mostly clear; hazy about horizon. No A.B. seen to 103°. 
21|Clear. No A.B. to 10", Zod. light faintly visible in N.W. at 9°. 
22|Clear. No A.B. to 10". 


No A.B. to 103". 


July 12th.—Some appearance like an auroral (?) belt seen by Prof. Olmsted between Shand 10b, 
extending from N. to 8. and overhead; drifting eastward, soon vanished. Probably not auroral, 

July 16th.—Moon interferes. No streamers seen to 10h. f 

July 25th.—No streamers seen. [Streamers seen before 9h by Mr. T. Linsley.] y 

July 29th.—Low arch, much diffuse nebulous light, indefinite streaks as high as zenith; few 
streamers: watched until 10h 30m; light feeble; no corona formed. ; ; 

Aug. 19th.—Brightest from 8h to 9h, Arches 15° high, but little streaming. Watched to 
10h 45m. 


36 Hervick’s Auroral Register. 


1840. 
Aug. 23|/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 105%, 
24| Mostly clear to 94", then clouding.* (145) 


25| Clear: no A.B. to oh: zod., light in N.W. and W. by S.; very faint. 
26} Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos, to 10%, 
27|Much clouded. Obs. difficult and doubtful. Prob. none to 10%. 
28] Much clouded, but a considerable A.B. visible to 11".* (146) 
2¢| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 11".* (147) 
30|Clear mostly. No A.B. to 10%. 
31| Very clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
Sept. 1 Hazy to 9", and cloudy after. No A.B. seen, and p. none to 10°. 
2)/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 
3|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
4)Ov’t to 10", Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
5|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 94", and probably most of the night. 
6|Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. to 10%. 
7| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 93". Moon. 
8|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
9|Ov’t. Raining at 9". Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 
10}Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless later. 
11|/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and later no doubt. 
12] Very clear. Moon. No A.B. to 93". 
13/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 93". 
14| Partly cl’r to 9", aft. to 10" ov’t, rain: no A.B, seen, but moon interf. 
15|Clear. Moon rose at 8", No A.B. to 8", nor after to 10%, 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10°.* 
LP. artly clear. No A.B. to 9". 
18|Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
19|Clear. <A slight A.B.* (148) 
20|Cloudless but hazy. No A.B. to 93". 
21|M’y cl’r: aconspicuous A.B.: streamers 40° high at times.* (149) 
22|/Clear. A.B. suspected.* (150) 
23|Cl’r: no A.B. to 10": do. at N. Y. -(Mr. A. B. H. at N. H.: T went to 
24|/Clear: no A.B.to 10"; sameat N.Y. Mr. A.B. H.at N.H. [N.Y.) 
25|Clear: no A.B. to 10"; sameat N. Y. Mr. A. B. H. at N.i* 
26|Clear. No A.B. to 9". 
27|Partly clear. No A.B. to 9%. 
28| Very hazy: a moderate A.B. w’d not be vis. No A.B. seen to 10°. 
29| Very hazy: a moderate A.B. w’d not be vis. No A.B. seen to 94%. 
30|/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night; rain during night. 
Oct. 1) Entirely ov’t; drizzling: ‘obs. impos, to Toh, and d’s all ‘night. 
2| Entirely ov t, ‘and some drizzle: obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night. 
3) AI’t wh’y ov’t to 935: moon: obs. impos. to 93", when cl’ring of 
4\Very clear, but moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 934.* 


Aug. 24th.—A.B. suspected. Singular long streaks of light in 8.E., N.W., and elsewhere. 
[A.B. seen at Cattskill, N. Y., by Prof. Olmsted, after 10h, Streamers at 11h,] 

Aug. 28th.—An arch 40° hich in N., between 10h and 11h: few streamers. 

Aug. 29th.—At 12h I think there was a slight A.B. Not to be seen at 1h or 2h A.M. of 30th. 

Sept. 16th.—[Mr. Gilbert Dean, Jr., Yale College, reports that he saw about 1h a. mM. of 16th, 
in Dutchess Co., N. Y., a grand aurorai display ; a corona was formed. ] 

Sept. 19th. —Faint light low in N. for 15° each side of N.; not visible until 9h; seen to 10h; 
no streamers: not watched longer. 

Sept. 21lst.—Began before end of tw ilight; a bright band 10° or 12° high, with much diffuse 
light 30° high above it, all filling about 120° of horizon: dark segment ‘beneath. Watched at 
intervals to 10h; fine display at Oh 40m a. M. of 2 

Sept. 22d.—Some singular arcuate streaks in NS "A.B. no doubt. 

Sept. 25th.—Mr. C. S. Lyman saw at Manchester, Conn., an A.B. at 11h 45m, but no streamers. 
F Oct. 4th. .—At 2h a.m. of 5th, thought there was a faint illumination in N,, but it may be 

oubtiu 


Herrickh’s Auroral Register. 37 


1840. 
Oct. 


5| Very clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9%. 
®6|/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10", nor at 4" of 7th, moon having set. 
7|Clear: moon: no A.B. to 10", nor at 5° of 8th, w hen moon had set. 
|My c?r: moon: no A.B. to 94h, when it was too cloudy for obs. 
9|Ov’t, raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and prob. 2 or 3 hours later. 
10'Ov’t. Obs. eal to 10", and probably all night: rain at sunrise. 
11/Ov’t to 9"; n’y c?rat 10": no A.B, then vis.: moon greatly interf. 
12/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10°. 
13|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10}. 
14| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 7", when moon rose. None seen to 10". 
15|Clear. No A.B. to 8", when moon rose. None seen aft. to 10°. 
16|Clear. No A.B. to 93%. 
17\;Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
18|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless through the night. 
19/Ov’t. Obs. impos, to 10, and prob. all night. Rainy at 5" a. w. 
20/Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night.* 
21/Ov’t and rainy. Obs. mips. to 10%, and doubtless all night. 


22|Clear. A distinct A.B.* 151) 
23/Clear. <A faint auroral bank about the north.* 152) 
24/Ov’t. Obs. nearly or quite impos, to 10", and probably later. 

25/Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 11", and d’s later. [above cl’ds. 


26|Ov’t to 93"; m’y cl’r at 103", except about 5° in N. hor.: no A.B. vis. 
27|Mostly cl’r, but some el’ds about N. and oc’y elsewhere.* —_(153) 
28 Mostly clouded. Obs. nearly impos. to 93". None seen. 
29/Ov’t and stormy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
30| Almost wholly ov’t. Obs. n’y impos. to 10", and p. most of night.* 
31/Clear. Moon set at 9925". <A decided A.B. then visible.* (154) 
Noy. 1/Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 93°. 
2)Clear, but slightly hazy about horizon. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 
3/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
4|M’y obse. by thin cl’ds: obs. n’y or quite impos. to 114, and p. all n’t. 
5|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
6| Mostly ov’t with thin clouds. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s later. 
7\)Ov’t. Obs, impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
8 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10?, and undoubtedly all night. 
9|Ov’t and rainy: obs. impos. to 92", and d’s all n’t: stormy all night. 
10| Mostly ov’t by thin clouds. Obs. impos. to 10°, and P. most of n’t. 
11/| Alt entirely cl’y: obs. impos. to 103", and p. all n’t: ov’t at dawn. 
12| Almost wh’y ov’t to 11": obs. iMHIpOS. ¢ cl’y until near sunrise of 13th. 
18|Very clear. A.B. seen from 6} to moonrise, about 83°.* (155) 
14/Ov’t: ry d’g n’t and at sunrise : obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all n’t. 
15/Clear. ‘A.B. from about 6}" onward.* (156) 


Oct. 20th.—At 10h clouds slightly broken in N., and some uncertain appearances of unusual 
light, but too cloudy to determine. 

Oct. 22d.—An arch 2° or 3° high lying 30° or 40° along northern horizon. Some streamers 
10° high, seen by Mr. A. B. Haile about Sh. 

Oct. 28d.—I did not watch long. At 9 could not see. 

Oct. 27th—A decided A.B. most luminous about 10b, when there was a strong light for 60° 
or 802 horizontal extent, and about 15° high. I saw no streamers. 

Oct. 30th.—About 9h 36m clouds broken in N. for a short time, and there seemed to be some 
unusual light, but it is quite doubtful. 

Oct. 31st—Watched at intervals until 10h. Horizon for 50° illumined 8° or 10° high. Light 
strong; an indistinct arch, but I saw no streamers. 

Nov. 13th.—Horizon iilumined for 100° about 5° or 8° high. I saw no streamers, but pre- 
sume they might have been seen. . 

Nov. 15th —Watched occasionally, but saw no streamers. Horizon illumined for 90° or 
100°, about 5° high. 


38 LHervick’s Auroral Register. 


1840. 
Noy. 16] Mostly ov’t to 10", and obs. impos.* 


17/ Mostly clear after 8": no A.B, to 10", and none from 12" to 15 a, M. 
18|/Ov’tand snowing : obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night. [A.B. then. 
19|Ov’t most of ev’g ; cl’rin N, just before 8" and betw'n 9" and 10": no 
20|Clear, A.B, visible from 64" to 10", and prob. all night.* (157 
21;Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 12", and doubtless all night. 

22)Ov't and rainy. Obs. intpos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
23)Ov’t until 9"; soon after quite clear.* (158) 
24/Ov't to 94"; aft. cl’y in N. for 30° high: obs. n’y prevented: no great 
25/Ov’t and rainy to 11” at least; snowing at 12”: obs. impos. [A. B. 
26/Ov’t to 9": cP ring 9" to 10", hazy to 103: obs. n’y imp. ; none seen, 
27|Clear to 7", after m’y cl’y to 103": no A.B, seen to 74, and aft. obs. 


28) Cloudy to ex after that clear. No A.B. to 103%, [impos. 
29/Ov’t to 94", and probably all night. Obs. impos. 
30/Clear. No A.B. seen to 10", but moon interferes. (159) 


Dec. 1|Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 103% 

2/Clr: no A.B. to 103", after som’t cPy i in N.: no AG B. seen to 1124. 
3/Seattered cl’ds to (om , after that cl’r: moon: no A.B. seen to 10%, 
4|Wholly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
5|Wholly ov’t to 11, and doubtless all night. 

6| Wholly ov’t to 9", and d’s all night: snowing all day and ev’g. 
7|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10". 

8| Mostly ov’t, especially in N. Moon, Obs. impos. to 10%, 

9/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and prob. all night. Rain at 6° a. uw 
10|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10°, 

11/Clear. Moon. No A.B, to 10%, 

12/Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
13/Clear. A slight A.B.; no streamers.* (160} 
14/Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

15|Ov’t to 10", and doubtless later. Obs. impos. 

16/Ov’t and snowing from 3° to 10", and after. Obs. impos, 
17|Clear. A slight A.B. all the evening to 1032.* (161) 
18|Clear. No A.B. to 10% 

19/Cl’r: no A.B. to 103", or perhaps at 103" very sl’t illumination in N. 
20/Se much clouded that obs. was impos. to 103” at least. 

21|Mostly clear. A.B. seen from about 63 to 10" and after.* (162) 


22;Clear. A.B. seen.* (163) 
23/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 115. 
24 |Clear.* (164) 


Novy. 16th.—After 10h clear. There is apparently a faint light in N., but I am not certain. 

Nov. 20th —I watched it occasionally, but saw no streamers; the ‘light was strong for 100° 
of N. horizon; arch at one time about 10° high. At 8h 10m a piece of arch whose lower edge 
cut B Urse Majoris ; it was about 50° long, most E.of N. It was gone at 8h 30m. Zodiacal 
light faintly discernible from junction of Galaxy and bow of Serpentarius, extending to head 
of Capricornus ; but it is quite uncertain how far it extends. 

Novy. 23d.—I think there was a slight A.B. between 9h and 10h very low in N. 

Noy. 80th.—At 10h 35m there is a faint auroral light in N. horizon. 

Dee. 13th—Merely a faint variable light low in N. horizon. 

Dec. 17th—About 80° of N. horizon illumined 1° or 2° high. Isaw no streamers, but did 
mot watch attentively. Zodiacal light has become quite plain: reaches indistinctly to « Arietis, 
but 2° more southerly. 

Dec. 21st.—I watched at intervals, in all 30m or 40m. Saw only two streamers, viz. at 6h 17m 
to 6h 37m in Lyra. In the N. there was much diffuse light, and an arch elev: ited 3° to 6°, fluc- 
tuating of eeurse, but quite distinct; arch comprised per haps 90° of horizon. 

Dec. 22d. —Being occupied could not observe until 8h 55m; at that time there was a narrow 
segment of an arch between tDraconis and Mizar, well defined and constant for 15m.—See 
NH. Daily Herald for Dec, 23d. 

Dec. 24th.—During most of the evening there seemed to be a faintly luminous vapor in the 
N. particularly, but ‘also more or less elsewhere. It could scarcely have been nebulous hazi- 
ness. There were alse singular long faintly luminous streaks, chiefly in N., but obeying no 
usual auroral laws. Zam inclined to consider the whole as an auroral affair of little intensity. 


v 


Herrick’s Auroral Register, 39 


1840. 
Dec. 25)\Clear to 9".* 


26) Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 11", and all night. 

27|\Clear. No A.B. to 103%. Zod. I't maclies to N. Deel o) REA. 25a. 
28'Clear. Moon interferes until 9" 20™,* ue 
29;Ov't. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

30/Ov't. Obs, impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 


31; Myovt. Obs. impos. to 10", and p. most of n’t: ov’t at 65" a. a. 
1841. < 
Jan. 1/Ov’t and rainy in part. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless later, 


2 Mostly clear: mocn interferes: no A.B, to 10": clear at 53> a.M. 

3/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9". No A.B. from 5° to 6° of 4th. 

4\Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 93°. 

5 Ovy’t. Obs. impos, to 11", and doubtless all night. 

6 Ov't, foggy. Obs, impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

7\Ov’t, fogey and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and undoubtedly all n’t. 

g| Mostly ov't. Obs. impos. to 103", and most probably all night. 

9| Mostly ev’t: moon interf.: obs. 1’y impos. to 10", and p. all “night. 
10;Ov't; gentle rain. Obs. impos. to 11 sh and doubtless all night. 
11 Ov’t; drizzling rain. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless later. 
12) Mostly clear to 9" 40". No A.B.: aft. wholly ov’t, d’s all night. 
13 Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
14 Ov’t entirely. Obs. impos. to 103, and doubtless all night.* 
15 Owt. Obs. impos. to 94°, and doubtless later. 
16|Wholiy ev’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
17) Wholly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless later, 

18 Mostly clear, but hazy before 8.* 
19| Wh’y ov’t: obs. j impos. to 10", and d’s all night. — [and d’sall n’t. 
20| Wh’y ov’t, except from 8" te 83": obs. before and aft. impos. to 113", 
21) Almost. wholly ov't with some rain about 10%. Obs, impos. to 115, 
22/Clear. A very faint A.B, suspected, but uncertain.* (166) 
23| Ov’t to 83" and after 93", p. alln’t: very c’rabout 9°: no A.B. then. 
24| Ow't and rainy until about 9", About 102" clear. No A.B. then. 
25|/Ovt3 snow squall between 7" and 8; mostly clear at 10".* (167) 
26/Ov't. Obs. impos. to 103°, “in probably all night. 
27| Partly ov’t until 9", when and after mostly clear : ; som’t misty.* 
28|Clear. Moon interferes until 113.* (168) 
29|Ov’t and raining a little. Obs. impos. to 11", and prob. all night. 
30|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%, 
31| Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

Feb. 1,/Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s later: cl’r in morn. 
2)/Owt and snowing at 11". Obs. impos. to 11", and prob. all night. 
3|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 92. 
4)Hazy. Obs. nearly impos. to ‘midnight. No A.B. seen. 


aw 


Dec. 25th.—No A.B. to that time, although I once or twice suspected a very faint light in N., 
put I incline to think there was no A.B. Overcast at 10h and afte r, all night robably, 

Dec. 28th.—Some slight A.B. suspected, but uncertain. Between 5h and 65 a. M. of 29th the 
A.B. was visible; considerable light in N., and some streaming 6° or 10° high, with a red tinge. 
ee aoe ae: reported as seen at Worcester, Mass.—See 9th Report of Mass. State Lunatic 

ospita 

a 18th.—At times I thought there was a very faint light; but at other times when examin- 
ing critically, I could not detect any. On the whole Iam uncertain, but rather suspect an oc- 
casional very faint light in N. 

Jan. 22d. —Probably there is an unusual, but very faint light in N. 

Jan. 25th.—A.B. then visible ; a bright light in N. extending in altitude about 8°. Isaw no 
streamers, but did not look two minutes. ‘At 5b a. x. of 26th the light in N. still visible. 

Jan. 27th.—A very faint A.B. suspected, but quite doubtful. 

Jan. 28th.—A faint auroral light suspected, but uncertain on account of moonlight; probably 
there is a slight aurora. Zodiacal light visible in E. up to Spica. 


40 Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


1841. 
Feb. 5|M’ycl’r: d’g total eclipse of moon no A.B. vis. : none seen to 10". 

6) Ov't. Obs. impos. to 103", and probably all night. 
7\Clear. A very considerable A.B.* (169 
8|Mostly clear. A distinct A.B.; a low arch m N.* (1 a 
9|Snowing. Obs. impos. to 10%, and probably all night. 

10!Clear. No A.B. to 10°. fe’ have been detected. 

11/Hazy; obs. unc.: no A.B. seen to 103": none but a considerable one 

12|Clear.* (171) 


13/Clear. No A.B. to 944. 

14|Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

15| Mostly clear to 9": after that more cloudy in N. but no A.B.* 
16|Mostly ov’t: obs. n’y impos. to 10", and p. all night: no A.B. seen. 
17/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11" at least. 

18|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10".* 

19|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 103%. 

20)Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10" 

21/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10°. 


22|Mostly ov’t.* (172) 
23|Mostly ov’t and obs. nearly impos. to 10".* (173) 
24 |Clear.* (174) 


25/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 
26|Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103°, and doubtless all night. 
27!Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 103". 
28|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 11". 
March 1/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10". 
2 Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and prob. all night. [to 944, 
M’y ov’t: moon: obs. n’y impos.: no A.B. seen in clear spaces in N- 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 103. 
M’y ov’t, and wh’y so after 8°: no A.B, seen to 8" after obs. impos. 
‘Snowing and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless alf night. 
Ov’t; snowing after 9°: obs. impos. to 10°, and d’s most of night. 
Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless later. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 
10 Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
11/Clear. A slight auroral light in the N. seen up to 103%. (175) 
12/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night. Snowing d’g night. 
13/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 
14/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably later. 
15| Mostly ov’t. Obs, nearly impos. to 10".* 
16'Oy’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10", then partly breaking up. 


CO 1 & Ore 


© 


Feb. 7th.—About 6h 50m, besides a large general illumination in N., there was a luminous 
spot about 5° high in E., and an irregular wide band of fluctuating vapory light from horizon 
about N. 60° W. nearly to zenith; no regular belt was formed, and this part soon faded. The 
A.B. continued in N. to 10b at least. I saw no streamers. Moon after 8h. 

Feb. 8th.—About 8h 55m, only a small segment of about 15° long of this arch was visible, ex- 
tending from N. to N. 10° W., it was constant for a few minutes. I saw no streamers to 103h. 

Feb. 12th.—Occupied within most of evening; but other observers reported that there was 
no A.B. At 10h I was tolerably sure that there was a faint illumination in N. horizon. 

Feb. 15th.—[A.B. seen at Worcester, Mass.—9th Report Lunatic Asylwm. } 

Feb. 18th.—Mr. Wm. Stow, city watchman, informs me that there was, between 2h and 4h 
A.M. of 18th, considerable auroral light in N.: he saw no streamers. 

Feb, 22d.—A considerable A.B. visible between 7h and 8h, but soon after overcast. Very lit- 
tle streaming, but an irregular band of light 50° high in N.; bright spots in W.N.W. and E. 

Feb. 23d.—Through fissures in the clouds there seemed some unusual light. I strongly sus- 
pect an A.B. [A.B. seen at Worcester, Mass. } 

Feb. 24th.—At 10h there was a faint auroral light in N. Isaw none between 9h and 10h, It 
was faint, but, I think, certain. Mr. F. Bradley saw short streamers at 11h, 

March 15th.—No A.B. seen, and none but a brilliant one could have been seen. [Mr. C. 8. 
Lyman suspected a faint auroral light. A.B. seen at Worcester, Mass., 14th and 15th insts. ] 


1841. 
Mar. 17 


18 
19 
20 
21 
22 


23) 
24 


23 
24 
25 
26 


Ferrich’s Auroral Register. 41 


Partly clear but most of the time cloudy in north.* 


Ov’t to 10" at least.* 

Clear. <A slight A.B. most of evening. (176) 
Clear, but hazy about horizon.* 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°.* (177) 
Alt wh’y ov’t to 9", aft. stars seen; hazy: no A.B seen to 11}. 
Cleared up about 10%.* : 78) 
Clear.* (179) 


Mycl’r; lowcldin N.: faint A.B. w’d not be vis.: no A.B. seen. 
Mostly cl’'r: moon interf,: no A.B. seen to 10", but obs. not certain. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%, and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to OP, and doubtless all night. 

Ovy’t, slight rain. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Mostly clear in N. Moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 10°, 
Almost entirely ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and prob. all night. 
Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. to 10%, 

Ov’t and rainy. - Thunder storm in evening. Obs. impos. to 114. 
Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10}. 

Ov’t and stormy, Obs. impos. to Log, 

Ov’t and rainy in part. Obs. impos. to 93", and prob, all night. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. 

Ov’t, misty and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night. 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 104, 

Ov’t, some rain. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
Ov't. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably much later. 

Mostly clear to 9", after that mostly cloudy in N.* (180) 
Violent northeasterly snow storm. Obs. impos. all night. 

Clear. No A.B. to 103". 


Clear, but a long cloud low in N. No A.B. to 10°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

‘Clear. <A faint auroral light in N. between 8" and 9".* (181) 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Partly clear. A.B. Considerable general illumination.* 182) 
Clear. A.B. seen to 15 a.m. of 20th.* ee 


Ov’t, raining after 83", probably all night. Obs. impos. 

Ov't. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t, raining most of the time: obs. impos. to 104, and d’s all night. 
Ov’t; drizzling rain. Obs. impos. to 10, and undoubtedly all n’t. 
Ov't, except about 88. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night.* 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

Almost wholly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 


March 17th.—No A.B. certainly seen, but at intervals there seemed to be some illumination, 
probably the contrast of sky and clouds. 
March 18th.—Behind the clouds there appeared to be some unusual light in N., but it may 


have been 


due to thinness of clouds in that quarter. 


March 20th.—Mr. A. B. Haile thinks there was a faint auroral light about 11h; this is rather 


doubtful. 


March 21st.—About 10h 45m there was a faint auroral light in N. [Prof. E. A. Andrews in- 
forms me that a traveller told him that during the night (coming from Worcester) he saw the 
A.B. very splendid. | 

March 23d.—A bright auroral light round N. horizon about 8° high, with some streamers. 

March 24th.—An auroral arch low in N. horizon all the ev ening, about 2° high; bright. I 
Saw no streamers. 

April 11th.—A faint auroral light in N. I saw no streamers, but could not observe long. 

April 16th.—Scarcely discernible after 9h, the sky becoming then slightly hazy. 

April 18th.—I saw no definite streamers, ‘put I did not watch long. Seen all the evening. 

April 19th.—General light and occasional streamers 10° or 15° high. 

April 24th.—A burning shop mistaken for an A B. at Hartford. 


6 


June 


10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 


Flervick’s Auroral Register. 


7|\Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 


Clear: moon: no A.B. seen to 103", but I was within most of ev’g. 

Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 102, and doubtless all night. 

Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 

Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. to. 10". 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9%. 

Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B, seen to 9". 

Oy’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 

Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9°. 

Ovy’t and rainy in part. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Clear. A faint A.B. lying low in N.: seen to 10°. (184) 

Almost wholly oy’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t and misty. Obs. impos. to 94°, and doubtless all night. 

Beautifully clear. No A.B. to 94%, 

Almost entirely ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 104. None seen. 

Clear and fine. No A.B. to 10°, 

Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 93". None seen. 

Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93". 

Clear, but somewhat hazy about horizon. No A.B. to 944. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10}, 

Clear. No A.B. to 94, 

Ov’t to 9"; clear between 92 and 10". No A.B. then. 

Clear. No A.B. to 9}. 

Cloudless, but very he azy towards horizon. No A.B. seen to 93" 

Ov't: obs. impos. to 935, and p. all n’t: thunder shower about 1, 

Clear. Moon begins to interfere. No A.B. seen to 10". 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°, 

5/Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ovt. “Ops impos. to 10", and doubtless most of the night. 

7\Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 1, and doubtless all night. 

8) Clear to 10%, when fleecy clouds came over: moon: no A.B, to 10% 
2ain most of ev os Dy cl’r aft. 9": obs. impos. to 10", p. most of n’t. 

Beautifully clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 102, 

Beautifully clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 104, 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

Clear after 9". No A.B. to 103". Moon interferes. 

Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to Lex? 

Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10”. 

Hazy, with some cirri: moon: no A.B. seen to 105", but obs. une. 

Clear. No A.B. to 103". 

Mostly ov’t; a little rain about 8%. Obs. impos. to 10". 

Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Mostly clear. No A.B. to 102%. 

Clear; few clouds in N.W. No A.B. to 10". 

Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 105, and doubtless much later. 

Much oy’t, especially in N. Obs. impos. to 10". 

Ov’t to 10%, and probably all night. Obs. impos. 

Oy’t and raining part of night: obs. impos. to 105", and p. all n’t. 


Beautifully clear.* (185) 


Beautifully clear. No A.B. to 115, 


June 15th.—About 10h observing carefully for zodiacal light, which is, I think, still visible 
chiefly between N. and W. At this period I feel quite sure “that there isa faint auroral bank, 
low in the northern horizon. I saw no streamers. 


Herricks Auroral Register. 43 


1841. 
June 17| Mostly ov’t.* (186) 


18|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 

19|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10$", and doubtless later. 

20| Partly clear to 93"; after that to 10" ov’t and obs. impos. 
21/Clear. No A.B. to 11”. [A.B. seen at Worcester, Mass. | 
22;Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 

23/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

24/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and probably all night. 

25,)Owt; drizzling mist. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
26| Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably most of the night. 
27, Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 

28|Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 103". 

29/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10". 

30| Mostly clear but hazy: moon: no A.B. to 103”, but obs. uncertain. 


July 1)Sky obscured here and there by cirri. Moon. No A.B. to 10}. 
2)Clear in north; some clouds elsewhere. Moon. No A.B. to 10%, 
3|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10%. 
4|Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10%. 
5)Ov't: frequent lightning. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 
6,Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
7/Ov’t, with slight rain. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
8| Beautifully clear. No A.B. to 10", when the moon rose.* 


9|Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. after—to 10", and doubtless later. 

10| Very clear. No A.B. to 10°.* 

11|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

12/Clear. No A.B. to 1037. 

13) Clear to about 10", when it suddenly became ov’t: no A.B. to 92 50™. 
14, Ov’t to 10", and prob. most of night. Thunder shower about 9". 
15| Clear, except a long cloud in N. No A.B. seen to 10}". 

16|Clear. No A.B. to 102}.* 

17|Clear. No A.B. to 10% 207, 

18|Clear. No A.B. to 10}. 


19| Considerably clouded in north.* (187) 
20|/Clear. No A.B. to 10}. 
21|Clear.* (188) 


22|Mostly clear, but hazy around horizon. No A.B. seen to 10}". 

J ’ J ay ee 4 
23|M’y ov’t; showery to 11", when n’y cl’r in N., and there was no A.B. 
24/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10°, and probably all night. 
25\/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless to midnight. 
26|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 103*. 
27|Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 


June 17th.—Among the broken clouds in the N. there was much unusual light about 10h 80m 
(for it was too much overcast earlier); a considerable A.B. without much doubt. [A.B. seen 
at Worcester, Mass. | 

July 8th.—At 9h 45m went out with Mr. A. B. Haile and Mr. J. T. Hotchkiss to look for the 
zodiacal light. We decide that there is a faint light or milkiness, extending from about Cas- 
siopeia to Leo, through the N.W., about 10° or 12° high. It has no definite outline but is cer- 
tainly real. Near Cassiopeia it is of course confounded with the Galaxy. 

July 10th.—From 9h 40m to 9h50m Mr. A. B. Haile and myself observed for the zodiacal light. 
It corresponds with what we saw Thursday the 8th. Itis wbout Leo very faint, and must be 
inspected by indirect glances. It reaches perhaps to Denebola. 

July 16th:—Faint light, which I suppose the “zodiacal,” still to be seen about 9h 45m to 10h, 
from N. to N.W., as described a few days since. : 

July 19th.—A conspicuous A.B. visible from 9h to 10h, and doubtless later, illuminating N. 
horizon about 90°, and to a central altitude of 15°; much general light and occasional stream- 
ers, some of them bright. Color yellowish-white. Clouds interfere with observation. — 

July 2ist.—A faint auroral illumination at 10h, and also at 2h of 22d; a dusky light, like fog 
slightly illuminated. I saw no streamers. 


44 Herricks Auroral Register. 


July 28|/Cl’r: moon: no A.B. seento10". — [.A.B. seen at Worcester, Mass. 
29|Cirrous clouds in N.: moon: obs. n’y impos.: no A.B, seen to 10". 
30|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", 
31)Owt and rainy. Obs. impos to 10", and doubtless much later. 

Aug. 1/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 93°. 

2,CPr: moon full: a distinct A.B. at 9" 40™ for a few minutes.* (189) 
3/Clear: moon: no A.B. seen to 104"; but I was within until 9" 40", 

4) Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103}, ‘and probably all night. 

5)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", 

6 Much ov’t at times: but at 9" the N.E. and E. were clear.* (190) 

7|Clear, but hazy about horizon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

8| Al’t wholly ov’t and wholly so after 9", prob. all n’t. Obs. impos. 

9/Ov’t to 104" at least. Obs. impos. 

10)Ov’t and rainy after 10". Obs. impos. to 11°, and d’s all night. 

11|Ov’t to 10": p’y el’r (at 103") in N.W.: obs. imp. to 11", and p. all n't. 

12|Ov’t to 10", then p’y cP’r in 8.W. for a while. Obs. impos. to 103". 

13 AV't wholly ov’ t £0 103", and doubtless all night. Obs. impos. 

14/Clear. A faint A.B. all the evening to 11. * (191) 

15|Clear. No A.B. to 10}. 

16|Clear. No A.B. to 95, “and none as I can learn to 10", 

17|Clear, but hazy. No ‘A.B. to 101". 

18 Mostly el’r to 92°, No A.B. to that time: soon after wh’y oy’t to 103", 

19|Cloudless, but hazy. No, A.B..to 10" 52, 

20/Clear. No A.B. to 105, 

21/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably most of night. 

22|Ov’t almost wholly. Obs. impos, to 10", and doubtless later. 

23|Much clouded in N. Obs. nearly impos. to 10".* (192) 

24|}Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. to 10" and none at 34° a.m. of 25th. 

25|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 1035. 

26|Ov’t, raining slightly. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

27) Ov't; drizzle. Obs: impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

28/Ov’t to 10", and doubtless all night. Obs. impos. 

29}Ov’t to 10°, and doubtless all night. Obs. impos. 

30] Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. Moon. 

31)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 

Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 10%. [impos. to 10", 

Much obse. by cirri and after 93° by thick c’ds. Obs. n’y or quite 

Mostly clear to 9$", afterwar a “elondy. Moon. No A.B. seen. 

Clear after 9". Moon. No A.B. to 10%. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 932. 

M’y cl’r to 9": at 10® to midnight wholly ov’t. No A.B. seen to 9°. 

Very clear most of evening. No A.B. to 10%.* 

Very clear. No A.B. to 10", 

Clear. No A.B. 


Sept. 


Om TH OP OC He 


Aug. 2d.—Groups of short streamers rising from a dark segment, some quite vivid and quick- 
moving laterally. None reached higher than 20°. Watched about 15 minutes; but it soon 
faded. Moon greatly interferes. Streamers 30° each side of N. 

Aug. 6th.—There was much diffuse light in N., but obstructed by clouds, and about 9h an 
auroral band, rising in E. and extending” about 40° high at vertex, towards the west: was not 
sharply defined : moved upward, but disappeared before it reached zenith. Clouds greatly 
interfere. 

Aug. 14th.—At times a tolerably distinct arch 5° to 8° high at vertex, and occasionally a few 
faint streamers. 

Aug. 23d.—About 10h 20m there was a decided auroral light low in N., but partially obscured 
by clouds. 

Sept. 7th.—At 9h went to Observatory to see if zodiacal light could be discovered. Iam 
doubtful whether any traces can be seen; there seems to be a very faint light lying a few de- 
grees above horizon from N. to W.N.W. ” Nothing visible in the ecliptic, which now cuts the 
horizon at a very small angle here. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 45 


1941. ae 
Sept. 10, Ov’t and drizzling. Obs. impos. to 10", 


11|Clear to 9". No A.B. seen to that time: after that ov’t. 


12| Almost wholly ov’t to 10", and probably all night.* (198 
13|Ov’t to 10": obs. nearly or quite impos. : slight A.B. susp.* 194 
14)Clear. No A.B. to 10".* 195 


15|Clear, but somewhat hazy. No A.B. to 10%, 
16|Cl’ss, but somewhat hazy to 93%. No A.B. At 10" al’t wh’y ov’t. 
17|Ov’t and rainy to 10" at least. Obs. impos. 
18|}Clear. No A.B. to 10".* (196) 
19|Clear to 8": after that ov’t and obs. impos. to 10”, and p. all night. 
20|Clear, but hazy about horizon. No A.B. to 10" 10™ 
21)/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and probably later. 
22|M’y cl’r: moon: no A.B. cert. seen to 10", but pos, there is a faint I’t. 
23/Ov’t. Raining occasionally during ev’g and night. Obs. impos. 
24/Ov’t and rainy: obs. impos. to 11", and d’s all night: ov’t at 4" avo. 
25| Very clear. A conspicuous A.B. Moon interferes.* (197) 
26|Clear. A slight A.B. about 7° to 73".* (198) 
27|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9% 35™. 
28) Much ecl’ded: moon: obs. n’y impos. to 103", p. allm’t: no A.B. seen. 
29, Ov’t, copious rain. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
30 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. [evening. 
Oct. 1 M’y cl’r: moon interf.: no A.B. seen to 93": within doors most of 
2 Ov’t wholly. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
3 Ov’t; rain and snow. 
4 Wholly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
5 Wholly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
6 Clear. No A.B. seen to 10", but I did not watch closely; p. none.* 
7 Alt wh’y ov’t; raining from 9" to 10": obs. impos. to 10", d’s all n’t. 
8 Mostly ov’t; entirely so in N.: obs. impos. to 10", and d’s later. 
9 Clear. A.B. seen all the evening. Not very brilliant.* (199) 
10|Clear. No A.B. to 93". 
11) Wh’y ov’t: obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night. Rain d’g night. 
12/ Almost wholly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and prob. much later. 
13|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
14| Mostly clear.* (200) 
15 | Mostly clear. No A.B, seen to 95": did not watch closely. 
16 Ovy’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 
17|Clear: within most of ev’g: no A.B. from 94° to 10": p. none in ev’g. 
18|Clear: within most of evening: no A.B. at 10%": p. none in ev’g. 


Sept. 12th.—A.B. at Montreal, Canada, according to Prof. Olmsted, who was there. A.B. 
seen in Michigan; J. N. Nicollet, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., N. 8. 8: 323, 
~ Sept. 13th.—A.B. seen in Michigan: J. N. Nicollet, Trans, Am. Phil. Soc., N. 8. 8: 323. 

Sept. 14th.—At 10h 15m I suspected a very faint light of A.B. on northern horizon. 

Sept. 18th.—Mr. F. Bradley informs me that he saw a slight A.B. at 11h, a few streamers 10° 
or 15° high. 

Sept. 25th.—A brilliant arch from W.N.W. to E.N.E. rising at 8h (the highest) about 40°; 
then broke up and lower arches succeeded. Between 9hand 10h, brilliant streamers and spots ; 
none seen higher than 45°. " : 

Sept. 26th.—A single wisp of auroral light in N.W. just under the handle of the dipper (in 
Ursa Major), drifted slowly westward and downward, and disappeared at 7h 15m, Scarcely any 
other auroral indications. Moon brilliant. (Short notice of A.B. of 25th and 26th published 
in NV. H. Daily Herald and N. H. Daily Palladium of Sept. 29th.) 

Oct. 6th.—Immediately after close of twilight I searched for zodiacal light; sky very clear. 
On critical examination and comparison it appears to me that there is a very faint illumination 
extending from about Arcturus in N.W. to Galaxy in 8.S.W., and reaching upwards to a line 
connecting ¢, a, and dSerpentis. No A.B. at the time. Moon and Venus interfere in the 
morning. : 

Oct. 9th.—An arch at times 2° or 3° high and occasional streamers 10° or 12° high. 

Oct. 14th.—A slight A.B. at times, somewhat obscured by clouds in N. [A.B. seen at Wor- 
cester, Mass. ] 


46 Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


1841. 
Oct. 19)Ov’t in N.; p’y cl’r elsewhere: obs. n’y impos. to 10", and p. later. 
20|Mostly ov’t. Moon interferes also.* (201) 


21|Much cl’ded about N.: moon: obs. very unc.: no A.B. seen to 10". 
22 'Owits “Obst impos. to 10", and probably all aches 
23)/Clear early in evening. No A.B. at 73". After 9" ov’t 
24|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10% 
25(Clear: moon: no A.B. seen to 103>: within most of ev’g.* (202) 
26|Cloudless, hazy: moon: no A.B, seen to 10": within from 7" to 10". 
27|Clear: moon: no A.B. seen to 104": within most of evening. 
281Cloudless, but hazy. Moon. No A.B. seen to 8%. 
29|Clear until 74" to 8"; after that foegy. Moon. No A.B. seen. 
30|Clear, some haze: moon: no A.B, seen to 10"; within most of ev’g 
31 Fogey. Obs. impos, to 11", and probably all night. 
Novy. : Mostly clear. Moon, No A.B. seen to 10", Within most of ev en 
2| Very clear. No A.B. seen to 10", Within most of evening. 
3 Clr'at 7": no A.B. seen early in ev’g: ov’t at 9" and aft.: obs. imp. 
4|Ov’t; raining between 9" and 10"; obs. impos. to 10", and p. all n’t. 
5|V ery clear most of evening. Some clouds in N. at 10%.* (203) 
6|Clear. No A.B. to 11%. 
7|Clear. No A.B. to 105. 
8] My cl’r: no A.B. to 10"; pos. a faint auroral ’t about 7": doubtful. 
9|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
10/Clear. No A.B. to 10", 
11/Clear. No A.B. to 11", Rainy at 6" a. u. of 12th. 
12/Clear. No A.B. to 10% None from 4" to 6" a.m. of 13th. 
13|Ov’t to 10", then clear, and no A.B, visible. None at 4" of 14th. 
14 Ov’t and rainy: obs. impos. to 10": none from 4" to 6" of 15th: el’r. 
15|Cloudy in N. during first part of evening.* (204) 
16|Clear, No A.B. to 10°, 
17|Mostly clear, but some clouds low in N. No A.B. to 10°. 
18|Clear. Moon begins to interfere.* (205) 
19 Ov’t and raining to 10", and doubtless all night. Obs. impos. 
20/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%, and probably all night. 
21/M’y cl’r to 9", when it became partially ov’t: moon: no A.B, to 10", 
22)Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 
23/ Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10". Within from 7" to 93" 
24 Considerably ov’t. Moon. Obs. nearly impos. to 10°. 
25|Ov’t. Obs. impos, to 10, and doubtless all night. 
26, Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 
27/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10%, 
28 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10, and doubtless all night. 
29/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", when clearing. Moon. No A.B. to 10%. 
30| Mostly clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 10°. 


Oct. 20th.—Observation nearly or quite impossible up to 10h. Mr. Jobamah Gunn, of the 
eity watch, informs me that about 1h a. mM. (21st) there was a brilliant auroral display, not ex- 
tending higher than 40°; streamers, rapidly shifting, &c. 

Oct. 25th.—Mr. Azariah Smith informs me that at 5 a. M. this morning there was some auro- 
ral light in N. He saw no streamers. 

Novy. 5th.—There seemed then to be considerable unusual light in N., but the rising of the 
moon and the position of the clouds made it uncertain. Probably an A.B. Searched for the 
zodiacal light in 8.W.; doubtful whether any trace of it can now be detected. 

Nov. 15th.—A slight A.B. about 10h; a single definite streamer seen by Mr. F. Bradley. 

Noy. 18th.—A beautiful display of the Aurora Borea lis, beginning as early as 5h 45m, and 
continuing probably all night. Before 6h the display consisted chie fly of auroral banks and 
wisps, quite irregular; but after, and especially between 10h and 11h, there was a grand and 
most animated display of merry ‘dancers, passing and repassing, vanishing and flashing up, in 
a remarkable manner. Streamers occasionally reached the zenith; and about 11h an indistinet 
corona was formed for a few minutes. (See Prof. Olmsted’s account in WV. H. Daily Herald of 
19th November, also Dr. J. G. Percival’s.) 


1841. 
Dee. 


1842. 


Jan. 


Ferrick’s Auroral Register. 47 


1|Cloudless, but hazy to 8", after that ov’t. No A.B. early in ev’g. 
2\P’y cl’r at 6"; ov’t at 8": obs. impos. to 10": no A.B. early in ev "e, 
3 Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
4|Partly clear to 8". No A.B. Very clear at 6". 

5 Partly clear. No A.B. at 9"; mostly clouded in N. before. 
Chiefly clear. No A.B. to 10". 

Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

Clear at 6"; after ov’t and obs. impos. most of night: no A.B. at 6", 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

10 Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 108, and doubtless all night. 
11|Ov’t; raining at 10". Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless much later. 
12|Clear. No A.B. 

13 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

14|/Clear. A.B., beginning at dusk, 5" 25™.* (206 
15 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and probably all night.* nn 
16 Ov’t and raining. High avand with rain all night. 

17 Ov’t. Obs. impos to 1024, and doubtless all night. 

18 Ov’t until about 10°, Ww hen it was clear in N. No A.B. then. 

19 Much clouded, but oc *y clear in N. No A.B. seen to 934. Moon. 


ONDTH 


20 Ov’t; snowing from 8" and after: obs. impos. to 10}, and d’s all n’t. 
21\Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10%. 


22/Clear: moon: no A.B. seen to 103": within doors most of the time. 
23 Ov’t and raining all night. [appearance. 
24 M’y c?’r: moon: prob. no A.B., but at times I susp. a faint auroral 
25 Mostly clear. Moon. NoA. B. seen to 10". Within most of ev’g. 
26/Clear, Moon. No A.B. to 93". Within most of evening. 
27\Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 104, and probably all night. 

28 | “Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". Within most of ev’ g. 
29 Hazy, and py y cl’y. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". [break away. 
30 Ov’t, snowing and raining: obs. ret to 10", when cl’ds began to 
31 Clear until about 8", after that ov’t. No A.B. seen to 8°. 


1 Clear, No A.B. to 10". Within most of ev’ [been visible. 
2 | Glands 3 in N.: no A.B, seen to 932: a mod. ieeey might not have 
3 Clear and cloudy by turns, mostly clondy. No A.B. seen to 10°. 
4 Mostly ov’t, but chiefly clear a short time at 10". No A.B. then. 
5 Beautifully ‘clear and cold. _No Ae ss GOP OE: 

6 Snowing and raining after 7". Obs. impos. to 11", and d’s all night. 
7|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", 

8 Ov’ t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night.* 

9 Ov’t, but clouds oc *y broken in N.: some unusual light susp. 
10|Ov’t "till about 9, when tolerably ela No A.B. then visible. 
11|Ov’t most of evening, but clear at 112, when there was no A.B. 

12 Oy t. Obs. impos. to 10". Clear toward morning at least. 

13| Very clear. No A.B. to 105. 

14|Ov ’t until about 9", after mostly clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

15 Mostly clear, but-some clouds in N.* (208) 


+ 


16 Ov’t; clear at 8" and after. No A.B. to 10°. 


Dec. 14th.—Not much action after 6h 30m. I saw no streamers, but only large brilliant spots 
here and there, from E. to W., and some 15° high. 

Dec. 15th.—Some light in N., but may be due to thinness of clouds in that quarter. Mr. F. 
Bradley saw at 8h what he thought the A.B., but rather an anomalous display. 

Jan. 8th.—A.B. seen at 11h at St. Louis, Mo., as per Meteor. Jour. of Dr. B. B. Brown (St, 
Louis Daily Evening Gazette, Feb. 10, 1842). Probably a moderate display. 

Jan. 15th.—A considerable A. B.; general light for 90° of horizon, extending 5° high. I saw 
no streamers, but I watched only a few minutes. 


48 Herrick’s Auroral Register. 
1842. 
Jan. 17|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
-  18/Clear. Moon until 10%. No A.B. to 11". 
19/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 11”. 
20 Mostly clear to 9", after that too cloudy for obs. Moon.* 


21)Clear in N. during latter part of evening. Moon. No A.B. to 10". 
22\Clear: moon: no A.B. to 103*: within doors most of the evening. 


23\Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9*. 


24/Clear except a few low clouds in N. Moon, No A.B. to 10". 


25|Clear after 7". Moon. “No A.B. to 10°, 
26 Mostly aie Moon. No A.B. to 10°. 
27|\Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 113". 
28/Very clear. No A.B. 


29 Clear at 64": no A.B. then: aft. a heavy fog, and obs. impos. to 103". 


30|Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 

31/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11” at least. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

Clear but somewhat hazy. No A.B. to 104%. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 115, and doubtless all night. 

Ov't. Obs. impos. to 112, and doubtless all night. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

Clear. No A.B. to 945, when it became partly clouded.* 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10, and probably all night. 


Feb. 


Me Bs EIR Res 


Clear after 74°. No A.B. to 1022, 
10|Clear. No A.B. to 10%, 
11/Chiefly clear to 9"; after that ov’t.* 
1 Mostly clear. No A.B. to 105. 
13 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless much later. 


(209) 


‘Squalls of snow during evening. Clear after 8". No A.B. to 10°. 


(210) 


14 Clear, except a bank of cloud 10° high in N. No A.B. to 104, 


15|M’y cl’r until 9", when it became hazy and then cy: no A.B. 
16 Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. 

17 Clear, Moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 10%.* 

18 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

19/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

20 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 

21\Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10}. 


seen. 


22 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10, Within most of the evening. 


23 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". Some cloudiness in N. 


24 Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 10". Moon. No A.B. seen. 


25 Hany and partly cl’y to gh aft. ov’t: moon: obs. dif.: no A.B. 


26 Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and prob. all night. 


27/Partly clear to 8". No A.B. to 8"; after that too cloudy for 


28} Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
Mar. 1,Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
2 Ov’t and drizzling. Obs. impos. to 10". 
iClear. No A.B. to 104. 
4 Cloudless, but hazy. No A.B. to 103". 
5. Ov’t. Obs. impos, to 10", and probably all night. 
6,Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". Lightning in evening. 


co 


Jan. 20th.—At times I suspected a faint light in N., but could not determine. 


Feb. 6th.—About 10h through the clouds there appeared some indications of the A.B. 


disposed to think them real. 
Feb. 11th.—About 9h there is a slight aurora; a luminous bank low in the N. 
Feb. 17th.—About 9) 30m, a faint light is Biapeeteni in N., but very uncertain. 


seen. 


obs. 


Iam 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 49 


1842. 
March 7| Ov’t chiefly in evening; clearing about 9".* 


8| Very clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
9/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
10| Hazy and partly ov’t. Obs. embarrassed. No A.B. seen to 11%, 
11|Clear and cold. No A.B. to 10°. 
12|Clear. No A.B. to 10". 
13|Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 
14|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
15|Ov’t. Obs. nearly or quite impos to 103%, 
16) Hazy. Obs. difficult. No A.B. seen to 10", 
17|Cloudless, but hazy. No A.B. seen to 10", Moon interferes. 
18| Mostly ov’t, Moon, Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 95. 
ime a ral As eee ig h 
19| Hazy and partly ov’t: moon: obs. n’y impos.: no A.B, seen to 10%, 
20/Ov’t. Obs. impos, to 10°, 
21|/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
22;Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 112. 
23)Clear: moon: no A.B, seen to 103": within most of evening. 
24/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", 
25|Ov’t and raining part of the time: obs. impos. to 104, and p. all n’t. 
26|Ov’t most of evening. Moon. No A.B. seen during clear intervals, 
27|Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. No A.B. seen. 
28/Clear. No A.B. to 83. 
29|Ov’t and raining after 85". Obs. impos. to 10", and prob. all night. 
30| Mostly ov’t, but clear by 10" and after. No A.B. then. 
31/Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
April 1)/Cloudless, but hazy. No A.B. seen to 10%. 
2| Very hazy, and by 9° entirely ov’t in N. Obs. impos. to 103. 
3|Ov’t, raining part of evening. Obs. impos. to 10, and d’s all n’t. 
4)/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%. [ A.B. then visible. 
5|/Ov’t: obs. impos. to 112, when it began to break away in N.: no 
6|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
7;Ov’t. Obs. impos, to 10", and doubtless all night. 
8|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
9)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%. 
10|/Clear. A slight auroral light in the N. during the evening.* (211) 
11|Clear.* (212) 
12\Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
13|Ov’t, and raining moderately. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all n’t. 


14| Quite cloudy in N., but considerable A.B. visible.* (213) 
15|Ov’t most of ev’g; raining part of time to 10}": obs. impos.: el’rin 


16 | Mostly clear, but hazy: moon interf.: no A.B. seen to 103". [morn. 
17|Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10, and doubtless all night. 
18|Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos, to 11", and doubtless all night. 
19|Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. all night. 

20) Mostly clear. Moon.* (214) 
21| Mostly clear, but somewhat hazy. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 
22!Considerably ov’t in the evening. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 


perch 7th.—Possibly some auroral light at that time, but uncertain. Overcast from 12h to 
A. M. 

April 10th.—I watched it but little. 

April 11th.—A moderate A.B. for 20° each side of N. and extending 2° to 5° high. Occa- 
sional indefinite streamers from a low auroral bank. 

April 14th.—At 10h 30m illumination reached altitude of 20° and horizontal extent of 90° or 

00°. Between 1h and 3h a. M., 15th, a display of waves, passing up half-way to zenith, as I am 

informed. 

April 20th.—Slight A.B. about 11h, and faint traces through the night. 


é 


50 Flerrick’s Auroral Register. 


Apr. 23|M’y clear: moon: no A.B. seen to 10": within doors most of ev’g, 
24|Hazy. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", 
25 Ov’t and misty. Obs. impos. to 10°. 
26 Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
27 Very cl’r: no A.B. to 10": zod. light still bright and conspic. at 83°. 
28 Ov’t. No obse possible to 10" at least. 
29| Very clear. No A.B. to 10". 
30| Very clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
Clear most of evening. No A.B, to 10". 
|Clear after about 8". No A.B. to 10". 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
'M’y cl’r, but more cl’y in N. than elsewhere: no A.B. seen to 94", but 
\Clear. No A.B. to 10". [obs. embarrassed. 
‘Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10": at 11" n’y clear but hazy: no A.B, then. 
Clear, but hazy. No A.B. to 10". 
Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
9|Clear. No A.B. to 10". 
10, Ov’t, with dense haze. Obs. impos. to 10", and prob, all night. 
11, Almost wholly ov’t. Obs. impos. 
12|Clear. No A.B. to 10". 
13/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". [being down. 
14 Clear: moon interf.: no A.B. seen to 10", and none at 112", moon 
15| Ov’t. 
16|Clear, but hazy. No A.B. to 10". Moon. [ing down. 
17 Clear, but hazy: no A.B. to 10"; none from 2" to 3" a. M., moon be- 
18)/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9%. 
19/Ov't. Obs. impos. to 103”, and doubtless all night. 
20|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 
21|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10". 
22 Ov’t and raining part of time: obs, impos. to 10", and d’s all night. 
23|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10%, 
24 Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
25|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 105. | 
26| Mostly clear to 93"; after that ov’t. No A.B. | 
27 Ov't. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. | 
28|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10°. | 
29 Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos, to 93", and doubtless all night. 


30|Clear. No A.B. to 103%, 
31/Clear. No A.B. to 105. 
June 1 Clear No A.B. to 934.* 
2 Clear. No A.B. at 112". Within doors from 9" to 11". 
Clear. No A.B. to 93". 
Ovy’t. Obs. impos. to 10"* 
|Clear in N. and W. No A.B. to 93°, 
| Very clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
Ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 
8 Ov’t. Obs. impos, to 10", and doubtless all night. 
9 Ov’t; misty. Obs. impos. to 11, and doubtless all night. 
10; Very clear. No A.B. to 93". 
11'Clear. No A.B. to 10". 
12!Clear. Moon begins to interfere. No A.B. to 10", 


1D Ot B® CO 


a une 1st.—About this time Mr. Francis Bradley also commenced an Auroral Register at New 
aven. 

June 4th.—A very considerable display of the A.B. seen at Rochester, N. Y. A zone from 
E. to W. about 9h; then merry dancers in N., and after midnight, waves. See an account of 
the display, signed ‘‘ Howard,” in the American Citizen, Rochester, N. Y., June 11th. 


Herrich’s Auroral Register. 51 


1842. 
June 13)Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos, to 104", and doubtless all night. 


July 


July 


14) Ov’t with some rain: obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
15 /Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 11}, He doubtless all night. 
16, Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10, and probably all night. 
17 Ov’t, with slight rain: obs. impos. to 1044, and doubtless all night. 
18|Ov't and showery, Obs. impos. to 1042, gnd doubtless. all night. 
19 Mostly ov’t, and some rain: obs. impos. to 10", and prob. all night. 
20 Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 
21/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 105. 
22) Mostly ov’t. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", and obs. nearly impos,' 
23) Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
24| Mostly ov’t in N. Obs. impos. to 103", and probably later, 
25 Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10" 20", “and probably all night. 
26|Clear after 9%. No A.B. to 10%, Thunder shower from 7} to gh, 
27|Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
28) Ov’t, and obs. impos. to 11" at least. Clear at sunset. 
29|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
30/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11" at least. 

1 Mostly ov’t. Obs, nearly or quite impos. to 104+. 
2 Ov’t. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 103.* 
Ov't. Obs. impos. to 10°, and probably all night. 
P’y cl’r, but very hazy; m’y ov’t after 10": obs.” y or quite impos, 
[eve ery hazy: no stars v is. below alt. of 40°: obs. n’ y impos. to 103, 
‘Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10" at least. [and d’s all night, 
Mostly ov’t; wholly so after 10": obs. impos. to 10$*, and p. all n't. 
\Ov't.” Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
9 Ov’'t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
10/Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
11|Clear. No A.B. to 104.* (215) 
12 Clear, somewhat hazy about N. horizon.* 
13) Clear: moon begins to interfere: no A.B. seen to 10". 
14) Ov’t except in S. Obs. impos. to 103%, 
15 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
16| Nearly clear after 10°. Moon.* 
17\Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 
18|/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 
19/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 92", and doubtless all night. 
20|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 92". 
21| Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. to 102. 
22|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 11}. 
23 | After about 83" ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and prob. much later. 
24; Much ov’t. Moon. Obs. nearly impos. to 93". No A.B. noticed. 
25 Many cirrous cl’ds and much haze about N.: ‘obs. n’y impos. to 105, 
26 Cl’ss, but hazy: moon after 9": no A.B. seen, but obs. uncertain. 
27 Ov't almost w holly to 10". Obs. impos. 
28 Dense haze up to alt. of 40°: obs. n’y impos. to 11": no A.B. seen. 
29 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 102", and doubtless later. 
30|Clear. No A.B. to 11". Within from 92" to 115. 
31,;Ovt. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 


OO ST > Ot He 


2d.—A narrow opening through clouds in N. horizon. Perhaps some unusual light be- 


yond, but doubtful. 

July 11th.—From 2h to 3h 4. m. of 12th there was a fine auroral arch in N. 

July 12th.—No A.B. to 10h; although about 10h I suspected a very slight auroral bank in 
north; probably none. 

July 16th.—Some slight cloudiness in N. illumined by the moon. Probably no A.B, to 10b 
15m, but observation necessarily uncertain. 


52 


1842. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


oma anunrP WNWrH 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


Very clear. No A.B. to 10}4.* 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Ov’t, with dense haziness, almost completely. Obs. impos. to 10°. 
Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t; raining after 103". Obs. impos. to 103, and d’s all night. 
Ov’t, with cl’ds and haze; some stars visible. Obs. impos. to 103°. 
Ov’t; some rain. Obs. impos. to 9$", and doubtless all night. 
Partly ov’t: no A.B. to 11", or Vg n’t, but sky most of time cl’y. 
Ov’t to 944, after that m’y cl’r till about midnight: no A.B. to 12°. 
'P’y clear to 11"; after which, d’g rest of n’t, ov’t: no A.B. to 11’. 
Mostly ov’t in N.; clear in 8. Obs. impos. to 10". 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 


13 Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B, to tom 


Ov’t in N. and elsewhere. Obs. impos. to 10". 


|Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9°. 


16 Ov’t for the most part. Moon. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 10°. 


\Ov’t; rain about 11%, Obs. impos. 

‘Mostly clear to 9", after that ov’t. Moon. No A.B. seen. 
Clear, but hazy about horizon. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 
[Clear Moon. No A.B. to 94%. None from 113" to 123". 
|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9°. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10%. 

Clear. Moon.* 


‘Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 104", and doubtless all night. 
Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10}, and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless later. 


28) Mostly clear after 9". No A.B. to 94%. 


15 
16 


| Very clear. No A.B. to 10°. 


Very clear. No A.B. to 10°. 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93”, and probably all night. 
iClear. No A.B. to 10°. 


Very clear.* (216) 
Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless later. 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless later. 


Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
Clear. No A.B. to 1034. Within doors from 8" to 10°. 


iClear. No A.B. to 93". 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night; raining most of night. 
Nearly clear. No A.B. to 93. 

Clear. No A.B. to 93°. 

Mostly clear: moon: no A.B. to 10". Thunder storm about 11°, 
‘Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11". 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

\Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 


Aug. 1st.—A very faint light in N. from Ursa Major to Perseus, about 5° altitude, which I 
suppose may be zodiacal. 

Aug. 22d.—No A.B. to 10h 30m, unless a luminous stripe which I saw at 10h 10m was auroral. 
Tt was a dim belt extending from E. to W., not seen lower than about 40° on E. and 30° on W., its 
lower edge near § and ¥ Draconis and ¢ Cassiopeiae. No auroral appearance in N. By 10h 20m 
the belt was almost extinct. Iam on the whole inclined to think it may have been a cloud. 

Sept. 2d.—Mr. F. Bradley saw several auroral streamers; about Sh 30m also slight auroral 
bank about 4° high. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 53 


Clear. Moon. No A.B. seento10". — [pos. aft. 8" to 10" and later. 
Clr at 73": soon aft. ov’tandr’y: moon: no A.B. seen, but obs. im- 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

M’y clear, but cloudy in N.: moon: obs. n’y or quite impos. to 95, 
Mostly clear. Moon interferes after 8". No A.B. seen to 10", 
Clear. Moon interferes in part. No A.B. seen to 10", 

Clear. No A.B. to 10". Moon after 9°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Clear, but som’t hazy. No A.B.to10". [E. C. H. at New York.] 
Clear. No A.B. seen to 9*.* (217) 
M’y el’r to 9%, after which too cl’y for obs. No A.B. to 9. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

Clear, except low cloud in N. No A.B. to 10%. 

Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 105. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

Clear. No A.B. to 10*. 

Clear most of evening. No A.B. to 10°. 

Ov’t most of evening. Obs. impos. to 10°. [n’y impos. 
Ov’t chiefly; at 10" p’y cl’r in E. and §.E.: no A.B. seen, and obs. 
Mostly c?’r: moon begins to interf.: no A.B. to 10": within most of 
Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 93". [evening. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 103%. 

Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10°. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10". 

Hazy. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", but obs. necessarily uncertain. 
Hazy, and thinly clouded in N. Moon. Obs. unc. No A.B. seen. 
Mostly ov’t: moon: obs. impos. to 10", and prob. most of night. 
Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B, seen to 10". 

Clear most of evening; cloudy at 10". No A.B. to 10". Moon, 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless much later. 
Clear. No A.B. to 10°. [d’s all night. 
Ov’t at 9" and aft.: before too hazy for obs.: obs. impos. to 10", and 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10" at least. 

Clear at New York. No A.B. to 10°. 

Clear at New York. No A.B. to 10°. 

Clear at New York. No A.B. to 10°. [from N. Y.] 
N’y cl’r, but hazy about hor.: no A.B.to10". [E. C. H. on passage 
Very hazy below alt. of 20°: obs. n’y impos. to 10": no A.B, seen. 
Very hazy below alt of 30°: obs. n’y impos. to 9": no A.B. seen. 
Too hazy for obs. below alt. of 30°. No A.B, seen to 93". 

Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

Clear.* 

Wlear: No A’B: to 10". 

Clear, but somewhat hazy. No A.B. to 93°. 

Too cloudy for obs. to 10" at least, and probably all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 


Sept. 28th.—Auroral streamers seen about 11h by Mr. W. B. Bristol and Mr. R. W. Forbes. 
Noy. 3d.—Some faint illumination suspected about 9h 30m, but doubtful whether any A.B. 


54 


1842. 

Nov. 8 
9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 


Dee. 


23 
24 
25 


Herrich’s Auroral Register. 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11, and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t most of ev’g; clearing away at 9", but ov tin N. to 10" at least. 
Clear early in evening: moon inter feres: no A. B.: oy trafter 52% 
Clr: moon: no A.B. “according to Mr. F. Bradley’s obs.: I e’d not 
Ov’t, with some rain. Obs. impos. to 10" at least. [ observe. 
Somewhat cloudy. Moon. No A.B. seen. 

Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 

AVPt wh’y ov’t: obs. nearly or quite impos. to 103": oyv’t in morn. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 11", and throughout the night. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 8°. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 

Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B, seen to 10%. 

Clear after about 63>.* 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 11". 

Clear until about 8°. No A.B. After that ov’t 

Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10%. 


5|Ov’t: obs. impos. to 10"; p’y cl’r between 105 and 11°, but el’y in N. 


Cl’r early part of ev’g: no A.B.: ov’t at 9" and after; p. all night. 
Clear. No A.B. to 105. 

Clear.” No A.B: to 11°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 115. 

Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
Cl’r and violent cold wind: no A.B, to 12": within most of the time. 
Clear to about 9. No A.B. After that ov’t. 

Clear. No A.B. to 103". 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to pF and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t and raining: obs, impos. to 10"; clearing off about that time.* 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 

P’y cl’r until about 8"; after that ov’t: moon interf.: no A.B. seen, 
Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t to about 7 th ; clear to about 94°: moon interf.: no A.B. vis. 
Partly cl’rin N. fram 6" to 745: moon: no A.B.: too cl’y aft. to 10% 
Ov’t.. Obs. impos. to 108, and probably all night. 

Ov’t to 11", and doubtless all night. Obs. impos. 

Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 
Clear most of evening. Moon. No A.B. seen to 11", 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103". 

Clear and cloudy by turns: moon: no A.B. seen to 10"; obs. imperf. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless tater. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9", 

My cl’rto 8": no A.B.: aft. p’y el’y and moon interf.: ov’t in morn. 
Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 0 ', and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11" at least. 

Very clear. No A.B. to 10". 

Clear. No A.B. to 11%. 

Clear early in evening. No A.B. After 8" ov’t to 10° at least. 


Noy. 10th.—Probably no A.B., although at times there appeared to be some unusual light 
among the fleecy clouds in N.; perhaps “only lunar illumination. 

Nov. 2lst.—A considerable display of the A.B., commencing as early as 6h, and continuing as 
late as 10h 30m at least. There was no great activity. About 90° horizontal extent illumined, 
and no streamers reached above 35° while I watched. There was frequently a well defined 
arch; then large luminous spots; occasional streamers. 

Dec. 5th. —At 2h a.m. of 6th the sky was clear, and there appeared to be some auroral light 


in N., but not certain. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 55 


1842, 
Dev. 26|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 


7 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", Clear at daybreak of 28th. 

28|/Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

29 Ov’t and snowing copiously: obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night.* 
30/Clear. No A.B. to 11". 

31|/Clear. No A.B. to 11%. 


~ 


1843. 

an, 1/Cl’yinpart; tolerably cl’r about 11": no A.B. to 11": ov’t in morn. 
2 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 12, and doubtless all night. 
3\Clear. No A.B. to 11". No A.B. between 5" and 6% of 4th. 
4| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10°. 


5 Ov’t. Obs, impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
4 ‘Ov't and drizzly. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 
7 Ov’t, misty and rainy. Obs. impos. to 11", and d’s all night. 
8 Ov't and drizzly. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
9 Ov’t, misty. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 
10 Ov’ t, misty and showery. Obs. impos. to 11", and d’s all night. 
11/Ovy’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
12 Ovy’t and misty. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
13 Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen ‘to 10", 
14|/Mostly cloudy. Moon. No A.B. seen to 11", and obs. n’y impos, 
15 Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10". Could not myself observe. 
16|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 93°. 
17|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10%. 
18/Clear. No A.B, to 11. 
19, Much clouded. Obs. nearly impos. No A.B. seen to 11", 
‘Tolerably clear. No A.B. seen to 11" 
‘Clear. No A.B. to 114. 
Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 114}. 
Considerably clouded about the N.* 
Very clear. No A.B. to 115. 
Very clear. No A.B. to 11. 
‘Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 12", and doubtless all night. 
28/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11" at least.* 
29|/Clear. No A.B. to 115. 
30|M’y ov’t: obs. nearly if not quite impos. to 11", and d’s all night. 
31) Ov’t early in ev’ g; el ring about 9"; at 11> very Pr r: no A.B. then. 
Feb. 1/Ov’t most of ev’g; p’y cI'r before 8", but obs. n’y impos.: no A.B. 
2'Clear. No A.B. to 1022. [seen. 
3 Owt. Obs. impos. to 1034, and probably all night. 
4) Alt entirely ov’tin N.: obs. n’y or quite impos. to 11", and p. all n’t. 
5|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
6 Obsce. by cPds: moon interf,: no A.B. seen to 10": obs. imperfect. 
‘ 
8 
9 
0 
1 


NNHNNWNW WNW WH 
STO ue OO rt oS 


ICP r early i in ev’g; after 85" too cl’y for obs. to 103": no A.B, seen. 
‘Mostly clear. No A.B. seen to 1032, Moon. 

‘Clear. Moon. -No A.B. seen to 113}. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 


Dec. 29th.—About 9h, while snow was falling thick and fast, the burning of a Paper Mill 
very near West Rock (three miles distant) caused an appearance in the heavens like that of the 
great Aurora Borealis of Nov. 14th, 1837, 6h p. M.; the entire concave being illuminated with a 
fine rosy light. 

Jan. 24th.—A luminous spot in the N.N.W. about 9h 15m; caused, without doubt, by a burti- 
ing barn at Watertown. 

Jan. 28th.—A.B. seen at Edinburgh. R. D. Paul, Jameson’s Edin. New Philos. Jour., April, 
1844, p. 376; no details. 


56 
1843. 


Flerrich’s Auroral Register. 


Feb. 12|Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 10". Moon. No A.B. seen, 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 104", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 

M’y cl’r: moon: no A.B, seen to 113": within doors most of ev’g. 
Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

Too cloudy for obs. most of evening. At 11" nearly clear. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless later. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 

Clear most of evening. No A.B. to 103": at 11" ov’t. 

Ov’t until about 9°; after that mostly clear. No A.B, to 104, 
Very clear. No A.B. to 103%. 

Partly clear, but hazy. No A.B. seen to 1044. 

Clear. No A.B. to 103. 

Mostly clear, but at times ov’t in N. No A.B. to 9}. 

Clear. No A.B. to 11%. Within doors most of evening. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t most of ev’g; cl’rto 7" andat 11"; no A.B. either time. [F.B.] 
Clear. No A.B. to 10°, and none at 43° to 5° of 3d. 

Clear. No A.B. to 103°. 

Very clear. No A.B. to 103". 

Very clear. Moon begins to interfere. No A.B. seen to 10". 
Very clear. Moon.* (218) 
Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

Almost wholly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", 

Cl’r in part, but obs. much embarrassed: moon: no A.B. seen to 10", 
Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 
Very clear. Moon. No A.B. certainly seen.* 

Wholly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t and raining: obs. impos. to midnight: cl’ds then breaking up. 
Very clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 

Ov’t. Moon. Obs. nearly impos. to 9", 

Ov’t; snowing after 8". Obs. impos. to 10°, 

Clear. <A decided A.B. to 8", when the moon rose.* (219) 
Al’t wh’y ov’t: obs. impos. to 10": partly clear after 102" to 11}, 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10" 

Mostly clear to 8"; after that too cloudy for obs. : no A.B. seen to 8°. 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 93". 

Almost wholly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 95", and probably all night. 
Clear to about 10", when the sky was hazy: no A.B. seen: within 
Clear. No A.B. to 9} [doors most of evening. 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10". 

Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Ov’t; snowing and rain. Obs. impos. to 11", and d’s all night. 
Ov’t to 75; m’y cl’r at 9, but soon grew hazy: no A.B, seen to 103". 
Tolerably clear. No A.B. to 103'.* 


March 6th.—Fine display of the A.B. Light first seen as soon as darkness permitted obser- 
vation, about 7h. Seen as late as 11h; not watched very thoroughly. Scarcely any streamers ; 
a distinct arch 5° or 8° high at times, and luminous spots in the arch. About 100° on horizon 


illumined. 


Scarcely any trace visible at 4h 50m A. M. of 7th. 


March 11th.—Yet there seemed to be some unusual light around the N. horizon. Probably 


not an A.B. 
March 17th.—None seen after to 9h, but no careful observation made. A general auroral light 


in N. horizon; no streamers reported. Being occupied, did not see the A.B. 
March 29th.—A.B. seen at Dunse and Makerstoun, Scotland.—Mentioned in London Athe- 
neeum, May, 1848. 


Ferrick’s Auroral Register. 57 


30|Ov’t, and obs. impos. to 11, and doubtless all night. 
31|Ov’t; sleet falling. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 


April 1)Clear. No A.B. to 103°. 


2| Very clear. Moon begins to interfere; setting at 9}. 
3| Very clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. 
4)Oyt. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
5|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". Clouds then breaking up.* 
6|Clear. Moon interferes.* . (220) 
7| Mostly el’r until about 9°; after that n’y ov’t: moon: no A.B. seen. 
8|Chiefly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10}. 
9|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10%. 
10|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 122, Within most of the time. 
11/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10". None from 1? to 2° of 12th. 
12|/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 103". 
13|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11". Began to sprinkle about 11°. 
14|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
15|Ov’t and foggy. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 
16| Very hazy: stars vis. above alt. of 20° or 30°: no A.B. seen to 10°. 
17|Ov’t; gentle rain. Obs. impos. to 1135", and doubtless all night. 
18|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
19|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 
20| Very clear. No A.B. to midnight. 
21/Clear. No A.B. to 11’. 
22) Al’t wholly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
23/Ov’t; slight drizzle. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night.* 
24/Clear. No A.B. to 12". Within doors most of evening. 
25| A’'t wholly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
26|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
27; Almost wholly ov’t. Obs. impos., or nearly so, to 10". 
28/Clear. No A.B. to 105. [No A.B. seen. 
29|M’y ov’t: stars seen above alt. of 35°: obs. n’y impos. to 10" at least. 
30/Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
1)Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
2|/Clear. No A.B. to 10". Within from 8* to 10°. 
3, Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93" at least. 
4\Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10%. 
5|Sufficiently clear in N. to 84". Moon. No A.B. seen: at 93° ov’t. 
6 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night.* 
7 Ov’t, clouds broken at times. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night. 
8|Clearin N. Moon. No A.B. to 10°. 
9 Nearly ov’t with broken clouds. Obs. impos. to 10°. 
10 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
11| Nearly ov’t; clear along N. horizon. Moon, No A.B. seen to 10°. 
12\Clear. .Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 
13|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10*.* 
14|Som’t obse. by haze and thin clouds: moon: no A.B. seen to 10°. 


April 5th.—A.B. seen at Edinburgh, April 5th and 6th.—R. D. Paul, Jameson’s Edin. New Phil. 
Jour., 1844, p. 378. No details. 

April 6th.—A.B. visible all the evening, but I did not watch it specially. I saw no streamers, 
but only irregular spots and luminous arcuate banks. About 8h there was an arch nearly 20° 

igh 


igh. 

an 23d.—A.B. seen at Edinburgh. R. D. Paul, Jameson’s Edin. New Phil. Jowr., April, 1844, 
p. 378; no details. 

May 6th.—A.B. seen in France. Comptes Rendus, xvi, p. 1092, ete. 

May 13th.—Something like an auroral belt seen in New York City between 12h 30m and 1h 
A. M.; a streak spanning the hemisphere from N.W. to 8.E.—N. Y. Evangelist, May 18th, 1843. . 


8 


58 Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


May 15|Hazy. Moon. No A.B. seen to 11". Within from 8$* to 11% 
16|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. Cloudy at 11”. [F. B.] 
17| Dense haze: most of stars obse. : obs. n’y imp. to 10": no A.B. susp* 
18|Hazy: no A.B. seen to 10": a faint aur. c’d not have been detected. 
19/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10” at least. 
20|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
21)Cloudless, but hazy. No A.B. to 10°. [have been seen. 
22 Cloudless, but hazy: no A.B. seen to 10": a faint display could not 
23|Ov’t after close of twilight to 10". Obs. impos.* 
24|Serene and beautiful. No A.B. to 1044, 
25|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
26|Ov’t. Obs, impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
27|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 108, and prob. all night. [have been seen. 
28/P’y cl’r; obse. about hor.: no A.B. seen to gah: : a faint A.B. e’d not 
29)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10, and probably all night 
30/Clear. No A.B. to 10}. 
31|Too hazy and cloudy for obs. to 10", and doubtless later. 

June 1|Mostly clear. Moon begins to interfere. No A.B. to 104" 

2|Cloudless, but hazy. No ACB torto>: 

3 Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10” at least. 

4/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

5| Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103”, and probably all night. 

6| Nearly clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 103%, 

7 Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 103%. [10" and 112, 

8 Ov’t: obs. impos. to 10, and d’s all night: thunder shower between 

9| Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

10| Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B, observed to 10°. 

11| Mostly clear. Moon, No A.B. noticed to 10°. Within to 93°. 

12|Serene and beautiful. Moon. No A.B. to 103. 

13}Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10" at least, 

14| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

15 Considerably obscured by clouds and haze. No A.B, seen to 10", 

16| Beautifully clear between 9" and 10", and perhaps later. 

17|Clear. No A.B. to 104°. 

18| Very clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

19/|Clear and beautiful. No A.B. to 10}. 

20/Clear. No A.B. to 10. 

21/Clear. No A.B. to 11’. 

22| Very clear. No A.B. to 11°. 

23|Clear. No A.B. to 113°. | 

24/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11" at least. 

25|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. ( 
26|/Clear. No A.B. to 11%. 
27|Clear. No A.B. to 10"; somewhat hazy. | 
28| Mostly ov’t in N. to 10"; about 103" tolerably clear, and no A.B. 
29)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10” at least. 
30|Clear. <A slight A.B.; first noticed about 10".* (a8 

July 1/Clear, yet hazy and ae about horizon. No A.B, to 103° 

2/Ovy’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 
3|Clear and splendid. No ‘A.B. to 11%, 


May 17th.—A.B., moderate, seen by Mr. Thos. R. Dutton at Litchfield, Ct. 

May 23d.—A moderate A.B. seen between clouds by Mr. Thos. R. Dutton at Goshen, Ct. 

June 30th.— Watched about half an hour. A general illumination, at times quite bright 
through about 50° of horizon, extending upw ard 3° or 4°, A dim, low arch, but I saw no 
streamers. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 59 


1843. : 
July 4{/Ov’t for the most part. Obs. impos. to 10". 


Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10°. 

iClear. Moon. No A.B. to 93". 

|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 11°. 

Mostly clear; floating clouds. Moon. No A.B. to 10". 

Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 

10 Ov’t in N. Obs. impos. to 103". 

11/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11). 

12|Very clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 11’. 

13 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103}. 

14 Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103%. 

15 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103%. 

16 Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

17 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 104", and probably all night. 

18/Clear. No A.B. to 103*.* | Within from 9" to 115. 

19 Cl’rto 103": no A.B. according to F. B.: ov’t at 11", and obs. impos. 

20 Clear, very clear. No A.B. to 93". 

21 Beautifully clear. No A.B. to 103". 

22 Mostly clear exceptin N. No A.B. seen to 10", but obs. uncertain, 

23/Clear. No A.B. to 92. 

24 Ov’t to 9" or 93", and obs. impos. 

25 Mostly clear; some narrow clouds in N. A.B. seen.* (222) 

26 Clear, although somewhat hazy. No A.B. to 103". 

27\Clear. No A.B. to 114. 

28/|Clear after 9. No A.B. to 10". 

29 Mostly clear. No A.B. to 93". 

30 Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 

31\Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and probably all night. 
1 M’y el’r after 9"; cl’ds chiefly in N.: no A.B. to 104": obs. impertf. 
2 Dense haze; obs. below alt. of 20° n’y impos. : no A.B. susp. to 103%. 
3 Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 103". 
4\Clear; moon: no A.B. seen to 104". [Noneat 2" a.m. (F. B.)] 
5 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’sall night. Heavy shower in night. 
6 Ov’t: obs. impos. to 9" at least, and to 103" as reported: clear from 
7 Ov’t to 944, and doubtless all night. Obs. impos. _ [12 to morn. 
8 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and d’s all night. Raining after 12”. 
9 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

10 Ov’t and raining to 10} at least. Obs. impos. during whole night. 

11 M’y ov’t: moon at intervals: obs. n’y impos. to 9", and d’s later. 

12 Fleecy cl’ds obse. the N. at times: moon: no A.B, seen, but obs. une. 

13/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9". 

14|Clear to 108. Moon. No A.B. 

15|Very clear. No A.B. 

16 Splendidly clear most of evening. No A.B. to midnight. 

17 Splendidly clear to 10 at least. No A.B. to 10°. 

18/Clear. No A.B, to 11%. 

19/Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

20 Ov’t and r’y about 93" and onward: obs. impos. to 10", and all night. 

21'Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103%, and no doubt all night, 


OO OTOH KN 


OS eee aa 


July 


18th.—Nathaniel R. Clark, Esq., informs me that at Saratoga, N. Y., he saw between 


9h and 10b an A.B. in the west: perhaps it is a mistake. ; 

July 25th.—A moderate display observed from 9h to 10h, and going on at 10h, A horizontal 
extent of about 80° illumined; groups of streamers shot up here and there, soon fading; not 
very brilliant: reaching at the highest about 25° or 30°. Some of the streamers moved west- 


wardly. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


18 
19 
20 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night.* 
Ov’t. Obs. impos, to 103", and doubtless all night. 
Clear, but somewhat hazy. No A:B: tomy 

Clear. No A.B; to’ 115: 


3] Mostly clear. No A.B. to 104+. 


Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Ov’t chiefly. Obs. nearly impos. to 128. No A.B. seen. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 114, 

Clear.. No A.B. "to don: 

Clear. No A.B. to 1034. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos, to 114, and probably all night. [seen, 
M’y cl’r: moon: no A.B, to 102": amod. display ed not have been 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 113, 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", 

Clear and beautiful. Moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 10}*. 
Very clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 


2|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 102%, 


Much obscured by clouds. Moon. Probably no A.B. to 10".* 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 107", and no doubt all night. 

No obs. to 8%. Aft. ov’t and obs. impos. to 10", and prob. all night, 
Exceedingly clear. No A.B. to 11%. 

Cl’r until about 8", and no A.B.: after that ov’t to 10", and p. all n’t. 
Clear in 8. early in ev’g; mostly ov’t by 8"; obs. impos. to 10". 
About half clear; scattered clouds and some haze. No A.B. to 10°, 
Almost wholly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and probably all night. 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 11. 


2/Clear. No A.B. to 1034. 


Clear. No A.B. to 103. 
Clear. No A.B. to 10". 
Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10}", and probably all night. 


5}Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 


Very clear. A.B. from 74.* (223) 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10". 

Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 83". 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10%. 

Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%, 

Clear, except cloudy in N. after 10". Moon. No A.B. to 10°. 
Mostly ov’tin N. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9", but obs. n’y impos, 
Half clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 11%, but obs. very imperfect, 
Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 95", and no doubt all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10°. 

Nearly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

Clear. Moon, No A.B. seen to 10%. 


Aug. 22d.—A.B. seen at Edinburgh. R. D. Paul, Jameson’s Edin. New Phil. Jowr., April, 1844, 
no details. 

Sept. 13th.—Yet through an opening in the clouds in the north there seemed to be some un- 
usual light, but probably it was nothing more than moonlight. 

Sept. 27th,—Sundry streamers 8° or 10° high and spots; arch 8° or 4° high, 


p. 378; 


Hervick’s Auroral Register. 61 


Oct. 11|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10}*. 
12| Ov’t to about 94, when cl’ds began to break up. Obs. impos. to 94", 
13|Clear. No A.B. to 103". : 
14| Very clear. <A slight A.B. beginning at close of twilight.* (224) 
15|Ovw’t: obs. impos. to 9"; p’y cl’r high in N. but not enough so for obs, 
16)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 
17|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. i 
18| Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 11". No A.B. seen. 
19|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
20|Clear. No A.B. to 9". 
21)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
22)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
23/Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
Paley iclr: no ALB. to 11%: = —FsB.) At N: ¥..cl’r; no A.B. to 10°. 
25| Partly clear, and no A.B. to 103%. [F. B.] At N. Y. do. 
26uWihollyov't to/102. [F.) B2} At N. Y-/do. [ A.B. seen. 
27|Ov’t, d’s all night. At N. Y. cl’y and obs. n’y impos. to 103": no 
28| Mostly clear. No A.B. seen to 103”. 
29/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93". 
30/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to.102%. 
31|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 105°. No A.B. at 5° a.a., Nov. Ist. 
Noy. 1) Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 
2| Mostly ov’t: moon: no A.B. seen to 10"; cd not watch personally. 
3|Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 8". 
4|Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 
5|Clear and cold. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. [seen to 10", 
6 
7 
8 


Mostly cl’r. No A.B. to 103%. [F.B.] E.C.H.atN. Y.; no A.B. 
Cl’y and snowy to 10": obs.impos. [F. B.] Obs. impos. on Hudson 


Clear in N. and W. No A.B. Ov’t at 12". [F. ri [ river. 
9/Cl’y, d’salln’t. [F. B.] At Albany p’y cl’y to 8"; no A.B. seen; obs. 
10|Cloudy to 11", and later. [F. B.] Do. at Albany. June, 


11|Cl’y to 94° in N. and W. [F.B.] At Utica snow; obs. impos. to 9". 
12|Cl’r to 9", and no A.B. [F. B.] At Utica obs. impos. to 9", d’s all n’t. 
13|M’ycl’y; at 114°c’yinN. [F.B.] At Auburn at 10" cl’r; no A.B. 
14|Cl’r: no A.B. to 10". [F. B.] Do. bet’n Rochester and Canandaigua, 
15|Cl’y, and d’s all night. [F. B.] Do. at Geneva, N. Y. 

16|Cly to 103", [F. B.] Obs. impos. all n’t between Rome and Albany. 
17|Cly, d’s all n’t. [F. B.] Obs. impos. bet’n Albany and West Point. 
18}Clear, and no A.B. to 10". 

19|Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

20| Very hazy; stars scarcely vis.: no A.B. seen to 10": obs. n’y impos. 
21}Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

22|Clear. No A.B. to 102". 

23| Almost wholly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
24)Ov’t and misty. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
25|Clear. Moon begins to interfere. No A.B. to 10", but at times susp. 
26| Mostly ov’t to 9", then cleared. Moon. No A.B. to 93°.* 
27|/Clear. Moon. A slight A.B. suspected about 6".* 

28| M’y ov’t to 9"; bet’n 9" and 10" p’y cl’rin N.: no A.B, seen: moon, 
29| Almost wholly ov’t. Obs, impos to 94" at least. | been seen. 
30!Cl’y and hazy: moon: no A.B, seen to 10: no mod. display e’d have 


Oct. 14th.—Occasionally scarcely to be seen. About 8h a bank about 1° to 14° high, through 
50° horizontal extent. I saw no streamers, but did not watch long. 

Nov. 26th.—Mr. H. F. thinks he saw the A.B. this evening ; probably not, 

Noy. 27th.—As none appeared after to 10h 30m it is quite uncertain. 


62 Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


1843. . P 
ec. 1/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and probably all night. 


(Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 11". Within most of evening. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9$*. 

Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 103%. 

5|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103°. 

6 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 115, and doubtless all night.* [une. 
7|Ov’t to 11", then p’y cl’r but quite cl’y in N.: moon: no A.B.: obs. 
8 
9 


mm CO bo 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and probably all night.* 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. Clear at sunrise. 
10|M’y cl’r. No A.B. Moon rose about 8": aft. som’t cl’y in N.* 
11|Mostly clear, but hazy. No A.B. to 9". 

12|M’y clr: sl’t A.B. at 8"; noticed 15"; nostreamers. [F. B.] (225) 
13)/Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 

14| Partly clear early part of ev’g: no A.B.: at 94> northern sky ov’t. 
15|Ov’t to 113". [F. B.] E. C. H. at Greenwich: wh’y ov’t all night. 
16/Ov’t to 10". [F. B.]| At Greenwich, wh’y ov’t and raining to 9". 
17|Ov’t to 9°. [F. B.] At Greenwich, wh’y ov’t and misty to 10*. 
18|Ov’t to 103”. [F. B.] At Greenwich, ov’t to 8"; at 9" and after clear; 
19/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. [no A.B. to 9}*. 
20| Very clear. No A.B. to 944. 

21|P’y cl’r early; no A.B. to 7": mostly ov’t at 83%, and p. ov’t all n’t. 
22 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

23 Ov’t; drizzling rain. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
24 Ov’t. Obs. impos to 93", and doubtless all night. 

25 Clear in N. early in ev’g: moon: no A.B.: from 8" to 9 ov’tin N. 
26 Ov’t, raining and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night. 
27 \Clear at intervals during evening. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10" 
28 Ov’t, with rain to 9", Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless much later. 
29| Very clear. Moon. No A.B. to11*. [ A.B. seen. 
30 M’y cl’y to 73"; then cl’r to 10", except low cl’ds in N.: moon: no 
31 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". In the house from 7" to 10%. 


1844. 
Jan. 1 Mycl’r; muchof ev’g lowcl’dsin N.: moon: no A.B. seen to 94". 


2 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 944, and doubtless all night. 
3 Ov’t; cl’dssom’t broken at 10". Obs. impos. to 10", and p. all night. 
4 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%, and doubtless later. 
5 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103°. 
6 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103%, 
7 Clear early in ev’g and also after 10". No A.B. seen: obs. imperf. 
8 Clear. About 63° I suspected a slight auroral light low in north.* 
9 Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 103, and probably all night. 
10|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
11/Clear. No A.B. to 103". 
12 Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 
13| Very clear. No A.B. to 104".* (226) 
14 Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
15 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
16 Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
17\Clear most of evening. No A.B. to 103%. 


Dec. 6th.—A.B. seen at Edinburgh. R. D. Paul, Jameson’s Edin. New Phil. Jour., April, 1844. 

Dec. 8th.—Slight A.B. seen by M. Colla at Parma in Italy. Lamont’s Annalen, 1848, p. 182. 

Dec. 10th.—No A.B. seen to 9h 15m, Some suspicions of a slight A.B. about 8h 30m, but 
probably there was none. 

Jan. 8th.—I saw no streamers, and am inclined to doubt whether it was the A.B. No A.B. 
seen after 10h 15m, 

Jan. 13th.—Mr. F. Bradley thinks there was an A.B. about 9h; no streamers. 


1844. 
an. 18 


19 
20 
Hil 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
Feb. 1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
fel 
ye 
ik: 
14 
UG} 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
Dall 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
Di 
28 
29 
Mar. 


Hm CO bo ee 


5 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 63 


Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

Clear. No A.B. to 103". 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Clear most of evening; hazy at 10". No A.B. to 10%. 

Ov’t early part of evening; clear at 9" and after. No A.B. to 1034, 
Nearly clear.* (227) 
Cl’y in N. before 8" ; from 9" sufficiently c’r: moon: no A.B. to 1034, 
P’y cl’y in N. early inev’g: moon: later clear. No A.B. to 10%, 
Clear: moon: no A.B. cert. seen to 10", but som’t susp. about 10%, 
Thinly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless later. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103". 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", when the clouds began to break away. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B, seen to 10}. 

Thinly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103, and doubtless later, 

Clear. Moon, No A.B. seen to 103". 

Clear generally ; low cloud in N. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°, 
Ov’t; sleet falling. Obs. impos. to 10$", and doubtless all night. 
Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

Ov’t to 10", d’s later. [F. B.] E.C.H. at N.Y.: ov’t: obs. imp. to 10°. 
Clr at 103"; som’tcl’y: no A.B. [F.B.] Clrat 7*in N.Y.: no A.B. 
Clear: no A.B. to 10". [F. B.] Do. at N. Y. and Brooklyn. 

Mostly ov’t to 8" at least. At 10" clear, and no A.B. to 103%. 
M’y cl’r. Some suspicion of A.B, about 10", but doubtful to 104". 
Clear. No A.B. to 103%. 

Ov’t to 9"; after that mostly clear, and no A.B. to 103°. 

Mostly clear. No A.B. to 103. 

Ov’t, and snowing after 8". Obs. impos. to 103", and p. all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11%, and doubtless all night. 

Clear to 744, and no A.B.: after, to 10" at least, ov’t. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10}. 

Ov’t until 9". Clear at 10% No A.B, to 1045. 

|Clear. No A.B. to 8". 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

(Clrto7*: no A.B.: aft. ov’t, and obs. impos. to 103", and d’s all n’t. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 105. 

‘Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 934. 

Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 10$*. 

Ov’t to 7"; partly clear after. Moon. No A.B. to 9". [F. B.] 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 83", and doubtless all night. 

Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night.* 

Ov’t; rainy after 94", Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 
Mostly ov’t; raining at 10". Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night. 


‘Clear: no A.B, seen to 10": some unusual I’t in N, susp., prob. moon, 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 11%. 


Jan, 24th.—A.B. seen from 10h and after, suspected between 9h and 10h, but as the moon was 
up, I could not decide. Moon set about 10h 20m; from 10h to 10h 30m I watched; distinct light 
of about 40° horizontal extent; 2° or 3° alt. with occasional spots or indistinct streamers, 
shifting westwardly. I looked after 11h and found several bright streamers, one 8° or 10° high, 
besides a low, clear light. Dr. J. G. Percival informs me that he saw several distinct streamers 
between 11h and 12h, 

March Ist.—According to the U. S. Gazette there “was a beautiful display of the aurora” this 
evening. From the statement I have little doubt that this refers to the radiations in the W. 
and N.W. seen soon after sunset. 


64 


is 
Mee” =e 


21 
22 
23 
24 | 


Herrich’s Auroral Register. 


| Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9" at least. 

7|Clear. Moon rose about 10". No A.B. seen to 11". 

Ov’t and rain. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
P’ycl’r'toi8": no ACB, « ('8" to:9® clr: no AB. : el’y at 12). (F. B.)] 
Very clear. No A.B. to 10". 

Clear. No A.B. to 10}. 

Ov’t; little rain. Obs: impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t; misty. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t and rainy. No obs. pos. to 103"; rainy all night. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

Mostly ov’t early in ev’g, and obs, impos.: at 11° n’y cl’r: no A.B. 
Clear. No A.B. to 9%. [in part, and no A.B. 
M’y ov’t, and obs. n’y impos. to 11"; p. alln’t: before 10" oc’y clear 
Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all might. 
Clear. Moon begins to interfere. No A.B. seen to 92". 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", 

Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 

Clear. Moon. No A.B, seen to 101, 

Mostly ov’t; wholly so after 9". No A.B. seen. Moon. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 


8|/Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 11, and pr obably much later. 


Ov’t; raining after 10", Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night. 
Ov’t; sleet falling. Obs. impos. to 10%, and doubtless all night. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°, 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103%, 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 


/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 94%. 

Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 

Clear. A slight A.B. between 9" and 93*.* (228) 
Ov’t; alittle rain. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. [seen to 10". 


Cloudy in part and hazy: a faint A.B. ¢’d not have been seen: none 
|Clear. No A.B. to 112. [F. B.] 
|Clear. No A.B. to 94h, 


Al’t entirely ov’t: obs. impos. to 11" at least; then cl’r space in east. 


2|Clear. No A.B. to 93". 
3|Clear. No A.B. to 93%. 


‘Mostly clear, but hazy about horizon, No A.B. to 10" 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103” at least. 

Oy’t. Obs, impos. to 11" at least. 

Partly clear. Long narrow clouds about the north.* 

Very clear. No A.B. to 10". 

|Half cl’y. No A.B. to 83". Later quite cl’y, and after midn’t ov’t. 
|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 108, and d’s all n't. Misty at sunrise of 21st. 
‘Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%, and doubtless all night. 

'Cl’rto 8"; no A.B.: moon: within from 8" to 11; at: 115 wh’y ov’t 
|M’y cl’r to 8°: moon: no A.B. seen: within from 72" to 9P; then 
WwW pon ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s later.* [wh’y ov’t. 


Apri 5th.—A faint illumination, about 20° horizontal extent, and 1° to 2° in altitude; no 


streamers 


seen. Although very dim, I consider the light auroral. 


April 17th.—No A.B. to 10h 30m, although, as usual, the clear spaces between the clouds 
seemed more luminous than nataral. 

April 24th.—About 10h 30m it seemed as if there was unusual light behind the clouds in the 
north; but the clouds may there have been less dense. Moon. 


21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 


31) 


June 1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 


Hervick’s Auroral Register. 65 


5| Quite hazy and m’y ov’t in N.: moon: obs. n’y or quite impos. to 92". 


Ov’t; Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless later. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless later. 

Very clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

Nearly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93°. 

Ov’t but not densely, to 9". Moon. Obs. impos. to 9" at least. 
Mostly ov’t, and hazy in open spots. Moon. Obs. impos. to 9". 
Much ovy’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 10" at least. [ A.B.: moon, 
M’y ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11”, except about 9", when there was no 
M’y el’r: l’tning in N.: no A.B. seen to 10°, but obs. nec’y imperf. 
M’y cl’r to 9", and no A.B. ; after that too cl’y for obs, to 10° at least. 
Ov’t, showery. Obs. impos. to 103”. Clear after 11", I am told. 
Very clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

M’y ov’t in N.; cl’ds broken: obs. n’y impos. to 9": none seen,.* 
Clear. No A.B. to 105. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 112, and doubtless all night. 

Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11" at least. 

Very clear: violent N.W. wind p.m. and ev’g. No A.B. to 94'. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t for the most part, and hazy after 9": no A.B. seen to 10'.* 

P’y cl’r to 10°; no A.B. seen, but obs. embarrassed: aft. 10" ov’t to 
Ov’t to 12", and probably all night. Obs. impos. [11" at least. 
Ov’t: obs. n’y impos. to 103"; at 103" broken cl’ds: no signs of A.B, 
Partly clear to 9", and no A.B. Obs. imperfect. After 9" ov’t. 
‘Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t and misty. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Mostly clear; very clear at 10°: moon interf.: no A.B. seen to 10". 
\Clear. Moon. No A.B. at 10°.* (229) 
‘Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. Within from 8" to 105, 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seento 11%. Within most of the evening. 
‘Owtin N.; cl’ds broken elsewhere: obs. impos. to 10" at least. 
Ov’t; shower about 9". Obs. impos. to 10° at least. 

Very hazy. Obs. impos. to 11", and probably all night. 

Mostly ov’t about the N. especially. Moon. Obs. impos. to 10°. 
Mycl’r; hazy: moon: no A.B. seen to 11"; none at 11". 

Ov’t; heavy showers. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 

Clear. Moon rose about 9". No A.B. seen to 103". 

Ov’t; showery. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 

Hazy. No A.B. to 10". <A faint light could not have been seen. 
\Clear. No A.B. to 1044. 

‘Mostly ov’t. Within from 8" to 103°. No A.B. seen: obs. imperf. 
‘Cr: no A.B. to 10": within most of ev’g: at 11> im’y ov’t about N. 
Mostly ov’t and showery. Obs. impos. to 11", and prob, all night. 
‘Much clouded. No A.B, discernible to 10°, but obs. imperfect. 
Ov’t; thunder shower about 10": obs. impos. to 10", and d’s later. 
Partly cloudy. No A.B. noticed to 103°. 

Very clear. No A.B. to 11°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 


May 8th. 


streamers. 


—At Manlius, N. Y., Mr. William Smith saw a faint auroral light at 10h; saw no 


May 14th.—Observation nearly impossible. At Manlius, N. Y., Mr. William Smith saw the 
A.B. from 9h 20m to 10h 20m; two arches, and several streamers, some quite bright. 


May 22d. 


—A considerable display of A.B. from 8h 45m to 9; a bank, horizontal extent about 


20°, and some fine streamers, 10? high. [F. B.] 


9 


66 


1844, 
June 13 


14 


July 1 


font 
OO MATS OP Ww bO 


eH ee 
[oy 


et 
oS Oe 


lod 


— 
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wo 
a=} 


22 


Aug. 1 


June 22d.—No A.B. seen to 10h 15m, but some unusual light suspected, yet very doubtful. 


|Ov’t to between 9" and 10"; then toler ably cl’r except low in N.; no 


8|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93". 


Herrickh’s Auroral Register. 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. | 
Ov’t principally before 9", At 11 clear, and no A.B, | 
Clear. No A.B. to 103%, | 
Beautifully clear, No “AB. to 10", | 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. | 
Clear. No A.B. to midnight. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos, to 10%. 

Mostly clear. No A.B. from 10° to 11", Within earlier. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 104", and doubtless all night. 

Cloudy to 9"; cleared between 9° and 10°, Moon interferes.* 
Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%, 

Ov’t. Obs. impos, to 103", and probably later. 

Mostly ov’t in N.: moon : obs, nearly impos, to 104" at least. 
Much cl’ded early inev’g: moon: quite cl’r from 10" to 12": no A.B. 
Scattered clouds, Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", but obs. imperfect. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103*, 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 102", 

Som’t cl’ded, but sufficiently cl’rin N.: moon: no A.B. seen to 10". 
Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 104", 

Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 10", and prob, all night. 
Clear. No A.B. to 10°; none at 2" a.m. of 4th; the moon then up. 
Much cl’ded in N.; no A.B. susp. : obs. nearly i impos. to 103" at least. 
Ov’t. Obs, impos. to 104", and d’s all night. [obs. imperfect. 
M’y cl’r: long cloud in N. and E. , and Vtning : ; no A.B. seen to 104" ; 
Very clear. No A.B. to 10}*. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10}. 

Mostly ov’t, especially in N.: obs. impos. to 104, and p. all night. 
Ov’t; thunder shower after 9": obs. impos. to 10", and d’s later. 
Mostly ov’t. Obs, nearly or quite impos. to 10" and later. 

M’y ov’t in N. after 83": obs. nearly or quite impos. to 10" at least. 
M’y ov’t to 10%, obs. impos.: aft. 10" p’y cl’r: no A.B. seen to 103°. 
M’y ov’t to gin ; at 10" cl’r above alt. of 25°: no A.B. seen to 104, 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and d’s all night. [A.B. seen to 103". 


M’y ov’tto11": no A.B. seen, but obs. imperfect : very cl’r in morn. 
Clear. No A.B. to 103", 

Rain; cleared at 91": tolerably clear in N. at 93, and no A.B. 
Clear. No A.B. to 1034. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 94%. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10}", and doubtless later. 

Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 94%, and probably all night. 

Ov’t. Obs, impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93". 

Clear. Moon, No A.B. seen to 1044. 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 104°, and doubtless all night. 

Thinly ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
Ovy’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
Too cloudy about the N. for obs. to gh, and probably all night. 
Ovy’t to 10", and doubtless all night. Obs. impos. 

Almost wholly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 67 


1844. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Aug. 


4) Beautifully clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
5) Pata clear. No A.B. to 104°. 
6 Mostly ov’t; clear openings occasionally. No A.B. seen to 102", 
7 Tolerably clear, but hazy about the N. No A.B. seen to 10}, 
8 Nearly clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
9 Mostly ov’t to 11%, Obs. nearly impos. [A.B. at Nantucket. | 
10 Ovy’t.” Obs. impos. to 10"; cleared up during the night. 
11/Clear. A slight A.B. seen.* (230) 
12/Clear. No A.B. seen to 11", but within doors most of the time. 
13 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11°, and doubtless later. 
14 Mostly clear. No A.B. to 11%, Within most of the time, 
15 Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to midnight. 
16 Mostly clear. No A.B. to 9". 
iClear... No A:B: to, 10°. 
18 Clear, but hazy about horizon. No A.B. to 934. 
19 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 1024, and probably all night. 
20| M’y ov’t: moon interferes: obs. n’y impos. to 104": no A.B. seen. 
21] Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 11". Within most of time. 
22 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
23) Cl’r, except clouds in N.: shower about 8": moon: no A.B. seen to 
24 Mostly ov’t: moon: obs. impos. to 103". [11>: obs. imperf. 
25 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10" at least. 
26 Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
27 M’y ov’t, especially in N.: moon: obs. impos. to 104%, and p. all n’t. 
28 Ov't. Thunder shower between 9% and 10, Obs. impos. to 103". 
29 Clear in part. Moon, No A.B. seen to 103", but cl’ds impair obs.* 
30) Mostly clear, Moon, A.B. suspected towards 9°. 
31 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably later. 
1, Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10"; clouds then breaking up. 
2 Ov’t; some rain d’g night: obs. impos. to 103", and d’s much later. 
3 Clear. No A.B. to 1034. 
4\Clear. No A.B. to 103". 
5 Clear. No A.B. to 103. 
6|Clear. No A.B. to 103°. 
7\Clear. No A.B. to 10}5. 
8 Clear. No A.B. to 10% [F. B.] Could not myself observe. 
9 Clear early in evening; mostly ov’t at 10". No A.B. to 10°. 
10 Clear, but hazy about horizon. No A.B. to 8}". 
11 Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
12 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
13| Mostly ov’t. No A.B. seen to 11", but obs. necessarily imperfect, 
14 Nearly clear, but hazy about horizon. No A.B. seen to 11°. 
15 Very clear. No A.B. to 10% 
16|Clear. No A.B. to 104°. 
17| Clear. No A.B. to 1044. 
18 Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 104+. 
19 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10}. 
20|\Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 11%. 


11th.—At 9h 50m, five or six streamers in N. horizon, extending about 4° high, disap- 


peared i in about five minutes. At 10h 50m, a single streamer visible about five minutes. No 
other auroral signs during the night. 


Aug. 


29th.— At Homer, Cortland Co., N. Y., A.B. seen; first noticed about 9h 40m; an arch 


or bank, wide and bright, 75° to 90° chord ; then streamers 20° to 40° high. At 10h dense fog 
and clouds. Communicated by Mr. E. D. Selden. A.B. said to have been seen at Cambridge, 


Mass. 


68 Herrick’s Auroral Register. 
1844. 
Sept. 21/ Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103%. 
22|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 
23/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10. 
24 Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11, and probably all night. 
25 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 11}", and doubtless all night. 
26|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9°. [most of ev’g. 
27) My cl’r: ov’t thinly from 8 to 10"; moon: no A.B. to 11>: within 
28 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
29 Clouds breaking away, but too cloudy for obs. to 93". 
| Mostly clear after 9%. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103*.* 
|Clear. Moon in part. No A.B. seen to 103”. 
|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 945. 
Oy’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 103. 
|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and d’s all night. Rain during the night. 
| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10}. 
Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
Cloudless, but very hazy toward horizon, No A.B. to 103%. 
10| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10}. 
11 Clear, No A.B. to 10°. 
12| Very clear. No A.B. to 10}. 
13 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
14 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 
15 | P’y cl’r, but hazy, to 10", then ov’t: obs. unc.: no A.B. seen or susp. 
16 Nearly cl’ss; hazy about hor.: no A.B. seen to 103": obs, imperfect. 
17, Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
18 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
19 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 102". 
20 Mostly clear. Moon.* (231) 
21 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 
22'Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 115, 
23|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 11". 
24) Mostly ov’t in N. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 103". 
25 M’y cl’r, but patches of clouds in N.: moon: no A.B, seen to 102". 
26 M’ycl’r; haze; cirrous streaksin N.: moon: no A.B, seen to 103". 
27 Ov't. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
28 Ov’t and drizzling. Obs. impos. to 1034, and doubtless all night. 
29 | Ov’t to 10"; at 103" m’y el’r; low el’dsin N. and E.: moon: no A.B, 
30 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
31\/Clear. No A.B. to 103". Moon rose about 9". 
Nov. 1|Clear. No A.B. to 10", 
2 Clear, but hazy about horizon, No A.B. seen to 10}. 
3/Owt. Obs. impos. to 9$", and doubtless all night. 
4 Ov't and rainy. Obs. impos. to 94", and doubtless all night. 
5|Mostly clear. A.B. slightly suspected at 94°. [F. B.]* 
6\Clear: slight A.B. at 834, and at 12": nostreamers. [F. B.]* (232) 


Oct. 


Sy) 
oOMTaaorwNnre oO 


Sept. 80th.—Some unusual light in north suspected between 10h and 11h, 

Oct. 20th.—Suspected some auroral light towards 9h; saw no streamers; may have been only 
haze illumined by the moon. Retired at 9h, [A very considerable A.B. about midnight, and 
as early as 10h 30m, A fine arch and numerous dancing streamers. See Mew Haven Morning 
Courier, Oct. 24th. ] 

Novy. 5th.—E. C. H. at Hartford. Clear: no A.B. to 10h 30m, Between Shand 9h saw sundry 
flashes low in the south. 

Nov. 6th.—E. C. EH. at New Britain. Mostly clear, but clouds about N. No A.B. surely 
seen to 8h, yet suspected. Persons abroad later report a slight A.B. 


Dec. 


24| 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 69 


Clear. No ASB. tors [quite clear: no A.B. 
Clear to 7°: no A.B.: aft. 8° sky much obse. to 10": from 10" to 11" 
Mostly ae but hazy about N. No A.B. to 10%, 

Ov't:. Obs. impos. to 94": clear from 10° to 11"; flashes in S.W. 
Ov’t chiefly to 9"; from 9" to 10” cl’ss but misty : no A.B. seen to Lor, 
Ov’t; rainy to 114%, p. alln’t. [F. B.] E.C.H. on Hudson river; ov’t. 
Ov't to 9", except clear streak in N. Cleared at 9}°.* 

Very clear, No A.B. to 93°. [F. B.] Moon to 8 34h, 

Clear. No A.B. to 11"; at 11° somewhat cloudy in N, (i. 8)" 
Considerably clouded. A.B. seen from about 77" to 10.* (233) 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all aioe Rainy night. 
Cl’red off about 8": moon: no A.B. at 9" and none at 1142. [F. B. | 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9%. [F. B. 

Much clouded. Moon. No A.B. to 11% [F. B.] 

Ov’t to 11", and doubtless all night. [F. B.] 

Ov’t to 10", and deubtless later. [F. B.] 

Mostly clearin N. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

Clear, No A.B. seen to 10". Within doors from 7* to 9%, 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 1034. 

Ov’t; sleet early inev’g. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless later. 
Mostly ov’t; w vholly soin N. Obs. impos. to 11", and d’s later. 
Ov’t and snow ing. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
Clear. No A. B. to 10°, 

Ov’t to 103", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t early part of evening. Clear at 9". No A.B. to 10". 

Clear. No A.B. to 1034, 

Ov’t to 103", and doubtless all night. Obs. impos. 

Ov’t. Obs. i impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11, and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t early part of evening. Cleared about 83". No A.B. to 104+. 
Very clear. No A.B. to 93°. 

Tolerably clear to 10°; four-fifths ov’t at 102". No A.B. to 103". 
Clear. No A.B. to 11°. 

Snowing from 5" until after 10": obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all n’t. 
Clear. No A.B. to 11°. 

Ovt to 9°: within 9" to 10": clPring bet’n 10° and 11": no A.B. seen. 
Mostly clear. Within from 64" to 92.* (234) 
Ov’tearly; at 9° n’y cl’r except in N.; at 103" cl’r: moon: no A.B. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and probably later. 

M’y cl’r except in N.: obs. n’y impos. to 103": cl’rat 12": no A.B. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and probably all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%, and doubtless later. 

Nearly clear. Moon. No A.B: to 11%. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and probably all night. 

Ov’t, drizzle. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 

Rain and BLOM Ww, ith violent wind: obs. impos. to 11}, and d’s later. 
Cl’y in N. to7 band from 9° to 103"; within 7" to 9": obs. n’y impos. 


Noy. 18th.—No A.B. to 9h 30m; suspected at 11h 30m, [F.B.] E.C. H.at Albany. Mostly 
clear, and no A.B. to 10h. 

Noy. 15th.—E. C. H. at New York. Clear; suspected A.B. about 9h, but very doubtful. 

Noy. 16th.—Numerous streamers, generally not above 10h, dancing more or less; obscured 
by clouds. 

Tee. 14th.—From 9h to 10h 30m saw the A. B.; about 70° horizontal extent illumined about 
3° or 4° high. I saw no streamers, but could not watch many minutes at atime. Moon be- 
gins to interfere. 


E. C. H. coming up Long Island Sound. 


70 Herrvickh’s Auroral Register. 


1844. 
Dec. 25|Partly clear: moon: too cloudy about N. for obs. to 103# 


26/M’y cl’r to 7"; cl’y to 10"; p’y cl’r bet’n 10" and 11"; ae at 118: no 
27) Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 9", and p.alln’t. [A.B.: moon. 
28|Clear. No A.B. to 10, 

29}Clear. A.B. visible all the evening.* (235) 
30| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 104%. 

31/Clear to 10", and no A.B. At 103", wholly ov’t. 


1| Mostly clear, but hazy at times. No A.B. to 11". 

2| Very clear. "No A.B. to 1044, 

3]/Ov’t; raining at 10" and after. Obs. impos. to 11". 

4} Very hazy. Obs. impos. to 10", 

5| Almost wholly ov’t to 10%. Obs. impos. 

6|Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 1* a.m. [F. B.] 

7)|Clear. “No: A-B..to 10%. [E.B.] 

8|Clearin N. Y. No A.B. to 10°. 

9|Partly clear. Bright A. B. Seen a8 early as 63°*. (236) 
10|Clear. No A.B. at 644, 734, 8,942. [F. B.] 
11/CPr: no A.B. at 7%, 834 logh: Aaa TE. B.] Clrr10" to 11": novAC: 
12|M’y ov’t; at 94" p’ y are r: about 10" A.B. s’'tly susp.: low c?din N. 
13|Ov't. Obs. impos. to 11" at least. 
14/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10$*. 
15|Ov’t to 10", and probably all night. Obs. impos. 
16|Ov’t, drizzle. Obs. impos. to 114, and doubtless all night. 
17 Ov't; rainy. Obs. impos. to 114, and doubtless all night. 
18|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 1034, 
19|Ov’t. Moon faintly shining part of ev’g. Obs. impos. to 10". 
20 Ov’t to 10%, and doubtless all night. 
21| Partly cles 1. Moon. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 10", 
22'Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 8", or at 1" a. mM. of 23d. Obs. imperfect. 
23/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to Bh or at 12 a.m. of 24th. 
24, Ov’t and very stormy. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
25 Ov’t to 9" at least. Obs. impos. 
26/ Very clear. A.B. slightly suspected.* 
27|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 9". Clouding up in N. at 9°. 
28|M’y cPrin N. to 8": no A.B.: after 8" ov t to 9, and d’s all night. 
29|Partly clear, but some clouds about N. No A.B. seen to 9".* (237) 
30/Clear. No ’A. B: to 10", 
31/Clear. No A.B. to 10". 
Feb. 1/Clear. No A.B. to 93". 
2|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 94%. 
3) Ov’t to 9", and doubtless all night. Obs. impos. 
4/Snowing all night, with strong wind. Obs. impos. 
5|Ov’t early : : eared about 7 , but quite hazy to 10": ie A.B. to 105. 
6|Tolerably clear to 9". No A.B. Then ov’t to 103" at least. 
7|Clear. No A.B. to 103*. 
8! Hazy to 8"; after that ‘tolerably clear in N. No A.B. to 103°, 


Dec. 29th.—Being within, did not see it until 9h; there were then small strips of clouds in 
the N. Much general cloudiness before. Horizontal extent 80°, and 5° high. I saw no stream- 
ers up to 105, [General light from 6h 30m, (F. B. 

Jan. 9th.—Horizontal extent 90°; streamers 30° or 40° high; somewhat obscured by clouds. 
Later very much concealed by clouds. [F. B.] E. C. H. in New York City from 6th to 11th. 
‘There, Jan. 9th, it was mostly clear; considerable A.B, all the evening. After midnight, 
clearer; a distinct arch, perhaps 80° horizontal extent; no streamers seen. 

Jan. 26th. —Moon rose at 8h 30m, o A.B. surely seen to 9h, 

Jan. 29th.—{At 10h clear, and on hors was an A.B. Saw no streamers in five minutes. 


F.B.] 


Trerrick’s Auroral Register. 71 


Feb. 9) M’y cl’r, but somewhat hazy to 8"; after that cl’r: no A.B. to 934, 
10 Hazy to7 fe ov’t to 11" at least: obs. impos. to 11", and d’s all night. 
11} Wholly ov’t to 11" at least, and doubtless all night. Obs. impos. 
12/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10}. 
13} Most of evening more or less haze and cloudiness. Moon.* 
14 Ov't; rain and sleet. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
15 | Ov’t, drizzle, to 10" and later. Obs. impos. to 103", and d’s all night. 
16 | Ov’t ‘early i in ev’g: at 9° and after m’y cl’r: moon: no A.B. seen. 
17|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and probably later. [impertect. 
18| M’y cl’r to 73": moon: sky obstructed to 103": no A.B. seen: obs. 
19| Much obse. by haze and cl’ds: moon: obs n’y or quite impos. to 103" 
20|Too hazy and cloudy for obs. to 103", and ‘probably all night. 
21| Very foggy. Obs. impos. to 103", and probably later. 
22/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
23/Ov't and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 
24| Very cl’r: moon rose at 83": no A.B. to 8", and none seen aft. to 104+. 
25|Clear. A.B. seen between 8" and 9%.* (238) 
26 | Clear after about 73". No A.B, to 103". 
27|Ovwt: larger stars in zenith vis.: obs. impos. to 10, and d’s later. 
28/Clear. No A.B. to 103". 
March 1 Clear, but slightly hazy. No A.B. to 103". 
Ov't. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Very clear. No A.B. to 11°. 
Ovwt. Obs. impos. to 1144, and doubtless all night. 
Mostly ov’t, and obs. impos. to 10" at least; at 113" clear: no A.B. 
Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
Hazy most of evg; at 10" ov’t: no A.B. seen to 93", nor at 104°, 
Hazy fore part of evening; clear after 8", No A.B, to 10%. 
Within from 7" to 9": mostly clear from 9" to 10.* 
10|Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 117, and doubtless all night. 
11| Mostly clear te 93". Moon. Ov’t to 10" and after to 11%. — 
12| Nearly clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10%. 
13| Nearly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and at 114", and d’s all night. 
14|Ov’t, rain. Obs. impos. to 10°, 
15|/Too much clouded for obs. to 10%, and prob. most of the night. 
16| Tolerably clear; flying clouds here and there. Moon.* 
17|Sky obse., cl’'ds and haze: moon: obs. imperf. : no A.B. seen to 103". 
18 | Mostly ov't early part of ev’g; cleared up about 8).* 
19|N. obse. below 10°, often as high as 50°, to 103": obs. m’y impos. 
20|Partly clear. N. too much clouded for obs. to 10" at least. 
21| Very clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10} 
22| Very clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10°. 
23|}Ov’t; rain about 9". Obs. impos. to 94", and prob. all night. 
24|Ov’t, a’t wh’y: some clear spaces about 105: obs, impos. to 11*. 
25|Clear. Moon rose at 83". No A.B. to 105. 
26| Ov’t, almost entirely. Obs. impos. to 10", and prob. all night. 


OO 1 SD Or > WO DD 


Feb. 13th.—No A.B. surely seen to 10h 30m; but about 8h A.B. slightly suspected; very 
doubtful. 

Feb. 25th.—Arc 20° horizontal extent, and numerous streamers 20° high, some very bright 
at base. Moon rose at 9b 45m, A.B. nearly extinct about 9h 15m, 

March 9th.—Clouds hanging about N. Some faint light suspected, but probably due to con- 
trast with clouds, to 10b. 

March 16th.—Occasionally the north seemed lighter than usual, but it is probably due to 
haze and clouds illumined by the moon. 

March 18th.—Some cloudiness low in the north to 10h at least. Moon. Quite light in north, 
due probably to moonlight on the clouds. Overcast, in N. at least, at 11h, 


72 flerrvick’s Auroral Register. 


1845. 
Mar. 27|Hazy. No A.B. to 103", but a faint display w’d not have been vis. 


28 Very hazy. Polaris faintly vis.: no A.B. seen to 10": obs. imperf. 
29 Ov’t. Obs, impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 
30|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
31/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
April 1/Clear. No A.B. to 10". 
Very clear. No A.B. to 10. 
‘Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10%. Almost wholly ov’t at 10%. 
Clear. No A.B, to 10}, 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
‘Clear. No A.B. to 93". 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all might. 
Oy’t. Obs. impos. to 11, and probably all night. fseer to 104. 
Considerably clouded and becoming more so: obs. poor: no A.B. 
10 Mostly clear. No A.B, to 10". Moon begins to interfere. 
11 Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 10", 
12 Clear; some cirrous streaks and bands: moon: no A.B, seen to 10". 
13 Hazy about horizon: violent westerly wind.* (239) 
14 Clear, but somewhat hazy about hor.: moon: no A.B. seen to 103". 
15 Haze and thin cl’y sheets: moon: no A.B. seen to 10": obs. imperf. 
16 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 103, and doubtless all night. 
17 Ovy’t. Obs. impos, to 11", and doubtless all night. 
18 Ov’t. Obs. impos, to 10%, and doubtless all night. 
19 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and all night. Rain during night. 
20 Ov’t; some rain, Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
21 Ov’t. Obs. impos to 10" at least. Mostly clear at sunrise of 22d. 
22|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 93". [no A.B. seen. 
23 Much clouded: moon: obs. scarcely pos. to 93", and prob. all night : 
24 Ov’t. Obs, impos. to 93", and probably all night. 
25 Ov’t. Obs, impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
26 Ov’t to 9", and doubtless all night. 
27|Ov’t to 10°.* (240) 
28 Ovy’t. Obs, impos. to 10", and probably most of the night. 
29|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
30 Cloudy early part of evening.* (241) 
May 1) Almost wholly ov’t.* 
2|Clear. No A.B. to 115. 
3|Mostly ov’t to 103", Obs. nearly or quite impos. 
4/Ov’t; some rain. Obs. impos. to 10", and prob, most of the night. 
5| Mostly ov’t to 9%. At 113" considerably ov’t.* (242) 


OoOMaTM OR WN 


April 13th.—A fine display of the A.B. visible probably all night. At 7b 30m moon shining, 
and 45m before end of twilight I detected an auroral arch, obscure yet well formed, embracing 
about 100° horizontal extent, and about 8° high at vertex. I soon saw in and above it here and 
there red staius and imperfect streamers. Watcbed till 98; wind uncomfortably strong. The 
phenomenon was constantly changing—arch breaking up, brightening in spots, fading, reap- 
pearing, &c. About 8h a segment of an arch, 42° alt. and 30° long. Isaw but few streamers. 
After midnight (about 2h?) I looked and found a bright light low in N., and no streamers. I 
learn that between 9h 30m and 10h 30m there were many streamers, some 60° alt., and also waves. 

April 27th.—Between 10h and 11h clouds broke away and revealed a bright A.B, There was 
then a broad arch spanning 90°, more or less, and about 10° high at vertex; much diffuse light 
about arch, but I saw no streamers. Much obscured by clouds. Did not observe it more than 
five minutes. 

April 30th.—At 9b found the sky partly clear and a display of the A.B.; horizontal extent 
70° more or less; sundry streamers, highest 40°; not clearly defined. General light up to 
10h 30m at least. 

May Ist.—Through crevices in the clouds appeared some unusual light ; perhaps slight A.B. 
Observation nearly impossible to 104 15m, and probably all night. 

May 5th.—About 12h clear, and no A.B. Between 2h and 3h a. M. (6th) a bright A.B,—lumin- 
ous arch, but no streamers seen. Fide Professor E, T. Fitch. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 73 


Me, 5 Much clouded, and obs. necessarily imperf. No A.B. seen to 92>, 
7/Ov't. Obs. ane to 10", and doubtless all night. 
8| Very clear. No A.B. to gdh, 
9 Very clear. Mooi begins to interfere. No A.B. seen to 10%, 
10 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 
11/Hazy. Moon. No A.B. seen to 92%. 
12|Hazy. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 
13) Mostly ov’t to 9". At 10% clear in N., and no A.B. Moon. 
14 Hazy, cirri. Moon. NoA.B.seento 9". After 9" ov’t, d’s all n’t. 
15 Oy’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
16 Ov’t; slight drizzle at times: obs. impos. to 944, and d’s all night. 
17| Ov’t almost w holly. Obs. impos. to 10%, and doubtless all night. 
18 Ov’t; some rain. Obs. impos. to 10°, and doubtless later. 
19 Partly cloudy. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9" 20”, 
20| Cloudy, in part at least, to 9". No A.B. seen. 
21|Clear. Moon. No A. B. to 93h 
22 Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10%, and d’s most of the night. 
23 Mostly clear. No A.B. to 104, 
24| Very clear. No A.B. to 92 55™. 
25| Very clear. No A.B. to 944. 
26 Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10%, 
27 Hazy; otherwise mostly clear. No A.B. to 162! 
28 M’y cl’r, but toward 104 becoming cl’y in N. No A.B. to 9 50". 
29|M’y ov't to 10": obs. w” y or quite impos. : aft. 122 very cl’r: no A.B. 
30 Exceedingly clear. No A.B. to 10% 5™.* 
31| Exceedingly clear. No A.B. to 103%. 
June 1V ery clear. No A.B. to 102. 
2 Clear. No A.B. to 103". 
3 Much clouded. Obs. n’y impos. to 103", and p. later: no A.B. seen. 
4 Partly clouded. No A:B. to 10%, but obs. unc. on ac’t of clouds. 
5|N. much obse. to 95": A.B. susp.: no streamers seen. [F. B.]* 
6| Al’t wh’y ov’tto 12": no A.B. [F.B.] At N.Y. ov’t; obs. impos. to 
7 Mostly clear. No A.B. to 103". [104% 
8|/Clear. No A.B. to 10". 
9 Hazy ; stars below 40° scarcely vis.: obs. n’y or quite impos. to 104 
10 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93%, and doubtless all night. 
i Vv ery hazy: moon: stars below 25° alt. not vis.: no A.B. seen to 115, 
12 Ov’t; slight drizzle. Obs. impos. to 11", and donbtlese all night. 
13. |Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 
14'Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103". 

5 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 934, and doubtless all night. [n’y impos. 
16|Much clouded below alt. of 20°: moon: no A.B. seen to 104°: obs. 
17| Very cl’r: moon: no A.B. to 103". [A.B. susp. about 113%. (F. B.)] 
18 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103”, and doubtless all night. 

19 Clear to 9"; after that ov’t to 10", and doubtless all night. 

20 Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 

21 Mostly ov’t. Obs. n’y or quite impos. to 10", and prob. all night. 
22 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and d’s all night. Rain during night. 
23|Much cl’ded: obs. embarrassed: no A.B. seen to 103", and p. none. 
24| Mostly ov’t to 93, Rain between 8" and 9°.* 


May 30th.—Observed zodiacal light: evident, but very ill defined. Extends to cluster in 
Cancer, and perhaps into the sickle in Leo; the star Pollux lies near the axis; if not, thena 
point a little nearer Castor, perhaps one- third the distance toward Castor. 

June 5th.—E. C. H. at New York. Hazy. No A.B. to 10h 15m, 

June 24th.—About 9h 30m clouds in north slightly broken, and some unusual light suspected, 
but at 10b a large opening in north, and no A. B. apparent. 


10 


74 Herrick’s Auroval Register. 


1845. 
June 25|Clear. No A.B. to 102%.* 


26|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
27|\Clear. No A.B. to 104*. 
28/Ov’t, rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 
29 N. partly clouded: no A.B. between 9" and 10": at 10° n’y ov’t in N. 
30/Ov’t early ; n’y cl’r 9" to 10°: no A.B, seen to 10": slight A.B. e’d not 
July 1|Mostly clear to11", No A.B. to 11?. [have been seen. 
2/Ov’t. Obs. impos, to 10", and probably all night. 
3| Very clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
4/Ov’t to 944, Clearing up about 10%. No A.B. to 103%. 
5|Very clear. No A.B. to 103°. 
6|Somewhat cloudy. No A.B. to 93": at 2" a.m. very cl’r: no A.B. 
7, Considerably clouded. No A.B, seen to 103%. Obs. embarrassed. 
8|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10%.* 
9|Clear. No A.B. seen to 23" a.m. of 10th. 
10| Very clear. Moon begins to interfere. No A.B. to 11". 
11|Tolerably clear, although hazy. Moon. No A.B. to 10°. 
12| Mostly clear, but hazy towards hor.: moon: no A.B. seen to 93" 
13|Mostly clear, but hazy towards hor.: moon: no A.B. seen to 10°. 
14/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 
15|Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 10", Moon. No A.B. seen. 
16) Nearly clear. Moon, No A.B. seen to 103°. 
17/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10°. 
18|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10". 
19 Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103". 
20/ Considerably clouded; but clear space about the north: moon.* 
21 Mostly clear; much obse. at 10": moon: no A.B, seen to 10°. 
22|/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%, 
23|Very clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
24/Ov’t to 94", and doubtless later.* (243) 
25|Ov’t, almost wholly. Obs. impos. to 92", and doubtless later. 
26) Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 
27|Mostly clear, but small clouds hanging about N. No A.B. to 10", 
28|Mostly clear; quite clear in N. about 10". No A.B. to 10".* (244) 
29|/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
30/Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless much later. 
31|Mostly clear, clouds coming over about 10": no A.B, to 10".* (245 
Aug. 1|Nearly clear.* (246 
2|Much cl’ded; at 10" n’y cl’rin N. except low cloud. No A.B. seen. 
3|Somewhat clouded in N, to 10%.* 


June 25th.—A.B. seen at Worcester, Mass.—Thirteenth Annual Report of Lunatic Asylum. 
No particulars given. 

July 8th.—Brilliant A.B. seen at Worcester, Mass.— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. of Lunatic Asylum. 
No other particulars. 

July 20th.—North seemed quite light, probably due to moonlight. No A.B. surely seen to 
10h 15m, 

July 24th.—At 1h A. m. (25th) I looked out from an open window and found N. sky very clear, 
and moon shining. In N. appeared more than usual light, and I am very much inclined to 
think it an A.B.—saw no streamers—about 20° horizontal extent, 2° high. If trees had not 
obstructed the view I could have determined the case with certainty. [A.B. seen at Worcester, 
Mass.— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. of Lunatic Asylum, No details. ] 

July 28th.—Faint auroral arch from 9h 30m, 60° or 70° horizontal extent. No streamers. 


F. B.] 

July 3lst.—Faint light in N., probably auroral. [F. B.] 

Aug. 1Ist.—A faint auroral light visible from about 9h 30m onward to 10h 30m; seen also after 
midnight. A diffuse light, perhaps 20° horizontal extent, very indefinite above. Isaw no 
streamers. 

Aug. 3d.—No A.B. to 10h, unless a faint light between two clouds. After midnight looked 
out, and saw no A.B,; sky then very clear. 


Sept. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 15 


Clear. No A.B. to 10*.* (247) 
Nearly clear, but some cloudiness in N. No A.B. to 11", 
N’ycl’r: within 8" to 103": c’dsin N.: no A.B. from 10} to 1024, 
Mostly clear, except N.: ov’t there at 93>: no A.B. seen to 93". 
Much cl’ded: obs. n’y impos. to 10"; p.alln’t: no A.B. seen to 105. 
M’y clear from 93" to 11". No A.B. seen, but obs. p’y obstructed. 
Ov’t almost wholly. Obs. impos. all night. 

Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
Clear, yet hazy about horizon. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103+. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10" at least, and doubtless later, 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10}. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93%. 

Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93°. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11" at least. 

M’y cl’r from 8" to 9": no A.B.: after 9" ov’t to 103" in N., p. later. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103” at least. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and probably all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 94, and doubtless all night. 

Mostly clear; flying clouds about N. No A.B. seen to 94", 
Clear. No A.B. to 115. 

North much embarrassed by floating clouds. No A.B. seen to 1034. 
Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10, and probably most of night. 
Much clouded most of evening. At 10" nearly clear, and no A.B. 
Flying cl’ds; obs. necessarily imperf.: at 9$" nearly cl’r.* — (248) 
Very cloudy early part of evening. At 9" and after mostly clear.* 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 94°. No A.B. at 1" a. u. of Sept. Ist. 
Ov’t to 83" at least. Partly clear after 9", but did not then watch. 
Mostly ov’t to 10". Partly clear about 8", and no A.B. seen. 
Very clear. No A.B. to 9%. 

Ov’t; thunder shower from 8" to 9". Obs. impos. to 10".* 

Much clouded; clear spaces occasionally. No A.B. to 10%. 

Clear. No A.B. to 105. 

Clear. Moon, A.B. suspected.* (249) 
Clear in N. to 8"; after that m’y ov’t to 10" at least: no A.B. seen. 
Cl’y most of ev’g : at 93" and aft. n’y cl’r: moon: no A.B. seen to 105. 
Much clouded at times: moon: no A.B. seento11". — [seen to 103", 
Mostly ov’t to 9"; from 9 to 103" tolerably clear: moon: no A.B, 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 94". 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

M’y ov’t with flying clouds: moon: obs. n’y or quite impos. to 93". 
Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

M’y cl’r: moon: no A.B. seen to 10": about 10" al’t wh’y ov’t in N. 
Mostly clear to 9": moon: no A.B. seen: after 9" mostly ov’t to 10". 
M’y cl’r: moon: 7° to 93" low cl’ds and ’tning: no A.B. seen to 93". 


Aug. 4th.—Auroral streamers between 9h and 10h. Numerous, faint, 10° high. [F. B.] 
Aug. 29th.—A.B. slightly suspected. [A.B. seen at Worcester, Mass.—Thirteenth Rep. Luna- 


tie Asylum. 


No details. | 


Aug. 30th.—No A.B. to 9h 30m, but some unusual light slightly suspected. At 1h 30m 4. M. 
of 31st clear, and no A.B. [At Montreal, Canada, slight A.B. ide Professor Olmsted.] _ 

Sept. 4th.—Clouds breaking away about 10h, showing what seemed an unusual light in N., 
but probably a deception. : 

Sept. 7th.—After midnight, the moon having set, I looked out and thought there was a faint 
auroral light in the N. Saw no streamers. 


, 


76 Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


Sept. 19|/Som’t hazy: moon rose at 8": no A.B. seen to 108: at 105 el’y. 
20|Clear. No A.B. to 944. 
21) Very clear. No A.B. to 93°. 
22|Very clear. No A.B. to 105. 
23}Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
24] Mostly clear.* (250) 
25|Mostly ov’t. At 9" wholly ov’t, and nearly so to 10°.* 
26]Ov’t, rain: obs. impos. to 94%. [P’y cl’r at 83", and no A.B. (F.B.)] 
27|Clear mostly. Probably a very faint A.B.* (251) 
28|Somewhat cloudy. No A.B. to 83", and none at 4° a, m. of 29th. 
29|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
30]M’y clr, but gradually clouding, and by 10" m’y ov’t: no A.B. seen. 
Oct. 1|/Clear. No A.B. to 944. 
2|Clear. No A.B. to 105. 
3|Mostly ov’t; oc’l openings: obs. n’y impos. to 10": no A.B. seen. 
4}Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10°. 
5/Ov't and rainy. Obs. impos. to 85", and doubtless all night. 
6|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
7|M’y ov’t: about 9° partly cl’r about 15": moon: no A.B. seen. 
8}Much clouded. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", 
9}Clear. Moon, A.B. seen all the evening.* (252) 
10}Ov’t to 10" at least. Obs. impos. 
11}P’y cl’r to 8°: moon: obs. n’y impos. to 8": no A.B. seen: aft. 8" ov’t. 
12}Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
13|}Clear: moon: no A.B, seen to 10": at intervals d’g n’t saw no A.B. 
14}Considerably clouded: moon: no A.B. seen to 9": obs. imperfect. 
15|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93". 
16|Partly cloudy. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 
17}Clear. Moon most of the evening. No A.B. seen to 10%. 
18|Clear. No A.B. seen to 10%. 
19|Hazy: no A.B. seen to 9": a faint display e’d hardly have been seen, 
20)Ov’t almost wholly. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 
21}Clear. A.B. seen most of evening, but at times very faint.* (253) 
22\Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
23)Clear, No A.B. to 10". I did not observe personally. 
24|Hazy. No A.B. to 105, 
25{Hazy. No A.B. to 10%. 
26| Very hazy. No A.B. to 10% 
27|Hazy. No A.B. to 9}. 
28|Hazy. No A.B. to 10%. 
29|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
30] Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10° 
31]Ov’t most of evening. At 10" nearly clear, and no A.B. 
Nov. 1/Ov’t; some rain. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 
21Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 


Sept. 24th.—A.B. seen from about 9h 30m to 11h at least, 60° to 80° horizontal extent illu- 
mined; bank at times 3° to 5° high. I saw no streamers, but did not watch many minutes. 

Sept. 25th —A.B. suspected; breaks in the clouds in the N., showing what seemed more 
than usual light. Uncertain. 

Sept. 27th.—The N. seemed to havea slight whitish tinge, but I saw no bank orarch. At 
10h 5m I saw for about three minutes what I took to be a streamer, near N,. 5° E., about 49 
long, and moving westward. Some small clouds just then embarrassed observation. I pre- 
sume there is a slight A.B. this evening. 

Oct. 9th.—About 60° horizontal extent illumined. Much of the time an arch, and once a 
group of dim streamers, not reaching higher than 10°. ‘ 

Oct. 21st.—About 7h many streamers, not very bright, tallest reaching altitude of about 15°, 
drifting westward; 50° to 70° of horizontal extent illumined, with faint arch. 


1845. 
Nov. 3 


Dec. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 77 


Ovt and rainy. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless later. 

Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless later. 
Ov’tearly; cl’ring at 8", clear after 9": moon: no A.B. to 1044. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 93". 

Many flying cl’ds n’y precluded obs. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%, 
Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 8", and probably all night. 


‘Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", and none at 14° a. m. of 11th. 


Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably most of the night. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". Within from 6} to 94}. 
Partly clear. Moon eclipsed this evening. No A.B. seen to 93", 
Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103%. 

Clouded at times; occasionally clear in N.: moon: no A.B. to 105. 
Very hazy. No A.B. seen to 94°. 

Mostly ov’t; rain about 93": obs. impos. to 10", and prob. all night. 
Much clouded. Obs. nearly impos. No A.B. seen to 10%, 

Very clear. No A.B. to 10°. 


Clear, but somewhat hazy. No A.B. to 10%, 


Very clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Clear most of evening; very cloudy at 10", No A.B. to 10%. 
Clear. No A-B. to 10°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Cloudless, but hazy. No A.B. to 10°. 

Hazy; by 10" quite ov’t: no A.B. seen to 10°: within 74° to 93". 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10°.* (254) 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 94}. 

Ov’t most of ev’g; at 10$> clouds much broken: no A.B, then. 
Ov’t; sleet falling. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 


|Ov't. Obs. impos. to 10" at least: clear at 545 4.m.: no A.B 


Very clear. No A.B. to 10".* (255) 
Almost wholly ov’t to 103" at least.* (256) 
Ovwt and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably much later. 
Very clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10}. 

Mostly ov’t; occasional clear spaces. Moon. No A.B. seen to 105. 
Clear, except cirriabout N.: moon: no A.B. seen to 94": ov’t at 5%. 
Ow't; sleet falling. Obs. impos. to 103%, and doubtless all night. 
Owt: obs. impos. to 10": at 5"5™ clr except low cl’din N.: no A.B. 
Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 

P’y el’r to 7°; 7° +010" m’y ov’t; aft. py cl’r: moon: no A.B. seen 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", [to 103": obs. une. 
Clear to about 10": moon: no A:B.: at 10" ov’t with fleecy clouds. 
Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 94, and doubtless all night. 
Much clouded. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". Ov’t at 10". 
Clear: no A.B. cert. seen to 10", and yet two or three times susp. 
Ov’t. Obs. almost or quite impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
Ov’t almost wholly. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 


Novy. 27th.—A.B. seen by me about 5h 15m a.m. of 28th. Sky very clear. I saw only a gene- 
ral light about N. horizon; no definite streamers, but an undoubted A.B. Watched about 
three minutes. 

Dec. 2d.—At 4h 2m a.m. of 8d I saw a distinct A.B. About 30° horizontal extent illumined, 
8° more or less in center. I saw no distinct arch or streamers, but the trees interfere. ‘ 

Dec. 3d.—A conspicuous A.B, seen through a long narrow opening in the clouds in N. hori- 
zon. Several bright streamers about 8h, but the clouds did not permit any determination of 
the extent of the display. I infer it to have been a very considerable one. Light strong as 
late as 10k 15m, 


78 Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


Dee, 19|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
20/Cl’rafew minutes at 6": no A.B.: ov’t from 63* to 93": obs. impos. 
21| Very clear. No A.B. to 9°. 
22|Clear most of ev’g: no A.B. seen to 10": considerably cl’ded aft. 8". 
23|Clear. No A.B. to 10", About 10" becoming cloudy. 
24/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
25)Ov’t to 10", and doubtless all night. 
26/Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 104". 
27|Clear early in ev’g: no A.B. seen: ov’t at 94", and to 10° at least. 
28| Mostly clear after 7". No A.B. to 10°. 
29|Clear. No A.B. to 10". 
30|Ov’t entirely.* (257) 
31/Clear, A.B. slightly suspected. None certain to 10". 


1/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 12", and doubtless all night. 

2) Almost wholly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
3|Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. nearly impos. to 10".* 

4|Clear: moon: no A.B. at 6", at 10", or at 3 a.m.: sky at 5" p’y obse. 
5|N’ycl’r; cirrous streaks here and there: moon: no A.B, seen to 10°. 
6|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 1044, and d’s all night: began to rain d’g n’t. 
7|Ov’t, drizzling. Obs. impos. to 92", and doubtless all night. 
8|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 104", and probably later. 

9;Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10" 

10| Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
11/Cl’r to about 8": moon: no A.B. : after 8" ov’t: obs. impos. 8" to 10". 
12) Ov’t almost completely. Obs. impos. to 11", and prob, all night. 
13|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 103". 

14|Clear. Moon rose at 73". No A.B. to 11". 

15' Al’t wholly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 

16) Ov’t, raining and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night. 
17 Ov’t and snowing. Clear at sunrise of 18th. 

18| Very clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

19 Clear: no A.B. to 10°, or pos. avery faint aur. light bet’n 9" and 10%. 
20, Almost wholly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night.* 
21 Ov’t, snowing: obs. impos. to 10", p. much later: n’y cl’r at 6" a.m. of 
22|Clear. No A.B. to 104%. [22d. 
23\ Very clear. A.B. seen, with intermissions, from 6" to 11.* (258) 
24|Clear chiefly to about 8", and no A.B. After 8" ov’t. 

Mostly clear. No A.B. seen. 

26|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", at 12", at 3" a. m., and d’s all night. 
27|Clear. No A.B. seen to 12". 

28/| Considerably clouded. A.B.* (259) 
29) Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10}, and doubtless all night. 

30) Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and d’s all night: some rain in ev’g. 
31| Partly clear, but N. much obstructed.* 


Dec, 30th.—Between 9h and 10h, and at 10h, I strongly suspected an A.B.; the light may have 
been due to thinness of clouds on the northern horizon. (Reported to me that later the sky 
was more or less clear, and a considerable A.B. visible. No details.) 

Jan. 3d.—A.B. suspected, but impossible to be confident on account of clouds and moon. 

Jan. 20th.—About 10h suspected some unusual light along N. horizon; probably due to thin- 
ness of clouds. 

Jan. 23d.—Horizontal extent generally about 50°; altitude at vertex 3° more or less. At 
times segments of a distinct arch, but no streamers seen. 

Jan. 28th.—Not seen until about 9h, as I was within. From this time up to 10h there was no 
great change; a strong light about 7° high at vertex, and brightest near the border, cutting the 
horizon about 80° apart. All very much embarrassed by clouds. I saw no streamers. 

Jan. 3lst.—Observation scarcely possible to 10h at least. Some unusual light suspected in 
N. between 9h and 10h, 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 79 
g 


1846. 
Feb. 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and no doubt all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Considerably cl’ded: moon: obs. much embarrased: no A.B. to 104. 
Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B, seen to 10", [ A.B. seen. 
Nearly c’r; becoming hazy: moon: unwell and ¢’d not watch: no 
Ov’t; slight rain. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s most of the night. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 92°. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103". 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 

11 Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
12 /Cl’rto 8"; aft. m’y ov’t to 103": no A.B. seen to 8": moon rose at 7", 
13|\Clrto 742; no A.B.: within till 9", then ov’t: at 11> cl’r: moon: no 
14 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103”, and d’s all night. [ A.B. seen, 
15 Ovy’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
16 M’y ov’t; wh’y so after 8": obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night. 
17 Partly clear. No A.B, seen to 10", but obs. embarrassed by cl’ds. 
18; Very clear. No A.B. to 103°. 

19 Almost wholly ov’t: obs. nearly impos. to 103", and d’s all night.* 
20| Clear at 6": no A.B.: m’y ov’t to 83"; aft. clear: no A.B. to 105. 
21) Mostly clear, but at 10" wholly ov’t. No A.B. to 93°. 

22|M’y cl’r: no A.B. to 94", when n’y ov’t: at 2° cl’r in N. except low 


jn 
SOO MATH PWNHeH 


23|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 103". [c’d: no A.B. then. 
24) Nearly cl’r, becoming hazy @’g the ev’g. No A.B. cert. seen to 9". 
25) A.B., most of evening obstructed by clouds. (260) 


26|Clear. No A.B. certainly seen to 10", but somewhat susp. at times. 
27|/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 1045, and doubtless all night. 

28'Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 

Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10% Within from 7? to 9", 
Very hazy to 9": moon: obs. n’y impos. to 9"; aft. more cl’r: no A.B. 
Nearly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 113°. [seen to 117, 
Mostly clear. No A.B. seen to midnight. 

Clear: moon: no A.B. seen to 11. [very cl’r: nomoon: no A.B. 
Ov’t to about 10", after c’ring: moon: no A.B, at 10°5™; at 42 am. 
Ov’t until 10" at least. Obs. impos. 

Oy’t. Obs. impos. to 94", and doubtless later. 

Very clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10°. 

10|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

11|Nearly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

12) A’t wh’y ov’t: moon: cl’ds breaking about 9": no A.B, then seen. 
13/Ov’t; rain during night. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night. 
14/Cloudy most of evening to 10".* 

15|P’y c’r. No A.B. seen to 10", but N. much obstructed by cl’ds. 
16/Ov’t most of ev’g; p’y cl’r 9" to 1042: no A.B. seen to 103": obs. une. 
17| Clear.* (261) 
18| Very clear. No A.B. to 93°. 

19|/Clear. No A.B. to 103*.* 

20! Mostly ov’t, and obs. necessarily uncertain. No A.B. seen to 103". 


Mar. 


eomsTOorwnre 


Feb. 19th.—At various times in the evening I suspected an unusual light in the N., perhaps 
an A.B., perhaps due to thinness of clouds in that quarter. ; 

March 14th.—About 8k suspected some unusual light in N., but probably due to moon just 
rising. At 10h 30m clear, and no A.B. : 

March 17th.—A very slight auroral illumination, as I think, most of evening, especially about 
10h. I saw no arch, no streamers, yet the N. seems lighter than other quarters. The presence 
of Galaxy in the north seems insufficient to cause the appearances. 

March 19th.—Some slight auroral appearances slightly suspected but very doubtful. 


80 Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


1846. 
Mar. 21|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 


22/Clear. No A.B. to 944. 
23/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and probably all night. 
24/Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 
25 Ov’t, drizzling mist. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 
26 | Ov’t, except ab’t 8°: no A.B, then: aft. obs. impos. to 92", d’s all n’t. 
27)P’y c’rto 74": no A.B.: aft. ov’t to 93"; thencl’r: no A.B. to 10". 
28 | Ov’t to about 9", and obs. impos.: too cloudy in N. for obs. to 10%. 
29| Considerably clouded and obs. necessarily une. None seen to 8$". 
30|Ov’t most of evening to 10". Obs. nearly impos. None seen. 
31|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 
April 1;Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103". 
2|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10}. 
3|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 102%. 
4/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 
5 | Quite hazy and cl’y: moon: obs. nearly impos. to 10: none seen. 
6|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%.* (262) 
7|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
8) Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 
9 Many cirri and some haze: moon: no A.B. seen to 104": obs. une. 
10 Clear to 73"; after that ov’t and misty: obs. impos. to 103” at least. 
11|M’y cl’r to 9": moon: no A.B. seen: aft. 9" too cl’y to 10" at least. 


12 Ov’t, with cumulus clouds. Moon.* (263 
13 Clear: moon rose about 9°; no A.B. seen to 1044, [seen 9° to 10%. 
14|M’ycl’rto 9": no A.B. [F.B.] At 9" cl’ding, by 10" ov’t: no A.B. 
15|Clear. A.B. first seen about 9".* (264) 
16'Clear. A.B. seen from 83" to 10*.* (265) 


17|Somewhat hazy. No A.B. to 10". 
18| Hazy about horizon. No A.B. to 10°. 
19/Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 
20! Nearly cl’r, but hazy about hor., and becoming cl’y in N. about 9". 
21) Nearly clear; some haze. No A.B. to 93". [obs. une. 
22) Much obse. by cl’ds: within 7$> to 9": no A.B. seen from 9" to 10°: 
23)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and probably all night. 
24, Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9}", and d’s all night. Rain during ev’g. 
25| North considerably clouded: no A.B. seen to 10": obs. nec’y une. 
26} North considerably clouded: no A.B. seen to 95": obs. nee’y une. 
27\Clear. No A.B. to 103". 
28|Cloudy. No A.B. seen to 10". Faint A.B. would not be visible. 
29/Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10" at least, and prob. all night. 
30|Cl’r to about 83", when it became cl’y. [F. B.] At 122" cl’r, no A.B. 
May 1)Ov’t and drizzly. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 
2)/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and probably all night. 
3|Mostly clear, but embarrassed by flying clouds. Moon.* 
4/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
5|'Too cloudy for obs. to 105", and probably all night. 


April 6th.—Between 3h 25m and 4h a. Mm. of 7th, A.B., much obscured by clouds, but certain. 
Several imperfect streamers and bright spots, none over 5° high. Being occupied with the 
comet (Bond’s) near Cassiopeia, I could not give much attention to the A.B. 

April 12th.—I strongly suspected the presence of an A.B., and at times could scarcely doubt 
it; this was from 8h 30m to 9h 30m, The sky remained overcast up to 9h 80m at least. The ap- 
pearances may possibly have been caused by the moon, but probably not. 

April 15th.—Several streamers 1° or 2° high, and general light after, 3° to 5° high to 11h, 
Did not watch especially, being occupied with Biela’s comet. 

April 16th.—Between 8h and 9h a double arch about 5° and 3° high, and 70° to 80° span; and 
about 10h numerous streamers, some 20° to 30° long. 

May 8d.—No A.B. certainly seen to 9h 15m, yet suspected. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 81 


May 6) Ov’t, breaking away about 93° silout not in N.: obs. impos. to 105. 
7 Ov'ts drizzling rain part of ev’@: obs. impos. to 9", and d’s all n't. 
8|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and. “doubtless all night. 

9 Ov't. Obs. impos to 8", and d’s all night: heavy showers in night. 
10/Ov’t: A.B. susp. about ", but the appearances may be due to moon. 
11|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 937 and prob. most of night : cy 2 to 15, 
12/Clear, A.B., but a very transient display, at 8" 52™.* (266) 
13|Clear. A.B., , first seen at 8" 55" and watched to 95" closely.* (267) 
14)Ov’t until o4, At 10" sky n’y cl’r, but cl’ds in } N.: no AB. then. 
15|Ov’t to about 9": bet’n 9" and 10" m’ y cl’r, and no A.B. seen to 10". 
16|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10°, and probably all night. 
17|Ov’t and misty. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 


18|Nearly clear. A.B., slight.* (268) 
19/Clear. A.B., slight. (269) 
20|M’y cl’r, but N. obse, by cl’ds to alt. of about 40° to 98 20™: obs. n’y 
21| Very clear. No A.B. seen to 93". [impos. 


22|Cirri: no A.B. seen to 103"; a faint A.B. e’d hardly have been seen. 
23|M’y cl’r to 9", no A.B. : at 98 ov’t: at 94" n’y cl’r, no A.B. : at 10" n’y 
24|Very clear. No A.B. to 93". [ov’t. 
25/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 
26/Ov’t; misty. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
27/Ov’t; mist and rain. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
28/Ov’t; drizzling. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 
29\Ov’t; drizzling. Obs. impos. to 103, and doubtless all night. 
30|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
31/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
June 1|Much embarrassed by clouds. Moon. No A. B. seen to 1044 
2\Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 
8|/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 
4/Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to HOn, and doubtless all night. 
5|Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 
6| Nearly clear in N. Moon. No A. BL seen to 103". 
7|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93". [une, 
8|Much embarrassed by cl’ds: moon: no A.B, seen to 103"; obs. som’t 
9/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 
10|Somewhat obse. by cloud streaks in N.: moon: no A.B. seen to 10°. 
11;Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
12|M’ycl’r; some hazy stre aks: no A.B. to 10": did not watch closely. 
13|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 104". 
14|Clear. A.B. A fine display.* (270) 


May 12th.—Looking out at that time I found several streamers (one extending up 25° more 
or less) not very bright, yet distinct. I saw no bank of light and no arch. The moon was just 
rising. I looked several times after this, but could see no auroral traces up to 9h 40m. The 
moon might conceal them if very faint. 

May 13th. —Groups of streamers sprung up here and there, some reaching up 35° and min- 
gled with amorphous luminous matter; rapidly shifting, and occasionally for a few minutes 
wholly invisible. During the whole time there was scarce any general light, or arch, or bank. 
At intervals, streamers at points distant 70° on horizon. 

May 18th.—From 9h to 10h a faint general illumination. I saw no streamers. Mr. F. Bradley 
saw two streamers about 9h. 

May 19th.—None seen until about 9h 30m; from this to 10h were occasional dim broad streamers 
reaching 6° to 10° altitude, intermingled with luminous patches; faint and transient. No general 
light or “luminous are. Streamers W. of N. moved westward. Streamers E. of N. uncertain. 

June 14th.—Suspecting slightly some unusual illumination in north, I went at 9h - 28m to canal 
bridge, where there is a clear horizon, and saw but little at first. ’At 9h 30m a streamer ap- 
peared about N. 20° W., and in one or two minutes ten or fifteen more, occupying about 609° 
or 70° horizontal: extent. From that time to 9h 48m streamers numerous appeared and van- 
ished, reaching up from 10° to 80° of altitude, perpetually shifting, but direction not easily 
determined. Saw no arch; streamers arose from very near horizon; but little general light. 
At 9h48m very little auroral illumination. 


11 


82 


1846. 
June 15 


16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 


— 


July 


CO CO a1 SG Or ® & bO 


Aug. 1 
2 
3 


Ferrick’s Auroral Register. 


Mostly ov’t; in N. clear enough for obs: no A.B. from 93" to 9" 50", 
M’y ov’t and obs. n’y impos. to 104"; then partly cl’r above 35° alt. 
Hazy and partly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 10": no A.B. seen. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%, and probably all night. 

Considerably clouded. Obs. necessarily une. No A.B. seen to 10", 
Mostly or altogether ov’t. Obs. probably impos. to 10" at least. 
Ovy’t, rain. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

Much clouded; rain: from 9' to 94" broken clouds: no A.B. seen. 
Oy’t and raining. Obs. impos, to 10%, and probably all night. 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10". 

Ov’t and rainy to 93", and p. all night. Obs. impos.: ov’t at 4" a.m. 
Nearly cl’r from 93" to 10"; cl’y streaks low in N.: no A.B. to 10". 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all mght. Rain during night. 
Ov’t and misty. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

Mostly ov’t to 11" at least. Obs. nearly or quite impos. 

Ov’t; somewhat misty. Obs. impos. to 1" a. Mm. of 5th. 

M’y oy’t: broken cl’ds bet’n 9" and 10": moon: obs. n’y impos. to 93%, 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably most of the night. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 92". 

Clear, but hazy. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", but obs. nec’y une. 
Much haze and many cirri in N.: moon: no A.B, seen to 10".* 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

Ov’t; thunder shower 8" to 10", Obs, impos. to 10", and p. all n’t. 
Very clear. No A.B. seen to 10". 

Mostly clear. No A.B. seen to 93". Clouds in N. embarrass obs. 
Clear. No A.B. to 103*.* [tible about the N. 
Clear. No A.B. to 103", but a luminous streakiness, hardly percep- 
Clear. No A.B. to 93°. [F. B.] 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 104", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and p. alln’t: cl’r spots in N.E. about 10%. 
Clear. No A.B. to 103*. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103, and p. all might. Rain during night. 
Very clear. A.B. slightly suspected to 10". 

Ov’t; shower about 9". Obs. impos. to 10", and prob. much later. 
Nearly ov’t.* 

Ov't. Tbs impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Much embarrassed by clouds: at 94° too much cl’ded in N. for obs. 
Too cloudy for satisfactory obs. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 
Mostly cloudy to 9". About 9° clearing but still hazy. Moon. 
M’y cl’y: moon: obs. very much embarrassed: no A.B, seen to 10°. 
Ov’t to 94". Moon. At 11" partly clear, and no A.B. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9$", and probably all night. 

Clear: moon: no A.B. at 94": at 2" and at 3" a.m. clear: no A.B. 
Sky embarrassed by haziness and small c’ds: moon: no A.B to 10". 


July 9th.—Any moderate display could not have been seen. 

July 14th.—A.B. seen in Rutland, Vt., at 10h, by Mr. Wm. G. Hooker. Streamers. (?) 

July 25th.—Possibly a faint light in N. between 9h and 10b, but probably due to contrast with 
clouds in that region. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 88 
1846. 
ug. 4/Clear, but somewhat hazy. Moon. No A.B. seen to 94+ 
5|Clear, slight haze. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9}, 
6 Ov’t to 92", and probably much later. Obs. impos. 
7) Nearly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9”, and probably later. 
8|Ov’t; copious rain: obs. impos. to 93", and d’sallm’t: ov’t at 3° a.m, 
9 Ov’t; much rain during the night. Obs. impos. all night. 
10|Ov’t to 10" or later: at 12" and to 2" a.m. no A.B. seen: moon. 
11|Splendidly clear. A.B., seen first about 83>.* (271) 
12|Clear. Slight A.B. from_9" to 10%.* (272) 
13 Clear, but somewhat hazy in N. No A.B. seen to 10": obs. impertf. 
14| Mostly clear. No A.B. seen to 105. 
15|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93, and probably all night. 
16|Clear. No A.B. to 93". "A little cloudiness about the N. horizon, 
17, Ov’t to 937, and prob. much later: obs. impos. to 95" at least. 
18|Mostly clear. No A.B. seen to11". [A.B. susp. about 12". (F. B.)] 
19|Clear. No A.B. to 93°. 
20 Ov’t to 9" at least, and prob. all night. Obs. impos. to 9? at least. 
21 Ov’t to 9", and prob. all night. Ov’t at 3" a.m. Obs. impos. 
22 Ov’t to 10", and doubtless all night. Obs. impos. 
23 Ov’t to 94", and prob. all night. “Obs. impos. to 94" at least. 
24 Nearly clear about the N. A.B.* (273) 
25 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
26 Ov’t and drizzling. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
27 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
28 Ov’t to 93", and doubtless all night. Obs. impos. 
29, Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night.* 
30 Ov’t to 8", aft. mostly clear: moon: no A.B. seen from 8" to 9%,* 
31,Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 
Hazy. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93%. Obs. necessarily uncertain, 
Cl’y most of ev’g, breaking away aft. 98: moon: no A.B, seen to 94°. 
Considerably clouded. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%, Obs. une. 
Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 
‘Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93%. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10” at least. 
Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
10) Ov’t at 8", at 10" clear, and no A.B. 
11 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%, and probably all night. 
12 Ov't. Obs. impos. to gin and d’s later. Lightning during ev’g. 
13| Very clear. No A.B. to 93". 
14/Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
15|Clear. No te to 10". 
16| Very clear. o A.B. to 10". 
17|Ov’t. Obs. ae to 10”, and probably all night. 
18! Mostly clear. No A.B. to 934. 


Sept. 


CANTATA WN H 


Aug. 11th.—Two or three streamers W. of N. At 9b one streamer 3° or 4° high at top, con- 
tinuing 5m, succeeded by two or three others. Faint light continued to 10h at least. No arch 
seen during the hour. 

Aug. 12th.—Generally only a faint milkiness in N. About 10h two or three streamers N.N.W. 
for a short space, and soon after a luminous spot E. of N 

Aug. 24th.—Noticed first about 8h 25m, and visible at 10h, At first a few streamers reaching 
up to altitude 15°, and an illumination through amplitude of 60°. Being occupied within from 
Sh 30m to 10h, I could not observe. Mr. F. Bradley says the dievley was not very considerable, 

Aug. 29th. GS suspected irene opening on horizon. [F. B.] 

Aug. 30th.—A.B. suspected. [F. B.] 


84 Herricks Auroral Register. 


1846. 
Sept. 19|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 9". 


21/Clear. A.B, [F. B.]* (274) 
22|Clear. Faint auroral bank. [F. B.]* (275) 
23/Clear. Auroral arch in N. horizon. [F. B.]* (276) 


24\Clear. No A.B. to 9*. 

25/Ov’t. Obs. Os to 10" at least. 

26|Ov’ t most of ev’ At 10° n’y cl’r from N. to N.W., and no A.B, 
7 Mostly clear. Motel No A.B. seen to 932, 

28|\Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 

29 Very hazy. Moon. No A.B. seen to 92", and obs. nec’y imperf. 
30 Mostly clear.. Moon. No A.B. seen to 8. 


Oct. 1 Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93". 
2 Ov’t.” Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless later. 
3, Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 
4 Ov’t; slight rain, Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
5|Ov’t early in ev’; 9° to 10" quitecl’r: moon: no A.B. seen to 1034, 
6 Very hazy: no A.B. seen to 10": faint A.B. ¢’d not have been seen. 
7|Clear. A.B. slightly suspected to 10%.* (277) 
8|Clear. No A.B. to 10, [much later. 
9 Clear to 9"; aft. ov’t: no A.B. to 9"; after obs. impos. to 93", and p. 
10|Clear. No A.B. to 10°, [ A.B. suspected by F. B.] 
11|Clear.* (278) 
12! Much cl’ded to 9"; from 9° to 93+ ov’t im N.: no A.B. seen to 9": obs. 
13/Ov’t and stormy. Obs. impos. to 93", and d’s later. [imperf. 
14 Embarrassed by clouds. No A.B. seen to 10%, 
15|Clear. A faint auroral light. I saw no streamers.* (279) 
16/Clear. No A.B. to 10", 


i 


= 


Cl’r early in ev’g; entirely ov’t bet’n 9" and 10": no A.B, seen to 9", 
18|Ov’t early in evening ; nearly clear at 8". No A.B. 


19\Clear. A.B. all the evening to 10" at least.* (280) 

20) Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10", Clouds occasionally interfered. 

21| Mostly clear; after 9" wholly so.* (281) 

22/ Clear after about 7". Within doors from 8* to 105.* (282) 
3/Ov’t. Obs. ment, or quite impos. to 10°, 

24 | Clear.* (283) 


25\Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 834. 
26/Ov'tto 9"; after partly c’rto 11": no A.B. seen, and obs. n’y impos, 
27; Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 


Sept. 21st.—E. C. H. at Ashfield, Mass. Nearly overcast; strong auroral light on N. horizon, 
seen through the clouds. 

Sept. 22d.—E,. C, H. at Ashfield, Mass. Clear; slight auroral illumination from 8h to 9h, 

Sept. 23d.—E. C. H. at Hartford, Conn., and between Springfield, Mass.,and Hartford. Clear, 
Auroral arch perhaps 5° high, and quite bright. 

Oct. 7th.—A considerable A.B. about midnight. Numerous streamers, &c., none reaching 
above 40°; seen by Mr. Joseph W. Bennett. 

Oct. 11th.—A very faint auroral light along N. horizon, brightest between 9h and 10h, Ob- 
served to 10h, 

Oct. 15th.—The illumination very slight and low, but I think real. Looked also during the 
night, probably about 1h a.m. ; appearance the same. 

Oct. 19th.—About 8h three concentric arches, nearly complete, the vertex of the highest 
being about 25°; amplitude 60° more or less; very little streaming while observed. Consider- 
able general light. 

Oct. 2ist.—A slight A.B. seen between 9b and 10h; a luminous bank, about 30° amplitude, 
reaching up 1° to 8°. _I saw no streamers during about 15m, Bank mostly W. of N. 

Oct. 22d.—At 10h a slight A.B. Isaw no streamers. A mere faint illumination. 

Oct. 24th.—Between 9h and 10h three or four streamers of the A.B. appeared for three or five 
minutes in N., reaching 5°, more or less, high. Before this, and after to 10h, there was scarcely 
any general auroral light. 


Dec. 


Herrich’s Auroral Register. 85 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", Cleared up during night. [A.B. seen. 
Generally clear, but el’ds in N. to 8" at least: moon: at 10" cP’r: no 
Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 104", and probably later. 
Ov’t and rainy. Obs, impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. : 
Ov’t and rainy. Obs, impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. iy 
Ov’t; breaking up during the ev’g, but obs. impos. to 10" at least 
2 5 5 5) D 2 UL a By 
Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%, and doubtless all night. 
Almost entirely ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10$", and probably all night. 
Ov’t. Obs, impos. to 10", and doubtless all night : 
? fo) M 
Ov’t; obs. impos, to 9", and d’s all night: a little rain d’g the night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
(Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night: ov’t at 4" a. m. of 13th. 
Ov’t to ab’t 8"; 8" to 10" m’y cl’r, and no A.B. ; cl’ded before 5" a.m. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10, and d’s later: cleared off d’g the night. 
Partly clear. A.B, first seen about 9" among clouds.* (284 
P’y cl’r: no A.B. seen to 93": at times much cl’ded, hazy all the ev’g. 
Ov’t, ry: obs. impos. to 94", d’s later: at 2" a.m. very cl’r: no A.B 
} ee 2B. 
Ov’t to 10", and obs. impos. At 2" a.m. sky clear, and no A.B. 
Mostly clear. No A.B. seen to 10", but obs. imperfect. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. all night. A stormy night. 
Clear. Moon begins to interfere. No A.B. seen to 103°. 
Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen. Within from 63" to 934, 
Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10" at least. 
Mostly clear, Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", At 10" north ov’t. 
Cl’y early in ev’g; at 8" n’y el’r: moon: hor. obse.: no A.B. seen. 
5) ry 
Clear to about 8°, after too cl’y in N. for obs.: moon: no A.B, seen. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10" at least. 
Ov’t early: from 9" to 10" and aft. cl’r: moon: no A.B. seen to 112, 


Ov’t. Moon faintly shining. Obs. impos. to 10°. 


Ov’t and raining. Obs, impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
Clear. Moon, No A.B. seen to 105. 

Mostly clear. Moon rose about 7".* 

Clrearly; at about 75" clouding up; aft. no opportunity to observe. 
Clear. Within most of ev’. No A.B. to 63", or from 84> to 93%. 
Ov’t; raining. Obs. impos. to 11> at least, and prob. all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 104", and d’s all night. Rain during night. 
Very clear. A.B. visible from 6" to 10 at least.* (285) 
Ov’t, and snowing copiously. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night. 
Clear. No A.B: to 10°. 

|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10". [A.B. slightly susp. about 94". (F. B.)] 
Clear. No A.B. to 10". 


Nov. 17th.—At 10h and later sky clearer, and the auroral light stronger. About 50° ampli- 
tude, and 5° high, more or less, in centre. ; 

Dec. 4th.—No A.B. to 9h, and yet between 6h and 7h suspected some unusual light, but clouds 
prevented certainty. 

Dec. 9th.—Much of this time there was an arch of about 50° amplitude, and 5° central alti- 
Many streamers about 8h, not very high, perhaps 15°. 


tude. 


86 


1846. 
Dec. 16 


22 


1847. 


an. 


Feb. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


Clear. No A.B. to 103%. Becoming hazy after 9". 


7|Ov’t; snow storm. Obs. impos. to TO, and doubtless all night. 


Ov’t: obs. impos. to 10", d’s later: bet’n 5” and 6" a.m. cl’r, no “AB. 
Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. [ov’t. 
Cl’y to 8"; bet’n 8" and 9" clear: no A.B. to 9": bet’n 55 and 6° a.m. 


Clear. No A. B.t to 10", | have been seen. 
Ov’t to 9", aft. n’y cl’r: no A.B, seen to 10": faint display could not 
Clear. Moon set about 9".* (286) 
Ov’t to 11", except from 6" to 63"; then N, obstructed: no A.B. seen. 


5/Ov’t to 9"; 9% to 10" cl’ds; at 10" n’y cl’r: moon: no A.B. seen to 10°. 


Partly clear to about 7"; aft. ov’t to 10" at least: moon: obs. impos. 
7/Ov’t early; at 832 n’y c’r: moon: cl’dlowin N.: no A.B. seen to 9". 
Ov’t early ; mostly el’r after about 74": MOON: 20 A.B. seen to 10". 
P’y clr; hazy: moon: no A.B. seen to 103": unfavorable time. 
Chiefly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

Ov’t; drizzly. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 


Cloudy, with fog. Obs. probably almost impos. to 9°. 

Ov’t. A.B. could not have been seen to 10" at least. 

Clear. No A.B. 

Owt; rainy. Obs. impos. to 11", and d’s later: cl’r at sunrise of 5th. 
Clear: moon rose about 9": A.B. susp. before moonrise: obs. to 103" 
Clear. No A.B, to 10%. 

Ov’t and showery. Obs. impos. to 10" at least. 

Clear. No A.B. to 103". [hazy : no A.B. seen then. 
Clear to 7, and no A.B.: aft. to 103" mostly ov’t; at 104" clearing ; 
Ov’t and snowing, Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Cir early ; al’t w h y ov’t by 74°: no A.B. seen: cly to 10", when sky 
Clear. No A.B. to 103%. [cleared: no A.B. then. 
Ov’t most of ev’g ; about 10" p’y c’r: no A.B. seen; obs. n’y impos. 
Ov’t early part of ev’g; about 74" found sky clear: no A.B. to 103" 
Ov't to. 10", and doubtless all night. 

Cl’y most of ev’g: obs. impos. to 9 at least; at 10" clear: no A.B. 
V ery clear. No A.B. certainly seen to 9°, but yet slightly susp. 
Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 117, and doubtless all night. 
M’y ov’t; at 10" § generally cl’r, but a cl’din N.: obs. n’y impos. to 10". 
Mostly ov’t. Moon begins to interf. Obs. impos. to 10" at least. 
Ov’t early part of ev’g; clearing about 7", and cl’r to 10" at least.* 
2|M’y cl’r: moon: no ne hy, seen to 11": about 11" al’t entir ely ov’t. 
Very hazy. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", and obs. nearly impos. 
Hazy. Moon. Obs. nearly impos. No A.B. seen to 10%, 

Clear early: moon: no A.B. seen: within 63° to 10": at 10" ov’t. 
Ov’t; some rain. Obs. impos. to 10. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10°. 

Nearly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103%. 

Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 
0|Too cloudy for obs. to 83", and probably later. 

About half clear. Moon. Flying clouds. No A.B. seen to 10%, 
Ov't.,. Obs. impos. to 10 and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. Rain in night. 
Stormy to 7°; at 8" clear: no A.B. seen to 10": moon rose about 9%, 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 103". 


Dec. 


23d.—A.B., but not detected until about 10b, Very little illumination on horizon; a 
few streamers seen, one about 10° high at top. 
Jan. 2ist.—Moon. No A.B. seen to 10h, yet somewhat suspected. 


Flerrick’s Auroral Register. 87 


1847, 


Feb, 


5 | Generally clear.» No A‘B. to 9". At 11 ov’t. 

6 Clear. A.B. suspected at various times during the evening.* (287 
7|Hazy. A.B, slightly suspected. Ov’t at 9%. [and p. all night. 
8 Clear early in ev’g: no A.B. to 8: at 8" ov’t; continued so to 10, 
9 Ov’t to 10", and doubtless all night. 


10 Ov’t to 10%. Sky clearing up soon after 10", and then no A.B. 

11 | Ov’t most of ev’g; about 10" sky tolerably clear: no A.B. then. 
12|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

13 Ov’'t to about 9"; after that mostly clear to 10", and no A.B. 
14|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

15 Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

16 Ovy’t; sleet and snow falling. Obs. impos. to 103%, and d’s all night. 
17 Hazy, and gradually becoming denser: at 9" and after, obs. impos. : 
18 Oy’t. Obs, impos. to 117, and d’s all night. [no A.B. seen to 9", 
19 Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 105", and doubtless all night. 

20 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 


1h 


21 Ov’t; sleet oc’y falling. Obs. impos. to 93", and d’s all night. 

22 Ov’t; snowing most ofev’g. Obs. impos. to 11", and p. all night. 
23|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". [None to 12" by F. B.] 
24|P’y cl’r to 8°: moon: no A.B. seen: obs. n’y impos.: after 8" ov’t; 
25|M’y cl’r to 74°: moon: ov’tto 9"; cl’rto 10": no A.B. seen: at 44" 
26 Ov’t: obs. impos. to 103", d’salln’t. [to 5" a.m. very cl’r: no A.B. 
27/Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

28 Mostly clear, Moon. No A.B, seen to 10". 


March 1) Very hazy. Moon. Obs. nearly impos. to 10". No A.B. seen. 


‘Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 102", 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Hazy. Moon rose about 9°. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 117. 

Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 

Owt; slight rain. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Very clear. - A.B.* (288) 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 


CO OO =F O Cr HB & tO 


10|Clear. No A.B. to 10".* 

11/Ov’t. Obs. impos to 10" at least.* [about 105. 
12 M’y ov’t: obs. n’y or quite impos. to 10", p. all n’t: cl’r space in N. W. 
13|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

14| Clear. -No A.B. to 9". 

15 | Clear. No A.B. to 1034. 

16|Clear. No A.B. to 11°. 

17 Clear. No A.B. to 10". About 10" slightly suspected. 

18 Ov’t to 8" at least. At 10" found it clear. No A.B. then, or to 103°. 
19|Clear. Grand A.B. (289) 
20 Ovwt. Obs. impos. to 104%, and doubtless all night. 

21 Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

22 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 104", and doubtless all night. 

23 Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 
24/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 11". 

25|M’y cl’r to 8": moon: no A.B. seen; ov’t at 94", and to 11” at least. 


Feb. 6th.—Merely a very faint light along N. horizon, and perhaps not auroral. _ 
March 8th.—Northern horizon slightly illumined most of evening, through amplitude of 30° 


to 45°. 


A few streamers occasionally. 


March 10th.—Occasionally a slight suspicion of some unusual light. 
March 11th.—About 10h 45m clouds breaking away in N.W. and N. Suspected some auroral 
light, but doubtful. 


88 


1847. 
Mar, 26 


HA 
28 
29 
30 
31 
April 1 


May 


10 
11 
12 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103 at least. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 8". At 10" clouds in N. and N.E. 
Hazy. Moon. No A.B. seen to 105", 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 1034, and doubtless all night. [no A.B. 
Clear early: moon: no A.B. to 8°: 8° to 10" m’y ov’t; at 103" clear: 
Mostly cl’r to about 8": aft. too hazy and cl’y for obs. to 11> at least. 
Clear; hazy around hor.: moon rose about 83": no A.B, seen to 11", 
Partly clear; flying clouds. No A.B, seen to 10°, 

‘Mostly clear to 7". At 9" mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. from 9" to 10". 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 103°. 

Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 105", and probably all night. 
Very clear. A fine general A.B.* (290) 
Ov’t :, obs. impos. to 11", and d’s all n’t: some rain during the night. 
|Clear. No A.B. to 113. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10%. Did not observe in person, 

Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 

‘Ov’t: about 11" p’y cl’rin S., and around zenith: obs. impos. to 11%, 
Clear. No A.B. to 11%. 

|Clear. No A.B. to 11". 

‘Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103" at least.* [impos. to 10}, 
N’y cl’r to 84°; at 83 ov’t, m’y so to 10}": no A.B. to 84": aft. obs. 
Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 103, and doubtless much later. 
Clear: moon begins to interf.: no A.B. seen to 10", but som’t susp. 
Ov’t to 93"; obs. impos. ; 93° to 102" n’y c’r: moon: no A.B. seen. 
Ov’t to 11 at least, and obs. impos. all night. 

‘Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 104" at least, and doubtless much later. 
‘Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. or nearly so to 10". 

Ov’t to 10". Obs. impos. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 11", 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103 at least. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 104, 

Much obse, by cirri: moon: no A.B. seen to 103"; obs. n’y impos. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. [n’y so to 10}. 
Ov’t to 10", then n’y cl’r, except in N.: moon: obs. impos. to 10%, and 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Nearly clear. No A.B. to 9}. 

Mostly cloudy. No A.B. at 9". 

Mostly clear, but hazy. No A.B. to 92". 

Clear. No A.B. to 11". 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 93", and doubtless all night.* 

N’y ov’t: about 9° some large stars vis.: obs. impos. to 10}, p. all n’t. 
Nearly clear, although somewhat hazy. No AsB. to 93. 

‘Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 93" at least. No A.B. seen. 
‘Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 


April 7th.— Numerous streamers and red tints. About 10h a zone, 2° to 7° broad, spanning 
the heavens from E. to W. Auroral waves at intervals from 10b to i1h 30m. 

April 15th.—About 10h 30m the N. seemed much lighter than other parts of the sky. Was 
there A.B. behind? At 12h10m sky mostly overcast, but a long narrow opening on N.W. hori- 
zon. No A.B. visible then. 


May 8th 


.—Between 8h and 9h some unusual light suspected along N. horizon, through either 


a narrow opening, or a thinner region in the clouds, 


June 


| 


30) 
31) 


19 
20) 
21 
22 | 
23 
24 | 
25 
26 
27 
28 


Ferrick’s Auroral Register. 89 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

Mostly ov’t to about 9"; 9" to 10" mostly clear. No A.B. to 10%, 
Clear. <A.B., a slight display.* (291) 
Clear, though somewhat hazy. No A.B. to 10". 

7| Cloudless nearly, yet hazy. No A.B. to 93". 

Ov’t. About 9" was a streak of light along N. horizon.* 

Mostly clear: no A.B. seen to 10": moon interf. [have been seen. 
Cl’ss, but very dusty: moon: no A.B, seen to 92"; faint A.B. e’d not 
Very hazy and dusty: moon: no A.B. seen to 93"; obs. n’y impos, 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9°, and probably much later, 


M’y ov’t to 9", obs. to 9" impos. : moon: ab’t 9" cl’ds breaking in N. 
M’y ov’t, thin c’ds: moon: obs. n’y impos.: no A.B, seen to 10°, 
Ov’t to oh and doubtless much later. Obs. impos. 

Clear. Full moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and probably much later. 

Sky filled with cirri. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93"; obs. n’y impos. 
Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t and drizzle. Obs. impos. to 103, and probably all night. 
Clear but hazy. No A.B. to 10°. 

Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10%, and doubtless all night. 
Nearly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 95", and doubtless later. 

Clear, yet hazy. No A.B. to 10". 

Clear. No A‘B. to 10, 

Cloudless, but hazy. No A.B. to 10%. 

Ov't. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 


‘Mostly clear. No A.B. to 93. 


Ov’t to 945. At 93" clear. No A.B. to 10°. 


Ov’t, drizzling. One impos. to 10", and doubtless much later. 
|Clear. A.B.* (292) 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 


Ov’t to about 93°; after that partly clear to 1044, a 
|Clear. No A.B. to 1037. 
Clear. No A.B. to 103". Some clouds about the horizon. 


Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10". 

‘Mostly cl’y to 93". Moon: clearing up in N. at 93": no A.B. seen. 
|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all nicht. 

Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10, and doubtless all night. 
Mostly ov’t with thick haze: moon: obs. impos. to 10", p. all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 


‘Mostly clear, Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 


Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 93". 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 11%. Within from 9" to 115. 


‘Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93). 


Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 94", and prob, all night. 


May 15th.—First seen about 8h 45m before end of twilight. An arc 1° or 2° wide, amplitude 
SBout: 80°, altitude at vertex 7° or 8°, with occasional dim streamers, reaching up to altitude 
from 5° to 25°. Watched till about 9h 45m, [At 2h a.m. of 16th were seen some much larger 
streamers. 

May 18th.—Perhaps due to the moonlight. A.B. suspected. 

June 12th.—A bow about 5° high at vertex; amplitude about 50°, with occasional ill-defined 
streamers, none over about 40° in altitude. Obsery ed from 8h 45m to 11h, 

June 14th.—Clouds obscured N. horizon and region. Some unusual light suspected, but 
could not be determined. 


Hon. A. N. Skinner. ] 


12 


90 Herrick’s Auroral Register. 
1847. 
June 29|Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9$%, and probably all night. 
30|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 
July 1/Clear, No A.B. to 10". Moon rose about 10". 


2|/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11" at least. 

3|Clear, but somewhat hazy. No A.B. to 10$*. 

4|/Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

5| Clear, but hazy about horizon. 

6) Very hazy. No A.B. seen to 10%. Obs. much impaired. 

7| Very hazy. No A.B. seen to 10°, but obs. nearly impos. 

8| Very hazy. No A.B. seen to 10", but obs. nearly impos. 

9| Very hazy.* (293) 
10|Ov’t to 10". (?) 
11| Mostly ov’t, but nearly clear a short time, about 94".* (294) 


12) Much cl’ded; oc’l cl’r spaces: no A.B. seen to 103"; obs. nec’y imp. 
13, M’y ov’t: obs. al’t impos. to 10", and p. alln’t: no A.B, seen to 10", 
14)Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
15| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 104°. 
16| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 103%. 
17| Hazy... No A.B,.to 10". 
18|Hazy. Moon begins to interfere. No A.B. to 93". 
19|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9" 50". 
20|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10}. 
21/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10°, 
22'Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10" at least.* 
23| Mostly el’r; many cirri embarrass obs.: moon: no A.B. seen to 10", 
24 Same as 23d. Sky less favorable. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 
25 Ovt. Obs. impos. to 9$", and doubtless all night. 

26 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless much later. 

27 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless later. 

28|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 92 50™. 

29|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen; poor obs. [No A.B. to11". (F. B.)] 
30 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
31|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Aug. 1 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

2|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

3|Ov’t to about 9", Between 9° and 10" clearing off.* 

4/Clear. A.B. all the evening.* (295) 

5 Ovwt. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

6 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

7 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

8 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t and drizzling all night. Obs. impos. 

10; Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and all night. 

11|Clear chiefly to 934: no A.B.: after 10" ov’t to 11", and d’s all n’t. 

12|Clear. No A.B. to 9°. Ov’t at 3" a.m. of 13th. 

13) Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 10". No A.B. seen. 

14'Mostly clear; some clouds about N. horizon. No A.B, to 11". 


Ne) 


July 9th.—Auroral bow, about 9h 30m for fifteen minutes. No traces of A.B. in north. 

July 11th.—Slight A.B. then visible, embarrassed by clouds. A few streamers reaching up 
about 25°, and a little general illumination. At 10h overcast. 

July 22d.—Suspected A.B., as the N. seemed lighter than the sky generally. Perhaps the 
clouds there thinner. 

Aug. 3d.—By 9h 30m beautifully clear. No A.B. to 9h45m. [At 10h 30m suspected slight A.B. 
east of north. (F. B.)] 

Aug. 4th.—Numerous bows or arches, not very well defined, in N. heavens, of 90° and more 
amplitude. 


Sept. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 91 


5}Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 


Mostly clear; some clouds about N. horizon. No A.B. to 105. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and probably all night. 

Clear. No A.B. to 1032. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

Partly clear; clouds about N. No A.B. seen to 10". Obs. une, 
Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%.* 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9° 20™. 

Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%, 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 93". 

Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93. 

Ov’t; showery after 9". Obs. impos. to 94h , and d@’s all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 938, and doubtless all night, 

Clear. No A.B. to 938, Moon rose about 9". 

N. much obscured from 83" to 11". No anand seen. 

Ov’t and showery to 11".. Obs. impos. [F. B 

E. C. H. at Cambridge, Mass. Sky ov’t to 94h. and p. all night. 
Nearly clear. No A.B. ‘to 10", [FB] E.C.H. at Cambr idge, “Mass, 
Ov’t to 10", obs. impos. [F. B.] At Cambridge, Mass., m’y el’r: no 
Clear. No A.B. to 83, [Nor to 10%. (F. B. )] [A.B. to 9% 
Mostly cl’r; N. at times embarrssed by cl’ds: no A.B. seen to 93". 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 93. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103° , and probably all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 1035, and doubtless all night. 

Mostly ov’t, wholly so at 9", and after to 1038, No A.B. seen to 9%, 
Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Clear early in evening.* (296) 
Beautifully clear. No A.B. to 10%, 

Beautifully clear. No A.B. to 94°. 

Clear. Moon. Slight A.B.* (297) 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 105. 

P’y clr to 9": moon: no A.B. seen: at 9 ov’t, and to 10? at least. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 10, 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103°. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", 

Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10": at 10" sky much cl’ded. 
Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 

M’y cl’r: no A.B. seen to 10": moon rose about 9": A.B. suspected. 
Clear. A.B.* (298) 


30|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 


Aug. 2ist.—A narrow nebulous streak, perhaps auroral, 9h 45m to 10h, a little S. of zenith, 
running from W. to E. Be 

Sept. 13th.—Slight A.B., soon obscured by clouds. About 9h and after, overcast to 10h, I 
saw no streamers, but a moderate illumination only. [From 11 30m to 12h nearly clear, and 
several streamers visible, some 20° high. (Mr. William M. Smith.)] 

Sept. 16th.—Streamers 7° to 10° high, about 8k 15m, [F. B 

Sept. 29th.—First seen about 7h 30m, an are about 10° at vertex, and 70° or 80° amplitude. 
At 8h a considerable outbreak of streamers, some reaching 70° or 80° high. In the N.W. a red 
patch with streamers. After 8h 20m to 10h y ery little auroral light. 


92 Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


1847. 

Oct. 1/Clear. No A.B. to 10". 
2\Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
3/Clear. No A.B. to 93*. 
4|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10}*. 
5|Mostly clear. At 10" the N. much obscured. No A.B. to 10" 
6|Clear. No A.B. to 115. 
7|M’y ov’t: obs. n’y impos. to 11” at least, and p. all n’t: no A.B. seen, 
8/Ovy’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 8", and doubtless all night. 
9) Mostly clear to 10". No A.B. to 10%, At 10" nearly ov't. 


10 Ov’t early part of evening: after 8" mostly clear: no A.B, to 9%. 

11/Clear, No A.B. to 1032. 

12|Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 

13| Mostly ov’t. Moon.* 

14| Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 102", 

15|Clear. Moon. No A.B, seen to 10", [A.B. suspected by F. B.] 

16| Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 

17|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 94". 

18|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°, 

19|}Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night.* 

20|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

21\Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 

22|Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. or n’y so, to 10}*, and p. all night. 

23/Ov’t. Obs. impos. 

24;/Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

25|Mostly clear. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

26/Clear. Moon after about 73". No A.B. seen to 105. 

27|Clear: moon aft. ab’t 9": no A.B. seen to 942: within from 73" to 92. 

28|Clear. No A.B. seen to 10". Within from 7" to 9", 

29| Clear, mostly. No A.B, to 10". Could not myself look after 7°. 

30/C lear. No A.B. to 10%. 

31|P’y cl’r: no A.B. seen to 9", when N. much obse. : within 7" to 8}. 
Nov. 1/Partly clear. A.B. all the ev ening.* (299) 
2|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
3|M’y cl’r: no A.B. seen to 74>: within 744 to 93": at 10" much obse. 
A|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. [by clouds. 
5|Clear. No A.B. to 9". 
6) Mostly clear. No A.B. to 103% 
7|\Ov'’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and prob, all night. Within 7" to 83". 
8|M’y ov’t: no A.B. seen to 91: obs. much embarrassed by haze ‘and 
9 


M’y ov’t: no A.B. seen to 108: at 10" the N. ov’t. [ clouds. 
10) Much clouded.* (300 
11| Mostly clear. A very faint A.B. most of the evening.* 301 
12| Mostly ov’t.* bee 


Oct. 18th.—Strongly suspected some auroral] light, but could not be certain. Watched at in- 
tervals until 9b 30m, 

Oct. 19th.—At Peru, Clinton Co., N. Y., Mr. Edward D. Selden saw an A.B., a fine display. 

Nov. 1st.—Being occupied, could not observe much until from about 10b to 10h 30m. Up to 
10h there was much general light, and not many streamers. From 10h to 10h 30m an ill-defined 
arch, vertex 10° hich, more or less, amplitude 70°, more or less, little streaming; much gene- 
ral illumination. I hear that at 2h a.m. of 2d the light was very strong. [Red light seen by 


Noy. 10th.—A moderate display, but mostly concealed by clouds. A general light in N. all 
the evening, reaching up 10° or 15°, but I saw no streamers. I am told that at 8h there was in 
the W. a segment of a well-defined auroral bow, not reaching quite to zenith. Retired at 10h, 

Nov. 11th.—Embarrassed by clouds lying about the N. horizon. 

Noy. 12th.—A bow, probably auroral, from E, to W. (from 6b 40m to 7h 10m) moving upward 
or §., the sky being thinly oyereast, so as to conceal the stars. No A.B. see in N. to 10h, but 
too cloudy for observation. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 93 


Nov. 13|Ov’t to 10, and doubtless all night. 
14|Ov’t mostly to 8», and doubtless all night. 
15| Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 10", 
16|Too cloudy for obs. to 10%. Moon. 
17/P’y cl’r, but N. ov’t so that obs. n’y or quite impos. to 103": moon. 
18| Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night: moon. 
19| M’y ov’t: obs. impos. to 103", except in N. about 8": no A.B. seen. 
20|Clear in part: moon: no A.B, to 103": N. much obse. at times. 
21|P’y cl’r; N. too cl’y for obs. to 9" at least: moon: no A.B. seen to 9", 
22)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%, and doubtless all night.* 
23| Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
24/Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 


25| Mostly clear after 7". A.B.* (303) 
26| Mostly ov’t in the N. A.B.* (304) 


27|Ov’t early in evening to about 7". After that mostly clear.* 

28) Ov’t to 9", and obs. impos. : reported to me that about 10" it was cl’r, 
29| Very clear and cold. No A.B. to 93". [and no A.B, 
30|Clear to 935, No A.B.* 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%, and doubtless all night. 

Ovy’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos, to 93", and doubtless later. 

Clear. Slight A.B. A few streamers about 83": at 94" cl’y. (305) 


Dec. 1 
2 
3 
4 
5|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
6 
7 
8 
9 


Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Clear to about 9". After that ov’t to 10" at least. 

Ov’t, doubtless all night. 

10 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later, 
11/|Clear after about 64°. No A.B. to 10", 

12)Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
13/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 1044, and doubtless all night, 

14|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. Rain. 

15| Mostly ov’t, and wholly so after 63".* (306) 
16|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10}, and doubtless all night. 

17)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night.* 

18|M’y ov’t. Moon. Obs. n’y or quite impos. to 10"; no A.B. seen. 


19|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10".* (307) 
20\M’y ov’t: moon: no A.B. seen to 10"; no faint A.B. could have been 
21/Ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 104", and d’s all night. [seen. 


22\Ov’t early. Within from 7° to 10". At10"° clear. Moon. No A.B. 
23|}Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 
24| Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 10", and probably all night.* 


Noy. 22d.—At Peru, Clinton Co., N. Y., Mr. Edward D. Selden saw a splendid A.B. about 10h. 

Noy. 25th.—A fine rosy glow in N.N.W. from 6h 15m to 6h 45m; after that an arc of about 
00° amplitude, 10° or 15° high at vertex, and some streamers. 

Noy. 26th.—Much inferior to that of 25th, and greatly obstructed by clouds. A few stream- 
ers about 6h 30m, afterwards only a general light seen to 10h. 

Noy. 27th.—I slightly suspect a faint auroral light low along the N. horizon, but am not sure. 
Qbserved to 10h. 

Nov. 30th.—Yet occasionally I suspected a slight illumination along northern horizon. At 
10h overcast. 

Dec. 15th—About 6h 15m saw a patch of red light in N.N.E. which was probably auroral, 
and after, before the sky became overcast, thought I saw other unusual light. 

Dec. 17th.—In Europe, A.B. seen Dec. 17th, at 7h p.m. L’ Institut, Dec. 22d, 1847. 

Dec. 19th.—At 5h 30m 4. M. of 20th, and doubtless earlier, a grand display of A.B. Auroral 
waves seen soon after 10h of 19th, by Dr. Charles Hooker. : 

Dec. 24th.—A.B. slightly suspected, there being alight streak low in N. horizon, Perhaps 
due to opening in clouds. 


94 Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


Dec. 25|Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 9" at least. 
26|V ery clear, No A.B. to 10", and none at 5" and 6" a.m, of 27th, 
27, Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
28 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 
29|/Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
30/Ov’t. Obs, impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
31 Ov’t and foggy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 


1 Ov’t. Obs, impos. to 10, and doubtless all night. Ov’t in morn, 
2 M’y ov’t in N. to 9", when chiefly clear; cl’r at DEP: ; no A.B, seen. 
3 | Generally clear, but “he N. much obscured.* (308) 
4|Clear. No A.B. to 94h, 
5|Ov’t, and rainy in part. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless later. 
6 | Mostly ov "ts stars vis. in zenith part of ev’g. Obs. impos. to 10". 
7| Mostly ov’t. Obs, nearly or quite impos. to 93", and p. all night.* 
8 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
9/Clear. No A.B. to 105. "At 53" aa. clear, and no A.B. 

10|Clear. Moon until about 832. No A.B. to 934. [to 93" 

11) Mostly ov’t: moon: afew stars dimly seen part of ev’g: obs. impos. 

12|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93". 

13 Ov’t; drizzle. Obs. impos. to 94", and doubtless all night. 

14/Ov’t; rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

15| Ov’ t: rainy, Obs. impos. to 95 yh and doubtless all night. 

16) Mostly ov’t. Moon. N. tolerably clear about 9". No “A.B, seen.* 

17/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10" 

18|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 934. 

19|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

20 M’y cl’r, but N. embarrassed by cl’ds: no A.B. seen to 9$>:; moon. 

21|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

22|}Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9". At 9" nearly ov’t 

23 Clear. Moon rose about 8$'.* (309) 

24|/Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

25|/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

26 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 104", and doubtless all night. 

27 Ov’t most of the evening. Clear about 10" and after.* 

28) Almost wholly ov’t. A.B. first seen about 63°.* (310) 

29/Clear. No A.B. to 93. 

30, Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night.* 

31/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93%, and doubtless all night. 
Feb. 1/|Clear, mostly. No A.B. to 9%. 
2\Clear. No A.B. to 105. [all night. 
3\M’y cl’r early: no A.B, to 8": el’y after.: obs. impos. to 10", and p. 


Jan. 3d.—A moderate A.B., first noticed about 7h, although the sky was before 7h more clear. 
Light extended from about N. 5° E. to about N. 35° E. and about 8° to 15° high; no streamers 
seen; west of this clouded. Light visible in N.N.E. without much change, except as caused 
by clouds, to 9h 30m, when I ceased to look. 

eee 7th.—A light ‘streak on N. horizon at times; possibly due to A.B., or thinness of clouds 


ae 16th.—At East Hartford, Conn., an auroral display was seen before daybreak, through 
openings in the de on the morning of the 16th, and also transiently about 8h p.m. [Profes- 
sor A. D. Stanley. 

Jan. Sa Ae ate a faint light in N. most of the evening. Probably a slight A.B. 

Jan. 27th.—Some suspicions of A.B. reported to me, but nothing positive. Did not watch. 

Jan. 28th.—A strong general light along N. horizon, reaching up about 5° or more; clouds 
very soon came over, and by th all was shut in; but before this, ‘through openings in the clouds, 
a bright light appeared. 

Jan. 30th,—Somewhat lighter on the N. horizon than elsewhere, occasioning slight suspicions 
of A.B, 


ee aS 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 95 


1848. 
Feb. a Ov’t, snowing and raining: obs. impos. to 10", and p. all n’t.* (311) 
' 5 | Mostly ov’t; oc’l cl’r spaces: no A.B. seen to 10", and obs. n’y impos. 
6| Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 9" at least. 
7\Ov’t to 93", and obs, impos.* (312) 
8|Clear. Moon.* (313) 
9|Clear to 9" and after: at 10" m’y ov’t: moon: no A.B. seen to 9". 
10\Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103, 


11/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

12|/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 

13|P’y c’r: moon and cl’ds: obs. n’y impos. to 9" at least: no A.B. seen. 
14/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

15|Clear. Moon, No A.B. seen to 10". 

16|Clear. Moon, No A.B. seen to 93. 

17/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

18|Clear. Moon. Probably no A.B. to 94", but somewhat suspected. 
19 Ov’t. Moon, Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 


20,Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 84", and doubtless later.* (314 
21| Mostly clear. A.B. all the evening.* re 
22/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

23)Clear. A.B. all the evening to 10" at least.* (316) 
24) Mostly clear after 7" up to 10°.* (317) 
25) Mostly clear, but a long cloud in N, interferes somewhat.* 
26|Clear. <A faint A.B.* (318) 


27| My clr: no A.B.: from 5° to 6" a.m. c?’r: moon: no A.B, seen. 
28 Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
29|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Mar. 1/Clear. No A.B. to 10", or possibly a faint illumination. 

2|Ov’t, and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtlesss all night. 

3| Very clear. No A.B. to 10". 

4) Mostly clear. No A.B, to 10". 

5!Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 

6|Clear. No A.B. to 944. 

7|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10° 

8|Clear. No A.B. to 9". Moon interferes. 

9/Ov’t and raining. Obs, impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

10|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93°. 

11|;Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 94°. 


Feb. 4th.—Mr. Lucius W. Fitch states that he saw an undoubted A.B. through thin and scat- 
tered clouds, before midnight. 

Feb. 7th.—Between 10h and 11h partly clear, and a moderate A.B. I saw it but imperfectly. 
Some streamers. [Mr. 8. D. Pardee saw about 4h a.m. of 7th red auroral light through open- 
ings in the clouds. ]} 

eb. 8th.—A.B. moderate, a general light along N. horizon, perhaps 5° altitude and 80° am- 
plitude, and at 8k and 10h a pretty well defined belt, low down. I saw no streamers. 

Feb, 20th.—From 5h 30m to 6h 12m a.m, of 21st A.B., chiefly red. Streamers through ampli- 
tude of 90° or more, and 20° to 40° high. [At Cumberland, Md., Professor Forrest Shepherd 
saw, at 7h 30m of 20th, red auroral blushes in N. Sky clear there. ] 

Feb. 21st.—Up to 8h only a bright diffuse arch-shaped bank, 10° high. After 8h streamers 
30° high, and much red light. At 10h N. entirely overcast. f 

Feb. 23d.—Chiefly a light of 60° or more amplitude along N. horizon, clear and sometimes 
bright. Between 8k and 9h several bright streamers, none higher than 30°. 

eb. 24th.—A.B. not very conspicuous from 7h to 8h, Within from 8hto 9h. At 9h and soon 
after, several streamers mingled with red patches; amplitude 60° to 75°, altitude 20° to 30°, 
At 10h some bright streamers. 

Feb. 25th.—Suspected a faint auroral light, but could not determine to 10h. Saw at 9h (?) 
what appeared to be a streamer. ‘ 

Feb. 26th.—Not noticed until between 9h and 10h, then several faint streamers reaching up 
to 10° or 15°; about 10h a diffuse light, brighter than before, but yet faint. 


96 Flerrick’s Auroral Register. 


1848. 
Mar. 12|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to —', and probably all night.* 
13 Mostly clear, Moon. No A.B. seen to 9°. [of ev’g. 


14/Clear. Moon. No A.B, seen to 73", or 95" to 10". Within most 

15 Clear. Moon. No A.B, seen to 10". Within most of evening. 

16 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 

17 Clear, chiefly. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

18|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

19 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", p. later: at 5 a.m, cl’r: moon: no A.B. 

20'Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless later. 

21 Mostly clear. Moon rose about 8". No A.B. seen to 93°. 

22|Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and probably all night. 

a he ye pee w 10%, and probably all night. cae 
lear. A.B. moderate. 

25|Partly cloudy. No A.B. to 10". At 10" ov’t, and obs. impos. 

26|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 83°, and probably all night. 

27, Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%, and probably all night. 

28/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to —?, and doubtless all night. 

29|Clear. No A.B. to 93° or 10", Within from 7 to 9%. 


30|Clear. A.B. for a short time about 8".* (320) 

31 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9}, and probably most of the night.* 
April 1|Clear. A.B., slight.* 321) 
2 Beautifully clear. A.B. moderate.* 322) 


Mostly cloudy. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 10". 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

|Clear. A.B.* 323 
‘Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10".* trait 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 93". 

Clear. Moon, No A.B. 

10/Clear. Moon. No A.B. [quite impos. to 10", 
11/M’y ov’t early ; n’y cl’r 9" to 10%, except in N.: moon: obs, nearly or 
12, Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

13/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93%. 

14| Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B, seen to 93". 

15|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93".* 

16\Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 93. 

17|Mostly clear. Cirrous streaks. Moon, No A.B. seen to 10". 


Cc OC -=T SO St HH CO 


March 12th.—At and after 5h a.m. of 15th, sky overcast, clouds broken, very light along the 
horizon from N. to N.N.W. Suspected it to be due to A.B., but could not decide, for the 
clouds were too dense. 

March 24th.—Not seen until after 8h, visible to 10h; about 80° amplitude illuminated, 5° to 
8° high, and an indistinct arch. Occasional streamers. About 11h a mass of red light in 
N.W., two streamers 60° high, more or less, and a distinct arch 5° or 10° high. 

March 30th.—At 7h 45m, more or less, a general light, and a pretty definite arch from N. 25° 
W. to N. 55° E., about 8° or 10° high. Soon after 8h this disappeared, and no trace of A.B. 
could be seen to 9h 30m at least. An unusual case. 

March 31st.—Some suspicions of unusual light about 9h; but perhaps due to varying thick- 
ness of clouds. 

April 1st.—From 9h to 10h I saw only a faint light, 30° amplitude, but no streamers. [At 
1ih A.B., bright. (F. B.)] 

April 2d.—General light, several streamers through amplitude of 70°, more or less, some 25° 
high, to 10h. 

April 6th.—Not much until 9h 30m, when streamers appeared through amplitude of 60° or 
more, reaching up 40° or more, and their tops immersed in diffuse red vapor. This continued 
ten minutes or more, when I retired. Between 10h and 11h, fine display, red light, streamers 
60° high, two arches 20° and 40° high, undulations. Between 2h and oh a.m. of 7th, another 
outbreak. This time reported to me. 

April 7th.—Dr. Charles Hooker informs me that about midnight the A.B. was visible; not 
very conspicuous, yet certain. 

April 15th.—A.B. at Worcester, Mass. No details. 15th Report of Mass. State Lunatic Hospital, 
Dec. 1848, p. 62. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 97 


Apr. 18|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and probably all night. 
19|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 
20|Clear. No A.B. Moon rose about 8}. No A.B. seen to 94%. 
21/Clear. No A.B. to 935. 
22|Partly clouded. No A.B. to 10". 
23|Mostly clear. No A.B. at 9%. 
24|Clear. No A.B. to 93". [A.B. strongly susp. about 93". (F.B.)] 
25|Partly clouded. No A.B. to 94". 
26|/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11°. 
27 | Mostly cl’r to 83": no A.B. seen: after 83” ov’t to 9", and p. all night. 
28|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and probably all night. 
29| Much clouded.* (325) 
30 | Beautifully clear: no A.B, to 93". [A.B. slightly susp. (F. B.)] 
May 1/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93". 
2)/Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
3|Clear. No A.B. to 93". 
4/Oy’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
5'Much clouded. No A.B. seen to 10". 
6/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103". 
7|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9". 
8|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
9|Much clouded. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9", but obs. nec’y imperf. 
10;Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
11|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and p. all night. Rain during night. 
12|Much clouded: moon: no A.B. seen 10° to 103": within before 10°. 
13|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%, and doubtless later. 
14| Partly clouded, and obs. impeded. Moon. No A.B. seen to 105. 
15|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably later. 
16/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93°, and probably all night. [F. B.] 
17|Clear: moon: no A.B. to 94", and none at 33° a.m, of 18th. [F. B. 
18|Clear. Moon.* (326 
19| M’y cl’y: moon: obs. nearly impos.: no A.B. seen to 94%. [F. B. 
20) Mostly cloudy. Obs. nearly impos. to 10%. 
21/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and probably all night. 
22/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 1037, and doubtless all night. 
23|/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 94", and doubtless all night. 
24/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
25|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 104”, and doubtless all night. 
26|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 94}. 
27\Clear. No A.B. to 93.* (327) 
28|M’y ov’t: bet’n 9" and 10" p’y cl’r; no A.B. then: obs. much obstr. 
29|Cl’y early inev’g. Between 9" and 10" mostly cl’r. No A.B. to 10% 
30|M’y ov’t: cleara short time about 9°, and no A.B.: ov’t 93" to 10". 
31| Very cloudy in N. after 9}°.* (328) 
June 1/Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
2!Clear. No A.B. to 93". 


April 29th.—A.B. most of evening—a moderate strong light through amplitude of 70°, more 
or less, much obstructed by clouds; light perhaps 10° high. I saw no streamers to 10h. 

May 18th.—A.B. first seen about 9b 20m, an arch 7° to 9° high, and 75° amplitude, more or 
less. About 9h 45m three or four streamers, bright, E. of N. Arc unbroken at 11b, At 12h all 
gone. [F. B.] E. C. H. at Southampton; no obs. : 
ay 27th.—About 9h 30m Mr. F. Bradley saw a streamer, and one or two more. Very slight 

splay. 

May 31st.—A.B.; a considerable display at 9h to 9h 30m, much obscured by clouds. About 
9h a bright arch 5° or 8° high, and many streamers (not very bright) reaching up about 30°. 
After 9h 30m clouds concealed almost all to 10h 15m at least, 


13 


98 Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


1848. 
June 3)/Mostly ov’t in N. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 95". 

4 Clear. Moon begins to interfere. No A.B. to 93. 

5 lov °t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all nip 

6 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 92". 

7\Ov’t: obs. impos. to 10", [1038 to11" N.n’ycl’r; no A.B. (F.B.)] 

8| Mostly clear about 9". Moon. No A.B. seen, 

9 M’y cl’r, but not enough so for good obs.: moon: no A.B. seen at 10", 
ie Mostly ov’t in the N. Moon. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 10". 
11 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", 
12|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 
13|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9" 20". 

14 M’y cP’rto 9"; 9" to 10" much cl’ded: moon: no A.B, seen to 10", 
15|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9" 20", 

16 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 11”. 

17\|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

18/Ow’ t. Obs, impos. to 93", and probably all night. 

19 Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 1022, and pr robably all night. 
20 \Ov't. Obs. impos. to 93", and probably all night. 

21 Clear. No A.B. to 10}4.* 

22 Consider ably c?ded: no A.B, seen to 103": obs. n’y impos.* (329) 
23 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 94", and probably all night.* 
24/Clear. No A.B. to 105, 

25 Ov’t about N., and clear elsewhere. Obs. impos. to 93". 
26|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
27|Partly clear. N. obstructed below about 20°. No A.B. seen to 93". 
28 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
29 Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 92", No A.B. seen. 
30 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", aiid doubtless all night. 
July 1| Ov’ t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

2 Ov't. Obs. impos. to 10, and doubtless all night. 

3 Clear , mostly. A faint A.B.* (330 

4 Clear. A.B., slight, but I watched little.* ton 

5|Clear. No A.B. at 94". 

6 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%, and probably later. 

7 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably most of the night. 

8)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9}", and probably all night. 

9 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 

10 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 
11)Partly clear. Fine A.B. from about 83" to 103%. (332) 

12 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
if ‘Ov’t chiefly to 10", Obs, impos. to 10°, and probably all night. 
14|Mostly cl’r: moon: no A.B. to 92": n’y ov’t at 105"; no A. B seen. 
15|C lear. Moon. No A.B. to 104", 
16/Clear. Moon, No A.B. to 103”. 

li ‘Clear, Moon. No A.B. to 93%. [Nor to 113". (F. B.)] 

18| ‘Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°, but clouds impair obs. 
19} Mostly clear. Moon in part. No A.B. seen to 103". 

20|/Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

21|Clear. No A.B. to 10". [N. hazy at times. (F. B.)] 

22|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10°. 


June 21st. —A.B. slightly suspected about 10h 30m, [F. B.] 

June 22d.—Auroral light among clouds at 9h 30m, _[F. B. 

June 23d.—A.B. slightly suspected at 9h 15m through clouds, but exceedingly doubtful. [F.B.] 
July 3d.—Merely a ‘slight illumination about 10h, I saw no streamers. 

July 4th.—About 1h a.m. of the 5th a few streamers were seen by Mr. Gurdon Evans. 


| 
rf 
f 
| 
| 


Herricks Auroral Register. 99 


1848. 
July 23);Much clouded. A.B.* (333) 
24|N. much obstructed by clouds. No A.B. seen to 94°. 
25|Clear. No A.B. to 937. 
26 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and probably all night. 
27 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9}", and probably all night. 
28| Mostly ov’t to 94 at least. Obs. nearly impos.* 
29 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103". 
30 Very clear. No A.B. to 94. Rain in the night. 
31/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless much later. 
1|Clear, except cloud low on N. horizon. No A.B. to 93°. 
2|Very clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
3|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 94". 
4 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 
5|Clear. No A.B. to 103%. 
6|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 
‘Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 945. 
‘Clear. Moon. A.B., first noticed at 93%.* (334) 
Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. nearly impos. to 10".* 
10 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%, and none at 2" a.m. of 11th. 
11|Nearly clear, Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 
12|Partly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103". No good obs. 
13| Mostly cl’r; cl’d low in N. and N.W.: moon: no A.B. seen to 9}*. 
14 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". Did not observe personally. 
15|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93". 
16 Ov’t to 10": obs. impos.: at 102" m’y c’rin N.: moon: no A.B. vis. 
17 Ov’t, chiefly. Moon. Obs. impos. to 10". 
18|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night.* 
19|Clear. No A.B. to 9". 
20|Clear. No A.B. to 8" 50™. 
21\Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93°.* (335) 
22|Clear. Suspicions of slight A.B. to 93".* (336) 
23 | Much clouded to 9", and 9" to 93" ov’t. No A.B. seen to 9", 
24|Clear. No A.B. to 93*.* 
25|Clear. No A.B. to 93". 
26|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
27 Clear. I suspect a faint auroral light about 10". No streamers. 
28 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
29|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
30/Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
31|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
Sept. 1)Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10°. [self observe. 
2\Clear: moon begins to interfere: no A.B. seen to 10": did not my- 


Cc 0 =T 


July 23d.—First seen about 8h45m, At 8h 50m a large red spot about N. 65° W.; some 
streamers 40° high; general white light in N. About 11h a shower of rain. [At 12h partly 
clear; few streamers. Mr. M. C. Weld.] 

oy 28th.—_Slight suspicions of A.B. about 9h 30m on horizon, perhaps due to contrast of 
clouds. 

Aug. 8th.—Several faint streamers, partly red, reaching up 40°; no arch. At 3h a.m. of 9th, 
a general ruddy light in the N. 

Aug. 9th.—No A.B. seen. Abroad from 1h to 3b 30m 4.m., sky partly clear, and after 3h very 
clear. No A.B. in this period, yet about 3h 15m some suspicions of A.B. made doubtful by the 


Aug. 18th.—A.B. suspected through clouds. 

Aug. 2ist.—At 11h A.B. seen by Mr. Joseph 8. Ruth. Several streamers. 

Aug. 22d.—A.B., faint but certain, seen by Mr. F. Bradley; a faint general light, and at least 
one streamer. 

Aug. 24th.—Suspected faint auroral light from 9h to 10b, [F, B,] 


Oct. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 8".* (337) 
Ov’t to 9", and probably later. Obs. impos. 

Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9%. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9%. 

Mostly ov’t in N. to 93": moon: obs. nearly or quite impos. to 93”. 
Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93°. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93". 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°, 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 84}, 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 9%, and doubtless all night. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 105. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 845, and doubtless all night. 
Clear. No A.B. to 93°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 9". 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9". At this time, clouds breaking. 

Very clear. No A.B. to 9°, 

Partly clear. At 9" ov’t. No A.B. seen. 

Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 

Mostly ov’t. No A.B. seen to 9", and probably none occurred. 
Mostly ov’t. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°, 

Mostly ov’t. No A.B. seen to 10", 

Clear to about 9", when it became wholly ov’t. No A.B. to 9". 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 


)Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 


Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t early part of evening; at 8" clearing away. No A.B. then. 
Ov’t to 8" at least, and obs. impos. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9%,* 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 83%. 

Clear. Moon, Suspected a slight A.B., but uncertain to 9". 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%, 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 105. Within from 7" to 9}. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. nearly impos. to 10", and prob. all night. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

Clear. Moon rose about 8". No A.B. to 9". 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Oy’t. Obs. impos. to 9$", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night.* 
Almost wholly ov’t. Some suspicions of A.B. to 93°.* 


Sept. 3d.—Dr. Chas. Hooker informs me that at midnight of 3d—-4th, and at 2h a.m. of 4th, 
there was a general light in N., but no streamers. He says it was an undoubted A.B. 

Oct. 6th.—At Cambridge, Mass., a partial auroral belt was seen by Mr. William C. Bond, 
from 9h to 10h, It passed overhead southwardly. See NW. Y. Tribune, Oct. 10th. 

Oct. 18th.—A grand A.B., coronal, seen in England; described by Weld, Lond., Edin. and 
Dub. Phil. Mag., Nov. 1848. 

Oct. 19th.—Slight A.B. in England; described by Weld, Phil. Mag., Nov. 1848. A.B, at Wor- 
cester, Mass. 16th Report Mass. Lunatic Asylum. No details. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 101 


1848. 
Oct. 20|Clear latter part of evening, after about 8", No A.B. to 93",* 


21/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9" at least. 


22|)Clear. A.B., slight.* (338) 
23/Clear. A.B., seen soon after 6°.* (339) 
24/Cl’y to 9: obs. impos. : bet’n 9" and 10" cl’red off: no A.B. to 10°. 

25|Mostly clear. A.B.* (340) 
26| Considerably clouded.* (341) 


27| Mostly ov’t after 8": no A.B, to 8": after that obs. n’y impos. to 93". 
28) Very much obstructed by clouds. No A.B. seen to 93", 
29|/Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
30| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 9". 
31)Clear most of evening. No A.B. to 9%. 
Nov. 1/Clear. No A.B, to 944, Within most of the evening. 
2|/Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 
3/Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 9°. 
4;Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 932, 
5|M’y cl’r: no A.B. to 9": I did not watch: at 532 a.m. cl’r: no A.B. 
6} Mostly el’r to 8°: no A.B.: after 8" N. considerably c’ded: moon. 
7\;Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 105. 
8|Too cloudy for obs. to 93" at least, and doubtless all night. 
9|N. much clouded to about 9"; then clear to 103": moon: no A.B. 
10)Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10}. 
11;Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 
12/Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 
13/Clear. No A.B. seen to 9". Moon rose about 74°. 
14; Cl’r to about 8", no A.B.: after 8" clouding, and obs. difficult to 10°. 


15| Mostly clear.* (342) 
16| Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 9", and d’s all night. 

17|Ov't.* (343) 
18/Much clouded. Slight A.B. at times, low on horizon. (344 

19) Almost wholly ov’t.* We 
20) Mostly clear, but some clouds about N. No A.B. to 9", 

21| Mostly ov’t.* (346) 
22/ Mostly clear to 9%.* (347) 
23|Clear. A.B. between 6" and 75.* (348) 


Oct. 20th.—A.B. suspected about 8h50m, [F. B.] Slight A.B, in England; described by 
Weld, Phil. Mag., Nov. 1848. 

Oct. 22d.—A faint but distinct illumination along N. horizon. I saw no streamers, but did 
not watch long. [Between 10h and 11h, Mr. M. C, Weld saw a few low streamers. | 

Oct. 23d.—Between 6h and 7h a fine display of streamers, with much red light, some 40° to 
50° high, through amplitude of 60° more or less. After 7h and to 9h, not much display, a gen- 
eral light only. 

Oct Ssh Not very conspicuous ; principally after 9h; a light low in N., occasionally a few 
streamers. [A red light in N. before dawn of 25th, seen by Mr. M. C. Weld.] 

Oct. 26th.—A.B., slight ; light low along N. horizon. I saw no streamers to 9h. 

Noy. 15th.—About 9h a very slight A.B., a little W. of N. Most of the evening I could not 
See any traces of it. 

Noy. 17th.—Remarkably light, now and then a red hue in the clouds, and reflected on the 
snow. Probably a great aurora behind. [Unwell and did not observe.] A magnificent crim- 
son coronal A.B. seen in Maine, Western New York, &e. 

Nov. 19th.—Only a small partial opening in N. Here at 9h and after, was a light so strong 
that I have no doubt there was an A.B. behind. I hear that between 8h and 9h the light in the 
N. was stronger and of a red hue; sky overcast thinly. 

Nov. 21st.—At times nearly clear, except in N. A pretty bright A.B. much obscured by 
clouds. Amplitude 75°, more or less, and height 5° to 79, as far as could be determined. Seen 
from 6h to 9h, and no further observation. 

Noy. 22d.—A slight A.B., brightest before 7h, and gradually disappearing about 8h, At 9h, 
overcast. I saw no streamers, but only a very faint, ill-defined light, like a reflection of an A.B. 
below horizon. 

Noy. 23d.—Several streamers, some 30° high. After 7h, and up to 9h, I could not be sure of 
the least auroral traces. 


102 flerrick’s Auroral Register. 


1848. 
Noy, 24,Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos, to 9", and doubtless most of night. 
25 | Clear.* (349 
26| Clear.* (350 
27\Clear. <A faint A.B. all the evening.* (351 
28) Clear.* (352 
29 Mostly clear. Moon begins to interfere.* (353) 
30 Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9".* (354) 
Dec. 1/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and d’s all night. Rain during night. 
2/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 8". 
3|Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 83". Ov’t at 4" a.m 
4;Ov’t to 9" at least, and obs. impos. 
5)Ov’t to 10", and doubtless all night. Ov’t 5° to 6> a.m. of 6th. 
6 Ov’t to 10", and doubtless all night. 
7/Ov’t to 94, and doubtless all night. 
8|P’y cl’r before 88: moon: no A.B. seen: after that to 9" N. cl’ded. 
9/Ov’t. Obs. impos, to 10", and doubtless all night. 
10|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and P. all night: ov’t 5" to 6" a.m. of 11th. 
11| Al’t entirely ov’t: moon: obs. n’y impos. to 9" at least ; no A.B. seen. 
12|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 


13|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9%. 


14)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

15| Very clear. No A.B. to 10". 

16)Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and most of the night. 
17|Clear, chiefly. A.B.* (355) 
18|Clear. Before 9" saw no A.B.* (356) 
19 Partly cloudy in the N. No A.B. seen to 93° 


20/Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
22) Ov’t most of ev’g; ab’t 7" c?ds broke a few minutes: no A.B. seen. 
23 | Clear. Occasionally some slight suspicions of A.B, to 9°.* (357) 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to g4h, Cleared off during the night. 
26|Clear: faint auroral light in N.; saw no streamers to 92". (358) 
Oy’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s most of night. 
28/CVr; at 94" growing hazy: no A.B. to 93": ov’t at sunrise of 29th. 


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29|Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 9", ae doubtless all night. 
30|Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 102, 
31,Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". Within most of the evening. 


Noy. 25th.—Looking frequently from 6b to 9h, I saw no A.B. Within from 9hto 10h, At 
10b an evident A.B., a general light along N. horizon; about 10h 20m several streamers ap- 

eared 5° or 8° high, and bright. 

Noy. 26th.—I could not discern any A.B. until after 8h, although I had some slight suspicions 
of one. About 8h 30m a distinct A.B., general light; but I saw no streamers to 8h 50m, 

Nov. 27th.—Merely a general light on N. horizon, of about 40° amplitude. I saw no stream- 
ers to 9h 15m. 

Nov. 28th.—Looking at various times to 9h, J saw no A.B.; the N. was somewhat obstructed 
by clouds. At 9b 30m, on going out, Isawa small segment of an auroral arch in N.E. Watched 
it till 10h 20m. No other auroral indications. 

Nov. 29th.—A.B. suspected, but no certain traces, except a small, faint, transient auroral 
patch at 10h. 

Noy. 30th.—At 5h 30m a.m. of Dec. 1st, saw a segment of an auroral arch in N.W. until day- 
light interfered. 

“Dec. 17th.—A fine display of streamers, red and white, about 5b 55m, through amplitude of 
60° or 70°, to an altitude of 50°. After 6h 15m, not much display to 9h at least. 

Dec. 18th.—Within doors from 9h to 10h, At 10h found the A-B. visible, low in the N. mode- 
rately bright, amplitude about 40°, altitude not more than 5°. I saw no streamers in twenty 
minutes. 

Dec. 23d.—A.B. general light at 9h 30m, saw no streamers. [F. B.] 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 103 


1849, 
an. 1{/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10% From 5" to 6" a.m. clear, and no A.B. 


2|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9°. No A.B. at 6" a.m. of 3d. 
3/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

4|Cl’y early in ev’g; after 73> m’y cl’r: moon: no A.B, seen to 9$", 
5| Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

6 Very clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

7, Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93". Within most of evening. 

8 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and probably all night. 

9\Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". Cleared off during night. 

10/M’y el’r, but cirri about N.: moon after 74": no A.B. seen to 9". 
11/Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 

12|Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 

13|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

14 Ov’t. Obs, impos. to 9", and probably all night.* 

15 |Ov’t to about 10.* (359) 
16 Clear. No A.B. to 10, but occasionally suspected. 

17|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

18|Clear. No A.B. to 94% 

19 Clear. No A.B. to 10"; between 9" and 10" some faint suspicions. 
20/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10" at least. Cleared off during the night. 
21| Nearly ov’t to 64°; ov’t at 9" and to 10": obs. impos.: cl’rat 6" a.m. 
22|M’y ov’t: no A.B, seen to 93": [tolerably cl’r part of ev’g. (F. B.)] 
23|/Clear. No A.B. to 10%.* 

24;Owt. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

25)/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93" at least. 

26|Much clouded: no A.B. seen to 10"; obs. nec’y very imperfect. 
27|Clear. No A.B. to 103%. 

28/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

29'Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night.* 

30) My ov’t: obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all mt: did not obs. personally. 
31)CPr to ab’t 9", when cl’ds began to fill the sky: moon: no A.B, to 9°. 
Much obse. by cl’ds: moon: no A.B, seen to 8": obs. nee’y imperf. 
Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 95", and probably all night. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 

Partly c’r: moon: no A.B. seen to 10": cl’ds interf. considerably. 


Feb. 1 
2 
3 
4 
5| Much cl’ded early: moon: obs. unc.: n’y cl’r ab’t 9", and no A.B. 
6 
7 
8 
9 


Snowing to ab’t 8; at 9" cl’ring; at 10" very cl’r except cl’d low in 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93". [N.: moon: no A.B. at 10%. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103" at least. 

Clear most of ev’g, N. becoming cloudy about 9". No A.B. to 9%. 
10|Ov’t: obs. impos. to 92: soon after c’ds broke, and moon rose. 
11\/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

12|Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 9%, and probably most of night. 
13| Mostly clear.* (360) 
14|Much embarrassed by clouds. No A.B. seen to 93". 

15|Clear. No A.B. to 93°. Within from 8} to 9}. 

16iClear. A.B.* (361) 


Jan. 14th.—N. appeared lighter than other parts, causing suspicion of A.B. 

Jan. 15th.—At 10h clouds were breaking away in the N. and revealed auroral light. I saw no 
streamers, but did not watch long. 

Jan. 23d.—Between 9h and 10h I suspected the refleetion of an aurora below the horizon. 

Jan. 29th.—Rain in the night. About 9h the N. horizon seemed to be lighter than other 
quarters, perhaps moonlight, perhaps A.B. 

Feb. 13th.—A.B. faint and doubtful to 7h 45m, when it was decided. Amplitude 70° more or 
less, with some streaming. I saw no streamers higher than 10°. At 9b and after cloudy. 

Feb. 16th.—Slight and uncertain until about 9h 30m, when and after to 10h, it was plain; but 
then only an illumination along N. horizon, amplitude 40°, altitude 2° or 3°, Isawno streamers, 


104 Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


1849. 
Feb. 17|/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 


18| Much clouded early part of evening.* 
19| Clear.* (362) 
20) Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9, and doubtless all night. 
21|Cl’r to ab’t 8", then cl’ding ; by 84" ov’t, and so to 10": no A.B. to 8", 
22) Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 94, and probably all night. 
23 | Clear.* 
24 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
25, Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
26) Ov’t; slight rain and sleet. Obs. impos. to 9", and d’s all night. 
27, Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 
28 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
March 1 Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
2,;Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9$", and doubtless all night. 
3, Too cloudy for obs. to 9". At 10" clear, and no A.B. Moon. 
4|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 
5|/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 
6;Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
7 Cl’r after 8° or 84": moon: no A.B. seen to 9F": ¢ cl’y early in ev’g. 
8 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103. 
9 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 
10|Clear. Moon after about 8". No A.B. to 95, 
11|Clear. No A.B. to 8}. 
12|/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103”. 
13|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 9". 
14 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 934, and doubtless all night. 
15 Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 11°. 
16,Clear. No A.B. to 104. 
17|/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 937. 
18|Clear. A.B. all the evening.* 3638) 
19|Clear. Slight A.B.* tae 
20) Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. Rain. 
21/Ov’t and showery. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
22|Very clear. No A.B. to 105. 
23 | Mostly clear, but growing cloudy about 9". No A.B. to 9}. 
24|Mostly clear, but hazy about horizon. No A.B. to 94}. 
25)Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
26 Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to gy and doubtless all ‘night, 
27/Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 9, ‘and doubtless all night. 
28/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
29, Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably most of the night. 
30/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to gh, and doubtless all night. 
31|Partly clear. Moon. No A.B. to 93", but obs. nec’y imperfect. 
April 1/Very clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10".* 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93". Lobs. impos. 
M’y cl’y, and ab’t 9" and after ov’t: moon: no A.B. seen to 9"; after 


bo 


ioe) 


Feb. 18th.—A.B. then suspected. May have been due to contrast of open sky with clouds. 
After 8h to 9h 30m nearly clear and no A.B. From 5h to 6h a.m. of 19th clear and no A.B. 

Feb. 19th.—Early part of evening, no A.B. discernible until between 7hand 8h. About 7h 40m 
the A. B. bright, 75° amplitude, and 10° altitude; scarcely any streamers. 

Feb. 23d.—At 7h 30m and other times suspected a faint auroral light, but could not be abso- 
lutely certain. Watched to 10h. 

March 18th.—An arch of about 100° amplitude, and 10° to 15° altitude at vertex, with a few 
streamers now and then. Visible up to midnight at least. 

March 19th.—A faint light on N. horizon, visible from 7h 20m to 8h, After Sh and up to 9h, 
I could see no trace of it. 

April 1st.—A.B. strongly suspected by F. B., but no streamers seen. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 105 


1849. 
April 4)Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 94", and probably all night. 
Clear most of evening. Moon. No A.B. seen to 92", 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 
M’y ov’t: moon: no A.B. e’d be seen; obs. n’y or quite impos. to 9. 
Within doors from 7" to 822.* 
Clear. No A.B. to 1032. Moon after about 9%. 
10|/Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 105", and doubtless all night. 
11| Very clear. No A.B. to 10". 
12|Clear. No A.B. to 10}. Growing cloudy after 95. 
13) Ov’t: obs. impos. to 1034, p. much later: cl’ds broken here and there. 
14| Mostly clear, except near N. horizon.* 
15|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
16 | Mostly ov’t.* 
17 Clear. No A.B. from 934 to 10". Within the house before this. 
18|/Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
19/Clear. No A.B. to 10", and none from 1? to 25 a.m. of 20th. 
20 | Clear.* 
21| Mostly ov’t, but tolerably clear after 9". No A.B. seen to 10%. 
22|Clear. No A.B. to 9}. 
23 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and probably all night. 
24| Mostly clear. Within from 8" to 10%. No A.B. at 10", or to 103", 
25|Clear. Within doors from 73" to 945. No A.B. at 93%, or to 10" 
26|/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°, [after. 
27|/CPrtoab’t 9"; aft. growing cl’y to 10": moon: no A.B. seen to 9" or 
28) Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 944. 
29'Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93%, Obs. imperfect. 
30| Mostly ov’t. Moon. About 93 clear spaces. No A.B. seen to 945. 
May 1/Partly clear. No A.B. to 94%. Did not observe personally. 
2\Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 
3|N. obse. at 83°: moon. [F.B.] E.C. H.in N. Y. City: ov’t at 9". 
4|Ov’t to 9", and d’s later. [F. B.] In N.Y.: obs. n’y impos. at 9}. 
5/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
6 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9$", and doubtless all night. 
7/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 944, and doubtless all night. 
8|Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 94", and doubtless all night. 
9'Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 94", and doubtless all night, 
10|Chiefly clear, but hazy. No A.B. to 93". 
11) Much clouded. No A.B. to 10", 
12|Partly clear, but very hazy. No A.B. seen to 9%. 
13|Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to midnight. 
14 Mostly cl’y; later in evening clouds broken. No A.B. seen to 94°. 
15|Cloudy, and then clear. No A.B. to 93°. 
16 Mostly cloudy. No A.B. seen to 94", but obs. uncertain. 
17 Much clouded. Obs. nearly impos. No A.B. seen to 10°. 
18/Clear. No A.B. to 10". Within from 93" to 105. 
19|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
20|Mostly clear, but hazy. No A.B. to 9}. 
21 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 94", and doubtless all night. 


April 8th.—From this to 9h 15m, sky much clouded. Moon. Observation very much embar- 
rassed. Some suspicions of A.B., but hard to determine, to 9h 15m, : 

April 14th.—No A.B. certainly seen, but somewhat suspected about 9h 45m; clouds in N. 
make it uncertain. 

April 16th.—Some suspicions of unusual light, but probably due to contrast of sky and 
cloud; this about 9h. ; 

April 20th.—Some suspicions of A.B. between 9h and 10h, but no certainty to 10h, 


14 


106 Herrich’s Auroral Register. 


May 22) Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93%, and doubtless much later. 
23| Mostly clear. No A.B. to of 
24/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 
25|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 944, and probably all night. 
26|Clear. No A.B. seen to 94%. Moon begins to ) interfere. 
27;Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9 7 and probably all night. 
28|}Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all nicht. Rain in night. 
29|Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
30|Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to gh. and doubtless all night. 
31/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 
June 1/Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 93", and prob, all night. 
2|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and probably all night. 
3| Mostly clear to about gh Moon.* ‘[fore too el’y for obs. 
4|M’y ov’t to 10": moon: ab’t 10" N. tolerably cl’r: no A.B. seen: be- 
5|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", [play e’d not have been seen. 
6 
7 
8 


Sky embarrassed by cirri: moon: no A.B. seen to 10°; a mod. dis- 
Cirrous cl’ds: moon: obs. n’y impos. to 10", p. alln’t: no A.B, seen. 
Clear. No A.B. to 92". 

9)/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 

10/Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

11|CPr, but som’t hazy. No A.B. 10" to 104°. Within previously. 

12|Clear.* (365) 

13|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and probably all night. 

14|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. | 

15|Clear to 10", but somewhat hazy: no A.B, to 10: at 10J* N.ov’t. 

16|Clear. No A.B. to 10". | 

17|Clear. No A.B. certainly seen to 9" 50™.* | 

18/Clear. No A.B. to 10°. | 

19| Clear, though somewhat hazy about horizon. No A.B. to 10", 

20|Clear. No A.B. to 10}. 

21/Clear, but hazy about horizon. No A.B. to 10°. 

22)Clear but hazy and dusty. No A.B. to 10%. 

23/Clear. No A.B. to 9® 50". 

24/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 99%. 

25|Clear. Moon. No A.B. at 1144. 

26|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10%. 

27| Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 

28|Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 114", and doubtless all night. 

29|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 

30|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10" 

Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

Clear between 9" and 10", Moon, No A.B. seen to 10°. 

Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs, impos. to 93°. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 94%. 

Many cirrous clouds: moon: obs. n’y impos. to 93; no A.B. seen. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 930, and pr obably all night. 

Clear to 93%, and no A.B. After 94" ov’t to gh 5 50™, and p. all n’t 


July 


owumsaTInourRrwnr 


I 


June 3d.—Then and after, thinly overcast. No A.B. certain; yet at 9h 30m the N. seemed un- 
usually light, exciting some suspicions of A.B. Cloudy during the night probably. 

June 12th.—Some Suspicions of auroral light about 10h, but not certain. [A.B., seen by Mr. 
Charles R. Goodrich (Senior Class) about 11h, A few streamers were seen, but no great display. | 

June 17th.—About 9h 45m suspected a very faint light in N. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 107 


1849. 
July 11|Very clear. No A.B. at 10°. 


Aug. 


12 
13 


Clear. A.B. about 93" to 10%.* (366) 
Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

Cloudless, but very hazy. No A.B. seen to 10". 

Clear, except a little cloudiness about the N. No A.B. to 93%. 
Clear for the most part, but N. somewhat cloudy. No A.B. to 10", 
Cloudless, but hazy. No A.B. to 10". Did not observe personally. 
Clear, except a few clouds in N. No A.B. to 10" 10” 

Mostly clear to about 94", after which ov’t. No A.B. to 93°. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 94%, and d’s all night. Showers in the night. 
Much cl’ded, after 93" wh’y so: no A.B. seen to 93"; obs. n’y impos. 
Clear. No A.B. to 93". 

Mostly clear. Slight A.B. between 9" and 10".* (367) 
M’y cl’r to 944, aft. cl’y to 10", and obs. impos. : no A.B. seen to 93". 
Ov’t and drizzling. Obs. impos. to 93%, and probably all night. 
Ov’t and showery. Obs. impos. to 93%, and probably later. 


;| M’y cl’r, but many long cirrous cl’ds: moon: no A.B. seen to 10%. 


Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10}. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 93%. 

Clear in part. Moon. No A.B. to 10°. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 

Clr early: moon: no A.B, seen to 94%: bet’n 11" and 12" N. ov’t. 
Mostly clear. Some cirri, Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 108. No good obs. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless later. 

Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. te 9%, and probably all night. 

Oy’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
Clear. No A.B. at 93°. 

Clear, No A.B. to 10. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and all night. Rain in the night. 
Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. te 10", and probably all night. 
Mostly ov’t. Obs. n’y impos. to 9}* at least: no A.B. seen to 93", 
Mostly ov’t early part of evening.* 

Ov’t; copious showers in night: obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all n’t.* 
Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93". 

Clear. No A.B. to 10%. Some clouds about 93". 

Mostly clear, but N. somewhat obscured. No A.B. to 103°. 
Clear. No A.B. to 10. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 9". 

Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

Clear. No A.B. to 1034. 

Partly clouded. No A.B. seen to 9°. 

M’y cl’ded, and after 9" obs. impos. to 10": moon: no A.B. seen. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10°. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10°. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9%. 

E. C. H. at Northampton, Mass. Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10°. 
M’y cl’r to ab’t 10%, no A.B. seen: soon after 10" ov’t: so at 113", and 
Nearly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93°. [p. all night. 


July 12th.—Not much display, light along N. horizon, and about 9b 50m a streamer 15° high. 
Streamers seen by Mr. Francis Bradley about 9h 30m, 

July 23d.—Faint light low on N. horizon. I saw no streamers. . 

Aug. 12th.—About 9h 40m, sky about half clear, but a low cloud in N. No A.B. seen to 
9h 45m, yet slightly suspected. at 

Aug. 13th.—At Middlebury, Vt., A.B. seen by Professor A. C. Twining. 


108 Herricks Auroral Register. 


1849. 
Aug. 30|M’y ov’t: moon: obs. n’y impos. to 94°, p. all night: no A.B. seen. 


31|/Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
Sept. 1|/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 


2\Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93. 

3|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10”. 

4|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

5|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

6/Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
7/Clear. At 9" to 94> suspected a slight A.B.* (368) 
8|M’y ov’t: showers ab’t 83" and 93, intervals p’y cl’r: no A.B. seen. 
9|Clear.* (369) 


10|Clear. No A.B. to 94°. 

11|Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 

12/Clear. No A.B. to 934.* 

13/Clear. No A.B. to 94, 

14;)Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 

15| Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. or nearly so, to 94". 


16| Nearly clear. Probably a slight A.B.* (370) 
17|P’y el’r to 8", after which m’y ov’t: no A.B, seen: at 93" still ov’t. 
18, Mostly clear to 834 at least. A.B. from dark onward.* (371) 


19|Nearly clear. No A.B. to 93+. 

20) Nearly clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

21)Nearly clear. Moon begins to interfere. No A.B, to 93". 
22|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9$", and probably all night. 

23| Mostly clouded, but clear low in the N. Moon.* 
24|Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 93". 
25|Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 94°. 

26|Ov’t up to 9%, and rainy. Obs. impos. [F. B.] 

27|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10". 

28|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10". 

29;Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

30 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 


Oct. 1/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9$". Cleared up in part after 10. 
2)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 105. 
3)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
4|Clear. Moon rose about 8". No A.B, to 93%. 
5|Ov’t. Obs, impos. to 944, and probably all night. 
6 Ov’t and stormy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
7;Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9" at least. 
8|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and probably all night. 
9|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and probably all night. 
10;Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 104", and doubtless all night.. 


Sept. 7th.—At times I was nearly sure of one. A faint light of 10° amplitude, about north 
point nearly. I saw no streamers. 

Sept. 9th.—A faint A.B., as I think, with a shade of doubt. About 9h to 9h 15m a very faint 
light, like a just perceptible aurora. 

Sept. 12th.—A.B. seen by Mr. John Rockwell, near Portland, Me., 9h 30m; two arches, high- 
est at vertex 15°; some streamers. At Pittsfield, Mass., Mr. 8. C. Brace saw an auroral belt, 
spanning sky from E. to W. horizon, and passing overhead, about 11h. 

Sept. 16th.—I was within doors from 7h to 8h 45m, About 9h, I saw what I took to be a seg- 
ment of an auroral arch low in the N., and only W. of N., but ten minutes after, on reaching 


an open place, I could see nothing of it, and I waited ten minutes without seeing any more of 


it. The N. in general seemed a very little lighter than common, but was slightly hazy. [A.B. 
seen by Mr. Francis Bradley at 10h 15m; no streamers. | 

Sept. 18th.—At 7h 58m a few streamers W. of N. and moving W., altitude at top 20°. At 
8h 15m all faded, and I retired. [At 10h 30m faint light, but no streamers. (F. B. 

Sept. 23d.—About 9h, had some stispicions of a little unusual light, probably due to moon- 
light. Same to 10h, 


Nov. 


31 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 109 


Ov’t to 935, and obs. impos. At 10 clearing up, but no obs. after. 
Ov’t to 10" at least, and obs. impos. 

Clear. No A.B. seen certainly, but somewhat suspected.* (372 
Clear. A.B. seen about 10". [Streamers seen by F. B.] (378 
Nearly clear. N. horizon a little obscured. No A.B. to 11.* 
P’y cl’r to 7", and no A.B. seen; after 7" ov’t to 103", and obs. impos. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 

Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Much clouded. No A.B. certainly seen, but occasionally susp. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 

Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10".* 

Mostly clear to about 8"; after 8 no obs. possible to 10" at least. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

Cloudless, but hazy and smoky. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93". 
Mostly ov’t, especially after 9". Moon. No A.B. seen to 8". 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". (?) 

Much clouded. Moon. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 9" at least. 
Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. nearly impos. to 10°. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

N. mostly ov’t, and obs. impos. to 9". Moon. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93". Within from 73" to 944, 
Very smoky and hazy: moon: obs. n’y impos. to 10": no A.B. seen. 
M’y oy’t: obs. impos. to 9°, and p. all night: m’y ov’t 5” to 6" a.m, 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11”, and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t and misty. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t and rainy: obs. impos. to 10", d’s alln’t: thunder and lightning 
Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10%, and doubtless later. [ab’t 9". 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93%, and probably all night. 

Clr: no A.B. to 8", when much obse. by cl’ds: at 5" a.m, cl’r, no A.B. 
Clear. No A.B. to 10". Within doors from 74 to 9%.* (374) 
Clear. No A.B. to 10%, Did not watch personally. 

Cl’r, but rather smoky ab’t hor.: no A.B. to 94°: within from 7? to 9%. 
Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Very much cl’ded, and obs. n’y impos. to 10" at least: no A.B. seen. 
Mostly ov’t. No A.B. seen to 10", and obs. nearly impos. 

M’y ov’t to 7°; after 8" wh’y so: obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all n’t. 
Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10°, and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%, and doubtless later. Cleared off in night. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". Within most of evening. 
Clear early: moon: after 8" ov’t, and obs. impos. to 10" at least: no 
Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 10". [ A.B. seen. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". At 54% a.m. of 26th very cl’r: no A.B. 
M’y ov’t to ab’t 8"; after that m’y cl’r: moon: no A.B. seen to 93°. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9%. 

Much clouded. Moon. Obs. nearly impos. to 93. No A.B. seen. 
Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". Within most of ev’g. 


Oct. 13th— At 10b an A.B., low down but plain; no streamers. [F. B. 

Oct. 15th.—A.B. seen at Cambridge, Eng. Lond. Phil. Mag., Feb., 1850, p. 116. 

Oct. 42d.—A.B. seen at Greenwich, Eng. Lond. Phil. Mag., Feb., 1850, p. 116. 

aye rea from 11h 15m to 11h 45m, streamers. (F. B.)] At 5b a.m. of 13th very clear, 
and no - 


110 


1849. 
Nov. 30 


Dec. 


Hervick’s Auroral Register, 


Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93", 

Cloudy in part. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9", but obs. very une. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 94", and probably all night. 

Mostly clear to about 8", after cloudy to 9" at least. No A.B. seen. 
Clear to about 7", and no A.B. : after too cl’y for obs. to 93" at least. 
Very clear. No A.B. certain to 9'.* (375) 
Mostly ov’t. No A.B. seen to 9%. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Very clear. No A.B, to 10". 

Clear. No A.B. to 93%. Within doors from 64° to 9}. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9"; about 9" clearing, but not about N. hor. 
Mostly clear after 8°. No A.B. to 93°. 

Mostly ov’t to 9". 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably most of the night. 

Clear. No A.B. to 8". Did not observe personally.* 

Clear. No A.B. to 10", but at times susp. a very faint light on hor. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9$4, and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. [ personally. 
M’y ov’t: moon: no A.B. seen to 9"; obs. n’y impos.: e’d not obs. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably most of the night. 

Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9%. 

Mostly clear, Moon, No A.B. seen to 10". Within most of ev’g. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93°. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 104", and probably later. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 


| Mostly clear. Moon after 73". No A.B. seen to 9%. 


Clear: moon late in ev’g: no A.B, to 10". Within most of ev’g. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably most of the night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably much later. 

Ov’t. Obs, impos. to 10". Clearing off soon after 10". 

Very clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

Clear to 7" at least, and no A.B.: at 85" mostly ov’t, and p. all night. 
Ovt: some sleet and much rain in ev’g: obs. impos. to 9", p. all n’t. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t: obs. impos. to 9"; cP’ring soon after: [no A.B. at 94%. (F. B.)] 
Clear. No A.B. to 95 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°.* 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night.* 

Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

Ov’t. Did not observe personally. 

Clear, for the most part. No A.B. to 10". 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 


Dec. 7th.—About 9h suspected some faint light on the horizon. [At 12h A.B., no streamers. 


KB: 
‘ Dee 7th A.B. suspected by Mr. Francis Bradley at 11h. 
Jan. 12th.—About 10h the N. seemed to be a very little lighter than the rest of the heavens. 
Jan. 13th.—At 6h a.m. of 14th still wholly overcast, and N. appeared much lighter than the 
rest of the sky. Perhaps due to A.B., or to thinness of cloud there. 


Ferrick’s Auroral Register. 111 


1850. 
Jan, 18]Ov’t to about 9". Between 9° and 10" clearing up.* (376) 


19} Clear: no A.B., or perhaps about 10" ground for slight suspicion. 
20}Thinly ov’t. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9", and obs. nearly impos, 
21}Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
22] Ov’t early in ev’g, clear later. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10}, 
23|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 
24/ Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
25| Mostly ov’t. Moon. No A.B, seen to 10", but obs. nearly impos. 
26/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10°. 
27|Clear and mild. Moon. No A.B. seen to 94%, 
28|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
29|Clear. Moon after about 73%. No A.B. seen to 105. 
30|Clear. Moon after 835. No A.B. to 103". 
31|Much clouded. No A.B. seen to 10", but obs. necessarily une. 
Feb. 1) Cl’r first part of ev’g, becoming cl’y bet’n 9" and 10": no A.B. to 9".* 
2/Ov’t; rain. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
3|Clear: avery faint aur. light in N. ab’t 9°: Isaw no streamers. (377) 
4|Ov’t early. After 8 clear, and no A.B. to 9°. 
5| Very clear. No A.B. to 10}", yet faintly suspected about 10°. 
6 | Clear early part of evening. A.B. about 7°.* (378) 
7|P’ycPr: no A.B. to 7° orat 10": cl’dsimpair obs.: within, 7" to 10", 
8|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
9|Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
10| Very clear. No A.B. to 9% At 5" a.m. clear, and no A.B. 
11| Mostly cloudy to 10".* (379) 
12) Much cl’ded; obs. impaired: ab’t 10" cl’r; no A.B., yet som’t obse. 
13| My cl’r, yet hazy: ab’t 10" m’y cl’r, except cl’d low in N.: no A.B. 
14] Ovy’t and rainy before 7"; at 8" and after clear, and no A.B. to 10°. 
15|Clear. No A.B. to 8. [Ortol1l*. (F. B.)] 
16|Clear. No A.B. to 837. 
17|Clear. Moon begins to interfere. No A.B. to 9°. 
18| Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93%. 
19|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9°. 
20|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", 
21) Mostly clear, Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 
22|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10}°.* (380) 
23/Clear. Moon. No A.B, seen to 9°. Did not observe personally. 
24/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 92, and probably all night. 
25) Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seento10". Within from 8" to 93%. 
26; Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103". Within most of ev’g. 
27|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 
28)/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Mar. 1/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10." 
2| Chiefly clear early in ev’g: about 10" and after ov’t: no A.B. to 9". 
3|Clear. No A.B. to 9", and none at 5° a.m. of 4th.* 
4/Clear. A.B. most of evening to 10" at least.* (381) 


Jan. 18th.—About 10h A.B. bright. I saw no streamers, looking a few minutes, but only a 
strong light about 5° high, amplitude 60° to 70°. 

Feb. 1st.—About 10h strongly suspected some auroral light low in the N. e 

Feb. 6th.—A mere general light low on N. horizon. I saw no streamers, watching five or 
ten minutes. Within doors from 7h 30m to 10h. At 10h wholly overcast. 

Feb. 11th.—At 10h nearly clear, except low cloud in N. and N.W. No A.B. then. [At 11h, 
A.B., low general light, no streamers. (F. B.)] Possibly this refers to the 12th. 

ee) 11h an A.B., imperfect arch 4° to 5° high, 50° to 60° amplitude. No stream- 
ers. . B. 

March 3d.—A.B. most probably, at 11h. [F. B.] ; 

March 4th.—Little general light ; groups of streamers now and then, 20° to 30° high at top, 
and chiefly E. of N. 


112 Tervich’s Auroral Register. 


Mar. 5|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
6 Ov’t; copious rain. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

7, Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

8|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

9/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 937. 
10|Clear. A.B., slight.* (382) 
11 Mostly clear to about 10%. [ A.B. seen to 10", 
12|M’y ov’t: obs. n’y impos. below alt. of 40° to 93"; clearer after: no 
13 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
14|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. Within doors from 7" to 9°. 

15|Clear. No A.B. to 9". 

16|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

17|/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 8", and doubtless all night. 

18/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

19|Very clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 
20|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 
21) At 9° N. ov’t, and obs. impos. Within doors from 7® to 9%. 
22|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
23/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
24|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 934. 
25|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9}°.* 
26|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 102. 
27/Ov’t: obs. impos. to 10, and d’s all night. Did not myself observe. 
28/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9%. 


29|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93°. [imperfect. 
30\Som’t hazy and cl’y. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93", but obs. nec’y 
31|Clear. Moon after 9" 25™.* (383) 


April 1)| Mostly clear, though hazy about horizon. No A.B. to 10". 
2/Cloudless, but hazy towards horizon. No A.B. to 10%. 

3/Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 104", and doubtless all night. 
4/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 103", and probably all night. 

5|)Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
6|Partly clouded to about 9"; after that clear.* a5) 
7\Clear. <A.B., slight to 9".* 

8| Clear after gh previously more or less cloudy.* 

9|Clear. No A.B. to 954, 

10|Clear. No A.B. to 93". 

11|Hazy, and after 9° nearly ov’t. No A.B. to 93" 

12/|Clear, chiefly. No A.B. to 10". Within doors most of evening. 
13 Ov’t. Snow squalls. Obs. impos. to 93", and d’s much later. 
14|Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 

15|Clear. No A.B. to 105, 

16/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9$*. 

17|Clear. Moon. No A.B, seen to 10". 


385) 


March 10th.—Not seen to about 10h, when there was a general light along the N., about 
40° amplitude, and 5° altitude. I saw no streamers, but did ‘hot watch many minutes. 

March 11th.—No A.B. to 10h, yet about 10h somewhat suspected. 

March 25th.—Brilliant display of A.B. at New York at 4h a.m. of 25th, according to W. Y. 
Spectator of 28th inst. 

March 31st.—A.B. not very conspicuous. Amplitude 40° or 50°, altitude 5° to 8°. I saw no 
streamers, while looking ten minutes about 9b. 

April 6th.—A.B. beginning at dusk. Amplitude of light 100° to 110°, altitude 20° to 309, 
much diffuse light, somewhat reddened. - I saw not many streamers. The display was how- 
ever considerable. 

ape 7th.—A general light 30° amplitude, more or less. I saw no streamers. Altitude 5° 


or 
pv 8th.—No A.B. to 10h, or possibly a very faint light about 10h, 


May 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 113 


(M’y cl’r. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. Did not myself observe. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", 

‘Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9". 

‘Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". A cloud on N, hor., 5° high, 
Ov’t and misty. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 103°. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 

Ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

‘Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and probably all night. 

Ov’t; rain after 8". Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 


iClear. No A.B. to 103%. 

\Clear. No A.B. to 934. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

|Half clear. No A.B. to 9. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

‘Oy’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. Abundant rain. 
‘Half clear; many clouds about the N. No A.B, to 93°. 

| Nearly clear.* (386) 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10°. [after 10": saw no A.B. 


Cl’r to 83": no A.B. [F. B.] E.C.H. at N. York: cl’y early; m’y cl’r 
‘Clear. No A.B. seen to 93%. Did not personally observe. 

Clear. A.B. from dusk to 94° at least.* (387) 
‘Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 93°. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93» at least. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 105". 

|No obs. here. [F. B.] E.C.H. at N. Y.: clear: no A.B, seen to 10°. 
‘Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93%. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 9}. 

|\Clear. No A.B. to 934. [sonally. 
Ovtandr’y: obs. impos. to 10", and d’salln’t: did not observe per- 
Ov’t; rainy. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 

Much clouded. Moon. Obs. nearly impos. to 10". No A.B, seen. 
Ov't. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

‘Partly clear to 94", after that nearly clear. Moon.* 

Ov’t; thunder shower bet’n 8 and 9": obs. impos. to 93", p. all n’t. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

‘Mostly clear. N. partly obscured by clouds.* 

Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 10", No A.B. seen. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

iClear. No A.B. to 10}. 


May 7th.—A.B. from dusk onward. Amplitude 80°, more or less, altitude of arch 6° to 10°; 

someone faint streamers 10° to 12° high; arch not distinct, but rather bright. Watched to 
m only. 

May 12th.—An imperfect arch of light just above the N. horizon, 3° or 4° elevated at center; 


amplitude 


60°, more or less. I saw no streamers. 


May 27th.—No A.B. seen to 10h, yet somewhat suspected. 
June 2d.—No A.B. to 9h 50m, but slightly suspected about that time. 


15 


114 


1850. 
June 6 


July 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


Clear in general, but hazy around horizon. No A.B, to 10". 

Clear in general, but very hazy around horizon. No A.B. to 108. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%, and doubtless all night. 

M’y ov’t: ohs. n’y impos. to 104"; no A.B. cert. seen; some slight 

Clear) INoeASB: tonl0®. suspicions. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10%, lie 

Clear. No A.B, to 10%. 

Mostly clouded. Moon. No A.B, seen to 10", but obs. n’y impos. 

Partly cloudy. Moon. At 11" no A.B. seen. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

Ov’t; rain. Obs. impos. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 104}. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10, and probably all night. _ 

Ov’t, thinly. Moon. Obs. impos. to 10%, and probably all night. 

Clear, chiefly. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

Clear. Mood No A.B. seen to 10". é 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Nearly clear. N. somewhat clouded. No A.B. to 10%. 

Cl’r, except that the N. is partly obse. by cl’ds. No A.B. to 9" 50™ 

Clear. No A.B. to 10", but slightly suspected about 10°. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

Ov’t. Lightning d’g ev’g in N. Obs. impos. to 93", and d’s later. 

Clear. No A.B. at 103%. Within doors from 9" to 103%.* 

Nearly clear to 10", but then clouding up, so as to prevent obs. 

Clear. No A.B. to.10". 

Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

Clear. No A.B. to 102. 

Clear.* (388) 

Clear. No A.B. to 10%.* (389) 

Ov’t early; clearing towards 10°; no A.B. to 10", but N. som’t obse. 

Ovy’t at 10". Scud from south. Obs. impos. 

Ov’t; rainy. Obs. impos, to 10", and prob. all night. [impos. 
; : ’ I g E 

Mostly clouded with sea-scud: moon: no A.B, seen to 10": obs. n’y 

Ov't. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

P’y ov’t: obs. impos. to 10". [N’y cl’r, low cloud in N., no A.B. at 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". [10": moon. (F. B.)] 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 

Nearly ov’t; clouds broken. Moon. Obs. impos. to 10", 

Nearly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9" 50". [Norto ll. (F. B.)] 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless later. 

Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10°. 


July 6th.—A.B. strongly suspected at 9h 45m, [F. B.] 
July 11th.—Fine display of A.B., beginning as early at least as 8h 55m, 
July 12th.—A.B. about 12h; faint, some streamers. [F. B.] 


Ferrich’s Auroral Register. 115 

1850. ; 
July 27|Ov’t to 103%, and probably all night. Obs. impos. 

28| Mostly ov’t to 10". Unwell and did not observe personally. 

29| Mostly clear, but some clouds about the N. No A.B. to 104%, 

30| Much cl’ded until about 10", when nearly cl’r. No A.B. seen to 10", 

31|Ov’t in N.; obs. n’y impos. to 10"; c’rin S.E. and zenith 93 to 10%, 
Ang. 1) Cl’rto 10", when sky n’y filled with thin broken cl’ds: no A.B. to 105. 
2|Nearly clear. No A.B. to 103°. 
3|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10" at least. 
4|Clouded below alt. of 80°. Clear above. No A.B. seen to 94". 
5|Clear for the most part, but some clouds in N. No A.B. to 10%. 
6|Ov’t. Thunder shower 8" to 93". Obs. impos. to 10" at least. 
7|Much clouded. About 102 N. nearly clear. No A.B. then. 
8) Very hazy. Obs. nearly impos. to 10". Ov’t at daylight of 9th. 
9| Mostly clear. A.B.* (390) 
Clear. Probably a faint A.B. about 9". Retired at 93>.* (391) 
11/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9°. 
12) Clear, but somewhat hazy about horizon. Moon.* 
13/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10° at least. 
(Ov’t; clouds broken. Moon. Obs. impos. 
15 Ov’t until about 10", when N. p’y cl’r: moon: no A.B. seen to 10", 
16| Mostly ov’t. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", but obs. nec’y imperf. 
17|Clear. Moon.* 
18} Clear to 93°, when the N. was ov’t. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93".* 
19 M’y ov’t. Moon. Obs. n’y or quite impos. to 93", and p. all night. 
20 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless later. 
21|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93%. [Norto11%. (F. B.)] 
22 Mostly c’r, but some cl’ds low in N.: moon: no A.B. seen to 103. 
23 N. mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 11". 
24) N. ov’t, and before 10 the whule sky ov’t: obs. impos. all night d’s. 
25|Clear. No A.B. seen to 9°. 
26|Clear. No A.B. seen to 10}. 
27|Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 
28|Clear. No A.B. to 945. [A.B. slightly suspected at 103". (F.B.)] 
29|Clear. No A.B. to 943. 
30| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 9". 

31|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
Sept. 1/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 


_ 
oO 


= 
cS 


2)Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
3|Clear. A.B., no streamers seen, low on hor., chiefly E. of N. (392) 
4|Clear. <A.B., diffuse light, some streamers. (393) 
5|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and prob. all night. [p. all night. 
6| M’y ov’t after 8": no A.B. seen to 9", but obs. after 8" n’y impos., and 
7|Ov't and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
8|Clear. No A.B. to 8. |A.B. strongly suspected at 103". (F. B.)] 
9, Ovwt. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 

10! Mostly ov’t to about 9", then partially clearing.* (394) 


Aug. 9th.—First seen about 8h 45m, then a faint light along N. horizon, visible most of the 
night. About 1h a.m. of 10th, arch 2° or 3° high, amplitude 70°, more or less; many stream- 
ers 20° to 50° high; streamers again between 2h and dh, 

Aug. 10th.—Streamers. [Mr. Mason C. Weld.] 

Aug. 12th.—No A.B. to 10h, yet slightly suspected. 

Aug. 17th.—No A.B. seen to 10h, but I scarcely made any observation. [A.B. suspected. 
(F. B.)] 

Aug. 18th.—A.B. suspected at 10h 15m. [F. B.] . 

Sept. 10th.—An A.B. was seen at 9h, many streamers, not very bright, through amplitude of 
60° or more, chiefly W. of N., reaching up 10° or 15°, cloud on horizon concealing much. At 
9h 15m, more cloudy and little to be seen. 


116 Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


Sept. 11|Clear. Moon begins to interfere. No A.B. to 93% 
TesE. Cy at Lyme. Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9". 
13/Clear. Moon. No A.B, seen to 10. 
14|}Clear, Moon. No A.B. to 10%. [F.B.] Did not watch personally. 
15|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9%.* 
16|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 
17|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93}. 
18|E. C. H. at New York City. Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10°. 
19|E. C. H. at N. Y. City. At 103" clear: moon: no A.B, seen to 103" 
20|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93%. 
21|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", 
22|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9%. 
23|/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93%. Slightly suspected about 8". 
24/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10" at least. 
25}Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10" at least, and doubtless all night. 
26,/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. [later. 
27/Ov’t; thunder shower s"'to 9, and later: obs. impos. to 93", and d’s 
28|Ov? t to 835; aft. c’dsab’t N.: no A.B. seen to 934, but obs. imperf. 
29)Clear: no A.B. seen to 10"; within most of ev’e: obs. not thorough. 
30|Clear, except N. partly clouded.* (395) 
Oct. 1) Very ‘clear, A.B.* (396) 
2|Very cl’r. A.B., streamers 20° to 30° high, seen to ab’t 10", (397) 
3/Clear. Slight suspicions of A.B. during the ev "es unc. at 99". 
4|Clear. No A.B. Unwell, and did not watch personally, 
5|M’y ov’t to about 93°, and obs, impos. At 92" clear, and no A.B. 
6|Clear. No A.B. to 93". 
7|Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
8|Mostly ov’t in N. No A.B. seen to 9", and obs. nearly impos. 
9|Cloudy and hazy, but N. clear in part. No A.B. to 103°. 
10|Cl’ss but hazy. Moon begins to interfere. No A.B. seen to 10°. 
11)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
12/Ov’t. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 9" at least. 
13|Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 9". 
14|Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 95. 
15|;Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 
16|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9", 
17\Ov’t. Moon, Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
18\/Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 104", and doubtless all night. 
19|Cloudy early nev’g. At 9" (at least) clear: moon: no A, B. to SS 
20/Ov’t and ramy. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
21|\Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 103". 
22/Cloudless, but hazy. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 
23 Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 105. 
24/Ov’t and rainy. Obs, impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
25/Ov’t; some rain, Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
26 Ov't: rainy. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 
27|Clear, No A.B. at 7%. Within doors from 7" to 9.* (398) 
28/Clear. No A.B. to ae 


Sept. 15th.—A.B. at Newport at midnight; red light. [Professor James Hadley. ] 

Sept. 80th.—A.B. slight, not suspected until about 9h, A low diffuse light, amplitude 80° or 
more. At 10h brighter, sky cloudier. I saw no streamers. 

Oct. 1st.—First seen at 9h, probably visible earlier; a general light. (Streamers between 
7h and &h.) 

Oct. 27th.—About 9h a slight A.B., merely a faint diffuse light extending 2° or 3° upward 
from horizon. 


Herrich’s Auroral Register. 117 


Clear. <A very slight auroral illumination about 7".* 399) 
M’y cl’r to 7", no A.B.: within 7" to 92"; much cl’ded 92" to1* ; obs. 


Clear. No A.B. to 105. [m’y impos. : no AB. seen. 
E. C. H. at Hartford. Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10" at least. 


2|Partly clear. No A.B. to 7°. 


Dee. 


19 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 8", and doubtless all night, 

Nearly clear, growing hazy. No A.B. to 10} 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. [seen. 
P’y cl’r 6" to 7"; soon after 7" ov’t, and thus to 103" at least: no A.B. 
Clear. No A.B. to 9". 

Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93”. [no A.B. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B.seento 9". At5" a.m. of 11th very cl’r, and 
M’y ov’t to 7": moon: obs. impos.: within 7" to 9": at 9" ov’t, and 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10" at least. [obs. impos. to 10", p. all n’t. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 95. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9°. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 

Owt and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and d’s all night. [obs. 
M’y ov’t: moon: within 7" to 8": before, and after to 9", too cl’y for 
Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably later. 
Much clouded. Moon. Obs. impos. to 9", 

Ovt. Obs, impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9$*. 

Clear. Moon after about 8". No A.B. to 9%. 

Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 9". 

Clear. Within from 7° to 9". No A.B. to 93. [impos. to 10", 
Cl’r to 7", no A.B.: m’y within 7" to 9": aft. 9" m’y ov’t, and obs. n’y 
Owt. Obs. impos, to 10", and probably all night. 

Partly clear. Did not watch personally. 

Ov’t; drizzling rain. Obs. impos. to 103", and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless all night. 
Clear. No A.B. to 9". 

Nearly clear. No A.B. to 735. 

Ovw't. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 103, and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10%, and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9". Cleared up about 10°, 

Clear. No A.B. to 10". Within fron 7" to 164 

Ovy’t. Obs. impos. to 9" at least. 

Cloudy early; after 8" mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 94°, 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9}" at least. 

Cloudy. Obs. impos. to 94" at least. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93%. 

Partly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9%. 

Clear: moon: no A.B. seen to 93": within 7° to 9®: ov’t at 4" a.m. 
Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9%. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9°. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 


20|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9}". 


Oct. 29th.—Looking several times after, I saw no trace of it to 1%. 


} 
118 Hervrick’s Auroral Register. | 
| 
i 
Dec. 21|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93". About 94° clouds slightly broken. | 
22)Qv’t and raining, Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. | 
23)/Ovt. Obs. impos. to 93", at which time sky clearing up. | 
24!Clear. No A.B. to 934. 
* * * 


* * * * * 


27\ Very clear. No A.B. to 9". Within doors most of evening. | 
28 Ov’t; snow and sleet. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. | 
29,/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9". At 6" a.m. of 30th clear, and no A.B. 
89|Clear. No A.B. to 9", but at times slightly suspected. 

31) Ov’t, but toward midnight a few stars oc’y vis.: obs. impos. to 12". 


Jan, 1/Sky very clear. No A.B. visible to 9". 
2|E. C. H. bet’n Bridgeport and N. Y.: cl’r: no A.B. to 93", or at 11%. 
3/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
4|Very clear. No A.B. to 93", yet slightly suspected about 93>. | 
5 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and p. all night. —[10" at least: no A.B. | 
6 | Cl’r early in ev’g to ab’t 8", when growing hazy, and by 9" ov’t; so to 
7) Ov’t to about 8", after which time clear. Moon. No A.B. to 92°. | 
8 Gradually cl’ding over, and by 83" wh’y ov’t: obs. impos. to 93", d’s | 
9 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and d’s all night. [all night. | 

10;Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9" at least. | 

11] Nearly clear to 73". Moon.* [most of ev’g. | 

12|N’ycl’r; some cl’dslowin N: moon: no A.B. at 6}" or 84"; within | 

13/Ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 9" at least. | 

14 Hazy. Moon. Obs. impos. to 9" at least. | 

15 Thinly ov’t. Moon, Obs. impos. to 93", and probably all night. | 

16, Very hazy. Moon. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

17 Ov’t, clouds more or less broken. Moon. Obs. impos. to 9". | 

18| Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. to.9". [all night. 

19| At 63" cl’r, and no A.B.:; within from 63" to 9": at 9 ov’t,andsod’s | 

20 Nearly clear, but hazy to a considerable altitude. No A.B, to 9". 


21|/Clear. No A.B. to 945.* (400) 
22|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 102° at least. 
23|Clear. Slight A.B. about 7°.* (401) 


24|Clear. No A.B. to 93°. 
25|Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 
26|Clear. No A.B. to 83". 
27|Clear. No A.B, to 834.* 
28 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
29|Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 
30| Very clear. No A.B. to 9°. 
31| Very clear. No A.B. to 9%. 
Feb, 1) Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
2\Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 
3, Clear. No A.B. to 9", but some suspicions of a faint light about 9". 
4\Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9" at least. 
5 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
6 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", yet slightly suspected. 
7\Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10." 


Jan. 11th.—Some slight suspicions of A.B. After 7h 80m too cloudy for observation to 9h at 
least. 

Jan. 2ist.—A single auroral streamer seen about 6h 30m by Mr. Lyman Baird. It extended 
upward about 20°. 

Jan. 23d.—Merely a low bank about 15° amplitude, for a short time. Saw no other auroral 
appearances during the evening to 9h 30m, but did not watch closely. 

Jan. 27th.—Although occasionally I slightly suspected a very faint light. 


Hervrick’s Auroral Register. 119 


1851, 
Feb. M3 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9". 

9|Ov’t and misty. Obs. impos. to 9". 
10|Ov’t, misty and rainy. Obs. impos. to 93", and d’s all night. 
11{Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 
12|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9. 
13|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93". 
14/Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
15|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and probably all night. 
16|N’y cl’r: moon: no A. B. seen to 9°, but cl’ds interf. to some extent. 
Way @lear. © No A.B: to:9". 
18}Clear. A.B. all the evening.t (402) 
19|Clear: about 9" susp. a faint auroral light, otherwise no A.B. to 10", 
20|Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
21) Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
22|Clear at high altitudes. Foggy. No A.B. seen to 9". 
23\Clear. No A.B. about 9". Within doors at earlier hours. 
24/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9" at least. 
25|Clear. No A.B. to 93°.t 


26|Much clouded in the N. No A.B. seen to 10", but obs. nec’y unc. 
Sa % * * % * * * 


b 


Oct. 1/Clear: moon: no A.B. seen 63° to 7", or at 9°: within 7" to 95, 
2|Clear. Moon. A.B. as early as 92, and probably earlier.* (408) 
3\Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

4|/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 82". 

5|/Ov’t at 8°, and obs. impos. 

6|Clear, or nearly so. Moon. No A.B. to 9% 

7|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9%, 

8|Clear, but somewhat hazy. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9°. 
9/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 94". 

10/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9}. 

11|Ov’t to 9" at least, and obs. impos. 

12|Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 83", and doubtless all night. 
13!Nearly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9°. 


Oct. 2d.—A low indistinct arch, and about 10h some streamers. 


+ Near the close of February, 1851, Mr. Herrick was attacked by a fit of sickness so severe 
that it was not supposed that he could survive it. From this sickness he recovered very slowly. 
In August he was able to give partial attention to business, but his Journal was not resumed 
till October. The following record was left by Mr. Herrick upon a loose sheet. It is inferred 
that at least a portion of these observations could not have been made by him. 


i851. 
Feb. 18 | Clear. Moon. Fine auroral arch at 7h, 3° or 4° high; continued to 9h45m, Alti- 
tude 23°, and amplitude 120° to 150°. Sometimes there was more than one arch. 
At 10h 30m er 10h 45m the northern sky was filled with red streamers and white; 
so to 11h at least. Two-thirds of the sky was filled with auroral matter and 
streamers; could occasionally see an imperfect corona. Soon after 11h it sub- 
sided almost entirely. Did not look after this. 
25| Clear. No A.B. to 10h 30m, A slight suspicion however. 
28| Ov’t to 9h, and probably later. 
March 7) Ov’t and snowing at 8h; probably oy’t during night. 
12| Thinly ov’t to 10h, No A.B. seen. 
22|Clear. <A general light low down about 8h 45m, (403) 
28|Clr: A.B.; first noticed streamers at 9h 30m: no arch, not much light at 11h30m, (404) 
29|Clear, A. B., ill-defined arch 1° to 1° 30’ high; only’ a few streamers at 9b, (405) 
31|Clear. No A.B. at 10h 30m. 
April 28) Ov’t to 10h, 
May 1) Broken clouds about 8b. Mr. E. W. Blake saw A.B. about 10h 30m to 11h; saw no 
streamers. (406) 
7| Ov’t to 10h. 
June 5/A.B. Arch 40° to 50° high. (407) 
7\Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9h 30m, 


120 Flerrvick’s Auroral Register. 


1851. 
Oct. 14|E. C. H. at New York City. Clear. No A.B. seen to 94". 
15|E. C. H. at Scranton, Pa. Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 
16|E. C. H. at Scranton, Pa. Clear. No A.B. to 9°. [seen to 10%, 
17|E. C. H. on Erie R.R. from to N.Y. City until 93": cl’r: no A.B. 


18|Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9° at least. 

\M’y ov’t: cl’ring off about 9°: obs. n’y impos. to 9°: no A.B. seen. 
20\Clear. A.B. all the evening from about 63°.* (409) 
21|M’y ov’t, and N. entirely so. Obs. impos. to 93", and d’s all night. 
22 Ov’t to about 9; from 9" to 10" clear, and no A.B. 
23|Clear. A.B., not seen till about 8}°.* (410) 


24 | Nearly clear early in ev’g, and no A.B. to 8°. ‘At SING owt 
25 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
26 | Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 8", and doubtless all night. 
27|Clear. No A.B. to 9". 
28|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93" at least.* (411) 
29 Ov’t, with sea-scud and other thin clouds. Obs. impos. to 93 
30/Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless later. 
81|Clear. No A.B. seen to 93". Moon. [advances. 
Noy. 1|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". Sky becoming hazy as ev’g 
2 P’ycl’r: moon: within 63" to 9": n’y ov’t at 63", and 9" to 93°: no 
3/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 94" at least. [ A.B. seen to 93". 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 94" at least. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 95" at least. 


'E. C. H.at N.Y.: clear: moon: no A.B, seen at 734, or at 93" to 93". 
8|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9$%, and probably all night. 

9 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 8", and doubtless all night. 
10 Chiefly clear after about 7". Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 
11|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93". 
12 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%, and probably all night. 
13 | Ov’t, oc’l openings in N.: no A.B. seen to 10"; aft. too el’y for obs. 
14/Ov’t to 10" at least. Obs. impos, Rain during night. 
15 Ov’t in N., but p’y cl’r in other quarters: obs. impos. to 10° at least. 
16 Ovy’t to about 8", when the N. was nearly clear. No A.B. seen. 
17 Clear. No A.B. to LOM, 
18 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10°. 
19|Clear. No A.B. to 10". 
20 Clrab’t 6", and no A.B.: before 7" ov’t, and so to 11", and d’s all n’t. 
21 N’y cl’rab’t 6", andno A.B.: entirely ov’t 63° to 10", when the cl’ds 
22|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10". [were breaking away. 
23 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9” at least. 
24|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 
25 Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
26|Clear. No A.B. to 10°. , 
27|Partly clear. No A.B. seen to 10". 
28|Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10. 
29'Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 
30| Mostly clear. Moon, No A.B. seen to 10". Within from 7" to 9". 


Oct. 20th.—Amplitude 100°, more or less. Sundry streamers at about 7h 30m, some 20° to 
30° high; reddish in N.N.W., toward the horizon white light, bright. On the whole a fine dis- 
play on a small scale. 

Oct. 23d.—In general a low twilight illumination with few streamers. [Reported to me by 
Professor D. Olmsted. I did not see it.] 

Oct. 28th.—Later than this the sky was partly clear, and a display of the A.B. was seen, at in- 
tervals, until dawn. Numerous streamers and undulations ; no corona seen. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 12} 


1851. 
Dec. 1/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 


2|Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9%. 
3/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 
4,/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
5| Mostly clear; some clouds in N. Moon. No.A.B. seen to 105. 
6 Cloudless, but hazy. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9%. 
7 Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
8| Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", 
9|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93". 
10|Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 10". 
11|Clear. Moon after —. No A.B. seen to 9}. 
12|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10" at least. 
13|Clear after about 7%. No A.B. to 10%. 
14| Mostly oy’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
15|Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably much later. 
16|Clear. No A.B. to 93°. 
17|Clear. No A.B. to 944. 
18|Clear. No A.B. to 10%, 
19/Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 
* ® * * * ® fe * 
22/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
23| Mostly clear. No. A.B. to 94%. 
24, Ov’t. Snow early in evening. Obs. impos. to 10", and prob. later. 
25) Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10" at least. 
26|Clear. No A.B. to 94°. 
27,/Ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 93". 
28 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 108, and doubtless all night. 
29|Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 
30, Mostly ov’t. Moon. 
31/Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10” at least. 


1852. 
an. 1)Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 
2}Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. 
3)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
4/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9, and doubtless all night. 
5\Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
6|Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
7\Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 94°. 
8|Partly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10%. Obs. imperfect. 
9 Ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 10%. 


10 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 105. 

11|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10". 

12|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10". 

13 Ov’t for an hour or so; clear after about 8", and no A.B. seen to 10°. 
14/Ov’t m’y toab’t 9": at 93" to 10" m’y cl’r: susp. some auroral light. 
15| Cloudy early part of evening. Obs. impos. (?) 

16| Mostly clear after about 8°. No A.B. to 93. 

17| Mostly clear to about 8", after that becoming cloudy. 

18\Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 94%, and doubtless all night. 
19|Clear. A.B. all night.* (412) 
20/Clear to about 9", after which becoming cl’y. No A.B. seen to 9°. 


Jan. 19th.—Mostly only an illumination along N. horizon, through amplitude of 100° to 120°, 
5° and more high. About 1h a.m. of 20th, a great display of streamers and red lights; more 
than half the sky filled with them, and southerly and southwesterly beyond the coronal point. 
At 5b 30m a.m. only low white light in N. 


16 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Herrick's Auroral Register. 


21|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 10". 

22 Cl’r: faint illumination, supposed to be auroral, but doubtful, to 93°. 
23|Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 

24|Clear. No A.B. to 104. 

25|Clear. No A.B. to 934. 

26|Clear. Moon, No A.B, seen to 10°. 

27|Clear until about 83". Moon. No A.B. seen. 

28) Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 944, and probably all night. 

29 M’y cl’r to about 9": moon: no A.B. seen: becoming cl’y about 9". 
30/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10, and probably all night. 

31|/Ov’t; sleet falling sparingly. Obs. impos. to 94°, and d’s all night. 
1 Clearing up. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9", but obs. imperfect. 
2;Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9°. 

3|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93", 

4\Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9°. 

5|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93". 

6 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably later. 

7\Clear. Moon. No A.B. at about 8". 

8|/Clear. No A.B. 

9|/Clear. No A.B. to 105, 

10 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

11/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably later. 

12 Partly clouded. No A.B, seen to 10%, 


14|Clear. No A.B. to 9%, 

15 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

16 Clear. Faint auroral dawn.* 413) 

17| Clear, no A.B. seen to about 8", when it was becoming cl’y.* (414) 

18|Clear, A.B. all the evening.* 415) 

19|Clear, A.B, all the evening, and probably ail night.* tie 

20|Clear. Slight A.B.* be 

21|/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10" at least. 

22 P’y cl’r to ab’t 73", after ov’t: no A.B. seen to 74, after obs. impos. 

23 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and prob. most of night. [seen to 9%, 

24 P’y cl’r, but N. more or less obsc.: moon begins to intert:: no A.B, 

25\Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 104, 

26 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 94%. 

27 Ov’t to 10", and obs. impos. 

28 Ov’t; snow and rain. Obs. impos. to 9", and all night. 

29 Mostly clear: moon: N. embarrassed by cl’ds: no A.B. seen to 9", 
1 | Ov't. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

2'Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93}, 

3 (Clear, Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", 

4 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and p. all night. [opportunity for obs. 

5 ‘Embarrassed by flying cl’ds: moon: no A.B. seen to 9"; but little 

6 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 95" at least. Cleared off during night. 

7\Clear. Moon. A.B. all the evening.* (418) 

s'Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", 


Feb. 16th.—About 7h 30m Mr. F. Bradley saw an auroral cloud in Ursa Major, narrow, and 
soon fading. 
Feb, 17th.—About 4h a.m. of 18th, a display of the A.B. visible, of considerable splendor and 


extent. 


Feb. 18th.—Not a great display ; much general light and occasional streamers. 

Feb. 19th.—A splendid display, and not often surpassed. About 7h, 10h 30m, and 1h, most 
remarkable, the heavens two-thirds full of pulsating auroral sheets and patches; some red light. 

Feb. 20th.—A faint and limited illumination, with occasional streamers. 

March 7th.—A clear but limited illumination reaching up 8° to 5°. I saw no streamers. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 123 


1852. 


Mar. 


9 Sea Suspected faint auroral light to 10".* (419) 
10 |Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

11/Clear. No A.B. to 10°. 

12 de but beginning to clear off ab’t 9": obs. n’y or quite impos. to 94, 
13| Mostly ov’t to 9" at least. 

14/Ov't are rainy. Obs. impos. to 9" at least. 

15|Clear. No A.B. to 9". 

16|Clear, No A.B. to 10, 

17|Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
18/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10" at least. 

19| Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 93 at least. 
20\Clear. No A.B. to 10%. 

21)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

22)/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 95", and doubtless all night. 

23)/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9". 

24/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10, and probably all night. 

25|)Clear. Moon. -No A.B. seen to 9°. 

26)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 

27\Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably much later. 

28/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 9°. 

29)Ov’t early part of evening. About 9" mostly clear, and no A.B. 
30|Ov’t to 11", and probably all night. 

31)Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless later. 


April 1/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93°. 


2|Ov’t with flying clouds. No opportunity for obs. to 9%. 
3|Much clouded. Moon. No good obs. to 9" 
4|Ov’t to 9", and doubtless all night. 
5|Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
6|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93°. 
7|Clear. No A.B. at 83°. 
8)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9". 
9/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
10{Clear: slight A.B. at 9": a light on hor.; Isaw nostreamers. (420) 
11/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10°. 
12/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10, and doubtless all night. 
13|Ov’t most of evening. About 10" clear, and no A.B. 
14/Ovy’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
15|Ovw’t most of evening. About 10" clear, and no A.B. 
16\Clear. No A.B. to 9}, or but slightly suspected. 
i7|Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 
18 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
19|Oy’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
20/Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
21| Mostly oy’t, and obs. impos. to 9° at least. Mostly ov’t about 12%. 
22)Mostly clear. A.B. all the evening; fine display at times. (421) 
23/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless later. 
24/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93". 
25;Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9". 
26|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless later. 
27\Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 
28/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 9". 
29,/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 9°. 
30'Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9". 


March 9th.—Professor D. Olmsted states that there was a faint A.B., yet certain, about 8h, 


124 Herrick’s Auroral Register. 
1852. 

May 1/Ov’t to 9% at least. 
2|Clear. Moon. No A.B. at 83+. 
3|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 
4;Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 82", 
5|/Clear. No A.B. to 94. 
6/Clear. No A.B, to 94. 
7|Clear, but hazy about horizon. No A.B. to 93" 
8|Cloudless, but hazy. No A.B. at 82. 
9|Clear after about 842. No A.B. to 9". ; 

10|/Clear. Slight A.B., hardly certain until about 93°.* (422) 


11/ Nearly clear. No A.B. to 93". 

12|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9°, and probably all night. 

13| Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 10%, No A.B. seen. 
14/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

15|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 108, and doubtless all night. 

16| Partly clear to about 9", and no A.B. After that becoming cl’y. 


17| Mostly ov’t, and after about 9" wholly so.* (423 
18/Clear. A.B. all the evening.* 424 
19|Sky embarrassed bys clouds’ “early part of evening.* 425 
20| Mostly clear. A.B.* 426 
21)Partly clouded. Slight A.B.; no streamers seen. a 


22|Mostly clear. No A.B. to on, but obs. necessarily imperfect. 
23) Mostly ov’t, and obs. nearly impos. No A.B, seen to 9%. 
4|No A.B. seen or suspected. 

5|Clear. Moon. No A.B. at 9%. 

6|;Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93%, and probably all night. 

7|Ov’t. Obs, impos, to 9", and doubtless all night. 

8|/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9h, and doubtless all night. 

9|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to gh, and probably all night. 

0|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9", 

1| Nearly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9", but obs. imperfect. 
1!M’y ov’t: moon: obs. n’y or quite impos. to 9" [to 10" as reported. ] 
2\|K. C. H. at Lyme. Sky much clouded. No A.B. seen at 92. 
3 
4 
5 
6 
a 
8 
9 


wWwwnmnnwnwnr ty 


June 


KE. C. H. at Lyme. Sky partly clouded, and obs. n’y impos. to 93" 
Much clouded. Obs. nearly impos. to O45, 

Clr: slight A.B. ab’t 93"; several streamers 10° or 15° high. (428) 
Ov’t at 9": obs. n’ y impos.: A.B. strongly susp. by Mr. J. Edmands. 
Mostly ov’t. At 103" nearly clear, and no A.B., as I am told. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 94” at least. 

Clear. No A.B. at 10°. 

10|Clear. No A.B., as reported to me.* (429) 
11/Clear. A.B. all the evening.* (430) 
12|Clear. No A.B. at 92". 

13|Clear. Did not observe personally. No A.B., fide Mr. J. Edmands. 
14|Clear: no A.B. at 103" to 11", as reported to me: did not myself obs. 


May 10th.—Then only a faint low light. About —h a few streamers 10° to 20° high, seen by 
others, 

May 17th.—A.B., as I concluded, about 8h 45m; seen in clear spaces among clouds, almost be- 
yond doubt. 

May 18th.—General light, rather strong, but not extensive; in amplitude 60°, more or less, 
altitude 10°, more or less. No streamers seen. 

May 19th. "After 10h sky more clear. A.B. general bright illumination. No streamers seen. 
I did not observe the A.B. myself. 

May 20th.—General light and some streamers about 10h, 

June 10th.—Mr. F. Bradley saw slight A.B. about 11h. 

June 11th.—Generai jight in the N. with some streamers, from an early hour to, say, about 
9h, A serpentine belt from E. to W. from about 9h 30m to 9h 58m, 


1862. 
June 15 


16 


July 1 


6 
a 
8 
9 


14, 


15 
16 
17 
18 


21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 


Aug. 1) 


June 15 
streamers 
June 16 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 125 
g 


Clear. A.B.* (431) 
Clear chiefly about 10". A.B.* (432 
Ov’t and showery. Obs. n’y or quite impos. to 10", and p. all night.* 
Nearly clear. No A.B. to 10" — 

[tome: I did not obs. personally, 
Thunder shower 8" to 9"; cl’ring aft. 9: no A.B. to 10", as reported 
M’y cl’r: no A.B, to 10". Obs. by others, as I retired too early. 
Clear. No A.B. to 10% Obs. by others. 

Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10". Obs. by others. 

Mostly ov’t. Obs. n’y or quite impos. to 10". CPred off in night. 
Very clear: moon: no A.B. to 11", fide Mr, H. A. Newton: did not 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10°. [obs. personally. 
Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. nearly impos. at 10". 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", as reported by others. 
Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10", as reported by others. 
Mostly clear. Moon, No A.B. seen to 10", as reported by others. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to —", and probably all night. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 10", as reported. 

Ov’t, almost wholly at 9$", and obs. impos. 

Mostly clear. No A.B., as reported, to 10". 

Clear. No A.B., as reported, to 10". 

‘Clear. A.B. about 10"; a low general light.* (433) 
Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 10”. 


|Clear. No A.B. to 105. 
Clear. A.B. about 103", and probably earlier.* (434) 
* % * * x * * * 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably most of the night. 

Clear. No A.B. at 10°. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Mostly clear. Did not obs. personally. No A.B., as reported to me. 

Cl’r: did not obs. personally: no A.B.,as reported to me: at 2” a.m, 
4 = . = * * [clear, and no A.B. 

‘Clear. Moon, 

‘Clear. Moon. 

‘Clear. Moon. 

Mostly clear, Moon. No A.B. seen. 

|No A.B. seen. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B, seen at 93". 

‘Clear. Moon. 

‘Clear. Moon. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10%, and doubtless all night. 

Owt. Obs, impos. to 10%, 

Ov’t. Obs. ios to 10", supposed. 

Oy’t at 9", and obs. impos,: at 2” a.m. of 2d cP’r: moon, and no A.B. 

Considerably clouded. Moon. Obs. at 9" nearly impos. 

Very clear. No A.B. to 9". 

love, Obs, impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. Rain, 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. at 10%, and probably all night. 


th—A general illumination, amplitude 100°, and altitude 25°, more or less; few 
if any. 
th.—General light, and sundry streamers reaching up 20°, more or less. 


June 17th.—Suspicions of A.B. through crevices and thin spots in the clouds. 
July 6th.—Professor D. Olmsted saw a few streamers. 
July 9th.—An illumination on horizon, not extending upward more than 10° (fide Mr. J. Ed- 


mands). 


Did not observe personally. 


Sept. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


Clear. No obs. by myself. No A.B., as reported. 

Clear. No A.B. to 9", 

P’y cl’r: no obs. by myself. Almost entirely ov’t during night. 
Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. all night. 

Clr: slight A.B.,asimple dawn: at 3" a.M., same appearance. (435) 
Clear. No A.B. to 10", as reported. Did not observe personally. 
Mostly clear. No A.B. to 9", as reported. 

Clear. No A.B. to 9", or to 10", as reported. 

Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 

Ov’t. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
Partly clear. No A.B. to 83", but obs. embarrassed by clouds, 
Clear. No obs. by myself. 

Clear but hazy, especially about horizon. No obs. personally. 
Ov’t. Gbs. impos. to 83" at least. 

Mostly ov’t to 8" at least. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 832. 

Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 9°. 

Ov’t to 8$", and probably all night. Obs. impos. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 8", and probably all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

Thinly ov’t. Moon. Obs: nearly or quite impos. 

Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9%, and d’s all night. ain in the night. 
Mostly clear to 832, and no A.B. At 9" ov’t. Moon. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9%, 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 94. 

Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 

Ov’t and rainy. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 9" at least. 
Clear. A.B. reported to me, but doubtful. 

Clear. No A.B. to 95, 

Clear: no A.B. to 84": slight display of A.B. bet’n 9" and 10%. (436) 
Clear. No A.B. to 834. 


Clear. No obs. 

Ov’t. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
Clear. No A.B. to 83". 

Very clear. No A.B. to 9", but suspected. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 8", and probably all night. 
Considerably obscured. No A.B. seen to 9", 


Clear. Slight A.B.* (437 
Clear. Moon. Slight A.B. No streamers seen. (438 
Partly clear. Moon. No A.B. to 844. 

Partly clear. Moon. No A.B. to 832.* (439) 
Much clouded. Moon. Obs. nearly impos. to 83" at least. 
Broken clouds. A.B. between 114° and 11}".* (440) 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 


Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9%. 
Mostly clouded. Moon. About 10" clear, and no A.B. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. 


26|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 


Sept. 16th.—A few streamers seen about 7h; after that, a low light. 
Sept. 19th.—A slight A.B. about midnight reported by Professor D, Olmsted. 
Sept. 2ist.—A few streamers about 10° high. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 127 


Ov’t; rainy 8" to 9". Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 


28 | Mostly ov’t. Obs. mostly impos. 

29/Clear, Moon. A.B. about 73°.* (441) 

30] M’y ov’t: no A.B. seen to 83", but much of time obs. embarrassed by 
Oct. 1)|Mostly clear. No A.B. seen to 8}. [clouds. 


2!Clear. No A.B. at 7® 25™. 


Nov. 


Foe mnsT Oar WN = 


alll eel 


Mostly ov’t, and entirely so at 83%. 


Clear. A.B. most of the evening.* (442) 
Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

Mostly clear. No A.B. to 9, or at 1034. 

Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
Ov’t to 10" at least, and obs. impos, 

Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 

Much clouded. No A.B. seen to 9°, 

Much clouded. No A.B. seen to 9%. Ovy’t next morning. 
Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
Much clouded. Obs. necessarily imperfect. No A.B. at 8". 


Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9%, and doubtless much later. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9" at least. 

Partly clear before 7", and after 84°. Moon.* No A.B. (443) 
Clear. Moon.* (444) 
Much clouded. Moon.* 

Partly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9% 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9%. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9%. 

Cl’y ab’t the N. early inev’g; after thatn’ycl’r. Moon. No A.B. 
Clear. No A.B. to 95, 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. nearly impos. 

Ovy’t. Obs. impos. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 83", and probably all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t and rainy early in ev’g: cl’red up bet’n 7" and 8", and remained. 
Clear. No A.B. to 9". 

Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 

Partly clear early in the evening. Obs. impos. 

Ov’t and rainy, Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 

Mostly oy’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 9" at least. No A.B. seen. 
Ovt. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless later, 

Mostly clear. No A.B. to 8%.* a) 
Clear. E. C. H. at New London, Ct.* (446 


Sept. 29th.—An arch about 100° amplitude, 10° or 15° high at vertex. I saw no streamers, 
and after about 8h I could not see the aurora. 

Oct. 5th.—Many streamers, perhaps 10° high. Seen chiefly between 7h and 9h, 

Oct. 19th.—At 11h and after, A.B., 45° to 60° in amplitude, low on horizon. Reported by 
Mr. H. A. Newton. : 

Oct. 20th.—Auroral streamers about 9h (none seen before), bright and extending up 10° or 15°, 

Oct. 2ist.—Some suspicions of A.B., but very uncertain to 9b. . * 

Noy. 10th.—A.B. about 9h; amplitude 30° or 40°, streamers extending 8° or 10° high. Fide 
Mr. H. A. Newton. 

Noy. 11th.—A.B. from 7h to 11h, amplitude 110° or 120°, general light, no streamers seen. 
[Mr. H. A. Newton.] 


Dec. 


Nov. 12th.—A.B. seen between 11h and 12h, and also about 1h a.m. of 13th; a few streamers, 
but not much display. From midnight to dawn, more or less cloudy. 

Nov. 14th.—Slight A.B. about 1h a.m. of 15th. Fide Professor D. Olmsted. 

Dec. 5th.—Slight A.B., extending perhaps 2° or 3° above horizon. No streamers to 9h, 

Dec, 29th.—A.B. seen near Hartford by Mr. H. A. Newton; streamers. 


Flerrick’s Auroral Register. 


Clear. No A.B. seen until about 11°.* (447) 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

Much cl’ded, and obs. therefore imperf. No A.B. seen to 8".* (448) 

res clear, except clouds on N. horizon. No A.B. seen to 9%. 
v't. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 8", and probably all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. | 

Ov’t to about 8°. Clearing up about 9". | 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 834. At 5® a.m. of 22d cl’r, no A.B. 

Ov’t; hail ab’t 7", ending in rain. Obs. impos. to 9", and d’s all n’t. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9" at least. Cleared up during the night. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 

Much clouded. Moon. No A.B. seen to 83". 

Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 93°, and doubtless all night. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9°. 

Clear. Moon rose about —'. No A.B, I did not obs. personally. 

Partly clouded. No A.B. seen to 7". 

Clear. No A.B. to 8. 

Clear. No A.B. to 84. 

Clear. No A.B. to 9". 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Chiefly clear.* (449) 

Mostly clear. No A.B. to 9%. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 11", and doubtless later. 

Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 8", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

Cloudy in part. At about 8" clear, and no A.B. 

M’y clear. No A.B. [Twilight A.B.. (Mr. H. A. Newton.)] (450) 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9". 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9". 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t and misty early part of the evening. A.B.10"to 11". (451) 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. 

Partly clear to about 8°. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. at 8". 

Cloudy in N. Moon. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 9" at least. 

Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos., doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 8" at least. Cleared off during the night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Partly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". Obs. uncertain. 

Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". Obs. uncertain.* 

Much clouded. About 8" nearly clear in N. and N.W., and no A.B. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 129 


1853. 
an. 1)Ov’t to about 8", thence clear. No A.B. 
2)Ov’t at 64°. 
3|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9°, and doubtless all night. 
4/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
5/Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 
6|Clear. No A.B. to 9%.* (452) 
7|Clear. No A.B. at 8". 
8|Clear. No A.B. to 9. 


9|Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 


10| Mostly ov’t. No A.B. seen to 9°. 

11/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

12|Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
13}Ov’t. Obs. impos. 

14| Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. 

15|Ov’t. Obs. impos. 


16|Clear. Moon. No A.B. at 8°. 

17| Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen about 8°. 
18|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably most of night. 
19|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9", 


21|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 
22|/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9". 
23)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9". 
24)/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9". 
25|Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 9°. 
26|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 83". 
27|Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 
28|Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 
29) Much clouded. No A.B. at 8". 
30|Clear. No A.B. to 8%. 
31|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9°. 
Feb. 1|/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
2)}Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9°. 
3/Clear. No A.B. to 9". . 
4/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
5|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
6|Ov’t and rainy to 8", and doubtless all night. 
7|Ov’t to 85", when it began to clear: obs. impos. to 83": no A.B. seen 
8| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 9°. [after, as lam informed. 
9|/Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 
10|Ov’t; some rain. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
11/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 
12|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9" at least. 
13|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9%, 
14|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen about 8°. (453) 
15|M’y ov’t: moon: obs. n’y or quite impos. to 10", and p. all night. 
16/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless later. 
17|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9°, 
18|/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
19|Ovy’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably later. 
20|Partly clear. Moon. No A.B, seen to 9". 


Jan. 6th.—Auroral arch in N. about 1h a.m. of 7th. [Fide Professor D. Olmsted. ] 
Feb. 14th.—Later, about 10h to 10h 15m, a display of the A.B. was seen: a low arch, and some 
bright streamers, extending perhaps 20° high. 


17 


130 Herrickh’s Auroral Register. 
1853. 
Feb. 21|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 84". 
22 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9". 
23) Ov’t. 
24 Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 
25|Clear. Moon after about 8". No A.B. 
26|Clear. No A.B. to 8%, 
27 Mostly clear, growing hazy. No A.B. to 9°. 
28 Ov’t. Obs. impos, to 9", and probably all night. 
Mar. 1 Ov’t and rainy. Obs, impos. to 10", and probably all might. 
2/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless later. 
3/Clear. No A.B. about 8". 
4 Oy’t and snowing. Obs, impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
5|Clear. No A.B. to 9", 
6|Clear. No A.B. at 9" or 105. 
7\Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
8 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
9| Mostly clear. 
10| Clear. 
11 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
12) Mostly ov’t. Clouds breaking up about 9". Obs. impos. 
13|Much clouded. 
14 Partly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen, but obs. embarrassed by el’ds, 
15|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 
16|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9" at least. 
17|Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B, seen to 9". 


19|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen after 9". 
20 Mostly owt in N. Moon. Obs. impos. at 8", 
21 P’y cl’r, but N. more or less obst. by el’ds: moon: no A.B. seen to 9". 
22 P’y cl’r, but N. more or less obst. by cl’ds: moon: no A.B. seen to 9", 
23 P’y cl’r, but N. more or less obst. by cl’ds: moon; no A.B, seen to 9", 
# * % * * * * % 
26, Ov’t. Obs, impos, to 9", and probably later. 
27 Mostly clear. Slight A.B.; no streamers seen to 83", (454) 
28|Clear, except cloud along N. horizon. No A.B. to 9". 
29|Clear. No A.B. at 8". 
30|/Clear. No A.B. at 9". [Fide Mr. J. Edmands. ] 
31,Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all mght. 
Apr. 1/Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 
2|Clear. No A.B. to 9". 


3)Ov’t; rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

4 Ov’t, rainy, with thunder. Obs. impos. to 9", and d’s all night. 
5|Clear. A.B. seen at various times to 10}" at least.* (455) 
6| Clouded early part of evening.* (456) 
7\Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

8/Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 

9/Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 


10|Chiefly clear. Slight suspicions of A.B.* (457) 
11|Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 
12|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9". 


April 5th.— Amplitude 90°, more or less, altitude 8° to 12°. Some streamers. Illumination 
moderately bright. 

April 6th.—Between 9h and 10h A.B., less than on previous night, yet distinct. Amplitude 
50°, more or less. 

April 10th.—A.B. certain (fide Mr. J. Edmands), but not yery extensive, at 10h or later. 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 131 


Apr. 13|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9%. 
14/Ov’t and rainy. Obs, impos. 
15|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9°. 
* * * * * * * * 
20 Ov't. Obs. impos. to 9", after that clearing up. Moon. 
21/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 
22 Ovt and rainy. Thunder shower about 7". Obs. impos. to 9*. 
23|/Clear. Moon. No A.B. at 8". 
24 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 83", and doubtless all night. 
25 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
26|Clear. No A.B. to 93". 
27|Clear. No A.B. to 83". 
28|Clear. No obs. after 8". 
29, Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 83”. 
30/Clear. No A.B. at 83%. 
May 1/Clear. No A.B. to 94°. 
2 Clear. A.B., a considerable display.* (458) 
3 Nearly clear; hazy about N. No A.B. to 9", but slightly susp. 
4 Much clouded. Obs. nearly impos. to 8$" at least. 
5 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
6|Clear at 9». No A.B. then. 
7 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
8 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9". 
9|Clear. No A.B. at 9". 
10 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9" at least. 
11|Clear. No A.B. at 9%. 
12 Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. nearly impos. to 9°. 
13|Clear. Moon. A.B.* 


| * * * * * * 


(159) 


16 Hazy. Moon. Obs. nearly impos. to 9". 

17 Hazy and cloudy. Moon. Obs. nearly impos. to 9". 

18 ‘Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 93°. 

19 Ov’t, chiefly. Obs. impos. to 8}". 

20|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9%. 

21'Hazy. Moon. No A.B. to 9}. 

22|Clear. No obs. 

23 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9 at least, and probably all night. 

24 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 
25 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

26 Ov’t for the most part. Obs. impos to 9, and probably all night. 
27|Cloudless, but hazy. No A.B. to 93". 

28 Hazy. No A.B. seen to 8"; insuflicient obs. 

29|Hazy. No A.B. to 9}. 


30 | Ov’t. 
31 Clear. No A.B. to 103%.* (460) 
June 1/Clear. A.B. about 10.* (461) 


2 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9, and doulstiess all night. 
3 Ovt. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless most of night. 
4: Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably later. 


May 2d.—Amplitude 100° to 120°, arch in N. 25° to 30° high at vertex, many streamers, not 
very bright, some reaching up to 75° or 80° altitude. Observed from 8h 45m to 9h; did not 
look after this. 

May 13th.—Not very conspicuous, but certain. [Fide Mr. Lyman Baird.] 

May 31st.—At about 11h, I was quite sure that there was an auroral light in the N. 

June 1st.—A low light 70° to 90° amplitude, and 5°, more or less, elevation. I saw no 
streamers, 


132 Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


1853. 

June 5/|Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93" at least. [no A.B. 
6|Clear. I did not observe, but a friend states that at 10" there was 
7/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 94° at least. 

* * * * * %* * 
11|Clear. Moon. No A.B. at 95 to 934. 
12|Clear. Moon. No obs. after 9°. 
13|Ov’t. Obs. impos. at 94%. 

* * * * * * * * 


17|/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93" at least. 
18| Moon. Supposed clear. 
19 | Ov'’t. 
20|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9}. 
21|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93". 
22)Clear, in part. No obs., and probably too cloudy, 
23|}Ov’t. Obs, impos. 
24|Clear. No A.B. at 9%. 
25/Clear. No A.B. at 944. 
26 Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 9" at least, and p. all night. 
27) Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless most of night. 
28|Clear. No A.B. at 93". 
29) Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 94%. 
30|Much clouded. No obs. after 9", 
July 1|Partly cloudy. No A.B. to 944. 
2|Mostly clear. No obs. 
3/Ovt. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
4| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 93". 
5|Clear. No A.B. at 934. 
6|Clear. No A.B. at 94. 
7|Mostly clear. No A.B. at 9} 
8|Partly cloudy. No A.B. seen at 93". 
9} Rainy most of ev’g. Clearing up between 9" and 10". No obs. 
10) Partly clear. 
11|Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. to 9}*, and probably all night. 
12) Mostly clear, Moon, A.B., some general display.* (462) 
13|Partly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9}. 
14/Clear. Moon. No A.B. 
15|/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 94", and doubtless all night. 
* * % % * * 


18 | Ov’t. 
19} Ov’t. 
20|Nearly clear. Moon. Somewhat hazy. 


22|}Much clouded. Moon rose about 93*.* 
23|)Ov’t and rainy, 
* # x * * * * * 
30\Ov’t, almost wholly. 
31|Nearly clear. No A.B. to 94%. 
Aug. 1/Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos., probably all night. 
2\Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless later. 
3)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
41Clear. No A.B. to 93%, 


July 12th.—Between 11th and 12h, a narrow arch or belt spanned the heavens from E. to W. 
See a description by Mr. H. A. Newton, New Haven Morning Journal, July 14th. 
July 22d.—Slight suspicions of A.B., but probably due to moonlight. 


Sept. 


20 
21 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 183 


My ov’t: obs. impos. to 9": bet’n 9" and 10" m’y clear, and no A.B. : 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and p. all night. — [fide Mr. J. Edmands. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Qv’t and showery. Obs. impos. to 9°. 

Ov’t almost entirely up to 2? a.m. of 10th.* 

Clear. Moon. No obs. until about 103". No A.B, then.* (463) 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 83". 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 

Ovt and showery. Obs. impos. to 93" at least. 

Ovwt. Obs. impos. to 9". 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9". 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 95, and doubtless all night. 


Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably most of the night. 


Clear. Did not personally observe. No A.B. to gh, 
Clear. Did not personally observe. No A.B. to 9". 
Clear. No A.B. ta.9*. 


Clear. (? 


Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 

E. C. H. at Danbury, Ct. Raining to 93" at least, and obs, impos. 
Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93°. 

Clear. No A.B. to 934. 

Qv’t and r’y to 103" at least: obs. impos.: E.C.H. at Hartford to 83°, 
Clear. No A.B. to 9". 

Clear. No A.B. to 9*. 

Mostly clear. No A.B. to 9". 


Ow’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

Clear. ~ A-B:* (464) 
Clear. A.B., many streamers extending to alt. of 40°.* (465) 
Almost wholly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9" at least. 

Nearly clear. No A.B. to 9}". 

Clear to about 82", aft. ov’t to 10", and p. all night. No A.B. to 83". 
Clear. No A.B. to 9}. 

Mostly clear. No A.B. to 9". Moon begins to interfere, 

Clear. No A.B. seen to 9". 

Ov’t. Obs. impes. to 9", and doubtless all night. 


Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 8}, 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 83". 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9%. 

M’y cl’r to 9", after ov’t: moon: no A.B. seen, and obs. n’y impos. 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", when clouds began to break up, 


5|Ov’t. Obs. impos, to 9" at least. 


Ovy’t. Obs. impos. to 9" at least, and probably all night. 
Ov’t chiefly. Moon. Obs. nearly or quite impossible to 10", 
Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9%. 


Ov’t; rain latter part of ev’g. Obs. impos, to 9", and p. all night. 
Partly clear. No A.B. seen to 9". 


Aug. 9th.—Clouded also at about 2h 30m a.m., and doubtless overcast for the rest of the 
Some suspicions of A.B. about midnight. 

Aug. 10th.—About 2h a.m. and 3h a.m, of the 11th, were patches of auroral light, low on 
horizon, W. of N. 

Sept. Ist.—An extensive display, from twilight to 10h 30m at least. Streamers through a large 
amplitude, reaching up to zenith, and perhaps farther. 

Sept. 2d.—Seen at Bermuda, where it was conspicuous, 


night. 


134 Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


Sept. 22|Ov’t. Obs. nearly or quite impos. to 9”. 
23|Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 
24/Clear. No A.B. seen to 83". 
25|Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 
26 | Ov’t, 


28/Ov't. Obs. impos. to 9” at least. 
29|Clear. No A.B. to 8". 
30| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 83". 
Oct. 1|Mostly ov’t. No sufficient observation. 
2/Clear. No A.B. at 9}. 
3;Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 
4\Clear. No A.B. at 84%. 
5|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9" at least. 
6|Clear. No A.B. to 82". 
7|Clear. No A.B. to 9". Moon begins to interfere. 
8;Clear. Moon. No A.B, seen to 9", 
9, Ov’t. Obs. impos. at 8", and probably most of night. 
10|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9. 
11/Partly clear. Moon. No A.B, seen to 9". 
12|Clear. Moon. No A.B. at 8°. 
13| Ov’t, or chiefly so, to 8". 
14|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9%. 
15|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9%. 
16|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9°. 
17/Clear. Moon. No A.B. at 83". 
18/Clear. Moon most of evening. No A.B. seen to 10°. 
19 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9°. 
20 Somewhat cloudy. No A.B. certain, although som’t susp. ab’t 9". 
21) Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9%, and probably all night. 
22|Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. to 9". 
23|Partly clear. No A.B. to 8". 
24) Ov’t to 9"; clearing up between 9" to 10". Obs. impos. 
25| Mostly clear. No A.B. to 9" at least. 
26 Partly clear. No good obs. 
27/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
28/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9". 
29| Ov’t. 
30| Ov’t about 8". 
31|Clear. No A.B. at 85. 
Nov. 1/Clear. Slight A.B.* (466) 
2|Clear. No A.B. to 8". 
3|Ov’t to 9" at least. 
4|Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 
5| Ov’t. (?) 
6|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9%. 
7|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9°. 
8 Ov’t and rainy. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 
9{Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 
10/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9%. 
11|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
12\Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
13{Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably most of the night. 


Novy. 1st.—Patches of light low in N.E. and N, during the evening. No streamers seen. 


1858. 
Nov. 14 


Dec. 


15 
16 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 135 
Y 


Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 82". 

Mostly ov’t. Moon. Obs. impos. 

Ov’t. Obs, impos, to 93%, and doubtless all night. 

Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos., probably all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 

Mostly clear. Moon, No A.B. seen to 9". [obs. 
Ov’t early; aft. clear overhead. No A.B. seen to 9", but no certain 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Oy’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

Mostly clear. No A.B, to 10°. 


5|/Clear. No A.B. to 9". 


Clear. No A.B. to 83". 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 8, and probably all night. 

Clear. No A.B. seen to 94%. 

Ovt. Obs. impos. 

Ovt. Obs. impos. 

Partly clear. No A.B. at 8%. 

Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 

Ov’t to 9"; doubtless all night; ov’t before dawn of 6th. 

Showery ab’t 7", aft. cl’r: moon: no A.B, at 9°50™: no A.B, at 438 

aah ee ne We at 95, ne [to 444 a.m. of 7th. 
ear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 9". 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen. 


‘Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 9°, 


Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 9°. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
Mostly clear. Moon, 

Clear, or chiefly so. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 
Clear. Moon. No A.B, seen to 9%. 


Ov’t. 

Clear. No A.B. to 8% 

Clear early in evening. No A.B. Ov’t in N. about 7%, 

P’y c’r. No A.B. seen to 10", but obs. much embarrassed by cl’ds. 
Partly clear. No A.B. seen to 9°. 

Partly clear. No A.B. seen to 9°. 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9, and probably all night. 

Clear. Susp. auroral light, low on hor., once or twice during ev’s. 


5/Clear. No A.B. to 9°, 


Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 


7| Clear. 


Ov’t. Snowing most of the night, and till noon of 29th. 


Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos, to 9", and probably all night. 


Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 

Clear. A.B. all the evening. (467) 
P’y cl’ded and hazy. No A.B, seen to 9", but obs. nec’y imperf. 
Clear. No A.B. at 9". 

Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

Mostly ov’t. Obs, impos. to 9", Cleared off during night. 


136 Flerrick’s Auroral Register. 


1854. 
Jan, 7|Clear until about 8", after which ov’t. Moon. No A.B. seen. 
8 Clear early in ev’g. Moon. No A.B. seen. After about 8" ov’t. 
9|Partly clear. No A.B. seen. 
10)Partly clear. No A.B. seen. 


11\Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
oe ’ re 
ae ne impos. to om ae doubtless all night. 
vt. ds. Impos. to 9" at least. 
14| Mostly ov’t. Moon. No A.B. seen. Obs. nearly impos. 
15/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
16/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9%, and doubtless all night. 
17| Mostly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos. 
18|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and later. 
19|Ov’t. Obs, impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
20\Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
21|Clear. No A.B. to 9". 
22/Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 
23|/Clear. Most of the evening saw no A.B.* (468) 
24/Clear. No A.B. f 
25|Clear. No A.B. 
26|/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
ae ’ 12 
27/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
28/Clear. A.B. from dusk to 9" at least.* (469) 
29/Clear. No A.B. seen to 9", Obs. suspended from 64" to 9%. 
30)/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
31|Mostly clear. No A.B. seen to 9". 
Feb. 1)|Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9. 
2|Mostly clear. Moon. -No A.B. seen to 9". 
3| Mostly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 
4/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9", 
5|/Ov’t and snowing. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
6/Clear. Moon. No A.B, seen to 10°, 
7\;Ov’t. Obs, impos, to 9", and doubtless all night. 
8 Ov’t and raining. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
9;Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 
10|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 
11| Mostly clear, Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 
12;)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93>, and doubtless all night. 
18|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
14/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
15|Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and probably all night. 
16| Nearly clear. No A.B. seen to 9°. 
17|Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 
18/Clear. No A.B. to 834. 
19|Clear. No A.B. to 734. 
20/Ov’t: obs. impos. to 9", and d’s all n’t: driving snow-storm all n’t. 
21) Very clear. No A.B. to 9°. 
22;Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 105", and probably all night. 
* * * % * 
25|Mostly clear. No A.B. to 8%. 
26,Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 


* * 


Jan. 23d.—About 8h 30m saw on N. horizon a bright light of more than 30° amplitude, but 
not extending upward more than 2° or 38°, Probably A.B. 

Jan. 28th.—Amplitude 90°, 100°, or more; elevation small, 3° to 5°; light strong. I saw no 
well defined streamers, 


Herrick’s Auroral Register. 137 


1354. 
Feb. 27|Clear. No A.B. to 94.* (469) 
28 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9". Nearly clear towards dawn of Mar. Ist. 
1 Clear. Moon interferes. No A.B. seen to 9°. 
2 Ov’t. Obs, impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
3 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9h, and probably all night. 
4 Mostly clear. (?) No AB. 
5|/Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 834. 
6|Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 9%. 
7 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. [A.B. 
8 Ov’t early in ev’g; thunder shower about 7°; ‘at 9° cl’r: moon: no 
Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless all night. 
| Ov't. 
|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". 
‘Clear. Moon. No A.B, seen to 9. 


Mar. 


13) 


‘Near ly cP’rearly inev’g: moon: no A.B. seen: at 8" and after ov’t. 
Mostly ov’t. Moon. | “Obs. impos. to 9". 
* * * * * * 


a 


Clear. No A.B. to 9". (Nor at 10%. [F. B.]) 

iClear. No A.B. to 9%. 

(Clear. No A.B. to 9". (Nor at 123%. [F. B. )). 

(Clear. Faint auroral light during the ev ening.* (470) 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9°, and doubtless all night. 
3 Ov’t. Now and then a few stars to be seen. (F. B.) 


Clear. No A.B. to 95. 


Clear. No A.B. to 9". (An A.B. (?) [F. B.]) 


|Ov’t: obs. impos. to 9", p. alln’t. (C?r: no A.B. seen at 10°, [F.B. 
‘Clear. Aurora Borealis. (47 
‘Clear. Aurora Borealis. (47: 
Clear. Aurora Borealis. (47: 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 


Ov’t. Obs. impos. 
2'Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9°. 


3/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 9°. 

4 Clear, mostly. Moon. 

5 Mostly ov’t. 

6 Mostly ov’t. 

7| Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9" at least. 

8|Hazy. Moon. No good obs. 

9 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9°, and doubtless all night. 
10 Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9". 
11|/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93%. 

| a % % % * * * 

20|Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 
21|Clear. A.B. seen from 8° onward.* (474) 
22 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
23!Clear. A.B. from end of twilight.* (475) 


Feb. 27th.—A.B., seen about 10h by Mr. Lyman Baird, chiefly a low arch, of about 45° am- 
plitude. 

March 21st.—Apparently none at @h. 

April 21st.—Amplitnde 100° or more, upward extent 10° or 15°, without many definite 
streamers while I watched. 

April 23d.—Amplitude 96° or more, light pretty bright, extending up 25° or 30°, w ith faint 
streamers. 


Did not observe after 8h 45m, 


18 


138 Herrick’s Auroral Register. 


Apr. 24| Mostly ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9°. 
25|Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 
26 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably most of the night. 
27, Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 
28) Ov’t. Obs. impos. to gh, and probably all night. 
29) Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 94, and doubtless all night. 
30)/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to gh, and doubtless all night. 
May 1/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". Obs. imperfect. 
2/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 10", and doubtless all night. 
3)Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 8", and doubtless all night. 
4/Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
5|Clear to about 9". Moon. No A.B. At 9" thinly ov’ 
6/Clear. Moon. No obs. 
7\Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 82°, 
8|Clear. No A.B. (F. B.) 
9} Mostly ov’t. Obs, impos. 
10)Ov’t. Obs. impos. 
11) Ov't. Obs. impos. to >: 
12 Partly clear. Moon. No obs. 
13/Ov’t. Obs, impos, to 9", and probably all night. 
14;Ovw’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
15|Clear. Faint auroral light about 9°. (476) 
16] Clear.* (477 
17,Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. 
18 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 83, and doubtless all night. 
Maar ON h 
19 Clear. No A.B. to 10 : 


* * * % % 
23) Clear. 
4) Clear. 
D5 Ov-t. 
26| Ov’t. 
x * * * * * * % 


June 3/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10°. 
4/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93, 
5|Cloudless, but hazy. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9%. 
6| Nearly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 9". | 
7 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and doubtless all night. | 
* * * * * * * * 
11 Mostly ov’t to 9” at least. 


12|Ov’t to 9" at least. 

% % * * # # # * 

15 Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 9", and probably all night. 

16 |Cloudless, but very hazy. Obs. impos. to 9" D ,and d’s sal night. 
# % %* 


22|Ov’t. 

23) Ov't. 

24 | Clear. 

25|/Clear. (No A.B. at 945. [F. B.]) 

26 | Mostly clear to 93", and no A.B. At 10" nearly oy’t. 


May 16th.—Suspected some unusual illumination in the N, about 9h; probably slight A.B. 


Bradley's Auroral Register. 139 


Extracts FRoM aN AvroraL REGISTER KEPT AT NEW Haven, Conn.,, 
By Mr. Francis Brapiey. 


Mr. Francis Bradley, now of Chicago, Ill., kept an Auroral Register in 
New Haven, beginning in June, 1842, and extending to June, 1854. From 
this Register Mr. Herrick made frequent extracts, marking them with the 
initial letters F. B.; and these extracts are given in the preceding pages. 
But not finding them later than 1850, the Committee of Publication had in- 
ferred that Mr. Bradley’s observations did not extend beyond that time. 
After all of Mr. Herrick’s Register, except the last two pages, had been 
printed, they were gratified to learn that Mr. Bradley continued to observe 
as long as Mr. Herrick, and that thus essential additions could be made to 
his record, and especially that the gaps in it could be filled. 

The two Registers have been compared throughout, and every entry of 
Mr. Bradley’s that furnishes additional information likely to be of value, is 
given below. It has not been thought necessary, however, to give the ob- 
servations for those nights when both Mr. Herrick and Mr. Bradley state 
that no aurora was seen, even though the latter observed to a later hour of 
the evening. This method of selection brings out an undue proportion of 
apparent discrepancies between the two observers. Most of these are evi- 
dently due to their reporting the state of the sky as it appeared at differ- 
ent moments. 

During part of the time covered by his observations, Mr. Bradley had 
charge of the Observatory in Yale College, and gave instruction in Practi- 
eal Astronomy. His careful accuracy in astronomical observations justifies 
special confidence in his records of the aurora. 

In the following pages, auroras reported by Mr. Bradley are numbered, 
when they have not been numbered in Herrick’s Register. 


Mag 38 iRolerably clear this evening, some clouds in the south; supposed 
faint aurora at 9"; no streamers; very doubtful. 
July 4 Partially clear. About 11" stars shone brightly. 
Oct. 30 Tolerably clear. No A.B. at 83". 
Nov. 2/Clear; hazy near horizon. No “eB: Thought I saw a faint light 
along the north, but could not be satisfied that it was A.B. 
11 Very clear. Moon, Faint suspicions of an A.B. at 8"; was not 
satisfied that there was one. 
21 At 6" considerably cloudy. At 8}" clear, fine A.B. Moon began 
to interfere. At 11® should think it not all gone. (478) 
Dec. 1 Clear, here and there a cloud: susp. a faint A.B. at 12", but not cert. 


1843. 
Jan. 23|Clear at 64", No A.B. Cloudy at 8", 9", and 10°, and p. all night. 


Mar. 28 Cloudy ; fair at 91°. No A.B. Seemed rather lighter than usual 
| in the N. at 103", but do not think there was any A.B. 


140 


1843. 
Apr. 2 


Oct. 4 


Nov. 24 


27 


Feb. 17 
Mar. 6 


Apr,.17 
May 8 


Bradley’s Auroral Register. 


Clear. No A.B. Saw a well defined strip of light about 40° long, 
resembling the comet so much that I took it for one at first sight ; 
but it moved pretty fast sideways. It was below the pole about 
4° or 5° when first seen (at 74"); moved upward and eastward 
until it pointed 5° east or south of Arcturus, when it was faint 
and just distinguishable—a curious sight: I called it an auroral 
streak; extent about 20° east and west of Pole star (40° long) ; 
could discover no other traces of an aurora. There were none 
at 9°. Its light was a little stronger than that of the comet on 
the 11th or 17th, but resembling it very much— decidedly diver- 
gent from one end; greatest W idth not over 1° till nearly extinct 
when it appeared perhaps 14° or 14°, losing its end first and be- 
coming pretty uniformly w ide, 

Clouds on the northern and western horizon. An aurora about 73"; 
uncertain when it disappeared: no streamers. (Should pr obably 
be Apr. 6th.) 

Heavy cloud on western and northern horizon, above it apparently 
brighter than an ordinary sky; saw no streamers at 9°. Rain 
from 945 to 104%, Cloudy at re (479) 

Cry in N. at 9"; tolerably clear in S. hemisphere. Moon. 

Cloudy. Tolerably clear at 113". No A.B. 

Not very clear in north at 8" or gh; saw no A.B. 

Clear at 10°. No A.B. 

Somewhat cloudy in north. No A.B, at 10. 

Cloudy. Clear spaces in the north at about 11"; apparently an 
A.B. No streamers seen. (480) 

No A.B. Rather hazy at 10". 

Mostly cloudy: clear spaces of sky in N.: no A.B, at 112: moon. 

Clear. First saw an auroral bow in the N. at 64", not very well 
defined, rather faint, about 5° or 6° at highest part; no stream- 
ers. Noticed it until 7, Looked again at 1034, then a gene- 
ral brightness, perhaps 12° or 14° high, the brightest part E. of 
N. Moon rose about 9" and very much interfered. The light 
in the north was of a red color. 

Cloudy to 114"; very clear on morning of 25th at 54"; strongly 
suspect an A.B. —probably Milky Way. 

Clear. Was uncertain whether there was an A.B, east of north 
near horizon at 82", or not; seemed to be lighter there than in 
neighboring portions of the heavens. Moon near quarter. 

Here and there a clear space, but at 11" ov’t, and prob. all night. 

Ov’t to 11. Clear next morning at 4". No A.B. 


Clear. Moon. No A.B. to 12", 

Clear. Think there was no A.B. 

Clear to 11", There may have been a slight A.B. at 11"; did not 
look critically. 

Alternately clear and cloudy. No A.B. at 11". 

Cloudy to 93", when it began to be clear, Clear at 114", except 
low cloud in N. Somewhat cloudy at 123". Moon, 

Cloudy to 10", and doubtless later; two or three clear streaks in 
the north looked rather bright, but think there was no A.B. 

Cl’y to about 93"; cl’rin N. at 104°; v ery bright, but think no A.B, 


17/Ov’t to 82; between that and ‘Un cleared off, No A.B. at 11". 


Cloudy and rainy next morning, 


1844. 
June 10 
July 2 

6 


16 


1g 


Sept. 1 


Oct. 5 


24 
30 


July 14 
20 
25 
28 


31 


Bradley's Auroral Register. 141 


Too cloudy to allow good obs. at 8"; looked out at 10", too cloudy ; 
again at 114"; quite light in N. under large cloud, but think there 
was no A, B. 

Clear. No A.B. to 9%. 

Clear to 10", Cloud in N. and W. with lightning. No A.B. Cly 
about 103", and rain, Clear at 113%. No A.B. 

Ov’t early in evening. At 83" very fair. Clear at 103" to 11", and 
probably later. No A.B. Looked rather light in N.E. between 
clouds ; doubtful about there being any A. B. at 934, 

Clear early i inev’g; at 10" clouded in N.; at 1144 Clear. No A.B. 

No A.B. W atching for meteors from 938 to 3" a.m. Clouds con- 
cealed three-eighths of them; five persons saw 367 meteors. 
Ov’t after 5° 5™. 

‘Somewhat cloudy early in evening; at 9" fair, Moon. No A.B, 


3) 
Hazy i in early part of evening. No A.B. to 9°. 


‘Scattering clouds in N. to gin, No A.B. 


Clear. No A.B. at 10", 
Clear. No A.B. to 10". Susp. an A.B. at 103, but very doubtful; 
saw no streamers. 


‘Clear. No A.B. to 103", Rather light in N. about 11°. 
‘Clear. About 94" suspected an A.B.; saw no streamers. Moon 


shining most brilliantly. 


5 | Clouds fill the sky, with here and there clear spaces. Moon. No 


A.B. at 9". None at 10°. 


Thin clouds: at 9" clear streak on N. hor. about 4° wide. No A.B. 

Clear: rather light in N. at 82": hardly think there was any A.B. 

Cloudy to 7", with a slight sprinkle of rain. Clear from 8" to 11", 
Suspicion of A.B.; saw no streamers in a few minutes watch. 

Ov’t to 8", and perhaps later. Clear at 10", but hazy in N. Clear 
at 12%; No A.B. 

Ov’t to 10", with slight snow storm. Clear streak in N. at 11" and 
per haps hefore, about 8° or 9° from horizon; heavy cloud over it. 

7,/Ov’t: began to cPrab’t 8" ; cl’rat 94": moon: no A.B.: ov’t at 10°, 

Hazy, w ith a few clouds; north considerably obstructed by clouds 
at times: tolerably good obs. No A.B. to 103". 

Cl’y from hor. up 20°; very thick, dusty atmosphere: oy’t a little 
after 9"; tolerably clear at 10°. No A.B. 

Clear to 12", Moon. Suspected a slight A.B. about 113"; saw no 
streamers, no arch, but diffuse light. 

Ov’t to 10", At 11" north nearly clear. No A.B. 

Thick cloud on the N. hor. about 10° high; otherwise clear. No 
A.B., though it was very light just abov e the cloud, and behind 
it (prob. day light), at 944 to 9b At 93" scarce any of this light. 

Ov’t to 93"; quite hazy at 10°. 

Clear at Ridgefield, Conn. No A.B. to 9". Moon. 

Quite hazy; some clouds. No A.B. at 9" to 94". 

North obstructed to 93"; after that clear, and a faint auroral arch 
was visible, not defined below, but pretty well defined above. 
No streamers. Extent 60° or 70° on horizon; did not much re- 
semble an auroral arch as they usually appear. 

Clear to 9". No A.B. After 9" cloudy to 10", and probably later. 
(It is probable that Mr. Herrick’s reference to Mr. Bradley [see 
p- 74] at this date is an error. This date ought not therefore to 
have been numbered in Herrick’s Register.) 


142 Bradley's Auroral Register. 


1845. 
Aug. 22|Some clouds obstruct north. No A.B. at 8"; none at 9". 


29 North almost entirely filled with clouds to 9". Looked rather bright 
among clouds at 9%. Searcely think there was any A.B. 
Sept. 7 Very clear. Moon. Suspected a slight A.B. at 9", but concluded 
| that there was none. 

28 Mostly clear. At 7" N. very much obstructed; no signs of an A.B. 
| At 9* somewhat obst.; some signs of an A. ‘Be though scarcely 

think there was any. Clear at gh, 

29/Clear. No A.B. to 10". Looked rather light in N. at 10°, but be- 
| lieve there was no A.B. 

Nov. 12) Very clear: no A.B. to 7": moon: p’y cl’r 32" to 5" a.mw.: no A.B. 

15 | Not entirely cl’r to 62"; at 74" very cl’r. No a B. at 104, Looked 
| rather light in N. bright moon, and favorable place for obs. 
| Scarcely ‘think that "there was an A. iB: 

26 Hazy. No A.B. to 10". A person informs me that about 64" or 
| 7* he noticed what he thought was an A.B. Soon clouded over; 
saw no streamers. 

Dec. 1 Ov’t to 10", except cl’r 15™ ab’t 63" and a short time bet’n 7" and 8°. 

18 Partially clear for a short about 6° to 644. Ov’t to 10°. 

29 Clear. No A.B. to 83", Saw Biela’s comet this evening about 37’ 
less A.R. than Kappa Pie ‘ium, about the same + dee. It was 
a nebulous looking object with pretty bright nucleus, with three 
bright points like small stars, but seen only by indirect vision 
occasionally. Tail 3’ or 4’ diameter (or length)—very difficult to 
determine about the direction of it. It appeared turned toward 
| the sun. <A small nebulous spot preceded it about two or three 
minutes in are. 


1846. 
Ta 2| Mostly ov’t to 10", About 11" a narrow clear streak W. of N. 
| which was very bright. Some suspicion of A.B. 
Feb. 6 Thin filmy clouds covered the sky. No A.B. to 10°. 
10 Ov’t to 10", except a short interv ‘al of broken clouds about 7°. 
Mar. 15 N. much obst. at 8}", tolerably cl’r at 9° 3 some suspicions of AB; 
| but conclude there is none. None at 10°, 
7\Clear to 83"; cloud in N. at 9". At 10" clear; had suspicions of 
| A.B. about 94° to 10", but am inclined to think there was none. 
18 Clear. No A.B. to 10°, ‘though it appeared much like 17th. 
19 Clear; rather more like an A.B. than the two preceding ev’gs, but 
| very doubtful about any A.B. 
29 Considerably hazy at 83", clear at 10", no A.B. 
Apr. 20 Mostly clear, yet inclining to cloudiness. Part of the N. sometimes 
| obscured: no A.B. to gan. in the observatory to that time. 
May 25|Ov’t. At 11" tolerably clear in the N.; obs. imperfect. 
July 29) Mostly ov’t. At 93" N. considerably clear, no A.B. to 93". 
Aug. 24 An A:B. sprung up about 8" or 81) streamers rather numerous— 
no well defined arch—mixed w ith so much cloud near horizon as 
to destroy the symmetry of the arch. About 8?" it gathered 
into patches of light, with here and there a faint streamer. Most 
of the light was E, of N, point. Two or three bright streamers 
E. of N. were observed to move E.: none others were certainly 
seen to move. 
29| Almost wholly ov’t at Ridgefield, Conn. At 10" some clear space 
in the N., and under a cloud about 5° or 6° high, thought there 
was an A.B.—thought I saw a streamer or two, but it might 
have been the contrast of cloud and sky. It soon clouded. (481) 


Bradley's Auroral Register. 1438 


1846. 
Aug. 30 Clear at Ridgfield; very strongly suspected an A.B., but saw no 


| streamers: noticed it at intervals from 9" to 102, 

Sept. 14 Clear; slightly suspected some auroral light about 9 or 934, 

21 Clear. First noticed ab’t 834 an A.B.; a band-sh: aped mass of light. 

I did not watch for streamers. About 10" it had increased in 

_ brightness and extent. Not avery regularly shaped arch, but 

| amass of light extending poses 65° or 76°, and quite red, par- 

| ticularly that portion W. of N. There were numerous red 
streamers, some of them Loe up 46°. 

22 Clear. First noticed a banks of auroral light about 82"; watched it 

at intervals up to 1044 , but saw no streamers certainly, It 

changed very little during the whole time. 

23 Clear. Noticed about 8", an arch- shaped bank of auroral light, 
not over 2° or 3° high. At 10" it had increased in brightness, 
extent, and elevation. Amplitude about 66° or 65°, and 5° or 6° 

| high; pretty well formed. Saw no streamers certainly, but 
thought I observed one occasionally extending upward 4° or 5° 
| from the arch. 

Oct. 14 Partly clear at 7". Ov’t at 83" and 9". At 11 clear, suspected an 

| A.B., not a very good obs. 


} 


1847. } 
Jan., 1 Partly cl’r at 8", but a cloud on the earth. Moon. No A.B. to 94, 


hOvzt. to." and’ probably later: at 12" clear N. and W. Thought 
there was an A.B. (482) 
Quite hazy. No A.B. at 8"; yet it was quite light among the 
openings or thinner haze. At 10* ov’t 
Mar. 19/Clear. Saw about 91", a bright A.B. w ith streamers, It increased 
in magnitude and splendor, and nearly equaled those of 1837-39. 
Apr. 2 CVr, m’y: no A.B.to 10°: very slightly s susp. faint aur. light ab’t 9°. 
7 | Clear. “About 8 first noticed, while in the observatory, an auroral 
_ arch with innumerable streamers, It increased in splendor and 
| magnitude till 11". At 95" first noticed an arch of light span- 
| ning the heavens from E, to W. and passing 8. of the zenith. 
| About 10", Pollux was in the middle of the band, which was 
| 
| 


= 


Feb. 


~T 


moving South. During all the time innumerable streamers, 
tinted green-and purple, were marching and countermarching, 
performing evolutions indescribable. At 103° sheets of light 
swept upward. 

22'N, slightly obst. to 9", at 10" wholly ov’t. Moon. Saw no A.B. 

30 Entirely ov’t at 98: now and then a little clear sky, At 93" quite 

alight streak in N. low down; probably owing to moon and 

_ contrast of light and dense elouds: 

May 7) Ov’t except here and there a few stars to be seen. Thought it 
7 quite light in the N.E. through the openings in the clouds; 
| presume it was the contrast. 

10 Mostly clear, some clouds on horizon; hazy, yet stars tolerably 
conspicuous. No A.B, to 10", yet a light in the N. attracted at- 
| tention; think there was no AB. 

June 14 Ov’t, and a shower about 83"; nearly clear at 94" and no A.B.: 
| clouds interfered very much, Appeared quite light through some 
|__ of the openings before and after 10°. 

21 Entirely ov’t 9" to 10°; clear from 7$" to about 9° and no A.B. 

July 10 Thick clouds; entirely ov’t to 10". 

Aug. 4/Clear. First noticed an A.B. about 9%, At 92 a fine arch about 4° 


| high, ampl. about 60°; very soon a second one formed, 7° high 


144 


1847. 


Sept. 16 


Oct, 1 
Nov. 14 


15 


19) 


Feb. 6 


Mar. 22 
Apr. 28) 


May 27 


28 


July 28) 
Aug. 17 
21 


23 
27 


Sept. 8 
Oct. 21 


Bradley's Auroral Register. 


and ampl. 90° more or less; but cut off at Eastern end. Both 
arches rose upward oradually, soon after which the upper one 
broke up into patches of light, which continued to move south- 
ward: quite ill-defined. The first arch continued tolerably per- 
fect to 103", when I ceased re at it from the observatory. 

Clear. A.B. I first saw streamers 7° to 10° high about 81°, with- 
out much other light, though fis moon was shining. The moon 
set about 10°, after which and even before, there was a segment 
of an arch 4° or 5° alt. and 60° to 70° ampl. About the time the 
moon set, the arch had become mere patches of light. Some few 
streamers then. 

Cl’r: no A.B, to 104"; there was a slightly suspicious light in the N. 

Slightly suspected an auroral light, between 73" to “gh, but too 
cloudy and too much moonlight to determine wath any certainty, 

Much clouded to 10", Clear in the N. at 103" and to 11%. Slight- 
ly suspected an A.B. at 11%. It may have been occasioned | by 
the moon which was in quadrature. 

Slightly suspected an A.B. through an opening in the clouds about 
8, ‘Entirely ov’t in a few minutes: moon. 

Cl’r to ab’t 934; think there was no A.B. yet a faint auroral light 
slightly suspected at times. Ov’t at 92°. 


‘Clear to 7; ov’t to 10". Mostly el’r at 11", Was there an A.B. ? 


‘Clear. Slightly suspected auroral light at 8°. 


Clear. Slightly suspected a faint auroral light, but am inclined to 
think that there was none. 
Ov’t to 10", Clear at 12"; saw no A.B.: poor obs. 


|Ov’tearly: at 1143" el’r, and perhaps earlier; saw no A.B.: poor obs. 


Cl’r. Strongly susp. an aur, light ab’t 8"; saw no streamers: moon. 

Clear. No A.B. at 7" to 73": none at 9", Suspected A.B. at 114°; 
not a very good obs. 

Ov’t to 9" and doubtless later, snowing at 83". Mr. Pardee saw an 
A.B. through an opening in the clouds about 6 a.m. of the 7th. 
It was of a red color. (483) 

Clear. Moon. About 9" to 94% suspected some auroral light, but 
was uncertain. 

Clr. Strongly susp. some aur, light ab’t —", but at 104° concluded 
there was none. 

Nearly clear at 93". No A.B. seen; some clouds in the way. 

Almost wholly ov’t to 9", partially clear at times. N. obse. at 10" 

Clear. Strong suspicions of a s?’t A.B. ab’t 9": saw no streamers. 

Clear. About 93" suspected a slight A.B., but a few minutes watch- 
ing confirmed it, as I saw one streamer distinctly, and two or 
three others faintly: the one reached up to about 7° or 8° alt. E. 
of N. , At 112" ov't. 

Almost wh’y oy’t to 10". Through an opening in the clouds ab’t 
g4h slightly suspected some A, Bs but was uncertain. 

Almost wh’y ov’t from 9" to 93". Clear at 103" ; could see no A.B. 

Sky much obse. by clouds. No A.B. seen from ‘ihe observatory. 

Ov’t entirely to 95, At 93" saw the light of an A.B, above the 
trees; could not be misteltens saw no streamers, 

Clear, and no A.B. at 12". 

Clear. A.B. slightly suspected about 9", but think there was none. 

Clear. No A.B. seen at 83", nor at 10%. Not a very good obs. 

Ov’t early. M’y el’r at 93", but hazy in N. Saw no A.B. ; poor obs. 


Bradley's Auroral Register. 145 


1 4 . 
Oct 3 An arch of 70° amplitude, and 5° or 6° high, from 7" to 93%, 
29/Ov’t to 93", Some openings in the N, ‘about 7", but indicating 
nothing unusual, 
Nov. 8/Obs. impos. early. Clear, but moon at 10°; made no good obs. 
29/Clear. Saw a tall bank of auroral light about 838, At 9" saw no 
traces of A.B. 
Dec. 16/Ov’t to 7" and also at 83", The New Haven Journal and Courier 


Sept. 


Oct. 


of the 18th says there was an aurora. (484) 
17| Nearly clear. A fine aurora from early in the evening to 11", 
19/Clear, saw no A.B.: not a very good obs. 
22/Ov’'t to 7H. Cleared off about 9%. Saw no A.B. at 103"; not a 
very good obs. 


14/Ov’t to 9" and prob. later. Some clear streaks in the N. about 102 
which showed I think without mistake an A.B. My obs. was 
not very good on account of obstructions, but I had little doubt 
of an aurora. (485) 

18|M’y ov’t, yet a few open spaces in the N. at 8" which looked very 
light. I judged there was an A.B.: did not look after 83", (486) 

23| Clear. Slightly suspected an A.B, but was quite uncertain. 
1/Ov’t in N. at 7". At 83" to 9" some clear sky on northern hori- 
zon. Appears quite suspicious, but think the light due to the 
moon and HO contrast. 

18} An arch at 7" and again at 9°; amplitude 100°, altitude 11°. 

1}Clear. Moon. I had hardly a doubt that there was an A.B. about 

9", Saw no streamers. (487) 

13]Nearly oy’t up to 10°; stars dimly seen overhead; a few bright 
openings in N, about 92", prob. due to contrast. 

19|Clear. No A.B. to 9" from observatory. It appeared a little sus- 
picious, but I saw no streamers, and concluded there was no A.B, 

24/Clear. Some long low clouds in N. Bright between them but 
prob. due to contrast. 

25/Ov’t at 73"; at 10" nearly clear; hazy and some clouds in the N. 
low down. No A.B. although it appeared light among the cl’ds. 

1/Considerable cl’r sky at times to 8} or 9". At 10" n’y or quite ov’t. 
7|Partially cloudy. No A.B. at 10". Moon. 

23| My clear. Long cloud in N. at 10" and a little before : slight sus- 
picion of an A.B. but probably due to twilight and contrast. 

8| Almost wholly ov’t; a narrow clear streak obs. at 10" in the N. 
quite bright: prob. due to contrast. 

3|Clear at Ridgefield, Conn. No. A.B. seen at 9". 

4/Clear at Ridgefield. No A.B. seen. Moon. 

6| Partially cl’r at Ridgefield: moon: no A.B. seen at 10"; el’ds interf. 

10|O’vt to 10". (Some cl’r sky ab’t 3" or 42 a.m. of the Lith, [A. N. 8.]) 

11] Partially clear at 92", but saw no A.B. 

15|Clear. No A.B. at 93": at 92" N. obstructed with broken clouds. 
A very slight suspicion of an A.B. about 93%, 

8| Broken clouds fill the N. at 94". The spaces revealed considerable 
brightness, but I considered it due to contrast. 

20 Mostly el’r: at about 93" low cl’d in the N.: clear above; concluded 
that there was no A.B. though I had a ver y slight suspicion. 

23| Mostly clear ; ; Strongly suspected some auroral light at 10%. Saw 
no streamers in a few minutes w atching. Cl’ds interfered a little. 

25|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 103", yet very slightly suspected. 

22'Clear. No A.B. at 93". A slight suspicion of one about 11%. 

19 


146 


1850. 
Jan. 3 
20 
Mar. 3 
oS 
31 
Apr. 6 
May 7 
13} 
19 
oF 
June 38 
24 
July 6 
Aug. 10 
1D, 
14 
16 
23 
Sept. 8 
Oct. 31 
Nov. 1 
7 
10 
12 
25 
Dec. 1 
Li 
P25) 
26 
1851. 
Jan. 10 
Feb. 4 
8 
26 
Dat 
28 | 
Mar. 1 


Bradley's Auroral Register. 


Partially clear. No A.B. at 114, 

Sky covered with cirri; slightly suspected an A.B. 

Clear. At about 92° had some suspicions of an A.B, At 11 had 
scarcely a doubt, “but saw no streamers. (488) 

Ov’t; began to clear off before 9". Moon. No A.B. seen at 9%. 

Clear. Saw an auroral arch about 5° or more high, 60° or more 
ampl. At 11" saw it again; no streamers. 

Clear. A fine A.B. At 9" 4 fine arch 10° to 12° high, 90° or less 
ampl.; splendid streamers. Arch broke up at 93" or before. 

Clear, (A pretty bright A.B. No well-defined arch: streamers 
numerous. It increased about 11> but I was not in a position to 
observe it. 

No A.B. at 8", did not observe after twilight ceased, partially cl’y, 
showery, but much clear sky during ev’g. 

Clear. Moon. Think there was no A.B, but had ver y slight sus- 

picions of one about 9". 

CVds prevented obs. most of the ev’g ; no A.B. seen to 12", Moon. 

Had some suspicions of an A.B. about 10" 20" but clouds inter- 
fered too much to determine. 

Clear. No A.B. seen to 93" from observatory. Full moon. 

Clear, at 93" to 92"; think there was a slight A.B. Saw no 
streamers. (489) 

Clear mostly; a low cloud in the N. A faint A.B. seen ae 105, 
At 11> it was bright with a few streamers. At 12" it had di- 
minished considerably, 

Clear. Suspected a slight A.B. about 10": saw no streamers. 

Partly clear. Some clear streaks in N. No A.B. seen at 10}. 

Clear. Suspected an A.B. At 92" to 10" from observatory saw 
no streamers. Moon. 

Partly ov’t. No A.B. seen at 945. Moon. 

Nearly clear about 1032: had hardly a doubt that there was an 
A.B.; clouds interfered somewhat. Saw no streamers. (490) 

Ov’t to "Lon, and probably later. 

Partially clear, No A.B, at 9°. 


'Clear. No A.B. to 844. None at 10°; yet avery slight suspicion. 


Clear. An A.B. seen ‘about 10"; faint in the moonlight, but very 
decided ; some streamer-like appearances E. of N. Take a mass 
or bundle of streamers. (491) 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 10°. 

Clear, No A.B. at 10". 


Nearly clear. A low cloud above which, about 4° high, one or two 
streamers were seen by two persons about 63", None seen after, 


nor were there any suspicions of an A.B, (492) 
Partly clear. Wholly so in the N, at 11"; no A.B. seen. 
Ov’t and snowing to 84". Clear at 102"; no A.B. 
Clear, An A.B.: no form, but a diffused light. Saw no stream- 
ers, but have scarcely a doubt of an aurora, (493) 


No A.B. seen at 10". 

Cl’ds along the hor. from 8 ° to 8° high: cl’r above it: no A.B, at 945. 
Clear. No A.B. at 

Clear. No A.B. at ry None at 93". 


Ov’t (?) all the evening to 10", and probably later. 


Ovy’t to 9", and probably later. 


| Clear. No A.B. at 84". None at 10°. 


Bradley's Auroral Register. 147 


1851. 

Mar. 2)Clear. No A.B. at 10%, 

Nearly clear inthe N. No A.B. seen at 10°. 

Clear. No A.B. seen at 10°. 

Partially clear. No A.B, seen at 10%. 

Cloudy. Ov’t to 94°. 

Ov’t and snowing at 8". 

Ov’t and drizzling rain to about 8"; at 8$° snowing again. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 93°. 

10 Partially clear. No A.B. seen at 10". Moon. 

11|Clear. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

12/ No A.B. seen. Thinly ov’t to 10". 

13 Clear. No A.B. seen at -". Low cloud in N, at —*, 

14/Ov’t to (10° ?) 

15 Oy’t to 10%, and probably later. 

16|Ov’t to 93°. 

17 Ov’t and stormy ; probably all night. 

18 | Ov’t. 

19 Ov’t to 115, and probably later. 

20 A few clear streaks: no A.B. Appeared rather light, but prob- 
ably owing to the contrast. 

21|Clear. No A.B. to 93". 

22 Clear. First noticed a general light about 82" low down. 

23 Ov’t, and rain about 93°. 

24 Ov’t from 8" to 10". Before 8" no A.B.: many clouds. 

25|Clear. No A.B. to 83": none at 10°. 

26 Clear. No A.B. to 103%. 

27 Cloudless: haze obscured stars within 15° to 20° of the horizon. 

28 Clear. An A.B. First noticed streamers from the observatory at 
93": no arch and not much light ; general light only at 113°. 

29 Clear. An A.B.; ill-defined arch 1° to 14°high. A few streamers 
seen at 9". 

30 Ov’t to 10", and probably later. 

31|Clear. No A.B. at 103%. 

Cloudless but hazy. No A.B. seen to 10°. 

Ov’t and rainy to 93". Ov’t doubtless later. 

|Clear. No A.B. to 105. 

Partially clear. No A.B. seen at 10" to 11°. 

Ov’t, and some rain about 83%, 

Ov’t to 10", and probably later. 

Sky covered with thin clouds to 9°. 

Ov’t to 10", and probably later. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 105. 

10 Oy’t. Moon shone clearly at 9", but no A.B. seen to 10%. 

d1|Ov’t. 

12|Clear. No A.B. at 10°. 

13|Clear. Moon. No A.B. at 9%. 

14| Partially clear. Moon. No A.B, at 10%. 

15 | Ov’t and rainy all night. 

16 Ov’t, probably all night. 

17 ,Ov’t and rainy, probably all night. 

18 Ov’t. 

19 Ovy’t and rainy, probably all night. 

20 Ov’t to 93°, and doubtless later. 

21) Ov’t to 10", and probably later. 

22'Clear. No A.B. to 93°. 


© CH ~1 & OF Hf 9 


OOsaTQD ore ONE 


148 


185 
Apr. 


May 


June 


Bradley's Auroral Register. 


i. : 
23|Mostly clear. Slightly cloudy. No A.B. at 10%, 


24/Clear. No A.B. to 104. 
25|Clear. No A.B. to 10°, 
26!Clear. No A.B. at 10". 
27\Clear. No A.B. at 104. 
28)Ov’t to 102 
29|/Clear. No A.B. at 10, 
30, Ov’t to 10", and some rain. 
‘Broken clouds in the N. about 8'. Did not look out after that. 
Mr. E. W. Blake says there was an A.B. about 103% to 11": no 
| Streamers. 
2)Clear. No A.B. at 10%. 

3 Owt up to —. 

4 Ov’t to 10", and raining. 

5 Ov’t to 10, and raining. 

6/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen: 

7|Ov’t to 10", 

8 Sky filled with clouds at 10° and 11%. 

9 Thin cloud in N. Moon at 103 shone brightly. No A.B. seen. 
10/Ov’t and rainy to 10", and doubtless later. 
11/Ov’t and rainy to 9", and doubtless later. 
12/Ov’t to 10", and probably later. 
13) Obs. impos. at 10". Cloudy all the evening. 
14 Clear. Moon about full. No A.B. seen at 103", 
15|No A.B. seen at 9" to 10°. 
16 Obs. hardly possible, on account of moon and clouds. 
17|Clear. No A.B. seen at 10°. 
18/Clear. No A.B. seen at 9", nor before. 
19 Ov’t, probably all night. 
20/Ov’t. It was clear at 3° a.m. of 21st. No A.B. 
21)Clear. No A.B. at 10°. 
22/Ov’t. A thunder shower at 9°. 
23 Clouds interfered at 10", Think there was no A.B. 
24/ Clear. No. A.B. to 17°. 
25!Clear. No A.B. at 10". 
26/Clear. No A.B. at 10", 
27/Ov’t to 10". Some rain during the night. 
28!Clear. No A.B. at 105. 
29|Ov’t and rainy. 
30|/Ov’t, probably all night. 
31] ‘Clear. No A.B. at 10, or at 1034, 

1 Ov’t to 10" and later. 
2|Clear. No A.B. to 10°, 
3 Partially clear. Obs. almost or quite impos. the whole ev’g to 10°. 
4/Clear. No A.B. to 105, 
5 Clear. An A.B.: no streamers seen: an arch 40° to 50° amplitude; 
| broken and in patches. Moon. 
6 Ov’t. Obs. impos. 
7\Ov’t. Obs. impos. to 93", and doubtless later. 
8|Ov’t to 9". 
9, Ov’t. Meon. Obs. impos.: some rain about 10% 
10|Clear. No A.B. seen to 10". Moon, 
11 Ov’t, and thunder shower about 9°. 
12 Clear, Moon. No A.B. seen about 10% 


_ 


Bradley’s Auroral Register. 149 


851. 
ee 13| Clouds obstruct the view. Moon. No A.B. seen at 10", 


July 


14 


15 
16 


18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 


27| 


Obs, nearly or quite impos. to 9°; at 10" nearly clear. Moon. 
No A.B. seen. 

Obstructed by clouds. Moon. Obs. nearly impos. 

No A.B, about 9%. 


7|Clear. No A.B. at 103° 


Clear, but a little hazy: no A.B. seen about 11°, 

Clear, a little hazy: no A.B, at 11". 

Clear. No A.B. at 10”. 

Clear. No A.B. at 93°. 

Ov’t to 95, and probably later. 

Ov’t to 103", and probably all night. 

Obs. impos. on account of clouds. 

Clear. No A.B. to 10'. 

Clear first part of evening. Ov’t at 10". 

|Clear. I had scarcely a doubt of an A.B. about 93° to 10". Saw 
| no streamers, nor arch: general light. (494) 
}Ov’t. Obs. impos. 

No A.B. seen about 9". 

No A.B, seen about 104°, 

Obs. impos. most of the ev ening. 

Obs. nearly impos. : part of the time to 10® quite impos. 

Ov’t; rain during the whole night at intervals. 

Clear, No A.B. seen at 83": too much daylight. 

Obs. impos. on account of clouds. 

Clear. No A.B. seen. Moon. A few clouds, 

Clear. Moon. Saw no A.B. at 10" 

Ovt: prob. all night. 

Ov’t to 10", and prob. all night. Violent thunder shower. 

Obs. difficult on account of clouds. Moon. 

Hazy. Saw no A.B. at 10°. 

Obs. impos. Clouds and moon. Some clear sky, but saw no A.B, 
Clear. Saw no A.B. to 95. 

Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 102. 

Ov’t to 10% 

Ov’t to 10" in the N. and W,. 

About 83° first saw bundles of streamers: no arch visible, nor 


light except very low down. Did not watch it after 10": not 
muc +h seen besides streamers to this time; some quite bright: alt. 
25° to 30°. (495) 
Partially clear. No A.B. seen to 10", 
Ov't. 


Clear. No A.B. at 9°. 

Clear. No A.B. at 10°. 

Clear, or mostly so. No A.B. at 10°, 

Clear. No A.B. at 10°. 

Ov’t and aay to 10", and ov’t doubtless later. 

N. ov’t all ev’ Clear once when I rose in the night, but no A.B. 

Clear, except a ee cloud which covered much of an aurora visible 
above it. A few streamers at about 93°, and at 10" only general 
light. (496) 

No A.B, at 945. 


28) Ov’t. 
29 Clear. No A.B. at 10%. 
30 ,Ov’t. 


150 Bradley's Auroral Register. 


is5l. 
July 31\Clear. No A.B. at 94°. 
Aug. 1/Ov’t to 10°. 


] 

2|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 10". 

3/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 93%. 

4|Ov’t. 

5/Ov’t mostly to 9". 

6|/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen to 93%. 

ENO t to 10", 

8/Clear. No A.B. seen to 10". Moon. 

9|Ov’t at 105". Some clear sky before this. Moon, No A.B. seen. 

10/Ov’t at 10°, 

11/ Little clear sky in N. to1$". Then m’y cl’rin N, to 285™: no A.B. 
12|/Clear. No A.B. seen at 10}, Moon. 
13|Clear. No A.B. seen at 9}, 

14|Clear. No A.B. at 10%. 

15|Clear. No A.B. at 9". 

16| Ov’t to 10", and probably later. 
17/Ov’t and rainy to 10°. 

18|Clear. No A.B. at 93°; a low cloud in the N. 
19/Clear. No A.B. at 9" to 934. 

20/Ov’t to 10%, and probably later. 
21|Ov’t to 10%, and doubtless later. 
22|Clear at 935. No A.B. 

23/Clear. No A.B. to 10". 

24|/Clear, No A.B. to 10". 

25) Ov’t to 10", and doubtless later. 
26/Clear. No A.B. at 9°. 

27|Clear. No A.B. at 105. 

28/Clear. No A.B. at —®: very clear. 
29\Clear. No A.B. at 10". 

30/Clear. No A.B. at 9", or at 93%. 
31/Ov’t at 9", and probably later. 

Sept. 1 Only p: artially clear. No A.B. seen at 9°, 

2/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 10", 

3\Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 9}: about 8 it was cloudy. 

4/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 82". (After 1" A.B. of first class, 

reported to Prof. Denison Olmsted.) (497) 

5) At 10" slightly ov’t. 

6 Clear. Moon. About 83° saw two auroral arches, the upper 20° 
in alt. At 9° only the lower arch was visible : red light in N.E. 
Saw but little more to 9", when it began to cloud over. At 10" 
ov’t thinly. (498) 

Clear to 9", when it began clouding. At 83 saw an arch, or a frag- 
ment of one, and twice saw bright streamers with rapid lateral | 
movement, after which clouds obscured the whole. Arch 19° | 
alt.: dark bank below. (499) 

9|Nearly clear. No A.B. seen. Moon. 

10|Clear. No A.B. at 93%. (A splendid A.B. seen about 1" a.m. of 

11th. See N. Haven Journal and Courier of the 15th.) (500) 

11/No A.B. seen at 93". 

12 Partly clear. No A.B. seen at 93°. Moon. 

13) Ov’t and rainy to 93", and probably ov’t later. 

14;Clear. No A.B. seen at 10". Moon. 

15|Clear. No A.B. seen at 93", none at 103". Moon. 

17|Clear. No A.B. at 8", nor at 9%. | 


~T 


Bradley’s Auroral Register. 151 


1851. 
Sept. 18|Clear. No A.B. at 9". 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1852. 
Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


19|Clear. No A.B. at 9" to 944. 

20/Clear. No A.B. at 10°. 

21 Ov’t to 10", and doubtless later. 

22 Ov’t to —®: at 10" a little clear sky visible. No A.B. seen. 

23) Ov’t to 93", and doubtless later. 

24 Cold and clear. No A.B. at 93°; none at 10°, 

25!No A.B. at 9°; none at 93° 

26 Ov’t most of the evening. At 10" nearly clear, 

27;Clear. No A.B. at 10°. 

28|/Clear. No A.B. at 9"; none at 105, 

29 ‘Partially clear. A splendid red Aurora, At 7° 25™ fine exhibition 

| of streamers converging from every point of compass. Those 

| on the §. of the centre, or corona, (which was scarcely a corona,) 

10° to 15° long. At gyn a fine exhibition still in the E. or E. by 

N. Clouds interfered very much. At 23" a.w. Prof, Olmsted 

reports a dark segment in N., 8° high and 90° ampl. Streamers 

at 3" 40" See New Haven Journal. (501) 

30 Ov’t to 9", and prob. later. 

1|Clear. Moon to 10°. At 103° saw a large streamer or a bundle 
of streamers. Very little general light i in N. (502) 

4\'Clear. Moon. ee A.B. seen from 83" to 103", from observatory. 

6 Mostly clear. No A.B. seen at 103%. Moon. 

7\No A.B. seen at 108 to 103", 

30 Clear at 9". Obstructed with stratified clouds at 115, Moon. Ap- 

| peared very light, but probably due to moonlight. 

6|No A.B. seen at 9%, Slightly suspected one about 7". Moon. 

10) Partially clear to 83". Moon. No A.B. seen. At in clear, down 
_ to within 4° or 5° of the horizon: no A.B. seen. 

21) Ov’t. 

23 Nearly clear. Suspected an A.B. at 9", Saw no streamers, in a 
_ few minutes w atching. 

29 M’ycl’r. Acloud on hor, 3° to 4° high; quite light above it. Moon. 


11 |Clear at 7 A No A.B. seen. Ov’t at 9". 

15|Clear. No A.B. at 93h, 

20 Clear, meine to clonds. Some suspicions of an A.B. at 845. 

22\Clear. No A.B. seen from obsery atory to 8°. None seen at 93°; 
not a very good obs. 

25|Clear. No A.B. at 9". Av ery faint suspicion. 

1 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 10°. 

13|Ov’t up to 9%. 

16| About 7" saw a horizontal brush of light E. of N. across the handle 

of the dipper, Eta and Zeta, which almost immediately vanished. 

| Soon another smaller brush, a degree or two lower down, ap- 

peared and vanished. Saw no other except an unusual light on 

the horizon. None at 9"; at 103" a little cloudy. It was misty 

all the evening. 

5)Nearly ov’t. Clear at 10" from horizon up 6° or 7°. No A.B. seen. 

6|Ov’t to 10%. At 4° a. of 7th clear. Moon. No A.B. seen. 

8 Ov’t to about 9": at 10, or a little after, nearly clear. No A.B. 

_ seen. It was a little suspicious, however. 

11 Clear at Ridgefield, Conn. Susp. A.B. about 10": saw no streamers, 

3 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 9%. 

8|Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 


152 Bradley's Auroral Register. 
1852. 
Apr. 15 Clouds filled the N. at 10", There were strong indications of an 
| A.B. Thad scarcely a donbt. (503) 

16/Clear, No A.B. ut 10°, 
25|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 93". 
80 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen. 

June 1 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 105, 

2'Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 945, 

3 Ov’t first part of evening ; too hazy to obs. to 10°. 

5 Clear. About 92" the whole N. was filled with streamers, from 
the horizon. Red light at 103"; some streamers; no arch; con- 
siderable general light. 

18) Almost wh’y ov’t: appeared quite susp. in places through the el’ds. 
19|Clear. No A.B. seen at 10°. 
July 10 Clear, An A.B.: low arch on horizon nearly. Streamers at 83>; 
| two arches. Settled down into general light at 10", (504) 
11 Oy’t to 10", and probably later. 
12| Nearly ov’t. 
13 Nearly ov’t. Obs. nearly impos, to 10°. 
19 Clear. No A.B. seen. 
20] Ov’t. 
21|/Clear. No A.B. seen at 10". 
23 Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen. 
28|/Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 10}*. 
Aug. 5 Ov’t to 10", and probably all night. 
18|Clear. No A.B. 
19|Clear. No A.B. 
Sept. 4/Clear. No A.B. at 93", 
8)Clear. No A.B. at 10", 
9/Clear. No A.B. at 105, 
12| lean: No A.B. at 9": slight susp. of one, but place of obs. bad. 
15 Clear, but a little hazy. No A.B, at 10°, 
Oct. 4 Ov't at 10", 
16|Clear. No A.B, at 74, nor at 9%. 
21 No A.B, at 10°. 
Nov. 2/Clear. No A.B. 
7 Strongly suspected an A.B, No streamers seen at 94°, 
29 Clear. “No A.B. seen at 10", Moon. 
Dec. 1 Clear. No A.B. seen at 11". Moon. 
11|Ov't up to—". Cleared away late; clear at 103". 
14 Clear. Suspected an A.B. at 8", and at 10°; saw no streamers. 
15 Clear. Moon, Slight suspicion of an A.B, at 83°. 
22 Clear and cold. No A.B. seen from 7" to 9". Moon. 
31|Ov’t. 
1853. _ 
Jan. 15. ‘Clear. Moon. Slight suspicions of A.B. about 10", but doubtful. 
18 No A.B. seen at gin, 
20| Ov’t. 
Mar. 3 Clear. Some suspicions of an A.B, at 10". 


9 Cl’y. A.B, at 10" and after: no streamers noticed; noarch. (505) 
10 Clear. Strong suspicions, almost certainty, that there was an A.B. 
Saw no streamers at 10°. (506) 
13 /Cl’r. Think there was an A.B. ; saw no streamers: cl’ds interf. (507) 
14/Clear. There was an A.B., I have hardly a doubt. No streamers 
seen about 10" in five minutes watching. (508) 
16'Nearly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen. 


is5 
Mar. 


July 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Bradley's Auroral Register. 153 


3. 
18\Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen. 


24/Ov’t. 
25|Clear. No A.B. seen. 
7\Clear. Slight suspicions of an A.B. about 9}°. 
16 | Ov't. 
17|Ov’t to 10", and probably later. 
18|Clear. Moon. No A.B. at —*. 
19|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 1045. 
20|Rather hazy. Moon. No A.B. seen at 94°. 
15|Clear. Moon. 
19}Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 93°. 
‘Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen. 
26|No A.B. at 934. 
5|Clear. No A.B. 
Clear. An A.B. with streamers and broken arches about 9"; could 
not watch it long. (509) 
14/Clear: did not make much of an obs. 
15 | Nearly clear. 
16|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 93°. 
19|Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 9%. 
21| Not wholly clear. 
26| Mostly ov’t at 10%. At 94" some suspicions of an A.B. It may 
have been the effect of the rising moon. 


to 
bo 


eo) 


1}OnN. Y. Central R.R. all night, clear, but saw no A.B. 
2|Clear, or nearly so: poor obs. 

16| Ov’t. 
7|Partially clear. No A.B. seen at 10°. 

21) Ov’t. 


25) Ov’t, probably all night. 
26|Ov’t, probably all night. 
27|Clear. No A.B. at 10° to 104%. 
30|No A.B. 


. 18|Clear. No A.B. seen at 105. 


22|No A.B. about 10°. - 

15| Partially clear. No A.B. seen from 9° to 9}. 

18|Clear at 9". Moon. Saw no A.B.; could not see below 20° alt. 
from horizon. 

23/Clear. Moon. Think there was no A.B. at 9}. 

26/Clear. No A.B. at 8", nor at 10%. 

27| Ov’t, probably all night. 

28| Nearly clear. Suspected an A.B, about 10"; saw no streamers. 
29|Clear. No A.B. at 8" or 10°. 

31|Clear. About 8}* to 10° an A.B. No streamers; low light, arch 
of 30° to 40° extent. (510) 


3|Clear. No A.B. at 10°. 
15| Nearly clear. Moon. No A.B. seen at 9°. 
17|Clear. Moon. No A.B. at 10°. 

5|Clear. Suspected an A.B. about 10": saw no streamers. 


12/Clear early in the evening, but cloudy later till 10°. 

13|No A. B. seen at 9%. 

16 | Ov’t. 

21/Ov’t mostly. A bright appearance among clouds inthe N. Think 
it was contrast. 

23| Nearly clear. About 11> saw what resembled streamers among 
clouds: scarcely a doubt. (511) 

20 


‘154 Bradley's Auroral Register. 
1853. 
ec. 27|Clear. No A.B. 
29|Clear. No A.B, at 93%. None at 10°. 
31)/Oy’t and snowing. 
1864, 
Jan. 2/Clear. An auroral arch about 5° high at 8". Continued to de- 
crease in altitude until 10°, Nothing remarkable. 
7\Clear. No A.B. at 11°. 
27|Clear at 103. No A.B. 
Mar. 15! Partly ov’t, but among the clouds saw streamers at about 63". No 
great display of aurora seen. Clouds covered the northern sky 
at 10", (512) 
16/Clear. No A.B. 
27\Clear. An A.B.: low arch or bank of light ; saw no streamers. 
28\Clear. An A.B. About 10" and after, fragments of low arches, 
from which shot up fine streamers; but soon all diminished. 
29/Clear. Saw at 91> a bright fragment of an auroral arch ; 20° alt., 
East of North. No streamers seen; died away about 103", or 
before, 
Apr. 14) Ov’t and snowing. 
1b1OVv't. 
16 | Ov’t. 
18 | Clear. 
May 22|Clear. No A.B. to 95. 
27|Clear. No A.B. to 9°. 
June 21|Ov’t. 
27|Ov’'t. 
28/Clear. Saw no A.B.: poor observation. 
Sept. 1/Ov’t to 10", and doubtless later. 
2;Ov’t to 10", and doubtless later. 
4'Clear. Moon. No A.B. seen. 
5 |Ov’t. 
6 | Ov’t. 
21 Clear. Fine A.B, Numerous streamers from an irregular bank of 
| light on horizon, (513) 


22 | Clear. 

23|Clear. No A.B. at 9°. 

26 Clear. <A fine arch of auroral light at 8", 5° or 6° altitude, 70° or 
80° amplitude, No streamers. (514) 


IE. Notices or Auroras EXTRACTED FROM THE METEOROLOGICAL JouR- 
NAL OF Rey. Ezra Srines, 8.T.D., FoRMERLY PRresipENT oF YALE 
CoLLEGE; TO WHICH ARE ADDED, NOTICES OF A FEW OTHER AURORAS 
RECORDED BY OTHER OBSERVERS AT New Haven, Conn., collected 
and arranged by Pror. Ex1as Loomis. 


Rev. Ezra Stizes, 8.T.D., was graduated at Yale College in 1746, and in 
1749 became tutor in the College, in which station he remained six years. 
In 1755 he was ordained pastor of a church in Newport, R. I. In 1776 
the events of the war dispersed his congregation, and induced him to re- 
move to Dighton, Mass., and subsequently to Portsmouth, N. H. In 1778 
he became President of Yale College, and continued in this station till his 
death, May 12, 1795. 

President Stiles commenced a Meteorological Journal at Newport, in 
January, 1763, and continued it, with but slight interruptions, till May 10, 
1795, only two days before his death. In this Journal he made frequent 
memoranda of the Aurora Borealis. These memoranda have been carefully 
selected from the Journal, and are embodied in the following catalogue. 


Auroras observed at Newport, R. I., Lat. 41° 29' N., Long. 71° 18' W., by 
Rev. Ezra Stiles, S.TD., formerly President of Yale College. 


No, 
1)1763, Noy. 11. Coruscations reached two-thirds the way to the pole 
star, and extended 80° around the horizon. 
2,1764, Jan. 23. Aurora Borealis. 
3; “ Mar. 5. Aurora Borealis. 
4) “ Junels. Aurora Borealis. 
5| “ Sept. 28. Aurora Borealis. 
6 1767, May 16. Aurora Borealis. 
7|1768, July 20. Aurora Borealis. Very extraordinary. 
8; “ Aug. 6. Aurora Borealis. 
9; “ Aug. 7. Aurora Borealis. 
10} “ Dec. 5. Aurora Borealis. 
11|1769, Jan. 5. Aurora Borealis. 
12} “ Feb. 27. Aurora Borealis. 
13) “ Apr. 20. Aurora Borealis, 10° high. 
14; “ July 7. Aurora Borealis. Streams scarcely to pole star. 
15| “ July 8,10" pw. Arch of aurora from N.W. crossed the me- 
ridian south of zenith. Passed a little south of Alpha Lyre. 
16; “ Oct. 7. Aurora Borealis. 
17; “ Oct. 23. Aurora Borealis, streams. 
18} “ Oct. 24. Aurora Borealis. 
19} “ Oct. 25. Aurora Borealis. 
20;1770, Jan. 17. Aurora Borealis. 
21| “ Jan. 18. Aurora Borealis. 


22| “ Feb. 28. Aurora Borealis. 
23! “* Mar. 23. Aurora Borealis. 


156 


Stiles’s Auroral Observations. 


24/1772, July 8. Great A.B. 9° 40™ to 10> and more. The streams 


25} ce 


reached nearly to the zenith, and broad sheets of light fre- 

Se 7 . ro) 5 
quently ascending out of the north, and passing 60° or 70 
in a second, The coruscations were white; little red. 


July 25. Great A.B. at 9" evening. 


26|1773, Jan. 17. Aurora Borealis. 


Jan. 18, Aurora Borealis. 
Jan. 19. Aurora Borealis. 
June 6. Aurora Borealis. 
July 1 


. Extraordinary Aurora Borealis. 


( 
31|1774, Jan. 9. Aurora Borealis. 


OT oe 
28 “cc 
29) “cc 
80 oe 
32). * 
33. “cc 
84) ee 
Sil ee 


36) 


Mar. 3. Aurora Borealis. 
Mar. 13. Aurora Borealis. 
Mar. 15. Aurora Borealis. 
Oct. 8. Aurora Borealis. 
Dee. 


. Aurora Borealis. 


1 
37|1775, Jan. 29. Aurora Borealis. 


Auroras observed at Dighton, Mass., Lat. 41° 48', Long. 71° 8° W. 


38 
39 


oe 


Vitis 


Jan. 28. Aurora Borealis. 
Mar. 5. Aurora Borealis. 


Auroras observed at Portsmouth, N. H., Lat. 43° 4', Long. 70° 45’ W. 


40\1777, 
4] “ec 
eo), 
43 6s 


44/1778, Jan. 1 
Feb. 1 


45 66 


July 2 
Sept. 24, 
Nov. 27 
Dec. 2. Aurora Borealis. 
9 
lod 
‘ 


7. Aurora Borealis. 
Aurora Borealis. 
. Great Aurora Borealis. 


Aurora Borealis. 
. Aurora Borealis. 


Auroras observed at New Haven, Conn., Lat. 41° 18', Long. 72° 55’ W. 


46|1778, Sept. 22. Aurora Borealis, 


Sept. 24. Aurora Borealis, 
Sept. 25. Aurora Borealis. 


49|1780, Mar. 2. Great Aurora Borealis. 


a aa 
48) “ 
50| « 
oy) 
52 ee 
53| “ 
| 
| 
54 “ 
55 it 


Mar. 30. Aurora Borealis. 
June 23. Aurora Borealis. 
June 24. Aurora Borealis. 
July 9. Great A.B. At 10}> coruscations five degrees south 


of zenith, and south of Lyra. At 104" extended from N.W. 
to between the two stars in head of Draco and the great star 
in Lyra. Dark cloud under the pole star. Very red in N.E. 
at 10"—rest white. At 16" 18™ a beam arose from the hori- 
zon at E. 20° 8., crossing the meridional coruscations E. and 
W., ranged 5° or 6° south of Lyra and south of zenith, two- 
thirds or three-fourths across the hemisphere. I judged it 
reached half way from the zenith to western horizon, At 
10" 25" another horizontal or parallel coruscation crossed 
the Pole star. There were quadrangular fields of crossing 
beams. There was the greatest variety I ever saw. 


July 11. Aurora Borealis. 
July 27. Aurora Borealis. 


Stiles’s Auroral Observations. 157 


56,1780, July 28. This evening we beheld a very singular aurora. At 


58} 


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8" 54 pw, Mr, Atwater saw the aurora in S.E., aloft between 
Lyra and Aquila. 

88 24™, A coruscation rose in the horizon E. 20° S., and in 
that region a sheet of redness extending southerly, and a 
sheet of whiteness adjoining northerly. None from the pole. 

82 25" to 28", Sheet of duskish redness spread round from 

east to south, or to 20° west of south, and so round the edge 
of the horizon, to above half way up to the zenith. Indeed 
the southern and especially the S.E. part of the hemisphere 
was generally affected with aurora, while there was nothing 
of it in the north. 

gr 29", Considerably evanescent in some parts, remaining 
in others. 

8° 45", Aurora arises in the north, and spreads not in cor- 
uscations, but a sheet of whiteness up to the zenith. 

s" 50", The whole hemisphere filled with light, E., W., 
N. and 8. visible through mackerel clouds, 

- White aurora, extensive, cov ering to south of zenith. 

36", Streams of white aurora arising from N.W., pass- 
ing by the easternmost star of Ursa Major, coming thence 
over to the meridian, and perhaps 30° S. of zenith, 1 ranging 
along on west side of Lyra and Aquila, and to south of Aguila, 
forming a sheet of light covering those stars , yet so transpa- 
rent that the stars appeared well through it. 

9° 40". Streams vanish; north aurora continues; a black 
cloud lying along under the pole star. 

92 50", Extends to Jupiter; luminous W. and E. 

10" 2", The whole hemisphere overcast with large fleeces 
of clouds, upon a luminous back ground. A large luminosity 
due south, and perhaps 10° high, The north luminous though 
without coruscations. 

10° 10". Very luminous in N.E., or nearer east. 

July 29. Aurora Borealis. 

Aug. 2. Aurora Borealis. 

Sept. 21, 11". A.B. as high as uppermost pointer in Ursa Major, 
next to and under pole star. 

Oct. 30,10. A.B. around under the pole, 8° or 10° high. 

Nov. —. A small aurora, 

Noy. 19, 10". A.B. one-third up to pole star. After midnight 
coruscations extend above the pole star. It maintained its 
splendor till obliterated by the dawning day. 

Noy. 20. Aurora Borealis as last night. 

Noy. 22. Aurora Borealis. 

Noy. 23. Small Aurora Borealis. 

Noy. 25. Great Aurora Borealis, 15° high. 

Nov. 26, 7". Aurora in north, "At 8" aurora had overspread 
the hemisphere, and apparently for two hours high all around 
the horizon. Very light white in the south. 

At 8" 15" dense black cloud from north passed slowly over 
toward the south. Two splendid luminosities N. by W., 
and N. by E. At midnight clear starlight, clouds all gone, 
Only aurora under pole. 

Noy, 27, 1035. Aurora an hour high all around the horizon, 

Nov. 28. Aurora Borealis. 


158 Stiles’s Auroral Observations. 
70,1780, Nov. 29. Small Aurora Borealis. 
71) “ Dee. 15. Small Aurora Borealis. 
72| “ Dee. 19. Aurora Borealis. 

73; “ Dec. 27. Very small Aurora Borealis. 

74,1781, Jan. 17. Considerable Aurora Borealis. 

75, “ Jan. 21. Very splendid A.B. From a permanent sheet of 

white light, reaching half w ay from the horizon up to the 

| pole, and extending one-third round the horizon, there as- 
cended streams or coruscations of red aurora near three- 
quarters of the way up to the zenith. At 9" there was an 
intensely red sheet in the N.IE. which gradually moved west- 
ward over the Great Bear and the pole star into the N.W., 
where it wore away and disappeared. The ascending red 
coruscations also moved gently along from E. to W., play- 
ing very beautifully, The luminous field began in the even- 
ine, the coruscations and red movable field came on a little 
before 9", were at their height when the clock struck nine, and 

the whole of the playing scene might have continued about a 

quarter of an hour, The columns were so movable and va- 

riable, and the heavens put on so many different appearances 
| every few minutes, that it is impossible to describe them. 

The summits of the highest coruscations in their motion 

| westward passed perhaps 15° off of Gemini, and crossed the 

northern meridian within 30° of the zenith; that is, reached 
| 55° or 60° above the horizon. The eastern azimuth limit 
might be nearest east, or less than half a point north; the 

western azimuth between N.W. and W., nearest to N.W. 

At 93" there remained a strong permanent field of whiteness, 

| or steady luminous aurora, 20° or 30° wide along under the 

pole. The eastern limb passed and touched Cor ‘Leonis, and 

so the azimuth would be due east, or more exactly E. 2° 8. 

The easternmost sheet overspread the mane of Leo, reaching 

| toward Leo Minor. 


76) “© Jan. 29. Small Aurora Borealis. 

77| “ Feb, 15. Aurora Borealis, 10° high. 

78, “ Mar. 16. A.B. dim and small, perhaps 8° or 10° under pole. 
79; “ Mar. 27. A great Aurora Borealis this evening. I first saw it 


about a quarter before nine, when it was only luminous from 
the horizon up about one-third of the way to the pole star. 
No dark cloud subjacent as usual. Afterward there seemed 
at times an intermixture of dark cloud. At 9" or a little 
| after, coruscations arose and played in beautiful profusion, 
rising as high as the pole star. An arch 5° wide formed from 
the east horizon across over to the western horizon, perhaps 
| 5 or 6 minutes before 10", At 10" it passed over ‘the pole 
| star and Ursa Minor. The coruseation ceased from the lu- 
minous field under the pole. At 10" 20™ coming over south, 
or the summit of the arch moving further above the pole 
star, and on toward the zenith, so as to touch the stars in the 
tail of Ursa Major. The breadth of the arch or auroral zone 
was equal to the distance of the two pointers or more, that 
is, five degrees broad. The arch is complete nearly from hor- 
izon to horizon, though at the eastern extremity a little du- 
bious. All this while, light one hour high, under the pole 
star, but no coruseations. By 10" 20™ the arch had risen so 


80 
81 
82 
83 
84 
85 


86 
87 
88 
89 
90 
91 
92 
93 
94 
95 


Stiles’s Auroral Observations. 159 


to touch the stars in the Bear’s tail, and began to vanish 

r decay from the pole westward. East end of the arch 
aii ‘hed the horizon at E. 2° S. by compass. Touched the 
western horizon W. 20° N. by compass. 

At 10" 32™ I found the east end ascending from the hori- 
zon, passed through Alpha of the northern crow n, and 
through the tail and back of the Great Bear, touching Beta 
and Gamma. 

At 10° 37™ all the arch west of the pole and meridian van- 
ished, except a lucid beam or pyramid. At 10" 44™ a renewal 
of the arch westward. Arch south of Beta and Gamma Ursze 
Majoris. A new horizontal beam arising under the pole, 
where the auroral lucidity continues. At 10* 48™ nearly 
evanished, breaking up apace. At 10" 52™ whole arch quite 
evanished. At 11" aurora under the pole still, and extending 
N.E. as high as Cor Aquile, and to bright stars in Cassiopeia, 
and a sensible light as high as the pole star. 

At 11" 10 aurora continues in the north under the pole, 
and a lucidity on Cor Aquile. At midnight, dark cloud lying 
along under the pole, interstreaked with horizontal liehts. 
Aurora seems bre: uking up. 

The bow continued for three-quarters of an hour, the most 
of the time well defined, all the time rising tow ard the ze- 
nith, passing 32° on the meridian in forty or forty-five min- 
utes, But the horizontal ends of the bow or zone did not 
ek so much. 


1781, Mar. at 114", a small Aurora Borealis. 
8, 9 


“ce 


Apr. a Considerable Aurora Borealis about 93°. 

Apr. 14. Small Aurora Borealis. 

Apr. 15. Faint Aurora Borealis, low. 

Apr. 17. White A.B., two-thirds up to pole. 

May 11. A.B. 2 hours high, and three-fourths round the horizon. 
Observed at East Hartford, Conn. 

May 17. Considerable A.B.; observed at Brimfield, Mass. 

June 7. A.B. 30° high; from N. 30° E. to S. 5° W. 

June 9. Aurora Borealis, great and diffused. 

June 20, Small Aurora Borealis. 

July 9 Small Aurora Borealis. 

Aug. 8 Small A.B., coruscations two-thirds up to pole star. 

Aug. 17. Small Aurora Borealis, 

Aug. 20. Small Aurora Borealis. 

Sept. 18. Aurora Borealis, 5° high. 

Sept. 25. At 7° 20™ an arch about 20° above the horizon in- 
clining tow rd the west. At 81" the coruscations tend to- 
ward a point in the zenith, one streak in the west very red: 
ascend in flames similar to the coruscations from a large fire. 
The flashes extended nearly to the S.W. The flashes as- 
cended with great rapidity. Its continuance about a quarter 
of an hour. “At 82> an arch similar to the first, about 30° 
high. At an instant, another arch over the first about 40° 
high, both inclining toward the west. Streaks up from the 
first arch, very bright, but no flashing. The coruscations 
ascend in the form of a cone. They point in the zenith. Im- 
mediately upon that, the flashing began in the east and west 
with great rapidity. A bright moonlight evening. At 9° 
little or no appearance of any light. 


160 


Stiles’s Auroral Observations. 


96/1781, Oct. 15. A.B. first appeared at 8". At 11” very bright and 


98 


vc“ 


ce 


flashes with rapidity, of a red cast, in the west, 45° above 
the horizon. 

Nov. 19. A.B., white and red coruscations. At 9° the main 
body of light as high as in Great Bear. The coruseations 
in N.W. ascended above the pole | star. 

Dee. 11. Small Aurora Borealis, 15° high. 


99/1782, Mar. 10. Aurora Borealis, 6° high, 


100 
101 
102 


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“ss 


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1783, 
“ce 


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Apr. 1. Small Aurora Borealis, faint, 15° high. 

Apr. 13. Aurora Borealis, light, Os high, 

May 4. Great A.B. At 8h] 10" streams ascended from N.E. 
to the zenith. At 8" 18™ coruscations from east round to 
west by north, meet in the zenith, and at their southern limit 
formed an arch from horizon to horizon, passing through the 
tail and back of Leo, and a little northward, but very nearly 
touching Cor Leonis. Vanished in a few minutes. Black 
clouds lying along under the pole. At 8 30™ came over to 
the southern horizon, partly in vertical streams and partly 
by luminous fubeeals oblong, and other seemingly de- 
tached spots filled the southern "hemisphere. A very ‘light 
zone of perhaps five degrees around the whole west and 
south and east edge of the horizon. Luminous sheets of 
brightness up aloft in east and in west. Dark cloud still un- 
der the pole. 

At 8" 45™ confused in south, coruscations in north. At 
9 striz and coruscations. «At 11" north hemisphere over- 
spread with great blotches of dark cloud, interspersed with 
light clouds. Aurora gone in south. 

May 6. Small Aurora Borealis, 

May 24. Aurora Borealis, arched. 

June 1. Aurora Borealis, 20° high. 

June 6. Small Aurora Borealis. 

July 20. At 10" auroral arch from west a little north, ascend- 
ing and crossing a little south of zenith, 

Aug. 5. Aurora ‘Borealis, small. 

Aug. 12, Aurora Borealis, small. 

Aug. 26. Aurora Borealis. At 10°, arch half way up to pole. 

Aug. 27. Small Aurora Borealis. 

Aug. 28. Small Aurora Borealis. 

Sept. 9. Small Aurora Borealis. 

Sept. 13. Small Aurora Bor ealis. 

Sept. 30. Aurora Borealis, 8° high under the pole. 

Oct. 1. Small Aurora Borealis. Observed at Newport, R. I. 

Oct. 9. Small Aurora Borealis. Observed at Newport, R. I. 

Noy. 26. Aurora Borealis, 5° under pole. 

Jan. 26. Aurora Borealis, small. 

Feb. 1. Aurora Borealis, small. 

Feb. 27. Aurora Borealis, 5° high. 

Mar. 24. Aurora Borealis, 10° high. 

Mar. 27. Aurora Borealis, small. 

Mar. 29. Very great Aurora Borealis. At 7° 34™ arch from 
W. by N., near Venus, passed through belt of Orion and N. 
of Sirius. At 7" 37" touched Rigel, Sirius, and Cor Hydre. 
At 7°39" arose a new stream from nearest west, and ascended 
chante Rigel to Sirius, 5° wide. At the same time a con- 


Stiles’s Auroral Observations. 161 


fluence of columns from all the N.W. and N. to the zenith 
concurring in the two stars in heads of Gemini. At 7" 44™ 
all these over, but new ones rising and playing. At 7° 59™ 
another are in ’ north, passed under the pole. At 8' 14™ pyr- 
amids playing from the upper limb. At 8" 11™ coruscations 
concur between Gemini and the two stars in the head of 
Leo, or in midst of Cancer, and on the meridian 12° south of 
the zenith ; but evanishing and faint. 

At 85 15™ anew are rose from 8. W. horizon, touched Orion, 
Rigel, Sirius, or a little below, and passed round to eastern 
horizon. At gh 20" the south are, or remnant of it, crossed 
through Lepus, 5° south of Rigel, and 2° or 8° south of Si- 
rius. A branch issuing from it ascended through Sirius. 
At 8" 30™ south faint are rem: aining and sinking further 
south, or below Sirius and Lepus. All the south in aurora 
dim or dull and faint, down to south horizon, and perhaps 
40° each side the meridian, the upper side a curved limb per- 
haps half way up from inet horizon to Sirius. At 9° heavens 
full of aurora. I left observing. 


1251783, Apr. 2. Small Aurora Borealis. 


126. 
127! 
128 
129 
130| 
131 
132 | 


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135 | 
136) 
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1388 | 
139 
140 


141 
142 


143 
144 
145 


eed 


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“ 


Apr. 7. At 8°50" A.B., arc 5° wide up within 5° of pole star. 

Apr. 24. Small Aurora Borealis. 

Apr. 27. Small Aurora Borealis. Arc 3° high along under pole. 

May 2. Small Aurora Borealis. 

June 1. Aurora Borealis. 

July 28. Aurora Borealis. 

Aug. 1, At 9" 5™ saw an auroral beam arising from W. 19° N. 
perhaps 15° above the horizon, ascending about Berenice’s 
hair, thence between Arcturus and Cor Caroli, and ranged 
near or through the northern crown, through the stars in 
Hercules’ hip. At 9° 30™ crossed the meridian and passed 
south of Lyra, when there ascended another stream from E, 
horizon and joined that from the west about the vertex. It 
described a crooked path, the upper part bending southward, 
At 9" 40™ evanished. 

Nov. 15. Aurora Borealis. 

May 9. Aurora Borealis. 

June 5. Aurora Borealis and Australis. 

y 3. Aurora Borealis. 
Aug. 9. Aurora Borealis, small. 
8. Aurora Borealis, large. 
Nov. 29. Aurora Borealis, small. 


, Feb. 28. At 10" A.B.; froma dark cloud 15° high issued cor- 


uscations to the pole star. 

Mar. 13. Great Aurora Borealis. 

Mar. 19. Great A.B. Auroral arch from E. to W., half way 
up to the pole star; striz or streams up to pole. 

Mar. 20. Aurora Borealis. 

Mar. 21. Aurora Borealis. 

Mar. 22. Great A.B. By 9° the coruscations spread over the 
northern half of the hemisphere, and arches E. and W. crossed 
20° south of the meridian. At 9" 5™ a beam from the E. as- 
cended and passed over Spica Virginis then nearly on the me- 
ridian; at the same time another fic om the west touched Sirius 
with its south limb, and in five or six minutes it evanished. 


21 


162 


146 
147 
148 
149 
150 
151 
152 
153 
154 
155 


a | 
Or Or 
@M ~T OS 


Or 


159 


160 
161 
162 
163 


164 | 


165 
166 
167 
168 
169 
170 
171 
172 
173 
174 


175 
176 
LE 
178 


Stiles’s Auroral Observations. 


1786, Mar. 23. Aurora Borealis. 


ce 
‘73 
66 
4 
66 
66 
66 


66 


(74 
66 


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6c 


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6 


6c 


Mar. 27. Great Aurora Borealis. 

Apr. 11. Aurora Borealis. 

Apr. 26. Small Aurora Borealis. 

May 1. Aurora Borealis. 

May 19. Aurora Borealis. 

May 22. Aurora Borealis. 

June 19. At 10" A.B. all round the horizon to 20° high. 

June 30. At 10" great Aurora Borealis. Streams to zenith. 

July 1. A fine auroral arch arising a little S. of E., perhaps 
8° or 10° S. of E., and ascending from the horizon crossed 
the meridian and terminated near the western horizon, or 
within 10° of it. It might be 4° or 5° wide. At 10" 30™ 
passed through @ Serpentarii, south of Northern Crown, 
Zeta Aquile, Eta of the Dolphin, through Arcturus. West 
end ey anished, and soon re-blazed, and the whole arch shone 
again. 

At 10" 53™, moves southward. At 11", 5° south of « Aquile, 
a Serpentarii, and Arcturus, crossing the meridian about 32° 
south of the zenith. Ended in the head of Virgo, Van- 
ishing. 

At 11" 6™ evanished, having lasted above half an hour, in 
which time the whole arch moved southward perhaps 10°. 

July 2. Aurora Borealis. 

Aug. 18. Aurora Borealis. 

Aug. 22. Considerable A.B. Patches and spots or clouds of 
aurora all over the hemisphere, from the northern to the 
southern horizon. 

Aug. 24. Aurora all over the horizon north and south, and in 
spots aloft. 

Oct. 16. Aurora Borealis. 

Oct. 17. Aurora Borealis. 

Noy. 13. Aurora Borealis. 

Noy. 15. Aurora Borealis. 

Mar. 20. A.B. 60° high. Fine and beautiful coruscations. 

Mar. 21. Aurora Borealis. 

Mar. 23. Aurora Borealis. 

May 19. Aurora Borealis. 

June 2. Aurora Borealis. 

June 9. Aurora Borealis. 

June 16. Aurora Borealis. 

June 18. Aurora Borealis. 

July 1. Aurora Borealis. 

July 4. Aurora Borealis. 

July 13. Great A.B. <At 9" 30™ auroral arch crossed south of 
the zenith from east to west, passing through Arcturus and 
Alpha Aquile, its southern limb touching “those stars. It 
continued permanent, and was not wholly obliterated at 10”. 
Vast coruscations ascending from the north up to the zenith 
and beyond. At 11" aurora still great, 

July 14. Great Aurora Borealis. 

Sept. 6. Aurora Borealis. 

Oct. 31. Aurora Borealis. 

Dec. 9. Aurora Borealis. 


17911788, Feb. 5. Large Aurora Borealis, 


Stiles’s Auroral Observations. 163 


180 1788, Feb. 11. Aurora Borealis. 


181 
182 
183 
184 
185 


204 


“cc 
“ee 
“ 
“ 


Apr. 29. Aurora Borealis. 

May 4. Aurora Borealis. 

May 25. Aurora Borealis. 

May 28. Aurora Borealis. 

July 30. Aurora Borealis. Two coruscations from nearly east 
and west met in the vertex, crossing the meridian about 10° 
south of the zenith. At 10" the auroral light seems to have 
spread over the whole hemisphere to the southern horizon; 
though more faintly southward than northward. 

Aug. 1. Aurora Borealis. 

Aug. 2. Aurora Borealis. 

Aug. 23. Aurora Borealis. 

Aug. 26. Aurora Borealis, very bright. 

Aug. 27. A.B., very bright, north and south round the horizon, 

Aug.) 28, A small Aurora Borealis. 

Aug. 29. Aurora Borealis. 

Aug. 31. Aurora Borealis, north and south. 

Sept. 2. Aurora Borealis. 

3. Aurora Borealis. 

Sept. 4. Aurora Borealis. 

5. Aurora Borealis. 


, Feb. 15. Aurora Borealis, 7° to 10°. 


Mar. 27. Aurora Borealis. 

Mar. 31. Aurora Borealis. 

Apr. 26. Aurora Borealis. 

May 21. Aurora Borealis. 

May 22. Aurora Borealis. 

May 23. Great A.B. All the northern hemisphere emblazoned 
with columns and conical streams of light. The western 
strie, red and white, ranged by Jupiter at 9" 25", and imme- 
diately an arch of light struck across the northern hemisphere 
at about 40° height on the north meridian. Streams struck 
up from N.E., and closed or completed an entire arch across 
from horizon to horizon at 9" 31™, crossing the meridian south 
of the zenith by a star which I take to be Alpha Lyre. 

May 28. Aurora Borealis. 

May 31, 3" a.m. Large Aurora Borealis in north and spreading 
round into the south, The heavens look pied with white, 
light, clouds and darkness. 

June 12. Aurora Borealis. 

June 15. Aurora Borealis. 

June 16. Aurora Borealis. 

June 18. Aurora Borealis. 

July 10. Aurora Borealis. 

July 14. Aurora Borealis. 

July 17. Aurora Borealis. 

July 26. Aurora Borealis. 

July 28. Aurora Borealis. 

Oct. 19. Aurora Borealis. 

Nov. 14. A grand Aurora Borealis and Australis, the striz and 
coruscations shooting up and playing all over and round 
every part of the hemisphere. Luminous spots and beautiful 
red and flaming pyramidal columns ascending to the zenith. 
At 10" was formed a grand auroral crown exactly on the me- 


164 


218/1789, 
219|1790, 
220; “* 
221) % 
222/1791 
223) “ 
224) ° 


2925/1792, 
226] 1793, 


22 Tianhe: 
228(1794 


Notices of 


No. 
1|180 


Stiles’s Auroral Observations. 


ridian: the center of which was near Beta in Aries, and about 
4° S.W. from Alpha Arietis, 20° south of the zenith of Yale 
College. From this center proceeded every way, N.,S., E., 
and Ww. radial beams half way down to the “horizon ; be- 
sides a red beam or arch or broad stream which then crossed 
from east to west through the coronal center from horizon 
to horizon, or very nearly. A dim arch or luminous circle 
or belt, round through the southern board, crossing the me- 
ridian about two- thirds the way from the zenith to ‘the south 
horizon. Below which was a penumbral darkness, which in 
five or six minutes became tinged with red to the southern 
horizon. About 10" 10™ or sooner the vertical crown became 
faint and evanishing. It lighted up again with new playing 

varying and alter nately ey vanishing striz orradi. I examined 
the celestial globe, and found the stars near the center to be 
the two stars in the head of Aries, which were on the merid- 
ian at 10" 35™ nearly; at which time the crown was much 
obliterated, though “the heavens are full of aurora. At 11* 
the radi continue, proceeding to S.E., and S.W., but 
chiefly S.E. and nearly S., then a chasm, and then streams to 
S.W. and W., but the extremities of the radial beams are 
dissipated about the center. Yet there is still a redness in 
the southern board, down to the horizon, and perhaps an 
hour and a half high. In the northern board the whole semi- 
hemisphere is coy ered with a dim whitish sheet of light like 
the dawn of day. In the height of the phenomenon’ I read 
the New Haven Gazette by the auroral light. I never before 
saw so splendid and universal an aurora. At 12" aurora 
north and northwest. 


Dec. 24. Aurora Borealis. 
July 3. Aurora Borealis. 
July 16. Aurora Borealis. 
Sept. 6. Aurora Borealis. 

, July 22. Aurora Borealis, small. 
Dec. 26. Aurora Borealis, small. 
Dec. 27. Aurora Borealis, small. 


Oct. 
Jan. 


at 


Sept. 
5 NOV: 


Conn., 


13. Great Aurora Borealis. 

14. At 7", Aurora Australis south two points east. Gone 
2. Aurora Borealis. 

11. Aurora Borealis. 


Auroras extracted from various Journals kept at New Haven, 


and not included in either of the preceding lists. 


2, July 1. 


The Aurora Borealis made its appearance between 8" 
and 9"; the northern part of the horizon was considerably 
illuminated, but the brightest part was E. of North when 
first observed, but moved slowly westward, till it was rather 
W. of N. Inthe north, the light went up in streaks to about 
the height of 30°, but this appearance ceased about 10", 

though the light continued. A little after 10" a streak of 
light. shot up in the East and extended itself a little north of 
the zenith almost to the western part.of the horizon. Dwight. 


2}1803, Jan. 


OO OTS Or P 


28 


30 


1803, 
“ec 
1804, 
ec 
1805, 
“eo 


1806, 
“ce 


“ee 


ce 


“ 


1828, Jan. 16. 


Auroral Observations at New Haven. 165 
13. Aurora Borealis about 10°. Dwight. 

Mar. 19. Large Aurora, very bright. Leffingwell. 

Sept.19. A bright Aurora Borealis. Leffingwell. 

Apr. 1. Aurora Borealis. Day. 

May 2. Aurora Borealis with streamers. Day. 

Sept. 15. Aurora Borealis. Day. 

Sept. 24. Aurora Borealis. Day. 

Jan. 11. Aurora Borealis, Day. 

Mar. 16. Aurora Borealis. Day. 

Apr. 11. Aurora Borealis. Day. 

May 8. Aurora Borealis Day. 

Apr. 17. Aurora Borealis. Day. Seen at Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Sept. 11. Aurora Borealis Day. Seen at Cincinnati, Ohio. 
See Daniel Drake’s Picture of Cincinnati. 12mo, 
1815, pp. 245-6. 

June 6. Aurora Borealis. Day. 

Sept. 20. Aurora Borealis. Day. 

Sept. 26. Aurora Borealis. Day. 

Feb. 19. Aurora Borealis. Day. 

Oct. 12. Aurora Borealis. Bow from East to West. Day. 
See Nash’s Diary for 1821, p. 79. 

Novy. 13. Aurora Borealis. Day. 

May 1. Aurora Borealis. Day. 

Jan. 18. Aurora Borealis very bright at 9" with a few faint 


coruscations extending 45° on each side of the north point, 
having its vertex under the north star, and rising 8° or 10° 
abeve the horizon. Herrick. 

Aug. 27. Aurora Borealis. Herrick. 

Aug. 28. Remarkable auroral arch between 9" and 11" in the 
form of a broad belt extending from the West to the East. 
Am. Jour., vol. xiv, p. 91. 


Sept. 8. Aurora Borealis very brilliant. Herrick. 
Sept. 9. Aurera Borealis. Faint light in the north a little be- 


fore 9". Saw an are of a bow in the N.W. extending up- 
ward about 5°. Herrick. 

Sept. 25. Aurora Borealis. About 6" 40™ the northern half of 
the heavens was suffused with a red light, which gradually 
disappeared except in the north and by east, where it in- 
creased in intensity. At the same time radii of light of a 
white color extended from and between the W., N. and E., 
and met in a center directly in the zenith. Jets of light of 
a bright orange color appeared in the east, which gradually 
approached the S.E. when they were hid by the clouds. 
About 8" 45™ the clouds began to roll away to the eastward, 
when the northern half of the hemisphere was of a whitish 
color. The light was now chiefly confined to the east, where 
a red light shone brilliantly : but upon the clouds moving off, 
the light shot up in various directions between the north and 
east. Herrick. 

Nov. 9. A red appearance in north, resembling the reflection 
of a burning house about 8". Vanished and a white light 
resembling a cloud succeeded. Herrick. 

Aurora Borealis which lasted all night. _ Olmsted. 

Jan. 19. Aurora Borealis from 93" last evening till day break, 
a mild light extending from N.N.W. to N.E. about 5° in 
height. Herrick. 


166 


31 


32 


33 


34 


41 


42 


Auroral Observations at New Haven. 


1828, Feb. 12, At 9" 15™ Aurora Borealis appeared in the north, 


“< 


sending up some pretty distinct and luminous columns. Dis- 
appeared soon. Herrick. 

Aug. 14. Aurora Borealis between 8" and 9", Columns of light 
at intervals between N.W. and N.E. rose to the height of 
15°, constantly changing their situation and intensity of light. 
In a half hour, it settled down into a white cloud. Herrick. 


1828, Sept. 26. Aurora Borealis in the form of a white cloud reaching 


from N.W. to E.N.E. The upper edge gradually rose and 
brightened and the lower part taded until it had the appear- 
ance of a bow, in height about 10°. Herrick. 


1829, Dec. 19. Aurora Borealis continued for several hours although 


“es 


44 


a 


obscured by clouds during the greater part of the evening. 
Herrick. 
Dec. 20. Aurora Borealis in form of a diffuse light extending 
° above the horizon, Herrick. 


/1830, Nov. 20,10". A splendid Aurora Borealis. Olmsted. 
(1833, May 17. Aurora shooting out luminous columns toward the 


zenith, occupying a space of 170° in azimuth. It exhibited 
exceedingly rapid coruscations or flashes of light. Mew Ha- 
ven Daily ‘Herald. 

July 10. Very brilliant Aurora. 

Nov. 13. An auroral light in the east. Am. Jour., vol. xxv, 
p. 384, 


1834, Noy. 2,8". An uncommon brightness like the dawn in the 


“e 


“ 


north, lasted with fluctuations all night. Zoomis. 

Noy. 5. At 74 the entire horizon from the west point almost 
to the east, was lighted up like the dawn with very consid- 
erable brightness. The brightest point about N. 30° W. 
Loomis. 

Nov. 6. Between 8" and 9> an auroral bank of light in the 
N.W. Loomis. 


43 1834, Nov. 28. At 8" a faint auroral light extends along the northern 


44 


45 | 


46 


47 


48 


“ 


“ce 


“c 


horizon from the east almost to the west point. Loomis. 

Dec. 4. At 8" aslight auroral appearance inthe north. Loomis. 

Dec.. 6. At 8" a very evident illumination in the east. At 9" 
from N. to E. the openings in the clouds are quite luminous. 
At 10" the clouds broke away and showed the horizon from 
N.W. to N.E. to be allin a ‘clow —a very bright and exten- 
sive bank of light. No arches or streamers. Loomis. 

Dec. 21. At 94° a faint aurora in the N. At 94" illumination 
very bright dir ectly in the north, extending about 30° in azi- 
muth, and 6° or 7° in altitude. Loomis. 

Dee. 22. Aurora very bright through partial openings in the 
élouds a few degrees E. of N. Loomis. 

Dec. 23. At 6 cloudy, yet a small spot in the N.E. horizon 
very bright. Not faded at all at 7°. Loomis. 


49/1835, Jan. 29. Slightly hazy—manifest ‘Nnminaitionss bee neeet point 


50) 


51 


52 


53| 


ee 


“ec 


“ee 


“ce 


about 20° E. of North. Loomis. 

Sept. 4. At 2$> a.m.a bright auroral bank of light with bril- 
liant streamers. Loomis. 

Nov. 17. Remarkable aurora. Am. Jour., vol. xxix, p. 388. 

Noy. 18. <A diffuse light was spread all along the northern hor- 
izon, and rose te a considerable elevation. Loomis. 

Dec. 10. An unusual auroral cloud. Am, Jour, vol. xxxii, p. 217. 


Auroral Observations at New Haven. 167 


54/1835, Dee. 21. Auroral arch. Zoomis. 
55/1836, Apr. 22. A magnificent aurora with streamers. Am. Jour., vol. 


57 


XXX, p; 8d: 
56/1836, May 8. A remarkable auroral arch, Am. Jour., vol. xxxii, 
p. 224. i 
“July 31. Aurora with a few streamers a little before 8 o'clock. 
Olmsted. 


58 


59 


60 


61 


62 


“Aug. 2. 15™ before 10 o’clock—more vivid than on the 31st; 
slightly pink. Olmsted. 

“Aug. 12. A remarkable auroral arch. Am. Jour., vol. xxxii, 
p. 220. 


1837, Jan. 2. At 8"5™ a distinct but not very bright arch of light 


about one degree broad extending very nearly from due 
north to due south. The sky was overcast except in the 
N.W. region. At 8" 22™ it was still quite plain. Herrick. 

“Jan. 25. Aurora Borealis unusually magnificent with a profu- 
sion of beautiful rose-red colors. About 7" 30™ the corona 
was formed, and nearly the whole heavens were suffused with 
a deep crimson. A second paroxysm occurred about 10" 30™ 
more grand than the first. The center of the corona was 
quite distinct. Am. Jour., vol. xxxii, p. 177. 

“ Feb. 18. About 8" a large tract of a dim and uncertain red 
about half way between the zenith and the western point. 
At 9" in the N.E. an illuminated region about 10° wide and 
15° high. The color was a beautiful red. The color soon be- 
came more intense, and reached the maximum about 9" 30", 
The light by turns became brighter and fainter several times 
between this period and 11", when it entirely disappeared. 
Am. Jour., vol. xxxii, p. 396. 


The following notices of Auroras are extracted from a Meteorological 
Journal kept at Sharon, a village 50 miles northwest of New Haven, by 
Hon. John C. Smith, former Governor of Connecticut. It is preswmed that 
all these Auroras might have been seen at New Haven, although they are 
not mentioned in the New Haven Journal. 


1828, Dec. 1. Aurora Borealis. 
1830, Apr. 15. Aurora Borealis. 


“ Dee. 11. Aurora Borealis. 
“ Dee. 12. Aurora Borealis. 


1831, Feb. 6. Aurora Borealis. 


“Apr. 19. Remarkable Aurora Borealis, 


1832, June 27. Aurora Borealis. 


“Aug. 23. Aurora Borealis. 


168 Auroral Observations at New Haven. 


General Summary. 


The following Table presents a summary of the preceding auroral obser- 
vations, classified by months. 


Years. | Jan. | Feb.| Mar. | April. May. | June.| July. Aug.| Sept.) Oct. | Nov.) Dec. | Sum. 
1769-1775) “ONS Oko We Ti 1) 2 | 6) S|. ale) b> eee een 
V777=1.778) 2) MA te 0 | 0] -O | 1.) 0) 4 | Oy) ese ae 

1780 OM Or 2) 01 0) 2 | S ld] 2) Ol Om em eee 

1781 Baikal. Sel./4. 1.2). 3) 1). 3) 2) ee 

1782 OVO ky 24 8) el Tbe) Go Oe 

1783 Ryo sey a Te a 1) 14 Oo) one @ tO a 
WS4=178o) VON 20710) 408), 1 ') 1) Ih 1 | OL Os See ‘| 

1786 Oiled 71 Bi BY Db Be) Bl Or tg Die | ee 

1787 Od O14 SOc) 4 4) 0) 1.) Th Oa) site aaa 

1788 O}.2) O} 1) 8 io) 1/°8) 4). 0) 0s soe mae 

1789 Ol Dy QT BA a Oc Ob” Ty) aie ee 
1790-1794 1] oO} OFF OF ©] 0} °3! OF 2) Tiel eo 
1802-1820) 27 2) 98) Si 1b al 0}. 6) ac) aoa 
1827-1880), 3 | 2) 0 p41) ©4110) 0) 8.) .4.) 0.) 2.) baie 
MSS121886), 1,4, de| 60.) Ole |) yh) 625) U8 tl Ope 7, eee ea 

Hho 2 i Ll ag 1/.3) 6) 5) 5 al) Va ae ee 

1gs8 | 6) 5) 2) syed) @) 43) Bio eae 

#839 | 6 | '2') 81 2) Bye) @) 4) Fe) VanIeG ee 

6406 | 5 2] Ale bY) Srl Oi lBsl 4 bial pAal ee oe a ees 

41 | 8) 6| 5] 4) 14) 22,274) 61> 4.) oh eee 

1842 1); 2} ©] 4) O} 0] 1} O| 2) 0 | 27) Somiean 

1843 0} O} 2] Ti Ty ay Tyo oF 1 Torres 

1844 21 0}; OF 1) TV) Of 0) 2) P04 to pot ree 

145: |). 2) 2) 0} 98 4) | oe) 8:6), 8. Sor) Fi eee 

1846 94) 11-4 4 Wel Od ise) eT a ener 

14%) 1) 2) 2] a) alia |e) ai seo lene mee 

1848 $3) 91.2) 6) 8,2) 4) Bie) 4 ete 

1849 2; 4) 21 1] OD) Ol Of 42) Oo) Ae 

1850 1) 4) 4] 2) 2) OB 2 b>) 24.) Oe ee 

1851 2) 1) 8) 0} 2) By 2 O15.) 18 cOn OR 

1852 1) 5} 2|,.8) 6.) 5.) 8) 2) 6) 38.) 6 aise meee 

1853 1} 1] 5|.8)] 8) Oy ai 1) a | ie 

1854 Bl 1 | Be eP ae | | 2 15 

Sum. | 63 | 59 | 72 | 67 | 62 | 46 | 72) 66 | 97 | 62 | 86 | 61 | 818 


The least number of auroras was observed in the month of June, viz: 
46; and the greatest number in the month of September, viz: 97. The 


deficiency in June may be ascribed in part to the influence of twilight, 


which during that month at New Haven lasts till half past nine, while the 
observations were not generally continued after 10 o’clock. If we classify 
the observations by seasons we shall have in 


Spring, 201 auroras. | Autumn, 245 auroras. 
Summer, 184 “ Winter, 3183: sae 


a 


Auroral Observations at New Haven. 169 


If we make a proper allowance for the interference of twilight in sum- 
mer, we must conclude that Auroras at New Haven are more common in 
summer than in winter; that is, they occur least frequently in winter, and 
most frequently in autumn. The same conclusion has been derived from a 
comparison of a considerable number of observations in Canada, and also 
at the Academies in the State of New York. 

The inequality in the number of auroras upon successive years is much 
more remarkable. From 1763 to 1794, auroras averaged 7 per year; and 
during eight of these years the average was 20 per year. From 1795 to 
1826, a period of 32 years, only 21 auroras were recorded, being an average 
of only two in three years; while from 1837 to 1854, auroras averaged 29 
per year, and there were six years in which at least 40 auroras per year were 
recorded. It is true that during the latter period, a systematic watch for 
auroras was maintained, and most of the time by two independent observers, 
so that it is probable that nearly every aurora which could have been seen 
has been recorded.. Moreover, many of these auroras were very faint, such 
as most meteorological observers would not notice; and even if they had 
noticed them, would not think them worthy of being recorded in a Meteor- 
ological Journal ; while from 1795 to 1826, it is presumed that no particu- 
lar watch for auroras was maintained, Under such circumstances, it is 
probable that during the latter period a good many small auroras may 
have occurred which failed to be noticed. But it is impossible to avoid 
the conclusion that auroras were much more frequent during the 33 years 
succeeding 1826, than during the preceding 33 years. From 1837 to 1854 
not a year passed without at least one conspicuous aurora, and generally 
there were at least three or four sufficiently conspicuous to attract consider- 
able attention. But from 1804 to 1820 a very faithful meteorological Jour- 
nal was kept by Pres. Day, of Yale College, (at that time Professor of Nat- 
ural Philosophy,) who only recorded 17 auroras, adding in one case the 
remark, “ with streamers,” and in a second case, “ Bow from E. to W.” 
Yet Prof. Day was born in 1773, and was therefore of an age to remember 
many of the splendid auroras which were recorded by President Stiles. He 
was therefore perfectly familiar with the appearance of auroras, and was 
well aware how great interest these phenomena had once excited. He still 
remembers (1865) several auroras which occurred before he entered college, 
and, in particular, the grand aurora of Noy. 1789, which occurred when he 
was Freshman in college; and he well remembers at present that during 
the period from 1800 to 1820, auroras were much less frequent, and less 
splendid than they had been during his boyhood. 

These recollections of President Day are abundantly confirmed by his own 
written testimony. When Professor of Natural Philosophy, he was accus- 
tomed to deliver a course of written lectures on Meteorology to the Senior 
Class of Yale College; and in his lecture on the Aurora, written in 1811, 
and still preserved, on page Sth, after describing that form of the Aurora 


22 


170 Auroral Observations at New Haven. 


which consists of a bank of light rising only a few degrees above the north- 
ern horizon, he adds, “ So far as I have learned, scarcely any other has been 
seen in New England for 15 or 20 years past.” 

And again, on page 12th, having described the revival of the Aurora in 
Great Britain, about the beginning of the last century, after an absence of 
more than a hundred years, he adds, “It is said that the Aurora Borealis has 
been occasionally seen in New England ever since its first settlement; but 
its appearance became more remarkable about the time of its return in so 
extraordinary a manner in Europe. For 15 or 20 years past, they seem to 
have lost their brilliancy, and generally present nothing for our admiration 
but a regular zone of light extending along the Northern verge of the 
horizon.” 

The comparative infrequency of Auroras during the early part of the 


present century, was a subject of general remark among meteorological 
observers. Inthe Ladies’ and Gentlemen’s Diary for 1821, published at New 
York and edited by M. Nash, on page 79th, in noticing the aurora of Oct. 12, 
1819, the editor remarks “ The northern lights, or Aurora Borealis, for about 
40 years, have appeared less frequently than heretofore. During a consider- 
able part of this period, they have, for a number of years together, totally 
disappeared. Within a few years of late, we have had a few exhibitions of 
this sublime, and beautiful spectacle.” 

When therefore a magnificent aurora made its appearance in August, 
1827, it excited general surprise, and only aged people could remember 
having seen an equally brilliant display. 

The Auroral observations made in the neighborhood of Boston lead to 
substantially the same conclusions as have been derived from the observa- 
tions at New Haven. In the Memoirs of the American Academy, Vol. 9, 
pp. 112-120, Prof. Lovering has given a Catalogue of Auroras, observed 
at Cambridge, Boston and Salem from 1742 to 1848. This list embraces 
624 recorded auroras, of which, however, 79 are duplicates, leaving 545 in- 
dependent auroras. Of these, 136 occurred on the same nights mentioned 
in the New Hayen registers, leaving 409 new cases not recorded at New 
Haven, and making a total of 1222 different Auroras recorded in the com- 
bined series of observations. The following Table exhibits a summary of 
all the observations at both places from 1742 to 1839, counting the same 
night but once, although it may have been mentioned in three or four inde- 
pendent Journals. Since 1839, the Boston catalogue contains no date not 
found in the New Haven catalogue. 


Auroral Observations at New Haven and Boston. 174 


Summary of observations at New Haven and Boston. 


Years, Jan. | Feb. | Mar. April May. | June.| July | Aug./ Sept.) Oct. | Nov.| Dec. | Sum 
1742-1749) 2 4 + 3 2 3 DN) ley [roar 1 4 6 37 
1750-1753) 3 5 2 6 1 1 2} J 1 1 2 0 25 
1757-1760) 1 0 4 1 1 OF, Oo | 3 3 0 21 
1761-1765} 1 3 3 1 3 3 4} 8| 6 1 3 il 37 
1767-1769} 1 2 0 il 1 3 Goh ctl 2 7 0 2 29 
1770-1772) 2 3 3 2 1 2 8} 4] 4 3 3 ] 56 
1773-1775} 5 3 6 1 1 Calon Aye? I 2 1 42 
1776-1778) 3 2 5 6 1 3 Salt) .0)| 8 1 3 2 37 
1779-1780; 0 3 2 1 0 Py A Raiat| el 1 1} 10 3 29 

1781 3 u 3 | 2 3) lie Tell soul 32 1 1 a 25 

1782 0 0 1 2 3 2 TO cee 5) 1 0 24 

1783 2 3 fl 4 3 1 Ly ot 0 0 0 0 22 
1784-1785} 0 0 0 0 I ely lee 2 I 3 2 13 

1786 0 2 iA 6 5 S| Or (PO [ead 5) i) 2 55 

1787 2 oy) 3 3 4 Meat 16) (Ae 2 5 3 3 47 

1788 2 2 2 2 4 OF eee mnie ao 5 0 0 38 

1789 0 3 3) 3 Cd OPP LOT) S2ih es 4 1 + 51 

1790 0 2 0 0 2 ae dara ta ee 1 if 1 0 13 

Lio 2 0 2 2 0 On) 4 OS 20 0 0 2 12 
1792-1795] 3 0 1 1 1 Of) -3e\" 2 2 3 1 I 18 
1802-1810} 4 0 2 3 3 2 teal! 1 1 2 0 25 
1811-1820) 0 2 2 2 1 1 O | Or 5 1 2 0 16 
1821-1826) 0 0 0 1 0 OF | PO908)) 20 il 0 1 3 
1827-1830} 8 1 0 I 0 Zale Ove sale 0 2 5 21 
1831-1836} 1 1 0 2 2 1 2| 3 1 0 7 a 27 

1837 2 1 1 2 1 Sl) col eon ae eo 4 a 5 4] 

1838 5 5 2 3 1 2) 4] 8 8 1 + 1 39 

1839 5 2 3 2 6 AND AA N87, 4 6 2 47 
1742-1839) 52 | 55 | 73'| 65 | 57 |.67. | 96) 78 96'| GI | 76,| 52.) 828 
1840-1854] 29 | 38 | 37 | 39 | 29 | 16 | 27 | 24| 47 | 38 | 39 | 31 | 394 
1742-1854] 81 | 98 {110 |104 | 86 | 83 |128 |102 |143 | 99 |115 | 83 |1222 


If we classify the entire series of observations by seasons we shall have in 


Spring 300 auroras. | Autumn, 357 auroras. 
toy! b] 
Summer, 308 “ Winter’ 257°“ 


showing that in New England, Auroras occur most frequently in autumn 
and least frequently in winter. 

The inequality in the number of Auroras upon successive years exhibits 
an unexpected consistency. This is exhibited in the following Table show- 
ing the number of Auroras seen annually for a period of 112 years. 


172 Auroral Observations at New Haven and Boston. 


Average number of auroras annually. 


veare, ADO || years, [Amor || year, [ADOT] Years, | Auronse 
1742-49 5 1783 22 1821-26 1 1845 22 
1750-53 6 1784-85 7 1827-30 5 1846 30 
1757-60 5 1786 55 1831-36 5 1847 22 
1761-65 lee 1787 47 1837 4] 1848 53 
1767-69 16 1788 38 1838 39 1849 20 
1770-72 12 1789 51 1839 47 1850 30 
1773-75 14 1790 13 1840 44 1851 21 
1776-78 12 1791 12 1841 42 1852 42 
1779-80 Ld 1792-95 5 1842 11 1853 22 
1781 25 1802-10 3 1843 10 1854 15 
1782 24 1811-20 2 1844 10 


These numbers exhibit a very steady increase from 1742 to 1786-89, with 
the exception of the years 1784-5. The middle of the period of maximum 
abundance may be fixed at 1787, the average number of Auroras for four 
years amounting to 48. From this date, the number declines rapidly and 
uninterruptedly to near 1820. The middle of the period of minimum fre- 
quency may be assigned for 1816, when the average number of auroras did 
not exceed one per year. From 1827 the numbers increase, and after 1837 
the number is very remarkable, the average for five years from 1837 to 
1841 being 42 per year. Then for three or four years there is a marked de- 
cline, and a subsequent revival which is most decided in 1848 and 1852. 
Regarding this as a single period of maximum abundance, the middle of 
the period occurred not far from 1845, making thus an interval of 58 years 
from the maximum in 1787 to that of 1845. 

It is then established beyond question that during the last century, the 
frequency of Auroras in New England has been subject to an inequality 
bearing some resemblance to an Astronomical periodicity—the period being 
about 58 years; but whether this period is uniform can only be established 
by observations continued for a much longer interval of time. 


QE. On Bexrxer’s Dicamwatep Text or Homer. By Pror, 
JAMES HaDLEy. 


Ir is more than forty years since Richard Payne Knight published 
in 1820 his famous digammated Iliad, or rather Vilviad, of Homer. 
The book has taken its place among the curiosities of literature. Its 
author was an ingenious and elegant scholar; but he had his hobby, 
and he rode it unmercifully. The horse of Phidippides, the spend- 
thrift son in Aristophanes’ Clouds, was marked with a Kéaza (xoz- 
maties), Payne Knight’s hobby was branded with another lost letter 
of the primitive Greek alphabet, the Digamma: wherever he goes, he 
bears the digamma with him, 

It is one of the most remarkable circumstances about Payne 
Knight’s Iliad, that more than twenty years after its publication, a 
distinguished American scholar should have thought it worth while 
to reproduce three books of it on this side the ocean (see Anthon’s 
Homer, New York, 1844). A page or two by way of specimen might 
have been amusing at least, even if uninstructive: but to take up in 
this way more than fifty pages of a schoolbook was to make the 
joke somewhat ponderous. 

It might have been expected that the example of Payne Knight 
would deter succeeding editors from repeating an experiment which 
in his hands had turned out in a way at once so unfortunate and so 
iudicrous. But Immanuel Bekker, the Coryphaeus of recent textual 
criticism, has not shrunk from the hazard. In 1858 he brought out 
an Iliad and Odyssey in which the lost letter is admitted to a place 
in the Homeric text. This work embodies the results of many years’ 
minute and laborious study. In 1809, after the appearance of Wolf's 
Homer in its third edition, Bekker, then a young man, reviewed it 
in the Jena Litteratur-Zeitung. The review is said to have shown 
great mastery of the subject, and great aptitude for those critical 
labors which were to form the life-work of its author. In 1843 he 
published a new recension of the Homeric text, which was immedi- 
ately and universally recognized as a marked advance on that of 
Wolf. For the last five or six years he has been giving out in the 
Monatsberichte of the Berlin Academy a highly remarkable series of 
ebservations and researches in reference to Homer. With great inge- 


174 Bekker’s Digammated Text of Homer. 


nuity and acuteness, they evince an amount of patient labor which is 
absolutely marvellous. Thus he goes through the whole extent of 
the poems to note and collect the verses in which the third foot is 
without a caesura. In the 15694 verses of the Iliad, he finds only 
185 which have no caesura in the third foot: in the 12101 of the 
Odyssey, only 71. Again he goes through the whole extent of the 
poems, to mark the cases of bucolic caesura, and observe whether the 
fourth foot, the one which precedes the caesura, is a dactyl or a spon- 
dee. Thus in the fifth book of the Iliad he finds 531 bucolic caesuras, 
of which 470 are preceded by dactyls, 61 by spondees: in the eley- 
enth book, 575 bucolic caesuras, 478 preceded by dactyls, 97 by 
spondees; and so on for the other books. These are only specimens 
of the tasks which this conscientious and indefatigable critic has im- 
posed upon himself. The results of these protracted investigations 
appear in his last edition of the Iliad and Odyssey, that of 1858. This 
edition shows a great advance upon his first of 1843. It is in fact 
constructed on a different principle and aims at a different object. 
The aim of Bekker in his first edition, like that of Wolf before him, 
was in general to reproduce the Homeric text as it was settled by the 
great critic Aristarchus about two centuries before Christ, and handed 
down without intentional variation by subsequent copyists. It was 
the rule with Wolf, and with Bekker in his first edition, to give the 
readings which certainly or probably belonged to Aristarchus, except 
in oceasional instances where there was unequivocal evidence to show 
the priority of a different reading. But in his second edition Bekker 
thas taken a wider range. He has adopted as his guide the princi- 
ple of analogy, and by the help of it has sought to go back beyond 
Aristarchus. Relying on analogies presented by a careful study of 
the Homeric poems, he has departed in many cases from the readings 
of the manuscripts, even where these could be traced with more or 
less certainty to Aristarchus himself. The general propriety of this 
method has been disputed in many quarters. It is indeed rather sin- 
gular in a critic like Bekker, who strenuously maintains the frag- 
mentary origin of the poems, and who finds evidence of such an 
origin in the varieties and inconsistencies which they show both as 
to grammatical forms and as to the use of words. He expects de- 
partures from analogy; he regards them as having an a priori proba- 
bility ; and yet the tendency of his criticism is to sweep them away 
from the text, wherever this can be done by gentle means: for he 
abstains on principle from changes of a violent or extreme character ; 
he does not treat his text with the despotic ingenuity of a Bentley. 


Bekker’s Digammated Text of Homer. 175 


But our object at present is to consider only one feature of the work 
—its introduction of the digamma. The objectors generally admit 
that the digamma-sound (the v, or rather the w-sound) belonged orig- 
inally to the Homeric poems, and that it is proper in commentaries 
and other philological works to point out the traces of its existence 
and to discuss the extent of its use. But they object to a digam- 
mated text. They maintain with much plausibility that the poems 
from their first reduction to writing have never shown this letter; 
and that the attempt to go back, not only beyond the first manu- 
scripts that we have, but beyond the first that ever existed, can have 
no reasonable hope of success. At any rate, they say, the case is 
not yet ripe for a digammated text. In regard to many words it is 
still uncertain whether they were or were not sounded with a digam- 
ma in the Homeric time; and in regard to many which certainly were 
so, it is doubtful whether they were uniformly sounded with this 
letter, or whether it was not sometimes omitted in pronunciation. 
If we take words which certainly had a digamma in the Homeric lan- 
guage, and attempt to represent them uniformly with this letter, we 
must make many violent and arbitrary changes of the text. If we 
adopt the principle of giving them with digamma wherever it can be 
done without such changes, we have to draw an uncertain line be- 
tween changes which are violent and changes which are not so. And 
whichever of these courses we take, we can have no assurance that 
we are reproducing the genuine Homeric usage. It is impossible to 
deny the force of these objections. But their force would be much 
greater, if by the decree of fate the world were restricted to one 
printed text of Homer, just this and no more. In that case we should 
say without hesitation, give us a text which comes as nearly as possi- 
ble to that which Aristarchus—following, as we know that he did, 
with great soberness and caution, the testimony of the best manu- 
scripts that he could find—fixed upon as the true one; or, if you 
depart from that, do so only when there is decisive evidence to war- 
rant the departure. As a basis for Homeric study, as a standard for 
general use and reference, a text thus constituted is the best that we 
can have. But we are by no means restricted to a single text. For 
general purposes, we may continue to use Bekker’s first edition, or 
we may take, what differs very little from it, the text of Dindorf in 
Teubner’s Bibliotheca, or any better one which we can find con- 
structed on the same principles. But Bekker’s second edition will still 
have its value as a tentative, to show how far the principle of analogy, 
in the hands of a consummate critic, will serve to correct and improve 


176 Bekker’s Digammated Text of Homer. 


the text of Homer which has come down to us by tradition from the 
ancient Alexandrine editors. And especially with reference to the 
digamma it will have a value of this kind, as showing what results 
can be secured by an intelligent, moderate, and cautious attempt to 
reinstate the long-lost Homeric letter. On this point the editor him- 
self says in his brief and pithy preface: “The Aeolic letter, after it 
had disappeared through time and negligence, was by the marvellous 
sagacity of Bentley reclaimed from oblivion; but lay thus for a long 
time, ridiculed by wits, by scholars invidiously assailed or unintelli- 
gently defended [the last evidently a hit at Payne Knight]. By 
Heyne it was admitted, at least into his commentary. The indispens- 
able uses of this letter I could no longer treat with contempt. I have 
therefore restored the digamma, but so far only as I had the power 
and right to do, proceeding cautiously and with moderated step: I 
have restored it to its own place, as indicated by manifest traces, 
not by eager wishes or by hasty assumptions of my own.” 

This language is fully borne out by an inspection of the book. 
The carefulness and conscientiousness of the editor are everywhere 
apparent. In deciding what words are to be regarded as having 
the digamma, he relies mainly on the indications of the Homeric 
verse. From this it follows as a natural consequence that he recog- 
nizes only an initial digamma. Thus he writes des of Zeus, #hjis 
hey, ois sheep, not 4erds, xdyris, ores, though there is strong reason, 
derived from inscriptions or from later dialects or from cognate 
tongues, for believing that these words had digamma in the Homeric 
language. He does not, however, reject the initial digamma of a 
word, when it is brought by a prefix or by composition into the 
middle. Thus the digamma of Felxout twenty is retained in égelzoot, 
that of Puyvuue to break in érayn was broken, that of FéAnouce to hope 
in Férohna I hope, that of Fidety to see in’ AFOys (unseen god) Hades, 
that of F7dts sweet in mshipndis, uehirndéa Foivoy honey-sweet wine. He 
rejects all combinations of digamma with another consonant. Thus 
div long, which in numerous passages has the appearance of begin- 
ning with two consonants, and has been supposed by many to have 
the digamma-sound after the 6 (JFjv), is by Bekker always written 
with a simple 0. In delOve TI fear, many, since Buttmann, have recog- 
nized a Homeric dora; in Mdeca IT feared, a Homeric érewwe: but 
Bekker always writes them according to the traditional way, only 
omitting one 6 from %deva, Nor does he recognize any lost letters 
beside digamma. Curtius, in the second part of his Principles of 
Greek Etymology, has endeavored to show that a consonant y-sound 


Bekker's Digammated Text of Homer. 177 


has in some instances given rise to the same appearances in the 
Homeric verse as those occasioned by the v- or w-sound (the digam- 
ma). But the words which are thus supposed to show traces of 
initial y, Bekker either writes with digamma, or leaves them with 
a vowel-initial. We shall refer again to this point before closing. 

We have said that in determining what words had initial digamma 
in the Homeric language, our editor relies mainly on the indications 
of the Homeric verse. Having satisfied himself in the case of any 
particular word that it did have the digamma, he proceeds to write 
the word, as also its derivatives and compounds, with that character : 
and this he does, not only where metrical reasons favor or require 
the introduction of a consonant, but wherever metrical reasons do 
not absolutely forbid the introduction of a consonant. In very many 
instances where the verse as we have it in our traditional text will 
not allow the digamma to come in, the difficulty can be removed by 
changes of the text which are more or less obvious. Bekker’s princi- 
ple, it is evident, has been to write the word with digamma, whenever 
this is consistent with the verse as it stands in the ordinary text, or 
can be made so consistent by some slight and easy change of reading. 
He shows his judgment and moderation as a critic by refusing (at 
least, in general, with only rare exceptions) to make any considerable 
or arbitrary change of reading for the sake of getting in his digamma. 
Rather than do this, he will allow the word to appear in a particular 
case without the initial consonant which usually belongs to it. I 
may illustrate his mode of procedure by a more particular statement 
of what he has done in the first book of the Iliad. In the 611 lines of 
which it consists, there are found, if I have counted right, 162 which 
show the digamma. But some of these contain it more than once, 
so that 184 words are written with this character. In 36 of these, it 
is found, not at the absolute beginning of the word, but after a prep- 
osition or other prefix. Of the 184 words there are only 31, or about 
a sixth, in which the introduction of the digamma has required any 
further change of text; and in 18 of these 31, the only change re- 
quired has been the omission of a movable » from the end of a pre- 
ceding word. Thus in verse 


14, otéupuat tyay éyv yeooly iznBdhov ’ Anddhovos. B. zeool Fex. 
96. Tovvex’ co’ lye’ turer éExnBdhos 70’ éte Oboe. HOKE FEX. 
294, e107 Gol may éoyor bmelEouar, Otte xEv els, O tre xe Felays. 


In 8 instances, a slight change has been made in the grammatical 
form of the preceding word, though in 2 out of the 8 the change was 
23 


178 Bekker’s Digammated Text of Homer. 


not necessary in order to the introduction of the digamma. The other 
six are as follows: 


21. alouevor Aids vidy ExnGokov ? Andhhova. B. via rex. 
230, 009’ dnoagsiabar, Os tug aéOer kytlov ein. avtia FElan, 
288, aévtwv piv xoatéery 2béher, n&vtecar 0° dvaooer, maou O& Fuy. 
365, olofa+ thy tov tadr’ eidvin mkyt’ ayogeto. Tadbra Puy. 
482, otelon mogpigcoy weyah’ taye yds iobays. eyo Flaze, 
576. éobhis tooetue 100s, éxel Th yegeiova vind. éotae Fr00S. 


In three instances a particle which seemed unnecessary has been 
omitted to make room for the digamma: 


64, dc % elnoe Ore TéGa0v tyoouto Doifos Andihwy. B, os Fel. 


548, ovre Oe@y mgdtEegog TOvy’ evaETaL OUT’ crOownwy, tov Fela. 
582. cdha av thy’ entecou zabkatea0ar uakaxorouy. TOV FET. 


In two instances one particle has been substituted for another : 


19, éxaéoour Touzuovo ohuy ev 0’ oiza0" ixdabae. B. «al Folzad’. 
395, 7 ener Grnoas xoadiny Ais 78 xal Zoya. 7é Te FeQyO. 


I do not find in the first book any instance in which words are trans- 
posed for the sake of bringing in the digamma. I will add one or 
two instances from other parts of the poems: 

%, 341, ueconyds xontHQOS is Godvov caoyveordov. B, xoytijgos usaonyd Fie. 
P,370, éotacar év dlpoovous m&tacce 0é Ouuds Excatou, 


Guuds 0’ énktaoce FEx. 


There are several instances in the first book where a word usually 
digammated is compelled by stress of metre to forego this addition. 
The lines which I have noted are 


216. yor) uy omwiteody ye, Jed, Fés0s siobooadbat. not Fewoiccacbar. 
aie BY ? ? S > 
939. mod¢ Awe eigbatar: 6 O€ Tor ugyacs ZooETaL OOS. FELOUATHL. 
S S pet | > > 
294, ei 01 col nay éoyoy bnElSouat, OTTL #E Fela. bmorelSouce, 
438, 2x 0? ExatéuSny Bioav éxnBdho ? Anddhwve. rexnGoho, 
kK ~ ye \ ! , 
555. viv 0 airs del0oza zatd qoeva fur oe mage. magaFElan. 


My search was a hasty one. It is most likely that careful looking 
would bring out a few more cases of this kind, 

Before proceeding to notice and criticise the treatment of particu- 
lar words, there are two remarks of a general nature which it seems 
important to premise. They relate to the evidence in favor of a di- 
gamma, and the evidence against a digamma, in the case of any par- 
ticular word. 

First as to the evidence in favor, it must always be borne in mind 
that there are cases in which hiatus was more or less freely allowed 


Bekker’s Digammated Text of Homer. Lag 


in the epic verse, so that hiatus occurring in such cases furnishes little, 
if any, presumption for an initial digamma. In my Grammar (67 p) 
are mentioned three cases of this kind:—1. When the first of two 
words ends in a close vowel (¢, v) and seldom or never suffers elision : 
this applies especially to the dative singular of the third declension ; 
as 2avdl Gracce.—2, When the two words are separated by a clearly 
required mark of punctuation; as x&Ono0, gua 0’ énunelfeo wibo,.—s3 
(the most important case). When the vowels which make hiatus are 
the two short syllables of the third foot, or, in other words, at the 
feminine caesura of the third foot; as ty of && éyévovto évl weycgovoe 
yevébky. In this place it has been proved that hiatus is allowed with 
much the same freedom as at the end of a verse. There is another 
case which ought to be added to these three—a case in which hiatus 
is easily excused, if not freely allowed—and that is, after a long vowel 
or diphthong in arsis, and particularly the arsis of the third or the 
fifth foot. The first line of the Iliad is an instance in point: 


1. pijvey deWs, Oek, Tnhyiddew ? Azthios. 

which shows hiatus after the arsis of the fifth foot: after the arsis 
of the third, we find it in 4, 

24. ahh’ obx’ Atoeidn ’Ayauduvore rave Ouua, 

42, tlasvay Aavaol fuck OkxQva corou Séhecour. 
Here also, after the long arsis of the third foot, as well as in the 
feminine caesura of that foot, we find something of the same freedom 
as at the end of a verse. This appears in such lines as 4, 


153. deto0 uaynoduevos, émel ov Tl woe aitvol Elouv. 


where os, the last syllable of wezyoéuevos, stands in the third arsis 
before ézel, which certainly did not begin with digamma. 

The other remark relates to the negative evidence, that which goes 
to disprove adigamma. It is well known that for every digammated 
word, even the best ascertained, there is some evidence of this char- 
acter: there are some passages in the poems as we have them, in 
which the digamma cannot be written without violating the metre. 
It is obviously desirable that we should have some idea as to the 
range of these exceptional cases, their numerical ratio to the whole 
number of passages in which the word occurs. On this subject there 
are some good remarks in Kuhn’s Zeitschrift, X, 60 ff, in an article by 
H. L. Ahrens on éaotos, one of the words which Bekker has digam- 
mated. Ahrens enumerates all the instances, 110 in number, where 
this word occurs in the Iliad, and states that there are 44 of these in 
which the digamma could not be written into the traditional text 
without a violation of metre. But as 16 of the 44 can be made to 


180 Bekker’s Digammated Text of Homer. 


admit the digamma by simply dropping a movable v from the pre- 
ceding word, they are left out of the count, which reduces the un- 
conformable cases to 28 in 110, or about 25 percent. This ratio, 
Ahrens says, is so large as to throw discredit on the initial digamma. 
To prove it so, he takes the word éve& (originally réves) king, which 
he finds to occur 151 times in the Iliad. Here setting aside, as be- 
fore, the cases in which only a movable » stands in the way of the 
digamma, he makes 11 out of 151 to be the number of unconforma- 
ble cases, or about 74 per cent. He then proceeds to say that as to 
other words which have an unquestionable digamma, as ?oyov, ideiy, 
olxos, oivoc, etc., any one may satisfy himself by his own observation 
that the percentage of unconformable cases is not larger, that it is 
rather smaller, than for éeg. It could not justly be inferred from 
these observations of Ahrens, that no words had the digamma in 
Homer, for which the unconformable cases exceed 7 or 8 per cent; 
but only that in such words the digamma must be regarded as more 
or less doubtful, and if the proportion is very much greater, as im- 
probable. It is also evident that the weight to be given to this test 
will depend somewhat on the absolute number of instances in which 
a word is found. If the word occurs but seldom, the ratio of con- 
formable and unconformable cases may be in a measure accidental ; 
but the influence of accident diminishes, as the numbers we are deal- 
ing with increase. 

We come now to some criticism of particular words, as written by 
Bekker with or without digamma, All the words which have been 
generally agreed upon as showing evidence of this initial, receive it 
here. The list of digammated words given in my Grammar (23 p) 
was not designed to be complete, but only to include the most import- 
ant roots in which traces of the consonant-initial have been generally 
recognized. It contains about 33 distinct roots, and in all these with- 
out exception Bekker has admitted the digamma. Beside these he 
admits it in some 20 or 30 more, for I have not been able yet to make 
out an exact list. In many of these additional words, the real exist- 
ence of the digamma is beyond all reasonable doubt. This is true, for 
instance, of étos year, which connects itself naturally with Sk. vatsara, 
year, Lat. vetus, old (i.e. full of years, annosus). Out of 19 Homeric 
passages which show the word, only two resist the introduction of the 
consonant, and these.allow it if we only re-insert an elided vowel: thus 
rovoudr trea (B, 328) may be changed to tocoadra Féteq, mOAl trea (Y, 255) 
to nolkk péréa, the last two vowels of Férec being taken as one syllable 
by a frequent synizesis. But, as might have been expected, there are 
words written by Bekker with digamma in which ‘there is room for 


Bekker’s Digammated Text of Homer. 181 


doubt and for difference of opinion. A striking instance of this kind 
is found in the word éwg prey, which occurs 8 times, with the con- 
nected cage and éAdgue, each of which occurs once (the last in 4, 4). 
In 3 of these 10 passages (P, 667, 4, 4, £, 684) there is a hiatus before 
the word, but it is at the feminine caesura of the third foot, where hi- 
atus has scarcely any weight in proving an initial consonant. In 5 
passages (£, 488, P, 151, 7, 271, ¢, 473, », 292), a » movable precedes, 
which neither hinders us from assuming digamma, nor furnishes any 
proof of its existence. The remaining two passages give evidence of 
an initial vowel. In one, Matgdxhowo 0” Ehoga (2, 93), the ¢ of dé is elided 
before &oge: in the other, “ij 16s “or chug (v, 208), the diphthong of “os 
is made short. In the first case, Bekker gets rid of the diftieulty by 
reading Iartgéxziov dé Fédwga : in the second, he yields to the diftieulty, 
and writes wg without digamma. We cannot here lay much stress 
on the proportion (20 per cent) of unconformable passages, the whole 
number being so small. But as digamma is not required in any single 
passage of the 10, and is excluded. by 2, it is certainly hazardous to 
assume it without other proof of its existence. Such proof one might 
perhaps find in its derivation. It is natural to take it from the root 
which appears in the second aorist of aigéw, infin. éetv, indie. itor, 
where the augment affords evidence of an original consonant initial. 
If cidoy is for erchoy, éhety for redery, we might connect them with Latin 
vello, to pluck. But the 2d aor, of aigéo is never written with digam- 
ma by Bekker, and it is quite clear that it was not digammated in the 
Homeric language. It furnishes therefore a very feeble presumption. 
for the digamma of the substantives; and we cannot but conclude 
that it would have been the safer and wiser course to leave the sub- 
stantives also without digamma. 

Another word in which we must question the propriety of the di- 
gamma that Bekker gives it, is the deponent verb égvouce to watch, 
guard, preserve. This verb in many of its forms is apparently identi- 
cal with égiw to draw ; and it has been assumed almost universally 
that they come from the same root. Buttmann in his Lexilogus ar- 
gues the question at length, maintaining their essential identity. 
Apart from the indications of a digamma, there are other reasons for 
separating the two verbs. Thus, as to form, égiw to draw shows & 
only where it would arise from augment or reduplication ; while égéo- 
use to guard shows éigicoortae in the future, cigscoacbar in the aorist 
infinitive, and other like forms. Again, ég/ouae to guard is sometimes 
inflected according to the w-form, as in %gvz0, eigurto, etc., which is 
never the case with zeiw to draw. And yet again, with egvouae to 
guard, there is a verb @vouce, with initial 2, which has the same mean- 


182 Bekker’s Digammated Text of Homer. 


ing: with oi to draw, there is no such side-form. Of these points 
of difference, Buttmann does not notice the first two: as to the last, 
he says with much force that the substantive éurig pole of a wagon 
(drawer) gives proof of a verb ¢éw= éoiw to draw. If we turn from 
the form to consider the meaning of these verbs, we find something 
of a step from drawing to watching. Buttmann, however, bridges 
over the gulf: from drawing to oneself (the proper sense of the mid- 
dle form) comes the idea of rescuing; from rescuing that of guard- 
ing; from guarding that of watching and even of watching against. 
The development is certainly possible, and if it stopped at the point 
of rescuing, we might regard it as probable: but from rescuing to 
watching against, watching to injure, there is still a long journey, 
which we cannot assume without hesitation, But these reasons for 
separating the words gain almost irresistible confirmation from a cir- 
cumstance which Buttmann has not noticed, viz., that the indications 
of the Homeric verse show very clearly that égim to draw began with 
a consonant, and almost as clearly that éovouee to guard began with a 
vowel. I have collected the Homeric passages which show middle 
forms of éoio to draw: I find 60 in all, many of which give strong 
proof of an initial consonant, while only 3 (i.e. 5 per cent of the 
whole number) oppose its introduction, Of the deponent égdouce I 
find 43 instances in all, among which 23, or more than half, resist the 
introduction of a digamma. Forms which begin with ¢ followed by 
eo I of course do not reckon, as they obviously belong to @voues, not 
égtouce. It might be said, however, that some forms in which ¢ is fol- 
lowed by single 9, such as éguto was guarding, égbacato guarded, could 
also be taken from @vouar, the g being left single after the augment, 
as often happens in the aorist of @éfm to do. Assuming this, we shall 
have in all 29 instances of égdouae, of which 12, or more than 40 per 
‘cent, will resist the introduction of digamma. Again, it might be 
‘said that such a form as éigiooato is to be explained from eFreguacato, 
by omission of digamma and contraction of the vowels, so that we 
could not expect to see in eigicoato the digamma which belongs to 
the verb-root. If we admit the justice of this reasoning, we shall 
still further reduce the number of instances to be considered, bring- 
ing them down to 19, of which, however, 9, or nearly half, will still 
oppose the digamma, It is possible that two or three of the cases 
which I have regarded as middle forms of é9éw, might be assigned to 
éovouae in the sense of rescuing ; but if we should transfer them ac- 
cordingly, this would not materially affect the numerical relations 
just exhibited. Observe then that in the middle of égé@ only one- 
twentieth of the instances resist the insertion of digamma, while in 


Bekker’s Digammated Text of Homer. 183 


égiouae to guard nearly or quite half of them resist it. This is a very 
great difference, and cannot possibly be imputed to accident. I hold, 
therefore, that Ahrens is fully justified in separating the two words 
as he has done in his Grammar of 1852: and I regard as highly prob- 
able his conjecture that égdovae began originally with o (compare the 
Greek é conjunctive, which was originally sa), and that it is con- 
nected with Latin servo. The primitive sense may have been that of 
watching which we see in the compound odbservo, and from which we 
readily derive the ideas of guarding and preserving. But whether it 
once began with ¢ or not, we must in any case disapprove the pro- 
cedure of Bekker in writing it, wherever he can, with digamma. 
There are in fact only 4 places out of more than 40 which give any 
sign of an initial consonant. Two of these are in the 23d book of 
the Odyssey (82, 229), which has in it much that is peculiar, while 
the others are in a line that occurs twice (4, 194, #, 444): 
avtod mag vat Te every xal v7j@ tovobae. 

This shows another metrical irregularity, the short + of vj being used 
for a long syllable. Apparently it is only a variation of the perfectly 
regular verse: 

adrod 19 vigor mévery zal vias ~ovobar (§, 260, 9, 429). 
the two plurals being changed to singulars, with little regard to met- 
rical exactness. 

In speaking of égéouer, I have touched incidentally upon the ques- 
tion whether digamma should be prefixed to the augmented forms of 
digammate verbs. Wherever the augment makes a syllable by itself, 
Bekker, no doubt with correctness, writes the digamma after it: thus 
eFuyy was broken from Fayvuur, érchy was pressed from Fellw, ?recnoy I 
said, tense-stem Few from Ferew. But when the augment coalesces 
with the root in the same syllable, he places digamima at the begin- 
ning, and of course before the augment: thus he writes Fetdov J saw, 
originally erdov, FPivacce was ruling, originally eravacoe, FiyOave was 
pleasing, originally ererdave, Now the temporal augment of ijvaoce 
must either have come from a stem which had already lost the digam- 
ma; or it must have arisen from a stem with digamma by dropping 
that consonant between « and « with contraction of these vowels. 
In either case the augmented form should be without digamma, which 
could only appear by what must be regarded as an improbable trans- 
position: eFavacce, reavacce, Fivaooe; efor, Feidov, Fsidov. It is at 
any rate a transposition which we should not accept without clear 
indications in the Homeric verse. I must own that I have not looked 
up the evidence myself on this point. But a writer in Jahn’s Jahr- 


184 Bekker’s Digammated Text of Homer. 


biicher (lxxxi, 681), Heinrich Rumpf, professes to have done so. He 
says at least that he has looked at all the 2d aorist forms of the root 
) which by the augment begin with &, also at the forms of avéc0u, 
cdavo, and &yvuue, which by the augment begin with 7. The number 
of these, taken together, would be about 60, and there are 6 of them 
(#, 392, y, 305, +, 182, x, 373, 4, 162, 1, 539) which resist an initial di- 
gamma. The proportion here is not decisive. But it is more import- 
ant that he finds not a single case which requires digamma, and only 
one which on Bekker’s principles can be regarded as yielding it any 
particular support. We must conclude then that there is no suffi- 
cient warrant for Bekker’s writing of these forms. 

In this connection I may speak of the form jizto, a pluperfect mid- 
dle of the stem or ex. It occurs four times in the Odyssey in the 
expression, déuas 0” ijixto yuveext, which does not allow an initial di- 
gamma, “Hixto is most naturally explained as being equivalent to 
erervzto, the first ¢ beg the augment of the pluperfect, which after 
the loss of digamma is contracted with the ¢ of the reduplication: 
EFEFUXTO, E€ixT0, FixTO, like eFavacce, Eavacce, ivaccs. Now it is remark- 
able that the form éixto, with ¢ instead of 7, occurs once, in ¥, 108,— 
zal woe Exaor’ énitehhey + éixto 02 Géoxehoy «ito. This form is naturally 
explained as being for Frerexto, with the reduplication, but without 
the augment, of the pluperfect. It will be seen that the passage 
allows, though it does not require, an initial digamma. Bekker writes 
it without; in our judgment he should have inserted it: thus, «el wos 
Exaov’ énétehhes PéFexto 08 Oéoxehoy aita. 

If we have complained of Bekker for prefixing digamma to the 
augmented forms of digammate verbs, we have to complain of him 
for omitting digamma in some instances from their reduplicated forms. 
The word just mentioned, in which he writes @Fexto, not FéFuxto, is a 
case in point. Another is seen in 7, 348: 


mavtolas évequaey* EForxa Oé Tow magaeldery. 


On first looking at this, I thought that perhaps the pause (colon) be- 
fore o.ze might have had something to do with Bekker’s retention of 
the preceding » movable. But I found afterwards a passage (J, 70), 
which in this respect is exactly similar, but is differently treated by 
Bekker: 
Oalvu Datta yégovar+ FéFouxd ToL, ov Tor dFELHES. 

This inconsistency, I suspect, must be the result of inadvertence. In 
all other cases, so far as I have observed, Bekker writes the perfect 
and pluperfect active of this verb with digamma where the verse 
allows it. The number of instances is very large, 125, if I have 


Bekker’'s Digammated Text of Homer. 185 


counted right, and the unconformable cases only 10, or about 8 per 
cent. The perfect of érdévw (root Fad) occurs but twice (J, 173, 7, 422). 
Bekker both times writes za@ouv épadéte. We hold that he should have 
written 2éov reraddra: the presumption is that the digamma was reg- 
ularly repeated in the reduplication, as Bekker gives it in FéFovxa. 
The perfect middle of e’4o (root res) occurs four times, twice after » 
movable, and twice after a hiatus, which however is at the feminine 
caesura of the third foot. Bekker everywhere writes éréuc6a, trehué- 
vos: we hold, as before, that he should have written rerédueOa, rerehue- 
vos. The next case to be considered—that of @ouae (root Fen) to 
hope—is attended with more difficulty. The perfect ode and plu- 
perfect éoAnevy occur twelve times in all: 3 times with hiatus, 4 times 
with » movable before them: therefore 7 times where digamma is 
admissible; leaving 5 cases which resist it. This large proportion 
of unconformable cases might make us doubt whether we ought to 
recognize digamma at all in these forms. But the F of the root is 
unquestionable, and gives a strong presumption for F in the redupli- 
cation. And besides, the three cases of hiatus occur in a part of the 
verse (at fem. caes. of 2d foot) where hiatus is inadmissible. We 
hold therefore that there is sufticient evidence of Homeric FéFod7e and 
Fer@Aney (or FeFrddnecv), and that these forms should have been given, 
according to Bekker’s principle, wherever the verse allows them. He 
has in fact given them only in the 3 cases of hiatus, while in the 4 of 
vy movable he retains that letter and writes @rodma, ér@Ansiy ; thus con- 
travening both his general method and his procedure in the parallel 
case of gouxe, éwxery. In fogya, édoyerv, we find very much the same 
state of things—12 passages in all, of which 5 resist digamma. The 
vy movable, however, occurs here in only one case (§, 289): 
TQWHTNS, OS O1) TOALK xaX’ ArOAQuoLoLY EHQYEL. 
Here, from the analogy of his procedure in reference to éGi7ew, we 
may presume that Bekker would have written &vOodovoty égmoyerv, if 
he had not followed Voss in making a greater change, altering the 
dative to an accusative in accordance with the usual construction of 
the verb, making GOgez0ug sirdgyew. It might be questioned, how- 
ever, whether we ought not in this case to have irégyev for ereFogyeu, 
in the same manner as iFexto for ererexto. In the perfect middle of 
#oyw (root Fegy) to shut, we find a different state of things. Here we 
have tozatoe and éeyato occurring 7 times. They are evidently forms 
without reduplication, like oie Z know (i.e. Foida, not FeKoWa), Eiuoe 
am clothed (i.e. Feouat, not Fereouac), and in stems beginning with 
other letters, Jézatae have received (for dedézatar), cvaya I command 
(for jvove). Hence, when we find éegyudvac and 2égzato occurring each 
24 


186 Bekker’s Digammated Text of Homer. 


of them once, we must presume that the first ¢ is not part of a redu- 
plication, but the same common prefix which we find, for instance, m 
2édouce (i, e. ereddouce) for FéAdoucr to wish, and the aorist participle 
éevocuevos (i, e, ereccaueros) having likened oneself. We shall not then 
be surprised to see that éregyuévae and érégyato do not admit initial 
digamma. 

We come now to consider the question, whether our editor does 
right in recognizing only one lost consonant, the digamma, or whether 
he should not have recognized others as producing similar appear- 
ances in the Homeric verse. Curtius, in the concluding part of his 
Principles of Greek Etymology, maintains in the case of several 
words, that the epic hiatus was occasioned by a consonant y-sound. 
He holds this to be true in reference to éorxa, 2oxerv, which we have 
just considered. He remarks that dialects and inscriptions give no 
evidence of digamma in this word; that no root vk in the sense of 
likeness is to be found in the cognate languages; and that it is there- 
fore very hazardous to write FéFoxa, rerwxery, in the text of Homer. 
He observes that there are clear traces in Herodotus and elsewhere 
of a word delxyhos or Oelxedos having the sense of («)ixeAos like, simi- 
lar. He is therefore led to adopt the conjecture of Bopp, that the 
root of Zoux« is formed from that of delxvvur, Lat. dico, Sk. dig (i. e. 
dik), to show. Ue conceives that the 0 assumed a parasitic y, and 
then dropped away itself, thus dik, dyik, yik, and that from yk thus 
formed came by reduplication yeyorxa, yeyoxer. J cannot think that 
there is much plausibility in this explanation. If the transition from 
dik to yik was made in the formative Indo-European period, we might 
expect to find a root yik having the sense of likeness somewhere in 
the cognate languages, which Curtius does not pretend is the fact. 
It is evident indeed that he regards the evolution of yik from dik as 
taking place in the Greek after the Indo-European time. We must 
think then of the root dik as already provided with inflection, making 
a reduplicated preterite dedocze, from which would come first, by add- 
ing y to both 0's, dyedyorxe, and then, by dropping both the 0's, 
yeyoxr. But the change from 0 to y is confessedly a rare one in the 
Greek language: how hazardous then to assume that it has occurred 
twice in the same form, It might perhaps be said that the change 
occurred first in some such form as dcxedos, meaning like, which passed 
into yetedos; that this gave the suggestion of a root y«*, meaning to 
be like, and that yeyouxe was formed independently from this sug- 
gested root, and not by phonetic change from a pre-existing dedorxe, 
This is indeed possible: but we should scarcely expect that a root 
arising at this comparatively late stage of linguistic development 


he 


Bekker’s Digammated Text of Homer. 187 


would take the more primitive formation seen in éoxa, with its inter- 
change of «x, ex, ox, For such reasons the rise of éovxe from a root 
dik seems to me scarcely more than a possibility. It must be observed 
too that unless the connection of éovxe with a root dik is rendered 
probable, there is no more reason for writing it with y than with F. 
And if no more reason, we may justly say that there is /ess reason for 
y than for r. Because the very regularity with which this word in 
the Homeric text gives evidence of a consonant initial, is a cireum- 
stance in favor of F. In this respect it ranks, as we have seen, among 
the most regular words, the unconformable cases being only 10 in 
126, or about 8 per cent. If we consider how much earlier and more 
complete was the disappearance of y from the language when com- 
pared with that of F, we shall be slow to believe that the former 
should maintain itself in the Homeric verse with the same constancy 
as the latter. 

Another case in which Curtius recognizes traces of an initial y in 
Homer, is the deponent deuce to be eager, to desire, to long. It occurs 
in 61 instances, of which 22 by hiatus give evidence of a consonant 
initial, and the unconformable cases are only 3, or about 5 per cent. 
Bekker writes it with digamma. To this Curtius objects, asserting 
that the verb tjue is a reduplicated form of the root ya, which appears 
in Sanskrit, and is itself an extended form of the root 7, to go. Thus 
inue = yi-ya-mi, to cause to go, to send. In the middle this would 
mean to send oneself, and hence to hasten, to pursue eagerly, to aim 
at, to long for. To this no objection can be made as regards the 
meaning. But it isa remarkable circumstance that tue to send shows 
no traces in Homer of anything but a vowel initial. Of simple forms 
in the present and imperfect—these I take for comparison because 
ieuae to desire is confined to those tenses—I find in the sense of send- 
ing 29 (all active except J, 77, M, 274, 7, 304, which show the middle 
or passive); and of this 29, not less than 24, or more than 80 per 
cent, refuse to admit a consonant initial. Compound forms, such as 
agiyur, ueGinue, ete., | have not taken into the account: I believe, how- 
ever, that all of them which are capable of furnishing any evidence 
on the point, testify against a consonant initial for the simple verb. 
It may be regarded as perfectly certain that tue to send was sounded 
by Homer with an initial vowel, and Yeuee to desire with an initial 
consonant. We have here a distinction of the same kind as that 
which we before proved to exist between 2oéw to draw and égvoucae to 
guard. Now it might be said by one who maintained the original 
identity of ijue to send and teuoe to desire, that the y, which once be- 
longed to both alike, was retained, and that with uniformity, in the 


188 Bekker’s Digammated Text of Homer, 


sense of desiring, after it had been lost, and that with uniformity, in 
the sense of sending. That this is a possibility we admit, but it is 
nothing more. The probability is that the two words are radically 
distinct; and if so, then for the same reason as before, the F has 
more in its favor than the y. The fact that later dialects furnish no 
support to it is of little significance, as the deponent teuoe belongs 
only to the early language. 

The remaining case in which Curtius recognizes initial y as exer- 
cising the power of a consonant in the Homeric verse, is the relative 
stem, which appears in 0s, 1, 6, 0s, cig, boos, Oaws, omot0s, Opoe., 7uos, Te, 
éws, etc. Savelsberg, in the eighth volume of Kuhn’s Zeitschrift, has 
given a series of citations from Homer, showing traces of an initial 
consonant for this class of words. Unfortunately he has not fur- 
nished exact numerical data, by which we might see the comparative 
frequency or infrequency of the phenomenon. I have not myself had 
time to supply the deficiency. Ihave only run hastily through the 
first book of the Iliad, noting all words which show the relative stem 
—omitting, however, the relative adverb :, which in this respect 
stands by itself. The whole number of instances noted was 72, of 
which 30, or about 42 per cent, testify against a consonant initial. 
Of the remaining instances, many were found at the beginning of a 
line, or in other indecisive positions; and in fact there are only 8, or 
one-ninth of the whole number, which give any indication of a con- 
sonant initial. Even of these, the majority, either from the part of 
the verse which they occupy, or from the pause which precedes them, 
are of but little weight: only 2 or 3 give decided indications of an 
initial consonant. I strongly suspect that a more extended compari- 
son would not essentially change the proportions derived from this 
first book. They seem barely sufficient to give plausibility to the 
conjecture that the relative stem did once begin with a consonant, 
but had nearly or quite lost it in the Homeric time. I say, “nearly 
or quite: tor if the letter had wholly died out from common use 
shortly before Homer’s time, the force of epic tradition would proba- 
bly have caused some traces of it still to appear in his verse. But 
the adverb as differs in this respect very remarkably from the other 
forms of the relative stem. According to Bekker, as cited by Cur- 
tius, the instances which indicate a consonant initial are three times 
more numerous than those which indicate a vowel initial. It can 
hardly be doubted that this word, as pronounced in the Homeric 
time, began frequently, if not generally, with a consonant. 

It must be owned that our condition as regards the etymology of 
the Greek relative, is an unsatisfactory one. We are less confident and 


a 


Bekker’s Digaamated Text of Homer. 189 


comfortable than we were ten years ago. Then we had no hesitation 
about connecting it with the Sk. yas, yd, yat, assuming a change of y 
to the rough breathing, as in fag (1. e. itagr) liver, Sk. yakrt (i. e. 
yakart). But now, if we do not surrender this conviction, our faith 
in it has become less full and sure. A Locrian inscription, published 
by L. Ross in 1854, presents the form FOTT, with digamma, for 6re. 
A digammated form of the relative stem is also seen in a gloss of 
Hesychius, quoted by Savelsberg: Budxcarys, avvégyfoz, Koijtes, i.e. 
Jor “youthful companion” the Cretans use Suhtzvorys (i. e. Fakexewrtns, 
equivalent to #Acxcortys). To these testimonies, Savelsberg, in the ar- 
ticle referred to, adds the indications of digamma in the Homerie 
verse, and concludes that the Greek relative was F0s, Fy, Fé, or Fés, 
F@’, Fétr. These he supposes to have been later forms of «Fos, zFa, 
zFot, Latin gui, quae, quod. He thus identifies again the Greek and 
Latin relatives, though in a very different way from that of the old- 
fashioned etymology, which held that the original / of the Greek 
relative was in Latin hardened to a k-sound (gw). The omission of 
the &-sound in the Greek Fos would be something like that in the 
Latin ubi, unde, for cubi, eunde, which remain in the compounds 
sicubi, alicunde. 'The stem kva, which would thus underlie the rela- 
tives of these two languages, Savelsberg supposes to have been de- 
veloped out of ka, the stem of the Sanskrit interrogative. He goes 
yet further, and from the same origin derives even the Sanskrit rela- 
tive: ya, he thinks, is for Aya, and kya like kva@ is only an altered 
form of ka. But Schleicher and Curtius are not yet prepared to 
admit that the Greek relative-stem began with digamma, still less 
that it was ever kva. The former touches on the subject in his Com- 
pendium of Comparative Grammar, p. 180: the latter more at length 
in his Principles of Greek Etymology, ii, 177-8. In respect to the 
FOTI of the Locrian inscription, they say that when the digamma- 
sound had nearly vanished from the Greek dialects, its sign was 
sometimes used improperly by scribes or grammarians for other spi- 
rants, and especially for the y, which had no sign of its own even in 
the earliest Greek alphabet; and they appeal to a Corcyraean in- 
scription, which shows a genitive singular masculine of the first de- 
clension in -AFO, where all analogy would lead us to expect -ayo or 
-ahyo, Sk. asya. As regards the Homeric usage, they say that the 
phenomena which seem to indicate digamma, could equally well be 
produced by y. In this there is no intrinsic improbability, though 
one would be glad to have the support of some parallel case which 
we could look upon as clear and certain. The parallels which Cur- 
tius brings forward are the verb teuae to aim at, desire, and the root 


190 Bekker’s Digammated Text of Homer. 


of Zoe; neither of which, as we have seen, is much to be relied on. 
As to the derivation of a relative Fos from #ros by omission of *, Cur- 
tius remarks that “the only phonetic analogy which could be called 
in to support it, is that of the High German wer (for hier) = Gothic 
hvas, ct. Eng. what. But the loss of the feeble proves little for 
that of &; and how improbable that of the two consonants the Greek 
would give up the perfectly familiar # in favor of the unstable digam- 
ma, wavering even from the earliest time.” [It may be observed in 
passing, that Curtius’ own derivation of gocxa from dik, dyik, yik, is 
liable to the same objection: it makes the Greek give up the familiar 
din favor of the unstable and perishing y.] “Still less,’ he con- 
tinues, “can it be proved that Sk. yas has come from Ayas, and that 
ka with the secondary kva, kya, is the common root of all these widely 
ramified pronouns. Finally, the demonstrative meaning of the Greek 
dc in zal 0s épy speaks against this derivation, and recommends the 
assumption that the originally demonstrative stem 7, with the second- 
ary form ya, lies at the basis of the Greek relative.” As the demon- 
strative use in zai 0s py is confined to the nominative, while in the 


’ 


accusative we have xa tv, it seems to me quite possible that the 0s is 
for 6, by confusion of the two forms 6s and 6, so much alike in ap- 
pearance, though so diverse in origin, Curtius then adds, as Schlei- 
cher also does, that if the Greek relative did really begin with F, it 
would be preferable to explain it from a stem sva, which appears 
with relative force in Gothic sve, as, whence the German so in its 
relative use. This relative stem sva was long ago recognized in 
Greek by Curtius himself (Kuhn’s Zeitschrift, ii, 75, 76), though 
only in the merest relic, the adverb gj as, which the Alexandrine 
critic Zenodotus read in two passages of the Iliad (B, 144, 2, 499). 
Lottner afterwards, in Kuhn’s Zeitschrift, ix, 320, proposed to derive 
all the forms of the Greek relative from this same stem. But the 
traces of a digamma in the Greek relative are much less frequent and 
decided than we should naturally expect to find them if this were its 
real derivation—much less so than in the forms of the possessive 6s, 
9, ov, his, her, its, which come from a stem of the same sound sva, 
though of widely different import. Possibly the fact which we have 
noticed, that the adverb 6s differs so much from the other forms of 
the relative in the indications which it shows of a consonant initial, 
may warrant the conjecture that they are of different origin, that in 
fact 6s came from the digammate stem sva, while 6s, oios, da0s, and 
the rest, are akin to the Sanskrit yas, yd, yat, and came from a stem 
with initial y-sound, 


Bekker’s Digammated Text of Homer. 191 


Ahrens, in Kuhn’s Zeitschrift, x, 65 ff, has sought to show that ap- 
pearances in the Homeric verse similar to those produced by digam- 
ma are in some instances to be ascribed to a lost sigma. An instance 
of this kind—in which, however, the initial ¢ is not lost but retained 
in the written text—is presented by the word ts hog. The simple 
form of this werd appears in 55 passages with initial ¢, as ots, ovds, 
etc. It occurs also in 21 passages where an initial consonant would 
be incompatible with the metre, and in all these places the o is 
dropped: we have ds, déc, ete. In the later language both forms of 
this word were in use, though the one with consonant initial was 
comparatively rare. If when the poems were reduced to writing 
the form with ¢ had been wholly lost from use, it is probable that 
our written text would have shown ds only, with initial vowel, in all 
the 76 passages, though in many of them the metre would have 
shown traces of a lost consonant. And it is quite conceivable that 
in other words this may actually have been the case. Such an oceur- 
rence Ahrens recognizes with no little plausibility in the words Ay 
wood, és possessive, and éxaatos each. In regard to tay, Lat. silva, it 
is certain that it began originally with o, and equally certain that in 
Homer’s language it usually began with a vowel. But there are two 
cases of a remarkable hiatus before the word (celeto tin, 7, 285, and 
énezetato thjy, €, 257, where oy in each forms the sixth foot), which 
seem to show that the initial ¢ was not wholly forgotten in the Ho- 
meric time. The possessive éés, in its relation to 0s, is explained by 
Ahrens in a way which has been quite generally received as probable. 
He assumes in the earlier period two forms, a fuller cerdés, and a 
shorter oFrés: from geFés came regularly the és, from oFds the 6s, of 
our common text. This explanation is supported by the analogy of 
the possessive forms teds and oés for the second person; of which, in 
all probability, teds is for teFés, and ods for trés. Now in 92 instances 
of the pronoun é6s, there are 52 which do not allow an initial conso- 
nant, and it is therefore certain that in the Homeric time it generally 
began with a vowel. But there are 4 instances (4, 533, J, 420, 687, 
6, 524) of remarkable hiatus in the first foot, after the first short of a 
dactyl (Zevds 02 éov, zeigau iy. oste éijs.), which seem to present traces 
of the primitive initial ¢ And moreover this word makes hiatus 14 
times in the feminine caesura. We have seen that hiatus is readily 
allowed in that place; but its relative frequency is so great in the 
case of this word (three times greater than in the analogous case of 
2ués my) as to warrant the suspicion that it arises from a peculiar 
cause, and is connected with the primitive initial o, Bekker writes 
the pronoun, wherever he can, with initial F: he appears to suppose 


192 Bekker’s Digammated Text of Homer. 


that from Fés came érds by a prefixed ¢, and then, by transposition of 
digamma, Feés. But such a transposition is a more hazardous assump- 
tion than he seems to think; and the form Feds has little support 
either in the Homeric text, or in the suggestions of comparative phi- 
lology. 

It remains to speak of the pronoun éxeot0g each, and the kindred 
adverb éxéteoGe on each side: the pronoun éxéregos itself is incapable 
of appearing in the heroic hexameter. The derivation of é*&étegos and 
éxaotos is as yet far from certain. It is probable, however, that the 
-xategos and -*ag10s are a comparative and superlative form from the 
interrogative stem #@, that they are in fact identical with the inter- 
rogatives éregos and xéotos, which in their Ionic forms are #étT@903 and 
xdotoc, It is probable also that the first syllable é is the same as in 
the numeral éxatéy, Lat. eentum, Sk. catam (i.e. katam). Tf so, it is 
probably for év, the root of the numeral és one: thus é*atT6y = ONE 
hundred, éxategos = ONE which-more, one which of two. Here now 
we stumble again upon an uncertainty: but of all the explanations 
proposed for the numeral ¢is, év, the most probable is that which con- 
nects it with Sk. sama, our Eng. same, Lat. semel, simplex, singuli. 
It thus appears that ¢ may probably have been the primitive initial 
of éxctegos, Exaotos. We have already observed that, according to 
Ahrens’ enumeration, &«ar0s occurs 110 times in the Iliad. Now 66 
of these are cases of hiatus, some of them easily admissible, but 
many others giving strong indication of a consonant initial. It is 
not therefore surprising that Bekker should have written Féxaortos and 
rexategde wherever the verse allows it. Out of 28 unconformable 
cases he makes 17 conformable by various conjectures, several of 
which belong to the most hazardous that he has ventured. In 11 
cases he has left the initial vowel untouched. Here the proportion of 
unconformable cases, 25 per cent, throws suspicion on the digamma, 
which is much increased by the fact that comparative philology has 
no plausible explanation for the forms Fexéregos, réxaoros, Such forms 
as gexctegos and ofzeotos are much more probable on grounds of 
comparative philology. Practically then the case as to &eotos stands 
in this way. It cannot well be doubted that the word, sometimes at 
least, began with a consonant in the Homeric language. If we as- 
sume that digamma is the only initial consonant of the Homeric lan- 
guage which has failed to appear in our text, then we must recognize 
a Homeric Féxaotos: such, doubtless, was the reasoning of Bekker. 
But the assumption is an unsafe one: there is reason for suspecting 
that other initial consonants of the Homeric language have had, 
though to a far less extent, the same fortune as digamma; and in 


a 


Bekker’s Digammated Text of Homer. 193 


this particular word there is reason for suspecting that it began with 
some other consonant. Yet we would by no means advise either 
that the relative-stem should be written in Homer with initial y, or 
that éx«or0s and éés should be written with initial ¢ A lost digam- 
ma manifests itself in the Homeric verse in many words with much 
clearness and with considerable approach to uniformity: it may 
therefore with propriety be inserted in an edition having the charac- 


ter and aims of the one under review. But the case is widely differ- 


ent with a lost y and a lost ¢: these, if we make the most of them, 
are only rare and doubtful. 


25 


194 Meteorology of New Haven. 


Arr. Y¥.—On THE Mean TEMPERATURE, AND ON THE FLUCTUA- 
TIONS OF TEMPERATURE, AT New Haven, Conn., Lat. 41° 18’ N., 
Long. 72° 55’ W. of Greenwich; By Prorressors Exias Loomis 
AND H. A. Newron. 


In July, 1862, the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences ap- 
pointed a committee, consisting of Professors Elias Loomis and H. 
A. Newton, to reduce the meteorological observations which for a 
series of years had been made in the name of the Academy, and also 
to incorporate with them any other reliable observations made in 
New Haven. The committee have discharged the duty imposed 
upon them, so far as relates to the observations of temperature, and 
now present the results of their labors.* 

The following is a list of the Meteorological Journals, of which an 
abstract is here presented. 

1. A Register kept by Rev. Ezra Stiles, D.D., President of Yale 
College. This register extends from the commencement of Dr. Stiles’ 
presidency in June, 1778, until two days before his death, which oc- 
curred May 10,1795. There is an interruption of the Journal from 
July 4, 1779, to Jan. 22, 1780, caused by the invasion of New Haven 
by British troops, at which time Pres, Stiles’ thermometer was bro- 
ken. The subsequent observations were made with a thermoneter 
belonging to the college. 

This register was kept without much system. Sometimes the 
number of entries amounts to a dozen or more in a day; frequently 
there were only one or two entries; and occasionally a day was en- 
tirely omitted, President Stiles adhered to no fixed hours of obsery- 
ation; although he generally made an observation at some early hour 
in the morning; another about the time of greatest heat; and an- 
other late in the evening. He was, however, always careful to specify 
the hour of observation. This irregularity of hours has rendered it 
very difficult to obtain satisfactory mean results; and in some in- 
stances it has been thought best to reduce the observations to certain 
fixed hours, by applying the corrections contained in the table on 
page 199. The thermometer employed was made in London, with 
Fahrenheit’s scale, and was attached to the President’s house, which 
was on the west side of College street, a little south of Chapel street. 

2. A register kept by Messrs. Isaac Beers and Hezekiah Howe from 
1788 to 1791, and from 1796 to 1805, 


* It is but just to say that the greater part of the labor has been performed by the 
chairman of the committee. H, A, Ne 


Meteorology of New Haven. 195 


These observations were made regularly three times a day, at fixed 
hours. The thermometer employed was attached to Mr. Beers’ book- 
store, which was on the corner of Chapel and College streets, on the 
spot now occupied by the New Haven Hotel. It is supposed that 
this register originally embraced a longer period than is mentioned 
above, but these years include all which can now be found. 

3. A Register kept by order of the Connecticut Academy of Arts 
and Sciences. This register has been kept successively by various in- 
dividuals, upon different plans, and with numerous interruptions. 

A. The register from March, 1800, to Feb., 1803, forms a manu- 
script volume by itself! The observations were made three times a 
day, at fixed hours. During a part of the year 1801, the observations 
are in the handwriting of President Day, who was at that time tutor 
in Yale College. It is not known by whom the other observations 
were made. 

B. The register from Jan., 1804, to Dec., 1820, was kept by Rev. 
Jeremiah Day, D.D., who was Professor of Mathematics and Natural 
Philosophy in Yale College from 1803 to 1817; and subsequently for 
many years President of the College. This register includes observ- 
ations three times a day, at fixed hours, and substantially the same 
system of observations was preserved from the beginning to the end 
of the register. The thermometer employed in these observations 
was generally placed eight or ten feet from the ground, and was 
always attached to President Day’s house, which was changed several 
times during this period, but was always within a moderate distance 
of the college buildings. 

C. The register from Jan., 1821, to Nov., 1830, was kept suces- 
sively by various individuals and with several interruptions. 

The observations for 1821 were made by Prof. A. M. Fisher. Those 
for 1822 were made chiefly by President Day. From Noy., 1822, to 
May, 1825, the register was kept by Prof. M. R. Dutton, but the in 
terruptions during this period amount to nearly a whole year. From 
July, 1826, to Nov., 1830, the register was kept by Prof. D. Olmsted, 
with a loss of about six months from interruptions. 

Whenever the observer was changed, the location of the thermom- 
eter was also changed, but the locality was always in the neighbor- 
hood of the College. 

D. From Dec., 1840, to Aug., 1842, the register was kept by Rev. 
Chester 8. Lyman, now Professor in Yale College. The thermometer 
was attached to Divinity College; during the first year on the fourth 
story, and the second year on the third story of the building. In the 
first position its elevation above the level of the sea was about 65 
feet, and in the second position about 57 feet. The observations 
were generally made five or six times a day. 


196 Meteorology of New Haven. 


From Aug., 1842, to Noy., 1843, the register was kept by Mr. E. 
C. Herrick, and the instruments were removed to his house in College 
street near Grove street, but the observations of the external ther- 
mometer were so few as to be of but little value. 

From Jan., 1844, to April, 1847, the register was kept by Col. Enos 
Cutler at No. 90 George street, about 52 feet above tide water. The 
observations were generally made five times a day. 

From April, 1847, to Aug., 1847, the observations were made by 
Mr. Francis Bradley. 

From Aug., 1847, to May, 1849, the register was kept by Col. E. 
Cutler at No. 2 Wooster street, at an elevation of 30 feet above the 
sea. From May to July, 1849, the observations were made by Mr. 
F. Bradley. From July, 1849, to April, 1850, they were made by 
Col. E. Cutler. 

From April to October, 1850, the instruments were kept in the Col- 
lege Library building, where occasional observations were made by 
Mr. E. C. Herrick. 

From Oct., 1850, to May, 1851, the register was resumed by Col. 
E. Cutler at No. 2 Wooster street. From May to Nov., 1851, the 
register was interrupted; and it was resumed by Col. E. Cutler from 
Noy., 1851, to April, 1852, since which time no Journal has been kept 
in the name of the Academy. 

4, The remaining observations were obtained by combining the 
following miscellaneous registers. 

A. A register kept by Mr. E. C. Herrick, late librarian of Yale 
College. This journal extends from Aug., 1826, to Aug., 1831, em- 
bracing observations four times a day. Also from January to July, 
1834, four times a day with many interruptions. Also from April, 
1837, to April, 1838, generally two or three times a day, and some- 
times more frequently. The exact location of the thermometer for 
these observations is not known; but it was always near the college 
buildings. 

B. A register kept by Rev. Charles Rich from Jan. to Aug., 1838. 
These observations were made at short intervals, frequently twelve 
times a day. They were made when Mr. Rich was a Senior in col- 
lege, and the thermometer was attached to a building on High street 
near the college. The volume containing these observations was 
presented to the Connecticut Academy in 1841. 

C. A register kept by Hon. Noyes Darling from Dec., 1838, to 
Nov., 1840, three times a day. 

D. A register kept by Mr. Francis Bradley from Dec., 1842, to Oct., 
1846, Observations generally twice a day. 


Meteorology of New Haven. 197 


KE, A register kept by Prof. C. 8. Lyman from Jan., 1851, to April, 
1852, generally three times a day, and much of the time more fre- 
quently. 

F, A register kept by Mr. Hawley Olmstead from Dee., 1855, to 
March, 1858, three times a day. 

G. A register kept by Mr. Joseph Bennett for a long series of 
years. The observations are regularly made three or four, and some- 
times five times a day. The observations taken from this reeord are 
from April, 1858, to Sept., 1859, and for a part of the years 1864 and 
1865. 

H. A register kept by Dr. D. C. Leavenworth, commencing Oct., 
1859, and continued to April, 1864. The thermometer was exposed 
on the N.E. side of his store in Chapel street, a few doors east of 
College street, at an elevation of six feet from the ground, and about 
forty feet above the sea. This register embraces observations three 
times a day. 

I. A few observations have been taken from a partial register kept 
by Prof. Elias Loomis, commencing in November, 1861, and contin- 
ued to the present time. 

K. The gaps left by the preceding journals have been filled by ex- 
tracts from the journal of Dr. Alfred S$. Monson. This journal was 
commenced in 1821, and has been continued to the present time. For 
the first five or six years the entries were few and irregular, but since 
that period the entries have been made with great regularity three 
times a day. 

The preceding registers combined extend from July, 1778, to the 
present time, with interruptions amounting in the aggregate to fifteen 
months, viz., from July, 1779, to Jan., 1780, and from May to Dec., 
1795, making an aggregate of 86 years of observations to Septem- 
ber, 1865. These observations have all been reduced as nearly as 
possible to a uniform system. Whenever the observers adhered to 
fixed hours of observation, the results here given are the simple aver- 
ages of the observations with the hours annexed. When the hour of 
observation was not invariable, an average has been taken of the times 
of observations, as well as of the temperatures. In a few instances 
(as in some parts of Pres. Stiles’ journal) the hours were so irregular 
that it has been thought best to reduce the observations to fixed 
hours, by applying the corrections given in the table on page 199. 

In order to be able to reduce observations made at irregular hours, 
to certain fixed hours, we should know the law of the hourly varia- 
tion of temperature for each month of the year. This law cannot be 
certainly known except from hourly observations made at this place. 
As such observations have never been made, we have endeavored to 


198 Meteorology of New Haven. 


obtain all the information which could be derived from hourly obser- 
vations made at stations nearest to us, and not differing greatly in 
the character of their climate. The stations chosen for this purpose 
are Philadelphia on the southwest side of New Haven, and Amherst 
and Cambridge on the northeast side. The corrections for Philadel- 
phia, as deduced from the Girard College observations, are given by 
Prof. Guyot in his Meteorological Tables, p. 16. The corrections de- 
duced by Prof. Dove from the observations at Frankford Arsenal are 
given by Prof. Guyot in his Tables, p. 18. The corrections deduced 
from observations at Amherst College are given in Guyot’s Meteoro- 
logical Tables, p. 28. The hourly observations at Cambridge were 
published in the Memoirs of the American Academy, vol. ii, new 
series, pp. 89 to 134. They extend from Oct. 26, 1841, to Dee. 23, 
1842. No reduction of these observations has hitherto been pub- 
lished. The committee have deduced from these observations the 
following table, showing the mean temperature of each month of the 
year, at intervals of two hours. 


Cambridge Mean temperatures. 


| Jan. | Feb. |March. es ead ' June. July. | ug. pPere Oct. | Nov. Dec. | Year 
| 


| 
A.M. a6 esa | 33-02) Pe eee 20 49°90, 


26 
46 


27°31 32°94) 31-7 9 39-76 45 67 52°68 64:79 60°35 48-49, 
26°97 32-01 31-48 38:24 45-06 52:60 64:93 5g 50 48 17; 


6°6 (25-71 32°15) 30°59 38-93 49°61 59°74 68-24 62°11 47 81 


8-6 


23-90 32:54 S794» 3I 57 0465-09 73° 56 68-00 56 44) 


39: 66) 33:13 
38 40|32- 77 
37°90 32°41 
39. FONO2 27 


43°15/35: 37] 


29°22 42°94 
28-75 41°97 
28-66 41°49, 
28-24 42°76 
29°48 47:08 


(33-85 52 06) 
36-57 54:53} 
36-33 54-69) 
33-33 52:46) 
31-64 48° 77| 
\30-58 45 62) 


10°6 29°30 36 42| 42-41 46:55 60 5268-95 78-48 71-95 63-45) 51-33 41-51 
P.M.0°6 3324 40:40 45:04 48-22 63-08 71°18 59 03 72°72 66: 1055-07 7/43: ‘66 
2:6 33.27 40 gg) 44-51 | 48-52 63:98 71-49 78:49 pe o1 66°04 55-9 1 43-69 
46 31-76 38: 87| 42:11/47-01 62°51. 69-33 76 64 71°79 63-28 52: 38 40:58 
6:6 (29:55 35-13, 37-7744 31 58-13 66 54 72-45 68: 39 58-09 45 59 37-62 
8-6 28-82 34-58) 35-24 41-07 52:40 59 60 68-80 64-40 53 82/42: -52135-67 
106 |28-1334 57) 33° 85 do" 21 49°40'56-08 67-00 62°86 51°30'40:82 34°57| ag61 44:03) 


Mean, |28-82 35- Gol 37-07 ‘Aa 96 54-53,62°33 71 53 66°36 56 PoTla08 -03 36° 94| 31-35 47 ad 
No. days, 13! 10! 141! 151 14! tr | rol a | uu | 15 | 30 | 23! 


From this table we have deduced the following showing the 


Corrections to be applied to the means of the hours of observation to 
obtain the true mean temperatures of the months and of the year at 
Cambridge. 


| Hour. | Jan. | Feb. |March. “April May. | June, July. | Aug. Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Year. 
h | 
A.M. 06 0°90) 1°19 405) 3-55) aca 7°68! 5:53| 5-16) 6:17] 5°37 3:81) 2°13] 4°43 
2°6 1°51) 2°46} 5:28) 3-20 8-86) 9°65 6-74) 6:01| 7:58! 6-63 4:17] 2-60} 5-40 
46 1°85) 3-39} 5:59) 4 72! 9 47 9 73, 6-60] 6°86} 7-90) 7:13 453) 2°69} 5 88 
| 6-6 3t1| 325] 646) 4-03] 492 2:59] 32g] 4-25] 8-26] 7-28 467] S11] 461 
86 4:92| 2°86) -0 02-0: 35|-2°51|-2:76 -2:03|-1°64)/- o°37| 1°88. 1-57] 1°87] 0:29] 
10 6 -0°48|=1 09| -5:34-3-59 -5:99|-6-62 -6-95/-5°59|- 7°-38|- 6:30 -4:57|-2-50|-4 69] 
p.m. 0°6-4:42|-5-00| -7°97/-5°26/-8:55|-8 85 -7:50|-6°36|-10° 03 |= 10-04 - 672 =p220 -7°16} 
2°6 -4-45|-5 59} -7 44,-5:56)- 9:45-9:16 -6:96)-6'65)- 9°97 -10°88 -6 75-4 98|-7°32 
4:6 -2:94|-3-47| -5:04)-4:05|- ers 7 00 -5'11|-5°43|— 7-21/- 7°25 aye 1:98|-5 og 
6:6 -0°73} 0°27] -0-70)-1° 35-3 60 -4:21 -0°92\-2°03|- 2:02/- 0°56-0°68 geet 
8-6 0-00} 0°82 1-83 1:89} 2-13] 2°73) 2°73] 1°96] 2°25} 2°51) 1°27) 0°77) 1°75] 
10°6 0-69} 0°83 3-291 2-95] 5-13) 6:25) 4:53) 3-50) 477! 4-211 39 1°74 3:34| 


. 
. 


Meteorology of New Haven. 199 


We next took the average between the corrections deduced from 
observations made at Girard College, Frankford Arsenal, Amherst 
College and Cambridge, and obtained the following provisional table, 
which it is presumed must represent nearly the corrections applicable 
to New Haven. 


Corrections to be applied to the means of the hours of observation, to 
obtain the true mean temperature of New Haven. (Provisional.) 


Hour. | Jan. | Feb. |Mareh.| April.) May. ‘Sune.| July. | Ang. | Sept.| Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Year. 
Midnight, 1-87) 217} 3:73 4-00) 5-19 6-21 5:28) 4 
| 25a) 2°-71| 4:21) 4°70) 6:08) 7°08) 6-15) 5- 
2:79] 3-13] 4:68) 5-28) 6-91) 7°79| 6:79) 5 
6 
6 


3 09} 3°67} 5:25) 5-92) 7°67) 8-41) 7°27 
| 4:18] 561) 6-56) 8-11) 8-52) 7°39) 97 
7| 4:47| 6:03) 6:78) 7-96) 7°76) 7 03] 6:57] 7°47| 7:01] 4:14) 3-36) 6c3 
7|\ 4:60| 5-94) 6-20] 6 21) 5-49 5°43) 5-45) 7-00) 6 94) 4:08) 352) 5-41 
1| 4:40) 4:79 460 3:77| 2°96, 3-13] 3-58] 5-02] 5:82) 3-73) 3-34) 4-10 
1| 3-26 2°24) 2°10} 1-00) 0:27) 0:52/ o-gi| 1°88 3-24) 2:30! 2°79] 2:00 
1°96] 1-37) -o 21/-0 20|-1-45 -2'07-1 77|-1'50 -1°03| 0°41] 0°28 1-25)-0-25 
-0.36|-0°80| -2-39 -2:30|-2-87 -4:02 -3-98)-3:-44 -3:72|-2°84]-1-78 —0 98|-2-49 
—2°56|-2:80) -4°42|-4-14|-5 02\-5-81/-5-83|-5:14|-6-17|-5-45|—3-35 —2-91|-4:47 
Noon, |-4°33|-4:47 -5:79|-5-60|-6-24 -7°25 -7:00|-6 12 —7°67|-7°37|-4-87 -4-26|-5-91 
—5 54|-5-64| -6-7g -6-82/-7 50|-8: 26 -7 56|-6-98 —8:56|-8 69|-5:83 -5 35|-6-95 
-5:90|-6 16) -7:21 -7-55,-8-24 -8-50 -8 00)\-7°26 —9 02|-9:40\-6 02 —5-50|-7-4o 
-5-68|-5-97| -7:23-7-66)-8: 40-8 43 -7-51|-7:29 -8°74|-9:19|-5 60 -4°96|-7°22 
-4°84|-5:13) -6 58 -7-19|-8:13 -7:91 -6-99|-6°60 —7°92|-8-11|-4°48 —3:66) -6°46 
-3-25|-3-74 -5:27 -6:14 -6:93 -6-64 -5:86,-5:-59 -6:30,-5:85|-3-01 —2°22|-5:06 
-2°01|-1°90| —3:26 -4:31|-4:95-5-o1 -4 o1|-3-63 -3 72|—3-22|-1-39 -1°03/~-3 20 
~0°57|-0'88) -1:01 -1°89|-2-63'-2 61 -1°71|-1°61 -1°34|-0 92|-0°34 -0'26|-1°31 
0°16) 0-00) 0°36, 0°16)-0-06| 0°25, 0 82| 0 53) 0°81] 0°74, O61 039) 0-39 
0°88] 0-71) 1°53) £-65| 1-89) 2°47) 2°51 2:04) 2 4y| 2-00] 1°30) 0 87] 1°70 
1:34] 1°14) 2°55) 2-48| 3-21) 4:01) 3-56) 3-16) 3°75} 3-01] 1-70, 1°33) 2°64 
1°74| 1-61] 3-21] 3-45| 4-40) 5:23! 4:37] 3-93| 4:58] 3-91] 2°11] 1°69} 3-35 


“oe 
B= OW ON AOHRWY 


mow ONION wWd 


a) 


This table has only been employed to reduce a few observations 
made at irregular hours to certain fixed hours. After determining 
the mean temperature of New Haven at certain fixed hours, we em- 
ployed these results to deduce a more reliable table of the hourly 
corrections. 

The following table shows the results of the entire series of obser- 
vations at New Haven; the observations being classified by months, 
and divided into two groups, the first embracing the observations to 
1820. Column Ist shows the year of the observations; column 2d 
shows the time of the morning observation expressed in hours and 
decimals of an hour; column 3d shows the observed mean tempera- 
ture; column 4th shows the time of the observation nearest to the 
hour of greatest heat; column 5th shows the observed temperature ; 
column 6th shows the time of the evening observation; column 7th 
shows the observed temperature; column 8th shows the mean of the 
three preceding temperatures; column 9th shows the lowest temper- 
ature observed during the month; column 10th shows the highest 
temperature observed during the month; and column 11th shows the 
difference between the two numbers last mentioned. 


200 Meteorology of New Haven. 


January. 
Year. aoe Temp. aoa | Temp. Hour, Temp. | Mean.| Min. | Max, |Range. 
° ° ° ° ° ° ° 
1779 8 26:0 | 2:47 |32'S 4) 413 | 96:5) 26:4 14 | 483 | 464 
1781 8 Sor | 1:45 |.38:9 | j9'27 | 33.01.3400 || 13 a) D7 aaa 
1782 8 23°7 | 1:82 |99°4%)0:35 | 2155, 16249 | =okulmor 564 
1783 8 23:5 | 1°75. |\32°3 | "964 | 22°5 | 26-1-| —74 |Gny [ebes 
1784 8 15-3 | 1°45 | 29:7 | 10°00 | 18:6 | 212 | -2$ | 454 | 47% 
| 
1785 8 19°9 | 2°33 | 30:0 | 10°34 | 21g | 23:9 | -2 | 49 | 49% 
1786 8 19°7 | 2°90 | 31-6)) 9:76 | 21:9 | (24:4.1°-4.)\|| S7aaOr 
1787 8 24° | 2°42: 33:41) 964 | .25°6 | 197°7 A | Sts edz 
1788 7°38 | 20°8 | 12:00 | 30°8 | Goo | 253 | 25:6 A> 46. e442 
1789 750 | 248 | 12:02 |. 342 | 5:02 | 292 | 294} 6 | 46. {40 
1790 7°34 |-29°3 | 12°00.|-37-3,| 5:64 |,33-21,33:3 |)a2- | 56544 
179t 8-00 | 23:8 | 2:00 | 33-5 | 10:00 | 266 | 280] 1 | 50 | 49 
1792 800 | 154] 2-19 | 27-5 | 989 | 201 | 21:0} -8 | 49 | 57 
1793 796 | 266] 2:27 | 360} 999 | 291 | 306 94 | 54 | 444 
1794 8-00 | 250 | 1°90 | 35:8 | 10°48 | 263 | 270] 9g | 57 | 48 
1795 8-00 | 22-4] 2°15 | 32:4 | 10°07 | 23:9 | 26:2 | 12>] 50 | 49 
1796 750 | 252] 1 35:3 | 5:00 | 29:7 | 301 | -6 | 50 | 56 
1797 750 | 183] 1 30:1 | 5:00 | 25:0 | 24-5 |-10 | 50 | 60 
1798 750 | 247] 1 33-2 | 5:00 | 28:8 | 289] 8 | 48 | 4o 
1799 750 | 233] 1 32-9 | 5:00 | 28:0 | 281 | -4 | 49 | 53 
1800 zoo | 203] 4 32:3 | G29 | 27:0 | 269] o | 48 | 48 
1801 700 | 240] 2 31-7 | goo | 30-4 | 287] o | 45 | 45 
1802 7:00 | 31°4 I 412 | 610 | 34:3 | 35:6} 13 57 44 
1803 7°33 | 23:3 | 12 36:0 | 9 24:3.) 27°79 |, 4 | 53s1n49 
1804 7:33 | 186] 2 331 | 9 1218 245 | o | 44% | 444 
1805 7°33 | 188] 1 306 | 10 216 | 23-7 | -6 | 47} | 533 
1806 7°33 | 21°60] 1 36:8 | 10 | 24:3 | 276 | -3 | 57 0 } 
1807 7-33 193 I 34:6 | 10 99°5)5| 25:5 i) ¢=—2 52 54 { 
1808 7°33 | 213] 1 33:6 | 10 243 | 264] 3 | 52° | 49 
1809 7:33 | 155] 1 34:4 | 10 21:5 i) 248) b —3 9) 547 1067 } 
] / 
1810 7°33 ose 2°08 or 37:2 | 10 24:7 | 28:0 | -7 | 54 | 61 \ 
1811 7-33 | 22:7 | 1 33-0 | 10 25:8 | 27-2 4 50 | 46 
1812 7°33 | 212] 1 28:8 | 10 29°97 | 24°92 | —6 || 42 48 
1813 7°33 | 180] 1 30:1 | 10 221 | 23:4 | -8- | 49 | 57 
1814 7733 (elt Ua 309 | 10 23:8 || '25:3 I | 40 | 39 
| 1815 733 | 2t0/ 1 29:0 | 10 23-9.|,24°6 | -=7' | [45 mame 
1816 9:38.,| 17:7 | 1 288 | 10 | 22°4| 23:0 | -6 | 45 | 51 
1817 733 120°] "| ax 30:7 | 10 23:7 | 25:0 | —4 | 48° | 52 
1818 733 | 205] 1 30:3 | 10 23:9 | 25:2 | 0 |} 43 aie43 
1819 733 | 268) 1 35:7 | 10 290 | 305 | 5 | 56> ior 
1820 Foor | eo) 2 29°3 | 10 | 21-6 | 22°6 | -2 | 40 | 42 
Mean 41 years,| 7°54 | 222] 1°30 | 328 | 887 | 25-2 | 26:7 |-10 | 57 | 67 


Meteorology of New Haven. 201 


January (continued). 


Year. Hous Temp your Temp. Hour Temp. Mean.| Min. | Max. |Range. 
° ° ° ° ° ° ° 
1821 7:39) 1SiONl m2 25:6 | 10 180 | 191 | -12 | 47 | 59 
1822 7:00 | 19°4 I 28-9 | 10 22°0 | 23'4 | -ro } 53 63 
1823 7:33) |e237| I 34:9 | 10 25:0 | 279 4| 47 | 43 
1824 733 | 280] 1 37°8 | 10 29°7 | 31°8 6| 52 | 46 
1825 72337)| 20:4e|) x 36:5 | 10 27°2 | 29:0 10] 48 | 38 
1826 7-00) :| 24:10! 5 32°t | 10 23-2 | 26:5 | -14 | 52 | 66 
1827 7°33) | 17:0))|| 2 28-9 | 10 20:3 | 22:1 || — 7} 45 | 52 
1828 7:33'||28:9)) 2 38-3 | 10 3072) (32:5 OF 53) |) 47 
1829 FOO 2Ar7e |) 2 304] 9 28-2 | 278 | - 2] 46 | 48 
1830 o-33e|) 2h 7a) 2 Si-3a|" 9 23:9) 120;6)) = 5: |’ 48" ||| 53 
1831 7°33 | 19:0 2 294] 9 Dit |e23-90 — Bil 57 il 65 
1832 7°00 | 21°2 I 33-0 | 10 24:3 | 26.2 | — 2} 55 57 
1833 7,008) |) 2010) ||| 5 356 | 10 2g't | 30:5 1| 64 | 63 
1834 7:33 | 208} 2 32:2 | 10 23°5 | 25-5 Dl 57a 55 
1835 700 | 195] 1 31°6 | 10 24°4 | 25:2 | -24| 49 | 73 
1836 7°00 | 20°4 I 29'7 | 10 22°8 | 24:3} — 2] 44 | 46 
1837 7:00 14-9 I 25:4 | 10 20'r | 2071 | — 4] 45 49 
1838 7-65 |) 305 2 41:3 | 10 32°8 | 34-9 10 | 56 | 46 
1839 7-03 || 2077 | | I SEOs) G67 4 || 2510) 26:27 — 20) Snell” 53 
1840 700 | 14:6 I 254] 9 17°60! TO; 2") —114 || “42 53 
1841 660 | 275 | 2 34-9 | 10 3r-o | 31 | -12 | 50 | 62 
1842 6:96 | 27:3 2:05 | 38-0 | 10 32°4 | 32:6 Aye 528 48 
1843 7:00! 26:3) *1:007| 37°34] 10700" |: 30:77 | 3124 |} = 6) |) 55° | 61 
1844 7700 | 16:2 | 1-00 | 24:1 | 10°00 | 181 | 1951-51 44 | 49 
1845 7702 | 262} 1°87 | 368] 914 | 280 | 30:3 4 | 48 | 44 
1846 9°92 | 24°47] 1°92 | '35:8'| 9-06 | 27:7 | 29:3 0 | 54) 54 
1847 7 24:0 1°95 | 34:2 | goo ,; 266 | 28:3 2) 153 51 
1848 7 26:6 | 2-00 | 37-1 | goo | 298 | 31:2 | - 6} 49 | 55 
1849 7 17'6,| 2°01 \|*2977" | 9029 |" 21-7) | 23i0 ff — G6), 471 53 
1850 5] 25:87) -2:00'1)' 37:10 |" g:00% | 29:1) )| 30°7 13) || '9374|" Go 
1851 7 24°7 2:04 | 36:9 | goo | 26:8 | 295 0) |) 53 53 
1852 7 18:8 | 2:00 | 31:0 | go6 | 209] 236] - 4} Sr | 55 
1853 7 24:8 I 32°9 | 10 27°2 | 28°3 Fit MATE 4O 
1854 7 23-2 I Spo), IN (Co) 27; 302726 3h 248 45 
1855 7 28:50 1 39:7')| 10 29°9 | 31°4 7 | 534" 46 
1856 7 136 I 245) 7 Igt | 191 | - 8 | 38 | 46 
1857 7 TIOH| I 29:60) 7 17;9)| 17'4 |) —18 || 39) | 57 
1858 7 294 | I 39°99 | 7 34:3 | 347 10} | VO3Hi/ 43 
1859 7 194 | 12 31-0 | 10 27°71 | 25:8 | -14| 46 | 60 
1860 7 23> Dnt 2 322080 311 | 270 | - 1 | 48 | 49 
1861 7 22°9 | 12 301 | 5 28°9) | 29773 ||) = 4c1,-43) | 47 
1862 7 29-2) || 12 29;52|9 28-7 | 26°8 OnliFAo) |) -4o 
1863 7 38*21)|= <2 37:6-|- 9 33-0 | 32°9 Tale -500 [48 
1864 7 216 | 2 344 | 9 266 | 27:5 | - 2| 52 | 54 
1865 7 18-0 | 1°52 | 28:4] 9 21-3 | 226 |- 3] 45 | 48 
Mean 45 years,| 7:08 | 22°3 | 1°36 | 32-5 | g:12 | 25-9 | 269 | -24| 64 | 88 
Mean 86 years,| 7°31 | 22-3 | 1°33 | 32:7 | goo | 256 | 268 | -24| 64 | 88 


202 


Years. 


1780 7°g0 
1781 8 
1782 8 
1783 8 
1784 772 


1785 
1786 
1787 
1788 
1789 


1790 
1791 
1792 
1793 
1794 


1795 
1796 
1797 
1798 
1799 


1800 
1801 
1802 
1803 
1804 


1805 
1806 
1807 
1808 
1809 


14 
14 


1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 
1814 


1815 
1816 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 


Mean 41 years, 7°22 


Meteorology of New Haven. 


23-2 


February. 


Min. 


Wom CMAnNDW 


pe 


_ 


i 
Onow Wr ov w WOO 


Heal 
_ 


Leal 
= O 


Max. Range. 
o °o 
54 48 
5AS| D4 
53 51 
5AM (07 
A5a) (55 
54 | 47 
50 | 45 
52 50 
451) 45 
47 | 59 
49 | 45 
48 | 47 
46 | 38 
50 | 42 
49 | 46 
47 | 47 
5t | 49 
537 
50 51 
47 | 4 
50 | 47 
66 | 66 
60 62 
64 | 58 
564} 484 
58 | 54 
66 ; 56 
514] 55 
63 | 54 
56 | 65 
68 | 65 
48 | 46 
5tr 46 
42 40 
48 | 44 
41 38 
52 | 52 
44 | 56 
5oly| 55 
60 | 5o 
49 | 48 
68 | 81 


ae 


ae «<< oe ar 


Mean 45 years, 
Mean 86 years, 


| 


Hour. 
A. M. 


NOONAN YYINIIN YVOUAA VAVNN 


6:96 


i i i | NYNNN NNNNN NNNNSN On 


weal 
6-96 
7 09 


Meteorology of New Haven. 


February (continued). 


Temp. 


cl 


203 

Mean.| Min. | Max. |Range 
° ° oO ° 

SED. 7 | 46 | 39 
27-7 2) |" 2 50 | 
22-Til — 2 | 46 48 
29°8 o | 52 | 52 | 
Srl 4 | br 47 | 
316 | -15 | 56 71 
298 | -2] 49 | 51 
38°1 14} 60 | 46 
22°0| — 2] 4o 42 
264. = 3 | 454 57 
246 5) || 45 40 
279|-6] 58 | 64 
25-9 6} 50 | 44 
34:0 64} 563] 5o 
23: 5ah = Sl) woe) 62 
179 | -8| 45 | 53 
266 | - 1 45 46 
23:3 7) 48 | 41 
30:1 4| 49 | 45 
32:9, = 4° | q57).| 6x 
26°7 31 54s) SE 
366 | 12] 60 | 48 
194 | — 3] 42 45 
31-4 5) |) (534) 45 
286 |-1! 58 | 59 
245 | —- 21] 48 50 
s81 | — 2] 50 | 52 | 
27°3 1] 49 | 48 
22°4} — 6] 47 53 
31-9 E1455] 54 
320 E |¢504 |) 49 
29'0 2 | 5o,} 48 
3228) | 0""| s4g | 39 
28°5 8 | 48 | 40 
23:63| =16 | 41 57 
24°5 o| 45 | 45 
34:7 3/2674 |) 64 
25°4 o | 48 | 48 
30°7 SP eae |) SE 
276 |-4]| 49 | 53 
343 '-9]| 51 | 60 
28:9 | 10} 44 | 34 
SORT. | Fil DO |e D7 
308 | —- 4} 48 52 
27°7 Oy eS, ||) bi 
28°3 | -16 | 67 | 83 
28:3 | -16] 68 | 84 


204 Meteorology of New Haven. 


March. 

Year Hee Temp Hope: Temp. | Hae Temp. | Mean. | Min. | Max. Range. 

oC oO a Oo ° fe} ° o ° 
1779 9°92 © | 30191) 2 45°7 | 10 3577; | 3971] 112 658|"-53 
1780 8:00 | 326] 2 42°1 | 10 33'0 | 35:9 | 124 | 564) 44 
1781 7:93: | 35:79 2 446 | 10 35:1 | 385 | 19 | gel Go 
1782 8-00 | 33-3] 2 41:2 10 30:6 | 35:01] ro |) (63/8053 | 
1783 7:80 © |! 32:6") 2 42:3 | 10 33:0 | 36-0 5 66 | 61 
1784 785 | 297] 2 419 | 10 3173) | 34:3'| =5 || 1028 67, 
1785 790 | 273] 2 76 | 10 98:3 |) 3Ies 8 51 | 43 | 
1786 790 | 353] 2 49°4 | 10 38:7 | Arr | 17 75 | 58 
1787 7°85 | 348} 2 46:5 | 10 36:4 || 39:2") 17 61 | 44 : 
1788 6:48 | 31-2 | 12 43:2 | 6 37°8 | 37°4 9 60 | 5r : 
1789 6:47 | 326 | 12 Aa) 6 38-0 | 378 9 55 | 46 
1790 6:56" |. 31737} 72 425 | 6 36:8") 36:9! 5 | «Goel "55 
1791 6:56 | 36-1 | 12 478 | 6 42°6 | 42:2 | 14 63 | 49 
1792 7-00 | 33-6} 2 44:8 | 10 36 38-4 | 22 62 | 4o 
1793 7:00 | 32-4 | 2 458 | 10 36-4 | 38-2 7 71 | 64 
1794 zoo | 322 | 2 46°1 | 10 364 | 38:2 | 5 | qo | 65 
1795 7700 | 29:2 | 2 415 | 10 340 | 34:9 | 16 | 63 | 47 
1796 6:32? "| 27:9 | 40°7 | 5°64 | 33-7 | 342 6 57 tl! SE 
1797 6:32 | 320] I 43-8 | 5:64 | 38-6 | 38-1 | 14 58 | 44 
1798 6:40 | 32-00] I 43°8 | 5°48 | 37:7 | 37:8 | 18 64 | 46 

| 

1799 6:40" || 25:3 |] ot 37°77 |. 550 ! 30:9} 31°34)) 4 | SQmIE5S 
1800 618 | 28:7 | 2 426 | 9 37:5.) 36:3 6 61 55 
1801 6:18 | 36:0 | 2 4741 9 39°6. | 41:05] 22 | (6oy)/'738 
1802 618 | 32:3 | 150 | 458) 9 36°5 | 38-2 | 153 | 64 | 484 
1803 700) | 32:0") 2 43-7 | 7, 36:7: |: 37:5"|' 3 71 | 68 
1804 618 | 28:0 47°3 32°0 | 35°8 5 64 59 


1809 618 | 294] 1 46'0 | 10 3o°k | 35:24)" 7° || AGS 7, 
1810 618 | 28:0 | I 46°5 | 10 32°4°|535:6-) 27 560|""39 
1811 6:18 | 33°7'| 1 47°5 | 10 37°1 | 39°4 | 10 72062 
1812 618 | 26:0] I 37°5 | 10 30°2' | 31° fo) 62 62 
1813 6°18) | 98:5} 1 38°4 | 10 30°2 | 32°4 8 62 54 
1814 618 | 27°2 I 405 | 10 309 | 32°9 5 66 | 61 
1815 618 | 3rqi| £ 4o'9 | 10 34°4 | 356) 13 59 | 46 
1816 618 | 2772] Ut 39°7 | 10 30'3'| 32°4| 5 1 "Gon S5 
1817 618 | 27°3 I 38°8 | 10 31Or|\ 3234 8 48 40 
1818 618 | 295] 1 4o'9 | 10 32°5 | 343°] 13 | S8reAS 
1819 618 | 25:0} I 35-4 | 10 59°4 | 29:9'| 9 | Son] 41 
1820 618 | 28:7] 1 405 | 10 32:4 | 33:97!" “3 | RG6SE S65 


Mean 42 years. ~ 669 | 307 | 1:27 | 432 | 9:03 


Meteorology of New Haven. 205 


March (continued). 


316 | 30°8 3 
33°4 | 33:8 2 
34:8 | 34:3 fe) 
4o'o | 40:3 | 10 
43°3 | 39:7 | 19 


4o'9 | 38:2 8 
38:5 | 36:0 | 20 
316 
36:3 | 370 | 14 
39°73" |"40°6"| “17 
Mean 45 years,| 6°69 | 31:0 | 1°32 | 43:2 | gror | 35:3 | 365 | -9 | 76 | 85 
Mean 87 years,, 669 | 308 | 1:29 | 43:2 | g'02 | 347 | 362) -9 | 76 | 85 


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Year Hour. Temp. pe Temp. He | Temp. | Mean. | Min. | Max. |Range. 
on) ° | o ° ° ° ° 
1821 6:16" ||Pa7Shie er 399 }10 | 34:4 | 339 | 11 58 | 47 
1822 7:00) || Sore ot 47°3 | 10 | 38:0 | 40:3 | 21 63 | 42 
1823 618 | 289] 1 40:2 | 10 326 33:99 | oO 60 | 60 
1824 618 | 305] 1 43°8 | 10 33°3 | 35:9 | 17 58 | 41 
1825 G28 4), 3558) ox 496 |10 | 3g1 | 408} a1 69 | 48 
1826 7:00) || 30:5) |) 1 40"9 | 10 34:0) | 35:71" 14 54 | fo 
1827 6°18" | 3a-0)'|" 72 43-3 | 10 35°4 | 36:9} 14 | 63 | 49 
1828 618 | 32:6} 2 47:0 | 10 36-7 | 38:8 | 13 69 | 56 
1829 535m | 27-0) 3 393 | 9 31-0 | 324 | 10L | 69 | 584 
1830 Gib 34:5" |! 72 4772 | 9 35777) 397m | 17 71 | 54 
1831 6:18) | 35:5: 2 486 | 9 396 | 41:2 | 18 62 | 44 
1832 7:00 | 33:4 | 1 43°4 | 10 34:3 | 36:7 9 60 | 51 
1833 700 | 268 I 40:3 | 10 | 33-0 | 33:4 | -6 64 | 70 
1823 618 | 31-0 | 12 45:4 \10 | 357 | 37:4 | 18 62 | 44 
1835 7 268 | 1 3g°0 | 10 3t'o | 32°3 | -9 58 | 67 
1836 Fi 25:7 1) 1 35:1" || 10 30s10 |) 30:3 7 59° | 45 
1837 7 28°38 | 1 397 | 10.) || 34<7) || 33ra 5 560)| 5x 
1838 6:29 | 34:3 | 1°97 | 44:6 | 10°42 | 38:0 | 39:0 | 20 61 4I 
1839 6°35 | 306] 1 444 | 9 35-5 | 36:8 7 66 | 59 
1840 6:13" || 32'6) || = 443 | 9 35°r |'°3773' |) 14 71 56 
1841 6:06 | 316] 2 443 | 10°30 | 35:9 | 37°3 | 12 677 | 55 
1842 6:63) | 37:1 || 2:03) | Sir | 10 4o'3 | 42°8 | 16 iy al Bow) 
1843 6:72 | 28:8 | 0-97 | 37:8 | 5:40 || 32°6 | 33:1 8 49 | 4 
1844 6:65 | 35:9 | 1°07 | 46:0 | 9:07 | 37°4 3g:80 |, 13 62 | 49 
1845 G:gS! | 32°2. | 1°98° | 50'3'|) gui y 370) 3987) 18 | 76° | 58 
1846 7 31°7 | 1°92 | 48:4 | g:00 | 35°8 | 386 8 66 | 58 
1847 7 266 | 1°97 | 416 | g:00 | 309 | 33:0 | 11 55 | 44 
1848 7 27:7) |l\\ 3-98) |742:0) |) 9 31-8 | 33-8 7 61 54 
1849 7 32:81) (2:08! | 744-5. 9 36:6 | 38:0 | 16 66 | 50 
1850 7 298 | 1°99 | 438 | 9 33:24) 35:67), 8 j/-Ore | 53 
1851 7, 32°3 | 1°93 | 46°5 | g'03 | 36:7 | 38:5 | 19 | 68 | 49 
1852 7 3ort | 1°98 | 42°99 | gor | 33°6 | 35°5 | 10 57) 47 
1853 7 S425) |||, 46:6 | 10 37:2 | 39:4) | 12 61 | 49 
1854 7 SUOMI 42°" | 10 34:5 | 36:2 | 17 64 | 47 
1855 7 303" 1 41'G | 10 31:8 | 34:5) 15 54 | 39 


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206 Meteorology of New Haven. 


April, 
Year Hour. |-Temp,| Hour. | Temp Hour. | Temp.| Mean. | Min. | Max. |Range. 
A. P. M. P. M. | 
fe} fe} | fe) ° ° ° ° 
1779 8 486 | 2 59°7 | 10 468 | 51°7 | 24 | 80 | 56 
1780 8 42°38 | 2 53-2 | 10 42:2 | 461 | 22 65 43 
1781 8 44:0 | 2 | 54-0 | 10 43°3"|. 47-1) |r 2 66 | 45 
1782 8 486 | 2 58-2 | 10 48-2 | 51-7 | 25 70s OT 
1783 8 443 | 2 551 | 10 45:1 | 48:2 | 27 84 | 57 
1784 7°93 | 396] 2 49°2 | 10 39:2 | 42°7 | 20 70 | 5o 
1785 7°92 | 40°4 | 2 531 | 10 439 | 45°8 | 25 8254) 57 
1786 767 | 416 | 2 545 | 10 43:8 | 466 | 19 70 | 51 
1787 793 | 446 | 2 56:6 | to 46-1 | 49°71 | 23 84 | 61 
1788 5°96 | 44:2 | 12 55:2 | 6:32 | 50:0 | 49:8 | 27 ait Al) 44 
1789 5°95 | 40°4 | 12 546 | 6:32 | 488 | 479 | 3t | 76 | 45 
1790 6 39°8 | 12 52:0 | 6 46:2 | 46:0 | 28 70 | 42 
1791 6 424 | 12 58-7 | 6 Bier | 507 |: Sr 74 | 43 
1792 7 426} 2 55:4 | 10 45:7 | 47°99 | 28 71 43 
1793 7 441 | 2 57°8 | 10 47:2 | 49°7 | 30 FASi8\ 43 
1794 7 42°4 | 2 57°4 | 10 46°4 | 48°7 | 25 7oeil 53 
1795 7 Aid| 2 56-4 | 10 44:8 | 476 | 18 72 | 54 
1796 6 438 | 1 57:7 | 6 51-7 | Sit | 32 | 78 | 46 
1797 6 419] 1 55:6: | 6 49:3 | 48:9 | 32 | 77 | 45 
1798 6 43:0] 1 570 | 6 5o-2 | Sot | 28 | 76 | 48 
| 
1799 6 Sy hey nl | SAT. 6 45:0) 45°6 | 23 | GA Sa 
1800 5:30, | 42°38 2 50°25| 9 49:3 | 493 | 30 | 974) 47 
1801 5:30 | 40:2 | 2 5770 | 9 ATI AGA. SI 70 | 39 
1802 5:30 | 40°1 150 | 58:9] 9 45-5 | 47:3 | 26 73 '| 47 
1803 zoo | 444] 1 57°9°| 7 49:2 | 505 | 29 | 72 | 43 
1804 5:30 | 38:5 | x 58°7 | 9 44:3 | 47:2 | ar 79 | 58 
1805 5:30 | 41:9 | 150 | 62:3 | 10 46°6 | 50:3 | 34 83 | 49 
1806 5:30 | 35:1} 2 53:3 | 10 41-2.| 43:2 |) 19 67 | 48 
1807 530°} 39:3:] 2 54:0 | 10 44:2 | 458) 26 | 72 | 46 
1808 5:30) 41a] ir 57°6:| 10 45°5 | 48:2 | 23 77 | 54 
1809 5-30 ; 386] 1 59°2 | 10 43:3 | 470 | 254 | 75 | 493 
1810 5:30.04 Arian, x 64°4 | 10 45°7 | Sef | 28° |, you or 
1811 5:30 | 38:7) 1 53-9 | 10 43-4 | 45:3 | 25 68 | 43 
1812 5:30 | 3g:0 | I 53:3'|10 | 42:5 | 44:9 |..25 78) |, (53 
1813 5:30 | 407] £ 55-0 | 10 45:3 | 47-0 | 26 68 |° 42 
1814 5:30 | 40-4] 2 554 | 10 44°7 | 47°72 | 32 75 | 43 
1815 530 | 394] 1 52°2 | 10 43-3 | 45:0 | 30 70 | 4o 
1816 5:30 | 349] 1 52:4 | 10 39°7 | 42°3 | 25 77 | 52 
1817 5-30 | 37:31 1 53°5; | t0 42:6 | 44:5 | 23 76m) 3 
1818 5°309:7] S65" 1 47°7 | 10 39:2 | 41°1 | 28 62 | 34 
1819 5:30 | 378] 2 53°92: | ro 42°0 | 44:3 | 27 70 43 
1820 5-30 | 38:2 | 2 53-9 | 10 43-1 | 45:t | 20 | 824) 62 
Mean 42 years,, 6°20 | 411 | 1°40 | 556 | grog 45:24] 4773: (e218 84 | 66 


i 


Pe Aa ag seme 


Meteorology of New Haven. 207 
April (continued) 
Year. Hour. Temp. Hong Temp. Hoar, Temp. | Mean.| Min. | Max. Range 
° O° ° ° ie} 
1821 5:30 34-1 2 5o-2 | 10 38°6 | 41:0 | 24 66 | ie 
1822 §:30 | 3g2| 2 53-7 | 10 43-7 | 455 | 24 | 95 | 51 
1823 5:30 | 400] 2 56-0 | 10 438 | 46:6 | 24 7 | St 
1824 5-30) | 39:7a| #2 55-6 | 10 44:4 | 466 | 28 72 | 44 
1825 5:3on)| 38:93) §2 58-7 | 10 45:7, || 47-8 |, 25 73 | 48 
1826 7:00) 4 SO;08) VI 498 | 10 40:8) (4272), 17 | Gi. | 44 
1827 5-30) | 42-50) 72 57:0 | 10 456 | 48-4 | 27 731) 461 
1828 5-00 | 36:4 | 3 53:7 | 9 435 | 44:5 | 26 Ew) AD 
1829 5-00 | 393] 3 528 | 9g 455 | 45:9 | 29 70 | AI 
1830 5:30,+| 46;7)5| 2 5877 || 9 48°8 | 51-4 | 28 77. | 49 
1831 5-305) 44°90|| 2 55:5) | 9 48:0 | 49°4 | 31 68 | 37 
1832 7OONs|| 39-75) 1 I 495 | 10 4o'9 | 42°7 | 18 70 | 52 
1833 700 | 413 | I 59°5 | 10 48°4 | 49°7 | 27 47. | 5o 
1834 5-30 | 41-2 | 12 5722110 | 46:4 | 48:3 | 27 7a.4| 48 
1835 700 | 396] 1 50:4 | 10 42°7 | 44:2 | 22 7 | 49 
1836 7:00) | 39:2 | I 5rt | 10 42°9 | 44°4 | 21 66 | 45 
1837 6:52"4| 38575) -2 530 | 9:90 | 44:3 | 45:3 | 28 65 | 37 
1838 6:22 | 38:0 | 2 493 | 10°52 | 41-5 | 42:9 | 27 69 42 
1839 5:67".| 40:55) ¥ 58:3 | 9 479 | 48:9 | 23 72 | 49 
1840 5:97 «| 40:25] 1 56:9 | 9 47:0 | 48:0 | 21 Foes) 54 
1841 6:13/4] 39}25| 2:07) |/50:7) | 10:20) | 4o:6%) 44:2") 26 64 38 
1842 6:00 | 42°7 | 2°00 | 58-6 | to 470 | 494 | 22 79 57 
1843 7:00 | 43:1 1°00 | 52-9 | 10 44:4 | 46:8 | 23 69 46 
1844 6-06 | 46:0 | 1:20 | 64-2 | 9:03 | 51-4 | 53-9 | 20 85 65 
1845 6:05 | 403] 1°96 | 58-5 | go03 | 45:1 | 48:0} 29 80 51 
1846 6:20 | 398 | 1°98 | 59:9 | 9:02 | 47°7 | 4g't | 24 84 60 
1847 6 36.0 | 1°89 | 548 | 9:34 | 42°4 | 44-4] 11 80 | 69 
1848 6 38:8 | 1°97 | 55-6 | g:02 | 44:2 | 46:2 | 25 710 4| 46 
1849 6 378 | 2 52-4 | 8-93 | 42:2 | 44-1 | 23 66 | 43 
1850 Gi} O77 4 491 | 10°00 | 37°7 | 41:5 | 22 66 | 44 
1851 6 4o'2 | 1°98 | 53:9 | gor | 45:0 | 46:4 | 28 66 | 38 
1852 678 | 38:7)| 1°85 | 5o:r-| 9:92 | 41:3.| 43:4 | 25 63 38 
1853 7 ArOy|| 3 53-7 | 10 43-9 | 46:5 | 28 70 42 
1854 7 406 | 1 50°8 | 10 43-0 | 44:8 | 23 72 49 
1855 7 403 |} 1 52-6 | 10 45°6 | 46:2 | 22 722\| 50 
1856 7 447 | 1 55:8) || 7 491 | 499 | 26 | 71 | 45 
1857 7 38:9! 1 SoS ll 7 44:0 | 445 | 17 62 45 
1858 7 4o'4 | 12 54:3 | 10 45:7 | 46°8 | 26 69 ; 43 
1859 7 37°6.| 12 52:3 | 10 44:8 | 44-9 | 26 72 46 
1860 7 4o'5 | 12 5o%5), || 5 4977" (46:9: 26 | 63: | 37 
1861 7 436 | 12 53-1 | 5 52°7 | 498 | 28 68 | 4o 
1862 7 4o'9 | 12 Sivas 5 5128) 47:8 | 27 7 48 
1863 7 2-252 53-0 | 9 47:0 | 47°4 | 26 70 | 44 
1864 G 40:7 | 2 549 | 9 45:3 | 47:0 | 30 65F |F35 
1865 6 406 | 150 | 55-4 | 9 45:7 | 47:2 | 32 70 | 38 
Mean 45 years,| 6:27 | 4o1 | 1°43 | 54:1 | giao] 45-1 | 465 | 11 85 74 
Mean 87 years,| 6:24 | 406] 1°41 | 548) g14| 451 | 469} 11 85 74 


208 Meteorology of New Haven. 


May. 
Year. Hour Temp ae Temp Hour: | Temp. | Mean.| Min. | Max. | Range. 
an ae ° Sales |’ <0 ° ° ° ° 
1779 7 57:2 | 2 69°2 | 10, 57°8 | 61°4 | 4o 88 48 
1780 7 Sosa) 2 67°8 | 10 56:3 | 60:0 | 35 87a) 02 
1781 7 5530 || 2 66:5 | to 53-4 | 58:3 | 30 | 824} 524 
1782 7 55:7 || 2 67°7 | 10 56:2 | 59-9 | 38 | 863] 484 
1783 7, §5:3),|| (2 66:6 | 10 55-1°| 59:0 | 38 | Soul Sn 
1784 6:94 | 53:0 | 2 65:8 | 10 53745 59°4dlud7 89 5a 
1785 7 | 48-5 | 2 62°5 | 10 5976) 54:50| 37 79 | 42 
1786 7. 51-9) 2 64-7 }10 | 545 | 56:9] 39 | 82 | 43 
1787 7 165) |e 64:2 | 10 54:0 | 56-1 | 37 81 | 44 
1788 5°85, || SEEK L2 64:8 | 7 59:2 | 58-4 | 37 82%)| 45 
1789 5°89 | 48:3 | 12 62:6 | 7 55:3 si 55245 438. 79 | 41 
1790 6 52:0 4|12 676 | 7 57°9 | 5g'2.| 35 77 | 42 
1791 6 52-3 | 12 70° 7 61:1 | 61:4 | 39 87 | 48 
1792 7 53:8 | 2 67:3. | 10 56°7.| 59:3. | 34 | igi), 57 
1793 7 543 | 2 69'8 | 10 | 58°7 | 6o'g | 33 89 | 56 
1794 6°76 | 544] 2 68-7 | 10 57°3 -|:Gorr,| 31 86 | 55 
1796 6 513i || 64:0 | 7 56°4 | 57:2 | 4o 73h 4 33 
1797 6 493 | 1 63-14) 7 570uls 00:9 5) oS 73 | 40 
1798 5:93 | 54:2 | 1 69:6 | 6:83 | 62-7 | 62:2 | 4o 83 | 43 
1799 5:93.| 49:2) | = 66:8 | 6°84 | 57:8 | 57-9 | 33 | 87 | 54 
1800 466 | 508 | 2 62:5 | 9g 58°7..|. 5773. a34 75 | 4 
1801 6:93. | 56:7, | 1 692 | 7 61't | 62°3 | 4o 3) i 03 
1802 466 | 50:2 | 2 649 | 9 54:2 | 56:4 | 334 | 80 | 464 
1803 700 | 481 | 1 65:9 | 7 55-7 | 56:6 | 30 77. | 47 
1804 466 | 52:2] 1 7091 9 56-4 | 598} 39 | 81 | 42 
1805 466 | 48:3 | 1°50 | 71°5 | 10 53:9 | 57:9 1,32) | 13a ot 
1806 466 | 486 | 1°50 | 71°2 | 10 54:0).|. 57 35 88 | 53 
1807 466 | 47°55 | 2 66:0 | 10 §1-2 549 1035 78 | 43 
1808 466 | 495, 2 64:2 | 1o 52-4; 55-4 |; 38 77 39 
1809 466 | 51-7 | 2 68:4 | 10 52:7 | 57-6 | 4o 79 39 
1810 466 | 48:9] 1 73°0 | 10 5375.4] 5855.4 335 go | 55 
1811 466 | 47°55 | 1°50 | 65:7 | 10 5a5 | 55:2 | 34 77 43 
1812 466 | 45:3 | 2 58-7 | 10 48°4 | 50:8 | 32 71 39 
1813 466 | 478] 1 60°8 | 10 52:2 | 53-6 | 37 734 jl, 30 
1814 466 | 53-2 | 2 68-7 | 10 | 56:7 | 59°5 | 38 81 43 
1815 466 | 448 | 2 598 |10 | 492 | 513} 35 | 85 | 50 
1816 466 | 45:2} 2 61:0 |10 ~— |: 49°7 | 52°0 | 30 79 | 49 
1817 466 | 45:2 | 2 60'1 | 10 | 50:1 | 51°8 | 36 72 36 
1818 466 | 47:3 | 2 61-5 | 10 Sin | 53:3) 436 76 | 4o 
1819 466 | 486 | 2 61'8.| 40 .| 50:6.) 53°7 |~35 FO, 30 
1820 466 | 48°4 | 2 = 60'r | 10 5127 4) 53:4. |33 76 43 
Mean 41 years,| 570 | 50-7 | 155 | 658) 919) 549| 571 | 30 | 93 | 63 | 


Meteorology of New Haven. 209 


May (continued). 


Year. Hous Temp How Tem Hous Temp. Mean.| Min. | Max. Range. 
° ° | ° fe} fo} fe} 
1821 7-00") Doran) 2 64:5 | 10 54°27 57:3 |/ 39) | 86} 47 
1822 466 | 50-9 2 68-1 | 10 56°7))|| 58°61) 37 82 | 45 
1823 466 | 51-6 2 62-9 | 10 Ae o'3" ||" 32 85 53 
1824 466 | 491] 2 69:1 | 10 538 | 57:3| 32 | 75 | 43 
1825 7700 | 542] 2 65:8 | 10 54-1") 58°0 |) 33 | 79 | 46 
1826 7 OO! || O75 I 72°8 | 10 64°4i\\ 63:8")' 38 | gay) 54 
1827 466 | 464] 2 64-4 | 10 540 | 549) 35 78 | 43 
1828 400 | 50:4 3 67:5 | 9 54:4 | 57-4 | 4o 86 46 
1829 4:00 | 5i-2| 3 68:7 | 9 58-3 | 594 | 36 | 86 | 5o 
1830 400 | 52°15 3 68:2 | 9g 56°4 | 58:9 | 33 73 4o 
183t 4:66 | 53-3 | 12 68:3 | 9 56°751''59°4"| 35 84 | 49 
1832 7:00 | 49:0 59°6 | 10 SUTg | OS20l So |< 72. 3G 
1833 7:00) |, 09/6 65 8 | 10 | 556 | 59:0 | 38 | 8r |} 43 
1834 4:66 | 48:2 | 12 63:3 | 10 | 52°4 | 54:6 | 31 74 | 43 
1835 7700 | 51-0 I 62°1 | 10 55°60) 5672) || 37 82 | 45 
1836 7°00 | 52°6 I 64:9 | 10 | 50:38) 57:62! 30 81 5r 
1837 6:75 4) 50°08, 203°) 65:08)" oF79y || 52°30) 96.05) 27 | 679.) 52 
1838 zoo | 500} 1 60°5 | 10-00 (| 53:2 | 54:6 | 36 | 70 | 34 
1839 DOOM |LOL-O!|" I 65'0r| G00) || S5:0n| S708)’ 32 | -83,| Sr 
1840 53'-)|| 4979" ||. 1 6677!) goo: || 54°77|"57714)' 38 | 841) 46 
1841 G00 | 492] 2°31 | 61-4") 9:96. | 52°6| 54:4 | 35 | 76-| 41 
1842 6:05 | 496 | 220 | 61°8 | 10:00 | 54:4 | 55:3} 33 | 76 | 43 
1843 6:00 | 49-9 | 2:00 | 68:6 | 10°00 || 54:9 | 57-8 | 36 | 87 | Sr 
1844 573-494) 186 | 7eH| 9:13) | Gor7)| 62°20) 39) "SG. ) 47 
1845 Goo) A919"! x°95%) Jot") god: | 54°97] SBS) So | -94;) Sq 
1846 6:00 | 52:9] 1°93 | 67°4 | goo | 57:2 | 5g:2 35 78 | 43 
1847 6:12 | 50:0 1°73)| 67°67) o-76) | S40 572) 38 78 40 
1848 6:00 | 548! 1-97 | 66-6 | 8-98 | 58:3 | 599] 39 | 83 | 44 
1849 6:00. | 48°9°|, 1°97| 62°7°| gog | 52-4) 547 | 38 | St | 43 
1850 zoo | 52:3] 1:00 | 595 | 10-00 | 50:0 | 539] 33 | 83 | 5o 
1851 6:37 | 51-9 | 2:25 | 64:5 | 993 | 51-9 | 567 | 29 | 85 | 56 
1852 7 53°3 I 63-9 | 10 5A 5732 38 79 | 4t 
1853 7 bS:ory x 66-2 | 10 547 | 58:2 | 38 | 82 | 44 
1854 7 547 | 1 66°3 | 10 5Ogi\ 59:3 | 33 | 78)'} 45 
1855 7 5S:OM) 65-4 | 10 53-4 | 57°4-|' 33 | 81 | 48 
1856 7 |532]} 1 | 612] 7 558 | 567 | 37 | 84 | 47 
1857 7) CNS Gal 60°8 | 10 S16t | 58a) 37 | PS, 44 
1858 7 49°2 | 12 6orr | 10 533i 942, S4 | -72t| 38 
1859 7 514 | 12 64°8 | 10 56-0 | 57°-4.| 36 | 85 | 49 
1860 7 52:7 12 65:2") 5 62:7 | 60:2 | 38 W7a || 39 
| 1861 6:50 | 5o:0 | 12 62:2) 5 60:5 | 57°6 | 35 76 | I 
1862 7 531A! 1 6622715 65:3°| 6Greze| 37%) 83).|.46 

| 1863 7 5O:OF | 72 66:7 | 9 59:0 | 605 | 37 | 893) 52d 
| 1864 7 540 | 12 66:0 | 10 54% | 58:3 | 37 | 89 | 52 
| 1865 6 5to | 1-50 | 650] 9 56:0 | 57:3 | _4o | 86 | 46 
Mean 45 years, 6:15 | 51-7 | 1:37 | 65-2 | 930 | 554/574 | 27 | 94 | 67 
Mean 86 years,| 5:92 | 51:2 1°46) | O5:5"|, ‘9°24: 55-2 | 57°3 | 27 \ Od, 67 


210 Meteorology of New Haven. 


Sune. 
Year. Hour. | Temp.| Hour. | Temp. Hour. | Temp.| Mean.| Min. | Max. |Range. 
A. M. P. M. P. M. 
fe} ° (e) ce} ° fe) ° 
1779 7 67°1 2 78'8 | 10 66:1 | 70°6 | 50 944| 444 
1780 9 63-2 | 2 75°8 | 10 62°7 | 67:2 | 41 G4 53 | 
1781 7 6371] .2 74:3 | 10 61°9 | 66-4 | 49 | 884] 394 
1782 77) 66:5 | 2 78:0 | 10 | 65:5 | 7o-0 | 52 96%| 44% 
1783 7 66:0 | 2 78°5 | 10 65:5 | yoo | 50 | 93 | 43 | 
1784 q 62:2: | 22 776 | 10 64:2 | 68:0 | 41 98 | 57 
1785 7 63-9 | 2 78°3 | 10 66°3 | 69:5'|. 41 | “g5tt| 54 
1786 7 63:8) 2 776 | 10 67°5 | 69°6 | 51 95 | 44 
1787 7 59:7" || 2 76:0 | 10 63-0 | 66-2 | 35 | 88 | 53 | 
1788 6 63-3 | 12 5 Ba 66:6 | 68:1 | 45 | 93 | 48 
1789 6 62°2 | 72 764 | 7 71'0 | 69°99 | 47 | 92 | 45 | 
1790 6 63:8 | 12 78:2 | 9 70'2)'|70°7' |, 30 go | 4o 
1791 6 61-4 | 12 Foon Nk 7 68:5 | 68:5 | 48 88 | 4o | 
1792 7 6o'5 | 2 74:2 | 10 62°9 | 65-9 | 43° | 98), 55 
1793 5] 63:6") 3 771 | 10 65°5 | 68°7 | 43 97 | 54 
1794 7 62:0 | 2 749 | 10 63°6 | 66°8 | 47 87 | 4o 
1796 6 613 || 74) 7 67°5 | 68:1 | 46 87 | 41 
1797 6 58- I 766 | 7 693 | 68:3 | 45 89 | 44 
1798 6:07 | 63-4] 1 78:71 7 69:0 | 70-4 | 48 88 4o 
1799 607° | G21 | 1 788 | 7 696 | 7o:2 | 45 | 94 | 49 
1800 450 | 615 | 2 ITA. ¢ 68-0 | 68:9 | 43 g1 48 
1801 700 | 61°4 | 1 7qOt | 7 67:9 | 68°5 | 42 93 | 51 
1802 450 | 61-7 | 2 75°0 | 9g 66:5 | 67°77 | 49 | 85 | 36 
1803 6-67 | 62:9] 1 778 | 7 71:0 | 70°6 | 48 | 98 | 5o 
1804 5-00 | 62°35 | 2 770 | 9 67:9 | 69:2 | 55 89 | 34 
1805 450 | 588 | 1°50 | 79°1 | 10 64°6 | 67:5 | 46 88 | 42 
1806 450 | 60:2 | 1°50 | 78°4 | 10 65:5 | 68:0 | 4o | 89 | 49 
1807 450 | 56:3 1 2 756 | to 62°5 | 64:8 | 46 89 | 43 
1808 450 | 60:9, 2 76°7 | 10 65:4 ; 67:7 | 48 88 | 4o 
1809 450 | 588] 2 772 | 10 61-7 | 65-9 | 44 go | 46 
1810 450 | 60:0 | 1 79°0 | 10 | 64:7 | 67°9 | 46 go | 44 
1811 450 | 60:0 | 2 70°90 | 10 638 | 66:6 | 48 go 42 
1812 45o | 593 | 2 72°3|.10 62°9 | 64:8 | 49 $20). 33 
1813 450 | 60-1 2 73:0 | 10 66:3 | 66-8 | 47 87 4o 
1814 450 | 586 | 2 72°9 | 10 636 | 65-0 | 46 79 | 33 
1815 AHO | S791) 2 72°. | 10 62°6 | 64:2 | 47 86 39 
1816 450 | 538} 2 68°4 | 10 58°8 | 60°3 | 35 88 | 53 
1817 4'50- |. 99°4 | 2 65-0 | 10 60°3 | 61:2 | 42 79| 37 
1818 450 | 599 | 2 76:0 | 10 64:1 | 66-7 | 49 gI 42 
1819 450 | 597 | 2 72°9 | 10 64:9 | 65:8 | 50 37 | 37 
1820 450 | 57°4] 2 756 |10 — | 63°90 |'65°3') 46 | ‘Ore 45 
Mean 41 years,, 565 | 61:1 | 1°61 759 | 9°20 | 65°4 | 67°5 | 35 98 | 63 


Meteorology of New Haven. 211 


June (continued). 


Wear Boor Temp Hout Temp. Hour, Temp. | Mean.| Min. | Max pane: 
fe} fe) °o o 
1825 450 | 596 | 2 74:7 | 10 63-0 | 65:8 | 47 85 38 
1822 450 | 58:2 | 2 74:4 | 10 63:0 | 65:2 | 46 86 | 4o 
1823 4:50 | 58-3 2 76:2 | 10 63-1 | 65:9 | 42 88 46 
1824 7-00 | 626 | 2 72:8 | 9 62:5 | 660 | 44 85 | 41 
1825 700 | 65:9 | 2 774 | 9 67-1) | 70°71 |; 50 93 | 43 
1826 7:00. | 62°4 | I 75°) |) £0 65°7 | 67°9 | 50 Tee Ar 
1827 4°50)))|056:28| | 2 73°8 | 10 61°8 | 63-9 | 42 831) 411 
1828 400 | 62:2 | 3 801 | 9 69:2 | 70:5 | 49 89 | 40° 
1829 4700-5977) 3 79-51 | 9 64:3 | 65:5 | 48 S3ig || 35 
1830 4:50%0)|| 58-75)| 2 744 | 9 65:3 | 66:1 | 49 S601" 37, 
1834 450 | 64:2 | 2 790 | 9 68:0 | 70°4 | 47 g1 | 44 
1832 7:00 | 6o'0 I 71°2 | 10 Goo | 63:7 | 44 86 42 
1833 FOO | O7:88| 5 70°6 | 10 61°9 | 63-4 | 4t 80 39 
1834 A509) 5875| 2 73:1 | 10 | 62° | 648 | 48 85 37 
1835 7°60)))| 62°2)| I 71°7 | 10 | 62°4 ! 65°4 | 47 81 34 
1836 7:00) || 09'0n|| = 69°3 | 10 60°9 | 62°7 | 42 83 41 
1837 6:28 | 599] 2 70°7 | 9°73 | 62°8 | 64-5 | 49 82 33 
1838 6:03 | 64:1 | 1°79 | 76-1 | 10°38 | 66-4 | 68-9 | 50 | 89 | 39 
1839 5:00 | 57°14 £00 | 71-2 | 9°00 | 62-0 | 63:4 | 46 82 36 
1840 5:oo | 590 | 1:00 | 75°4 | 9°00 | 64:1 | 66-2 | 46 87 4t 
1841 6:00 | 65:0 | 2°07 | 77°4 | 10°12 | 68:0 | 7o'r | 50 92 42 
1842 5:86 | 58 2°07 | 72°3 | 10:04 | 62°0 | 64:6 | 45 82 37 
1843 7:00 | 61°6 | 1:00 | 72°6 | 10°00 | 63:7 | 66-0 | 36 go 54 
1844 Gor | 61:8 | 2:03 | 74:8 | g:02 | 66-5 | 67-7 | 48 go 42 
1845 6-00 | 59:3] 2°03 | 79:1 | 9:08 | 64-9 | 67°38 | 43 |100 , 57 
1846 Goo | 59°77] 2°04 | 75:1 | 9:07 | 63:6 | 66:1 | 47 83 36 
1847 6-077) Go;25| 1°78. || 76:3" | 10:29 | 63:3" || 66:6" 47 92 45 
1848 6-00 | 61-4 | 2°03 | 75:8 | g:06 65-1 | 67-4 | 46 3 | 47 
1849 6:25 | 61-4] 1°72 | 76-0] 981 | 65-6 | 67-7 | So 95t) 451 
1850 7 63-5} 1 77:0 | 10°00 } 63-4 | 68:0 | 44 85 fey 
1851 7 617 | I 74:3 | 10 61:3 | 65-8 | 45 85 | 4o 
1852 7 62:2 | I 73:3 || 10 63-3 | 66:3 | 45 94 | 49 
1853 7 63-99) 1 75:1 | 10 63-9 | 67:4 | 44 94 | 5o 
1854 7 62:3 | I 73-9 | 10 65-0 | 67-1 | 42 87 | 45 
1855 7 64:0 | I 71:7 | 10 618 | 65:8 | 49 93 | 44 
1856 7 650 | 1 FAO) |) 7 70'4 | 70:0 | 45 89 | 44 
1857 7 5g'0 | I 69'0 | to 59:5 | 625 | 44 | 80 | 36 
1858 7 63-4 | 12 74:2 | 10 65:6 | 67:7 | 44 gt) 47 
1859 7 59°4 | 12 71-3 | 10 61°8 | 64:2 | 37 go | 53 
1860 7 62°5 | 12 749 | 5 72:7 | 700 | 49 88 | 39 
1861 6 61:7’ | 12 7&2 | 5 72°4 | 69°4 | 5 85 34 
1862 7 61-4 | 12 Foie |= 71°6 | 68:4 | 47 89 | 42 
1863 a 60-9 | 2 73:3) | 19 O31 | 69'8" | 48" "924/44 
1864 6 64:2 | 1°80 | 78:2 | 9 68-2 | yo:2 | 41 102 61 
1865 6 O4:5 || 1°50) |698'4) 9 68-4 | 70:3 | 52 g2i' gol 
Mean 45 years,) 61t | 6172 | 1°44 | 74:3 | 9:28 | 64-7 | 66:7 | 36 | 102 66 
Mean 86 years, 5°88 | 61°1 | ¥c53) ||) 75 |) (9:24, 68-0 || G70 | 35) | r02 |) 67 
i 


212 Meteorology of New Haven. 


July. 

Years. nek Temp. | ee Temp. Hons. Temp. | Mean. | Min. | Max. /Range. 
° ° 2} ° ° fe} ° 
1778 7 696 | 2 82°8 | 10 FOI | 7472} ¥50 95 45 

1780 7 706 | 3 84:3 | 10 72-7 | 75:9 | *58 | 964) 4384 
1781 7 pial Bat Vou) 81-8 | 10 709] 746] 55 |100 | 45 
1782 7 66:4 | 2 77'4 | 10 67-0") 77073" |, “55 90” )/'535 
1783 yy] 67°4| 2 792 | 10 66°6 | 711 | 45 93 | 48 
1784 7 66:5 | 2 79°'9 | 10 68°8 | 71-7 | 52 | gaMiR4o 
1785 7 67:3) | 2 80:7 | 10 67°77" airzg POD 92 a 

1786 7 65:9] 2 81°5 | 10 69:5 | 72:3 | 52 ° 89f18375 
1787 q 64-37) 2 78:9 | 10 66:6 | 699 | 47 87 ) 
1788 6 68-2 | 12 80:9 | 7 a3 7 | Gad We OA 94 | 40 
1789 6 67°1 ) 12 83:35 °F 73°5\) 74-6 | 58 94 | 36 
1790 6 63-0 | 2 805 | g 69:1 | 709 | 53 93 4o 
1791 6 62°8 | 12 79:0) | 7. 71°9 | 71:4 | 53), “Omaes 
1792 7 65:3' |! 2 78:6 | 10 67°8 | 706 | 52 92 | 40 
1793 7 68-5uiy2 81°2 | 10 69°99 | 73:2 | 56 96 | 40 
1794 7 65-9 | 2 799 | 10 67:7 | 71:2 | 52 93 | 41 
1796 6 65:8 | J 80°6 | 7 72A \72°9 We -08 gt 33 
1797 6 681] 1 83-3 | 7 75:9 | 758 | 60 gd | 35 
1798 G:03 | 65:4 | 1 8r2} 7 72:0 |-92°9 | 52 ToRmeie49 
1799 6:03 | 66-9 1 Baer [7 9742/9495") 52, ofa 
1800 466 | 65:8 | 2 82-7 | 9 74:5 | 74:3 | 52 100 | 48 
1808 zoo | 68:6] 1 789| 9 9743 |-939 | 52. G7 aA 
1802 466 | 666 ' 2:50 | 81:5} 9 708 | 73:0 | 52 94 | 42 
1803 6-00 | 68:3 | 1 838 | 7 94:6 | 75-6 | 54 Or (1837 
1804 500 | 64:5 | 2 70:7 |) *9 71°1 | 7o:8 | +53) | SB aiess 
1805 466 | 635] 2 83-7 | 10 718 | 73-0 | 52 g2 | 40 
1806 466 | 614} 2 80:8 | 10 681 | yor | 47 89 | 42 
1807 4:66, | 65:7 || 2 81-0 | 10 70.3 | 72:3: 53) | SSpiese 
1808 466 | 66:3 | 2 796 | 10 69:7. |'7I°9°| 92 | Gato 
1809 466 | 60:0} 2 73:8 | 10 64:3 | 67°7 | 51 86 | 35 
1810 466 | 61-5} 2 80:6 | 10 66:3 | 69°5r)-O1 89 38 
I8it 466 | 65-4 | 2 78:1 | 10 69:8 | 71-1 46 94 48 
1812 466 | 607] 2 75°8 | 10 65 675 | 48 | 86 | 38 
1813 466 | 650} 2 78:0 | 10 696 | 709 | 53 | gi |) 38 
1814 466 | 62:2 | 2 776 | 10 65:8 | 68:5 | 44 | 85 4t 
1815 466 | 658 | 2 78:3 | 10 69:8 | 71°3..|"53' | -8omiesG 
1816 466 | 57:4) 2 FAS 10 63:3 | 65:0 | 46 | 82 36 
1817 466 | 607 | 2 755 | 10 65-5 | 67-2 | 50 || S38) 33 
1818 466 | 64:9 | 2 78°9) TO 69:0 | 70°g |@ 5D | ‘oo sy 
1819 466 | 63-1 2 80-1 | 10 678 | 703} 48 | 92 44 
1820 466 | 67:2 | 2 | 81-1 | 10 qo'3 | 729 |, 53 | 93 | 4o 
Mean 41 years,| 5-71 | 65:4 | 1:72 | 798 | 9:29 | 69:8 | 71-8 | 44 | 101 57 

| 


Meteorology of New Haven. 213 


July (continued). 


Year. Hau: Temp. pone Temp. SO | Temp. | Mean. | Min. | Max. |Range 
° O° ° ° Oo ° ° 
1821 466 | 597} 2 77°2 | 10 64:7 | 67:2 | 51 87 36 
1822 466 | 64:38) 2 797 | 10 68:6 | 70:9 | 4g 85 36 
1823 466 | 660) 1 80°8 | 10 68:3) 71-7} 55 go 35 
1824 7 68:8 | 2 787 | 9 68:1 | 71-9 | 58 | go | 32 
1825 9] yeti || oo 8471 9 72-7a FO | 56 g6 | 4o 
1826 7 WiG7akan| pe 7951 9 69:2)|| zis: | 52 | 88.) 36 
1827 466 | 628} 2 77:0 | 10 672 | 69:0 | 54 86 | 32 
1828 400 | 645 | 3 799|1 9 Orsi) Fico) O98 | Go|, 32 
1829 4:00 | 63:2 | 3 pls \| ©, 676 | 693 | 52 | 86 | 34 
1830 4:66 | 67°73 | 2 80°8 | 9g FORTE F729 |) Ot 954 | 444 
1831 466 | 65:9 | 12 80:1 | 9 71:0, |, 72:3 | 50 8&6 36 
1832 7 66-5 I 77:2 | 10 66:1 | 69:9 | 48 go 42 
1833 7 66-0 | 1 76:9 | 10 68-5 | 705 | 52 | 89 | 37 
1834 7 67-9 | 1 78°4 | 10 Tinie) 72-5) |, 50 go | 40 
1835 7 67:00, 76:7 | 10 60:25. an-3) |) 92) ||| 87 | 35 
1836 Ti 67:25, 7 75°9 | 10 695 | 7o'9 | 54 88 34 
1837 610 | 633] 2 77a 1O 65:7) ||) (68:77 || “54 84 30 
1838 G21 _}68:0)| 1-96 | 80:8 | 10°33. | 71-7 | 73°5 | 59 | or | 32 
1839 5 65:35" a 804} 9 7 O)||| 72°2"|, 96) | 88°) 32 
1840 5 646) 1 815] 9 FOB 7a | Or | Or |. 36 
1841 6 65:8 | 2:04 | 79°3 | 10:06 | 698 | 716 | 56 | 89 | 33 
1842 6 69:0 | 2:03 | 78-2 | 10°02 | Jit | 72°8 | 56 89 33 
1843 7 66:3 | 1-00 | 76:0 | 10-00 | 682 | 70-2 | 52 gl 39 
1844 Gor 9 66:39) 1:95) 1-77-79) || 9:32 | 69°71) 712 |, Ss | S71 34 
1845 6 64:4 | 1-99 | 83-1 | god} 71°! | 72°99 |. 48 | 98 | 5o 
1846 6 66:3'| 2°04 | 79:5 | go2 | 705 | 7a-p | 53 94 | 4 
1847 6:27 | 676} 1°8r | 845 | 10:21 | 70°5 | 74:2 | 56 93 37 
1848 600 | 653] 2:00 | 77-4} goo | 68-7! 705 | 56 | 85 29 
1849 G12 | 65:8 | 1°85 | 79:5 | 9:44 | 693 | 71:5 | 53 | 99 | 46 
1850 700 | 696] 1-00 | 788 | 10:00 | 69:5 | 726 | 54 | 88 | 34 
1851 | G6r | 66:8 | 2-45 | 79:3 | 1005 | 695 | 719 | 54 | 88 | 34 
1852 7 68-5 | 1 77°6 | 10 69:9 1) 72°0 || 53. | ‘90 | 37 
1853 7 66:0} 1 73:2 | 10 66°38 | 68-7 | 53 82 29 
1854 7 Filson |e 80°8 | 10 q20 | 746 | 56 | 95 | 39 
1855 is FOr 78:6 | 10 695 | 72°8 | 53 94 | 41 
1856 7 69:2 | 1 FOl ie 7 74:8 | 74:4 | 56 | 92 | 36 
1857 7 67-4) 1 769 | 7 Fat |' 92:1 | Ag 850-36 
1853 7 64:0 | 12 76:7 | 10 68:8 | 69° | 49 | go | 41 
1859 7 63-4 | 12 Ge biases) 65:7 | 681 | 46 | 90 | 44 
1860 7 66°4 | 12 qo 5 74:9 | 72°3| 58 | 88 | 30 
1861 | 6 | 66:4 | 12 78:3 | 5 7708) 744 | 56 |. 92_ |. 36 
1862 7 66:7 | 12 78:4 5 772 | 74 | 54 | ‘94 | 4o 
1863 | 9 70°4 | 2 78°9.| 9 “48 | 746 | 6o | 88 | 28 
1864 | 6 69:0 | 1°84 | 82°4| 9 a3'r | 748 | 53 I 38 
1865 | 6 67-5" | 1:50)" ||-78:5. 9 695 | 71°8 | 5r | 914] 404 
Mean 45 years, 618 | 666 | 141 | 78:8) g'19 | 701 | 71°8 46 | 53 
Mean 86 years, 595 66-0 | 156 | 793 | 9:24 | 700 | 718 | 44 | 10I 57 
| : | | \ 


ee 


214 Meteorology of New Haven. 


August, 
Year. Hour. | Temp; Hour. | Temp. Hour. Temp.| Mean. | Min. | Max. |Range. 
A. M. Pp M. P. M. 

oO ° ° fe} fo} ° ° 
1778 6 68:3 | 2 81°2 | 10 707DU| (Jasna 97 | 46 
1780 7 72:0 | 2 82°8 | 10 72°4.| 79"7|| 3 98 | 45 
3781 7 69:0 | 2 Bit | 10 67:8 72°60) 55 | o3%8| 38 
1782 7 68:9 | 2 S11 | 10 69°4 | 73:1 | 5o g2 | 42 
1783 7 666 | 2 79'7 | 10 668 | 71:0 | 51 94 | 43 
1784 6°76 | 656 | 2 8r°r | 10 69:5 | 72°1 |-49 | oreiea2 
1785 681 | 64:9 | 2 79°0 | 10 67°6 | 705 | 51 94 | 43 
1786 6°83 | 62:3] 2 79°9 | 10 64:7 | 676 | 44 89 | 45 
1787 6:50: | 63:3] 2 78-0 | 10 66°5 | 69:3 | 5o gr | 41 
1788 6 65:1 12 797 | 7 91:7 | 7272 | 53 92 | 39 
1789 6 67-3 | 12 S12 || 7 72°8 | 73°7 | 54 95 | 41 
1790 6 66-2 | 12 80°8 | 7 72:0 | 73°0 | 52 95 | 43 
1791 6 64:5 | 12 78:2) ||| 7 71°8 | 715 | 52 89 | 37 
1792 7 630 | 2 79°0 | 10 66:6 | 69°5 | 47 92 | 45 
1793 7 65°7 |) 2 80°3 | 10 68°4 | 715 | 51 | 90 7 39 
1794 7 65:8 | 2 79°6 | 10 68:2 | 71:2 | 52 94 | 42 
1796 6 63°7;|| = 79 | 7 Fez) Flo vor 92 | 41 
1797 6 65:3.) 79:9: <7 71:0 | 72:0 | 4g S738 
1798 6 69'9 | 1 S230) 7 76:4 | 76:2 | 54 96 | 42 
1799 6 65:5 | = Bred 7 732. FOO? | OT 92 | 41 
1800 516 | 636] 2 76°91 9 706 | 70°4 | 49 8 4o 
1801 6°66 | 64-7 | 2 78:9 | 7 708 | 75 | 49 9 46 
1802 516 | 67:0 | 2°50 | 81-5] 9g 70°8 | 731 | 55 gl 36 
1803 6:00 | 65:4} 1 793 | 7 75'5.| 73°4 | 49 | (ts 42 
1804 5:00 | 645] 2 76°7'| 9 70°8 | 70°7 | 55 88 | 33 
1805 6:00 | 6g:2 | 1 816 | 6 78'2.| 76:3 | 55 | g3s)) 138 
1806 516 | 62:0} 2 77°0 | 10 67:0 | 68°7 | 5o 84 | 34 
1807 516 | 646] 2 793 | 10 69°4 | 711) 49 87 | 38 
1808 516 | 576] 2 77°5.| 10 65:2 | 668 | 47 87 | 4o 
1809 516 | 60°4 |} 2 796 | 10 65-7 | 686 | 43 87 | 44 
1810 5°16, | 6184) 71 76°5 | 10 659 | 681 | 48 85.) 37 
1811 5165) OLoy, 2 76:2 | 10 66:2 | 68:0 | 50 87, | 37 
1812 516 | 61:7 | 2 75:0 | 10 65:3 | 67:3 | 47 82 | 35 
1813 516 | 65'4] 2 796 | 10 FVco W722 Oo Sra 732 
1814 516 | 63:5 | 2 76°5 | 10 67°5 | 69°2 | 47 8517-38 
1815 5°16) «| 6r4y| 2 72°3 | 10 65:1 | 66°3 | 52 (olay edie S38} 
1816 516 | 60°8 | 2 76°2 | 10 65:7 | 67°6 |’ go 86 | 46 
1817 536 \| O21} 2 76:1 | 10 66:3 | 68:2 | 46 | 85 | 39 
1818 516 | 6o.o | 2 758 | 10 64-4 | 66°7 | 48 84 | 36 
1819 516 | 62"9.| 2 77°7 | 10 66°8 | 691 | 47 89 | 42 
1820 5:16.) 61:7} 2 74°5 | 10 66:2 | 67°5 | 50 | go | 4o 


Mean 41 years, 5°88 | 645 | 165 | 78-7 gio , 69:2 | 70°8 | 4o 98 | 58 


Meteorology of New Haven. 215 
August (continued). 
Hour. Jour. Hour. m : 
Year i Temp. Hone Temp. PM | Tem: Mean. | Min. | Max. |Range 
"Ris ° | 0 ° ° ° ° 
1821 5:16 *| (6a:72|2 2 805 }10 | 694] 709 | 54 89 | 35 
1822 516 | 58-3 | 2 7772 |10 | 648 | 66:8 | 50 85 | 35 
1823 516 | 63-6 | 2 79°7 | 10 65:8 | 69:7 | 48 89 | 41 
1824 7 656 | 2 7149| 9 | 65°5 | 68:7 | 49 86 | 37 
1825 7 67725|) 2 773 | 9 | 689) 7H1 | St 92 | 4I 
| 
1826 5-16) (65:15| 1-2 75:0 |10 | 690 | 69°77 | 55 82 | 27 
1827 5-165! (Oren 1 2 Age |pLO © || 03;851 767:5)|| So 93 | 43 
1828 5:90%5| 63°5h| | 2°50!) |S2°4 || 9 | 75-55) 72:3. || 52 gt | 39 
1829 560 (68:05) | 2:507) | 7655). 9 | Gora) 71-2.) 51 84°) 33 
1830 5:16-=| (64:9) 2 78:5 | 9 67°65 For | 51 88}) 374 
1831 SLO Osta) 2 81:3) || 9 TW4s\ 73'S | So 89 | 39 
1832 7 GosSa iz 75°9 | 10 65°83 | 690 | 46 | 83 | 37 
1833 Ti OATa|5 ¥ 75:9 |10 | 67:0 | 6y0] 4o 88 | 48 
183 7 oi (62-65); I 76:2 |10 | 68-1 | 69:0 | 39 | 89 | 50 
1835 Gf | 64:4 | 1 74°2 | 10 | 661 | 68:2 | 43 87 | 44 
1836 Of 60°1 I 72°4 |10 | 64:5 | 65:5 | 43 87 | 44 
1837 6°30 | 62°38 | 2 75'1 | 10 64-9 | 676 | 48 | 90 | 42 
1838 590 | 66:8 | 1°90 | 78-6 | 10°50 | 68-6 | 71-3 | 57 go | 33 
1839 S10 | 640 | 100 | 75:9] 9 | 676 | 6921 53 | 86 | 33 
1840 S00 | 65:2 | 100 | 797] 9 7o'o | 71°6 | 54 88 | 34 
1841 600 | 66:3 | 2°39 | 78°8 | 10 7x3) | goer || 55 8597" 30 
1842 615 | 64-4 | 2°02 | 76:4 | 10 67°9 | 696 | 53 82 29 
1843 7:00 | 67°71 1:00 | 74:8 | 10 | 68°5°) zo-r | 55 S771) 32 
1844 6-01) 64:5" |, 1-89 | 77:8 | 900 | ‘7o1"| 708} 5o | 88!) 38 
1845 G00") 66:2" || 2°00" | 82'S | 9:05 | 719") 73S! 53! | 89°) 36 
1846 6:60" |\64:8' | 2°00: || 79:3. | goa | 702" |71-4"| 53 | go°| 37 
1847 6:22)" | 63:9) |, 1°93" | 78'6'| .9°75' | '67°5"| “7o:0 | 49 86 | 37 
1848 6:00 | 63:2 2°00 | 79° 9 68-8 | 70°3 | 53 86 33 
1849 6:00 | 63:9 | 2°00 | 78:3) 9 6972" | 7o:5"| 95) | 183") 28 
1850 7700 | 65:7 | 1°00 | 748 | 10 65-7 | 68°7 | 5o B34". 33 
1851 6:89 | 63:7 | 2°76 | 74:7 | 10 661 | 68-2 | 53 83 | 30 
1852 7 6322" 1 74:1 | 10 64:3 | 67:2 | 48 78 ; 30 
1853 7] 66:7 | 1 75:2 | 10 67°3°| 6977 "| 52 87 | 35 
1854 7 65250} 1 77:6 | 10 67°6 | 70°2 | 5o 96 | 46 
1855 77 63:9 | I 745 | 10 64:8 | 67°7 | 42 82 | 4o 
1856 7 64°5 | 1 940 |) 7 67°8 | 68°8 | 48 Sarl 34 
1857 7 66:0 | 1 Geral A, G0;8))| 70:0 \— SD SE 33 
1858 7 60-6 | 12 73:9 | 10 65-6 | 66:7 | 4o 84 | 44 
1859 7 62°2 | 12 75°4 | 10 65-1 | 67°6 | 50 84 | 34 
1860 7 66°8 | 12 76:0 | 5 FAS) Gla || OS 87 | 34 
1861 6 64:7 | 12 729. \y 20 73:9) |_ 71,9) 53 90 | 37 
1862 Gy) 66-1 | 12 79 5 779 | 740 | 49 97 | 48 
1863 7 698 | 2 80:5 | 9 73:2, |, 74:0) 90) | 98) | 48 
1864 6:50" | 67:0") 1°79" -|"79:0"|™g7900 "69-7, |"71°9°|" 50: | "go" | 4o 
1865 6 63°4 150) || 76:5) || «9 67°6 | 692 | 43 88 | 45 
Mean 45 years,| 6°27 | 646 | 1°47 | 77:0 | 9:20 | 68-4 | 700/ 39 98 | 59 
‘Mean 86 years,| 6:07 | 645 | 1°56 | 77:8 | 915 | 68:8 | 70-4 | 39 98 | 59 
| { 


216 Meteorology of New Haven. 
September. 

Year wes Temp Hens Temp. Four, Temp. | Mean. | Min. | Max. |Range. 

ag {e) = te} fe} | ° ° ° ° 
1779 6°42 | 550 | 2 7tD'| 10 576 | 61°4 | 39 | 88 | 49 
i780 7 541 | 2 7-4 | 10 O7°7, | 6175 | 39 | 85), 40 
1781 Gy] 5F-3 || 42 71°8 | 10 58:3 62:5 | 44 84 | 4o 
1782 7 60:5 | 2 74:5 | 10 61-t | 65-4 | 44 | 92 | 48 | 
1783 7 52:3 | 2 66:5 10 548 | 57-9 | 30 | 79 | 49 
1784 7 5779 | 2 Tia (10 58°1 | 62°4 | 34 87.|| 53 
1785 a 54-4 | 2 69°0 | 10 56°5 | 60°0 | 4o 82 | 42 
1786 7 559 | 2 70:5 |, 10 59°4 | 62:3 | 35 84 | 49 
1787 673 | 546] 2 69:0 | 10 57:1; | 60:2, || 36 85 | 49 
1788 665 | 58-6 | 12 71:2. 6°28, | 65:2.) 65:0), 39 go | 51 

| 

1789 6:659)|°57-3'q) 12 718 | 6:29 | 64:9 | 64:7 | 4o 82 | 42 
1790 G'o3-,|| 58:4) £2 972:3..| (6:27,|| 65:3.\) 65:2 || 36 86 | 5o 
1791 6:03 | 56°8 | 12 68:2 | 6-26 | 62:2 | 62:4 | 38 82 44 
1792 q 52-3 © 67°9 | 10 56:3 | 58-8 | 35 84 | 49 
1793 Gi 5FTa 2 72°4 | 10 6o:4 | 63-5 | 37 88. | 51 
1794 7 594 | 2 744 | 10 61-7 65:2 | 38 grii| 53 
1796 6 56:73. £ 70° | 6:70 | 64:3-| 63°6 | 42 $3 4t 
1797 6 53:01] 1 7q1-i | 6:70 | 63:3 | 62:5], 36 88 | 52 
1798 617 | 590] I 73°55 | 6:67 | 66:2 | 66:2 | 37 85 | 48 
1799 617 | 586] 2 69'4 | 667 | 639 | 640 | 4t 89 48 
1800 6 |588| 2 |r| 7 | 649 | 646} 45 | 84 | 39 
1801 6 6r:0 | 2 799 | 7 67°7 | 68:1 | 38 go 52 
1802 6 596 | 2 74t| 9 63:8 | 65:8 | 4o 87 | 47 
1803 i) 546 | 1 72:6 | 7 65:1 | 64:1 | 4o 83 | 43 
1804 5°66 | 591 | 2 I27:\ 9 64:9 | 056 | 34 | 88 | 54 
1805 5:66 | 594 | 150 | 752/10 | 645 | 66-4} 4o | 87 | 47 
1806 566 | 579] 1 73:6 | 10 62°3 | 646 , 38 85 | 47 
1807 566 | 526] 2 719 | 10 57:9 | 60°8 | 43 81 38 
1808 566 | 54:9 | 2 731 | 10 Goro | 62°7 | 31 84 | 53 
1809 5°66 | 498, 2 74. | 10 56°2 | 60:0 | 36 81 45 
1810 5-66 | 56:0 | 1 73°4 | 10 60°3 | 63:2 | 4o 82 | 42 
1811 566 | 565 | 2 71°3 | 10 60°7 | 62°8 | 4o 84 | 44 
1812 5°66. | °52*0.] I 66°7 | Io 5673 4| 58:3: «1,5 34 79 | 45 
1813 566 | Gro} 1 72°5 | 10 65°8 | 66°4 | 48 86 | 38 
1814 5°66 »| 56°34] 1 68°1 | 10 60°3 | 61°6 | Go 83 | 43 
1815 5:66)4| 53*9| I 67:0 | 10 58°2.| 59°71 36 81 45 
1816 5-66 | 50:5 | 2 65°4 | 10 568 | 576 | 28 80 52 
1817 566 | 563 | 2 70°3 | 10 610 | 62°5 | Gr 83 | 42 
1818 566 | 52°0 | 2 68°8 | 10 56°7 | 59°2 | 36 80 | 44 
1819 5°60-| 60°5 | 1 72° | 10 631 | 65°4 | 46 91 45 
1820 566 | 569 | 2 | 73-9 | 10 | 61-8 | 642 | 37 | 85 | 48 


Mean 41 years, 617 (563 | 150 F713 ~ g'04 | 61'r | 62°9 | 28 92 64 


Meteorology of New Haven. 217 


September (continued). 


Year s = Temp. Hoar Temp. per Temp. Mean. | Min. | Max. |Range. 
° ° Ow il 20 ° ° ° 
1821 5-66 | 54:0] 2 73-0 | 10 Orr 62-7 { 40 | 82 | 42 
1822 5:665 1] 58-1) 22 73-7, | 10 62-9 | 64-9 | 36 | 85 | 49 
1823 5-66 | 54:2 2 68-7 | 10 58-1 | 603 | 37 84 | 47 
1824 7-00" | SGN © 2 696 | 9 | 6o-1 | 63-2) 34 | 84 | 50 
1825 700 | 586! 2 694) 9 59°8 | 626 | 4o | 82 | 42 
1826 | 566 | 58-5 | 2 68-5 | 10 616 62:9 42 | 82 | 4o 
1827 eS GGR 5 7520) a2 70°5 | 10 61-1 | 62.9 | 44 | 80 | 36 
1828 | 5:00 | 56:3 | 2°50 | 72°90 | 9 | 64:6 64:3| 44 | 90 | 46 
1829 | S00 | 523] 250] 710} 9 | 593 | Gog | 31 | 86 | 55 
1830 | 5-66 | 57-6 2 7041 9 | 58-4 | 62°1 34 78 | 44 
| 
183 | 700 | 596] 1 68-9 | 10 |} 62°7 | 63:7 | 38 | 83 | 45 
1832 700 | 546 I 67°6 | 10 | 59°4 | 60°5 | 35 79 44 
| © 1833 700 | 568] 1 | 693}10 | 595 | 61-9| 35 | 89 | 54 
| 1834 7:00 | 56-9 I 67°9 | 10 605 | 61-8 | 27 80 | 53 
1835 FOO! Seq I 66°5 | 10 | D5oF| S80 f. 32 | yg) 47 
1836 7-00 | 57°3 I 67:3 | 10 | 59°8 | 61-5 | 32 82 | 50 
1837 Gone Da-6>]| (2 67°7 | 10 | 54-9 | 58:1 | 35 | 84 | 49 
1838 7700 | 578 I 67:3 | 10 | 615 | 62:2 | 35 78. | 43 
1839 6:00 | 55-2] 1 72 | 9 | 60-9 | 62°4 | 4o | 82 | 42 
1840 FGor] S29 1 68:9 | 9 | 57-9 | 59-9 | 36 | 80 | 44 
1841 7700 | 604] 1 68-8 | 10 | 63°58) (64:9 |) 43 | 18r | 38 
1842 700 | 548] 1 66-9 | 10 | 57°8 | 59:8] 31 | 79 | 48 
1843 F0OeW IGT || 68-3 | 10 | 61-3 | 62-9 | 33 | 86 | 53 
1844 Girey 56-44) 1-9r=| 73-2 | 62-7") (G4: 1 38) | 6594] 47 
1845 Goo | 545] 1°98) 698 | go3 | 605 | 616] 38 | 8 | 43 
| 
1846 6:00 | 596 | 2:00 | 75:7 | go2 | 65-2 | 668 |) 38 | 88 | 5o 
1847 6:00 | 56:2 2:00 | 68:8 | go8 | 598 | 61:6] 38 82 | 44 | 
1848 6-24 | 545! 200 | 69:4 | 932 | 605 | 61-5 | 36 | 83 | 47 | 
1849 6:00 | 53-7 | 1°97] 699} gi2 | 597 | Grr | 44 | 86 | 42 | 
1850 Oo | 57% 1:00 | 694 | 10°00 | 58-5 | 61°8 | 4o 798), 39) | 
1851 G56) SES 2-790) 72°4¥| 9:82! | Girr8?] OFS) 31 88 | 57 
1852 7 56-4 | 1 67:0 | 10 595 | 61-0 | 39 | 79 | 40 
1853 7 | 58:89) 1 68-1 | 10 604 | 62°4 | 35 | 82 7 
1854 7 5g'0 | 1 68-0 | 10 60 4 | 62:5 | 4o | 85 | 45 
1855 7 56:87 1 69:4 | 10 60:5 | 62-2 | 39 | 85 | 46 
| 1856 7 585 | 1 | or} 7 1638] 641] 37 | 81 | '44 
1857 7 | 57°2 I 671} 7 61-5 | 619 | 35 82 | 47 
1858 7 | D473] 12 67°3 | 10 598 | 605] 32 | 82 | 5o 
1859 7 | 54-5 | 12 65:9 | 10 56-3 | 58-9 | 36 | 74 | 38 
1860 7 | 57 GH ‘12 66:1 | 5 647 | 62°8 | 35 82 | 47 
1861 6 58-5 | 12 7oo | 5 69:2! 65:9! 44 | 80 | 36 | 
1862 7 60°7 | 12 Wo} 5 69:5 | 67-1 | 37 79 | 42 
1863 7 36:9 | 2 6794-9 Ge:3. 461-6, |..37.. |-82:-|49 
1864 6 546 1:50 | 68:4] 9 59:1 | 60:7 | 4o 79 | 39 
| 1865 6 60:5 Ido | 73:4] 9 | 64:8 | 66-2 | 39 | 87 | 48 
ean 45 years,| 646 | 566 1°37 | 69.4 | 9:19 | 60-9 } 62:3 | 27 63 
Mean 86 years,| 6:32 | 56-4 | 1-43 | 703 | git | 61-0 | 626 | 27 | 92 | 65 


28 


218 Meteorology of New Haven. 


October. 
Year. Hour Temp How: coo Hours Temp. | Mean.| Min. | Max, |Range. 
Te ° (Pie 4 “lo <ul fo) Tao e|lo°) [enn 
1778 7, 48'9 | 2 | 63:6 | ro 5o;3ni| 54:3) (8 30. | Sitesi) Sr 
1780 7 477 | 2 | 62°6 | 10 49:54) 53:38) 30 || 70 4 AO 
1781 7 409 | 2 | 621 | 10 4979\)| 92; 30 | (77. Bil AZ 
1782 7 A225.) 12, | 56:1 | 10 | 44-7 | 478 | 26 | 71 | 45 
1783 G) 42°38 | 2 56°4 | 10 45°4 | 48:2 | 30 | 7o | 4o 
1784 7 43-6 | 2 57:2 | 10 46-6 | dg | 27 | 74 | 47 
| 1785 7 Aout 2. | 597s tO | 48:4 | 5icr | 25 | 754} 50 
1786 7 46:9 | 2 62-6 | 10 | 5r-9)| 53:61" 25 | Som "55 
1787 7 407 | 2 55-3 | 10 | 441 | 46-7 | 22 | 70+ | 48 
| 1788 6:03 | 46:1 | 12 | 58-5 | 6 53-2 | 526 | 22 | 73 | 5r 
| 1789 6:03 | 41-9 | 12 53-4 | 6 492 | 48:2 | 26 | 66 | 40 
1790 7 46°60 | 12 60:3 | 6 53:81 53-6 |< 28 | ape ag 
1791 7 A324) vo 56:3 | 6 507 | 501 | 28 | 76 | 48 
1792 7 47O}] 2 62-1.| 10 50:2)! 53:1 |e 27 | FOMNPAO 
1793 7 | 43-4 | 2 | 604} 10 AT 50:3: | aT | 7aeeoe 
1794 4 426} 2 | 589]10 | 4621! 492] 27 | 71 | 44 
1796 650 | 465] 1 | 58-5 | 6-03' | 53°31] °52°85'33 | Jamies 
1797 650 | 419] 1 | 57:3. | 6:03 | 50:0 | 497 | 28 | 75 | 47 
1798 660 | 479} 1 | 62:2 | 6 55°6:'| 55:2. |'23 | gar ei48 
1799 6-60 | 456] 1 | 59-745 6 | 53:6) 53.0227 | FRBIaD 
1800 6:25 | 45:5 | 2 5901 9 541.) 52-9)|> 32 | 6Q,AN37 
1801 700 |497| 2 , 609] 7 55-0.| 53:9.|- 23 | 7aBt 50 
1802 700 | 500} 1 643 | 7 | 55-4 | 566! 28 | 76 | 48 
1803 7:00 | 48:6] 1 | 623 |] 9 57:3 | 56-1. | 32 | 76| 44 
1804 | 6-25. | 463.) 2° | 582) 9. | 49'9 | Sr-S10'S5 || Genes 
1805 6:25 | 426] 1 60:0 | 10 464 | 49°77 | 28 | 78 | 50 
1806 6:25 | 43:4} 1 64:2 | 10 476 | 51-7 | 29 | 78 | 49 
1807 | 625 | 46-7] 1 62°8 | 10 49:5. | 53°0)|) 26 || 76,8) 50 
1808 | 625 | 449] 1 60°5 | 10 478 | 51-1 | 22 | 78 | 56 
1809 «= ||:«G25_-| S25] 1 691 |10 | 55:0 | 58:9 | 29 | &3 | 54 
1810 | 625 | 414] 1 | 60°5 | 10 | 45:7 | 49:2 | at | 80 | 59 
1801 Wi G22 5. OES, ai) st | 62:7 | 10 54:5 | 56-2 | 28 | 80 | 52 
1812 | 625 | 447 | 1 59:0 | 10 491 | 50-9 | 28 | 73 | 45 
1813 | 6:35.) 4734 4 541 |10 | 495 | 503 | 27 | 664).3 
1814 |) 6795 «| 43274! x 60°3 | 10 47-0 | 50:3 | 28 | 73 | 4 
| 
1815 625 | 427] 1 57°7 | 10 46°6 | 490 | 26 | 78 | 52 
1816 6-25.) 45:0! 1 597 | 10 490 | 51-2 | 28 | 69 | 41 
1817 6:25 | 4rr | 1 56-9 | 10 | 441 | 471 26 | 69 | 43 
1818 6-25») 44! -1 58-8 | 10 | 4771 | 4g1 | 28 | 69 | 41 
1819 625 | 429] 1 57-9 | 10 47°2)| 49:3 |> 20° | 77meeaE 
1820 6:25 | 449] 1 57°3 | 10 | 47°1 | 49:8 | 25> 170 Tika 
Mean 41 years, 6°58 451} 127 | 597 | 895 | 49°7 (51-5 | 21 | 83 | 62 


Meteorology of New Haven. 219 


October (continued). 


oo Hons | Temp | Hone: Temp Hous: | Temp. | Mean. | Min. | Max Range 
| o ° On| <0 ° o | o 
1821 6:25 | 43°7 | 2 58°0 | 10 48°2 | 50:0 | 28 74 | 46 
1822 6:25 | 46:2 | 1 60-2 | 10 51°6 | 52-7 | 28 76 | 48 
1823 6:25 | 41-6 | 12 57:1 | 10 47°4 | 48:7 | 26 76 | 5o 
1824 7°00 | 446 | 1 59:7 | 10 49:7 | 51:3 | 20 74 | 54 
1825 7:00 | 46:9 | 1 64:0 | 10 aah OACA) |e 2D 80 | 55 
| } 
1826 6:25 4720) 1 59°7 | 10 509 | 526 | 26 73 | 47 
1827 G20 o1Ome 2 60°9 | 10 54°8 | 55°8 | 29 7G AD 
1828 5-50 | 42:5 | 2°50 | 576] 9 49:9 | 50:0 | 22 72 | 50 
1829 6:25 | 41-3 | 2 56:3 | 9 47°59 | 48:4 | 23 | 67 | 44 
1830 6:25 | 45:3 | 2 62:0 | 9 51t | 52:8 | 29 72 | 43 
1831 7 459 | 1 59°4 | 10 (eSSront 52°8F-30 | Go" | 39 
1832 7 46°4 | 1 56-1 | 10 48-4 | 50:3 | 25 | 66 | 41 
1833 7 44°4 I 55°3 | 10 477 | 49:1 | 20 69 4g 
1834 7 42°2 | 1 55-4 | 10 , 46:3 | 48-0 | 24 75 51 
1835 7 AGA |. I 5g'2 | 10 | 49'3 | 516 | 28 66 38 
1836 7 37740) 1 512 | 10 PASO) | BaiS to) Ih, SH) Slo). | Mey 
1837 0228 ip 43;05)) 2 56:7 | 9°89 | 48°6 | 496 | 25 73 | 48 
1838 7 42:9 | I 54:4 | 10 45:0 | 47:4 | 21 71 50 
1839 6 Abie L 61-0 | 9 50:14) 52:2")|| 26 72 | 46 
1840 6 46:2 | 1 58:5 | 9 5o:2 | 51:6 | 28 72 44 
1841 6:08 | 40°7-| 2°03 | 56:2} 10 | 44:9 | 47:3 | 29 | 68 | 39 
1842 7 42;53\|| 1:00) ||| 57:85) 10 46°83 | 49:0 | 29 | 68 | 39 
1843 7 42:9 | 1:00 | 54:5 | 10 46:0 | 47:8 | 27 72 4) 
1844 6:14 | 46:1 I-73), OO:4il (9 496 | 51-4 | 30 72 42 
1845 6:03 Hk 45:59) 190%) Gizih)) 'G:02))) SisoF|) 52:50) ot ayeey D4 
| 
1846 7 ASA “1390 S8i7a| (O1104|| Soma So:gn 424 76 59 
1847 lies 7 41-7 | 1°98 | 57-5 | 9:06 | 46:0 | 48-4 | 20 G7 47 
1848 6-90 | 47:3 | 2°29 | 56:2 | 8-86 | 48:8 | S5o8 | 31 | 71 4o 
1849 7 45:8 | 2 57:2.| 8:88 | 49:4 | 50:8 | 3r 66 35 
1850 GI 4770 | 1 56:3 | 10 | 48-9 | 50-7 | 25 | 66 | 41 
1851 6:56 | 476 | 219 | 61-5 | 982 | 528 | 540} 30 | 75 | 45 
1852 7 48-4 | 1 7-7 | 10 51-59) 52:58\830° | Go| 39 
1853 7 44:2 | 1 56-9 | 10 465 | 49:2 | 27 66 | 39 
1854 Paz 48-4 | 1 60:4 | 10 Sip! 53-See2o | 727} 52 
1855 ey 47:6). 1 56:8 | 10 48:8 | 51-n | 31 71 4o 
1856 7 A524" I SOpteal| 7 SHOU Stoel 2908 | 74! AS 
1857 7 475% 1 5B 27el 7 Dien! 52-7830" | 7 4o 
1858 7 45:5 | 12 60°4 | to HON 52°ORie 26° || 83) 57 
1859 | 6 42-9 | 12 53gn} 5 51-9 | 496 |-29 | 69 | 4o 
1860 ez 48°8 | 12 57-4 | 5 560 | 54:1 | 33 | 70 | 37 
| 
1861 iG 5ra | 12 61 5 60°4 | 57°8 | 26 | 78 52 
1862 | 7 orf | 12 58-8 | 5 57-8 | 55:7 | 25 | 81 | 56 
1863 Gi 48°0°| 2 | 59:9 | -9 52-3=|53'4~| -25— 75 | 50 
1864 650 | 446} 153 | 583 | 9 | 493 | 50-7 | 30 | 73 | 43 
1865 7 438) |) 1690") 5679) | 19 47°09 | 492 | 26 80 54 
Mean 45 years,) 666 | 45°3| 1:24 | 58:1 | gio | 500 | 51-1} 19 | 83 | 64 
Mean 86 years,, 6°62 | 45°2 | 1°26 | 589 | g 03 | 499 | 51:3 | 19 | 83 | 64 


ra 


220 Meteorology of New Haven. 


November. 
Year. Hour. | Temp.) Hour. | Temp. Hour. Temp.) Mean.| Min. | Max. |Range. 
A. M. Poe. P. M. 

°o ° fe} ° ° oO 

1778 7 SINC 2 42°6 | to | 34:9 | 36°4 | 13 585 1|1-49 

1780 7 34:3) 2 44:0 | 10 36:35|(:38°2!|t90 5p 32 

1781 7 33°0Oo> 3 43°9 | 10 36:0 | 37°6 | 25 63 42 

1782 7 33:00) 2 44:0 | 10 36-4 | 38-0 | 16 | 55 | 39 

1783 7 S296 5 42:0 | 10 34:3 | 36:2 | 10 64 54 

i 2 

1784 lene 386 | 2 50:2 | 10 40'4 | 43°4 | 26 60 | 34 

1785 7 35°6 | 2 46-9 |10 | 38:5 | 403 | 19 | 61 | 42 

1786 a 314 | 2 42°4 | 10 34:7 | 36-2 2 62 | 60 

1787 7 36°0;4) 2 5o6 |10 | 412 | 42°61 17 63 | 46 

1788 7 42°8 | 12 51-4 | 5:57 | 47°9 | 47°41 20 | 74%) 94 

1789 a 38-9 | 12 48°5 | 5:57 | 44:8 | 44:1 | 22 60 | 38 

1790 7 36°8 | 12 46:2 | 5 42:29) Ar-7 | oT 63° 4 42 

1791 pase 35:6 | 12 46:3) 5 | 42°3 | 41-4 | 20 62 | 42 

| 1792 7 35:6" 2 46°9 | 10 39°4 | 406 | 16 | 63 |} 47 
| 1793 7 35:85|| 47°1 | 10 391 | 40'7 | 20 66 | 46 
1794 o) 33°14) 2 | 469110 =| 38°47] 395 | 15 | FOR aS 

1796 ? 35°54) 4 | 44°38.) 5:33.| 410 | 40-418 | Syeese 

1797 7 SIO x Ay:3e) 5-33%)| 36:9 36:7 | 14 68 | 54 

1798 q 32°24) x 41:7 | 5:52 | 36:6 | 36°8 | 12 56 | 44 

1799 | 9 35:3 48°5'| 552 | 42-0 | 41-9 | 18 64 | 46 

1800 6:83: | 32°6'| 9 44:11 | 9 38-2") 38°35) 216 Grit 45 

1801 6°83 | 365 | 250 | 487] 9 38°84" 41°3.| 14 69 55 

1802 6:83 | 35-7 I 5o-4 9 4o'3 | 4271 | 23 65 42 

1803 700 | 33-2 | 1 45-1 | 6:38 + 40°9| 39-7720 | Grey 4x 

1804 6:83: || 37°83) x 488 | 9 414 | 42°7 | 24 65 | 41 

| 1805 6:83 *| 36°30) ‘x 50°7 | to 38-9 | 42°0 | 24 74 | 5o 
1806 683 | 366} 1 50°0 | 10 38:9 | 41°8 | 24 | 62 | 38 
1807 6°83 | 32:7] 1 | 46:5 | to 36:0 | 38:4 | 18 59° ||) 41 

1808 6-83 | 37:2.) 1 , 50:8 | 10 4o:2 | 42°7 | 18 68 | 5o 

1809 6-83 | 31-9] 1 45°7 | 10 33°9°|' 37:2 | to | Goria 

H 1810 6:83 | 34°7°) 1 | 4527" | 10 36°6 | 39:0 | 14 Soni) 40 
1811 6°83] 36°77) 1 48°2 | 10 | 39:0 | 41-3.) 17 62 45 

1812 6:83 | 35:7] 1 46'7 | 10 | 36°5 | 39°6 | 20 68 48 

1813 6°83 | 375 | 1 47°2 | 10 | 41-8 | 42-2 | 23 67 44 

1814 6°83'-] 35°77 | 1 456 | 10 39'7 | 40°3 | 20 60 4o 

1815 683 | 370] + | 47°2 | 10 396 | 413 | 18 | 60 | 42 

1816 6°83 | 39:0 | 1 | 48:9 | 10 AVG | "43:3: |\422. 65) "|" 43 
| 1817 6:83 | 366) 1 | 48:3 | 10 39°7 | 41:5 | 18 66 | 48 
1818 6:83 | 38-7) 1 | 48-9 | 10 Aur’ \42°9 |° 27. ||| (Sia So 
| 1819 6:83 | 378) 1 48°6 | 10 408 | 42-4 | 16 | 66 | 50 
1820 6:83 | 315 | 1 | 43°3 | to 34°] 36°3-|25: |) Gyan 
Mean 41 years, 6:92 | 35-4 | 1:26 | 46°7 | 891 | 391 | 404} 2 Ta 


Mean 44 years. 
Mean 85 years, 


| 


Meteorology of New Haven. 221 
November (continued). 
Hour. | ‘Temp, | Hour. | tem Hour. ‘Temp. | Mean | Min. | Max |Range. 
A.M P P. a P P.M P | ? 
° ° fe) | ° ° 
683 | 366! 2 ASANIG | 37:77} 399 |p 22 68 | 46 
6:83 | 398 | 1 506 | 10 42°3 | 44:2 | 20 64 | 44 
6:83 | 32:0] 1 426 | 10 34:4 | 36:3 | 16 58 | 4o 
7 36:2 | 1 46°7 | 10 3972%||40:7) |) 18 61 | 43 
7 36°4 I 46:0 | 10 38°5 | 40:3 | 14 65 51 
| | 
6°83 | 36:0 | 2 47°6 | 10 39:2 | 4o'9 | 20 | 61 | 4t 
6:83 | 32:2 | 2 4.'7 | 10 347°) 36:2 | 16 60 | 44 
6:09 | 37:3 2 493) 9 42°7 | 43:1 | 18 67 49 
6/83: 1 | 36:9)/| 2 46:3 | 9 | 396} 40-9 | 19 62 | 43 
G83 44-5 ||. 2 538 | 9 | AGSn| 4853) | 25 66 | 4 
| 
7 36:7) 71 46:2 | 10 38778|| 4075) ,|" 29 56) 33 
7] 36.9 | 1 47°7 | 10 39:1 | 41-2 | 14 63 | 49 
5 3167 | I 44:7 | 10 It Sad) 33-2" 14 64 | 5o 
7 34:0 | I 43°9 | 10 | 38:9 | 38:9 | 20 56 | 36 
7 Brag) $1 A5'Gt| To: %| 3g2h) 4o73 ff <G | 64°) 55 
| 
5) | 30:38 | 1 42°5 | 10 |) 35:50 i 36:3) |" 12 60 | 48 
6°98 | 33:5 | 2 AB-27\10 +) 35:50 374) 3 | 65) 62 
700 | 304} 1 41-7 |10 =| 33:8 | 35:3 4 62 | 58 
6°70 | 327 | 1 ASH Qt) Sqn 3772 EPS) ||) G4e ih 49 
647 | 364 |/1 455 | 9 | 390 | 403 | 24 | 57 | 33 
| | 
6:20") 34:5) “2 45°9 | 10°07 | 37°3 | 39:2 | 20 | 65 | 45 
Fi0OM| Seay |) VI 431 | 10 | 35°8 | 36-7 | 14 6L || 47 
ZOOM) 3x68))| “1 42-1 \ 10. |) 3456), 36:2) 16 64 | 49 
6°83 | 34:4 | 1°89 | 47:2 | 9°04 | 39:0 | 40:2 | 16 60 | 44 
6-97 | 387 | 193 | 516 | goo , 421 | 4471 | 11 67 | 56 
a Az | “t:978)| 5075) g:o0r} 443%) 45:5) |v 20 68 | 48 
7 Zor | 1°98 | 52:0 | gor | 423 | 448 | 6 7re| 65 
a 31:0 || 2:07%)| 45:0.| 9:02) | 34:7.) 36:9) || 13 59 | 46 
71 emi Atcr 1:99 | 53-9, goo} 44:5 | 46:5 | 24 65 | 41 
7 38°3 | 2°05 | 50° | g05 | 41°0 | 43°4 | 20 64 | 44 
6:94 | 3354l |) 2°101| A4°7 | - 9°73) | 37°40) 38:5") 19 59 | 4o 
Gh 37:6) || 1 44:0 | to 40:0 | 40°5 | 24 SO; 35 
7 39:68 “5 48:7 | 10 Grr | 43:1 | 18 66 | 48 
7] 37:9)|) I 46°8 | 10 4o'9 | 41-9 | 22 Gait 45 
7 38°97 I 46°8 | 10 Atk 5e\\ 42230 oT 60 | 39 
Gi) 34:8 I 48:4 | 7 407 | 41°6 pero | 64 | 45 
764 | 38:0 | 1:64 | 48:8 | 7:69] 41-9 | 42°99 13 69 | 56 
7 315 | 12 42°6 | ro SON ope | 14 62 | 48 
7 38-2) | 12 Ag3e 5 45-2) | 43°6-"' 25 64 | 39 
7 | 4o°o | 12 480 | 5 45°9 | 446 | 16 71 55 
| } 
Gi 35:70 12 AEB) 5 AION ALS | 24 63:4\' 39 
7 3g , 2 478) 9 43:4 | 43:4 | 20 | 64 | 44 
oT) 30:5) |) Sor | 9 44-9 | 44:8 | 23 64 | 4r 
7 | 36-9 1°53: |=47:8: | -9 406 | 418 | 18 | 69 | 51 
| | 
G92). 3672) 134 46;7; || 19:20 | 39:7 | 408 3 71 68 
Go2 | 35:8 | 130 | 4671 9:05 | 39:4 | 406! 2 | 74 | 72 


222 Meteorology of New Haven. 


December. 
Year. pou Temp Hour. Temp. Hour Temp. Mean.) Min. | Max. /Range. 
ia {e) Ee. ate Coes | | ° ° ° 
1778 7 23754 42 35°3' | 10 27°2 | 28°7 | -—4 55° | 59 
1780 7 ago | 2 38:1 | 10 301 | 32.4 | 6 | 50 | 44 
1781 lee 27:2 | 2 37°4 | 10 30:3 | 316 | 8 5o | 42 
1782 a 28:6 | 2 es 10 28-6 | 31°1 9 59 | 5o 
1783 7 256 | 2 58 10 28-11 29°8 | 6. || 57 eh r 
1784 7 2471 | 2 36°5 | 10 27°0 | 29'2 | 2 she || 3) 
1785 7 26:9 | 2 37:4 -| 70 29:91 31°31 5 | “S6aieom 
1786 5] 20°00} 42 32°6 | 10 25:3 | 26-1 | -7 | 46-| 53 
1787 7 26:5 | 2 38-2 | 10 29°3.| 31-312 | Goa 
1788 7 24:3 | 2 36:3 10 28-2 | 296 | -6 | 54 | 60 
| 
1789 a4 | 3isgal £2 4o'2 | 5:19 | 368 | 36:2 76. | Sean Ss 
1790 700+) L798). 2 29°2 | 10 20°8 | 226 | -8 45 | 53 
1791 7°50: | 26:09). 52 S730 «\\).5 31:7. | 319] 8 | 49 | 41 | 
1792 7 24-2 | 2 35-0 | 10 27°3 | 288 | 9 | 47 | 38 | 
1793 7 26-4 | 2 36-5 | 10 290 | 306 | 3 | 50 | 47 | 
1794 7 33521 2 44:5 | 10 36°9 | 38'2 | 18 59 41 | 
1796 7 20°54 Sis5ia| 45 27'7 | 266 | =6 49 55 } 
1797 7 206 | I 30°5'| 5 266 | 25:9] 1 5r >|) 50 ; 
1798 5) 193} 1 298 | 5 | 249! 247] -3 | 49 | 92 | 
1799 ) 266 | 1 36:T!] 5 312 | 313] 9 | 45 36 | 
1800 7 30°5 2 39°7°| 5°67"! 3524y |) 35°92 8 61 53 
1801 7 297 | 2 436 9 3221y} 30 Lo| S16 57 | 47 
1802 7 2971" | 12 379 | 9 27:3: | -31-r I 59 58 
1803 7 34:1 I 416 | 5 -37°7! | 37°8 | 13 60 | 47 
1804 730 1 94Gah) 1 33°6 | 10 26°14) 28°17 5AEIECHDS 
1805 7°30 | 35°27 || a 475 | to 36:2 396 | 20 61 | 41 
1806 | 730 | 2065] 1 38:8 | 10 27°7 | 3I°O 7 Soe 45 
1807 77:30°%| 33:0) | 2 45:3 | 10 34°2:| 37°5.|"a0' | Soaihsy 
1808 730 || SOM} 40'4}10 | 320 | 34:3 7 5a IE Se 
1809 | 7730 | dive of 44°4 | to 34:1 | 36°7 4 68 | 64 
1810 | 7:30 | 26°5 | 2 38-9 | 10 29'0'|' 31°5-|°10 | 4g 39 
1811 730 | 25:0] i 37°0 | 10 29'0 | 303 | o | 56) 56 | 
1812 7:30.| 26°5a) 1 363 }10 | 290 | 306| g | 52 | 43 
1813 7°30 | 268 | 1 346/10 | 286 | 30:0! af 48 | 37 
1814 730 | 239] I 339 | 10 | 267 | 28°2 |" 6 49 | 43 
| ‘ 
1815 | 730 | 248) 1 34:3 | ro | 2774 | 288 | 10 50 | 4o 
1816 77304} 25:58) 4 36°4 | to 300 | 306 | 16 | 56 | 46 
1817 730 | 268 | i 356 }10 | 295 306 | 3 | 52) 9 49 
1818 730 | 196] 1 32°6\10 | °94:7>|'25'6 || © io ||\AgeeeAg 
1819 730 | 261 | 1 | 36:0 |10 =| 2gr2 | 30°4 | 8 | 55 | 47 
| 1820 NTS! 243) 1 | 328/10 | 268 | 280] 7 | 45 | 38 
ne 4l a 715 | 264] 1°34 | 370 9700 | 29°5 | 310 | =3"| ace 
| | | 


Meteorology of New Haven. 223 


December (continued). 


Year. 


1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 


1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 


1831 
1832 
1833 
1834 
1835 


| 1836 
1837 
| 1838 

1839 
1840 


1841 
1842 
1843 
1844 
1845 


| 
1846 
1847 


1848 
184 
1850 


1851 
1852 
1853 
1854 
1855 


1856 
1857 
1858 
1859 
1860 


1861 
1862 
1863 
1864 


Mean 44 years, 


Mean 85 years, 


NNN SYNOD OVIYNA AQAA 


71 


NNNN SNNNINN NaN 


IO 
ONO 
“Io 


Temp. | 


O° 
24:2 
28-0 
293 
33°60 
25:9 


271 
S13 
317 
34°7 


31-3 


12°3 
28-1 
27°8 
25:3 
Ig'l 


24:4 
261 
21°2 
28-3 
249 


29° 
24:3 
25:9 
24:9 
21°0 


24:1 
31-9 
326 
26:3 
239 


195 
34:9 


Temp. 


33-1 
359 
38-0 
40 3 
30377 


36°7 
390 
42°2 
43-7 
39 8 


24:3 
36:2 
34:2 
33-0 
28:1 


33-1 
35-0 
32:6 
365 
36-0 


39:8 
315 
33:8 
37°4 
31°5 


35:0 
426 
41°7 
35:1 


31-2 
449 
37°4 
311 
37:8 


316 


4:0 
35:6 


Hour. | 


p.m. | Lemp. | Mean.| Min. | Max. |Range.| 


° oO ° 

TO 27°9 | 28°4 4 

10 28°38 | 309} 6 
10 37-3)| 32:9 | 6 52%}! £46 

10 33-9 | 35:9 | 14 

to) 


IO 28:5 | 30°0 |-1 


10 30:5 | 31°4 2 
10 32:2 | 34:2 8 
9 34:7 | 36:2 I 60 59 
9 3730) 30:0) |) 12 
9 32:2 | 34:4 5 


TO 1575 || 197-4 |=01 44 55 
10 30:8) |i 31-7 | 1x 49 38 
10 30:3 | 30-8 9 46 37 
10 269 | 28-4 | -6 56 | 62 
10 23-2 | 23-5 | -9 43 52 


10 261 | 279} -1 Diy jo 
10 23 29:9) IP <4 60 | 56 
93033|) 25:3)\|| 26:4 2 48 46 
9 302 | 31-7 5 55 50 
10 2759) 2916 |) 4 53 | 49 
10°06 | 333 | 343] 6 Hon) 53 
10 25:6) || 29-1 |) To Ade) 35 
10 27; 08 2Or1 4 45 4I 
g:08 | 288 | 30:2 oO 53 53 
8:96 ; 23-3 | 25-3 I 52 51 
9 28-3 | 29'1 6 56 | 5o 
9 35:0))| 36:5 I 63 | 62 
gor | 34-4 |! 36-2 3 56H 53 
9 294] 307} 6 Ste 45 
9 27°2 | 28-7 4 52 48 
gor | 23°99 | 249] -5 | 5rt | 56 
10 37°8 | 39:2 | 16 55m}. 39 
10 29:6} 31:3)| «3 So; |. 47 
10 294.207) 9S | 47. | 44 
10 32:2 | 33°6 9 56 47 
7 28°1 | 27:8 | —2 51 53 
8:36 | 34:3 | 36-1 8 STM IEAS 
ro 31-7 | 30°7 6 5Gal, 50 
5 28:0 | 27°5 | -4 60 | 64 
5 28-3 | 27°0 5 42) |. 37 
5 35:3t)) 33°6 8 Sone Az 
9 3077.5), 3278 Ohale OF, 57 
9 JO | 2975. | 3 | D5) *) 52 
9 26-3p129;5) | =Oys, ||) OF 
I 295 | 30°6 |-11 63 94 
ane a 5 | 308 |-11 | 68 | 79 


224 Meteorology of New Haven. 

The following table shows the mean temperature of each month of 
the year as deduced from all the preceding observations, Column 
9th shows the mean temperature of each month corrected by the 
table on page 199, after having received the modifications hereafter 


explained. 

| ee ae eae Temp. | Hear: Temp. | Mean. fogreeska Min. | Max, |Range. 
| | | fon |} | o o | oO ° ° ° ° 
January, | 7°31 | 22:3 | 1°33 | 32-7 goo | 256 | 26°8 | 26:66 | -24 | 64] 88 
February, | 7°09 931 | 130 ||'34-7 | g'03.| 27°2 | 28:3 | 28°18 | —16 | NOC nies 
March, 6:69 | 30°8 | 1-29 | 43:2 | g:o2 | 34-7 | 36-2 | 36-21 | - 9 | 76 | 85 
April, 6:24 | 406 | 1°41 | 54:8 | g14 | 45:1 | 46-9 | 47°13 II 85 | 74 
‘May, 5-92 | 52-2 || T°-46: 165-5924 |) 55:2) | 57-3! '|/"57:65 27 | (O4s 67 
‘June, 5 88 | 6r-r | 1-53 |/75-1 | 9°24 | 65-1 | 67:1 | 67°24 35 | 102 | 67 
July, 5:95 | 66:0 | 1-56 | 79°3 | 9:24 | 7o-0 | 71-8 | 71°95 44} 101 | 57 
| August, 607 | 64:5 | 1-56 | 77°8 | 9:15 | 68:8 | 70-4 | 70-51 39 | 98 | 59 
September, 6:32 | 56-4 | 1°43 | 70°3 | gir | 61-0 | 62:6 | 6270} 27} 9g2| 65 
October, | 6-62 | 452 | 1:26 | 589 | 903 | 49:9 | 51-3 | 51-26] 19] 83 | 64 
November, 6:92 | 35-8 | 1-30 | 46-7 | go05 394 | 406 | 40:33 2. | lla, igo 
December, | 7°07 | 26:5 | 1°33 | 36:3 | 909 | 295 | 30°8 | 30°47 | -11 | 68 | 79 
Year, | 6°51 | 436 | t4o | 563° git | 476 | 49:2 | 49:19 | -24 | 102 | 126 


We next endeavored to determine how these results might be em- 
ployed to correct the assumed table of the mean diurnal change of 
The numbers of that table for each 
month were set off as ordinates corresponding to the hours as ab- 


temperature given on page 199. 


scissas, and a curve as nearly symmetrical as possible, was drawn 
Then taking the results 
for January, given above, the morning temperature was subtracted 


through the extremities of these ordinates. 


from the mean of the month, and this difference was set off as an 
ordinate upon the January curve, by which means we determined 
one point of the true diurnal curve for that month. In like manner, 
the mid-day and the evening observations determined two other 
points of this curve. In the same manner, three points were deter- 
mined in the diurnal curve for each of the other months of the year. 
The points thus determined corresponded so well with the assumed 
table on page 199, that we were encouraged to make a further attempt 
to determine the true diurnal curve for New Haven. We therefore 
commenced anew a reduction of all the journals which embraced 
These 
of nine years, and the hours of ob- 


The 


observations made at not less than five hours of each day. 
observations embraced a period 
servation were generally about 6 and 10 4. M., 2, 6, and 9 P.M, 
following tables show the results of these observations. 


Meteorology of New Haven. 225 


January. 


Hour. Hour. Hour. Hour. Hour. 
Year. re Temp. ie Temp. : Temp. =e Temp. = Temp. 


° ° ° ° 
1841 | 6°60 | 27°53 | 9:92 | 31°23 | 2 34:93 | 6:06 | 32°42 | 10 30-97 
1842 | 6:96 | 27:30 | 10 34:05 | 2:05 | 38:00 | 5:95 | 34:11 | 10 32-38 
1845 | 7:02 | 26:16 | 10°03 | 31-97 | 1 87 | 36°84 | 4:62 | 33-77 | 914 | 28-03 
1846 | 7°22 | 24:39 | 10 30°43 | 1:92 | 35-77 | 4:71 | 32°16 | 9:06 | 27-68 


1847 | 7 24:00 | 10 ag13 | 1°95 | 34-23 | 5 31-55 | 9 26:61 
1848 | 7 26°61 | 10 2239) 2 37710 | 5 33-87 | 9 29 84 
1849 | 7 17°55 | 9:98 | 24:68 | 2°01 | 2974 | 502 | 25:26 | g:o2 | 21-74 
1850 | 7 258A IN G:99) | 32:03: |), | 37-70 | 5 32-94 | 9 29:10 
1851 | 7 24-71 | g:gt | 34-45 2°04 | 36-90 | 5:05 | 31-35 | g | 26-84 
1852 | 7 18:77 | 10 25:42 | 2 | 31-00 | 5:04 | 25:94 | 9:06 | 20:90 


Mean, | 6:98 | 2429! 998 | 3027 | 1°98 35-16 | 515 | 31°34 | 923 | 27-41 


February. 
| 
Year. sae Temp. Fou Temp Hour Temp. | Hoe Temp. | Hour. Temp. 
° ° | jo E ° ° 
1838 | 659 | 18:93 | 9:63 | 24:50 | 1°93 | 27°70 | 6 ~| 25°8y | 10°26 | 23-19 
1841 618 | 20°89 9:97. | 29 37 | 2 | 34:82: | 6:07; | 26:98) | ro:4u | 24-39 
1842 679 | 31°46 | 1004 | 38-32 | 2 43 81 | 6:04 | 38-07 | 10 34:50 
1844 6:99 | 2491 | 1022 | 34:05 | 1 | 39:10 | 4:57 | 36:77 g31 | 3032 
1845 | 7 21-43 | 997 | 3061 | 1°88 | 3764 | 4°98 | 33-71 | 913 | 26-75 
1846 7 18:71 | 10 26:25) | 1-92 | 32:75 | 5 28 18 gg | 2218 
1847 7 2152 || 10 2961 | 1:97 | 3561 | 5 32 07 got | 2700 
1848 | 7 2066 | 10 | 31:04 | 2 36:07 | 5 32:21 9 25°27 
1849 | 7 14:57 | 10 25 46 | 1:98 | 31.29 | 503 | 2681 | 9 21°29 
1850 | 7 25-75 9:98 | 34:25 | 2 40:04 | 5:04 | 36.00 9 30°14 
1851 | 7 26:54 | 9:97 | 34-14 | 2 39:07 | 5:07 | 35:18 | 9 30 2g 
1652" sl 7 22°97 | 10 32°03 | 2:02 | 36:52 | 507 | 32°38 | 8-96 | 27°50 


Mean, | 6-88 | 22°39 | 9:98 | 30:80 | 1-89 | 36:20 | 5-24 | 3217 9°35 | 26°89 | 


March. 
Tiour. Hour. Hour. Hour. Hour. 
Year. hone Temp. pace Temp. oe Temp. gies Temp. ae Temp. 
= a eae Fe oi etala oe 
I "29 S309; 2-61 | 1°97 5 “90 2°77 | 10°42 | 37°97 
1841 6-06 | 31°58 ae 38:07 | 2°00 | 44:30 | 6 40'07 | 10°30 | 35:87 
1842 | 663 | 37-10 | 9:97 | 45°77 | 2°03 | 51-14 | 6 45°52 | 10 40°27 
1844 | 6-65 | 35-go | 10:41 | 42:00 | 1-07 | 45:97 | 4-91 | 43°32 | 9:07 | 3735 
1845 | 6-98 | 32:23 | g:go | 42:29 | 1-98 | 50-32 | 506 | 45:90 | gui | 37-00 
1846 | 7 31-68 | 9:94 | 41-97 | 1-92 | 48-42 | 5 4445 | 9 35:84 
1847 |7 26:58 | got | 35-74 | 1:97 | 41-58 | 5-or | 38°39 | 9 30°87 
1848 | 7 27°74 | 9:97 | 38:16 | 1.98 | 42-00 | 5:01 | 38°84 |) 9 31°84 
1849 | 7 32°81 | 10:00 | 41-29 | 2-01 | 4452 | 5 4v81 | 9 36:58 
1850 | 7 29:84 | 991 | 3916 | 1-99 | 43:77 | 5°02 | 4o‘on | g 33 23 
1854 | 7 32:32 | 994 |} 42-84 |-1°93 | 46:53 | 5°38 | 43°19 | 9:03 | 3668 
_ 1852 | 7 30°13 | 9°93 | 39:27 | 1°98 | 42:93 | 5:02 | 38:83 | gor | 33-60 
Mean, | 680 3185 9:98 “40:76 | 190 | 45*50 | 5:28 | 41-92 | 9°33 | 35:59 


29 


226 Meteorology of New Haven. 
April. 
Year Hous Temp. Sie Temp. neue Temp. Hae Temp. our Temp. 
fe} a | ee. fe} | fo} wi fe) sai a7 ° a 
1838 | 6:22 | 38:00 | 9:96 | 47:00 |} 2:04 | 49°35 | G:09 | 4668 | 10°52 } 41-48 
1841 6:13 | 39:20 | 9:96 | 45:21 | 2:07 | 50°66 | 6:03 | 47-61 | 10:20 | 42°59 
1842 6:00 | 42°73 | 10°00 | 52:27 | 2-00 | 58°64 | 581 | 53-81 | 10:00 | 47°00 
1844 | 6:06 | 45-97 | 10°46 | 57°83 | 1-20 | 6420 | 5:59 | 59:97 | 9:03 | 51-40 
1845 | 6:05 | 40-33 | 10°04 | 52°80 | 1°96 | 58°53 | 5:24 | 54-27 | g:03 | 45-1to 
1846 | 6:20 | 39°83 | 9:57 | 52°90 | 1°98 | 5y°93 | 5:73 | 55:53 | 9:02 | 47°73 
1847 | 6 36.00 | 9:99 | 48:03 | 1°89 | 5483 | 6:04 | 49°43 | 9°34 | 42:37 
1848 | 6 38-80 | 999 | 52°83 | 1°97 | 55°60 | 6-00 | 51-90 | gro2 | 44-17 
1849 | 6 37°80 | 9:98 | 50°03 | 2-00 | 52°37 | 5:87 | 48:90 | 8-93 | 42°17 
1851 | 6 4017 | _ 9°98 | 51-83 | 1-98 | 53-90 | Gor | 50:27 | gor | 45-00 
lean, | 6-07 ! 3988 | 999 51-07 | I-91 | 5580 | 584 | 51-84! 941 | 4490. 
May. 
Yy four. T Hour. T Hour T Hour. T Hour. T 
Care ey (POP) a ae CEP | pag! hier | emp: | Gpleard ae 
- fa) a ek ie} Sy Linea ae "okt Oo 
1841 | 6 49°17 | 10:10 | 58-38 | 2°31 | 61-44 | 5-89 | 61-84 | 9°96 | 52-56 
1842 | 6:05 | 4960 | 1007 |. 58-36 | 2:20 | 6180 | 6:18 | 61-06 | 10°;G0 | 54°41 
1844 | 5-73 | 5487 | 10°36 | 6626 | 1°86 | 71-10 | 589 | 66°85 913 | 60°71 
1845 | 6 49°94 | 10°02 | 63:39 | 1:93 | 70 10 | 5-89 | 62°87 | 9°05 | 54:87 
1846 | 6 52:94 | 9:94 |.62:68 | 1-93 | 67-45 | 6 63-10 | g:00 | 57-23 
1847. | 6:12 | 50:00 | 1000 | 63:39 | 1°73 | 67°58 | 6:03 | 62:35 | 9°76 | 54-00 
1848 | 6 54:81 | got | 63-10 | 1-97 | 6665 | 6 64°48 | 898 | 58:29 
1849 | 6 4887 | 960 | 69°03 | 1-97 | 62°68 | 6 58:81 | 9:09 | 52-42 
| "Mean, 5-99 | 51-27 | 1000 | 61°95 | 199 | 66:10 | 5:98 | 62°67 | 9°37 | 55:56 
June. 
Year. ce Temp rae Temp ae Temp. ee Temp. Hoes Temp 
el eee eee ° {tora Spe 
1838 | 6:03 | 64:07 | 9:73 | 75:37 | 1°79 | 7611 | 5°67 | 73-20 | 10°38 | 66°45 
1841 | 6 65:00 | 10:07 | 73 41 | 2°07 | 7743 | 6:31 | 74:10 | 10°12 | 68:03 
1842 | 5°86 | 58-89 | 989 | 67°61 | 2:07 | 72°32 | 6:00 | 70°14 | 10°04 | 62 61 
1844 | 6-01 | 61:83 | 10:06 | 72°63 | 2:03 | 74:83 | 6-07 | 7086 | gwo2 | 66:47 
1845 | 6 59:33 | 9:98 | 73:23 | 2°03 | 79:13 | 5-98 | 74-67 | 9:08 | 64-90 
1846 |6 | 5967 | 992} 70°57 | 2°04 | 75:10 | 5-98 | 70°60 | 9:07 | 63-60 
1847. | 617 | Go-20 | 10°00 | 72°13 | 1°78 | 76°33 | 6°15 | 70°14 | 10°29 | 63-30 
1848 | 6 61-40 | 985 | 71°77 | 2°03 | 75°83 | 6-03 | 72°83 | 9:06 | 65-10 
1849 | 6:25 | 61°43 | 983 | 71°72 | 1°72 | 76:05 | 6:25 | 72°83 g'81 65-63 
Mean, | 6:04 | 66-31 | 9:93 | 72:05 | 1-95 | 75:90 | 6:05 | 7215 | 965 | 6512 


Meteorology of New Haven. 227 


July. 
Hour. Hour. Hour. |- | Hour. Hour. 
Year | yu. | Temp | aoe | TemP. | pow, | TEMP | pw | TE™P | pow. | Temp 


de | ee 


fe} Oo Oo 
1838 | 6-21 | 68:05 | 9:84 | 78:16 | 1°96 | 80:80 | 6:00 | 78:33 | 10°33 | grey 
1841 6 65-77 | 10°04 | 74:92 | 2°04 | 79:32 | 6:12 | 76:32 | 10:06 | 69:85 
1842 | 6 69:03 | 997 | 74:77 | 2°03 | 78:20 | 6:13 | 75:58 | 10°02 | 71-06 
1844 6-01 | 66°32 9:94 | 75:16 | 1-95 | 77°74 | 6-02 | 74:87 | 932 | 69-71 
1845 | 6 6442 | 9:92 | 76:94 | 1-99 | 8313 | 6:00 | 78-68 | 905 | 71 06 
1846 | 6 66:35 | 9:97 | 74°81 | 2:04 | 79°52 | G-o1 | 76:35 | 902 | 70-52 
1847 | 6:27 | 67-65 | 10:02 | 8c-38 | 1°81 | 84:47 | 6-10 | 77-40 | 10°21 | 70°52 
1848 6 65:26 991 | 74:16} 2:00 7745 | 6:04 | 7477 g:00 | 68-74 
1849 | 6:12 | 65-77 | 9:87 | 74:95 | 1°85 | 79:55 | 614 | 7610 | 9°44 | 69:26 


Mean, | 6:07 | 66:51 | 994 | 76-03 | 1-96 | 80-02 | 6:06 | 76-49 | 961 | 70°27 


August. 
Year. ee Temp. pon. Temp. Bue , Temp. ae Temp. aha * | Temp. 
Fe ie} a ae ie} a ace fo} ie | 7 ee 
1841 | 6 66:29 | 9:94 | 73 83 | 2:39 | 78-83 | 6:16 | 76:00 | 10 71°30 
1842 | 6:15 | 64:40 | 10°00 | 69:92 | 2:02 | 76:36 | 615 | 73:31 | 10 67°93 
1844 | 6G:or | 64-52 | g91 | 75:00 | 1°89 | 77°84 | 6 75:20) | 19 70°10 
1845 | 6 66:19 | 999 | 76:13 | 2 82:29 | Gor | 77°84 | 9:05 | 71°87 
1846 | 6 64:77 | 9°86 | 73-90 | 2 79°32 | 6 75:19 | 9:02 | 70°16 
1847 | 6:22 | 6394 | 10°04 | 75:00 | 1-93 | 7860 | 602 | 73-71 9:79 | 67°53 
1848 | 6 63:16) | ToO:02) |475:55) |, 2 79 01 | 6 mei) |) Xe) 68-81 
1849 | 6 63-94 | 10-00 | 75:35 | 2 78:26 6 74:43 9 69:23 
Mean. | 6:05 | 6465 | 9:95 ! 74:33 | 2-03 | 78-81 | 6-04 | 75-23! 9 35 | 6962. 
September. 
Year. ee Temp. Bone Temp | oe Temp. a Temp Lae Temp. 
aah Ose os all) ae irae ico | aaa Ohad 
1844 | 6:11 | 56°37 | 9°93 | 68°66 | Igor | 73°17 | 5°72 | 6950 | 9 62°70 
1845 | 6 5453 | 980 | 64°47 | 1°98 | 69°77 | 5°80 | 66:23 | 9:03 | 6o'50 
1846 | 6 59°63 | 9:97 | 70°67 | 2 79°73 | 6 71:03 | 9:02 | 65-23 
1847 | 6 56:23 | 1002 | 64-93 | 2 68-83 | 6:03 | 64-93 | 908 | 59:77 
1849 | 6 53-73 | 10 _| 65-26 | 1:97 | 69°87 | 6:02 | 65:90 | g12 | 5973 
Mean, | 6-02 | 56:10 | 994 | 66:80 | 1-97 | 71°47 | 5-91 | 67°52 | 9:05 | 61-59 


October, 
Hour. Hour. Hour. | Hour. Hour. 
Year. AM. Temp ALM. Temp. | p x Temp P.M. Temp. PM. Temp. 


fo) (oe) oO 
184t 6:08 | 40°68 | 9:96 | 51°57 | 2°03 | 56:23 | 6:03 | 49°43 | I0 44°94 
1844 | 614 | 46:06 | 966 | 5414 | 1°73 | 58-37 | 5-08 | 5463] 9 | 4965 
1845 6:03 | 45:45 9°85 | 54:90 | 1-g0 | 61-10 | 5:19 | 57°84 9:02 | 50:97 
1846 | 7 43:26 | 10 53:00 | 1°96 | 5868 | 5 56:48 | gio | 50°74 
1847 7 41-74 | 10 Ha;42 | 198" | 57705") 9 5392 9:06 | 46°00 
1848 | 6:90 | 47°32 | 101NL | 54°96 | 2°29 | 56°24 2 52°07 8-86 | 48-84 

5 


| 5__| 5426 | 888 | doa 
Mean, | 659 | 4433 | 9°94 | 53°38 | 1°98 | 57-90 | 5:19 | 5418 | 9113 | 48°65 


228 Meteorology of New Haven. 


November. 
Hour. Hour. Hour. Hour. | H 
Year. ier Temp. A.M. | Temp. P.M. Temp. aes Temp. send Temp. 


P.M. 
1841 | 6:20 | 34°5 45 Hs re 7 
290 || XO 1352) 4] 62 87 | | 40°57 | 10°07 | 37°33 
1844 | 683 | 34-37 | 10°03 | 41-10 | 1°89 | 47:20 | 466 | 43-97 | 9°04 | 38-97 
1845 | 6°97 | 38-73 | 10°03 | 47-10 | 1°93 | 51°57 | 4-52 47°93 9 42°13 


1846 | 7 41°70 | 9:97 | 45:23 | 1°97 | 50°50 5:01 | 47°97 9 44:33 
ISAT © |07. 40°07 | 9°98 | 47°47 | 1°98 | 51°97 | 5:06 | 46:97 | gror | 42°30 
1848 7 31°03 | 10°01 | 40°63 | 2:07 | 44°97 | 5 39:60 g'02 | 34:70 
1849 | 7 41:07 | 10°01 | 48°87 | 1-99 | 53-90 | 5 49°33 9 44:50 
1850 | 7 | 38:33 | 9:98 | 46-10 | 2°09 | 5083 | 5 45°77 | 9°05 | 41:03 
Mean, | 6°87 | 37°47 | 10°00 | 44°75 | 1°98 49°60 5-03 | 45°26 915 | 40°66 
December. 

Year. oe Temp. | ae Temp. sels Temp. [pee | Temp. eae Temp. 
| ima isin, Ne eS 

1840 6 24°87 | 10 30°32 | 2 36:03 | 6 | 30°55 | 10 27°94 
1841 | 6°53 | 29°87 | 10°03 | 36:13 | 2°08 | 3980 | 6:07 | 35-00 | 10°06 | 33-29 
1844 7:02 | 24°52 | 9°99 | 31-57 | 1°87 | 37°39 | 4°46 | 33-83 | 9-08 | 28°81 
1845 7°15 | 21-00 | 10:02 | 26-48 | 1°88 | 31-48 | 4:31 | 28-58 8:96 | 23:26 
1846 | 7 24:10 | 10°10 | 29.90 | 1:98 | 34-97 | 5:02 | 30-71 | 9 28:29 
1847 | 7 31°87 | 9'98- 8 37°97 || 1°97) | Aa:6r, [75 38:35 |, *9 35:00 
1848 | 7 32°61 | 10 37°8%, | 2 | 41°74 | 5 37-61 | gor | 34°42 
1849 | 7 26:30 | 9°98 | 31-94 | 2°02 | 36-42 | 5 31-77 | 9 29°39 
1850 | 7 23-87 | 10 30:52 | 1°98, | 35-10 | "5 30°68 | 9 27°23 
PeESO0s 17) 19°55 | 10 | 26-00 | 1°99 | 31:23 | 5 | 27710 | gor 23-94 
Mean, | 6°87 | 25°86 | 10°0r | 31°84. 1°98 | 36°68 | 5:09 32°42 921 | 29°16 


These numbers being set off on the curves previously mentioned, 
determined five points of the true diurnal curve for New Haven, and 
indicated that the chief error in the numbers on page 199 consisted in 
the range of the diurmal motion, and not in the law of the curve. 
Assuming that the true diurnal curve was similar to that indicated 
by the numbers on page 199, 2 curve was drawn through the five 
points already determined, and as nearly parallel as possible to the 
one first constructed. The true curve has generally a somewhat 
greater range than the provisional curve first assumed; but other- 
wise the two curves bear a close resemblance, and afford a presump- 
tion that we have made a near approach to the true curve represent- 
ing the diurnal change of temperature. The ordinates of these 
curves have all been carefully measured, and are given in the follow- 
ing Table. 


Meteorology of New Haven. 229 


Corrections tobe applied to the means of the hours of observation to 
obtain the true mean temperatures at New Haven. 


| 
Hour. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April.| May. | June. | July.| Aug. | Sept.| Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Year. | 
| } | 


| 
| 


| ° ° ° °o || 
78| 3°53) 4-4 
27| 4:16) 5-1 
75| 4-70) 5:8: 
27 
77 
16 


Sal 
3°91 
4:60, 
| 5:24 
SPU 775) 


Midnight, 


t=) 


On 
SORES 
So 
NO 
= oO 


22 
58 
96 


C30 SS 
D> . 
Nolte) 
WOO. 
fon 
Oo 
} 
a 
° 
Dd 
Les) 
iS] 
~ 
Oo 


5-24) 6°44) 

5-70] 7:00] 8-17} 8-62) 7°43 5} 6°14] 

6-09 7°19) 7°98 7°93 7°13 5} 6:23) 
5 


| 
311 31 | 6:06] 6:81] 6:20 5:89) 5:89] 6:12) 6°60 9 soil 
4-40 5:11} 4-94) 5:04] 3:31) 3-03) 3-50] 3-93] 4-60] 5:26} 4:55) 3-94] 4-30] 
3:88) 3-75] 2-39} 1-92] 0°28/-0-07| 0°77} 1-23] 1°66) 2°35) 3-06) 3:23) 2-04 
1°43) 0°62\-0 31\-1°14'-2- 28 - 2:62|-1°64|-1°26)—1°22|—0°44|+.0°55|  1°07|/-0'60) 
-1°44) -2-32|-3-04|-3-78|-4:27|— 4:56 -3-71|-3 37|-3°67 -3-30|-2°14 —1°52|-3-09| 
-3°48 — 4-06 -4-66 -5-31'-5-70 —5°89 -5:44 -5:20'-5°49 -5°44)-4°08 -3-36 -4:84| 


| 
-5°03 —5-38)-5-93/-6-51 /-6 al: -6:90|-6-53 -6:36 -6°68 -6-76 ee -6°10 
-5:91 -6: ‘4o|-6°81|-7- 37 -7 58)— -7°68)|-7:°23)-7 10|-7° ae -7°57|-6:24 -5°67:-6-91 
-6:17 -6-76|-7-25|-7: -86-8 02/-8-05 - -7:54 -7°43|-7°75 -7°92| -6-44 -5-91|-7°26) 
-5 83 -6-61|-7°16|-7-89 -8 04 -7:98|-7:44 -7-36|-7°64 —7°63|-6-09 -5-39| -7°09) 
-4°81|-5 75|-6:47|-7:'44|-7-61|-7°45,-6-93 -6:80| -6°94 - -6:60 -4°56 -3°95|-6:28| 
-3:04 -3-91/-4-66|-6- 28 - 6: 46-6 4o —5-88)—5- 62/- 5°63 -4°55|-2-84 -2'08|-4-78 


| 
Sr aa atleaall 4°32|-3-95| -3-67|-3° 83 —2°85|-1°58 -1°02/-2°98| 
-0°43 -0°74)-0°96| -1°35 -1:48 —2°16)-1-98 -1-75)-1°81 —1°28|-0°59 -0°26)--1°23 
0°41; 0:30! 0:42] 0-60 0-7 +008) -0°05 +0°08|+0°08 +0°12|/+0° 22/+0°40|+0" 28 
1:06, 1-08] 1°43} 1 84 2°21} 1°83) 1°62} 1-62) 1-63) 1°35 0°85) 0°92) 1°45 
1-50 I-71) 2°19) 2 81| 3:42] 3-26) 2°82] 2°73] 2-76 a 1°40, 1°35) 2°35] 
1-90 2°27| 2°86) 3-62} 4-35) 455: 4-02| 3-77| 3-75) 3-17| 1°96] 1°72 3716) 


SRS OI 
WOOD KO 


30 
‘67 
04) 


N= © 


2° 
3- 
3: 
4: 
4: 
SF 
5: 


DP BONN wo 
R ALAN wWwvo 


oO Cond 


° 
a 
a 
2° 
3: 
3} 
4 
4:3 


n 
3 


~~ 


BROW OUD NWwhr 


| 


‘A 
° 
3 
5 


HOw DIM ofp wn wv 


ty 


Having obtained the means of reducing observations made at ir- 
regular hours to fixed hours, we next undertook a more satisfactory 
reduction of the entire series of observations embracing 86 years. 
Taking the January series, we computed from the preceding table, 
the reduction for each of the morning observations to 7 o’clock, and 
finding the mean of the whole, we obtained the average temperature 
at 7 o'clock according to 86 years of observations. Each of the mid- 
day observations was in like manner reduced to 2 o’clock, and finding 
the mean of the whole, we obtained the average temperature at 2 
o'clock. In the same manner, each of the evening observations was 
reduced to 9 o’clock, and the mean of the entire series was taken. 
The observations of each of the other months were in like manner 
reduced to the nearest even hour. 

We next took the series of observations made five times a day, 
embracing a period of nine years, and reduced each of them in like 
manner to the nearest even hour. We then took the difference be- 
tween the averages for the morning and mid-day observations in the 
long and short series, and applied half the sum of these differences 
as a correction to the 10 o’clock observation, by which means we ob- 
tained the most probable temperature at 10 o’clock corresponding to 


230 Meteorology of New Haven. 


to the series of 86 years. The corrected temperature at 5 or 6 o’clock 
was obtained in a similar manner. We had now three points of the 
diurnal curve of temperature determined from 86 years of observa- 
tions; one point being near the hour of minimum temperature, and a 
second near the hour of maximum temperature; and we had two in- 
termediate points determined from nine years of observations. A 
curve was then drawn through these five points as nearly as possible 
parallel to the curve previously determined. The following table 
shows the resulting temperature obtained for each hour of each month 
of the year. 


Mean temperature of the air at New Haven for each hour of each 
month of the year. 


Tour. Jan. | Feb. | March.) April | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Year. 
fe} | fe} (eo) fo} fe] ° fe] | ° ° fo} 
Midnight, |24-26 ane 24) a: 38 | 42-19 51°88 61-15 66°40,65:57 57°71 47°02 3768/28: 25/ 44-98 
I 23 G1) 24° 77 3r 77 4041/51 01 60° '03.65:49|64°75 56°87| 46°26 37°14]/27°93|44'28 
23°53) /24 31) 31°24 40°74) 50:12, 58° 91 64°6964-03 56:18) 45°62 36:64) 27°60 43-63 
23-1923 ‘80, 30°72 |4o1014 (9°31 58:25 64:11/63- 56,55°70\45°05 36°22|27°25|43'10 
22°83) e 32, 30°28 |39°52 48°78 58: 10.63-97/63°16 55°27|44°59 35°82/26°93|42°71 
22°46)22°95 29 91 |39°31|48- aad 7904-27 63°22.55'15) 44°29 35°52/26'64)42°62 
| 
22°19/22°81 30°00 39°69 50:68 60°83 6551 63:96 55:66) 44-45 35°53 26°45/43°15 
22°15|/23-01 31°18 |41°57|53-65 63-79 67-98/66:21/57°75 45-83 35°84) 26-46|44-62 
22°71|24°42) 33°79 44:80 56-77 66°99 70°80,68-98 60°78 48:81 37°34/27°21/46°95 
25-20|27°60) 36°55 |47-96|59°42 69°64 33: 30/71°54,63'75 51°68 39°86 29°41|49°66 
28-12)30°5g 39°33 |50-71)61°49,71:69,75-45|73°7 1/66: 28)54-62 42" 56 32°05)52°22 
30:16|32°34 40°95 |52:33.63:05 73-0477: 23/75:6068-15)56" he 51|33-91|54-00 
Noon, [31°72/33-67| 42°23 |53-62/64:26)74: nln :37|76°82'69°39|58°05 |45°95|35°47|55:30 
326013470) 43-12 |54°58)65-21174°89 79°12 77°62/70'17|58-85 46°69|36:27 56:15 
32:87}35-06) 43-56 '55-16/65+79)75:28) (79°47 78-01/70°54|59°18 46° 89|36°54 56°53 
32°41}34-87| 43°43 |55-19/65: 81/75 21 79° 37|77°94|70°39/58'81 46° 51/35°95|56:32 
31°26]33-89 42°69 54 67/65:30)74° 59 78°85|77'38/69°65|57° 70144" 95)34°44|55°45 
29°37|31-92| 40°83 |53-44|64:07|73°44 77°79 76°21 |68°30 55°57 43°20|32°51/53'89 
27°92/30:12| 38:63 |50°8¢}52-00\71° =e 84|74'26,66:47 53°86 41°88 31°42/52°05 
26°84} 28-73} 36:97 | 48 31 38-93 69° 12/7369) 72°24) 64°38 52°28 40°82|30°63/59-24 
26 0427-67) 35°52 46:23|56-66 66°88 71-75, 70°31 62 -42,50°88 39'95|29°93 48°69 


mr OW COD np wr 


a) 


OO G~t D awe = 


ry 


means, 


Monthly — 


25 42|26 88| 34:43 44°86|55:05 65:1470:01 68°67 60°81 4 49°64 39°25|29°38) 47°46 


24:98} 26-27 
24:58)25:73 


26 53 28-11 


33-69 43- 87 
33:04 43 og 


53°81 
52°83 


63-68 68°78)67°53 
62:36.67:55 66°46 


59°65 48°68 
58°63 47°82 


36-09 36-09 46-84 


57°28) 


66:96 71-66 70 32 


\62"50 51-10 


(38°73|28-96 


46°55 


38-20]28 60)45-74 


40°32\30°42) 49 or 


Subtracting each of these numbers from the mean for the month, 
we obtain the following table showing the corrections to be applied 
to the means of the hours of observation to obtain the true mean 
temperatures at New Haven. These numbers indicate a diurnal 
range of temperature a little greater than that shown by the table 
on page 229. 

At the bottom of the table is given a comparison of some of the 
different modes which have been proposed for deducing the mean 


temperature from a limited number of observations. 


’ 
; 
} 


Meteorology of New Haven. 


231 


Corrections to be applied to the means of the hours of observation to 
obtain the true mean temperature at New Haven. (Adopted.) 


Midnight, 


I 


Dail. ext. 


-_ 


SONI OO 
pypyps 


pe) 


Hour. 


_ 


OSS SiS eo ns 


ROO OAD ab wd 


oe a ISD Onrne 


=O OD 


° 


Jan. | Feb. |March. 


-4°73|-5:78 
—2°84/-3°81 


-1°3g/-201 
-0°31|-0'62 
0°49) 0°44 
Ter) 1:23 
1°55| 1°84) 2°4o 
1°95} 2°38) 3-05 


-0°98|-0°82|-0:64 


-0'84|-0'°74 
-0°98|—0'g2 
—1°12|—1°45|-2°36 
—1°26|/-1°63 —2°58 
+0°91/+0°47 40°05 


1°64 
2°24 
2°06 
0°87 
=0732 


-1'06 
-1°28 


V7 
2°03 
15 
1°22 
-0'02 


77 
2°01 
1°43 
0°60 
-0°42 


=1e99|— Teo 1 
-0'50)/—0°40|-0'27 
-0°30|-0°14 +0709 
-0'15|4+0°06'+0'34 
-0'28|-0'21|-0'30, 


=113 


7. 2. 2(9)/+0:06 +0'15 40:19 


April.| May. | June. 


ie} 
4:65) 
5-43) 
6:10 
6:74 
7°32 
7°53} 


2) 

5°81 
6-93 
8-05 
8-71 
8-86 
8-17 


6:13 
317 
~0'03 


° 
5-4o 
6:27 
7°16 
797 
8-50 
8-38 


6:60 
3:63 
051 
—2°14 
-4°21 
-3°77 


-6:98 
-7°93|-7:93 
—8°51 
—8°53 
—8:02 
-6°79 


715 
BOF 
2'04 
-1'12 
—-3-87 
-5°49 


-6°78 
-7'74 
= O52 
-8°35 
-7'83 
—6'60 


-4:05 
—1°47 
o-6r 
1°98 
2°97 
3°80 


-7-63 
-6-48| 


Avot 
-2°16 
0°62} 0:08 
Piel Site) 
3:47] 3:28 
4°45) 460 


—0'01|+0:27 


—2°38) 
= 2207) 
—3°98 
—417 


-1°30 


-4°72 
-—1°65 


-O'4I 


=1°23)-2'15 
—1°52|-2°44 
—2°85|-3:71 
—3'14 -4°00 
-—0'25|/-0'76 


190 
1°90 
T32 
0°43 
-0'45 


0°94 
0°99 
0°56 
0°04 
-0'°37 


o'91 
0°50 
0°02 

-0'°43 

—0'72 

—1°74|-2°21 

-0'19|-0°43 

+0°27|/+0°11 

+0'60 +0°59) 

-0°36)-0°88 


-2°17 
-0'70 
-—0O'12 
+0°36 
-I'Il 


=0' Toleo38 


+0°23 


July. 


{o) 

5:20 
6:17 
6:97 
7°55 
7 69 
7°39 
6715 
3-68 
0°86 


|—1'64 


-3°79 
—5'°57 


-6°71 
-7'46 
—7'81 
= Teh 
-719 
-6:13 


-4:18 
=2°03 
Onl 
1°65 
2°88 


Aug. | Sept. 


Oct. | Nov. | Dec. 


= 4518 Oni 


SS DICNOVESS 
Do DOW ~ OM 
Wn CWD~] 


Bop) Sy SUECHOD ORES) 


I~) © 
Se Orly Oawo rv Wo 


-3:39 -3-78 
5-28 5:65 


6-50] -689 
-7:30|-7°67 
-7°69 -8-04 
-7°62 -7'89 
-7:06 -7'15 
—5°89 -5'80 


-3°94 -3'97 
—1-g92)-1°88 
oor, 0-08 
1°65, 1°69 
2°79) 2°85 


4ill 
-—0:06 


-1°89 
—2°06 
-3:30 
-3°47 
-0'87 


0°g8 
0°82 
0°37 

“00 


-0'45 


-1'95 
-0'5g 

00. 
+0°41 
-0'83 


-—O'21 


386, 3°87 


-0:26)-0°34 
-1°59'-1°46 
-1°79 -1°64 
—2°98 -2°97 
—3°17/-3'16 
—0'60 -0°58 


1°43 
1°43 


1°21 
T09 
0°67} 0°90 
0°21) 0°22 
-0'30)-0°46 
—1°76)-1°72 


-0'44| -0°37 
+o'r1/ +016 


40°49 +0°55 


-0°64)-0'53 


—0'07|+0°02 


° | 
4:08 
4:84) 3-18 
5:48) 368] 2:82 
6:05| 4:10] 3-17 
6:51| 4:50 
6:81) 4:80} 3-78 


6°65) 4:80} 3°97} 
5:27| 4°48} 3-96 
2°29] 2°98] 3-21| 
-0°58| 0°46] 1:oT| 
—3°52|-9:94]-1-63 
-5°65)/-4:19|-3-49 


-—6°95 -5°63)-5:05 
—8-08|/-6:57|-6:12 


-7°71/-6°19}-5°53 
—6°60|-—4°63|-4:02 


0°22 
1°46 
2°42 
3:28 


1°04 
1°46 
1°82 


1'07 
1°59 


2°12 


—0°63}]—0°88|—1-07 


-o'18/+0'°41 


1°62 
1°99 


1°48 
1°87 
1°85 
102 
—0'08 


1°94 
2°04 
1°25) 1°67 
0°44) 0°76) 
—0°55}-0'32 


—1°40}=1°1t|-1°05 
—0'40]-0°47 -—0°55 
+0°'01|-0'23 —0°37 
+0°33]—0'06 —0'23 
Wee -0'34 -0'37 


° (e) | 
2°64) 2:17} 
2°49) 


3:49, 


-7:75,-6'37|-5:85) 


—4°47|-2°88|-2°09) 


—2°76} -1°56]-1-00) 
—1°1&]-0°50|-o-21| 
0°37| 0-49 


— 1°24)—0'94|—0°94) 
—1°40]-—1°04)—1:08|—1°56 
-2°73|-1°69 -1°32/-2°54 
—2°89)-1°79 -1°45 -2°73) 
+0°75|-0'16 


Year. 


Oo 
4:03 
4°73} 
5:38) 
5-91 
6-30) 
6:39) 


5°86 
4:39 
2°06) 
-0'65 


pr eae -0'02 


During winter, the mean of the two daily extremes gives a tem- 
perature almost one degree too great; and for the entire year, the 
mean of the two daily extremes gives a temperature more than half 
a degree too great. 


932 Meteorology of New Haven. 


If we combine any morning observation with an observation made 
about the time of greatest heat, we obtain a resulting temperature 
teo great. 

Twice during each day, the height of the thermometer coincides 
with the mean temperature of the day. This coincidence occurs 
about 15 minutes before nine in the morning, and also about 12 min- 
utes before eight in the evening. We should therefore obtain the 
mean temperature by a single observation at either of these instants ; 
but a uniform system of observation is more likely to be adhered to, 
when the time of observation is an even hour. If we combine 9 
o'clock in the morning with 8 o’clock in the evening, the resulting 
temperature will be about a degree too high in summer, and about 
three-fourths of a degree too low in winter. The mean for the year 
will be only one-sixth of a degree too great; and this is the nearest 
approach to the mean temperature which can be obtained by com- 
bining any two hours of observation, unless we employ inconvenient 
hours of the night. In other words, there are no two convenient 
hours whose mean corresponds with the mean temperature of New 
Haven with the precision which is desirable in such observations. 

If the mean temperature is to be deduced from observations at two 
hours of the same name, the hours which best combine accuracy with 
convenience are 10 A.M. and 10 p.m; but these give a result about 
one-third of a degree too great. 

If observations are made at three hours daily, we shall obtain the 
mean temperature very accurately by observations at 6 a. M., 2 and 
9p.M.; but during the winter months 6 A. M. is an inconvenient hour, 
and not likely to be faithfully adhered to. The mean of observations 
at 7A4.M., 2 and 9P.M., is too great; but if we add twice the nine 
o'clock observation to the sum of the other two observations, and 
divide the result by 4, the errer of the result for the separate months 
in only one instance exceeds a quarter of a degree; and for the en- 
tire year differs but one-hundredth of a degree from the true mean 
temperature. These then are the three hours to be generally recom- 
mended for observation, and fortunately they are extremely well 
adapted to the convenience of most observers. 

The annual variation of temperature may be represented by Bes- 
sel’s well-known formula 


T,=(T)+A,sin(27+B,)+A,sin(27+B,)-+A,sin(37+B,)+ ete., 
where T, represents the mean temperature of a day corresponding to 
an epoch « of the year, being counted in degrees from some as- 


Meteorology of New Haven. 233 


sumed instant; (T), A,, B,, Az, Bz, ete., being constants derived 
from the mean temperatures determined for certain epochs. In order 
that these constants may be most conveniently determined, it is neces- 
sary that the epochs should divide the year into equal intervals; and 
it is also necessary to deduce from the mean temperatures for the sev- 
eral months, the mean temperatures of 12 equidistant epochs; viz., 
for <= 0°, x= 30°, and so on up to «= 330°. 

Now the mean temperature of all the days of a month does not 
coincide with that of a day placed at the middle of the month, be- 
cause the temperature does not change uniformly; that is, the varia- 
tion of temperature is represented by a-curved line rather than by a 
straight line; and when we have obtained the mean temperature for 
the middle of each month, these temperatures do not correspond to 
the epochs # = 0°, «= 30°, ete., because the months are of unequal 
length. It is therefore necessary to reduce the temperature of the 
middle of each month to that which corresponds to the epochs 0°, 
30°, ete. In order to obtain these two corrections, a provisional 
formula was computed, which differed but little from the one given 
below, and from this was computed the mean temperature of each day 
of the year. The following table shows the corrections thus obtained 
for the curvature of the line of mean temperature, and for inequality 
of intervals, the dates being reckoned from Jan. 15th. The last col- 
umn shows the results after these two corrections have been applied. 


Corrections for 


Ba ciaks| Tessar | Comretares |\meerleeaeees 
° ° ° fo} 
January, 26:53 —-24 +:04 26 33 
February, 28°11 —31 --03 27277 
March, 36:09 —Il 4°22 36:20 
April, 46°84 +:05 +:20 47°09 
May, 57°28 o +:18 57°46 
June, 66-96 +25 +11 67:32 
July, 71:66 +:26 +:02 71°94 
August, 70:32 4°31 +03 70°66 
September, 62:50 +18 +:09 62:77 
October, 5110 —"07 4°12 515 
November, 4o:32 +'02 "13. - 40°47 
December, 30°42 —"31 +11 30:22 


Computing from these corrected temperatures the values of the 
constants in our assumed formula, we obtain 
T= 49°°114+22°°92 sin(a+-263° 38’)+-0°-29 sin(2a-4+345° 24’) 
+0°-45sin(3x+4-229° 50’) +0°-02 sin(4a+4-150°)-++0°-38 sin(5a-+54° 31’) 
—0°'08 cos 62, 
in which « is reckoned from January 15th. 
30 


234 


Meteorology of New Haven. 


From this formula has been computed the mean temperature of 
each day of the year, as shown in the following table. 


Mean temperature of every day in the year, as deduced from 86 years 
of observations at New Haven, Conn. 


Da | 
of the Jan. | Feb. | March April. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. 

Month. | 

° o | .0 ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 

I 27°4 | 26°4 ) 31-1 | 41°8 | 5a°t | 62°8 | 70°5 | 71°g | 67°4 | 56°5 | 45:5 | 34°6 
2 27°3),| 2675.) 31:4 | 42° | 52°5 | 6371, | 70:6 | 71:9 | 6771/5638 [4p aSaes 
3° |"297°2-| 26°5 | 31-7 | 42°5 | 52-8 | 63-4 | 70°38") 71°8 | 66:8 | 55°71 44-8 sag 
4 27°1 | 26:6 | 32-0 | 42-9 | 53-1 | 63-8 | 70-9 | 71°7 | 66:5 | 55-3 | 44:5 | 33-6 
5 27:0) | 90:7 | 32°3, | 43:2, | 53:4. | 64:2 | 71:0 | 71-7 |. 6672, | 55:0, || 44-0 3393 

| 
6 | 26:9 | 26°8 | 32°6 | 43-6 | 53°8 | 64-4 | 711 | 71°6 | 65°9 | 54°6 | 43°8 | 32°9 
7 | 268 | 26:9 | 32:9 | 43'9 | 54:1 | 64-7 | 71-2 | 71°5 | 65°6 154-3 | 43:4 | S26 
8 26°7 | 27°0 3322 1:44-3 1 54-5 | 65:1 171-3 | 70:5: 65-3.) 539)| Ada eae 
9 26:6 | 27-1 | 33°6 |°44:6 | 54:8 | 65-4 | 71-4 | 71:4 | 65-0..| 53:57) 42°97 32-0 
10 | 26-6 | 27-2 | 33°9'| 45-0 | 55:2 | 65-7 | 71-5 | 71°3 | 64-6 | 53-2 | 4a-3°Sr-7 
Il 26:5 | 27:3 7, 34:2|_45:34|"55:5: | 66:0 | 71-6, |-7142 | 64:3) || 59:8) .| Aa:0nl eA 
12 | 265 | 27°4 | 34:6 | 45-7 | 55-9 | 66:2 | 71°7 | 71°1 | 64-0 | 52:5 | 40-6 | 31-1 
ES 26°4 | 27:6 | 34-9 | 46:0 | 56-2 | 66-5 | 71-7 | 71°0 | 63-6 | 52-1 | 41-3 | 30°9 
14 26:4 | 27°7 | 35-3 | 46-4 | 56-6 | 66:8 | 71-8 | 70-9 | 63-3 | 51-8 | 4o-g | 30-6 
15 | 26:3 | 27-9 | 35-6 | 46-7 | 56-9 | 67-1 | 71°8 | 70°8 | 62-9 | 51-4 | 405 | 30:3 
16 | 26°3 | 280 | 36:0 | 47°1 | 57:3 | 67°3 | 71°9 | 70°6 | 62°5 | 51-1 | 4or2 | 3071 
17, 26°3 | 28:2 | 36:3 | 47°4 | 57°6 | 67°6 | 71°9 | 70°5 | 62°1 | 50°7 | 39°8 | 29°8 
18 26°3 | 28:4 | 36-7 | 47-8 | 58-0 | 67°8 | 72:0 | 70°3 | 61°8 | 50°4 | 39-4 | 296 
19 26°3 | 28-6 | 37-1 | 48:1 | 58-3 | 68-1 | 72-0 | 70-2 | 61-4 | 50-0 | 3gt | 29:4 
20 | 26:2 | 28-8 | 37-4 | 48-4 | 58-7 | 68-3 | 72-0 | 70°0 | 6t-o | 49°7 | 38:7 | 29:2 
21 | 26:2 | 2g0 | 37°8 | 487 | 5g‘0 | 68°5 | 72°1 | 69°8 | 60°6 | 49°3 | 38°3 | 29°0 
22 26°2 | 29:2 | 38:2 | 4gt | 59°4 | 68°8 | 72°1 | 69°6 | 60°2 | 49:0 | 38-0 | 28:8 
93 26°3 | 29°5 | 38:5 | 49:4 | 598 | 69:0 | 72:1 | 69°5 | 59°8 | 48°6 | 37°6 | 28-6 
24 | 26:3 | 29:7 | 38-9 | 49-7 | 60-1 | 69:2 | 72:1 | 69:3 | 59-4 | 48-3 | 37-2 | 28-4 
25 | 26:3 | 29-9 | 39:3 | 5o-1 | 60-4 | 69°4 | 72°1 | 69°1 | 59:0 | 47°9 | 36°8 | 28-2 
26 | 26:3 | 30:2 | 396 | 50°4 | 60°8 | 69°6 | 72°1 | 689 |,58°6 | 47°6 | 36°5 | 28-1 
27 26°3 | 30°5 | 4oro | 50-7 | 61°1 | 69°8 | 721 | 68°6 | 58-1 | 47-2 | 36:1 | 27°9 
28 26°3 | 30°8 | 40°4 | 5r-1 | 61-4 | 70-0 | 72°0 | 68-4 | 57-7 | 46:9 | 358 27°8 
29 26°4 4o'7 | 51-4 | 61:8 | o'r | 72:0 | 68-2 | 57-3 | 46-6 | 35-4 | 27°7 
30 | 26:4 Ait | 51°8 | 62-1 | 70°3 | 72:0 | 67°9 | 56-9 | 46:2 | 35-0 | 27-6 
31 26°4 4G 62°5 71°9 | 67°7 45°9 2775) 
Means,| 26:53 28:11| 36:09) 46°84 57:28] 66:96) 71-66] 70°32, 62°50, 51-10, 40-32, 30-42 


From this table we perceive that the coldest day of the year is 
January 21st or 22d, being 31 days after the winter solstice. The 
warmest day is July 24th or 25th, being 33 days after the summer 
solstice. The interval from minimum to maximum is 184 days, and 
from maximum to minimum is 181. The mean temperature of the 
year is passed through on April 22d and Oct. 22d, which dates divide 
the year into two portions almost exactly equal to each other. 

The ascending and descending branches of the curve of annual 
temperature are almost exactly similar to each other, as is indicated 
by the coéfficients in the formula, page 233, each of the coéfticients 
after the second term, being less than half a degree. This symmetry 


Meteorology of New Haven. 235 


is doubtless in part the result of the long series of observations by 
which the influence of irregular causes has been eliminated, and this 
curve doubtless affords a near approximation to the average climate 
of New Haven. 

The following table shows the highest as well as the lowest tem- 
peratures observed for each month of the year, together with the 
date of the observation and the name of the observer. These obsery- 
ations were generally made at fixed hours, which were not always 
those of the highest or lowest temperature. In such cases, in order 
to obtain the true maximum or minimum, a small correction has been 
applied which was deduced from the table of the diurnal variation 
given on page 232. 


3 
6 
3 
5 
Oct., 83 ee : Pres, Jeremiah Faye 
5 
2 
6 


Year, | 102! 1864 Prof. Elias Loomis. |/-24) 1835 


Month. | Max. | Dake. ae Observers. Min. Me Pasig ae Observers. Range. 
| Year Day.’ ae Year Day.) 
¥ : Dr. Alfred 8. M : 
; r. Alfred S. Monson, 
Jan. | 64 1833) 5 |Dr. Alfred S. Monson. |/-24) 1835) 5 } Rodney Burton. 88 
Feb. | 68 1810) 26 |Pres. Jeremiah Day. |/-16) 1855) 7 | Rodney Burton. 84 
| | ; , |_ |§ Dr. Alfred S. Monson, 
Mareh| 76 1845} 28 Col. Enos Cutler. |- 9) 1835) 2 | } Rodney Burton, 85 
Aptil,| 85) 1844) 15 |Col. Enos Cutler. 11] 1847; 1 | Col. Enos Cutler. 74 
May, | 94) 1845) 12 Col. Enos Cutler. 27 sy 2 | Edward ©. Herrick. | 67 
: ae : (1767) 2] Pres, Ezra Stiles, 
June, | 102 1864) 26 | Prof. Elias Loomis. 35) 5 1816 prenbaerennan Day. 67 
July, | ror) 1798 Hezekiah Howe. 44, 1814 13 | Pres. Jeremiah Day.| 57 
Aug., | 98. } 1789 ISIN BUSS ; 39} 1834) 29 | Dr. Alfred S. Monson.) 59 


Prof. Elias Loomis. 
Pres. Ezra Stiles. 27| 1834) 30 | Dr. Alfred S.Monson.| 65 


1836) 28 | Dr. AlfredS.Monson.| 64 


Rev. David L. Ogden. rg 

Pres. Ezra Stiles, 

Pres. Jeremiah Day. 
Pres. Jeremiah Day. | -11) 1831) 16 | Dr. AlfredS.Monson| 79 


\ Dr. Alfred S. Monson a6 
i (Rodney Burton. 


2} 1786; 29 | Pres. Ezra Stiles. 72 


The principal results of the preceding tables are graphically repre- 
sented by curves on the accompanying plates. 

Plate I exhibits the mean daily curve of temperature for each 
month of the year, and also for the average of the entire year accord- 
ing to the table on page 230. The hours of the day are shown at 
the top and bottom of the page, and the degrees of temperature upon 
the right and left margins. The general resemblance of the curves 
for the different months is quite remarkable; and especially the fact 
that no two of the curves intersect each other. 

Plates IJ and III exhibit what Major General Sabine designates as 
chrono-isothermal lines, being designed to show the temperature at 
the several hours of the day on each day of the year. Plate II ex- 
hibits the isothermals which are comprised between the mean temper- 


236 Meteorology of New Haven. 


ature of the year and the highest isothermal; the two variables being 
the hour of the day, and the day of the year. The hours of the day 
are indicated by equidistant vertical lmes which are numbered at 
both top and bottom; while the beginning and middle of each month 
are indicated by the horizontal lines. The smallest curve on this 
map shows at what hours and upon what months the mean tempera- 
ture of New Haven is 78°. The next curve shows at what hours, 
and upon what months the mean temperature is 76°, and so on. 
These curves show an unexpected degree of symmetry, which is 
probably due to the length of the series of observations, by which 
the influence of irregular causes is mostly eliminated. 

Plate III exhibits the isothermals which are comprised between 
the mean temperature of the year, and the /owest isothermal. The 
smallest curve on this map shows at what hours, and upon what 
months the mean temperature of New Haven is 22°. The next curve 
shows at what hours and upon what months the mean temperature is 
24°, and so on. These curves are less symmetrical than the preced- 
ing, being crowded much more closely together in the morning than 
in the evening hours; indicating that in winter the temperature 
changes much more rapidly in the morning than in the evening, An 
effect of the same kind is noticeable in summer, but is somewhat less 
conspicuous than in winter. 

In order to determine whether the mean temperature of New Haven 
has changed since the time of the earliest recorded observations, we 
have divided the entire series of observations into two groups, the 
first embracing the observations down to 1820, forming a series of 41 
years; the second embracing the observations since 1820, forming a 
series of 45 years. The mean temperature of each month according 
to the two series of observations is shown in the following table; the 
mean of the observations being reduced to the true mean temperature 
by applying the correction from the table on page 232. 


i Se +o irs c a 
Months. cae ea DIRS TeRCe MRC, eth | ae Disioreuce 
| 

S 2 e | ° ° | ° 
January, 26°31 26°73 +0°42 | July, 71°70 71°62 -0'08 
February, 28:08 28 16 +0°08 ‘August, 70 80 | 69°88 -0'92 
March, 35:80 36 36 40°56 ||September,, 62°84 | 62:20 -0'64 
April, 47°17 46:53 | -o64 |!October, 51:28 | 50°93 -0'35 
May, 57°26 57°30 40°04 | November,| 40:04 | 40°59 40°55 
June, 67°47 66:51 0:96 ||December,| 30°56 | 30:29 | -027 


———_ 


These differences are generally small, with repeated changes of 
sign; which seems to indicate that they are mainly due to those 
irregular causes which render the mean temperature of a given 


Meteorology of New Haven. 237 


month of one year, so unlike that of the same month in some differ- 
ent year. 
If we make the comparison by seasons, the numbers are 


Seasons. First series. Second series. Difference. 

cece yal. aig ° ° 
Winter, 28-32 28°39 +0°07 
Spring, 46:74 46°73 -O'01 
Summer, 69°99 69°34 -0'65 
Autumn, 51°39 51°24 -015 
Year, 491} 48 93 | -0'18 


The final result is that the mean temperature of New Haven by 
the last 45 years, is one-fifth of a degree lower than by the first 41 
years; but this quantity does not exceed the probable zero error of 
most of the thermometers employed in the observations; and we must 
conclude that if the mean temperature of New Haven has changed 
at all since 1778, the change amounts to only a small fraction of a 
degree, and cannot be certainly decided from the observations. It is 
however, noticeable that the difference for the summer months is 
quite large, considering the length of the period from which the re- 
sult is deduced, and seems to indicate a slight moderation in the heat 
of our summers. <A careful examination of the preceding tables will 
show a remarkable excess of high temperatures for summer at the 
mid-day observation during the years from 1778 to 1803, from which 
it is reasonable to conclude that the thermometers of Pres. Stiles and 
Messrs. Beers and Howe were not as well protected from reflected 
heat as were the thermometers in most of the subsequent observations. 
Some influence may be ascribed to the increased number and size of 
our shade trees, within the last half century, by which means ther- 
mometers are generally better sheltered from the rays of the sun re- 
flected from buildings or a sandy soil. 

One of the most important features of a climate is its liability to 
late frosts in spring, and early frosts in autumn. We have endeay- 
ored to determine from the journals the average date of these frosts, 
but it is obvious from an inspection of the records that the frosts in 
many instances were not recorded. It is thought that we may obtain 
more reliable data for comparison, if we fix upon a certain tempera- 
ture as indicated by the observations of the thermometer. We have 
therefore selected from the journals for each year the last instance 
before midsummer, in which the thermometer sunk as low as 40°, and 
whenever mention is made of a frost at that date, the record is cop- 
ied in the following table. We have also selected from the journals 
for each year, the first date after midsummer in which the thermom- 


238 


Meteorology of New Haven. 


eter sunk as low as 40°, and whenever mention is made of a frost at 


the same date the record is copied in the following table. 


It is pre- 


sumed that in nearly every one of these instances, a slight frost must 
have occurred in low and exposed places. 


LAST FROST OF SPRING. 


Years. Date. | Temp. 
° 
1778 
1779 |May 6} 4o 
1780 |May 20} 40 
1781 |May 26 | 4o 
1782 |May 5| 38 
1783 |May 20 | 39 
1784 May 18 37 
1785 {May 11 | 38 (Frost. 
1786 |May 18 | 39 
1797 \\Sune: 26\ edo 
1788 |May 11 | 35 
1789 |May 27 38 Frost. 
| 1790 |May 17 | 40 
1791 |May 14 | 4o 
1792 [May 18 | 34 /Frost. 
1793 |May 16 39 Frost. 
1794 |May 18 | 40 |Frost. 
1796 |May 40 
1797 |May 15 | 37 |Frost. 
1798 May 19/| 40 
1799 |May 12 | 35 Snow squalls. 
1800 |May 10 | 4o 
18or |May 15 | 4o 
1802 |May 21 | 40 
| 1803 |May 13 | 4o 
1804 |May 14 | 39 
1805 |May 31 | 39 
1806 |June 4} 40 Frost. 
1807 |May 18 | 40 
1808 |May 23 | 40 |Frost. 
1809 |May g/| 4o 
1810 |May 22 | 39 (Frost. 
1811 |May 31 | 40 
1812 May 19 4o 
1813 |May 20] 4o 
1814 |May 18 | 4o 
1815 |May 19) 38 | 
| 1816 |June 11 | 35 |Frost. 
1817 May 31 | 4o 
1818 May 20 | 38 
| 1819 |May 28 | 38 /|Frost. 
1820 |May 10 | 38 
Mean = 
40 years, May 19'1| 38:7 


FIRST FROST OF AUTUMN. 


Date. Temp. 
_ : eerste 
September 4 | 39 
September 26 | 37 
October 3 | 37 |Ice. 
October 4| 38 
September 2 | 4o 


September 15 


34 {Ice 4 inch thick. 


September 30 | 40 
September 14 | 40 |Frost. 
September 16 | 37 
September 21 | 39 
September 19 | 4o |Frost. 
September 24 | 36 |Frost. 
September 18 | 4o |Frost. 
September 1 | 37 |Ice. 
September 18 | 37 Ice, 
September 21 | 40 |Frost. 
October 8, || 937 
September 20 | 40 
September 29 | 39 |Frost. 
October 1 | 39 |Frost. 
October 4} 39 
September 12 | 40 |Frost. 
September 25 | 40 |Frost. 
September 28 | 4o 


September 30 
September 24 
September II 
October 6 
September 22 


September 7 


34 |Frost and ice. 
39 |Frost. 

36 |Hard frost. 
32 |White frost. 


40 |White frost. 


September 17 | 40 

| September 22 | 40 
September 24 | 34 |Frost, 
October 12 | 39 
September 26 | 40 
September 28 36 
August 22 40 Frost. 
October 2 | 34 |White frost. 
September 27 | 40 
October 4 | 38 
September 26 | 37 |Frost. 
September 22:2) 38:1 


Years. 


T82r 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 


1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 


1831 
1832 
1833 
1834 
1835 


1836 
1837 
1838 
1839 
1840 


1841 
1842 
1843 
1844 
1845 


1846 
1847 
1848 
184 

1852 


1851 
1852 
1853 
1854 
1855 


1856 
1857 
1858 
1859 
1860 


1861 
1862 
1863 
1864 
1865 


Mean 
45 years, 


LAST FROST OF 


SPRING. 


Date. | Temp. 
° 

May 22] 39 
May 26} 40 
May 30| 4o 
May 26] 39 
May 16 | 39 
May 10} 38 
May 13] 40 
May 9] 40 
May 14} 36 
May 22] 4o 
May 10] 35 
May 25] 33 
May 4] 40 
May 17| 38 
May 23 | 39 
May 31 | 40 
May 9| 38 
May To) | 30 
May 12] 40 
May 26 | 4o 
May 16 | 39 
May 21 | 33 
June 2 | 36 
May 22 | 4o 
May 31 | 35 
May 22 | 37 
May 6| 37 
May 11] 4o 
May 7| 37 
May 22 39 
May 5 | ‘37 
May 4] 38 
May 6/ 36 
May 8| 4o 
May 20] 39 
May 30] 36 
May 19] 4o 
May 29 | 37 
June 12 | 37 
May 16] 38 
May 30] 37 
May 29] 38 
May 16/| 4o 
June Ir | 41 
May 13] 4o 
May 18-9} 38-2 


Frost. 


Frost, 
Black frost. 
Black frost. 


Frost. 
Frost. 
Frost. 


White frost. 
White frost. 


Frost. 

Very heavy frost. 
Heavy frost. 
Frost. 

Frost. 


Frost. 


Frost. 


Snow and sleet. 


Ice + inch thick. 


Frost. 


Slight frost. 
Frost. 


Meteorology of New Haven. 


239 


FIRST FROST OF AUTUMN. 


Date. 


September 
September 
September 
September 
September 


October 
October 
October 
September 
September 


September 
September 
August 


| August 
| September 


September 
September 
September 
September 
September 


October 

September 
September 
September 
September 


September 
September 
September 
October 

September 


September 
September 
September 
September 
September 


September 
September 
August 

September 
September 


October 

September 
September 
September 


September 
September 20°4) 38-2 


Temp. 


Frost. 


Hard white frost. 
Large frost. 
Frost. 


| White frost. 
\Frost. 


Slight frost. 


(Frost. 
| 


'Frost. 


‘Severe frost. 
| Frost. 


Slight frost. 
Severe frost. 


Frost. 


Frost. 


Frost. 
Frost. 


Frost, 


Slight frost. 
Slight frost. 


240 Meteorology of New Haven. 


Taking the average of the dates and temperatures for the two 
series of years before and after 1820, we obtain the following results : 


Date. | Temp. Date. Temp. 
| 


o 
First series, May 191 38-7 Sept. 22°2 38:1 
Second series, | May 189 | 38-2 | Sept. 20°4 38-2 
Difference, =o:2 | =07°5 * - 18] +01 


These numbers agree perhaps as well as could be expected upon 
the supposition that no permanent change of climate has occurred. 

Another phenomenon which affords a standard for comparing dif- 
ferent climates, is the time of occurrence of the first and last appear- 
ance of snow during the winter season. We have therefore made a 
careful comparison of all the meteorological journals, and have deter- 
mined as accurately as possible the dates of these phenomena, together 
with the depth of the snow. The results are shown in the following 
table. Column 2d gives the date of the last snow in the spring of 
the year, the snow being sufficient in quantity to be measured, or to 
whiten the surface of the ground. Column 3d contains the date of 
the last recorded appearance of snow in quantities too small to be 
measured, being generally designated by ‘a snow squall,’ or ‘a few 
flakes of snow.’ Columns 4 and 5 contain similar information respect- 
ing the first appearance of snow in the autumn. 


Meteorology of New Haven. 


241 


First snow of 


Year. |Last snow of winter. Last flakes of snow. First flakes of snow. E 
winter. 

1778 Noy. 19 Dee. 10 

1779 |Apr. 18 

1780 |Mar. 31 Nov. 1 

1781 |Apr. 2 Nov. 21 

1782 |Mar. 11, 3 inches. Noy. 20, 3 inches. 
1783 |Mar. 22, 1 inch. Nov. 11 Nov. 12, 3 inches. 
1784 |Apr. 11, 2 inches. Dee. 10, 3 inches. 
1785 |Apr. 19, I inch. Oct. 26, snow squalls.|Nov. 24, 1 inch. 
1786 |Apr. 2,6inches. Oct. 30, 2 inches. 
1787 |Mar. 9, 2 inches|April 21 Noy. 30 
1788 |Mar. 23 Mar. 28, snow squalls. Nov. 26, 1 inch. 
1789 |Apr. 1 Apr. 21 Nov. 4 Dec. 3,1 inch. 
1790 /Apr. 28, 1 inch. Nov. 7 Nov. 27, 6 inches. 
1791 |Apr.14 _ Oct. 17 Nov. 3, 4 inches. 
1792 |Mar. 16, 3 inches. Noy. 23 
1793 |Mar. 21 Oct. 29 Noy. 13 
1794 |Mar. 6 Nov. 12 Noy. 14, 8 inches. 
1795 |Mar. 31 Noy. 23, snow squalls. Dec. 3 
1796 |Mar. 18, 4 inches. Dec. 2 
1797 |Apr. 18, 3 inches. Nov. 17 

1798 |Apr. 3 Apr. 16, snow squalls. |Oct. 31 Nov. 1, 2 inches. 
1799 |Apr. 2 May 12, snow squalls. |Noy. 3 Dec. 1,1 inch, 
1800 |Apr. 14 Apr. 14 Nov. 14 Noy. 21 
1801 | Apr. 10 Nov. 21, 1 inch. 
1802 |Mar. 29 Nov. I Noy. 3 
1803 |Mar. 31 May 8 Novy. 10 Dec. 15, 1 inch. 
1804 |Mar. 30, ¢ inch. Noy. 12, snow squall. Dec. 4, 2 inches. 
1805 |Feb. 28,1 inch. |Mar. 12, slight. Noy. 20 Nov. 24, 4 inch. 
1806 |Apr. 8,1inch. |Apr.15 Noy. 16 Dec. 3, 4 inches. 
1807 |Mar. 31,1 inch. |Aypr. 13 Oct. 27 Dec. 15, inch. 
1808 |Mar.15,1 inch. |Apr. 9 Nov. 15 Dec. 24, 4 inch. 
1809 |Mar. 15, 2 inches,|Apr. 26 Nov. 9 Noy. 20, t inch. 
1810 |Mar. 26, 5 inches.,|Apr. 1 Oct. 23 Oct. 31,4 inch. 
1811 Apr. 11, 4 inches. Oct. 26 Noy. 20, 4 inch. 
1812 |Apr. 13, 2 inches. Dec. 2, 2 inches. 
1813 |Mar. 16, 1 inch. Noy. 14, 4 inch. 
1814 |Mar. 21, 5 inches. Nov. 19 Novy. 27, 4 inch. 
1815 |Mar. 29, 1 inch. Dec. 12 Dec. 30, 9 inches. 
1816 |Apr. 11, I inch. Dec. 9 

1817 |Mar. 28, 2 inches. Noy. 22, 1 inch. 
1818 |Mar. 28, 2 inches.|Apr. 21, snow squalls. |Noy. 18 Dec. 1,2 inches. 
1819 |Mar. 16, 4 inches.|Mar. 19 Oct. 25 Nov. 28, 2 inches. 
1820 |Apr. 2, 1inch. |Apr. 7 Nov. 12, 9 inches. 
Mean 

42 |March 29:7 April 13-1 Noy, 81 Noy. 24-4 
years, 


31 


242 Meteorology of New Haven. 
Year. |Last snow of winter. Last flakes of snow. First flakes of snow. Biretoes of 
1821 |Apr. 17, 3 inches. Noy. 13 Nov. 30 
1822 |Mar. 8 Nov. 26, snow squall. |Dec. 3, 1 inch. 
1823 |Mar. 3o, 8 inches. Oct. 26 Nov. 25 
1824 |Mar. 18, 3 inches. Oct. 24 Dec. 4 
1825 |Apr. 3 Noy. 20 
1826 |Apr. 10 Nov. 4,a few flakes. |Nov. 23 
1827 |Mar. 20 Mar. 21, snow squall. Nov. 7,1 inch. 
1828 |Mar. 15, 6 inches.| A pr. 13, snow squalls. Noy. 14 
1829 |Mar. 22, 3 inches.) Apr. 11 Nov. 14, 1 inch 
1830 |Mar. 26, 4 inches. Noy. 30 
1831 |Mar. 19 Dee. 1 
1832 Apr. 3 Dec. 1 
1833 |Mar. 11 = Noy. 25 
1834 |Mar. 24, slight, |Apr. 27 Nov. 16, a few flakes, |Dec. 13 
1835 |Apr. 16 Apr. 25 Nov. 23, 4 inches 
1836 |Mar. 29 Nov. 3 Nov. 29 
1837 |Mar. 5 Nov. 24 
1838 |Apr. 14 Oct. 31 Nov. 18 
1839 |Mar. 3,1 inch. Apr. 14 Noy. 10, snow squall. Nov. 20, light. 
1840 |Apr. 1 Oct. 25 Nov. 19, 2 inches, 
1841 }Apr. 14, 8 inches. Oct... 3 Noy. 8,1 inch 
1842 |Mar. 24, 2 inches. Nov. 24 
1843 |Apr. 5 Apr. 19 Nov. 7 Nov. 8 
1844 |Mar. 31, 4 inch. Nov. 24, snow squall. |Nov. 28, 2 inches, 
1845 |Apr. 7,1 inch. |Apr.11,snow squalls, |Nov. 17, a few flakes. |Nov. 30, 1 inch. 
1846 |Mar. 6,1 inch. |Apr.13,snow squalls. |Oct. 29 Nov. 25, 1 inch. 
1847 |Apr. 2, 2 inches.|Apr. 13, snow squalls. |Noy. 25 Dec. 16, } inch. 
1848 |Apr. 19, 5 inches. Nov. 9 Nov. 12, 6 inches. 
1849 |Mar. 27, 3 inches.|Apr. 19, flurries of snow. Dec. 2, 1 inch. 
1850 |Apr. 13 Nov, 18, 4 inch. 
1851 |Apr. 20, 5inches.|May 5, snow and sleet.|Noyv. 4,a few flakes. |Nov. 25, 1 inch. 
1852 |Apr. 6, 8 inches. Apr. 13, snow squalls. Dec, 13 
1853 |Apr. 17 Dec, 23 
1854 |Apr. £7 Dec. 3 
1855 |Mar. 26 Noy. 21 
1856 |Mar. 24 Mar. 28 Nov. 15 Noy. 29 
1857 |Mar. 11 Apr. 20 Noy. 21, slight. Dec. 5 
1858 |Mar. 8 Mar. II Nov. 14 Noy. 28 
1859 |Mar. 8 Nov. 14 Noy. 28 
1860 |Mar. 22 Apr. 26 Dec. 4 
1861 j|Apr. 3 Noy. 15 
1862 |Apr. g, $ inch. Noy. 7, 2 inches. 
1863 |Apr. 8,4 inch. Dec. 11, 3 inches. 
1864 |Mar. 23, 3 inch. ov. 5, snow squall. Dec. 10, 3 inches. 
1865 |Mar. 2,4inch. |Mar. 24, snow squalls. Dec. 7, 2 inches. 
Mean 

45 |March 28:1 April 12:2 Nov. 7°8 Nov, 26:3 

years, 


The slight differences between the average dates in the two series 
of observations are sufficiently explained by the loose manner in 


which many of the journals were kept, without supposing any per- 
manent change of climate during the interval. 


Meteorology of New Haven. 243 


The time of flowering of fruit trees also affords important informa- 
tion respecting the character of a climate. We have therefore pre- 
pared the following table, indicating, as far as could be ascertained, 
the time of flowering of six of the most common fruit trees, 


Time of flowering of fruit trees. 


Year. Apricot. Peach, Cherry. Plum. Pear. Apple. 
1779 April 14 

1780 May 10 
1781 May 3 May 6 

1782 May 3 

1783 April 29 April 29 

1784 May 11 
1785 May 8 May 19 
1786 May 5 May 5 May 5 | May 10 
1787 April 29 April30 | May 6 
1788 May 5 
1789 May 18 May 18 | May 24 | May 29 
1790 May 9 May 17 
1791 May 2 May 4 | May 13 
1792 April 28 May ! 
1793 April 21 May 4 
1794 April 15 April 15 May 6 
1799 April 30 May 10 
1796 April 28 May 3 
1797 May 2 May 12 
1798 April 30 May 4 
1799 May 8 May 15 
1800 April 26 May 6 
1801 May 1 May 6 
1802 April 30 May 5 
1803 April 22 May 5 | 
1804 May 7 May 14 
1805 April 16 April 18 April 20 May 6 
1806 May 1 May 6 May 20 
1807 May 1 May 10 May 19 
1808 | April24 | April28 | April 29 May 10 
18 May 3 May 33 May iI May 24 
abi y y May 1 May 1! 
1811 April 20 April 30 May 7 
1812 May 6 May 20 June ! 
1813 May 19 
1814 April 28 May 4 May 10 
1815 April 26 May 23 
1816 May 3 May 20 
1817 May 11 
1818 May 8 May 20 May 25 | May 27 
1819 May 23 
1820 May 7 


Mean, April 28 | May 19 May aa May 2 May 9 | May 12-7 


244 Meteorology of New Haven. 
Time of flowering of fruit trees. 

Year. Apricot. Peach. Cherry. Plum. Pear. Apple 
1891 May 17 
1822 May 5 May 5 May ¢ 
1823 April 29 May 14 May 14 May 17 May 19 
1824 April 30 May 1 May 2 May 5 May 11 
1825 April r1 April 20 April 20 April27 | May 1 
1826 May 7 
1827 April 9 April 23 April22 | April22 | May 8 
1828 April28 | May 8 April 28 | May 8 
1829 May 8 May II 
1830 April 22 May 2 
1831 May 2 
1832 May 12 May 15 
1833 ; May 9 
1834 Aprili7 | April17 May 5 
1835 May 9 May 24 
1836 May 14 May 14 
1837 May 23 
1838 ; May 16 May 17 May 20 | May 21 
1839 April 19 April 26 April 26 May 6 
1840 April 19 April 26 May 1! 
i841 May 13 May 13 May 20 
1842 April 16 April 17 April 23 | May 4 
1843 May 8 May 15 May 14 May 18 
1844 April 25 April 25 April 27 May 3 May 6 
1845 April 29 April 29 April2g | May 6 | May 6 
1846 April 30 April 30 April3o | May 6 | May 6 
1847 May 7 May 7 May 21 
1848 May I May 1 May 6 May 11 
1849 May 8 May 4 May 14 May 17 | May 20 
1850 May 6 May 8 May 12 | May 22 
1851 May 5 May 14 
1852 May If May 20 
1853 April29 | April 30 May 12 
1854 April 25 May 6 
1855 April 28 May 4 May 6 May 11 
1856 May 9 May 3 May 12 
1857 May 12 May 21 
1858 May 6 May 13 
1859 May 4 May 7 
1860 May 4 May 5 May 16 
1861 May 13 | May 15 
1862 April 29 May 10 
1863 May 10 May 34 
1864 May 1 May 6 May 8 May 7 May 13 | May 17 
1865 April 18 April2g | May 1 April30 | May 4 | May 12 
Mean,| April21 | May 2-3 | May 4 | May 2 | May 7 | May 127 


Meteorology of New Haven. 245 


The average results for the two series of years preceding and fol- 
lowing 1820, are as follows: 


Apricot. Peach. | Cherry. Plum, Pear. Apple. 


First series, April 28 May 1'9 | May 2 May 2 May 9 | May 12:7 
Second series,| April 21 May 23 | May 4 May 2 May 7 | May 12:1 
Difference, | STE ieoe: +2 +0 —2 ~ 06 


The number of observations of the apricot is too small to afford a 
reliable average, and moreover this tree frequently shows a few blos- 
soms a full fortnight before the time of general flowering. But little 
importance therefore is attached to these observations of the apricot. 
For the five remaining trees the times of flowering before and since 
1820 agree remarkably well, especially for the peach and apple, for 
which the observations are most numerous; and since the differences 
for these two trees are not only small but have contrary signs, we 
must conclude that in the temperature of spring there has been no 
appreciable change within the past 86 years. 

If we bring together the principal results of the last three tables, 
we shall more readily perceive their bearing upon the question of 
permanence of climate. The following table exhibits the most im- 
portant results. 


First series. Second series. Difference. 
Last snow of wizter, March 29°7 March 28:1 -1'6 
Peach trees in blossom,) May = 1°9 May 2°3 +0°4 
Apple trees inblossom,| May 12°7 May 12°1 -0'6 
Last frost of spring, May 191 May 189 -0'2 
First frost of autumn, | Sept. 22-2 Sept. 20:4 *-1°8 
First snow of winter, | Nov. 24-4 Nov. 26:3 +19 


The differences between the two series of observations, as shown 
in the Jast column, are sometimes positive and sometimes negative ; 
the average of all the differences being negative, and amounting to 
not quite one-third of a day. 

When we consider that the observations which are here compared 
were made by more than twenty different persons, without concert 
and without any uniform system of observation; that the subjects of 
observation are in their very nature somewhat indefinite; and that 
many of these records were casually made without any idea that 
special importance would ever be attached to them; we must admit 
that the small discrepancy of one-third of a day may have resulted 
from the want of uniformity in the system of observations, without 
implying the slightest permanent change in the character of our 
climate. 


246 Meteorology of New Haven. 


We conclude therefore, finally, that during the past 86 years there 
has been no permanent change at New Haven either in the mean 
temperature of the year, or in that of any of the separate months; 
and that there has been no permanent change in the average date of 
occurrence of the last frost of spring, or the first frost of autumn— 
of the first snow of winter, or the last snow of winter—or in the 
average date of flowering of fruit trees, such as peach, cherry, ete. 


CON PRN TS: 


. Page. 
Art, J.—A Recister oF THE AURORA BoREALIS AT NEW 


Havin, Conn., From Marcu, 1837, to May, 1854. 
By Epwarp C. Herricx, Librarian of Yale Coltege, 9 
Extracts FRoM AN AURORAL REGISTER KEPT AT 


New Haven, Conn., sy Mr. Fgancis Braviey, 139 


Arr. I.—Noricres or AURORAS EXTRACTED FROM THE ME- 
TEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL OF Rev. Ezra STILEs, 
S.T.D., formerly President of Yale College; to 
which are added, Notices oF A FEW OTHER AU- 
RORAS RECORDED BY OTHER OBSERVERS, AT NEW 
Haven, Conn., collected and arranged by Prof. 


BTEAS MO OMISS sot dreicls jaro Laldienseekoneeaccs site LOD 


Art. I.—On Brexxer’s DigAMMATED TExT oF Homer. By 


tot. DAMES TLUADUEY: cede ce ddlesndedssdeecclsce Lis 


Art, [V.—On THE MEAN TEMPERATURE, AND ON THE FLUcTU- 
ATIONS OF TEMPERATURE AT NEw Haven, Conn., 
Lat. 41° 18’ N., Long. 72° 55’ W. of Greenwich. 
By Professors Erias Loomis and H. A, Newron, 194 


PLATE I b 


AN. 
fate, 


Mean daily curve of temperature for each month. 


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PLATE Il. Chrono-Isothermals. Between the highest and the mean temperature. 


“MAA OLIO UATIN AL TLS’ LSDODV ‘ATAL IANO AVIV Td is 


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7) 


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AVOUT “AUVONVE LLIN LLL ‘MATINGAON “MELOLIO 
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‘AUVANWE MADINA) OL UAGNANON MILOLIO 


WV. Nores on tae Rapiata in THE Museum or YALE CoLiEesr, 
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND Species. By A. E, 
VERRILL. 


Read, Jan. 16th, 1867. 


No. 1. Descriptions of new Starfishes from New Zealand. 


The following interesting species of New Zealand starfishes were 
sent from Peru by Mr. F. H. Bradley, to whom they were given for 
our Museum by Henry Edwards, Esq. 

They afford a partial illustration of the little known Echinoderm 
fauna of the Southern Ocean. They contrast strongly with those of 
the Northern Hemisphere. 


Coelasterias, gen. nov. 

Large starfishes, with four rows of ambulacral suckers, and large, 
swollen rays (eleven in the typical species), which are free to near the 
base, and are united beneath by a group of interradial plates. Inter- 
ambulacral plates united directly to the first row of ventral plates, 
and these to a second row of larger plates without the intervention 
of open spaces like those seen in Asterias. Dorsal surface with large, 
strong, imbricated, irregularly arranged ossicles or plates, bearing 
short, very numerous spines. 

This genus is more closely allied to Asterias (Asteracanthion) than 
to Heliaster, and approaches still nearer to Stichaster, but appears 
very distinct from either. The excessive development of the abac- 
tinal system over the ambulacral is its most remarkable characteristic. 
In this respect it contrasts strongly with the next genus. The form 
and general aspect is that of a Solaster. 


Ceelasterias australis Verrill, sp. nov. 

Rays eleven, in the only specimen seen, large, inflated, rounded, 
tapering rapidly to the end. Disk of moderate size, swollen; radius 
of disk to length of rays, measuring from the center, as 2:6. The tri- 
angular interradial space beneath is occupied by a cluster of irregular 
stout plates, mostly without spines. Ambulacral grooves relatively 
narrow and shallow, the pores small and crowded, in four well-marked 
rows. The interambulacral plates usually bear alternately one and 
two spines, which are long and rather slender toward the mouth, but 
short, thick and obtuse toward the end of the ray, and much crowded 
in indistinct rows. The next row of plates is united directly to 

TRANS. ConnNEcCTICUT ACAD., VOL. I. 32 FEBRUARY, 1867. 


248 Verrill, Notes on Radiata, 


these, and the plates are small, longest lengthwise of the ray, and each 
bears a short, thick spine, but little larger than the preceding, and 
forming a regular, rather open row. Exterior to these is another 
ventral row of large, strong, imbricated, prominent plates, each bear- 
ing at its summit two very thick, short, obtuse spines, much larger 
than the interambulacral ones, and arranged in a single row, and on 
their external side each plate usually supports two or more short, 
rounded, much smaller spines, the largest of which usually form a reg- 
ularrow. The plates of the first lateral row are much elongated trans- 
versely to the ray, imbricated and strong, and so united to the ven- 
tral as to leave large openings between; each bears about twelve 
small, short, rounded, clavate spines, which are placed along the plates 
in single or double rows transverse to the ray. The plates of the 
median dorsal row have a similar form, and bear a similar transverse 
row of spines, which are somewhat larger. Between these and the first 
row of lateral plates the plates are irregular in form and arrangement, 
but short and imbricated, with unequal openings between, forming, 
about five indistinct rows, all covered with groups of short sub-glob- 
ular spines, giving an even appearance to the surface, but with large 
vacant spaces between. Madreporic plate, small, of fine texture, situ- 
ated a little nearer to the center of the disk than its edge. Minor ped- 
icellariz few, at the bases of the spines and on the spaces between, 
longer than broad, obtuse, somewhat compressed, constricted near 
the base. A few major pedicellariz, scattered on the dorsal surface 
and on the interradial surface beneath, are much larger and stouter, 
with enlarged bases and obtuse tips. 
Greatest diameter 11 inches; disk 4; width of rays at base 1°25. 


= §) 


Aukland, New Zealand,—H. Edwards. 


Coscinasterias, gen. nov. 

Starfishes with many rays, which are elongated, slender, and united 
only at the base, without interradial plates beneath. Disk small. Am- 
bulacra broad, highly developed, suckers very numerous, in four 
rows. Spines promment, arranged in longitudinal rows on the rays. 
Dorsal surface with large, scattered pedicellarie. Madreporic plate 
large, irregular, often with several accessory ones placed irregularly 
on various parts of the disk. Dorsal plates (ossicles) arranged much 
as in Asterias. 

The excessive development of the rays and ambulacral system, 
compared with the disk or central cavity, is the most characteristic 
feature of this genus. 

The Asterias aster Gray, probably belongs to this genus, but is too 
imperfectly described for identification. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 249 


Coscinasterias muricata Verrill, sp. nov. 

Rays nine to eleven, slender, tapering, rounded above, flat below 
owing to the width of the ambulacra, narrowed at the base, five to 
seven times as long as the radius of the disk, which is small. Ambu- 
lacral furrows shallow and broad, with very numerous small suckers, 
crowded in four rows. Interambulacral plates thin, somewhat imbri- 
cated, connected with the lateral plates by a row of small, stout 
ossicles which alternate with small rounded pores. Each interam- 
bulacral plate usually bears a long, slender, tapering spine; these 
are arranged in a single close row. External to these is a row of 
distant, longer and stouter cylindrical spines, arising singly from 
the connecting ossicles between the interambulacral and ventral 
plates. The latter are strong and imbricated, each usually bearing 
two longer and stouter blunt spines, which form a crowded double 
row, along the sides of the arm. Ossicles of the upper surface 
very stout, bearing strong, acute spines, which are arranged in 
about five open rows, the median and two external alone reaching 
the base of the ray; those of the median row are somewhat larger, 
and all are surrounded by close wreaths of minute pedicellariz. On 
the disk they are smaller and loosely scattered, often obtuse. The 
major pedicellariz are numerous, scattered over the whole dorsal sur- 
face and between the ventral spines, and also form a row within the 
edge of the ambulacral furrow. They vary considerably in size and 
form upon different parts. Most of those of the dorsal surface are 
stout, oval, compressed, pointed, nearly twice as long as wide, about 
‘05 of an inch long, while with them are others of similar form not 
half as large. Those in the ambulacral furrows are even longer, but 
more acutely pointed. The madreporic plates are variable in number 
and size as well as position. One appears to be always in its normal 
position and near the edge of the disk, while the accessory ones are 
introduced at various points around the disk, but at about the same 
distance from the margin. Sometimes, when there are but two and 
the rays are in even numbers, they are directly opposite and in the 
same transverse plane. A specimen with eleven rays has two contig- 
uous ones and another separated by four rays, each being composed 
of several pieces united. One specimen has but one large, convex 
madreporic plate. 

The largest specimen is 7°5 inches in diameter across the rays, with 
a disk 1-25 inches in diameter; rays *5 broad; interambulacral spines, 
‘15 long. 

Aukland, New Zealand,—H. Edwards. 


250 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Asterina (Asteriscus) regularis Verrill, sp. nov. 

Pentagonal, depressed, with the interradial spaces evenly concave, 
and the rays short, broad and acute; greatest radius to least as 15: 10. 
Ambulacral pores large; interambulacral plates each with two slender 
acute spines, forming a single row. Those near the mouth larger, ob- 
tuse and flattened. Ventral plates of the first row stout and promi- 
nent, each bearing a conical, acute spine, twice as large as the preced- 
ing. Exterior to these the ventral or interradial plates are flattened 
and imbricated, diminishing in size as they recede from the center) 
each bearing an acute conical spine; these diminish in size like the 
plates, the larger ones being about as thick as the interambulacral 
spines, but shorter; near the margin these spines become very small 
and crowded, many of the plates bearing two. Plates of the upper 
surface rather large, increasing toward the center, regularly imbri- 
cated, the free margin evenly rounded and thin, bearing near the end 
a cluster of five to nine very small, nearly equal spines; toward the 
center the plates become less regular in form and unequal in size, the 
larger ones often bearing twelve or fourteen spines in a transverse 
cluster. Madreporic plate large and prominent, at about one-third 
of the distance from the center to the margin. The large dorsal pores 
are in groups on the sides and within the bases of the rays, arranged 
in about four rows, which run parallel with the median line of the 
rays, with from six to twelve pores in a row. <A few irregularly ar- 
ranged pores between adjacent rays connect these groups. 

Color, when dried, dark olive-green above, yellow below. 

From center to end of ray 1°5 inches; to edge of disk ‘8. 

Aukland, New Zealand,—H. Edwards. 


Astropecten Edwardsii Verrill, sp. nov. 


Rays five, long, regularly tapering, acute, about four and a half 
times as long as the radius of the disk. Ambulacra broad, interam- 
bulacral plates angular, imbricated, each bearing a cluster of three or 
four slender spines on the inner edge, and two or three smaller ones 
on the outer angle, not forming regular rows. Ventral plates densely 
covered with minute rough spines, each having also a central series of 
sharp spines, the inner ones very small, increasing outwardly to the 
external, marginal ones, which are strong, sharp and slightly curved 
upward, a quarter inch long. The lower marginal plates are opposite 
the upper, and project considerably beyond them. The latter are ele- 
vated and narrow, twenty-eight on each side of a ray, the two at the 
angle between the rays much higher and larger, covered like the rest 
with rough rounded granules, and each surmounted by a stout, blunt 


Verrill, Notes on Radiatu. 251 


tubercle. All the others, except the next two, bear a similar, much 
smaller tubercle, decreasing regularly in size to the end of the ray. 
The two next the basal one of each ray are thinner than the rest 
and without a tubercle. Paxille largest along the center of the rays, 
presenting a crowded even surface. 

Length of ray from center 2°6 inches; radius of disk -6 ; width of 
ray at base ‘7; of median space °4. 

Aukland, New Zealand,—H. Edwards. 


No. 2. Notes on the Echinoderms of Panama and West Coast of 
America, with descriptions of new Genera and Species. 


The materials for this paper have been derived chiefly from the 
collections made by Mr. F. H. Bradley, who has spent nearly a year 
in collecting the marine animals of Panama and adjacent coasts, for 
the Museum of Yale College, and is still engaged in that exploration. 
I am also indebted to the Smithsonian Institution for specimens col- 
lected at Cape St. Lucas by John Xantus, Esq., and others from Cen- 
tral America sent by Capt. J. M. Dow. 


Order, OPHIUROIDEA. 


Astrophyton Panamense Verrill, sp. nov. 

The largest specimen in the collection is about 13 inches in total di- 
ameter, with the disk 1°4. The arms are irregular in their outer divis- 
ions, some of the main trunks dividing 19 or 20 times, with very small 
and slender terminal twigs. The entire surface above and below is 
closely covered with rather coarse granulations, which are rounded 
and even on the radial ribs and upper side of arms, but flattened 
and larger on the lower side of arms, especially at the base; on the 
interradial membrane they are less crowded, rounded, and unequal. 
The ten radial ribs are long and narrow (1 inch long and ‘15 broad 
at middle) much raised and prominent, strongly arched, extending to 
the center, gradually enlarging outwardly to near the end, where 
they suddenly expand to the end, which is truncate, leaving a trans- 
verse cicatrix. Their upper surfaces are slightly convex and have no 
indications of spines or tubercles, being uniformly and coarsely granu- 
lated. The arms are rounded above, with a slight longitudinal groove 
along the center; the joints are distinctly marked by transverse lines 
destitute of granules; beneath they are flat and have, also, a slight 
central depression, and are covered with crowded, pavement-like gran- 
ulations; tentacle-scales two or three, quite distinct, short, spine- 
like, commencing at the third or fourth forks; hooks very small, 
visible only on the terminal twigs. Teeth about eight, strong, blunt- 


252 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


pointed, diminishing in size outwardly and blending with the teeth- 
papille, which are irregular in number; mouth-papille small, 6 or 8 
on each side, crowded toward the teeth, leaving the corners of the 
mouth entirely destitute of them; those farthest from the teeth are 
much the smallest; madreporic plates prominent, transversely ellipti- 
cal, twice as long as broad (‘13 inch by °6), situated at the edge of 
the interradial spaces. The projecting angles of the mouth and a 
space on the lower side of the arms within the disk and bordering 
the interradial spaces all around, is covered with coarse rounded 
granulations like those of the upper surface. The space around the 
mouth and connecting with the median area of the arms is granulated 
like the lower side of the arms. Color, in alcohol, deep umber; when 
dry, yellowish brown. 
The largest specimen, described above, measures as follows: 


From angle of mouth to Ist fork of arms, 72 of an inch. 
“ ve a3 a) “ oe “87 “ce 
a “ i 3 ce “ 1:25 ia 
if ae a 4 a3 a“ 1°65 a3 

ae 3 5 vc ue 1:95 ae 
“e te 6 a “ 9-30 “ 
“ ‘ i “ uc 2-75 ce 
‘ oe ‘ 8 “ “ 3°10 73 
ab “c te 9 ac “c 3°40 a 
a “ce “ 10 “ “ 3°80 “ 
a 73 a 1a ce ce 4-05 iz3 
ae ics “a 12 ce cc 4-40 a3 
ce a 13 oe “ 4°65 ce 
a“ ‘ 14 “ oe 5-00 “ 
‘ ‘ ae 15 “ ul 5°20 “ 
‘ ac Ts 16 ae zs 5°52 ce 
ce ‘ 17 cc a 5°15 ce 
c “ 18 “ a3 5°95 ia 
“ ce “ 19 ce its 6°10 “ 


From center to edge of interradial space ‘7. Width of rays, at 
base beneath, *4; of 1st forks °3; of 2nd forks 15; from outer side of 
madreporic plate to end of teeth *4; to corner of opposite mouth-slit 
*62; between corners of adjacent mouth slits °22. 

A younger specimen, ‘25 inch from center to edge of interradial space 
and °3 to end of radial ribs, has the disk prominently five lobed, the two 
radial ribs of each arm being separated only by a shallow groove. 
The first fork of the arms is considerably outside of the disk, -52 of an 
inch from center of mouth. The arms divide six times. The up- 
per surface is uniformly and coarsely granulated, similarly to that of 
the larger ones. The lower surface is more uniformly granulated, the 
disk and region around the mouth presenting nearly the same ap- 
pearance as the lower sides of arms. The mouth-papille are more 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 258 


slender and relatively longer, and extend nearly to the end of the 
mouth-slits. The madreporic plate is very small and inconspicuous. 
The hooks of the arms are more conspicuous and numerous. 

Another, much younger specimen, measures from the center to edge 
of interradial space, ‘05 inch; to end of radial ribs ‘1; to first fork of 
arms ‘18. The arms divide four times and are long and slender, with 
numerous hooks; the tentacle-scales extend as far inward as the first 
fork. The radial ribs do not reach the center, where there is a small, 
much depressed space; they have the form of five very prominent ob- 
long lobes with a shallow dividing line along the top of each. The 
whole upper surface is covered with coarse rounded granulations, 
which are arranged in transverse lines on the arms. 

Color of dried specimens, yellowish brown, with traces of lighter 
bands on the arms. 

Panama and Pearl Islands, adhering to Muricev,—F. H. Bradley.* 

Six specimens of this species, of various sizes, are in the collection. 

It appears to be most nearly allied to A. Caryi Lyman, of San 
Francisco, Cal. 


Ophiura teres Lyman, Catalogue Museum Comp. Zodl., I, p. 37, 1865. 

This large species is common at Panama and the Pearl Islands, at 
extreme low-water under stones. About 25 specimens are in the col- 
lections of Mr. Bradley. 

Some of the larger specimens have rays 5 inches long, with the disk 
1-4 in diameter. It is readily distinguished by its stout, round arms, 
with much broken upper arm-plates. The color is dark olive or pur- 
plish brown above, the arm-plates, and sometimes the disk, is thickly 
speckled with grayish white. Lower side of arms and chewing appa- 
ratus light yellowish brown, in life lemon-yellow. 


Ophiura Panamensis (Liitken) Lyman, op. cit., p. 32. 

Ophioderma panamensis Ltk., Additamenta, hist. Oph., p. 91, 1859. 

This species is, apparently, more common than the preceding. Mr. 
Bradley has sent numerous specimens from Panama. It also occurs at 
Acapulco (Mus. Comp. Zo6l.), and Cape St. Lucas (Smiths. Inst.). 

The larger specimens have arms 4°25 inches long; disk *9 in diameter. 

The color is dark greenish gray or brownish above, sometimes with 
a central light spot; arms similar in color, banded with lighter and 
darker. Lower surface grayish or greenish white. Mouth-shields 
rounded, broad-oval; side mouth-shields granulated. 

This species is closely allied to O. teres. It may be distinguished by 
its longer, less convex, and more slender arms; by the upper arm-plates, 


* Since received from Zorritos, Peru, and Gulf of California, at La Paz,—Reprint. 


254 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


which are either entire or but little broken,—rarely into more than 
three pieces, which do not disturb the regular arrangement of the 
plates; by the radial shields, which are naked in this species and nearly 
always covered in the preceding.* The arm-spines in this species, near 
the base of arms, are usually eleven in well grown specimens; in 0. 
teres of corresponding size nine, and in the largest but ten. There are, 
usually, one or two more mouth papillz in the present species. The 
mouth-shields of O. teres are very broad and short, with a nearly 
straight outer edge, concave sides, and a rounded lobe projecting in- 
ward; in this species they are oval, about as long as broad, very convex 
outwardly, with a slight, rounded angle inwardly. The under arm- 
plates are relatively wider than in QO. teres and somewhat different in 
form. In the latter the narrow space between the upper genital slits 
and the arms is covered with granulations like the disk; in O. Pana- 
mensis it is occupied by narrow naked scales, without granulations. 


Ophiura variegata (Liitken) Lyman, op. cit., p. 10 (no description). 
Ophioderma variegata Liitken, Vidensk. Meddelelser, March, 1856; Addit. hist. Oph., 
p. 97. 

A much smaller number of this species than of the last was collected 
by Mr. Bradley at Panama. Dr. Liitken’s specimens were from Realejo. 

It may be distinguished from the preceding by its covered radial 
shields, naked side mouth-shields, and oval mouth-shields not so broad 
as in the last. Upper arm-plates undivided, arms depressed and more 
slender. It is closely allied to O. brevispina of the West Indies. 
Length of arms 3 inches; diameter of disk *7 of an inch. 

The color above is olive-green or greenish brown, with a central 
blotch and other irregular blotches of reddish scattered on the disk, or 
sometimes only five, corresponding to the interradial spaces, The 
arms are conspicuously banded with lighter and darker, The whole 
lower surface is reddish white. 


Ophiura Daniana Verrill, sp. nov. 

A depressed species, with short, tapering arms, and partially covered 
radial-shields. Upper genital openings visible from above, with ele- 
vated borders. Side mouth-shields naked. Under arm-plates broad 
and strongly concave outwardly. Arms speckled above with dark 
brown, and having a row of distant, circular spots of yellowish-white ; 
beneath white. 

Diameter of disk 55 of an inch; arms 2 inches long; ‘15 wide at 
base. Mouth-papille ten or eleven on each side of the mouth-slits ; 


* Mr. Lyman describes the young as having naked radial shields. Our specimens, 
both large and small, have them covered. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 255 


outer one longest, pointed, overlapping the next, which is stout, broad, 
blunt, and larger than the others, which decrease to the sixth and then 
increase to the innermost; the inner ones are more cylindrical and 
pointed. Mouth-shields one-third longer than broad; the outer side 
broadest, rounded; the sides somewhat converging, a little concave, 
the inner lateral edges nearly straight, forming the acute inner angle. 
Side mouth-shields naked, triangular, the side next the angle of the 
mouth concave; one of the corners reaches the genital slit, another the 
angle of the mouth, the inner ones are widely separated by the mouth- 
shields. Under arm-plates nearly twice as broad as long near the base 
of arms; the outer edge regularly and deeply concave; the outer cor- 
ners prolonged in an acute angle, bounded on each side by short reén- 
tering lines; the inner lateral lines also concave; the inner end regu- 
larly convex, about as broad as the concave portion of the outer edge ; 
toward the middle of the arms they become as long as broad, but still 
have a similar outline. Upper arm-plates nearly twice as broad as long, 
the outer edge bounded by a slightly convex line, the inner edge by 
a parallel, concave one, sides nearly straight, converging inwardly. 
Side-plates encroaching but little. Disk finely and closely granulated, 
the granules wholly or partially covering the radial shields, and cover- 
ing the scales at the base of the arms; just outside of the radial shields 
and about on a level with the upper side of the arms the edge of the 
disk rises into somewhat prominent verruce, perforated at top by the 
upper genital openings, which are surrounded with elongated, granule- 
like papillz. Radial shields large, usually mostly concealed by the 
granules; the naked part when present is broad oval or nearly round, 
widely separated, often with scattered granules. Arm-spines ten at 
base of arms, the upper ones very small, regularly increasing in length 
toward the lower side of arm to the ninth; the lowest one is a little 
shorter than the two above it, which are of equal length, and scarcely 
reach the middle of the next side-plate. The spines are all acute. 
Tentacle-scales broad and short, the inner one considerably largest. 

Color of upper surface when dried, yellowish brown, the arm-plates 
speckled with dark brown; along the middle of the arm there is a row 
of distant, small, circular, yellowish white spots, usually divided be- 
tween two plates; some of the plates also have very small light spots 
on their outer edges. Lower surface yellowish white, extending up- 
ward in points on the sides of the arms at distances corresponding to 
the dorsal light spots. 

La Union, San Salvador, in 6 or 7 fathoms, muddy bottom,—F. H. 
Bradley. Two specimens. 

TRANS. CONNECTICUT ACAD., VOL., I 33 MARCH, 1867. 


256 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


This species is very different from the others of this region, but 
resembles O. variegata most. The latter has, however, much longer 
arm-spines, of which the upper are longest; much longer arms; 
smaller under arm-plates, which are more hexagonal, scarcely broader 
than long and convex outwardly ; the mouth shields are more rounded» 
broad oval, more prominent, and less acute inwardly; the mouth- 
papille are different in form, the outermost one being shorter and 
stouter and not overlapping the next ; the upper ovarial openings are 
slits near the base of the arms, beneath, not visible from above. The 
color also is quite different. 

The peculiarity in the form and position of the upper genital open- 
ings may hereafter require this species to be separated generically 
from Ophiura, if accompanied by corresponding internal differences 
in structure. 


Ophiolepis variegata Liitken, Vidensk. Meddelelser, March, 1856; Addit., p.106. 


Mr. Bradley has sent specimens of this species, dredged at 
Panama, of various sizes. From La Union he sent quite a number 
of very large ones, which came, however, in a badly broken con- 
dition. At the latter locality it appears to be abundant, in 6 or 7 
fathoms, muddy bottom. 

Dr. Lutken’s specimen was quite young, agreeing well with some of 
our smallest ones. The adult specimens present somewhat different 
characters. It is closely allied to O. elegans Liitk. of the West Indies. 

he largest specimen from Panama has arms 1°8 inches long; disk 
‘6 in diameter. The mouth-papille, eleven to each angle of the mouth, 
resemble those of O. eleguns. The outer one on each side is longer 
and sharper than the rest, quite overlapping the next one, which, like 
the succeeding three, is short and broad, with a cutting edge. The 
mouth-shields are more than twice longer than broad, the outer end 
rounded; the sides reénteringly curved; the inner edge pointed, with 
nearly straight sides. Side mouth-shields large, quadrangular, the 
inner sides longest, slightly concave; the inner lateral sides in con- 
tact along their whole extent, the outer edge in contact, for three- 
fourths its length, with the mouth shield, the outer corner projecting 
into the genital slit; the outer lateral edge is a little concave, exceed- 
ing the inner lateral and about equal to the outer edge. Under arm- 
plates, toward base of arms, twice broader than long, the outer edge 
concave, the inner convex, the sides strongly concave; along the 
middle of the arms they are more nearly square; toward the end 
of the arms they become longer than broad, with a convex outer 
edge, concave sides and nearly pointed inner edge. Upper arm- 
plates broader than long, toward base of arms, the outer and inner 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 257 


edges nearly straight, resembling those of O. elegauns.* Plates of the 
disk large, very regularly arranged, precisely like those of O. eleguns. 
The central one is nearly circular, surrounded by a rosette of five an- 
gular ones with conyex inner margins. From the central group a row 
of the large plates radiate to each interradial margin; to the base of 
each arm radiates another row of these plates, of which the two outer- 
most are smaller and separate the large, oval radial shields, which 
are pointed inwardly ; between each radial shield and the base of 
the arm there is also a large angular plate. All the plates of 
the disk are bordered by a row of very small plates. Arm-spines five 
at the base of the arms, four farther out, short, tapering, the middle 
ones longest. Tentacle-scales two, short, broad, the inner one largest. 

Color, in alcohol, very variable above; in the specimen above de- 
scribed, dark greenish, with a large central blotch of reddish white 
surrounded by a narrow line of dark brown; each outer interradial 
plate is of the same color, with a similar dark border. The other 
plates, both large and small, are speckled with very dark brown. 
The upper side of the arms are alternately lighter and darker grayish 
green, with frequent blotches of reddish white. The lower surface is 
uniformly white or pale flesh-color. Other specimens have the greater 
part of the upper side of the disk light grayish green, with blotches 
of dark brownish green, and a central patch of reddish, which appears 
to be the constant color of the outer interradial plate. The arms also 
are at times mostly reddish with irregular patches of green, or they 
may be very regularly banded with reddish and dark olive-green. 

A small specimen with arms °78 of an inch long, and *25 in diameter 
of disk, has but three arm-spines at the base of the arms and two far- 
ther out. Another, somewhat larger, has four spines at base and 
three along most of the length of the arms. 

Some of the specimens from La Union are ‘9 of an inch in diame- 
ter of disk; arms 3°25 long; and have six arm-spines at the base of 
the arms, of which the uppermost ones are longest. 


Ophiozona Pacifica Lyman, op. cit., p. 67. 
Ophiolepis pacifica Liitken, Vidensk. Medd., 1856; Additam. hist. Oph., p. 104. 


A few specimens of this species have been received from Panama 
and the Pearl Islands, collected by Mr. Bradley. Dr. Lutken’s speci- 
mens were from Puntarenas in four fathoms. 

Our largest specimen has arms 2 inches long, and a disk °45 in di- 
ameter. It was generically separated from the last species on account 
of the absence of supplementary side pieces to the upper arm-plates. 
The disk is covered by numerous convex, naked plates, bordered by 


* See Catalogue Mus. Comp. Zodl., Pl. II, fig. 5. 


258 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


small ones; the central one is largest, nearly circular, surrounded by 
a rosette of several circles of plates, from which a band of three rows 
of plates radiates to each interbranchial margin, and a less regluar row 
to the base of each arm between the radial shields; these are longer 
than broad, pointed at each end, irregular, placed obliquely, and widely 
separated at the outer edges, which are bordered next to the base of 
the arms by a large convex plate. The upper arm-plates are quite 
regular, with nearly straight outer and inner edges, widest outwardly, 
with slightly concave, diverging sides; near the ends of the arms 
they become fan-shaped, and the side-plates meet above. Near the 
base of the arms there are five very short arm-spines, of which the 
lowest two are slightly longer than the others. 

Color, in alcohol, umber-brown above, with slightly indicated bands 
of lighter brown toward the ends of the arms; below uniformly 
brown, of a somewhat lighter shade. Young specimens are lighter 
colored, especially beneath. In another specimen the disk is grayish 
yellow; upper side of arms the same, with transverse bands of 
brownish, occupying two or three plates, and an interrupted light 
stripe, bordered with brown along the middle, formed by a spot of 
yellowish white on the outer edge of each plate. All the upper plates 
are mottled with lighter and darker yellowish brown. The upper 
edge of the side-plates also has a light spot. Beneath uniform yel- 
lowish white. 


Ophiocoma ethiops Liitken, Addit. hist. Oph., p. 145; Lyman, op. cit., p. 78. 


Very abundant at Panama and Pearl Islands, from whence Mr. 
Bradley has sent about one hundred and fifty specimens. From La 
Union he has also sent numerous large examples. It occurs also at 
Acapulco (Coll. Mus. Comp. Ziology), and Cape St. Lucas (Smith- 
sonian Institution). 

This species grows toa large size, many of our specimens measur- 
ing 8 inches in length of arms; 1°3 in diameter of disk; arms, not 
including spines, *3 wide; spines ‘3 long. 

It is allied to O. echinata and O. Riisei of Aspinwall and the West 
Indies, but differs in the shape and proportions of the arm-spines and 
mouth-shields, as well as by having flatter arms, etc. In O. echinata 
the upper arm-spines are short, blunt, and remarkably thickened; in 
O. Riisei they are long and slender, like the rest, but considerably 
longer ; in the present species they are stout, the lower ones shorter, 
and somewhat flattened, the upper ones becoming longer and stouter, 
the uppermost being considerably thickened. In O. echinata the 
mouth-shields are squarish, with rounded corners; in O. Riise they 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 259 


are ovoid, the smallest end inward; in O. ethiops they are oblong 
with rounded corners. 

The color, both in alcohol and when dried, is a dark, rich brown or 
almost black above, occasionally with distinct, broad bands of gray- 
ish on the outer part of the arms. Sometimes the disk is blotched 
with grayish white. Lower surface of arms and chewing apparatus 
grayish brown, rest like upper surface. Young specimens are lighter 
colored and more conspicuously banded. 


Ophiocoma Alexandri Lyman, op. cit., p. 74. 


Several specimens of this species were collected by Mr. Brad- 
ley at the Pearl Islands, anda single, large one, at Panama. It occurs 
at Acapulco (Mus. Comp. Zodl.), and Cape St. Lucas (Smiths. Inst.). 

Our largest specimen has arms about 5°5 inches long; disk ‘8 in di- 
ameter. The color of the upper side, in alcohol, is yellowish brown on 
the disk ; the arms a brighter shade of the same, with unequal trans- 
verse bars of dark brown, the lighter colored plates finely mottled 
with yellowish-white. Lower surface of arms light yellowish brown, 
with a narrow longitudinal stripe of darker brown passing along each 
side of the lower plates. Mouth-shields and other parts about the 
mouth light brownish yellow. 

This species may readily be distinguished from the preceding by 
its relatively longer and more slender arms; by its brighter and 
lighter colors, and pecculiar markings on the arms ; by its disk covered 
with little spinose grains; by the arm-spines arranged in rows of five 
to seven, the third and fourth from the lowest being longest, the upper 
one smallest; by its nearly round mouth-shields, a little truncated 
inwardly ; and by differences in the form of the upper and lower 
arm-plates. 


Ophionereis annulata Lyman, op. cit., p. 143. 


Ophiolepis annulata LeConte, Proc. Phil. Acad., v, p. 317, 1851. 
O. triloba Liitken, Vidensk. Meddelelser, 1856. 
Ophionereis triloba Litken, Addit. hist. Oph., p. 112. 


This species is very common at Panama and the Pearl Islands, Mr. 
Bradley having sent nnmerous specimens. It occurs, also, at Cape St. 
Lucas (J. Xantus, Smithsonian Inst.) and on the west coast of Central 
America, whence Dr. Lutken received his specimens. Mr. Bradley 
collected, also, a few specimens at Acajutla, San Salvador. It lives 
under stones and in crevices at and near low-water mark, 

Our largest specimens have arms 3°3 inches long, the disk °5 broad. 

It may be recognized by its long, slender arms, with three rows of 
spines, of which the middle one is considerably longest. Disk covered 


260 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


with very small scales, larger around the edge, with small, narrow, 
elliptical, widely separated radial-shields. Upper arm-plates more than 
twice as broad as long, broadest near inner edge, with very acute lat- 
eral angles, and bordered by broad, triangular, supplementary plates. 

Color, in alcohol, varying on the disk from grayish to purplish 
brown, usually thickly covered with light spots; arms yellowish 
green or greenish brown with numerous dark purplish brown bands 
extending entirely around the arms, and often with an interrupted 
dark line along the middle; lower side yellowish gray, the arms 
crossed by dark bands. 

In one specimen the arms are olive-green above, each upper plate 
having a small dark brown spot in the middle and another broader 
one on the inner edge, while the supplementary plates have also a 
similar smaller spot on the upper edge. The transverse bands have 
the form of large rounded spots of rich, dark brown, surrounded by 
a ring of yellowish. The arm-spines are greenish, banded with 
brown. The arms are yellowish beneath, with transverse bars of red- 
dish brown, occupying two or three plates, corresponding to the large 
spots above. 

In other specimens, also well preserved, the disk and arms corres- 
pond in their colors, the disk being clear reddish brown, very thickly 
spotted with light olive-green, of the same tint as the ground-color of 
the arms, while the transverse bands of the arms are reddish brown, 
like the ground-color of the disk, but they are partially interrupted, 
along the median line, by a faint, yellowish band. One specimen 
from which part of the arms have been partially or wholly broken 
and again restored, has the disk and uncast portion of the arms red- 
dish brown, the latter with narrow bands of deep brown, while the 
restored portions of the arms are olive-green, with broad bands of 
reddish brown. 


Ophiocnida hispida Lyman, op. cit., p. 133. 
Ophiolepis hispida LeConte, loc. cit., p. 318, 1851. 
Amphiura hispida Liitken, Addit. ad hist. Oph., p. 119. 

Two specimens of this curious species have been received from 
Panama in the collection of Mr. Bradley. The largest measure 3°15 
inches in length of arms, and °32 in diameter of disk. 

This species is remarkable for its very long, slender arms, and its 
disk covered above and below by small, sharp spines. 

The radial shields are narrow, tapering inward to a point, separated 
by a spiny strip. There are three short, rounded mouth-papille, of 
which the inner one is largest, on each side of the mouth-slits. Arm- 


i 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 261 


spines regular, even, in three rows. The upper surface of arms and 
disk is straw-colored, with narrow transverse bars and irregular spots 
of deep brown or blackish; under side dull yellowish. 


Amphiura geminata Liitken,* op. cit., p. 122 
Ophiolepis geminata LeConte, op. cit., p. 318. 
Amphiura geminata Lyman, op. cit., p. 180. 

Two specimens of this species have been sent from Panama by Mr. 
Bradley, both of which are injured. 

It has long, slender arms, with four rows of spines at the base (in 
well-grown specimens) and three farther out, of which the middle one 
is largest and bluntest and somewhat rough. There are three mouth- 
papille on each side of the mouth-slits, of which the outermost is 
broader than both the others. Mouth-shields lance-shaped, with the 
inner end acute. Lower arm-plates pentagonal, broader than long, 
with one angle turned inward. Disk covered by small even scales, a 
little larger toward the edge of disk. Radial shields narrow, pointed 
inwardly, in contact, except at the inner ends, which are separated 
by a scale. 

According to Mr. Lyman, a specimen had arms 1°4 inches long, with 
a disk 16 in diameter. Our specimens are somewhat smaller, but 
have the arms broken. They are, in alcohol, yellowish white, with a 
few small, light brown spots on the upper arm-plates. 


Amphiura violacea Liitken, Vidensk. Meddelelser, 1856; Addit. hist. Oph., p. 123. 


In the collection from Panama there is a small specimen, apparently 
identical with this species. Dr. Liitken’s specimens were from Realejo. 

According to Dr. Liitken, it has the following distinctive characters : 
Mouth-shields small and lance-shaped ; side mouth-shields large and 
triangular; under arm-plates as long as broad, and separated, like the 
upper plates, which have the same form as those of A. microdiscust 
Liitk., but are less broad, by the side arm-plates. Diameter of disk 2™™. 


Amphiura Puntarenee Liitken, op. cit., 1856; Addit. hist. Oph., p. 123. 


A single specimen from Panama, too imperfect for description, is 
doubtfully referred to this species. Dr. Liitken’s original description 
is as follows: The mouth-shields are a little longer than broad, and 


* This and the other species here named Amphiura belong to the genus, Amphi- 
pholis Ljung,—Reprint. 

+ A. microdiscus Liitken, was described as follows: Disk small, arms thick, but thin 
at base; upper arm-plates twice as long as broad, outwardly slightly and inwardly 
strongly curved; lower arm-plates as long as broad, without an indentation; diameter 
of disk 1™™, Puntarenas, 10 fathoms. 


262 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


have rounded but very prominent side-angles, so as to become nearly 
heart-shaped ; lower arm-plates longer than broad, having a slight in- 
curvature on the outer edge; upper arm-plates regularly oval, not 
much broader than long; the disk has a diameter of 2™™; the slender 
arms a length of ¢. 20". Puntarenas, in 3 fathoms. 

The two preceding species and A. microdiscus are very small species 
allied to A. sqguwamata M. and Tr., and all have the radial shields join- 
ing each other completely ; mouth-shields lengthened, rhomboidal ; 
outermost mouth-papilla broader than the other two; lower arm-plates 
pentagonal with an angle turned inward; upper arm-plates trans- 
versely oblong ; arm-spines three in number. 


Two other species, A. Orstedii Liitk., from Puntarenas, and A. 
marginata Liitk. (Ophiophragmus marginatus Lyman) from Realejo, 
I have not seen. 


Hemipholis gracilis Verrill, sp. nov.* 


A delicate species, closely allied to 7. cordifera Lyman, with long, 
slender arms ; arm-spines in three rows, tapering, thickened at base ; 
mouth-shields broad pentagonal, with rounded corners; under arm- 
plates octagonal with rounded corners; a single tentacle-scale. 

Arms about nine times as long as the diameter of disk. Mouth- 
papille two to each mouth-slit, situated at the outer lateral edge, slen- 
der, somewhat elongated, blunt. The mouth-slits, or spaces between 
the jaws, are broad and regularly heart-shaped, the indentation in the 
outer side formed by an acute, triangular projection from the inner 
arm-plate, which is mostly concealed by the side mouth-shields, which 
meet above it. The two inner tentacles are situated on each side of this 
pointed inner angle of the first arm-plate, and within the mouth-slits. 
Mouth-shields a little broader than long, somewhat pentagonal, the 
outer edge nearly straight, the outer lateral edges short, the lateral 
angles rounded, the inner lateral sides longer, somewhat curved and 
forming a rounded inner angle. Side mouth-shields elongated trans- 
versely, meeting in front of the mouth-shields, and also across the 
arms so as to form a continuous ring around the mouth; the inner 
side is concave, the outer has a central, projecting, acute angle, ex- 
tending to the lateral angle of the mouth-shield. Under arm-plates 
somewhat octagonal, broader than long, toward the base of the arms 
the outer and inner edges are nearly straight, the lateral edges are 
composed of three short sides, with rounded angles between, which 
farther out on the arms become merged into a curved lateral line. 


* H. affinis Ljungman, Ophiur. viventia, Ofv. af Kgl. Vet. Akad. Forh., May (?), 
1867, p. 322, appears to be identical with this,—Reprint. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 263 


The second, third and fourth plates have a somewhat different form, 
the outer edge being broader than the inner, and the sides concave. 
Upper arm-plates broad and somewhat irregular-oval, about twice as 
broad as long, the inner edge much more strongly arched than the 
outer, which, on some of the plates near the base of the arms, is 
slightly concave in the middle. Side-plates encroaching but little 
above and scarcely any below, except toward the ends of the arms. 
Arm-spines three, nearly equal, a little thickened near the base, round, 
slender, tapering, but not sharp. Tentacle-scale oblong, flattened, 
rounded at the end, hardly twice as long as wide, standing free from 
the sides of the lower plates, except at the second and third from the 
base, where they are shorter and in close contact with the lower arm- 
plates. 

Disk, above, covered with unequal, rounded, overlapping scales; a 
larger, round, central, primary plate is surrounded by smaller ones, 
and then by five primary ones about as large as the central one, each 
of which is surrounded by a few smaller scales; from these five a row 
of primary plates, bordered on each side by smaller imbricated scales, 
radiates to each interbrachial margin. Radial shields pear-seed-shaped, 
with the point inward, the outer side strongly arched, the inner sides 
in contact at the outer end, separated inwardly by three scales, of 
which the most exterior is elongated and narrow and the most interior 
broad, rounded, the intermediate one somewhat triangular. Between 
each radial shield and the base of the arm there are two or three 
scales and a small papilla-like spine, not one-fourth as long as the 
arm-spines. Lower side of disk destitute of scales, but bearing minute, 
scattered granules. 

Color, in alcohol, light greenish gray above, darker and more dis- 
tinctly greenish toward the ends of the arms, which are banded with 
whitish ; radial shields and primary disk-plates green; beneath white, 
chewing apparatus yellowish. 

An average specimen has the arms 1°38 inches long with the disk 
‘17 in diameter. One of the larger is ‘2 in diameter of disk; the 
arms, though broken at the ends, 1°8. The largest is *22 in diameter 
of disk. 

Panama,—F. H. Bradley. Eight specimens, 4 fathoms, muddy 
bottom. 

This species very closely resembles H. cordifera of South Carolina, 
which has the habit of living buried in mud at low-water mark and 
thrusting out of its burrow one of its long slender arms. It differs, 
however, in the form of the mouth-shields and lower arm plates, as 
well as in several other particulars. 

TRANS. CONNECTICUT ACAD., VOL. I. 34 Marcu, 1867. 


264 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Ophiactis Liitken. 

Of this genus there have been described four nominal species from 
the Panamic Province, besides one from Peru. Of these, it is proba- 
ble, as has been suggested by Mr. Lyman, that O. Orstedii Liitken, is 
a synonym of O. simplex (LeConte sp.), no differences yet indicated 
being sufficient to separate them clearly. 

The species of Ophiactis may be recognized by their rather short 
arms and stout disk, covered above with overlapping scales and 
a few, small, scattered spines; usually with separated radial shields. 
There are commonly four to six rows of arm-spines, which are 
rough, short, and stout, projecting at right angles from the arms. 
There is but one tentacle-scale and but one or two mouth-papille on 
each side of the mouth-slits. The species are mostly small and often 
have six arms. 

Ophiactis Kroyeri Litken, Vidensk. Meddelelser, 1856; Lyman, op. cit., p. 108. 

Mr. Bradley has sent several hundred specimens of this species 
from Callao, Peru, where they were found in abundance among the 
interstices of Balani, Discine, Mytili, ete., scraped from the bottom 
of a vessel that had been a long time in that port. Some of the lar- 
gest specimens have arms 1:7 inches long and the disk °35 in diameter. 
Of this species I have seen no specimens having six arms. 

The color varies considerably, but most frequently is dull greenish, 
in alcohol, with a few irregular bands of purplish brown upon the 
arms; beneath grayish or greenish white. Some specimens are pur- 
plish brown above, with bands of greenish on the arms, and others 
are yellowish gray, with or without bands of darker. Frequently the 
upper arm-spines have a spot of white at base. The radial shields 
are usually darker green or brown than the rest of the disk, and’have 
a yellow spot on the outer end and are sometimes edged with white, or 
have a white spot at the inner end. In other specimens the radial 
shields are yellowish with a greenish disk. The disk may, also, be 
mottled with lighter and darker. 

The number and size of the spines upon the disk are also quite vari- 
able. In some cases they are nearly or entirely absent, while in others 
they are quite numerous, long and sharp, scattered all over the disk, 
except on the large radial shields ; more frequently, however, they are 
mostly confined to the interradial spaces of the disk, and are rather 
few innumber. The radial shields are large, acute-triangular, with the 
point inward and a prominent, elevated lobe on the corner where 
they join their neighbors; the inner ends are separated by about four 
plates, of which the outermost is very narrow and the mnermost 
rounded. The mouth-shields are short and broad, with an elongated, 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 265 


acute point outwardly and a slight angle inwardly. The side mouth- 
shields are elongated transversely and do not meet within. Mouth- 
papille one on each side of the mouth-slits, short and stout. Lower 
arm-plates rounded octagonal; upper plates broad-oval, a little over- 
lapping, most convex outwardly. Arm-spines five, the middle one 
longest. 

Callao, Peru,—F. H. Bradley. The specimens of Dr. Liitken and 
Mr. Lyman came, also, from the same place. 


Ophiactis virescens Litken, op. cit.; Lyman, op. cit., p. 113. 


This species may readily be recognized by the upper arm-plates, 
which are twice as broad as long and have a distinct, projecting lobe 
in the middle of the outer edge. The arms are somewhat narrowed 
at the base and very slender at the ends. Under arm-plates as long 
as broad, octagonal. Mouth-shields roundish rhomboidal, with an 
angle inward. Two small mouth-papille on each side of mouth-slits. 
Five or six arm-spines, short and stout, rough, upper two longest. The 
disk-scales bear a few scattered spines, which are sometimes wanting. 

Color yellowish green, with narrow dark green bands on the arms, 
beneath greenish gray. The radial shields are dark green and often 
have a light spot on the outer ends. 

Our specimens all have six arms, except the very young, which 
lack three, on one side. The largest has arms “75 of an inch long, with 
a disk -15 in diameter. Another has arms ‘4 inch, with the disk -12. 

Panama, clinging to Gorgoniz and sponges. Occasionally adhering 
among the arm-spines of Ophiothrix spiculata,-F. H. Bradley. It 
occurs at Puntarenas and Realejo,—Dr. Liitken ; and Cape St. Lucas,— 
J. Xantus, (Smiths. Institution). 

In one instance [ found, in a small cavity of a branching sponge 
from the Pearl Islands, upwards of fifty specimens of this species, of 
various sizes, but mostly young. Thirty-seven were quite small, and 
light colored, and although many had six equal arms, others, of sim- 
ilar size, had three upon one side, very small, appearing as if just 
starting to grow, orentirely wanting. From this mode of occurrence 
it is probable that this species, like some Amphiure, is ovo-viviparous. 

Tn this lot were two specimens differing considerably from all the 
others. These are among the largest, and have the arms narrowed at 
base; seven arm-spines, upper ones longest; large radial shields, 
covering a large part of the disk; broad upper arm-plates, con- 
vex outwardly, and destitute of a distinct lobe, or with only a slight 
central prominence, except near the ends of the arms, where a small, 
distinct lobe is visible. In most other respects they agree well with 


266 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


the ordinary form, except that the color is light yellowish gray above, 
with greenish radial shields and an undefined greenish spot on each 
upper arm-plate, the tips of the arms faintly banded with greenish ; 
yellowish white beneath. Diameter of disk *17; length of arms °75 
of an inch. 


Ophiactis simplex Liitken; Lyman, op. cit., p. 105. 
Ophiolepis simplex LeConte, Proc. Phil. Acad., v, p. 318, 1851. 
2 0. Orstedii Liitken, Vidensk. Meddelelser, 1856, Addit. Ad. Hist. Oph., p. 129. 


Eight specimens of this species occurred with the last, from Panama. 

The species may be distinguished by the small, widely separated 
radial shields; rounded and regular disk-scales, with very few small 
spines, except beneath, where they become more numerous; arms 
longer and more slender than those of the preceding species; mouth- 
papille prominent and flat, one upon each side of the mouth-slits. 

The mouth-shields are transversely rhomboidal, with an angle within 
and without. Five short arm-spines, of which the three middle ones 
are longest. Upper arm-plates broad-oval without a lobe. 

Color greenish, with lighter bands on the arms. 

In all our specimens there are six arms. They agree very nearly 
with O. Orstedii Liitken,* which came from Puntarenas, 


Ophiactis arenosa Liitken, op. cit., 1856. 

There are a few young specimens, found with the last two species, 
which appear to represent a third species. Whether they belong to 
the present one or not is somewhat uncertain, owing to their imma- 
turity. 

Mr. Lyman places this species as a doubtful synonym of O. sim- 
plex. Our specimens are insufficient to determine this question satis- 
tactorily. 

According to the original description by Dr. Liitken, its characters 
are as follows: “O. arenosa Litk. Mouth-shields roundish; one 
mouth-papille ; upper arm-plates broad-oval; under arm-plates round- 
ed, quadrangular, a little broader than long; four short arm-spines, of 
which the two middle are the longest. 


* Dr. Litken’s original description is as follows: O. Orstedii Liitk. Mouth-shields 
broad rhomboidal; one mouth-papilla; five arms; upper arm-plates broad-oval; lower 
arm-plates octagonal, a little broader than long; five short arm-spines, of which the 
three middle and longest are only as long as one of the arm-joints. 

Color green, with bands upon the arms. 

Diameter of disk 4mm, Length of arms 18™™, Puntarenas. 


3 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 267 


The color seems to have been about like that of the two preceding 
(O. Orstedii and O. virescens). 

Diameter of disk 5™™ ; length of arms 20", 

Puntarenas and Realejo.” 

In addition to the preceding species of Ophiactis there is a single 
imperfect specimen that may belong to an undescribed species. 

It has larger radial shields than O. stmplex, separated by a row of 
about three scales, no spines apparent on disk; five arm-spines, the 
upper one very short, the middle one longest ; upper arm-plates short, 
transversely oblong, nearly three times broader than long, with nearly 
straight outer and inner edges and slightly rounded sides; mouth- 
shields rounded; one mouth papilla on each side of mouth slits; under 
arm-plates somewhat octagonal, outer edge convex. 

It has about the size and proportions of our largest O. virescens, 
but has no lobe on the outer edge of upper arm-plates and differs in 
other particulars. It is probably nearest to O. stmplex. 

The color is dark greenish above. 

Until more specimens have been examined, it appears undesirable 
to apply a new name to this form. 


Ophiothrix spiculata LeConte, op. cit., p. 318; Lyman, op. cit., p. 167. 

This species is very abundant at Panama and the Pearl Islands, 
clinging to sponges, Gorgoni, etc., whence Mr. Bradley has sent 
upwards of two hundred specimens. He has also sent it from Realejo, 
Nicaragua, and Acajutla, San Salvador. It occurs from low water to 
4 fathoms. 

Our largest specimens have arms about 3 inches long, and the disk 
‘5 in diameter. 

The color, in alcohol, is usually light cobalt-blue or bluish purple, 
often with every fourth or fifth lower arm-plate red or brownish. 
Some specimens have spots of red on the disk and more or less on the 
upper side of the arms. In life the color is described as fuscous above 
and paler beneath; or greenish with violet upper arm-plates, and 
occasional red plates on the lower side of the arms. 

It is allied to O. violacea of Aspinwall and the West Indies,* but 
differs in having longer arm-spines and in several other characters. 

The disk usually has the centre and a band radiating to each inter- 
brachial margin and to the base of each arm covered with numerous, 
very short, branching spines, with more or less numerous, long, slen- 
der, thorny spines scattered among them. The arm-spines are long 
and slender, thorny, the next to the upper one longest. 


* Recently separated from the Brazilian violacea and named O. Caribea by Litken. 
—Reprint. 


268 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Ophiothrix (Ophiothela) mirabilis Verrill, sp. nov. 

A small species with six arms, granulated above; disk mostly cov- 
ered by the large radial shields, and in the longer specimens with cen- 
tral and interradial groups of simple, short, conical spines; arm-spines 
short, directed downward, armed with hooks. Teeth-papille about 
ten, rounded, arranged in an oval group. Mouth-shields and side 
mouth-shields closely united to the surrounding parts, so as to form a 
continuous ring around the mouth, covered with a skin which conceals 
their outlines, the side mouth-shields about as large as the mouth- 
shields. Under arm-plates about as long as broad, widest outwardly, 
the outer edge convex, the sides converging to the rounded inner 
angle, separated by the side arm-plates, and covered, like the mouth- 
shields, with a naked skin, which obscures their outlines even in dry 
specimens. Side arm-plates well developed, bearing upon the very 
prominent sides about five tapering spines, of which the uppermost is 
quite small, the next and longest about equal to the width of arm, the 
others decreasing in size to the lowest, which is very small. When 
six spines occur the third is the longest. Toward the base of the arms 
the spines are minutely thorny near the ends, the thorns bemg chiefly 
on the lower side of the spines, irregular, and often eurved; toward 
the middle of the arms and beyond, the thorns become more nume- 
rous, larger and curved into well-marked hooks. Disk nearly covered 
above by the twelve prominent, elongated radial shields, which reach 
nearly to the center and are narrow and blunt at the outer ends. They 
are in contact, except along the inner portion, where they are slightly 
separated. Their surface is minutely pitted and more or less covered 
by scattered, unequal, rounded granules. Between the radial shields 
and at the center, the surface is covered by a distinct skin, without 
visible scales. In the interbrachial spaces at the margin of the disk 
there is a cluster of about six sharp, conical spines, without thorns. 
A cluster of similar spines sometimes occupies the center. In young 
specimens the spines are absent. The upper arm-plates are concealed 
by the skin, which is covered by numerous, rough, unequal, rounded 
grains, the intervals between the plates being indicated by narrow, 
transverse, naked spaces. 

Color, in alcohol, quite variable, usually dark. One specimen has 
the disk grayish brown, the outer ends of radial shields bright yellow; 
the arms with narrow bands of grayish white, bright yellow, and 
black; beneath yellowish brown, the under arm-plates minutely 
speckled with dark brown. Another has the disk, above, deep red- 
dish brown, with a lighter center; the outer ends of the radial shields 
yellowish white; the upper side of arms transversely banded with 
dark brown and yellowish white. 


4 
t 
' 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 269 


A medium-sized specimen has arms :5 of an inch in length, with the 
disk -16 in diameter; the two largest yet examined have the disk -22 
in diameter. It is quite probable that all these specimens are young. 

Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama,—F. H. Bradley.* Among the inter- 
stices of a branching sponge, associated with two species of Ophiac- 
tis, about a dozen specimens of various sizes were found. Others oc- 


curred in colonies clinging to the branches of Gorgoniz and Muricee, 
with the arms wound closely around the branches. 


Subgenus, Ophiothela nov.+ 


The name Ophiothela is here employed to designate a group of 
Ophiurians, of which the preceding species is the type, agreeing to- 
gether in having the upper arm-plates covered with granulations as in 
Astrophyton ; in having short, rough arm-spines, mostly turned down- 
ward, and armed with roughnesses or hooks, beneath, as in Ophiactis ; 
in having very large radial shields, covering most of the disk, the in- 
tervening spaces being covered with a skin and bearing simple spines; 
in having the lower side of arms and disk covered with a skin, more 
or less obscuring the plates; and in having the mouth-shields and 
side mouth-shields united into a ring around the mouth. The present 
species and another from the Fejee Islands have, in the numerous 
specimens observed, always six arms, and have the same habit of 
clinging closely around the branches of Gorgonie. 

In the structure of the mouth it agrees well with the typical spe- 
cies of Ophiothrix, but it differs in having the arms distinctly cov- 
ered with a membranous skin, and their upper surface granulated; 
and in the character of the spines of the arms and disk, which lack 
the glassy appearance and prominent thorny branches, and approach 
more nearly those of Ophiactis in form, structure, and arrangement. 
Although intermediate in some respects between Ophiothrix and 
Ophiactis, it is evident that these species are more closely allied to the 
former genus, under which I have placed them as a subgenus. 


Additional Remarks on Ophiuride. 


Owing to the small number and imperfect condition of our speci- 
mens of some of the species of Amphiura and Ophiactis I have been 
obliged to leave them somewhat in doubt and, in order to avoid pro- 
ducing any confusion, have in such cases preferred quoting the orig- 
inal descriptions instead of giving new ones. This seemed still more 


* More recently from Cape St. Lucas and La Paz,—Reprint. 

+ This has since been regarded as a distinct genus (p 376). Besides this species and 
0. Dane V., Feejee Is., a species occurs on Mopsella from Japan (Dall), and Parisis from 
Formosa (Liitken),—Reprint. 


270 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


desirable, since the original descriptions by Dr. Liitken are somewhat 
inaccessible in this country and have not been translated before. 

In the identification of some of the species I have had important 
assistance from Mr. W. H. Niles, of the Sheffield Scientific School. 


In the preceding pages I have enumerated all the species of Ophiu- 
rans which we have hitherto received from the Panamic Zodlogical 
Province, with the exception of an apparently undescribed species of 
Ophiura allied to O. Panamensis, and as yet represented by only 
four specimens. * 


The following species, which I have not seen, have been described 
from the same coast :+ 


Ophiostigma tenue Liitken—Realejo, West Coast of Central America. 


Ophionereis Xantusii Lyman—Cape St. Lucas. 

Aimphiura microdiscus Liitken—Puntarenas. 

Amphiura Orstedii Liitken—Puntarenas. 

Ophiophragmus marginatus (Liitken) Lyman—Puntarenas and Realejo. 


Ophiothrix dumosa Lymai—Gulf of California. 


* The specimens referred to have rather slender arms, subcarinate above ; radial 
shields mostly covered, the naked part being oval, widely separated; mouth-shields 
oval, the narrowest end inward, about as long as broad; side mouth-shields covered ; 
mouth-papille eight or nine on each side of the mouth-slits, the innermost and three 
outermost stoutest; under arm-plates as long as broad, somewhat octagonal, with a 
slightly convex outer edge and concave sides; arm-spines eight to ten, the lowest one 
considerably longest; the others decreasing in length to the uppermost, which is 
quite short. 

Color, above, dark olive-green, the disk finely speckled and the arms conspicuously 
banded with greenish gray, the upper arm-plates with irregular longitudinal dark 
streaks, and numerous light spots; lower surface yellowish white, the dark bands of 
the arms passing entirely around, but lighter beneath. 

It appears to differ from O. Punamensis in having only eight or nine mouth-papille 
instead of from ten to twelve; in the outermost of them being much smaller than the 
next, mstead of projecting beyond it; all of them being relatively larger and less 
crowded; the tentacle-scales being less unequal in length; the arm-spines more un- 
equal, stouter, and more acute; in the somewhat coarser and less crowded granulation 
of the disk; in the larger and less sunken radial shields (which are nearly covered, 
however, in young specimens); and in the coloration. The outer and inner gential slits 
appear to be nearer together and the inner ones more transverse. 

Notwithstanding these differences, I have deemed it best not to give a new name 
to this form until more numerous specimens can be examined. 

Our largest specimen is “75 of an inch in diameter of disk. 

+ Amphipholis grisea Ljung., Guayaquil, appears to be an additional species, — 


Reprint. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 271 


Order, ASTERIOIDEA. 


Luidia tessellata Liitken. 


Luidia tessellata Littken. Vidensk. Meddelelser, 1859, Bidrag til Kundskab om de ved 
Kysterne af Mellem- og Syd-Amerika levende Arter af Sostjerner. p. 16. 


Several specimens of this species, of various sizes, were obtained by 
Mr. Bradley at Panama, and one small one at Acajutla. Dr. Liitken’s 
specimens came from Puntarenas and Realejo. 

Our largest specimen measures, from the center of disk to tip of 
rays, 6°5 inches; to border of disk 1 inch; width of rays at base, not 
including spines, 11. A medium sized specimen measures 3°4 inches 
from center to end of rays ; and ‘6 to edge of disk ; rays ‘7 wide at base. 

The rays are depressed and taper regularly to the ends, which are 
more slender in the small than in the large specimens. The interam- 
bulacral* plates bear a slender, sharp, and strongly curved spine on 
the inner edge, and more externally a group of three or four longer 
and stouter ones, of which the inner stands singly, the two next side 
by side, and the outer, when present, singly. The ventral plates are 
covered with numerous unequal, minute, sharp spines and bear a cen- 
tral row of eight to ten small, stout spines, and usually three long, 
sharp, marginal ones, which are somewhat curved in the direction of 
the ends of the rays, and longer than the interambulacral spines 
(3 of an inch in large specimens). The upper surface is crowdedly 
covered with elongated paxille, which are much larger along the 
sides of the rays than in the middle and upon the disk, where they 
become very small and close. Those of three marginal rows on each 
side are considerably largest and somewhat quadrangular, bearing at 
the top a central group of six to ten small, short, blunt, or rounded 
tubercles, surrounded by numerous, fine, slender, diverging papille. 
Toward the center of the rays and on the disk, they usually bear only 
one or two small, rounded tubercles, surrounded by similar papill. 

The color of a dried specimen is yellowish green above and yellow 
beneath ; in alcohol, brownish green above, yellowish beneath. 

This species is allied to Z. clathrata of Florida and the Carolina 
coast, but has broader and less slender rays; much longer and 
stouter interambulacral spines; more spinose ventral plates; and 
much larger and more numerous marginal spines; the paxille are 
not so short and thick, and bear fewer and larger central tubercles. 


* We use the term “ interumbulacral” to designate the first row of plates bordering 
each side of the ambulacral furrows of starfishes, believing, as Prof. Agassiz has shown, 
that they are strictly homologous with the interambulacral plates of Echini. 

TRANS. CONNECTICUT ACAD., Vou. I. 35 Marcu, 1867. 


272 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Dr. J. E. Gray has given the name, Petalster Columbic, to a spe- 
cies from “St. Blas,” collected by H. Cuming, which is, apparently, 
allied to this, but which cannot be the same if correctly described. 
The diagnosis, which is too imperfect for reliable identification, is as 
follows: “Rays elongated, slender, gradually tapering; tubercles 
short, with crowded groups of rather large, acute spines, and a fringe 
of very fine radiating ones.” 

In Z. tesscllata the rays are certainly not slender, when compared 
with other species of the genus, and the “spines” on the paxille are 
not acute. 

It is probable that Gray’s species has not yet been rediscovered, as 
is the case with many other starfishes described by him from the col- 
lections made by Cuming, on the same coast. But if intended for 
the present species, the description is so inapplicable and imperfect 
that it cannot be deemed sufficient to characterize it. 


Astropecten fragilis Verrill. sp. nov. 


A thin, depressed species, with slender, acutely tapering rays, 
which, measuring from the center, are about four and a half times 
the radius of the disk. A specimen measuring 2°3 inches from center 
to tip of ray has about 40 marginal plates. Each interambulacral 
plate usually bears three slender spines at the inner edge, the mid- 
dle one being longest, and outside of these a single longer and 
stouter, pointed spine. The lower marginal plates are covered on 
their lower side with sharply pointed spinose granulations and bear 
numerous small sharp spines, mostly along their outer edges. At the 
margin these become larger and longer, each plate bearing three or 
four spines which may be considered marginal, of which the upper- 
most is usually longest. These are round, rather slender, tapering 
and acute, slightly curved outward, diminishing gradually in size to- 
ward the tip of the ray. The upper marginal plates are low and 
quite short, those at the interradial angle being shortest, those to- 
ward the tip of the rays becoming very small. These are coarsely 
granulated and destitute of spines or tubercles, except three or four 
of those at the base of the rays, which, in the larger specimens, bear 
at the inner edge a small, rounded tubercle, most prominent on the 
interradial pair of plates, which are also somewhat higher than the 
rest. The dorsal area is about one and a half times the width of the 
marginal plates. The lower marginal plates are but little produced 
beyond the upper. 

One of the larger specimens measures 2°3 inches from center to tip 
of rays; 5 to edge of disk; width of ray at base ‘6; its dorsal area °4 ; 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 273 


height of broadest upper plates °1, length -07; length of longest mar- 
ginal spines ‘15. 

Panama, at extreme low-water on sand, and Zorritos, Peru,—F. H. 
Bradley. 

A specimen measuring 1°3 inches from center to tip of rays agrees 
closely with the preceding description, except in lacking the small 
tubercles on all the upper plates, even at the base of the rays. It 
has 30 marginal plates. 

This species is, in many respects, allied to A. regalis Gray, of which 
I add a description for comparison, but is nevertheless remarkably 
distinct in form and many other important characters. 


Astropecten regalis Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vi. p. 178, 1840. 


A depressed species with broad, short arms, a little contracted at 
base, scarcely acute. Radius of rays to that of disk at 3:1. A speci- 
men 1:5 inches from center to tip of rays, has 23 marginal plates. 

The interambulacral plates bear three slender spines at the inner 
edge, of which the central is nearly twice as long as the others, and 
outside of these a single, sharp, much stouter, but scarcely longer, 
spine. The lower marginal plates are closely covered with even, flat- 
topped granulations, and bear along the outward border from 5 to 8 
nearly equal, small, conical spines, and at the upper margin, usually, 
two large, flattened, blunt or lanceolate spines, which are largest 
toward the base of the rays, but quite small in the interradial region. 
They are mostly channeled upon the upper side and convex beneath. 
The upper marginal plates are low and rather short, closely covered 
with unequal rounded granules, those upon the middle being largest 
and, on the plates toward the tip of the ray, enlarging into small 
rounded tubercles, two, three, or four standing in a transverse row 
along the middle of the plate. The plates on the basal portion of the 
ray are destitute of tubercles or spines, in both of my specimens, but 
older specimens may, perhaps, attain small tubercles even to the base 
of the ray, since there are fewer on the younger specimen. The dor- 
sal area of the rays is broad, with fine paxille. The lower marginal 
plates project considerably beyond the upper. 

The larger specimen is 1°5 inches from center to tip of ray; ‘48 to 
edge of disk; width of ray at base °5, of dorsal area ‘3; length of 
longest marginal spines 18. 

Panama,—F. H. Bradley ; San Salvador,—Capt. J. M. Dow (Coll. 
Smiths. Institution). 

It is quite probable that the Astropecten calacanthus Martens,* 


* Monatsb. der Akad. der Wiss., Berlin, Jan., 1865, and translated in Annals and 
Mag. Nat. History, vol. xv, p. 435, 1865. 


274 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


may be the more mature condition of this species. It agrees in most 
of the characters, except in having small tubercles on all the upper 
marginal plates and in the character of the spines of the lower sur 
face. In form and the peculiar character of the marginal spines, it 
agrees very closely, This specimen was considerably larger (radii of 
rays 49"™; of disk 17") and came from Costa Rica. 

Gray’s original description of this species,* which, though very 
brief, agrees, quite well with our specimens, is as follows: “ Upper 
plates spineless, lower produced.” “Rays one-fourth longer than 
the diameter of the body, broad, tapering; spines broad, stout, 
depressed.” “ Like A. marginatus, but the arms are shorter and 
broader.” San Blas,—Mr. Cuming. 


Astropecten Orstedii Liitken, Vidensk. Meddelelser, 1859. 


Rays moderately long, rather broad at base, tapering regularly to 
the acute ends. Greatest to least radii as 5:1. A specimen measur- 
ing 3 inches from the center to the end of the rays has 36 marginal 
plates. Interambulacral plates each with an inner row of three slen- 
der spines, of which the central is a little longer than the others, and 
outside of these a single, large, blunt spine, which is somewhat 
flattened, and nearly twice as long as the inner ones. Exterior to these 
the same plates bear several slender, short spines. Lower marginal 
plates broad, projecting a little beyond the upper, closely covered 
with short, blunt, spicula-like spines, and bearing a transverse series 
of five or six strong, sharp spines, which bend somewhat toward the 
tip of the ray. The first of these spines are of about the same length 
as the larger interambulacral, toward the margin of the ray they in- 
crease in length, the longest being °35 of an inch long and very strong 
and sharp. The uppermost row is irregular and the spines smaller. 
The upper marginal plates are narrow and high, the two basal ones 
of each ray bearing a large, conical, sharp spine, ‘2 inch or more 
long; all the others, two subequal, smaller spines, of the same shape, 
which form two regular rows. Central region of the rays covered 
with paxillz, which are longer and less crowded than in most spe- 
cies. Around the center of the disk some of the paxille have a cen- 


* This species may be at once distinguished from the preceding by its broad, short 
rays, which do not taper to long slender points, by the broader disk and dorsal area of 
rays, by the stouter spines of the lower plates, which are flattened and rather blunt, 
instead of round and sharp, and by the even granulation of the lower surface, and 
much less spinose character, which gives it a smoother appearance. The small tuber- 
cles of the upper plates, also, are more developed toward the tip of the rays, while in 
the preceding they appear only at the base. 


“N 


Se 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata, 275 


tral acute spine, rising above the general surface. Madreporic plate 
large, very near the marginal plates. 

Length of rays from center of disk 3 inches; to edge of disk °6; 
width of rays at base °65; of central, dorsal area *4 of an inch. 

Panama,—F. H. Bradley. 

A small specimen in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution, 
apparently belonging to this species, collected at Cape St. Lucas 
by J. Xantus, presents the following peculiarities: Radius of rays 
1 inch, of disk °3. The rays have the same form as in the preceding. 
The upper marginal plates are narrow and rather high, formed as in 
the large specimen; there are 20 on each side of the rays; the two 
occupying the interradial angle bear, each, a single long sharp spine ; 
the next three or four bear two smaller spines, while the remain- 
ing plates, even to the end of the ray, bear a single small spine. 
The lower marginal plates are closely granulated and each usually 
bears five or six spines, of which the three lower are short and sharp, 
and the two upper long, round, sharp, and somewhat bent, resembling, 
except in size, those of the larger specimens. 

Dr. Liitken’s specimens are intermediate in size between the two 
preceding, and differed from the large specimen, above described, 
chiefly in having the inner row of upper marginal spines confined to 
. the inner three to eight plates, instead of extending nearly to the tip 
of the rays. 


Astropecten Peruvianus Verrill, sp. nov. 


Rays narrow, elongated, acute, with the angle between somewhat 
rounded. Greatest to least radiias 5:1. In a specimen two and a 
half inches from the center to tip of rays there are 34 marginal plates. 
Interambulacral plates each with three slender spines at the inner 
margin, of which the central is much the longest ; exterior to these each 
plate bears a somewhat stouter, blunt spine, of about the same length, 
and several very small spines. The lower marginal plates project but 
little beyond the upper, each bearing about five small, sharp spines, 
the three lower being shorter than the inner interambulacral, the two 
upper considerably longer and larger (about ‘1 of an inch long). The 
upper marginal plates bear, each, a small conical spine at the inner 
edge, and several of those toward the ends of the rays have also a 
very small spine on the central part. Dorsal area of the rays narrow, 
depressed at the middle of the ray, somewhat exceeding the width 
of a marginal plate. Madreporic plate small, about its own diameter 
from the marginal plates. 


Length of rays, from center, 2°5 inches; to edge of disk 5; width 
of rays at base ‘5 of an inch. 


276 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Paita, Peru,—F. H. Bradley; Dr. C. F. Winslow (Boston Soc. Natu- 
ral History). 

Whether A. stellatus Gray, is identical with this species cannot be 
determined by his very imperfect description, which applies equally 
well to several other species. 

His description of A. stellatus is as follows: “ Rays more than twice 
the diameter of the body ; narrow central area of the rays equal to 
one series of marginal tubercles. Coast of South America ?” 

Miller and Troschel place this, with doubt, as a synonym of A. 
Valenciennesii M. and Tr., Vera Cruz. 


Patiria obtusa Gray, Proc. Zoological Soe. London, 1847, p. 72. 


In the collection of Mr. Bradley* there is a specimen, which I refer 
to this very imperfectly described and hitherto obscure species. 

Greater radius °95 of an inch; smaller 60. From pentagonal, with 
regularly concave sides; rays short, rapidly tapering and somewhat 
obtuse at the end; upper side convex. The ambulacral grooves are 
deep and narrow, bordered by rounded interambulacral plates, which 
bear four or five long, rather slender spines in a single row, of which 
the one next to the outermost is usually the longest, and the one 
nearest the mouth considerably the shortest. Outside of these and 
parallel with them is another row of spines of about the same num- 
ber, form, and size, and borne upon plates of similar character, which 
are connected with the inner row, and directly opposite to them, 
The ventral plates of each triangular area, toward the mouth, bear 
from four to six slender, sharp spines, a little shorter than those along 
the ambulacral grooves, placed in a single transverse series on each 
plate, or sometimes in a crescent-shaped group ; toward the margin 
of the disk the plates and spines rapidly diminish in size, each plate 
bearing three or four very small and slender spines, mostly placed 
transversely side by side. The margin is formed by a row of small 
rounded plates, without a sharp edge, and closely covered with minute 
granule-like spines. The dorsal surface, near the margin between the 
rays, is covered with small, close, uniform plates, which bear closely 
crowded, circular or rhomboidal clusters of minute papilla-like spines, 
which are subdivided at the end into microscopic radiating points. 
The plates increase in size toward the central area, and at a short 
distance from the margin become crescent-shaped and separated by 
the dorsal pores, with other much smaller rounded plates between 
them, each of which bears a small rounded cluster of small spines, 
silmilar to those borne by the larger plates, which are longer toward 


* The locality is uncertain, probably Panama, but perhaps Paita,—Reprint. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 88% 


the center than upon the plates near the margin, but have the same 
character. These thorny spines in the central region are still very 
small and slender, two or three times longer than thick, and form 
densely crowded, large, crescent-shaped, or small rounded groups, 
according to the shape of the plates. The crescent-shaped plates ex- 
tend along the middle of the rays to near the tip, and are accompa- 
nied everywhere by the dorsal pores, which are large and numerous. 
There is a small central area, occupied by small rounded plates, 
with pores between them, at the edge of which is placed the small 
madreporic plate, composed of but few convolutions. A narrow 
band, extending from the central area toward the margin, in the 
middle of each interradial region, is destitute of pores. 

Color, in alcohol, yellowish-red. 

The original description by Dr. Gray is so brief and imperfect as to 
render the identification of this species somewhat uncertain. It is as 
follows: “Brown, depressed, 5 or 6 rayed; rays depressed, rounded 
at the end; dorsal surface with lunate ossicules crowded with short 
spines; oral surface with circular groups of crowded spines in the 
middle of each ossicule. Panama, 6 to 10 fathoms.” 

This description, so far as it goes, agrees tolerably well with our 
specimen, except that the groups of spines on the oral surface cannot 
properly be called “circular.” In this case, as in many others, Dr. 
Gray does not mention the size of the specimens described, so that no 
account can be taken of variations due to difference of age, which are 
often very great among starfishes. 


Asterina (Astericus) modesta Verrill, sp. nov. 


Form pentagonal with slightly concave edges and broad, very short, 
rounded rays. Radii as 7:5. The interambulacral plates bear three 
or four small, slender spines, forming a single row along the ambula- 
eral grooves. The ventral plates each bear one or two sharp spines, 
a little larger than the preceding, in the region near the mouth, and 
more numerous and much smaller ones near the margin. Margin thin 
and sharp, with a fringe of minute sharp spines, 6 or 8 to each plate. 
The dorsal surface is covered with imbricated plates which are finely 
granulated, and each bears upon its upper margin from 5 to 15 minute 
sharp spines. The plates rapidly increase in size from the edge of 
the disk to the central region. Dorsal pores in five imperfect rows 
along each ray and many scattered about the central region of the 
disk. One of the larger specimens measures ‘35 of an inch from 
center to end of ray; ‘25 to edge of disk. 

Panama and Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley. 


278 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Oreaster occidentalis Verrill, sp. nov. 

A large species, resembling in form and character of the upper sur- 
face O. gigas Liitk. (O. reticulatus M. and Tr.), but less spinose above 
and not at all so beneath; marginal plates without spines, or only a 
few near the ends of the rays. Greater to smaller radii as 24}: 1. 

The largest specimen has a greater radius of 4°3 inches ; smaller 2. 
Another has the radii respectively 3°8 and 1:7 inches. Form pentag- 
onal, with a large, elevated, angular disk, and narrowed, rather slen- 
der, short rays. The margin between the rays is regularly and deeply 
incurved, without a distinct angle. The interambulacral plates bear 
an inner row of slender spines, seven or eight on each plate near the 
center, and four or five toward the end of the rays, the middle ones 
longest, the others decreasing in length on each side to the outer ones, 
which are quite short, thus forming pointed groups. Outside of these 
there is a second row of much larger, short, flat, blunt spines, three to 
each plate on the inner and only two on the outer portion of the rays, 
the middle one, when there are three, being a little the longest and 
considerably largest, but when there are but two the one nearest the 
mouth is usually, but not always, largest. The ventral surface is des- 
titute of spines and covered with coarse, irregular, crowded, unequal 
granules, among which there are scattered numerous, sessile, two- 
lipped pedicellariz, with narrow, elongated openings. In one speci- 
men the ventral plates, especially near the mouth, have a central group 
of larger, elevated granules, some of which become twice as high as 
thick, with a somewhat acute point, thus approaching the character of 
small spines. On each side of the rays are 18 lower and 17 upper 
marginal plates in the larger specimen, and one less of each in the 
smaller. The lower plates belong entirely to the ventral surface and 
are covered with coarse granules similar to those of ventral plates, 
becoming finer and more uniform at the outer margin. They all bear 
numerous small, oblong-oval, sessile pedicellariz, and in the largest 
specimen are destitute of spines and tubercles, but in the smaller, 
from two to four of the plates nearest the end of the rays bear small, 
stout, obtuse spines or tubercles, which are surrounded at the base by 
granulations, but naked above. The upper plates, which form the 
margin, are thick and convex, rather rounded, much longer than those 
of O. gigas, closely covered with small, angular, convex granules like 
those of the whole upper surface, among which there are numerous, 
scattered, sessile pedicellariz, like those of the lower plates. In the 
larger specimen none of them bear spines, but in the other there are 
from one to four that bear small, short, stout, blunt, conical spines near 
the ends of the rays. The upper surface of the arms and disk i 


Te 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 279 


reticulated with elevated plates and connecting ossicles, asin O. gigas, 
which bear at most of the nodes or intersections small, conical, naked 
spines of unequal size, each on a large conical tubercle, which is granu- 
lated. Around the central area there is a well-marked pentagon, with 
a large conical tubercle at each angle, corresponding to the rays, 
and a small one on each side, opposite the interradial region. Within 
this pentagon there are four spine-bearing tubercles around the slightly 
convex anal region, and a few others irregularly placed. From the 
angles of the pentagon a row of large, spine-bearing tubercles, from 
fifteen to twenty in number, extends along the middle of each ray, 
The spaces between the reticulations of the upper surface are pierced 
by very numerous pores, among which there are many small oval pedi- 
cellariz. Other similar, but more elongated, pedicellariz are frequent 
on the spine-bearing tubercles. Madreporic plate small, fine, situated 
considerably outside of the dorsal pentagon. Color, in alcohol, gray- 
ish brown; in life the dorsal plates are bright crimson, the spaces be- 
tween, greenish brown. 

Panama, two specimens, dredged, in 6 to 8 fathoms,—F., H. Bradley. 

This species is allied to O. gigas of Florida and the West Indies, 
but the latter has larger and more numerous spines on the upper 
surface; much smaller upper marginal plates, each bearing a conical 
spine ; more coarsely granulated lower marginal plates; ventral plates 
bearing one or two short conical spines; outer row of interambulacral 
spines formed by much larger and longer, subacute, stout spines, one 
to each plate, instead of flat, thin, truncate spines standing two or 
three to a plate, as in O. occidentalis. The pedicellariz of the ventral 
surface are very much smaller and different in form, those on the 
marginal plates are less numerous and more rounded. 

Under the name of Pentaceros Cumingii, Gray has briefly described 
a very small specimen, which may, possibly, have been the young of 
this species, but none of the characters given are applicable to our 
specimens, and the presence of marginal spines in so small a specimen, 
when they are almost entirely wanting in large ones, is a character 
which seems to render their identity extremely improbable. 

Gray’s description is as follows: “The arms are rather narrow, 
nearly as long as the diameter of the body; marginal spines few, 
small; back rather depressed, with conical protuberances, bearing 
small spines. Diameter 12”. Perhaps the young of a much larger 
species.” 

Punta Santa Elena, rocky ground, 12 to 18 fathoms,—H. Cuming. 

TRANS. CONNECTICUT ACAD., Vol. I. 36 APRIL, 1867. 


280 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Nidorellia. 


This name was applied by Dr. J. E. Gray* to a section of his genus 
Pentaceros ( Oreaster M. and 'Tr.), which included only the following 
species. Although the character of having movable spines, which 
he attributed to it, seems not to exist, it has so many important dif 
ferences from typical Oreaster, in external form and structure, which 
we must suppose to be connected with still more important internal 
peculiarities, that it appears worthy of being separated as a distinct 
genus. 

Until a comparative study of the internal structure shall have been 
made we can only indicate some of the more important external pecu- 
liarities for distinctive generic characters. 

Such are the broad depressed disk, the short, broad, depressed rays, 
rounded at the ends; the elevated margin, with large plates, those at 
the ends of the rays largest and swollen. 


Nidorellia armata Gray. 


Pertaceros (Nidoreilia) armatus Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. vi, p. 276, 1840. 

Oreaster armatus Mull. and Tr., System der Asteriden, p. 52, 1842. 

Goniodiscus armatus Liitken, op. cit., 1859, p. 75 (p. 51 of pamphlet). 

Oreaster armatus Lutken, op. cit., p. 148, 1864; E. von Martens, Monatsh. Akad., 
Berlin, 1865, and Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xv, p. 433, 1865. 


Numerous specimens of this species were collected by Mr. Bradley 
at Panama and the Pearl Islands, and Zorritos, Peru. It occurs on 
the reefs at low-water. Prof. B. Silliman has, also, presented two speci- 
mens from Panama. It is also found at Realejo and Puntarenas,—Dr. 
Liitken; Punta Santa Elena,—Dr. Gray; Gulf of Nicaragua, Costa 
Rica,—Dr. E. von Martens.t 

Our largest specimen is 6°5 inches in diameter, the smaller radius 
being 2°75 and the greater 3°25. 

The specimens vary greatly in the number and arrangement of the 
large conical spines; and in the spines of the marginal plates, which 
may be numerous, both above and below, or entirely absent. The 
pedicellariz are also very variable, sometimes beng entirely absent, 
while other specimens have numerous large, two-lipped ones, near the 
mouth or scattered on the lower surface, and smaller ones on the 
lower marginal plates, or even on the upper ones. All these varia- 
tions are too inconstant to allow the species to be divided into varie- 
ties. Sometimes the extreme variations are found on the different 
rays of the same specimen. The number of spines of the dorsal sur- 


* Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vol. vi, p. 275, 1840. 
+ Capt. Pedersen has recently sent several large specimens from La Paz,—Reprint. 


were. . 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 281 


face and of the marginal plates increases with age, though not regu- 
larly, simce some specimens of large size have fewer than others, which 
are much smaller. I have not yet seen two specimens that agree in 
the number of the spines. 

One specimen, which may be considered as representing the average 
condition of adult specimens, has the following characters. Form 
pentagonal, with regularly incurved sides and short, broad, rounded 
rays. Greater radius 3°3 inches; smaller 2°2. Dorsal surface a little 
convex. Interambulacral plates, near the mouth, bear five or six flat, 
blunt, slender spines, forming a single row, the two middle ones long- 
est; toward the end of the rays there are but three, of which the 
middle one is the longest. Outside of these there is a row of very 
stout, thick, rounded spines, with obtuse ends, arranged one opposite 
each cluster of the interambulacral spines, those near the mouth larg- 
est, the size diminishing to the end of the rays, where they become 
small and more pointed. The ambulacral furrows turn upward at the 
end of the rays and terminate between the swollen upper plates, be- 
tween which there is, also, a small plate, bearing a small conical tuber- 
cle. The lower surface is covered by coarse rounded granulations, 
that become finer and closer toward the marginal plates, which they 
completely cover, and bears numerous, regularly arranged, short, stout, 
blunt, conical spines or tubercles, which also decrease in size from the 
center to the margin. Among these are scattered many short, stout, 
oblong, two-lipped pedicellariz, which are more numerous near the 
center, but vary greatly in number upon the different rays. The lower 
marginal plates belong chiefly to the ventral surface, except near the 
end of the rays, where they form more of the margin. There are 
eight of these to each side of a ray, all are convex, those in the inter- 
radial spaces being smaller than those toward the end of the rays, 
except the last one, which is smaller than any other and somewhat 
triangular. Hach of these plates bears a short, stout, conical spine 
larger than those of the lower surface. The upper marginal plates, 
which form the greater part of the margin, are somewhat irregular in 
number and form, there being cither seven or eight upon each side of 
the rays, of these the four nearcst the end of the rays, on each side, 
are about as long as broad, very convex, the last one largest and swol- 
len, joining its mate on the other side of the ray. The six or seven 
plates that occupy the interradial portion of the margin are less con- 
vex and much broader than long, one or two of them bearing near 
the lower side a stout conical spine. Each of the four outer plates of 
the margin, except one of the outermost ones, bears a similar conical 
spine; these are mostly larger than those of the lower plates. In the 


282 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


center of the upper surface there is a stout conical spine upon a tuber- 
cular prominence, and around it are ten similar spines, five of which 
correspond to the interradial spaces and five to the rays, and from the 
latter a row of five or six similar spines extends along the median line 
of each ray. In the interradial regions of the upper side there are 
from three to five similar spines placed irregularly. The spines of the 
upper surface and margin are smooth and naked, except at the base, 
which is surrounded by a ring of crowded, polygonal, flat-topped gran- 
ules, like those that cover the general surface. More than half of the 
upper surface is covered by large groups and clusters of pores, which 
occupy all the intervals between the plates and often blend together 
into large patches on the rays. Among the pores are scattered very 
numerous, small, short and stout, oblong pedicellariz. A few similar, 
but somewhat larger pedicellariz occur upon the lower marginal plates, 
either singly or in small groups. The madreporic plate is large (‘3 of 
an inch in diameter), slightly convex, of fine texture, placed about an 
inch from the center, just outside of one of the ten spines that sur- 
round the central area. 

The largest spines in this specimen are ‘28 long and ‘15 in diameter 
at base; they are united to the plates by a suture, which readily sep- 
arates, when the specimens are not well preserved, leaving a smooth 
depression, but they do not appear to have been movable. 

Color, in alcohol, deep reddish brown above, yellowish brown below. 
When living, bright scarlet, (F. H. Bradley). 

Some of the more prominent variations from the preceding condi- 
tion are as follows: 

2d. A specimen with the greater radius 2°3 inches. Pedicellariz of 
lower surface smaller and less numerous; marginal plates seven above 
and below on each side of the rays, less unequal in size and form, with 
small pedicellariz, very numerous on many of the upper plates, less 
so on the lower; lower plates mostly bearing conical spines, but some 
having a group of three or four small rounded tubercles instead ; 
upper plates mostly without spines or tubercles, one ray having two 
spine-bearing plates near the end on one side, another having two on 
each side, but not on corresponding plates, the rest without any ; a few 
plates with groups of small tubercles, apparently where spines have 
been broken off. Upper side with a central large spine and a row of 
three or four spines along each ray, no spines in the interradial region. 

3d. Greater radius 2°5 inches. Similar to the last, but the marginal 
plates are nearly destitute of pedicellariz, and the lower ones all bear 
a spine, while the upper ones, except one or two near the ends of the 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 283 


rays are without spines or tubercles. Four of the interradial regions 
of the upper surface have each a single large spine near the margin, 
and one of them also a small one inside the madreporic plate ; the fifth 
has no spine. 

4th. Greater radius 3 inches. Lower surface with very few large 
pedicellariz, eight lower and seven upper marginal plates, the outer- 
most two the most swollen; all the lower plates bearing a spine; two 
or three of the upper ones near the ends of the rays bearing small 
spines, and many of them with a few scattered pedicellariz. Central 
dorsal spine surrounded by ten spines, and only one of the interradial 
regions having a spine near the margin. Five or six spines along the 
middle of the rays. 

5th. A specimen of the same size as the last. Lower and upper mar- 
ginal plates without tubercles or spines, except two or three of each 
at the end of each ray, which bear small spines ; most of them bearing 
scattered, large, oblong, sessile pedicellariz. Interradial regions with 
from four to seven large, sharp spines. 

6th. The largest specimen, with the greater radius 3°75 inches. 
Lower surface nearly destitute of pedicellariz, a few very small ones 
on most of the upper marginal plates. The latter are more uniform 
in size and shape than usual, from three to five of the outermost 
bearing small spines, the rest without spines or tubercles, except that 
one of the middle ones, on three of the interradial margins, bears 
a spine. Central dorsal spine surrounded by ten spines, with two 
other spines irregularly placed within the ring. The median row of 
spines along the rays has from seven to ten spines. The interradial 
regions bear from nine to thirteen spines in unequal, but somewhat 
regular, groups. 

7th. A specimen, having the greater radius 3°3 inches, has groups 
of from six to eight interambulacral spines in the inner row. Each 
of the interradial spaces beneath bears from two to six stout, unequal, 
irregularly placed pedicellariz. There are eighteen lower and sixteen 
upper marginal plates along each interradial margin, all of which are 
destitute of pedicellariz. Each of the lower ones bears a short, blunt 
spine, largest near the end of the rays. The three upper plates near- 
est the ends of the rays alone bear spines, the rest are evenly granu- 
lated. There are from seven to nine spines along the median ridge of 
the rays and from four to six, regularly placed, in the interradial 
regions. Besides the usual ten spines around the central one, there 
are four others, forming an imperfect inner circle around it and corres- 
ponding to four of the radial rows, 


284 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Goniodiscus stella Verrill, sp. nov.* 


Form pentagonal, with short, acute rays, and regularly concave 
sides. Radius of rays to that of disk as 8:6. Marginal plates, in a 
specimen one half inch from center to end of rays, five on each side 
of rays, those above and below corresponding. These plates are 
squarish, about as broad as long, diminishing regularly to the tips of 
the rays. The interambulacral plates bear each three or four short 
spines of which the central one is slightly longer and larger; these 
form a single range along the groove. Outside of these there is a row 
of slightly longer and much stouter, flattened, oval, blunt spines, which 
do not reach the end of the rays. The ventral plates are closely 
granulated, those nearest the margin bearing one and sometimes two 
small rounded tubercles on the center. The marginal plates, above 
and below, are closely and finely granulated; the two of the lower 
series, next the end of the rays, bear each a small rounded tubercle. 
The dorsal surface is covered by very regular hexagonal plates, 
which are covered by rounded, unequal granulations, coarser and less 
crowded than those of the margin. These plates are nearly flat and 
each is surrounded by six pores, placed at the angles, except a few of 
those opposite the angle between the rays, which lack a part of the 
pores. The central area is surrounded by five somewhat larger plates, 
corresponding with the interradial spaces, and by five others a little 
more prominent outside of these, alternating with them and corres- 
ponding with the rays, which have, along the central line, a row of 
plates that are a little more prominent, but not appreciably larger than 
those of the general surface. The anus is central, surrounded by fine 
irregular plates. Color, in alcohol, grayish yellow. 

The only specimen seen, which 1s probably young, is °48 inch from 
center to end of rays; °3 to edge of disk; length of largest marginal 
plates ‘08; diameter of medium sized dorsal plates ‘05 of an inch, 

Cape St. Lucas, Cal.,—J. Xantus (Coll. Smithsonian Institution). 

Since the above has been put in type, another large specimen has 
been sent us from Zorritos, Peru, by Mr. Bradley, agreeing in most of 
its features with the one described, but having characters that cause 
it to approach Midorellia armata. This specimen, therefore, leads 
me to suspect that both may, possibly, prove to be the young of the 
latter. 

The Zorritos example measures, from the center to end of rays, °72; 
to edge of disk -48, Six plates on the sides of the rays, above and 
below. Most of the ventral plates bear a small rounded tubercle ; 
the larger spines of the row outside the ambulacral grooves are stout, 


* This has since been ascertained to be the young of the preceding species,—Reprint. 


Rican - 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 285 


short, and flattened, diminishing to the end of the rays. The outer- 
most two, lower, marginal plates bear a small rounded tubercle. The 
plates of the upper surface are regularly arranged, polygonal, sur- 
rounded by from six to ten pores, and bearing oblong, sessile pedicel- 
lariz, which do not rise above the granules; five of the plates around 
the center, corresponding to the median line of the rays, are more 
prominent and bear short, thick, round-topped, naked tubercles, form- 
ing a pentagon; from these a line of ten plates extends along the 
middle of each ray, a few of them bearing one or two very small, 
rounded tubercles. The middle of the disk is a little more elevated 
than in the smaller specimen. 


Linckia. 


We follow Dr. Liitken in retaining the name Linckia (Nardo, in 
part) for the group having the Asterias levigata Linn. as its type, 
not deeming its previous use in Botany a sufficient reason for reject- 
ing it. This genus corresponds nearly with Linckia of Gray and 
includes the typical species of Nardo. It corresponds with the sec- 
tion 6 of Ophidiaster in the “System der Asteriden” of Miiller and 
Troschel. L. wnifascialis departs considerably from this generic type, 
and may ultimately require separation. 

For the genus Ophidiaster we take O. ophidianus Agassiz, as the 
type, as most authors have done. Thus it corresponds to the group 
as restricted by Gray and by Liitken, and nearly to the section @ of 
Miller and Troschel. 

For the group typified by Astertas variolata Lam., we have adopted 
Gray’s name, Mardoa, which has two years priority over Scytaster of 
Miiller und Troschel, and has the same species for its type, although 
some additional species were added to it by the latter authors. This 
group corresponds in part to Linckia, of Nardo and of Agassiz, and 
to Scytaster, as restricted by Liitken. 


Linckia unifascialis Gray. 


Linckia (Phataria) unifascialis Gray, loc. cit., 1840. 
Ophidiaster (Linckia) unifascialis Litken, Kritiske Bemerk. om forskj. Sdstjerner, 
Vidensk. Meddelelser, 1864, p. 165. 
? Ophidiaster suturalis Mull. and Troschel, System der Asteriden, p. 30, 1842. 


We have received a large number of specimens of this species from 
Panama and the Pearl Islands, and Zorritos, Peru, collected by Mr. 
Bradley, and from Cape St. Lucas, collected by J. Xantus for the 
Smithsonian Institution. Dr. Gray’s specimens were collected by 
Hugh Cuming in the Bay of Carracas, on rocks at low water. Dr. 


286 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Liitken received his specimens from Cape St. Lucas through the Smith- 
sonian Institution, and one from Acapulco from the Museum of Comp. 
Zodlogy. 

The disk is small and the rays are slender, slightly tapering, 
rounded-triangular. Proportion of radii as 7 or 8:1. The mature 
specimens of average size have the greater radii 3:7 inches; the 
smaller 5; width of rays at base °5. 

The interambulacral plates bear an inner double row of short, 
crowded, papilla-like, alternately unequal spines, and an outer row, 
close to the inner, of similar form, but stouter and nearly uniform in 
size. The plates are placed obliquely and each one bears on its inner 
side a very small blunt spine, and a little more outwardly and to one 
side, a much stouter one, which is flat, broad and truncated at the 
end, but narrowed at base, and so arranged that the smaller ones 
stand within and appear to alternate with them. On its outer por- 
tion each plate also bears a still larger and stouter, but scarcely 
longer, truncated spine, forming the outer row. The lower side 
of the rays, outside of the interambulacral plates, is formed by four 
or five rows of small, squarish, equal, and regularly arranged plates. 
Beyond and joining these along the sides of the rays there is a row of 
similar plates, but more than twice as large. Above these, and occu- 
pying about half the width of the sides of the arms, there is a con- 
tinuous longitudinal belt of pores, without intervening plates. Along 
the middle of the arms there is a wide belt of irregular, angular, 
crowded plates, larger and more convex than those of the lateral rows. 
The plates are everywhere covered with similar, crowded, coarse, 
rounded granules, which are largest near the ambulacral grooves. 
The poriferous belts are covered with finer, rounded granules. The 
madreporic plate is large, irregular in form, adjacent to the convex, 
central, anal area. 

Color, in alcohol, light yellow or reddish. 

I am unable to find anything in the description of Ophidiaster 
suturalis M. and Tr. by which it can be distinguished from this spe- 
cies. Its origin was unknown. 

A somewhat larger specimen, without authentic locality, presented 
to the Boston Society of Natural History by Mr. Horace Mann, dif- 
fers in having the lateral poriferous region divided into two, for one 
or two inches from the base of the rays, by a row of plates like those 
of the dorsal series, with which they unite outwardly, forming thus 
a wider region of plates without pores on the outer part of the rays. 
This specimen has also three madreporic plates, regular and normal 
in structure. The inner interambulacral plates, near the base of the 


— | 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata, 287 


rays, form only a single series, alternately larger and smaller, the 
larger ones broad, flat, truncated. Outside of these a row of larger 
ones, similar in form, but much stouter. 

This form, which does not appear to be a distinct species, may be 
Linckia bifascialis Gray. It occurs, also, at Cape St. Lucas. 


Ophidiaster pyramidatus Gray. 

Ophidiaster (Pharia) pyramidatus Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1840. 

Ophidiaster porosissimus Litken, op. cit., 1859. 

Mr. Bradley has sent numerous specimens of this species from Pan- 
ama and the Pearl Islands. We have also received specimens from 
the Smithsonian Institution collected at Cape St. Lucas by J. Xantus. 
Dr. Gray’s specimens came from the Bay of Caraccas, West Columbia, 
on rocks,—Hugh Cuming. Dr. Liitken received his from Puntarenas. 
It therefore has, like the last species, a range extending through the 
whole extent of the Panamic Zodlogical Province. It occurs on the 
reef at Panama, with the last, at extreme low-water of spring tides, 
among rocks. 

The original description by Dr. Gray is as follows: “ Rays suban- 
gular, elongate, nearly four times as long as the width of the pyram- 
idal body, with seven rows of tubercles; the central dorsal series 
much the largest ; spines near the ambulacra ovate, subacute.” 

Our numerous specimens show that the pyramidal form of the body 
is merely due to the state of preservation, the specimens in alcohol 
showing little or nothing of this character, while in a part of the 
dried specimens it is pretty well marked. 

The ratio of the greater to the smaller radius is as 7 or 8:1. A 
specimen, with rays 4°6 inches long, has the radius of the disk °6; 
width of rays at base ‘7; elevation of dorsal surface of disk °9. 

The rays are rounded, somewhat swollen, tapering very slowly to 
the thick, obtuse, rounded ends. The rays, in small specimens, and 
those that are in the process of restoration after being broken, have 
more acute tips. 

The interambulacral plates bear two elongated, blunt spines on the 
inner edge, of which the one nearest the mouth is a little longer than 
the other and twice as thick, flattened and subclavate at the ends. 
These form a single, crowded row of alternately larger and smaller 
spines along the edges of the ambulacral furrows. Outside of these 
there is a row of distant, short, stout spines, blunt at the ends and 
narrow at the bases, which arise from the outer part of every second 
or third plate. Joining the outer edges of the interambulacral plates 
there is a close row of stout, somewhat convex plates. At intervals 

TRANS. CONNECTICUT ACAD., VOL. I. 37 APRIL, 1867. 


288 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


of one or two of these plates transverse series of two or three or 
more smaller plates connect this row with a similar row of larger 
convex plates along the sides of rays, thus leaving oblong spaces 
which are occupied by numerous pores. Three other longitudinal 
belts of similar poriferous spaces, alternating with rows of convex 
plates, occupy the sides of the rays, while along the dorsal median 
line there is a broader, irregular, often double row of larger and more 
irrecular plates. 

The whole surface, above and below, is covered by coarse, short, 
convex granulations, with other minute ones intervening. Sessile 
pedicellariz, with oval openings, scarcely raising above the granules, 
are scattered on the lateral plates, and numerous smaller ones occur 
among the pores. They often have the slit divided across the middle, 
so as to appear double. 

Color, in alcohol, dark grayish or yellowish brown, when dry, often 
tinged with purplish brown above. In life variegated above with 
purple and brown, 


Mithrodia Bradleyi Verrill, sp. nov. 

Disk small; rays five, round, elongated, not rigid; dorsal surface 
coarsely reticulated and covered with numerous, small, scattered, 
papilliform spines, and with a median and about three lateral rows 
of large, stout spines, roughened, like the small ones, with small 
spinule-like granulations. 

Radii as 7:1. Length of rays from the center 4°3 inches; radius 
of disk -6; width of arms at base °6, somewhat enlarged farther out ; 
length of longest spines 25, diameter ‘08. The interambulacral plates 
bear an inner row of very slender, small, sharp spines, from five to 
seven to each plate, the middle ones longest, forming rounded clusters, 
in which the spines are connected together by a web to the ends; and 
close to these, on the outside, a simple series of much longer, stout, 
round, strongly granulated spines, one to each plate, most of which 
have enlarged tips. Outside of these the ventral and lateral parts of 
the rays are openly and coarsely reticulated and bear, on each side, 
three irregular rows of large, distant spines, those of the first row, 
near the interambulacral spines, shorter and more numerous than the 
others, which are separated by distances about equal to their length. 
All these spines are movable at base, and are round, somewhat taper- 
ing, obtuse or rounded at the ends, and covered with closely crowded, 
coarse, elongated grains, which become longer and more spiniform at 
the tips of the spines. The dorsal surface of disk and rays is less 
firm, and more finely reticulated, bearing very numerous, scattered, 


On itt ss RET tii lata eee is 5 


ce a 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 289 


small, roughly granulated spines (some of which also occur among 
the lateral spines), and an imperfect median row of large, distant 
ones, like those of the sides, but somewhat smaller. The entire sur- 
face, between the spines, is covered with coarse, rough granules. 
Madreporic plate subcentral, small, narrow, elongated, composed of 
a few radiating lamelle. Color, in alcohol, reddish brown. 

Panama,—F. H. Bradley. One specimen, at low-water of spring 
tides, on rocks.* 

This species is interesting as showing the propriety of retaining 
Gray’s genus Withrodia, which was established to receive JV. spinu- 
losa (Linck. sp.) and J. elavigera (Lamarck sp.). The former is said 
to be an Asteracanthion by Miiller and Troschel, and the latter seems 
to be but little known. For these reasons the necessity of retaining 
this genus has been doubted by some authors. The present species, 
however, which agrees well with the characters assigned by Gray, 
and must be closely allied to A. clavigera,} cannot, with propriety, 
be united to any other genus. It is not at all allied to Asterias 
(Asteracanthion M. and Tr.), but approaches more nearly to Ophidi- 
aster and allied genera. The ambulacral pores are large and form 
but two rows. 


Heliaster helianthus Gray. 


Asterias helianthus Lamarck; Blainville, Actinologie, tab. 23, fig. 5. 
Asterias (Heliaster) helianthus Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H., Ist series, vi, p. 180, 1840. 
Asteracanthion helianthus Mull. and Tr., Syst., p. 18, 1842. 


Numerous specimens of this species, both large and small, were 
sent from Callao, and a few from Paita, Peru, by Mr. Bradley, a part 
preserved in alcohol and a part dried. It occurs, also, at Caldera, 
Chili,—Capt. W. H. A. Putnam (Coll. Essex Institute). It is found on 
rocks at low-water, adhering very firmly. 

Disk broad, rays short, slender, about thirty or thirty-five. Radii 
as 8:5. A medium-sized specimen measures from center to end of 
rays 4 inches; to edge of disk 2°5; length of rays beyond disk varia- 
ble, longest about 1°5. 

The interambulacral plates bear a single row of rather long, stout, 
blunt spines, one to each plate, a large and small one often alternat- 
ing ; outside of these, but near them, the ventral plates bear about 


* Two specimens have since been sent from La Paz, by J. Pedersen,—Reprint. 

+ Another species of this genus, with remarkably long arms, which must be nearly 
allied to the IL clovigera, was collected at the Sandwich Islands by Mr. Horace Mann, 
and by him presented to the Boston Society of Natural History. 


290 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


three rows of spines, which are crowded and rather indistinct, decreas- 
ing in length outwardly from the ambulacral grooves, those of the 
first row being of about the same size and shape as the interambula- 
cral. Beyond these on the sides of the rays there are three, more 
distant, regular, longitudinal rows of short spines, those of the two 
lowest being conical and somewhat sharp; those of the upper flat- 
tened, and blunt, or dilated at the ends. On the dorsal side, each ray 
has a crowded, irregular, broad, median belt or row, and a more 
simple, crowded, marginal row on each side, all of which extend to 
the central area of the disk, where the spines become very numerous 
and irregularly crowded. All the spines of the upper surface are 
short and thick, with enlarged, rounded tips. Numerous, very small, 
short, pointed pedicellariz are scattered over the surface between the 
spines, and beneath, among the lateral and ventral spines, there are 
other much larger ones, which are short, broad-oval, with pointed 
tips. Madreporic plate small, inconspicuous, irregular. 

Color, in life, dark greenish brown, the spines reddish, yellowish, or 
light green. 


Heliaster microbrachia Xantus, Proc. Phil. Acad Nat. Sci., 1860, p. 568. 


A few specimens that appear to be identical with this species were 
collected by Mr. Bradley at Panama and the Pearl Islands, on rocks 
at low-water, and in cavities higher up. The original specimens of 
Mr. Xantus were obtained at Cape St. Lucas. 

Disk very broad, rays relatively shorter than in the preceding, 
small, slender, about thirty in number. Radii about as 3:2. A me- 
dium-sized specimen measures from center to end of rays 2°8 inches; 
from center to edge of disk 2; the free part of the rays varies in 
length from ‘5 to 1 inch, 

The interambulacral plates bear a single row of slender, blunt 
spines, which are quite long toward the mouth, but shorter than in 
preceding species on the free part of the rays; small spines frequently 
alternate with the larger ones. Outside of these along the lower and 
lateral sides of the rays there are about four regular longitudinal rows 
of longer and stouter spines, not clearly distinguishable into ventral 
and lateral, but those of the upper rows are more flattened and clavate 
at the ends. The dorsal side of the rays is covered with numerous, 
small, slender, sub-acute, nearly equal spines, arranged along each 
margin in a distinct row, which extends inward on the disk, but not 
forming a distinct median row, the surface between the marginal rows 
being nearly evenly covered with the spines, among which indications 
of five or six indistinct rows may, sometimes, be traced, The surface 


rte 


aaah a 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 291 


of the disk is thickly covered with similar spines, irregularly scat- 
tered, except toward the outer part, where they have a tendency to 
form radiating rows continuous with those on the rays. Minor pedi- 
cellariz small, short and thick, thinly scattered among the spines on 
the disk, but becoming very numerous toward the end of the rays, 
less so among the lateral and ventral spines. Major pedicellariz not 
observed. Madreporic plate rather large, oval. 

Color, in alcohol, brownish black above, yellowish below. 

This species is closely allied to the preceding, but is quite different 
in appearance. It may by distinguished by its relatively shorter 
rays; the much smaller and sharper spines of the upper surface, which 
are much more numerous and scattered, and do not form three distinct 
rows on the rays; by the larger and more uniform lateral and ventral 
spines, which are crowded toward the ambulacral furrows. 


Heliaster Cumingii Gray. 

In a collection from Zorritos, Peru, Mr. Bradley has sent several 
specimens of various sizes, which are, perhaps, the species described 
by Gray. He also collected a few specimens at Paita. 

These resemble in form H. helianthus, but have exceedingly short 
rays, ranging in number from 34 to 41. One of the largest specimens 
measures from the center to end of rays 4°5 inches; to edge of disk 
3°8, the rays being mostly about half an inch in length. A smaller 
one has a greater radius of 3°4 inches; lesser 2°8. The length of the 
rays varies from one-eighth to less than one-tenth of the entire diam- 
eter, The spines of the upper surface, also, are less numerous, and 
much stouter, with more swollen tips, which are rounded and 
capitate. They are arranged in a regular, simple, marginal row on 
each side, and an irregular median series, sometimes forming a regular 
double row, all the rows extending inward to near the center of the 
disk, where they become irregularly scattered, but have nearly the 
same form and size. The interambulacral spines form a single row, 
one to each plate, and are mostly rather stout, with enlarged, blunt 
tips. Outside of these, toward the edge of the disk, there is a row 
of spines of about the same length, but stouter and more clavate, 
and flattened at the ends, On the sides of the rays there are, in ad- 
dition, two or three imperfect rows of similar, but shorter and more 
flattened spines. 

Zorritos, and Paita, on rocks, at low-water,—F. H. Bradley. 

Under the name of Asterias (Heliaster) Cumingii Dr. Gray* very 
briefly described a species, allied to or identical with this, as follows: 


* Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1st series, vol. vi, p. 180, 1840. 


292 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


“Arms 30 or 31, very short, not one-tenth as long as the diameter of 
the body, conical, with blunt spines.” 
“ Inhabits Hood’s Island, on rocks at spring tides, H. Cuming, Esq.” 


Heliaster Kubiniji Xantus, loc. cit., p. 558, 1860. 

A good specimen, agreeing well with this species, was presented to 
us by Mr. Horace Mann, who obtained it, with several other charac- 
teristic Panamic species, from Mr, Pease at the Sandwich Islands. 
It probably came from Acapulco or Mazatlan. Mr. Xantus obtained 
his original specimens at Cerro Blanco, off Cape St. Lucas.* 

Disk relatively smaller than in either of the preceding species; 
rays twenty-three, longer and rounder, gradually tapering. Radi as 
2:1. From center to end of rays 3°2 inches; to edge of disk 1°6. 

The interambulacral spines are subequal and blunt, and form a 
single, close row, one to each plate. Just outside of these there is a 
row of longer and very stout ventral spines, obtuse and flattened or 
clavate at the ends. Beyond these there are three lateral rows of 
much smaller and shorter, tapering, blunt spines, regularly arranged. 
The dorsal surface of the rays has five regular rows of larger, short, 
obtuse, and mostly clavate spines, the median row having larger 
spines than the two on each side, which are regular and equally 
spaced. All the dorsal rows extend inward to the central area of the 
disk, where the spines become irregularly scattered, and much larger 
and stouter, with dilated, truncate, or even concave ends. Minor 
pedicellarize very small, ovate, pointed, very numerous on the upper 
side of the rays near the ends, and among the lateral and ventral 
spines. Madreporic plate small, very convex, about half an inch from 
the center. 

This species is very different from the two preceding. It is readily 
distinguished by its fewer, longer, and rounded rays; by the five reg- 
ular rows of spines on their dorsal surface; by the larger, stout 
spines of the central part of the disk, often dilated and capitate or 
concave at the end; by the very stout spines of the first ventral row ; 
and smaller and more equal interambulacral spines. 

Dr. Gray has very briefly described, in the work previously cited, 
under the name of Asterias (Heliaster) multiradiata, a species that 
seems, in some respects, allied to this. His description is as follows: 
“Arms 22 or 24, cylindrical, elongated, tapering at the ends, one-third 
longer than the diameter of the body; the dorsal series of spines 
rather longer and more compressed. 

Inhabits Hood’s Island,—H. Cuming, Esq.” 


* Capt. J. Pedersen has recently sent it from La Paz,—Reprint. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 293 


Whether the Hood’s Island referred to be the one in the Galapago 
Group, bearing that name, is somewhat uncertain. 

In the character of the dorsal spines and the much longer rays, his 
description differs widely from our specimen. 


Stichaster aurantiacus Verrill. 


Asterias aurantiacus Meyen, Reise um die Erde, 1834. 

Stichaster striatus Mill. and Trosch., Wieg. Arch., vi, B. ii, p. 323, 1840. 

Tonia atlantica Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vi, p. 180, Nov., 1840. 

Asteracanthion aurantiacus Mall. and Trosch , System der Asteriden, p. 21, 1842. 

Numerous specimens of this species were obtained by Mr. Bradley 
at Callao, Peru, on rocks at low-water mark. It has also been 
described from Chili. 

Its color in life, according to Mr. Bradley, is bright orange; dried 
specimens are dull yellow. 


The following species, which was omitted in its proper place, on 
page 272, following Z. tesselata, is inserted here chiefly on account of 
the peculiar interest connected with its geographical distribution. 


Ludia Bellonee Litken, Kritske Bemerkn., Vidensk. Meddelelser, 1864, p. 133. 


Two specimens, apparently identical with this species, were collected 
at Callao, Peru, by Mr. Bradley. The specimen described by Dr. 
Liitken was believed to have come from Guayaquil. If this be true, 
it is the only instance known to me of a species of starfish common 
to the Peruvian and Panamic faune, except Heliaster Cumingii, but 
neither of these have been found at Panama. 

Our largest specimen, preserved in alcohol, has a greater radius of 
37 inches; lesser, ‘5. Another dried specimen is about half as large. 
The five rays are narrow, more convex than usual in this genus, 
scarcely depressed, the edges not thin. Interambulacral plates bearing 
three spines (occasionally but two) the inner one slender and shorter 
than the others, curved, the outer one stoutest, straight, a little longer 
than the middle one. Ventral plates bearing very small, slender, 
papillary spines, and a transverse row of about five large blunt ones, 
increasing in size to the margin, the longest about equal to the outer 
ones on the interambulacral plates. The paxille of the upper surface 
are unequal in size, the large ones are arranged in transverse rows of 
about six on each side of the rays, and bear a short, blunt spine in 
the middle, surrounded by 8 to 12 very small, shorter radiating papil- 
le. Smaller paxille are scattered among these and also occupy the 
disk and middle of the rays. 


Color, in alcohol, yellowish, mottled with dark brown above. 


294 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Order, HCHINOIDEA. 

In the identification of several species of the following Echini I 
have been greatly aided by Mr. Alexander Agassiz, of the Museum 
of Comparative Zodlogy, who kindly compared with me a set of our 
specimens with the types of species described by himself in the Bulle- 
tin of the Museum, and also gave in exchange authentic specimens 
of several of those species. Without this assistance some of the iden- 
tifications could not have been made with so much certainty as was 
desirable. 


Cidaris Thouarsii Valenciennes. 
Cidaris Thouarsii Agassiz and Desor, Catal. Rais. des Kchinides, Ann. des Sci. Nat., 
vi, p. 326, 1846. 

Mr. Bradley has sent numerous specimens of this species from 
Panama and the Pearl Islands, where it occurs among rocks and in 
cavities at low-water. It has been described from the Galapago 
Islands and California (Ag. and Des. Cat. Rais.). The Smithsonian 
Institution has presented specimens from Cape St. Lucas, collected by 
J. Xantus.* 

This is closely allied to C. annuluta Gray, common at Aspinwall 
and the West Indies, but differs in the wider and more closely granu- 
lated median area of the interambulacra and in having much stouter 
and relatively shorter spines, which are more coarsely sculptured on 
the surface. The large spines are round, largest a short distance 
above the base, and then slightly and gradually diminish to near the 
ends, which are enlarged and obtuse. A specimen 1:25 inches in 
diameter has the large spines 1:3 long, ‘15 in diameter. The small 
spines at their bases are flat, thin, spatulate, obtuse at the ends. The 
ovarian plates form a regular five-rayed star, more distinct than in C. 
annuluta. Color of the larger specimens, when dry, deep brown, 
with the larger spines light purplish brown. Young specimens, in 
alcohol, have the spines light purple, banded with white. 


Diadema Mexicana A. Agassiz, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. 2, p. 20, 1863. 


We have received from the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, 
through the kindness of Mr. A, Agassiz, a good example of this spe- 
cies, collected by him at Acapulco. In the Smithsonian Institution 
there are a few young specimens, apparently of the same species, 
collected at Cape St. Lucas by J. Xantus. 

Our specimen has a test 2°25 inches in diameter, 1:25 high; diame- 


* Sent in abundance from La Paz, by J. Pedersen,—Reprint. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 295 


ter of the actinal area, not including actinal cuts, 1:10; extreme 
diameter, including cuts, 1:25; of abactinal area °3; longest spines 
about 5 inches in length, ‘07 in diameter. 

This species is allied to D. Antillarum Phil. of Aspinwall and the 
West Indies, but may be at once distinguished by its much larger 
actinal area, as compared to the abactinal area, or to the diameter of 
the test. In D. Mexicana the proportion of the actinal area to the 
diameter of the test is about 1: 2°05, in D. Antillarum as 1:23. In 
D. Mexicana the large tubercles of the outer interambulacral rows 
continue nearly to the ovarial plates, diminishing but little in size, 
and there is less space, also, above the median rows than in the other 
species. 

The sutures between the interambulacral plates are rather deep 
and well marked. The spines are very long and sharp, about twice 
as long as the diameter of the test. 

Color of the dried specimen brownish black, spines black. Young 
specimens about half an inch in diameter, from Cape St. Lucas, have the 
spines regularly banded with deep purple alternating with purplish 
white. 

Echinodiadema, gen. nov. 


Test depressed, circular. Actinal cuts slight. Buccal membrane 
with five principal groups of oblong scales, bearing numerous slender 
spines and pedicellariz. Ambulacral pores trigeminate, the poriferous 
zones wider beneath, where the rows of three pairs are more trans- 
verse. Tubercles arranged much as in Diadema,—two principal rows 
in the ambulacra, and four in the interambulacra, of which the exter- 
nal ones are smaller and border the poriferous zones. Anal membrane 
small, covered with small scales. Spines long, slender, hollow, exter- 
nally resembling those of Diadema. 


Echinodiaradema coronata Verrill, sp. nov. 


Test circular, much depressed, actinal opening one half the diam- 
eter of test, with very slight cuts, its membrane partially covered by 
five principal groups of large oblong scales, which support numerous 
slender, somewhat clavate spines, ‘1 inch long, and numerous short, 
rounded pedicellariz. Ambulacral pores large, in arcs of three pairs, 
becoming more oblique below, where the zones are wider; tubercles 
in two rows, rather large, with a median zigzag line of miliaries. 
Interambulacra about twice as wide as the ambulacra, with two rows 
of tubercles, somewhat larger than those of the ambulacra, reaching 
the abactinal region; external to these are two irregular rows of small 


tubercles bordering the ambulacra ; and between them two imperfect 
TRANS. CoNNECTICUT AcaAD., VOL. I. 38 JUNE, 1867. 


296 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


rows of about the same size, arranged alternately, with smaller mil- 
iaries scattered among them. The three uppermost tubercles of both 
the ambulacral and interambulacral systems are very small, and the 
two next the last bear very small slender spines with globular, bright 
purple tips. The ocular and genital plates bear each a somewhat lon- 
ger, slender spine. Abactinal system small, somewhat angular, de- 
pressed, spines twice as long as the diameter of the test, rather stout, 
with conspicuous verticillations, annulated with narrow bands of pur- 
plish brown and light brown. 

Diameter of test °85 of an inch; height 35. Cape St. Lucas, Lower 
Cal..—J. Xantus. From the Smithsonian Institution. 


Astropyga venusta sp. nov. 

Test circular, much depressed, nearly flat below, fragile, the ambu- 
lacra considerably elevated above the general surface on the upper 
side. Actinal area about one third the diameter of the test, its mem- 
brane covered with unequal scales. Ambulacral zones about one 
third as wide as interambulacral at the periphery, not varying much 
in width to the actinal area, but tapering gradually to a point on the 
upper surface where they are elevated and conspicuous. Pores in 
ares of three pairs, which are much more oblique above than below. 
Ambulacral tubercles alternating in two rows, variable in size, largest 
on the lower surface. Interambulacral tubercles in eight principal 
rows, the four median not extending much above the outer curvature 
of the margin, leaving a naked portion above. The tubercles of the 
external row are largest but extend only a little further toward the 
center, with about three tubercles more. The row next to the exter- 
nal has much smaller tubercles and extends to the summit. The 
naked spaces radiate from the center and soon fork, one branch pass- 
ing down between the second and third rows of tubercles along each 
interambulacral border. These spaces are much depressed toward 
the center and are light purple, with a row of dark purplish spots 
extending to the end on each side, just within the second row of 
tubercles, and terminating at the periphery. The color of the lower 
surface is light yellowish, extending upward in the center of each 
interambulacrum in a broad petal-like space between the purple forks 
of the naked area; and in other narrower lobes, embracing the am- 
bulacra and outer interambulacral tubercles, to the ocular plates. 
Spines very slender and unequal in length, the longest about one half 
the diameter of the test, finely barbed and longitudinally striated, 
light flesh-color, or greenish with narrow bright purple bands. <Ac- 
tinal cuts not deep. Diameter 2°3 inches; of actinal area “75; of 
abactinal area °35; height of test about °75. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 297 


A much larger specimen has a test 4:4 inches in diameter, with 
longest spines 3°5 inches long; anal area ‘55 in diameter; genital 
plates 35 in length, -28 in breadth; ambulacra -45 wide at the 
periphery. 

In this specimen the ambulacra are much more elevated above the 
abactinal area and interambulacra of the upper surface than in the 
smaller ones. The genital plates are large and acutely triangular, 
projecting considerably into the interambulacral spaces, forming a 
well-marked star. The interambulacral zones are over five times as 
wide as the ambulacral at the periphery, where they have ten or twelve 
rows of large tubercles, with a few small tubercles irregularly scat- 
tered among them. Near the edge of ambulacral zones, on each side, 
a row of primary tubercles extends upward to the fifth plate from 
the abactinal area; between this row and the ambulacra there is a 
row of smaller alternating tubercles extending a little higher; and on 
the other side another similar row of small tubercles extending as 
far as the genital plates. The next row of primary tubercles attains 
only to the periphery ; and the third, counting from the ambulacra, 
terminates two plates below; the fourth extends six plates higher 
than the third, and considerably beyond the outer arch of the shell; 
the fifth ceases two plates earlier than the fourth; and the sixth one 
plate sooner, or scarcely above the outer arch. The median spine- 
bearing area of the ambulacra has, therefore, a broad petal-like form 
on the upper surface, reaching about midway to the abactinal area 
and considerably beyond the fourth row of primary tubercles, its 
upper portion including only small scattered tubercles. Its outline 
is well defined, owing to the contrast between the light yellow color 
of this area, and the deep purplish brown of the naked space above 
and on each side of its upper portion. The ambulacral tubercles are 
unequal in size and form two irregular rows. 

The color is nearly like that of the first specimen described, but 
somewhat darker. The spines of the upper surface are greenish, 
banded with purple; below, yellowish or reddish white with few 
purple bands, or quite plain. 

Two specimens in alcohol, intermediate in size between those 
above described, agree well with the characters indicated. The 
buccal membrane bears a few very small and slender spines, scattered 
over the surface and more numerous near the mouth. The spines of 
the lower surface are all small, slender, rarely exceeding an inch in 
length, the largest ones enlarged and flattened near the ends, mostly 
light yellow in color, with faint bands of purple. The long spines are 
greenish at the base and have narrow bands of bright purple; the 


298 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


short spines of the upper surface are light green, with narrow purple 
bands. 

In life, according to Mr. Bradley’s observations, the spots along 
each side of the interambulacral zones are bright blue and very 
conspicuous. 

Panama and Pearl Islands ;* one specimen was found on the reef at 
low-water, the others were dredged in four or five fathoms, on shelly 
bottom,—F. H. Bradley. 

This species has probably been confounded, hitherto, with 4. radiata 
of the Indian Ocean, at Zanzibar, etc., to which it is closely allied. 


Echinocidaris stellata (Blainv. sp.) Agassiz and Des., Catal. Rais., 1846. 


Echinocidaris incisa A. Agassiz, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodlogy, No. 2, p. 20, 1863. 
Echinocidaris longispina Lutken, Bidrag til Kundskab om Echiniderne, p. 62, Vidensk. 
Meddelelser, p. 130, 1864. 

A large number of specimens of this species, of various sizes, were 
collected by Mr. Bradley at Panama and the Pearl Islands, where 
they occur at low-water mark on the reef, among stones and in crev- 
ices. At Zorritos, Peru, he obtained many specimens of large size, 
and, also, a few from La Union, San Salvador. From the Essex Insti- 
tute we have a specimen from Margarita Bay, Lower California. It 
also occurs at the Galapago Islands (Agassiz and Desor), and at 
Guayamas (A. Agassiz), and Realejo (Dr. Liitken). Mr. Bradley ob- 
tained one living specimen at Paita, Peru. 

The specimens described by Mr. A. Agassiz were not fully grown, 
and differ in some respects from larger ones. 

A specimen from Zorritos, measuring six inches in diameter, in- 
cluding the spines, has spines two inches in length; others have 
somewhat shorter spines. The spines near the center of the upper 
surface are quite short, but increase rapidly in length toward the 
periphery, where they are longest, round, moderately slender, gradu- 
ally tapering. On the lower side they diminish rapidly in size and 
length and have flattened tips; around the actinal area they are 
quite small. 

A specimen having the test 2°1 inches in diameter, and 1°35 high, 
has the actinal opening 1 inch in diameter; the anal area ‘3; from 
the outside of an ocular plate to the outer point of the opposite geni- 
tal plate °6 ; length of genital plates -22; greatest width 2; breadth 
of ambulacral zones at periphery *42; of interambulacra -85. Test 
usually regularly arched above, often a little depressed. 

The genital plates are large, pointed outwardly, and project into 
the interambulacra so as to form a very distinct star; inwardly their 


* More recently sent by J. Pedersen from the Gulf of California, near La Paz,—Reprint. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 299 


sides unite together for a short distance so that the ocular plates do 
not join the anal area; the madreporic plate is much larger than the 
others. The anal area is broad-oval, its four plates usually promi- 
nent. The ambulacral zones are, ordinarily, somewhat elevated and 
in some cases considerably so, giving a somewhat pentagonal form 
to the outline of the test. They bear two regular rows of tubercles, 
nearly as large as the interambulacral beneath and on the sides, but 
becoming very small above and disappearing before reaching the 
summit. Interambulacra with large naked median spaces, extending 
about halfway to the periphery; sutures between the plates rather 
deep and conspicuous. The plates are very broad, fifteen forming 
each vertical series in the specimen above measured. The tubercles 
are very large on the sides, forming six vertical rows, which are not 
crowded. The two middle rows are represented at the periphery by 
a few tubercles only ; the two next extend from the actinal area to 
within about five plates of the summit; the outer row on each side 
continues even to the ocular plates, but the two or three upper tubercles 
are much smaller than the lateral. Actinal area sub-pentagonal, the 
cuts shallow. Auricles short and broad, the supports widely separa- 
ted at the ends. 

Color of test, in dried specimens, grayish or purplish brown, 
weathering to purplish white or rose-color; the lower half or the 
whole of the outer end of the interambulacral plates deep purple, in 
the naked spaces of the upper surface, forming a double series of 
conspicuous, alternating, angular spots; genital plates variegated 
with purple; spines dark purple. 

A specimen 1°35 inches in diameter of test has but eleven interam- 
bulacral plates in the vertical series and but four rows of large 
interambulacral tubercles, with a very few belonging to a fifth row. 
In this the auricular supports are short, broad at the ends, where they 
are in contact or overlap. 

Specimens ‘4 in diameter have but eight plates in the vertical series. 
The outer row of interambulacral tubercles reach the summit, but 
the intervening rows are represented only by three or four irregularly 
placed tubercles on the lower surface. The spines are mostly flat- 
tened and channeled at the ends, the longest equaling the diameter 
of the test. Sutures more marked than in the large examples. 

An examination of a large number of specimens of all ages and 
from various localities has convinced me that the £. stellata of Agas- 
siz is the same as & incisa A. Ag. Dr. Liitken’s work was printed 
before he had received that of Mr. Agassiz. He has suggested that 
his species might prove identical with £. stellata. 


300 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Echinocidaris spatuligera Agassiz, Catal. Rais., 1846.* 

Echinus spatuliger Val., Voyage Venus, Zodl., pl. 5, fig. 2, 1846. 

Numerous specimens of this species were found by Mr. Bradley 
both at Callao and Paita, Peru, thrown upon the shore after storms. 
It has been recorded from Coquimbo (Catal. Rais.), and from North 
Chili (Philippi). 

A specimen of the usual size has a diameter of 2°1, not including 
spines; height 1°3; longest spines 1°8; diameter of actinal area -98; 
of anal area *28; from the outside of an ocular plate to the outer end 
of the opposite genital plate -48; length of genital plates +13; width 
15. Test with a regularly rounded outline, often subconical, some- 
times regularly arched above, usually less depressed than the preced- 
ing species. 

The genital plates are rather small, with an obtuse angle outwardly, 
the adjacent ones usually separated completely by the ocular plates, 
which reach the anal area, except the two next to the madreporic 
plate. The ambulacral zones have two close rows of tubercles, which 
become very small on the upper surface and do not reach the summit. 
The interambulacral plates are narrower and more numerous than in 
the preceding species, 18 forming a vertical series: those near the outer 
parts and beneath, except near the actinal opening, bear four tubercles, 
forming obliquely transverse rows on the plates and eight vertical rows 
in each interambulacral zone, of which the two middle rows are irreg- 
ular and consist of smaller tubercles. The primary tubercles, below 
and on the sides, are crowded, subequal, of moderate size. The row 
next the ambulacra reaches the ocular plates, the upper tubercles, like 
those of all the other rows, being very small; the next row ceases at 
the fourth ‘plate from the summit; the third, two plates sooner; the 
fourth, two or three plates sooner than the third. The median naked 
spaces of the upper side are, therefore, narrow and less distinctly 
bounded than in /. stellata, owing to the smallness of the surrounding 
tubercles. 

The color of dried specimens is dark reddish brown, much lighter 
beneath ; spines reddish or purplish brown. Young specimens have 
purplish poriferous zones, and grayish brown interambulacral spaces. 

A specimen ‘9 of an inch in diameter has five rows of interambu- 
lacral tubercles with rudiments of a sixth. The outer rows reach the 
summit, but the next cease at the sixth plate from it. 

A young specimen, ‘5 in diameter, has but four rows of interambu- 
lacral tubercles, the two outer rows reaching the summit, the others 
scarcely extending above the outer curvature of the sides. 


* A recent examination of this species confirms its identity with that of Valenciennes, 
but the latter differs in its flatter spines, which in ours is variable,—Reprint. 


— =~. <e-  e  e 


. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 301 


This species is readily distinguished from /. stellata by much more 
numerous, more crowded, and smaller interambulacral tubercles; by 
the narrower and more numerous plates ; by the much smaller genital 
plates, which are outwardly obtuse instead of acute, so that they do 
not form a well marked star, and are broader than long, while in £, 
stellata they are longer than broad. The lateral union of the genital 
plates in front of the ocular plates is a good distinctive character for 
the latter species, as well as the greater size of the abactinal star; 
deeper sutures between the plates; and the variegation of the test. 

This species in some respects corresponds with /. Duavisii A. Ag., 
found from Long Island Sound to Virginia, while /. stellata may be 
considered the Pacific representative of /. punctulata of the Carolina 
coast and Florida. 


Arbacia nigra Gray. 

Echinus niger Molina, Hist. Nat. du Chili, p. 175. 

Echinus purpurescens Val., Voy. Vénus, pl. 5, fig. 1, 1846. 

? Echinus grandinosus Val., op. cit., pl. 11, fig. 1. 

Echinocidaris (Tetrapygus) nigra Agassiz, Catal. Rais., 1846. 

This species was found at Callao, Peru, in great abundance by Mr. 
Bradley, thrown upon the beaches, and also living at low-water mark 
among rocks. It has been recorded from Paita, (Ag. and Desor),. 

The Essex Institute has specimens collected at Caldera, Chili, by 
Capt. W. H. A. Putnam, who also collected it at Mejillones. 


Psammechinus pictus Verrill, sp. nov.* 

A small species with a regularly rounded profile, somewhat hemi- 
spherical in form, but slightly depressed. Spines slender, moderately 
long, one fourth the diameter of the test. Actinal region large, 
nearly one half the diameter of the test, its membrane covered with 
small irregular scales. Ambulacral zones about two thirds as broad 
as interambulacral. Pores in regular ares of three pairs, which be- 
come much narrower beneath. Ambulacral tubercles in four series, 
those of the two exterior relatively large and prominent, not crowded ; 
between these the miliaries form two somewhat irregular rows. In 
the poriferous zones a small tubercle separates the successive arcs, 
forming a regular row of distant tubercles, not larger than the largest 
miliaries. Interambulacral spaces with two principal rows of tuber- 
cles, near the exterior, about the same size as the principal ones of 
the ambulacra. Exterior to these are two outer rows of much smaller 
tubercles that do not reach the summit; in the space between the 
two principal rows similar secondary tubercles are distantly scattered ; 
miliaries numerous around the larger tubercles. Ocular and genital 


* Mr. A. Agassiz thinks this the young of Lytechinus semituberculatus V .,—Reprint. 


302 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


plates each with a group of small, unequal tubercles. Abactinal area 
small, closed by five principal plates of unequal size. 

Color of spines, on a specimen dried from alcohol, bright purple, test 
light purple with yellowish white bands extending from the actinal 
area along the poriferous zones and covering the adjacent tubercles as 
far as the outer curvature of the sides, forming thus a ten-rayed star. 
An undefined space around the ocular and genital plates is also yel- 
lowish white. A narrow black ring surrounds the teeth. Diameter 
of the largest specimens about one inch. 

Cape St. Lucas, Cal.,—J. Xantus, (Smithsonian Institution). 


Lytechinus A. Agassiz, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodl., p. 24, 1863. 

Hemiechinus (pars) Girard, MS. (Coll. Smithsonian Inst.). 

Psilechinus Liitken, Bidrag til Kunskab om Echin., p. 25, 1864. 

This genus agrees with Psammechinus in having the pores in ob- 
lique rows of three pairs, and in the scales of the buccal membrane, 
but differs in having deeper actinal cuts, with thickened, or sometimes 
revolute, edges; and in having partially naked median spaces on the 
upper part of the ambulacral and interambulacral zones. The species 
also attain a much greater size than is usual in Fsammechinus. 

The Echinus variegatus may be regarded as the type. In the 
Smithsonian Institution there are specimens of Z. Carolinus Ag. 
under the name of Hemiechinus nobilis Girard MS., but I cannot find 
that such a genus has ever been published. 


Lytechinus roseus Verrill, 
Boletia rosea A. Agassiz, op. cit., p. 24. 


Numerous large specimens of this fine species were dredged in 
Panama Bay, in 6 to 8 fathoms, shelly bottom, by Mr. Bradley. Mr. 
Agassiz described specimens from Acapulco. 

The largest specimen has a test 3°6 inches in diameter; 1°8 high; 
diameter of actinal opening, not including cuts, 1:25; depth of cuts 
‘27; from outside of madreporic plate to outer edge of opposite ocular 
plate ‘52; diameter of anal membrane ‘2; length of longest spines “5. 

Test thin, fragile, low, subconical, lower side concave, outline some- 
what pentagonal. The ambulacral zones are two thirds as wide as 
the interambulacral, and slightly raised above them, with a narrow, 
somewhat sunken, median naked space on the upper side. On the 
lower side there are six rows of ambulacral tubercles, which diminish 
in size upward, the outside rows attaining the summit, the others 
ceasing successively sooner. Interambulacral tubercles on the lower 
side in ten rows, subequal in size; the third row from each margin 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 303 


alone extending to the summit; the outside one hardly reaching the 
upper surface; the second reaching about half way from the outer 
curvature to the genital plates; the inner rows successively shorter 
than the third. The tubercles in all the rows diminish rapidly on 
the upper side, those of the third row less so than others; naked 
median space narrow, depressed, sutures conspicuous. 

Genital plates large, the outer end subacute, projecting into the 
interambulacral spaces. Ocular plates tridentate on the outer side, 
usually only two of them touching the anal membrane. The anal 
area is covered with irregular, unequal plates. The poriferous zones 
are rather broad, the pores large, in oblique rows of three pairs, which 
become more nearly transverse at the outer margin. Actinal cuts very 
deep, with elevated callous margins, which, on the side next the inter- 
ambulacra, are elevated and sharp, slightly revolute, and bounded 
externally by a shallow groove. The spines are short and stout, on 
the lower side numerous, blunt, and subequal; on the upper side 
shorter, more unequal, and not so numerous. The major pedicellariz in 
this species are numerous, especially among the spines of the lower 
side, and are remarkable for their great size, the heads often ‘13 long; 
and 6:0 broad at base; with a pedicel 3 or more long. The three 
branches are slender, somewhat smaller just above the enlarged base. 
Other short, thick, rounded, and very much smaller pedicellarie are 
scattered among the spines, and there isa thick wreath of similar ones 
around the mouth. The buccal membrane is covered with numerous 
scattered scales, which become smaller and crowded, near the mouth. 

Color, in life, light purple or rose-color; when dried or in alcohol 
dull purplish white, the test sometimes dull greenish above. 

This species, which appears to be beyond question a true Lvtechi- 
nus,* is allied to L. variegutus of the West Indies, but still more so 
to L. Atlanticus A. Ag. of Bermuda. The latter differs, however, in 
having very slender and longer spines, much smaller and more slender 
pedicellariz, more uniform tubercles on the upper side, narrower por- 
iferous zones, shallower actinal cuts, a more elevated form, and deep 
purple color. The specimens of this species were identified by Mr. 
Agassiz as the Boletia rosea by direct comparison with his original 
specimens. A comparison with the Psammechinus semituberculatus 
will, however, be necessary before it can be definitely ascertained 
whether they be really distinct. 


* By more recent comparisons I have been led to consider it nearer Boletia pileolus 
than here indicated. It is very near, if not identical with B. depressus, figured in Voy. 
Venus, Pl. 3, fig. 7,—Reprint. 

TRANS. CONNECTICUT AcAD., VoL. I. 39 JUNE, 1867 


304 Verrill, Notes 6n Radiata. 


Boletia viridis Verrill, sp. nov.* 

A single specimen of this species was obtained by Mr. Bradley at 
Callao, Peru. 

Diameter of test 2°7 inches; height 1:3; diameter of actinal area 
*8; from outer end of madreporic plate to outside of opposite ocular 
plate °38; diameter of anal area 18; length of longest spines ‘65. 

The test is rather thick, depressed above, sides regularly arched, 
lower side concave, nearly circular in outline. The ambulacra have 
two rows of primary tubercles extending to the summit, with an 
irrecular row of much smaller ones between them. The interambul- 
acral zones have about six principal rows of tubercles on the lower 
side, of which the next to the outermost are much the largest on 
the upper side, and reach the genital plates; the outermost rows 
have small unequal tubercles. The secondary and large miliary tu- 
bercles are numerous on the central part of the interambulacra. 
The poriferous zones are rather wide, a little narrower beneath. The 
pores form a nearly regular vertical row on the inner side of the 
zones, separated from the others by a vertical row of small tubercles, 
outside of which the pores are rather irregularly placed, but appar- 
ently form two irregular alternating, vertical rows. The genital 
plates bear spines; they have a rounded angle outwardly, and are 
longer than broad; the openings are large. The ocular plates are 
small, most of them excluded from the anal area. Anal membrane 
covered by numerous, angular plates, which bear small spines. 
Spines short, stout, tapering, very unequal in size. Actinal cuts 
moderately deep; buccal membrane thin, with a few small widely 
separated scales. Color of spines bright green, the smaller ones often 


with light yellow tips; test brown. 


Euryechinus Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., x, p. 341. 
Echinus (pars) Lamark; Agassiz, Monog. d’Echinod., 2™e liv. (Introduction), July, 
1841, and liv. 4me (Introduction), Dec., 1841. 

Toxopneustes (sub-genus, pars) Agassiz and Desor, Catal. Rais., 1846. 

This name was proposed, in the work cited, for a group of Hehini 
having “. Drébachiensis as the type, and including, in addition, 
EF. granulatus of New England, / lividus of Europe, E. gibbosus, 
Galapago Is., and # Delalandii of New Holland. Since that time, 
however, I have received an authentic specimen of the last species 
and have satisfied myself that it does not belong to the same group, 


* Mr. A. Agassiz considers this the Echinus chloroticus Val. If so the specimen 
described was probably from the New Zealand collection of Mr. Edwards, and acci- 
dentally misplaced in packing at Callao,—Reprint. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 305 


but rather to the genus, Zowocidaris of A. Agassiz, where he had 
already placed it. 

The reasons for not adopting the name, Toxopneustes, for this group, 
are these : 

Ist. When this name was jirst proposed “ Echinus pileolus” was 
mentioned, without description or reference, as its type, (Monog. Ech., 
Pealiv., p.'7). 

2nd. When next mentioned and jist described, Echinus tubercula- 
tus Lamarck was given as its type, and the description applies to 
such species as are now named Toxocidaris by A. Agassiz, (Monog. 
Kch., 4™e liv., p. ix). 

3rd. In the work last named the typical species of Ewryechinus 
were described under Hehinus proper, as restricted by the removal 
of Tripneustes, Toxopneustes, etc., and therefore were evidently not 
regarded as belonging to the latter genus. 

4th. In a work published five years later (Catal. Rais.) Towop- 
neustes was placed as a sub-genus of Hcehinus, and a variety of forms 
were referred to it, amounting to thirteen nominal species, among 
which are several types now regarded as generically distinct. Of 
these species the Ist, 2nd, and 4th are now placed in the genus 
Spherechinus Desor; the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 10th belong to Huryech- 
inus ; while the 8th (7! Delalandit) and 9th (#2. tuberculatus) are true 
Toxopneustes, now referred to Toxociduris by A. Agassiz; the 6th, 
11th, 12th, and 13th are doubtful species, the last fossil. 

It is, therefore, evident that if Zoxopneustes be taken in its original 
sense, when first described, it must be restricted to that group having 
T. tuberculatus as its type, a group apparently equivalent to Zozo- 
cidaris A, Agassiz, which is represented by several East Indian and 
Pacific Ocean species, as well as by two species upon the Pacific coast 
of N. America (7: mexicana and T. franciscana). ‘These species have 
the characters originally assigned to Yowopneustes in an eminent 
degree, while to /. pileolus, as now understood, neither the name 
nor description would apply. Therefore there seems to be grave 
objections against restricting it to the latter species, and its allies, 
even were it certain that the species now known as Boletia pileolus, 
was the one referred to as Echinus pileolus, without authority. 


Euryechinus imbecillis Verrill. 
? Echinus gibbosus Val. MS.; ? Echinus (Toxopneustes) gibbosus Agassiz, Catal. Rais. 
Euryechinus gibbosus Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., x, p. 341, 1866. 


This species was found thrown upon the beach abundantly at Cal- 
lao and Paita, Peru, by Mr. Bradley. At the latter locality living 


306 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


specimens were obtained at low-water.  g/bbosus was originally 
described from the Galapago Islands. 

The larger specimens have a test about 2 inches in diameter, and 
1 in height ; spines ‘9 long; diameter of actinal area ‘7; of abactinal 
area, including genital plates, °6. 

The form is rather depressed, the abactinal area somewhat sunken, 
the sides regularly arched, the lower surface nearly flat. The test 
is rather thin. The actinal area is small, with slight cuts. The am- 
bulacral zones are nearly as broad as the interambulacral, and slightly 
elevated above them. The poriferous zones are broad, becoming a 
little wider beneath ; the pores, arranged in oblique, slightly curved 
rows of four or five pairs above, form on the lower surface more trans- 
verse and nearly straight rows of four pairs, with rows of very small 
tubercles intervening. The ambulacra have two rows of primary 
tubercles, with an irregular median row of small tubercles between 
them. The interambulacra have two primary rows of somewhat 
larger tubercles, midway between the sides and median line, and 
a row of smaller ones, on each side, bordering the poriferous zones, 
and a median double row of alternating tubercles of still smaller 
size. The genital plates are small, broader than long, uniting so as 
to separate the small ocular plates from the anal area. Madreporic 
plate small, transversely oval. Spines not very numerous, long, 
slender, with fine longitudinal striations, the ribs crossed by fine 
lines. Color, in alcohol, dark purplish brown, when dry test often 
variegated with light green and whitish; spines dark green, often 
tipped with purple. 

Nearly every specimen examined is irregular in the form of the 
shell above, near the abactinal area, which is, also, generally distor- 
ted or enlarged on one side, where the shell is thinner. This distor- 
tion, which often amounts to gibbosity, is irregular and inconstant, 
and is caused by a parasitic crustacean (Fabia Chilensis Dana) allied 
to the Pinnotheres, which inhabit oysters and other bivalve mollusca. 
This curious parasite* appears to force an entrance into the anal orifice 
when quite small, and, having effected a permanent lodgment there, 
causes a dilation and malformation of the intestine, which eventually 
forms a large membranous cyst or sac, often in the larger specimens 
extending from the summit to the lower side of the shell, along one 
side, to which it is attached by fibrous tissues. In one instance the 
cyst was an inch in length and nearly half an inch in diameter, en- 
closing a female crab of corresponding size, with large numbers of 
eggs attached to its abdominal appendages. A large opening is 


* Pinnaxodes hirtipes Heller, appears to be the same species. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 307 


always maintained externally, out of which the claws of the crab may 
be thrust, but is apparently not large enough to allow it to go en- 
tirely out, when fully grown. By this parasite the anal area is so dis- 
torted and displaced that among ninety specimens I have not found 
one in which it is in its natural state, every specimen giving evidence, 
by distortion or otherwise, of having been infested by it. But as 
most of these were found dead upon the beach it is probable that they 
were individuals that had been killed or weakened by the parasite, 
while specimens unattacked by them may be found in deeper water. 

It is probable that the irregularity or gibbosity of the Eehinus 
gibbosus Val. was caused by the same or a similar parasite, but 
whether that name applies to the present species of Huryechinus I 
am unable to determine, the description being too imperfect for relia- 
ble identification. But should it prove to be the same, the name is 
inapplicable, referring only to an accidental, or diseased condition, 
which is not constant even in the diseased specimens, For these 
reasons I have thought it necessary to apply a new name to the pres- 
ent species. 

The original description of EZ. gibbosus is as follows :* “Espéce 
irréguliére voisine de . lividus par les détails de son test. Quatre 
paires de pores légérement arquées. Des iles Gallapagos,—Mus., 
Paris.” 

The Huryechinus imbecillis can scarcely be said to be near E. livi- 
dus in the character of the test, since in the latter there are eight or 
ten rows of subequal interambulacral tubercles, which are larger and 
far more numerous than in this species, besides many other differen- 
ces. It approaches much more nearly, in the character of its test and 
arrangement of its tubercles, 4. Drébachiensis and, especially, E. 
granulatus Verrill, of the coast of New England, but is quite dis- 
tinct from all, in the thinness of its test; in its smaller and weaker 
genital and ocular plates, and larger size of the anal area and, conse- 
quently, of its abactinal system; in the flatness of the lower surface 
and somewhat widened poriferous zones; fewer tubercles; and more 
slender spines. 


Toxopneustes sp. 
Toxocidaris mexicana A. Ag., Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 22, 1863, (no description). 


Mr. Agassiz has identified a specimen from Acapulco, in the Mus- 
eum of Comparative Zodlogy, as the Heliocidaris Mexicana Ag. 
The latter species was originally described (Catal. Rais.) as coming 
from Vera Cruz. Dr. Liitken refers it to Hehinometra. 1n our col- 


* Agassiz and Desor, Catal. Rais., in Ann. des Sci., vi, p. 367, 1846. 


308 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


lection there are two specimens,* received from the Boston Soc. Nat. 
Hist., and collected by different persons, labeled “ Gulf of Mexico ?” 
which I have considered the Heliocidaris Mexicana Agassiz. But 
these belong to the genus Anthoeidaris of Liitken. Should this 
identification prove correct, the name, Anthocidaris mexicana, may 
be applied to this species, while the species from Acapulco, since it 
apparently belongs to a distinct genus, might be allowed to retain the 


same specific name, but until described this name can only be consid-. 


ered as provisional, and not entitled to priority. For these reasons 
I leave this species without a name, for the present. 


Echinometra rupicola A. Agassiz, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 21, 1863. 


Mr. Bradley sent numerous examples of this species from Panama 
and the Pearl Islands, where it occurs on the reefs at low-water mark, 
and in rocky pools. It has the habit of forming excavations in the 
rocks in the same manner as Huryechinus lividus of Europe, most of 
the larger specimens occurring in such cavities. He also obtained 
specimens at La Union, San Salvador, and Zorritos, Peru. From the 
latter locality the specimens are very large and beautiful. 

Our largest specimen measures, in the greater diameter of its test, 
3°2 inches; smaller diameter 2°8 ; height 1°5 ; diameter of actinal open- 
ing 1-1; of abactinal area, including genital plates, -45. The spines are 
variable in length; usually the longest, in large specimens, are from 
1 to 1°5 inches long. In a specimen having the test 1:5 inches in di- 
ameter some of the spines are 1°6 long. I 

The test is broad oval, or subcircular, depressed above, regularly 
arched on the sides, rather flat beneath. Actinal cuts deep and nar- 
row. Interambulacral zones are a third wider than the ambulacral, 
with at least six rows of large tubercles, those in the next to the 
outer one largest, continuing to the genital plates. Ambulacra with 
four rows of smaller tubercles, those of the two median rows largest 
and regularly arranged, about equal in size to those in the outer row 
of the interambulacra. In the largest specimen there are 24 ambula- 
cral, and 18 interambulacral tubercles in the principal rows. Porifer- 
ous zones rather wide, with seven or eight pairs of pores in well 
curved ares. The upper pair in each are is between the outer and 
median rows of ambulacral tubercles. Genital plates of moderate 
size, outward edge acutely angular, openings large; ocular plates 
reaching the anal area. Spines slender for this genus, regularly taper- 
ing to the acute ends, more equal in size than usual, the second series 
being less numerous. Color dark purple throughout. 


* Mr. A. Agassiz considers these, Echinometra plana A. Ag.,—Reprint. 


i 


me, 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 309 


Echinometra Van Brunti A. Agassiz, op. cit., p. 21. 


Several large specimens of this species, collected at Cape St. Lucas 
by J. Xantus, have been presented by the Smithsonian Institution. 
The examples originally described were from Acapulco. 

The largest specimen has a test 2 inches across the longest diam- 
eter; 1°7 wide; ‘8 high; actinal opening ‘85 in diameter; longest 
spines, which are somewhat broken at the end, 1°6. 

In the form of the test this species resembles the preceding, but it 
is often even more depressed. The interambulacra, in a specimen 
1°6 inches in diametor, have two rows of large primary tubercles, 
with a row of much smaller ones outside of them on each side, bor- 
dering the ambulacra, and two imperfect median rows of similar 
secondary tubercles. The ambulacra have two rows of tubercles, 
which are smaller than the principal tubercles of the interambulacra. 
The poriferous zones are very narrow on the upper surface, having 
nearly vertical arcs of about seven pairs of pores; on the lower side 
the arcs become more nearly transverse, and the zones are much 
wider. The genital plates are less acute outwardly, and less promi- 
nent than in the preceding species. ‘The spines are large and strong, 
and when perfect taper to a sharp point. They seldom equal in 
length the greatest diameter of the test. Color, dried from alcohol, 
deep ashen brown, or purplish. 

This species may be easily distinguished from £. rupicola by the 
fewer and larger interambulacral tubercles; stouter spines ; and the 
very narrow poriferous zones above, with their rapid dilation beneath. 


Encope occidentalis Verrill. 
Encope tetrapora Agassiz, Monog. d’Kch., Scutelles, p. 49. Tab. 104 figs, 1-3, 1841, 
(non Gmelin). 
Plate X, figures 4, 4°. 

Numerous specimens of this species are in our museum, which were 
dredged in the Bay of Panama in 5 to 8 fathoms, shelly bottom, by 
Mr. Bradley. He also obtained one large specimen at Zorritos, Peru. 
The specimen described by Prof. Agassiz came from the Galapago 
Islands. 

The largest specimen is 5°5 inches long; with the extreme breadth 
5°7; height ‘6; from center to anterior opening 1°9; to anterior-late- 
ral 1°8; to posterior-lateral 2; to posterior 1°5; from center to ante- 
rior margin 2°6; to posterior margin 2°9; from center to end of ante- 
rior ambulacral rays 1-7; of lateral 1:5; of posterior 1-72; breadth 
of anterior ray ‘67; its median region °3; breadth of lateral -7: “is 
middle -35; breadth of one of the posterior pair ‘7; the middle drea 
‘3; length of posterior foramen “15; center of mouth to anus 65. 


310 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Test much depressed, becoming gradually very flat toward the 
margin; highest part at the middle of the anterior ambulacrum. 
Margin broadly rounded posteriorly, the widest place opposite the 
middle of the posterior ambulacra ; sides wavy, converging somewhat 
toward the anterior side, which is slightly emarginate in the middle. 
The posterior opening is rather oblong, relatively nearer to the center 
than in most species; the other openings are elliptical, the anterior 
one shortest. The rays are broad, shorter than usual, especially the 
anterio-lateral pair. The genital openings are large, and form a 
regular pentagon. The anal opening is situated about midway be- 
tween the mouth and posterior foramen. ‘The sulcations of the lower 
surface are very distinct and much branched. 

Color deep reddish brown, or dark greenish brown. 

This species can readily be distinguished from . emarginata, and 
its varieties, and #, Michelini of the West Indies, by its broader 
form, narrowing anteriorly; by the relatively broader and more 
equal, ambulacra; and by the position of the posterior foramen, it 
being half its length nearer the center than the posterio-lateral ones, 

Dr. Liitken, apparently with good reason, refers the Hehinus tetra- 
pora Gmelin to the £. emarginata of the West Indies, Our species 
appears to be the one well figured and described by Prof. Agassiz 
under the former name, and will, therefore, require a new designation, 

The specimen figured by Agassiz is smaller than any of ours, and 
had the posterio-lateral lunules still open, while in all the specimens 
that I have seen they are completely closed, unless opened by reason 
of some injury. 


Encope grandis Agassiz, op. cit., p. 37, Tab. 6. 

Two specimens, apparently belonging to this species, are in our col- 
lection, one of which, received from the Boston Society of Natural 
History, is labeled as coming from the Gulf of California, and the 
other, presented by Mr. Horace Mann, was obtained by him from 
Mr. Pease, with several other characteristic Panamic and Californian 
Echinoderms, but without any authentic locality.* 

The latter agrees perfectly with the figure and description by Agas- 
siz. The origin of his specimen is unknown, but it was supposed to 
have come from the Antilles. Owing to lack of perfectly authentic 
localities, I prefer to avoid confusion and possible error by omitting 
descriptions until more authentic specimens can be obtained. 


* Several dozens of large and fine specimens have recently been sent from La Paz 
by J. Pedersen,—Reprint. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 311 


Astriclypeus Verrill, gen. nov. 

Ambulacral star as in Hncope; four genital openings, the posterior 
one wanting, as in Mellita; with five lunules or perforations in the 
prolongations of the ambulacra, as in Hneope; but destitute of any 
perforation or indentation in the posterior interambulacrum, like 
Lobophora. Anal opening round, about midway between the mouth 
and margin. Sulcations of the lower side more simple than in Encope, 
a primary branch passing along close to the openings, on each side, 
and sending off numerous inconspicuous branches to the interambul- 
acra. Actinal opening as in Encope. 

This genus presents a remarkable combination of characters belong- 
ing to other allied genera, but has an assemblage of characters entirely 
unique. It appears to be most nearly allied to Lobophora, from which 
it differs chiefly in possessing five ambulacral lunules or openings, 
instead of but two; and in the sulcations of the lower surface. 


Astriclypeus Mannii Verrill, sp. nov.* 


Test subcircular, about as long as broad, with the posterior side 
slightly truncate, and a slight prominence of the edge opposite each 
opening. Summit central, considerably elevated. 

Length 4:2; breadth the same; height °65; from center to anterior 
opening 1:2; to the lateral ones 1:1; to end of anterior ambulacral 
ray 1:2; to lateral ‘98; breadth of anterior ambulacral ray *42; of its 
median area ‘16; of the anterior lateral 45; its median area *2; length 
of three anterior openings “6; breadth ‘18; length of posterior open- 
ings ‘7; breadth 18; center of mouth to anal opening 1 inch; from 
the latter to the margin the same. 

The anterior ray of the ambulacral rosette is a little longer and 
narrower than the others, with the widest part near the end, which 
is not closed ; lateral rays nearly equal in length, the anterior pair a 
little wider, increasing in width to near the end, which is broad and 
rounded. Openings oblong, the posterior pair a little longer. Anal 
opening nearly circular, midway between the mouth and margin. 

Locality West Coast of North America (?). (Japan,—Reprint). 

The single specimen of this curious species was presented by Mr. 
Horace Mann, of Cambridge, Mass., in honor of whom I have named 
it. It was obtained by him, with several other West Coast Echino- 


* Dr. F. H. Troschel has well described and figured this species under the name of 
Crustulum gratulans in Niederrh. Gesells. fur Naturg. und Heilkunde, Universitat Bonn, 
Aug. 3, 1868, p. 1, PL I. In Archiv fur Naturg. 1869, p. 52, he has identified it with 
our species and described specimens from Japan (E. von Martens),—Reprint. 

TRANS. CONNECTICUT ACAD., VoL. I. 40 JUNE, 1867. 


312 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


derms,* from Mr. Pease of the Sandwich Islands. _ Its origin is entirely 
doubtful. It is destitute of spines and in the same state of preserva- 
tion as a Dendraster excentricus, which came with it. 


Echinoglycus Stokesii Gray; A. Ag, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 26, 1863. 


Encope Stokesti Agassiz, Mon. Scutelles, p. 59, Tab. 6a, figs. 1 to 8, 1841; Litken, 
Bidrag til Kundskab. om Kchin., p. 65, 1864. 


This species was found abundant on a sandy beach near Panama, 
at low-water mark. Dr. Liitken’s specimens were from Punta Arenas, 
whence he has sent examples to us. It has also been described from 
Guayaquil and the Galapago Islands. 

The larger specimens from Panama are two inches long; 2°15 
broad; °25 high at center; from center to end of anterior ambulacral 
ray ‘55; to end of anterior-lateral ‘5; posterior-lateral -48; center to 
genital openings ‘08; width of anterior ambulacral ray °25; its cen- 
tral area ‘11; width of the four lateral rays ‘27; central area ‘11; cen- 
ter to anterior lunule °8; to anterior-lateral °73; to posterior-lateral °67 ; 
to posterior perforation 68; its length -2; breadth *1; mouth to anal 
opening ‘42. The form is nearly circular, the posterior interambula- 
crum usually slightly truncated. Lower surface flat, upper side most 
elevated at the center of the rosette, which is behind the middle; test 
rather thin and brittle. Six lunules or perforations, the posterior one, 
even in very young specimens, is a rounded oblong perforation, in 
the adult specimens becoming twice as long as wide; the lateral ones 
appear at first as shallow notches in the edge, which gradually become 
narrow, long or oval, and in the larger specimens all, except the ante- 
rior one, become closed at the edge. In young specimens the poste- 
rior-lateral notches appear first, the anterior one not being apparent 
in a specimen *6 of an inch in diameter; in the larger specimens its 
outer edges are in contact and doubtless finally unite. Ambulacral 
rays short and broad, a little elevated above the general surface; the 
anterior odd one longer and narrower than the others; posterior pair 
shortest, but about equal in width to the anterior pair; along the 
middle of each there is a narrow naked line. Genital openings usually 
five, large and regular, sometimes the posterior one is double or irreg- 
ular. Spines of the upper surface crowded, uniform, very slender, 
enlarged or clavate at the tips; the edge fringed with larger and 


* The species received in this collection are as follows: Linckia unifascialis Gray, 
Nidorellia armata Gray, Oreaster occidentalis Verrill, Heliaster Kubiniji Xant., Culcita, 
sp., Dendraster excentricus Ag., Encope grandis Ag., E. occidentalis V., Astriclypeus 
Manni V. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 313 
b] 


longer ones, not clavate; lower surface with three kinds, the median 
region of each interambulacrum with crowded spines, which are longer 
and stouter than those of other parts and slightly enlarged toward 
the ends; on the median area of the ambulacra, in line with the 
lunules, the spines are similar in form, but much fewer and smaller; 
between these two kinds the surface is covered with very small crowded, 
clavate spines, similar to those of the upper surface, but less enlarged 
at the tips. Color, when dried, dull greenish brown. 


Mellita Pacifica Verrill, sp. nov. 


A depressed, subcireular species, with six perforations; allied to J/ 
hexapora, but having a large, round posterior, and small, narrow 
ambulacral perforations; spines of the upper side short and crowded, 

Length, not including spines, 2°2 inches; greatest breadth 2-3; 
height -25; from center to end of anterior ambulacral ray -58; to 
end of anterior-lateral ‘55; of posterior-lateral ‘61; width of anterior 
ambulacral ray °27; its central area 13; of anterior-lateral 25; its 
central area 12; of posterior lateral -25; its central area +10; from 
center to anterior perforation ‘83; to anterior-lateral 81; to posterior- 
lateral ‘8; to posterior -4; length of latter -25; its width -2; mouth 
to anal opening ‘25; length of marginal spines ‘15. 

The outline is nearly circular; broadest a little behind the center, 
where the outer edges of the posterior-lateral interambulacra are 
somewhat prominent beyond the rest of the outline; center of abac- 
tinal rosette a little behind the middle; edges thin. The five ambu- 
lacral perforations are small and narrow, elliptical; the posterior one 
is large and broad oval; its inner half within the ends of the posterior 
ambulacral rays. The ambulacral rays are elongated-oval; the poste- 
rior pair longest; the anterior-lateral pair shortest ; each with a well. 
marked naked median line. Plates of the upper surface relatively 
more numerous than in M. hexapora, and narrower in the direction of 
the radii; four ambulacral plates intervening between the perforations 
and the ends of the rays, while in WZ hexapora of similar size there 
are but two. Spines of the upper surface close and short, slender at 
base, with greatly enlarged, rounded tips; those of the marginal 
fringe long, tapering, often acute; those of the median regions of the 
interambulacra are similar in form to those of the margin, but much 
more slender and delicate; those of the areas enclosed by the primary 
radiating grooves are very small and slender, not clavate. 

Color, deep green when dried. 

Zorritos, Peru, at low-water mark,—F. H. Bradley. 


314 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


This species is allied to WM. hexapora of the West Indies, but the 
latter is very distinct in the form of the posterior perforation, which 
is much more elongated and narrow, in adult specimens; in the 
ambulacral perforations, which are longer and larger; in the smaller 
number and larger size of the plates of the upper surface; in the 
longer spines of the upper surface, which have smaller tips; in the 
broader posterior-ambulacral rays; and in the more angular outline, 
which is distinctly truncate posteriorly. 

Mr. A. Agassiz has mentioned by name MW. longifissa Mich.,* as 
coming from Panama (Bulletin M. C. Z.), but whether his specimens 
are the same as the species here described I am unable to say, not 
having seen them, Dr. Liitken refers 4% longifissa Mich., described 
without locality, to WW. pentapora, with which it appears to agree far 
more nearly than with JZ, Pacifica. If the specimens of Mr. Agassiz 
prove to be distinct from our own, they probably will belong to a 
Pacific representative of I. pentupora, while M. Pacifica is the ana- 
logue of M. hexapora. 


Stoloniclypeus rotundus A. Agassiz, Bulletin M. ©. Z., p. 25, 1863. 
Clypeaster Riisei Liitken, op. cit., p. 132. 1864. 


Mr. Bradley collected numerous specimens of this species in Pan- 
ama Bay, on shelly bottom in 6 to 8 fathoms, with Encope occidentalis 
and Lytechinus roseus. Myr. Agassiz collected his specimens at Aca- 
puleo. Dr. Liitken’s example was from Panama. 

One of the largest specimens is 5°4 inches in its longest diameter; 
4°9 broad at the middle; °75 high at center; °3 at margin; from center 
to end of posterior lateral ambulacral rays 1°52; breadth of same °8; 
of median area *52; center to posterior margin 2°8; to anterior mar- 
gin 26 The test is thin, somewhat oblong, depressed, except at the 
center, which is a little elevated. The margin is slightly undulated, 
eurving somewhat inward at the interambulacral zones, and extend- 
ing farther out in broad, slightly prominent lobes at the ambulacra, 
which are about three times as broad as the interambulacra at the 
margin. The posterior portion of the test is somewhat broader than 
the anterior; a slight lobe on the posterior margin, opposite the anal 
opening, which is circular and close to the edge. Ambulacral rays 
broad, subequal, forming a very regular rosette. The anterior one 
slightly narrower, and the anterior lateral pair slightly shorter than 
the posterior pair. The genital pores are close to the center, in the 
angles of a small pentagon. The ocular openings are scarcely visi- 


* Specimens of this species have been received from Gulf of California and Nica- 
ragua,—Reprint 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 315 


ble to the unaided eye, nearer to the center than the genital pores. 
Spines uniformly crowded above and beneath, short and slender, the 
larger ones of the upper surface mostly with slightly enlarged tips. 
Color, in alcohol, dark ash-brown. 

This species is allied to S. prostratus (Ray. sp.) of the West Indies, 
but has a thinner margin, broader ambulacra, a larger rosette, and a 
thinner test. 


Pygorhynchus Pacificus (Ag. MS.) A. Agassiz, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 27. 


We have received from the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, two 
specimens of this very interesting species, collected by Mr. A. Agassiz 
at Acapulco; and young specimens, from the Smithsonian Institution, 
collected at Cape St. Lucas by J. Xantus. 

One specimen is 1°8 inches long; 14 broad; ‘9 high; from center 
to anterior margin 1; to posterior margin 1°22; to anal orifice °9; to 
end of anterior ambulacral ray °75; to end of anterior-lateral 7; to 
end of posterior-lateral ‘8; width of ambulacral rays ‘18; the median 
area ‘1; width of actinal opening ‘2; length 12. Another specimen 
is 1:9 long; 1°6 wide; 1 high. 

Test thin, concave beneath, the sides most prominent opposite the 
mouth; above regularly arched except at the anal region; marginal 
outline oblong, the ends obtusely rounded, the posterior portion 
broadest. Anal area transversely oval, situated in a depression above 
the margin. Ambulacral rays nearly equal in width, the posterior 
ones longest; the anterior poriferous zones in the anterior-lateral 
ambulacra and the posterior zone in the posterior ones, shorter and 
narrower than the others. Irom the ends of the ambulacral rays two 
single rows of pores may be traced around to the mouth, in most of 
the ambulacra. The actinal opening is wider than long, with five 
angles alternating with prominent lobes. One of the angles is on the 
anterior side, with a lobe opposite. A rosette of pores surrounds the 
mouth, each ray having two short rows of double pores and two rows 
of few, larger, single pores within them, and in the center another 
very short row of double pores, the pair next the mouth larger. ‘the 
“naked space” beneath is broadest anteriorly, enclosing the mouth, 
and narrowing posteriorly. In life it is covered by minute spines. 
The spines of the upper surface are short and delicate, crowded; on 
the sides of the lower surface they are longer and larger, tapering, 
sharp at the ends, longitudinally fluted. Tubercles of the upper side 
small and regular; on the lower surface they are larger and sunken 
on the lateral parts; very small and unequal on the median area. 
Genital openings four, near the center. Color, when dried, brownish 
yellow. In alcohol, darker yellowish brown. 


316 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


In form and general appearance this species resembles Cassidudus 
Carribearum Lamk.,* of the West Indies. The positions of the 
mouth and anal openings are nearly the same, and the latter is situated 
in a similar transverse depression surmounted by an arched, lip-like 
projection of nearly the same form, in each, 

The Cassidulus differs, however, in several structural features of 
importance,—such as the number and arrangement of the pores in 
the rosette around the mouth, and in not having the pairs of pores 
in the dorsal rosette connected by transverse grooves, which, in P. 
Pacifica, are deep and conspicuous and separated by rows of small 


tubercles. 


Brissus obesus Verrill, sp. nov. 

Closely allied to B. columbaris of the West Indies, and B. Scilla, 
Mediterranean, especially to the latter, from which it differs chiefly in 
its proportions (as seen in profile) and the position of the vertex. 

The largest specimen is 2 inches long; 1°55 broad; 1°15 high, at the 
most elevated point; 1°35 from abactinal center to posterior margin ; 
‘92 to anterior margin; *65 to end of anterior-lateral ambulacra; °80 
to end of posterior; °65 to end of anterior odd one (where crossed by 
fasciole) ; sub-anal fasciole *75 broad, 25 long; “ plastron” 1°20 long; 
‘70 broad at posterior end; mouth 40 broad. 

Viewed from above the form is regularly ovate, except the narrower, 
posterior end, which is somewhat truncate and slightly emarginate 
at the anal area. Distance from abactinal area to posterior end one 
and a half times that to anterior end. The abactinal region is small 
and scarcely depressed. The posterior interambulacrum is elevated 
and swollen from its origin to the anal area, and subcarinated be- 
tween the posterior ambulacra, causing the latter to appear unusually 
sunken. The region in front of the anterior lateral ambulacra is 
regularly and pretty uniformly rounded, lacking the flattened, some- 
what depressed anterior area seen in B. Scéllw, and bears larger 
tubercles than the rest of the test, as in the allied species. The ante- 
rior odd ambulacrum is very narrow and scarcely depressed, with 
rather indistinct pores. Those of anterior pair are moderately long, 
lanceolate, nearly transverse, their ends curving somewhat toward 
the anterior end. Posterior-lateral ambulacra longer than anterior 


* This species, which has recently been referred to Rhyncopygus by Dr. Lutken, was 
the type of the genus Cassidulus when it was first established in the Systéme des 
Animaux sans Vertébres, p. 348, 1801. Therefore it seems most proper to restrict the 
genus Cassidulus to species like this. 

(This name is preoccupied in mollusca. Mr. A. Agassiz has recently united this aud 
Pacificus in a new genus, Rhyncholampas, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 270,—Reprint.) 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 317 


(in the ratio of 16 to 15) diverging at a smaller angle than in 
B. Scille. Yn a side view the anterior end has a regularly convex 
outline to the abactinal area, which forms a slight depression, from 
thence the outline rises gradually to a point about half way to the 
posterior end and then curves rapidly downward to the truncate anal 
region, which makes more than a right angle with the lower surface. 
Subanal region obtuse, high and inflated, very convex; posterior 
median region of the “plastron” inflated, risimg into a prominent 
point. The sub-anal fasciole is broad, transversely reniform, its longi- 
tudinal diameter to its breadth as 1:3. The “plastron” is shield- 
shaped, rather broad, a little narrowed posteriorly, its length to 
breadth of posterior end as 12:7. Color of test, in alcohol, uni- 
form yellowish gray ; of spines, dark gray. 

Gulf of California,—E. Samuels (Coll. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. and 
Museum Yale College); Cape St. Lucas,—J. Xantus (Coll. Smiths, 
Institution), 

This species is more liable to be confounded with B. Scille Ag. 
than with any other known to me. It may be distinguished readily, 
however, by its evenly rounded outline between the anterior margin 
and ovarial plates; by its more swollen posterior region, which is 
due both to the elevation of the posterior interambulacrum and the 
increased convexity of the sub-anal and ventral areas; by the less 
anterior position of the abactinal areas; by the relatively shorter and 
broader plastron and sub-anal fasciole; and by the latter being 
placed rather upon the posterior than upon the lower surface, while 
in B. Scille it is more nearly continuous with the plastron. 


M-oma nigra Verrill. 
Kleinia (Ryssobrissus) nigra A. Agassiz, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 27, 1863. 


This large species is closely allied to WM. grandis Gray, from 
Australia. 

Length four inches ; breadth 3°6 ; height 1-9; length of anterior lat- 
eral ambulacra 1°9 ; of posterior 2; length of anal area‘7 ; breadth 45. 

Its outline is broad ovate, somewhat cordate anteriorly, and trun- 
cate and slightly emarginate posteriorly. The upper surface is rather 
depressed, but not flattened, covered with scattered larger tubercles 
and very numerous small ones. The tubercles are largest within the 
peripetalous fasciole and beyond it on the posterior interambulacrum. 
The anterior ambulacral area is but little sunken, with rudimentary 
pores. The anterior-lateral ones are rather broad and deep, curving 
forward, especially at the ends. The two posterior are somewhat 


318 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


longer, strongly divergent, obtuse at the ends. The posterior inter- 
ambulacrum and the lateral pair are about equally swollen, within 
the fasciole, but the former is somewhat inflated beyond it, near the 
posterior end, which is obliquely truncated, the upper surface project- 
ing considerably beyond the lower. The anal area is large, elliptical, 
acute above, and occupies the greater part of the truncated poste- 
rior end. 

The peripetalous fasciole is nearly transverse anteriorly, but forms 
two abrupt, angular bends between the anterior and lateral ambula- 
era, of which that next to the lateral extends much farther toward 
the summit. In the rest of its course it agrees very nearly with that 
of M. grandis as figured by Gray.* The sub-anal fasciole is nearly 
transverse between the posterior ambulacra; at a distance from the 
anal area about equal to the length of the latter, each end bends ob- 
liquely upward laterally and becomes irregular and gradually disap- 
pears opposite the sides of the anal area and at some distance from it, 
without enclosing a sub-anal area. Genital openings four, the two 
posterior largest and farthest apart. 

Acapulco, Mexico,—A. Agassiz. In exchange from the Museum of 
Comparative Zoélogy.t ; 

I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. A. Agassiz for a typical 
specimen of this interesting species. It scems to be a true Meoma. 


Metalia Gray. 
Brissus (subgenus Metalia) Gray, Catalogue of the Recent Echinida of the British 
Museum, p. 51, 1855. 

Xanthobrissus A. Agassiz, Bulletin M C. Z., p. 28, 1863. 

The first division of the genus rissus, as limited by Dr. Gray, 
contained only one species, the B. sternalis Ag. This group, to 
which he applied the name Wetalia, he characterized as follows: 
“Subanal area heart-shaped, edged by a broad subanal fasciole ; the 
disk radiated, striated, with a series of marginal pores, and with a 
short fasciole, branched up and edging the sides of the vent; the 
hinder part of the peripetalous fasciole slightly bent, but not margined 
to the hinder edge of the hinder ambulacra; spines on the side of 
the ambulacra larger, elongate.” 

This division appears to be perfectly equivalent to Xanthobrissus 
A. Agassiz. The type of the latter, J. Garretii (Ag. sp.), from the 
Kingsmills Islands, is closely allied to I. sternalis, as I have ascer- 
tained by an examination of typical specimens of the former, belong- 


* Catalogue of the Recent Echinida of the British Museum, Part 1, pL 5, fig. 2, 1855. 
+ More recently sent by J. Pedersen from La Paz,—Reprint. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 319 


ing to the Boston Society of Natural History and the Essex Institute, 
received from the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy. Whether it be 
really distinct can be ascertained only by an actual comparison of 
authentic specimens of each, the descriptions of WZ. sternalis not being 
sufficient to distinguish it from IZ, Garretii. 


Metalia nobilis Verrill, sp. nov. 


Test depressed above, most elevated at the abactinal pole and upper 
part of posterior interambulacrum; anterior end arched; posterior 
end obliquely truncated; lower surface but little convex. In a view 
from above the form is very broad oval, the anterior end a little emargi 
nate, the posterior truncate, but prominent. 

Extreme length 4°5 inches; breadth 4; height 2:2; from abactinal 
pole to anterior end 2; to posterior end 3:1; to end of anterior am- 
bulacral rays 1°7; to end of posterior 1°92; to peripetalous fasciole 
in posterior interambulacrum 1°5; in lateral interambulacra 1:3; in 
anterior ambulacrum 1°7 ; length of anal area °62 ; breadth ‘52; length 
of subanal fasciole ‘88; breadth 1°35; from anal area to fasciole °25 ; 
mouth to subanal fasciole 2°45; breadth of plastron 1:25; length 
of spines of lower surface ‘553; of upper surface bordering ambula- 
cra °22. 

The anterior ambulacrum is but slightly sunken ; the lateral ones 
in deep grooves, nearly uniform in width; the anterior pair nearly 
straight ; the posterior curving slightly outward. The lateral and 
posterior interambulacra are convex within the peripetalous fasciole, 
but beyond this the latter is suddenly depressed, causing a slightly 
concave place, behind which it is slightly convex, and slopes gradu- 
ally to the posterior end. The peripetalous fasciole is nearly trans- 
verse in front, bending upward for a short distance, nearly at a right 
angle, about at the middle of the anterior-lateral interamnbulacra, and 
then turning back again at a similar angle, passes close by the end of 
the ambulacral rays. In the lateral and posterior interambulacra it 
bends but slightly upward, and does not margin the ambulacra. The 
sub-anal fasciole is rather large, broader than long, broad _heart- 
shaped, the lower end terminating in a slight point, the lower side 
rounded to the extreme lateral lobes; the upper or posterior side 
with a straight line in the middle, and slightly concave ones running 
to the lateral lobes. From each end of the straight, posterior part a 
narrow fasciole passes outward and upward in a broad curve and 
terminates about opposite the middle of the anal area. The anal 
area is broad-oval, longer than broad. The plastron is elliptical, but 
little convex, the most prominent points being at the posterior 

TRANS. ConneEcTICUT AcaD., VOL. I. 41 JUNE, 1867. 


320 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


end, where the subanal fasciole crosses it, and at the mouth. Pores 
around the mouth large, in five conspicuous rays. The spines are 
long and slender on the lower surface, short and fine above, except 
on the borders of the ambulacra and within the fasciole, where the 
tubercles are considerably larger. 

Color of test dark ash-brown, a yellowish white line or narrow 
band passing from the ambulacral petals or rays to the outer margin, 
along each border of the ambulacral zones. Color of spines very 
dark gray, or blackish. 

A small specimen from, Cape St. Lucas is 1°55 inches long; 1:4 
broad ; *88 high; from center to end of anterior ambulacral rays °52 ; 
of posterior 57; width of latter -12; center to anterior end 1°7; 
to posterior end 1°3; Jength of area within subanal fasciole °4; 
breadth °45, 

In form this agrees nearly with the large specimen, except that the 
posterior interambulacral region is depressed within the peripetalous 
fasciole and the lower surface is more convex, the plastron being 
subearinated and most prominent in the middle. The anterior, odd 
ambulacrum is scarcely depressed below the general surface. 

The form of the peripetalous fasciole is the same as in the large 
specimen. Color of test and spines, in alcohol, is white, the spines 
transparent. 

Panama Bay, dredged in 6 to 8 fathoms, shelly bottom,—F. H. 
Bradley. Cape St. Lucas,—J. Xantus (Coll. Smithsonian Inst.). 

This species is allied to J/. Gurretii of the Kingsmills Islands, but 
the latter differs in having a more elevated and convex form, espe- 
cially posteriorly ; in having the anterior end high and abruptly de- 
scending, with the imperfect ambulacrum in a deeper groove; in 
having relatively shorter and broader ambulacral rays, which are not 
so uniform in width, and the posterior ones more curved; in the 
form of the anal area, which is pointed below, instead of rounded ; 
in the subanal fasciole, which is smaller, narrower, and more rounded, 
being about as long as broad. The peripetalous fasciole bends up in 
an abrupt angle in the lateral interambulacra, instead of crossing in 
a broad, slightly concave curve. 


Agassizia ovulum Liitken, Vidensk. Medd., p. 134, tab. TI, fig. 8, 1864. 


Mr. Bradley sent one specimen of this species, found on the beach 
at Panama. Dr. Liitken’s specimens came from Boccones, Central 
America. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 321 


Order, HOLOTHURIOIDEA. 


A large number of Holothurians, representing numerous species, 
from Panama, San Salvador, ete., were collected by Mr. Bradley. 
But since it is very difficult to properly characterize animals of this 
order from specimens preserved in alcohol, most of these species are 
here omitted. The Holothurians of other localities have, also, been 
so imperfectly described that descriptions of those of this region 
would at present afford but little additional evidence upon questions 
of Geographical Distribution. 

Most of the species in the collection belong to the restricted genus 
Holothuria, and allied genera, having twenty peltate tentacles. 

Two of the more interesting and unusual forms are described below. 
It is to be hoped that examinations of the living animals will soon 
afford material for completing the descriptions of these, as well as of 
the remaining species. 


Pentacta Panamensis Verrill, sp. nov. 

Body somewhat fusiform, pentagonal, the angles prominent, both 
ends turned upward. Length, in alcohol, 1-4; diameter at middle 
28. Suckers not entirely retractile, arranged along the angles. In 
the three lower ambulacra there are two alternating rows on each 
angle, along the middle of the body, but toward each end they 
become more distant, smaller, and form but a single row; on the two 
ambulacra of the upper side they are less numerous and form a single 
row along the whole length of the body. The suckers are stiff at 
the lower part, and filled with calcareous grains; the ends are soft 
and extensible, with well developed disks. The interambulacral 
zones are smooth and without papille; the skin thin, coriaceous 
filled with very numerous, minute, calcareous grains or plates. The 
anal opening is surrounded by ten small papille. Tentacles ten, the 
two lower ones much the shortest, all arborescently branched, the 
numerous ultimate divisions forming, in contraction, clusters of small 
rounded papillz on the branches. 

Color, in alcohol, grayish brown, the tentacles yellowish brown. 

Panama,—F. H. Bradley, one specimen. 

The extensive group of Holothurians referred to Pentacta by some 
authors, and by others to Cucwmaria, appears to include several dis- 
tinct generic types. The present species is closely allied to P. pen- 
tactes Jeg., of Europe, properly the type of the genus Pentacta, 
which should, therefore, be restricted to those species which have a 
pentagonal form, with suckers confined to the angles, and smooth 


322 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


interambulacra. In the same manner Cucwmaria may be restricted to 
the group having C. frondosa as its type. In these the form is more 
swollen and rounded; the suckers wholly retractile, in five zones ; 
the interambulacral zones provided with few scattered papille. 


Anaperus Peruanus Troschel, Wieg. Arch. xii, p. 61, 1846.* 

Holothuria peruviana Lesson, Cent. Zool., pl. 46, p. 124. 

Thyone peruana Selenka, Zeitschrift fir Wissenschaft. Zoologie, 1867, p. 354. 

Several large examples of this species were obtained by Mr. Brad- 
ley both at Paita and Callao, Peru. 

This species may be regarded as the type of the genus Anaperus 
of Troschel, it being the first species mentioned by him. It is allied 
to A. Briareus (A. Carolina Tr.) from the Carolina coast, Long Isl. 
Sound, ete. 


Lissothuria Verrill. gen. nov. 


Allied to Psolus, but having the upper surface of the body-covered 
with a soft, smooth skin in which are imbedded minute perforated 
plates. Lower surface flat, with three broad rows of crowded suckers. 
Anal area elevated, the opening surrounded by calcareous papille. 
Tentacles ten, arborescently branched, the two lower ones smallest. 


Lissothuria ornata Verrill, sp. nov. 

Body elongated, depressed, the flat lower surface broad; the ante- 
rior end elevated; the ana! area near the high posterior end, little 
elevated above the’ surface of the back. Length 2°1; breadth °85; 
height 35; length of lower surface 1-7; breadth °85. 

The anterior end, bearing the tentacles, rises considerably above 
the level of the back, and where it joins the naked part below the 
tentacles there is a ring of calcareous plates, with pointed ends, and 
on the upper side four, elongated, flexible papille rising from enlarged 
bases having calcareous grains, apparently corresponding to four of 
the ambulacra. The tentacles are arborescently branched, not large, 
the subdivisions in contraction forming a rounded cluster, on a stout 
pedunculated base. Anal region conical, opening posteriorly. Suck- 
ers of the lower surface small and very numerous, crowded, six or 
eight series in each ambulacrum. The skin above is soft, but filled 
with minute calcareous grains and fewer, somewhat larger, perforated 
ones. 

Color, in alcohol, light purple, whitish beneath, disk purple, with a 
yellowish white ring around the mouth; tentacles purple at base, the 
subdivisions yellowish. 

Panama, one specimen,—F. H. Bradley. 


* This belongs to the genus Pattalus (see page 376),—Reprint. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 323 


No. 3. On the Geographical Distribution of the Echinoderms of the 
West Coast of America. 


Published July, 1867. 


Although a large proportion of the Echinoderms inhabiting this 
coast were long since described, very little has been done toward the 
study of their distribution, and comparisons with the Echinoderm 
Faune of other regions. 

It is certain that our knowledge of the species inhabiting the vari- 
ous districts upon this coast is still quite imperfect, for even the col- 
lection of Mr. Bradley contains several undescribed species from 
Panama, which was the region previously best known. But since the 
collections which he has made, and those made by Mr. J. Xantus at 
Cape St. Lucas, have contributed a large amount of new and authen- 
tic materials for such investigations, it is thought proper to introduce 
here a brief account of what is already known concerning this inter- 
esting and important subject. 

The distribution of the species of the West Coast of America 
should be studied with reference to several questions :— 

First.—To ascertain the range of each species along the coast, both 
geographically and in the depth. 

Second.—To ascertain the extent and boundaries of the several 
faunze, which occupy the coast. 

Third.—To compare these faunze with those of other regions,—espe- 
cially the tropical fauna of the West Coast with that of the East 
Coast and West Indies, and with that of the Pacific Islands and 
East Indies. 

Fourth.—To compare the living species with those found fossil in 
the Tertiary and more recent formations of the neighboring coasts 
and of the West Indies and Eastern North America. 

Very little material is now accessible for the investigation of the 
subject included under the fourth head, but since prolific fossiliferous 
deposits are known to occur near Aspinwall, as well as along the 
western coast of South America,* many important results may be 
expected when such localities shall have been fully investigated. 

The principal sources of information concerning the existing faune 
of the coast have, hitherto, been the works of Brandt’ for the north- 


’ 


* A deposit abounding in fossils was examined by Mr. Bradley near Zorritos, Peru, 
which is apparently of late Tertiary age, but the collection has not yet been ex- 
amined with care. (See vol. ii,—Reprint). 

1 Prodromus descriptionis animalium ab H. Mertensio in orbis terrarum circumuavi- 
gatione observatorum. Recueil des Actes de la séance publique de l’académie impériale 
de St. Petersbourg, 1825. 


324 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


ern district; Dr. William Stimpson’ for the Coast of Oregon and 
California; D. J. E. Gray,’ Dr. Chr. Liitken,* and Mr. A. Agassiz® 
for the tropical region; Valenciennes’ and Agassiz and Desor’ for 
the Galapago Islands and coast of Peru; Philippi for the coast of 
Chili and southward to the Straits of Magellan. Dr. Lititken has 
given lists of all the species of Echini and Starfishes known upon the 
whole coast at that time, but numerous discoveries have been made 
since the publication of his valuable papers. Mr. Theodore Lyman” 
has given a list of all the known Ophiurians, with descriptions of all 
the America species which he has personally examined. 

From these and other works, and from the collections of the Yale 
College Museim, the Smithsonian Institution, the Boston Society of 
Natural History, and the Essex Institute, the following lists have 
been complied. 

Care has been taken not to admit doubtful species, and those ap- 
parently without sufficiently authentic localities. The few species 
included in the lists of which the localities are questionable or sus- 
pected are preceded by a mark of doubt, thus, (?); those that I have 
personally studied are marked thus, (!). 


List of species found at Sitcha, 
ASTERIOIDEA. 
Asteropsis imbricata Grube. 
Patiria miniata (Asterias miniata Brandt). Extends south to Monterey. 
Solaster decemradiatus (Brandt sp.) Stimpson. 
Pycnopodia helianthoides (Brandt sp.) Stimpson. Extends to Tomales 


Bay, Cal. 


2 The Crustacea and Echinodermata af the Pacific Shores of North America. Journal 
of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. vi, 1857. Proceedings Bost. Soc. N. H., 
vol. viii, p. 261, 1861. 

8 Synopsis of the genera and species of the Class Hypostoma (Asterias Linn.). An- 
nals and Magazine of Natural History, vi, 1840. Numerous starfishes from the collec- 
tion of Hugh Cuming are briefly described in this paper. 

4 Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjobenhayn. Bidrag 
til Kundskab om Ophiurerne ved Central-Amerikas Vestkyst, 1856. Bidrag til Kunds- 
kab om de ved Kysterne af Mellem-og Syd-Amerika levende Arter af Sostjerner, 1858. 
Bidrag til Kundskab om Echiniderne, 1864. Kritiske Bemeerkninger om forskjellige 
Séstjerner (Asterider), med Beskrivelse af nogle nye Arter, 1864. 

5 Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, No. 2, 1863. 

6 Voyage autour du Monde sur la frégate la Vénus par Petit-Thouars, Atlas de Zo- 
ologie, Zoophytes, 1846. 

7 Catalogue raisonné des familles, des genres et des espéces de la classe des Echino- 
dermata. Annales des sciences naturelles, 3™¢ serie, Zoologie, t. 6, 7, 8, 1847. 

8 Vier neue Echinodermen des Chilenischen Meeres. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, 
Bd. xxiii, 1857, p. 130. 

9 Illustrated Catalogue of the Mus. Comp. Zodlogy, No. I, 1865. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 325 


Asterias ochracea Brandt. Found also at San Francisco and Tomales Bay. 
Asterias epichlora Brandt. 


EcHINOIDEA. 
Dendraster excentricus (Esch. sp.) Ag. From Unalascha to Monterey, Cal, 
Huryechinus Dribachiensis V.? (E. chlorocentrotus Brandt sp.). Mr. A, 
Agassiz considers this the same as #, Drdhachiensis of the North Atlan- 
tic. It is found as far south as the Gulf of Georgia. 


HoLorHuRIOIDEA. 

Chirodota discolor Esch. 

Leptosynapta verrucosa* (nobis), (Chirodota verrucosum Esch., Zool. 
Atlas, Tab. X, fig. 3). 

Livsoma Sitchense Brandt. 

Psolus Sitchersis Duj. et Hupé, (Cuvierca Brandt), Whether this be 
a true Psolus can be ascertained only by reéxamination, 

Pentacta albida (Brandt sp.) Stimp. 

P. nigricans (Br. sp.) Stimp. 

P. miniata (Br, sp.) Stimp. 

Aspidochir Mertensii Brandt. 

Diploperideris Sitchensis Brandt, (? Holothuria). 


Six species included in the above list reach Puget Sound, and five 
extend to Tomales Bay and San Francisco. The species now consid- 
ered peculiar are chiefly Holothurians and probably many of them 
will hereafter be found farther south, while others may prove identi- 
cal with the arctic species of the North Atlantic. 


List of species found in Puget Sound and along the coast to Cape 
Mendocino, Cal. 


OPHIUROIDEA. 
Ophioglypha Littkentt Lyman. Puget Sound. 
Ophiopholis Kennerleyi Lyman! Puget Sound; Dungenes, Or. (Yale 
Mus.) ; Mendocino. 
Amphiura Pugetana Lyman. Puget Sound and Mendocino, 
A. occidentalis Lym. Puget Sound to Monterey, Cal. 
A, urtica Lym. Puget Sound. 
Astrophyton sp. (? A. Cray Lym.). Puget Sound (Dr. Stimpson), 


* Under the generic name, Leptosynapta, I propose to separate from the typical spe- 
cies of Synapta (S. mammiilosa Esch.), such species as S. tenuis Ayres of New England, 
and S. inherens of Europe. These are distinguished by their more slender form, the 
absence of prominent verruce, fewer (12), shorter and more digitate tentacles, ete. L. 
tenuis may be regarded as the type. Eschscholtz himself referred such species to his 
genus Chirodotu, from the typical species of which they differ in having minute cal- 
cireous hooks in the skin for adhesion. The typical species of Synapta have fifteen 
tentacles, and prominent verrucz. 


326 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


ASTERIOIDEA. 

Mediaster equalis Stimp. Puget Sound to San Francisco. 

Patiria miniata (Brandt sp.). Sitcha to Isl. San Miguel.* 

Cribrella leviuscula (Linckia leviuscula Stimp.). Paget Sound; Dungenes, 
Oregon (Coll. Yale Mus.). 

Pycnopodia helianthoides Stimp. 

Asterias epichlora Brandt. Puget Sound (Stimpson) ; mouth of Columbia 
River (A. Katherine Gray). 

A, ochracea Brant. 

A. conferta Stimpson. Puget Sound. 

A, fissispina Stimp. Shoalwater Bay, Oregon. 

A, Lutkenii Stimp. Oregon. 

A, paucispina Stimp. Puget Sound. 

A, Troschelii Stimp. Puget Sound. 

A, hexactis Stimp. Puget Sound. 


EcHINOIDEA. 
Dendraster excentricus Agassiz. 
Euryechinus Dribrachiensis Vervill, (2) (Z. chlorocentrotus Brandt). Gulf 
of Georgia; Vancouver's Island. 


HoLoruuRioiDae. 
Pentacta piperata Stimp. Puget Sound. 
P. populifera Stimp. Puget Sound, 
P. albida Stimp. California (Selenka). 
P. quinquesemita (Selenka sp.) Mendocino. 
Synapta albicans Sel. Mendocino. 


Of the 25 species in this list, 16 have not been recorded from south 
of Mendocino; and 18 are not known north of Puget Sound; 15, so 
far as yet known, are peculiar to this district. 


List of species found between Cape Mendocino and San Diego, Cal. 


OPHIUROIDEA. 
Ophiopholis Caryi Lym. San Francisco. 
Amphiura occidentalis Lym. Monterey and northward. 
Ophiothrix dumosa Lyman, San Diego, Cal. 
Astrophyton Caryi Lym. San Francisco. 


ASTERIOIDEA. 
Mediaster equalis Stimp. San Francisco. 
Patiria miniata (Brandt sp.). Tomales (or Bodega) Bay; San Fran- 
cisco; Isl. San Miguel. 


* This Island is one of the most northern of the Santa Barbara group. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 327 


Pycnopodia helianthoides Stimp., Tomales Bay. 

Asterias gigantea Stimp., Tomales Bay. 

A, brevispina Stimp., San Francisco (10 fathoms, sandy bottom). 

A, ochracea Brandt, San Francisco at low-water ! Tomales Bay ! northward. 
A, capitata Stimp., San Diego, Cal. 

A. equalis Stimp., Monterey, Cal. 


EcuINOIDEA. 
Dendraster excentricus Ag., from Monterey northward! 
Loxechinus purpuratus A. Ag., San Francisco, on rocks at low-water! 
Toxopneustes Franciscana (Toxocidaris franciscana A.Ag.), 8. Francisco ! 


HoLoTHuRIoIpEA. 
Liosoma arenicola Stimp., San Pedro, Cal. 
? Cucumaria frondosa By., San Francisco. 
Holothuria Californica Stimp., Tomales Bay. 


Of the 18 species in this list, 10 do not appear to have been, as yet, 
found north of Tomales Bay, while 6 extend northward to Puget 
Sound. Astrophyton Caryi may, also, prove to be the same species as 
the one indicated from Puget Sound. “ Cucumaria frondosa” may 
prove identical with one of the species from Sitcha, described by 
Brandt, but if correctly identified it is a true circumpolar species and 
must be supposed to exist along the whole coast northward from San 
Francisco. Two species have not been found north of San Diego. 

None of the species in the above list have been found at Cape St. 
Lucas, except Ophiothrix dumosa. 

Concerning the Echinoderms found between San Diego and Marga- 
rita Bay, Lower California, we have no information whatever. 

The special localities of the following species are unknown. It is 
quite probable that some of them belong to the fauna of Lower Cali- 
fornia. 


Chetaster Californicus Grube, “ California.” 
Cidaris Dane Ag., California (Ag. and Des. Catal.). 
Astriclypeus Manni Verrill, West Coast of America (?)* 


List of species found at Margarita Bay and Cape St. Lucas. 


OPHIUROIDEA. 
Ophiura Panamesis Lyman. 
O. teres Lyman. 
Ophiocoma ethiops Liitken. 
O, Alexandri Lyman. 
Ophiactis virescens Liitken. 


* Dr. F. H. Troschel gives Yokohama, Japan, as the locality of this species, —Reprint. 
Trans. CONNECTICUT AcAD., VOL. I. 42 JULY, 1867. 


328 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Ophionereis Xantusii Lyman, Cape St. Lucas. 

O. annulata Lyman. 

Ophiothrix spiculata LeC. 

O. dumosa Lyman, Cape St. Lucas, San Diego, Guayamas. 


ASTERIOIDEA. 
Astropecten Orstedii Liitken ! 
Nidorellia armata Gray ! 
Oreaster occidentalis Verrill, Cape St. Lucas and Panama! 
Linckia unifascialis Gray ! 
Do. var. bifascialis Gray ! 
Ophidiaster pyramidatus Gray ! 
Heliaster microbrachia Xantus, Cape St. Lucas and Panama, 
H, Kubiniji Xantus! Cape St. Lucas. 
Asterias sertulifera Xantus, Cape St. Lucas. 


EcuHINOIDEA. 
Cidaris Thouarstt Val.! 
Diadema Mexicana A. Ag., Cape St. Lucas and Acapulco ! 
Echinodiadema coronata Verrill, Cape St. Lucas! 
Echinocidaris stellata Agassiz, Margarita Bay ! Cape St. Lucas ! Guayamas, 
and south to Paita, Peru! 
Psammechinus pictus Verrill, Cape St. Lucas. 
Echinometra Van Brunti A. Ag., Cape St. Lucas and Acapulco! 
Encope sp.* 
Pygorhynchus Pacificus Ag., Cape St. Lucas and Acapulco! 
Metalia nobilis Verrill, Cape St. Lucas and Panama! 
Brissus obesus Verrill, Cape St. Lucas and Gulf of California! 


Species given in this list without special localities extend as far 
southward as Panama or beyond. Of the 27 species here recorded, 
17 reached Panama; 3 have been found elsewhere only at Acapulco ; 
2 only at Cape St. Lucas and in the Gulf of California ; and 5 have, as 
yet, been recorded only from Cape St. Lucas. The only species known 
to me from Margarita Bay is Echinocidaris stellata, which has also 
the most extensive range southward. Ophiothrix dumosa, alone, is 
included both in this and the preceding list. 


List of species found at Acapulco, Mazatlan, and in the Gulf of 
California. 


OPHIUROIDEA. 
Ophiura Panamensis Lym., Acapulco and southward ! 
O. teres Lym., Acapulco and southward ! 


* Since described as Encope Californica V. Common at La Paz, J. Pedersen,—Reprint. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 329 


Ophiocoma ethiops Liitk., Acapulco and southward ! 
O. Alexandri Lym., Acapulco and southward ! 
Ophiothriz dumosa Lym., Guayamas to San Diego. 


ASTERIOIDEA. 
Nidorellia armata Gray, Guayamas! (Bost. Soc. N. H.) 
Linckia unifascialis Gray, Acapulco and southward ! 
Heliaster sp.=(H. Kubinyi ?), Acapulco and Mazatlan. Dr. Stimpson 
records H. helianthus from Mazatlan, but this is probably an erroneous 
identification, 


EcuInoIpEa. 
Diadema Mexicana A. Ag., Acapulco! Cape St. Lucas ! 
Echinocidaris stellata Ag., Guayamas and southward ! 
Lytechinus roseus Verrill, Acapulco and Panama! 
Tripneustes depressus A. Ag., Guayamas! La Paz! 
Toxopneustes sp. (Toxocidaris mexicana A. Ag.), Acapulco. 
Echinometra VanBrunti A. Ag., Acapulco! and Cape St. Lucas! 
Stoloniclypeus rotundus A. Ag., Acapulco (A. Ag.), Panama! 
Encope grandis A g., Head of the Gulf of California! 
Pygorhynchus Pacificus Ag., Acapulco and Cape St. Lucas! 
(?) Mera clotho Mich., Mazatlan. 
Lovenia sp., Guif of California! 
Meoma nigra Verrill, Acapulco | 


HoLoruuRIoIwFA. 
Stichopus Kefersteinii Selenka. Acapulco. 
Holothuria lubrica Selenka. Acapulco. 
Stolus ovulum Selenka. Acapulco. 


This list, which is doubtless very imperfect,* includes 23 species, of 
which 9 are found also at Panama; 5 are found at Cape St. Lucas; 
the remaining 9 are, so far as known, peculiar to this district, but 
future researches will probably reduce the number, since the coast of 
Mexico and Central America has been little explored. 


List of species of the West Coast of Central America und the Bay 
of Panama. 

OPHIUROIDEA. 

Astrophyton Panamense Verrill, Panama and Zorritos, Peru! 

Ophiura teres Lyman, Cape St. Lucas to Panama! 

O. Panamensis Lym., Cape St. Lucas to Panama! 

O. variegata Lym., Realejo and Panama! 

O. Daniana Verrill, La Union! 

* Many additional species have recently been sent from La Paz by J. Pedersen, 
lists of which will be found in articles 5 and 8,—Reprint. 


330 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


O. sp. nov. (see page 270), Panama! 

Ophiolepis variegata Liitk., La Union! Realejo. Panama! 
Ophiozona Pacifica Lym., Punta Arenas, Panama! 
Ophiocoma ethiops Liitk., Cape St. Lucas to Panama! 
O. Alerandri Lym., Cape St. Lucas to Panama! 
Ophionereis annulata Lym., Cape St. Lucas to Panama! 
Ophiocnida hispida Lym., Panama! 

Ophiostigma tenue Liitk., Realejo. 

Amphiura geminata Liitk., Panama! 

A, violacea Liitk., Realejo. ? Panama! 

A, Puntarene Liitk., Punta Arenas. Panama! 

A, microdiscus Litk., Punta Arenas, 

A. Orstedii Liitk., Punta Arenas. 

Ophiophragmus marginatus Lym., Realejo. 
Hemipholis gracilis Verrill, Panama! 

Ophiactis virescens Liitk., Punta Arenas. Panama! 

O. simplex Liitk., Nicaragua. Panama! 

(7) O. Orstedii Liitk., Punta Arenas. 

O. arenosa Liitk., Punta Arenas. Realejo. ? Panama! 
Ophiothrix spiculata LeC., Cape St. Lucas to Zorritos, Peru! 
Ophiothela mirabilis Verrill, Panama! 

Ophiomyxa sp., Punta Arenas (Liitken). 


ASTERIOIDEA. 
Luidia tessellata Liitk., Acajutla to Panama! 
(?) Petalaster Columbie Gray, San Blas. 
Astropecten fragilis Verrill, Panama and Zorritos ! 
A, regalis Gray, San Salvador! Panama! San Blas. 
A, Orstedii Littk.,* Cape St. Lucas to Panama! 
Patiria obtusa Gray, Panama ! 
Asteriscus modestus Verrill, Panama! 
Gymnasteria spinosa Gray, Panama. 
G. inermis Gray, Panama. 
Nidorellia armata Gray, Guayamas to Zorritos! 
Oreaster occidentalis Verrill, Cape St. Lucas and Panama! 
Linckia unifascialis Gray, Cape St. Lucas to Zorritos ! 
Ophidiaster pyramidatus Gray, same range as last! 
Mithrodia Bradleyi Verrill, Panama! 


* A typical specimen of this species received from Dr. Litken, while agreeing in 
most characters with those described in the preceding article (page 274), differs in hay- 
ing much smaller and shorter spines both above and below, the inner row on the upper 
marginal plates not reaching beyond the seventh or eighth plate, and in having the ter- 
minal papille of the paxille considerably finer, while the paxille are also smaller and 
shorter. This specimen being somewhat smaller (greater radii 2°15 inches), these differ- 
ences may be due to age. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 331 


Echinaster aculeatus (Gray, sp.) Ltitk., Guacomajo. 

Heliaster microbrachia Xantus, Cape St. Lucas and Panama! 
EcuINoIpEA. 

Cidaris Thouarsti Val., Cape St. Lucas to Panama! Galapagos. 

Astropyga venusta Verrill, Panama. 

Echinocidaris stellata Ag., Guayamas to Zorritos and Paita! 

Lytechinus roseus Verrill, Acapulco and Panama! 

Echinometra rupicola A. Ag., Acajutla and La Union to Zorritos! 

Encope occidentalis Verrill, Panama and Zorritos! Galapagos. 

Echinoglycus Stokesii Gray, Punta Arenas! Panama! Galapagos. 

Mellita longifissa Mich., Panama, A. Ag.* 

Stoloniclypeus rotundus A. Ag., Acapulco. Boccones. Panama! 

Metalia nobilis Verrill, Cape St. Lucas and Panama! 

Agassizia ovulum Liitk., Boccones. Panama! 
HOoLoTHURIOIDEA. 

Holothuria languens Selenka. Panama. 

HT. subditiva Sel., ‘‘ Panama (Florida ?).” 

(?) H. glaberrima Sel., Panama, West Indies. 

(?) H. botellus Sel., Panama, also Florida, Sandwich Is., Zanzibar, etc. 

(Selenka). 

Pentacta Panamensis Verrill, Panama! 

Lissothuria ornata Verrill, Panama! 

Stolus gibber Sel., Panama. 


The above list includes 61 species, of which 6 are known to extend 
from Cape St. Lucas to Zorritos, Peru, and one of these even from 
Guayamas to Paita; 36 species range from Panama northward along 
the Coast of Central America; 12 at least, extend from Panama 
southward to Ecuador and northern Peru, but this number will, doubt- 
less, be greatly increased by farther explorations, for only two Ophiu- 
rians are known to me from the region between Panama Bay and 
Paita. 15 species are, as yet, known only from Panama Bay ;+ and 9 
have been found only on the coast of Central America. 

These figures must be taken only as an indication of the present 
state of our knowledge of this fauna,—not as representing the actual 
condition, for it must be remembered that while the Echinoderms 
have as yet been but partially collected at any point, the collections 
from Panama have been most complete, but those from Central Amer- 
ica have also been much more so than those made south of Panama. 

The Holothurians, considered by Selenka as common to Panama 
and the West Indies, or the Indian Ocean, need reéxamination, from 


* This species with Encope occidentalis and Echinometra rupicola were collected at 
Corinto, Nic., by J. A. McNiel.—Reprint. 
+ This number has since been reduced to 9,—Reprint. 


332 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


authentic specimens, before all doubt can be removed concerning these 
conclusions, which are at variance with the distribution of the other 
Echinoderms. 


List of Species from the West Coast of Heuador and southern part 
of New Granada. 


OPHIUROIDEA. 
Astrophyton Panamense Verrill, Zorritos and northward ! 
Ophiothrix spiculata LeC. This and the preceding are introduced here 
because found both at Panama and Zorritos. 


ASTERIOIDEA. 
Luidia Bellone Liitk., Guayaquil (Liitk.). Callao! (Yale Mus.). 
Astropecten armatus Gray, (non Miill. and Tr.), Puerto Portrero. 
A, erinaceus Gray, Punta Santa Elena. 
A, fragilis Verrill, Zorritos and northward! (Yale Mus.). 
Paulia horrida Gray, Puerto Portrero. 
Nidorellia armata Gray, Punta Santa Elena. 
Oreaster Cumingit (Gray sp.) Liitk., Punta Santa Elena. 
Ophidiaster pyramidatus Gray, Bay of Caraccas. 
Linckia unifascialis Gray, ot ‘ 
L. Columbic Gray, West coast of Columbia. 
Cistina Columbre Gray, Ke x a 
Dactylosaster gracilis Gray, West coast of Columbia. 
Ferdina Cumingu Gray. e a 
(2) Acanthaster Hilisit (Echiniaster Ellis Gray), “ South America.” 
EcHINOIDEA. 
Echinocidaris stellata Ag., Paita and northward ! 
Echinometra rupicola A. Ag., Zorritos and northward ! 
Echinoglycus Stokesii Gray, Guayaquil and northward ! 
Encope occidentalis Verrill, Zorritos and northward ! 


The Asterioidea in the above list are inserted upon the authority 
of Dr. Gray, from the collection of H. Cuming, unless otherwise indi- 
cated. The Echinoidea, although mostly unrecorded from this region, 
are found beyond it upon both sides and are, therefore, inserted here. 
The Ophiurans and Holothurians are almost unknown. Of the 20 
species enumerated, 10 are found at Panama; 2 are doubtful inhabit- 
ants of this district, and the remaining 8, unless some of them be 
synonymous with Panama species, are still known only from this coast. 
These peculiar species, which are all Asterioidea, were mostly obtained 
by Mr. Cuming by dredging, and may hereafter be found by similar 
search at Panama. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 333 


List of Species found at Zorritos, Peru.* 
OPHIUROIDEA. 
Astrophyton Panamense Verrill! 
Ophiothrix spiculata LeC. ! 


ASTERIOIDEA. 
Astropecten fragilis Verrill! 
Nidorellia armata Gray ! 
Linckia unifascialis Gray ! 
Ophidiaster pyramidatus Gray ! 
Heliaster Cumingii Gray, Zorritos! Paita! Galapagos. 
EcHINOIDEA. 
Echinocidaris stellata Ag.! 
Echinometra rupicola A. Ag.! 
Mellita Pacifica Verrill! 
Encope occidentalis Verrill ! 


Of the 11 species in this list, 9 are found as far north as Panama, 
or beyond,—5 even occurring at Cape St. Lucas. Mellita Pacifica 
is not yet known elsewhere; Heliaster Cumingii and Echinocidaris 
stellata are also found at Paita. All the species of this list are in the 
Museum of Yale College. 


List of species recorded from the Galapago Islands. 


ASTERIOIDEA. 

(7?) Culcita Schmideliana Gray, “ Lord Hood’s Island on Reefs, H. Cum- 
ing” (Gray). 

Heliaster Cumingit Gray, ‘“‘ Hood’s Island” (Gray). 

H, multiradiata Gray, “ Hood’s Island ” (Gray). 

(?) Acanthaster Ellisii Gray. Stilifer astericola Brod., is recorded as 
parasitic in “ Asterias solaris” from Lord Hood’s Island, Gal., Proc. 
Zo6l. Soc. London, 18382, p. 60. 


EcuINoIpEa. 
Cidaris Thouarsti Val., Panama! ete. 
Echinocidaris stellata Ag., Panama! ete. 
(?) Lytechinus semituberculatus Val., (2 L. roseus). 
(7) Huryechinus imbecillis Verrill, (Hchinus gibbosus Val.). 
Anthocidaris homalostoma (Val. sp.) Liitk. 
Temnopleurus botryoides Ag. 
Amblypneustes pallidus Ag. 
A. formosus Val. 


* Zorritos is situated 25 miles south of Tumbes, Peru. 
+ Eight of these species are found at La Paz,—Reprint. 


334 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Echinoglycus Stokesit Gray, Panama! ete. 
Encope occidentalis Verrill, Panama! ete. 


In this list are 14 species, of which 6 do not appear to have been 
found on the American,coast, and three others are doubtful; 4 occur 
at Panama, and are species of wide range along the coast, while He- 
liaster Cumingii is found at Zorritos and Paita. “Hchinus gibbosus,” 
if correctly identified, occurs also at Paita and Callao. 

This list, though very incomplete, indicates that the Echinoderm 
fauna of the Galapagos is of a mixed character, having the closest 
relations with that of Panama Bay, but at the same time including 
species belonging to the more temperate waters of Peru, and a large 
proportion that are peculiar to the group. Most of the peculiar spe- 
cies resemble Pacific and East Indian forms rather than American. 
Such are the species of Amblypneustes, Temnopleurus, Culcita,— 
genera which have not been found upon either the East or West coast 
of America. On the contrary, Heliaster, Echinocidaris, Lytechinus, 
Echinoglycus, Encope are very characteristic American genera. 


List of species found on the coast of Peru, at Paita and southward. 


OPHIURIOIDEA. 
Ophiactis Kroyert Liitk., Callao! 
Ophiothria magnifica Lym., Peru (Lyman). Paita! 


ASTERIOIDEA. 

Luidia Bellone Liitk., Callao! (Yale Museum). 

Astropecten Peruanus Verrill, Paita! 

Asteriscus (Patiria) Chilensis Liitk., Callao ! (Yale Mus.). Valparaiso ! 
(Liitken). 

Stichaster aurantiacus V.(Meyen sp.), Callao! Valparaiso (Gray), Chili 
(M. and Tr.). 

Heliaster helianthus Gray, Paita and Callao! Caldera, Chili! Valparaiso. 

H. Cumingii Gray, Paita and Zorritos ! 


EcHINOIDEA. 
Echinocidaris stellata Ag., Paita and northward! 
E, spatuligera Ag., Paita and Callao! Coquimbo (Ag. and Des.). 
Arbacia nigra Gray, Paita and Callao to Caldera, Chili! Coquimbo. 
(2) A. grandinosa (Val. sp ), Peru, Carthagenia, (Ag. and Des.). 
Lozechinus albus Ag. and Des., Mejillones! Callao to Chili (Ag. and Des.). 
Euryechinus imbecillis Verrill, Paita and Callao! 
Boletia viridis Verrill, Callao !* 


Agassizia scrobiculata Val., Peru (Ag. and Des). 


* Probably from New Zealand, see footnote, p. 304,—Reprint. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 335 


HoLotTavuRioIpEA. 
Anaperus Peruwanus Trosch.,Paita and Callao !(= Pattalus PeruvianusV.). 
Pentacta sp., Paita ! 


In this list are 18 species, of which only 3 have been recorded from 
north of Cape Blanco, and two of these apparently find their south- 
ern limit at Paita; 2 are known only from Paita, and 2 from Callao. 
Six of the species extend southward to northern Chili, and several 
even to Valparaiso. 


List of species from the coast of Chili. 
OPHIURIOIDEA. 
Astrophyton Chilense Phil., Chili. 
Ophiolepis Atacamensis Phil., Isla Blanca, Chili. 
Ophiactis asperula Liitk., Chili, Isle of Philoe. 
Amphiura Chilensis Liitk., Chili. 


ASTERIOIDEA. 
Goniodiscus verrucosus Phil., Chili, Valparaiso and Rio Maipu. 
G. singularis Mil]. and Tr., Chili. 
Astrogonium Forki Phil., Chili. 
Asteriscus (Patiria) Chilensis Liitk., Valparaiso and northward ! 
Heliaster helianthus Gray, Valparaiso and northward. 
Stichaster auranticus V. (Meyen sp.), Valparaiso and northward. 
Asterias gelatinosa Meyen (A. rustica Gray), Valparaiso. 
Asterias echinata Gray, Valparaiso. Perhaps identical with one of the 

following. 

Asterias Germanii nobis (Philippi sp.), Chili. 
Asterias lurida nobis (Philippi sp.), Chil1. 


EcHINOIDEA, 
Echinocidaris spatuligera Ag. and Des., Coquimbo and northward. 
Arbacia nigra Gray, Coquimbo and northward. 
Loxechinus albus Ag. and Des., Chili northward to Callao, 
Anthocidaris erythrogramma (Val. sp.) Liitk., Chili, Ag. and Des. 
Colobocentrotus pediferus Ag., Valparaiso ! 


Of the 19 species in this list, 6 occur also on the coast of Peru, 
at Callao or farther north. The remaining species are peculiar to 
the district so far as known. It is probable that northern Chili, per- 
haps as far as Valparaiso, belongs to the Peruvian Fanua, while the 
shores of southern Chili, and Patagonia, are inhabited by a distinct 
Fauna. The absence of exact localities for many of the species pre- 
vents a satisfactory solution of this question. 

TRANS. CONNECTICUT AcAD., VOL. I. 43 JUNE, 1867. 


336 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


List of species from the Southern extremity of South America, and 
the neighboring Islands. 


ASTERIOIDEA. 
Ganeria Falklandica Gray, Falkland Islands. 
Asterias antarctica (Liitk. sp.), Straits of Magellan. 
Asterias rugispina Stimp., Orange Harbor, Terra del Fuego. 


EcuHINoIDEa. 
Echinocidaris Scythet Phil., Straits of Magellan. 
Echinus Magellanicus Phil., Straits of Magellan. 
Abatus australis (Phil. sp.) Trosch., South America, Statten Land. 
A, cavernosus (Phil. sp.) Trosch., Statten Land. 
A, antarcticus (Gray sp.) Liitk., South Polar Seas. 
Tripylus excavatus Phil., Southern extremity of South America. 
(2) T. Philippii Gray, South America. 
HoLoTHURIOIDEA. 
Lepidopsolus? antarcticus (Cuvieria antarctica Phil.), Straits of Magellan. 


An analysis of the preceding lists shows that the distribution 
of Echinoderms on the West coast of America agrees very nearly 
with that of the Crustacea, as determined by Prof. Dana;* with that 
of Mollusca, as elucidated by Carpenter ;+ and with the general facts 
determined for the Fishes, Mollusca and Radiata by Forbes.[ But 
at the same time there are some disagreements in subordinate points 
which demand attention, and additional evidences are obtained con- 
cerning the actual limits of the several faune. 

The comparatively small number of species of Echinoderms and 
the definiteness of their characters, except among Holothurians, ren- 
ders this class well adapted to illustrate the faunal divisions, while 
the localities for the species described from these coasts are generally 
more authentic than in many other regions. 

The faunal divisions, indicated by the information already in our 
possession, are as follows: 

Tur Srrcu1an Province.—This fauna was believed by Forbes to 
extend southward to Oregon, including Puget Sound, while by Dana 
the latter region was named as a distinct region, the Pugettian Proy- 
ince. ‘The Echinoderms now known indicate that in this class Puget 
Sound agrees nearly with the fauna of Oregon. The limits of the 
Sitchian fauna are not yet known. To the north it appears to pass 
into the Arctic, or Circumpolar Fauna, while several of the arctic 


* Report upon the Crustacea of the U. S. Expl. Exp., by J. D. Dana, 1852. 
+ Report of the British Association, 1856. 
+ Johnston’s Physical Atlas, p. 99, Pl. 31, 1856, 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 337 


species have a range even southward of this fauna to the coast of 
Oregon. It apparently corresponds to the Syrtensian Fauna of Pack- 
ard,* on the Atlantic coast of America. 

THe OrEGoNntAN Province.—This division includes Puget Sound, 
in part at least, and the Coast of Oregon, extending to Cape Mendo- 
cino, Cal. It appears to be the western representative of the Acadian 
Fauna on the northeast coast of America. This is not equivalent to 
the Oregonian Province of Forbes, which extended from Columbia 
River to San Diego, including, therefore, this and the following. 

Tue Carirornian Province.—This occupies the coast from Cape 
Mendocino to Santa Barbara, and perhaps farther southward, and in- 
cludes the Santa Barbara Islands, corresponding therefore with the 
limits assigned by Dana, while later this name was applied by 
Forbes to the fauna occupying the coast of the peninsula of Lower 
California. 

It appears to represent the Virginian Fauna of the Atlantic coast. 
Many species are common to this and the Oregonian, while a large 
per cent, so far as now known, are peculiar to each. Numerous rep- 
resentatives of the genus Asterias give a peculiar character to both; 
and the genus Dendraster is not known elsewhere, except in the Sit- 
chian Fauna. JLoxechinus purpuratus and Toxopneustes Franciscana 
are peculiar and characteristic species of the Californian Province. 

The Diego, and the Sonora Provinces, indicated by Prof. Dana, are 
almost unexplored for their Echinoderms. The former extends, ac- 
cording to Dana, from latitude 283° to 343°, and the latter occupies 
the coast southward along the peninsula of Lower California, nearly 
to Margarita Bay. It is probable that some of the species described 
as from “ California” belong to this almost unexplored region. 

Tue Panamian Province.—This includes the Gulf of California, 
and on the coast extends from Margarita Bay, Cal., to Cape Blanco, 
Peru. It corresponds with Dana’s Tropical Sub-kingdom and includes 
three subdivisions: The Mexican District or Province, including the 
Gulf of California, Cape St. Lucas, and the Mexican coast to Acapulco 
or beyond; the Panama District, including the coast of Central America 
and the Bay of Panama; the icuador District, occupying the coast 
southward from Panama Bay to Cape Blanco, Peru. These correspond 
nearly with those given by Dana, who considered them three distinct 
Provinces. Concerning the northern limit of this fauna there has been 
a pretty close agreement. Its southern limit, however, has not been so 
well established. Forbes included the coast only to Guayaquil, while 


* Memoirs Boston Society of Natural History, vol. i, page 254; and Proceedings B. 
S. N. H., 1866, p. 333. 


338 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Dana placed the boundary farther south, at Cape Blanco. Mr. Bradley’s 
collection made at Zorritos, a short distance north of Cape Blanco 
near Tumbez, shows a remarkable agreement with the fanua of Pana- 
ma, not only in the Echinoderms, but also in all other classes, and 
especially in the Mollusca, Polpys, and Crustacea, while his Paita col- 
lection shows quite as remarkable an agreement with the Peruvian 
Fauna. There is thus a very abrupt change in the faune between 
Zorritos and Paita, and Cape Blanco may properly be considered as 
the point of division. 

The large proportion of species that have a range throughout the 
whole extent of this Fauna, induces me to consider the three subdi- 
visions proposed by Dana, as of secondary importance, yet in the 
present state of our knowledge there are several species peculiar to 
each of these subdivisions. The number, however, has been materi- 
ally reduced by the late explorations. 

Tur GaLapacos Provrnce.—It is somewhat uncertain whether this 
should not be united to the preceding, as a district or sub-province, 
many of the species being characteristic Panamian forms. At the 
same time some Peruvian species occur, which even caused both Dana 
and Forbes to unite this Fauna with that of Peru. Possibly the 
southern part of the Islands belong rather to the Peruvian and the 
northern to the Panamian Fauna. The recorded localities are not 
sufficiently exact to determine this question. 

The large percentage of species peculiar to this region and belong- 
ing in most cases to Pacific rather than American types has induced 
me to consider it a distinct fauna, with an intermixture of Peruvian 
and, especially, Panamian forms. 

Tur Peruvian Proyince.—The region from Cape Blanco south- 
ward to northern Chili is inhabited by a very distinct and character- 
istic Fauna. One species only (Zchinocidaris stellata) has been found 
in this Province, and that only in the extreme northern portion, which 
occurs also at Panama. The northern limit is well marked, but the 
southern is not yet accurately known. It appears to extend as far, 
at least, as Coquimbo, while even at Valparaiso many of the charac- 
teristic species occur. Dana considered Copiapo to be near its south- 
ern limit. 

Tur Cutan Province.—The middle coast of Chili, from near 
Coquimbo to Valdiva, appears to be inhabited by a peculiar Fauna, 
although at the same time several of the Peruvian species are mingled 
with those characteristic of this region. By Forbes the Peruvian 
Fauna was joined directly to the Araucanian. 


“ot 


[FRoM THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE CONNECTICUT ACADEMY, VOL. I, 1867.] 


Comparison of the Tropical Echinoderm Faunce of the East and 
West Coasts of America. 


The question of identity between certain species found upon the 
Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Central America is of great interest 
both to the Zodlogist and Geologist, and has received much attention 
from various writers. That the two Faun are remarkably similar 
in many respects, and have large numbers of closely allied, repre- 
sentative or analogous species, is admitted by all who have written 
upon the subject. Several authors also admit a certain number of 
species which are identical or undistinguishable. Thus of Mollusca, 
Dr. P. P. Carpenter* admits 35 species as identical between the two 
coasts; 34 additional ones that may prove to be identical; 41 that 
are “really separated, but by slight differences;” 26 that are “analo- 
gous but quite distinct species.” In addition to these he admits 15 
species as probably common to the west coast of America and the 
west and south coasts of Africa. Prof. C. B. Adamst did not admit 
any species as common to Panama and the West Indies, except 
Crepidula unguiformis. 

Prof. Dana, Dr. Stimpson,{ and others admit several species ot 
Crustacea as common to the two coasts. In the collections of Mr. 


* Report of the British Association for the advancement of Science, 1856. 

+ Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, v, 1852. 

¢ Notes on North American Crustacea. Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist. of N. Y., 1858 
and 1860. In these papers the following species are indicated from both coasts : 


Petrolisthes armatus Stimp. Cronius ruber Stimp. 

Ozius perlatus Stimp. Nautilograpsus minutus M. Kdw. 
Eriphia gonagru M. Edw. Acanthopus planissimus Dana. 
Cullinectes diacanthus Stimp. Domecia hispida Souly. 


Mr. Albert Ordway has satisfactorily separated the western species of Callinectes 
from those of the West Indies, (Boston Journal Nat. History, vol. vii, 1863). Concern- 
ing some of the other species Dr. Stimpson, himself, expresses doubt, owing to the 
want of sufficient specimens for ascertaining the constancy of slight differences. 


340 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Bradley there is a species of Eriphia* from Panama that appears to 
be undistinguishable from specimens collected at Aspinwall, but many 
allied species, which are clearly distinct, occur on the opposite coasts. 

Of Fishes, Prof. Theodore Gillt and Mr. F. W. Putnam both admit 
one species, at least, that appears to be common to both coasts, or in 
which no characters have has yet been found by which to separate 
them. The Fishes as a rule are nearly allied and many analogous or 
representative species occur. 

The Polyps, as we have shown in a former paper,§ are entirely dis- 
tinct, many of the genera and families being peculiar to each coast. 
The Panamian Fauna includes Pavonia, Pocillipora, Ulangia, Coen- 
opsammia, genera which are peculiar to the Pacific and Indian 
Oceans, while a few of the peculiarly American or Atlantic genera 
are represented by analogous species, as Renilla, Phyllangia, etc., 
but most of the characteristic West Indian genera and families are 
entirely absent. Several peculiar genera also occur, as Stylatula and 
Stephanaria.|| The genera Muricea, Gorgonia (Rhipidogorgia),4 As- 
trangia, are represented by more species in the Panamian Fauna than 
elsewhere, but have analogous species in the Caribbean Fauna. 

In the following list all the known Echinoderms of the Atlantic 
and Pacific Tropical American coasts are placed side by side, in order 
to show the similarity of the two faunee, as well as their remarkable 
distinctness. When special localities are not given for a Caribbean 
species, it is to be regarded as inhabiting the West Indian Islands, 
most frequently the Antilles. A mark of exclamation (!) has been 
added after the names of those species that I have personally studied, 
as well as after localities from which I have had specimens for exami- 
nation. For the Panamian species I have in most cases omitted spe- 
cial localities, because they have been given in the preceding lists, 
but have added remarks upon their stations, etc., derived from the notes 
of Mr. Bradley. (Localities introduced in the Reprint are in italics.) 


* This proves to be distinct. It is the Hriphia squamata St. E. gonagra has not 
been confirmed from Panama,— Reprint. 

+ Proceedings Philadelphia Academy Nat. Sciences, vol. xiv, p. 249, 1862. (Brachy- 
rhinus creolus Gill). 

¢ Dr. Gunther regards 78 out of 303 species of Central American fishes as identical 
on the opposite coasts. Of these 173 are truly marine species with 57 identical,— 
Reprint. 

§ Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. History, x, p. 323, 1866. : 

|| This name is proposed instead of Stephanocora, which was previously used by 
Ehrenberg in 1834 for a genus of Oculinide. 

“| We have since ascertained that these species are generically distinct from the West 
Indian “ Rhipidogorgia flabellum,” and belong to Leptogorgia and Hugorgia,—Reprint. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


CARIBBEAN FAUNA. 


341 


PANAMIAN FAUNA. 


Crinoidea.* 


Pentacrinus asterias (Linn. sp.) 


P. Miilleri. Orsted (P. caput-meduse 
Miill.). 

(?) P. decora Thomson. 

Antedon Dubenii Bolsche.Rio Janeiro. 

A, Braziliensis Ltk. Rio Janeiro. ! 

(?) A. Milbertii Mill. North America. 


None known. 


Other described species probably occur in 
the West Indies, but the lack of authen- 
tie localities prevents their admission 
here. 


Ophiuroidea.t+ 
Famity, ASTROPHYTID&. 


Astrophyton muricatum Ltk. ! 

Charleston, Bahamas, Florida! St. Croix. 
A. cecilia Ltk. St. Croix, on Thesea ! 
A, Krebsii Ltk. St. John (Ltk.) 


Astrophyton Panamense Vervill ! 
Panama! Zorritos, Peru, at 4 fathoms 
depth, clingling to Muricea! La Paz! 


Faminy, AsTROCHEMID 2. 


Asteroporpa annulata Ors. and Ltk. 
A. affinis Ltk. 
A. dasycladia Dj. and H. 
Astrochema oligactes Ltk. 

St. Johns, 20 fathoms. 
A. afinis Duj. and H. 


Fasnrty, OPHIOMYXID®. 


Ophiomyzxa flaccida Ltk. ! 
Florida to St. Thomas. 


Ophiomyxa sp. 


Famity, Opuiocomip %.t+ 


Ophiocoma echinata Ag.! Florida! 
Aspinwall! St. Thomas and Cumana. 
O. Riisei Ltk.! Florida! Aspinwall ! 
St. Thomas and Cumana. 
O. pumila Ltk.! Bahamas! Florida ! 
Aspinwall! and St. Thomas. 
Ophiopsila Riiset Ltk.! 
Ophiactis Krebsii Ltk. ! 
Bahamas! Florida, Charleston,St.Thomas. 
O. Mulleri Ltk.! 
Florida to St. Thomas. 


Amphiura Riisei Ltk. 
A, Stimpsonii Ltk. 
A, tenera Ltk. Charleston, St. Thomas. 


Ophiocoma ethiops Ltk. ! 
Low-water to quarter tide, under stones 
and in crevices. 


O. Alexandri Lym. ! 
Low-water, in erevices of the reef at 
Panama. 


Ophiactis Orstedii Ltk. 


O. arenosa Ltk. 

O. virescens Ors. and Ltk. 
O. simplex Ltk.! 
Amphiura geminata Ltk.! 
A. violacea Ltk.! 

A, Orstedii Ltk. 


— 


* Antedon Hagenii Pourt., A. meridionalis (Ag. sp.) Verrill, A. armata Pourt., A. 
cubensis P., A. rubiginosa P., A. bervipinna P., and Rhizocrinus lofotensis Sars are 
additional species from the deep sea explorations of Pourtales,—Reprint. 

+ Amphipholis albida Ljung, and A. subtilis Lj., Rio Janerio; A. Januwarii Lj., Brazil ; 


Ophionephthys limicola Ltk. and Ophionema intricata Ltk., St. Thomas; Ophiacantha 
Pentacrinus Ltk., Antilles, have since been described. See also Mr. Lyman’s descrip- 
tions of 7 new genera and 21 new species from the deep sea collections of Pourtales 
off Florida, in Bulletin Mus. Comp. ZoéL, p. 316, 1869,—Reprint. 


342 Verrill, Notes 


CARIBBEAN FAUNA. 


A. limbata Ltk. Rio Janeiro. 

A, gracillima Stimp.! 

Ophiophragmus septus (Ltk. sp.) Lym. 

O. Wurdemanni Lym. 

Charlotte’s Harbor, Florida. 
Ophiocnida scabriuscula Lym. 
Hemipholis cordifera Lym. Carolina! 
Ophioblenna Antillensis Ltk. 
Ophiostigma isocanthum Ltk. 

Florida, St. Thomas, St. John. 
Ophionereis reticulata Ltk.! Bermuda! 

Florida! Bahamas! St. Thomas, Cumana. 
(?) O. porrecta Lym.t 

Florida (?) (Lym.) 

Ophiothrix violacea M. and Tr.t! 
Florida, Aspinwall! West Indies! and 
Brazil ! 

O. Orstedii Ltk.! 

Bahamas! Florida, St. Thomas, Cumana. 
O. Suensonii Ltk. ! 


St. Thomas! Carthagena, N. G. 
O. lineata Lym.! 
Aspinwall! Florida (Lym). 


on Radiata. 


PANAMIAN FAUNA. 
A, microdiscus Ltk. 
A, Puntarene Ltk.* 
Ophiophragmus marginatus Lym. 


Ophiocnida hispida Lym. ! 
Hemipholis gracilis Verrill ! 


Ophionereis annulata Lym.! 
O. Xantusii Lym. 


Ophiothrix spiculata LeC.! 


O. dumosa Lym. 


Ophiothela mirabilis Verrill ! 
Panama to La Paz! 


Famity, OPHIOLEPID ®. 


Ophiolepis elegans Ltk. 
Florida, Charleston, 8. C. (Lym). 

O. paucispina M. and Tr.! 
Florida to St. Thomas. 

Ophioceramis Januarti Lym. 
Rio Janeiro. 

Ophiozona impressa Lym. 
Florida to St. Thomas. 


Ophiolepis variegata Ltk. ! 


Ophiozona Pacifica Lym. } 


Faminy, Oputurip 2”. 


Ophiura cinerea Lyman ! 

Florida! Aspinwall! St. Thomas. 

O. appressa Say! Florida! Aspinwall! 

St. Thomas and Cumana. 

O. rubicunda Lym. ! 

Aspinwall! Florida! to St. Thomas. 
O. squamosissima (Ltk. sp.) Lym. 
O. elaps (Ltk.) Lym. Bahamas! 
O. brevicauda Lyman ! 

Florida! Aspinwall! St. Thomas. 

O. guttata (Ltk. sp.) Lyman. 
O. brevispina Say ! 

Florida and Bahamas to St. Thomas. 

O. Januarvi Lym, Rio Janeiro! 


Ophiura teres Lym.! 
O. Panamensis Lym.? 


O. sp. nov. ! 


O. vartegata Lym. ! 


O. Daniana Verrill ! 


* Amphipholis grisea Ljung., Guayaquil, is an additional species,—Reprint. 
+ This species proves to be from the Hawaiian Islands,—Reprint. 


¢ Dr. Liitken has separated the West Indian from the Brazilian form under the 


name of O. Caribea,—Reprint. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


CARIBBEAN FAUNA. 


343 


PANAMIAN FAUNA. 


Asterioidea.* 


Famity, ASTROPECTENID&. 


Luidia clathrata (Say sp.) Ltk.! 
8. Carolina! Florida! St. Thomas (Ltk.). 
LL. alternata (Say sp.) Ltk. 
Florida (Say), St. Thomas (Ltk.). 
L. Maergravii Stp. Brazil! 
Jamaica (Browne), Cotinquiba. 
Astropecten articulatus (Say sp.) Ltk.! 
E. Florida and Georgia (Say). 
(7) A. erliatus Grubé. 
Porto Cabello (Grubé:. 
A, variabilis Ltk.! 
Florida! St. Thomas (Ltk.). 
A. Antillensis Ltk.! St. Thomas. 
(?) A. Valenciennesii M. and Tr. 
Vera Cruz. 
(?) A. Braziliensis M. and Tr. Brazil. 
(2) A. dubius Gray. 


Luida tessellata Ltk.! 

L. Bellone Ltk.! 

(2) LZ. (Petalaster) Columbia(Gray sp.). 
Astropecten regalis Gray ! 

A, fragilis Verrill! 

A. Orstedii Ltk. ! 


(7) st. armatus Gray. 


(2?) A. erinaceus Gray. 


Faminy, GoNIASTERIDA. 


Oreaster gigas (Linn.) Ltk., =O. re- 
ticulatus M, and Tr. 
Florida! Hayti! St. Thomas (Ltk.), Cu- 
racas, Barbados, Abrolhos, Brazil! 

(?) O. aculeatus M. and Tr. 
Probably the same as the preceding. 


A, stellifer Mob. (A. Braziliensis Ltk.) 
Rio Janeiro. 

Asteriscus folium Ltk. ! 
Aspinwall! St. Thomas (Ltk.). 


Oreaster occidentalis Vervill ! 
Panama to La Paz! 


(?) O. Cumingii Gray sp. 


Nidorellia armata Gray ! 

(7) Gontodiscus stella Verrill ! 
Perhaps young of the preceding.+ 

Paulia horrida Gray. 

Gymnasteria inermis Gray. 

G. spinosa Gray. La Paz! 

Patiria obtusa Gray ! 


Asteriscus modestus Verrill! 
Unaer stones at low-water mark. 


Famity, Ecuinasterip2.{ 


Echinaster spinosus M. and Tr. 
Florida! Hayti! St. Thomas (Ltk.). 
E. Braziliensis M. and Tr. 
Puerto Cabello, Jamaica, Rio Janeiro. 
E. serpentarius M. and Tr. Vera Cruz. 


(?) Acanthaster Hllisii (Gray) LaPaz! 
Echinaster aculeatus (Gray.) 


Mithrodia Bradleyi Vervill! La Paz ! 
\Ferdina Cumingii Gray. 


* Mr. Pourtales has dredged Pleraster militaris off Florida in 120 to 125 fathoms,— 


Reprint. 
+ This proves to be the case, (see page 3 


72),—Reprint. 


¢ Echinaster crassispina V., Abrolhos Reefs and E. spinulosus V., West Florida, are 


additional species,—Reprint. 
TRANS. ConNECTICUT AcAD., VOL. I. 


44 JUNE, 1867. 


344 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


CARIBBEAN FAUNA. PANAMIAN FAUNA. 


Famity, OPHIDIASTERID &. 


(2) Linckia Guildingii Gray. Linckia Columbie Gray 
L. ornithopus Ltk. L. unifascialis Gray } 


St. Thomas, ete. (Ltk.), Vera Cruz (M.| Cistina Columbice Gray. 
and Tr.). Probably identical with the last, Dactylosaster gracilis Gray. 
Ophidiaster flaccidus Ltk. | 


| Ophideaster pyramidatus Gray ! 
St. Thomas (Ltk.). 


Famiry, ASTERID. 


Asterias Mexicana (Ltk. sp.) Verrill.| Astertas sertulifera Xantus. 


(?) A. tenuispina Lam.* Heliaster microbrachia Xantus ! 
Bermuda ! H. Kubinyi Xantus! 
A. Cumingti Gray ! 
; 
Echinoidea.t+ 

Famity, Crparip&. | 
' 
Cidaris annulata Gray ! Cidaris Thouarsii Val.! 


Florida! Aspinwall! Rio Janeiro (Ltk.).! Cape St. Lucas, Panama! Galapagos! 


Famiry, DiaApEMID&. 


Diadema Antillarum Mich. ! 
Florida! Aspinwall! Hayti! Bahamas! 
Antilles and Surinam (Ltk.). 


Diadema Mexicana A. Ag.! 
Echinodiadema coronata Verrill ! 
Astropyga venusta Verrill! La Paz! 


Famity, ARBACID2., 


Echinocidaris punctulata Desml.! |Echinocidaris stellata Ag.! 

8. Carolina to W. Indies. Guayamas to Paita! Galapagos Islands. 
(?) #. Dufresnii Desml ft 

Cumana (Ag. and Des.). 
(2) Arbacia pustulosa (Lam. sp.). 

Brazil (Ag. and Des.). 


Famiry, Ecurnip 2. 


Lytechinus variegatus A. Ag.! Lytechinus roseus Verrill! 
Yucatan to Bahia (Ltk.), Hayti! Florida!) Acapulco to Panama! 

L, Atlanticus A. Ag. (2? LZ. excavatus D 
Bl. sp.) Bermuda! | . 

(?) Psammechinus aciculatus Hupé. |Psammechinus pictus Verrill! 
Brazil. 


* Since described under the name, Asterias Atlantica Verrill, from Brazil, Cuba, and 
Bermuda,—Reprint. 

+ Mr. A. Agassiz records 19 additional species, including 9 new genera and 14 new 
species, from the deep-sea collections of Pourtales, in Bulletin M. C. Z., No. 9,—Reprint. 

¢ The Essex Institute, Salem, Mass., has two specimens, beautifully variegated with 
green, and agreeing entirely with the description of this species. One is labelled as 
coming from the ‘‘ West Coast of Africa,” the other from the ‘Sandwich Islands.” 
The former locality is most likely to prove to be the true one. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


CARIBBEAN FAUNA. 


345 


PANAMIAN FAUNA. 


Fairy, EcHINOMETRID#. 


Echinometra Michelini Des, (E. lu-\Echinometra Van Brunti A. Ag.! 


cuntur, pars, auth.)! 
Florida! Aspinwall! Hayti! Brazil! 
£. viridis A. Ag. (EB. Michelini tk.) ! 
Florida! Aspinwall! Antilles (Ltk.). 
E. plana A. Ag. Hayti. 
(?) Anthocidaris Mexicana (Ag. sp.)*, 
Vera Cruz (Ag. and Des ) 


Acapuleo, Cape St. Lucas, and La Paz! 


E. rupicola A. Ag.! 


Acajutla to Zorritos. 


Toxopneustes sp. (Toxocidaris Mext- 
cana A. Ag.), Acapulco. 


Famity, Hrpronoip ®. 


Tripneustes ventricosus Ag. ! | 
Florida! Yucatan to Surinam (Ltk.). 


Tripneustes depressus A. Ag. 
Guayamas, La Paz! 


Famity, CLYPEASTERID %.+ 


Clypeaster rosaceus Lamk. 
Florida to Antilles (Ltk.). 
Stoloniclypeus prostratus A. Ag.! 


Clypeaster speciosus Verrill! 
La Paz! 
Stoloniclypeus rotundus A, Ag.! 


Famizy, SCUTELLID&.{ 


Mellita hexapora Ag.! 

Florida ! Mexico, Barbados, Surinam (Ltk.) 
M. pentapora Ltk.! 

W. Indies, Cumana, Brazil. 
(2) M. testudinea Klein! 

N. Carolina! Florida! Texas! 


Encope emarginata Ag. ! 
Florida! to Rio Janeiro. 

(2?) BE. quinqueloba (Esch. sp.) Grubé ! 
Florida! to Brazil. 

E. Michelini Ag.! Florida! 


Mellita Pacifica Verrill ! 


M. longifissa Mich. 
Panama (A. Ag.), La Paz! 


Echinoglycus Stokesii Gray ! 
Encope occidentalis Verrill! 


E. grandis Ag.! 
Gulf of California, Za Paz! 
EF. Californica Verrill ! 


Moulinia cassidulina Ag. Martinique. 


Faminy, Ca 


Echinoneus semilunaris Lamk.! l 
Cuba to Trinidad (Ltk.). 

Cassidulus Caribearum Lamk. 
Jamaica, ete., St. Thomas (Ltk.). | 


Fami.y, SP 


Brissus columbaris Ag. and Des.! | 
Florida! Antilles (Ltk.). 

Meoma ventricosa Ltk. 
Honduras, Antilles (Ltk.). 

Plagiorotus pectoralis Ag. and Des.! 
Mexico, Antilles, Bahia, Turks Island! | 


La Paz! 


SSIDULID &. 


Pygorhynchus Pacificus Ag. ! 
ATANGID.&. 
Brissus obesus Verrill! 


Meoma nigra Verrill ! 


Metalia nobilis Verrill! 


* Mr. A. Agassiz considers this his Echinometra plana,—Reprint. 


+ Clypeaster speciosus V., from La Paz, is an additional species,—-Reprint. 
¢ Encope Californica V., from La Paz, is here added,—Reprint. 


346 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


CARIBBEAN FAUNA. PANAMIAN FAUNA. 
Agassizia excentrica A. Ag. Florida.*| Agassizia ovulum Ltk.! 
Mera atropos Mich. Mera ctotho Mich, (A. Ag.). 


N. Carolina! Texas! Antilles (Ltk.). 
Lovenia sp. Gulf of California. 


Holothurioidea.+ 
Famity, SyNAPTIDz. 


Synapta lappa Mill. 

Leptosynapta hydriformis nob.t (LeS.) 
Guadaloupe. 

L. Pourtalesii Selenka (S. viridis 
Pourt, non LeS.). 
Biscayne Bay, Florida. Perhaps the same 
as the last. 

Heterosynapta viridis nob.§ (LeS. sp.) 

Synaptula vivipara Orst. 

Chirodot« pygmeum Mill. 

C. rotiferum (Pourt. sp.) Stimp. 
Biscayne Bay, Florida, (Pourt.) 


Faminty, CucuMARID 2. 


Phyllophorus (?) lepadifera V. (Hol-|Stolus ovulum Selenka. Acapulco. 
othuria lepadifera LeS.). Stolus gibber Sel. Panama. 
St. Bartholomew. 
Pentacta Punamensis Verrill! 
Urodemas sp. nov. Bahamas! Lissothuriu ornatu Verrill ! 


Famity, HoLoruurip»®. 
Holothuria botellus Sel Holothuria botelius Sel. 


Tortugas, Florida, ete. ‘“‘ Panama, Sandwich Is., Zanzibar, Florida.” 
LH. princeps Sel. Florida, Hymont Key /) H. lanquens Sel. Panama. 
Hf. maculata LeS. St. Bartholomew. |H. subditiva Sel. Panama (Florida ?) 


HI. unicolor Sel. Barbadoes. HT, lubrica Sel. Acapulco. 
Hi. glaberrima Sel. HI, glabberrima Sel. 
‘‘ Hayti, Bahama Is., Panama.” Panama, Hayti, ete. 


Hf. grisea Sel. Hayti. 
Hi. Floridiana Pout. 


‘‘ Florida, Zanzibar, Sandwich Is., Java,” 
&e., (Sel.). 


* This species, from the dredgings of Pourtales, and Mera clotho are introduced on 
the authority of Mr. A. Agassiz,—Reprint. 

+ Mr. Pourtales reports Cuvieria (? Lepidopsolus) operculata (Pourt.), Thyonidium 
conchilegum P., T: gemmatum P., Echinocucumis typica Sars, Cucumaria frondosa 
Gunner, and Molpadia borealis Sars from his deep-sea collections,—Reprint. 

¢ See note page 325 for the genus Leptosynapta. 

§ The name Heterosynapta is here proposed for a new genus having H. viridis LeS. 
sp. as its type. It is remarkable in having four simple and eight pimnate tentacles. 
Its skin contains small caleareous hooks, as in Leptosynapta. It has the habit of cling- 
ing to alge, etc., instead of burrowing like most others of this family. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 347 
’ 5 


CARIBBEAN FAUNA. PANAMIAN FAUNA. 
Stichopus rigidus Sel. Stichopus Kefersteinii Sel. 
Florida, Zanzibar, ete. Acapulco. 


S. badionotus Sel. 
“ Florida (Acapulco ?)” 
Actinopyga(Mulleria) parvula (Sel.sp.) 
Florida. 
A. (M.) Agassizii (Sel. sp.) 
Florida, Tortugas, Hayti. 
A, (M.) obscura (LeS. sp.) 
St. Bartholomew. Thisand the next two 


species may prove identical with some of 
the preceding. 
Bohadschia agglutinata (LeS. sp.) 
St. Bartholomew. 
B. fasciata (LeS. sp.) 
St. Bartholomew. 


Sporadipus gigas Orst.! 

Perhaps identical with one of the preced- 

ing species. , 

These lists contain 125 species from the Caribbean, including a few 
that are marked as doubtful, and 82 from the Panamian Fauna. Of 
these none have ever been indicated as common to the two coasts, ex- 
cept two species of Holothurians which Selenka records from both 
coasts, and another (Stichopus badionotus Sel.) from Florida and, 
doubtfully, from Acapulco. The Holothurians being very difficult to 
identify with alcoholic specimens, it is not improbable that these few 
apparent exceptions to the rule among the Echinoderms will prove 
to be errors in determining the species. In the other orders the spe- 
cies are often very closely allied in structure and appearance, yet the 
differences are in all cases sufficiently apparent. There are, however, 
so many analogous or representative species in the two faunz, and so 
general an agreement in the genera and families represented, that the 
general features of the faunze have a remarkable similarity, while they 
stand in strong contrast with the tropical fauna of the Pacific and 
Indian Oceans. 

In this respect the Echinoderms agree with the observations, previ- 
ously made upon the Crustacea and Mollusca, and confirm the state- 
ment that both coasts of America belong to one grand Zodlogical 
Realm, in distinction from all other regions, and that America has 
therefore a remarkable insular character, and may be regarded zo6- 
logically as a great “Island in the Atlantic Ocean,” the deep oceanic 
basin west of the Galapagos limiting the western extension of the 
American or Atlantic forms. 

Among the types peculiar to the American Realm the genus Ophv- 
ura is one of the most remarkable instances, since it abounds on both 


348 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


sides of America, being represented by numerous species. But with 
the exception of one Mediterranean species, the genus is unknown 
elsewhere, no representatives of it having been discovered in the 
Indian or Pacific Oceans, where it appears to be replaced by Ophi- 
opeza, Ophiarachnua, ete., which have a similar appearance, but with 
only ten ovarial openings, instead of twenty. Among other genera, 
occurring on both coasts of America, but unknown in the great Indo- 
Pacific Fauna, are the following: Ophiozona, Ophiostigma, Hemi- 
pholis, Ophiophragmus, Ophiomyxa, Lytechinus, Encope, etc. The 
following, although represented in other regions, appear to have their 
greatest development upon the American coasts: Ophiactis, Amphi- 
ura, Echinaster, Luidia, Echinocidaris, Arbacia, Mellita. 

Several genera, which occur in the West Indies and appear to be 
peculiar to the Atlantic, or have there their greatest development, 
have not yet been found in the Panamian Province. Such are, Pen- 
tacrinus, Ophioblenna, Asteroporpu, Asterochema, Clypeaster (also 
Pacific), Cassidulus, Plagionotus, Mcera.* 

A few genera are found in the Panamian Fauna, which occur also 
in the Indo-Pacific, but have not been met with in the Caribbean 
Fauna. Among these are the following: Ophiothela, Mithrodia, 
Acanthaster, Astropyga, Metalia, Lovenia. The following genera 
seem at present peculiar to the Pacific coasts of America: Nidorellia, 
Gymnasteria, Heliaster, Echinodiadema, Echinoglycus (restricted), 
Pygorhynchus (also fossil in Kurope), Agassizia; and in the temper- 
ate regions, Pycnopodia, Loxechinus, Dendraster.t 

There are, also, numerous species in each Fauna belonging to cos- 
mopolitan genera, or to genera found in all tropical seas, but none of 
these species, excepting the doubtful Holothurians, are common to both 
coasts, or to the Panamian and Indo-Pacific Faunz, or to the latter 
and the Caribbean. Among cosmopolitan genera, represented on 
each coast, are: Ophiolepis, Ophiocoma, Amphiura, Ophiactis, 
Ophionereis, Ophiothrix, Astrophyton, Astropecten, Luidia, Aster- 
iscus, Oreaster, Ophidiaster, Linckia, Cidaris, Diadema, Psamme- 
chinus, Echinometra, Toxopneustes, Stoloniclypeus, Brissus, Meoma. 

From the preceding analysis of the genera, it is evident that while 
the Panamian Fauna has several truly Indo-Pacific types, and some 
that are peculiar, it is nevertheless most closely related to the Carib- 


* Clypeaster speciosus V.,and Mera clotho Mich., are now known from the west coast; 
Cassidulus is now regarded by A. Agassiz as the same genus with Pygorhynchus Pacifi- 
cus. and he refers Metalia nobilis to Plagionotus,—Reprint. 

¢ Astriclypeus (Japan), Pygorhynchus and Agassizia (W. Indies) must now be 
omitted,—Reprint. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 349 


bean Fauna, by a large number of peculiar American genera, hay- 
ing allied species in each, and by many analogous species in cosmo- 
politan genera. This close relation between the two faune may, 
also, be well shown by the large number of Indo-Pacific genera that 
are equally absent from both, although widely diffused through the 
Pacific and Indian Oceans, of which the following are examples. 
Ophiopeza, Ophiarachna, Ophiomastiz, Ophiarthrum, Ophioplocus, 
Trichaster, Culcita, Anthenia, Archaster, Nardoa (Scytaster), Goni- 
ocidaris, Phyllacanthus, Echinothriz, Salmacis, Temnopleurus, He- 
liocidaris (restricted), Heterocentrotus, Acrocladia, Hipponoé, Laga- 
num, Rumphia, Lobophora, Echinolampas,* Maretia, Desoria. 

The apparent absence of Comatulidw and other Crinoidea is, at 
present, a remarkable feature of the Panamian Fauna. It is quite 
probable, however, that species of this group will be discovered 
hereafter, since they occur in considerable numbers, both in the Indo- 
Pacific and Caribbean Faune, as well as in the temperate and arctic 
portions of the Atlantic. 

Future discoveries are likely to modify to some extent the details 
in the distribution of the genera here given, but it is not probable 
that the general arrangement of the generic types will be essentially 
changed, or that the conclusions arrived at can be much modified, 
for species that may hereafter be discovered are quite as likely to 
belong to West Indian or cosmopolitan genera, as to those peculiar 
to the Pacific and Indian Oceans. 

In the above discussion the Holothurians have been omitted be- 
cause quite a number of the species known to me from each fauna are 
still undescribed, and because there are good reasons for supposing 
that there are many Panamian forms that have not yet been collected, 
such as Synapta, Chirodota, and other species that burrow, or seek 
hiding places. Nor have the Holothurians of other tropical regions 
been sothoroughly collected as to make detailed comparisons possible. 

To the geologist one of the most interesting questions connected 
with the study of the Atlantic and Pacific faunz of tropical America, 
is the possibility of a direct connection of the two Oceans, across the 
Isthmus, during late geological periods. Such a connection has been 
suggested by some Geologists, upon theoretical grounds, to account 
for the coldness of the climate in North America and Europe, during 
the glacial period. The only direct, geological evidence of such a 
connection, that has been adduced, so far as known to me, is the 


* Mr. A. Agassiz has described Echinolampas caratomides dredged by Pourtales off 
Florida,—Reprint. 


350 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


occurence in the miocene strata of San Domingo* of several species 
of shells having the closest affinity to those of the Panamian Fauna, 
and in some cases belonging to genera not now living in the Car- 
ibbean Fauna.t The majority of the associated species are peculiar, 
so far as known, to the formation, while nearly all of those identified 
with recent forms (14 species) still inhabit the West Indies. In the 
same formation 10 species of corals occur, none of which appear to be 
living, but most of them belong to European and Atlantic, rather than 
Pacific groups, except a species of Pocillipora, a genus not now living 
in the Atlantic, but common at Panama and throughout the tropical 
Pacific. In the paper referred to, it is stated that the Isthmus of 
of Darien is less than 1000 feet high,{ while the tertiary beds of San 
Domingo have been elevated nearly twice that amount. 

A similar formation, and probably of the same age, occurs near 
Aspinwall in a railway cut, 15 feet above the sea-level,§ from which 
nine species are recorded as identical with those of San Domingo, 
and others are probably so. In the museum of Yale College there is 
a small collection from near Aspinwall, probably from the same lo- 
eality, in which are specimens of a Clypeastroid, apparently identical 
with Stoloniclypeus prostratus of the West Indies, but certainly not 
with S. rotundus of Panama, So far, therefore, as the direct geologi- 
cal evidence bears upon this question it would indicate a passage of 
Pacific forms into the Atlantic during the Tertiary period, rather than 
the contrary. Yet Mr. Carpenter says,]| ‘As the level of the Atlantic 
is higher than the Pacific, any such communication must have poured 
the treasures of the Atlantic into the Pacific, and scarcely allowed an 


* On some Tertiary beds in the Island of San Domingo; from Notes by J. 8. Heni- 
ker, Esq., with remarks on the fossils by J. C. Moore. Quarterly Journal Geol. Soc. of 
London, vi, p. 39, 1849. On some Tertiary Deposits in San Domingo by T. 8. Heneken, 
with notes on the fossil shells, by J. C. Moore, and on the fossill Corals by W. Lonsdale, 
op. cit., ix, p. 115, 1853. 

( Mr. Duncan has since described the fossil corals in the same work,—Reprint.) 

+ The shells quoted as having close analogy with Panamian species are as follows: 

“ Qassis, scarcely distinguishable from C. abbreviata, Acapulco. Malea, closely re- 
sembling IZ ringens, Coast of Peru (Panama, Yale Mus.), if it be not identical. Colwm- 
bella, very like C. pavona, Gulf of California. The genus Phos of which several species 
are known in the Bay of Panama and none in the West Indies, is here represented by 
four species, all closely related to shells of the Pacitic. Venws, nearest to V. gnidia, 
California (Mazatlan, ete.). Arca, a large species very like A. grandis, Bay of Panama: 
no large Arca is now found in the Atlantic.” 

¢ The lowest pass on the Isthmus of Panama is said to be but 287 feet,—Reprint. 

§ Journal Geol. Soc. Lond., ix, p. 132. 

| Report of the British Association, 1856, page 363. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 351 


exchange in the other direction. Such is found to be the case; no 
species fairly belonging to the exclusive Pacific fauna being found in 
the West Indies.” 

The higher level of the Atlantic Ocean is, however, denied by 
others, and in consequence of the slight tides of the Atlantic side and 
their great rise and fall on the Pacific side, it is quite as probable that 
in case of a communication by means of a shallow or narrow channel, 
currents would flow alternately in each direction. 

It is nevertheless very apparent that an intercommunication more 
or less remote between the two oceans cannot of itself account for 
the relations between the two faune, for should we assume that the 
small per-cent of identical species can be accounted for in this way, 
the occurrence of very large numbers of closely allied but distinct 
species, and also the agreement in generic and family types, already 
pointed out, still remain to be explained. This part of the subject 
presents much greater difficulties than the identity of a few species. 

Two entirely distinct theories have been, and will doubtless long 
continue to be, adopted by naturalists in explanation of these facts 
and similar ones in various other regions : 

1st. That the species and genera were created as we find them, and 
were originally adapted to the physical conditions and peculiarities 
of their respective districts. Consequently we should expect to find 
similar regions inhabited, to a greater or less extent, by similar genera 
and species. 

2nd. That an extensive intercommunication took place at a remote 
period, and that the similar and allied species found upon the opposite 
coasts have originated by gradual differentiation from common ances- 
tors, after the separation of the two oceans. 


No. 4.—WNotice of the Corals and Echinoderms collected by Prof. ©. F. 
Hartt, at the Abrolhos Reefs, Province of Bahia, Brazil, 1867. 


Published, February, 1868. 


TuE collections of Radiata made by Mr. Hartt during the summer 
of 1867, while examining the coral-reefs which he had previously 
discovered upon the coast of Brazil,* having been submitted to me for 
examination, were found to contain so many species yet undescribed 


* Mr. Hartt was a member of the party that accompanied Prof. Agassiz, in his cele- 
brated Expedition to Brazil and, while making a special exploration of the coast, at that 
time first discovered some of the reefs near Santa Cruz and Porto Seguro. 

TRANS. CONNECTICUT ACAD., VOL. I. 45 FEBRUARY, 1868. 


352 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


or not previously known to occur upon that coast, that it is believed 
to be of interest to publish a complete list of all the species observed. 

Mr. Hartt has also greatly increased the value of the catalogue 
by adding notes upon the distribution and stations of the species. 

It appears somewhat remarkable that while the Echinoderms, with 
few exceptions, are common West Indian or Florida species, the corals 
are nearly all, so far as known, peculiar to the coast of Brazil. This 
is, however, in accordance with similar facts observed in the Pacific 
and Indian Oceans, where the greater part of the tropical Echinoderms 
have a vast range, in some cases even from the Hawaiian Islands to 
the Coast of Africa, while the corals are much more local, all the 
principal groups of Islands having many peculiar forms. 

This is, perhaps, chiefly due to the much longer time during which 
the young of most Echinoderms remain in the free, swimming con- 
dition, liable to be carried great distances by currents. 

A suite of the duplicates, including all the species enumerated, 
with the exception of two, has been presented to the Museum of 
Yale College by Mr. Hartt. The first set he has retained in his own 
collection. 


Class, POLYPI. 
Order, MADREPORARIA. 


Agaricia agaricites ? Edw. and Haime, Coralliaries, vol. 3, p. 81. 


Two young specimens that may belong to this species occurred 
adhering to Mussa Harttii from the Abrolhos Reefs. They are, 
however, too young to be satisfactorily determined. 

This species never grows to be more than two or three inches in diameter. It is 


very frequently found attached to Mussa in shallow water. Occasionally it occurs in 
the holes in the reefs and is almost laid dry at low water.—c. F. H. 


Siderastrza stellata Verrill, sp. nov. 


Corallum forming rounded or hemispherical masses, often flattened 
above, cells polygonal, rather large (about *15 inch), deep, the central 
part rapidly descending. Septa in four cycles, those of the first two 
cycles considerably broadest, all of them evenly crenulated, rather 
thin, thickness less than that of the intervening spaces, slightly pro- 
jecting, the inner edge evenly rounded. Columella inconspicuous, 
represented only by one or two tubercles. Wall between the cells 
thin, represented by a single line. Trabicular processes between the 
septa very plainly visible from above. 

Differs from S. radians in having larger cells, which appear more 
open; thinner septa, and consequently wider intervening spaces; and 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 853 


four complete cycles of septa. Most of the specimens are about six 
inches in diameter. Color dark ash-gray when unbleached. 
Abrolhos Reefs,—C. F. Hartt. 


This is one of the commonest species of Brazilian corals, and may be collected abun- 
dantly from the reefs and rocky shores everywhere northward of Cape Frio. It flour- 
ishes in the pools of rocks and reefs left by the tide, in company with Favia gravida V., 
and seems to be a very hardy species, enduring not only great changes of temperature, 
but also great variation in the degree of saltness of the water. It frequently lives in 
large ponds on the top of the stone reefs, which are only filled at high tide, and are 
exposed to be much heated by the sun and much freshened by heavy rains. I have 
found it also in little ponds above the sea level, to which the waves had access only at 
high tide. It sometimes grows on the level surface of the reefs, and I have seen it 
exposed to a hot sun for an hour or more, at very low tides. This species occasionally 
forms elongated masses, 8—12 inches in length. When alive it varies much in color, 
usually being of a very pale pinkish tint, almost white, but sometimes blotched with 
deepened spots of the same color. On the border of the reef, I have collected it at a 
depth of 3—4 feet, at low tide.—c. F. H. 


Var. conferta. 


Some of the specimens show a curious deformity of the cells, aris- 
ing from crowding, especially in the central portions. These have 
the septa and walls between the cells more elevated and convex, and 
in many places broken through, so as to unite adjacent cells. The 
cells, consequently, are irregular and appear deeper. But near the 
basal margins of such specimens, cells of the normal form may 
usually be found. 


Pectinia Braziliensis Edw. and Haime, Coralliaires, ii, p. 209. 


One small specimen of this elegant species was obtained at the 
Abrolhos Reefs by Mr. Hartt. It is distinguished by its turbinate 
form and by having the exterior obsoletely costate and covered with 
short conical spines. The cells are deep and narrow, the ridges 
slightly sulcate at top, sometimes with separated walls. Septa rather 
numerous, slightly projecting, the upper part regularly arched, per- 
pendicular within. Coral 1°5 inches high; 1:25 wide; 2 inches long. 

This species appears to be quite rare in the vicinity of the Abrolhos. The above 
specimen was found growing on the border of the Recife do Lixo, in about two feet of 
water at low-tide. It also occurs at Victoria, in the Province of Espirito Santo, to the 


southward, where it is thrown up on the beach by the waves, but I could not find it 
alive.—C. F. H. 


Favia leptophylla Verrill, sp. nov. 


Corallum rather cellular, forming large hemispherical masses, 
evenly rounded above, with a thin, imperfect, concentrically wrinkled 


354 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


epitheca beneath. Cells subcircular, or deformed, open and deep, of 
medium size (about *25 inch), smaller at the central part of the upper 
surface, where they are crowded, with prominent, thin walls, which 
are mostly separated about ‘08 inch, and united by a coarsely vesicu- 
lar exotheca. Septa in three cycles (24 to 30), distant, very thin, 
exsert, the summits angular or somewhat rounded, the coste or por- 
tion outside the walls, very thin, elevated, deeply and unevenly 
toothed, abruptly descending, so as to leave deep interstices between 
the cells, except where they are crowded, when the costee of adjacent 
cells unite, but the wall remains distinct. The septa, at summit and 
within the cells, bear few distant slender teeth, descend perpendicu- 
larly within, and have at the base a broad, thin, but not prominent 
paliform lobe. Columella but little developed, of a loose, open tex- 
ture. In a vertical section the walls are thin and continuous; the 
exotheca is composed of large rectangular, mostly simple vesicles, 
which are horizontal and broader than high. The endotheca consists 
of irregular, smaller, thinner-walled vesicles, which are often com- 
pound and incline strongly downward toward the columella, which is 
continuous, and coarsely spongiform in texture. 
Diameter of the only specimen obtained 5 inches; cells *20 to °30, 
Abrolhos Reefs, Brazil,—C. F. Hartt. 


This is very distinct from all other American species. The very 
open, deep, rounded cells; few, thin, projecting septa; and thin, dis- 
tinct walls are very peculiar. 


Favia gravida Verrill, sp. nov. 


Corallum solid and heavy, encrusting or hemispherical, with strong 
epitheca beneath, evenly rounded above, with unequal, rounded, oval, 
and often deformed, deep cells, which are somewhat prominent above 
the general surface, separated at unequal distances, leaving concave 
interstices between them, which are strongly costate. Coste thick- 
ened, alternately larger and smaller, irregularly and roughly spinose- 
dentate. Septa in four complete cycles (48) in the larger cells, un- 
equal in width and height according to the cycles, those of the first 
and second being nearly equal, the summits angular, projecting some- 
what, and deeply toothed, the teeth and sides of the septa rudely 
granulous. Paliform tooth well developed, rough. Columella very 
little developed, open. Diameter of cells from ‘15 to ‘30 of an inch; 
their prominence about ‘10. Diameter of the masses about three 
inches, thickness half as much. 

Abrolhos Reefs, Brazil,—C. F. Hartt. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 355 


This species is allied to / ananus and F. fragum, but has stouter 
and more spiny costz and narrower and sharper septa than either. 
From FF. fragum Edw. and Haime (Favia ananas Pallas, Dana and 
most authors), which is the most common West Indian form, it differs 
also in having more prominent and larger cells, thicker and rougher 
septa, which project more and are not rounded at the summits, and 
both the septa and costz more coarsely dentate. 


Common in tide-pools of the reefs and rocky shores from Cape Frio to Pernambuco, 
with Siderasirea stellata, which see.—c. F. H. 


Favia conferta Verrill, sp. nov. 

Corallum compact, forming broad convex or hemispherical masses, 
two to four inches in diameter, and one or two thick, covered beneath 
by a strongly wrinkled epitheca. Cells crowded, deep, unequal and 
irregular, mostly elongated, often sinuous and somewhat mzeandrini- 
form, with three or four centers, sometimes nearly circular, not pro- 
jecting, the walls united to their summits, showing only a slight sulca- 
tion between the adjacent cells, which are, therefore, separated only 
by a narrow ridge, which at times becomes simple, as in Goniastrea. 
Septa crowded, in the circular cells in four cycles, the last usually 
incomplete (36 to 48), all except those of the last cycle subequal, 
narrow within, obtusely rounded or truncate at the summits, which 
project somewhat and are regularly serrate, inner edge perpendicular. 
Pali in front of the principal septa, little developed, roughly serrate. 
Columella well developed, with a roughly spinose, uneven surface. 
In a transverse section the walls between the cells are compact, united 
into a narrow, nearly solid ridge, showing only a few very small, 
scattered vesicles. Breadth of the cells ‘12 to *15; length ‘2 to ‘8 of 
an inch. 

Abrolhos Reefs, Brazil,—C. F. Hartt. 

. This interesting species is, in many respects, intermediate between 
Favia and Meandrina, and has relations with Goniastrwa, yet its 
proper place appears to be in the genus Favia. It is somewhat allied 
to Ff. deformata Edw. and Haime. It also resembles, in general form, 
Fi incerta Duch. and Mich. (?= Goniastrea varia Verrill), but appears 
quite distinct in the form of the septa and intervening ridges, as well 
as in the remarkably elongated and narrow cells. 


Common in tide-pools from Cape Frio to Pernambuco.—. F. H. 


Acanthastrea Braziliensis Verrill, sp. nov. 


Corallum large, hemispherical or subglobular, regular. Base sur- 
rounded at the margin by a strong epitheca. Cells large, usually °3 


356 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


to ‘7 of an inch, irregular, polygonal, often an inch in length and 
containing two or three centers, moderately deep (‘15 inch), with a 
small, depressed center. Columella rudimentary or slightly devel- 
oped, of loose convoluted processes. Septa in five cycles (the last im- 
perfect), rather thin, slightly thickened outwardly, the summits pro- 
jecting subequally (about °05 inch), the upper part divided into from 
three to five sharp, elongated, unequal teeth; the lower part unevenly 
serrate, and presenting usually a distinct, broad, paliform lobe, which 
is strongly serrate. Between the cells the wall is often double, with 
vesicles between, but it is also frequently simple and nearly solid. 
Color of unbleached coral deep umber. Diameter of some of the 
masses upward of a foot. 

This is one of the most abundant corals at the Abrolhos Reefs, - 
and on account of its large size and solidity, doubtless one of the 
most important entering into their structure. 

Rare in tide-pools at the Abrolhos, and usually only in the deeper ones on the edges 
of the reef, never in stations uncovered at low tide. Very abundant on the submerged 
borders of the reefs in the Abrolhos region, at Porto Seguro, Sta. Cruz, Bahia, Maceid. 
At the Island of Sta. Barbara and on the Recife do Lixo, it grows in large sub-spherical 
masses, on the edge of the reef, from a few inches below low-tide level to a depth of 


15 or more feet. Some of the corals are two feet or more in diameter. In the water 
they have a pale grayish tint.—c. F. H. 


Heliastrzea aperta Verrill, sp. nov. 


Corallum forming large rounded masses, a foot or more in diameter, 
of rather light, open texture. Cells circular, large (about ‘3 of an 
inch), moderately deep (*1 inch), with a broad central area, the mar- 
gins projecting about ‘08 of an inch above the general surface; septa in 
three complete cycles, narrow, thin, subequal, the summits consider- 
ably projecting, angular, acute, the inner edges nearly perpendicular, 
finely toothed, often with a distinct paliform tooth at the base. Col- 
umella well developed, of loose open tissue. Coste elevated and 
thin, rising obliquely upward to the summits of the septa, finely ser- 
rate. Walls very thin, inconspicuous. In a vertical section the 
columella is large, composed of loosely reticulated, convoluted and 
often fenestrated, lamelliform processes, with large irregular cells 
between. The cells of the endotheca are mostly simple, broader than 
high, inclining slightly downward, formed by very thin lamelle. 
The cells of the exotheca are larger, more irregular, alternately over- 
lapping, often compound, about as high as broad, formed by stouter 
lamelle, which curve downward. Walls very thin, but continuous, 
Septa longitudinally roughened, scarcely granulated. Color of the 
unbleached coral dull umber-brown, 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 357 


Resembles in the size and prominence of the cells HZ. cavernosa 
Edw. and Haime, but is very distinct in its more cellular texture; 
fewer septa, which are also much thinner and more acute at summit ; 
thinner and more elevated costx, etc. 


Found with Ac mthastrea Braziliensis, but appears to be quite rare on the Abrolhos 
reefs. My specimens were obtained at a depth of 3 to 4 feet, at low tide. It is quite 
abundant in the bay of Lahia, and is brought to the City of Bahia from the island of 
Itaparica, with other corals, for burning mto lime. The coralla are, occasionally, a foot 
and a half in diameter.—c. F. H. 


Mussa Harttii Verrill, sp. nov. 


Corallum forming circular clumps, often a foot in diameter and 
half as high, consisting of numerous short, rapidly forking, subcylin- 
drical branches, °5 to ‘8 of an inch in diameter; seldom more than an 
inch between the successive branches; the summits alive for about half 
an inch, often less, and separated from the dead portion by a well- 
marked epitheca, above this with numerous strong, subequal coste, 
which bear strong, sharp, recurved spines; cells from ‘5 to 1°2 inches 
in diameter, sub-circular, often with lobed margins, none of them re- 
maining united into series, rather deep (‘4 to ‘5 of an inch), septa in 
five cycles, the last incomplete, thin, projecting subequally at summit 
(about ‘1 inch); the upper part divided into from four to seven un- 
equal, sharp, diverging teeth, below which they are lacerately divided 
into irregular, smaller teeth ; sides of the septa roughened by lines of 
distant, small, conical spines. Columella slightly developed, consist- 
ing of slender, interlocking processes, arising from the inner part of 
the septa. Color of the unbleached coral, yellowish brown. 

Abrolhos Reefs, Brazil,—C. F. Hartt. 

This species is very distinct by its regular cells, strongly echinate 
cost, etc. 


One of the commonest as well as one of the most beautiful of the corals of the 
Brazilian reefs. It forms splendid bouquets on the submerged borders of the reefs, 
seeming to prefer the very edge, where the clusters of branches are, sometimes, two 
feet in diameter. Most abundant in 3—6 feet of water at low tide. This is a very 
fragile species, and one which seems to prefer rather sheltered localities. It it very 
abundant at Victoria, where, however, I have never seen it alive. It appears to grow 
there in rather deep water, and is thrown up by storms. This species is always en- 
crusted with several species of Bryozoa. It is rare on the stone reef at Porto Seguro, 
but exceedingly common on the inner side of the coral reef at that locality. It is abun- 
dant on the Recife do Lixo, Abrolhos. I have seen specimens from Pernambuco. Color, 
when alive, whitish.—c. F. H. 


358 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Symphyllia Harttii Verrill, sp. nov. (?) 

This coral, although having the walls of the cells united laterally, 
and presenting all the characters of the genus Symphyllia, presents in 
the form and structure of its cells, septa, and costz, such a. close 
agreement with the preceding species that it may ultimately prove to 
be only a peculiar form of it. On this account, I have thought it best 
to give it the same specific name. In Mr. Hartt’s collection, however, 
there are no intermediate forms. 

Corallum forming low hemispherical masses, attached by a broad 
base, which is covered by a strong epitheca, extending to about °3 
inch from the margin, beyond which there are numerous strong, sub- 
equal costz, covered with many strong, sharp spines. Cells subcir- 
cular, not united in series, *5 to ‘8 inch in diameter, moderately deep, 
the walls united to near the summits, bearing on the space between 
the cells, spinose cost, like those of the exterior margin. Septa 
agreeing in the form of the teeth, and spinous lateral processes, with 
those of the preceding species, but differing in being considerably 
thickened next to the wall and at the summit, and, therefore, bearing 
stouter upper teeth. Columella loose, convoluted, a little more devel- 
oped than in the last species. 

Abrolhos Reefs, Brazil,—C. F. Hartt. 


Occurs with Mussa Harttii on the always submerged border of the Recife do Lixo, 
Abrolhos.—c. F. H. 


Porites solida Verrill, sp. nov. 


Corallum, remarkably firm and heavy for a Porites, encrusting or 
massive, forming rounded masses with an uneven surface; base with 
a spreading margin, covered with a strong epitheca. Cells unusually 
large and deep for the genus, well defined, subcircular, separated by 
a rather thick wall, which is acute and divided into strong, rough, 
spinous processes. Septa twelve, nearly equal, well developed, rather 
wide, the inner edge perpendicular and irregularly toothed, sides 
scarcely roughened; pali not distinct. Columella well developed, at 
the bottom of cell solid and uniting the septa, surmounted by a small 
tubercle. 

Diameter of the cells about ‘08 of an inch. 

Abrolhos Reefs,—C. F. Hartt. 

This species approaches more nearly to P. Guadaloupensis Duch. and 
Mich. than to any other West Indian form; but differs in its deeper 
cells, thicker walls, wider septa, and more solid structure. The same 
characters, together with the large size of the cells and non-crispate 
septa, will serve to distinguish it from the other West Indian species, 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 359 


Occurs in patches 6 or 8 inches in diameter, occasionally, on the submerged border 
of the Recife do Lixo, Abrolhos, but abundantly on the coral reef of Porto Seguro. 
The color 1s, geuerally, of a rather bright yellow, but it varies much.—c. F. H. 


Order, ALCYONARIA. 
Hymenogorgia quercifolia Edw. and Haime, Coralliaires, i, p. 181. 
Plate IV, figures 1, 1°, 1°. 


This curious species is abundant in the collection from the Abrolhos 
Reefs. 

It forms broad, fan-shaped fronds, often two feet high and a foot 
broad, consisting of broad, foliaceous branches, often resembling oak 
leaves in form; but at other times large, oval, and irregularly incised 
or palmate. The branches of the axis are slender and rounded, and 
pass through the fronds like the midribs of leaves. The rather con- 
spicuous flat cells are scattered over the sides of the fronds. Color 
light yellow, usually purplish at base. 

Spicula light yellow and bright purple, of three principal forms. 
The most abundant are “ double-spindles,” fusiform, with very acute 
ends and a naked space around the middle, showing a slender, trans- 
parent axis, the ends covered with prominent, separate, rough papille, 
of which eight are visible from a side view, on each end. Another 
less common form are shorter and stouter “ double-spindles,” with 
obtuse ends, narrow naked space at the center, and crowded, rounded 
papillez. The crescent-shaped spicula are smaller and more slender 
than the others, with the convex side nearly smooth and strongly 
arched, usually with a slight indentation at the center. There are, 
also, some slender, blunt spicula, smaller than the others, and with 
fewer distant papillee. 

This is a very common species on the Brazilian coast, and ranges from Cape Frio 
northward to Pernambuco. It is very abundant at the entrance to the Bay of Vic- 
toria, as well as at the Abrolhos, Porto Seguro, and Bahia. It sometimes occurs in 
some of the larger tide pools on the surface of the reefs at low-tide level, but its usual 
station is on the edges of the reef, and ranging from low-water mark downward, to a 
depth of 5-6 feet or more. It is sometimes laid bear by spring tides. The color, when 
alive, is yellowish or pinkish; the latter tint is apt to fade in drying. A small Ovulwm 
(0. gibbosum) is parasitic on this species.—c. F. H. 


Gorgonia (Pterogorgia) gracilis Verrill, sp. nov. 
Plate IV, figures 2?, 2°, and 3. 
Very slender and delicate, sparingly branched; the branches irreg- 
ular, sometimes forked, oftener arising alternately at the distance of 


one or two inches apart, and abruptly spreading for half an inch or 
TRANS. CONNECTICUT AcAD., VOL. I. 46 FEBRUAEY, 1868. 


360 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


more before curving upward; branches and branchlets of nearly the 
same size; the terminal and some of the lateral branches often long, 
slender, and undivided, somewhat compressed or quadrangular ; the 
cells arranged along the edges in a single series on the smaller 
branches, but in two alternating series on most of them. Cells oval, 
rather large, mostly prominent, forming slight verruce. Sides of the 
branches mostly smooth, sometimes with a slight groove. Height 6 
to 8 inches; diameter of branches, ‘08 to ‘10. Color various, lemon- 
yellow, reddish purple, or orange. The cells are often yellow on the 
purple specimens. 

Abrolhos’ Reefs, Brazil,—C. F. Hartt. 

The size of the branches varies somewhat in different specimens, as 
well as the number of the cells and distance between them; the cells 
are usually crowded along the sides of the larger branches. 

In the non-pinnate mode of branching, slenderness of the few 
branches, and prominence of the cells, this species is quite peculiar. 
In size and form of the branches, it somewhat resembles P. bipinnata 
Verrill,* from Cumana; but has an entirely different mode of growth. 
The latter has, also, much smaller cells. 

Spicula light purple, lemon-yellow, and yellowish white, having the 
same forms and variations as those of the preceding species, which 
they closely resemble, except in being about one-third smaller. The 
fusiform spicula are not quite so acute. The crescent-shaped ones are 
thicker, and often as long as the others, or even longer, and have the 
convex side a little roughened and more strongly rounded than in 
quercifolia, The slender spicula are more numerous and relatively 
larger. 

Grows abundantly in little tufts on the edges of the reefs of the Abrolhos region 
below low-tide, with Hymenogorgia quercifolia. When alive, the colors are much deeper 
and clearer than in the dried specimens. Some of the branches are of a bright ame- 


thystine tint. It is occasionally found in some of the larger tide-pools on the reefs.— 
Ci is 1H: 


Eunicea humilis Edw. and Haime, loc. cit. p., 149, pl. B’, fig. 1. 
Gorgonia citrina Lamarck, (non Esper). 


Plate IV, figures 4, 4°, 4°. 


This is a common form at the Abrolhos Reefs, and it varies consider- 
ably in the size and form of the branches. It usually forms low, 
densely branched clumps, with short, round, often clavate, and some- 
times crooked branches. Occasionally the branches are longer and 
more slender, or even less than half as thick, and tapering at the ends, 


* Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, p. 31, 1864. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 361 


but agreeing in color, form of cells, etc. Intermediate specimens are 
frequent. The cells are sometimes prominent on the main branches, 
near the base; but on the terminal branches are but little prominent, 
opening upward. They are usually closely crowded on all sides. 
Color lemon-yellow. Height 4 to 6 inches; diameter of branches, 
"10 to °24 of an inch, usually about °15. 

Spicula mostly large, lemon-yellow and yellowish white, with a few 
very small, deep purple ones. The forms are very diverse ; the largest 
are mostly stout fusiform, often crooked, not very acute “ spindles,” 
thickly covered with rough papille ; other fusiform spicula are less 
than half as long, slender, acute at the ends, with fewer separated 
papillae. The purple ones are still smaller, slender, acute spindles, 
with prominent papille. Club-shaped spicula are numerous, of vari- 
ous sizes, the large end very thick and covered with prominent sharp 
papille ; others have such papille only on one side. Various interme- 
diate forms of spicula are abundant. 

Very abundant below low-tide on the borders of the coral reefs of the Abrolhos 
and at Porto Seguro, where it also occurs on the stone reef, and in shallow water 


along shore. It is abundant at Bahia. Occasionally found in the larger tide-pools — 
C. F. H. 


Pl-xaurella dichotoma Kolliker. 


Icones Histiolog., p. 138, Taf. xviii, f. 11, 1866. 
Gorgonia dichotoma Esper, Tab. xiv. 
Plexaura dichotoma Dana, Zoéph., p. 669. 


Plate IV, figures 5, 5%, 5°. 


Several specimens of a Plexaurella, closely allied to this, if not 
identical, were collected at the Abrolhos, by Mr. Hartt. These are 
about a foot in height, consisting of 4 to 8 large, round, elongated 
branches, which originate from near the base and seldom divide, of 
nearly uniform diameter, about 5 inch throughout, except at the ends, 
where they are often enlarged or capitate. Cells large, rather numer- 
ous, often slightly raised, but usually flat, with a broad oval opening, 
or with contracted narrow ones, which are linear and at various angles 
to one another. All these variations may occur in one specimen. 

The spicula are of several forms, many having four stout branches, 
forming thick, stout-armed crosses, agree well with Dr. Kélliker’s fig- 
ure; others occur with three or even six branches; but a large pro- 
portion are short fusiform, with a naked band around the middle. 
All are thickly covered with rough papille, and have tapering, rather 
blunt ends. Spicula of the typical P. dichotoma, prepared and sent 
to the author by Dr. Kolliker, do not appreciably differ. 


362 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


A very common form, occurring all along the coast north of Cape Frio. It is always 
associated with Hymenogorgia quercifolia, with which it appears to agree in station.— 
C. F. H. 


Pleuxaurella anceps ? Koll. op. cit., p. 138, Taf. xviii, f. 14. 
? Hunicea anceps Duch. and Mich., Corall. des Antilles, p. 25, tab. 3, fig. 1 and 2. 


Plate IV, figures 6, 6°. 

This form, which may be distinct from the last, although inter- 
mediate specimens occur, is represented by two examples. These 
have branches about °3 of an inch in diameter, which are more divided 
and less fasciculated than in the preceding species. The cells are a 
little smaller and mostly contracted and linear, often slightly raised. 

The spicula agree in most characters with those of P. dichotoma, 
but appear to be a little smaller and sharper and not quite so thickly 
covered with papilla. The cross-shaped ones are less numerous and 
smaller, the majority are fusiform and of various sizes, rather acute, 
and covered with rough papille. Abrolhos reefs, with the last. 


Several additional species of polyps were observed by Mr. Hartt. 
Among them were eight species of Actinidw, at the Island of Sta, 
Anna; a Zoanthus with emerald green disk and tentacles; a spread- 
ing, brown Palythoa ; an Astrangia, common on dead shells at Rio 
and Victoria; a Sympyllia at Victoria; a nodose, slender branched 
Gorgonian at Rio and Victoria; and Renilla, perhaps both R. Dane 
Verrill and R&. violacea Quoy and Gaim., in the harbor of Rio. 

The following species, previously described from Brazil, were not 
obtained by Mr. Hartt at the Abrolhos Reefs: 

Gorgonia pumicea Val., in Edw. and Haime, Corall., vol. i, p. 160. 

Phyllogorgia dilitata Edw. and Haime, op. cit., p. 181. 


Juncella hystrix Val., in Edw. and Haime, op. cit., p. 186. 
Eunicea Castelnaudi Edw. and Haime, op. cit., p. 148. 


Class, ACALEPH#., 
Order, HYROIDEA. 


Millepora nitida Verrill, sp. nov. 


Corallum forming low rounded clumps, four to six inches high, con- 
sisting of short, rapidly forking, rounded or slightly compressed 
branches, about °4 to °8 of an inch in diameter, which have remark- 
ably smooth surfaces, and are obtuse, rounded, or even clavate at the 
ends. The larger pores are small, very distinct, round, evenly scat- 
tered over all the surface, at distances of about ‘06 to ‘1 of an inch 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 363 


apart. The small pores are very minute, numerous, scattered between 
the larger ones, and often showing a tendency to arrange themseleves 
around them in circles of six or eight. The tissue is, for the genus, 


very firm and compact. 
Abrolhos Reefs,—C. F. Hartt. 


The form of the branches, distinctness in outline of the cells, and 
smoothness and firmness of texture, distinguish this species very 
clearly from any of the numerous varieties of M/. alcicornis, and 
other West Indian species. 

Quite common on the border of the reef at the ‘ Lixo,” Abrolhos, below low-tide, 


also on the coral reef of Porto Seguro, in 3-4 feet water, low-tide. Color, when alive, 
light pinkish.—c. F. H. 


Millepora Braziliensis Verrill, sp. nov. 


Corallum forming large, irregularly lobed and branched masses, the 
branches erect, angular or flattened, or forming broad, convoluted 
and folded, rough plates, with acute edges and summits, the sides 
covered with sharp, irregular, angular, crest-shaped and_ conical 
prominences, varying much in size and elevation, often becoming 
continuous ridges, usually standing at right-angles to the sides of the 
branches ; cells small, circular, distantly scattered; texture firm and 
compact; height about one foot; breadth one foot and a half; 
branches and plates ‘5 to ‘8 of an inch thick, sometimes 6 inches 
wide. 

Pernambuco, Brazil,—C. F. Hartt. 

In texture and the character of the cells, this resembles the preced- 
ing species, and possibly it may eventually prove to be only a variety 
of it. It differs, however, very remarkably in the mode of growth 
and form of the branches. On the edges and sides of the branches 
there are often pits of various sizes up to an inch in diameter and 
depth. 


Small specimens occur also on the reefs at the Island of Sta. Barbara dos Abrolhos. 
Color, when alive, pinkish.—c F. H. 


Millepora alcicornis Linn., var. cellulosa Verrill. 


Corallum consisting of numerous, irregular, rather short branches, 
arising from a thick base. Branchlets proliferous, or digitate at the 
ends, the last divisions short, mostly compressed, and acute at the 
tips. Some of the branches occasionally coalesce, so as to leave small 
openings. Cells numerous, crowded, rather large for the genus, each 
sunken in a distinct depression, the wall rising up into an acute ridge 
between them. ‘Texture rather open and coarsely porous. 

Pernambuco, Brazil,—C. F. Hartt. 


364 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


This agrees pretty closely with a specimen from Florida (Maj. E. 
B. Hunt), in which, however, some of the branches do not have 
sunken cells. 


Millepora alcicornis Linn., var., digitata (?) Esper 

Several specimens, differing widely from all the preceding, approach 
so nearly some of the varieties of MZ alcicornis as to render their 
identity highly probable. They do not, however, agree precisely 
with any West Indian specimens in my possession. The most impor- 
tant differences are the somewhat more porous texture and the greater 
regularity and more scattered arrangement of the cells. The branches 
are round and digitate, the branchlets with three to five, short, com- 
pressed divisions at the ends. 

This variety forms large clusters of flat branches, erect or horizontal, fringing the 
submerged edges of the reefs, and sometimes two or three feet across. It is light yel- 


lowish brown or pinkish in color. Abundant at Cape Frio, Abrolhos, Porto Seguro, 
Bahia, Maceid, and intermediate localities.—c. F. H. 


Millepora alcicornis Linn., var. fenestrata Duch. and Mich. 


With the preceding are a few specimens, agreeing in all respects, 
except that the branches are in a single plane and coalesce so as to 
leave numerous openings. The terminal branchlets are longer and 


more slender, 
Abrolhos Reefs,—C. F. Hartt. 


Remarks on the Brazilian Coral-fauna, by C. ¥. Harrt. 


The following general conclusions may be added with reference to 
the coral-fauna of Brazil. 

Ist. The species are, as Prof. Verrill above remarks, almost without 
exception, peculiar to the Brazilian coast, along which they have quite 
a wide distribution; the most of the species ranging from Cape St. 
Roque to Cape Frio, which seems to be the southern limit of the fauna. 
In the Bay of Rio de Janeiro, where the conditions appear to be very 
favorable for coral growth, I have been able to find only one or two 
species of madreporarian corals, and these were Astrangia. 

2d. The Brazilian fauna bears a close resemblance to the West In- 
dian, and there are many representative species. Thus the Siderastrea 
stellata, Heliastreea aperta, Favia gravida, and Porites solida are rep- 
resentatives of West Indian forms ; and among the Haleyonoids, Hy- 
menogorgia represents the Rhipidogorgie of the West Indian fauna. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 365 


3d. The absence, in the Brazil fauna, of the genera Madrepora, 
Meandrina, Diploria, Manicina, Cladocora, Oculina, genera so 
characteristic of the West Indian fauna, is noteworthy. 

4th. The Brazilian corals form extensive reefs, which occur along 
the coast, from the “ Roccas,” north of Cape St. Roque, to the Abrol- 
hos. The genera which contribute most to the reefs are Acanthastrea, 
Favia, Heliastrwu, Siderastrea, Porites, and Millepora, but the Mussa 
and other species add a more or less notable share. 

South of the Abrolhos region, there are no known coral reefs. Very 
extensive ones occur in the Abrolhos region, at Itacolumi, Porto Se- 
guro, Sta. Cruz, and in the vicinity of Camamf, and elsewhere south 
of Bahia. In the Bay of Bahia are large coral banks, and off the town 
of Maceid, in the province of Alagoas there are large irregular coral 
patches, uncovered at low tide, which are seen extending northward 
along the coast toward Pernambuco. Coral patches occur frequently 
on the coast farther north, and the extensive reef of the Roccas, in the 
latitude of the Island of Fernando de Noronha, is formed of coral. 

Around the Abrolhos Islands are fringing reefs. Between these 
Islands and the shore is a large area of shallow sea, full of irregular 
reefs. On the Brazilian shore, in open water, the corals grow in small 
patches on the sea-bottom, and rise vertically to the surface like tow- 
ers. These structures are termed, in Brazil, chapeirdes (sing. cha- 
peirao). In some instances they are only a few yards in diameter, 
while their height may be 40 to 50 feet or more. These chapeirdes usu- 
ally grow close together and sometimes coalesce to form reefs of sev- 
eral square miles in area. The larger reefs are usually surrounded 
by chapeiroes. Ordinarily the reefs reach a level a little above low- 
tide. They are remarkably level topped. Occasionally sand is heaped 
upon them and they become islands, but instances of this kind are 
very rare. 


Class, ECHINODERMATA. 
Order, CRINOIDEA. 


Antedon Dubenii (?) Bolsche, Wieg. Archiv. fur Naturg., 1866, p. 92. 


One specimen, apparently identical with this species, was obtained 
at the Abrolhos. Its color is deep purple with large spots of yellow- 
ish white on the sides of the rays. 

It is very different from a specimen of A. Braziliensis Litk., from 
Rio de Janeiro, sent to the Museum of Yale College by Dr. Liitken, 
with which I have compared it. 


Rare, occasionally occurring in the shallow water on the borders of reefs and rock 
ledges.—c. F. H. 


366 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 
Order, OPHIUROIDEA. 


Ophiomyxa flaccida Litken. 


Ophiura flaccida Say, Journal Phil. Acad., v, p. 151, 1825. 
Ophiomyxa flaccida Lyman, Llustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative 


Zoology, i, p. 178, Pl. ii, fig. 6, 1865. 

One large specimen was obtained at the Abrolhos Reefs. It does 
not appreciably differ from a specimen from the West Indies, sent 
by Dr. Liitken, except in having slightly longer and sharper arm- 
spines. 

It has been found previously at Florida, St. Thomas, and various 
parts of the West Indies. 


Ophiactis Krebsii Litken; Lyman, Catal., p. 111, figs. 10, 11. 

Several fine specimens of this species occurred at the Abrolhos 
Reefs, nearly all of them had six rays, with three of them usually 
shorter. T'wo specimens differ slightly from the others in having more 
slender arms, longer and more oval upper arm-plates, and radial 
shields less separated. They have, however, four mouth-papillz, like 
the typical form, and agree very well in color with the others. 

Its previous localities are Bahamas,—Dr. H. Bryant ; off Charleston, 
—L. Agassiz ; Florida,—Maj. E. B. Hunt, J. E. Mills, ete. ; St. Thomas, 
—A. H. Riise; Aspinwall,—F. H. Bradley. 


Ophionereis reticulata Liitken; Lyman, Catal. p. 141. 

Ophiura reticulata Say, op. cit., p. 148, 1825. 

This species was found in considerable abundance by Mr. Hartt, at 
the Abrolhos Reefs. 

There are specimens in the Museum of Yale College from Bermuda 
(J. M. Jones) ; Bahamas (Dr. H. Bryant); Florida ; “* West Indies ;” 
and St. Thomas. The specimens from all these localities are remarka- 
bly constant in their characters, and show scarcely any local varia- 
tions. 

Ophiothrix violacea Miiller and Troschel, Syst. Asterid., p. 115, 1842; Lyman, 
Catalogue, p. 164. 

This species occurred in abundance at the Abrolhos Reefs, among 
corals and Gorgoniz. 

In color there are two principal variations, most specimens have the 
light dorsal stripe on the rays very clearly defined and bordered with 
dark brown. Others have the stripe obscure, or lack it entirely. In 
the character of the spines of the disk there are also two varieties, 
not coincident, however, with the differences in color; most commonly 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 367 


the disk is covered with minute, short, forked spines, with few or 
numerous long, slender, thorny ones,among them; but in many speci- 
mens the long spines are entirely wanting. The general color is some- 
times flesh-color or pink instead of violet. 

The previously recorded localities are from Florida and Aspinwall 
to Brazil. 


Ophiolepis paucispina Mill. and Trosch., op. cit., p. 90; Lyman, Catal., p. 55. 
Ophiura paucispina Say, op. cit., p. 149, 1825. 


Three specimens, agreeing exactly with those from Florida and 
West Indies, were collected by Mr. Hartt at the Abrolhos Reefs. 


Ophiura cinerea Lyman, Catal., p. 27. 

Ophioderma cinereum Mill. and Tr., Syst., p. 87, 1842. 

Ophioderma Antillarum Liitken, Add. ad Hist. Oph., p. 88, 

Numerous large and fine specimens of this species were collected by 
Mr. Hartt at the Abrolhos Reefs. They were found living in crevices 
under corals. 

Some of these measure 6°5 inches from the center to ends of rays; 
1°25 in diameter of disk. 

All the Ophiurans from the Abrolhos were collected in shallow pools on the reefs 
from under dead corals or stones.—c. F. H. 


Order, ASTERIOIDEA. 


Oreaster gigas (Linn. sp.) Liitken, Vidensk. Meddel., 1859, p. 64. 


Pentaceros reticulatus Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H., p. 275, 1840. 

Oreaster reticulatus Mull and Tr., Syst. Asterid., p. 45, 1842. 

Two large and fine specimens of this species were collected by Mr. 
Hartt at the Abrolhos reefs. 

Its previous localities were Florida, Bahamas, St. Thomas, Hayti, 
Barbadoes, and throughout the West Indies. 

The Brazilian specimens agree perfectly with those from Florida 
and St. Thomas. 


Linckia ornithopus Liitken. 

Ophidiaster ornithopus Mill. and Trosch., op. cit., p. 31, 1842; Ltitken, op. cit., p. 80. 

? Linckia Guildingii Gray, op. cit., 1840. 

Several specimens of this species from the Abrolhos Reefs present 
curious malformations due to the restoration of lost rays. ‘Two con- 
sist of a single large ray, from the end of which four or five new ones 
have begun to grow. Two specimens are regularly five rayed. 

A specimen from Bermuda (J. M. Jones) does not appreciably differ. 

TRANS. CONNECTICUT AcaAD., Vou. I. 47 FEBRUARY, 1868. 


368 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Echinaster (Othilia) crassispina Verrill sp. nov. 
Plate IV, figure 7. 


Rays short, somewhat angulated. Radii of disk and rays as 1:4. 
Interambulacral spines, two to each plate, the outer ones being large 
and short, forming a close, regular row alone the border of the ambu- 
lacral groove; the Imner one much smaller, not half so long, and 
forming an inner row concealed by the others. Along the lower side 
of the rays and well separated from the interambulacral spines, there 
is a row of distant, large, conical, sharp spines, about fifteen in number, 
which do not extend upon the disk, and gradually diminish in size 
toward the end of the rays, where they are very small. Upon the 
sides and back of the rays there are four or five less regular rows of 
similar large, sharp, distant spines, arising from the swollen nodes of 
the reticulated plates. Disk naked beneath, above with few large 
spines, like those of the rays. Surface smooth, in the spaces between 
the spines pierced by many small pores. Color bright crimson when 
living ; in alcohol, dull reddish brown; when dry, deep purplish brown. 

Radius of disk *5 of an inch; of rays, 1-9. 

Bahia, Brazil,—C. F. Hartt. Three specimens. 

This remarkable species differs widely from /. spinosus in its shorter 
and more angulated rays, coarser plates, and much fewer and stouter 
spines. Also in the spineless disk beneath, and much larger and more 
crowded outer interambulacral spines bordering the grooves. It dif- 
fers from /. multispina Gray sp. (4 Braziliensis M. and Tr.) im hay- 
ing much fewer and larger spines above, and different imterambulacral 


spines, 


Asterias Atlantica Verrill, sp. nov. 

A small specimen having eight rays, four of which are smaller than 
the others, was obtained at the Abrolhos Reefs by Mr. Hartt. Another 
specimen with six equal rays, which is in my possession, collected at 
Bermuda by J. Matthew Jones, Esq., does not appreciably differ 
in structure. Two other specimens, one of which has seven unequal 
rays, and the other, which is much larger, five regular ones, appear to 
belong to the same species. These are believed to have been collected 
at Remedios, Cuba. 

This species may be recognized by the very slender, blunt interam- 
bulacral spines, which form a single row along the edge of the ambul- 
acral groove ; by the crowded double row of larger ventral spines, 
very near the interambulacral, the spines being long, round, tapering, 
not pointed, and arranged two upon each plate ; by the regular lateral 
row of distant, long spines, larger than the ventral, and mostly only 


@ 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 369 


one upon a plate; by the fewness of the smaller dorsal spines, which 
form an irregular, often double median row along the rays, with a few 
scattered on each sides, which sometimes form lateral rows, and on the 
disk surround a pentagonal area, enclosing a few small spines. The 
spines are surrounded at base by dense wreaths of small rounded pedi- 
cellarize. No major pedicellariz were found on any part. The specimen 
with five arms has but one madreporic plate. The others two or three, 
The rays are rather long and slender, somewhat angulated when dry. 

Radii as 1: 54. 

Radius of disk of largest specimen, °35; of rays 2 inches. 

The specimen from Bermuda has somewhat longer and sharper 
spines than the others of similar size, and those upon the back of the 
rays form three regular rows. The disk is also covered uniformly 
with similar spines. 

This species is allied to A. tenuispina, but appears quite distinct 
from the Mediterranean specimens that I have examined. It has 
shorter and more angulated rays when mature, and less numerous 
and shorter spines upon the back. Its pedicellaria are somewhat 
different in form, and the large scattered ones, common on A. fence- 
ispina, | have been unable to find upon this, although they might 
occur on other specimens. 


Order, ECHINOIDEA. 


Lytechinus variegatus A. Agassiz, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodl., p. 24, 1864. 

Psammechinus variegatus Agassiz and Desor, Catal. Rais. 

Psilechinus variegatus Liitken, Vidensk. Meddelelser, 1865. 

This species is common at Bahia, where Mr. Hartt obtained numer- 
ous specimens. These examples agree very well with the common 
Florida and West Indian form, but are a little more depressed than 
usual, and have more numerous tubercles on the interambulacral 
Zones. 

Quite common in the vicinity of Cape Frio; also at Victoria and Porto Seguro.— 
0. F. H. 


Echinometra Michelini Desor, Catal. Rais. 

Echinus lucuntur (pars) Linn. ; Lamarck, ete. 

Echinometra lucuntur Liitken. 

Echinometra Michelini A. Ag , op. cit., p. 21. 

The large specimens of this species, brought from the Abrolhos by 
Mr. Hartt, do not appreciably differ from those of Bermuda, Florida 


Reefs, and West Indies. 


370 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Common on all rocky shores and reefs along the Brazilian coast. At Rio, Victoria, 
Bahia, and elsewhere, where the rocks are gneissose, these sea urchins are found in 
holes in the rocks, which they excavate for themselves. They also excavate the coral 
reef-rock, and sandstone.—c. F. H. 


Encope emarginata (Leske sp.) Agassiz, Monog. Scut., ii, p. 37, tab. 10. 


Scutella emarginata Lamarck; Blainy.; Desmoul., ete. 
Echinoglycus frondosus Gray, Catal. Ech. of Brit. Mus., p. 24, 1855. 


The specimens are mostly 3 or 4 inches in diameter, with thin edges. 
The openings vary considerably in size and the degree of closing at 
the margin. In most cases all are closed, but often the two posterior 
remain more or less open. The green and brown colored specimens 
are about equally common, 


Very common on the sandy beaches in some localities along the coast from Rio, 
northward to beyond Bahia. One of these localities near the mouth of the Rio Sant. 
Antonia, in the Province of Bahia, is mentioned in the work of Prinz Max zu Neu 
Wied. Along the shores of the bay of Bahia, at Itapagipe, Periperi, and elsewhere, it 
may be collected in great abundance.—c. F. H. 


Order, HOLOTHURIOIDEA. 
Thyone (Sclerodactyla) Braziliensis Verrill, sp. nov. 
Plate IV, figure 8’. 


Form in contraction oval. The lower side indicated only by the 
lighter color, Suckers not very numerous, scattered over the whole 
surface, but somewhat more numerous along the ambulacral zones, 
where there is a tendency to form two rows. Anal orifice armed with 
flve small, calcareous papillee. Tentacles ten, elongated, arborescently 
branched, chiefly near the end, the divisions short and not very nu- 
merous ; the two lower tentacles slightly smaller and more divided. 
Plates of the oral circle closely united laterally, forming a very short 
ring, with ten acute points projecting backward and ten forward, the 
latter with wide rounded spaces between them. Distance between 
the anterior points ‘1 inch, equal to their length and to the distance 
from the posterior points to the angle between the anterior points. 
Tentacles somewhat rigid, from the abundance of calcareous plates. 
Color, in alcohol, yellowish gray, with fine brownish spots and an 
ill-defined dark brown zone along the middle of the interambulacral 
spaces. Length of a contracted specimen, in alcohol, 1°3 inches; of 
tentacles -4. Abrolhos Reefs,—C. F. Hartt. 

This species is allied to 7! Brivreus, from the Atlantic coast of the 
United States, but is very distinct in the form of the ring of oral 
plate, which, in the latter, is relatively about three times longer, and 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 371 


composed of long, stout plates, with the posterior points longest. 
The suckers scattered over the surface are, also, much less numerous 
than in 7! Briareus. 

Occurs under dead corals in the shallow tide pools and holes in the reefs at the 
Abrolhos and elswhere.—c. F. H. 


Chirodota rotiferum Stimpson, Amer. Journ. Sci., 29, p. 134, 1860. 
? Synapta rotifera Pourtales, Proc. Am. Assoc., 1851, p. 15. 
Chriodota rotifera Selenka, Zeitschr. fur Wiss. Zodl., 1867, p. 367. 
Plate IV, figures 9, 9°. 


Elongated and slender, the whole surface thickly covered with 
small, white, slightly prominent verruce. Tentacles 12, short, with 
about five digitations upon each side, the two terminal ones longest. 
Color, in alcohol, light purplish brown. The specimens, which are 
not entire, are two or three inches long, and about +25 in diameter. 

The calcareous, wheel-shaped bodies in the skin, are all very minute, 
but variable in size, provided with 6 spokes, which are often thinner 
along the middle, so as sometimes to appear almost as if double, rim 
narrow, center not perforated. With these there are larger, oblong, 
irregularly shaped, calcareous bodies, mostly enlarged and truncated 
at the ends. 

Abrolhos Reefs, with the preceding,—C. F. Hartt. Florida,— 
Pourtales. 

The two specimens obtained appear to agree perfectly with the 
description by Pourtales. Whether C. pygmea Miller be the same 
species, can be ascertained only by a comparison of specimens from 
the different localities. Should this prove to be the case, Miiller’s 
name will have priority. 


No. 5.—WNotice of a Collection of Echinoderms from La Puz, Lower 


Wl, 
California, with Descriptions of a new Genus. 


Published April, 1868. 


Tuer Museum of Yale College recently received a small but very 
interesting collection of Echinoderms, collected by Capt. James 
Pedersen, in the lower part of the Gulf of California, which gives 
us some additional knowledge of the marine fauna of that very 
prolific region. In these Transactions, I published last year a des- 
criptive catalogue of the Echinoderms contained in the Yale Museum 
from the west-tropical coast of America; but in this small lot there 
are two species, not known to me at that time, one of which appears 
to be a new and remarkable genus of starfishes. 


372 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


OPHIUROIDEA. 


Ophiactis virescens Liitken. 


er 


Ophiactis virescens Lyman, Catal., p. 113; Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., i, p. 265. 


A few specimens of this species were found adhering among the 
laminated scales of the pearl-oyster (Margaritophora fimbriata). 


ASTERIOIDEA. 
Linckia unifascialis Gray (var. bifascialis), Verrill, op. cit., p. 286. 

Dr. Gray considered this form a distinct species, but the specimens 
that I have hitherto seen do not appear to warrant their separation 
from the ordinary L. unifascialis, unless as a variety. Yet it may 
eventually prove to be distinct when more and better specimens can 
be examined. The only difference observed between them, is the 
division of the lateral band of pores into two bands toward the base 
of the rays, in the variety, while it is simple in the normal form. 

This variety appears to be common at Cape St. Lucas and in the 
Gulf of California, while at Panama it is very rare. 

Occurs from the Gulf of California to Zorritos, Peru. 


Nidorellia armata Gray. 
Pentaceros (Nidorellia) armatus Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H.. vol vi, p. 276, 1840 
Synopsis Starfishes in the British Museum, p. 7, pl. 14, 1866. 
Oreaster armatus Miller and Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 52, 1842. 
Goniodiscus conifer Mobius, Neue Seesterne des Hamburg und Kieler Mus., p. 10, 
Tab. iii, fig. 5, 6, 1859. 

Goniodiscus armatus Liitken, Vidensk. Meddel., 1859, p. 75. 

Nidorellia armata Verrill, Trans. Conn, Acad., vol. i, p. 280. 

Goniodiscus stella Verrill, op. cit., p. 284, (young), (non Mobius). 

Additional specimens prove that our Goniodiscus stella is merely the 
young of this species, while in the flat, spineless condition. The 
characters of the young show the close affinity that this genus has 
with Goniodiscus. 

There is but one specimen from La Paz. Its range is from Guaya- 


mas to Zorritos, Peru. 


AMPHIASTER, gen. nov. 

Disk moderately developed, flat above and below, with five broad, 
triangular rays, and two well developed series of marginal plates. 
Skeleton of the upper side formed by regular, polygonal, spine bear- 
ing, tessellated plates, with pores between them; on the lower side 
composed of smaller granulated plates, each bearing a tubercle. 
Marginal plates granulated around the margin, smooth at center, or 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 373 


bearing a large, smooth spine. Interambulacral plates bearing a row 
of smaller, inner spines, several on each plate, and an outer series of 
larger ones, one to each plate. 

This genus is nearly allied to Oreaster, and still more so to Nido- 
rellia. From the former it differs in its depressed form, tessellated, 
polygonal plates, the character of the spines, etc.; from the latter, in 
the larger and less numerons plates of the upper surface, consisting 
mainly of the three median rows of the rays, with very few in the 
interradial regions, while in W/dorellia they are much more numerous 
and the interradial regions of the upper surface are well developed. 
The marginal plates, also, in the single known species, are granulated 


only around the margin. 


Amphiaster insignis Verrill, sp. nov. 
Plate IV, figure 10. 


Proportion of the radii of rays to those of the disk, nearly as 2:1. 
Rays broad at base, small, but not acute, at the tips, with the interra- 
dial margin deeply and regularly incurved in young specimens, slightly 
angular in larger ones. Along the upper side of the rays, there are 
three rows of regular plates, which are rather large and somewhat 
prominent, and each normally bears a large, sharp, conical spine, 
smooth above, but surrounded by granules at the base. These spines 
form, therefore, three regular rows on the rays, except near the tips, 
where the lateral ones become obsolete. The spines increase in size 
toward the center. The five inner ones of the median rows are often 
absent, the corresponding plates presenting a smooth, rounded sur- 
face, as if the spines had been broken off and the scars had healed 
over; frequently, also, several of the other median spines are wanting 
in the same way; but the number and positions of the naked plates 
differ on the different rays of the same individual, and on different 
specimens. In each angle between the inner ends of the median rows, 
and terminating the lateral ones, there is a larger spine, forming the 
angles of a pentagonal area, enclosing from three to five similar spines. 
The large madreporic plate is outside this area, close to the base of one 
of the spines. In the interradial regions, and surrounding the ovarial 
openings, there are about five small plates, one or two of which often 
bear spies in the larger specimens. The margin is rounded, and 
formed by both the upper and lower series of plates, those of each 
row alternately approaching and receding from the margin. ‘These 
plates are variable in size, those of the upper series much the largest, 
somewhat rounded, and in the intervals between those that are sepa- 
rated there are often small accessory plates, and at the angle there is 


374 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


usually a cluster of such small plates, while the two inner plates of 
the upper series are removed from the margin to the upper surface. 
Ordinarily the alternate marginal plates, of both the upper and lower 
series, bear large conical spines, like those of the back; these are 
always placed upon the plates that approach the margin, while those 
that are placed farther back toward the upper and lower surfaces 
have convex and naked centers, surrounded by a margin of granules. 
There are about ten or twelve lower marginal plates upon one side of 
each ray, and eight or nine upper ones. The plates of the lower sur- 
face are nearly regular, polygonal, evenly covered with short, angu- 
lar, flat-topped granules, and each bears a short, stout, blunt central 
spine, those near the interradial margin longer and sharper. The 
interambulacral plates bear an even outer row of blunt, flattened 
spines or papille, one to each plate, which are nearly as long as the 
spines of the adjacent surface, but much smaller ; and an inner row of 
very slender spines, which are cylindrical and blunt and rise nearly as 
high as the others, forming groups of three to five upon each plate. 
When there are but three, as is most common, the central one is 
slightly longer or they are all equal; when four, as often happens 
toward the mouth, the inner one is much the shortest; when five, 
which rarely occurs, the outer one is also much shorter than the 
middle ones. 

In the largest specimen, the radius of the rays is 2 inches; of disk 
95; length of largest dorsal spines °30; diameter at base “17 ; length 
of spines of lower surface “15; diameter “10; length of outer inter- 
ambulacral spines 12; diameter °05, | Another specimen has the 
greater radius 1°60; lesser ‘803 with dorsal spines of the same size, 
The smallest specimen has the greater radius “93; lesser “47; length 
of dorsal spines +15; diameter ‘08. Color light brownish red, when 
dry. 

This species appears to be not uncommon at La Paz, since there are 


eight specimens in the present collection, 


Oreaster occidentalis Verrill, op. cit., p. 278. 
One large specimen of this interesting, and as yet rare species, was 
received in this collection. It agrees, in all respects, with those from 


Panama. 


ECHINOIDEA. 


Cidaris Thouarsii Val.; Verrill, op. cit.. p. 294. 


One large specimen, agreeing perfectly with those from Panama. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata, 375 


Echinometra Van Brunti A. Ag.; Verrill, op. cit., p. 309. 
Common at La Paz. 


Tripneustes depressus A. Ag., Bulletin M. ©. Z., p. 24, 1863. 

Large and ventricose, slightly concave beneath, regularly arched 
above, the outline in a vertical view nearly circular, with the ambu- 
lacral zones a little swollen. Peristome larger in proportion to the 
diameter of the test than in 7. ventricosus. Primary tubercles of 
interambulacra less numerous, especially in the vertical series, owing 
to the greater vertical width of the plates; secondary tubercles few 
and small, miliaries very numerous and minute. Tubercles of the am- 
bulacra similar in size and appearance. Diameter of test 4:9; height 
2°85; diameter of peristome, not including cuts, 1°15: of abactinal 
area °70; width of ambulacral zones at circumference 1°30; of inter- 
ambulacral 1°70. 

This species is closely allied to Z! ventricosus of the West Indies. 
The only reliable characters for separating it, that I have been able 
to find, are the greater relative size of the buccal opening, and the 
fewer primary tubercles, with much less numerous secondary ones, 
which, combined with the smallness of the miliaries, gives the sur- 
face a less closely tuberculated appearance. 

It was characterized by Mr. A. Agassiz, only as follows :—* There 
is in the collection of the Smithsonian, a species from Guayamas, 
T. depressus A. Ag., closely allied to Z! ventricosus, which differs 
from it in the flatness of the test, the large and uniform size of the 
tubercles, and the stoutness of its spines.” 

The spines in our specimen are removed, but in form it is less de- 
pressed than many specimens of 7! ventricosus, and the primary tu- 
bercles are scarcely larger. 


Encope grandis Agassiz, Monog. Scut., p. 37, Tab. 6. 

A large and fine specimen, which was certainly collected at La Paz, 
came with the collection, thus confirming the Gulf of California na- 
tivity of this species, which has been erroneously attributed to the 
West Indies. 


Brissus obesus Verrill, op. cit., p. 316. 

This species is represented only by a single specimen, which agrees 
well with those originally described. 

TRANS. CONNECTICUT Acap., Vol. I. 48 APRIL, 1868. 


376 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Supplementary Note on Echinoderms of the West Coast of America. 


Ophiura variegata Lyman (see p. 254), and Ophiolepis variegata Lutken (see p. 256). 

Numerous large and fine specimens of these two species, with a few of Ophiocnida 
hispida Lyman, were dredged by Mr. Bradley on a shell-bank in 4-6 fathoms of water, 
Panama Bay. 

Ophiothela mirabilis Verrill (see page 268). 

Numerous additional specimens of this species, some of them much larger than those 
first described, have been found clinging to Gorgonie and Muricee from Panama Bay. 
Also on Muricea from Cape St. Lucas. These confirm its rank as a distinct genus. 

Echinometra rupicola A. Ag. (see page 308). 

Several fine specimens of this species were obtained by Prof. B. Silliman near San 
Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, where they burrow in a hard argillaceous rock, forming 
cavities sometimes 5 or 6 inches in diameter. 

Pattalus Peruvianus Verrill, = Anaperus Peruanus, p. 322 (non Troschel). 

The large specimens referred to, from Callao, when dissected proved to be a species 
allied to P. mollis Sel., the only known species of the genus, from Chili and Peru. 

It has 20 long arborescent tentacles, some of which are shorter. The oral ring con- 
sists of ten loosely articulated, long plates; five slender ones, having the posterior 
part broad triangular, with the angles rounded and edges concave, connecting anteri- 
orly by a narrow middle with a long fusiform process, alternating with five much larger 
ones, having a short posterior portion, emarginate behind, narrowing somewhat ante- 
riorly, and then expanding into a broad deeply excavated portion, ending in two points 
anteriorly. The large plates in a large specimen are “7 of an inch long, *25 broad. Polian 
vesicles long and slender, numerous, in large clusters. Color uniform deep crimson 
when living. The tentacles are 4—6 inches across in expansion. In alcohol deep 
purple. Anal orifice round, unarmed. 

This is, probably, the Holothuria Peruviana Lesson. P. mollis Sel.,* as figured, dif- 
fers in its smaller oral plates and fewer Polian vesicles. 


e206 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. 


Figure 1. Spicula of Hymenogorgia quercifolia Kdw.; 1a, double-spmdles; 1b, cres- 
cent-shaped spicula,—enlarged 150 diameters, 


Figure 2. Spicula of Pterogorgia gracilis Verrill; 2a, double-spinldes; 2b, cres- 
cents,—enlarged 150 diameters. 

Figure 3. A part of a branch of the same,—natural size. 

Figure 4. Spicula of Hunicea humilis Edw.; a, spindles from ccenenchyma,—en- 
larged 50 diameters; b, club-shaped spicula,—enlarged 100 diameters. 

Figure 5. Spicula of Plexaurella dichotoma Koll. ; 5a, a cross-shaped spiculum with 
unequal branches; 5b, a cross with two of the branches undeveloped,—enlarged 100 
diameters. 

Figure 6. Cross-shaped spicula of Plewawrella anceps? KOll.; 6a, one of the larger 
spindles,—enlarged 100 diameters. 

Figure 7. Echinaster crassispina Verrill; part of ray,—natural size. 

Figure 8. Thyone Braziliensis Verrill; a, oral plates,—natural size. 

Figure 9. Chriodota rotiferum Stimp.; calcareous wheels of the skin,—enlarged 
150 diameters. 

Figure 10. Amphiaster insignis Vernll; ray and part of disk, 


natural size. 


* Zeitschrift fir Wissensch. Zool., Dec. 1867, p. 113, Taf. VII, Fig. 4-5. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


oo 
~T 
~T 


No. 6.—Review of the Corals and Polyps of the West Coast of 
America. By A. E. Verriny. 


Presented, April, 1868. 


Recent explorations of the west tropical coast of America, prin- 
cipally by Mr. F. H. Bradley for the Museum of Yale College, have 
contributed so much to the knowledge of the Polypi of that region 
and have so increased our store of specimens, that a new and much 
more complete catalogue of the species has become indispensable for 
a proper understanding of the geographical distribution of the ani- 
mals of this class. The Smithsonian Institution has contributed the 
species collected by John Xantus, Esq., at Cape St. Lucas. 

In a paper published two years ago,* the writer enumerated nearly 
all the species then known from Panama and called attention to the 
remarkable contrast between the polyp-faunze of the Atlantic and 
Pacific coasts of Central America, and the bearing of these facts upon 
the supposed former connection between the two oceans, across the 
Isthmus of Panama. 

The additional forms now presented make these contrasts still 
greater and more remarkable, and add greater force to the evidence 
then brought forward to show that no deep or extensive water con- 
nection, sufficient to modify the ocean currents, can have taken place 
since the existence of the species now living upon each coast. 

The Panamian fauna proves to be remarkably rich in Gorgonacea, 
no less than 43 species having already been obtained. The genus 
Muricea appears to attain here its greatest development, since 15 spe- 
cies, besides several peculiar varieties, perhaps distinct, are in our col- 
lection from Panama Bay, and others from Acapulco and Peru, while 
from the West Indies there are but four well-ascertained species. The 
occurrence of two peculiar, gigantic species of Pavonia, a genus of 
corals hitherto known only in the Indo-Pacific faunz, is noteworthy, 
and also the presence of a peculiar new form of Dendrophyllia. 

The classification here followed is that proposed by the writer three 
years agot with a few changes that have become necessary by a better 
knowledge of the anatomy of some groups and the discovery of new 
forms. 


* Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. x, p. 323, 1865. 
+ Proceedings of the Essex Institute, vol. iv, p. 145, 1865. See also Memoirs of the 
Boston Society of Natural History, vol. i, 1864. 


378 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Order, ALCYONARIA. 
Sub-Order, PENNATULACEA. 
Family, Renin». 


Renilla. 


The polyps arise from the upper surface of a flat, reniform, cavernous 
disk or frond, having a sinus on one edge, near which there is upon 
the lower surface a locomotive peduncle, which is muscular and 
greatly extensible and divided in the interior into two longitudinal 
chambers, which communicate with two large cavities at its base, and 
through these with the smaller cavities of the disk, and thus with the 
bodies of the polyps. The integument of the lower surface, peduncle, 
and upper surface, is filled with numerous, slender, prismatic spicula, 
and around the bases of the polyps there are pointed, projecting groups 
of similar spicula. The polyps originate by budding around the 
edge of the disk, and are therefore regularly arranged, alternately 
both in consecutive circles and in radiating lines, which are symmet- 
rical upon the right and left side of a median plane passing through 
the sinus, and they are smaller and more crowded toward the edge 
than on the central parts. The polyps are rather large, much exsert in 
expansion, but wholly retractile. 

Besides the ordinary form of polyps, there are in this, as in other 
genera of Pennatulacea, a second kind, having a different structure 
and appearance. Or, in other words, the polyps are dimorphous in 
a manner analogous to that observed in many Hydroids, In Renilla, 
the second kind of polyps are scattered thickly over the upper 
surface between the others, and appear in alcoholic specimens like lit- 
tle papille, with clusters of whitish spots on their surface, and sur- 
rounded with spicula similar to those around the ordinary polyps, but 
less numerous and smaller. They are also asexual, 

The writer first described these peculiar dimorphous forms of the 
polyps of Renilla, in 1864,* as “rudimentary polyps,” and afterwards 
those of Leioptillum undulatum, Ptilosarcus Gurneyi, Veretillum 


Stimpsonii, ete.t 


* Revision of the Polyps of the Eastern Coast of the United States, Memoirs of the 
Boston Society of Natural History, vol. i, p. 12. 
+ Proceedings of the Essex Institute, vol. iv, p. 182-5, 1865. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata, 379 


Dr. Albert Kélliker has recently investigated this interesting sub- 
ject much more completely, both among Pennatulacea and Al- 
eyonacea, and has already published a short notice,* preliminary toa 
more extended memoir upon it. For these reasons it will be passed 
over in the following pages with only such descriptions of the exter- 
nal appearance of the two forms of polyps as may be useful for the 
determination of the genera and species. 


Renilla amethystina Verrill. 
Bulletin of the Museum of Comp. Zodl., p. 29, Jan. 1864; Proceedings Boston Soc. 
Nat. History, 1866, p. 326. 
Plate V, figure 1. 


Frond large, rather thin, broad reniform, broader than long, propor- 
tion of breadth to length about as 1°3: 15; sinus extending more than 
one third across the length of the frond, about equal to one third of 
its breadth; the posterior lobes broad and rounded, meeting behind, 
Pedunele placed at about its own diameter from the end of the sinus ; 
length, in contraction, equal to about a third of the breadth of the 
frond. Lower surface and peduncle rough with spicula, which are 
arranged somewhat in radiating lines, upper surface slightly convex, 
covered with very numerous, rather closely set, small polyps, which 
are surrounded at base by slightly projecting, rigid calicles, strength- 
ened by numerous spicula, which rise up in angular clusters. Thickly 
scattered between the ordinary polyps are those of the second or rudi- 
mentary kind, which form, in the contracted state, much smaller ver- 
ruce, surrounded by a lower border of spicula, and consisting of clus- 
ters of from eight to thirty, small, round papille, each with a dark 
point in the centre. 

According to Mr, Bradley’s observations upon the living polyps, 
these are mostly 25 of an inch long, and about *12 across the expand- 
ed tentacles, the bodies of the polyps being about -06. ‘They are 
transparent, with an opaque stomach, the eight radiating lamelle 
showing through the walls; around the small mouth, which is edged 
with white, are eight radiating white points, corresponding to the 
intervals between the tentacles; around the base of the tentacles is a 
brown ring, which runs down in points opposite the spaces between 
them. Opposite the base of each polyp are two (rarely four or five) 
bunches of little white rays. The frond is nearly transparent, but highly 
colored by very numerous purple spicula, evenly distributed on the 


* Verhandlungen der physik-medicin Gesellschaft in Wiirzburg, Dec., 1867. Also, 
Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., March, 1868. 


380 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


peduncle and lower surface, but on the upper side arranged along the 
edges of the polypiferous radiating lines, and especially concentrated 
about the five (rarely six or seven) white points that surround the 
closed polyps. The polyps are arranged somewhat in quincunx, in 
lines that radiate from the attachment of the peduncle, and curve out- 
ward on the sides to the lobes. The tentacles are narrow and taper- 
ing, 04 to 06 long, bearing, especially in young specimens, well marked 
pinne at the tip and edges, which in old ones often become reduced 
to a mere fringe.” 

In alcohol the usual color is deep rich purple, due to the color of 
the spicula, with the tip of the peduncle light yellowish; but some 
specimens are light, reddish purple, and one is pure white, due per- 
haps to disease or injury, for it has become deformed. The polyps, 
when expanded, usually show the eight white lobes around the mouth, 
and the brown band below the tentacles. 

The spicula are all slender and irregularly prismatic in form, some- 
times bent, a little thickened in the middle, tapering slightly to near 
the’ends, which are somewhat enlarged and bluntly truncated. They 
vary considerably in size, those of the upper surface around the polyp- 
cells and in the integument of the lower surface being the largest ; 
many others are about half as long, and others not more than a fourth. 
The largest spicula of the upper surface are about ‘810™" long and 
064™" thick ; some the larger ones from the lower surface are *544™™ 
long by 056" thick, and °608"" long by 048"; with these are 
many small ones about °350"™ by ‘048™". Some of the larger spicula 
from the white specimen are °640"™" long by ‘064™™" thick, and the 
smaller ones *240™" by -024"™". The color of the spicula in the darker 
specimens is deep amethystine purple; in the lighter specimens, light 
purple or silvery white. The spicula all reflect light in a peculiar 
manner, which gives them a silvery lustre. They do not appear to 
have such well marked triangular sections as those of “ R. ameri- 
cana,” figured by Dr. Kdélliker,* the angles being less prominent, 
without reéntrant angles between them. In many cases the section 
is nearly round, or quadrangular with rounded corners, but to- 
ward the ends of the spiculum, usually triangular with rounded 
angles. ; 

When contracted in alcohol, one of the largest specimens measures 
3°75 inches in breadth ; 3°30 long, from posterior lobes to front ; 2°20 
from sinus to front; °35 in thickness; diameter of polyp-cells -06. 
When living, some specimens were more than 6 inches in breadth. 


5) 


* Tcones Histiologice, ii, Taf. xix, fig. 16. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 381 


Panama, north of the railroad-wharf, on sand at extreme low- 
water, abundant on one occasion only,—F. H. Bradley ; Panama,— 
J. H. Sternbergh, Capt. J. M. Dow, T. Rowell, Esq.; Pearl Islands, 
dredged on muddy bottoms, 4 to 6 fathoms,—F. H. Bradley ; Acajutla, 
San Salvador,—F. H. Bradley; Zorritos, Peru, dredged on muddy 
bottom,—F. H. Bradley. 

The single white specimen, referred to above, was found at Panama 
with the ordinary variety. The frond, apparently owing to injury or 
disease and subsequent restoration, is divided into three nearly equal 
lobes by two deep lateral notches and the sinus. The polyps are not 
retracted and appear a little larger than usual. The spicula are pure 
white and apparently somewhat smaller than in other specimens. 
This species has but little resemblance to AR. reniformis of the south- 
ern Atlantic coast of the United States, being much larger, with 
smaller, more crowded, and far more numerous polyps, while the frond 
is broader than long, instead of longer than broad. The color is 
also much deeper and brighter, and the under surface rougher. It re- 
sembles FR. patula Verrill, from Cumana, Venezuela, more than any 
other species, but can scarcely be confounded even with that, since it 
differs considerably in form and color and in the size of the polyps, 
and has a thicker frond. 


Family, PENNATULID&. 


Leioptillum undulatum Verrill. 


Proceedings of the Essex Institute, iv, 1865, p. 182. 


Basal portion smooth, pointed at the end, swelling into a large bulb 
just below the pinne. Posterior part of the body, except along a 
narrow median band, covered with large verruciform rudimentary 
polyps. forming rounded papille, some of which are a tenth of an 
inch in diameter. Pinne large, very broad and rounded, with nar- 
row bases, the edges thrown into undulations or frills. Polyps rather 
large, arranged in three alternating rows along the edges of the pin- 
nz. Axis very slender, about two inches long, extending from about 
an inch above the basal end to about the middle of the pinnate por- 
tion. The naked base, of a specimen 4:25 inches long, is 1°75; the 
largest pinne *75 long and 1°12 wide. This specimen has twenty-five 
pinnz on each side. 

Pinnacati Bay, Gulf of California, 
Institution), 


Mr. Stone. (Smithsonian 


382 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Ptilosarcus Gurneyi Gray. 


Sarcoptilus (Ptilosarcus) Gurneyi Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H., vol. v, p. 23, pl. il, 
fig. 2, 1860. 

Pennatula tenua Gabb, Proce. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., i, p. 166, 1862. 

Ptilosarcus Gurneyt Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., 1865, p. 183. 


Puget Sound, Washington Territory,—Dr. C. B. Kennerly. 
Family, VirGuLarip&, 


Stylatula Verrill, 1864. 

Polyps forming clusters upon the upper side of the lateral processes, 
which are supported beneath by conspicuous, sharp, radiating, spine- 
like spicula, which are much expanded at the base and divided into a 
number of irregular teeth. Besides these there are numerous, much 
smaller, acicular spicula imbricated at the base of the large ones and 
imbedded in the conenchyma. The stem is long and slender, as in 
Virgularia, and the lateral processes become obsolete below. The ba- 
sal portion is naked, enlarged and bulbous at the base. The axis is 
almost cylindrical, stony, with a radiated fibrous structure, and passes 
through nearly the entire length. This genus is, as yet, known only 
from the west coast of America. 


Stylatula gracilis Verrill. 
Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodl., p. 30, Jan. 1864. 
(?) Virgularia gracilis Gabb, op. cit., iii, p. 120, March, 1864. 
Plate V, figure 2. 

Stem very slender, cylindrical; base smooth, swollen and bulbous 
for a considerable distance relative to the length ; above this a row of 
transverse processes (or wings) commences on each side, which are at 
first very narrow and slightly prominent, and leave between them, on 
both the front and back, a longitudinal naked space; the lateral pro- 
cesses gradually become wider and more prominent upward, and the 
naked bands becoming linear, the one on the back side is soon 
obliterated by the over-lapping of the lateral wings, while that on the 
front side finally disappears by the meeting of the processes m front. 
The lateral transverse processes at first bear very small rudimentary 
polyps in the form of small papille, higher up they become more ele- 
vated and supported beneath by sharp, white, radiating spines, 10 or 
12 to each wing, while on the upper edge they bear a single row of 
15 to 18 moderately large polyps, which in contraction are papilla 
about, equal in length to the spines. In the middle region the wings 
are close together, about 30 to an inch, arranged alternately upon 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 383 


the sides and regularly overlapping behind. Near the upper end 
they become more oblique and less crowded, about 15 to an inch, but 
overlap strongly. These wings are everywhere evenly rounded out- 
wardly and more or less crescent-shaped. The axis is white, solid 
and very calcareous, subcylindrical, with three slight longitudinal 
grooves, diameter 03 of an inch in the middle of the largest speci- 
mens. The radiating spines of the wings are smooth and sharp at 
the outer end, longitudinally striated toward the base, which is en- 
larged to a greater or less extent, flattened, and usually divided by 
several irregular incisions into unequal lobes. In the largest speci- 
mens, several of these spines measure respectively 1°57"" long by 
-20™™ wide; 1:47™™ long by -25™" wide; 1°36™™ long by -13™™ wide. 
The small spicula among the bases of these and in the cenenchyma 
are slender, somewhat prismatic, and acicular; those of average size 
measure *59™™ long by °05"™ thick, but many are smaller than this. 
The entire diameter of the largest specimen from Panama Bay, 
from which the above measurements are taken, in the middle portion 
is 10 of an inch; its length is unknown, both ends being broken off. 

A nearly perfect specimen from Cape St. Lucas, having much smaller 
wings and spines, measures 6°8 inches in length; diameter in middle 
07; of bulbous base +14; length of bulb to commencement of wings 
(much contracted) 1°30; length, or elevation, of wings ‘08. Color, in 
alcohol, yellowish white. 

Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama, dredged in 4 to 6 fathoms,—F. H. 
Bradley ; Cape St. Lucas,—J. Xantus. 


Virgularia gracilis Gabb. 

Virgularia gracilis Gabb, appears to be near the preceding, but no 
mention is made of spines below the lateral wings, which are said to 
be acute. It may be a different species or even a different genus. 
The specific names, gracilis and elongata, were, by a singular coinci- 
dence, independently given to these forms by Mr. Gabb and myself at 
about the same time. The following is the original description : 

“ Polypidom long and very slender. Decorticated stem circular or 
elliptical in section, smooth on the surface. Polypiferous lobes slen- 
der, exsert, lunate, acute at the tips and broad at the base; arranged 
obliquely and alternately on the antero-lateral face of the stem. 
These lobes occupy the upper half of the polypidom; retaining their 
full size to the extreme apex, but diminishing below, so that on fhe 
middle of the stem they are exceedingly minute; and an inch or two 
below, are only represented by a slight ridge on the sheath, in which 

Trans. Connecticut AcaD., VOL. I. 49 APRIL, 1868. 


384 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


are two or three cells. The lower fourth of the sheath is dilated to 
about three times the thickness of the rest of the stem. 

Length 19 inches; diameter of the naked stem -03 in.; smallest di- 
ameter of stem, with the sheath, ‘04 in.; diameter of expanded base 
13 in.; length of largest lobes +15 inch. 

Locality, Bay of Monterey, 20 fathoms. Collected by Dr. J. G. 
Cooper, of the State Geological Survey. 

This species can be at once distinguished from V. elongata G. 
(Proc. Cal. A. N.S., vol. ii, p. 167) by its more slender form, its pro- 
portionally large polypiferous lobes, its cylindrical stem, without any 
grooves, and the comparatively smaller portion of the stem bearing 
the lobes.” 


Stylatula elongata Verrill. 

Bulletin Museum Comp. Zodlogy, p. 30, 1864. 

Virgularia elongata Gabb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii, p. 167, 1863. 

his species is larger and stouter than the preceding. The pinne 
are broader and more overlapping, leaving a naked space between the 
lateral rows for only a short distance from the base. In the middle 
twenty of the lateral wings, on each side, occupy an inch, The spines 
are larger and less numerous. 

Near San Francisco, Cal.—A. Agassiz. 

Sub-Order, GORGONACEA. 
Family, GorGonip&. 
Gorgonia. 

This genus, which formerly included the entire sub-order, has been 
repeatedly restricted to narrower limits by successive authors, until 
in the work of Milne Edwards and Haime* it is limited to those spe- 
cies allied to G. verrucosa of the Mediterranean, Yet even they, as 
it now appears, united with it some speciest allied to Muricea, ete. 
Dr. Albert Kélliker, who in a recent work{ has very thoroughly in- 
vestigated the microscopic structure of the Alcyonaria, reunites with 
Gorgonia severalof the genera established by Milne Edwards, Valen- 
ciennes, and others, viz: Rhipidogorgia, Pterogorgia, Niphigorgia, 
Hymenogorgia, Phyllogorgia, Phycogorgia, Leptogorgia, Lophogor- 
gia, and part of Gorgonella. As thus enlarged, the genus Glorgonia 
of Iolliker includes all the Gorgonide having a horny axis and thin 
cenenchyma, with small and simple spicula, 


* Histoire naturelle des Coralliaires, 1857, vol. 1, p. 157. 

+ Muricea vatricosa Koll., Thesea exserta D. & M., Echinogorgia arida, ete. 

t Icones Histiologice, oder Atlas der vergleichenden Gewebelehre, ii, Leipzig, 1866, 
4to, with xix plates. 


ae 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 385 


He sub-divides the genus, however, into three groups, as follows: 

1. Species having only spindle-shaped spicula. 

2. Species having spindles and bracket-shaped spicula (iXlammern), 

3. Species having spindles, and in a peculiar external layer, singu- 
lar club-shaped spicula. 

The last group contains G. verrucosa and closely allied species, and 
corresponds partly with Gorgonia as restricted by Milne Edwards. 
It appears to be a very natural and well-defined group, approaching, 
by its smooth external layer composed of club-shaped spicula, the 
genus Hunicea. All the ascertained species belong to the Mediter- 
ranean and African coasts.* 

The second section is also a natural and clearly defined group, cor- 
responding to a great extent with Gorgoria and Pterogorgia of 
Ehrenberg, though a few species of the latter go into the first section 
(P. sarmentosa and P. petechizans). It includes the typical species 
of Pterogorgia, Niphigorgia, and Hymenogorgia of Edwards and 
Haime, and two species of Leptogorgia, as well as the type of Rhi- 
pidogorgia Val. (R. flabellum). All the species, so far as known to 
me, are Atlantic, and nearly all are confined to the West Indies and 
Atlantic coasts of North and South America, not one having yet been 
found upon the Pacific coast of America. 

The first section, however, appears to include several natural groups, 
two of which appear quite as distinct as the two preceding. Among 
the species enumerated by Dr. Kolliker are several species referred by 
Edwards and Haime to Gorgonia, Rhipidogorgia, Gorgonella, Lep- 
togorgia, Pterogorgia, and the typical species of Lophogorgi«. 

The numerous species of Gorgoniw from the west coast of Amer- 
ica, would all fall into the first of Dr. Kolliker’s sections, but among 
them there are two well-defined groups, characterized best by pecul- 
larities of the spicula, each including numerous species. 

In the first of these divisions the spicula of the ceenenchyma are 
mostly small, warty or papillose double-spindlest of two kinds,—a 
longer and more slender sort, mingled with those that are shorter and 
thicker. (Litigorgia V.). 

In the second division there are, in addition to the two forms of 
double-spindles, a large number of “ double-wheels,” or short spicula 


* G. papillosa Esper, formerly supposed to be from the East Indies, was collected at 
the Cape of Good Hope by the United States Exploring Expedition (Coll. Smithsonian 
Inst. and Yale Museum). 

+ Those spicula having a fusiform shape, more or less pointed at the ends, with a 
narrower and usually smooth space in the middle, are termed ‘double-spindles ” (Dop- 
pelspindeln) by Dr. Kélliker. Those without the median constriction are ‘ spindles.” 


386 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


with a slender axis, smooth in the middle, but surrounded toward 
each end with a circular and usually sharp ridge, like a little wheel. 
These spicula are often broader than long, and then, when seen end- 
wise, resemble disks or circular beads with an apparent depression or 
perforation at the centre, owing to the transparency of the axis. In 
addition to the six species described below, this group includes G. 
Susco-purpurea Kolliker, the spicula of which he has well figured (Taf. 
Xviil, figs. 28-31), and perhaps other described species. (Eugorgia V.). 

In each of these two groups there are species with virgate, pinnate, 
bipinnate, and reticulated branches. There are also, in each, species 
with flat and with prominent cells. It is therefore evident that such ex- 
ternal characters as the mode of branching and degree of prominence 
of the cells, cannot be considered as of generic importance, and that 
such genera as Rhipidogorgia Val. and Leptogorgia Edw., founded 
only on such characters, are unnatural and heterogeneous groups, 
which should be dropped from our system of classification. 

It is probable, however, that more than the two natural groups 
above described, are included in the first of Dr. Kolliker’s sections, 
represented by species that I have not been able to study satisfacto- 
rily, and among those groups that are most likely to prove distinct 
types, is that embracing G. palma and allied species, corresponding 
partly to the genus Lophogorgia Edw. and Haime. 

The species of Gorgoninz which I have been able to study, may 
be arranged, in accordance with the above considerations, in the fol- 
lowing manner: 

Gorgonia.—Species having spindles in the ccenenchyma, and an 
external layer of peculiar, small, club-shaped spicula, producing a 
smooth surface. Type, G. verrucosa L.* (now Hunicella V.—Reprint). 

Pterogorgia.—Species having in the ccenenchyma small double- 
spindles and also crescent or bracket-shaped spicula, nearly smooth 
on the convex side. Type, P. acerosa Ehr. (now Gorgonia.—Reprint). 

Hugorgia.—sSpecies having longer and shorter double-spindles, and 
numerous double-wheels; surface decidedly granulous, with naked 
spicula. Type, A ampla V. 


* Tt is not improbable that upon further study this group will be found to belong to 
the Plexauride, near Eunicea, with which Ehrenberg, indeed, united it. So far as my 
examinations have gone this appears to me to be more in accordance with its true affin- 
ities. If this suggestion prove correct, the group should receive a new generic name, 
and Gorgonia should be restricted, partially in accordance with Ehrenberg’s work, to 
the second group (now Pterogorgia) with G. flabellum as its type, and including, also, 
the true Pterogorgiw; and in fact these are also the most common and well-known 
Linnean species. (Later studies having confirmed this view, I have since adopted it, 
in Am. Jour. Sci., xlviii, p. Nov., 1869.—Reprint). 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 387 


Litigorgia.—Species having the two forms of double-spindles and 
often a few small double-heads; surface somewhat granulous, but less 
so than in the last. Type, Z. Flore V. (now Leptogorgia.—Reprint). 

Neither of the two groups belonging to the Pacific coast of Amer. 
ica can be referred to any of the generic divisions defined by Ed- 
wards and Haime, and if classified by their system, each group would 
have to be dismembered and distributed among Gorgonia, Leptogor- 
gia, Pterogorgia, and Rhipidogorgia. 

Consequently I have thought it necessary to give distinctive names 
to the two groups already characterized, which I believe to be natu- 
ral and well defined, and of generic importance, although others may 
consider them as subgenera merely. But in the present state of the 
science there appears to be no way to determine whether a certain 
natural group be a genus or subgenus, except by the arbitrary decis- 
ions or opinions of writers. 

Leptogorgia Edw. and Haime, sens. mod. (LiticorG1a, 1st Edition). 

Leptogorgia (pars), Gorgonia (pars), Pterogorgia (pars), Rhipidogorgia (pars), Gor- 

gonella (pars), and Lophogorgia Edw. and Haime, Corall., vol. I—Reprint. 

Spicula of the cenenchyma mostly small double-spindles of two 
forms, longer and shorter. Branches usually slender, subdividing in 
various ways; often reticulated, pinnate, or bipinate. Cells usually 
prominent, sometimes flat, mostly in lateral rows or bands.* 


A.—Flabelliform, branches bipinnate or tripinnate, not reticulated. 


Leptogorgia Flore Verrill. (Liticoreia Fors, 1st Ed.). 
Plate V, figure 3; and Plate VI, figure 1. 

Corallum very much subdivided, forming elegant, fan-shaped tufts. 
Several slightly flattened, slender, principal branches usually arise 
from near the base and spread divergently in a single plane. Each 
of these gives off, at intervals of about a quarter of an inch, very 
slender, nearly uniform branchlets, which are alternate, or sometimes 
opposite, and arranged pinnately. Most of these, especially in large 
specimens, are again pinnate in the same manner, and some of their 


* Having recently received from Dr. Kolliker the spicula prepared from the original 
specimens of several of the species of Leptogorgia of Edwards and Haime, including 
the type (Z. viminalis), I have ascertained that of the fourteen species referred by them 
to Leptogorgia, at least five, including the first, belong to the group which I had named 
Litigorgia. Therefore it seems, on some accounts, best to restore the earlier name, al- 
though a complete change in the definition and limits of the genus will be necessary. 
Of their other species, two belong to Echinogorgia, two to Pterogorgia, one apparently 
to Gorgonella, while three are unknown to me.—Reprint. (See Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 
48, p. 325, November, 1869), 


388 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


pinne again subdivide, but less regularly. The branchlets are all 
of nearly uniform size, slender and short, somewhat flattened and en- 
larged at the ends, which are tridentate. The cells are very small, but 
form well marked conical verruce, arranged in two alternate rows on 
most of the branchlets, but sometimes forming only single marginal 
rows on the terminal ones. The front and back sides of the branches 
are destitute of cells, and on the principal ones usually show a well- 
marked longitudinal furrow. Color bright red, sometimes tinged 
with yellowish. Height of the largest specimens 6 inches; breadth 
12; diameter of the main branches at base *12 of an inch; of the sec- 
ondary ones °06; of the terminal ones ‘04; length of the terminal 
branchlets usually about °35, rarely °75, 

The spicula are bright red with a few yellow ones intermixed. The 
longer double-spindles are rather slender, with acute ends, and cov- 
ered with close warts arranged in about six distinct whorls, besides the 
terminal clusters; stouter ones smaller, with blunt ends; polyp-spic- 
ula bright yellow, slender, with few, distant, small warts or papille. 

The longer double-spindles measure *132™" by -048™™, *132 by *036, 
120 by 048, 120 by +042, 108 by °048, *108 by -042, *108 by -030; 
the stouter ones ‘095 by 042, ‘084 by 048, 084 by *042, 078 by 036, 
-060 by 030; the polyp-spicula 108 by -033, *108 by ‘030, 096 by “024, 
072 by ‘O18. 

Panama and Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley, J. H. Sternbergh. 

This species resembles, in its mode of branching, Kugorgia Mexi- 
cana V. and EL Daniana V., but is much more slender and delicate, 
with a smoother surface and denser cenenchyma, and is very distinct 
in its spicula, its color is also very different. The spicula resemble 
closely those of LZ. eximia V. but are somewhat more slender with 
the warts not so close. The external characters are very different. 

I have named this elegant species in honor of the excellent wife, 
whose sympathy and encouragement were the chief causes that in- 
duced me to devote my life to the study of Nature. 


B.—Flabelliform, the branchlets mostly coalescent and reticulated, the terminal ones free. 


Leptogorgia Agassizii Verrill. (Liticorera Acassrzit, 1st Ed.). 
Rhipidogorgia Agassizit (pars) Verrill, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., p. 32, Jan., 1864. 
Gorgonia Agassizti (pars) Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., x, p. 327, 1866. 
Plate V, figure 4. 
Corallum forming very finely and regularly reticulated fans, usually 
rounded in outline. Several flattened main branches arise from the 
large, thickened and very short base and radiate across the fan, sub- 
ou ho) oy 
dividing so rapidly and regularly that they cannot often be traced 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 389 


more than half way across, before becoming lost in the small, even 
branchlets. These form small, angular, meshes, usually about a tenth 
of an inch across, but often smaller, ordinarily about as high as broad, 
but sometimes twice as high; at the outer edge the branchlets are 
free for about an eighth of an inch, with expanded tips, and have a 
diameter of about ‘05 inch. The cells are small but conspicuous, in 
the form of small oval openings at the summits of small verruce. 
They are thickly scattered over the whole surface of the frond, except 
upon the large branches and base, where they are few and distant. 
Color deep red mingled with bright yellow, or red with yellow cells, 
the relative amount of red and yellow varying. Height of the largest 
specimen 12 inches; breadth about as much; width of main branches 
near the base *32; diameter of branchlets -04 or ‘05 of an inch. 

Spicula deep red and bright yellow; those of the polyps pale am- 
ber. Most of the spicula are rather short, thick, and blunt, with rel- 
atively large, crowded warts, and a very narrow median space. The 
longer spicula are not so blunt as the others, and have smaller and more 
numerous warts. The longer ones measure *120™™ by -048, °110 by 
"048, 108 by 242, -102 by -054, -084 by :036; the stouter ones 090 by 
"084, 084 by 048; the double-heads -048 by -030, 036 by -033; polyp- 
spicula 060 to 084 long by °012 to ‘024. The openings of the cells 
are from :21™™ to °35™™ in diameter. 

Acapulco,—A. Agassiz; Cape St. Lucas,—J. Xantus; La Paz,—J. 
Pedersen. 


Leptogorgia media Verrill. (LiticorGia MeprA, Ist Ed.). 


Rhipidogorgia media Verrill, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 33, Jan., 1864. 
Gorgonia media Verrill, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, p. 327, 1865. 


Corallum regularly reticulated throughout, with larger meshes, form- 
ing broad fans, often higher than wide, and frequently lobed and more 
or less subdivided, strengthened by large midribs. Several principal 
branches, which are large and compressed, arise from near the base 
and pass divergently through the greater part of the breadth of the 
frond. The branchlets are round and small, and nearly all coalescent, 
except the short terminal ones, forming meshes that are mostly nearly 
square and usually -20 of an inch in diameter, but often not more than 
12, and sometimes up to ‘80 in height, with the width -20, The 
branchlets are from ‘06 to ‘08 of an inch in diameter. The cells form 
very small verruce, with oval opening about :005 in diameter. The 
largest specimens are about 15 inches high and 12 broad. Color red 
or brownish, often tinged with yellow, especially on the midribs. 


Spicula very small and blunt, bright red and deep yellow intermin- 


390 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


gled. Longer double-spindles covered with numerous, close warts, 
with a narrow but well defined median space, the ends blunt; stouter 
ones nearly as large and with similar warts. The longer double-spin- 
dles measure °102™" by :042™™, 096 by °042, 084 by -042, 084 by 
036; the stouter ones ‘084 by °048, ‘072 by 042, 7072 by -036, -060 by 
036, 048 by °024; the polyp-spicula °060 to 084 by -018 to ‘024. 

Acapuleo,—A, Agassiz; Cape St. Lucas,—J. Xantus; La Paz,— 
Maj. Wm. Rich; San Salvador,—Capt. J. M. Dow; Corinto, Nicara- 
gua,—J. A. McNiel; La Paz,—J. Pedersen. 

This species resembles Z. Agassizii more than any other species. 


Leptogorgia eximia Verrill. (Liticore1a Exit, 1st Ed.). 
Plate V, figure 20. Plate VI, figure 2. 

Frond broad and rounded, composed of slender, round branches, 
which are openly riticulated throughout, except the short terminal 
branchlets at the edges. There is no distinct midrib, all the branches 
being nearly uniform in size, except very near the base, which rapidly 
subdivides into a large number of nearly equal primary branches, not 
distinct from the secondary. Occasionally secondary fronds start out 
from the sides of the frond, and one specimen has irregular, crooked, 
simple branchlets, arising from the sides, with a hollow axis, apparent- 
ly the habitations of some parasite. 

The reticulations are quite irregular in size and form, frequently 
squarish or rhomboidal, from +20 to *25 of an inch across, but more 
commonly with about the same width and three or four times higher 
than wide. Many short free branchlets often project into the larger 
meshes. The terminal branchlets are sometimes free for an inch, but 
usually much less. The cells are small and usually closely arranged 
on all sides, forming small, rounded verrucez, which are slightly prom- 
inent, Color bright red or vermilion, The largest specimens are 
about 10 inches high and broad; diameter of branchlets °06. 

Spicula bright red, with a few light yellow ones; those of the polyps 
light yellow. The longer double-spindles rapidly taper to the acute 
ends, and are covered with rather large warts, which are not crowded 5 
stouter ones much smaller, blunt at the ends, with fewer and more 
crowded warts. Polyp-spicula very slender, with few distant warts. 
The longer double-spindles measure *138™" by ‘060, *132 by °054, *132 
by ‘048, 120 by -054, 108 by -048; the stouter ones ‘108 by 054, 
090 by 048, 060 by 030; double-heads 060 by 048, 038 by °036; 
polyp-spicula 072 to *120 by *012 to -024. 

Pearl Islands, 6 to 8 fathoms, by divers,—F. H. Bradley. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 391 


This beautiful species resembles in its reticulations Z. media V., but 
the meshes are usually larger and the coral has a more open and flex- 
ible appearance. It also differs, in all the specimens seen, in having 
no distinct midribs or large branches. The spicula are quite distinct, 
and resemble those of Z. /’Jor@ much more closely. 


Leptogorgia Adamsii Verrill. (Limcorc1a Apamsn, Ist Ed.). 

Rhipidogorgia Agassizii (pars) Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zéol., p. 32, 1864; Proc. Bost. 
Soc. Natural History, x, p. 327, 1866. 

Rhipidogorgia ventalina Duch. and Mich., Supplement aux Mem. sur Coralliaries des 
Antilles, 1864, p. 20, Tab. iv, fig. 3, (non G. ventalina Linn., Pallas, Esper, ete., nec R. 
ventalina Hdw. and Haime). 

Gorgonia (Litigorgia) Adamsi Verrill, Am. Jour. Sci., xlv, p. 415, May, 1868. 

Plate V, figure 5. Plate VI, figure 4. 


Corallum forming Jarge, broad, rounded fans, with very small 
reticulations. Very young specimens, with fronds one to four inches 
across, usually have a rounded outline, nearly as high as broad, often 
very regular and almost circular, and in this stage have a few prin- 
- cipal branches, radiating from close to the base, scarcely compressed, 
and traceable about half way across the frond, but often for not more 
than a fourth of the breadth. The branchlets are all very slender and 
uniform in size throughout, producing, by their fine, regular reticula- 
tions, a very elegant effect. The terminal branchlets are free and 
usually project about a tenth of an inch. The reticulations are 
mostly square or polygonal, sometimes rounded, and average ‘06 to 
‘10 of an inch across, and the branchlets are ordinarily about ‘03 in 
diameter, but often less. 

Adult specimens have large, slightly compressed principal branches, 
which arise from near the base, and diverging through the frond, throw 
off large secondary branches which spread often at nearly right 
angles. Sometimes these coalesce, forming large, somewhat quad- 
rangular areas, two or three inches across, and filled, like the rest of 
the frond, with fine reticulations. Occasionally secondary fronds 
arise from the sides and spread at right angles, other secondary fronds 
occasionally appear, like nearly circular rosettes, attached only by the 
centre to the side of the primary frond. 

The largest specimens are 20 to 22 inches high, and 20 to 25 broad ; 
the large branches °3 to °4 thick; the trunk at base 1 inch to 1°. 

Color light purple, usually with the terminal branchlets light yel- 
low, sometimes yellowish over the whole surface. In life, one speci- 
men was “bright crimson, polyps deep orange,”—F. H. B. 

Spicula light purple and yellow, sometimes the same spiculum has 

TRANS. CONNECTICUT ACAD., Vol. I. 50 JUNE, 1868. 


392 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


its opposite ends of these two colors. Longer double-spindles with 
slender and acute ends, the warts rough and not very close, though 
more so than in ZL. exxmia V.; the warts nearest the narrow median 
space are considerably largest. The stouter ones are much smaller, 
and also acute. Polyp-spicula light amber, very slender. With the 
larger spicula are many small, short ones, with only a single wreath of 
warts at each end. 

The longer spicula are -156"™ by °036,°156 by ‘048, -120 by ‘036, 
132 by 042 ; stouter ones 096 by ‘048, 072 by ‘036; the smaller 
048 by 024, 

Panama,—C. B. Adams, J. H. Sternbergh, F. H. Bradley; Pearl 
Islands, 6 to 8 fathoms by divers, large; and Zorritos, Peru,—F. H. 
Bradley ; Punta Arenas and Corinto, Nic.,—J. A. McNiel. 


This is, when well grown and perfect, a very elegant and beautiful 
species. The reticulations are of about the same size as those of L. 
Agassizii, but the branchlets are more slender and the cells smaller. 
The character of the midribs is also different, but the best characters 
for distinguishing them are found in the forms and structure of the 
spicula, which are very different in the two species. It has some re- 
semblance in form and color to Pterogorgia flabellum of the West In- 
dies, but the spicula separate them generically. 

I have dedicated this to the memory of the lamented Prof. C. B. 
Adams, who was, perhaps, the first to bring it to this country. His 
Specimens are in the musenm of Amherst College. 


Leptogorgia rutila Verrill. (Limcorcia ApAmsu, VAR. RUTILA, 1st Ed.). 

Rhipidogorgia Agassizii (pars) Verrill, op. cit., p. 32. 

Plate VI, figure 5. 

The specimens from Acapulco are bright light red in color (between 
minium and vermillion) and differ in several other respects. The 
branches are not so slender and the reticulations are smaller and more 
regular, the cells also are more crowded, prominent, and distinctly 
bilobed. In these external characters it resembles Z. Agassizii, but 
the cells are not quite so large and the branchlets more slender. The 
axis is amber-color and translucent in the branches. 

The spicula are mostly light red, variable in size and shape, mostly 
rather slender. Long double-spindles rather slender and acute, with a 
wide median space; each end has three or four whorls of warts, those 
next to the median space considerably largest, the others diminishing 
to the ends. Stouter double-spindles about as thick but shorter, blunt, 
mostly with but two whorls at each end, the inner ones much the 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 393 


largest, the outer ones close to the ends; median space rather wide. 
There are numerous much smaller spicula, with a well marked median 
space, and a whorl of warts on each end, which are more or less con- 
fused with a cluster of terminal warts. Sometimes the terminal warts 
form a small terminal whorl. Polyp-spicula light red, slender, acute, 
slightly papillose. 

The long double-spindles measure "156"™" by 048, ‘121 by °048, 144 
by ‘042, :103 by -030; the stouter ones -090 by °042, 078 by -042, -072 
by 036; the small ones :054 by °028, -048 by -024, 036 by °024. 


C.—Flabellijorm, loosely and coarsely reticulated ; terminal branchlets free. Cells flat or 
but slightly raised. 


Leptogorgia stenobrochis Verrill. (LiticorGia sTenoprocuis, Ist ed.). 

Gorgonia stenobrochis Val.,* Voyage de la Vénus, pl. 12, fig. 1, 12. 

Rhipidogorgia stenobrachis Val.; Edwards and Haime, Corall., i, p. 176, 1858; Verrill, 
Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 32; and Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, p. 327. (Misspelled.) 

R. Englemanni Horn, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1860, p. 233. (Perhaps distinct). 

Gorgonia (Eugorgia) stenobrachis Verrill, Am. Jour. Sci., xlv, p. 414, May, 1868. 

Corallum forming large, openly reticulated fans, with stout, sub- 
parallel, upright branches, and long, oblong or rectangular meshes. 

In young specimens the trunk is divided close to the base into two 
or more principal branches, which give off irregularly numerous bran- 
ches of nearly the same size, so that the main branches very soon blend 
with the others and can be traced only fora short distance. The 
secondary branches and the branchlets start out nearly at right angles, 
and then suddenly bend upright and become parallel with the preced- 
ing branches. The cross branchlets project nearly at right angles, 
connecting the branches together at intervals varying from ‘5 to 2 
inches, so that the meshes have openings of these lengths, and about 
20 to ‘25 wide. The terminal branches are of about the same size as 
the other branches and free for the distance of one or two inches. 
The branches and branchlets are often nearly round, at other times 
compressed in the plane of the frond, or even at right angles to it. 

The cells are small, very numerous, arranged closely in many rows 
along each side of the branches and branchlets, but nearly covering 
the latter. They are mostly flat, but occasionally the borders are 
slightly raised. Median naked space well marked and often having 
strong longitudinal furrows. Color dull yellow, often tinged with 
purple, frequently stained dark umber-brown in drying. In life, 
“ brownish yellow to faint salmon, polyps light yellow,”—F. H. B. 


* The locality given (New Zealand) is probably an error. Spicula of the original 
type agree well with the ordinary forms.—Reprint. 


394 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Height of the largest specimens about 2 feet; breadth about the 
same; diameter of branchlets 15 of an inch. 

The spicula are reddish purple and light yellow intermingled, both 
colors sometimes occurring on one spiculum, Long double-spindles 
somewhat slender, acute at the ends, with a rather wide median space ; 
warts distant, forming about three whorls around each end, those next 
the middle much the largest. Shorter double-spindles thick and blunt, 
with a wide median space, on each side of which there is a whorl of 
large thorny warts; beyond these is a small wreath of much smaller 
warts, close to the ends, and often confused with the terminal cluster 
of few small warts. In addition to these there are many much small- 
er double-spindles, with two well separated whorls of small warts on 
each end, one of which is nearly terminal and much the smallest. 

The long double-spindles measure *121™™" by *036, and *108 by °036; 
the stouter double-spindles -384 by °048, 072 by 048, ‘061 by -048, and 
084 by °042; the small ones 036 by *024. 

Zorritos, Peru; Panama; and Pearl Islands, in 6 to 8 fathoms, by 
divers, large,—F. H. Bradley; Panama,—J. H. Sternbergh, A. Agas- 
siz; Corinto and Punta Arenas,—J. A. MeNiel; San Salvador,—Capt. 
J. M. Dow; Acapulco,—A. Agassiz. 


Leptogorgia stenobrochis, var. Englemanni. (liticoreta, lst Ed). 

The original specimen, described by Mr. Horn, and others from Aca- 
pulco and Panama differ slightly from the ordinary forms from Panama 
in having smaller and usually less elongated reticulations. The branch- 
es are also more compressed and in some specimens thicker, though not 
constantly so. The cells are very numerous, thickly scattered over 
the whole surface of the branches, but sometimes leaving a narrow 
median space. They are oblong and slightly prominent. 

The color is reddish brown, yellowish brown, or dull brownish yel- 
low tinged with reddish. 

The spicula are light yellow and deep red intermingled, and agree 
nearly with those of the ordinary variety in form, but are smaller. 


D.—Imperjecily flabelliform, the branches pinnate or imperfectly bipinnate, not reticula- 
ted; branchlets rather short. Cells somewhat prominent. 


Leptogorgia ramulus Verrill. (Liticorara ramutus, 1st Ed.). 


Gorgonia ramulus Val., Comptes-rendus, t. xli, p. 12; Edwards et H., Coralliaries, i, 
p. 160, 1857; Verrill, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 38; Proceedings Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., x, 
p. 326, 1866. 

Gorgonia humilis Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 6, 1864, (non Dana). 

? Lophogorgia Panamensis Duch. and Mich., Supl. Corall. des Antilles, p. 19, Tab. iv, 
fig. 1, 1864, (the red variety). 


a 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 395 


Corallum very branching, often in the form of a densely branched 
shrub or bush, but frequently, especially when young, more or less fla- 
belliform. The base is usually large and spreading, and quite fre- 
quently several distinct trunks arise from the same base, forming a 
thick clump. The trunk is very short and soon divides into several 
large, divergent branches, which are nearly round, but sometimes a 
little flattened, often more or less crooked, and give off from their 
sides, at distances of about a fourth of an inch apart, numerous short, 
irregular, crooked, and nearly quadrangular branchlets. Many of 
these become longer and larger than the rest, and again subdivide in 
the same way. The ultimate branchlets are usually about ‘08 of an 
inch in diameter, and from half an inch to an inch long, but occasion- 
ally 2 inches. The terminal branchlets are mostly somewhat acute at 
the ends. The cells form small rounded verruce, which are quite prom- 
inent and closely arranged in two series on each side of the branches, 
giving them a quadrangular appearance. On the larger branches the 
verruc are more scattered and irregularly arranged. The openings 
are mostly on the upper side of the verruce, and laterally compressed. 
The branches and most of the branchlets have, along the naked me- 
dian space, a well-marked longitudinal furrow, in which there is usu- 
ally a slender longitudinal ridge. The axis is light wood-color at the 
base, blackish in the main branches, slender and light wood-brown in 
the branchlets. The ccenenchyma is almost always either uniformly 
greyish white or deep purplish red, but occasionally pink specimens 
occur. One specimen has the lower branches and base white, the mid- 
dle part of the trunk and the branches arising from it purplish red, 
and the upper part of the trunk and terminal branches white, showing 
conclusively that the white and red specimens are all one species. A 
large specimen of the red variety is 8 inches high and 16 broad, with 
the main branches ‘15 in diameter; another is 13 inches high and 10 
broad, with the main branches °22 in diameter. Most specimens do 
not exceed 6 inches in height and about the same in breadth. 

Small dwarfed specimens sometimes occur that are 3 or 4 inches 
high, with the main branches ‘08, and the branchlets ‘05 of an inch in 
diameter, but agreeing in other respects with the ordinary forms. 

The spicula in the white variety are all white; in the red variety 
light purple, the polyp-spicula bright yellow. The long double- 
spindles are but little longer than the others, not very acute at the 
ends, thickly covered with distinctly separated, large, warty tubercles, 
axis small. The stouter double-spindles are more blunt and more 
closely covered with warts, which are still separate. Polyp-spindles 


396 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


slender, distantly papillose. The longer double-spindles measure 
‘L08™" by *042™™, +102 by *042, 096 by -036, -090 by -042, 084 by 
036; the stouter ones 084 by :048, -078 by °036, 072 by 042. 

Panama and Pearl Islands.—F. H. Bradley; Panama,—J. H. Stern- 
bergh; Zorritos, Peru,—F. H. Bradley; Acapuleo,—A. Agassiz; 
(?) Cape St. Lucas,—J. Xantus; San Salvador,—Capt. J. M. Dow; 
Corinto,—J. A. MecNiel. 

The two very distinct colors assumed by this species are somewhat 
remarkable and may serve to divide it conveniently into two varieties: 
ist, the ordinary white form; 2nd, the red variety. But as shown 
above these colors may be found ona single specimen, and are not 
accompanied by any other constant differences. The red variety is 
possibly the form described as Lophogorgia Panamensis by Du- 
chassaing and Michelotti, but does not agree well with their figure. 

Their brief and very imperfect diagnosis is as follows: “ Ramosa, 
ramis distinctis sub-compressis, majoribus 4, minoribus 2 millimetris 
latis, colore rubro. In insula Flamenco, prope Panama.” 

All the specimens from Zorritos are of the red variety, and agree well 
with those of Panama, except that they are mostly somewhat smaller 
and more slender. 

The specimens from Acapulco and Cape St. Lucas differ considerably 
in appearance from those of Panama. The bra»chlets are shorter and 
thicker, length °2 to ‘5 of an inch, thickness *08, often somewhat clavate. 
Cells nearly uniformly distributed on all sides of the branchlets, smaller 
and less prominent, distinctly bilobed. Color deep red, some of the 
spicula bright yellow. This may possibly prove to be a distinct spe- 


cies when a good series can be examined. 

The specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, formerly 
described as Gorgonia humilis, and supposed to have come from 
Charleston, 8. C., appear to be identical with specimens from Panama. 
The former locality is probably altogether erroneous. 


Leptogorgia pumila Verrill, sp. nov. (LITIGORGIA PUMILA, 1st Ed.). 
Plate V, figure 8. 

Corallum low, densely branched, imperfectly flabelliform, a few of 
the branchlets coalescent, forming irregular, coarse reticulations. 
Several crooked principal branches arise near the base and subdivide 
in an irregularly pinnate manner, the branchlets being about a fourth 
of an inch apart and from a fourth to one inch long. These are rather 
thick, rounded, quadrangular, mostly curved, and spread at a wide 
angle. The cells form small, rounded verrucz, which are but little 
prominent and not crowded, alternating in two rows along each side 


Pr 


| 
: 
| 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 397 


of the branches. The largest specimen is 5 inches high and the same 
in breadth; diameter of the main branches ‘15; of the branchlets -08. 
Color bright red, the surface sometimes fading to yellowish red. 

The spicula are mostly light purplish red, mixed with a few light 
yellow ones; polyp-spindles light amber-color. The longer double- 
spindles resemble those of the preceding species, but are relatively 
larger and more acute. They are closely covered with large warts, 
with a rather wide median space. The stouter double-spindles are 
similar, but blunter at the ends; with them are many small, white 
double-spindles with only one wreath of warts near the ends. The 
longer double-spindles are *138™™ by °048, °132 by °054, 120 by :048, 
"120 by 042, -114 by 039; stouter ones 132 by -060, 108 by ‘048, 
"102 by -048, -096 by -054, ‘084 by -042. 

Zorritos, Peru,—F. H. Bradley. 

This species is allied to the last, and branches in a similar manner, 
but has thicker branchlets, with larger and more widely separated 
verruc, which are less prominent and open outward. The branchlets 
are scareely quadrangular, the spicula different in form, and the coa- 
lescence of the branches, common in this, is very rare in L. ramulus. 


Leptogorgia diffusa Verrill, sp. nov. (Liricore1a pirrusa, Ist Ed.). 
Plate V, figure 6. Plate VI, figure 3. 

Corallum loosely ramose, the branchlets subpinnate, producing an 
open, shrub-like form. The trunk divides near the base, in the orig- 
inal specimen, into two main branches and these again fork. The 
branches give off pinnately, at distances of half an inch to an inch 
apart, slender branchlets, which are flattened and spread at nearly 
right angles, varying in length from a quarter inch to three inches 
before subdividing, as some of them do, into secondary pinne. The 
main branches are round, but the branchlets are much compressed and 
slender. The cells form rather large verrucze, which are enlarged at 
base and quite prominent, not crowded, and arranged in two alterna- 
ting rows on each side of the main branches, but in only one row on 
each edge of the branchlets, which therefore appear serrate on account 
of the broad-based cells. There is a very distinct sulcus on the larger 
branches. The specimen is 5 inches high and 6 broad; diameter of 
the main branches 10; width of branchlets 06. Color bright red. 

The spicula are all bright red, resembling those of ZL. ramulus, but 
larger and relatively stouter. The longer double-spindles are long, 
covered with large papillex or warts, those next to the median space 
largest. Stouter double-spindles decidedly blunt, closely covered by 
large, rounded, rough warts. Polyp-spicula slender, bright yellow. 


398 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


The longer spicula are -144™" by -042, 132 by :054, °120 by -054, -108 
by °048; stouter ones 114 by °054, 084 by -048, 072 by :054; polyp- 
spicula ‘180 by :036, *144 by °030, 114 by °024. 

Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama,—F. H. Bradley; Gulf of Nicoya, 
by divers, larger,—J. A. McNiel. 

Readily distinguished by its lax branches, and distant, slender, 
flattened branchlets, serrated by the distant, uniserial verruce. 


Leptogorgia Californica Verrill, sp. nov. (Litigoraia CALirornica, 1st Ed.). 
Plate V, figure 10. 

Corallum somewhat flabelliform, low, subpinnately branched, the 
branchlets ascending, not coalescent. The branchlets are nearly round 
and usually curve outward at first. They are from 1 to 2 inches long, 
before branching, and from 08 to ‘10 thick. Cells flat, scarcely rising 
above the general surface, arranged in about three rows along each 
side of the branchlets. The apertures in contraction often appear 
stellate. The naked median region is quite narrow. Color reddish 
purple, often with a narrow yellow streak along the centre of the 
median space. Height 4 to 6 inches. 

The spicula are mostly reddish purple, some are half yellow, others 
entirely so. The longer double-spindles are slender, scarcely acute, 
with a wide median space, which is bordered by two whorls of large, 
rough, distant warts. Close to each end and distant from the preced- 
ing, there is a much smaller whorl of small warts, while the ends ter- 
minate with two or three similar small warts. Stouter double-spindles 
thick and blunt, with two wreaths of warts on each end, closely 
crowded together, those next the narrow median space much the larg- 
est. Polyp-spicula slender, light yellow, with few, small, distant 
papille. Compound cross-shaped spicula occasionally occur, which 
have short blunt rays, with rough, irregular warts. The longer double- 
spindles measure "108 by 048™", ‘090 by -042, ‘084 by 040, -084 by 
036; 096 by 036; stouter double-spindles 096 by -048, °072 by -036, 
‘078 by -042, 084 by 048; the crosses 072 by -066, and 054 by -048. 

Cape St. Lucas,—J. Xantus; Margarita Bay,—A. Garret. 


E.—The terminal branchlets slender and elongated. Cells scarcely prominent. 


Leptogorgia alba Vervill. (LitigorcGiA LEVIS, 1st Ed.). 
? Lophogorgia alba Duch. and Mich., op. cit., p. 19, Tab. Iv, fig. 2, 1864 (non Gorgonia 
alba Lam.). 
Gorgonia rigida, var. levis Verrill, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xX, p. 327, 1866. 
Plate V, figure 7. 


Corallum flabelliform, with long, slender, virgate, somewhat. fasci- 
culated branchlets. The trunk is small, often nearly round, sometimes 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 399 


compressed, and has a small, thin base. It soon gives off from each 
side, in a somewhat pinnate manner, several main branches, nearly 
as large as itself. Those nearest the base are usually about a quarter 
of an inch apart, and spread at a large angle; those higher up are 
more distant and curving outward at the base afterwards bend upward. 
The branches subdivide in a similar manner, and some of the branch- 
lets again subdivide. The smaller branches and branchlets are of 
about the same size and all have a tendency to become parallel by 
bending upward. The terminal branchlets are from 1 to 5 inches 
long without subdivisions, but mostly 2 or 3 inches long in ordinary 
specimens, with a diameter of about -05, but often smaller. The cells 
are often perfectly flat, but usually form small, slightly prominent 
verruce, with a small oblong opening. They are not crowded and 
arranged alternately in two rows on each side of the branchlets, but 
on the large branches they become more crowded and often form 
four rows on each side. The axis is slender, light-wood color at the 
base, dark brown in the branches, yellowish and setiform in the 
branchlets. Ccenenchyma thin. The largest specimens are about 12 
inches high and 15 broad, with the trunk and main branches ‘10 and 
‘12 in diameter. Ordinary specimens are about 4 to 6 inches high and 
broad. Dwarf specimens occur in which the trunk is only -05 in diam- 
eter, and the branchlets 03, The specimens in all cases appear to be 
white; the colored forms, referred to it formerly, prove to be a dis- 
tinct species (Hugorgia Bradley). In life, “the stem is very light 
pink, heads deep pink, polyps transparent,”—F. H. B. 

The spicula are white, resembling those of Z. ramulus, but longer 
and more acute, with the papille less crowded. The longer double- 
spindles are variable in size, some of them being 138™" by -048™™, 
144 by -036, "120 by °048, and -168 by 060; the stouter double-spin- 
dles ‘108 by -060, and -102 by -048; some of the small ones are ‘048 
by 024, and many are still smaller. 

Panama and Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley; Gulf of Nicoya and 
Corinto,—J. A. McNiel; San Salvador,—Capt. J. M. Dow. 

This species resembles in form Kugorgia Bradley?, from which, by 
its color and very different spicula, it may be readily distinguished. 
In color it is like the white variety of L. ramulus, but differs in its 
mode of branching, in its long, slender, rounded branchlets, and less 
prominent cells. 

Whether the Lophogorgia alba Duch. and Mich, be this species or 
the white variety of G. ramulus, 1am unable to determine with cer- 
tainty, but have referred it to this mainly on account of the size of 

TRANS. ConnEcTicuT ACAD., VOL. I. 51 JuLY, 1868. 


400 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


the branches. Their brief diagnosis is as follows: “Ramosa, venta- 
lina, alba, calycibus prominulis, sparsis. Hab. prope Panama.” 

“Height 10 centim., branches all, as well as trunk, 2 mill. broad.” 

The name, a/ba, was used by Lamarck for a “ Gorgonia,” of which 
the generic affinities are still unknown,* and, therefore, cannot with 
propriety be used for this, even if it was intended for the present 
species. Esper also gave the name, Gorgonia palma, var. alba, to a 
form which proves to be distinct from his G. palma. 


Leptogorgia flexilis Verrill, sp. nov. (Limicorera FLexms, Ist Ed.). 
Plate V, figure 11. 


Corallum when young flabelliform, with slender, elongated, erect 
branches; when large scarcely flabelliform, often bushy or fascic- 
ulated, with long, slender, drooping branches. The trunk gives off at 
distances varying from a quarter inch to an inch, alternately from 
each side, large primary branches, some of which are often nearly as 
large as the main stem. These arise mostly at an acute angle and 
give off secondary branches in the same way, but at greater distances, 
mostly 1 or 2 inches. These branches again subdivide, giving off in 
a subpinnate, often seeund manner, a few very long, round, slender, 
nearly parallel branchlets, nearly as large as themselves, and from 10 
to 12 inches in length without subdivisions. These diminish very 
gradually toward the ends and in full grown specimens droop some- 
what like the branches of the weeping-willow. Possibly, however, 
this may not be the case while living. 

The trunk and main branches are frequently somewhat compressed, 
but often round, and are marked by several strong longitudinal 
grooves. The cells are broad-oval, rather large for the genus, not 
prominent, usually open, arranged upon the branchlets in four or five 
irregular longitudinal rows on each side, leaving very narrow, naked 
median spaces; on the larger branches they form two broad lateral 
bands, made up of many rows. They are not crowded, the spaces 
between them being mostly three or four times their own diameters. 
Color dull reddish brown, uniform throughout. Height of largest 
specimen about 2 feet; breadth 10 inches; diameter of trunk 25; of 
main branches *15 to ‘20; of branchlets at origin 10 to 12; near tips 
04 to °08; of cells :015. 

A Panama specimen, owing doubtless to an unfavorable location, 


* Dr. Kolliker has sent spicula from the original type, which indicate that it is a 
Plexaura, therefore I have adopted alba for this—Reprint. 


eens 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 401 


grew in an oblique or creeping position, the branches being nearly 
all secund and crooked, and the branchlets much shorter and erect. 

The spicula include several forms and sizes of double-spindles. 
The larger double-spindles are slender and acute, with a wide median 
space; each end with three or four whorls of well separated, nearly 
simple warts; the whorl next to the median space is largest, the 
others diminishing regularly to the ends. Stouter double-spindles 
much shorter and thicker, blunt at the ends, of several sizes; largest 
ones with a wide median space bordered by whorls of large rough 
warts; beyond these, and close to the warty end, there is a much 
smaller whorl, with small crowded warts; the shortest ones have the 
two whorls on each half and the terminal cluster of warts crowded 
together into a sort of rounded triangular head; some very small 
ones have the second whorl well separated from the median and close 
to the end. Other small spicula, approaching the form of double- 
heads, have a very narrow median space bordered by close whorls of 
very small, crowded, rough warts, which are confused with the ter- 
minal cluster; in an end view the whorls show four or five close warts. 
Cross-shaped spicula occasionally occur, which have four nearly equal, 
club-shaped arms, covered with rough warts. The longer double- 
Spindles measure *102™™" by °036™™, 096 by °042, 096 by -036, 090 by 
042, 084 by °036; the stouter ones 078 by °042, 072 by 036, 066 
by -042, -066 by 039, 060 by -036, 054 by “031, 048 by -030, -036 by 
030; the crosses 060 by ‘048. 

Panama and Pearl Islands, 6 to 8 fathoms, by divers, large,—F. H. 
Bradley ; San Salvador,—Capt. J. M. Dow. 

The spicula, though much smaller, resemble most those of LZ. rigi- 
da and £. cuspidata, from which it differs in the length and slender- 
ness of the branchlets, etc. When young it branches much like Z. 
alba. 

F.—Imperfectly flabelliform. Branches free, rather stout, rigid when dry. Ter- 
minal branchlets elongated. Cells in lateral bands, flat or slightly prominent. 


Leptogorgia rigida Verrill. (LiTIGORGIA RIGIDA, 1st Ed.). 
Plate V, figure 9. 


Leptogorgia rigida (pars) Verrill, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 32, 1864. 

Gorgonia rigida (pars) Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 327, 1866. 

Gorgonia (Eugorgia) rigida Verrill, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 45, p. 414, May, 1868. 

Corallum scarcely flabelliform, except when young. Trunk dividing 
very near the base into several stout branches, which are often strongly 
sulcated and much compressed. These give off, in a more or less 


402 Verrill, Notes on Radiata 


secund manner, at distances of a quarter inch to an inch, somewhat 
smaller secondary branches, most of which again subdivide. The 
branches and branchlets mostly arise obliquely, at an acute angle, but 
occasionally curve outward somewhat at the base. The branchlets 
are from one to five inches long without subdivision, rather stout, 
rigid when dry, irregularly compressed, often crooked, and scarcely 
taper toward the ends, which are often even somewhat enlarged and 
blunt. The cells are oval, a little prominent, rather large for the 
genus, and arranged in quincunx, about three or four times their own 
diameter apart on the branchlets, in four to six longitudinal rows, 
forming broad, somewhat prominent lateral bands of verruce. On 
the lar-e branches the cells are in many more rows forming broad 
lateral bends; sometimes, on the same specimen, part of the cells are 
prominent, while the rest are flat. The median spaces are distinct 
throughout, with a median groove that often becomes wide and con- 
spicuous on the larger branches. 

Color deep bluish purple, or violaceous, occasionally reddish pur- 
ple, sometimes with streaks of yellow, or with yellowish surface. 
Height of largest specimen about 15 inches; breadth 10; diameter of 
main branches °18 to ‘25; of secondary ‘12 to ‘15; of branchlets ‘10 
to 12; breadth of verrucz ‘04; openings of cells -02. 

Spicula of several sizes and forms, with many intermediate, all 
deep purplish red in the typical variety. Longer double-spindles 
thick and stout, regularly tapering to the somewhat acute ends; with 
a narrow median space; each end with three or four crowded whorls 
of rough irregular warts, those next to the median space much the 
largest, the others rapidly decreasing to the ends. Other more slen- 
der forms occur, with distant warts and a wide median space, and 
having only two whorls of warts on each half, the ends acute. 

The shorter double-spindles are short, thick, blunt, with a wide 
median space, which is bordered by prominent wreaths of large rough 
warts, another much smaller whorl of warts is placed just outside of 
each of these, and close to the ends. Many small, short double- 
spindles occur, which have only a single wreath of warts on each side 
of the median space, with a small cluster terminating each end. Occa- 
sionally compound cross-shaped spicula occur, which have the four 
rays about equal, short, blunt, closely covered with rough warts. 
Longer double spindles measure *132™™" by °036™™, 182 by *048, -126 
by -048, ‘120 by -042, “114 by -048, 108 by -042, 095 by -036 ; stouter 
double-spindles *120 by ‘060, :095 by -048, 090 by -048, -078 by :048, 
072 by *048, -060 by ‘048, -054 by 048; the small ones -048 by -030, 
042 by -024, 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 408 


Cape St. Lucas,—J. Xantus; Acapulco,—A. Agassiz; San Salva- 
dor,—Capt. J. M. Dow; La Paz,—J. Pedersen. 

This species and the next approach Lophogorgia palma KE. and H. 
in the character of the spicula, more nearly than do any of our other 
species of Leptogorgia. 

The existence of numerous small, short, double-spindles, with but 
two whorls of warts, gives the spicula of these species an appearance 
quite different from those of the more typical species of Leptogorgia, 
but similar spicula occur in Z. stenobrochis, and, to a less extent, in 
several other species. 


Leptogorgia cuspidata Verrill. (Liticorera cusprpata, Ist Ed). 


Leptogorgia cuspidata Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, p. 186, 1865. 

Gorgonia (Eugorgia) cuspidata Verrill, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 45, p. 414, May, 1868. 

Corallum broad, sub-flabelliform, irregularly branching nearly in 
one plane. The trunk divides near the base into several principal 
branches, which subdivide in an irregularly dichotomous manner, 
forming a somewhat fasciculated clump; sometimes the branches are 
subpinnate. Branchlets moderately elongated, thick, rigid, nearly 
straight, tapering to the ends. Cells numerous, rather large, rounded , 
covering the surface of the branchlets, except along a narrow median 
space on each side. Longitudinal grooves scarcely distinct, except 
near the base. Color deep purple, the cells surrounded by bright 
yellow, and the median space sometimes streaked with yellow. 

Height about 6 inches; breadth about the same; length of branch- 
lets 1 to 3 inches; diameter ‘10 to ‘13. 

A specimen from Cape St. Lucas, referred with doubt to this, resem- 
bles Z. rigida in its subpinnate mode of branching. The branchlets 
are from ‘75 to 1 inch long, and ‘12 in diameter, and less cuspidate 
than in the typical form. As I have not had an opportunity to examine 
the spicula of the original specimen, I add a description of those from 
this doubtful variety, which may, perhaps, belong rather with Z. rigida. 
Spicula of various forms and sizes, deep red and bright yellow ming- 
led. Longer double-spindles large, with acute ends, median space 
rather wide, warts well separated, forming 3 or 4 whorls on each end, 
the whorl next to the median space much the largest, consisting of 
large, ragged warts; the others diminish toward the ends, the last 
warts becoming very small and simple. Stouter double-spindles thick 
and blunt, with a deeply sunken median space, bordered by whorls of 
large, crowded, rough, compound warts; outside of these, but close 
to them, there is a whorl of much smaller warts on each end, and usu- 
ally another subterminal whorl of very small simple warts. Many 


404 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


small, short spicula have the form of double-heads, with a well-defined 
median space, and two closely crowded whorls of small warts on each 
end. Cross-shaped spicula occasionally occur, having acute points, 
with well-separated rough warts. 

The longer double-spindles measure +144" by :042, 132 by -048, 
120 by °048, °120 by °042, 114 by 054; the stouter ones 096 by ‘052, 
090 by °054, 078 by :054, -078 by ‘042, 072 by 639; the double- 
heads -048 by °033, -054 by °036, 042 by -024. 

The specimens from Zorritos belong to this variety but are dwarfed. 
Height 3 or 4 inches, branchlets 25 to ‘75 long, ‘08 in diameter. Color 
purple, with the surface streaked and stained with yellow. Spicula 
much like those of the specimen described above. 

Cape St. Lucas,—J. Xantus; Acapulco,—A. Agassiz; Corinto,—J. 
A. MecNiel; Zorritos, Peru,—F. H. Bradley. 

This species is closely allied to Z. rigida, yet the typical specimens 
from Cape St. Lucas have a very different appearance, due mainly to 
the larger, straight, cuspidate branchlets, and the peculiar color, which 
is seen, however, to a less extent in some specimens of Z rigida. 
Possibly it may ultimately prove to be only a variety of that species, 
when a larger series of specimens can be examined. Owing to the 
doubtful affinities of the peculiar specimen from which the spicula 
above described were taken, no reliable conclusions can, as yet, be 
based upon the slight differences observed in the spicula. 


Leptogorgia Caryi Verrill. (Litigoreia rucosa, Ist Hd.). 
Plexaura fucosa Verrill, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 45, (non Val.). 


Corallum dichotomous, subdividing some distance above the base. 
Terminal branches stout, two to four inches long, as large as the main 
stem, nearly round. Cells very little raised, scattered on all sides of 
the branchlets. Color bright orange-red. 

Spicula yellowish red. Longer double-spindles rather stout, scarcely 
acute, with a wide median space; two or three whorls of large, com- 
pound, rough warts on each end, those nearest the middle much the 
largest. Stouter double-spindles short and blunt, with a wide median 
space, each end with two or three crowded and usually somewhat 
confused whorls of large rough warts, forming a large terminal cluster. 
Some approach the form of double-heads, with a narrow median space 
and a large cluster of closely crowded warts on each end. Other 
“heads” are shorter, lack the median space, and are entirely covered 
with crowded warts. Crosses, with four short, roughly warted 
branches frequently occur. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 405 


The longer double-spindles measure *150™" by -060™™, 144 by 066, 
144 by 060, 1382 by 054; stouter double-spindles 120 by -060, -114 
by 054; double-heads 156 by ‘078, +144 by ‘071, 120 by -060, -114 
by 066; heads 126 by -060, 114 by -060, ‘072 by 048; crosses +144 
by “120, -120 by 078, 096 by -084, 084 by -072. 

California,—Maj. Wm. Rich; near San Francisco,—T. G. Cary, 
(Coll. Mus. Comp. Zoology). 

The original description (of G. fucosa) is so imperfect as to render 
the identity of the later specimens with it somewhat uncertain.* 


G.—Densely ramose, low and fruticose; branchlets short, irregular. 


Leptgorgia Peruana Verrill. (Liticoraia PeRvANA, Ist Ed.). 


? Plexaura reticulata Ehrenberg, Corall. des rothen Meeres, p. 141, 1834. 
Plexaura reticulata Philippi, Wieg. Arch., 1866, p. 119. 


Corallum low and shrubby, very densely branched, the branches 
short, irregular, and crooked, often irregularly coalescent. Several 
stems often arise from the same large base, close together. They at 
once divide and subdivide irregularly into numerous crooked branches ; 
these give off very numerous short and crooked branchlets, which 
are sometimes distinctly pinnate. The branches and branchlets are 
rather thick and round. The cells are small, not raised, and very 
numerous, arranged in a broad band on each side of the branches. 
Axis dark wood-brown, brittle and rigid, often hollow in the branch- 
lets, due perhaps to some parasite. The ccenenchyma is thin and 
brittle. Color whitish. The largest specimens are about 6 inches 
high and broad; the branches *25, and the branchlets ‘10 in dia- 
meter. The spicula are pure white; the longer double-spindles are 
slender and acute, with numerous close warts, and a rather wide 
median space. The stouter double-spindles are much shorter, with 
a narrow median space and blunt ends, the warts forming a single 
wreath on each side of the middle and a rounded cluster at each end. 
The longer spicula are -120™™ by 048™™, (120 by -042, 108 by ‘048; 
the stouter ones -084 by -048, ‘078 by -048, -072 by -042, -084 by -042. 

Callao, Peru,—F. H. Bradley. 

I have thought it necessary to give a new name to this species for 
several reasons : 

Ist. It is not the Gorgonia reticulata Ellis. 

2d. It may not be the Plexawra reticulata Ehr. 


* Dr. Kolliker has sent the spicula prepared from the original specimen of Plexaura 
fucosa Val. It proves to be very different from the present species, and belongs to 
Psammogorgia, (see p. 414).—Reprint. 


406 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


3d. Although “reticulata” might be a somewhat appropriate name 
for it if considered a Plexaura, it becomes very inappropriate when 
referred to a genus in which there are so many species that are ae- 
tually reticulated throughout, while in this the reticulations are few, 
irregular, and often entirely absent. 

The following species, which I have not seen, are here referred to 
this genus with doubt. 


? Gorgonia sanguinea Lam. (Liticoreta (?) sancurnga, 1st Ed.). 

2 Gorgonia sanguinea Lamarck, An. sans verteb., 2d edit., p. 495, (Loc. unknown). 

Plexaura sanguinea Val., Comptes-rendus, xli, p. 12. 

Leptogorgia sanguinea Edw. and Haime, Corall., vol. i, p. 165. 

In the latter work this species is described as follows: Corallum 
rigid, more branched than Z. virgulata, and with branches still more 
slender. Calicles scarcely visible. Color carmine-red. Callao.* 


Leptogorgia (?) arbuscula V. (LiticorcIA (?) ARBUSCULA, Ist Ed.). 
Plexaura arbuscula Philippi, Wieg. Arch., 1866, p. 118. 
‘“P]. 4-6 pollicaris, a basi inde in formam fruticuli divisa, roseo-coccinea; ramis sub- 
dichotomis, omnibus libris; ramulis ultimis 1} lin. crassis.” 


Isl. Santa Maria, Bay of Arauco. 
Leptogorgia (?) Chilensis Verrill. (Limicoreta (?) Rosza V., 1st Ed.) 


Plexaura rosea Philippi, 1. ¢., p. 118 (non Leptogorgia rosea E. & H.). 
“Pl. 14 pedalis, roseo-carnea, subflabellato-dilitata; ramis virgatis, subnodosis libe- 
ris; ramulis ultimis elongatis, cylindricis, 14 lin crassis, seepe 6 poll. longis.” 


Algarrobo, somewhat south of Valparaiso, Chili. 


Leptogorgia (?) platyclados V. (Liticoreia (?) pLaryciapos, 1st Ed.). 


Plexaura platyclados Philippi, 1. ¢., p. 119. 
“Pl, rogeo, flabellatim ramoso; ramis latissimis, valde compressis, loriformibus.” 


Isl. Santa Maria. 

It seems very doubtful whether this species be a Leptogorgia, but it 
cannot be a Plexaura, 

Eugorgia Verrill 

Amer. Jour. Sci., xlv, p. 414, May, 1868. 

Ceenenchyma composed chiefly of three forms of small spicula, 
which are naked at its surface. There are two kinds of warty double- 
spindles,—longer and usually sharper ones, and stouter and blunter 
ones. These are intermingled with numerous double-wheels, which 
are usually shorter ; sometimes one of the wheels is smaller than the 
other, or rudimentary, frequently there are four wheels developed. 


* The original G. sanguinea is, by its spicula, a true Gorgonia (Pterogorgia); the Callao 
species is probably distinct and may be one of the following.—Reprint. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 407 


The polyp-spicula are small, slender spindles. The axis is horny. 
Branches either round or compressed, variously subdivided, much as 
in Leptogorgia, surface finely granulous. Cells mostly in a band 
along each side of the branches, sometimes prominent, usually flat. 
A.—Flabelliform, branches subparailel, dichotomous, usually stout. Cells flat or very 
slightly raised. 
Eugorgia ampla Verrill. 
Leptogorgia ampla Verrill, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 32, 1864. 


Plate V, figure 12. Plate VI, figure 6. 


Corallum large, flabelliform, with numerous elongated, subparallel 
branches and branchlets. Several main branches, which are large, 
rounded or slightly compressed, and nearly equal, arise from close to 
the base, the lateral ones curving out at first and then becoming 
upright and nearly parallel. The branches give off from each side 
distant, long, and often slightly flexuous, branches and branchlets, 
which bend outward and then become parallel like the main branches. 
The branchlets are rigid, from 2 to 6 inches long without dividing, and 
but little more slender than the branches from which they arise, 
usually slightly compressed and tapering but little to the obtuse ends. 
They arise from 1 to 3 inches apart and are often alternate, but at 
other times only arise from one side of the branch. The eceenenchyma 
is quite thick and firm, granulous at the surface. The cells are flat, 
very numerous, crowdedly arranged in two broad lateral bands, sep- 
arated by a very narrow, naked median space, which forms a slight 
groove. The cells are usually so contracted as to appear very small 
and inconspicuous, but when the surface is removed they are seen to 
be rather large, oval, and so closely arranged that they are separated 
only by thin walls. The axis is horn-like, blackish in the main branch- 
es, but in the branchlets amber-yellow and translucent. Color, in the 
typical specimens, bright yellow, in the varicty light purple. The 
largest specimens are 18 inches high and nearly as broad; diameter 
of the main branches °30; of the branchlets at base +12; at tips *10. 

Spicula, in the typical specimens, bright yellow. Long double- 
spindles very acute, distantly warted, with about three wreaths of 
warts on each end, those next the middle much the largest ; median 
space wide. Shorter double spindles obtuse and more densely covered 
with warts. Double-wheels nearly or quite as broad as long, the 
“wheels” large, rather thin, their edges often acute; median space 
narrow; axis small. The ends of the axis are also terminated by 
small, thin, wheel-like disks. The polyp-spicula are of several kinds, 


TRANS. ConNECTICUT ACAD, Vol. I. 52 JULY, 1868. 


408 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


the most common are small but not very slender double-spindles, with 
few, distant, thorny papille. 

The longer double-spindles are *132™" by -048, 120 by :048, :108 by 
048; the stouter ones 120 by ‘060, "108 by -060, °108 by °054, ‘096 by 
054, 096 by °048, 072 by :054; the double-wheels -054 by -060, -054 
by 054, 054 by -048, 054 by -042, -048 by -054, -048 by “048. 

Margarita Bay, Lower California,—A. Garret; La Paz, Gulf of 
California,—Maj. Wm. Rich. 


Var. purpurascens Verrill. 

Similar in form to the preceding, with the branches and branchlets, 
even in large specimens, not more than half as large. Color light 
purple, spicula similar in form, but usually with the double-wheels 
smaller and their edges less acute. The colors of the spicula are deep 
purple, light purple, and white. Height of the largest specimens 2 
feet. This form may prove to be distinct, but our specimens are too 
few to satisfactorily determine. It is near Hugorgia fusco-purpurea 
(? Ehr. sp.) and may be identical with it. The spicula of the latter 
are well figured by Dr. Kolliker,* and agree very well in form with 
those of this supposed variety. 

Pearl Islands and Zorritos,—F. H. Bradley; Corinto,—J. A. MeNiel. 


Eugorgia nobilis Verrill, sp. nov. 
Plate V, figure 13. 

Large, flabelliform, with large, divergent, compressed branches, and 
numerous short, thick, curved branchlets. Several very large flat- 
tened branches arise close to the base from the broad trunk, and 
spread divergently in the plane of the frond, giving off at short dis- 
tances (usually about half an inch, often less) numerous sub-parallel, 
undulate branches, which are strongly compressed at their bases. 
These give rise to numerous secondary branches and branchlets, which 
arise at distances of from ‘25 to 1 inch apart, and are short, thick, and 
strongly curved, scarcely tapering, rarely more than an inch long 
without dividing. The ccenenchyma is thick and persistent. The 
cells are larger and less crowded than in the preceding species, usually 
flat, sometimes a little prominent, forming two broad bands, which 
are separated by a narrow, sterile sulcus on each side, corresponding 
to a large longitudinal duct. Color brownish yellow, or reddish 
brown. The largest specimens are 18 inches high and 2 feet broad ; 
diameter of main branches ‘35 to °75; of branchlets °12 to ‘15. 

Spicula light purple, yellow, and white. Long double-spindles some- 
what acute, thickly covered with warts. Stouter ones more densely 


* Tcones Histiologice, Taf. xviii, figs. 28 to 31. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 409 


warty, blunt, quite variable in form and size. Double-wheels small, 
about as long as broad, with small wheels very close together, and 
with the axis projecting but slightly at the ends. The long double- 
spindles are -120™" by -048™™, +120 by -042, and -120 by -036; the 
stouter double-spindles ‘084 by ‘054, ‘084 by -048, and -096 by -054; 
the double-wheels :042 by -042, and -048 by 042. 

Pearl Islands, 6 to 8 fathoms by divers,—F. H. Bradley ; La Paz,— 
J. Pedersen (var. excelsa);* Corinto,—J. A. MeNiel. 

This species resembles Z. ampla, but is more densely ramulous, and 
has shorter, curved branchlets, instead of long, erect ones. Its spicula 
are similar, but the double-wheels are smaller and more rounded. 


B.—Filabelliform. Branches bipinnate and tripinnate, not coalescent. C-lls prominent. 
Eugorgia Daniana Verrill, sp. nov. 
Plate V, figure 14. Plate VI, figure 7. 


Corallum densely ramose in one plane, forming broad, rounded, 
fan-shaped fronds. Near the base the short, thick, compressed trunk 
divides into several large, divergent, compressed, main branches. 
These give off, pinnately from each edge, at intervals of a quarter of 
an inch or less, short, slender branchlets, and occasional longer branch- 
es, which are similar to the primary ones. These again subdivide 
pinnately, in the same manner, part of the pinne remaining short and 
simple, while others elongate into branches, which again subdivide, 
producing similar simple branchlets, and some branches that subdi- 
vide again. The final branchlets are slender and short, varying in 
length from °15 to °30 of an inch, very seldom ‘50, with a diameter 
of about ‘06. The verruc are small, prominent, higher than broad, 
conical, crowded on all sides of the branchlets. Surface of the 
branches and cells distinctly granular with the naked spicula. Color 
bright yellow, streaked and blotched with dark red both upon the 
branches and cells. Axis strongly compressed, black in the main 
branches, setaceous and rigid in the branchlets, where it becomes 
translucent and brownish. 

Height 10 inches; breadth 14; diameter of trunk -22; of main 
branches 15. The spicula are deep red and bright yellow, intermin- 
gled. Long double-spindles slender, acute, with a wide median space, 
and about four whorls of well separated warts on each end, those 
next to the median space considerably the largest, the others dimin- 
ishing toward the ends, where they become very small. Some are less 
slender, but similar in length and structure. Stout double-spindles 


* The La Paz specimens (var. excelsa) are large and tall, with elongated branches, but 
the spicula are smaller and more slender. Color brown or yellowish-brown.—Reprint. 


410 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


short and thick, with two whorls of large warts on each end, the outer 
ones terminal. Double-wheels large, little longer than broad, with a 
rather wide median space; inner wheels thin, with sharp edges; outer 
ones terminal, not half as large, sharp-edged, about as far from the 
median ones as these are apart. The long double-spindles measure 
120™™" by :042™™, 114 by °045, 117 by °034, 096 by -042; the stouter 
double-spindles °090 by °054, ‘072 by -048, -078 by 054, -096 by -060; 
double-wheels 072 by ‘060, median space ‘018, diameter of axis -024, 
terminal wheels ‘036, space between outer and inner wheels °017. 
Other double-wheels measure ‘066 by *060, and 072 by °054. 

Panama and Pearl Islands, 6 or 8 fathoms,—F’. H. Bradley; Gulf 
of Nicoya,—J. A. McNiel. 


Eugorgia aurantiaca Verrll. (Hucorera Mexicana V., lst Ed.). 
Lophogorgia aurantiaca Horn, Proceedings Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1860, 
p. 233 (non Leptogorgia aurantiaca Kdw., 1857). 
Gorgonia aurantiaca Verrill, Bulletin Museum of Comp. Zodlogy, 1864, p. 33. 
Eugorgia Mexicana Verrill, Amer. Journal of Sci., xlv, p. 415, May, 1868. 


Plate V, figure 15. Plate VI, figure 8. 

Corallum forming large densely branched fans, the branches subdi- 
viding in the same manner as in the preceding species, but the main 
branches are longer and less compressed, and the pinnate branchlets 
are not so close together (usually °25 inch). The branchlets are also 
larger and somewhat longer, the length being from +25 to 1 inch, the 
diameter ‘10 inch. The cells are crowded on all sides of the branch- 
lets, but form irregular lateral bands on the larger branches. They 
form rounded prominent verruce, that are a little larger but not so 
prominent as in the preceding species, mostly bilabiate. The main 
branches have a well marked median groove, surface granular, ccenen- 
chyma thin and friable. Color bright orange, streaked with red; 
interior of the cenenchyma red. Axis yellowish brown in the larger 
branches, light yellow and translucent in the smaller branches and 
branchlets, where it is very slender and rigid. Height 15 inches; 
breadth 20; diameter of the trunk 18; of the main branches 15. 

The spicula are light red and bright yellow. Longer double-spin- 
dles slender, acute, with three or four whorls of well-separated warts ; 
stouter double-spindles short and thick, with about two whorls of large, 
separate warts, the outer whorl nearly or quite terminal, median space 
wide. Double-wheels small, resembling the stouter double-spindles 
in size and proportions, with a rather wide median space; inner wheels 
not large, with rounded edges, sometimes crenulated or a little warty, 


a 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 411 


especially on one side; terminal wheels much smaller, close to the 
inner ones, with rounded edges. 

The long double-spindles measure *108"™" by :038™", ‘108 by °036, 
102 by +034, 096 by 030; the stouter double spindles ‘084 by -042, 
078 by 039; the double-wheels ‘060 by °042, 066 by 042, :054 by -042, 
with the terminal wheels ‘021, axis ‘021, length of median space -009, 

La Paz, Gulf of California,—J. Pedersen, Maj. Wm. Rich; Mazat- 
lan,—Dr. Horn; Acapulco,—A. Agassiz, Rev. J. Dickinson. 

In the mode of branching, the size and structure of the branchlets, 
and color, this closely resembles the last species, which I have 
separated chiefly on account of the very different size and form of 
the spicula, and especially of the double-wheels.* 


Eugorgia rubens Verrill, sp. nov. 


Corallum slender, bipinnate and tripinnate. The small branches and 
branchlets arise at distances of a quarter to half an inch apart, and are 
either alternate or sub-opposite. Branchlets very slender, rather 
short, the edges dentate by the prominent cells. Axis slender, seti- 
form in the branches, pale amber-color, translucent. Cells prominent, 
forming small conical verrucee, arranged in a single row along each 
edge of the branchlets. Color pale red or rose-color. Diameter of 
the branchlets 08 inch; of terminal branchlets :06 ; length of branch- 
lets 35 to °60; entire specimen 2 or 3 feet across. 

The spicula are pale red, and mostly short and stout. The longer 
double-spindles are rather small, slender, not very acute, with about 
three distant whorls of crowded warts on each end, the median ones 
a little larger; median space moderately wide. Stouter double-spin- 
dles short and thick, blunt, with two or three close whorls of crowded 
rough warts. Double-wheels rather large, with thick, round-edged 
wheels, the outer ones terminal; median space narrow. 

The longer double-spindles measure +120" by ‘048, :096 by :042 
096 by 036; the stouter double-spindles 096 by -048, ‘084 by -036, 
‘072 by -048, 072 by 036; double-wheels -066 by -048, 066 by -042, 
060 by -042, 060 by -036. 

Paita, Peru,—F. H. Bradley, from Mrs. George Petrie. 


C.—Dichotomous, terminal branchlets slender, elongated. Cells scarcely raised. 


Eugorgia Bradleyi Verrill, sp. nov. 
Corallum small, slender, more or less flabelliform. The round, 
slender trunk arises from a flat, expanded base, and at the height of 


* Since Valenciennes’ species (see p. 413) proves to belong to a distinct genus, I have 
restored the earliest name,—Reprint. 


412 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


one or two inches divides into two equal branches. These subdivide 
either immediately or at various distances up to 1°5 inches in a similar 
dichotomous manner, The tertiary branches are again unequally 
dichotomous. The branchlets are mostly secund, slender, spreading 
outward from the branches in a wide curve, varying in length from 1 
to 4 inches, tapering toward the tips, which are very slender. The 
cells are small, oblong, flat or very little raised, arranged closely in 
one or two rows on each side of the branchlets, but in broad bands 
of four or more, irregular, crowded rows on the larger branchlets. 
Median groove very distinct. Axis slender, blackish in the trunk and 
larger branches, brown and translucent in the smaller branches, yellow- 
ish and setiform in the branchlets. Color bright purplish red, bright 
lemon-yellow, or light yellowish brown. Height 7 inches; breadth 
5; diameter of trunk *13; of branches "10; of branchlets -03 to ‘05. 

Spicula light purple, or bright yellow. Longer double-spindles 
rather slender, very acute, sometimes curved, often with the ends une- 
qual, median space wide, warts numerous, in 4 to 6 whorls, those toward 
the ends very small, the median ones much larger, occasionally several 
sharp points terminate one of the ends. Stouter double-spindles much 
smaller, stout and thick, with about 3 whorls of very prominent, 
rough warts; the last whorl is sometimes terminal, in other cases the 
end is formed by a single rough wart; some have the warts so crowd- 
ed that they resemble double-heads. Double-wheels variable in size, 
about as long as broad, mostly with a narrow median space, small 
axis, and thin wheels; terminal wheels small, close to the inner ones. 
Cross-shaped compound spicula occasionally occur, having slender 
branches, covered by small but prominent warts. 

The longer double-spindles measure *175"™" by °042™™, -138 by °042, 
"132 by °048, 126 by °036; the stouter double spindles 096 by -054, 
090 by °048, 072 by 054, -072 by °048; the double-wheels -036 by 
036, with median space ‘009, diameter of terminal wheels °018; and 
048 by °042, with the median space -012, terminal wheels ‘024; others 
048 by 042, ‘043 by °043; crosses ‘084 by -084, and ‘060 by ‘060. 

Panama and Pearl Islands, rare,—F. H. Bradley; Gulf of Nicoya,— 
J. A. McNiel. 

This species resembles in form, mode of subdividing, and slender- 
ness of trunk and branches, Leptogorgia alba, but is very distinct in 
the character of the spicula. Its color, though variable, is probably 
also sufficient to separate them, since this has not been observed white, 
which is the constant color of Z. alba, so far as can be judged from 
an examination of over 200 specimens. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 413 


The following species, which I have not seen, is placed here with 
much doubt. In its external characters it appears to resemble some 
species of Hugorgia, but the form of the spicula, if correctly stated, 
would indicate affinities with Psammogorgia or Plexaura. Edwards 
and Haime describe it as follows :* 


Echinogorgia aurantiaca Verrill. (LeproGorRGiA AURANTIACA, Ist Ed.). 

Plexaura aurantiaca Val., Comptes-rendus, xli, p. 12. 

Leptogorgia aurantiaca Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 165, 1857. 

Corallum rather branching, branches pretty stout, the last elongated. 
Calicles crowded and very distinct throughout. Spicula in the form 
of warty clubs (“slérites en massue”). Color ferruginous yellow. 
Callao (“Calloa”). 


Phycogorgia Val.; Edw. and Haime, Corall., 1, p. 182. 
Axis lamellar and dilated in the form of membranous leaflets, sim- 
ilar to a fucus, and covered with a thin sclerenchyma, perforated by 
poriform calicles. (Edw. and Haime),. 


Phycogorgia fucata Val.; Edw. and Haime. 

Gorgonia fucata Val., Voyage de la Vénus, Zodl., Pl. 11, fig. 2. 

Corallum thin, expanded, divided into ramose fronds, the branches 
of which are contracted at their base and enlarged toward the sum- 
mit. Calicles small and close. Color rosy. Mazatlan. (EH. and H.) 

Family, Prexauripa Gray. 

Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 442. 

Eunicide Kolliker, Icones Histiologicee, p. 137, 1865. 

Corallum usually dichotomous and more or less arborescent. Axis 
horn-like, or more or less calcareous, especially at base. Longitudi- 
nal ducts equal, arranged regularly all around the axis. Ccnenchy- 
ma usually thick. Cells scattered over all parts of the surface, flat, 
or elevated on prominent verruce. Tentacles at base, and sides of 
the polyps stiffened with large fusiform spicula. Spicula of the ccenen- 
chyma usually large, of various forms, most frequently there are large 
warty spindles mingled with clubs or crosses. 

The three principal genera of this family, Plexaura, Plexaurella, 
and Hunicea, which are each represented by numerous large and 
common species in the Caribbean Fauna, appear to be entirely absent 
from the Pacific coast of America. 

The following genus, which is scarcely a typical representative of 
the family, appears alone to replace the larger forms of the Atlantic. 


* Spicula from the original specimen, sent by Dr. K6lliker, show that it is an Echino- 
gorgia,—Reprint. 


414 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Psammogorgia Verrill. 

American Jour. of Sci., vol. xlv, p. 414, May, 1868. 

Corallum dichotomous or subpinnate, with round branches. Axis 
horn-like. Ccenenchyma moderately thick, the surface finely granu- 
lated with small rough spicula. Cells scattered, sometimes flat, more 
frequently raised in the form of rounded verruce. Polyps with 
rather large, elongated, slender, warty spindles at the bases of the 
tentacles. Spicula of the ceenenchyma mostly short, thick, and very 
rough, warty spindles and rough, warty clubs of moderate size. 


Psammogorgia arbuscula Verrill. 
Echinogorgia arbuscula Verrill, Proc. Boston Society Natural Hist., vol. x, p. 329, 
April, 1866. 
Psammogorgia arbuscula Verrill, Amer. Jour. Science, xlv, p. 414, May, 1868. 
Plate V, figure 17. Plate VI, figure 9. 

Corallum low, irregularly dichotomous, subflabelliform, several 
stems often arising from one base. Base broad, encrusting, covered 
with a thin ecenenchyma, which usually bears polyps. From this, one 
to twelve stems arise, which, when numerous, form rather dense 
clumps of branches. The young stalks are often 2 to 4 inches long 
before subdividing, enlarging upward to the obtusely rounded tips. 
In other cases they subdivide dichotomously very near the base, the 
main branches being about as large as the trunk. These again sub- 
divide in a similar manner into secondary and tertiary branches and 
branchlets, which curve outward at base and then become subparallel, 
but are often crooked and irregular, and sometimes coalesce. The 
terminal branchlets are round, obtuse, scarcely tapering, often en- 


larged at the tips, from 1 to 4 inches long, about as large as the 


top) 
main branches. Ccnenchyma moderately thick. Surface of the 
cenenchyma roughly granular. Cells large, more or less prominent, 
at the summit of rather large verruce, which are often as high as 
broad, uniformly scattered over all parts of the branches, arranged 
somewhat in quincunx, the summits frequently eight-rayed. Color 
dark red. In life, “stem bright red, polyps bright yellow.” Height 
of largest specimens 4 to 8 inches; breadth 3 to 6; diameter of main 
branches °15, 

Spicula bright red, mostly rather stout thorny spindles. Longer 
spindles stout, with acute ends, covered with large thorny warts, 
which are largest about the middle; stouter spindles blunt at the ends, 
and more thickly covered with similar rough warts. Other stout, 
thick spicula, or “heads,” about as thick as long, and crowdedly 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 415 


covered with thorny warts, are abundant, especially in the superficial 
layer, mixed with the last. Also much smaller and more slender 
spindles, with few large warts. The club-shaped spicula are not 
numerous and are variable in form; the larger end is not much 
expanded, but covered with sharp and thorny warts, which decrease 
to the somewhat acute, smaller end. The polyp-spicula from the 
bases of the tentacles are relatively large, very long, slender spindles, 
with acute ends, often curved, and covered uniformly with small, sharp, 
conical warts. Some of the smaller ones are but slightly warted. 

The longer spindles measure :264™" by :096™™, :240 by °108, -240 
by ‘084, :204 by ‘072, 192 by °084; the stouter ones 144 by ‘084, 144 
by ‘072; the “heads” ‘108 by °102, 144 by -126, :120 by -096, -108 
by -084; the “clubs” °180 by *084, °180 by -078, 168 by °078, "156 by 
072; the polyp-spindles 264 by -054, 240 by 048, :240 by :042, -227 
by ‘054, 204 by -042, -204 by -024. 

Panama and Pearl Islands, in pools at extreme low-water mark,— 
F. H. Bradley ; Gulf of Nicoya, by divers,—J. A. McNiel. 

This species is very variable in form, and especially in the »promi- 
nence of the cells, or else there are two or more species here included. 
The typical form, above described, has the cells large and raised on 
prominent verrucee. The two principal variations from this type are 
as follows: 


Var. Dowii Verrill. 

Similar in mode of branching to the preceding form but somewhat 
more flabelliform and regular, branchlets rather smaller. Cells flat, 
or scarcely raised, when contracted often eight-rayed. Spicula much 
like those of the typical form. Color deep red. 

San Salvador,—Capt. J. M. Dow; Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley. 


Var. pallida Verrill. 

Corallum more or less flabelliform, branching dichotomously, branch- 
lets round, sometimes as large as the main stem, usually smaller. 
Cells a little raised, forming low verruce. In fresh specimens, the 
cells are often surmounted by a small conical mass of convergent 
spicula, from the bases of the tentacles. Color dull grayish white, or 
yellowish. In life, “stem white or light drab; polyps bright yellow,” 
—F. H. B. 

Spicula of the cenenchyma pale pink or colorless, transparent ; 
polyp-spicula orange red. Longer spindles rather long and slender, 
acute, covered with distantly scattered, unequal, prominent, rough 

TRANS. CONNECTICUT ACAD., VOL. I. 53 DECEMBER, 1868. 


416 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


warts. Some of the largest are stouter, but acute, and often curved 
or irregular in outline. Stouter spindles very irregular in form and 
size, often blunt, very rough and thorny, warts not crowded.* Clubs 
slender, small end acute, enlarging regularly toward the large end, 
which is crowded with warts of small size. 

The longer spindles measure *'216™" by-090, °204 by -084, -204 by 
060, "180 by °060; stouter spindles *132 by -084, °132 by -060, -120 by 
072; clubs :162 by °048; heads -102 by 072; crosses 192 by ‘132; 
polyp-spindles -252 by °042, :240 by -042, -240 by 036, 204 by -042, 
204 by -030, 

Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley. 

This form resembles, in its branches and cells, var. Dowii, but dif- 
fers in its color and somewhat in the spicula, which are less thickly 
warted and usually not quite so stout. 


Psammogorgia teres Verrill, sp. nov. 
Plate V, figure 18. Plate VII, figure 1. 


Corallum dichotomous, large, flabelliform, with rather large, round 
branches, which are often curved. The base is expanded, often giv- 
ing rise to more than one trunk. The stem forks within half an inch 
from the base, where it is large and round. The main branches again 
fork irregularly, and also give off numerous branches and branchlets at 
distances of half an inch or less, in an irregularly subpinnate and 
often secund manner. These are all round and thick, and bend out- 
ward at the axils with a broad curve, and then turn upward, but 
most of them are more or less crooked throughout, and not unfre- 
quently coalesce. The terminal branchlets are considerably smaller 
than the main branches, and usually taper slightly to the blunt ends. 
Cells large, distant, scattered over the whole surface, flat or very lit- 
tle raised. Ccnenchyma thin, witha finely granulated surface, bright 
red, Axis dull yellowish, woody in appearance; thick, opaque, and 
soft in the branchlets. Height 10 inches; breadth 8 inches ; diameter 
of trunk :40; of main branches °18 to ‘22; of branchlets -12 to °15. 
Spicula bright red, varied in size and form. The greater part are 
rather large, short, stout spindles, covered with numerous, very prom- 
inent, rough warts, arranged on each end in two or three irregular 
whorls; ends scarcely acute. Others are longer and more slender, 


* These principally form the external layer, but are mingled with a few clubs and 
other forms. In this genus there is no very distinct superficial layer of smaller club- 
shaped spicula, such as is found in Hunicea, Plexaura, and Plexawrella. Hence I place 
the genus in this family with some doubt. It is, apparently, allied to Astrogorgia and 
may possibly belong to the Primnoidee, near Muricea. 


—— 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 417 


with acute ends, but equally rough. Some head-like spicula are about 
as long as broad, sometimes nearly spherical, crowdedly covered with 
large, thorny warts, those about the middle largest. There are also 
short, stout spindles, erowdedly covered with warts on the whole sur- 
face. Club-shaped spicula occasionally occur, having the larger end 
but little expanded, covered with large, prominent, thorny warts ; 
these with the two preceding forms chiefly compose the external layer. 
Cross-spicula, with, four or six roughly warted branches, frequently 
occur. Besides these, there are many smail spicula of various forms, 
but all are covered with rough warts, and most of them are short and 
stout. Polyp-spindles are long, slender, acute, usually curved, cov- 
ered with small, sharp warts. 

The longer spindles measure 192"™™ by °084™", 174 by ‘078, °168 by 
090, 168 by 048, 144 by ‘066, 132 by °072; stouter spindles -156 
by :096, 132 by :090, -132 by °078, 120 by ‘096; warty head-spicula 
168 by -096, 144 by -120, "144 by -090, 108 by -096; clubs +132 by 
072, "120 by ‘060; crosses 144 by °096, 120 by °084; polyp-spindles 
264 by ‘054, ‘227 by -048, 204 by -036, "198 by ‘048. 

Pearl Islands, in 6 to 8 fathoms, rare,—F. H. Bradley. 

Resembles somewhat var. Dowii of the preceding species, but is 
much larger, with stouter branches and branchlets, and larger and 
more distant cells. The surface is smoother and the cells are usually 
not at all raised. The color is also brighter red. The spicula are 
quite different. 


Psammogorgia fucosa Verrill. 
Amer. Journal Science, xlviii, p. 427, Nov., 1869. 
Gorgonia fucosa Val., Voyage Vénus, Pl. 15 bis. 
Plexaura fucosa Val.; Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 154, (non Verrill). 
Mazatlan.—Voyage of the Venus. A large species allied to P. 
teres,—Reprint. 


Psammogorgia gracilis Verrill, sp. nov. 
Plate V, figure 19. Plate VI, figure 10. 


Corallum slender, flabelliform, the branchlets subparallel and elon- 
gated. The stem, in the only specimen seen, is slender, and at the 
height of about an inch subdivides into four main branches, one of 
which then passes onward, like a continuation of the stem, undivided 
for nearly 1°5 inches, when it gives off branchlets pinnately on each 
side, at distances of from ‘10 to 40. Two of the other main branches 
subdivide near their origin into several long, slender, ascending 
branches and. branchlets, some of which fork near their ends. The 
branchlets are all about equal in size, varying in length from less than 


418 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


1 inch to 2°5, with a diameter of about ‘07; they are round, slender, 
and scarcely taper. The cells form low, swollen verrucz, which are 
closely crowded over the whole surface. Ccenenchyma moderately 
thick. Axis slender and wood-yellow, opaque even at the ends. 
Color light red. Height 5 inches; breadth 4; diameter of stem ‘10. 

Spicula bright red; club-shaped spicula numerous, with the small end 
very acute. The larger spindles are rather slender, ends very acute, 
warts prominent, not crowded, forming five or six irregular whorls 
on each end, which become very small near the points, Shorter spin- 
dles very rough, with obtuse ends. Clubs very numerous, about as 
long as the spindles, but much broader, the large end covered with 
numerous, large, prominent, rough warts and spines, which diminish 
toward the small end, which tapers to a sharp point. | Polyp-spindles 
pale yellow, long and slender, covered with small, nearly smooth warts. 

The longer spindles measure *240™™ by :060, ‘228 by -060, :228 by 
"048, -222 by -072, 168 by *036; stouter spindles -168 by ‘072, 144 by 
084, 102 by °066; clubs ‘252 by -084, -216 by -072, ‘210 by “084, 192 
by ‘084, 168 by 060; polyp-spindles +150 by ‘018, °144 by ‘036, °132 
by °030, 114 by :036. 

Pearl Islands, very rare,—F. H. Bradley. 

This species is remarkably distinct from the preceding three in its 
mode of branching, its long and quite slender branchlets, and espe- 
cially in its very peculiar spicula. It differs widely from all other Gor- 
gonians of the coast, known to me, in the form and abundance of the 
singular club-shaped spicula. 


Family, Primnow&. 


Primnoacées Val.; Edw. and Haime, Corall., vol. i, p. 138. 

Primnoade, Acanthogorgiade and Muriceide Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1859, 
p. 442. 

Primnoacsce Kélliker, Icones Histiol., p. 135, 1865. 

Plexauride (pars) and Primnoacee Verrill, Revis. Polyps, E. Coast U. 8., p. 8, 1864. 


Corallum usually branched, sometimes simple. Axis horn-like or 
more or less calcareous, especially at base. Cells prominent, covered 
with large scales or spicula. Ccoenenchyma with large scales or spi- 
cula, the outer ones conspicuous at the surface. Longitudinal ducts 
many and equal on all sides, or few and symmetrically arranged. 

Muricea Lamouroux (restricted). 

Muricea (pars) Lam’x, Expos. meth., p. 509, 1821; Blainville, Man. d’Actinologie, p. 
509; Ehrenberg, Corallenthiere, p. 134; Dana, Zodph., p. 673; Edw. and Haime, 
Corall., vol. i, p. 142, 1857, ete. 

Muricca Kolliker, Icones Histiologice, ii, p. 135, 1865; Verrill, American Jour. 
Science, vol. xly, p. 411, 1868. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 419 


Corallum variously branched, usually dichotomous or arborescent. 
Axis horny, rarely becoming calcareous at the base in large speci- 
mens. Ccenenchyma composed of large, one-sided, very warty, and 
often curved spindles, mingled with many smaller ones of various 
sizes, the exterior being formed mainly of the large ones, which be- 
come imbrica ed on the surface of the verruce and usually project 
from the surface. The cells are prominent in various degrees, and 
either tubular or bilabiate with the lower side projecting. Polyps 
retractile, the tentacles stiffened at base with long, warty spindles. 

Dr. Kélliker has very judiciously restricted this genus by the re- 
moval of Paramuricea and Echinogorgia, two well defined and natu- 
ral genera. As now limited Muricea is a well characterized genus, 
which is widely distributed in the tropical seas, but apparently more 
fully represented on the American coasts than elsewhere. In the 
West Indies and on the Atlantic coasts there are at least five species, 
while on the Pacific side eighteen have already been discovered. 
The species from the East Indies, China, ete., which I have seen, are 
smaller and less typical than the American forms. 

The species of Kehinogorgia are mainly from the East Indies. The 
Paramuricee are found on the European coasts, in the Mediterranean, 
and one species, at least, in the West Indies and at Florida (P. clath- 
rata (Dana sp.). The genus, Zhesea Duch. and Mich., is a rare 
West Indian form. Bedbryce Phil. is from the Mediterranean. <An- 
thogorgia and Astrogorgia Verrill, as yet represented only by one spe- 
cies each, are from Hong Kong, while the genus, Heterogorgia V., is 
known only from Panama Bay. Acanthogorgia Gray, seems allied to 
Muricea, and especially to Heterogorgia. It has several species: A. 
coccinea V.,* from Hong Kong; A. Atlantica and A. Grayi Johns, 
from Madera : A, hirsuta Gray: locality doubtful; and A. aspera 
Pourtales,t off Havana, in 270 fathoms. Blepharogorgia Schrammi 
Duch. and Mich., from Guadaloupe, is referred to the same genus by 
Pourtales, but it appears to agree better with Paramuricea. The 
genus, Acis Duch. and Mich., is also allied to Muricea and has two 
West Indian species. 


A.— Verruce tubular ; cells not bilabiate, lower border not prolonged. 
Muricea acervata Verrill. 
Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat History, vol. x, p. 327, Apr., 1866. 
Plate VII, figure 5. Plate VIII, figure 1. 
Corallum arborescently branched, dichotomous, rather stout and 
rigid. The trunk divides 8 very near the base into two or three 1 main 


* Now ranean coccinea V., Am. Jour. Ba, Shae p 285. ence 
+ Bulletin Museum of Conpacnee Zoodlogy, No. 6, p- 113, 1867. 


420 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


branches, which part again at one or two inches from their origin; 
the secondary branches often subdividing irregularly two or three 
times, but many remaining simple and two or three inches long. All 
the branches are thick and rigid, and of nearly the same size with the 
primary branches, mostly smallest at their origin, enlarging toward 
the tips, which are bluntly rounded and often slight clavate. All the 
branches bend outward at base, often nearly at a right angle, and 
then curve upward with a broad curve and become sub-parallel. 
Cells ecight-rayed at the summit of large, elevated, rounded verruce, 
the rays separated by narrow but very distinct sunken grooves, which 
extend over the summits and somewhat down the sides of the verrucz 
in contraction. Verrucz unequal, larger and smaller ones inter- 
mingled, rather elevated, about as high as broad, somewhat crowded, 
but uniformly arranged, mostly standing nearly at right angles to the 
branch, their surface covered with closely imbricated, slightly rough, 
and rather regular fusiform spicula, Ccenenchyma rather thick, coy- 
ered with spicula similar to those of the verruce. Axis black, com- 
pressed somewhat at the axils, rigid and brittle at the ends. Color 
deep brown. Height of largest specimen about 8 inches; breadth 5 ; 
diameter of branches °30 to "35; of verruce ‘07; length of verrucze *10. 

Spicula yellowish brown and reddish brown. Longer spindles long, 
moderately stout, usually acnte at each end, but sometimes with one 
end blunt, often somewhat bent, covered closely with small spinules, 
which on most parts are small, sharp, and conical, but on one side they 
are usually more closely crowded, and take the form of low, rough, 
lacerate warts. Stouter spindles usually stout-fusiform and rapidly 
tapering to each end, covered on one side with small, crowded, rough 
warts, on the other with conical spinules; these like the others, are 
frequently bent or irregular, and often one end is truncate or obtuse. 
Small spicula of these two forms are numerous, some having conical, 
often lobate spinules, others rough warts, not so crowded as in the 
larger ones. Other small spicula have the form of rough, warty 
heads, with lobate warts; others are quite small and irregular spicula 
with large, subdivided warts ; some become club-shaped and rough, 
others more slender, with scattered spinules. 

The longer spindles measure 2°00"™ by *400, 1:90 by °365, 1°44 by 
243, 1°37 by -200, 1:29 by -213, 120 by +150, 1:14 by -228, 1:06 by 
187; the stouter ones 1°35 by ‘325, °912 by °248, -436 by 243; the 
small irregular spicula *187 by 060; heads °137 by 121; clubs -187 
by °105, °152 by ‘090. 

Panama, very rare,—F. H. Bradley. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata, 421 


The large, rounded, unequal, eight-rayed verruce are sufficient to 
distinguish this from all other known species. ‘Two specimens only 
were obtained. 


Muricea tubigera Verrill, sp. nov. 
Plate VU, figure 7. Plate VIII, figure 2. 


Corallum stout and rigid, dichotomously branched, with greatly 
elongated, squarrose verruce. The trunk divides at about an inch 
from the base into two main branches, which fork at about an inch 
from their origin. The secondary branches usually fork again at dis- 
tances varying from two to five inches, and the tertiary branches are 
often again divided. The terminal branches are from 1°5 to 2°5 
inches long and nearly as large as the main branches (‘4 inch), 
obtusely rounded, and sometimes a little enlarged or clavate at the 
ends. The branches are but little divergent and form acute angles. 
The cenenchyma is only moderately thick, but is crowdedly covered 
with very long, rather slender verrucee, which stand nearly at right 
angles to the surface and give the branches a thick appearance. The 
verruce are enlarged or clavate at their summits, which are rounded 
and conspicuously eight-rayed in contraction; their sides covered 
with closely imbricated, long, rather slender and sharp spicula, which 
project but little from the surface. At the tips of the branches the 
verruce are smaller and densely crowded. Axis horn-like, light 
wood-brown at base, black and somewhat compressed in the branches. 
Color light greenish brown when dried. 

Height of the largest specimen 8 inches; breadth 4°5; diameter of 
main branches, including verruce, °50; of branchlets *40 to °45; 
length of verrucze *15 to ‘20; diameter ‘05; their summits ‘08. 

The spicula are yellowish white, and similar to those of the pre- 
ceding species, but longer, more slender, sharper at the ends, and 
usually with less crowded warts and spinules. The spindles of the 
cells are not larger than those of the cenenchyma, but often stouter ; 
the latter are mostly very slender and acute, often larger and blunter 
on one end than the other, or somewhat club-shaped, the spinules 
being more crowded on the larger end and mostly truncate, while on 
the small end, which is long, slender and acute, they are sharp, conical, 
and distantly scattered. 

The longer spindles of the cells measure 2°28" by °324, 1°36 by 
182, 1°32 by 152, 1:29 by °137, -851 by -091, -608 by :061; the stouter 
ones 1°36 by ‘228, ‘988 by °187, 699 by "121; the small irregular ones 
"213 by 071, -187 by ‘106, 121 by -061; heads -076 by ‘076; the 
longer spindles of the ccenenchyma measure 2°37 by ‘325, 1°80 by 


422 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


"175, 157 by ‘200, 1°57 by °175, 1°52 by ‘197, 1:29 by *167, 1:14 by 
‘121, 1:09 by *136, -942 by 106. 

Pearl Islands and Panama, very rare,—F. H. Bradley. 

This species is very distinct from the preceding by its very long, 
slender, and smaller verruce, its longer and sharper spicula, and its 
thicker branches. The latter character and the closely crowded cells 
separate it widely from MW. hispida and M. horrida. 


Muricea hispida Verrill. 
Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History, vol. x, p. 328, 1866. 


Plate VII, figure 4. Plate VIII, figure 3. 

Corallum dichotomous, sparingly branched, somewhat flabelliform. 
The main branches arise close to the base and bend outward and up- 
ward with a wide curve, before becoming perpendicular and sub- 
parallel.. The secondary branches arise from the outward curvature 
of the primary ones, and quickly become of the same size. The 
branches are slender, though the long verruce give them a rather 
thick appearance, and gradually enlarge to the tips. The ccnen- 
chyma is thin and but little developed. The cells are rather large 
and regular, at the summit of very long, rather large, tubular verruce, 
which are narrow at base and enlarged to the summit, or subclavate in 
form, the sides being covered with long, sharp spicula, which project 
considerably at the summits. Axis very slender, round and black at 
base, amber-color and translucent in the branchlets. Color, when 
dry, umber-brown. 

Height of the largest specimen 4 inches; diameter of branches, ex- 
cluding verruce, ‘12; length of verruce ‘16; diameter at summit 07. 

Spicula yellowish white, mostly relatively large, very long, slender, 
sharp spindles, often curved or crooked, covered on one side with 
small, very sharp, conical spinules, on the other with small, very 
closely crowded, rough warts; ends usually very acute. Stouter spin- 
dles are numerous, which are frequently irregular in form, often bent, 
sometimes enlarged, branched, or forked, near one end; one or both 
ends often obtuse or truncate. The small spicula are mostly regular 
warty spindles, acute at each end, but often bent in the middle, and 
are relatively less abundant than in most species. 

The longer spindles measure 2°60"™" by 300, 2°30 by ‘275, 2°07 by 
250, 2°05 by -800, 2°00 by °300, 1°70 by *175, 1°67 by 225, 1°65 by 
200, 1°57 by 225; the stouter spindles 2°00 by °375, 1:75 by ‘375, 
1°65 by °300, 1°39 by °350; the majority of the small spindles about 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 423 


425 by *100, 400 by °125, 375 by *100, and -425 by 062; the spinules 
of the larger spindles are about ‘025 long. 

Panama, very rare,—F’.. H. Bradley. 

The spicula of this species resemble most those of IZ. tubigera, but 
while the branches are much smaller, the spicula are absolutely much 
larger. They are also rougher, with larger spinules, and the small 
spicula are much less abundant and more regular in form. Its thin 
ecenenchyma, and long, clavate, tubular cells, with slender projecting 
spicula, will at once separate it from all other species, except, perhaps, 
M. horrida Mob. 


Muricea horrida Mobius. 
Neue Gorgoniden des Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, p. 11, Tab. III, fig. 3-8, 1861; 
Kolliker, Icones Histiolog., p. 135, 1865. 

“M. arborescens, ramosissima, ramis teretibus, verrucis polypiferis 
cylindratis, obtusis. Conenchyma spiculis fusifermibus, verrucosis, 
fulvis suffultum.” 

This species, as described and figured by Mobius, forms an openly 
and loosely branched corallum, with slender divergent branches, cov- 
ered with loosely arranged, tubular, and somewhat clavate verruce, 
which are obtuse or truncate and eight-rayed at summit, the sides and 
upper margin with a few slightly projecting points of long and large 
spicula. The ccenenchyma is thin and the verruce are about equal in 
length to the diameter of the branchlets and smaller branches. The 
long spindles are stout fusiform, with distantly arranged, rough, une- 
qual warts. The two figured would measure 1°45"™ by °30™™, and 
1°07 by °23. 

Peru (Hamburg Museum). 


Muricea squarrosa Verrill, sp. nov. 
Plate VI, figure 13. Plate VIII, figure 4. 

Corallum dichotomous, the branches subdividing two or three times, 
branching nearly in a plane. The trunk usually divides close to the 
base into two or more main branches, each of which usually forks 
again within half an inch. Some of the central secondary branches 
rise nearly perpendicularly and do not subdivide for one or two inches, 
or even more, but the outer ones often fork two or three times more, 
at distances of about half aninch. The terminal branches and branch- 
lets are from one to four inches long, round, subparallel in large speci- 
mens, tapering but little, usually obtuse at the ends, and nearly as 


large as the main branches. The branches usually spread at a large 
TRANS. CoNNECTICUT AcaAD., VOL. I. 54 JANUARY, 1869. 


424 Verrill, Notes on Radiata, 


angle at their origin, and bend upward in a broad curve, the outer 
ones often forming right angles at their origin. The prominent ver- 
ruce are regularly arranged on all sides, and pretty close together, 
though scarcely crowded, and usually stand nearly at right angles to 
the branches, but often incline obliquely upward at a wide angle, and 
never become imbricated. They are moderately large, usually some- 
what higher than broad, nearly equal, round, tubular, truncate, the ter- 
minal opening looking obliquely upward and outward, the surface coy- 
ered with many large fusiform spicula, the ends of which project strong- 
ly at the summit in the form of small sharp spines, which are often 
more numerous and larger on the lower margin, causiug the cells to ap- 
proach the characters of those of the second section of the genus. 
Ceenenchyma moderately thick, filled with large spindles at the sur- 
face. Color deep yellowish brown, varying to light brownish yellow 
and to deep umber brown. 

Height of largest specimens 8 inches; breadth 6; diameter of lar- 
gest branches, including verruce °30 to °35; of branchlets °24 to °28 ; 
length of verrucz ‘08 to ‘10, often less; diameter ‘06 to ‘07. 

The spicula are light yellowish and brownish, mostly large, stout, 
warty spindles, many of them irregular, bent or lobed. The longer 
spindles are large, rather stout, tapering gradually to each end, or 
frequently with one end irregular, truncate or obtuse, the surface 
crowdedly covered with small, rounded, rough warts, except upon one 
side where the warts are usually replaced by small, sharp, conical 
spinules. The stouter spindles are larger and thick, mostly irregular, 
bent, lobed, or with one end truncate, but agreeing in the character 
of the surface with the longer ones. The small spindles are mostly 
slender, acute at each end, regularly covered with truncate or rounded 
warts, sometimes with sharp spinules on one side. 

The longer spindles measure 1°80" by °425™™, 1:80 by °375, 1°75 
by ‘375, 1°70 by °350, 1°70 by ‘300, 1°65 by ‘225, 1°62 by -375, 1°57 by 
250, 1°25 by °250, 1°42 by -200, 1:12 by -200, 1:07 by 175; the stouter 
ones 1°70 by °440, 1°57 by °500, 1:50 by °500, 1°42 by -425, 1°37 by 450, 
1:25 by °400, 1:12 by °300, °850 by °225; the small spindles ‘500 by 
‘100, 375 by °075, 300 by -062, -225 by -062. 

Panama and Pearl Islands, in pools at extreme low-water mark, not 
common,—F. H. Bradley. 

This species is easily distinguished by its few, moderately thick 
branches, evenly covered by the squarrose, tubular verrucze, which are 
usually considerably higher than broad. The spicula somewhat resem- 
ble those of J. acervata and M. echinata, but can readily be distin- 
guished from either. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 425 


B.— Verruce more or less prominent ; cells bilabiate, or opening upward, with the lower 
lip more or less prolonged. 

1.—Verruce large, elevated, spreading, neither appressed nor imbricated, or but 
slightly so. 


Muricea crassa Verrill, sp. nov. 
Plate VII, figure 10. Plate VIII, figure 5. 


Corallum very large, dichotomous, branching nearly in a plane, the 
branches thick, clavate, covered with large, prominent, coarse verruce, 
which are rough with very large, thick, blunt spicula. 

Three or four large main branches usually arise from a thick, swol- 
len base. These fork at distances of two or three inches, many of the 
secondary branches being three or four times dichotomous; while oth- 
ers are subpinnate, the branchlets usually alternating on opposite 
sides and from one to two inches apart; others give off branchlets 
only on the outside. The branches and branchlets are all thick, often 
crooked, and bend outward at first, in a broad curve, and then up- 
ward. Toward the base some of the branches are occasionally co- 
alescent. The terminal branchlets are from one and a half to four 
inches long, smaller at base than the branches, but enlarging toward 
the obtusely rounded end, where they are much enlarged and often 
clavate, frequently having a diameter of half an inch or more. The 
crowded verruce stand at nearly right angles to the surface of the 
branchlets and are very large, prominent, rough with large, stout, 
coarse spicula, which are mostly rather blunt at the ends, forming 
therefore coarse but not sharp spinules at the summit, a cluster of 
which are a little prolonged, so as to form a short lower lip, which is 
usually a little incurved in contraction, so as to conceal the cell, which 
‘opens upward and inward, The large verruce of the branchlets are 
usually broad at base, somewhat conical, higher than broad, strongly 
echinate at summit; those of the main branches and trunk are dis- 
tantly scattered, rounded, low, scarcely as high as broad. 

Cenenchyma moderately thick, coarse, with very large, irregular, 
blunt spicula, conspicuous at the surface. Axis horn-like, light wood 
brown at base; round, black, strongly striated in the larger branches, 
with the axils scarcely compressed ; soft, thick, rigid and brittle when 
dry, and dark brown in the terminal branchlets. Color dark brown, 
yellowish brown at base. 

Height 20 inches; breadth 18; diameter of main branches ‘50 to 
"90; of terminal branchlets °30 at base, 50 or ‘60 near the tips; height 
of verruce ‘15 to ‘20; diameter 10. 


426 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


The spicula are reddish brown, mostly very large, thick, coarse, 
unequal, and irregular, with the ends obtuse or truncate, and the 
surface rough with minute crowded warts. In the verruce the spic- 
ula are mostly very stout spindles, oval, oblong, or clavate, in nearly 
all cases irregular, but generally with one end largest and truncate, 
obtuse, or divided into two forks or lobes. Their most common size is 
about half a millimeter in diameter and two long, but there are many 
much larger ones, and a few quite regular and slender spindles of 
smaller size. Those of the ceenenchyma are mostly very large, thick, 
oblong, irregular spicula, obtuse, truncate, or irregular at the ends, 
mostly bent or distorted and often lobed, most of the larger ones 
about one-third as broad as long. 

The stout spicula of the cells measure 3°20" by °875™™, 3°12 by 
600, 2°25 by *875, 2°12 by *575, 2°00 by ‘575, 2°00 by °500, 1°75 by °675, 
1°75 by °375, 1°70 by *800, 1°45 by ‘575, 1°40 by °875, 1°37 by °300, 
1:25 by 575, 1:07 by ‘325, ‘875 by °450. Those of the ccenenchyma 
4:00 by 1:25, 4:00 by 1:20, 3°25 by 1°00, 2°87 by 1:25, 2°75 by 1°25, 
2°75 by °875, 2°25 by °950, 2°25 by °800, 1°00 by °450 ; the most slender 
spindles 1°75 by ‘225, 1:00 by °200; the smaller ones °650 by °125, °525 
by °125, -450 by 125 -275 by 150. 

Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley. 

This species is very different from all others in its great size, very 
large, coarse, rough verrucz, and the remarkably large, thick, irregular 
spicula. 


Muricea echinata Val. 
Muricea echinata Valenciennes, Comptes-rendus, 1855 (no description); Edw. and 
Haime, Corall., vol. i, p. 143, 1857; Verrill, Bulletin Museum Comp. Zodl., p. 36; 
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 328, 1866. 


Plate VIL, figure 6. 


Corallum irregularly dichotomous or subpinnate, branching nearly 
in a plane, with clavate branchlets and elongated echinate verruce, 
with the lower lip prolonged and the cells opening upward and inward. 

The trunk usually divides, close to the base, into two or three main 
branches, most of which subdivide several times at distances of one 
third or half an inch, the central ones usually dichotomous and the 
outer ones often subpinnate, the branches spreading at first at a wide 
angle and then curving upward. The terminal branches and branch- 
lets are mostly from one to four inches long, enlarging toward the 
end, often distinctly clavate, the tips enlarged and obtusely rounded. 
The verruce are mostly slender, clavate, very prominent, especially 
on the terminal branchlets, not crowded, spreading outward and up- 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 427 


ward at a wide angle, not imbricated, covered with large, stout spin- 
dies, with sharp ends, some of which form the prolonged lower lip 
and project from the upper part of the verruce, in the form of sharp 
rough spinules, The cells are small and open inward and upward, in 
contraction nearly concealed by the incurved lower lip, filled with 
small convergent yellow spicula, from the bases of the tentacles. The 
cenenchyma is thin, covered with large spindles. Color deep reddish 
brown; cells yellow inside. In life “deep red, polyps bright yellow.” 

Height of largest specimens 6 or 8 inches; breadth about the same, 
diameter of the main branches, including verruce, *30 ; of the branch- 
lets at origin ‘25; near the ends ‘37; length of the longest verruce 
on the terminal branchlets +15 to °18; diameter ‘05 of an inch. 

Dwarf specimens occur only two or three inches high, with the lar- 
gest branches about ‘25 in diameter, and the verruce ‘10 of an inch 
long. These grow in shallow water, in rocky pools, ete. 

The spicula are reddish and yellowish brown, mostly rather large, 
rough, acute spindles, of which the larger ones are often bent, irregu- 
lar, lobed, or with one end truncate. The longer spindles, when per- 
fect, usually have the ends quite acute; some are moderately stout, 
others qnite slender, covered on one side with small but very sharp 
spinules, on other parts with small, crowded, rough, rounded or trun- 
cate warts. When the spindles are bent the spinules are usually on 
the concave side. The stouter spindles are quite irregular and varia- 
ble in size and form, but are usually rather thick, often crooked, and 
with one or both ends blunt or truncate, and very closely covered 
with warts and spinules. The medium sized spindles are quite regu- 
lar, slender, and very acute, warted like the larger ones. The 
smallest are nearly white, regular, some acute and others blunt, cov- 
ered with prominent very rough warts, which are not crowded. 

The longer spindles measure 1:95™™ by ‘450™™, 1°75 by °425, 
1°75 by ‘250, 1°62 by °275, 1°52 by °225, 1°50 by °375, 1:45 by ‘350, 
1°45 by 275, 1°45 by °175; the stouter ones 2°00 by °750, 1°62 by 
‘750, 1°60 by °575, 1°35 by °450, 1°45 by -450, 1:35 by ‘500, 1:10 by 
475, 1:00 by °625, 600 by 250; the medium sized spindles 1:35 by 
"250, 1°27 by °225, 1°15 by “150, 1:00 by *425, 900 by °125; the small 
spicula *650 by +125, 350 by *100, -325 by °100. 

Panama, in rocky pools at low-water mark, common,—F. H. Brad- 
ley, C. F. Davis, J. H. Sternbergh; Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley. 


Var. flabellum. 


Branches much more numerous and crowded, several principal ones 
starting nearly together close to the base, and giving off numerous 


428 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


short, crooked branchlets, mostly on the outer side, which are often at 
distances of less than a quarter of an inch apart. Terminal branch- 
lets one or two inches long, ‘25 in diameter, often tapering. Verrucee 
very slender, prominent, the lower lip much prolonged, acute, the sur- 
face and summit rough with the sharp ends of the spicula, Cells 
small, opening upward, often filled with a cluster of bright yellow 
spicula from the bases of the tentacles. Color deep brown. 


Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley. 


This species somewhat resembles the two following in color and ex- 
ternal appearance. From the first it differs greatly in mode of growth, 
and somewhat in the spicula; from the second (JZ austera) im its 
much more slender, longer, and spreading verruce, and very decidedly 
in its spicula. 


Muricea fruticosa Verrill, sp. nov. 
Plate VII, figure 2. 


Corallum large, very branching, czespitose, fruticose, with rather 
small, somewhat clavate branchlets, and prominent, spreading, spi- 
nose verruce. 

The trunk is very stout and short, arising from a large irregular 
base, and usually divides at once into several large, unequal main 
branches, which rapidly divide and subdivide in an irregular manner, 
the branches and branchlets usually not more than one quarter or 
half inch apart. Sometimes several large main branches can be 
traced for some distance, giving off numerous small branches from all 
sides, but more frequently the subdivision is so rapid that the main 
branches are very soon lost among the crowded and crooked branches. 
The small branches near the ends often divide in an irregularly dichot- 
omous manner, and sometimes coalesce; they are very numerous, 
nearly equal in size, and usually much curved and crooked, spreading 
at their origin with a broad curve. The terminal branchlets are short, 
mostly “5 to 1*5 inches long, often curved, of moderate size, narrowed at 
base, enlarging to the obtusely rounded end. Verruc close together, 
but not imbricated, spreading outward and upward, quite prominent, 
conical, about as high as broad toward the outer ends of the branch- 
lets, where they are more developed than below, and furnished with 
an acute prolonged lower lip, the surface covered with long, stout 
spindles, some of which are about as long as the verruce. Cells small, 
situated on the upper side of the verrucw, near the end, the aperture 
filled with the yellow polyp-spicula, from the bases of the tentacles. 
On the surface of the larger branches the verruce are low, rounded, 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 429 


and without a prolonged lower lip; on the trunk and main branches 
they are distant, small, and but little prominent. 

Ceenenchyma thin, its surface composed of very conspicuous, stout 
spindles, often larger than those of the verrucz. Color of the branch- 
lets and verrucze deep reddish brown, branchlets yellowish brown, 
trunk and main branches yellow, tinged with brown. Axis horn-like, 
yellowish wood-brown at the base and in the larger branches, darker 
reddish brown and translucent in the smaller ones, light amber-yellow, 
translucent, and slender, in the branchlets. 

The largest specimen is 15 inches high, greatest breadth, across the 
upper surface of the clump, 22 inches; least diameter 16 ; diameter of 
trunk 1:4; of main branches ‘75 to 1 inch; of branchlets at origin 12 
to 17; near the ends, including verruce, *20 to *25; length of longest 
verrucz ‘08 to ‘10; diameter 05 of an inch. Another specimen is 15 
inches high, and the same in breadth. 

The spicula vary in color from brownish yellow and yellowish white 
to deep reddish brown. The larger ones are mostly stout, relatively 
large, blunt, and frequently irregular or crooked spindles. The longer 
spindles are rather thick in the middle portion, tapering somewhat 
abruptly to the ends, which are not usually very acute; one side coy- 
ered with small, very sharp spinules, the other parts with crowded 
rough warts. The stouter spicula are thick and massive, usually 
blunt or even truncate at one or both ends, but sometimes tapering 
to blunt points, often crooked; some of the smaller ones entirely 
lose their spindle-shape, even becoming triangular; others have 
the large end forked; while some are quite irregular, compressed, 
sometimes as broad as long, one side divided into large, sharp, lac- 
erate teeth or spines. The medium sized spindles are more regular, 
quite stout in the middle, usually tapering to acute points, one side 
covered with quite large and very sharp spindles, the other with closely 
crowded rough warts. Other still smaller spicula are quite slender, 
regular, very warty spindles, light yellow in color. The smallest are 
very small, snow-white, very warty spindles, some very slender, others 
relatively short. 

The longer spindles measure 2°90™™ by -650™™, 2°50 by 500, 1°75 
by 350, 1°57 by °325, 155 by -350, 1°55 by -300, 1°55 by -225, 1°50 by 
‘425, 1:45 by °350, 1-40 by ‘250, 1-27 by °300, 1:20 by -250; the stout 
spicula 2°37 by 650, 2°25 by °625, 2°10 by ‘675, 2°00 by 575, 1°75 by 
525, 1-70 by °525, 1-62 by 550, 1°62 by ‘500, 1°50 by °475, 1°35 by 
575, 1:07 by °375, 725 by 300; the medium sized spindles 1:07 by 
‘250, 1°07 by -225; 1:00 by -275, 1:00 by -250, 1:00 by ‘200, -900 by 


430 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


‘200, 875 by °200, °825 by °200, 700 by +150; the smaller spindles 
575 by ‘175, 575 by 100, 550 by *100, 500 by 100, -475 by -100 
450 by *075, 425 by °100; the smallest white spindles 135 by -075, 
325 by *062, 175 by ‘075, 1°75 by 062; some of the small triangular 
ones °450 by *425; the irregular prickly spicula -400 by 325. The 
polyp-spindles measure °375 by ‘100, ‘325 by -075, 275 by -075, °225 
by °100, -200 by -075, -200 by *062. 

Pear] Islands, brought from 6 to 8 fathoms below low-water mark 
by divers,—F. H. Bradley. 


Var, miser. 

Corallum dwarfed, forming small, thickly branched, rounded, czs- 
pitose clumps, from two or six inches in diameter and about the same 
in height, the subdivision taking place rapidly from close to the base. 
Branches and branchlets small and slender, the latter a little enlarged 
toward the ends, and from *5 to 2 inches long. Verrucz as in the typ- 
ical form, but smaller, nearly obsolete on the larger branches. Colorof 
branchlets deep brown, of branches and often the bases of branchlets 
very light yellow. Diameter of branchlets +10 to ‘15; length of long- 
est verruce ‘04 to ‘06 of an inch. The spicula are similar to those of 
the typical form, but smaller. 

Pearl Islands, in rocky pools at extreme low-water mark,—F. H. 
Bradley ; Corinto,—J. A. MecNiel. 

This species is more nearly allied to iW. echinata than to any other. 
Its ceespitose growth and far more numerous and smaller branches 
will usually separate it readily. The verruce are smaller and 
shorter, and the spicula are different, though quite similar in general 
appearance. They are mostly stouter and blunter than the corres- 
ponding forms in JZ, echinata, while the large, stout spindles of the 
ceenenchyma are decidedly larger, even in smaller specimens. The 
medium sized spindles are also decidedly stouter and less acute. 


Muricea austera Verrill, sp. nov. 
Plate VII, figure 7. 


Corallum large, dichotomous, fruticose, sometimes czespitose, with 
rather thick, obtuse branchlets, covered with close, scarcely appressed, 
sub-conical verruce, having an acute lower lip. 

In the largest specimen, several trunks arise from a broad base, four 
or five inches in diameter. These quickly fork, and the branches in their 
turn rapidly divide, being, in some cases, five or six times dichotomous, 
producing a rather coarse cespitose clump, though some of the main 
branches and their divisions have a tendency to arrange themselves in 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 431 


a single plane,—a feature that is more characteristic of the smaller 
specimens. The branches and branchlets usually arise from *5 to 1°5 
inches apart, spreading in a wide curve at first, or even nearly at right 
angles, and then becoming sub-parallel. The branches occasionally 
coalesce sparingly. ‘The terminal branchlets are *5 to 2 inches long, 
as large as or larger than the smaller branches, and mostly increase in 
size from their origin to the end, whichis well rounded. The verrucee 
are prominent, sub-conical, with an acute lower lip, near together, but 
yet scarcely crowded, and not imbricated, usually forming an angle of 
about 45° with the surface, closely covered by rough, stout, rather 
short spindles, tapering to the ends, which scarcely project above the 
surface, except slightly at the summit of the verruce. Cells opening on 
the upper side of the verrucx, filled when fresh with a cluster of light 
yellow polyp-spindles. Ccenenchyma moderately thick, firm, with a 
hard rough surface, covered with stout, mostly obtuse, rough spicula, 
some of which are much larger than those of the verruce. Axis 
wood-brown and not calcareous at base; black in the branches and 
usually a little compressed, especially at the axils; yellowish brown, 
coarse, and rigid in the branchlets. Color uniform reddish or yellow- 
ish brown. | 

Height of largest specimen, irom Panama, 9 inches; breadth 15 by 
13; diameter of main branches ‘40; of secondary °30; of branchlets 
at base ‘20 to ‘25; at summit, including verruce, ‘25 to ‘35 ; length of 
verruce ‘05 to 10; diameter about 05. Another sub-flabelliform 
specimen from Pearl Islands is 9 inches high and 10 broad, with the 
branches and verrucz as in the other. One from Cape St. Lucas is 8 
inches high and 6 broad; the branchlets near the ends mostly °35, 
rarely ‘40, in diameter; the longest verrucee *12 of an inch in length. 

The largest spicula are all rather short and stout, mostly oblong or 
oval in outline, with obtuse or truncate ends, only a portion of them 
being short spindles. The longer spicula are mostly oblong, with obtuse 
ends, or stout fusiform, tapering somewhat to one or both ends, which 
are blunt ; one side covered with large, conical spinules, the others with 
rather large, close set, rough warts. The stouter spicula differ but 
little from the longer ones, except in being shorter and, thicker, gene- 
rally oblong or oval, and truncate at the ends. They are often irreg- 
ular, or lobed at one or both ends. The small spindles are rather 
stout, tapering but little, blunt at the ends, and covered with large, 
prominent, rough warts, about their own diameter apart. Small, irreg- 
ular, very warty or spiny spicula occur, which are nearly as long as 
broad; also irregular star-shaped spicula, and nearly round warty 

TRANS. Connecticut AcAp. VOL. I. 55 JANUARY, 1869. 


432 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


heads. The polyp-spicula are mostly small, rather slender, oblong 
spindles, with blunt ends, closely covered with small rough warts. 

The single specimen from Cape St. Lucas has spicula which aver- 
age somewhat larger, but agree well in form and appearance with 
those of the Panama specimens. 

The longer spicula measure 1°45™™ by -400™™, 1:22 by °400, 1:17 by 
875, 1°15 by °375, 1°15 by °325, 1°12 by °375, 1:12 by °300, 1:07 by 
300, 1°05 by °350, 1°02 by * 325, 850 by °275; the stouter ones 1°47 by 
‘500, 1:02 by *400, 1:00 by °375, 975 by °500, 950 by 425, -900 by 
450, °750 by °300, °700 by * 315, 675 by °325, 650 by °350, °625 by °300 ; 
the small spindles *425 by +100, °375 by °100, °350 by °125; the small 
irregular, thorny spicula *275 by *175, 225 by 150, -175 by °100; the 
stars 200 by °200, °200 by °150, 175 by 175 ; the heads °175 by 150, 
175 by ‘100; the polyp-spindles ‘500 by °100, -450 by 112, 450 by 075, 
‘425 by *125, -400 by °137, -400 by -100, 375 by 100, 850 by -087, 825 
by :075, °300 by °100, -250 by 075, ‘225 by 062. The longer spicula 
from the Cape St. Lucas example measure 1°67 by ‘550, 1°50 by °500, 
1°50 by *425, 1°50 by °375, 1:25 by 300, 1:12 by °325 ; the stouter ones 
1°60 by °550, 1°40 by 575, 1°30 by *500, 1:27 by--450, 1:25 by °500, *875 
by °450. 

Pearl Islands, rare, brought with M. crassa and M. fruticosa from 
6 to 8 fathoms by divers,—F’. H. Bradley ; Panama, at extreme low- 
F. H. Bradley ; Cope St. Lucas,—J. Xan- 
tus, from Smithsonian Institution ; La Paz,—J. S. Pedersen. 


water, on reef, very rare, 


This species resembles in color aa general appearance JZ, echinata 
and MW. fruticosa, but is quite distinct from both in its short, stout, 
blunt spicula. From the latter it differs, also, in its much stouter and 
less numerous branches and larger verruce; from the former in its 
shorter, broader, and more conical verruce and firmer texture. 


Muricea retusa Verrill, sp. nov. 
Plate VIII, figure 8. 


Corallum dark purplish, dichotomous, sparingly branched, branches 
rather thick, with large sub-conical verruce, which are not crowded. 

The trunk forks near the base and, in the only specimen seen, each 
main branch subdivides again at the distance of about aninch. One of 
the secondary branches again forks at two inches from its origin, the 
others remain simple and about two inches long. The branches 
spread w idely at first and are about equal in size throughout, the termi- 
nal branches being a little enlarged toward the end. The verrucz are 
rather large, stout, subconical, nearly as broad as high, not crowded, 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 433 


standing at an angle of about 45° on the upper part of the branches 
and at a greater angle below, their surface covered with short, thick, 
rather obtuse spindles, with their sides elevated and very conspicuous 
at the surface, but the ends not projecting. The lower lip of the ver- 
ruce is rather obtuse and not much prolonged. ‘The ceenenchyma is 
thick, covered with stout, irregular, blunt spicula, some of them con- 
siderably larger than those of the verruce. Color deep purplish 
brown. 

Height 3 inches ; breadth 2°5; diameter of branches °30; length of 
verruce ‘08 to ‘12; breadth :06 to °08. 

The spicula are mostly deep red or purple, varying toward yellow- 
ish, and consist mostly of short, stout, usually irregular, blunt spin- 
dles, or oblong spicula, three or four times as long as broad ; and very 
short and thick, irregular, massive spicula, often more than half as 
broad as long. The longer spicula are partly stout, blunt spindles, of- 
ten irregular or bent, and closely covered with rough warts, with stout 
conical spinules on one side; these come mostly from the verruce. 
Others, coming from the cenenchyma, are oblong or irregularly 
formed, one end often dilated, frequently truncate. The stouter spicula 
are very massive and irregular, usually oblong, and truncate at both 
ends, often with one end dilated, frequently lobed, crowdedly warted, 
except on the spinulose sides. Others are irregularly triangular and 
flattened, one edge spinulose, the sides warted. All the stouter irreg- 
ular spicula appear to come from the cenenchyma. The smaller spin- 
dles from the verruce are pretty regular, stout fusiform, or even some- 
what oval in outline, the ends not very acute. 

The longer spicula measure 1°47™™ by °500™™, 1:40 by 350, 1:27 by 
"450, 1-10 by °300, 1°05 by °325, 1:00 by -300, -925 by °250, 900 by 
"225, 875 by °325 ; the stouter ones 1:20 by °540, 1:02 by °600, 1:02 by 
500, 1:00 by ‘550, 1:00 by 475, -950 by ‘500, 925 by -450, -750 by 
525, *100 by 450, 625 by °425; the triangular flattened ones 1°15 by 
675, “775 by °400, 625 by °875; heads -275 by :275; the small oval 
spindles -750 by 300, 625 by °225, 600 by °225, -475 by °225, -450 by 
‘250, -450 by *175, °250 by 150. 

Pearl Islands, attached to the base of a large specimen of D7. fruti- 
cosa, from 6 to 8 fathoms,—F. H. Bradley. 


This species is closely allied to Wf. austera. Its spicula are still 
shorter, thicker, and more irregular, approaching, in this respect, those 
of M. crassa, though much smaller. The verrue are also larger than 
those of MW. austeraand less rough. The peculiar rich color will proba- 
bly prove to be a good specific character, since the color in the species 


434 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


of this genus appears to be remarkably constant, although quite vari- 
able in some genera of Gorgonidee. 


Muricea formosa Verrill, sp. nov. 
Plate VIII, figure 15. 


Corallum white, dichotomous, the branches moderately stout, diver- 
gent, with elongated squarrose verruce. 

The single specimen in the collection forks at about half an inch 
from the base ; one branch divides again within half an inch ; the other 
forks at two inches, each division again subdividing irregularly. The 
branchlets diverge at first with a wide angle, often even 90°, and then 
curve upward; they are short, somewhat conical, obtuse at the end. 
The verruce are elongated, somewhat conical, with the acute lower 
lip projecting beyond the upper, and spiny with the projecting ends of 
elongated, sharp spicules. Cells placed on the upper side and near 
the end of the verruce, surmounted by a cluster of white polyp-spin- 
dles when the polyps are contracted. Ccanenchyma rather thin, the 
surface covered with rather short and stout, nearly regular spindles. 
Axis wood-brown at base, brownish black in the branches. Color 
pure white throughout. 

In life, * the color, both of branches and polyps, is pure white ; po- 
lyps very inconspicuous, sessile, with eight short, pinnate tentacles,” 
—F. i. B. 

Height 4 inches; breadth 3; length of branchlets *5 to 1:5; diame- 
ter, including verruce, °30 to °35; length of verrucz ‘08 to +12; diam- 
eter °04 to ‘06. 

The spicula are clear white, of moderate size, comparatively smooth ; 
the larger are mostly rather elongated spindles from the verrucee, with 
one end usually quite sharp ; and short, stout, blunt spindles and irreg- 
ular spicula from the ccenenchyma. The longer spindles from the ver- 
ruc sometimes taper regularly to both ends, which are acute; others 
have one end short, the other tapering abruptly, truncate, or even 
forked ; the outer surface is covered with very small, crowded warts, 
the inner surface with very small, low spinules, which gives them a 
rather smooth appearance when moderately enlarged. The stout 
spicula, mostly from the ccenenchyma, are in large part short, stout 
spindles, often regularly elliptical in outline, with the ends regularly 
tapering and blunt; some are irregular spindles, one end often much 
the largest and blunt or rounded, the other somewhat acute; others 
are of various shapes, sometimes sub-triangular, often bent. All are 
covered with very small warts and spinules, like the longer ones. The 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 435 


polyp-spindles are mostly small, short spindles, very unequally and 
roughly warted ; others are more slender and very small spindles; 
others are longer, slender, not very acute spindles, with more dis- 
tant warts. 

The longer spindles measure 1°35"™ by °325™™, 1:25 by ‘175, 1°22 by 
"250, 1°22 by 175, 1:17 by 275, 1°15 by °175, 1°12 by -275, 1-07 by -200, 
1:05 by °250, 1-00 by -250, 950 by -250, -950 by -225, 950 by -150, -925 
by 250, -925 by 225, 900 by -200, -875 by -225, -850 by “225, °750 by 
"175, “725 by -225, °725 by -175, :725 by -150, -600 by 100; the stout 
spindles 1°45 by -450, 1°32 by °375, 1:17 by °400, 1°15 by -300, 1°12 by 
275, 1°10 by °425, 1-05 by -325, 975 by -300, ‘925 by -350, -900 by -350, 
"850 by “300, °850 by °275, °800 by 225, °775 by °275, °775 by °225, -750 
by °300, °750 by °250, *700 by °250, ‘675 by °300, 650 by 200, -425 by 
"250; the irregular stout spicula -950 by -450, 925 by ‘350, -800 by 
300, 775 by °375, *725 by °350, 700 by °300, 650 by °300, -600 by °325, 
525 by °275, -425 by -275, -400 by °250, 350 by -225; the polyp-spin- 
dles -450 by *100, -425 by 100, -400 by -100, 875 by °125, 350 by ‘112, 
"350 by 062, ‘325 by ‘112, “325 by -087 -300 by “100, 300 by -075, ‘300 
by °050, -275 by -062, :225 by :062, -175 by ‘075. 

Zorritos, Peru, dredged in 3 fathoms,—F. H. Bradley. 


This species resembles J. albida in color and size of branches, but 
has not the appressed verruce, with a flattened lower lip, of that spe- 
cies, and the spicula of the verrucx are much longer, sharper, and more 
projecting, while all the spicula are much less roughly warted. It 
somewhat resembles I. sqguarrosa in size and mode of branching and 
in the divaricate verruce, but differs in the elongated lower lip and 
much stouter spindles of the verrucee, as well as in color. It also 
bears some resemblance to the whitish variety of JW. twbigera, but has 
smaller branches, shorter verruce, with a well-marked lower lip, and 
much shorter and stouter spicula. 

The Zorritos specimen is infested by a small parasitic worm, which 
forms numerous tubes in the ccenenchyma and surface of the axis. 
When living “from each tube are protruded a pair of long, slender, 
flexible tentacles, zoned with black and white, and a long, worm-like 
process, mammillated on both sides, and showing a dark line (intes- 
tine ?) in the centre.” 

These worms are about a quarter of an inch long and quite slender, 
with small bundles of setz along the sides, the posterior extremity 
tapering. In alcohol the tentacles are relatively large, with large 
- dark brown spots, arranged in pairs along the whole length, producing 
the “zoned” appearance. Each worm has two holes at the surface 


436 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


of the ceenenchyma, which are close together and have a slightly 
raised border. From one of the holes the tentacles are protruded ; 
from the other, the posterior end of the body. The lower part of the 
tube, bent into a U-shaped form, is more or less deeply excavated in 
the substance of the axis. 
2.— Verruce scarcely prominent. Cells opening outward, with the lower lip little de- 
veloped. 


Muricea robusta Verrill. 
Muricea robusta Verrill, Bulletin Museum of Comp. Zodl., p. 36, 1864; (pars) Proc. 
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 329, 1866. 


Plate VII, figure 3. Plate VIII, figure 9. 


Corallum brown, irregularly dichotomous, with few, stout, mostly 
crooked branches, pretty closely covered by the rather large, unequal 
cells, which have the border but little elevated. 

When young it rises as a simple, clavate, often crooked stem to the 
height of 2 or 8 inches, attaining a diameter of ‘35 to ‘40 near the 
summit, which is bluntly rounded. Larger specimens usually divide 
within 1°5 inches from the base, the main branches again forking with- 
in an inch of their origin, and the resulting branches are irregularly 
once or twice dichotomous. The branchlets are irregular, crooked, 
arising from *5 to 2 inches apart, spreading at their origin in a broad 
curve, stout and rigid, of nearly uniform size throughout, the ends 
obtusely rounded. Verruce upon the branches and trunk inconspicu- 
ous, consisting of a slightly elevated margin around the rather large 
and conspicuous cells, which are crowded over the whole surface and 
open outward, Toward the ends of the branchlets the verruce be- 
come more prominent by reason of the greater development of the low- 
er border of the cells, which forms a concave, semi-circular, or crescent- 
shaped lower lip, with a somewhat thickened and obtuse edge, the 
surface scabrous and granulous with small rough spicula. Ccenenchy- 
ma thick, and granulous with small spicula, Axis in the branches 
black and scarcely compressed at the axils, brown and rigid in the 
branchlets. Color dull yellowish brown. 

Height of largest specimen 8°5 inches; breadth 4; diameter of 
trunk ‘40; of branchlets 35; of largest verruce ‘06; length of lower 
lip, when longest, *04. 

Spicula orange-brown and light yellow, quite small for the genus, 
but very rough, the larger ones consisting in great part of stout, irreg- 
ular, thorny clubs. The longer spindles are rather slender, irregular, 
the sides closely covered with very rough unequal warts, one end often 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 437 


lacerately divided into large, unequal, sharp spinules. The stouter 
spicula are in part short, stout, very roughly warted spindles; with 
more numerous and usually large, stout, irregular, very rough clubs. 
The latter are bluntly pointed at the small end, the sides covered with 
crowded rough warts, the large end lacerately divided into large, une- 
qual and irregular, sharp spinules. Among the smaller spicula are 
many short, irregular spindles, roughly warted on one side, and bear- 
ing large, elongated, sharp, oblique spinules on the other; also more 
regular short warty spindles and warty heads; others are quite slen- 
der and very roughly warted spindles, often lacerate at one end. The 
polyp-spicula are deep brown. 

The longer spindles measure °825"™ by *175™™, °825 by °162, °775 
by 175, °750 by 250, °700 by °150, 675 by °125, 625 by °175, -625 by 
"125, 550 by °175, 525 by °125; the stouter spindles °625 by °375, 
625 by -250, 475 by 200; the stout clubs 575 by °200, °575 by ‘175, 
550 by 200, 525 by °200, 450 by -250, -450 by 175; the longer spi- 
nules of the clubs are about *100 to °125 in length; the irregular lac- 
erate spicula *475 by °325, ‘225 by ‘200; the smaller stout spindles °325 
by °150, -275 by 125, °250 by °137; the warty heads -225 by ‘175, 
200 by *150; small slender spindles -450 by +125, -400 by °112, 
375 by *100. 

Acapulco, Mexico,—A. Agassiz. 


This species resembles I. purpurea and M. albida in its stout 
branches and mode of subdivision, but differs from both these and all 
others in its nearly obsolete verruce. Its spicula are very different 
in form and size from those of JV. albida. 

3.— Verruce curved upward at the apex, generally more or less appressed and usually 

imbricated. 

a.— Cenenchyma thick ; branches stout, obtuse, dichotomous. 


Muricea albida Verrill. 


Muricea robusta (pars) Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. History, vol. x, p 329, 1866. 
Muricea albida Verrill, American Journal Science, xlv, p. 412, May, 1868. 


Plate VII, figure 9. Plate VIII, figure 10. 


Corallum white, dichotomous, branching nearly in a plane, with 
stout, rather long branches, thick ecenenchyma, and large, close, some- 
what appressed verruce. 

When young this species usually grows to the height of two or 
three inches as a simple, straight, clavate stem, generally quite slen- 
der at the base and gradually enlarging to near the summit, where the 
diameter, including verruce, is ‘20 to ‘35 inch, the end obtusely round- 


438 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


ed. The first branch usualiy arises from one side, about 1 or 1°5 inches 
from the base, and soon becomes about as long and large as the original 
stem. Each of the two main branches usually forks again at distances 
of *5 to 1 inch, their divisions mostly remaining unequal, some of them 
remaining long simple branchlets, others irregularly two or three times 
dichotomous, the branches all spreading in one plane. The larger 
specimens are usually irregularly and sparingly branched, the branch- 
es being seldom more than three times dichotomous, the distance be- 
tween the divisions being two or three inches. Sometimes the second- 
ary branches arise only from the upper side of the outer branches, and 
are then sub-parallel and erect. In other specimens the branches all 
rise directly, spreading but little even at base. More commonly the 
branches spread outward at their origin in a broad curve, or even 
nearly at right angles, and then bent upward and are usually more 
or less crooked and slightly enlarged toward the tips, though some- 
times of uniform size or even slightly tapering. The verruce are 
rather large and prominent, crowded, usually appressed and loosely 
imbricated, yet on some of the branches they are often erect, spread- 
ing sometimes even at right angles, The upper side is rudimentary, 
the verruce consisting almost entirely of the broad, elongated, more 
or less flattened and incurved lowerlip. The cells are large, occupy- 
ing nearly the whole of the upper side of the verruce, when fresh 
surmounted by a large cluster of white polyp-spicula from the bases 
of the tentacles. The surface is somewhat. rough with rather small 
imbricated spicula, many of which project alittle at the summit. The 
cenenchyma is thick and compact, covered with stout, thick spicula. 
The axis is a little compressed at the axils; clear black in the larger 
branches ; brown, slender, and rigidin the branchlets. Color uniform 
yellowish white. In life, “the color, both of branches and polyps, is 
pure white,’—F. H. B. 

Height of the largest specimen 11 inches; breadth 5; diameter of 
trunk :37; of branchlets °30 to -40; length of verruce ‘08 to ‘10; 
breadth ‘06 to ‘08. Another specimen is 6°5 inches high; 4 broad; 
diameter of trunk °45; of branchlets at base ‘38 to ‘40; near tips °45 
to 48; length of longest verruce ‘12. A third specimen is 5°5 inches 
high; 8 inches broad ; diameter of branchlets °30 to 37. 

The spicula are white, larger than in the other species of this sub- 
section and more regular. The larger ones are mostly rather blunt 
oblong spindles, covered with small, very rough, crowded warts on 
the convex outer side, and with large, prominent, sharp spinules on 
the inner surface, which is often straight or concave. The longer 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 439 


spindles are only moderately stout, one end usually larger than the 
other and more or less obtuse, the other end generally acute, the sur- 
face rough with unequal warts and spinules. The stouter spindles are 
short and thick, frequently irregular and crooked, both ends usually 
tapering to blunt points, one being often quite obtuse, the surface 
densely covered with small rough warts. Some stout spicula are 
club-shaped, with the large end divided into two or three blunt, warty 
lobes. The medium sized spindles are very strongly warty with 
large, unequal, rough warts, which are not crowded; most of them 
are quite slender and acute, others stouter and blunter. 

The longer spindles measure 1:42™" by °325™™, 1:37 by °350, 1:37 
by °325, 1°37 by ‘275, 1°32 by ‘300, 1:25 by 300, 1:20 by 275, 1°12 by 
275, 112 by -225, 1-04 by +275, 1°02 by 225, -950 by -225, -875 hy 
"175, 825 by 200, *825 by ‘175; the stouter spindles 1:50 by -500, 
1°37 by °350, 1:32 by -350, 1°17 by 475, -1:17 by -425, 1-17 by -350, 
1-12 by °300, -925 by 300, 875 by °325, -800 by °350, °700 by °300, 
‘700 by *250, 575 by °300, 500 by -250; the stout clubs 1-25 by -500, 
"825 by “325, °325 by 250; the smaller spindles -950 by 150, -900 by 
250, “725 by ‘150, 725 by *125, 675 by *150, °650 by ‘100, ‘525 by 
‘100, 525 by -075, °425 by *100. 

Panama, in rocky pools at low-water mark,—A, Agassiz, J. H. 
Sternbergh, F. H. Bradley ; Pearl Islands, common,—F. H. Bradley. 


This species is very distinct from the others of this sub-section, in 
its white color and the much larger and more regular spicula. Its 
color and peculiar verruce will also readily separate it from all other 
species which resemble it in size and mode of branching. 


Muricea hebes Verrill. 


Muricea hebes (pars) Verrill, Bulletig Museum Comp. Zodl., p. 36, 1864; Proc. Boston 
Soc. Nat. Hist., vol, x, p. 328, 1866. 


Plate VII, figure 8. Plate VIL, figure 11. 


Corallum yellowish brown, small, sparingly dichotomous, forming 
low clumps of few branches, which are short, moderately stout, and 
clavate. 

The base is flat and expanded, often giving rise to several stems, 
which mostly fork close to the base, each branch dividing again at 
from ‘5 to 1 inch from its origin. Some of these branches again fork, 
but many remain simple and are 1 to 2°5 inches long. When young 
the stems are often erect, simple, clavate, and 1 or 2 inches high. The 


TRANS. CONNECTICUT AcaD., VOL. I. 56 JANUARY, 1869. 


440 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


branchlets are as large as or larger than the branches before division. 
They are usually curved, sometimes of uniform size throughout, but 
generally enlarge toward the blunt tips, so as to be decidedly clavate, 
and vary in length from half an inch to two inches. The verruce are 
often unequal, rather small, crowded, loosely imbricated, mostly some- 
what appressed; the upper lip very short or wanting; the lower one 
prolonged, flattened, and incurved, the lower surface rough and spin- 
ulose with the sharp projecting points of the small spicula, which are 
numerous and imbricated. The cells are situated on the upper and 
inner surface of the verruce and open upward, but are nearly con- 
cealed by the incurved lower lip. The ceenenchyma is thick and rath- 
er firm, showing but little between the crowded verruce of the branch- 
lets. Color dull reddish brown or yellowish brown, varying in shade. 
Tn life “stem and polyps deep orange,”—F. H. Bradley. 

Height of largest specimen 3 inches; breadth 3°75 ; diameter of smal- 
ler branches and base of branchlets *23 to ‘25; of branchlets near tips 
30 to 32; length of verruce ‘06 to "10; breadth 05. Another speci- 
men is 2°5 inches high; 3°5 broad; with the brachlets °25 to °30 in 
greatest diameter. Most specimens are considerably smaller, the 
branchlets often not more than *20 in diameter, with the verrucz also 
considerably smaller. 

The spicula are light yellowish brown and yellowish white in color, 
and relatively small, the larger ones consisting of both longer and 
stouter warty spindles, and irregular, flattened, rough spicula, often as 
broad as long, and usually with one edge lacerately divided. The 
longer spindles are mostly rather stout, often irregular, with a very 
roughly warted surface, and sharp prominent spinules on one side ; the 
ends usually acute, one often blunter than the other. The stouter 
spindles are short, thick, often oblong or oval, both ends usually blunt, 
one often smaller than the other, the surface roughly warted. The 
irregular flattened spicula of the ceenenchyma are numerous and rela- 
tively large, very roughly warted, and with one edge deeply divided 
into irregular, lacerate teeth or spindles, which are usually sharp. The 
forms vary exceedingly, some being somewhat oval, quadrangular, 
triangular, or head-like, but the majority are quite irregular. The 
small spicula are mostly either quite slender, or short and thick warty 
spindles. 

The longer spindles measure *875™™ by ‘°275™™, °775 by °200, “775 by 
+150, °750 by °175, °750 by 125, 725 by 225, °725 by +175, -700 by 
225, 675 by ‘200, 650 by *137, 625 by 150, -600 by *150, ‘600 by °125, 
‘575 by (100, 550 by 125, *450 by *100; the stouter spindles -775 by 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata, 44] 


"350, ‘775 by °300, °750 by “350, 750 by °325, -725 by °300, °725 by -275, 
"700 by *275, °675 by °825, 650 by -300, 625 by °325, -625 by -300, 625 
5 


275, ‘550 by *275, 500 by -200, 450 by 225, +425 by -300, -400 by -225; 
the irregular flattened spicula *700 by °325, °625 by -475, 625 by °275, 
‘575 by °400, ‘550 by ‘450, 525 by -400, 525 by “375, °475 by °375, -450 
by °325, 425 by 425; the heads 425 by °300, 250 by -200; the small 
spindles °425 by °150, -400 by +100, 400 by -087, °375 by °150, -300 
by 125. Some spindles from the verruce are included among the 
preceding measurements of larger spindles, others measure °825 by 
250, *800 by -200, 775 by “162, 625 by -200, 625 by *175. 

Panama and Pearl Islands, common in rocky pools near low-water 
mark,—F. H. Bradley; Acapulco,——A. Agassiz; Corinto,—J. A. 
MeNiel. 


This species is hable to be confounded with the young of WM. aus- 
tera and M. albida, and perhaps other species; from the latter it dif- 
fers in color and in having smaller verruce ; from the former in its less 
projecting, more appressed and smaller verrucee, and lower growth, as 
well as lighter color ; and from both it differs widely in its much smal- 
ler and very differently shaped spicula, which more nearly resemble 
those of M. robusta and M. purpurea. From the last it may be at 
once distinguished by its color and less appressed verruc, which are 
much rougher, owing to the projecting points of the more acute spic- 
ula; from the former it differs in its well developed verreuz, smaller 
cells opening upward, lower growth, and less robust branches. 


Muricea purpurea Verrill. 
Muricea hebes (pars) Verrill, Bulletin Museum Comp. Zoél., p. 36, 1864. 
Muricea purpurea Verrill, American Jour. Science, vol. xlv, p. 412, May, 1868. 


Plate VII, figure 6. Plate VIM, figure 12. 


Corallum sparingly dichotomous, with stout, obtuse, rigid, mostly 
curved branches, usually arranged nearly in one plane, closely covered 
by small, appressed, granulous verruce, 

When young it often rises to the height of 2 to 4 inches as an up- 
right, simple, clavate stem, ‘25 to 32 inch in diameter. Other specimens 
are two or three times dichotomous before they become two inches high. 
The larger specimens, when well developed, usually consist of several 
trunks arising near together from a broad, expanded base, forming 
open clumps of stout, crooked branches, which are sparingly divided, 
the branchlets upon each main stem generally spreading nearly in one 
plane. The trunk often forks within half an inch from the base, but 


449 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


at other times at two or three inches. The main branches are about 
as large as the trunk and divide again at ‘5 to 3 inches from. their ori- 
gin. Some of the secondary branches remain simple, but most of 
them divide again in an irregularly dichotomous manner, the branches 
being from °5 to 2 inches apart. The branches almost always diverge 
greatly at first, sometimes-even almost at right angles, and then bend 
upward with a broad curve. The branchlets are mostly crooked, or 
variously curved, divergent, about as large as the branches, sometimes 
slightly tapering, but usually uniform in size or a little clavate, ob- 
tusely rounded at the end, varying in length from ‘5 to 2 inches. In 
two specimens some of the main branches are broad and somewhat flat- 
tened, diameter °65 by ‘30. The largest specimens consist of a single 
stem, which divides at the height of two inches, the first branch re- 
maining simple and about three inches long, the main stem divides 
again within half an inch, and each of the nearly equal main branches 
forks at about half an inch from its origin, and their subdivisions are 
again dichotomous at ‘5 to 15. Some of the resulting branches remain 
simple, but most of them are once and a few twice dichotomous, at 
distances of 1 to 2°5 inches. The branchlets are all curved or crooked, 
1 to 2°5 inches long, °35 in diameter, mostly a little clavate, very ob- 
tuse and, like the branches, are situated nearly in one plane. The 
verruce are rather small, short, crowded, usually appressed and some- 
what imbricated, the upper lip obsolete, the lower one well developed, 
oval, obtusely pointed, the tip often incurved. On the trunk and lower 
part of branches the lower lip is usually less developed, not appressed, 
often obliquely truncated, the cells opening upward and outward. The 
surface of the verruce is strongly granulous with the very small and 
short, warty spicula, but not spinulose. Ccnenchyma thick, firm, 
granulous. Axis yellowish brown at base; brownish black in the 
branches and compressed at the axils; yellowish brown, coarse, rigid, 
and brittle in the branchlets. Color uniform reddish purple, the sur- 
face when dry covered with a film of dull yellowish. 

The largest single specimen is 9 inches high; 7 broad; diameter of 
trunk *40; of branchlets ‘28 to °35; length of largest verruce ‘06 to 
07; breadth at base ‘05 to ‘06. One of the clumps is 6 inches high ; 
breadth 9 by 5°5. In some dwarf specimens the diameter of the 
branchlets is only ‘20 to ‘25. In some specimens the largest verruce 
become °10 of an inch long, and -06 or ‘07 broad. 

The spicula are small and bright reddish purple, sometimes tinged 
with yellowish. The larger ones are mostly short and stout spindles, 
stout thorny clubs, and short irregular spicula, lacerately spinulose on 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 443 


one side. The larger spindles are usually somewhat oblong, blunt at 
both ends, often irregular, closely covered with larger, very rough 
warts, except on the inside, which bears rather large, prominent, sharp 
spinules. The clubs are very stout and rough, often one-sided or irreg- 
ular, the small end not very acute, covered with crowded rough warts, 
the larger end much dilated, lacerately divided into many long, sharp, 
often very slender, unequal spinules. The irregular spicula are very 
short and thick, often nearly as broad as long, sometimes oval, very 
rough with large, crowded, prominent, lacerate warts, one side lace- 
rately divided into long, very sharp spinules. Very rough warty 
heads occasionally occur, similar to the last. The small spindles are 
mostly rather stout, blunt at the ends, and covered with very promi- 
nent, not crowded, somewhat rough warts. The polyp-spindles are 
mostly slender, acute, yellowish brown spindles, covered with small 
but prominent warts. 

The larger spindles measure -625™™ by -225™™, -600 by -200, 575 by 
‘275, 575 by 200, 550 by -300, 550 by -250, 550 by 200, 550 by ‘175, 
‘500 by -225, 500 by ‘150, -475 by -200, 450 by ‘200, -425 by -175, 
"425 by °150, -400 by °150, 375 by °150, 350 by +175; the stout clubs 
‘575 by °300, ‘550 by “300, 525 by -250, ‘500 by 250, 500 by -200, -475 
by °250, 475 by -200, -450 by -225, -450 by 200, -425 by -225, -425 by 
"200, 425 by *175, 400 by -225, 400 by -200, -400 by 175, 325 by 
"200, 325 by 150; the irregular stout spicula 575 by °325, 575 by 
"250, 550 by ‘275, 525 by ‘300, 500 by +250, -450 by ‘175, -400 by ‘300, 
‘400 by -200, °375 by -225, -350 by °175, °325 by ‘225, -325 by 200; 
the heads °325 by -225, -300 by °275; the small spindles -300 by -112, 
262 by °100, -250 by *125, *250 by °100, -225 by +112, 200 by “100; 
the polyp-spindles -262 by °037, °250 by °050, -225 by :062, 225 by 
050, 175 by 050. . 

Pearl Islands and Panama, in rocky pools at low-water mark, com- 
mon,—F’. H. Bradley ; Panama,—J. H. Sternbergh, A. Agassiz; Aca- 
puleo,—A. Agassiz; Corinto,—J. A. McNiel. 


This species differs from most others in color and in the small gran- 
ulous verruce. JV. retusa, which has a somewhat similar but darker 
color, has much larger, spreading verruce and very different larger 
spicula. In some respects it is allied to M. hebes, which it considera- 
bly resembles, except in color, when young. Young specimens of 
these two species were formerly confounded by me,—a mistake that 
might readily have been avoided by an examination of the spicula, 
which are very different. The spicula of this species are remarkable 
for their relatively small size, roughness, and stout forms, among which 
the thorny clubs are, perhaps, the most characteristic. 


444 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Muricea clavata (Gonigoria clavata Gray)* appears to be closely 
allied to this species, and may prove identical upon actual comparison. 
The specimen described and figured is evidently young, consisting of 
a simple clavate stem, as in the young of many other species of 
Muricea. Its locality is unknown and the description is not sufficiently 
detailed to determine whether it be identical with this or not. 


b.— Cenenchyma rather thin; branchlets slender. 


Muricea appressa Verrill. 


Gorgonia plantaginea Val., Voyage dela Vénus, Zoéph., Pl. 15, 1846,+ (non Lamarck). 

Muricea appressa Verrill, Bulletin Museum Comp. Zodél., p. 37, Jan., 1864; Proc. 
Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 329, 1866. 

Eunicea Tabogensis Duch. and Mich., Supl. Corall. des Antilles, p. 17, Tab. 3, fig. 5 
and 6 (after May, 1864), in Mem. Reale Aceod. Sci., Torino, xxiii, p. 111, 1866. 


Plate VIII, figure 13. 


Corallum deep brown, sometimes yellowish white, flabelliform, much 
subdivided, with small, closely appressed verrucz. 

When young the corallum is quite slender; the small trunk divides 
within a quarter or half an inch from the base into two or three main 
branches, each of which usually forks again within about a quarter 
inch, and the resulting branches subdivide irregularly in a dichoto- 
mous or sub-pinnate manner, so that specimens 2°5 inches high often 
have more than twenty branchlets, all of which are quite slender and 
nearly equal in diameter. The large specimens are usually very nu- 
merously branched, all the branches standing nearly in one plane, the 
principal branches mostly sub-pinnate, often secund. The branchlets 
usually arise at ‘25 to 50 of an inch apart, and, after curving outward 
a little at base, rise nearly parallel with the branch from which they 
originate ; they are usually quite slender, flexible; mostly 1 to 6 inches 
long, varying considerably in diameter in different specimens. The 
verruce are quite small, crowded, closely imbricated, with the lower 
lip much elongated and incurved, so as to conceal the cells, usually 
closely appressed, but not invariably so; their surface is scabrous, 
covered with small, short, and very rough spicula, the ends but slightly 
projecting. Ccnenchyma thin, very little exposed, except on the base 
and main branches, covered with small rough spicula and slender 
spindles. Axis black at base and in the larger branches, finely stri- 
ated longitudinally and usually compressed, especially at the axils, 


* Proceedings of the Zodlogical Society of London, 1851; Annals and Magazine of 
Natural History, vol. 3, page 422, 1859. 

+ The figure represents a coarse, poorly grown specimen. Spicula from the original 
type agree with those of our typical form,—Reprint. 


—e . 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 445 


light brown, slender, setiform, and flexible in the branchlets. Color, 
except in the light variety, uniform deep brown. In life, “the stem 
is dull red, polyps brownish yellow,”—F. H. B. 

The largest specimens are often 18 inches across; a medium sized 
one measures in height 8 inches ; breadth 10; diameter of trunk -25 ; 
of main branches ‘20; of branchlets °10 to 12. A stouter branched 
specimen is 10 inches high; 10 broad; diameter of trunk ‘50; of main 
branches °25 to °35; of branchlets 12 to 18; length of verruci -06 ; 
breadth ‘03. In some specimens many of the branchlets do not ex- 
ceed ‘08 in diameter. A specimen from Zorritos is 15 inches high; 8 
broad ; diameter of branchlets +12 to 18 ; many of the simple terminal 
branchlets are 6 to 9 inches in length, some tapering very slightly to 
the end, others of nearly uniform size throughout their length. 

The spicula are small, yellowish brown and deep reddish brown. 
The larger ones are mostly very rough spindles; very thorny, stout 
clubs; very slender, warty spindles; and stout, irregular, lacerate 
spicula. The larger spindles are mostly rather stout, somewhat irregu- 
lar, covered on the outside with very rough, unequal warts, on the in- 
side with large, sharp, lacerate spindles. The clubs are short and 
stout, often one-sided, the small end acute and warty, the other end 
much enlarged, lacerately divided into large, prominent, rough spi- 
~nules. The irregular spicula are of various forms, often flattened, 
with one edge deeply divided into large, unequal, lacerate spinules. 
The slender spindles are of various lengths, some being very long and 
slender, with acute ends, covered on all sides with small, well sepa- 
rated warts. 

The larger spindles measure -925"™ by *125™™, -900 by °150, ‘750 by 
175, “700 by °125, 575 by -175, ‘575 by -150, -550 by 200, 525 by -187, 
525 by °175, 525 by 162, °500 by 200, *500 by °175, ‘500 by 150, 475 
by +125, -450 by *150, 450 by “125, 425 by 150, +425 by ‘125, -400 by 
125, 350 by 125, 275 by °175 ; the slender spindles ‘800 by °100, 725 
by ‘075, *700 by °125, *700 by “100, 625 by -075, ‘575 by -075, 525 by 
"100, 525 by -087, 525 by -075, 500 by +112, :500 by °100, °475 by 
075, 425 by -087, -425 by 075, °350 by -062; the clubs -600 by -225, 
550 by °200, 525 by °225, 500 by °275, -450 by °200, -450 by °175, -450 
by 150, -400 by +150, °375 by °175, °875 by °150, ‘375 by °125, -350 by 
137, °325 by 175, ‘275 by 125; the irregular spicula -500 by °325, -475 
by -275, 450 by -250, -450 by 200, -425 by -175, -400 by °175, 400 by 
"125, -250 by °125, 225 by *150, “150 by °150. 

Zorritos, Peru, dredged in 3 to 5 fathoms, F. H. Bradley; Pearl 
Islands, in pools at extreme low-water mark, F. H. Bradley ; Pana- 


446 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


ma,—J. H. Sternbergh, F. H. Bradley; Corinto, Nicaragua,—J. A. 
MeNiel; La Paz,—J. Pedersen. 
Var, flavescens. 

Corallum agreeing in the mode of branching and in size and form of 
branchlets and verruce, with the typical specimens, but yellowish or 
whitish in color. In life, “stem and polyps pure white, polyps ‘12 
of an inch long, 03 in diameter, nearly transparent; tentacles eight, 
very short, appearing as mammille on the edge of the disk,’—F. H. B. 

The height of a specimen from Zorritos is 8 inches; breadth 11; 
diameter of branchlets ‘10 to +15. Another one is 12 inches high; 
10 broad; diameter of branchlets mostly about °12; length of branch- 
lets mostly 2 to 5 inches. 

The spicula are white and agree very well with those of the typical 
form, but the larger spindles and clubs, in the specimens examined, 
average somewhat larger and are, perhaps, a little rougher. 

The larger spicula measure °825"™ by :200™™, °750 by °200. °750 by 
175, °725 by °125, °625 by 150, °575 by 150, -475 by °200; the clubs 
850 by °212, 625 by ‘225, 575 by °200, 500 by °225, ‘500 by °200. 

Zorritos, Peru, dredged in 3 to 5 fathoms; and Pearl Islands, at ex- 
treme low-water mark,—F. H. Bradley ; Corinto,—J. A. McNiel. 

This species can scarcely be confounded with any other, unless with 
the following, from which it differs in its more numerous, shorter, and 
less slender branchlets, larger, stouter, and more incurved verrucz, and 
especially in the character of the spicula. 

The specimen figured by Duchassaing and Michelotti* is evidently 
the young of this species. The projecting points of the spicula, rep- 
resented in their magnified figure, should have been a sufficient indi- 
cation of its generic affinities. 

Muricea tenella Verrill, sp. nov. 
Plate VI, figure 12. Plate VIII, figure 14. 


Corallum whitish, dichotomous, with long and very slender branch- 
lets, and prominent, slender, acute verrucie, covered with long, slender 
spindles. 

The typical specimens from Panama are small and slender. The 
trunk divides within half an inch from the base into two or three nearly 
equal branches, each of which forks again within a quarter inch. The 
secondary branches afterward subdivide at distances of 25 to 80 of 


* Although the exact date when their memoir was published is unknown to me, it 
certainly was subsequent to the publication of this species in the Bulletin of the Mus. 
Comp. Zodl., which is sufficiently evident from the foot-note on page 7, dated “ Turin, 
ce 17 mai, 1864.” 


a 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 447 


an inch, the branchlets mostly arising from their outer side in a some- 
what secund manner. They curve outward a little and then rise sub- 
parallel to the branches, and some of them again subdivide. The ter- 
minal ones are from ‘5 to 2 inches long, very slender and flexible, 
of nearly uniform size throughout. 

A large specimen from Zorritos consists of seven large, compressed, 
divergent branches, arising together from close to the base. These 
rapidly divide into many long, slender branches, which form an acute 
angle with the larger branch, and arise at distinces of 25 to 1 inch 
apart, becoming more distant outward. The secondary branches di- 
vide in the same manner, and likewise many of the resulting branch- 
lets. In this manner the branches form a broad, rounded, fan-shaped 
corallum, with long, very slender, flexible, terminal branchlets, some of 
which are 5 or 6 inches long, but most of them 2 or 3 inches. The 
verruce are very small, but usually quite prominent, with an elonga- 
ted, slender, sharp, lower lip, which is often but little incurved at tip, 
and composed of long, slender, acute spindles, which project at the 
tip. 

In the Panama specimens the verruce are not crowded and scarcely 
imbricated or appressed, but in the large specimens from Zorritos 
they are smaller, crowded, more or less imbricated, with a shorter 
‘and less acute lower lip. The ccnenchyma is thin, covered with 
small, slender, rough spindles. Axis black and somewhat compressed 
in the larger branches, strongly compressed in the large specimens; 
brown and setiform in the branchlets. Color, of dry specimens, gray- 
ish white ; in alcohol dark gray, polyps brown. In life, “ stem white, 
polyps dark brown.” In the Zorritos specimen, during life, “ the stem 
is pure white, polyps light brown, body of polyps transparent. The 
eight tentacles appear as mere thickenings of the edge of the disk, 
often giving it a somewhat angular form,”—F. H. B. 

The largest Panama specimens measure 3°5 high by 3 broad; and 4 
inches high by 3°5 broad; diameter of branchlets, including verruce, 
10 to ‘12; length of verrucz *05 to 06; diameter ‘02 or 03. The lar- 
gest specimen from Zorritos is 17 inches high ; 18 broad; diameter of 
largest branches at base °30 to ‘40; of branchlets ‘07 to *10. 

The spicula are white, the larger ones consisting of remarkably long, 
slender, and acute warty spindles, which are often bent ; of somewhat 
stouter and shorter, roughly warted and spinulose spindles; with a few 
very rough, often lobed, irregular spicula, and rather long, thorny 
clubs. The characteristic, very slender, acute spindles are covered 
with very small, scattered warts. 

TRANS. CONNECTICUT AcaD., Vol. I. 57 JANUARY, 1869. 


448 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


The larger spindles measure °875™™ by °150™™, ‘825 by °150, "775 by 
"150, °750 by °150,°700 by °150, 700 by -125, °675 by 125, °550 by °137; 
the slender spindles 1°12 by *:12, 1:12 by -087, 1°10 by -100, -900 by 
087, °875 by °100, 775 by °100 -775 by °062, °750 by -100, °750 by 
075, 700 by °075, 650 by °087, 625 by °075, 575 by °075, °375 by 
050; the clubs 575 by °112, ‘450 by °137; the irregular spicula -400 
by 175, °375 by °250, °325 by -200, 800 by “150. 

Zorritos, Peru, dredged in 3 to 5 fathoms,—F. H. Bradley ; Panama 
and Pearl Islands, in rocky pools at extreme low-water mark, very 

rare,—F, H. Bradley ; Corinto,—J. A. MecNiel. 


This species is remarkably distinct from all others known by reason 
of its very slender branches ; long, slender, and acute verruce; and 
its extremely slender and sho p spindles. 

It resembles most the slender specimens of M. appressa, var. flaves- 
cens, in external characters. The spicula are most like those of WZ. 
aspera, but are much smaller and more slender. 


Muricea aspera Verrill, sp. nov. 


Corallum yellowish white, flabelliform, with somewhat slender 
branches, which are subpinnate. 

Only two specimens of this species were obtained, both of which 
are imperfect at base, and may be only branches from a much larger 
specimen. Each specimen is once dichotomous and both main branch- 
es are subpinnate, giving off branchlets at distances of -25 to ‘50 of an 
inch, which spread outward at a wide angle, often nearly at right an- 
gles. Some of these again divide in the same manner. The terminal 
branchlets are rather slender and mostly from 1 to 1°5 inches long, 
narrowed at base and usually enlarged a little toward the end. The 
verruce are prominent, loosely imbricated, usually slightly appressed, 
but sometimes not at all so, usually with an elongated, acute lower lip, 
formed of long slender spicula, which project slightly at the end. 
The upper lip is rudimentary or entirely wanting. On the larger 
branches the lower lip is often but little developed, and the large cells 
open outward. The ecenenchyma is thin, covered with long spindles, 
some of them quite stout. Axis black in the larger branches ; yellow- 
ish brown, slender, and brittle in the branchlets. 

Height of largest specimen 5°5 inches; breadth 4; diameter of 
branchlets ‘10 to 16; length of longest verrucze ‘10; diameter °05. 

The spicula are white and consist mostly of long, very slender spin- 
dles, most of which are very acute ; and larger and stouter, but quite 


. 
—— 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 449 


long spindles. The larger spindles are mostly somewhat irregular or 
crooked, sometimes forked at one end, usually acute at each end, but 
sometimes blunt or truncate at one or both, densely covered with 
rough, unequal warts. The slender spindles are very long, slender, 
acute at both ends, often bent, the surface covered with small, distant 
warts. 

The larger spindles measure 2°00™" by *825™™, 1°65 by °350, 1°57 by 
200, 1°52 by °250, 1°37 by -200, 1:35 by °300, 1°32 by -250, 1:20 by 
-200, 1:17 by °275, 1°17 by °250, 1:17 by -200, 1°10 by -200, 1-05 by 
"250, 1:02 by °225, 1:02 by °200, -800 by 150; the slender spindles 1:37 
by °125, 1°32 by °125, 1-25 by *112, 1:25 by -125, 1:12 by -150,1-07 by 
‘125, 1:05 by *100, -100 by -100, -925 by °150, -900 by -087, *875 by -100, 
"875 by 087, °825 by 100. 


Panama, at extreme low water, very rare,—F’.. H. Bradley. 


This species bears little resemblance to any other, except the two 
preceding, from both of which it differs in having much longer and 
larger spicula. Its branches are much shorter and stouter than those 
of MW. tenella, and the verruce are very different from those of I. 
appressa. 


Remarks on the subdivisions of the Genus, Muricea. 


In addition to the 18 species of Muricea described in the preceding 
pages, there are at least 12 other species now known, of which all except 
four are in the Museum of Yale College.* 

All those species which I have examined may be naturally grouped 
in three divisions, which do not appear, however, to be of more than 
subgeneric value, even if entitled to that rank. But in view of the 
manifest tendency among recent authors to multiply generic divisions, 
I have thought it proper to recognize these groups and give them 
names. 


Group 1, Hwmuricea. This division corresponds with section A, page 
419. It includes those species with tubular verruce, without a 
prolonged lower lip, and usually 8-rayed at summit in contrac- 
tion. The spindles both of the eenenchyma and verruc are long 
and usually sharp pointed. The 5 species described above are all 
that are known to me. Typical species, 1. acervata V. 


* The species not in this collection are M vatricosa (Val.) Koll.; I. humosa (Esp.) 
Koll. ; M. tuberculata (Esp.) Koll.; M. sulphurea Ebr. Also M. elongata Lamx. (non 
Dana), which is believed to be an Acis, from W. Indies. 


450 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Group 2, Muricea (typical). This group corresponds to section B, p. 
425. It embraces those species in which the verruce are bilabi- 
ate, or have a prolonged lower lip. The spindles of the ccenen- 
chyma and verruce are similar and usually stout, but sometimes 
slender and pointed.* In addition to the 13 species described 
above, it includes WZ. muricata V. (M. spicifera Lx.); M. lima 
E. and H.; MW pendula Verrill; MW. lava Verrill; and IW. ele- 
gans Duch. and M., from the Atlantic coast of America; and 
probably JZ. vatricosa Koll, Archipel. Bizagos, Africa; and 1. 
sulphurea Ehv., locality unknown. 

Group 3, Muricella. This division includes those species which have 
a rather thin ceenenchyma, filled with long spindles; with low, 
subconical verruce, arising from between the large spicula and 
usually standing at right angles to the surface, and covered with 
much smaller and shorter spindles. The species are JZ. flexwosa 
V., Hong Kong; I nitida V., Ebon L; probably J. humosa 
KOlL, and MW. tuberculata KOll., from unknown localities ; and one 
or two undescribed species, which I have seen, from the E. Indies. 

This group approaches the genus, Acés D. and Mich., but the 
latter differs in having scale-like spicula covering the verruce. 


Echinogorgia aurantiaca Verrill, (Leprocorera, Ist Ed., see p. 413). 


Callao, Peru——Edwards and Haime. A species allied to &. sasappo 
of the East Indies. —Reprint. 


Heterogorgia Verrill. 
American Journal of Science, xlv, p. 413, May, 1868. 


Corallum dichotomous, with a horn-like axis. Ccenenchyma rather 
thin, with a smoothish or finely granulous surface, filled with quite 
small spicula, which are not conspicuous at the surface, and consist 
of various forms of roughly warted, short spindles, heads, double- 
heads, double-stars, crosses, with many irregularly shaped, small, 
rough spicula, Verruce rounded, somewhat prominent, smoothish 
below, armed at summit with long, sharp, often crooked spindles, which 
project from the surface around the cell in the form of sharp, divergent 
spinules. The name alludes to the remarkable diversity in the sizes 
and forms of the spicula. 


* M. robusta, M. purpurea, and M. hebes V. depart considerably from the more typ- 
ical species of this group, in having smaller, short, stout, very rough and irregular 
spicula. Gonigoria clavata Gray (see page 444) appears to belong to the same group, 
and in case a subgeneric name be desirable for these species Gonigoria may be used. 


eae 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 451 
Heterogorgia verrucosa Verrill, loc. cit., p. 414. 


Plate VI, figure 11. Plate VIII, figure 16. 


Corallum grayish or yellowish white, low, dichotomous, with cla- 
vate branchlets and large, rounded, echinate verrucee. 

Young specimens sometimes grow to the height of two inches be- 
fore dividing, and are then clavate and obtusely rounded at summit. 
Other specimens, however, divide dichotomously within half an inch 
from the base; the main branches again divide at a distance of °5 to 
1°5 inches. In some cases part of the secondary branches are also spar- 
ingly dichotomous. The branchlets bend outward at base with a broad 
curve and are mostly irregularly curved and crooked, like the branch- 
es, and usually clavate and obtuse at the end, though sometimes of 
uniform size. The verruce are large, rounded, prominent, not crowd- 
ed, standing at right angles with the surface of the branches, slightly 
eight-rayed at the summit and armed with numerous long, very sharp, 
rough, spindle-shaped spicula, which project from the surface in the 
form of short, divergent spinules. The sides of the verruce and the 
caenenchyma are nearly smooth, showing under a strong lens a finely 
granulous surface composed of small rough spicula. Cells small, some- 
times surmounted by a conical cluster of very slender, white polyp-spin- 
dles. The cenenchyma is rather thin and firm, composed of small rough 
spicula. Axis dull yellowish brown, wood-like in appearance. Color 
pale yellowish gray when dry, a little darker in alcohol. In life, “stem 
dull yellowish brown, polyps gamboge-yellow,’—F. H. B. 


Height of largest specimens 3 inches; breadth 1°5 ; diameter of lar- 
gest branches -25; of branchlets near tips 20; length of branchlets 
1 to 2; height of verruce ‘04 to ‘06; diameter ‘05 to ‘07. 

The spicula consist chiefly of large, more or less elongated, roughly 
warted spindles from the verrucx ; much smaller, very rough spindles 
and heads from the surface of the verruce and ceenenchyma; and very 
slender, small, smoother spindles from the polyps. The largest spin- 
dles are elongated ; some of them are slender and tapering to one or 
both ends; others quite stout but equally long; all are covered with 
large, rough, well separated warts, and one side with short, sharp 
spinules; they are frequently irregular, often obtuse at one end, and 
not very acute at either. With these are many shorter and stouter 
spindles, which show a regular series of forms between the longest 
spindles and short, thick, oval or oblong spicula, which are not thrice 
longer than broad, the surface crowdedly covered with rough warts, 
the inner side with large spinules, the ends often blunt or obtuse, one of 


452 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


them sometimes forked. The small spicula of the ccenenchyma are of 
various forms of small, very roughly warted spindles, heads, double- 
heads, double-stars, crosses, and various irregular and compound forms. 
The polyp-spindles are slightly and distantly warted, quite slender 
and acute; most of them are straight and pretty regular; some are 
much curved and very acute at both ends; others are slender club- 
shaped, more strongly warted at the larger end. 

The longer spindles measure 1°50" by °300™™, 1°50 by 275, 1°35 
by °300, 1-27 by -275, 1-22 by 225, 1°15 by -275, 1-12 by -250, 1-10 by 
"250, 1°10 by -225, 1:07 by -250, 1:07 by -225, 1:05 by -250, 1:02 by 
"225, 1:00 by 225, bi by °225, 950 by -225, 925 by °150, ‘900 by 
"225, ‘875 by °150, °825 by -175, °800 by °200, ‘775 by :175, °750 by 
175, °750 by °125, 675 by °150, 625 by °125, 575 by °125, 500 by 
"125; the stouter spindles 1°55 by 375, 1°25 by °350, 1°22 by °300, 1-20 
by ‘375, 1:20 by °300, 1°15 by °325, 1°15 by -300, 1:12 by 300, 1-05 by 
825, (900 by -250, 850 by -225, °850 by 200, ‘825 by -275, -775 by 
250, °725 by °300, °725 by -275, °700 by -250, -700 by -200, -450 by 
"150; the stout irregular spicula 1:05 by °325, 1:00 by °400, -975 
by *450, 925 by 275, 925 by 325, 900 by ‘375, -650 by -275, 
625 by °2753; the stout spicula with one end forked 1°15 long by 
*675 across the forks, 1:00 by °475, 925 by °450, °675 by ‘325; the 
small spindles from the ccenenchyma °350 by °100, °325 by -087, 300 
by °125, -275 by *150, 275 by °125, -275 by -100, -250 by 100, -212 by 
"150; double-heads ‘162 by *112, °162 by °100, 150 by ‘112; the heads 
-300 by -200, °212 by °125, 200 by +175, °150 by “100, “125 by -100, 125 
by 087, 125 by -075; ihe double-stars 137 by 075, 125 by -100, -100 
by -075; the crosses *300 by ‘175, °225 by “100, 200 by *112, 175 by 
"150, "175 by ‘100, *162 by *100, -150 by °100; the straight polyp-spin- 
dles 425 by ‘075, 400 by ‘075, °375 by °075, 375 by ‘062, 850 by -075, 
"350 by °050, 325 by °075, ‘275 by °062, 250 by 037 ; the curved polyp- 
spindles 475 by °050, ‘450 by :062, 300 by °037; the polyp-clubs 425 
by -083, -425 by -075, -400 by -075, 375 by -075, 350 by 062. 

Pearl Islands, in rocky pools at extreme low-water, on the reef, very 
rare,—F’. H. Bradley. 


Heterogorgia tortuosa Verrill, loc. cit., p. 414. 


Corallum pale yellowish, subflabelliform, with more numerous 
branches and more slender, crooked branchlets, covered with small 
scattered verruce. 

In the largest specimens the trunk divides irregularly, close to the 
base, into several branches, some of which are very irregularly four 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 453 


or five times dichotomous; the branchlets diverge frequently at right 
angles and are mostly very crooked, usually tapering somewhat to the. 
obtuse tips, 1 to 3°5 inches long. One small specimen is simple for 1°5 
inches from the base and then gives off subpinnately from each side 
seven crooked branchlets, which are mostly alternate on the opposite 
sides and from 3 to °5 of an inch apart ; the lower ones diverge nearly 
at right angles and some of them branch near the end, or at °75 to 
1:25 of an inch from their bases. 

The verruce are rather small, low, rounded or subconical, distantly 
scattered, opening outward, armed at the summit with a few small, 
slender, projecting spinules, their sides, like the cenenchyma, having 
avery finely granulous surface, appearing smooth to the naked eye. 
Cenenchyma rather thin, firm, filled with very small rough spicula. 
Axis dull brownish yellow, wood-like in appearance, its surface 
strongly furrowed longitudinally, giving it a corrugated or irregu- 
larly fibrous appearance. 

Color a uniform dull yellowish or buff. Height of largest specimen 
5°5 inches; breadth 5; diameter of largest branches -20; of terminal 
branchlets ‘10 to 15; height of verrucz ‘03 to ‘04; diameter -04 to ‘05. 

The spicula are white, much smaller than in the preceding species. 
The larger ones consist of more or less stout, very roughly warted 
spindles, which are often irregular and usually acute; and of long, slen- 
der, very sharp spindles, with very small, distant warts or spinules. 
The small spicula of the cenenchyma are of various forms of crosses, 
heads, double-heads, clubs, short spindles, etc., all of which are very 
roughly warted. The larger rough spindles measure ‘375™™ by *125"™, 
*350 by “100, 325 by *125, 325 by -112, 325 by -100, -312 by -075, 
300 by :112, ‘300 by °100, °3U0 by °087, °300 by °075, -300 by :062, 
‘275 by °125, ‘275 by *112, -275 by “087, -275 by -062, -250 by -112, -250 
by 100; the long, sharp, curved spindles °575 by -075, 575 by -050, 
‘550 by “087, -450 by -075, 400 by -062, -375 by -050, 325 by 050; the 
small crosses "175 by +125, ‘125 by -087, °100 by ‘075, ‘075 by -062; 
the heads *100 by ‘075, -087 by -075, :062 by :062; the double-heads 
125 by ‘075, *100 by -075, 087 by -075, 087 by -062, 062 by -050; the 
clubs *125 by -087, *125 by -075, -087 by -062; the small spindles -125 
by -075, *112 by -062, "100 by 050, *100 by -037. 

Pearl Islands, in rocky pools at extreme low-water mark,—F. H. 
Bradley. 


This appears to be quite distinct from the last in its smaller and 
more numerous branches, smaller and less prominent verruce, and 


454 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


much smaller spicula. Possibly a large series of specimens might 
show intermediate forms, but none occur in this collection. 


Primnoa Lamouroux. 


Primnoa Lamx., Polypiers flexibles, p. 440, 1816; Dana, Zooph., p. 676; Edw. and 
Haime, Corall., vol. i, p. 139; Kolliker, Icones Histiol., p. 135. 

Axis more or less calcareous, especially at the base, which is usually 
quite stony. Verruce usually in whorls, very prominent, covered 
with scale-like, imbricated spicula. Ccanenchyma also covered by 
smaller scale-like spicula. Type, P. reseda Pallas sp. (P. lepadifera 
Lamx.). 


Primnoa compressa Verrill. 
Proceedings Essex Inst., vol. iv, p. 189, 1865. 


This species is, as yet, known only byitsaxis. It is much branched, 
flabelliform. The smaller branches arise alternately from each side of 
the main branches, forming acute angles with them. Branches and 
branchlets strongly compressed, delicately striated, hard and stony, 
dark brown near the base, yellowish white and setaceous in the 
branchlets. 

Height 24 inches ; diameter of largest branches 25. 

Aleutian Islands,—Capt. Gibson. 


Family, Briarerip& Gray. 
Briaracées (section) Edw. and Haime, Coralliaires, vol. i, p. 188, 1857. 
Briareide (family) Gray, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 443, 1859. 
Briaracee (family) Verrill, Memoirs Boston Society Nat. Hist., 1, p. 10, 1863. 
Briaride (family) Verrill, Proceedings Essex Institute, vol. iv, p 148, 1865, 
Briareacee (sub-family) Kolliker, Icones Histiol., p. 141, 1865. 

Corallum arborescently branched, lobed, or encrusting foreign sub- 
stances. Axis composed of calcareous spicula, which are not consoli- 
dated. Ccenenchyma well developed, filled with small, rough spicula, 
of various forms. Surface granulous. Cells scattered. 

The typical genera of this family are Briareum, Paragorgia, Titan- 
ideum, and allied forms. These are usually arborescently branched, 
or rise in irregular lobes, with a well marked spiculose axis. To these 
typical genera Dr, Kolliker has added Sympodiwn and Erythropo- 
dium, which are normally encrusting or parasitic species, with a thin- 
ner coenenchyma and apparently without a distinct axis, and may, 
perhaps, be best compared with the spreading basal portion of 
Briareum. 

The position of the following genus seems doubtful, and though 
agreeing best, in the structure of its spicula, with this family, it may 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 455 


belong to the Aleyonacea, near Rhizozenia, which Dr. Kolliker refers 
to the Cornularide. 


Callipodium Verrill, gen. nov. 


Corallum encrusting stones and shells, with a firm, more or less 
thickened, finely granulous ceenenchyma, which may spread either in 


t=) 


broad expansions or narrow stolons. Polyps rather large, at the sum- 
mit of round-topped verrucee, which are more or less elevated above 
the surface of the ceenenchyma and either distantly scattered or close- 
ly crowded together; in the latter case often united laterally nearly 
to their summits. Polyps wholly contractile, and also capable of in- 
volving the summits of the verruce, which, in contraction, are usually 
distinctly eight-rayed. 

Spicula short, of moderate size, brightly colored, very abundant in 
the ceenenchyma and verruce, of various forms and sizes, mostly with 
very roughly warted prominences, the largest about *30"" long. The 
most abundant forms have 3, 4, 5, 6, or 8 irregular projections, covered 
at the ends with rough spinulose warts. Some are short, stout, blunt 
spindles, about twice as long as broad, with distant, prominent, rough 
warts. Some approach the forms of double-clubs, double-heads, heads, 
and crosses. Others are of various irregular forms, with distant rough 
warts. Type C. Pacificum V. 

This genus in some characters resembles Erythopodiwn Kolliker, in 
others Rhiozenia Ehr., or at least L. rosea Dana (Hvagora Phil.) as 
characterized by Dr. Kolliker, which may not belong to the same ge- 
nus with &. Thalassantha, the original type of the genus. The polyps 
of Rhizozenia are said to be non-contractile; the texture of the ccen- 
enchyma is quite different; and the spicula (in A. rosea) are much 
smaller. Hrythropodium is described as having a membranous base, 
with scarcely prominent verrucze, and the spicula are much smaller and 
differently shaped. 

Having had no opportunity to examine typical specimens of either 
of those genera I have found it difficult to decide to which the present 
genus is most nearly allied. In the texture of the caoenenchyma, and 
especially in the structure of the spicula, it appears to be more nearly 
allied to the Briareide than to the Cornularide, and I am therefore 
inclined to regard it as an encrusting genus of the former family, since 
even the typical species of the genus Briarewm is sometimes found 
growing in broad encrusting sheets on stones, or parasitically covering 
the dead axis of many species of Glorgonide. 


TRANS. CONNECTICUT ACAD., Vou. I. 58 FEBRUARY, 1869. 


456 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Callipodium Pacificum Verrill. 

Sympodium Pucifica Verrill, Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 329, 1866. 

Erythropodium Pucificum Verrill, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. xlv, p. 415, May, 1868. 
Plate V, figure 22. Plate IX, figure 1. 


Corallum red, encrusting, spreading over the surface of stones and 
shells, either as broad, rather thin sheets, which are usually irregular 
and often interrupted, or in the form of stolon-lke expansions, which 
may be broad, or quite narrow, and are often reticulated, as in the 
specimen figured. 

Verruce irregularly and usually distantly scattered, sometimes a 
little crowded, on the stolons often arranged in a single series, quite 
large, usually very prominent and more or less conical, with a rounded, 
eight-rayed summit; sometimes, when fully contracted, having the 
form of low rounded warts. Ccenenchyma rather thin, firm, very spic- 
ulose, its surface, like that of the verruce, strongly granulose with 
the small rough spicula. 

Color, when dry, bright red; in alcohol a deep, clear red. When 
living, “dull brick-red to purplish red. Polyps, when fully closed, 
mere pimples on the surface, when expanding they show first a low 
rounded cone, marked with pointed groups of red spicula, between 
which now come forth the nearly transparent polyps, which have eight 
small, acute, pinnate tentacles, swollen at base, surrounding the mouth 
of the opaque, pinkish white stomach. Height from attachment to 
summit of tentacles ‘20 inch; diameter °05,’—F. H. B. According 
to Mr. Bradley’s outline sketch of the expanded polyps, the tentacles 
are very acute, and the pinn, which are confined to the outer half, 
are long and slender. 

The largest specimens in the collection almost completely cover por- 
tions 3 inches by 1°5 on the surface of the stones; thickness of ccenen- 
chyma, when dry, ‘02 to 03; height of verrucee above the surface ‘04 
to ‘10, average about °06; diameter ‘05 to 08, average about ‘07. The 
breadth of the stolous in the reticulated specimens varies from ‘05 to 
25, the narrow parts being extremely thin. 

The spicula are bright red, very roughly but distantly warted, and 
very diversified in size and form. The larger ones are partly short, 
stout, blunt spindles, with few (often not more than twelve) large, dis- 
tant, rough warts; partly of three, four, five, and six-pronged star-spic- 
ula, each branch or prong terminated by one or several rough warts; 
partly of very roughly warted heads; and of various irregular, very 
rough forms. The small spicula agree in their forms, to a considerable 
extent, with the large ones, but in addition to the spindles, heads, and 


Verriil, Notes on Radiata. 457 


3 to 6 pronged stars and crosses, there are also double-heads, clubs, 
double-clubs, and various irregular forms. 

The larger spindles measure -212™™ by °125™™, :200 by °100, °175 by 
"125, 175 by ‘112, -175 by °100, 162 by 125, *150 by -112, 150 by 
100, 125 by -087; the three-pronged spicula °200 by °150, °175 by *162, 
"150 by 150, 150 by °125, 125 by °125, 125 by -100; the four-armed 
erosses 212 by °175, 175 by °162, °137 by °112, 125 by -125; the five- 
rayed stars ‘162 by °150, 125 by ‘087, "112 by °100; the six-pronged 
spicula “162 by °112, °150 by °125; the irregular spicula "175 by ‘137, 
"162 by -125, (150 by °125, 125 by ‘112. Among the small spicula 
some of the smaller spindles measure *100 by 062, ‘075 by :050; heads 
100 by ‘075, ‘075 by -075; double-heads °062 by °032, 050 by -037; 
clubs °125 by *075, ‘075 by *050; double-clubs *100 by °050, -087 by 
"037. 

Panama and Pearl Islands, at low-water mark ; and Zorritos, Peru, 
from half-tide downward, on the under side of projecting stones and 
on shells,—F. H. Bradley ; La Paz,—J. Pedersen. 


Callipodium aureum Verrill, sp. nov. 
Plate V, figure 23. 

Corallum yellow, encrusting, consisting of crowded, elongated, tubu- 
lar corallites, united nearly to their summits, thus forming a corym- 
bose cluster, with an uneven surface. 

The verruce in the central parts, where most crowded, project but 
slightly above the surface and are rather large, rounded, and distinctly 
eight-rayed in contraction, Some of the lateral verruce project about 
10 inch. Ccenenchyma thickened, very spiculose, its surface and that 
of the verruce granulous. Color, in alcohol, bright orange-yellow. 

Height 5 of an inch; breadth 1; diameter of verruce about 08. 

Spicula bright golden yellow, similar in form to those of the pre- 
ceding species, but larger, and with longer and more slender branches 
or rays in the star-shaped forms. The larger spindles are mostly 
rather stout, blunt, with distant, very prominent, large warts, which are 
spinulose at summit; they are often irregular or lobed, and some are 
rather slender. The star-shaped spicula have mostly three or fonr, 
sometimes five or six, rays or branches, which are mostly unequal and 
irregular, but usually considerably elongated and often slender, 
smooth at base, but covered at the ends with a cluster of rough warts 
or spinules. Irregular, roughly warted clubs and double clubs, nearly 
as large as the spindles, also occur sparingly. Irregularly formed 
spicula of various shapes, but with very prominent warts, are frequent. 


458 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


The small spicula have all the forms seen among the larger ones, and 
in addition there are warty heads, double-heads, and other forms. The 
polyp-spindles are slender and slightly warted. 

The larger spindles measure °275"" by °075™™, 250 by °112, °225 by 
‘150, 225 by *125, 225 by *112, -225 by -100, 225 by -087, 225 by 075, 
"212 by 125, °212 by °087, °212 by °075, 200 by *125, -200 by °112, 
200 by °075, 187 by -087, °187 by 075, -175 by 087, 162 by -100, 
‘162 by ‘087, 150 by *100; the irregular warty spicula ‘275 by °137, 


295 by ‘100, 200 by °162, 200 by “125,187 by °125, 175 by ‘112; 


the three-branched spicula :212 by °112, :200 by °125, -200 by °100, °187 
by °150, (187 by ‘137, (175 by °150, °162 by -112, -150 by “150, 125 by 
‘125; the four-branched stars or crosses ‘225 by ‘187, °187 by °125, 
175 by °162, 137 by 137; the six-branched spicula *175 by °125; the 
clubs ‘187 by °087, 175 by ‘100, "162 by 100. The small spindles 
125 by °087, 100 by *075, "100 by -062; the clubs -100 by °037; the 
heads ‘125 by °087, °112 by -087, 087 by °087, °075 by °075. 

Panama,—F. H. Bradley. There is also a specimen from Panama 
in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy. 


Suborder, ALCYONACEA Verrill. 
Alcyonides (family) Edw. and Haime, Coralliaires, vol. i, p. 102, 1857. 
Sarcophyta (suborder) (pars) Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4, p. 443, 1859. 
Aleyonide (suborder) Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 3, 1863. 
Alcyonacea (suborder) Verrill, Proceedings Essex Inst., iv, p. 148, 1865. 
Alcyonide (family) Koll., Icones Histiolog., p. 131, 1865. 


Polyps usually elongated, the body-cavity tapering below. Ccenen- 
chyma, when present, fleshy, usually with slender, rather simple spic- 
ula. No distinct axis. 


Family, ALCYONID. 


Halcyonina (pars) (family) Ehrenberg, Corall. des rothen Meeres, p. 56, 1834. 

Alcyonine (pars) (subfamily) Dana, Zodphytes, p. 599, 1846. 

Alcyonine (pars) (subfamily) Edw. and Haime, Coralliaires, vol. i, p. 113, 1857; 
Kodlliker, Icones Histiolog., p. 132, 1865. 

Aleyoniade (pars) (family) Gray, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 443, 1859. 

Alcyonine (family) Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 3, 1863. 

Alcyonide (family) Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, p. 148, 1865. 


Corallum fleshy, attached by the abundant ccenenchyma, usually 
branched. Polyps much elongated, usually highly contractile, spieula 
mostly long and rather simple. 


| 
| 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 459 


Alcyonium rubiforme Dana. 


Lobularia rubiformis Khr., Corall. des rothen Meeres, p. 58, 1834. 
Alcyonium rubijorme Dana, Zobphytes, p. 625, 1846; Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. 
Hist., i, p. 4, 1863; Verrill, Proceedings Essex Inst., iv, p. 190, 1865. 


Corallum red, with a short trunk, which divides into numerous, 
large, rounded lobes, or short, obtuse branchlets. The lobes, in con- 
traction, are often subglobular, covered with numerous small polyps. 
Cenenchyma, between the retracted polyps, even and granulous. Pol- 
yps in expansion much exsert ; tentacles long, lanceolate, acute, with 
rather long lateral lobes. Color, in alcohol, brick red, not diaphanous. 

Arctic Ocean, north of Behring’s Straits, in 35 fathoms,—Capt. 
John Rodgers; West Coast of Behring’s Straits, in the Laminarian 
zone,—Dr. Wm. Stimpson (North Pacific Exploring Expedition) ; 
Banks of Newfoundland,—Coll. Essex Institute; Northern Seas of 
Europe,—Ehrenberg. 

Specimens apparently identical with this species were recently ob- 
tained by me at Eastport, Me., in 10 fathoms. 

The northern species of Alcyonide require careful revision. This 
species is evidently closely allied to A. carnewm Ag., occurring on the 
coast of New England, from Cape Cod to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 


Alcyonium (?) Bradleyi Verrill, sp. nov. 


Corallum, in the only specimen observed, rising as an elongated, 
subconical, simple stalk, with a rounded summit, and a somewhat 
spreading base. Whole surface covered with numerous, scattered, 
small polyps, which are very exsert in expansion. 

Height, while living, 1 inch; diameter ‘25 to °33; polyps ‘05 to 25 
long, in expansion; diameter ‘02 to 03 of an inch. 

“ Whole surface and bodies of polyps yellowish white; tips of pol- 
yps dark crimson, surmounted by eight yellowish white, semi-oval, 
tentacular lobes. Whole group flexible, without a solid axis.” 

Panama Bay, dredged in 3 to 4 fathoms, on loose shells,—F. H. 
Bradley. | 

The specimen from which the description and drawings were made 
by Mr. Bradley has not been found among his collections. There- 
fore the generic characters cannot be ascertained at present with 
certainty. 


460 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Order, ACTINARIA Verrill. 


Actinaria (pars) Dana, including Actinide (family), Zoanthide (family), and Antt- 
pathacea (tribe), Zodphytes, 1846; Gosse, Actinologia Britannic), p. 6, 1860. 

Zoanthaires (pars) Edw. and Haime, including Actinaires and Antipathaires (subor- 
ders), Corall., i, p. 224, 1857; Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc Nat. Hist., i, p. 14, 1863. 

Actinaria (order) Verrill, Proceedings Essex Inst., iv, p. 147, Feb.—April, 1865; 
ditto, vol. v, p. 315, 1868. 

(?) Actinoids, ‘' Actinaria Edw.” (order) A. and Mrs. KE. C. Agassiz, Sea-side Studies 
in Natural History. p. 7 and 152, after May, 1865. (No characters given or limits 
assigned perhaps not intended to include Antipathacea). 


Body fleshy, or coriaceous, composed of from six, or ten, to several . 
hundred spheromeres, which are usually in multiplies of six, united 
only by the outer wall of the body, so as to leave, between adjacent 
spheromeres, interambulacral spaces in which the new spheromeres 
originate during growth. Basal or abactinal region well developed, 
specialized, either free or attached, sometimes capable of secreting a 
horn-like support (Antipathes), or a thin corneus pelicle (Adamsia, 
Cancrisocia). No coral or solid calcareous deposits in the wall or ra- 
diating lamelle. Ambulacral chambers open from the summit to the 
base. Tentacles usually simple, hollow, tubular, or conical, mostly in 
multiples of six; sometimes only six or ten. 

Although the Actinians are evidently numerous, both in species and 
individuals, upon the tropical portion of the Pacific coast of America, 
it is remarkable that but one species has hitherto been described from 
the entire region between Paita, Peru, and San Francisco, Cal. In 
the collections of Mr. Bradley there are large numbers of Actinic, but 
in most cases it would be almost useless to attempt descriptions of 
these animals from preserved specimens alone. | Consequently I have 
omitted most of the species which are unaccompanied by notes or 
drawings made from the specimens while living. 

Many of the Actinic from Peru and Chili have been well figured 
and described by Lesson* and by Drayton,t while those of the north- 
ern coast (Sitcha) have been briefly described by Brandt,{ whose un- 
satisfactory diagnoses refer almost exclusively to the colors, which 


* Histoire naturelle des Zodphytes recueillis dans le Voyage autour du monde de la 
Corvette de sa majesté, la Coquille, 1822—1825, Captaine Duperrey. Par R.-P. Les- 
son, Paris, 1832. 

+ United States Exploring Expedition, during the years 1838—1842. under the 
Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S. N. Vol. vii, Zoéphytes. By J. D. Dana. Actin- 
idee by Mr. Joseph Drayton. Philadelphia, 1846. 

+ Prodromus descriptiones animalium a Mertensio in orbis terrarum circumnaviga- 


tione observatorum. J. F. Brandt, 1835. 


| 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 461 


are notoriously variable in this group, and especially so in some north- 
ern genera, like Urticina and Bunodes. 


Suborder, ACTINACEA Verrill. 

Actinina (family) Ehrenberg, Corall. des rothen Meeres, 1834. 

Actinide (family) Dana, Zodphytes, p. 122, 1846. 

Actiniaires (pars) (suborder) Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 224, 1857. 

Astreacea (pars) (tribe) Gosse, Actinologia Britannica, p. 7, 1860. 

Actinine (subfamily) Duch. and Mich., Corall. des Antilles, 37, 1860, from Mem, 
Reale Accademia delle Scienze, Turin; ditto, (pars) (family) Supplement aux Co- 
rall., 1864, from Mem. Reale Accad., xxiii, 1866. 

Actinaria (pars) (suborder) Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc., Nat. Hist., i, p. 14, 1863. 

Actinacea (suborder) Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, p. 148, 1865; ditto, vol. v, p. 
317, 1868. 

Polyps free and simple, rarely compound, with a well developed 
and muscular base, which is used both as an organ of locomotion and 
adhesion. . Tentacles varying in number from 10 to several hundred, 
and quite varied in size and structure; sometimes branched. 

The ambulacral spaces usually bear some other organs, such as 
branchiz, tubercles, suckers, colored spherules, and special pores. 


Family, TaavasstanrHip# Verrill. 
Proceedings Essex Inst., iv, p. 148, 1865. 


Body more or less cylindrical in expansion, usually broad. The 
disk bears various ambulacral organs in the form of simple or com- 
pound tubercles, or arborescent and variously lobed branchiform or- 
gans, in addition to, or replacing, the simple tentacles. Several of 
these disk-appendages usually arise from each ambulacral chamber, 
and when true tentacles are present, they may be outside or inside of 
them, or on both sides. Base a flat locomotive disk. 

This family is almost confined to the tropical seas. It includes four 
well marked subfamilies. 

1. Phyllactine Edw. and Haime. Disk bears both simple tentacles 
and lobed tubercles, or compound branchiform appendages. 

2. Thalassianthine (pars) Edw. and Haime. Disk bears large, 
compound tentacles or branchiform organs, all of one form, without 
simple tentacles. 

3. Heterodactyline Verrill. Disk bears large, compound, branchi- 
form organs of two kinds. No simpletentacles. Includes Heterodac- 
tyla Ehr. and Sarcophianthus Less. 

4, Discostomine Verriil (non Discosome D. and M.). The disk 
bears small, tentacle-like papille, or small, sparingly lobed tubercles, 


462 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


several of which originate from each radiating chamber or ambulacral 
space, and are therefore arranged in simple radiating lines, or in radi- 
ating groups when more than one series arise from the same chamber. 
These false tentacles increase in size from the centre to the margin of 
the disk. The disk is usually broad and widely expanded, but gene- 
rally capable of complete contraction. 

This subfamily includes the true genus, Discosoma Leuck. (? Ricordea 
D. and M.), excluding many forms wrongly referred to it by various 
authors ;* Homactis and Stephanactis V errill ;+ and apparently Hchin- 
actis K. and H., Corynactis Allman, Awreliania Gosse, and Capnea 
Forbes. But most of the descriptions and figures of these genera are 
insufficient to determine with certainty whether the “tentacles” ori- 
ginate each from a distinct chamber or not. For the three genera last 
mentioned Gosse has formed the family, Capneade, but he does not 
refer to this character, and regards all the disk-tubercles as true ten- 
tacles. 


Subfamily, Puytiactin.2 Edw. and Haime. 
Metridiwm (genus) Ehrenberg, 1834, (non Oken); Dana, Zodph., p. 150, 1846. 
Phyllactine (subfamily) Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 291, 1857; Verrill (pars), 
Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 15, 1863. 

Column usually rather low and broad, its surface generally bearing 
verruce or suckers, sometimes nearly smooth. Disk broad, the tenta- 
cles placed considerably within its margin. The branchiform appen- 
dages either form a circle just within the margin and outside of the 
tentacles, Oulactis ; are mingled with the tentacles, /?hodactis ; or 
cover the buccal area within the circle of tentacles, Actinotryx, or are 
placed both within and outside of the circle of tentacles, Amphiactis 
V.{ These organs differ greatly in number, size, and form in the dif- 
ferent genera, as well as in position. 

The genus, Avwlactinia, which I formerly referred to this subfamily, 
on account of the lobed, sub-marginal, branchiform papille, appears 
to belong rather with the Bunodinw. The same is true of Owlactis 
granulifera (Les. sp.) E. and H., and Anthopleuru Krebsii D. and M. 
It was on account of these and other similar forms that the group 
was formerly made a subfamily of Actinide by me, but in that fam- 
ily the branchiform appendages are really lateral organs, originating 
from or below the margin. 


* Discosomus was used among Reptiles by Oken in 1816, and Diéscosoma among 
Arachnida in 1830 by Perty. Ehrenberg has proposed to subtitute the name Disco- 
stoma, for Luckart’s genus. 

+ Proceedings Essex Institute, vol. vi. ¢ Proc. Essex Institute, vol. vi. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 463 


Oulactis Edw. aud Haime. 
Metridium (pars) Dana, Zodph., p. 150, 1846, (non Oken). 
Oulactis E. and H., Corall., vol. i, p. 292, 1857; pars, Duch. and Mich., Corall. des 
Antilles, p. 46, 1860. 


Column covered with verruciform suckers. Disk broad; simple 
tentacles placed at some distance from the margin; outside of them a 
circle of numerous, large, frondescent, branchiform organs. 


Oulactis concinnata Edw. and Haime. 

Metridium concinnatum Drayton, in Dana, Zodph., p. 152, Pl. 5, fig. 40 and 41, 1846. 

Oulactis concinnata KE. and H., Corall., vol. i, p. 292, 1857. 

Column low, broad, dilated above and below. Disk very broad, 
strongly radiate, margin undulated, sides covered with large tubercu- 
liform suckers, to which pebbles and fragments of shells adhere. Ten- 
tacles half an inch long, stout, subulate, sub-triangular, the lower side 
slightly concave. Branchiform organs nearly °5 of an inch long, 1 to 
1°5 lines broad, frondescently laciniate. 

Column ochreous olive, with olive-green suckers; three branchiz of 
a white color alternate with a brown one; simple tentacles similar to 
column, but paler, faintly striped with pale purple; disk purple. An- 
other variety has the column green, with ochreous suckers. Diameter 
at middle, in expansion, 2 inches; at disk 3. 

San Lorenzo, near Callao, Peru, buried to its tentacles in sand,— 
U. $8. Exploring Expedition. 


Lophactis Verrill, gen. nov. 


Column elevated ; its walls firm, sub-coriaceous, in contraction rough 
with deep corrugations and wrinkles, not verrucose, and without ap- 
parent suckers in the preserved specimens. Simple tentacles large, 
placed at a considerable distance from the margin. Branchize few in 
number (12), arranged in a circle between the margin and the tenta- 
cles, large and broad, laterally compressed, the upper edge of each 
bearing a series of finely subdivided papille, which consequently form 
radiating rows of secondary branchiw. The large branchiform organs 
are united together on the side nearly to their summits by a thin 
membrane, which forms a naked area between the branchie and ten- 
tacles, and they are also united on the outside by adherence to the 
marginal fold, so that, when contracted, there are deep chambers or 
cavities between them. 

This genus is closely allied to Phyllactis, but the latter has more 


numerous branchiz, which are quite different in structure, and are 
TRANS. ConNECTICUT AcaD., VOL. I. 59 FEBRUARY, 1869. 


464 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


longer and much more exsert, and connected together only on the in- 
side by a membrane that does not reach the summit. 


Lophactis ornata Verrill, sp. nov. 

This curious species is known only from one specimen, which is well 
preserved in alcohol, with the disk and tentacles expanded. 

The column is higher than broad, though evidently much contracted ; 
the surface has a finely papillose, or deeply and closely wrinkled ap- 
pearance, and appears to be covered with a dark-colored, thin, msep- 
arable, epidermal layer; its substance is firm and tough, somewhat 
leathery. 

The disk is broad; mouth with numerous marginal folds; buccal 
disk small, surrounded by a circle of 96 simple tentacles, which are 
rather long, enlarged somewhat at the end, which is marked with about 
ten suleations. They are apparently arranged in four or five circles. 
The 12 branchiz are large, with a broad membrane uniting them to- 
gether on the inside and separating them from the tentacles; their 
summits are arched, bearing along the crest a narrow, closely convo- 
luted frill, having its edge finely divided into a fringe-like structure ; 
below the crest there is a transversely thickened portion; the lower 
part is thinner, with strong, longitudinal, muscular folds. These or- 
gans, therefore, are probably capable of being considerably extended 
during life. Height, of specimen in alcohol, 1°5 inches; diameter of 
disk 1; length of tentacles °3 ; of branchie from base ’5 ; along crest *4. 

Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley. 


Asteractis Verrill, gen. nov. 

Column versatile in form; walls firm and sub-coriaceous. Disk 
broad, capable of involution, bearing, near the mouth, a circle of nu- 
merous simple tentacles, and outside of these a corresponding number 
of radiating rows of small, sessile, somewhat lobed and subdivided 
tubercles or papille, increasing in size to the margin, which is crenu- 
late or dentate with the last tubercles of each series. 

This genus is somewhat allied to Quwlactis but differs in having 
branchiform organs, consisting of rows of sessile papillz on the disk, 
instead of distinct, prominent, frondescent appendages, rising from its 
surface. The column differs, moreover, in lacking verruciform suckers, 

To this genus probably belong Actinia flosedifera Les. ( Oulactis 
flosculifera* Duch. and Mich.) and Oulactis formosat D. and M. from 


* Coralliaires des Antilles, p. 46, Pl. vii, figures 7, 11, 1860. 
+ Loe. cit., p. 47, Pl. vii, fig. 4, 5. 


| 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 465 


the West Indies. But the figures and descriptions of the branchial 
appendages are too indefinite to make this certain, while both species 
are said to have lateral pores, which I have not been able to see in the 
following species, when contracted, though they may exist. 


Asteractis Bradleyi Verrill, sp. nov. 


Column whitish, sometimes low and broad, expanding from about 
the middle to the margin of the broadly expanded disk ; at other times 
vase-shaped, contracted near the base, cylindrical above, the disk 
partly contracted ; at other times cylindrical, the portion of the disk 
exterior to the tentacles involved, but the tentacles still protruding. 
Surface in contraction strongly wrinkled transversely, less so longitu- 
dinally, near the margin with papilliform interspaces. 

The tentacles are 48 in number, in three rows; the 12 primary ones 
about °5 of an inch long; the 12 secondary about °3; the 24 smallest 
ones about *25. All the tentacles are slender and pointed, the larger 
ones spotted with white. The small branchial papille form 48 radi- 
ating series, the 12 rows corresponding to the primary tentacles ex- 
tend from the margin to their bases; the 12 corresponding to the 
secondary ones extend about half way to their bases; the 24 small 
ones extend only about quarter way to the bases of the small tenta- 
cles. The inner part of each row is formed of very small, scarcely 
distinct, slightly prominent, crowded papille; farther outward they 
become larger, more prominent, and slightly lobed; the outer ones 
are considerably larger, crowded, divided into five or six, slightly 
rounded lobes, the outermost one forming the dentate margin of the 
disk. 

Color of the column, in life, white; largest tentacles delicate pink, 
bearing four or five, eye-like spots of white, and fading out to white 
at the tips; secondary tentacles pale pink, with similar, but com- 
monly more numerous, white spots; smallest ones white. 

Height, in expansion, 5 to *7; diameter of disk ‘3 to 1 inch; of col- 
umn in middle *3 to 5; diameter of buccal disk, inside of tentacles, 
in full expansion, *5. The same specimen, in alcohol, is about ‘5 high; 
‘5 broad at base; with the partly contracted disk °35 broad. 

Panama Reef, on rocks above half tide,—F. H. Bradley. 


This species appears to be rare, as only one specimen is in the col- 
lection, which is accompanied by notes and drawings made from it 
while living. In the drawings there are twelve conspicuous, dark 
spots, about midway between the tentacles and margin, and corres- 
ponding with the primary tentacles. These are not referred to in the 


466 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


notes and nothing corresponding to them can be seen upon the speci- 
men. Whether they be mere color spots, disk pores, or tubercles, is 
uncertain. When fully expanded the column showed longitudinal 
lines. 

According to Mr, Bradley’s notes it is a hardy species, feeds well, 
and bears rough handling. 


Family, Acrrnip&. 


Actinina (pars) Ehrenberg, including Actinia (genus) and Cribrina (genus), Corall. 
rothen Meeres, p. 31, 1834. 

Actinia (genus) Dana, Zodphytes, p. 122, 1846. 

Actinine (subfamily) Edw. and Haime, excluding “ Actinines pivotantes,” Corall., i, p. 
230, 1857. 

Actinine (pars) (subfamily) Duch. and Mich., Corall. Antilles, 1860. 

Actinide (family) Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 15, 1863; Proceedings 
Essex Inst., iv, p. 148, 1865; ditto, vol. v, p. 320, 1868. 

Body more or less cylindrical in expansion, with a distinct, flat, 
muscular, basal disk. Tentacles round, simple, surrounding the buc- 
cal disk in few or many cycles, sometimes obsolete. Walls perforate 
or imperforate. Ambulacral appendages on the sides of the body 
various. 

This extensive family may be divided into several sub-families, 
which are, however, not always well defined. 

1. Bunodinw. Column bears tubercles or verruciform suckers, 
which are imperforate, or rarely perforate, but do not emit acontia. 

2. Sagartinw. Column perforated with special pores, for the emis- 
sion of acontia. Surface smooth, or with inconspicuous contractile 
suckers. 

8. Phelline. Column elongated, covered to near the margin with 
a persistent epidermal layer or tunic. Lateral pores and acontia few, 
or entirely wanting. 

4. Actinine. Column smooth, fleshy, destitute both of verruce or 
suckers and special pores. No acontia. Margin with or without col- 
ored spherules. Includes Actinide and Antheade Gosse. 


Subfamily, Bunoprn&. 
Actinines verruqueuses (section) Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 263, 1857. 
Bunodide (family) Gosse, Ann. and Mag Nat. Hist., 3d ser., i, p. 417, 1858; Actino- 
logia Britannica, p 185, 1860. 
Bunodide (subfamily) Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 15, 1863. 
Ceree (family) Duch. and Mich., Suplem. Corall. Antilles, Mem. Reale Accad., Turin, 
xxiii, p. 124, 1864-6. 
Bunodine (subfamily) Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1868. 


The column is usually rather low and broad. The verruce of the 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 467 


sides may be simple rounded tubercles or elongated papillae, without 
perforations ; prominent suckers with a concave surface and thickened 
border; perforated verruce, ejecting water in contracting; or, near 
the margin of the disk, lobed or sparingly branched papilla. The 
margin may be a smooth thickened rim, crenulate or dentate by the 
uppermost tubercles, or it may bear colored spherules. The disk is 
usually broad. The tentacles large and not very numerous, usually 
completely contractile. 


Bunodes Gosse. 


Cribrina (pars) Ehr., Corall. rothen Meeres, p. 40, 1834. 

Bunodes Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc., xxi, p. 274, 1855; Actinologia Britannica, p. 189, 
1860; Verrill, Mem. Boston Soe., i, p. 15, 1864. 

Cereus (pars) Edw. and Haime (non Oken), Corall., i, p. 263, 1857. 

Anthopleura (pars) Duch. and M., Supl. Corall. Antilles, in Mem. Reale Accad., 
Turin, xxiii, p. 125, 1864-6. 


Corallum more or less elevated, texture firm, surface covered with 
conspicuous verruciform suckers, concave above, or low rounded tuber- 
cles, which are arranged in vertical lines along each ambulacral cham- 
ber, the uppermost one in each row largest and projecting at the mar- 
gin, so as to form a somewhat dentate or tuberculate border. The 
suckers usually, if not always, have the power of adhering firmly to 
foreign substances. They generally decrease in numbers and size from 
the margin downward, often becoming obsolete below. Tentacles 
rather large, not numerous, very contractile, usually separated from 
the margin by a narrow but distinct naked area or “ fosse.” 


Bunodes cruentata Gosse. 


Actinia cruentata Drayton (Couthouy, MS.), U.S. Expl. Exp., Zoéphytes, p. 138, Pl, 
3, fig. 23, 1846. 

Cereus cruentatus Kdw. and H., Corall., i, p. 268, 1857. 

Bunodes cruentata Gosse, Actin. Britannica, p. 194, 1860. 


Column with small sucker-tubercles arranged in vertical rows, con- 
spicuous near the margin, smaller toward the base. Tentacles about 
48 in number, long, subulate. In expansion the mouth has four lobes. 
Color faint purplish red, with numerous vertical lines of darker red, 
deepening to crimson near the disk ; suckers rose-white, yellowish 
when expanded ; tentacles intense blood-red; disk brownish purple, 
alternating with radiating pale ochreous lines. 

Orange Bay, Terra del Fuego, buried to tentacles in sand,—J. P. 
Couthouy, U. 8. Expl. Exp. 


468 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Bunodes papillosa Verrill. 
Actinia papillosa Lesson, Voyage Coquille, Zodphytes, p. 78, Pl. iii, fig. 2, 1832, (non 
Ehrenberg, 1834 

Cereus papillosus Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 267, 1857. 

Column low and broad, covered throughout with numerous, crowded, 
conspicuous verruce, closely arranged in vertical rows. Tentacles 
very numerous, rather short, in three series. Mouth (as figured) with 
six lobes, in expansion. Color bright green, the verruce lighter, each 
surrounded by a circle of bright red; tentacles bright red, with lighter 
tips, disk flesh-colored. 

Talacahuano, Chili, to Lima, Peru, on submerged rocks ; very com- 
mon near Quiriquine,—Lesson. 


Bunodes pluvia Verrill. 

Actinia pluvia Drayton, op. cit., p. 144, Pl. 4, fig. 30, 1846. 

Cereus pluvia EK. and H., Corall. i, p. 267, 1857. 

Column broad, 2°5 inches in diameter at middle, expanding above 
and below to 3°25. Surface closely covered throughout with small, 
rounded tubercles or papillz, upper margin not tuberculate. Tenta- 
cles numerous, somewhat crowded, in three series, ‘5 inch long, stout 
(over a line thick at base), subulate. Disk strongly marked with ra- 
diating lines, mouth prominent. Color very variable; sometimes 
bright orange throughout, with the tentacles a little darker and the 
disk paler. Some have dull red tentacles; others pale red, with the 
mouth very deep red. In others the column is dark brownish green, 
with the papille bright orange, tipped with white beads or dots. 

The orange variety, when disturbed, “ejected water from all its 
tentacles to a distance of 2 or 3 feet.” 

San Lorenzo L, Peru, on rocks,—J. P. Couthouy, U. 8. Expl. Exp. 


This species may prove to be identical with the preceding, but this. 


cannot be determined from the original figures and descriptions. 


Bunodes ocellata Verrill. 

Actinia ocellata Lesson, op. cit., p. 79, Pl. iii, fig. 5, 1832. 

Cereus ? ocellatus Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 268, 1857. 

Column covered with small verruce, regularly arranged in vertical 
rows, and scarcely crowded, Tentacles numerous, short, subequal, 
slender, crowded. Column brownish ; the verrucie bright rea; tenta- 
cles brownish red with light tips; disk lighter, brownish near the 
mouth; which is red within. 

Paita, Peru, in crevices among rocks, rare,—Lesson, 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 469 


This species and the two preceding, appear to be true Bunodes, so 
far as can be judged from the figures and descriptions, but yet on re- 
| examination they may be found to belong to other allied genera. 


Urticina Ehrenberg (emended). 


Urticina (subdivision of Actinia) Ehr., Corall. rothen Meeres, p. 33, 1834. 

Rhodactinia Agassiz, Comptes-rendus, xxv, p. 677, 1847, (without description); Ver- 
rill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 18, 1864. 

Bunodes (pars) Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc, xxi, p. 274, 1855. 

Cereus (pars) Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 263, 1857, (son Oken). 

Tealia Gosse, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d series, i, p. 417, 1858; Actin Brit., p. 205, 


Column low and broad, in expansion usually broader than high, 
margin with a more or less distinct fold or “parapet.” Surface cov- 
ered with irregularly and distantly scattered verruciform suckers, 

: which are often small and inconspicuous, but capable of strong adhe- 
sion. Margin of the disk slightly dentate or tuberculate, or not at all 
so. Tentacles large and stout, retractile. Type U. crassicornis Ehr. 


Urticina crassicornis Ebr. 


Actinia crassicornis Miller, Prod. Zodl. Danica, p. 2381, 1776; Johnston, British Zo- 
éphytes, i, p. 226, Pl. 40; Van Beneden, Faune Litt. de Belgique, Polypes, p. 191. 

Actinia spectabilis Fubr., Fauna Greenl., p. 351, 1788 

? Actinia coriacea Cuvier, Tabl. élém., p. 653, 1797; Régne Animal, tom. iv, ed. i, 
p. 51, 1817; Rapp, Polypen im Allg., p. 51, Taf. i, fig. 3 and 4, 1829; Johnston, 
Br. Zodphytes, i, p. 224, Pl. 39, 1847. 

? Actinia Holsatica Miller, Zool. Danica, iv, p. 23, Pl. 139, 1806. 

Isacmea (Urticina) crassicornis Ehrenberg, Coral. rothen Meeres, p. 33, 1834. 

? Isacmea (Urticina) papillosa Ehr., op. cit., p. 33, (perhaps =U. digitata) 

2 Cribrina coriacea Ehr , op. cit, p. 40. 

? Actinia bimaculata Grube, Actinien, p. 4, fig. 4, 1840. 

Rhodactinia Davisii Agassiz. Comptes-rendus, xxxv, p. 677, 1847; Verrill, Mem. 
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 18, 1864. 

Actinia obtruncata and A. carneola Stimpson, Invert. of Grand Menan, p. 7, 1853. 

Bunodes crassicornis Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soe., xxi, p. 274, 1855. 

Actinia? felina Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 242, 1857. 

? Cereus coriaceus Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 264, Pl. C 1. fig. 4, 1857. 

Tealia crassicornis Gosse, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, i, p. 417, 1858; Actin- 
ologia Britannica, p 209, Pl. iv, fig. 1, 1860. 

? Bolocera eques and Stomphia Churchie Gosse, Actin. Brit., p. 222 and 351, Pl. viii, 
fig. 5, ix, fig. 6. 

? Actinia elegantissima Brandt, Prodromus descr. Anim. a Mertensio, p. 13, 1835; 
Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 289: 

? Actinia Laurentiit Brandt, op. cit., p. 13 ; Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 289 


Column large, low, usually broader than high in full expansion, the 
surface bearing small, distant suckers, which are capable of becoming 


470 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


verrucose and attaching foreign substances, or of becoming low, round- 
ed, slightly prominent papule, or they may be entirely contracted to 
the level of the general surface, which then appears nearly smooth, but 
often longitudinally and transversely striated. Tentacles large and 
stout, numerous, usually banded. Mouth large, with strongly marked 
lobes, the stomach often everted. 

Color very variable ; column usually some shade of red or green, 
or variously mottled and striped with these colors; often bright red 
and uniform flesh color. Tentacles usually banded with alternating 
rings of white and some shade of red or pink ; sometimes uniform red 
or flesh-color. Disk usually lighter than the column, frequently pale 
reddish, or greenish, or mottled; usually, if not always, with radiating 
stripes of brighter red or crimson, which extend from near the mouth 
to and among the bases of the tentacles, two of these stripes going 
to each tentacle and embracing its base on each side. Small white 
spots often occur in front of the inner tentacles. The angles of the 
mouth are usually bright red. Large specimens are often 4 to 6 inches 
in diameter; tentacles 1 to 1°5 inches long; ‘20 to °25 in diameter at 
base. 

Occurs commonly on all the northern coasts of Europe, from France* 
northward ; Iceland; Greenland; Arctic America, southward to Cape 
Cod. On the Pacific coast in the Arctic Ocean north of Behring’s 
Straits, in 30 fathoms, and in Behring’s Straits,—North Pacific Expl. 
Exp. ; Sitcha,—Brandt ; Puget Sound,—Dr. C. B. Kennerly. 

The numerous specimens obtained by the North Pacific Exploring 
Expedition do not appreciably differ from those of the north Atlantic 
coasts, preserved in the same manner. Nor is there anything in 
Brandt’s descriptions to indicate a specific difference. 

A, elegantissima Brandt, is said to have the body pustulous, green- 
ish red or spotted. Tentacles moderate, dilated, and white in the mid- 
dle, purple at the end. From Sitcha. 

A, Laurentii Br., has the body red, blotched irregularly with green 
and brown. Tentacles vermilion red. Behring’s Straits. 


Evactis Verrill, gen. nov. 

The column bears vertical rows of verruciform suckers or tubercles, 
and is perforated by numerous openings from which water is ejected 
when the body suddenly contracts. The inner tentacles are smaller 
and shorter than the outer ones; mouth with four prominent lobes. 
Type Actinia artemisia Drayton. 


* The southern European form (U. coriacea) is more verrucose and may be distinct 
from the true U. crassicornis of the north. 


4 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 47] 


This genus is allied to Anthopleura Duch. and Mich., but the latter 
is represented as having equal tentacles, and the uppermost tubercles 
are subdivided and sub-tentaculiform. It resembles Bunodes, but in 
the latter the walls are imperforate and the inner tentacles are largest. 


Evactis artemisia Verrill. 

Actinia artemisia Drayton, op. cit., p. 149, Pl. 4, fig. 38, 1846. 

Cereus artemisia Edw. and Haime. Corall., i, p. 268, 1857. 

Column low, broad, subcylindrical, often dilated in the middle, and 
covered with regular vertical lines of prominent, rounded tubercles, 
which are obsolete below, the upper ones larger and forming a row 
around the margin of the disk. Tentacles in three series, stout, sub- 
ulate, the inner ones ‘5 inch, the outer ones 1 inch in length. Disk 
radiated ; mouth with four prominent lobes. 

Column yellowish green; the tubercles dark sap-green, the green 
line extending to the base, though the tubercles are obsolete below. 
The colors of the tentacles are various and shaded like those of the 
prism. Disk greenish, darker toward the tentacles; the mouth flesh- 
colored. Diameter, in expansion, 2°25 inches 

Discovery Harbor, Puget Sound, abundant,—U. 8. Expl. Expedi- 
tion; Puget Sound,—Dr. C. B. Kennerly. 

“This species occurs buried to the tentacles in sand, and also at- 
tached to pebbles or shells two or three inches below the surface. 
On contracting, water spurts from various small lateral orifices, as 
from a watering-pot,’—C. Pickering. 


Evactis ? xanthogrammica Verrill. 

Actinia xanthogrammica Brandt, Prod. descrip. anim., p, 12, 1835; Edw. and H., op. 

cit., p. 289. 

Bunodes xanthogrammica Gosse, Actin. Brit., p. 194, 1860. 

“ Body sub-verrucose, yellowish green. Tentacles numerous, elon- 
gated, fusiform, flattened below, copper-green, with small, transverse, 
yellow spots.” 

Sitcha Island,—Brandt. 

This species may prove identical with the preceding, and in that 
case would have priority. There are no certain indications of its gen- 
eric affinities, and I have placed it here mainly on account of its gen- 
eral resemblance to . artemisia. 


Cladactis Verrill, gen. nov. 


Column firm in texture, low, broad, crowdedly covered with ele- 
vated, sub-tentaculiform tubercles or papilla, which have round, in- 
TRANS. CONNECTICUT AcaD., VOL. I. 60 FEBRUARY, 1869 


A472 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


flated tips, those on the sides simple or two or three lobed; those at 
the margin of the disk elongated, pedunculated, the end divided 
into 2 to 6 rounded lobes. Tentacles numerous, rather long, the inner 
ones largest. Disk broad, with a naked area or “fosse” between the 
tentacles and the margin. 


Cladactis grandis Verrill, sp. nov. 


A large species with the entire surface of the column covered with 
close vertical rows of crowded, elongated papille, which are smaller 
below, but larger and more complex near and at the margin. The 
uppermost sub-marginal ones are elevated, with a distinct peduncle, the 
outer portion divided into about six, rounded, inflated lobes in the 
larger ones, two to four in the smaller ones. The papillae become 
nearly sessile below, but many of them have two or three rounded 
lobes. The tentacles are moderately large, rather stout, very nume- 
rous (528 in a large one), in many rows, forming seven or eight cycles, 
apparently but little contractile, separated from the margin of the 
disk by a broad shallow fosse. Buccal disk broad, radiated. The 
mouth is large, elongated, with strong gonidial folds, and numerous 
lobes along the sides. 

General color greenish-brown or olive; “twelve rows of light col- 
ored tubercles, with three or more rows of smaller dark ones between 
each pair of rows of larger ones; disk dark greenish brown; tenta- 
cles of nearly uniform greenish brown.” In alcohol the specimens are 
grayish blue, with dull blue tentacles. Some of the larger specimens, 
when preserved in alcohol, are about 3 inches in diameter and 2 high ; 
length of inner tentacles 1 inch. 

Paita; and Zorritos, Peru; Pearl Islands; and Panama, on stones 
below half-tide mark,—F. H. Bradley. Rio Brito, near San Juan del 
Sur, Nicaragua,—B. Silliman. 

This species appears to be the most abundant Actinian of the Pan- 
amian Fauna in the littoral zone. It occurs under the wharf of the 
Panama Railroad Co. at Panama, It appears to have limited powers 
of contraction, since most of the specimens preserved in alcohol have 
the tentacles more or less extended and the disk exposed. In some 
cases, however, the disk is so involved as to conceal the tentacles. 
Mr. Bradley states that it is “ very sensitive.” 

It appears to be allied to some of the species referred to Cystiactis 
by Edw. and Haime, but the latter group appears to include repre- 
sentatives of more than one genus. There is, moreover, nothing in 
their descriptions to indicate that either of their species have com- 
pound tubercles, which is one of the most prominent characters of the 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 473 


present genus, when mature. In young specimens, however, the 
marginal tubercles are only 2 or 3-lobed, while those of the sides are 
simple rounded tubercles, and scarcely crowded. 

There are no openings apparant in the sides of the body.* In this 
respect the genus differs from the typical species of Anthopleura (A. 
Krebsii), as well as in the character of the lateral tubercles. A. gran- 
ulifera D. and M. appears to belong to this genus, however, since it 
is said to be imperforate and tuberculated. 


Cystiactis Edw. and Haime, op. cit., p. 276. 


“ Body entirely covered by subtentaculiform tubercles, or having 
the aspect of large, very salient pustules.” 


Cystiactis Eydouxi Edw. and Haime, op. cit., p. 276, 1857. 

“ Tentacles short, moderately numerous, longitudinally striated by 
contraction ; the external ones smaller than the internal. Body coy- 
ered with large vesicles of very unequal size, very close, and irregu- 
larly arranged. Specimens preserved in alcohol have a uniform brown 


color.” 
Coasts of Chili,—Eydoux (Mus. Paris). 


The single character upon which the genus, Cystiactis, is based is 
too indefinite, or too imperfectly defined, to be of much importance 
in identifying genera. Specimens from Brazil, that appear to be iden- 
tical with C. Gaudichaudi E. and H., appear, however, to be gener- 
ically distinct. The same is true of Cystiactis Eugenia D. and M.,t 
from St. Thomas. But, so far as the description shows, C. Hydouwxi 
may not differ from Cladactis, since it is not stated whether the mar- 
ginal tubercles be simple or compound. Should they prove identical, 
Cystiactis may, therefore, be restricted to C. Gaudichaudi and 
similar species. 

Anthopleura Duch. and Mich. 
Anthopleura D. and M., Corall. des Antilles, p. 40, 1860; ditto (pars), Supl. Corall. 
des Antilles, p. 32, 1864-6. 

Column subcylindrical, somewhat elevated, bearing adhesive, verru- 
ciform suckers with concave tops, which are arranged in longitudinal 
rows, and diminish in size and frequency toward the base. Margin 
surrounded by a circle of elongated papille, corresponding to the 
rows of suckers, and more or less lobed or incised, with small per- 


* C. cavernata (Bunodes cavernata V.) from S. Carolina, has the wall perforated by 
small, inconspicuous pores, from which water may be ejected. 

+ Supplément Corall. des Antilles, in Mem. Reale Accad., Turin, xxiii, p. 129, Pl. vi, 
fig. 1, 1866. 


474 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


forations on the lower side, from which water may be ejected. ~Simi- 
lar perforations occur in the sides below the margin. Tentacles elon- 
gated, subequal, rather numerous, separated from the margin by a 
narrow but distinct fosse. Type, A. A7vebsit D. and M., 1860. 


This genus was originally based upon a single species, with the 
characters given above. Subsequently two other species were added 
by the same authors, having quite different structures, and the generic 
characters were modified accordingly. As defined in the later work 
the genus does not differ materially from Bunodes, and in fact one of 
the species referred to it, A. pallida, appears to be a true Bunodes, 
having imperforate walls and simple tubercles. The other species, A. 
granulifera, has imperforate walls, non-adhesive tubercles, those 
around the margin being compound. This probably belongs to our 
genus, Cladactis. It seems necessary, therefore, to restrict the genus 
to its original limits, including only those species with perforated 
walls, adhesive suckers, and compound sub-marginal papillae. As thus 
limited it is allied to Aulactinia* nobis, and to Hvactis. The latter 
differs, however, in having the outer tentacles largest, and the margin 
surrounded by simple tubercles; the former has more complex sub- 
marginal appendages and appears to be imperforate, but when better 
known may prove to be identical. 


Anthopleura Dowii Verrill, sp. nov. 
Actinia Dowiti Bradley, MS. 


Column cylindrical, but little elevated, with vertical rows of rather 
distant, large, adherent, verruciform suckers, which have concave sum- 
mits; the upper ones largest, becoming more distant and much smaller 
below, nearly obsolete near the base. Surface between the suckers 
smooth in expansion, when contracted covered with elevated, reticu- 
lated wrinkles. Corresponding to each row of suckers there is a prom- 
inent, inflated, submarginal tubercle; these are mostly divided into 2 
to 6, slight, rounded lobes, each one perforated on the lower side by 
several small pores, through which water may be ejected, but no open- 
ings through the walls below could be detected in preserved speci- 
mens. Margin of the disk separated from the tentacles by a narrow 
fosse. Tentacles rather slender, elongated, subulate, arranged in three 
rows, in the larger specimens 108 or more, in smaller ones often only 
48. Disk broad, with radiating striations, mouth small, with numer- 
ous folds; stomach often everted. 


* Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. History, i, p. 20, 1864. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 475 


Color quite variable; ‘‘column often flesh-colored; disk very vari- 
able, from uniform olive-brown to variegated with greenish and yel- 
lowish, sometimes all greenish white, in other specimens with six bands 
of pale yellow alternating with dark lines about the mouth, the rest 
of the disk being greenish brown; tentacles very inconstant in color, 
varying from dark brown, yellow, orange, and pink, to purple and 
dark greenish brown, sometimes plain, often with 1 to 5 light yellow, 
small, irregular spots, the inner surface commonly darker colored.”— 
EL B. 

The larger specimens, preserved in alcohol, are about 1°5 inches 
high, and 1 in diameter. 

Pearl Islands; and Panama, under the wharf of the Railroad Co., 
below half-tide mark,—F. H. Bradley; Realejo—F. H. Bradley ; 
Acajutla, San Salvador, on buoy,—Capt. J. M. Dow. 


This species appears to be tolerably common. In alcohol most of 
the specimens have the tentacles expanded, often with the stomach 
everted, others have the disk entirely involved. Mr. Bradley states 
that it bears rough handling well. Fi 

The following observations apply to an Acajutla specimen, which 
has not been found in the collection with its corresponding number, 
but which probably belongs to the same species with that described 
above. 

* Base broad, 1 inch in diameter; body stout, with lines of small 
light drab pustules running down from the small tentaculiform lobes 
on the edge of the disk; disk 1°5 inches broad, dark brown, with 
whitish stripes radiating from the small yellowish red mouth; tenta- 
cles moderately stout, in three rows (16: 48; 48), outer two rows ‘05 
inch from edge of disk, inner ones ‘06 farther inward, base light drab, 
tips dark red, sometimes marked near the tips with small white spots 
on the inner side,’—F. H. B. 

A species somewhat resembling this in general appearance, as pre- 
served in alcohol, but evidently distinct, is in the collection from the 
Pearl Islands. This has very exsert, adhesive suckers, with concave 
tops, on the middle of the body, but becoming smaller and sessile 
above and below. Sub-marginal tubercles small and simple. Tenta- 
cles long and slender, in moderate number. In contraction the body 
is oval, 1°5 inches long; 1 in diameter. It may be a Bunodes. 


Phymactis Edw. and Haime. 


Actinia (pars) Drayton, op. cit., p. 125, 1846. 
Phymactis Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 274, 1857. 


Column rather low and broad, covered with prominent verruce. 


476 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 7 


Margin surrounded by a circle of bright colored spherules, or eye- 
tubercles. Tentacles rather large and numerous. Mouth large and 
prominent with many lateral folds. 


Phymactis clematis Edwards and H., op. cit., p. 275. 
Actinia clematis Drayton, op. cit., p. 130, Pl. I, fig. 4and 5, 1846. 


Column low, usually much broader than high, base and disk broad- 
er; the disk broadest, dilated, and thrown into four or five lobes or 
tolds by the undulations of the margin Pustules or verruce of the 
walls large, numerous, crowded. Marginal tubercles or spherules 
large, rounded, 1°5 lines broad, yellow or red. Naked portion of disk 
less than half the whole diameter. Tentacles short and numerous, 
rather stout, in about five series. 

Color quite variable ; “‘in one variety the body with the disk and 
tentacles, is of a deep rich green color; the centre of the disk a little 
paler, the marginal tubercles a bright yellow, and the under part of 
the foot yellow. In another the body is a deep crimson, with the tu- 
bercles of the lateral surface deep green, and the marginal tubercles 
vermilion; the tentacles dark lake, and the central part of the disk 
a paler lake; under surface of the base a bright orange, approaching 
vermilion,’—J. Drayton, 


Diameter at middle 2°5 inches; diameter of disk 4; height of col- 
umn about 2; length of tentacles °5 to °75. 

Valparaiso, Chili,—U. S. Expl. Exp. 

In the work of Edwards and Haime the locality is erroneously given 
as “* Cétes du Brésil.” 


Phymactis florida Edw. and H., op. cit., p. 274. 
Actinis florid Drayton, op. cit, p. 131, Pl. 2, fig. 6, 7, 8. 


Column low, about as broad as high, somewhat dilated at base and 
sumnit ; margin of base undulate, of disk somewhat plicate, usually 
in five folds; surface ecrowdedly covered with verruce. Tentacles 
“short, about *5 inch, nearly equal, subulate, stout, crowded, in 5 im- 
perfect series.” Disk strongly radiated, the tentacles occupying a 
breadth of 5 to ‘75 of an inch. 

Color variable; “‘ one variety has a royal smalt-color, with the papillz 
of the surface a fine ultramarine, the disk a paler blue, and the mar- 
ginal tubercles pearly white. Another is verdigris-green, with the 
papille of the same color, and the marginal tubercles yellow. Another 
apparently of the same color, though a little higher (near 3 inches), 
has the papill of the lateral surface of a sap-green color on a reddish 


Sse 


=. Pea eal 
ee pn 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 477 


ground, with the tentacles a dull purple, the disk between the tenta- 
cles and the mouth light grayish green, the mouth flesh-color, and the 
under surface of the base scarlet,”—.J. Drayton. 
Height 2 to 2°5 inches; diameter at middle 2°25; diameter of disk 3. 
San Lorenzo L, off Callao, Peru,—U. 8. Expl. Exp. 


This species may, quite possibly, prove to be only a variation of the 
preceding one, depending on locality, state of expansion, ete. It ap- 
pears to differ principally in having shorter and more numerous tenta- 
cles and a less dilated disk. 


Subfamily, Sacartin.# Verrill. 


Actinines perforées (section) Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 278, 1857. 
Sagartiade (family) Gosse, 1858; Actinologia Britannica, p. 9, 1860. 
Sagartide (subfamily) Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. History, i, p, 21, 1864. 
Sagartine (subfamily) V., Proc. Essex Inst., vol. v, p. 322, 1868; ditto, vol. vi, 1869. 


Column very changeable in form, usually capable of great extension 
into long, cylindrical, or pillar-like forms, or of contracting into alow, 
flattened, conical shape. Surface in full expansion mostly smooth, not 
verrucose, often with retractile suckers, which are not conspicuous ex- 
cept while in use; in contraction the surface is usually covered with 
close transverse or reticulate wrinkles. Walls perforated by special 
openings (cinelide) through which thread-like, stinging organs (a@con- 
tia) are ejected when the animal is irritated, sometimes in great profu- 
sion, in other cases very sparingly and reluctantly. Margin simple or 
nearly so, usually without special appendages (Vemactis is an excep- 
tion). Tentacles usually numerous, generally slender and elongated, 
highly contractile. 

Species can usually be recognized as members of this subfamily by 
the smooth, thin walls, usually showing the internal lamelle, and by 
their perforations and the existence of acontia. But the latter char- 
acters are frequently overlooked, even in living specimens, and are 
generally difficult to detect in specimens contracted in alcohol, except 
in a few genera where the borders of the pores are raised (Adamsia). 
Most of the species referred by Edwards and Haime to Paractis, and 
described as lacking perforations and all appendages of the walls, are 
really Sagartians in which the perforations have been formerly over- 
looked. Therefore I have here referred several similar species of sim- 
ple Actinians to this group, although the lateral pores and acontia 
have not actually been observed. 


478 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Metridium Oken. 


Actinia (pars) Linnzeus, Lamark, Cuvier, Dana, ete. 

Metridium Oken, Lehrbuch der Naturg., iii, p. 349, 1815, (non Metridium Ehrenberg, 
Dana, Gosse, etc., = Oulactis). 

Actinoloba (prs) Blainville, Dict. des Sci. Nat., 1830; ditto, Manuel d’Actinologie, 
p. 322, 1834; Gosse, Actinologia Brit., p. 11, 1860. 

Cribrina (pars) Ehrenberg, op. cit., p. 40, 1834. 

Metridium Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 252, 1857; Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. 
Hist., i, p. 21, 1864. 

Column very changeable, in full expansion usually tall, pillar-like, 
expanding toward the disk, or lower and nearly as broad as high; in 
contraction forming a low cone; surface nearly smooth, with abundant 
mucus; integument firm, thickened when old, forming at some distance 
below the margin a thick smooth fold, above which the wall is thinner 
and translucent. Disk broad, frilled, or thrown into lobes or broad 
undulated folds, toward the margin. Tentacles very numerous, the 
inner ones larger, more or less scattered on the disk, the outer ones 
becoming gradually smaller and more crowded, those at the margin 
very small and crowded. Walls perforated by scattered openings, 
not very apparent except when fully expanded. Acontia abundant, 
but not often emitted except when greatly irritated. 


Metridium fimbriatum Verrill. 

Proceedings Essex Inst., vol. iv, p. 151, 1865. 

Base broadly expanded. Column very changeable, either low and 
broad, or greatly elongated, the fold or “ parapet ” nearly an inch be- 
low the margin. Tentacles very numerous, encroaching so much upon 
the disk as to leave only a narrow central area around the mouth, 
short, very slender, filiform, pointed. Edge of disk thrown into nu- 
merous deep frills. 

Color of column variable ; often translucent pale orange, punctate 
with dark brown; or light umber-brown; tentacles a lighter tint of 
the same, white within; mouth deep orange, or light yellowish brown, 
surrounded by a broad band or halo of purplish. 

Harbor of San Francisco, Cal., adhering to the bottom of floating 
piles, ete., Oct., 1855,—Dr. Wm. Stimpson ; Puget Sound,—Dr. C. B. 
Kennerly. 


This species is closely allied to M. marginatum of the New Eng- 
land Coast, and M. dianthus of Europe. From the former it appears 
to differ chiefly in having longer and more slender tentacles, with 
the “ parapet” farther from the margin of the disk. 

It is possible that the three will eventually be fouud to belong to 


a 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 479 


one very variable and widely diffused species, but until direct and 
eareful comparisons of numerous living specimens of each can be made, 
this question cannot be positively settled. 


Metridium reticulatum Edw. and Haime, op. cit., p. 255. 

Actinia reticulata Couthouy, in Dana, Zodph., p. 144, Pl. 4, fig. 31, 1846. 

Actinoloba reticulata Gosse, Actin. Brit., p. 24, 1860. 

“Exterior smooth and reticulately corrugate, subcylindrical, 1°5 
inches high, 2°5 thick, with the disk very much dilated (3°5 broad), 
and margin somewhat five-lobed, not tuberculate; tentacles very nu- 
merous, quite short (3 lines), not turgid and covering the greater part 
of the disk, the inner a little the largest ; mouth somewhat prominent, 
6 to 8 lines long.” 

The column is “ covered with a sort of raised network, produced by 
the corrugations of the external envelope.” The disk “is broadly 
dilated, and the five lobes, or folds, are never effaced so as to leave 
the disk circular.” Tentacles “short, subulate, and disposed in 9 or 
10, close, alternate series, the inner ones longest, decreasing to marginal 
ones, which are mere papille.” 

Column “fulvous orange, sometimes olive-brown, with an indistinct 
zone of black surrounding the superior margin; tentacles olivaceous; 
disk between tentacles and mouth bright ochreous, with strong radi- 
ating lines, crossed by others of a pale olive-green; mouth velvet pur- 
plish-black.” 

“This Actinia is remarkable for the opacity of all its parts; the 
colors are all soft and rich, but even in the young they lack that trans- 
parency usually met with in these zodphytes.” 

Orange Harbor, Terra del Fuego, attached to stones and shells,— 
J. P. Couthouy, U. 8. Expl. Exp. 


The specimens of this species preserved in alcohol strongly resemble 
those of M. marginatum and other species of this genus, to which we 
believe it really belongs, notwithstanding the wrinkled epidermal (or 
mucous) layer, an appearance which may have been due, in part at 
least, to imperfect expansion of the column. 

The following species, of which the genus is not determinable from 
the description, may belong here. 


(?) Actinia Mertensii Brandt, Prod. descr. anim., p. 13, 1835; Edw. and Haime, 
Corall., i, p. 289. 


“Body brown, mingled with black. Tentacles moderate, white. 
Disk pale brown, with white lines.” Coast of Chili,—Mertens. 
TRANS. CONNECTICUT ACAD., Vol. I. 61 Marcu, 1869 


480 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Cereus Oken. 


Cereus Oken, Lehrbuch der Naturg., iii, p. 349, 1815, (type, C. bellis). 

Actinocereus Blainv., Dict. Sci. Nat., lx, p. 194, 1830. 

Cribrina (pars) Ehr., Corall., rothen Meeres, p. 40, 1834. 

Sagartia (pars) Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc., xxi, p. 274, 1855; (Scyphyia) Actinologia 
Brit., p. 25, (123), 1860. 

Cereus (pars) Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 263, (269), 1857. 

Cereus Verrill,, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodl., p. 58, 1864; Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 
p. 24, 1864. 


Column very changeable in form, capable of becoming tall, pillar- 
like, or contracting to a low, depressed cone; no submarginal fold ; 


upper part with small, inconspicuous, contractile suckers ; walls nearly — 


smooth, pierced by scattered, inconspicuous pores or cinclide. Disk 
broadly expanded, wider than the column, sometimes undulated at the 
margin. ‘Tentacles numerous, more or less scattered on the disk, usu- 
ally rather stout, the inner ones considerably largest ; the outer ones 
quite small. Type, C. bellis. 

Oken, in constituting this genus, stated that the walls are per- 
forated, and named C, bellis as a typical species, therefore it seems not 
only proper, but necessary, to restrict the name to the group which 
contains that species. Edwards and Haime have erroneously extended 
the genus so as to include all the imperforate, verrucose species, be- 
longing to Urticina and Bunodes, as wellas C. bellis and allied species. 


Cereus Fuegiensis Verrill. 


Actinia Fuegiensis Couthouy, op. cit., p. 145, Pl. 4, fig. 32, 1846. 

Discosoma ? Fuegiensis Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, 257, Pl. C2, fig. 2, (from Dana, 
Zoodph.), 1857. 

Sagartia Fuegie. sis Gosse, Actin. Brit., p. 38, 1860. 


“Subcylindrical, 2 inches in diameter, exterior smooth, upper and 
lower extremities sparingly dilated, margin of base slightly undulate ; 
tentacles throughout remotely scattered, turgid, 3 lines long; mouth 
small, circular, 5-cleft; form of animal when contracted very much 
depressed, convex.” 

The tentacles are scattered over a large part of the disk, about 1 
to 1°5 lines apart, nearly in five series, and have “the form of a grain 
of wheat.” The inner ones are considerably largest. 

Disk bright orange; column darker orange, with transverse paral- 
lel lines or markings of dark brown; tentacles grass-green; mouth 
pale orange. 

Orange Harbor, Terra del Fuego, on rocks,—J. P. Couthouy, U. 5. 
Expl. Exp. 


Re 2g EE 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 481 


This species is referred to Cerews mainly on account of its general 
resemblance to (C. bellis, but as neither lateral pores nor acontia have 
been observed, it may belong properly in some other genus. 

The original specimens I have not been able to find in the Smith- 
sonian collections. 


Calliactis Verrill, gen. nov. 
Adamsia (pars) Edw. and. H., Corall., i, p. 278, 1857, (non Forbes). 


Column very changeable in form, in full expansion elevated, sub- 
cylindrical, with a broadly expanded base, in contraction forming a 
broad, low, flattened cone, or convex disk. Surface nearly smooth in 
expansion, except near the base, where there are one or more transverse 
rows of conspicuous lateral pores or cinclide, which have thickened, 
permanently raised borders. Basal margin, below the pores, thin and 
expanded, usually with additional internal lamelle intercalated be- 
tween the larger ones that extend to the disk, all of which are usually 
visible through the thin but firm walls. Tentacles numerous, slender, 
subulate, highly contractile. Acontia highly developed, emitted freely 
from the cinclide. Type, C. decorata (Actinia decorata Drayton). 


This genus appears to be abundant in the tropical seas, the species 
generally living upon univalve shells inhabited by hermit crabs. The 
colors are usually brilliant and varied. It is allied to Adamsia, which 
has similar basal cinclidx, but the latter has a low growth, spreading 
to a great extent laterally, and the tentacles are short and imperfectly 
retractile, while the base has the power of forming a tough pelicle to 
extend the aperture of the shell; its base also extends around the 
aperture in two broad lateral lobes, which unite where they come in 
contact, giving the body an annular form. To this genus belong sey- 
eral undescribed species from the Pacific Islands, with the following, 
and perhaps other, described species. 

C. decorata (Drayton sp.), Pl. 3, fig. 24. Honden L, in lagoon. 

C. tricolor (Lesueur sp.). West Indies. 

C. bicolor (Les. sp.). West Indies. 

C. Egletes (Adamsia Egletes D. and M.), Supl., Pl. vi, fig. 17. St. Thomas, W. I. 


C. fusca (Quoy and Gaim., Astrolabe, p. 145, Pl. 11, fig. 8 and 9). Amboinia. 
C. ? polypus (Forskal sp.). Red Sea. 


Calliactis variegata Verrill, sp. nov. 


Base broadly expanded, adhering to shells, the edge thin and spread- 
ing. Column broad, moderately elevated in expansion, when con- 
tracted forming a low cone, usually rounded at summit. Surface in 
alcoholic specimens closely wrinkled transversely and minutely corru- 


482 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


gated on the upper parts, or sometimes cancellated, or covered with 
reticulated wrinkles with elevated interspaces, smoother near the edge 
of base, where it is radiated with conspicuous dark lines of unequal 
length, corresponding to internal chambers, and alternating with nar- 
rower light lines, corresponding to the lamelle; the edge crenulated. 
Cinclidz at about 25 or °30 inch from the edge of the base, forming a 
circle of about 24, rather distant, conspicuous, perforated verruce, 
often with another more or less complete circle a short distance below, 
in which the cinclide correspond in position with the upper ones, but 
appear to be smaller. Acontia pink, long, and fine, protruded freely 
both from the month and cinclide. Tentacles slender, of moderate 
length, “ arranged in four series (24—24—96).” 

Jolumn “marked at base with light purplish brown spaces, sepa- 
rated by 97 olive-brown lines, extending -25 to ‘50 inch from edge of 
base; above these a row of 24 white perforated spots ” (cinclide) ; 
rest of column “mainly olive-brown, striped with six longitudinal 
bands of dark pink, which are sometimes divided so as to form six 
pairs of bands. Mouth small, when open pinkish yellow, surrounded 
by a white space marked with dark radiating lines ; followed by a cir- 
cle of dark brown, marked with 12 narrow white rays ; then follows a 
circle of dark brown, marked with 24, minute, white spots; then a 
narrow space with 12, nearly equal, alternating dark and white bands, 
opposite to which the tentacles are mainly of corresponding tint; 
sometimes all the tentacles have white tips, the rest light brown; 
sometimes all are surrounded with alternating dark and light bands. 

The largest specimens are about 2 inches broad. 
Panama Bay, dredged in 2 to 6 fathoms, attached to large shells 
occupied by hermit-crabs,—F. H. Bradley. 


This species is closely allied to @. decorate Drayton, sp., with which 
it agrees, to a considerable extent, in its pattern of colo ration, 


Sagartia Gosse. 
Cribrina (pars) Ehr , Corall., rothen Meeres, p. 40, 1834. 
Sagartia (pars) Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc, xxi, p. 274, 1855; Actin. Brit., p. 25 and 
122, 1860. 

Paractis (pars) Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 248, 1857. 

Column very changeable in form, usually elevated and pillar-like in 
full expansion. Base and disk only moderately enlarged. Walls 
smooth or nearly so, often with small retractile suckers on the upper 
part. Cinclide not elevated, inconspicuous when closed, scattered 
over the surface. Acontia usually abundant. Tentacles rather numer- 


oa 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 483 


ous, near the margin, long and slender ; one in the line with the longer 
diameter of the mouth is often capable of great elongation. . 

It seems necessary to restrict this genus to the group considered — 
typical by Gosse,* with which the “rather less typical group,” to 
which he gives the subgeneric name, Zoe, and some other forms, may 
also be united. 


Sagartia impatiens Gosse. 


Actinia impatiens (Couthouy MS.) Drayton, op. cit., p. 135, Pl. 3, fig. 13, 1846. 
Paractis impatiens Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 248, 1857. 
Sagartia impatiens Gosse, Actin. Brit., p. 38, 1860. 


Column “ nearly cylindrical, | to 1°5 inches in diameter and height» 
sometimes very much elongated and writhing. Sides smooth, but 
somewhat corrugate-striate, and above, color delicately tessellated. 
Base sparingly dilated. Tentacles subequal, an inch long, stout, sub- 
ulate, in 2 series. Mouth prominent, with 8 lobes within. 

The body has nearly a flesh-color, except near the summit, where 
it is finely chequered with green; the tentacles and disk are deep 
crimson; the mouth has a small opening and a pale yellow color.” 


Orange Harbor, Terra del Fuego, in tide-pools among the crevices 
of rocks,—U. 8. Expl. Exp. 


Sagartia lineolata Verrill. 

Actinia lineolata (Couthouy MS.) Drayton, op. cit. p. 137, Pl. 3, fig. 22, 1846. 

Paractis lineolata Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 248, 1857. 

Column, as observed in imperfect expansion, forming a low, de- 
pressed, rounded cone, in contraction nearly flat; sides smooth, verti- 
cally lined with brown. Tentacles 24, in 2 series, 6 to 8 lines long, 
rather stout. Disk small, radiated with whitish lines. Mouth small, 
not prominent, circular, retaining its circular form even in contraction ; 
its margin with convex folds corresponding with the tentacles. 

Column pale ochre, on which are disposed a number of longitudinal 
lines of an amber-color, arranged regularly, “a broader one alterna- 
ting with two narrower, so as to leave between each of the broader 
lines three ochreous ones of the same width.” Near the base the 
colors are fainter, giving the appearance of an indistinct zone. Ten- 
tacles pale flesh-color. Disk purplish brown, with flesh-colored lines 
extending from the base of the tentacles nearly to the centre. Diam- 
eter from *5 to 1°5 inches, rarely more than °5. 

Forge Cove, near Orange Harbor, Terra del Fuego, on small stones 
just below low-water mark,—J. P. Couthouy, U. 8. Expl. Exp. 


* Actinologia Britannica, p. 122. 


484 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


This species is said to be very active, frequently changing its posi- 
tion, and keeping its tentacles actively in motion. The young were 
observed in several instances to be ejected from the mouth. 


Sagartia crispata Verrill, sp. nov. 
Actinia crispata Bradley, MS. 


Base broadly expanded. Column, as observed, in expansion subcyl- 
indrical and rather low, but little higher than broad. Edge of disk 
deeply undulated or frilled. ‘Tentacles numerous, very small, in about 
two rows, close to the edge, the outer row smallest. Acontia nume- 
rous and fine, emitted freely. Column light brown above, below mark- 
ed with dark olive-brown lines and numerous white blotches on a light 
brown ground-color; inner tentacles dark brown, tipped with yellow, 
brown, and white; outer row light brown, with white tips. Diameter 
of base 1 inch; of column ‘5; height of column 1 inch, 

Panama Bay, dredged in 4 to 6 fathoms, on a large murex (Phyllo- 
notus),—F. H. Bradley. 


Sagartia carcinophila Verrill, sp. nov. 


Base expanded ; column elongated, pillar-like, or subcylindrical, in 
full expansion; capable of contracting to a slightly convex disk. Ten- 
tacles in two or three rows at the edge of disk (not seen in full expan- 
sion), rather short and blunt. 

Column “ olive-brown, marked with 24 white longitudinal lines, 
alternating at the base with a pair of short white lines in each inter- 
space ; tentacles same color with the body, but slightly lighter, marked 
near the tip with two oval spots of dark greenish brown.” 

Diameter ‘5 of an inch; height about 1 inch. 

Panama Bay, dredged in 3 or 4 fathoms, adhering to the carapax of 
a Hepatus-like crab (Hepatella amica Smith),—F. H. Bradley. 


Sagartia Panamensis Verrill, sp. nov. 


Column very extensible, expanding to edge of disk, flesh-colored, 
translucent, showing the internal lamelle. Disk rather broad, *75 of 
an inch in diameter. Tentacles at the edge of the disk, marked with 
alternate bands of dark brown and white. 

Panama, east reef, on rocks above half-tide,—F. H. Bradley. 


Sagartia Bradleyi Verrill, sp. nov. 

Column rather short, °35 of an inch in diameter. Tentacles as long 
as the diameter of the disk, placed on its edge, in about three rows of 
nearly equal length; the inner row of 12, a little longer. 


EL 


Verritl, Notes on Radiata. 485 


Column greenish brown ; tentacles greenish brown, the outer ones 
lighter. In other specimens, supposed to be of the same species, the 
column is “ flesh-color to olive, base of tentacles, especially outer ones, 
often colored white or pale yellow, occasionally with irregular, small, 
transverse, white or straw-colored spots on the brown tentacles.” 

Panama, south reef, near half-tide mark among stones,—F. H. 
Bradley. 

The specimens in alcohol are broader than high; the tentacles ob- 
tuse, not retracted ; the column with strong longitudinal sulcations. 


Sagartia nivea Verrill, 
Actinia nivea Lesson, Voyage Coquille, p. 81, PI. ili, fig. 8, 1832, Plates, 1826, (non 
S. nivea Gosse = S. Gosset Verrill). 


Actinia ? nivea Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 247, 1857. 


Very changeable in form, often subconical, subcylindrical, or vase- 
shaped, or the upper portion of the column may be withdrawn into 
the lower by an infolding of the walls near the summit ;* surface very 
smooth, very soft to the touch, marked with longitudinal sulcations. 
Mouth small, roundish oblong, with a semicircular fold at each end. 
Tentacles very numerous, crowded at the margin, rather long, fine and 
slender. Color bluish white, often more or less mottled with light 
brownish. 

Height 1 to 1°25 inches, in expansion ; diameter ‘5 to ‘75; length of 
tentacles *25 to *40. 

Paita, Peru, very common, found by thousands fixed upon the piles 
of the wharf in front of the city,—Lesson; Callao, Peru, in vast num- 
bers, in the interstices among Discinw, Balani, etc., adhering to the 
bottom of an old vessel,—F. H. Bradley. 


Several thousand specimens were obtained by Mr. Bradley, and are 
in excellent preservation, many of them with the tentacles expanded. 
These appear to belong to Lesson’s species, but this cannot be posi- 
tively affirmed. Most of these are small, but some, even in partial 
contraction, are 14 to 2 inches long; ‘5 to ‘75 in diameter; the tenta- 
cles *5 of an inch long, when least contracted. The surface is smooth, 
or finely wrinkled transversely, the integument thin but firm, often 
showing the internal lamell. The tentacles are very numerous, 
crowded, long and slender. Color of column white ; tentacles ia alter- 
nating clusters of whitish and dull bluish, in the alcoholic specimens. 


* T have also observed this habit in S. modesta V., from Long Island Sound, and 
in other species. 


486 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


As the name, nivea, is preoccupied by this species, I propose for the 
Sagartia nivea Gosse, of Great Britain, the name, Sagartia Gosse7, in 
honor of its discoverer. 


Sagartia Lessonii Verrill. 


Actinia bicolor Lesson, op. cit, p. 78, Pl. iii, fig. 3,1832, Plates, 1826, (non A. bicolor 
Lesueur, 1817). 
Actinia (?) bicolor Kdw. aud H., Corall., i, p. 246, 1857. 


Column vase-shaped, higher than broad, contracted above the base 
and then gradually enlarging to the disk, surface smooth, mouth small, 
with a slightly thickened border; disk radiated. Tentacles in two 
series, crowded at the margin, moderately long, slender, nearly equal. 
Color of column snow-white; of tentacles emerald-green. 

Height in expansion about 1°25; diameter of column °75 3; across 
expanded tentacles 1:10; length of tentacles -35 to °40 of an inch. 


Near Paita, Peru, very common,—Lesson. 


This species appears to be closely allied to the preceding and may 
prove to be identical when reéxamined. 


Sagartia (?) Peruviana Verrill. 

Actinia Peruviana Lesson, op. cit., p. 75, Pl. ii, fig. 3, 1832, Plates, 1826. 

Actinia ? Peruviana Kdw. and H., Corall., i, p. 246, 1857. 

Column sub-cylindrical, enlarging from the base to the summit; 
surface smooth, sulcated near the base. Disk flat, dilated, mouth large, 
oblong, with swollen lips. Tentacles in two series, of moderate length, 
subequal, round and somewhat swollen at base, attenuated toward the 
end, which is acute. 

Color of column bright light green, the folds between the sulcations 
near the base brownish; mouth flesh-color; disk clear pale green, with 
regular, fine, radiating lines of brown; tentacles rosy white. 

Height in expansion 1°75; diameter at base 1:10; at summit 1°40; 
length of tentacles 60 to °70 of an inch, 

Paita, Peru, in crevices of rocks and buried in sand, common,— 
Lesson. 


Sagartia (?) nympheea Verrill. 

Actinia nymphea Drayton, op. cit., p. 146, Pl. 4, fig. 33, 1846. 

Paractis (?) nymphea Kdw. and H., Corall., i, p. 252, 1857. 

Column smooth, dilated above and below, margin of base crenate, 
sides with corresponding vertical lines. Tentacles stout, in 3 series, 
slender, mouth a little prominent, and a sixth of an inch long. In 
contraction the form is a low truncated cone. Column whitish, marked 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 487 


with vertical, pale ochreous lines, 1°5 lines apart; disk pale pur- 
plish ; tentacles yellow. 

Height 68 of an inch; breadth of disk and base 1; length of ten- 
tacles "16 to ‘20. 

Valparaiso, Chili,—U. 8. Expl. Expedition. 


Sagartia (?) rubus Verrill. 

Actinia rubus Drayton, op. cit., p. 147, Pl. 4, fig. 34, 1846. 

Paract’s rubus Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 249, 1857. 

Column small, smooth, dilated above and below, base crenated, sides 
with interrupted vertical lines. Tentacles short, in 2 series, mouth a 
little prominent, about a sixth of an inch long. Color of column ash- 
brown, vertically marked with slate-colored, dotted lines; tentacles 
white; disk rich purple; mouth the same, except that the opening is 
whitish. 

Height ‘75 of an inch; diameter at base and disk 1; length of ten- 
tacles about °20. 

Valparaiso, Chili,—U. 8. Expl. Exp. 

This species is very near the last, if not identical, which is quite 
probable. The principal differences are in color and, apparently, in 
the number and length of the tentacles, which appear to be longer 
and fewer in this form. 

Several other undescribed species of Sagartia are known to occur 
on different parts of the coast. One species from Panama is remark- 
able for the thinness and transparency of its walls when preserved in 
alcohol. It grows to a considerable size, some of the preserved spe- 
cimens being 1°5 inches high and 1 in diameter. 

Other species were collected at the Gulf of Georgia and well figured 
by Mr. A. Agassiz, several years ago. 


Nemactis Edw. and Haime, op. cit., p. 282, 1857. 
Actinia (pars) Dana, Zodphytes, 1846. 


Margin of the disk, outside of the bases of the tentacles, surrounded 
by a single circle of bright colored, rounded tubercles. Acontia long 
and slender, protruded from the mouth, and perhaps from lateral pores. 

The authors of this genus give as one of its characters “ pores situ- 
ated near the border of the disk,”’—a character which may possibly 
exist, but of which there is no proof. In Drayton’s figures acontia 
are represented as protruding from the mouth, which, if carelessly ob- 
served, might appear to be figured as coming from the sides, but in 
the description of A. primula we find it stated that ‘the threads pass- 

TRANS. CoNNECTICUT ACAD., VOL., I. 62 MARCH, 1869. 


488 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


ing from its mouth are the spermatic cords, which are often protruded 
in a relaxed or exhausted state of the animal.” 


Nemactis primula Edw and Haime loc. cit. 
Actinia primula Drayton, op. cit., p. 134, Pl. 2, fig. 12 to 15, 1846. 


Small, scarcely an inch high and broad, slightly dilated above and 
below. Tentacles short, 2 or 3 lines long, slender, arranged in 3 
series. Mouth somewhat prominent, °33 of an inch long, Column 
with vertical colored lines, which are often interrupted. 

One variety has a flesh-colored column, with many dark orange, par- 
allel vertical les; tentacles white at base, tips orange; disk yellow- 
ish brown; mouth pale flesh-color; tubercles and margin of disk 
green. Another is pink at base, bright green above, with vertical 
dotted lines of carmine ; disk carmine ; tentacles bright yellow ; mar- 
ginal tubercles dull green. In another the outer tentacles are white, 
the rest red; disk and mouth light blue; tubercles white. A fourth 
variety is white, clouded with pink and green, dotted with crimson ; 
outer tentacles white, the rest brilliant carmine ; disk pale lake ; mar- 
ginal tubercles green. 

Shores of San Lorenzo L, in tide pools,—U. 8. Expl. Expedition. 


Nemactis Draytonii Edw. and Haime, op. cit., p. 282. 
Actinia primula (pars) Drayton, op. cit., p. 135, Pl. 2, fig. 16, 1846. 


Form and general appearance as in the preceding, “ with prominent 
green tubercles but no distinct tentacles.” Column pale bluish, with 
vertical brown lines. Disk bluish white, with brown radii; mouth 
reddish. 

San Lorenzo,—U. 8. Expl. Expedition. 


Nemactis (?) Chilensis Verrill. 

Actinia Chilensis Lesson, Voyage Coquille, p. 76, Pl. 2, fig. 5, 1832. 

Dysactis Chilensis Kdw. and H., op. cit., p. 262, 1857. 

Column, as figured, subconical, decreasing in size from the base up- 
ward, marked with vertical suleations. Disk of moderate size, radi- 
ated. Mouth rather large, oblong. ‘Tentacles of moderate length, 
slender, subulate, arranged in one row around the margin, about 50 
in number. Fourteen very long, slender, filiform, snow-white organs, 
apparently acontia, are represented as emerging from the margin out- 
side of the true tentacles. No marginal tubercles are figured. 

Color of column light green, with vertical lines of dark green ; disk 
pinkish with darker radii; tentacles orange, tinged with crimson. 

Height nearly 1 inch; diameter 1:25 ; length of tentacles 35 to *50; 
of filiform organs 1°5. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 489 


Bay of Taleahuano, Province of Concepcion, Chili, in crevices of 
rocks where the waves break with force, at the entrance ; also upon the 
shores of Quiriquine Island,—Lesson. 

The position of this species is still uncertain, The filiform organs, 
represented in the figure, were regarded as an outer series of longer 
tentacles by Edw. and Haime. They have, however, much greater 
resemblance to acontia in length and slenderness, as well as in color 
and irregular number. The general appearance is that of a Sagartian, 
but as no marginal tubercles are described or figured, it may not 
belong to Nemactis, but in the state of expansion represented the 
tubercles might be concealed from view. 


Sub-family, Puen az Verrill. 
Proceedings Essex Inst., v, p. 324, 1868. 


Column elongated, covered with a thickened, persistent, epidermal 
deposit, except that near the margin, and sometimes close to the base, 
the surface is naked and may be retracted within the thickened por- 
tion. Acontia very few and seldom emitted,—perhaps entirely want- 
ing in some species. 

Phellia Gosse. 


Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol, ii, p. 193, 1859; Actin. Britannica, p. 134, 
1860; Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., v, p. 325, 1868. 


Column mostly covered with a persistent epidermal deposit to 
which particles of mud, sand, and dirt of various kinds often firmly 
adhere; upper portion, near the margin, naked, smooth. Margin 
simple, not tuberculate. Tentacles marginal, in moderate numbers, the 
outer ones usually considerably shortest. Acontia observed only in 
one or two species, few, sparingly emitted from the mouth, and from 
pores near the base. 


Phellia inornata Verrill, sp. nov. 

Base smali, not dilated. Column when contracted obpyriform, 
when expanded obconie, the surface covered with adherent grains of 
sand, Disk small, wider than base. Tentacles small, arranged in one 
row at the margin. Color dirty white throughout. 

Height °5 inch; diameter of base ‘06; of disk 12 of an inch. 

Panama and Pearl Islands, on loose shells in 4 or 5 fathoms,—F. H. 


Bradley. 


Phellia ? rubens Verrill, sp. nov. 


Column small, subcylindrical, “ mostly covered with slime.” Ten- 
tacles numerous, slender, in one row, “raised on a thin expansion, 


490 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


which forms a wall about +12 of an inch high around the linear mouth, 
length equal to two-thirds the diameter of the disk. 

Column dull red; tentacles bright scarlet. Height 50 to ‘75; diam- 
eter ‘25 of an inch. 

Zorritos, Peru, attached to a Chama in 4 fathoms,—F. H. Bradley. 


The specimens of this species have not been found in the collection 
and its generic characters are doubtful. 


Phellia Panamensis Verrill, sp. nov. 


A large species, with the column much elongated, subcylindrical, 
or enlarging upward, capable of great extension or of contracting 
into the form of a tall cone by involving the summit ; surface entirely 
covered, except on a narrow band below the margin, with a thick and 
firm mud-colored epidermis, which is thrown into fine, close, irregular 
wrinkles, the intervening spaces appearing like small, irregular papil- 
le. Naked space below the margin smoothish in full expansion, more 
or less corrugated and with papilliform wrinkles in partial contraction, 
Tentacles about 96 in number, the 12 inner ones large and stout, much 
larger than the others, which decrease gradually in size to the outer 
ones, which are quite small and crowded at the margin. In dissecting 
a large specimen, it was found that the 12 septa corresponding to the 
12 large inner tentacles, are much larger than the others, with the 
inner edges strongly thickened and muscular, and bear the large con- 
voluted ovaries throughout nearly their whole length, while the inter- 
vening small septa are very narrow, not thickened, and bear no sexual 
organs. Color in life unknown. In alcohol the column is mud-colored, 
except near the margin, where it is white. Height of the largest 
specimen, partly contracted in alcohol, 3 inches ; diameter 1. Another 
specimen is 3 inches high and ‘5 in diameter. 


Panama,—F. H. Bradley. 


This large and fine species is known only from alcoholic specimens, 
most of which have the disk and tentacles expanded. 


Phellia arctica Verrill. 
Proc. Essex Inst., vol. v, p. 328, 1868. 


Aretic Ocean, north of Behring’s Straits, in 30 fathoms,—North 
Pacific Expl. Expedition. 

This species grows to a pretty large size, and is remarkable for 
having, in the only specimen seen, peculiar ova-like bodies imbedded 
in the surface of the column. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 491 


Subfamily, Acrin1n@ Verrill. 

Actiniade (family) Gosse, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist, vol. i, p. 416, 1858. 

Actiniade and Antheade (families) Gosse, Actin. Brit., p. 171 and 148, 1860. 

Actinine and Antheine (subfamilies) Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., v, p. 321 and 322, 

1868. 

Column smooth, or nearly so, sometimes sulcated vertically. Wall 
imperforate and destitute of verrucz and suckers. No acontia. Mar- 
gin with or without colored tubercles. Tentacles usually numerous, 
long, mostly contractile, sometimes non-retractile. 

The existence of numerous forms combining the characters of Ac- 
tinia and Anthea (Anemonia) appears to require the union of these 
seemingly very diverse genera into one subfamily. 

Owing to the difficulty in ascertaining the existence of acontia and 
lateral pores in preserved specimens, some species referred to the Sa- 
gartine may belong here, while some of the species referred here may 
belong to Sagartia. 


Paractis Edw. and Haime, op. cit., p. 248, (restricted). 


Column smooth, imperforate. Tentacles retractile; no marginal 
tubercles, 

This genus was established for numerous species supposed to have 
these characters, but as most of them were known only by figures and 
descriptions, many species were wrongly placed in it. Thus of 19 
species referred to the genus, some of them doubtfully however, by 
Edwards and Haime, at least 12 appear to be Sagartians, and most of 
the others are of doubtful aftinities. 

Whether a genus having the characters assigned to this really ex- 
ists, may, therefore, be reasonably doubted. But as species occur 
which apparently agree with the diagnosis and cannot well be referred 
elsewhere, it may be best to place them provisionally in this genus, 
until better known. 


Paractis (?) nobilis Verrill, sp. nov. 


Column changeable in form, subeylindrical or somewhat elongated 
and pillar-like in expansion, capable of contracting to the form of a low 
cone. Surface, in preserved specimens, smoothish in expansion, when 
partly contracted the lower part of the column is covered with close, 
deep, transverse wrinkles, becoming more irregular and reticulated 
above, the upper part with about 48 vertical raised folds or wrinkles, 
which by contraction are bent in a zigzag manner. Margin with a 
distinct fold, crenated by the vertical folds. Tentacles of moderate 
size, about 48 in number. 


492 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Height about 1 inch, when partially contracted in alcohol; diame- 
ter *5 to 1 inch. 

Panama,—I’. H. Bradley. 

The following description, which is unaccompanied by numbered 
specimens, probably refers to this species.‘ Body large, 1°5 inches in 
diameter; the column fluted, with 48 vertical sulcations, correspond- 
ing to lobes of the base and disk. Base 2 inches in diameter. Disk 
broad, with wrinkled flutings corresponding with the tentacles; mouth 
small. Tentacles 48, in two series of 24 each, slender, 1°5 inches long. 
Color of column red; tentacles olive-brown, with a light streak up 
the inner side; mouth surrounded by 24 rays of alternating greenish 
and reddish brown, running to the tentacles. Grows to a large size. 
Specimens were seen 3 inches across the disk, others were reported as 
large as 5 inches.” 

Panama, on northeast reef, at three-quarters tide,—F. H. Bradley. 


Epiactis Verrill, gen. nov. 

Integument firm. Column subcylindrical, capable of involving the 
summit and contracting into a hemispherical form, with a distinct sub- 
marginal fold or “ parapet,” separated from the tentacles by a narrow 
fosse; surface smoothish, in contraction reticulately wrinkled. Near 
the base it is surrounded by a circular wrinkle or depression, upon 
which there are borne a variable number of young, of various sizes, 
appearing as if originating from surface buds, but possibly produced 
from ova attached in this place to the skin. These young may be re- 
moved without rupture of the integument, although they adhere quite 
firmly and leave a depression in the surface of the skin, but there are 
no apparent lateral openings in the wall. Tentacles numerous, about 
50, in preserved specimens short and thick, arranged in several rows. 


Epiactis prolifera Verrill, sp. nov. 


Base dilated, crenulate. Column in contraction hemispherical or 
subconical, broader than high; surface with fine reticulated wrinkles 
above, near the base transversely wrinkled, the uppermost of these 
wrinkles more marked and bearing, in all except very small specimens, 
a circle of young of various sizes, which vary in number from very 
few up to 30 or 40. When most numerous they are closely crowded, 
somewhat in two rows. Parapet well marked, its edge rises into 
slight ridges between vertical wrinkles. Tentacles in alcoholic speci- 
mens short, stout, obtusely rounded at the end, about 50 in number 
in the larger specimens, and apparently arranged in several rows and 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 493 


somewhat scattered on the disk. Color of column, in alcohol, yellow- 
ish brown; the lateral buds or young, white. 

Height of the largest specimens, in contraction, “4 inch; diameter 
of base ‘5; length of tentacles -1; diameter of lateral buds or young 
°01 to ‘08 of an inch. 

Puget Sound,—Dr. C. B. Kennerly. 


The young borne upon the sides give this Actinian a very singular 
appearance, and are very remarkable, since nothing of the kind has, 
apparently, been previously observed. Whether they should be re- 
garded as buds, or as ova temporarily attached and developed in this 
position, I am unable to determine from the preserved specimens, but 
in either case they appear to remain attached for a considerable time 
and probably derive nutriment from the parent. The smallest observ- 
ed have already 6 small tentacles and a slightly prominent mouth; 
the greater number have 12 tentacles and a small protuberant mouth ; 
the largest ones are nearly all entirely contracted, but appear to have 
24 tentacles, and show the internal radiating lamellz through the walls. 
In contraction these young are nearly hemispherical. Specimens less 
than °25 of an inch in diameter have no young upon the sides. 


Anactis picta Ebr., Corall. rothen Meeres, p. 45, 1834. 
Actinia picta Lesson, op. cit., p. 80, Pl. 3, fig. 6, 1830. 


Column depressed, as broad as high; surface smooth, green, show- 
ing close vertical lines of darker green; a well marked fold or ‘‘ para- 
pet” at some distance from the tentacles, the intervening space, in the 
figure, appearing like a part of the disk. ‘Tentacles short, reddish 
brown; upon the flat buccal disk is a reddish zone, covered with ovals 
of orpiment-yellow, placed side by side, and touching by their base, 
or only separated on the sides by a small reddish brown ray.” 

The figure shows the appearance when not fully expanded. The 
buceal disk is contracted and apparently concealed by the partially 
retracted tentacles; outside of the tentacles (?) there is a broad flat 
area, bordered outwardly by the rounded parapet, and having a light 
orange ground-color, with [8 radiating bands of light blue, increasing 
in width outwardly, each one bordered on both sides by a row of small 
black spots, and with a circle of similar small spots connecting them 
together at the outer ends, just within the parapet. 

Diameter about 1 inch; height a little less. 

Paita, Peru, not common,—Lesson. 


The true characters and the position of this species are very doubtful. 
It may belong to the Savartine, near Nemactis Draytonii, or it may 


494 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


be allied to Asteractis, the figure and description not being accurate 
enough to determine. The name, Avactis, was given under the im- 
pression that it has no tentacles, and in fact it is not certain whether 
the lines in the central part of the figure are intended to represent 
tentacles or lines on the disk. 


Sub-order, ZOANTHACEA Verrill. 
Proceedings Essex Inst., vol. iv, p. 147, 1865; ditto, vol. v, p. 316, 1868. 


Polyps mostly compound, increasing by budding, permanently at- 
tached by the base, which is generally small, and by stolon-like or 
membranous expansions from which the buds arise, in compound spe- 
cies. Walls but slightly muscular, the summit capable of involution 
with the tentacles, 

In all the species of this suborder, which have been dissected, pe- 
culiar flattened organs, having a curved or crescent-shaped form and 
a transversely striated surface, are found attached to the principal ra- 
diating lamelle, near the base of the stomach. These were first de- 
scribed and figured by Lesueur, who called them “arcuated organs” 
and supposed them to have the functions of a liver. Dana described 
them more fully and supposed that they might be branchial organs. 
The latter view seems most probable, when we consider the character 
of the outer integument in these animals, which is always thick and 
firm and often indurated by adhering grains of sand, thus preventing 
it from acting as an effectual organ of respiration, as it does in most 
Actinide. Nor is this want supplied by large tentacles, or by branch- 
ing tentaculiform organs seen in many Actinians. Therefore there 
appears to be a necessity for some special branchial organs, but care- 
ful examinations of living or fresh specimens can alone determine 
positively whether the “arcuated organs” are of this nature. 

This group appears to include three families: Zoanthide, in which 
the buds arise from basal stolons or membranes; Bergid@, in which 
the stolons arise from the sides above the base; and Orinide, which 
remain simple and have tubular openings upon the disk, through 
which thread-like organs (acontia ?) are said to be emitted. Perhaps 
the simple forms referred to Zsaura or Hughea may be admitted as a 
fourth family when more fully studied, but at present no sufficient 
characters can be given, since all Zounthide must, at first, be simple. 

The genus Sphenopus, referred to this group by Gray, is a free form 
and appears to be more closely allied to Edwardsia. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 495 


Family, Zoanrarp& Dana. 
Zoanthina (family) Ehr., Corall., des rothen Meeres, p. 45, 1834. 
Zoanthine (subfamily) Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 298, 1857; (pars) Duch. and Mich., 
op. cit., p. 49, 1860. 
Zounthide (family) Dana, Zodph., p. 417, 1846; Gosse, Actin. Brit., p. 295, 1860; 
Verrill, Mem. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 34; Proc. Essex Inst., v, p. 316, 1868. 


Polyps attached by the base, usually compound, the buds arising 
either from basal stolons or broad expansions. Integument either 
smooth and naked, or thickened with imbedded and firmly adherent 
grains of sand. 

In the number and arrangement of the internal lamellae and tenta- 
cles, this family, and perhaps, also, the entire suborder, departs from the 
ordinary rule among Actinaria and Madreporaria. 'The tentacles sel- 
dom appear to present regular cycles in multiples of six. They are 
ordinarily arranged in two alternating circles, each having the same 
number, which is often an odd number, the entire number being, there- 
fore, an even number, and the new tentacles appear to be introduced 
in pairs at one side and symmetrically to a median plane passing 
through the odd tentacles and the longer axis of the mouth and 
stomach. 


Mammillifera Lesueur. 


Journal Phil. Academy, vol. i, p. 178, 1817;, Ehr., op. cit., p. 36; Duch. and Mich., 
Corall., des Antilles p. 51, 1860. 
Palythoa (pars) Dana, Zooph., p. 422, 1846; Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 301, 1857. 


Compound, increasing by buds that arise from broad, membranous, 
basal expansions, which at times may become in some parts narrow and 
more or less linear, covering broad surfaces of stones, ete. Polyps 
rather low, subcylindrical, or subcampanulate with a narrow base, in 
contraction forming rounded verruce, or low mammiform promi- 
nences. Tissues throughout fleshy and smooth, covered with mucus, 
but not agglutinating sand. 

By the smooth soft tissue of the polyps and basal membranes, this 
genus is more nearly allied to typical Zoanthus, than to Palythoa 
( Corticifera), which has its integuments thickened by a layer of sand. 
From Zoanthus it differs mainly in having smaller, shorter, or more 
sessile polyps, and in the tendency to form continuous basal membranes, 
instead of linear stolons, but the latter character is not invariable even 
in the same species. The tentacles are usually shorter and less numer- 
ous. 

TRANS. CONNECTICUT ACAD., VOL. I. 63 MARcH, 1869. 


496 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Mammillifera Danee Verrill. 


Zoantha Danai LeConte, Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Science, v, p. 320, 1851. 
Zoanthus (Mammillifera) Dane Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, x, p. 329, 1866. 


The original description is as follows: “ pallide purpurascens, ten- 
taculis brevissimis, crassitie non longioribus, disco viridi, extrorsum 
purpurascente, ore parvo purpureo-marginato, tentaculis externis basi 
pallidis. Diam. disci ‘25 une.” 

“Remarkable for the shortness of the tentacula, which, when fully 
extended, are scarcely longer than the diameter of their base. The 
disk is radiately rugose, brilliant green, margined both internally and 
externally with purple. The root is broad, the animals closely asso- 
ciated, capable of extending 1°25 inches.” 

The specimens referred to this species form broad patches, covering 
the surface of rocks, the basal expansion being mostly continuous, but 
occasionally, in some parts, taking the form of broad irregular sto- 
lons, rarely linear for a short distance. The basal membrane and sur- 
faces of the polyps are smooth and soft, without any adhering sand. 
The polyps in preserved specimens are closely arranged, but usually 
pot so crowded as to be in contact, and vary in height from °2 to ‘5 of 
aninch ; diameter of mature polyps is usually about ‘2 ofan inch, Col- 
umn sub-cylindrical, with a rounded top when contracted, or low and 
mammiliform. Tentacles, in specimens dissected, 46 to 54 in number, 
in two regular rows, very short, thick, and obtuse, in the largest speci- 
mens in two alternating rows of 27 each. Inside of the bases of the 
inner tentacles, but alternating with them, are 27, small, oblong, tuber- 
cles, which are, therefore, opposite the outer tentacles. Disk strongly 
radiated. 

In the interior the lamelle are arranged bilaterally, 21 broad ones 
bearing the peculiar “ arcuated organs” (branchiz ?) below the stom 
ach; in the spaces between each pair of these there is usually one nar 
row lamella, but in two adjacent spaces on one side there are three 
intervening lamella, and in two other spaces, placed symmetrically in 
respect to the median plane, there are two small lamellie. This 
arrangemant is, therefore, nearly the same as in J/. auricula, as fig- 
ured by Lesueur.* It would appear, therefore, that the lamelle and 
tentacles increase by pairs, introduced one on each side of the median 
plane passing through the longer axis of the mouth and stomach, as 
observed in Arachnactis by Mr. A. Agassiz.t 


* Journal Philadelphia Academy, i, Pl. viii, fig. 3. 
+ Journal Boston Soc. Natural History, vol. vii, p. 525, 1863. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 497 


The branchiform organs are dark greenish, broad, short, strongly 
arched. 
Panama,—LeConte; Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley. 


Mamumillifera nitida Verrill. 

Polyps close together on a broad basal membrane, rather tall, sub- 
cylindrical, with a smooth soft surface ; height, of preserved specimens, 
30 to 40; diameter 12 to °15 of an inch. Tentacles, in the specimen 
dissected, 54, rather long, slender, pointed. Color, in alcohol, dark 
greenish. 

Acajutla, San Salvador,—F. H. Bradley. 

The slenderness and length of the tentacles will distinguish this 
species from the preceding. 


Mammillifera conferta Verrill, sp. nov. 

Polyps so closely crowded upon the basal membrane that they are 
usually in contact and pressed into polygonal forms. Column in con- 
traction, low, rounded, mammilliform, about as broad as high. Sur- 
face smooth, showing the internal lamellze through the walls. Tenta- 
cles, in the specimens dissected, about 54, very short, like small, rounded 
papillx, arranged in two regular series. Color, in alcohol, nearly 
white. Height, in contraction, ‘08 to "12; diameter ‘10 to 12 of an 
inch. 

San Salvador,—-Capt. J. M. Dow; Acapulco,—A. Agassiz. 

This species covers the surface of shells, ete., with its crowded 
polyps, which are usually so close together as to entirely conceal the 
basal membrane. 


Epizoanthus Gray (sens. mod.). (GEMMARIA, Ist Ed.). 
Gemmaria Duch. and M., Corall. des Antilles, p. 55, 1860 (non McCrady). 
Palythoa (pars) Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 301, 1857. 
Epizoanthus and Gemmaria Gray, Proc. Zodl. Soe. London, 1867, p. 237. 
Polyps arising from a broad, thin, basal membrane, sometimes cov- 
ering dead shells occupied by hermit-crabs. Column more or less ele- 
vated ; surface indurated by a layer of firmly adherent grains of sand. 


Epizoanthus elongatus Verrill. (GEMMARIA ELONGATA, Ist Ed.). 

Basal membrane thin, encrusting rocks. Polyps very unequal in 
size and height, mostly elongated, not crowded, separated usually by 
distances less than the diameter of base. Column tall, sub-cylindrical, 
often constricted somewhat at base, transversely wrinkled, the surface 
covered throughout by a nearly uniform layer of small grains of sand. 
Tentacles, in specimens dissected, numerous, about 46, in two rows, 


498 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


elongated, small, slender, acute, each one having a small tubercle out- 
side of its base. 

Color, in alcohol, dark yellowish brown beneath the sandy layer, 
which is composed of differently colored grains. In a specimen dis- 
sected there were 42 internal lamelle, of which 15 bore convoluted 
cords on the lower half. 

Height of the larger polyps ‘30 to°40; diameter °10 to ‘12 of an inch. 

Zorritos, Peru; and Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley. 

Epizoanthus humilis Verrill, sp. nov. (GrEMMARIA HUMILIS, Ist Ed.). 


Basal membrane continuous, thin, but firm. Polyps very unequal 
In size, closely arranged, usually in contact at base, low, in contraction 
forming rounded verruc:e, which are often broader than high. Sur- 
face covered with a thin layer of fine sand, at the top of the contracted 
polyps showing about 12, distinct, radiating sulcations. Color light 
yellowish brown, when preserved in alcohol. Height of largest polyps, 
contracted in alcohol, ‘06 to ‘08; diameter ‘08 to ‘10 of an inch. 

Panama,—F. H. Bradley. 


Epizoanthus crassus Verrill. sp. nov. (GrmMmarra crassa, Ist Ed.). 


Polyps large, elongated, subceylindrical; surface, in contraction, 
strongly wrinkled transversely, and covered with a thick layer of fine 
sand; summit with about 20 strong suleations, which radiate from the 
centre of the involved summit. Integument thick and firm. Tenta- 
cles about 66, acute, moderately long, with a small papilliform tuber- 
cle, or secondary tentacle, in front of the base, and a larger, tentaculi- 
form tubercle outside the base of each, the latter bearing sand on its 
outer surface, 

Height of contracted polyps 1:25; diameter *25 of an inch, 

Acajutla, San Salvador,—F. H. Bradley. 

The specimen dissected had a very large cavity below the stomach, 
with 66, narrow, radiating lamelle, which suddenly become broad near 
the base, meeting at the centre and nearly filling the cavity. The 
ovaries were attached to the broad portion, and the parts filled with 
enlarged eggs rose upward into the cavity, the eggs being arranged 
in single series. 

The marginal processes outside each of the tentacles were larger 
than the true tentacles, broad, laterally compressed, rounded at tips, 
the outer edge covered with sand; below their bases the sand grains 
were aggregated in masses, as if attached to small papille. The pa- 
pill in front of the bases of the tentacles were nearly half as long as 
the tentacles and similar in form. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata, 499 


Sub-order, ANTIPATHACEA. 
Antipathina (family) Ehr., op. cit., p..154, 1834. 
Antipothacea (tribe) Dana, Zoéph., p. 574, 1846. 
Antipatharia (suborder) Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 311, 1857. 
T 


5 
Antipathacea (suborder) Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, p. 147, 1 


io 6) 


65. 

Polyps short, arising by budding from a common basal membrane, 
which secretes an internal horn-like axis, or support, from its internal 
surface, similar to the axis of Gorgonide. Tentacles few and simple, 
6 to 24 in number, 

This suborder appears to include but two families: Antipathide 
in which the polyps have 6 tentacles; and Gerardide, in which they 
have 24. The living polyps have been observed, however, in but few 
species, and when better known it may become necessary to establish 
other families. 


Family, AntipaTHip& Dana, Zodph., p. 574. 


Polyps with 6 tentacles. Axis simple or variously branched; usu- 
ally black, with the surface more or less spinulose, sometimes smooth, 
not sulcated. 


Antipathes Pallas (restricted). 
Elenchus Zo6phytorum, p. 205, 1766; Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 314, 1857. 


Axis much branched and subdivided ; the branchlets not coalescent. 
Surface of the branchlets spinulose. 

This genus, which is here adopted as restricted by Edwards and 
Haime, is not yet satisfactorily circumscribed, since generic characters 
derived only from the mode of growth and branching are always 
unsatisfactory in classifying compound Zodphytes. It is probable 
that when more of the species shall have been examined in the living 
state, or when the microscopic structure of the preserved specimens 
shall have been more fully investigated, it will become necessary to 
remodel the genera of this family. 


Antipathes Panamensis Verrill, sp. nov. 


Corallum arborescently and densely branched and finely subdivided ; 
the small branches mostly bipinnate and tripinnate. The trunk is 
quite stout and subdivides in an irregularly arborescent manner into 
many secondary branches, which divide in the same way. The result- 
ing small branches arise in large numbers along the sides of the larger 
branches, at distances of ‘08 to ‘20 of an inch, many of them remain- 
ing small, simple or sparingly divided branchlets, but mostly subdi- 
viding in a pinnate, bipinnate, or even tripinnate manner. The final 


500 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


branchlets are ‘08 or ‘10 of an inch apart, small, slender, rather short, 
rarely more than ‘15 long without branches, scarcely ‘02 in diameter. 
Their surface is densely covered with small, sharp spinules, which are 
directed obliquely outward and toward the tips of the branchlets. 

Color of the trunk and main branches dull brownish black; branch- 
lets very dark brown. 

Height 13 inches; breadth 10; diameter of trunk °50; of main 
branches *15 to ‘25 of an inch. 

Pearl Islands, brought from 6 to 8 fathoms by pearl divers,—F. H. 
Bradley. 


Order MADREPORARIA Verrill, from Edw. and Haime (restricted). 

Madrepora (genus) (pars) Linnzeus; Pallas; Ellis; Esper, ete. 

Polypiers lamelliferes (pars) Lamarck, 1816; Limouroux, 1821. 

Loanuthaires pierreux Blainville, 1830. 

Actinaria (suborder) (pars) Dana, Zobphytes, 1846; Gosse, Actin. Brit., 1860. 

M idreporaris (pars) (suborder of Zoantharia) Kdw. and Haime, Corall., vol. ii, p. 4, 
1857, (includes Milleporide and other Hydroids); Vermll, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. 
Hist., vol. i, p. 14, 1864, (excludes Hydroid Tabulata). 

Actinaria (order) (pars) Agassiz, Contributions to Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. i, p. 151, 
1857; vol. iii, p. 60, 1860, (includes both Acténaria and Madreporaria, excluding 
Tabulata and Rugosa). 

Madreporaria (order) Verrill, Proceedings Kssex Inst, vol. iv, p. 145, Feb., 1865; 
and vol. v, p. 18, May, 1866; A. and Mrs. E. ©. Agassiz, Sea-side Studies, after 
May, 1865. 

Polyps simple, or compound by budding and self-division, the basal 
region imperfectly developed and serving only for attachment; never 
locomotive. Tentacles and spheromeres usually in multiples of six, 
the tentacles simple, tubular, generally covered with stinging organs 
(lasso-cells), which are grouped in clusters on the surface. The lower 
part of the outer wall and usually the radiating walls of the internal 
chambers, or the connective tissue in these chambers, secrete carbonate 
of lime and thus form stony corals, consisting essentially of a more or 
less circular cell, with radiating internal septa, which correspond in 
number and position with the tentacles. 


Suborder, MADREPORACEA Dana (restricted). 


Madreporacea (tribe) (pars) Dana, Zodphytes, p. 428, 1846. 

Madreporaria perforata Kdw. and Haime, Corall., iii, p. 89, 1857, 

Mudreporaria (suborder) Verrill, Mem. Bost. Soc., i, p. 14, 1864. 

Madreporacea (suborder) Proc. Essex Inst., iv, p. 147, 1865; ditto, v, p. 19, 1866. 


Tentacles mostly long, in limited numbers, often but 12, marginal, 
the disk small, the tentacles therefore concentrated near the mouth, 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 501 


upper part of the polyps elongated, cylindrical, much exsert above the 
cells when expanded, but capable of contracting into them; growth 
chiefly vertical. Coral porous, chiefly mural and septal; sometimes 
simple, but generally compound by budding, rarely by fissiparity.. 


Family, Mapreprorip& Dana. 


Zodphytes, U. S. Exploring Expedition, p. 431, 1846. 
Madreporide (pars) and Poritide (pars) Edw. and H., Corall., iii, p. 89 and 207, 
1860. 


Corals always compound, increasing by budding, consisting of small, 
elongated, tubular corallites, which have very deep, open cells, and 
are united by an abundant, porous canenchyma. The corallites are 
usually of two sorts in each species: in Montipora differing on the 
opposite sides of folicaceous species; in Madrepora the terminal one 
on each branch differing from the lateral. Within the cells are six or 
twelve radiating septa, often rudimentary, but usually continuous. 
Polyps small, tubular, exsert, with twelve tentacles. 

This family, as limited by Prof. Dana, appears to be a very natural 
one, and includes but two genera: Madrepora and Montipora. These 
have been widely separated by Edwards and Haime, who refer the 
former as a subfamily, Wadreporine, to their large family Madrepori- 
de, which includes also Eupsammide and Turbinaride, both of which 
ought to rank as families. Wontipora they unite with Psammocora 
into a subfamily, Jontiporine, which is referred to Poritide. 

But the Poritide are destitute of the abundant coenenchyma and 
deep cells, characteristic of Madrepora and Montipora. The resem- 
blance between certain species of these two genera, both in appear- 
ance and structure, is very close, the chief difference being that in 
Madrepora there is usually a terminal, or leading polyp at the end of 
each branch, which is not the case in Montipora. In each genus there 
are branching, foliaceous, encrusting, and massive species. The resem- 
blance in the living polyps, as observed by Dana, is equally close. 

The great genus, Wadrepora, so abundant in species and individu- 
als in the West Indies and on the Atlantic coast of Central America, 
and especially in the central Pacific, Kast Indies, Indian Ocean, and 
Red Sea, appears to be entirely wanting on the west coast of Amer- 
ica, and the genus Montipora, which is abundant in the Indo-Pacific 
region, but entirely wanting in the Atlantic, is represented only by 
one species, 


502 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Montipora Blainville (emended). 


Montipora and Porites (pars) Blainv., Dict. des sci. naturelle, t. lx, 1830; Manuel 
diactinol., p. 388, 1834. 

Montipora Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Astrolabe, Zodph., p. 247, 1833. 

Manopora Dana, Zodph., p. 489, 1846. 

Alveopora Elw. and Haime, Polyp. foss. des terr. pal., p. 146, 1851, (non Blainville). 

Montipora dw. and H., Corall., iii, p. 267, 1860. 


Corallum various in form, glomerate-massive, encrusting, foliaceous, 
lobate, or branching. Corallites small, scattered over the surface, 
either immersed, or with irregular, somewhat raised, lacerate, or spin- 
ulose borders. Canenchyma abundant, porous or spongy, usually 
echinulate at the surface, and often rising into papilliform processes, 
ridges, or crests between the cells; usually very different on the two 
surfaces. Cells small, widely separated, deep, without columella or 
pali. Septa little developed, either six or twelve, often trabicular, the 
secondary, when present, smaller than the primary ones. Polyps with 
twelve short tentacles. 


Montipora fragosa Verrill, sp. nov. 

Corallum sub-ramose or lobate, forming irregular conglomerate 
masses, which become elevated, and at the summit divide into small 
unequal, somewhat acute, very papillose branches, or into large, ex- 
panded, flat-topped lobes, which are scarcely papillose above. The 
papillee on the branches and outer sides of the lobes are very slender 
and elongated, unequal, roughly spinulose, and directed obliquely up- 
ward. The cells are distinctly scattered among the papille, small 
(about ‘02 inch), very inconspicuous, with six distinct septa. Toward 
the summits of the lobes the papillz are appressed to the surface and 
become indistinct. On the broad summits of the nearly flat lobes 
there are no papille and the surface is nearly even, having a very 
open, porous, or spongy structure, with few indistinct, immersed cells. 
On the smaller lobes and depressed parts of the larger ones the surface 
rises into small rounded lobules, or large rounded varrucz, with an 
openly spinulose, lacerate surface. Color of the unbleached coral 
brownish yellow, in some parts pinkish. Height 3-4 inches; breadth 
at top 4; diameter of branches °25 to ‘75; of larger lobes 1:75 ; length 
of free branches *50 to ‘80; length of longest papille +10; diameter 
‘01 to 02 of an inch. 

“ California,’—Maj. Wm. Rich. Probably from the Gulf of Cali- 
fornia. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 503 
>? 


This curious coral is known only by one specimen, which is, perhaps, 
in some respects abnormal. It is possible that the broad flat tops of 
the lobes are produced by the shallowness of the water in which it 
grew, or by some other disturbing cause. Therefore the structure 
upon the branching part, which does not rise so high, is probably more 
characteristic. It was collected by Maj. Rich and received with 
Allopora Californica V. and several Gorgonide. 'The latter are 
from La Paz, Gulf of California, which is very likely the locality of 
this species. 


Family, Porrrip Dana. 


Dana, Zoéphytes, p. 549, 1846. 

Poritide (pars) (Poritine) Edw. and Haime, Corall., III, p. 173, 1860. 

Polyps elongated, crowded, secreting from their lower parts con- 
tinuous and very porous corals, with shallow cells, from which in 
expansion the polyps are much exsert, with slender, flexible bodies 
and 12 to 24 tentacles, rarely more. Corallum massive, glomerate, 
encrusting, lobate, or branched, consisting of crowded corallites, 
united completely together by their very porous and often indistinct 
walls. Cells superficial or shallow, with porous septa, often repre- 
sented only by series of small spinules or trabicule ; transverse septa 
very rudimentary. Budding generally sub-marginal or interstitial. 


Porites Lamarck (restricted). 
Porites (pars) Lamarck, Hist. des anim. sans vert., t. I, p. 267, 1816; 2nd edit., ii, 
p. 432. 
Madrepora (subgenus Porites) (pars) Ehrenberg, Corall. roth. Meeres, p. 115, 1834. 


Porites Dana, Zodphytes, p. 550, 1846; Edw. and Haime, Corall., III, p. 173, 1860. 
Porites and Neoporites Duch. and Mich., Supl. Corall. des Antilles, 1864-6. 


Corallum glomerate, lobed or dichotomously branched, very porous, 
with a rudimentary basal epitheca. Cells shallow, crowded, usually 
distinctly polygonal ; walls thin and imperfect, or very porous; septa 
generally 12, sometimes 12 to 20, rarely 24, slightly developed, trabic- 
ular, or very porous, the edge consisting of small granules or papille. 
A circle of 5, 6 or more small papille, or paliform teeth, often 
scarcely distinct from the septal papille, surround a small, central 
papilliform columella, which is sometimes wanting or scarcely distinct. 
Polyps small, exsert, with twelve tentacles. 

Neoporites, a subdivision of this genus proposed by Duchassaing 
and Michelotti does not seem to be well founded. The characters 
assigned appear to be of little importance and are not always con- 


stant in the same species, while intermediate species frequently occur. 
TRANS. CONNECTICUT ACAD., VOL. I. 64 APRIL, 1870. 


504 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


It was based on the massive mode of growth and rudimentary pali, 
but in the following massive species the pali are well developed. 


Porites Californica Verrill, sp. nov. 


Corallum encrusting, glomerate, irregularly lobed, or sub-ramose ; 
the lobes or branches coarse, short, rounded at top, often compressed, 
or confluent into wide irregular lobes, usually 50 to °75 of an inch 
thick. Cells rather large, mostly separated by very porous walls of 
moderate thickness, distinctly excavate, but not deep. Septa thin, 
rough, sparingly spinosely granulated on the sides. Columella rudi- 
mentary, spongy, often wanting, surrounded by a circle of five or six, 
small, prominent pali. 

Height 3 to 5 inches; diameter 6 to 8 or more; length of lobes or 
branches ‘5 to 1°5; thickness *50 to ‘75; diameter of polyp-cells -04 
of an inch. 

Gulf of California near La Paz, living in 4 or 5 fathoms, from divers, 
and worn specimens common on the beach,—Capt. J. Pedersen. 


Porites porosa Verrill, sp. nov. 


Corallum encrusting, irregularly fobed and branched, much as in the 
preceding ; lobes often rounded at top. Polyp-cells rather small and 
shallow, crowded, separated by thin, fragile, very porous, roughly spin- 
ulose and lacerate walls. Septa little developed, thin, narrow, the 
edge roughly spinulose or lacerate, the sides with small spinule-like 
granulations. Pali five to seven, slender, prominent, roughly spin- 
ulose at top. Columella small, porous, little developed, often wanting. 
Oceasionally a larger cell with 24 septa and 12 pali occurs. Color 
of the unbleached coral dark yellowish brown. 

Height 3 to 4 inches; diameter about the same; thickness of the 
lobes ‘5 to 1 inch; diameter of cells -03 to ‘04 of an inch. 

Gulf of California, near La Paz, with the last,—Capt. J. Pedersen. 

Resembles the preceding, but is easily distinguished by the unusu- 
ally porous texture, very thin walls and septa, and crowded cells. 


Porites excavata Verrill, sp. nov. 


Corallum encrusting, becoming thick, glomerate, massive, and form- 
ing irregular hemispheres. Texture rather light and finely porous, 
but firm. Polyp-cells rather large, polygonal or rounded, well defined, 
deep and excavate, separated by rather firm, regular, moderately 
thick, elevated walls, which are thickly covered with coarse, rough 
granules. Septa very distinct, narrow at summit, wide below, extend- 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 505 


ing to the columella, varying in number from 10 to 24, commonly 15 
to 18, the edge lacerate, the sides roughly granulous. Pali 5 to 12, 
small but prominent, roughly spinulose or granulous. Columella 
little developed, trabicular, frequently wanting. Color of unbleached 
coral dull brownish yellow. 

Diameter 8 inches; height 4; diameter of cells -05 to ‘06 of an inch. 

Pearl Islands, 4 to 6 fathoms, by divers, two specimens,—F. H. 
Bradley. 

The large, deep, regular cells readily distinguish this species from 
the others here described. There is no very closely allied Atlantic 
species. The increased number of septa is a very remarkable 
character. 


Porites Panamensis Verrill. 
Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 329, 1866 


Corallum encrusting, usually forming broad, rather thin, somewhat 
convex, irregular, uneven masses; sometimes completely surrounding 
small pebbles and thus becoming sub-globular. Polyp-cells small, 
crowded, a little excavate, rather shallow, but very distinct, separated 
by rather thin, roughly granulous, porous, but firm, walls. Septa 
mostly 12, well developed, narrowed and somewhat thickened out- 
wardly, the sides very thickly covered with coarse, rough, lacerate 
granules, the edge also rough and lacerate. Pali small and rather 
stout, roughly lacerately granulous. Columella small, inconspicuous, 
often wanting. Color of unbleached coral dark ash-brown. 

Polyps when expanded exsert, with twelve equal, cylindrical, light 
brown tentacles, not swollen at the tips, which are white,—F. H. B. 

Diameter of the larger masses 4 to 6 inches; thickness ‘5 to 1°5; 
diameter of polyp-cells about °03 of an inch. 

Panama and Pearl Islands, in rocky pools and in patches over the 
bottom just below low-water mark,—F. H. Bradley. 

Easily distinguished by the small cells and very rough walls and 
septa. 


Porites nodulosa Verrill, sp. nov. 


Corallum much subdivided into small, short, crowded, and fre- 
quently coalescent branches, which are rounded and usually not 
much longer than thick, and form low, crowded clumps. Cells 
moderately large, shallow, but clearly defined, separated by thin, 
roughly lacerate and porous walls. Septa usually twelve, roughly 
lacerate and spinulose, the sides covered with sharp, rough granules. 


506 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Pali 5 or 6, short and stout, roughly spinulose. Columella little devel- 
oped, spongy or trabicular. Diameter of the larger clumps 3 to 4 
inches; height about 2; diameter of branches mostly °25 te 35; 
diameter of polyp-cells about ‘04 or ‘05 of an inch. 

La Paz, not uncommon on the beach, but mostly badly worn,— 
Capt. J. Pedersen. 


Family, Eupsammipa Edw. and Haime. 


Caryophyllide (pars) Dana, Zodphytes, p. 364, 1846. 

Eupsammide (family) Edw. and Haime, Annals des Sci. Nat., ser. 3, x, p. 65, 1848. 
Eupsammine (subfamily) Edw. and Haime, Corall., ili, p. 90, 1860. 

Eupsammide (family) Verrul, Proc. Essex Inst., v, p. 28, 1866. 


Corallum simple or compound, massive or variously branched. 
Compound species increase by lateral, basal, and sometimes inter- 
stitial budding ; but the genera Lobopsammia and Heteropsammia 
by fissiparity. Most genera are without distinct cconenchyma; but 
in the genera, Astropsammia and Pachypsammia* the cenenchyma 
is well developed and spongy. Corallites generally elongated, cylin- 
drical, or somewhat turbinate, and usually with deep cells. Walls 
porous, especially near the summit, generally covered by vertical rows 
of granular nodules, so united as to leave irregular openings and pores 
between them, often producing a vermiculate structure; sometimes 
forming distinct coste; sometimes nearly even and solid toward the 
base. 

Septa well developed, lamellar, generally forming four or five cycles, 
those of the first largest, usually with entire edges; those of the last 
cycle are often more developed than those of the preceding cycle and 
curved toward and united to them, or united together in pairs in 
front of them. In some genera those of the penultimate cycle are also 
curved toward the preceding, and sometimes even those of the ter- 
tiary cycle are curved toward those of the secondary. Owing to 
these peculiarities of arrangement, the septa never radiate in a 
regular manner from the center, as in most other families, but usually 
have an elegant star-like and symmetrical arrangement. Internal 
transverse plates or dissepiments between the septa are either want- 
ing or distant and imperfect, rarely well developed ; in Astropsammia 
all are often at one level in the different interseptal spaces, thus com- 
pletely shutting off the space below. Columella always present, 
usually well developed and spongy, or having a cancellate structure. 


* Pachypsammia valida Verrill, from Hong Kong. Procedings Essex Institute, vol. 
vy, p. 30, 1866. By error printed “‘ Pachysammia.” 


SN  —— ——— 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 507 


Polyps elongated, when expanded exsert, rising above the coral, 
but capable of retracting into the cells. Tentacles as numerous as the 
septa, elongated. Colors of living polyps generally bright, often 
red or orange. 


Dendrophyllia Blainville. 
Caryophyllia (pars) Lamarck, Syst. anim. sans vert., p. 370, 1801; Hist. anim. sans 
vert., ii, p. 228, 1816; 2d edit., ii, p. 344. 
Lithodendron (pars) Schweigger, Handb. der naturg. 
Dendrophyllia Blainville, Dict. des sci. nat., Ix, p. 320, 1830; Man. d’actinologie, 
1834; Dana, Zodphytes, p. 386; Edw. and Haime, Coralliaires, iii, p. 112. 
Oculina (pars) Ehrenberg, Coral. des rothen Meeres, p. 78, 1834. 


Coralluin compound, low and corymbose or czespitose, or high and 
arborescently branched; budding lateral or sub-basal.  Covrallites 
rather large, cylindrical, more or less elongated. Walls subcostate 
near the cells, covered with rough vermiculate grains in rows, with 
irregular spaces between, which become more irregular and often 
curved or variously bent below. 

Polyp-cells subcircular, deep; septa scarcely projecting above the 
margin, rather thin, forming four complete cycles. Columella usually 
pretty well developed, often convex. 


Dendrophyllia surcularis Verrill 
Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xii, p. 393, 1869. 


Corallum low, rounded above, consisting of a large number of diver- 
gent, elongated, cylindrical corallites, varying greatly in size and 
length, and all united together intoa thick base, which, on the sides, is 
seen to be made up of numerous, short and thick, closely branched 
trunks, partially united together laterally; the buds arise from all 
parts of the sides, and from the common basal tissue between the 
corallites of the upper surface; many of the longer corallites also 
bud on the sides and near the summit. The largest corallites are 
‘6 to ‘8 of an inch in diameter, and project 1 to 1-4 above the base. 
Walls thin, very porous, covered externally with fine, subequal, sca- 
brous cost. Polyp-cells subcircular, very deep and open, often 
nearly as deep as broad, the septa not projecting above the margin. 
Septa in four complete cycles, often with narrow rudimentary septa 
of the fifth cycle. Primary and secondary septa nearly equal, narrow, 
thin, the lower part perpendicular, the upper part narrowed rapidly 
to the edge of the cell; those of the third cycle similar but smaller ; 
those of the fourth much narrower, except far within the cell, where 
they join the columella; those of the fifth very narrow and thin. 


508 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


None of the septa unite together within, so far as can be seen from 
the surface, but those of the fourth and fifth cycles are slightly bent. 
Columella well developed, with a regular convex surface, composed of 
a fine, spongy tissue. Color of the unbleached coral nearly black. 
Height 3 inches; breadth 5°25, 
Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama, brought from six to eight fathoms 
by divers,—F. H. Bradley. 


Dendrophyllia tenuilamellosa Verrill. 


Cenopsammia tenuilamellosa Edw. and Haime, Annals des Sci. Nat., vol. x, p. 110, 
Pl. I, fig. 11, 1848; Coralliaires, vol. iii, p. 128, 1860. 


Corallum forming low, rounded, convex clumps, consisting of an 
aggregation of unequal cylindrical corallites, which are all united 
together at base in a solid mass, and sometimes partially united 
laterally. Polyp-cells deep, circular or nearly so, with thin margin. 
Septa thin, in four cycles, with rudiments of the fifth in some of the 
larger corallites; primaries a little broader than secondaries, but 
similar in form, narrowed toward the summit, nearly or quite reaching 
the columella below, the edge nearly entire, the sides smoothish, with 
lines of small granules. Septa of the third cycle very narrow ; those 
of the fourth very thin and narrow, the edge divided into slender 
spinules, they curve toward and join those of the third about midway 
between the wall and columella; those of the fifth cycle, when pres- 
ent, are very small and rudimentary. Columella well developed, a 
little prominent, occupying about a third of the breadth of the cell, 
composed of convoluted and cortorted porous plates. Transverse 
plates between the septa few and distant. Walls thin, porous, with 
somewhat regular, unequal, rounded costie, which are roughly granu- 
Jous and separated by deep irregularly pitted grooves. Tissue of the 
basal mass very openly porous and irregularly ribbed and pitted. 
Color of the unbleached coral dark brown, or blackish. 

Height of larger specimens 2 to 2°5 inches; diameter 2 to 5 ; height 
of larger corallites -25 to 50; diameter °35 to -40; depth -25 to °30. 

Panama and Pearl Islands, at and just below low-water mark and 
in tide-pools,—F. H. Bradley ; La Paz,—J. Pedersen ; Acapulco,—A. 
Agassiz. 

This is very closely allied to D. surcularis, but is a much smaller 
species. The polyp-cells appear to be never more than half as large. 
The septa, though about as numerous, are not so well developed. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 509 


Astropsammia Verrill. 
Proceedings Boston Society of Nat. History, xii, p. 892, 1869. 


Corallum massive, consisting of Astreea-like corallites, united quite 
to their summits by an abundant, very porous ccenenchyma. Walls 
scarcely distinct from the coonenchyma, very porous. Septa in four 
cycles, with some members of a fifth, those of the fourth uniting to 
those of the third. Columella usually well developed, composed of 
loose, convoluted and twisted lamelle and trabicule. Cells at times 
shallow, the interseptal spaces cut off below by thin transverse septa, 
which often coincide in all the chambers. Budding chiefly marginal 
and interstitial, 

This genus is very remarkable for its abundant ccenenchyma, which 
is almost exceptional in the family, Hupsammide. 


Astropsammia Pedersenii Verrill, loc. cit. 


Corallum massive, convex above, covered with large, unequal, round 
cells, which scarcely rise above the surface, unequally separated by an 
abundant, very openly and coarsely porous ceenenchyma, which some- 
times equals in thickness the diameter of the cells. Walls indistinct ; 
septa not projecting, rather thin, in the large cells four fully developed 
cycles, with the rudimentary ones of the fifth in about half the sys- 
tems. The primary and secondary septa are nearly equal, and with 
those of the third join the columella; those of the fourth cycle unite 
to those of the third about half way to the columella. Columella 
large in the adult corallites, composed mostly of coarsely convoluted 
lamelle and spinose projections from the edges of the septa. Trans- 
verse septa thin and distant, often closing up the chambers near the 
surface. 

A young specimen about one inch in diameter has sixteen cells, the 
largest of which are ‘3 in diameter and very deep, with a rudimentary 
columella, One cell appears to have divided by fissiparity. 

Diameter of largest specimen 3°5 inches; height 2; diameter of 
largest cells -40 to 50; of smallest °15 to :25; distance between cells 
"15 to °30. 

La Paz, Gulf of California,—Capt. J. Pedersen. 

This species was named in honor of Capt. James Pedersen, whose 
extensive collections, made in the Gulf of California, have contributed 
so much to our knowledge of the marine animals of that region, and 
who has discovered many new and very remarkable species. 


510 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Rhizopsammia Verrill, gen. nov. 


Corallum compound, low, encrusting, extending by stolon-like 
expansions of the base, from which buds arise. Corallites cylindrical, 
or nearly so, connected by thin creeping extensions of the base, which 
have the same porous texture as the wall. Polyp-cells subcircular or 
elliptical. Septa thin, crowded, a little projecting, arranged in four 
or five cycles, those of the last cycle well developed, uniting to those 
of the preceding cycle, which rise up in the form of prominent. pali- 
form lobes, beyond which the central region of the cell is deep. Col- 
umella very porous, its surface papillose. Walls very porous, destitute 
of epitheca, with scarcely distinct costa, but with series of rough 
granules. 

This genus among Madreporacea corresponds to Astrangia among 
the Oculinacea, in its mode of growth. The paliform lobes are also 


peculiar. 


Rhizopsammia pulchra Verrill, sp. nov. 

Corallum composed of clusters of corallites irregularly grouped on 
the surface of astone. Corallites united only by the thin basal expan- 
sions, mostly placed at distances about equal to their own diameters, 
low, but variable in height, base as broad as summit, or broader. 
Walls thin, very porous, subcostate, the ridges nearly equal, with two 
or three rows of sharp rough granules, the grooves between deep, but 
narrow, with small, interrupted, deep pits or pores. Polyp-cells sub- 
circular or elliptical, deep at center. Septa well developed, in four 
complete cycles with some of a fifth, thin, crowded. The primaries 
and secondaries nearly equal, slightly projecting above the margin, 
rounded at top, inner edge perpendicular, roughly denticulate, the sides 
roughly granulous; those of the third cycle thickened outwardly, and 
united by spongy tissue with the adjacent ones ; septa of the fourth cycle 
thin, bending toward and soon uniting to those of the third, which 
beyond the point of union rise abruptly in the form of prominent 
paliform lobes, beyond which the inner edge is nearly perpendicular 
to the columella, and rudely denticulate, the sides roughly granulous. 
Columella, moderately developed, papillose at surface. Color of 
the unbleached coral reddish. 

Height of larger corallites +15 to -20; diameter 15 to °25; depth of 
cells ‘10 to °13 of an inch. 

Pear! Islands, at extreme low-water,—F. H. Bradley. 

Upon the same small stone, there were, with this species, specimens 
of Ulangia Bradleyi, Astrangia dentata, A. pulchella, and a new 
species of Paracyathus. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. -511 


Balanophyllia Wood. 
Descriptive Catalogue of the Zoéphytes from Crag, in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xiii, 
p. 11,1844; Edw. and Haime, Ann. des sci nat., x, p. 83; Corall., iii, p. 99, 1860. 

Corallum simple, usually attached by a rather broad base. Walls 
quite porous, costate, sometimes with an epitheca. Septa thin, in 
four or five cycles, those of the last cycles well developed, uniting 
together in pairs in front of the preceding, which are interrupted. 
Columella well developed, spongy, not prominent. 

Some species referred by authors to this genus have a narrow base, 
others become free at maturity. 


Balanophyllia elegans Verrill. 
Bulletin of the Museum of Comp. Zodlogy, No. 3, p. 44, Jan., 1864. 
Plate 10, figure 3. 


Corallum low, subcylindrical, with a broad, expanded base, often 
somewhat enlarged toward the summit. Wall nearly compact at 
base, quite porous above, sometimes with an imperfect epitheca 
reaching above the middle, often naked, strongly costate, the coste 
thick, rounded, nearly equal, roughly spinulose granulous, separated 
by irregular, narrow, interrupted grooves, with many deep pits and 
pores. Polyp-cell broad elliptical or circular, rather shallow. Septa 
unequally projecting, those of the two first cycles considerably ele- 
vated ; four complete cycles, those of the fifth usually developed in 
half the systems and sometimes in all, in some large specimens a few 
very small septa belonging to the sixth are visible. Primary septa 
decidedly broader than secondary, and higher, thickened outwardly, 
the edge rounded, nearly reaching the columella, at the summit 
porous, roughly serrulate, and confluent with the adjoining septa 
of the fourth cycle, the sides granulous; secondaries similar, but 
narrower and less projecting, the inner edge more deeply divided 
into slender spinose teeth; those of the third cycle quite narrow, 
about half as broad as secondaries, not reaching the point of union 
of those of the later cycles, and therefore leaving an enclosed space 
of some size in front, the edge deeply divided into rough teeth ; 
those composed of the inner portions of the third and fourth cycles 
united are broad, reaching the columella, the edge lacerately divided 
into rough, prominent spinules; they are united to the primaries and 
secondaries outwardly and curving toward each other unite in front 
of the tertiaries, about midway between the margin and columella; 
free outer portion of the septa of the fourth cycle very narrow, 
little prominent, interrupted by a space before the point of union 
of the thin curved septa of the fifth cycle. Columella rather small, 


512 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


oblong, papillose at surface. Color of the living polyp bright orange- 
red, or flame-red. 

Height -20 to 40; diameter of larger ones °30 to °42; depth of 
cup ‘10 to *15 of an inch. 

Puget Sound,—C. B. Kennerly; Mendocino and Crescent City, 
Cal..— A. Agassiz; Monterey,—R. E. C. Stearns; W. H. Dall. 

Mr. Stearns found this beautiful species adhering to the under side 
of large stones at extreme low-water mark at Monterey, and observed 
Trivia Californica living parasitically upon it, the color of the living 
Trivia agreeing very closely with the bright orange-red of the polyp. 


Suborder, OCULINACEA Verrill. 
Caryophyllacee (pars) and Madreporucee (pars) Dana, Zodphytes. 


Ocellina (pars) and Milleporina (pars) Khrenberg, Corall. roth. Meeres. 

Corallum simple or compound, encrusting or branched, of firm 
texture with imperforate, solid walls and septa. Cells generally small, 
tubular. Polyps when expanded rising above the cell, or long exsert, 
the mouth protruding, the tentacles 10 to 48, sometimes more, elon- 
gated, the tips usually, if not always, swollen or capitate, their surface 
covered with small wart-like clusters of urticating cells. 

In this group the compound species increase by basal and lateral 
budding, and there is a strong tendency to form hard, compact corals, 
the coenenchyma being, when present, very compact; the walls 
are often thickened, or the cells may be partially filled up and oblit- 
erated, as in Oculinide, some Stylasteride, etc. The transverse 
plates within the cells are usually few and distant, and may be 
entirely wanting; in some cases they are coincident in all the inter- 
septal spaces, so as to form continuous transverse plates or septa, 
as in Pocilliporide. The septa of the first and second cycles, at least» 
have the edge entire or nearly so, often all the septa are entire. The 
exterior of the walls is generally more or less costate, sometimes 
finely granulous or spinulose, but never strongly spinose. 

It is obvious that in Astreacea, as hitherto constituted, there are 
included two distinct types of corals, characterized especially by the 
peculiarities of the expanded polyps. In the division here established 
the polyps, so far as known, are much exsert in expansion and the ten- 
tacles are swollen at the tips, but in the typical Astrzeacea, such as 
As'rea (Kuvia), Meandrina, Mussa, the polyps are not exsert and 
they have more numerous tentacles, which taper to the end; their 
corals increase by fissiparity or disk-budding, the septa are serrate or 
echinate, and the interseptal spaces are much subdivided by small 
oblique plates. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 513 


Hence I have taken the Oculinide, Stylasteride, and Stylophoride, 
kept distinct from the Astreide by Edwards and Haime, together 
with certain families of their Astrwidw, which possess the same type 
of polyps, as representatives of a distinct suborder, intermediate in 
many respects between Astreacea and Madreporacea, the polyps be- 
ing exsert, as in the latter, the corals compact and imperforate, 
as in the former. To this suborder it seems necessary to refer the 
Pocilliporidw, which have corals in many respects similar to those of 
Stylophoride and some Oculinidw, although transversely septate or 
tabulated, as in other widely different groups, and have exsert polyps 
nearly identical with those of Stylophora and similar genera, with 
12 or 24 long tentacles, swollen at the tips. 

Whether the Caryophyllide should be referred to this suborder or 
to Astreacea is somewhat uncertain, since the polyps of but few of 
the genera have been examined. It is not improbable that the family, 
as now constituted, includes genera belonging to both suborders, 
having little in common, except the negative character of lacking 
transverse septa,—an embryological feature that is evidently of but 
little importance. The genus Caryophyllia, like its allies, Para- 
cyuthus, etc., appears to have soft parts with the same general struc- 
ture as Oculina, Astrangia, Cladocora, etc., but Mlabellum appears 
to agree better with some Astrzacea, like Huphyliia, etc. Therefore 
since the typical genera seem to belong here, we have placed the Caryo- 
phyllide in this suborder, as the lowest family. There are also cer- 
tain other genera, generally referred to Astrzacea, which seem to 
have greater affinities with the present division, though the soft parts 
are too imperfectly known to afford positive evidence; such are the 
genera, Cyphastrwa, Galaxea, Stylina, ete. 

Prof. Dana’s second family of Caryophyllacex, the Caryophyllide, 
included many of the genera of this group, together with Dendro- 
phyliia and other representatives of the Madreporacea, and also 
Stylina and Galaxea (Anthophyllun) ; but Pocillipora, Seriatopora, 
and Stylophora (Sideropora) were referred by him to Madreporacea. 
In his system the porous structure of the coral in Madreporacea was 
not regarded as of so much importance as by most later writers. 

The following are the principal families included in this suborder : 


Stylasteride. Corallum branched, with very compact, mostly 
smooth, often colored cconenchyma. Cells small, much filled 
up below. Septa equal, 12 to 24 (sometimes only 5 or 6), often 
united together by their thickened inner edges so as to partially 
close up the cell. Costze nearly obsolete. 


514 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Oculinide. Corallum encrusting or branched, with compact 
conenchyma, smooth, or slightly costate near the e¢ells. Cells 
of moderate size or large, more or less filled up below. Septa 12 
to 48 or more, in several unequal cycles, the edge of the principal 
ones entire. 

Pocilliporide. — Corallum branched or lobed, with the ceenenchyma 
compact at surface and mostly spinulose. Cells small, divided 
by transverse septa below, partially filled up. Septa 12 to 24 
(rarely 36), often rudimentary, especially in young cells. 

Stylophoride. Corallum massive, encrusting, or branched, with the 
ccenenchyma compact near surface and mostly spinulose. Cells 
small, not filled up, or but slightly so, with few irregular, trans- 
verse interseptal divisions. Septa 10 or 12 to 24, 

? Stylinide.  Corallum massive, astreiform. Cells of moderate 
size or small, Septa with entire edges. 

Astrangide, —_ Corallum solitary, or czespitose, encrusting, or lobed, 
with little or no ceenenchyma; buds basal, or arising from 
stolons, or lateral. Cells of moderate size, not filled up below, 
with few, distant, irregular, transverse divisions. Septa numerous, 
in several unequal cycles, those of the first and second usually 
with entire edges. Includes Astrangine and Cladocorine. 

Caryophyllide.  Corallum solitary, attached or free when adult. 
Cells often large, increasing upward, open from the base. Septa 
numerous, in several unequal cycles, their edges entire. 


On the west coast of America representative of but four of these 
families are known: Stylasteridw, Pocilliporide, Astrangide, and 
Caryophyllide. 

The Oculinidw are abundant in the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and 
Indo-Pacific faune. The Stylophoride are most abundant in the 
Indo-Pacific, but have a few representatives in the Caribbean fauna. 
The Stylinide are mostly fossils of the Cretaceous and Tertiary forma- 
tions of Europe, but a few species still live in the Atlantic. 


Family, Srytasterm£ Pourtales. 


Stylasteracee (subfamily of Oculinide) Edw. and Haime, Corall., ii, p. 126, 1857. 

Stylasteride Pourtales, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. 7, p. 125, 1868. 

The corals included in this family most frequently form delicate, 
arborescently branched corals, often flabelliform, and sometimes with 
coalescent branches, in other species the coral is irregularly lobed or 
encrusting. The cenenchyma is abundant and very compact, with a 
smoothish or finely granulous surface, often with peculiar swellings or 


Sn eee 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 515 


vesicles, which sometimes have a radiated structure and may, perhaps, 
indicate the position of a second form of polyps; in other cases (as in 
Allopora) there are also minute pores or openings with a raised border 
scattered between the ordinary cells, which appear to represent a sec- 
ond more rudimentary form of polyps. Therefore it is probable that 
in this family the polyps are dimorphous, as in Pennatulacea and some 
Alcyonacea, and in many Hydroids, but the soft parts have not yet been 
described. The polyp-cells are small, generally filled up below by a 
solid deposit, sometimes also partially filled up and more or less obliter- 
ated by the thickening of the septa and the union of their inner edges, 
thus separating the interseptal chambers from the central part of the 
cell, and in some genera, like Distichipora and Errina, nearly or 
quite obliterating some of the chambers. The septa are mostly nar- 
row, equal or nearly so, in one to three cycles, in some instances only 
four to six, most frequently twelve, the third cycle, when present, rudi- 
mentary. Columella generally styliform, sometimes wanting. 

This family, as now constituted, includes the following genera :— 
Axohelia E. and H.; Cryptohelia EK. and H.; Endohelia E. and H. ; 
Cyclopora Verrill; Stylaster Gray; <Allopora Ehr.; Distichipora 
Lamarck; Hrrina Gray. 

In the works of Edwards and Haime the genus Distichipora was 
placed, with other still doubtful forms, in the “incerta sedes” at the 
end of the list of genera. In the final work* it is placed in an appen- 
dix and doubt is expressed whether it may not belong to the Aleyona- 
ria, rather than to the Madreporaria, while Hrrina is entirely omitted. 
The writer first explained the structure of these genera and referred 
them to their true position near Sty/aster, in the Bulletin of the Mu- 
seum of Comparative Zodlogy, No. 3, p. 46, 1864. Mr. Pourtales, 
who has recently discovered and described several new and very 
interesting members of this group, fully confirmed this conclusion in 
later numbers of the Bulletin.t He has also suggested that the group 
should form a distinct family,—an opinion in which we fully concur. 

Many of the species of this family seem to be confined to great 
depths, where they form a considerable portion of the coral faune, 
and yet there are, also, shallow-water species both in the Atlantic and 
Pacific. When deeper dredgings shall have been made on the west 
coast of America, additional genera and species may be expected, but 
at present two species of the genus Allopora are the only known 
representatives of the family on the whole coast. 


* Coralliaires, vol. iii, p. 450, 1860. 
+ No. 6, pp. 116, 117, 1867; No. 7, p. 136, 1868. 


516 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Allopora Ehrenberg. 


Allopora Ehr., Corall. rothen Meeres, p. 147, 1834; (pars) Dana, Zodph., p. 697; 
Edw. and Haime, Corall., ii, p. 131. 


Corallum encrusting, irregularly lobed, or branching. Ccenenchyma 
abundant, compact, the surface finely granulous, with more or less 
numerous, scattered ampulle or vesicles. Cells small, irregularly 
arranged, scattered. Septa narrow, not exsert, usually five to ten 
larger, equal, thickened ones, which generally unite by their inner 
edges below, so as to enclose the intervening small chambers, within 
which may usually be seen rudimentary septa of the last cycle, in the 
form of small ascending points or papille. Columella conical or 
rounded, finely spinulose or hirsute. 


Allopora Californica Verrill. 


Proceedings Essex Institute, vol. iii, p. 37, 1866, (non Pourtales). 
Plate 10, figure 8. 


Corallum encrusting at base, rising into thick, irregularly lobed or 
palmate branches, three inches or more high, some of which are two 
inches broad and nearly half an inch thick; some are nearly round 
and rapidly tapering, of about the same thickness as the others. 
Many of the branches have an annelid tube, with two apertures side 
by side, in the center, and appear to be due to the encrusting habit of 
the coral, which covers the tubes with a thickness of from an eighth to 
a fourth of an inch, and in this way may rise into false branches. 
The worm tubes themselves are quite thin, forming a delicate sep- 
arable lining for the tubes formed by the coral. Some of the branches 
subdivide into two or three parts near the end, which spread nearly 
at right angles. Cells very small, about ‘02 of an inch, quite irregu- 
larly scattered over the whole surface; distance between them equal 
to two or three times the diameter, or from ‘04 to ‘07 of aninch, Ceen- 
enchyma compact, with a minutely granulous surface, appearing 
smooth to the unaided eye, but having a few minute papilla or minute 
vesicular ampullie, some of which are open at top, forming small pores 
scattered between the cells. In a longitudinal section the cells are 
seen to be filled up below, and between them there are irregularly 
scattered, minute, rounded cavities, caused by the superficial papillee 
or vesicles. Septa represented commonly by six thick triangular pro- 
cesses which converge toward the center of the cells, leaving only 
narrow, radiating spaces between them; in other cells the number 
varies from five to eight. The septa project slightly above the com- 
mon surface, and do not reach more than half way to the center of 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 517 


the cell, uniting together by their thickened inner edges, down within 
the cell, and separating the very small interseptal spaces from the cen- 
tral opening ; within each interseptal space there can generally be seen 
a minute rudimentary septa in the form of an ascending, prominent 
point. Cells deep in the central portion, nearly filled up below by a 
round, conical, minutely hirsute, whitish columella. The cells are 
stellate, with very slightly raised borders, somewhat unequal in size, 
and many are distorted; two are often seen together and more or less 
confluent, as if they had been formed by fissiparity or disk budding; 
others evidently originate by interstitial budding, while some very 
small rudimentary cells are intermediate between the ordinary form 
and the ampulle with central openings, indicating that those are made 
by rudimentary or dimorphous forms of polyps. Color light minium- 
red. 

Height 7 inches; breadth 5°50; diameter of cells *02 to ‘03, the cen- 
tral cavity about ‘01 of an inch. 

California,—Maj. Wm. Rich, U. 8. A. 

Probably from the Gulf of California in deep water. 

The basal portion is dead and encrusted with various species of 
Bryozoa, Serpulz, etc. It was collected by Major Rich during the 
Mexican war. 


Allopora venusta Verrill, sp. nov. 


Allopora Ca'ifornica Pourtales, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 136, 1868, (non Verrill), no 
description. 


Plate 10, figure 9. 

Corallum encrusting and expanded at base, rising up in stout lobes 
or branches, two inches or more high, some of the branches broad 
and somewhat palmate or digitate, the terminal branchlets mostly 
round and about *12 to ‘15 of an inch thick, obtusely rounded at tips. 
Some of the branches contain worm tubes similar to those in the pre- 
ceding species, with two openings side by side, and apparently of the 
same nature with those found in Muricea formosa of Zorritos, (p. 435), 
but other branches are quite solid. Ccenenchyma compact, having a 
minutely granulous surface, with a few minute, scattered vesicles and 
pores. Cells small, about -03 of an inch, regular, circular, with the bor- 
der sharp and distinctly raised above the general surface; some newly 
formed cells may be seen scattered among the others, but consisting 
only of a slight pit in the cenenchyma, sometimes very superficial, 
circular, and rounded at bottom, in other cases a little more advanced, 
showing the outlines of the septa and columella. The cells are irregu- 


518 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


larly scattered over the whole surface, mostly at distances varying 
from ‘02 to ‘10 of an inch. The principal septa vary from 6 to 10, 
but are mostly 7 or 8, quite narrow at top, but much thickened, 
broader and united well together below, so as to form a cup-shaped 
aperture to the cell, around and above the small deep central pit, and 
entirely separating the very small interseptal spaces, in which the 
minute, round, projecting points of the small septa may be easily dis- 
tinguished, Central cavity broader in its upper part than in the pre. 
ceding species, but with the central pit smaller, nearly filled by the 
small, round, conical columella. Color light red, the branches often 
yellowish at tips. 

Neah Bay, Washington Territory,—Collection Museum of Compar- 
ative Zodlogy. 

Although this species resembles the preceding in color and mode of 
growth, it is quite distinct in the form and structure of the cells. In 
this they are raised, circular, regular, and cup-shaped, while in the 
preceding they are stellate, often irregular, not cup-shaped, with larger 
and fewer septa, the border is scarcely raised, and the columella is 


larger. 
Family, Pocitireorip& Verrill. 


Synopsis Polyps and Corals of N. Pacif. Expl. Exp., Part iv, p. 56, in Proceedings 
(Communications) of Essex Institute, vol. vi, p. 90, 1869. 

Favositine (pars) Dana, Zodph., p. 514, 1846. 

Pocilloporine (subfamily of Favositide) Edw. and Haime, Corall, iii, p. 301, 1860. 

Corallum with an encrusting base at first, from which arise clusters 
of lobes or branches, which grow by interstitially budding at the ends. 
Coenenchyma abundant and very compact on the sides of the branches 
and base, but almost entirely wanting among the crowded terminal 
cells, Cells small, angular or circular, often filled up below with a 
solid deposit; the transverse plates generally extend entirely across 
the cells below. Septa 6 to 24, generally twelve, often rudimentary. 

The descriptions and drawings of the polyps of Poctllipora by Mr. 
Bradley, show conclusively that the genus is a true madreporian, as 
we have already mentioned in other articles.* It seems also to be 
most closely allied to Oculina and Stylophora, both in the structure of 
the polyps and coral. Its affinities with the numerous extinct genera 
having the same tabulate structure is a subject requiring a great 
amount of careful investigation. From the Huvositide, as a whole, 
it differs in having an abundant cenenchyma. Favosites differs also 
in having perforate walls, and doubtless ought to be separated, at least 


* On the Affinities of the Tabulate Corals, in Proceedings of the American Associa- 
tion for Advancement of Science, 1867, p. 148. See also Proc. Essex Inst., vi, p. 90, 1869. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 519 


as a distinct family, which has, perhaps, closer relations with Madre- 
poracea, The genus Seriatopora, has been united with certain genera 
of fossil corals to constitute a distinct family, Sertatoporide, but it 
would appear to be more in accordance with their true affinitics to 
unite Seriatopora and the allied genera with the Pocilliporide. The 
living polyps are unknown, however, and might show other relations. 
The Thecide EK. and H., and especially Columnaria, are evidently 
very closely allied to Pocilipora and, ought, perhaps, to be united in 
the same family. 

The association by Edwards and Haime, and others, of the J/il/epo- 
ride with Pocilliporide and allied forms, under the name, Zadulata, 
was particularly unfortunate, since they have no relations whatever, 
and indeed there is no resemblance except in the fact that in certain 
genera of both groups there are transverse septa,—an artificial char. 
acter of comparatively little importance, which also occurs in the 
Astreide (Celastrea) and sometimes even in the Eupsamimide 
(Astreopsammiu), Prof. Agassiz has shown that Millepora belongs 
to the Hydroidea, and holding the opinion that Pocillipora and other 
tabulated corals were allied to Millepora he consequently united all 
the Tabulata of Edwards and Haime to the //ydroidea, thus removing 
them from the class of polyps. This view is no longer tenable, since 
the genus Pocillipora has animals identical in structure with the most 
typical genera of true polyps. Even were the animals of Pocillipora 
unknown, the examination of such species as P. elongata Dana, P. 
plicata Dana, P. stellata Verrill, and others, in which there are twelve 
well developed septa, having the same essential characters as those of 
Oculinide and Stylophoridw, would be sufficient to convince us that 
the genus could not possibly belong to the Hydroidea, unless that 
group is to be so modified as to lose the principal characters by which 
it is separated from the class of polyps. The absence of radiating 
lamellze, such as would be required: to secrete the radiating septa of 
Pocillipora, Columnaria, and some Fuvositide is one of the principal 
class characters by which Acalephs are separated from Polyps, and is 
a constant feature of acalephs; the presence of such lamellie is equally 
constant and characteristic of true polyps. 


Pocillipora Lamarck. 
Pocillopora (pars) Lamarck, Hist. anim. sans vert, ii, p. 273; 2nd ed., ii, p. 144. 
Pocillopora Dana, Zodphytes, p. 523; Edw. and Haime, Corall., iii, p. 301. 
The coralla consist of clusters of branches or lobes, varying in the 


different species from very slender, much divided branchlets to stout, 
Trans. Connecticut AcaD., Vou. I. 65 Novy., 1870. 


520 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


round, and obtuse, or very broad and convoluted lobes or fronds, 
which arise from a more or less compact encrusting base. Branches 
often covered with verruce or rudimentary branchlets, composed of a 
few or many cells. At the ends of the branches the cells are closely 
crowded, angular, closely united by their walls, without intervening 
ceenenchyma, but on the sides of the branches they are more or less 
distantly separated by the compact coenenchyma, which is sharply 
eranulous or spinulose at the surface. Cells small, often deep, circular 
where not crowded, often filled below the surface by a solid deposit, 
but always with transverse septa in the lower parts, which are abun- 
dant and regular. Septa narrow, generally 12, of which 6 are larger 
and alternate with six that are very small or rudimentary ; sometimes 
24. The septa are often partially or wholly rudimentary or abortive, 
especially in the crowded cells at the end of the branches, but in many 
cases two opposite ones are larger than the rest and join the colu- 
mella, or there may be one larger one. The columella, when present, 
is small, solid, a little prominent, but is often wanting. The trans- 
verse plates have a concentric structure and are often seen incomplete, 
with an opening through the middle. Occasionally a cell is divided 
by fissiparity, but the new ones mostly appear in the angles between 
adjacent cells. 

This genus is very abundant throughout the tropical parts of the 
Pacific and Indian Oceans and the Red Sea. At the Hawaiian Islands 
several large species of Pocillipora constitute an important part of 
the coral-reefs. In the Atlantic ocean the genus is unknown, but a 
fossil species occurs in the Miocene of the West Indies. 


Pocillipora capitata Verrill. 
Pocillipora capitata Verrill, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodl., p. 60, 1864; Proc. Essex 
Inst., vi, p. 99, 1869. 

Coralla composed of clusters of large, irregular, usually stout 
branches, often an inch or more in diameter, arising from a massive 
or encrusting base. The branches are covered, except at the ends, 
with more or less elongated, rising, subacute or bluntly rounded 
verruce. The branchlets are usually spreading, often rounded or 
clavate at the end, where the verruce become obsolete. Surface 
covered with small, rough, scattered spinules, those around the edge 
of the cells more prominent. Cells rather small, circular and deep 
on the side of the branches, and mostly separated by spaces at least as 
broad as the diameter of the cells, sometimes more crowded ; on the 
ends of the branches and verruce, the cells are angular and separated 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 521 


only by thin walls. Septa twelve, usually very narrow or rudimen- 
tary, the lower part generally more developed than the upper; some- 
times one is broader and joins the very small columella, which is, 
however, generally wanting. 

The largest specimens seen are more than a foot in diameter; the 
branches °5 to 1 inch; verruce °30 of an inch long; ‘10 to 20 in di- 
ameter; cells ‘03 to °04 in diameter. 

Acapuleo,—A. Agassiz; Socorro Islands,—J. Xantus; Pearl Islands, 
—-F. H. Bradley ; La Paz,—J. Pedersen. 


Pocillipora capitata, var. porosa Verrill. 

Pocillipora capitata, var. porosa Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, p. 99, 1869. 

Coralla forming large rounded clumps, 10 to 15 inches in diameter, 
with more or less elongated, divergent or crowded, angular, and often 
flattened branches, which are usually *25 to °35 of an inch in thickness ; 
‘50 to ‘75 in breadth; and 1 to 3 long, often truncate or digitately 
lobed at the end. Verrucz variable, mostly ascending, often large 
and prominent, generally elongated, roundish, tapering to the sub- 
acute end, the upper ones often appressed, obsolete on the summits of 
the branches, where the cells are closely crowded. Cells large and 
deep, the lateral ones mostly crowded, the intervening spaces gene- 
rally less than their diameters, often not half as much. Septa 12 or 
24, distinct, nearly equal, narrow, slightly exsert and acute at summit. 
Surface of the ceenenchyma, between the cells, finely spinulose, the 
Spinose grains often crowded, but frequently forming only a single 
row. The cells are but little closed up in the interior by solid deposits 
and the texture of the coral is, therefore, quite porous. In one large 
specimen the branches on one side are of the normal size and form, 
while on the other they become more slender and much subdivided 
at the ends into small, obtuse, lobe-like or digitate branchlets. The 
cells on this part are smaller and more distant. 

The larger specimens are about 10 inches high and 12 broad; the 
larger branches *50 to 1 inch in width; °25 to °35 in thickness ; cells 
04 to °05 of an inch in diameter. 

Near La Paz, brought up by divers,—-J. Pedersen. 

The Museum of Yale College possesses four large and several small 
specimens of this form. 


Pocillipora capitata, var. robusta Verrill, nov. 

Coralla forming large, more or less hemispherical, close clumps of 
stout, angular, mostly flattened, obtuse, dichotomous branches, which 
usually fork at distances of from 1°5 to 4 inches, in large specimens. 


522 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


The branches are covered laterally with numerous, rather large, pro- 
minent, elongated, mostly acute, ascending verruce, which are pretty 
evenly scattered over the surface and seldom crowded, rarely obtuse 
or rounded at the end, usually containing a dozen or more polyp-cells. 
The verrucze become obsolete at the tips of the branches, which are 
mostly blunt or truncate and filled with closely crowded, angular 
polyp-cells. The cells on the sides of the branches and verruce are 
rather small, mostly separated by distances about equal to their diam- 
eter. Septa commonly six, very distinct but narrow, often twelve. 
Columella either a small papilla or rudimentary and scarcely distinct. 
Cenenchyma between the cells compact and covered with minute 
rough granules. In a transverse section the cells are found to be 
much filled up below, and the coral quite compact; the transverse 
dissepiments are rather distant, the spaces between usually exceeding 
the diameter of the cells. Height of the largest specimens 15 to 18 
inches; length of undivided branches 2 to 4; breadth 50 to 1°50; thick- 
ness ‘35 to ‘75; length of average verruce ‘30 to “40; their diam- 
eter ‘20 to 30; diameter of cells *02 to ‘03 of an inch. 

Young specimens attached to shells of Margaritophora fimbriata 
Dunker, have a few short rising branches in the middle, with a broad, 
thin, encrusting base. The marginal cells are obliquely appressed to 
the surface of the shell, their outer edges being flattened and extend- 
ing, with the septa, which are here conspicuous and like elevated 
cost, considerably beyond the proper edge of the cells, exactly as in 
Astrangia and the young of Oculina. The new cells at the edge are 
also produced by marginal budding, as in the genera named. A study 
of these marginal cells confirms the affinities of this family with the 
Oculinacea. 

Gulf of California, south of La Paz, 3 to 6 fathoms, brought up by 
divers,—J. Pedersen. 

The Museum of Yale College has received upwards of twenty speci- 
mens of this form, most of them of large size and quite constant in 
character. But some of the smaller specimens are evidently dwarfed 
by unfavorable conditions of growth and have very irregular branches, 
sometimes much divided, and the verruce nearly obsolete in some 
parts. The following form, however, seems worthy of a distinct vari- 
etal name. 


Pocillipora capitata, var. pumila Verrill. 


The coralla consist of elongated clumps of short, mostly obtuse 
and much divided, crowded branches, arising from the upper side of 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 523 


large, horizontal often forked, branch-like base. These clumps seem 
to have originated from large detached branches, which have been 
broken from specimens of the preceding form and, having fallen to 
the bottom, have served as bases for the numerous rising branchlets, 
which probably arose from the original verruce by excessive enlarge- 
ment and gradual alteration to the form of branches, the largest of 
which subdivide and develop verruc like those of the parent form. 
Cells and ceenenchyma as in the preceding variety. 

Length of the clumps 6 to 12 inches; breadth 3 to 5; height 2 to 
4; length of branches ‘50 to 2; their diameter -25 to ‘50. 

Gulf of California, with the preceding,—J. Pedersen. 

About a dozen specimens of this variety have been received. 

In general appearance it is very different from the normal form. 


Pocillipora lacera Vervill. 
Proc. Essex Institute, vol. vi, p. 100, 1869. 


Coralla consisting of more or less irregular or rounded clumps of 
long, irregular, often crooked, rough, and much subdivided branches. 
The branchlets are short and lacerately or digitately divided and 
lobed at the ends, the subdivisions small, variously shaped, often slen- 
der, but generally more or less compressed and obtuse at the tips, 
often having the appearance of elongated verrucze, while the lateral 
branchlets pass gradually into the verrucze, which are few, irregular, 
and distantly scattered on the larger branches. Lateral cells rather 
large, round, rather distant, often shallow; septa mostly 12, narrow, 
usually subequal, sometimes one is larger, often all are rudimentary 
or wanting. Columella rudimentary or wholly abortive. Ccenen- 
chyma abundant between the cells, firm, the surface finely and evenly 
spinulose. 

The larger specimens are 6 to 8 inches in diameter and height; the 
large branches °30 to ‘50 in diameter; and 2 to 6 long; the terminal 
branchlets mostly *10 to *30 long ; "10 to *15 in diameter ; the cells 03 
to -04 of an inch in diameter. 

In life, according to Mr. Bradley, the polyps are small, exsert, with 
twelve equal cylindrical tentacles, which are swollen at the tips; they 
are about equal in length to the diameter of the body, and they are 
arranged in a single circle around the margin, but six are held hori- 
zontally and six upright in expansion. The color of the polyps is 
dark brown, greenish brown, or dark green; tentacles dark brown, 
the tips white. 

“Jn arrangement and form of tentacles this species closely resem- 
bles the accompanying Porites (P. Panamensis), which also has 


524 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


twelve cylindrical, light brown tentacles, with white tips, but the tips 
are not perceptibly swollen, and they are not held alternately upright 
and horizontally, as in Pocéllipora.”—¥. HB. 

Pearl Islands, Panama, and Acajutla,—F. H. Bradley. ‘In more 
sheltered situations near the head of Panama Bay, this coral covers 
considerable surfaces, but farther out it seems to be confined to 
sheltered spots, and occurs in scattered clumps.”—F. H. B. 

This species forms loose open clumps of rather slender and irregular 
branches, quite unlike those of the preceding species in appearance. 


Family, Astrancip Verrill, 
Cladocoracee an:| Astrangiacee Edw. and Haime, Corall., ii, pp. 587 and 606. 


The ecoralla in this group consist of encrusting 


2, creeping, or more 


SD? 

or less fasciculated clusters of rather small, cylindrical, or somewhat 
turbinated corallites, which have rather deep, cup-shaped, mostly cir- 
cular calicles. The buds arise chiefly from the lateral walls, either 
from near the top, on the sides, at the base, or even on basal stolon- 
like extensions. In young specimens and at the margins of encrust- 
ing species the calicles are often appressed to the surfaces to which 
they adhere, and buds arise, also, from within the extending outer 
margins of the calicles. 

The septa form from three to five or more, unequal cycles, the pri- 
maries and secondaries often with subentire summits, the others 
denticulate or deeply incised. The columella is variously developed, 
often papillose. The transverse dissepiments are few and distant. 
Cenenchyma wanting or but slightly developed. 

The polyps are quite exsert, with slender, tapering tentacles, which 
are swollen at the tips, and covered with minute scattered verruce, 
composed chiefly of nettling organs. 

This family includes two groups distinguished by Edwards and 
Haime: Oladocoracem, in which the budding is lateral and the corals 
consist of more or less espitose clumps of tubular corallites; and 
Astrangia:ew, in which the budding is mostly basal, or from creeping 
stolons, producing low encrusting corals. 

But these two modes of growth pass by almost insensible gradations 
into each other. Thus there are species of Cladocora in which the 
budding is partially at or near the base, as it is in all the species while 
young, and there are certain species of Astrangia which bud at the 
same time from basal expansions, from within the margin of the outer 
calicles, and laterally from the walls near the summit (4. Dane and 


A. astreiformis); while other species bud both from stolons and 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 525 


laterally, and have more elongated tubular corallites (A. Haimei, etc.). 
It is, therefore, impossible to make any marked distinction between 
these two groups of genera. It is not improbable that in adopting 
them as subfamilies, I have given to the mode of growth even more 
importance than it merits. 


Sub-family, Asrrancin& Verrill. 
Astreine reptantes Kdw. and Haime, Ann. des Sciences nat., 3€ ser., xii, p. 175, 1849. 
Astrangiacee Edw. and Haime, Coralliaires, ii, p. 606, 1857. 
Coralla encrusting or creeping, formed of low corallites, which 
multiply chiefly by basal budding. 


Astrangia Edw. and Haime. 

Astrangia Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime, Comptes-rendus de l'Acad. des Sci, xxvii, 
p. 496, 1848; Ann. des Sci. nat., xii, p., 180, 1849; Coralliaires, ii, p. 613, 1857; 
Verrill, Revisiou of Polyps of Eastern Coast United States, in Memoires Boston Soc. 
Nat. Hist., i, p. 39, 1864. 

Coralla encrusting, consisting of rather small, short, more or less 
turbinate corallites, which arise by budding, either from basal expan- 
sions of the wall of the parents, from the sides, or from within the 
obliquely extended margins of those in the outermost row, and thus 
form clusters, spreading over rocks, shells, etc., or in some cases 
thin aggregate masses, sometimes rising in the middle into irregular 
lobes or short branches. The calicles are circular, except when 
crowded or appressed, moderately deep, with a papillose columella. 
Septa more or less unequal, in three or four cycles, the primaries and 
secondaries most prominent, all with strongly granulated sides and 
denticulated edges, the lowest teeth larger and more or less paliform,* 


* The following species has the basal teeth of the septa developed into well-marked, 
prominent pali. As it was figured, by mistake, upon the plate with the Panama species, 
I add a bri: f description : 


Astrangia palifera Vern, sp. nov. Plate ix, figure 2. 

Corallites low, cylindrical, scattered over the surface to which they adhere, usually 
at distauces twice as great as their diameter, or even more, and counected by narrow 
and thin, stolon-like expansions of the bases. Calicles circular, shallow. Columella 
small, with about six t» ten prominent pypille. Septa twenty-four to thirty, not 
crowded, separated by spaces greater than their thickness, subequal, the primaries a 
little brouder, thicker, aud more prominent than the secondaries, which also somewhat 
exceed the tertiaries ; all with tinely granulated sides and rather broadly rounded, finely 
denticulated, and very slightly exsert summits; inner edge perpendicular, separated 
by a deep notch from the paliform tooth, of which there is usua'ly but one to each 
septa. The pualiform teeth are comparatively large, prominent, obtuse, those of the 
primaries largest and nearest the center. the others smaller and a little farther from the 


526 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


in the typical species, and blending gradually with the papille of the 
columella. Transverse dissepiments few and distant. Walls naked 
and costate toward the summit, often covered toward the base with 
an imperfect epitheca and various encrustations. The polyps in ex- 
pansion are sub-pellucid, and rise considerably above the calicles ; the 
tentacles are long, slender, and covered with small white verruce, 
with a knob at the end. 

This genus is widely distributed, but appears to be most abundant 
on the American coasts, where its numerous species range on the 
Atlantic side from Cape Cod to Patagonia and on the Pacific side 
from the Gulf of California to Peru, and perhaps farther. Three 
species, at least, are found in the West Indies; two on the Atlantic 
coast of the United States; one or more at Rio Janeiro; and one in 
the Straits of Magellan. One large species is found on the Atlantic 
coasts of Spain and Portugal; and one on the British coast. From 
the Indo-Pacific fauna none have been described except A. palifera, 
though others probably exist there. Two or more species are also 
found in the tertiary strata along the Atlantic coast of the United 
States.* Two species: A. Hdwardsii Verrill (A. Dane i. and H.) 
and A. Michelini E. and H., are from unknown localities, but may be 
identical with some of the species already referred to from the 
Atlantic coast of South America. 


Astrangia Haimei Verrill. 
Astrangia Haimet Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Natural History, x, p. 330, April, 1866. 
Plate LX, figures 6, 6*. 

Coralla encrusting, consisting of prominent cylindrical or turbinate 
corallites, sometimes rising more than half an inch above the surface of 
the basal expansion, which connects them together, and becoming 
slightly turbinate and divergent when highest. 

The corallites are distant from each other from *04 to ‘25 of an inch. 
The basal mural expansion is very thin, compact, and slightly gran- 
ulated, having a smooth appearance, and usually without apparent 
striations. Septa from thirty to forty-eight, very narrow and thin, 
with the inner edges nearly perpendicular, forming a deep cup, nar- 
row at the bottom; they are all, except those of the last cycle, which 


center, according to their age, thus forming an irregular circle. Wall compact. glossy, 
with slight, nearly equal, finely granulated costie. 

Height of corallites 06 to ‘10 of an inch; diameter °10 to °13; distance between 
them -15 to °30. 

Ceylon, adhering to dead corals.—Museum of Yale College. 

* Both of these fossil species belong to the subgenus, Caenangia,—see page 530. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 527 


are more narrow, of nearly the same width, giving an even appearance 
to the cavity of the cup; they project slightly above the wall, about 
‘01 of an inch, in the form of narrow points, alternately larger and 
smaller; the inner edges are thin, evenly and sharply dentate, the 
sides strongly granulated, but not crowded together, the spaces be- 
tween them being equal to their thickness, or even wider. The col- 
umella is small, consisting of numerous even papille, graduating into 
the teeth at the base of the septa. Walls thin, granulated exteriorly, 
with low, even costz on the upper part, which mostly disappear 
toward the base. 

Diameter of cups 10 to ‘18 of an inch; depth -06 to ‘10; height of 
corallites usually about *10 to *25, sometimes °40 to °55 of an inch. 

Panama and Pearl Islands on the reefs, at low-water in pools; 
Zorritos, Peru; Acajutla; Realejo; La Union, San Salvador, com- 
mon,—F. H. Bradley. 

The following description, found among Mr. Bradley’s notes, is 
believed to apply to this species, for though no numbered specimen 
was found corresponding to it, there is no other species in the Zorritos 
collection to which it would apply: “ Tentacles 30 or more, in two 
unequal rows ; those of the outer row deep pink, with whitish tips ; 
those of the inner row greenish, with whitish tips. Those of the 
outer row are about one-fourth as long as the diameter of the polyp, 
and twice as long as the imner ones. Disk nearly transparent, green- 
ish, with eight very deep pink lines radiating from the sides of the 
elongated mouth.” 


Astrangia pulchella Verrill, op. cit., p. 331. 


Coralla encrusting, consisting of patches of small, low, cylindrical 
corallites, scattered at distances varying from less than their diameter 
to more than a quarter inch, and connected together by a thin, calca- 
reous, basal expansion, much like that of the preceding species, but 
smoother and with only minute granulations Calicles shallow, coni- 
eal, with a narrow center, their whole inner surface crowdedly papil- 
lose, the papillz of the columella being confused with the teeth of the 
septa, and very small. Septa twenty-four, projecting very slightly 
above the wall, or not at all, narrow at the top but broad within, all 
nearly equal, the edges evenly toothed, and the sides very strongly 
and roughly granulated, so that the granules of adjacent septa often 
touch, giving them a crowded appearance. Costze scarcely apparent, 
even at the summit. Diameter of the cups ‘08 to *10 of an inch; depth 
03; height 05, sometimes more. 

Panama and Pearl Islands, with the last, common,—F’. H. Bradley. 


528 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Astrangia concinna Verrill, op. cit., p. 331. 
Plate IX, figure 5. 


The coralla consist of clusters of broad, low, cylindrical corallites, 
which are distant about their own diameter and connected by stolons 
or a thin basal expansion. Calicles not so deep as wide, cup-shaped, 
with a narrow papillose columella, forming the bottom. Septa from 
thirty-six to fifty, subequal, the primaries often a little broader, and 
those of the last cycle narrower than the rest. All are rounded at the 
top, and finely toothed, but at the middle the mner edge becomes 
more nearly perpendicular and has longer teeth, resembling pali, which 
blend with the papillee of the columella, which are fine and numerous. 
The tops of the septa are thin and project slightly above the wall, the 
primaries most so. Their sides are not so strongly granulated as in 
the preceding species, and they appear thinner and less crowded. 
Exterior granulated, slightly costate near the summit, often encrusted 
with Bryozoa, ete., to near the top. 

Diameter of cups ‘18 to *22; height 10 to 15 of an inch, 

Panama and Pearl Islands, not common,—F. H. Bradley. 

Resembles the last, but has much larger cells and more numerous 
septa, which are not so strongly granulated. 


Astrangia dentata Verrill, op. cit., p. 332. 

Coralla forming clusters, encrusting rocks, similar to the last, with 
cups of about the same size, but deeper and less open. Septa from 
thirty-six to forty-eight, very unequal according to their cycles, the 
primaries being comparatively broad and rounded above, while those 
of the last cycles are very narrow ; they are not crowded, being sepa- 
rated by spaces equal to their thickness; they project unequally, 
the primaries about ‘02 of an inch, the others slightly. All the septa 
are strongly and irregularly toothed, the principal ones especially so ; 
the teeth on the upper part are rough and lacerate, those on the inner 
part prominent, paliform, merging into those of the columella; the 
sides are rudely granulous. Columella rather small, concave, forming 
the narrow bottom of the deep cells, covered by numerous, small, 
crowded, rough papillee. 

Walls thin, with subequal, low, thick, granulous coste, which often 
extend on the surface of the basal expansion, and usually encrusted 
nearly to the edge of the cups with sponge, ete. Color of the un- 
bleached coral dark brown. 

Height of corallites -20 to °30; diameter -15 to *20; depth about °05; 
some of the patches are two or three inches across. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 529 


Panama and Pearl Islands, at low-water mark in rocky pools, and 
in 6 to 8 fathoms on base of Juricea,—F. H. Bradley ; Acajutla, San 
Salvador,—F. H. Bradley ; Acapuleo,—A. Agassiz; La Paz,—J. 


-Pedersen. 


This species resembles the preceding more than any other species, 
but may easily be distinguished by the deeper calicles and more un- 
equal septa, which are more strongly toothed. 


Astrangia costata Verri!l op. cit., p. 332. 

Coralla consisting of from one to four, turbinate, rather high cor- 
allites, surrounded by a very thin mural expansion, usually encrusting 
dead shells. Cup circular, narrow and deep. Septa twenty-four to 
thirty, the primaries wide, about one-fourth the diameter of cup, 
rounded and subentire at the top, perpendicular and toothed within ; 
the others similar, but successively narrower, with sharp teeth through- 
out. The septa project very unequally, giving a notched appearance 
to the margin of the cups. Walls very thin, with subequal, elevated 
costz, which extend to the base and on the basal expansion. The 
columella is very small, with few papilla. The septa within the cell are 
thin and not crowded, the spaces between them being greater than 
their thickness, giving them a loose appearance. Diameter of the 
cups ‘08 to °10 of an inch; height °10 to °15. 

Panama, on dead shells, in 6 to 8 fathoms,—F. H. Bradley. 

This is very distinct from all the others and approaches Phyllangza. 


Astrangia Pedersenii Verrill, sp. nov. 

Coralla composed of clusters of sub-turbinate corallites, connected 
by thin stolon-like extensions, often arranged im linear series radiating 
from the center of the cluster, the outer ones oblique. Corallites not 
crowded, the largest seldom more than a quarter of an inch high. 
Calicles cup-shaped, narrow and deep at center, with a thin edge and 
quite open interseptal spaces, which are about twice as broad as the 
septa. Columella very narrow, papillose. Septa thin, unequal, about 
36 in the largest calicles; the primaries are about twice as wide as 
tue tertiaries, thin, a little exsert, the summit rounded and sharply 
denticulate, the inner edge nearly perpendicular, withsmall, prominent, 
palitorm teeth toward the base; secondaries similar but a little nar- 
rower and less exert; those of the third and fourth cycles very thin 
and narrow, very slightly exsert, the edge sloping from the narrow 
summit and sharply denticulate. Walls covered with about 36, low, 
nearly equal, rather distant, granulous cost, often encrusted with 
nullipore, ete. 


530 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Some of the clusters are 2 inches across; the corallites °05 to °25 
apart; ‘10 to -25 high; ‘10 to ‘15 in diameter; depth of cup °06 to °10; 
primaries about °03 broad; *02 exsert. 

La Paz, on base of Hugorgia nobilis, in 4 to 6 fathoms,—J. Peder- 
sen; Guaymas, on dead shells,—Dr. E. Palmer (Chicago Acad. Sci.). 

This species resembles A. Haimei more than any of the other 
species, owing to its deep open calicles, but is readily distinguished 
by its decidedly costate exterior; by the broader and more exsert 
primary septa; and especially by the fewer and quite unequal septa 
and wide interseptal chambers. 


Subgenus, Coenangia Verrill. 

Corallites united together laterally, forming small, Astreea-like, 
encrusting masses. sometimes rising into lobes in the middle. Cali- 
cles angular and crowded. Septa without distinct paliform teeth 
at base, those of the last cycles curved towards and usually united to 
those of the preceding cycles. Columella small or moderate, scarcely 
papillose, composed of contorted processes originating from the septa. 
Budding takes place mostly in the angles between the corallites, both 
around the margin and in the central parts. 

Besides the following species this group includes A. bella and A, 
Marylundica (Conrad sp.), from the later tertiaries of the eastern 
coast of the United States. A. Danw Ag. from the Virginian fauna, 
and A. ustreiformis EK, and H., from the Carolinian fauna, are inter- 
mediate between this sub-genus and the typical species, in mode of 
growth. 


Astrangia (Ccenangia) conferta Verrill, sp. nov. 

Coralla encrusting, forming Astrea-like crusts with an uneven surface, 
two or three inches broad and about a third of an inch thick in the 
middle, consisting of crowded prismatic corallites, intimately united 
together throughout their whole length. Calicles deep, narrow at 
bottom, angular, often oblique and expanded on one side, the adjacent 
ones separated only by a thin, sharp wall; interseptal spaces rather 
wide, double the thickness of the septa. Columella smail, composed 
of rough, irregular, oblique, transverse, and more or less contorted 
lamelle, arising from the inner edges of the septa, the upper sur- 
face more or less roughened with small granules, but not papillose. 
Septa subequal, in three cycles, usually 24 in the largest cells, all of 
them thin, very narrow at the top, the edge sloping to the columella 
or somewhat concave, sharply and roughly denticulate throughout, 
without distinct paliform teeth at base, the sides with few, very scat- 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 531 


tered, small, rough granules; primaries a little broader and more 
exsert than the others; tertiaries curved toward and mostly united to 
the secondaries, about midway between the margin and center. 
Summit of the walls between the calicles thin, rough with the project- 
ing ends of the septa. The young corallites arise chiefly by budding 
between the angles of the older cells, both in the central parts and 
around the margin, where the calicles are oblique and strongly ap- 
pressed to the surface. 

The larger specimens are about three inches across ; thickness vary- 
ing from ‘15 to 30 of an inch; diameter of the largest calicles about 
"20; depth ‘08 to °12. 

Gulf of California, —J. Pedersen; Guaymas on dead shells of 
Strombus gracilior, ete ,—Dr. E. Palmer (Chicago Acad. Science). 

This species is more nearly allied to 4d. Marylandica and A, bella 
than to any known living species. The former differs, however, in 
having but 12 distinct septa and very wide interseptal chambers; the 
walls are thicker; the septa have smaller lateral granules and more 
regular teeth; and the columella is less developed. The mode of 
growth and union of the corallites is the same. A. bella has the same 
number of septa (24), but those of the different cycles are quite 
unequal. It also has considerable resemblance to A. Dane and A. 
astreiformis of the Atlantic coast of the United States, but these 
have papillose columelle and usually 36 septa, which are closer to- 
gether, not so strongly granulous, and more evenly toothed, while 
the calicles are more circular and the corallites are generally free 
laterally, to some extent, and mostly rise above the intervening sur- 
face of the ceenenchyma. 

The close relations of this species to the fossil and recent species of 
the temperate coasts on the Atlantic side, together with the occurrence 
of certain shells that are apparently identical in the two regions, bat 
found neither in the arctic nor in the tropical regions (Petricola pho- 
ladiformis, etc.), is very suggestive of a former connection, perhaps 
is early tertiary times, between the two oceans, through the temperate 
parts of North America. 


Phyllangia Edw. and Haime. 

Phyllangia Milne-Edwards and J. Haime, Comptes-rendus de |’ Acad. des Sci., xxvii, p. 
497, 1848; Ann. des Sci. nat., 3¢ sér., xii, p. 181, 1849; Coralliaires, ii, p. 616, 1857. 
Coralla encrusting, consisting of clusters of moderately large, 

turbinate corallites, which arise by budding from a thin, spreading 

expansion of the basal part of the wall of the parent corallites. The 


532 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


ealicles are nearly circular unless crowded,—though often appressed 
while young,—and deep at the center. Columella often rudimentary, 
when most developed composed of rough, irregular, twisted and con- 
torted processes, arising from the inner portion of the septa and 
uniting at the center, with a ragged upper surface. Septa very un- 
equal, forming three or four cycles, the fifth sometimes imperfectly 
developed in some of the systems; the primaries and secondaries 
much the broadest and most exsert, with the summits broad and en- 
tire, or but slightly denticulated; within, toward the base, thin and 
usually narrowed and then expanded again into a slightly marked 
paliform lobe, the sides strongly granulated; tertiaries narrow at 
summit and slightly exsert, the edge strongly denticulated ; those of 
the fourth and fifth cycles narrow and thin, with denticulated edges, 
those of the fourth often joining the tertiaries Walls and basal 
expansion naked. Costz usually well developed. The transverse 
dissepiments are few and simple. 

This genus differs from Astrangia chiefly in the deeper calicles, 
rudimentary and contorted columella, and in the very exsert, sub- 
entire primary and secondary septa. 


Phylangia dispersa Verrill. 
Phyllangia dispersa Verrill, Bulletin Museum of Comp. Zodlogy, i. p. 47, 1864; Pro- 
ceedings Boston Soce., vol. x, p. 332, 1866. 
Plate LX, figures 3, 3°. 

Corallites cylindrical or turbinate, very unequal, varying in height 
from ‘10 to °40, and in diameter from ‘20 to °30 of an inch, and either 
close together or scattered at distances of °30 to 50 of an inch, but 
connected together by a continuous expansion from the enlarged ba- 
sal portion of the walls. This is generally rather thin, though some- 
times forming crusts two or three inches broad, the surface is granulous 
and the coste of the walls extend over it in the vicinity of the cor- 
allites, gradually fading out as they recede. The walls are compact, 
finely granulous, covered with low, rounded, unequal coste, those 
corresponding to the principal septa often becoming cristiform and 
denticulate toward the summit. Calicles deep at center, with con- 
spicuous, deep interseptal chambers, giving an open appearance. 
Septa very unequal; the primaries are broad, much exsert (about -10 
of an inch), somewhat recurved outwardly, the inner edge usually 
perpendicular or overarching, the end broadly rounded, sometimes 
arcuate, entire or minutely denticulate, thin at the inner edge, thick- 
ened outwardly ; the inner edge usually recedes toward the base, which 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 533 


often rises into a slight, denticulated palitorm lobe, before joining the 
columella processes; the secondaries are similar, in adult corallites, but 
are considerably narrower and ouly rise about two thirds as high 
above the margin of the wall; the tertiaries are strongly denticulate 
and very thin, narrow in their upper part, and project but slightly 
above the wall, but the basal portion is broad and usually joins the 
columella, or unites with the secondaries before reaching it; those of 
the fourth cycle, and of the fifth when present, are very thin and 
narrow, scarcely exsert, exteriorly usually united laterally to those of 
the principal cycles, with the inner edges sometimes united to the 
tertiaries. All the septa have their sides covered with sharp granula- 
tions. Columella often rudimentary, while in other corallites of the 
same cluster it is pretty well developed, though occupying a small 
area (usually less than a fourth of the diameter of the calicle), it is 
composed of coarse, rough, contorted processes, originating from the 
inner edges of the septa, with irregular openings and a rough uneven 
surface. 

Panama and Pearl Islands, on rocks in pools at low-water mark, 
and on the base of Muricea in 6 fathoms,—F. H. Bradley ; Panama,— 
A. Agasisz; Gulf of Nicoya,—J. A. McNiel. 


Ulangia Edw. and Haime. 
Oulangia Milne-Edwards and J. Haime, Comptes-rendus de l’Acad. des Sei., xxvii, 
p. 497, 1848; Anuales des Sci., nat., 3€ ser., xii, p. 182, 1849. 
Ula gia Edw. and H., Coralliaires, vol. ii, p. 617, 1857. 

Coralla, so far as observed, simple, consisting of solitary corallites 
distantly scattered over dead shells, stones, ete., without any apparent 
connection, or entirely isolated. The corallites are low, broad, sub- 
circular, and unusually large for the family. The calicles are mod- 
erately deep, or shallow, with a broad bottom occupied by a well- 
developed papillose columella. Septa numerous, usually in five com- 
p'ste cycles, unequal, all with sharply granulous sides, with the inner 
portion divided into numerous small prominent teeth, which blend 
with the papillz of the columella. The primary and secondary septa 
are much broader and more elevated in their outer part, with broadly 
rounded summits, which are usually subentire, but sometimes incised ; 
the other septa are all strongly denticulate at summit; those of the 
last eycle very narrow and thin, The wall is covered at base with an 
imperfect epitheca and usually much encrusted with Bryozoa, Nulli- 
pora, etc.; above this it is naked and more or less costate. The 
transverse dissepiments are few and oblique, close to the base. 


534 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


This genus is like a gigantic Astrangia, except that the corallites 
are, apparently, always quite separate, and the principal septa are 
usually more nearly entire at the summit. Phyllangia has a smaller 
columella, which is not papillose, and the septa are fewer, narrow, and 
very exsert, with nearly entire edges, while the calicles are narrow 
and deep. 

The following and U. Stokesiana Edw. and Haime, from the Phil- 
ippines, are the only species known. 


Ulangia Bradleyi Verrill. 
Ulangia Bradleyt Verrill, Proceedings Boston Soc. of Natural History, x, p. 333, 1866. 
Plate IX, figure 10. 


Corallites low, broad, subcireular or elliptical, with the base as 
broad as the margin, generally quite isolated, sometimes two or more 
are placed 1°5 to 3 inches apart, which were, possibly, once connected 
by a thin, or entirely soft, basal expansion, that has since disappeared. 
Calicle generally quite shallow, sometimes moderately deep and cup- 
shaped. Columella well developed, but not large, usually occupying 
less than a quarter of the breadth of the calicle, its surface crowdedly 
covered with small prominent, spinulose papillze, which blend insensi- 
bly with the similar, rough, papilliform teeth, arising from the inner 
edges of the septa; the surface of the columella is usually concave. 
Septa in five complete cycles; those of the fifth are mostly quite nar- 
row, thin, lacerately toothed; all others have the outer part suddenly 
rising and more or less exsert, according to their cycles, the inner 
portion thin, gradually sloping inward and sometimes, in large speci- 
mens, almost horizontal, most of them extending inward to the 
columella, but many of those of the fourth cycle joining those of the 
third before reaching the columella; all have the sides covered with 
small, sharp, spine-like granules, and the inner portion with the edge 
divided into prominent, rough, papilliform teeth ; the primaries are a 
little thicker than the rest, and broader throughout, the outer portion 
rising almost perpendicularly from the inner, broadly rounded or 
subtruncate at summit, considerably exsert, the edge subentire or 
minutely denticulate, rarely deeply incised; the secondaries are 
similar to the primaries, but a little thinner and narrower, with the 
outer portion somewhat less exsert and the edge more frequently 
toothed ; the tertiaries are considerably narrower than the secondaries, 
with the outer portion narrow and less distinct from the inner, only 
slightly exsert, and deeply divided into sharp, or rough, lacerate and 
blunt teeth; those of the fourth cycle are similar to those of the 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 535 


third, but a little narrower and less exsert, with the edges still more 
rough and lacerated. The wall is thin, usually covered nearly and 
sometimes quite to the summit with an epitheca, which is thickly 
encrusted below, but usually has a distinct, thin upper edge, above 
this the wall is usually feebly costate, the costz and outer edges of 
septa roughly granulous or denticulate. In a vertical section the 
septa are roughly granulous, and perforated near the inner margin with 
irregular, rounded openings; the dissepiments are few and confined 
to the basal portion, irregular, and quite oblique. In a transverse 
section near the base the interseptal chambers are divided by two or 
three of the oblique dissepiments. 

One of the largest specimens is °63 of an inch broad; ‘25 high to 
edge of cup; the primary septa ‘06 exsert; the cup *12 deep; the 
columella 10 broad. Another specimen is °56 broad; ‘34 hich, to 
margin’; the cup ‘26 deep; the primary septa ‘05 exsert. An ellipti- 
eal one is 50 by *40 in diameter; ‘30 high; the primary septa ‘06 
exsert; the cup ‘15 deep; the columella about -10 broad. The largest 
specimen is ‘85 broad at base; while the calicle is but °65 broad and 
20 deep. 

Panama, in rocky pools at low-water mark, and Pearl Islands 
on the bases of Gorgonie and on Spondyli in 6 to 8 fathoms,—F. H. 
Bradley. 

Family, CarvopuyLiip# Verrill. 
Turbinolide (pars) Edwards and Haime, Annales des Sci. nat., 3° ser., ix, p. 211, 1848; 
Coralliaires, ii, p. 7, 1857. 
Cyathine Kdw. and Haime, Annales des Sci. nat., ix, p. 285, 1848. 
Caryophylline Edw. and Haime, Coralliaires, ii, p. 9, 1857. 


Coralla always simple at maturity.* Calicles cup-shaped, mostly 
circular or elliptical. Septa rather numerous, in several unequal 
cycles, with the edges entire or nearly so, except at the inner edge, 
which is sometimes divided into paliform teeth. One or more cycles 
of pali in front of the septa. Interseptal chambers open from the 
bottom. ‘Transverse dissepiments rudimentary or wanting. 

The Turbinolide of Edwards and Haime, united chiefly by the 
negative character of lacking dissepiments, do not appear to consti- 
tute a homogeneous group. Some of the genera, like FVabellum, 
Rhizotrochus, Placotrochus, etc., seem to be most nearly allied to 


* According to Mrs. Thyme (Annals and Mag. Natural History, iii, p. 449, 1859), 
Caryophyllia Smithii undergoes repeatedly, while still young, complete fissiparity, the 
resulting portions becoming entirely free and circular. This remarkable observation 
needs confirmation, however. 

Trans. ConnEctTicuT AcAD., Vol. I. 66 Dec., 1870. 


536 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


the simple Husmilide (Trochosmiliacee EK. and H.). The soft parts 
of Flabellum, so far as known, agree more closely with those of 
the Husmilide than with those of Caryophyllia and Paracyathus, 
while in this respect the latter genera agree very closely with the 
Astrangide, to some of which, indeed, they are evidently closely 
allied. Syndepas Lyman, and Phyllangia EK. and H., so closely 
resemble some of the Caryophyllidw that, did they not form basal 
stolons, they might readily be taken for members of that family. 
The corallites of some of the Ocwlinide (Lophohelia etc.), also closely 
resemble some of the Zurbinolide. I have, therefore, thought it 
best for the present to divide the group into two families, correspond- 
ing to the subfamilies of Edwards and Haime, although, when the 
living polyps shall have been carefully studied in all the recent genera, 
it may be found that the families are not correctly limited. 

The genera of which the relations are most in doubt, are the typical 
Turbinoline of Edwards and Haime (7Zurbinolia, Sphenotrochus, 
Discotrochus, Desmophyllum, ete.). It is possible that these belong 
with Caryophyllide to the Oculinacea, while the Flabellinw may 
alone belong to the Astrwacea near Husmilide. 'This cannot be 
determined satisfactorily until the living polyps of some of these 
genera have been thoroughly studied. 


Paracyathus Edw. and Haime. 
Paracyathus Edwards and Haime, Ann. des Sci. nat., 3. sér., ix, p. 318, 1848; 
Coralliaires, ii, p. 52, 1857. 

Corallum cylindrical or turbinate, attached by a broad, expanded 
base Wall naked, costulate. Calicle cup-shaped. Septa numerous, 
in four or five cycles, unequal, the summits rounded and little exsert. 
Columella concave, composed of prominent, elongated, papilliform 
processes, connected with the internal edges of the septa. Pali 
numerous, in several series at unequal distances from the center, those 
of the primary cycle farthest inward; they arise from the inner 
edges of the septa of all the cycles except the last, or next to the 
last,* and are similar to the processes of the columella. 


* According to Edwards and Haime they exist befure the septa of all the cycles, 
except the next to the last, and those are larger which belong to the younger cycles. 
But in the three following, and many other species, they exist before all the septa 
except those of the last cycle, and those in front of the primaries are largest. Even 
in the figure of P. Stokesii by Edwards and Haime, pali are wanting only in front of 
the last cycle of septa. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 537 


Paracyathus caltha Verrill. 
Paracyathus Caltha Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. History, xii, p. 394, 1869. 
Plate IX, figures 9, 9*. 

Corallum turbinate, with an expanding base; pedicle about one- 
half the width of the summit. Costz corresponding to all the septa, 
prominent near the margin of the cup and dentate ; below represented 
only by lines of granules. Calicle cup-shaped, elliptical with flattened 
sides, the ratio of the axes as 100: 140; the summit of the longer axis is 
somewhat lower than that of the shorter. Septa in five regular cycles; 
those of the first and second subequal, rather broad and stout, thick- 
ened uniformly, rounded at the summits, projecting about -02 of an 
inch, finely granulated on the sides. The other septa are equidistant 
and diminish regularly in width and height, the last being thin and 
narrow. Columella formed by numerous stout, styliform processes, 
rounded at tip, not crowded. The pali are similar in size, but more 
prominent and flattened, increasing in height as the septa diminish, 
their inner edges denticulate. They are present before all the septa 
except those of the fifth cycle. 

Height of largest specimen ‘50 of an inch; diameter *45 by °32; 
depth of cup ‘20 of an inch. 

Monterey, California,—J. Xantus, (Museums of Smithsonian In 
stitution and Yale College). 


Paracyathus Stearnsii Verrill, op. cit., p. 393. 

Corallum with an expanded base, above which it is somewhat con- 
stricted, and then expands rapidly to the edge of the broad, shallow 
cup, which is broad-oval in form, the edge bent into slight lobes or 
undulations. Exterior of the wall with very numerous, prominent, 
subequal, scabrous coste, which extend from the summit to the outer 
edge of the base ; on the basal portion three or five smaller ones often 
alternate with one more prominent; toward the summit some of them 
have a tendency to rise into crests; all are covered with several series 
of small, sharp granulations, similar to those on the sides of the septa. 
Five complete cycles of septa, with some small ones in some of the 
systems belonging to the sixth cycle, so that the whole number is 
about one hundred and twenty. The primary and secondary septa 
are considerably broader than the others, broadly rounded and some 
what exsert at summit, narrowed toward the base and divided into 
two or three unequal, broad, stout, paliform teeth, which are rough 
and lacerately spinulose at summit, and covered on the sides with 
coarse, rough granulations. The septa of the two succeeding cycles 


538 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


are successively narrower, thinner, and less exsert, with similar but 
smaller, rough, paliform teeth. The septa of the fifth cycle are nar- 
row and destitute of pali. Columella small, papillose, the papille 
numerous, slender, prominent, lacerately spinulose at summit. 

Height °60; diameter of narrowest part ‘38 by 50; diameter of 
cup ‘50 by °72; depth of cup °25 of an inch. 

Monterey, California,—Robert E. C. Stearns. One specimen. 


Paracyathus humilis Verrill, sp. nov. 

Corallum small, cylindrical, about as wide at base as summit. Wall 
thin, feebly costate, except near the margin of the enp, where the 
costz become thinner, more elevated, and granulous. Calicle rather 
shallow, with a sunken center. Columella small, composed of rather 
open, contorted processes, with an irregular, papillose surface. Septa 
in four cycles; the primaries and secondaries subequal, with the inner 
edge perpendicular and the summits broadly rounded and considera- 
bly exsert; those of the third and fourth cycles much thinner and nar- 
rower, and very little exsert; all the septa have their sides strongly 
and roughly granulated. Pali prominent and rather slender, subequal, 
a few of them divided into two parts, most of them with irregular 
sides from which are developed small rough lobes, projecting in various 
directions. There are no pali in front of the septa of the fourth cycle. 

Height of the largest specimen °20; breadth -22; depth of calicle 
‘07; the primary septa are ‘06 broad and project ‘05; diameter of the 
columella ‘06 of an inch. 

Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley. 


Bathycyathus Edw. and Haime. 
Bathycyathus M. Edw. and J. Haime, Ann. des Sci. naturelles, 3¢ sér., ix, p. 294, 
1848; Coralliaires, ii, p. 22, 1857. 

Corallum simple, elongated, attached by a broad base. Coste fine, 
close, and simple. Calicle elliptical, very deep. Columella slightly 
developed, composed of irregular processes. Septa well developed, in 
five cycles (in the known species); those of the last cycle more devel- 
oped than those of the preceding one, towards which they closely 
approach exteriorly; primaries and secondaries about equal. Pali 
narrow and elevated, in a single circle around the columella, 

Two species of this genus, besides the following, are known: 
B. Indicus Edw. and H. is from the Island of Juan Fernandez, at the 
depth of 80 fathoms; 5. Sowerbyi Edw. and H. is from the upper 
Cretaceous green-sand, Wiltshire, England. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 539 


Bathycyathus Chilensis Edw. and Haime. 

Annales des Sci. nat., 3° sér., ix, p. 294, Pl. 9, fig. 5, 1848; Coralliaires, ii, p. 23, 1857. 

Corallum with the calicle subelliptical; the ratio of the axes as 
100: 166; the summits of the small axis a little reéntrant and more 
elevated than those of the large axis, which are rounded. Columella 
oblong, reduced. Septa very close, very little thickened externally 
and becoming very thin within, with the faces covered with numerous, 
very fine grains, disposed in series parallel to the edge. Pali very 
thin, covered with extremely prominent grains, with the internal edge 
a little flexuous.—(Edw. and Haime),. 

Height, -40"™; larger axis of the calicle, -25; smaller, -15; depth 
of fossette, *13. 

Coast of Chili,—Gay. 


Family, Tursrnotip2 Edw. and Haime (restricted). 

Turbinoline Edw. and Haime, Ann. des Sci. nat., ix, p. 235; Coralliaries, ii, p. 95, 

1857. 

The genera referred to this group are distinguised by the entire 
absence of pali, and generally by the very open appearance of the 
chambers between the septa. It includes two groups, or sub-families, 
already referred to on page 536: the Zurbinolinw, in which there is 
no epitheca and the calicles are generally circular; and /Jabelline, in 
which the wall is complete y covered by a pelicle-like epitheca, and 
in which the calicles are usually elliptical. 


Desmophyllum Ehrenberg. 
Desmophyllum Ehrenberg, Corall. des rothen Meeres, p. 75, 1834; Edw. and Haime; 
nn. des Sci. nat., ix, p. 252, 1848; Coralliaires, ii, p. 76, 1857. 

Corallum simple, elevated, attached by an encrusting base. Wall 
naked, usually smooth below and costate or crested near the summit. 
Calicle very deep at center, without a columella. Septa broad, much 
exsert, generally curved outward. 

This genus includes several living species from the West Indies ; 
Mediterranean ; Atlantic coasts of Europe; Japan; and the following 
from South America. It also occurs in the Miocene of southern 
Europe. 


Desmophyllum Cumingii Edw. and Haime. 
Desmophyllum Cumingti Kdw. and Haime, Ann. des Sci. nat., 3¢ sér., ix, p. 254, Pl. 
7, fig. 11, 1848; Coralliaries, ii, p. 77, 1857. 
This species differs from D. cristagalli in this that it is much less 
elongated, and fixed by a large and scarcely curved base. Ratio of 


540 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


the axes as 100: 157. The septa are proportionally less projecting, 
and one can distinguish on their sides lines of fine and very scattered 
grains, parallel to the superior edge; the fosette of the ecalicle is still 
more narrow. 

Height, 40 millim.; longer axis of the calicle, 26; smaller axis, 
19; the primary septa project 5.—(Edw. and Haime). 
H. Cuming. 

This species I have not seen, and therefore reproduce the descrip- 
tion given by Edwards and Haime. 

As it was collected by Mr. Hugh Cuming, it probably belongs to 
the Panamian fauna. 


Pacific coast of South America, 


Suborder, FUNGACEA Verrill. 

Fungide (family) Edw. and Haime, Corall., iii. p. 1; + MJerulinacee (tribe) op. cit., i, 
p.627; + Echinoporine (subfamily) op. cit., p.621; + Siderastrea, and some other 
genera referred to Astreide. 

Fungacea Veriill, Proceedings Essex Institute, iv, p. 146, 1865; American Journal 
of Science, vol. xl, p. 128, 1865. 

Polyps short and broad, not exsert, either simple, or becoming com- 
pound by marginal budd’ng, rarely by fissiparity; im compound 
species the individual polyps are usually not clearly separated by 
definite walls, the septa of adjacent cells blending. Tentacles various 
in number and form, usually short and lobe-like, or bilobed, often 
rudimentary or wanting. Coralla generally broad and low, in com- 
p und species usually foliaceous or encrusting, the growth chiefly 
centrifugal, the septal system composing the chief part of the coral. 
Walls mperfectly developed, often rudimentary or wanting, when 
present usually forming the basal or attached portion. Interseptal 
chambers generally open from top to bottom, though mostly partially 
interrupted by transverse bars or trabicule, which unite adjacent 
septa; but sometimes crossed by well formed dissepiments, as in 
Pavonia and Siderastrea. 


Family, Funeria Dana (restricted). 


Fungide (pars) Dana, Zodphytes U. 8. Expl. Exp., p. 283, 1846. 
Fungine (subfamily) Edw. and Haime, Ann. des Sci. nat., 3° ser., xv, p. 75, 1851; 
Coralliaires, iii, p. 4, 1860. 
Fungide Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, p. 146, 1865. 
Coralla simple or compound, free or attached, low and broad, 
the compound forms often foliaceous. Walls basal, little developed, 
often strongly costate, perforated by irregu.ar openings, destitute of 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 541 


epitheca. Septa dentate, low, widely spreading, in simple species very 
numerous, in compound ones often but few. Interseptal chambers 
crossed by transverse trabicule. Coste echinulate, often spinose. 

In some compound genera the polyps are of two or more kinds, the 
lateral or secondary ones often very imperfectly developed, but the 
central, primary polyp, even in these, has the essential structure of 
the typical forms. 


Fungia Lamarck. 


Fungia (pars) Lamarck, Syst. des animaux sans vert., p. 369 1801; Hist. Anim. sans 
vert., ii, p. 236, 1816; 224 ed., p. 369, 1836; Ehrenberg, Corall. des rothen Meeres, 
p. 48, 1834. 

Fungia Dana, Zoophytes U. 8. Expl. Exp., p. 287, 1846; Edw. and Haime, Ann. des 
Sci. nat., 3& sér, xv, p. 76, 1851; Coralliaries, iii, p. 5, 1860. 

Corallum simple, circular or nearly so, while young turbinate and 
attached by a narrow base; the outer margin growing outward 
rapidly and becoming horizontal or revolute, the pedicle breaks off 
and the coral afterward remains free, resting upon the flat or concave 
basal surface, formed by the wall, which in life is completely covered 
by a lime-secreting membrane, by which the scar of adherence is soon 
obliterated. Wall more or less perforated by irregular openings, 
especially near the margin, covered with radiating coste, which are 
denticulate or even spinose. Septa very numerous, unequal; the 
principal ones high and thickened near the central fosette, those of 
the later cycles broadest near the margin, becoming thin and uniting 
together toward their inner edges, usually with a more or less marked 
tentacular tooth at the points where they become narrower. Central 
fosette small. Columella little developed, trabicular. 

This genus is represented by many large and fine species, several of 
them becoming more than a foot in diameter, in the Indo-Pacific 
fauna. These species abound in the shallow lagoons of the Feejce 
and Society Islands, Kingsmills, Phillipines, and throughout the tropi- 
cal parts of the central Pacific and Indian Oceans, extending on the 
coast of Africa from Zanzibar to the coral reefs of the Red Sea. In 
the Atlantic Ocean none have hitherto been found, unless a small un- 
described species, dredged by Mr. Pourtales, of the U. 8. Coast Sur- 
vey, at a great depth between Florida and Cuba, really belongs to 
this genus. 

The following is remarkable as the only species hitherto discovered 
on the Pacific coast of America. It appears to be very local in its 
habitat, having been as yet found only at one small island. 


542 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Fungia elegans Verrill. 
Fungia elegans Verrill, Amer. Journal of Science, 2d ser, xlix, p. 100, Jan. 1870. 
Plate X, figures 1 and 2. 


Corallum, when young, regular and round, often becoming slightly 
oval; when adult, usually more or less angular, the edge plicated, 
forming six to twelve lobes. The upper surface becomes very convex 
in mature specimens and the lower surface deeply concave and 
covered with very numerous, fine, subequal, elevated costz, which are 
finely dentate on the outer half, becoming nearly entire and very faint 
toward the center, which usually shows the scar, where it was at- 
tached when young. Septa thick and rather crowded, very unequal, 
the six primaries very prominent and thick at the inner end; those of 
succeeding cycles successively shorter and less elevated. Edges of 
septa unevenly crenulate, or finely dentate. Columella slightly de- 
veloped, loosely spongy ; median fosette small, narrow, elongated; the 
two septa in the direction of its longer diameter much less elevated 
and thinner than the rest. Trabiculze stout, conspicuous, often coales- 
cing into continuous transverse plates. 

The smallest unattached specimens are ‘90 of an inch broad by °35 
high; ordinary specimens are about 1-90 broad by 1:10 high; some 
of the largest 2°25 by 1:15; 2°35 by 1°20; 2°40 by 1°25; 2°55 by 1°11. 

Near La Paz,—J. Pedersen. 

Of this small but very interesting species Capt. Pedersen has sent 
more than one hundred specimens, all of which came from a single 
locality. 

Family, Acartcip Verrill. 

Fungide (pars) Dana, Zodphytes U. 8. Expl. Exp., p. 283, 1846. 

Lophoserine “dw. and Haime, Comptes-rendus de l’Acad. des Sci., xxix, p. 71, 1849. 

Lophoserine (pars) Edw. and Haime, Ann. des Sci. nat., 3° ser., xv, p. 101, 1851; 

Coralliaires, iii, p. 35, 1860. 

Lophoseride Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, p. 146, 1865. 

Coralla simple or compound. Wall, and basal disk of compound 
species, compact, imperforate, costate. Coste generally nearly equal, 
seldom echinulate or dentate. Septa compact, usually few, low, pro- 
longed outwardly, extending between adjacent cells. In compound 
species the coral is generally encrusting, or thin and foliaceous, the 
polyps covering one or both sides of the foliz, and budding chiefly 
around the margins, from the prolonged septal systems. The cells are 
not separated by definite walls. In some genera, however, like Pavo- 
nix and Siderastre, the coral forms more or less thickened plates, or 
even globular masses, while the interseptal chambers have transverse 
dissepiments, as well as trabicule. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 543 


Since Lophoseris is a late synonym of Pavonia it is undesirable to 
use it for the derivation of the family name. Pavonide is in use in 
ornithology. 


Pavonia Lamarck. 


Pavonia (pars) Lamarck, Syst. des animaux sans yert., p. 372, 1801; Hist. nat. des 
anim. sans vert., ii, p. 238, 1816; 2nd edit., ii, p. 376. 

Pavonia Ehrenberg, Corall. des rothen Meeres, p. 104, 1834; Dana, Zoophytes U. S. 
Expl. Exp., p. 319, 1846. 

Lophoseris Edw. and Haime, Comptes-rendus de I’Acad. des Sci., xxix, p. 72, 1849; 
Ann. des Sci. nat., 3 sér., xv, p. 121, 1851; Coralliaires, iii, p. 65, 1860. 

Pavonia Verrill, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodlogy, i, p. 54, 1864; Proc. Essex Inst., v, 
p- 45, 1866. - 

Coralla compound, adherent, encrusting or foliaceous, generally 
with rising crests, foliz, or lobes of various kinds; sometimes thick 
and massive, often thin and delicate. The foliaceous forms usually 
have both surfaces covered with polyps, but some of the horizontally 
spreading species are foliaceous near the edge, with polyps only on 
the upper side, the lower side being naked and finely costulate. 
Polyp-cells scattered, clearly defined, but not separated by distinct 
walls, the adjacent ones united by prolongations of the septa. 

Columella tubercular, sometimes rudimentary. Septa few, gene- 
rally more or less thickened. Dissepiments, in the thick species, well 
developed ; in the thinner ones represented only by trabicule. 

The name, Pavonia, was rejected by Edwards and Haime because 
Hubner used it among insects in 1816, but they overlooked the fact 
that the genus was first established in the earlier work of Lamarck, 
published in 1801. 

This genus has nearly the same distribution as Mungia. It is found 
throughout the tropical regions of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, 
from the west coast of America to the east coast of Africa, and from 
the Hawaiian Islands, Southern Japan, Hong Kong, and the Red Sea 
on the north, to Australia and Zanzibar on the south. It is repre- 
sented in this great area by many species. No species has yet been 
found in the Atlantic Ocean, where it is replaced by Agaricia. 


Pavonia gigantea Verrill. 
Pavonia gigantea Verrill, Proc, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xii, p. 394, 1869. 
Plate IX, figure 7. 

Corallum very large, thick, encrusting, near the edges often some- 
what free; upper surface nearly flat or variously undulated and un- 
even, covered with large, distant, stellate cells, which are either irreg- 
ularly scattered, or sometimes in somewhat regular rows for a short 


544 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


distance, and in the latter case contiguous laterally, but the rows are 
separated by spaces equal to once or twice the diameter of the cells, 
which are united by very prominent septo-costal lamelle. In the 
largest cells there are usually twenty-four septa, in three regular cycles, 
often twelve, sometimes only eight or ten, and frequently irregular 
numbers, between twelve and twenty-six, but in all cases they are 
alternately large and small. The larger septa are very stout, much 
thickened at the margin, tapering to a sharp edge within, the sides 
and edge roughly granulous; the costal part is very prominent, thicks 
but less so than the marginal part, sharp-edged, and almost always 
continuous with one of the large septa of an adjacent cell. The 
alternating small septa are not more than half as wide, thin, much 
less prominent, slightly thickened at the margin, and extend as thin 
costal lamellee between the much thicker and more prominent primary 
ones to adjacent cells, but they are often interrupted and variously 
branched. Stout trabicule are often visible at the surface between 
the costal lamella. Columella represented by a small central tubercle, 
which is often wanting, anda deeper, large, solid portion, which fills the 
center of the cell below, and unites with the inner edges of the septa. 
The endotheca consists of distinct, regular, thin, nearly horizontal, 
transverse septa, as in many Astreans; these are about :03 to ‘05 of 
an inch apart in the same interseptal chamber, as seen in a vertical 
section. The radiating septa are solid and continuous. 

The largest specimen is nearly three feet long, two feet broad, and 
eight inches thick in the middle; diameter of cells mostly °08 to 12; 
distance between them, in the direction of the costal plates, generally 
10 to *16 of an inch. 

Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley. 

It was brought from seven fathoms by Mr. Clarke, a pearl collector 
who gave great assistance to Mr. Bradley while making his collections. 


Pavonia clivosa Verrill, op. cit., p. 395. 
Plate IX, figure 8. 


Corallum thick and massive, lobed, or rising into very large rounded 
eminences or oblong ridges, thickly covered with stellate cells, which 
are smaller and nearer together than in the preceding species. Cells 
mostly uniformly scattered, often closely crowded and contiguous on 
the summits of the prominences, usually separated on other parts at 
distances about equal to their own diameter. Septa generally from 
sixteen totwenty-four, alternately larger and smaller; the larger ones 
rather thin, only little thickened even at the margin, roughly granu- 
lous on the sides ; their costal prolongations elevated and rather thin. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 545 


Smaller septa about half as wide, a little thinner and less elevated, as 
are also their costal prolongations. Columella a small tubercle, often 
prominent, sometimes flattened. Internal structure as in the preced- 
ing, but the transverse septa are nearer together. 

The largest specimens are ten inches to two feet in diameter; and 
often a foot thick or high; some of the prominences or lobes are from 
four to six inches in diameter, and nearly as high; diameter of cells 
mostly °05 to ‘06; distance between them ordinarily *05 to °08. 

Pearl Islands, at extreme low-water of spring tides,—F. H. Bradley. 


Stephanaria Verrill. 
Stephanocora Verrill, Proce. Boston Soc. Nat. History, vol. x, p. 330, 1866, (now Ehren- 
berg). 
Stephenaria Verrill, Transactions Conn. Acad., i, p. 340, 1867. 

Coralla compound, consisting of irregular short, lobe-like branches. 
Cells moderately large, with two or three cycles of septa, which 
are denticulate on the edge, well developed, and mostly confluent 
with those of adjacent cells. Walls indistinct or wanting, the divis- 
ions between the cells indicated only by small, granular points, which 
sometimes interrupt the septa of adjoining cells. Columella papillose. 
Paliform papillz before all the principal septa, the inner ones becom- 
ing confounded with the columella. 

This genus resembles Synarwa V. and Psammocora Dana, but 
differs from the first in the well developed septa, and many other 
characters, and from the last in having papilliform pali and columella. 


Stephanaria stellata Verrill. 
Stephanocora stellta Verrill, op. cit., p. 330, 1866. 


Plate LX, figures 4, 4°. 


Coralla forming rounded clumps of short, irregularly lobed and 
contorted branches, which are very unequal in size and form; some- 
times nearly simple and angular, with a large cell at the top; at other 
times, even on the same clump, having the summit very much ex- 
panded, so as to form flattened, contorted lobes, with acute summits 
and lateral crests, or even mandriniform lobes. The branches are 
usually about an eighth of an inch distant, sometimes more, the sides 
covered with rather large, starlike, shallow cells, one, or several, larger 
than the others often terminating the branches, which appear to in- 
crease by the upward extension of one of the edges of these cells by 
submarginal budding. Septa twelve to twenty, often with other 
rudimentary ones, rather thick and strong, with sharp, spiny granu- 


546 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


lations or teeth on the sides and edges, and mostly confluent with 
those of adjacent cells. Color of the unbleached coral ash-gray or 
yellowish gray. 

Height of coral 3 inches; length of living portion of branches 25 
to 45; the diameter of the larger cells -10 of an inch. 

Panama and Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley ; La Paz, Gulf of Cali- 
fornia,—J. Pedersen. 


IAC Di NED Ae 


Since the preceding article has been in press several collections have 
been received from new localities, containing, in some cases, additional 
varieties and species, some of which are introduced here to make the 
article more complete, while the others will be enumerated in the geo- 
graphical lists in the next article. Some of the species of the west 
coast have also been figured and described during the past year in 
foreign works. Dr, Albert Kdélliker, especially, has very fully deseri- 
bed some of the Pennatulide in his admirable work on that group. 


Renilla amethystina Verrill, p. 379. 


frenilla reniformis ( pars) 8. Richiardi, Monografia della famiglia dei Pennatularii, in 
Archivo per la Zoologia, Anatomia e la Fisiologia, Ser. ii, vol. i, p. 133, 1869, (non 
Pallas). 

Dr. Richiardi has made a serious mistake in referring this very dis- 
tinct species to the common species of the southern coast of the Uni- 
ted States. He also refers R. Dane V. and R. peltata V. to R. reni- 
Jormis, both of which are very distinct from it, approaching R. viola- 
cea more nearly, though apparently quite distinct from that species 
also. It is probable that he is personally unacquainted with these 
species. 


Leioptilum undulatum Verrill, p. 381 

Pennatula undulata Richiardi, op. cit., p. 33. 

Leioptilum undulatum Kolliker, Anatomisch-Systematische Beschreibung der Alcyo- 
narien, I, Pennatuliden, (Abhandl. d. Senckenb. Naturf. Gesellschaft, Bd. vii), p. 
143, Taf. X, figures 76, 77, 78, 1870. 

Prof. Kélliker describes three additional specimens from Mazatlan, 
all of which were larger than the original specimen. They were re- 
spectively 127™™ long by 32™™ broad; 167 long, the feather 89, stock 
of 78; and 235™™ long, the feather 133, stock 102, breadth of feather 
58, stock 22, greatest breadth of the pinne 48, height 26. The last 
specimen had 32 pinnz on one side and 34 on the other. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 547 


Dr. W. Newcomb last year dredged two specimens in the Gulf of 
Fonseca, one of which he has sent to the Museum of Yale College. 
He has also loaned me a colored drawing, made from one of these spe- 
cimens while living, by Mrs. Newcomb. 

The specimen referred to is considerably smaller than those previ- 
ously described, and is evidently quite immature. Its entire length is 
66™", of which the pinnate portion, or feather, is 38, and the pedun- 
cle 28. The pinnate portion is rather oblong, very little rounded on 
the sides and obtusely rounded at the end. The ventral surface (dor- 
sal according to Kélliker) of the stalk is narrow below and concealed 
by the pinne, which meet but do not overlap; the upper part is broader 
and not concealed, its surface is nearly smooth, light gray with 
streaks of brown. The dorsal surface (ventral, Kélliker), comprising 
about half the entire circumference, is thickly covered, except along a 
linear, median, naked space on the lower half, with rounded verruce, 
formed by the rudimentary polyps, or asexual zodides; the outer ver- 
ruce are largest, those nearer the middle becoming smaller and more 
crowded; the verruce are purplish brown, owing to numerous minute 
purplish spicula, the surface between is grayish white. There are 22 
pinne on each side, with a few other rudimentary ones; the larger 
ones are broadly rounded, the edge thick and slightly undulated, form- 
ing nearly a half circle; they are attached by a narrow base, the 
polyps of the edge extending in front to the point of attachment, but 
the dorsal edge is naked, elevated, thin, and concave; the sides are 
smooth, grayish white, except near the outer border, which, like the 
edge and the bodies of the polyps, is purplish, owing to the minute 
purple spicula with which those parts are filled. The polyps are 
closely arranged on the thickened edge, in about three rows. The 
peduncle is constricted just below the feather, swollen below the mid- 
dle, blunt at the end, and yellowish below, blotched with purplish 
brown on the upper part of the dorsal surface. 

Length 2°65 inches; the feather 1:55; the peduncle 1:10; breadth 
of the feather -80; of the peduncle ‘40; of the stock in middle of 
feather 35; breadth of largest pinne ‘50; their height in center -30; 
of posterior edge ‘20; width of polyp-bearing edge -07. 

The specimen drawn by Mrs. Newcomb, was, when living, 4°55 
inches long; the feather 2°85; the peduncle 1°65; greatest breadth of 
feather 1:40; of peduncle 80, The feather is more oval in outline, 
the middle pine being more extended ; the peduncle is strongly con- 
stricted above, suddenly expanded below the constriction, and thence 
tapering to a point. The color of the peduncle, in life, was orange- 


548 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


yellow at the lower end, light yellow in the middle, upper part spot- 
ted with dark gray and brown; front of stalk tinged with purple; 
back grayish, the verruce dark brown; pinne, on the back and sides, 
whitish, the edge with the polyps yellowish brown. 


Ptilosarcus Gurneyi Gray, p. 382. 
Ptilosarcus Gurneyt Richiardi, op. cit., p. 61, Tav. IX, fig. 58; Kolliker, op. cit., p. 
146. 

This species has an elongated, club-shaped form, the peduncle con- 
stituting from one-third to nearly one-half the entire length. The pin- 
nate portion is thick, rather oblong, slightly tapering both ways from 
the middle. The pinnz are numerous, 50 to 54 on each side, crowded, 
broad, rounded, nearly semicircular, attached by a broad base, the 
posterior edge extending beyond the base in the form of a rounded 
lobe; the edge is thickened and covered by small polyps, arranged in 
about four rows, each polyp surrounded by prominent, spine-like spic- 
ula. Dorsal surface (ventral according to Kolliker) of the stalk with 
two broad bands of small, crowded, granule-like papille, formed by 
the asexual zodides or “rudimentary polyps.” The peduncle is thick, 
bulbous, very muscular, the surface strongly sulcated in contraction ; 
the interior with four longitudinal canals. Axis long, slender, fusi- 
form, tapering to the long, slender, recurved points. 

A large specimen from Puget Sound, in alcohol, is 10 inches long; 
the feather 5°25; the peduncle 4°75; greatest breadth of feather 2; 
diameter of peduncle 1°25; breadth of largest pinne 1°50; height 80. 

Prot. Kélliker describes a specimen from Vancouver Island, belong- 
ing to the Museum of Stockholm, which has quite different propor- 
tions: whole length 283"™"; feather 180; peduncle 103; breadth of 
peduncle 20; of feather 45 to 50; of pinne 25; height of pinnz 30™™. 
This specimen had 54 pinne on each side. 


Stylatula, page 382. 
In addition to S. gracilis and S. elongata, Richiardi refers to this 
genus Virguluria Finmarchica Sars; V. multiflora Kner, from the 
Adriatic Sea; and V. edegans Danielsen, from Christiansand. 


Leptogorgia Agassizii Verrill, p. 388. 

Some of the specimens from La Paz are of large size (12 to 18 
inches high and 18 to 24 broad) and form complex fronds. The more 
regular ones give off several lateral fronds from near the base of the 
primary ones; these are at first nearly at right angles to the main 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 549 


frond and attached to it vertically by one edge, but they soon bend 
around laterally and become parallel to the primary frond; other 
fronds often arise from the secondary ones, especially from the part 
where the bend occurs, and spread in the opposite direction. In 
some specimens all the secondary fronds, often amounting to a dozen 
or more, are thus united together, leaving between them large square 
or oblong spaces, often open both from above and below. In one 
specimen the fronds are numerous, more or less united together, and 
spreading outward in all directions, while the upper sides are prolife- 
rous and give rise to many small fronds, thus producing a large and 
pretty regular rosette. 

These specimens have slender branchlets and small meshes. The 
color is bright red or purplish, mingled with yellow. 


Leptogorgia pulchra, sp. nov. 

Corallum reticulated, flabelliform, either simple and extending in 
one plane, or composed of several fan-shaped fronds arising from the 
sides of the primitive one nearly at right angles and then becoming 
parallel. The trunk usually divides close to the base into several 
principal branches which subdivide rapidly and soon lose themselves 
among the reticulated branchlets. The meshes are variable in form 
and size, but commonly angular with rounded corners, often squarish, 
frequently higher than broad. The branchlets, in the typical form, 
are rather thick, squarish, with prominent rounded verruce, arranged 
in about two rows on each side, and rather crowded, but in the slen- 
der form fewer and more distant, and often but slightly elevated. 
The cells, when open, are mostly slightly bilobed. 

Color light or deep reddish or purplish and usually tinged with 
yellow or orange, often yellowish red or brick-color, or various shades 
of reddish brown. 

Height of the larger specimens 8 to 15 inches, generally broader 
than high; diameter of the branchlets, in the best grown specimens, 
about ‘08, in some cases the branchlets vary in the same specimen 
from ‘05 to "10, sometimes they are slender throughout and not more 
than ‘05 in diameter. 

The spicula are deep red and bright yellow, or orange-yellow, 
mingled usually in about equal numbers. The longer double-spindles 
are rather slender, oblong fusiform, rather obtusely pointed, with a 
pretty broad median space and about three well separated whorls of 
low crowded warts on each end, and small terminal clusters. The 
stouter double spindles are similar, but more oblong in form and 
blunter, with about two crowded whorls and a terminal cluster of 


550 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


warts on each end. Many small spicula have a wider median space 
and one whorl, with a terminal cluster close to it, on each end; mi- 
nute rounded heads are frequent. The polyp-spicula are mostly 
bright red, but some yellow; they are mostly rather slender with few 
slight denticulations on one or both sides. The longer double- 
spindles measure *102"™" by -036™™", :096 by -036, -090 by -030, -084 
by 030; the stouter ones 090 by °036, ‘084 by -036, 078 by -036; 
the small spicula with single whorl on each end :054 by -024, -048 by 
024, 040 by -024. 
La Paz,—6 to 8 fathoms, by divers,—J. Pedersen. 


Leptogorgia pulchra, var. exilis, nov. 


Corallum flabelliform, loosely reticulated, with larger, squarish or 
oblong meshes. Branchlets quite slender, roundish, with smaller, 
scattered, sometimes prominent, but more commonly scarcely raised, 
rounded verruce, which are mostly arranged alternatingly in about 
four rows on the branchlets, on the terminal ones often in a single 
row on each edge. 

Color, as in the typical form, variable, but always formed by a 
mingling of some shade of red with bright yellow or orange spicula, 
in various proportions. Some of the specimens are 12 to 15 inches 
high and about as wide; branchlets -04 to ‘07 in diameter; meshes 
20 to ‘25 wide; ‘25 to °75 high. 

The spicula agree very nearly in size, form, and color with those of 
the typical form. 

La Paz, by pearl divers,—J. Pedersen. 


Several specimens of this variety are in the collection. They differ. 


so much from the typical specimens, which are more numerous, that 
they might readily be mistaken for a distinct species, but one large 
specimen has the branches, branchlets, and verruce of the typical 
form throughout the greater part of its extent, but toward one edge 
they gradually diminish in size, while the verruce diminish at the 
same time in size and number, until we have the extreme form of the 
slender variety, forming a considerable portion of the upper end and 
one edge of the frond, thus proving the specific identity of the two 
forms. The spicula, also, even from extreme specimens of each form, 
show very little variation. 

This species in external form has considerable resemblance to Z. 
media and L. Agassizii. The typical form has about the same sized 
branchlets and meshes as the former, but has more prominent ver- 
ruce; it is much coarser than LZ. Agassizii and has larger meshes, 


——— 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata, 551 


but some of the forms might be mistaken for a coarse variety of the 
latter. The spicula are, however, very different from both those 
species, which have spicula remarkable for their short stout forms, 
with bluntly rounded ends and crowded warts. 

The slender variety resembles, in the size of the meshes and branch- 
lets, LZ. eximia, but the latter has entirely different spicula, remark- 
able for the distant and elongated warts. 


Leptogorgia tenuis, sp. nov. 


Corallum flabelliform, consisting of very slender branches and 
branchlets, which are loosely reticulated, many of the branchlets be- 
sides the terminal ones, remaining free. The meshes are generally 
about a quarter of an inch wide, and vary in length from a quarter of 
an inch to nearly an inch. The larger branches are roundish with dis- 
tant, scattered, relatively large, subconical, prominent verruce, which 
form about four irregular rows. The terminal branchlets are very 
slender, with the conspicuous, conical verrucz alternating in a single 
row on each edge; the tips enlarged and flattened, terminated by two 
verruce. Ccenenchyma thin, firm, finely granulous. Axis blackish. 

Color bright light red, uniform throughout. The spicula are light 
red and yellowish, and are quite regularly fusiform. The longer 
double-spindles are slender and very acute, with a well defined median 
space, bordered by large wreaths of short rough warts, beyond which 
there are three or four whorls of smaller warts, diminishing gradually 
to the ends, where they blend with the acute terminal ones. The 
stouter double-spindles are similar in form and structure and only a 
little less acute, with the warts more crowded. There are a few mi- 
nute spicula, with a wide median space and a single whorl and termi. 
nal cluster of warts on each end. The polyp-spicula are light pink 
slender, with a few low blunt denticulations on ene or both sides. 

The longer double-spindles measure *138"™™" by :042™", +132 by 
042, *120 by ‘036, *108 by -036; the stouter double-spindles are 
138 by -048, *126 by -048, 120 by .054, -120 by -048, -108 by -048, 
090 by ‘048. 

La Paz, on base of Eugorgia nobilis, var. excelsa, in from 4 to 6 
fathoms,—J. Pedersen. One specimen. 

Externally this species most resembles L. eximia, though the 
branchlets are more slender and the verruce fewer and larger. The 
spicula are entirely different, being more regularly fusiform and acute, 
with much less prominent and more numerous warts. They resemble 


those of Z. Adamsii more than those of any other species, but are 
TRANS, CONNECTICUT ACAD., VOL. I. 67 Dec., 1870. 


552 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


larger, and stouter, and less acute. In external appearance it also 
resembles the slender variety (eai/is) of the preceding species, but 
the spicula are much larger, more regularly fusiform, and much more 
acute, with comparatively few of the short blunt forms. 


Leptogorgia labiata, sp. nov. 

Leptogorgia ramulus, var. (page 396). 

Of this form, hitherto regarded as a northern dwarfed variety of 
LL. ramulus, 1 have more recently seen additional specimens from 
other localities, all of which present the same characters, both of ex- 
ternal appearance and spicula. I am therefore led to regard it as a 
distinct species. 

It is low and densely branched, rigid, the branchlets short, thick, 
squarish, generally blunt, sometimes clavate, but often obtusely 
pointed. The verrucze are conspicuous, elevated, rounded, closely ar- 
ranged in about four longitudinal rows, divided at the summit or on 
the upper side into two lateral lobes or lips, which form the borders of 
the oblong cells. 

The color is red or brownish, generally more or less tinged with 
yellow, especially around the cells. 

The largest specimens seen are about five inches high and four 
broad; the terminal branchlets ‘25 to 1 in. long; about *12 in diam- 
eter. 

The spicula are somewhat larger than those of ZL. ramulus, and de- 
cidely stouter and more rounded at the ends, with more crowded 
warts, which usually form arounded terminal cluster. They are rose- 
red and light yellow. 

Acapulco,—A. Agassiz; Cape St. Lucas,—J. Xantus ; Corinto, 
Nic.,—J. A. McNiel ; Tehuantepec, Mexico,—Dr. Sumichrast (Chicago 
Academy). 


Leptogorgia exigua, sp. nov. 

This form I have formerly regarded as a dwarf variety of L. cuspi- 
data, but having recently seen numerous specimens from several 
widely separated localities, I am led to regard it as a peculiar species, 
allied to LZ. cuspidata and L. rigida. 

Although quite variable in color and somewhat so in form, it never- 
theless always has characteristic features by which it may be easily 
recognized. The color is really less variable, when closely examined, 
than it would seem to be at first sight. It is a mixture of purplish 
red and yellow in varying proportions, the yellow spicula being 
generally more or less concentrated around the cells, and often ting- 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 553 


ing the whole surface, while at other times red or purplish spicula 
predominate at the surface, giving this hue to the whole coral. It is 
a low, thickly branched, rather rigid species, the branches arising sub- 
pinnately and ascending. The branchlets are roundish, slightly taper- 
ing, generally with obtusely pointed or rounded ends. The cells are 
small, not prominent, often sunken, evenly scattered over the surface, 
except along a narrow, ill-defined naked space on each side of the 
branches, which sometimes shows aslight groove. 

Color purplish red or brown, with or without a tinge of sulphur 
yellow ; reddish or purplish with a circle of sulphur-yellow around 
the cells; or yellowish more or less mixed with purplish or reddish at 
the surface. Axis black. 

Height 2 to 5 inches; breadth about the same; length of terminal 
branchlets °25 to 1°50; diameter ‘10 to ‘15. 

The spicula are mostly small and blunt, bright rose-red or light 
purplish, mixed with bright yellow. The longer double-spindles are 
not numerous, rather oblong, stout, blunt, with about three crowded 
whorls and a terminal cluster of low, rough warts. The stouter 
double-spindles are numerous and of various forms, mostly short and 
thick, obtuse or rounded at the ends, with about two crowded whorls 
of rough warts on each end; some have a very narrow median space ; 
others a well defined one; many short stout spicula have but one 
whorl of warts each side of the median, with rounded terminal clusters ; 
minute ones of the same kind are abundant. There are also numer- 
ous rough heads and double-heads, of various sizes. The spicula are 
smaller and blunter, or more rounded, than in L, rigida and L. cuspi- 
data, and there are none of the stout acute double-spindles, that are 
abundant in those species. 

The longer double-spindles measure *132™™" by -042, -102 by -042, 
096 by 036, ‘084 by -036; the stouter double-spindles 102 by °048, 
7096 by -048, -084 by ‘048, (078 by -042, 072 by ‘048; the heads 
‘072 by -060, ‘072 by 048, -060 by -048, ‘042 by -042; the double- 
heads -060 by -048, -042 by °036. 

Corinto, Nic., at low water, both yellowish and purplish varieties, 
common,—J. A. McNiel; Gulf of Nicoya, by pearl divers, small yel- 
lowish variety,—J. A. McNiel; Tehuantepec, Mex.,—-Dr. Sumichrast 
(Chicago Acad.) ; Acapuleo,—A. Agassiz; Guaymas,—Dr. E. Palmer 
(Chicago Acad. Science). 


Eugorgia nobilis, var. excelsa Verrill, page 409. 


This variety forms fan-shaped fronds and grows to a very large size, 
some of the specimens exceeding in height those of any other species 


554 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


of the west coast known to me. The base is large and spreading. 
The trunk is thick at base, usually very short, dividing at once into a 
number of main branches. Sometimes several trunks arise from the 
same expanded base and form large parallel fronds, close together. 
The main branches give off, subpinnately from each side, at distances 
of 5 to 2 inches, irregularly alternating secondary branches, which on 
the outer branches are more numerous on the upper or inner side of 
the branches. The secondary branches subdivide in the same man- 
ner, as do their branches and branchlets in turn, until many of them 
are five or six times divided. The branches and branchlets mostly 
start out at a wide angle and then bend abruptly upward and become 
sub-parallel. The terminal branchlets are often from two to six inches 
long without division, and usually rather slender, a little compressed, 
with a well-marked median groove and a very narrow median naked 
space. ‘The polyp-cells are very numerous, scarcely raised, and form 
a broad band on each side. 

The color is uniform light yellowish brown or chestnut, varying 
somewhat in tint in different specimens, sometimes nearly brick-red. 

One of the largest specimens is 34 inches high; 28 broad; diameter 
of the base 6; of the trunk 1°50; of the main branches mostly °30 to -40; 
of the terminal branchlets °05 to +12, but mostly about +10 of an inch. 

The spicula are pale yellow and pink. The longer double-spindles 
are moderately slender and acute, with about three irregular whorls 
of well-separated, prominent warts. The stouter double-spindles are 
larger and much stouter, bluntly rounded at the ends, with two 
or three whorls and a terminal cluster of large, rough warts, which 
are often crowded, but sometimes well separated. The double-wheels 
are unusually small, mostly longer than broad, with very small term- 
inal and larger median wheels. 

The longer double-spindles measure *108"™" by °036™™, °102 by -042, 
102 by °036, 102 by -030, 096 by 024, 090 by -033; the stouter 
double-spindles 090 by °042, ‘084 by -048, 084 by °045, 078 by 
045; the double-wheels 048 by -042, 042 by 042, 042 by -036, -036 
by 030, :030 by -030. 

La Paz, 6 to 8 fathoms, by divers,—J. Pedersen; La Paz,—Major 
Wm. Rich; Acapulco,—A. Agassiz. 


Eugorgia multifida Verrill, sp. nov. 

Corallum flabelliform, the branches very numerously divided in a 
pinnate manner, forming densely ramulous, but not reticulated fronds, 
two or more sometimes arising from the same base. 

The trunk divides at the base into several large, irregular, divergent 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 555 


and crooked branches; these often give off similar large and irregular 
secondary branches, which like the secondary branches are closely 
pinnate along their whole length the pinne or branchlets being sepa- 
rated by intervals of ‘10 to ‘15 of an inch; most of these are again 
pinnate and many of them bipinnate and tripinnate, in the same man- 
ner, the branches being everywhere closely crowded, and often sepa 
rated by spaces not exceeding their diameter, and seldom exceeding 
15 or -20 of an inch. The branchlets are short and variously curved, 
spreading abruptly at wide angles, the terminal ones varying in length 
from *10 to 50 of aninch; they are more or less angular and covered, 
except along a narrow, often indistinct, median space, with crowded, 
prominent, rounded verruce. Main branches strongly sulcated on 
the sides; and partially covered with distant, scattered verruce. 

Color deep orange-brown; the borders of the cells mostly bright 
yellow; the main branches streaked with red and yellow, more or less 
blended, due to the two colors of the spicula. 

The largest specimen is 22 inches high; 24 broad; diameter of the 
main branches *25 to -40; of the branchlets ‘05 to 10, mostly about °07, 

The spicula are deep red and bright yellow intermingled with some 
that are light purplish. They are large for the genus, and consist 
largely of short, stout double-wheels with much fewer double-spindles. 

The longer double-spindles are quite slender, mostly acute, with a 
wide median space, and there are four whorls of small, separate warts 
on each end. The stouter double-spindles are similar, but blunter and 
have more crowded warts. The double-wheels are mostly about as 
broad as long, with a well developed median space, bordered by broad, 
often sharp-edged “ wheels,” beyond which there is a smaller terminal 
wheel on each end; the edges ofthe wheels are often rough or warty 
on one side. 

The longer double-spindles measure °132™™ by °042™™, +126 by -030, 
‘108 by :036; the stouter double-spindles measure +132 by -048, +120 
by ‘048, 108 by -048, -108 by °042, -102 by -054, 102 by -042; the 
double-wheels :066 by -048, 060 by 060, -060 by °054, 054 by -054. 

La Paz, in 6 to 8 fathoms, by divers, rare,—J. Pedersen; Mazatlan,— 
J. Dickinson ; Acapulco,—A. Agassiz. 

In mode of growth, this species resembles 2. aurantiaca and 2. Da- 
niand, but it is more densely ramulous, with larger and more promi- 
nent verruce than either of those species, and the double-wheels are 
stouter and in form quite different from those of both, and much lar- 
ger than those of the latter. The color is also peculiar in the six 
specimens examined, 


556 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


The two following descriptions are reproduced from the American 
Journal of Science, xlvili, pp. 427 and 428, 1869. The spicula were 
prepared from the original specimens and sent by Prof. A. Kdlliker. 


Psammogorgia fucosa Verrill, p. 417. 


The spicula from the original example of this species show that it 
is very distinct from the species that I have hitherto referred to it 
(Leptogorgia Caryi). It appears, judging from the spicula, to be a 
Psammogorgia, allied to P. teres, but quite distinct. The figure rep- 
resents it as 10 inches high and 9 broad, with the branches about *15 
of an inch thick, enlarged at the axils. Several stems arise from one 
base, as is usual in P. arbuscula, the largest trunk being half an inch 
in diameter, The branches are irregularly dichotomous, the divisions 
being *5 to 2 inches apart; the final branchlets are stout, scarcely 
tapering, obtuse or clavate at the ends, often crooked, ‘5 to 1 inch 
long, ‘12 to ‘18 of an inch in diameter, Cells small, oblong or oval, 
flat on the branches, slightly raised on the branchlets. Color dull 
reddish. 

It is remarkable for the great diversity in form and color of the 
spicula. These are white, yellowish, light red, deep red, and amethys- 
tine intermingled. They are mostly stout, blunt, and covered with 
large rough warts. Among them are various forms of spindles, double- 
spindles, double-heads, heads, and stout warty clubs, with various 
irregular forms. The stout double-spindles, which are most numer- 
ous, are short and thick, mostly with obtusely rounded ends, some- 
times acute, median naked space narrow, bordered by whorls of large, 
coarse, rough warts, beyond which there are usually one or two whorls 
of smaller warts and a terminal cluster, but in many cases there are 
none between the median whorls and the terminal cluster, in other 
cases the whorls become crowded and thus the forms pass into large, 
stout “ double-heads,” in which the ends are rounded and densely coy- 
ered with rough warts. 

Numerous spicula lack the naked median space and are densely coy- 
ered with large rough warts, some of these are short and rounded, in 
the form of heads; others are longer, tapering at both ends, and have 
the form of very stout spindles; others are large at one end, with the 
other tapering, or club-shaped. The polyp-spicula are long, slender 
spindles, tapering quite regularly to both ends and covered with small 
warts. The large double-spindles measure *156™™ by -072, 156 by 
066, °150 by *072, 144 by -084, ‘144 by :060; the smaller ones +120 
by °060, 108 by -060, -072 by :048; double-heads °132 by -096, 132 by 
090, 096 by °084; the heads "108 by :084, 048 by °048; the stout 


a 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 557 


spindles "156 by *072, -144 by ‘072, 120 by}-072; the clubs +144 by 
084, "144 by 072, 096 by ‘048; the polyp-spicula +156 by -030, 156 
by -024, "144 by -024, "102 by ‘024. 

Mazatlan,— Voyage of the Venus. 


Echinogorgia aurantiaca Verrill, pp. 413 and 450. 


The spicula of this species show that it is an Eehinogorgia, pretty 
nearly allied to  sasappo. The spicula are yellow, mostly large, 
broad, flattened clubs, or scale-clubs, the smaller end often acute, 
sometimes blunt, covered with rough warts, the large end usually ter- 
minating in one or more broad, flat, irregular, rounded scales, which 
are often lobed, or even subdivided into sharp, lacerate spinules. 
With these are many, more or less regular, four-branched crosses, with 
rather slender, acute, warty branches; and various forms of irregu- 
lar, often branched, warty spindles and compound spicula. 

The clubs and scale-clubs resemble those of E. sasappo figured by 
Dr. Kélliker in his Icones Histiologice, Taf. xviii, figs. 9,, and 9,,. 
The scale-clubs measure -290™™ by ‘216™™, :288 by °204, 288 by -156, 
"264 by °192, -260 by *168, -240 by “156, -216 by 156, 192 by °132, 
"192 by °084, 180 by 084; the crosses °240 by ‘192, -180 by 156, 144 
by +120, 120 by 096; the irregular spindles -336 by -072, ‘288 by -084, 
252 by ‘084. 

Callao, Peru,—Mus. Paris. 


Heterogorgia papillosa Verrill, sp. nov. 


Corallum dichotomous, consisting of few, elongated crooked branch- 
es, which are two or three times divided. The branches are of nearly 
uniform size, and bend out in a broad curve at the axils. The termi- 
nal branchlets are from one to three inches long without division, and 
blunt at the end; like the branchlets they are round and crooked, 
covered on all sides with prominent papilla-like verruce, which are 
mostly eight lobed and open at summit. The lobes of the verrucze 
are supported by long slender, sharp, curved spicula, which project but 
little from the surface. The lower parts of the verruce and the sur- 
face of the ceenenchyma are smoothish, and consist mostly of quite 
small, rough spicula. The axis is rigid, grayish, and wood-like in 
appearance, the surface showing an interwoven fibrous structure; in 
the branchlets thick, soft, and yellowish. 

Color yellowish white, throughout. 

The only specimen obtained is 5 inches high; 3 broad; diameter of 
branches and branchlets ‘10 to ‘14; height of largest verruce 05. 


558 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


The spicula are white and smaller than in the other species of the 
genus. The most conspicuous are roughly warted spindles and double- 
spindles, varying from long slender acute forms to stout, blunt, and 
irregular ones. With these are many rough irregular crosses and 
irregularly branched spicula, The crooked spicula from the verruce 
are long and quite slender, acute, variously curved, often bow-shaped, 
covered with small distant warts. The polyp-spicula are smaller and 
straighter, with fewer warts. The larger spindles and double-spindles 
measure °336™™" by -096™™, °336 by ‘072, -288 by ‘084, -264 by °108, -264 
by -084, 264 by -072, -252 by -060, -240 by -096, -240 by -072, -240 by 
060, 228 by -096, ‘228 by 072, 222 by +108, 222 by *102, -216 by -078, 
"192 by 072; the crosses 144 by -108, 108 by 084; the long curved 
spicula -432 by 042, 360 by -042, °360 by -036, °336 by 080, 312 by 
"030, '244 by °030. 

La Paz, on shell with Hugorgia nobilis, var. excelsa, in 6 to 8 fath- 
oms, one specimen,—J. Pedersen. 


No. 7.— On the Geographical Distribution of the Polyps of the West 
Coast of America. 


In the preceding article I have included all the species hitherto 
described by others from the west coast of America, as well as those 
examined by myself. It is certain, however, that many additional 
species remain to be discovered. The tropical region or Panamian 
province, extending from Cape Blanco, Peru, to Lower California, and 
including the Gulf of California, is the only portion of the coast 
from which even tolerably complete collections have been made, and 
yet in that great region only the littoral and shallow water species 
have been collected. Doubtless many new and interesting forms will 
hereafter be discovered in the deeper waters and on the submerged 
banks off the coast. 

Concerning the polyp-fauna of the coast of Lower California, we 
know almost nothing. From the coast farther northward a few small 
collections have been brought, and the lists of species from those 
regions are certainly very imperfect. From the coasts of Peru and 
Chili a greater number of species, mostly Actinians, have been de- 
scribed, but many of these need reéxamination from living specimens, 
and many others doubtless remain undescribed. The polyps of the 
Araucanian and Galapagos provinces are entirely unknown. From 
the Fuegian region several species of Actinians were described in the 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 559 


Report on the Zodphytes of the United States Exploring Expedition, 
but it is probable that even there several other species will hereafter 
be found. It will, therefore, be useless to attempt any generalizations 
upon the extent and limits of the several faunz occupying these coasts, 
but it appears desirable to bring together the species already known 
from each zoélogical province. 

So far as can be judged from these imperfect lists, the faunal divis- 
ions are the same for the Polyps as for the Echinoderms, and since 
these were discussed in a previous article in this volume (pp. 336 to 
339), it is unnecessary to give their limits or extent at this time. 


ARcTIC PROVINCE. 


ALCYONARIA. 
Primnoa compressa V errill. Aleyonium rubiforme Dana. 
Aleutian Islands. Behrings Straits and Arctic Ocean. 
ACTINARIA. 
Urticina crassicornis Ehy. Phellia arctica Verrill. 
Arctic Ocean to Puget Sound. Arctic Ocean. 


Of the four species known from this fauna two (Aleyonium rubi- 
Jorme and Urticina crassicornis) are found also on the north Atlantic 
coasts of America and Europe. The latter also extends southward 
to the Oregonian fauna. The others are not known to occur south of 
the Aleutian Islands. 


SITCHIAN PROVINCE. 


ACTINARIA. 
Urticina crassicornis Ehr. Ewactis? xanthogrammica V errill. 
Arctic Ocean to Puget Sound. Sitcha. 


The two species known from Sitcha afford but little evidence in 
regard to the character of the fauna, for the first is a species of wide 
distribution on all the northern coasts both of the Atlantic and 
Pacific, while the second is a doubtful species, which may prove 
identical with &. artemisia of the Oregonian fauna. 


> OREGONIAN PROVINCE. 


ALCYONARIA. 


Ptilosarcus Gurneyi Gray. 
Vancouver I., Puget Sound and Cape Flattery (80 feet) to Monterey. 


560 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


ACTINARIA. 
Uriticina crassicornis Ehr Sagartia, several sp. ined. 
Arctic Ocean to Puget Sound. Gulf of Georgia. 
Evactis artemisia Verrill. Epiactis prolifera Verrill. 
Puget Sound. Puget Sound. 


Metridium fimbriatum Verrill. 
Puget Sound to San Francisco. 


MADREPORARIA. 


Balanophyllia elegans V errill. Allopora venusta Verrill. 
Puget Sound to Monterey. Neah Bay. 


Of the seven described species in this list, three are not known to 
occur elsewhere. Three extend southward into the Californian pro- 
vince, and JU. crassicornis extends northward to the Arctic Ocean. 


CALIFORNIAN PROVINCE. 


ALCYONARIA, 


Ptilosarcus Gurneyi Gray. Stylatula elongata Verrill. 
Vancouver Island to Monterey. San Francisco to Monterey. 
(?) Virgularia gracilis Gabb. Leptogorgia Caryi Verrill. 
Monterey. (?) Near San Francisco. 
ACTINARIA, 


Metridium fimbriatum Verrill. Sagartia, sp. 
San Francisco to Puget Sound. 


MaApREPORARIA. 
Paracyathus caltha V errill. Balanophyllia elegans Verrill. 
Monterey. Monterey to Puget Sound. 
P. Stearnsii Verrill. 
Monterey. 


Among the eight species described from this fauna there are three 
that are found also in the Oregonian. The rest have not yet been 
recorded from beyond the limits of the fauna. 


PANAMIAN PROVINCE. 


ALCYONARIA. 
Renilla amethystina Verrill. Leptogorgia Flore V errill. 
San Salvador to Zorritos. Panama Bay. ~ 
Leioptillum undulatum Verrill,  L. Agassizii Verrill. 
Gulf of California to Gulf of Fonseca. Gulf of California to Acapuleo. 
Stylatula gracilis Verrill. L. media Verrill. 


Cape St. Lucas to Panama. Gulf of California to Nicaragua. 


Verrili, Notes on Radiata. 


L. Adamsii Verrill. 
Nicaragua to Zorritos, Peru. 
L. pulchra V., and var. exilis V. 
Gulf of California. 
L. rutila V errill. 
Acapulco. 
LL. eximia Verrill. 
Bay of Panama. 
L. tenuis Verrill. 
Gulf of California. 
L. stenobrochis V errill. 
San Salvador to Zorritos. 
var. Englemanni Horn. 
Mazatlan and Acapulco to Panama 
LT. ramulus Verrill. 
San Salvador to Zorritos. 
L. labiata V ervill. 


Guaymas and Tehuantepec to Nicaragua. 


LL. pumila Verrill. 
Zorritos. 
L. diffusa V errill. 
Gulf of N icoya and Panama Bay. 
LL. Californica V errill. 
Margarita Bay and Cape St. Lucas. 
L, aiba Verrill. 
Guaymas to Panama. 
L, flexilis V errill. 
San Salvador to Panama Bay. 
L, rvigida V ervill. 
Gulf of California to San Salvador. 
L. cuspidata V errill. 
Cape St. Lucas to Acapulco. 
L, exigua Verrill. 
Guaymas to Nicaragua and Zorritos. 


Eugorgia ampla V errill. 


Margarita Bay and Gulf of California. 


var. purpurascens V errill. 
Nicaragua to Zorritos. 
EF. nobilis V errill. 
Nicaragua and Bay of Panama. 
var. excelsa V errill. 
Gulf of California and Acapulco. 
E. Bradleyi V errill. 
Gulf of Nicoya to Panama Bay. 


561 


FE. Daniana V errill. 
Gulf of Nicoya and Bay of Panama. 
E.. multifida V errill. 
La Paz and Mazatlan to Acapulco. 
E. aurantiaca V errill. 
Gulf of California to Acapulco. 
Phycogorgia fucata Val. 
Mazatlan. 
Psammogorgia arbuscula V errill. 
Gulf of Nicoya to Panama Bay. 
var. Dowii Verrill. 
San Salvador and Pearl Islands. 
var. pallida Verrill. 
Pear] Islands. 
P. teres Verrill. 
Guaymas (Dr. EK. Palmer) to Panama Bay. 
P. fucosa V errill. 
Mazatlan. 
P. gracilis V errill. 
Pear] Islands. 
Muricea acervata Verrill. 
Panama. 
M. tubigera Verrill. 
Bay of Panama. 
M. hispida V errill. 
Panama. 
M. squarrosa Verrill. 
Panama Bay. 
M. crassa V errill. 
Panama Bay. 
M. echinata Val. 
Bay of Panama. 
var. flabellum Verrill. 
Panama Bay. 
M. fruticosa Verrill. 
Bay of Panama. 
var. miser Verrill. 
Nicaragua to Bay of Panama. 
M. austera Verrill. 
Gulf of California to Bay of Panama. 
M. retusa V errill. 
Pearl] Islands. 
M. formosa V errill. 


Zorritos. 


562 


M. robusta V errill. 
Acapulco. 
M. albida Verrill. 
Panama Bay. 
M. hebes Verrill. 
Acapulco to Bay of Panama. 
M. purpurea Verrill. 
Acapulco to Bay of Panama. 
M. appressa V errill. 


Gulf of California to Panama and Zorritos. 


var. flavescens V errill. 
Nicaragua to Zorritos. 
M. tenella Verrill. 


Nicaragua to Zorritos. 


Lophactis ornata V errill. 
Panama Bay. 


Asteractis Bradleyi Verrill. 


Panama. 
Cladactis grandis V errill. 
Nicaragua to Zorritos, Peru. 


Anthopleura Dowii Verrill. 


San Salvador to Panama Bay. 
Bunodes (?), sp. 
Pearl Islands. 


Calliactis variegata Verrill. 


Panama Bay. 

Sagartia crispata Verrill. 
Panama Bay. 

S. carcinophila Verrill. 
Panama Bay. 

S. Panamensis Verrill. 
Panama Reefs. 

S. Bradleyi V errill. 
Panama Reefs. 

Sagartia, sp. ined. 
Panama. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


M. aspera Verrill. 
Panama. 

Heterogorgia verrucosa Verrill. 
Bay of Panama. 

fH, tortuosa Verrill. 
Bay of Panama. 

HI. papillosa V errill. 
La Paz. 

Callipodium Pacificum Vervill. 
Gulf of California to Zorritos. 

C. aureum Verrill. 
Panama. 

Aleyonium? Bradleyi Verrill. 


Panama. 


ACTINARIA. 


Phellia inornata Verrill. 
Panama Bay. 


P. (?) rubens Verrill, 
Zorritos. 
P. Panamensis V errill. 
Panama. 
Paractis (?) nobilis Verrill. 
Panama. 
Mammillifera Dane Verrill. 
Panama Bay. 
M. nitida Verrill. 
San Salvador. 
M. conferta Verrill. 
Acapuleo and San Salvador. 
Epizoanthus elongatus V errill. 
Panama Bay and Zorritos, (?) La Paz. 
EF. humilis Verrill. 
Panama. 
E.. crassus V errill. 
San Salvador. 
Antipathes Panamensis Verrill. 
Panama Bay. 


MADREPORARIA. 


Montipora fragosa V errill. 
(?) Gulf of California. 


Porites Californica V errill. 


Guaymas and La Paz. 


P. porosa V errill. 
La Paz. 
P. excavata V errill. 
Pearl Islands, Panama Bay. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 563 


P. Panamensis Verrill. A, concinna Verrill. 
Panama Bay. Panama Bay. 
P. nodulosa Verrill. A. dentata Verrill. 
La Paz. La Paz to San Salvador and Panama. 
Dendrophyllia sureularis Verrill. A. costata Verrill. 
Pearl Islands. Panama Bay. 
D. tenuilamellosa Verrill. A, Pedersenii Verrill. 
Panama Bay, Acapulco, La Paz. Guaymas and La Paz. 
Astropsammia Pedersenti Vervill. A. (Ceenungia) conferta Verrill. 
La Paz. Gulf of California. 
Rhizopsammia pulchra Verrill.  Phyllangia dispersa Verrill. 
Pear! Islands. Gulf of Nicoya and Panama Bay. 
Allopora Californica Verrill. Ulangia Bradleyi Verrill. 
(?) Gulf of California. Panama Bay. 
Pocillipora capitata V errill. Paracyathus humilis V errill. 
La Paz and Socorro Islands to Panama Bay. Pearl Islands. 
var. porosa V errill. Desmophyllum Cumingii EK. and H. 
La Paz. South America. 
var. robusta Verrill. Fungia elegans Verrill. 
Near La Paz. Gulf of California. 
— var. pumila Verrill. Pavonia gigantea Verrill. 
Near La Paz. Pear] Islands. 
P. lacera Verrill. P. clivosa Verrill. 
Acajutla to Panama Bay. Pearl Islands. 
Astrangia Haimei Verrill. Stephanaria stellata Verrill. 
San Salvador to Panama and Zorritos. La Paz to Bay of Panama. 


A, pulchella V errill. 


Panama Bay. 


In this list there are 104 species, none of which have been found 
beyond the limits of the province. An examination of the list will 
show, however, that there are sufficient reasons for recognizing the 
three subdivisions of the fauna, already given in the case of the Echin- 
oderms (p. 337). But the three subdivisions are not equally well 
known. The Actinians of the Mexican and Equadorian sub-proy- 
inces are almost wholly unknown, only one or two species having 
been examined from each, while from the Panamian division a consid- 
erable number are now made known, although there must be many 
additional ones. The shallow water Gorgonians and corals have been 
pretty fully collected in both the Mexican and Panamian regions, but 
from the Equadorian we have only the small collection obtained by 
Mr. Bradley at Zorritos. In the present state of our knowledge some 
of the species found in each of the three sub-provinces are peculiar to 
it, while many extend also to one of the other, and a considerable 


564 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


portion are found in all three, or throughout the whole extent of this 
great province. Future explorations will undoubtedly reduce the 
number of species peculiar to each subdivision, as most of the late 
collections have done, for there can be no doubt but that part of the 
apparent differences in the faune are due to the incompleteness of the 
collections. Local peculiarities of the particular places at which the 
various collections have been made have also undoubtedly increased 
the apparent differences. 

As the list now stands, there are known from the Mexican subdivi- 
sion 42 species; of these, 20 species are peculiar to the region; 16 are 
found also in the Panamian subdivision; and 6 are found in both these 
and the Equadorian regions, ranging to Zorritos. 

From the Panamian subdivision there are 80 species known; of 
these, 51 are peculiar to it (including 16 of Actinaria); 16 are found 
also in the Mexican district; 7 are common to the Panamian and 
Equadorian regions; and 6 range through the three sub-provinces. 

Of the Equadorian polyp-fauna we know but 17 species; of these 4 
are peculiar to it; 7 are found also in the Panamian; and 6 extend 
through both the Panamian and Mexican regions, even to the Gulf of 
California. 

For convenience of reference some local lists are added, which will 
at least serve to illustrate the most common and conspicuous species 
of the several localities. 


List of species collected at Guaymas by Dr. E. Palmer. 


The following species are in the collection of the Chicago Academy 
of Sciences: 


Leptogorgia Agassizii V. Psammogorgia teres V. 

LI. media V. Astrangia Pedersenii V. 

L, alba V. A, { Coenangia) conferta V. 
LT. labiata V. Porites Californica V. 


LL. exigua V. 


List of species collected near La Paz by Capt. J. Pedersen. 


Leptogorgia Agassizii V. Common, Kugorgia nobilis, var. excelsa V. 


L. media V. Not common. Common. 
L. pulchra V. Common. E. multifida V. Rare. 
var, exilis V, Common. E, aurantiaca V. Common. 
LD. tenuis V. Very rare. Muricea austera V. Not com non. 


LL. rigida V. Abundant. MM. uppressa V. Common. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 565 


Heterogorgia papillosa V. Rare. Astropsammia Pedersenii V. Rare. 
Callipodium Puacificum V. Rare. Pocillipora capitata V. Common. 
Epizoanthus elongatus V. Rare. var. porosa V. Not common. 
Porites Californica V. Not com- var. robusta V. Common. 


mon. var. pumila V. Common. 
P. porosa V. Common. Astrangia dentata V. Rare. 
P. nodulosa V. Common. A. Pedersenii V. Not common. 
Dendrophyllia tenuilamellosa V. Fungia elegans V. Rare. 
Pare. Stephanaria stellata V. Rare. 


The fauna at Cape St. Lucas appears to be similar to that of La 
Paz. The collections made there by Mr. J. Xantus include many of 
the species common at La Paz, especially Leptogorgia rigida, L. 
Agassizit and L. media, in abundance. He also collected a few addi- 
tional species, although his collection was much less extensive than 
that of Capt. Pedersen. At Acapulco considerable collections, chiefly 
of Gorgonians, have been made by Mr. A. Agassiz, Mr. D. B. Van 
Brunt, and others. The common species are mostly the same as at 
La Paz, and there appears to be but little difference in the faune of the 
two localities, except what may be explained by the incompleteness 
of the collections received. A few species (Leptogorgia rutila V., L. 
stenobrochis, var. Englemanni, Muricea robusta, M. purpurea, ete.) 
common at Acapulco, have not been found at La Paz. 

From the coasts of San Salvador and Nicaragua I have seen several 
collections, made by Capt. Dow, Mr. Bradley, Mr. J. A. McNiel, and 
others, but none of them can be considered as at all complete, even 
for the Gorgonians. So far as can be judged from these collections, the 
faunz of those coasts are essentially the same as that of Panama Bay. 


List of species collected on the coast of Nicaragua by J. A. Me Niel. 

The following species were collected by Mr. McNiel on the beach 
at Corinto, and by the aid of divers in the Gulf of Nicoya. Those 
species found only at one of these places are designated either by 
(C.) or (N.) according to the locality. The first series from this 
collection is in the Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Mass., by 
which Mr. McNiel was sent out: 


Leptogorgia media V. (C.) Psammogorgia arbuscula V. (N.) 


L. Adansii V. Large. Muricea fruticosa, var. miser V. 
LL stenobrochis V. (C.) 
L. ramulus V. (C.) M. hebes V. (C.) 


L. labiata V. (C.) M. purpurea V.  (C.) 


566 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


L. diffusa V. (N.) Large. 
L. alba VY. Common. 
L. exigua V.. Common. 


M. appressa V. 
var, flavescens V. (C.) 
M. tenellaV. (C.) 


Eugorgia Daniana V.(N.) Large. Cladactis grandis V. (C.) 
E.ampla, var. purpurascensV . (C.) Astrangia dentata V. (N.) 
E. Bradleyi V.(N.) Yellow variety. Phyllangia dispersa V. (N.) 


E. nobilis V. (N.) 


PERUVIAN PROVINCE. 


ALCYONARIA. 


Leptogorgia Peruana V errill. 
Callao. 
(?) Muricea horrida Mobius. 


“Peru.” Perhaps this belongs to the 


Panamian Province. 


Eugorgia rubens Verrill. 


Paita. 


Etchinogorgia aurantiaca Verrill. 


Callao. 


ACTINARIA, 


Oulactis concinnata E. and H. 
Callao. 

Bunodes papillosa V errill. 
Callao to Taleahuano, Chili. 

B. pluvia Vervill. 
San Lorenzo Island. 

B. ocellata Verrill. 
Paita. 

Phymactis florida Edw. and H. 


San Lorenzo Island. 


Of the fifteen species in this list, only one (Bunodes papillosa) 


Sagartia nivea Verrill. 
Paita and Callao. 

S. Lessonii V errill. 
Paita. 

S. (2?) Peruviana Verrill. 
Paita. 

Nemactis primula Edw. and H. 
San Lorenzo Island. 

N. Draytonii Edw. and H. 
San Lorenzo I. 

Anactis picta Ehr. 
Paita. 


is known to extend its range beyond the limits of the fauna. 


CHILIAN PROVINCE. 


ALCYONARIA. 


Leptogorgia(?) Chilensis Verrill. ZL. (?) arbuscula Verrill. 


Algarrobo, south of Valparaiso, 
L. (?) platyclados Verrill. 


I. Santa Maria. 


I. Santa Maria. 


ACTINARIA. 


Bunodes papillosa Verrill. 
Talcahuano to Callao. 


Phymactis clematis Edw. and H. 


Valparaiso. 


Oystiuctis Hydouxi Edw. and H. Actinia (?) Mertensii Brandt. 


Chili. 


Chili. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 567 


Sagartia ? nymphea Verrill. Nemactis ? Chilensis V errill. 
Valparaiso. Bay of Taleahuano and Quiriquina Island. 
S. 2? rubus Verrill. 
Valparaiso. 
MApDREPORARIA. 


Bathycyathus Chilensis E, and H. 
Chili. 
Of the eleven species known from this province, none are known 


elsewhere, except Bunodes papillosa, which is also found in the 
Peruvian fauna, 


FUEGIAN PROVINCE. 


ACTINARIA. 


Bunodes cruentata Gosse. 
Orange Bay. 
Metridium reticulatum FE. and H. 
Orange Harbor. 
Cereus Fuegiensis Verrill. 
Orange Harbor. 
Sagartia impatiens Gosse. 
Orange Harbor. 
Sagartia lineolata V errill. 
Forge Cove, near Orange Harbor. 


MADREPORARIA. 
Astrangia, sp. 
Straits of Magellan. 


The six species known from this fauna appear to be peculiar to it. 


For want of room, the lists, giving a detailed comparison between 
the tropical faunz of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and originally 
intended to accompany this article, have been reserved for the next 
volume. 


Trans. Connecticut AcaD., VOL. I. 68 FEs., 1871. 


568 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


No. 8.—Additional Observations on Echinoderms, chiefly from the 
Pacific coast of America. By A. E. Verriry. 


Presented January, 1871. 


ATLANTIC SPECIES. 


Pteraster Danze Verrill. 
Proce Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xii, p. 386, April, 1869. 
Plate IX, figures 11, 11%. 

Upper surface moderately convex; radius of disk to that of rays as 
1: 1°18; rays broad, subtriangular, the tips recurved so as to expose 
the end of the ambulacral grooves on the upper side. The dorsal 
membrane is perforated by minute scattered pores, and numerous 
small, slender, acute spines project from its surface at regular inter- 
rals; these are larger on the disk and quite small on the outer part of 
the rays. Central opening small, somewhat rounded, surrounded by 
small spines. Dorsal paxille, as seen when the dorsal membrane is 
removed, elevated and rather stout, surmounted at the summit by six 
to ten, slender, acicular, divergent spinules, one of which is usually 
larger, and projects through the membrane. Rays beneath bordered 
on each side by about thirty, slender, transverse, spine-like ribs, which 
project but slightly beyond the margin, and are connected by the web- 
like membrane quite to their ends. Interambulacral plates thin, each 
usually bearing four very slender, elongated spines, many of them 
with small pedicellariz near the tips; the inner one considerably short- 
est; all connected together by a web, which retreats between the 
points to a considerable extent; near the mouth there are often five 
spines. At each interradial corner of the mouth there are ten long, 
slender, pointed spines, the six middle ones about equal in length, the 
two outer ones on each side much smaller, the outermost considerably 
smaller than the preceding ; just back of these, and side by side, are 
two long, slender, somewhat curved, acute spines, about equal in 
length to the longer ones of the group in front of them. 

Radius of disk °37 of an inch; of rays 57; width of rays at base °50; 
elevation of back 35; length of longest transverse ribs of the rays 
beneath °15; of interambulacral spines ‘06 to ‘08; of the spines at 
mouth angles, about °08. 

This species was labeled “Rio Janeiro?” It was perhaps from 
dredgings made in 30 fathoms off the east coast of Patagonia,—J. D. 
Dana, U. 8. Expl. Expedition. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 569 


There is but one specimen of this species in the collection, which 
has been dried from alcohol. It is more nearly allied to P. pulvillus 
Sars* than to P. militaris. The latter has much longer arms and only 
three or four spinules on the dorsal paxille; the former has more 
numerous spinules on the paxille, shorter and more numerous inter- 
ambulacral spines, and quite different mouth-spines. The dorsal sur- 
face is also different from that of either species, as well as the propor- 
tions. 


Plagionotus Africanus Vervill, sp. nov. 


Test broad oblong-oval, somewhat angulated opposite the interam- 
bulacra, truncate and slightly emarginate anteriorly, obliquely trun- 
eate behind ; margin rather high and abruptly rounded, especially at the 
anterior end; upper surface slightly convex, in one specimen depressed 
at the center. Ovarial openings four, large, the two anterior oblong 
and divergent, unequal, the others round. Anterior ambulacrum 
broad, slightly depressed, the plates large and nearly as high as broad, 
perforated by conspicuous double pores. Anterior lateral ambulacra 
very divergent, rather broad, narrow at first, increasing rapidly in 
width to the middle or beyond, the outer portion broad, oblong, 
obtuse at the end, which is slightly recurved. Posterior ambulacra 
considerably longer, little curved, but strongly divergent, usually 
increasing in width to the outer third, beyond which they are some- 
what narrowed and curved forward. The anterior and posterior inter- 
ambulacra are, therefore, relatively broader than in P. pectoralis, and. 
the lateral ones narrower. Peripetalous fasciole narrow, but well 
defined and suaken, with a rather regular oval outline, which is only 
slightly angulate, or rather undulated, laterally, but beyond the mid- 
dle of each anterior interambulacrum it bends downward nearly at 
right angles for a short distance, and then, after forming another simi- 
lar angle, bends a little downward in crossing the anterior end. A 
slight ridge, corresponding to the angle of the fasciole, extends upward 
to the center, dividing the interambulacra into two unequal areas, the 
smaller of which is next to the anterior ambulacrum; both of these 
areas bear oblique rows of large tubercles, which do not extend over 
the dividing ridge. 

In the lateral interambulacra the very large tubercles are numer- 
ous, extending to near the apex, mostly arranged in oblique, more or 
less curved rows; in the posterior area they are more unequal in size 


* Oversigt af Norges Echinodermer, p. 62, Tab. 6, figs. 14-18, Tab. 7, 8, Christiania, 
1861. 


570 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


and less regularly arranged, forming clusters rather than rows, and ex- 
tend backward beyond the fasciole, nearly to the anal area. The plas- 
tron is broad oval, emarginate behind, the sides pretty regularly curved. 
The subanal area is broadly cordate, with three or four conspicuous 
pores on each side, from each of which a well-marked groove extends 
to the center. The fasciole surrounding it is broad and well defined; 
the branches extending up near the sides of the anal area are nar- 
rower, but depressed and conspicuous. The anal area is large, nearly 
circular, but with a sharp angle on the upper side; more than half of 
its diameter is occupied by a thin central membrane, which is some- 
what semicircular, rounded below, its surface toward the edge bear- 
ing minute, scattered, rounded plates, which, nearer the edge, increase 
in size and form two or three disconnected circles of detached plates. 
These are mostly rounded, or more or less oblong, though quite irreg- 
ular in form and size, but the outer rows are composed of successively 
larger and closer plates. Those of the outermost row are considera- 
bly the largest and are mostly in contact, though still quite irregular 
in size and form, and mostly with rounded angles and sides; on the 
upper side there is a triangular group of four or five similar plates, 
between the outermost row and the small plates of the inner circles, 
The actinostome is very broad crescent shaped, with rounded corners, 
not at all produced, or even slightly emarginate, anteriorly ; but it is 
strongly labiate, the lower border much thickened, prominent, and 
broadly rounded. ‘The actinal area is occupied by a thin membrane, 
which bears comparatively few (about 25), mostly large and discon- 
nected, irregularly shaped plates, most of which are not in contact ; 
the larger ones are pierced by one or two pairs of small pores, and 
the marginal ones bear a few small miliary tubercles. The outer row 
contains 9 or 10 plates, which are transversely oblong and very une- 
qual in size and form, but mostly in contact at their ends; inside of 
these there is an irregular row of 8, large, irregularly rounded plates, 
which are mostly not in contact, often leaving considerable spaces of 
naked membrane between. The inner portion of the membrane bears 
an irregular group of five or six, unequal, smaller, well separated, 
rounded plates. 

The largest specimen is 6°50 inches long; 5°35 broad; 2°05 high; 
length of anterior lateral ambulacra from apex 2°35; greatest breadth 
‘38; length of posterior ones 2°80; breadth 45; diameter of largest 
ovarial pores ‘09 by ‘05; average breadth of fasciole, about 06; 
length of plastron 3°35; breadth 1°35; transverse diameter of anal 
area ‘58; longitudinal diameter ‘65; diameter of its largest plates ‘08 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. Eyal 


to ‘10; transverse diameter of mouth 1:03; longitudinal diameter -25 ; 
its largest plates *15 to ‘25; medium sized plates ‘10 to‘12. Another 
specimen is 5°50 inches long; 4°30 broad; 1°85 high. A small speci- 
men, distorted above, is 4°18 inches long; 3°30 wide; 1:95 high; acti- 
nal area 60 wide; ‘23 long. In this the inner plates of the actinal 
area are smaller and more numerous. 

Sherbro Island, west coast of Africa,—Rev. D. W. Burton. 

This species is closely allied to P. pectorvlis Ag., from Florida and 
the West Indies. For the sake of comparison some details, not men- 
tioned in the published descriptions, are here added. 


Plagionotus pectoralis Agassiz and Desor. 

Spatangus pectoralis Lamarck, Hist. an. sans vert., iii, p. 383; Desmoulins, Echin.. p. 
380. 

Brissus pectoralis Agassiz. Prodromus, p-. 184. 

Brissus (Plagionotus) pectoraiis Ag. and Des., Cat. Rais., Ann. des Sci. nit., viii, p. 
13. 1847; vi, Tab. 16, fig. 15. 

Plagionotus pectoralis Gray, Cat. Ech. Brit. Museum, p. 50, 1855; A. Agassiz, Bul- 
letin Mus. Comp Zodl. I, p. 275, 1870. 

Plagionotus Desorii Gray, op. cit., p. 51. 

Several West Indian specimens of this species, of various sizes, 
which I have had opportunities to compare with the African speci- 
mens, present the following differences. 

The test is much more depressed, the margin less elevated and 
often comparatively acute, rising with a gradual slope on all parts, 
except at the posterior end. The outline is also more regularly 
elliptical, with rounded sides; the anterior end is more deeply emargi- 
nate, with the anterior ambulacrum more sunken. The anterior 
lateral and posterior ambulacral petals are longer and narrower, with 
the sides parallel for a great part of the length, and they are less di- 
vergent, being directed at first more anteriorly and posteriorly, but 
are more strongly recurved toward the outer ends; this renders the 
lateral interambulacra broader and the anterior and posterior ones 
narrower. The large tubercles are quite variable in number in P. 
pectoralis, but are often more numerous, though not usually arranged 
in such regular rows. In all the specimens of the latter, which I have 
seen, there are no large tubercles on the triangular area of the an- 
terior interambulacra next to the anterior ambulacral zone, which 
bears large tubercles in P. Africanus. The small tubercles are 
smaller in the former. The peripetalous fasciole is broader in P. pec- 
toralis ; and the plastron is longer and more oblong, with the sides 
more nearly parallel. The anal area is smaller, ovate, the upper 


572 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


end narrowed and pointed. The mouth is not so broad transversely, 
but is more produced and rounded anteriorly. Both these areas are 
covered by numerous, small, crowded, polygonal plates. 

Another specimen of P. pectoralis from Tampa Bay, Florida, in the 
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, which I have also had an opportu- 
nity to compare with the African specimens, in company with Mr, A, 
Agassiz, differs considerably in form from the West Indian specimens, 
of similar size, and if all the specimens from that region should prove 
to have the same characters, it ought to be regarded as at least a 
marked variety. This specimen is of about the same size as the 
larger African specimen, and agrees nearly with it in form, though it 
is somewhat more depressed and the sides are less abrupt, especially 
anteriorly; the anterior end is even less emarginate; and the 
ambulacral furrow less sunken, with small erplates and more numer- 
ous pores. The ambulacral petals are not so narrow and oblong as 
in the West Indian specimens, though much more so than in the 
African, The ovarial openings are small and round; the fasciole wide; 
the plastron oblong; the large tubercles and the mouth and anal 
areas are as in the typical form, differing in the same way, therefore, in 
all these characters fromthe Africanspecimens. Theactinal membrane 
is covered with numerous, small, crowded, polygonal plates. The anal 
area is also covered with small, crowded, polygonal plates, much more 
numerous than in P. Africanus. The most constant and important 
differences are, therefore, found in the form of the actinal and anal 
areas and the character of their plates; the size and form of the ovarial 
openings ; the width of the fasciole; and the form of the plastron. 

A large specimen of P. pectoralis from Turk’s Island, in the 
Museum of the Boston Society of Natural History, is 9 inches long ; 
6°75 wide; 2°50 high. 

PACIFIC SPECIES. 
OPHIUROIDEA. 
Ophiothela mir.bilis Verrill, (pp. 268, 376). 

This species has been received from La Paz, Cape St. Lucas, Corinto, 
and Gulf of Fonseca, in addition to Panama and Pearl Islands. In 
all cases it was found clinging in large numbers to the branches of 
Muricea and Gorgonide. The genus appears to be widely distribu- 
ted in the tropical parts of the Pacific Ocean, O. Danw V.* lives upon 
Melitodes virguta V. at the Feejee Islands. A species occurs at 
Japan, on Mopsella Japonica V., and Dr. Liitken has observed one on 
a Purisis from the China Seas. 


7 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 578 


Hemipholis gracilis Verrill. 
These Trans. p. 262 (read Jan., 1867, published March, 1867); Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. 
Hast, xil, p. 39). 
Hemipholis affinis Ljung., op. cit., p. 322 (read Noy., 1866, published 1867, note on 
fly-leaf dated May 18, 1867); Lyman, Bulletin M. C. Z.. i, p. 336, 1870 
“Ljungman’s species from Guayaquil, appears to be identical with 
H. gracilis. Judging from the date of Prof. Léven’s note, our name 
has priority of actual publication.” * 


*Mr. Lyman. in the work cited, without giving any additional information objects 
to the remark quoted above, in the following words: “This whole matter of priority in 
descriptions is of no sort of interest to science, except as a matter of registration. Nor 
is it profitable to enter on the question of wiiat constitutes publication. But we may 
say, that the partial distribution of looxe sheets of an incomplete paper, though a use- 
ful and praiseworthy custom, constitutes no greater claim for priority than the reading 
of a paper before an ancient and distinguished Academy, and the speedy publication of 
that paper in its complete and connected fortn.” 

We believe there are very few naturalists, at the present day, who are willing to adinit 
that anything less than the actwal printing of descriptions or recognizable figures can 
give priority to the naines of species or genera, and this without reference to the rep- 
utation or antiquity of the society before which a paper may be read. In case of 
descriptive papers, or diagnoses, as everyone knows, nothing more than the title is 
usually read. and many additions are often made afterwards, before or during printing. 
Therefore if Mr. Ljnngman’s paper was printed before March, 1867, his name should be 
adopted, otherwise not. On this question Mr. Lyman gives us no positive information. 

We notice, however, that Mr. Lyman invariably dates certain of his own species 
trom their first publication in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 
although they were distributed in sheets containing parts of incomplete papers, the 
mode of publication and distribution being precisely the same in the two cases. And 
if antiquity of the Society has anything to do with the matter, the advantage is on the 
side of the Connecticut Academy to the extent of some 40 years! Iam not aware, 
however, that any inember of this Academy would consider himself justified. on that 
account, in claiming priority of publication for matters contained ii hundreds of commu- 
ications made to the Academy during the past 80 years, but not yet printed. 

The question of priority of names has, however, an importance far greater than Mr. 
Lyman’s remark would imply, for every working naturalist is painfully conscious of the 
great amount of time and labor tht he is constantly obliged to spend in unravelling 
the intricate syn »nymy of well known genera and species, most of which has been 
eaused by the careless or willful neglect of the salutary rules of nomenclature, in which 
priority of publication is one of the most fundamental principles. And whenever a nat- 
uralist. to save his own time, selfishly neglects to ascertain the correct synonymy of the 
species whch he describ2s or mentions, he is merely heaping up labor for future nat- 
uralists, whose time might be much better employed, than in correcting the imperfect 
work of their predecessors. 

Sumplicity, accuracy, and permanency of nomenclature are, therefore, of vast import- 
anve for the future development of Zodlogy and whatever contributes to this end we 
regard as far more worthy of careful attention, than any slight personal honor or dis- 
honor that may be connected with the naming of species or genera, whether new or ol/. 


ae 


574 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Pectinura maculata Verrill, Amer. Jour. Sci., xlviii, p. 431. 
Ophiarachna maculata Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xii, p. 388, 1869. 


Dr. Liitken has adopted the name, Pectinuru Forbes (non Heller) 
for the genus to which this large species from New Zealand belongs. 


ASTERIOIDEA. 


Oreaster occidentalis Verrill, (pp. 278, 374). 

Pentaceros occidentalis Verrill (by error), Am. Jour. Science, xlix, p. 99, 1870. (Cor- 
rected to Oreaster occidentalis, p. 227).* 

Of this hitherto rare species 21 specimens of various sizes have 
been received from La Paz. They show but little variation except 
that due to age or state of preservation. Some specimens are so 
dried as to leave the disk and rays plump and rounded above, while 
in others the interradial spaces are so shrunken as to make both the 
rays and disk angular. In some most of the upper and part of the 
lower marginal plates bear small obtuse spines or tubercles; in others 
there are few or none of these; the two smallest specimens have none, 
though others, scarcely larger, have quite a number. The smallest 
specimen has the longer radius 1 inch; the shorter 50. This, how- 
ever, has nearly the form and all the essential characters of the adult, 
though the spines and tubercles are less numerous. 


Nidorellia armata Gray, (pp. 280, 372). 

Numerous specimens of this species were received from La Paz, 
where it is common at the depth of a few fathoms. 

The La Paz specimens present all the variations described in those 
from Panama. Some of the larger ones are unusually spinose, hay- 
ing large triangular groups of spines on the interradial regions of the 
upper side, and in some cases three rows of large spines on the rays. 


Gymnasteria spinosa Gray. 


Ainals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1840, p. 278; Synopsis of Species of Starfishes in Brit- 
ish Museum, p. 8, 1866; Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xii, p. 384, 1869. 

A starfish collected at La Paz by Capt. Pedersen, seems to be iden- 
tical with this species, originally obtained at Panama by Mr. H. Cum- 
ing. There are three specimens in the collection. 

Form pentagonal, with rather broad, tapering, somewhat depressed, 
triangular rays. Radiias 1:2°2. The skeleton consists of moderately 


* The name, Pentaceros, was used for a genus of fishes by Cuvier and Val. (vol. iii, p. 
30, 1828; see also Giinther, Catal. Fishes of British Museum, i, p. 212) long before it 
was employed by Gray for this genus. For this reason Oreaster was substituted by 
Miller and Troschel. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 575 


large, rounded and polygonal plates, joined by their edges, so as to 
leave variously shaped spaces between, with their surface roughened 
by minute, granule-like prominences and covered with a thin mem- 
branous skin, which allows the roughness of the plates to show 
through it. The median dorsal plates on each ray are stout, rather 
rhomboidal, with the angles produced and rounded and the center 
tubercular; they bear a row of eight to twelve, stout, elevated, blunt 
spines, one to each plate. The sides of the rays near the base are 
formed by about four series of plates; in the two intermediate rows 
rounded; in the upper and lower ones with lateral prolongations, 
which articulate with the dorsal and marginal plates in such a way as 
to leave rather large, transverse, oblong openings between; toward 
the end of the rays the plates become more regular and uniform, 
mostly polygonal, and more closely united, except that there are still 
larger openings next to the marginal plates, forming a regular series. 
Marginal plates stout, prominent, projecting laterally, and rounded 
on the outer side, much broader than high, forming a single row, with 
the plates placed alternately a little above and below the median line, 
about 12 to 16 on each side of the ray, each one bearing a stout, elon- 
gated, conical spine. Plates of the lower side rounded and subpolyg- 
onal, unequal, some of them bearing a very small central tubercle, 
mostly closely united, so as to leave only small pores between. Each 
interambulacral plate bears an outer, stout, oblong, blunt spine, com- 
pressed or wedge-shaped at the tip, and an inner group of four or five 
slender ones, of which the lateral are very short and the two middle 
ones considerably longest, all connected together by a thin web. On 
each margin of the mouth there isa group of five to eight, rather 
slender, subequal, obtuse spines, connected together by a web. Near 
the margin of the disk and rays, above and below, there are many 
rather large pedicellariz, oblong or subcylindrical in form, obtuse at 
the tips. The dried specimens are hight red above, yellowish below. 

The largest specimen is 1°50 inches from center to edge of disk; 
2°75 to tip of rays; breadth of rays at base 1 to 1:25; length of 
largest spines ‘20 to ‘22; diameter at base, about °08. 

A smaller one has the radius of disk -68 of an inch; of rays 1°50; 
length of dorsal and marginal spines ‘10 to ‘12; diameter ‘05 or ‘06; 
diameter of upper and lower plates ‘05 to ‘10, mostly about ‘08. 


Mithrodia Bradleyi Verrill, (p. 288). 

From La Paz there are two dry specimens of this species. The 
smaller and more perfect one is 3°50 inches from the center to the tips 
of the rays; ‘50 to the edge of the disk; length of largest spines 15; 


or 
~T 
(or) 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


diameter ‘06. The color is brownish orange above, reddish below. 
There is a median row of 6 to 8, distant, large, blunt spines on the 
upper side of each ray, which does not extend nearly to the end of 
the ray; on each side of the dorsal surface, near the margin, there is 
a similar row of 10 or 12, longer spines, which extend to the end of 
the rays and are directed obliquely upward; on each side of the ven- 
tral surface there are two rows of spines, like the last, but the row 
next to the interambulacral plates has 18 or 20 spines. All these 
spines are surrounded at base by about 6 radiating ossicles beneath 
the surface, each of which bears on its outer end one of the small 
roughly granulated papillz, which are numerous on the dorsal surface. 
There are usually 6, small, slender spines on the inner edge of each 
interambulacral plate, of which the two middle ones are longest and 
the two outer very small; the single stout spine on the outer edge of 
each plate is about twice as long as the longest of the inner ones. 
Acanthaster Ellisii Verrill. 

Echinaster Ellisti Gray, Annals Nat. Hist., 1840, p. 281; Synopsis Starfishes of Brit- 

ish Museum, p. 12, 1866. 
Acinthaster solaris ( pars) Duj. et Hupé, Hist. nat. des Zooph. Ech., p. 352, 1862. 
Acanthaster Ellisti Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xii, p. 385, 1869. 


Two specimens received from Capt. Pedersen, who collected them 
at La Paz, appear to belong to this rare species. The diameter of the 
smaller one is 15 inches; length of rays *40. The spines are long 
(15 inch) and quite slender. There are five madreporic plates, which 
are small, round, and prominent; and 13 rays. Color light red, the 
upper spines rose-red; those below pink with white tips; the general 
color of the lower surface is yellowish white. 

The larger specimen is 4 inches in diameter; greater radius 2 
inches; radius of disk 1:25; length of largest spines of back °25; 
diameter at base -05. It has 5 madreporic plates and 12 rays, sepa- 
rated below by small interradial areas. The whole surface, above and 
below, is covered with small granules, which also extend over the sur- 
face of the spines, nearly to the tips. The interambulacral plates 
bear a row of slender, elongated, blunt spines, bordering the ambula- 
cral furrows, each plate bearing a group of three spines, of which the 
central is the longest; between these groups there is often a large, 
long, rounded, slightly tapering, obtuse pedicellaria, nearly equal in 
length and size to the smaller spines adjacent; on the outer part of 
each of these plates there is also a long and large, obtuse spine, simi- 
lar to those on the interradial plates. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 577 


Echinaster tenuispina Verrill, sp. nov. 

Radii about as 1:5°8. Rays five, rounded, long, moderately stout, 
tapering to the end. Spines of the dorsal surface small, but very 
numerous, tapering, subacute, arranged in many scarcely defined 
rows, of which there appear to be about 16 on the rays. The inter- 
ambulacral plates bear numerous, crowded, divergent spines, of about 
the same size and form as those of the dorsal surface, those of the 
opposite sides crossing; three of these arise from each plate, in a 
transverse row; the middle one is considerably largest and longest, 
the outer one somewhat shorter and blunter, the inner one much 
smaller, slender and acute. The skin is smooth and ghossy; in the 
angles between the rays beneath and along the lower side of the rays 
there are numerous slender transverse furrows. 

Radius of disk -60 of an inch; of rays 3°50; width of rays at base 
62; length of largest spines ‘06. 

Color of dried specimens deep reddish brown. 

La Paz,—Capt. J. Pedersen. Six specimens. 

This species is allied to 2 spinulosus V., from the west coast of 
Florida. Its rays are not so slender and the dorsal spines are still 
more numerous. 


Ophidiaster pyramidatus Gray, (p. 287). 


Several specimens were sent from La Paz by Capt. Pedersen. 

The dry specimens in best condition are light straw-color beneath; 
the poriferous zones are bright orange; the rows of large plates on 
the back and sides olive-green; madreporic plate large, dark olive- 
green. 

Lepidaster, gen. nov. 

Disk small, rays rounded, elongated ; whole surface covered with 
a thin smooth skin, without granules or spines. The skeleton consists, 
in the rays, of several similar dorsal and lateral rows of rather large, 
more or less rhombvidal, overlapping plates, so articulated with 
those. of the adjacent rows as to leave a regular row of pores between 
all the rows of plates, except between the ventral and interambulacral 
rows. On disk the plates are pentagonal. The interambulacral 
plates bear an inner row of small slender spines, several to each plate, 
bordering the ambulacral groove, and outside, but adjacent to these, 
a row of much larger oblong spines, not more than one to a plate. 

This genus is allied to Tamuriu and Cistina of Gray, but in both 
of those groups the plates bear spines. Ophidiaster and Linckia are 
granulated and the plates are arranged quite differently. 


578 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Lepidaster teres Verrill, sp. nov. 

Rays five, long, round, slender, tapering; disk small. Radii as 
1:63 The rays have three dorsal rows of overlapping rhomboidal 
plates, with the angles prolonged and sides concave; two lateral rows 
of similar plates on each side; and a ventral row of much smaller 
crowded plates, which are united directly to the interambulacral 
plates, but are joined to the first lateral series by an interrupted row 
of small squarish plates, between which there are rather large pores. 
The interambulacral plates bear an outer series of small, round, trun- 
cated spines, sometimes one to each plate, but usually only on alternate 
plates; and an inner series of very slender, small, subequal spines, 
three to each plate, the middle one usually slightly longest. Hach 
corner of the mouth has a group of four, longer, sharp spines, the two 
middle ones largest. Anal orifice central, surrounded by numerous 
minute granules or papillee; madreporic plate rather large, circular, 
concave, finely convoluted. Whole surface covered with a soft, thin 
skin, which allows the plates to be seen distinctly. Color of the 
dried specimen pale yellow. 

Radius of disk °30; of rays 1:90; diameter of rays at base ‘32; 
length of outer interambulacral spines 06; diameter of larger dorsal 
plates -10 to "12; of madreporic plate ‘11 of an inch. 

La Paz,—Capt. J. Pedersen. 


Heliaster Kubiniji Xantus, (p. 292). 

Three specimens of this species were sent from La Paz by Capt. 
Pedersen. 

The two larger ones have 23 rays. The largest measures 4°15 
inches from center to end of longest rays; to edge of disk 2°15; 
length of rays 1°50 to 2 inches; length of interambulacral spines °15 ; 
of largest capitate dorsal spines *10; their greatest diameter ‘06 to ‘08. 
The smallest specimen has 21 rays; its greatest radius is 2°50 inches; 
of disk 1:25. 

The larger specimens have a median dorsal row of large capitate 
spines on all the rays, which, with a marginal row of smaller, more 
blunt spines on each side, extend inward to the central area of the 
disk; between the dorsal and lateral rows, on the middle of the rays, 
there are, on each side, one or two less regular rows of capitate spines, 
some of which often extend inward, more or less, on the disk. 

On the upper side, especially near the end, the rays are thickly 
covered with small oval pedicellariz, mixed with other very minute 
ones of similar form. 


or 
~T 
=) 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


EcuINorwkFa., 


Quite recently I have had an opportunity to compare specimens of 
most of the following species with those in the Museum of Compara- 
tive Zodlogy, in company with Mr. A. Agassiz, who, while in Europe 
last year, took pains to carefully examine nearly all the typical speci- 
mens contained in European museums, and in many cases brought 
home specimens identified by direct comparison. Therefore I am able, 
with the approval and through the courtesy of Mr. Agassiz, to correct 
a few erroneous identifications previously made by him, together with 
others made by myself in the earlier part of this volume. Other spe- 
cies, described since the earlier articles on the Echinoderms of the 
Pacific coast were printed, have been introduced in order to render 
the work more complete. 


Cidaris Thouarsii Val. (p. 294). 
Numerous specimens were sent by Capt. Pedersen from La Paz, 
They show great variation in form, in addition to that due to dift 
ference of age. Several specimens give the following measurements: 


Diameter, (inches) ------ 2°10 2°05 2°00 1°55 1°50 1°35 1°30 
Gita ear nee ee ee 1°30 1:35 1°50 *85 “80 5 “15 
MNCHNAlared. 225. 35 3865 — “85 “90 “80 3. “70 64. 595) 
Abactinal area, .....---- “10 “70 68 “58 56 “50 43 
Analiregion, =.=.-===- 38 “40 88} 30 “30 28 29, 


Astropyga depressa Gray, Proc. Zoél. Soc. Lond., xxiii, p. 35, 1855. 
Astropyga venusta Verrill, these Trans., p. 296; Amer. Jour. Sci., xlix, p. 99, 1870. 


Mr. A. Agassiz, who has recently examined Dr. Gray’s type and 
brought home a specimen idenitfied by comparison with it, has com- 
pared the latter with specimens sent by me, and regards them as 
identical with the A. depressa of Gray. The latter was described 
from a young specimen, but considerable changes take place, especially 
in the arrangement of the tubercles, during its growth, and even after 
it becomes two or three inches in diameter, as may be seen from the 
original descriptions of small and medium sized specimens (p. 296). 

Capt. Pedersen sent from La Paz two fine large specimens, about 6 
inches in diameter, and I have seen a similar one in the Museum of 
the Chicago Academy, collected at San Salvador by Capt. Dow. 

These large specimens have 12 to 14 vertical rows of large, nearly 
equal interambulacral tubercles on the lower side; the first row from 
the ambulacra extends on the upper side to within three or four plates 
from the summit; between this row and the ambulacral pores, a row of 
secondary tubercles is introduced, which commences a short distance 


580 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


below the periphery and extends nearly as high as the preceding row, 
usually ceasing about two plates sooner; in young specimens this row 
is wanting, and the large tubercles of the first row cease sooner; out- 
side of the first row of large tubercles there is another similar row of 
secondary ones, commencing at about the same place, but extending 
quite to the genital plates, as in the younger specimens; the second 
row of large tubercles extends about to the third plate above the 
periphery; the third ceases at or below the periphery; the fourth 
extends upward to within one or two plates of the apex of the yel- 
low triangular area; and the remaining rows cease successively sooner, 
the two median rows scarcely rising above the periphery. The ac- 
tinal membrane is filled with small, transversely oblong and elliptical, 
imbedded plates, some of which bear one or two small and very slen- 
der spines, which are more numerous on the larger plates near the 
mouth. The spines of the lower surface are straw-color; the larger 
ones of the upper surface are tinged and banded with purplish at 
base, the outer half straw-color; the small ones are very slender and 
mostly purplish throughout. 

The largest specimen from La Paz has the test 5-90 inches in diam- 
eter; 2°10 high; diameter of actinal area 1°50; of abactinal area 1°35; 
of anal region .80; length of longest spines of upper surface 1°80. 


Echinodiadema coronatum Verrill (p. 295). 

In the Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, 1, p. 282, 
1869, Mr. A. Agassiz considered this the young of Diadema Mexi- 
canum. On reéxamining the original specimen and comparing it with 
the genuine young of that species, he is convinced that it is really 
quite distinct, both generically and specifically. 

The existence of spines on the actinal membrane (to which the 
name refers) is of itself quiet sufficient to distinguish this genus from 
the young of Diadema, in all stages of growth. In all the species of 
the latter the actinal membrane in young specimens is covered with 
pretty regular, nearly smooth plates, which later in life become more 
separated and deeply imbedded, but never bear spines. 

The name, Echinodiadema, has more recently been used for an en- 
tirely different genus by M. Cotteau (Rev. et Mag. de Zool., May, 1869). 


Echinocidaris Dufresnii Desmoulins, Echin., p. 306. (p. 344). 

Echinocidaris Scythei Philippi, Wiegm. Arch., 1857, p. 131. 

According to Mr. Agassiz, who has seen the original specimen of 
E. Dufresnii and others in the British Museum from Str. of Magellan 
(coll. Cunningham), which are identical with E. Scythei, this species 
belongs to the fauna of Patagonia. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Boletia picta Verrill. 


Psammechinus pictus Verrill, these Trans., p. 301, (young). 
Lytechinus semituberculatus (pars) A. Agassiz, op. cit., p. 801, (non Val. sp.). 


Capt. Pedersen sent one large. specimen of this species from La 
Paz. It has but few spines remaining and the actinal membrane 
is wanting. 

Diameter 4°10 inches; height 1°80; diameter of abactinal area 
1°3C; depth of cuts 25; diameter of abactinal area ‘60; of anal 
membrane ‘24; breadth of ambulacral zones at periphery -98; of 
poriferous zones, °22; of interambulacral zones 1°55; length of 
larger spines of upper surface °30 to ‘35; their diameter -05 to -06 of 
an inch. 

The test is very thick and firm for this genus. The outline is some- 
what pentagonal, with rounded sides, the ambulacra somewhat bulg- 
ing, and toward the summit somewhat raised above the concave 
interambulacra. The lower side is concave; the upper surface de- 
pressed, subconical, elevated at the center. 

The actinal cuts are deep, their interambulacral margin raised, but 
not projecting inward beyond the ends of the ambulacral zones. The 
lower surface is covered by numerous, nearly uniform, large tubercles, 
which form about eight interambulacral and four ambulacral rows; 
in the former the two inner rows terminate about half way to the 
actinal area and are separated by a median region of some width, on 
which there are several irregular rows of smaller tubercles. On the 
upper side each of the zones bears two primary rows of large and con- 
spicuous tubercles, which commence at the summit and extend to the 
actinal area. In the interambulacra the interior secondary rows com- 
mence at about the third or fourth plate, as small irregular tubercles 
at first, becoming about as large as the primaries near the periphery, 
and extending nearly to the actinal area; the exterior secondary row 
commences at about the sixth or seventh plate, their tubercles, very 
small at first, equalling the primaries at the periphery and extending 
to the actinal area outside of the cuts, where they become small again ; 
the interior ternary row commences at about the ninth or tenth plate, 
and the tubercles equal the primaries at the margin, but cease at five or 
six plates from the actinal area; the external ternary rows commence 
a little above the periphery and extend about half way to the actinal 
area, alternating irregularly with the external secondaries, but not 
equalling them in size; these two rows border the poriferous zones, 
except near the summit; near the periphery there are also interior 
quaternary rows of small tubercles imperfectly developed, and some 


582 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


still smaller scattered tubercles. The miliary tubercles are rather 
large and numerous, except along a central, narrow, naked band, which 
commences at the periphery and becomes depressed and conspicuous, 
but not wider, toward the summit. In the ambulacral zones the 
primary tubercles border the poriferous zones throughout; the in- 
terior secondary rows are represented toward the summit by small 
tubercles scarcely distinct from the miliaries, but become regular 
toward the periphery, where the tubercles are nearly as large as the 
primaries, but they fade out before reaching the actinal areas; at and 
below the periphery there are small tubercles scattered in the central 
region, but on the upper side there is a very narrow naked band. 
The pores are rather large, forming conspicuous zones above, which 
become much narrower below. On the lower side the pores are in 
regular oblique rows of three pairs, but above they appear to form 
a regular inner vertical row, separated by a row of small tubercles 
from the two, less regular, alternating, outer rows. The genital 
plates are thick, with the outer end obtusely rounded, and sunken 
around the large, round genital orifices. The anal membrane is 
covered with numerous irregular, separated plates, forming about 
three irregular outer circles and a central radiating group of smaller 
ones. The jaw supports are stout and elongated, narrowed toward 
the end, with an elongated, elliptical foramen. The few larger spines 
that remain on the upper surface are short, stout, and blunt. 

The color of the test is yellowish beneath, this color extending up 
into the central parts of the ambulacral and interambulacral zones 
above; the rest of the upper side is brownish, with more or less red, 
especially on the naked bands; spines pale brown. 

This species differs from 6. rosea in its much thicker test, less de- 
pressed form, more prominent ambulacra, much more numerous and 
larger tubercles, narrower naked bands, less acute genital plates, 
different anal area, ete. 

The specimens formerly described by me as P. pictus appear to be 
the young of this species. Before the large specimen above described 
was known, a comparison of those with authentic specimens of L. semi- 
tuberculatus had convinced both Mr. Agassiz and myself that they are 
really quite distinct from the latter. 

L. semituberculatus (Val. sp.) Verrill (p. 333) differs from B. picta, 
young, in having fewer and more distant tubercles, and broad, well- 
defined, naked areas, bearing only small granule-like miliaries in the 
interambulacral zones of the upper side, instead of the very small 
and narrow naked areas, encroached upon by the numerous, crowded 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 583 


tubercles, seen in the latter; in the more numerous and regular, 
crowded plates, which closely cover the actinal membrane; and in the 
form of the ovarial plates, which are more obtuse outwardly, and have 
the large genital orifices at the edge, forming notch-like openings in 
the margin, while in B. picta the plates are more pointed at the outer 
end, and the genital orifices are small, round, and distant from the 
margin. 


Boletia rosea A. Agassiz, 1863. 
LIytechinus roseus Verrill. these Trans., p. 302. 


A reéxamination of this species, and comparison with B. pileolus, 
the type of the genus, has convinced me that I was wrong in refer- 
ring it to Lytechinus, and that it is a true Boletia. The deep actinal 
cuts, the remarkably large pedicellariz, the few scattered plates of 
the actinal membrane, and the thinness of the test are sufficient to 
separate it from Lytechinus. 

B. depressa, as figured in Voy. Vénus, Pl. 3, figs. 1-1°, is a similar 
species, but differs in having pointed processes bordering the actinal 
cuts, and in its larger and more numerous tubercles. 


Evechinus, gen. nov. 


Test thick, circular, thickly covered with tubercles of various sizes. 
Spines rather short, tapering, very unequal. Ambulacral zones with 
two principal rows of large tubercles; poriferous zones not widened 
below; pores beneath, near the actinal areas, arranged in obliquely 
transverse groups of three pairs, very soon becoming irregular, the 
inner ones being separated from the others by a vertical row of tuber- 
cles, so that throughout the greater part of the extent of the zones, 
both above and below, the pores form an inner, nearly regular, verti- 
eal row, and two irregularly alternating rows, of which the outer is 
more regular than the median row; in the latter the pores are arranged 
in a more or less zigzag line. 

Actinal area small, with shallow cuts; the membrane is thin and 
bears a few scattered, rounded, granulated plates; the larger plates, 
near the mouth, bear minute spines and very small oval pedicellariz. 
Anal area covered by an outer circle of 8 to 10, larger, often spine- 
bearing plates, and an inner converging cluster of smaller plates.— 
Type, Echinus chloroticus Val. 


TRANS. Connecticut Acap., VOL. I, 69 MARCH, 1871. 


584 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Evechinus chloroticus Verrill. 

Echinus chloroticus Val., Voy. Venus, Zooph., Pl. 7, figs. 2-2d, 1846. 

Heliocidaris chlorotica Desml.; Ag. and Des., Ann. des Sci. nat., vi, p. 374, 1846. 

Psammechinus chloroticus A. Ag., Bulletin, M. C. Z., i, p. 23, 1863. 

Boletia viridis V errill, these Trans., p. 304, 1867. 

The specimen erroneously described by me (page 304) as from 
Peru, proves to be identical with the New Zealand species, and was 
undoubtedly collected there by Mr. H. Edwards, and accidentally 
misplaced while packing the Peruvian collection. As I am unable to 
refer it to either of the four genera in which it has already been 
placed, it seems necessary to establish a new genus to include it, 
together with a smaller undetermined species in our collection. 

The arrangement of the pores and the few distant plates of the actinal 
membrane are sufficient to separate it from Psammechinus. Boletia 
differs in having a thin test, deeper actinal cuts, and in being desti- 
tute of tubercles in the middle of the interambulacral areas above, 
etc. Heliocidaris has a very different arrangement of pores, and the 
zones are expanded beneath. 


Tripneustes depressus A. Ag. 


Verrill, these Trans., p. 375; Amer. Jour. Sci., xlix, p. 99, 1870. 


Of this large species there are 24 specimens from La Paz, with their 
spines partially preserved. They are quite variable in form, but often 
more elevated than ordinary specimens of 7! ventricosus. Some are 
conical, others broadly rounded above. The largest spimes on the 
upper surface of the largest specimen are “45 of an inch long, ‘04 in 
diameter, and rapidly taper to the acute point; those of the lower sur 
face are often °60 of an inch long, ‘04 in diameter, tapering but little, 
the end blunt. 

Several specimens give the following proportions: 

35 5°25 15 10 490 475 460 
9 


Diameter, (inches) 5°80 5-40 5: 5: 
90 «03°25 -. 2:60 2°85 2°65 82:85 2580 


5 

Height, 300 340 2 

One specimen has much larger ovarial plates than the others, and 

consequently a larger abactinal area. These plates are also more 
pointed, giving to the abactinal area a more stellate form. 


Toxocidaris Mexicana A. Agassiz, (p. 307), (non Heliocidaris Mexicana Ag.) 

This is a large species, belonging to a group distinct from the typi- 
cal species of Toxopneustes (T. tuberculatus), of which Mr. Agassiz 
has recently brought authentic specimens from Europe. The original 
Heliocidaris Mexicana Ag., according to Mr. A. Agassiz, is a variety 


Verrili, Notes on Radiata. 585 


of the common West Indian Eehinometra Michelini. The specimen 
referred by me to that species (p. 308) proves by comparison with the 
types of Mr. Agassiz, to be Toxocidaris crassispina A. Ag., from 
Japan, (not the young of Lchinometra Michelini, to which Mr. 
Agassiz formerly referred it in the Bulletin M. C. Z., i, p. 260). Since 
Anthocidaris of Liitken is identical with Toxocidaris A. Ag., this 
species was referred by me to the right genus, but the erroneous local- 
ities on the labels of two separate lots, led to the mistake as to the 
species, which in this group of genera have not been described with 
sufficient care to make them recognizable with certainty, without a 
comparison with the original types. 
The other species of Zoxocidaris, described from the west coast, 
are as follows: 
T. homalostoma (p. 333) =Echinus homalostoma Val., Voy. Vénus, Zooph., Pl. 6, 
figures 2—2f., Galapagos. 
T. erythrogramm t (p. 335), =EHchinus erythrogramma Val., op. cit., Pl 7, figures 1- 
1d., Chili. 
T. Franciscana A. Ag., (p. 327), California. 


The last species, however, appears to agree nearly with Loxechinus. 
The two groups are closely allied and perhaps ought not to be sepa- 
rated. Both have regular arches of numerous pores above, and the 
poriferous zones expanded beneath, but less so in the latter. 


Echinometra Van Brunti A. Ag., (pp. 309, 375). 


The numerous specimens of this species sent by Capt. Pedersen 
from La Paz show great variation in form. Many are quite oblong, 
while others are nearly circular; most of them are quite depressed, 
but some are considerably elevated at the center. Some have wider 
poriferous zones and more oblique ares of pores above than the typi- 
cal form, in this respect approaching /. rupicola, rendering it possi- 
ble that the two forms are only variations of one species, but they all 
have the interambulacral tubercles very unequal and but two rows 
of the largest ones, with only two, close, alternating rows of second- 
ary tubercles between, differing in this respect very decidedly from 
E. rupicola. The specimens hitherto received, therefore, do not war- 
rant the union of the two species. 


Encope grandis Ag. (pp. 310, 375). 

Verrill, Am. Journ. Science, xlix, p. 96, 1870. 

Of this very distinct species there are several hundred specimens in 
the La Paz collection, varying in size from 8 inches in length by 
3°20 wide, to 4°60 inches by 4°40. There is but little variation in out= 


586 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


line and general appearance, and in all the margin is thick, with the 
five large notches widely open, though in the larger there appears to 
be a tendency to close the anterior pair. The posterior inter- 
ambulacral opening is large and broad-oval with thickened borders in 
all, but there is a variation of more than 50 per cent. in its relative 
‘size; the region around it is in all more elevated than the central 
region and considerably swollen. The form of the ambulacral rosette 
varies considerably. The three anterior petals are subequal and 
usually long-oval, obtusely rounded at the end, but in one case they 
are narrower and more elliptical, especially the odd anterior one, 
which is widest in the middle, tapering to each end, and in another 
they are broader and more dilated outwardly than usual; the two 
posterior ones are much longer, widest outwardly, and curve some- 
what around the posterior opening, but they vary considerably in 
relative width. The following are the proportions in two extreme 
specimens : 


From abactinal center to posterior edge,---...-.------------ 2°20 2°20 
Center to anterior edge,__--.------ Bre oon ee Ge So 1:98 2:00 
C@enter“toJateraliedre, 2.2) 32 sae. =. oe eee 2°20 2-10 
Length of anterior odd ambulacral petal, from center, ___-_--- 1:28 1:25 
Gréatést*breadthiof doi; 2sA2cce ease. ee -ee eee “50 68 
Breadth of its enclosed area;=- 2-2 =.= Sees ae sae eee ee "20 30 
Thength (of ‘anterior-lateral pair, "= === 222 ee ee 1°25 115 
Breadth ofido.,. ce $22 eee ee eee eee SRS Sonya 50 65 
Breadth of enclosed area, _------ icin ee aa eee nee 16 Sadi 
hengthvof posterior parses ose. =o sees eee eee ae 1°65 1°55 
Breadth *of *d0:; 2223225... 3:50 See ee ee ee eee = “45 62 
Breadth’ of enclosed area,_-=_= = 2] ee pepe rates 2 12 20 


The branchings of the ambulacral grooves beneath are quite con- 
stant in their arrangement, but the relative breadth and form of the 
enclosed areas are quite as variable as in the dorsal rosette. The re- 
gion about the anal opening and around the posterior foramen is 
sometimes deeply concave or excavated; but in most cases slightly, 
and sometimes not at all so. 


Encope Californica Verrill. 
American Jour. Science, xlix, p. 97, 1870. 


Plate X, figures 5 and 6. 


Test broad, thin at the edge, rounded anteriorly, broadest behind 
the middle, sub-truncate or rounded posteriorly ; usually about as 
broad as long, sometimes broader than long. Apex behind the cen- 
ter. In profile the outline descends from the center to the anterior 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 587 


edge, but rises from the center to the posterior foramen, from which 
it descends rapidly to the edge. The posterior interambulacrum is, 
therefore, swollen and the test is most elevated near its foramen. 
Ambulacral rosette with the petals long-oval, somewhat obovate, 
broadly rounded outwardly; the anterior pair shortest and most 
rounded ; the odd anterior one somewhat longer and narrower and a 
little shorter than those of the posterior pair, which are of about the 
same form and not curved. Posterior foramen variable in form and 
size, usually rather small, regularly oval or rounded, sometimes long 
oval, or even narrow and elongated, occasionally quite large and 
broad oval, often obovate beneath, sometimes constricted in the mid- 
dle. Ambulacral foramina also quite variable in form and size, but 
commonly small and rather regularly oval, often at a considerable dis- 
tance from the margin. 

Two specimens, showing the extreme variations, give the following 
measurements : 


JuiziByERHY OLE TRENT FS oe Ee Oe oe ee AT5 4-30 
YRS Tg: 2g Se eS ee a ee ek eee ae eae oe 4°65 4°30 
MeantormiOrantenOMedver. .a5 5.2 2s50 2. cohe acne de oe eseeue 2°45 2°15 

Boe ULehiOn foramen 922) 220 2 8t ot et Jo gee 1°80 1°65 

perl atonalwed perp seas as oat anaes eee Bee ee) 2-15 

ee a fOVAIN CD: Sees aee oe eee ae See eB 1°60 1°50 

Pee POStOLION. CCC, 25= -se5,.-s25 sence es See meee he ae 2°45 2°25 

Pee DOSLOLIOT-laberalstoramens =). 2 ke 2 sel eee 1°85 1-70 

me DOstGhOls LOlaMeOn. 22 yo Sos By ase Ae eee 1-15 1:10 
Length of ‘ le ete a en meee eR neg! tore “67 60 
Breadth of ‘ Wo) ges chee ee, Bi ae lee eh eee ee ee 22 26 
Length of anterior ambulacral petal, from center,_---_-_.---- 1-42 1°32 
ETeamuomWNOTOeWICOSte tn oatoe 2 ie eon Set ue ws ei ee 65 “BO 
iBrosduheomenclosedvareds== =o 22. 2- 8a 2622 eee se see. ose “30 18 
Poupthof anterior-lateral petals, ..- ,.-.2--.----5-.4.-5.-4- 1:28 1:10 
FT Glin es oe eats SEM ee Soe e Wee eae 67 “50 
Brsiaiieomenciasediarea. i. s(56, = eee fae Sones es 28 20 
hen cthvofpostenor-lateral petals, = 2222 55222 222 ee 1:58 1°35 
BCA terete Ss Soe oe, a aoe eee ae aera pe Aen eRe os 68 53 
Brevi hmoOrmenGlOoseGialOd isos = aioc eee een ee eee ea eee cae e “25 16 


Of this species there are 74 specimens in the collection from La Paz, 
and I have seen others from Cape St. Lucas. 

It varies considerably in outline and in the form of the openings, 
especially the posterior one; the ambulacral rosette varies somewhat 
in the form of the petals, as shown by the above measurements ; the 
ambulacral grooves beneath also vary in direction But all the speci 
mens agree in having their greatest elevation behind the center, or 
the posterior interambulacral region swollen. This peculiarity, which 


588 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


is found to depend upon a very different internal structure, will 
readily separate this species from ! occidentalis V. In the latter 
the greatest elevation is in front of the center, and there is a regular 
slope from thence to the broad, thin, posterior edge, and the sections 
show that the wide space between the central cavity and the posterior 
foramen is filled with a pretty firm, alveolar tissue, having compara. 
tively small spaces, but in # Californica the same region is much 
less extensive (owing to the relatively larger central cavity and jaws) 
and is filled with a much less firm and more open tissue, with large 
cavities. 

The difference is therefore analogous to that which separates Z. 
Michelini from E. emarginata. 


Mellita longifissa Michelin. 
Mellita longijissa Michelin, Revue et Mag. Zool., 1858, No. 8, Pl. 8, fig. 1; Verrill, 
Proc. Boston Soe. Nat Hist., xii, p. 383. 

This species is the Pacific analogue of JZ. pentapora of the Atlan™ 
tic coast. It is remarkable for the thinness or flatness of the outer 
portion of its shell, the deeply sunken grooves of the lower surface, 
and the length and narrowness of its five perforations, and especially 
of the odd posterior one. The posterior side is somewhat truncate, but 
a little rounded in the middle, and the posterior lateral perforations 
are curved. The largest specimen from Gulf of California (Stearns) 
is 3°8 inches in diameter; another is 2°95 wide, 2°70 long, °45 high; 
the anterior pair of perforations °54 and ‘56 long; the posterior pair 
55 and *60; the posterior odd one °78 long; ‘09 wide. 

La Paz,—Capt. Pedersen; Gulf of California,—Robt. E. C. Stearns ; 
Corinto, Nic.,—J. A. MeNiel. 


Clypeaster testudinarius nob, (zon Martens). 
Echinanthus testudinarius Gray, Proc. Zoél. Soc. Lond., xix, 1851, p. 35; Cat. Ech. 
® Brit. Mus; yp. 6; Pl estos 1855: 
Clypeaster speciosus Verrill, Am. Jour. Science, xlix, p. 95, 1870. 


Plate X, figures 7, 7*. 

Depressed, gradually rising toward the apex; the lower side some- 
times slightly concave from near the edge of the mouth, in other spe- 
cimens flat, except close to the mouth, which is much sunken. Out- 
line oblong-pentagonal, with rounded angles and slightly concave 
sides. The anterior end slightly elongated. Interambulacral regions 
decidedly concave between the ends of the ambulacral rosette; the 
ambulacral regions enclosed by the pores slightly raised, narrow, elon- 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 589 


gated, widening but little outwardly and somewhat acuminate at the 
end, which is often nearly enclosed by the pores. The interambula- 
era are broader and decrease much more rapidly toward the apex 
than in C. rosaceus. Anal opening transversely oval, or rounded, sit- 
uated about its own diameter from the edge of the shell. 

Length of largest specimens 4°60 inches; breadth 3-90; height 
115. Length of anterior petal, from the apex, 1°90; its breadth 82; 
breadth of enclosed space 50; length of anterior petals 1-70; breadth 
"85; breadth of enclosed space ‘48; length of posterior petals 1-80 
and 1°85; breadth *94; of enclosed space ‘58 and ‘60; diameter of anal 
area *20; of actinal opening °33. 

Thirty-five specimens of this species are contained in the collection. 
They show but little variation in outline, except what is due to age, 
though some specimens are more elevated toward the apex than others ; 
in regard to the flatness or concavity of the lower side there is, how- 
ever, great variation, though Dr. Gray used this character in dividing 
the genus into sections. The youngest specimens are 2°30 long by 
2°10 wide, and are more oval in form and scarcely angular, but have 
the flatness and form of ambulacral rosette characteristic of the larger 
specimens, as well as the same position of the anal opening. 

From C. rosaceus of the Atlantic this species differs widely, the 
former having a much more elevated and thick form, with broader 
and more obovate ambulacra, which are much more swollen; the 
lower side is much more concave, and the anal opening nearer the 
edge. 

La Paz,—J. Pedersen. 

Dr. Gray erroneously gave Borneo as the locality of his specimen, 
which Mr. Agassiz has identified, by direct compurison in the British 
Museum, with svecimens sent by me. 


Brissus obesus Verrill, (pp. 316, 375). 


These Transactions, p. 316. 1867; Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xii, p- 382, 1869. 


A larger specimen, with part of its spines, collected by Capt. Ped- 
ersen at La Paz, agrees well in form and other characters with the 
original specimens. The spines are silvery white and slender, on the 
upper side decreasing regularly in length from the peripetalous fasci- 
ole to the margin; the upper ones being -10 or ‘12 long, the lower 
ones “25 to "28. Those near the margin beneath are quite long, °35 to 
"38, those near the mouth being largest. This specimen is 2°65 inches 
long; 2 broad; 1:40 high. 


So) 


590 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


Meoma grandis Gray. 


Meoma grandis Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vii, p. 132, 1851; Cat. Ech. Brit. 
Mus., p. 56, P15, fig. 2, 1855; A. Agassiz, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodl., i, p. 275, 1870. 

Kleinia nigra A. Agassiz, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zoél., p. 27, 1863. 

Meoma nigra Verrill, these Trans., p. 317, 1867; Amer. Jour. Sci., xlix, p. 93, 1870. 


Of this interesting species there are ten specimens in the collection 
from La Paz, which show considerable variation from the type form- 
erly described by me, as well as among themselves. 

The largest is 4°85 inches long, 4:25 broad, 2°10 high; the smallest 
3°85 long, 3:40 broad, 1°75 high. The outline, as seen from below, 
varies but little and is broad-oval, somewhat emarginate anteriorly, 
obliquely truncate posteriorly, and slightly compressed laterally, or, 
in other words, nearly heart-shaped. The anal area is large, some- 
what sunken, and is at the extreme posterior end of the shell, occupy- 
ing the greater part of the truncated portion. Its form varies from 
regularly elliptical, acute at each end, to broad-oval, rounded below 
and acute above; its position varies from nearly vertical to decidedly 
oblique, and it is so nearly terminal as to produce a posterior emargi- 
nation in a dorsal view of the shell. In a side view some specimens 
are decidedly depressed, but most are regularly arched, while one is 
decidedly elevated at the apex. There is considerable variation in 
the depth of the anterior ambulacral groove, and also in the number 
and prominence of the large tubercles, which are more or less 
restricted to the region enclosed by the peripetalous fasciole. The 
fasciole itself shows remarkable variations, but does not agree at all 
with Gray’s figure. The portion crossing the anterior interambula- 
cral regions varies less than other parts, but in some the intermediate 
transverse portion is nearly straight, in others strongly curved and 
often crooked, in one it is bent up into a right angle on each side of 
the ambulacral groove; its bend or angle near the antero-latera] 
grooves is also variable, both in form and extent, it being twice as 
large in some specimens as in others, and in one an irregular, crooked 
branch passes from the apex of the angle on the left side to the ante- 
rior groove. In the posterior interambulacrum the course of the fas- 
ciole is quite variable, in five examples it crosses with a strongly 
curved upward bend, without any distinct angle, rising highest in four 
specimens on the right side, in the other forming a nearly straight 
transverse middle portion; in three specimens it forms a sharp angle on 
the right side; in one a similar angle on the left side; in another there 
is a strong median angle, its apex pointing to the anal region, and 
another to the right of it, pointing to the summit; in all the speci- 
mens it bends inward farther than in Gray’s figure. The lateral part 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 591 


of the fasciole also varies, especially on the left side; in five (but not 
the same five that agree in the posterior region) it has but one angle, 
near the antero-lateral grooves, where it rises highest; in three it has 
two angles, rising highest at the posterior one, and nearly straight 
between; in two others, which also have two angles, the transverse 
part is double. On the other side the fasciole varies in the same way, 
but not in the same specimens, for some have two angles, both on the 
right and left; others two only on one side; others one on both sides. 
The anal fasciole is also variable; usually the subanal branch is want- 
ing or indistinct, though indicated by a band of smaller tubercles, but 
in one specimen it is well marked and the subanal disk is clearly and 
perfectly circumscribed. In this the subanal disk is very broad, bilo- 
bed, narrowest in the middle, scarcely heart-shaped, the anterior bor- 
der being nearly transverse, and the posterior border nearly parallel 
with the anal region and about 15 of an inch from it. In others the 
posterior border is more curved. One specimen has but three ovarial 
openings, the rest four. The proportionate length of the ambulacral 
grooves varies considerably, both in different specimens and on oppo- 
site sides of the same individual, sometimes those on the right being 
longest, sometimes those on the left, and not uncommonly a longer 
anterior one is offset by a shorter posterior one on the same side. 

My specimens differ widely from Gray’s figure, the position of the 
anal area, especially, is quite different, it being in the figure at a con- 
siderable distance from the posterior end, and therefore more ventral 
and nearer the subanal fasciole. The peripetalous fasciole is also very 
different from that of any of my specimens. 

Mr. A. Agassiz, who has recently examined Gray’s type in the Brit- 
ish Museum, is fully satisfied that it is identical with JZ nigra, as he 
had previously supposed. 

The locality given by Gray (Australia) is, therefore, doubtless erro- 
neous. 


Metalia nobilis Verrill. (p, 319). 

Plagionotus nobilis A. Agassiz, Bulletin Mus. Com). Zool., i, p. 302, 1870. 

Mr. Agassiz, after an examination of the original specimen, referred 
this species to Plagionotus. In this opinion I cannot concur, unless 
Metulia and Plagionotus are to be united, which at present does not 
seem to be justifiable, although the two groups are evidently closely 
allied. 

Metalia nobilis appears to be much more closely allied to MW. ster- 
nalis, and especially to M. Garretii, than to the two typical species 


592 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


of Plagionotus (P. pectoralis and P. Africanus). The two latter 
species agree in their broad depressed form; in having the peripetal- 
ous fasciole convex across the lateral and posterior interambulacra, or 
nearly parallel with the margin of the test ; im possessing many very 
large tubercles, surrounded by a smooth sunken area, bearing large 
spines, and arranged in oblique transverse rows in all the interambu- 
lacra, within the fasciole; and especially in having narrow ambulacra 
and small ambulacral plates, beyond the petals, while the lateral inter- 
ambulacral plates are very long transversely and narrow yertically, 
the latter being six or seven times as long as broad, and five or six 
times as long as the corresponding ambulacral plates; and in the 
anterior interambulacra the plates next the anterior ambulacra are 
only about half the length of those next the lateral ambulacra, and 
the latter are much bent, and angulated toward the inner end. 

In Metalia the form is more swollen above; the peripetalous fasei- 
ole is curved upward in the lateral and posterior interambulacra, and 
not at all parallel with the margin ; there are no very large tubercles » 
in the interambulacra, the largest ones, which correspond nearly with 
the secondary ones of Plagionotus, are chiefly found in the posterior 
zone and near the anterior ambulacra, in M. nobilis, but they are not 
arranged in definite rows, and are not at all conspicuous, while in the 
lateral zones they are very few and scarcely distinct from the small 
tubercles; the ambulacra, below the petals, are relatively broad (in 
M. nobilis about half as wide as the lateral interambulacra), and 
composed of large plates, while the interambulacra are correspond- 
ingly narrowed, and composed of fewer plates, which are much broader 
vertically and shorter transversely than those of Plagionotus ; in M. 
nobilis these are only two or three times longer than broad, and 
about three times as long as the corresponding ambulacral plates; in 
the anterior interambulacra the two rows of plates are nearly equal, 
and those of both are more regularly curved in the middle. 

In Metalia the ambulacral petals are more sunken than in Plagion- 
otus, and this is notably the case in J. nobilis. In the latter and 
M. Garretii, the vertex is more anterior than is usual in Plagionotus, 
but this character is somewhat variable. In the character of the 
lower surface the two genera do not materially differ. 

In JL nobilis the actinal area is broadly erescent-shaped, and 
covered with few, rather large, polygonal plates, which are in close 
contact. The anal area is also closely covered with angular plates, 
the outer ones forming a continuous marginal row, in which the lower 
ones are smallest and oblong or squarish, while the upper ones, filling 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 593 


the acute angle, are much larger and irregular in form. There are 
four, round, genital orifices, of which the two anterior are largest and 
nearest together. 


Agassizia scrobiculata Val 
Voyage de la Vénus, Zodph., Pl. 1, figures 2-2 f, 1840; Agassiz and Desor, Ann. des 
Sei. nat., viii, p. 20. 1847; A. Agassiz, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodl.. i, p. 276, 1870. 
Agassizia subrotunda Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vil, p. 133, 1851; Catalogue 
Echinida of British Mus., p. 63, tab. 3, fig. 2, 1855; Verrill, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. 
Hist., vol. xii, p. 381, 1869; Amer. Jour. Sci., xlix, p. 95, 1870. 
A. ovulum Liitken, Vidensk. Medd., p. 134, tab. 2, fig. 8; Verrill, these Trans., p. 320. 
Of this species there are from La Paz about a dozen specimens, 
mostly more or less broken, which show but little variation. They 
agree well with Gray’s figure, but not with those in the Voyage de la 
Vénus. Mr. A. Agassiz has, however, seen the original of the latter, 
and finds it identical with the A. subrotunda of Gray. The figure is 
inaccurate. A. ovulwn Liitk. is the young of the same species, and is 
more oblong in form than the larger specimens. 
One of our larger specimens is 1°79 inches long; 1°55 broad; 1°24 
high. A smaller one is 1°50 long; 1°35 broad; 1°05 high. 
I have taken several small specimens from the stomach of a fish, 
collected at Panama by Mr. F. H. Bradley. Mr. J. A. McNiel also 
sent larger specimens from Panama. 


No. 9.—The Echinoderm-Fauna of the Gulf of California and 
Cape St. Lucas. 


In order to give a better idea of the fauna of the Gulf of California, 
I have brought together, in the following list, all the species hitherto 
recorded from there.* The Holothurians are entirely unknown, and 
doubtless many additional species of the other orders remain to be 
discovered, when systematic dredgings shall have been undertaken. 
All the species hitherto described belong to the littoral and laminarian 


* Dr. Chr Liitken hax informed me by letter that the Museum of Copenhagen has 
received a collection from Altata. nearly opposite La Paz, which contained Ophiolepis 
variegata ; a new species of Ophioglypha, allied to O. Sarsii; Heliaster Kubiniji ; H. 
microbrachia; a new genus and species of Star-fish, with 30-35 long arms, and allied 
to Acanthaster and Pedicellaster; a second species of Cidaris; Astropyga depressa; 
Boletia rosea; and Meoma grandis. Also from Mazatlan a new species of Lwuidia, 
with remarkably short marginal spines (L. brevispina Ltk). These were probably ob- 
tained by dredging in deeper water. 


594 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


zones, and have been obtained upon the shores at low-water, or by 
the aid of pearl-divers at depths less than eight fathoms. 

In the list I have pretixed letters to indicate the relations of this to 
the other tropical faune, Those species indicated by c are represen- 
ted by closely allies species in the Caribbean fauna; those designated 
by m are represented in the same way in the Mediterranean; those 
with a have corresponding species on the west coast of Africa; those 
with 1 have representative species in the Indo-Pacific fauna. 

The species which I have personally examined are designated by a 
mark of exclamation (!). 

OPHIUROIDEA. 
c-m— -1-Astrophyton Paunamense Verrill! La Paz to Zorritos. 


o-m— - —Ophiura Panamensis Lyman! Southward to Panama. 
c- — —-0O. teres Lyman! 8. to Panama. 

c— — -1- Ophiolepis variegata Liitken. Altata. S. to Panama. 
c-mM— -I-Ophiocoma ethiops Liitken! S. to Panama. 

c—- — -1-O0. Alexandri Lyman! S. to Panama. 

c-—mM— -I-Ophiactis virescens Liitken! S. to Panama. 

c— — -I-Ophionereis Xantusii Lyman. Cape St. Lucas. 

c— — -I-O. annulata Lyman! 8. to Panama. 


c-M— -1-Ophioglypha, sp. Altata (t. Liitken). 

c-mM- -1-Ophiothrix spiculata LeC.! 8. to Zorritos. 

c-m— -I-O, dumosa Lyman. Cape St. Lucas, San Diego, Guaymas. 
— — -1-Ophiothela mirabilis Verrill! La Paz to Panama, 


ASTERIOIDEA. 
c-m—a-1—Astropecten Orstedii Liitken! S. to Panama. 
c-m-A-1-Luidia brevispina Ltk. Mazatlan. 
— — --Gymnasteria spinosa Gray! La Paz. 
Amphiaster insignis Verrill! La Paz. 
Nidorellia armata Gray! Guaymas and La Paz to Zorritos. 
c- -a-I-Oreaster oce/dentalis Verrill! La Paz to Panama. 
- - --Acanthaster Ellisii Verrill! La Paz to Galapagos and “8S. 
America.” 
- - -1-Mithrodi1 Bradleyi Verrill! La Paz to Panama. 
c-m— -1—Kchinaster tenuvispina Verrill! La Paz. 
Lepidaster teres Verrill! La Paz. 
c-mM— -I-Linchia unifascialis Gray ! 8. to Zorritos, 
Do. var. bifascialis Gray! S. to Panama. 
c-M— -I-Ophidiaster pyramidatus Gray! 8. to Zorritos. 
Heliaster microbrachia Xantus! Cape St. Lucas to Panama. 
H.. Rubiniji Xantus! Guaymas, La Paz and Cape St. Lucas. 
c-M-A-I—A sterias sertulifera Xantus! Cape St. Lucas. 


Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 595 


EcuHINOIDEA. 


c— —A-1-Cidaris Thouarsii Val.! Guaymas and La Paz to Panama 
and Galapagos. 
Cidaris, sp. Altata (t. Liitken). 
c-M—A-I-Diadema Mexicanum A. Ag.! Guaymas to Acapulco. 
Echinodiadema coronatum Verrill! Cape St. Lucas. 
- — -1-Astropyga depressa Gray! La Paz to Panama. 
c-mM-A— —Echinocidaris stellata Agassiz! Margarita Bay and Guay- 
mas to Paita and Galapagos. 
— — -1-Boletia picta Verrill! La Paz and Cape St. Lucas. 
— — -1-Boletiu rosea A. A. Altata (t. Liitken), 8. to Panama. 
c— — -1-Tripneustes depressus A. Ag.! Guaymas and La Paz. 
c— —a-t-Hehinometra Van Brunti A. Ag.! La Paz to Acapulco. 
c— —a-1-Clypeaster testudinarius Verrill! La Paz. 


o— — ——WMellitu longifissa Mich.! Guaymas and La Paz to Panama. 

c— — — -Encope grandis Ag.! La Paz and Guaymas. 

c- — —-Encope Californica Verrill! Guaymas to Cape St. Lucas. 

c— — ——Kncope occidentalis Verrill! $8. to Zorritos and Galapagos. 

c— — —-Rhyncholampas Pacificus Ag.! Cape St. Lucas and Aca- 
pulco. 

c— — --Meoma grandis Gray! La Paz to Acapulco. 


— — -- Metalia nobilis Verrill! Cape St. Lucas and Panama. 
c-m— -I-Brissus obesus Verrill! La Paz to Panama. 
c— — —-Agassizia scrobiculata Val.! Guaymas and La Paz to Pan- 
ama and “ Peru.” 
- - -1-Lovenia, sp.! Cape St. Lucas and San Diego. 
c—- — —-Mera Clotho Mich.! Mazatlan. 


In this list there are 50 species. Of these, 28 species extend 
southward to Panama Bay, or beyond; 8 are known even to reach 
northern Peru, and doubtless many others will be found to do so 
when that region becomes better known; 4 species have been found 
also at the Galapagos; 4 species, which have not been found at 
Panama, reach Acapulco; 2 species are common to the Gulf and San 
Diego, but have not been found southward; and 17 species are as yet 
known only from the Gulf and Cape St. Lucas. 

Of the whole number, 35 are represented by allied species in the 
Caribbean fauna. 24 of these are also represented in the Indo-Pacific 
fauna, 19 of which are also represented in the Mediterranean or on 
the west coast of Africa, and may, therefore, be regarded as true 
cosmopolitan tropical types. 9 additional species, which do not have 


596 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 


allies in the Caribbean, are represented in the Indo-Pacific fauna and 
may be regarded as true Pacific types; 7 species (including Liitken’s 
new genus of star-fishes, not in the list) have no allies elsewhere, so 
far as known, and for the present may be regarded as peculiar West- 
American types. 

We may, therefore, consider this fauna as made up, approximately, 
of 11 species, Atlantic in type; 9 Indo-Pacific; 19 cosmopolitan, and 
4 others probably so; with 6 species of types peculiar to the west coast. 


Eek AWA TO PARI Lr 


Page 293, line 16, for tesselata, read tessellata. 

Page 293, line 18, for Ludia, read Luidia. 

Page 294, line 32, for Mexicana, read Mexicanum. 

Page 295, line 30, for coronata, read coronatum. 

Page 297, line 23, for ambulacra, read interambulacra. 

Page 303, line 2 of foot-note, for depressus, read depressa. 

Page 376, line 32, for Pterogorgia gracilis, read Gorgonia gracilis. 

Page 386, last line of foot-note, insert p. 419. 

Page 387, last line, for p. 325, read p. 419. 

Page 410, line 18, omit Plate VI, figure 8. 

Page 413, line 17, for Phycogorgia fucata, read Leptogorgia fucata. The spicula of 
Phycogorgia fucata, according to Mr. Wm. 8. Kent (Trans. Roy. Mic. Soe., iii, p. 91, 
1870), agree with those of Leptogorgia, to which it should therefore be referred. 

Page 514 line 33, for Stylasteride Pourtales, read Stylasteride Gray (emended).* 

Page 518, line 20, for Pocilliporide Verrill, read Pocilliporide Gray (restricted). 

Page 519, line 17, for Astreopsammia, read Astropsammia. 

Page 542, line 26, for Agaricide Verrill, read Agaricide Gray (restricted). 

Page 554, after Hugorgia multifida, insert Plate VI, figure 8. 


* Annals and Mag. Nat Hist., vol. xix, p. 127, 1847. 


~~ 


I ey a OX 


Abatus antarcticus, 336. 
australis, 336. 
cavernosus, 336. 
Abrolhos Reefs, Brazil, Notice of the Cor- 
als and Hchinoderms collected by Prof. 
C. F. Hartt, at the, 351. 
Acalephze, 362. 
Acanthaster, 348, 593. 
Ellisii, 332,. 333, 343, 576, 594. 
solaris. 576. 
Acanthastrea, 355, 365. 
Braziliensis, 355, 357. 
Acanthocidaris Mexicana, 308. 
erythrogramma, 335. 
Acanthogorgia, 419. 
aspera, 419. 
Atlantica, 419. 
coccinea, 419. 
Grayi, 419. 
hirsuta, 419. 
Acis, 449, 450. 
Acrocladia, 349. 
Act of Incorporation, 5. 
Actinacea, 46]. 
Actinaria, 460, 461, 500, 559, 560, 562, 566. 
Actinia, 466, 475, 478, 487, 491. 
artemisia, 470, 471. 
bicolor, 486. 
bimaculata, 469. 
carneola, 469. 
Chilensis, 488. 
clematis, 476. 
coriacea, 469, 
crassicornis, 469. 
crispata, 484. 
cruentata, 467. 
decorata, 481. 
Dowii, 474. 
elegantissima, 469, 470, 
felina, 469. 
florida, 477. 
floseulifera, 464, 
Fuegiensis, 480. 
Holsatica, 469. 
impatiens, 483. 
Krebsii, 473. 
Laurentii, 469, 470. 
lineolata, 483. 
Mertensii, 479, 566. 
nivea, 485. 
nympheea, 486. 
obtruncata, 469. 


| 


Actinia ocellata, 468. 
papillosa, 468. 
Peruyiana, 486. 
picta, 493, 
primula, 487, 488. 
pluvia, 468. 
reticulata, 479. 
rubens, 487. 
spectabilis, 469. 
xanthogrammica, 471. 

Actiniadze, 491. 

Actiniaires, 461. 

Actinidz 362, 466, 461, 494. 

Actinina, 461. 466. 

Actinine, 461, 466, 491. 


| Actinines perforées, 477. 


Actinines verruqueuses, 466. 
Actinocereus, 484. 
Actinoids, 460. 
Actinoloba, 478. 
reticulata, 479. 
Actinopyga Agassizii, 347. 
obscura, 347. 
parvula, 347. 
Actinotryx, 462. 
Adamsia, 477. 481. 
Egletes, 481. 
Addenda to Review of the Corals and Po- 
lyps of the west coast of America, 546. 
Advertisement, 2. 
Agaricia, 352, 543. 
agaricites, 352. 
Agaricide, 542, 596. 
Agassizia, 320, 348. 
excentrica, 346. 
ovulum, 320, 331, 346. 593. 
scrobiculata, 334, 593, 595. 
subrotunda, 593. 
Aleyonacea, 458, 455. 
Alecyonaria, 359, 378, 559, 560, 566. 
Alcyonide, 458. 
Alcyonides, 458. 
Aleyonine, 458, 
Aleyonium, 459. 
Bradleyi, 459, 562. 
carneum, 459. 
rubiforme, 459, 559. 
Allopora, 516, 515. 
Californica, 516, 503, 517, 663. 
venusta, 517, 560. 
Alveopora, 502. 
Amblypneustes formosus, 333. 


598 


Amblypneustes pallidus, 333. 
Amphiactis, 462. 
Amphiaster, 372. 

insignis, 372, 594. 

Amph:pholis, 261. 
albida, 341. 
grisea, 342. 

Januari, 341. 
subtilis, 341. 

Amphiura, 261, 348. 
Chilensis, 335. 
geminata, 261, 330, 341. 
gracillima, 342. 
hispida, 260. 
limbata, 342. 
marginata, 262. 


microdiseus, 270, 261, 330, 342. 


oecidentalix, 325, 326. 
Orstedii, 270, 262, 240, 341. 
Pugetana, 325. 
Punt irene, 261, 330, 341. 
Riisei, 341. 
squamata, 341. 
Stimpsonii, 341. 
tenera, 341. 
urtica, 325. 
violacea, 261, 330, 341. 
Anactis, 493. 
picta, 493, 566. 
Anaperus, 322. 
Briareus, 322. 
Peruanus, 322, 335, 376. 
Anemonia, 491. 
Anthea, 491. 
Antheade, 466, 491. 
Anthenia, 349. 
Anthocidaris. 333, 583. 
homalostoma, 333. 
Mexicana, 345. 
Anthogorgia, 419. 
Anthophyllum, 513. 
Anthopleura, 473, 467. 
Dowii, 474, 562. 
eranulifera, 474. 
Krebsii, 474, 462. 
pallida, 474. 
Antipathacea, 499. 
Antipatharia, 499. 
Antipathes, 499. 
Panamensis, 499, 562. 
Antipathide, 499. 
Antipathina, 499. 
Antodon, 365. 
armata, 341. 
Braziliensis 341, 365. 
brevipinna, 341. 
Cubensis, 341. 
Dubenii, 365, 341. 
Hagenii, 341. 
meridianalis, 341. 
Milbertii. 341. 
rubiyinosa, 341. 
Arachnactis, 496. 


INDEX, 


Araucanian Province, 339. 

| Arbacia, 301, 348. 

| grandinosa, 334. 

nigra 301, 334, 335. 

pustulosa, 344. 

| Arbacidee, 344. 

| Arca, 350. 

| Archaster, 349. 

| Arctic Province, Polyps of, 559. 

| Aspidochir Mertensii, 325. 

Asteracanthion, 289. 
aurantiacus, 293. 
helianthus, 289. 

Asteractis, 464, 492. 
Bradleyi, 465, 562. 

Asterias, 337. 
zequalis, 327. 
antarctica, 336, 339. 
aster, 248. 
Atlantica, 368, 344. 
aurantiacus. 293. 
brevispina, 327. 
capitata, 327. 
conferta, 326. 
Cumingii, 291. 
echinata, 335. 
epichlora, 325, 326. 
fissispina, 326. 
gelatinosa, 335. 
Germanii, 335. 
gigantea, 327. 
helianthus, 289, 
hexactis, 326. 
Katherine. 326. 
leevigata, 285. 
lurida, 335. 
Liitkenii, 326. 
Mexicana, 344. 
miniata, 324, 326. 
ochracea, 325. 326, 327. 
paucispina, 326. 
regalis, 330. 
rugispina. 336. 
rustica, 335. 
sertulifera, 328, 344, 594. 
solaris, 333. 
tenuispina, 344, 369. 
Troschelii, 326. 
variolata, 285. 

Asteridee, 344. 

Asterina, 250. 
modesta, 277. 
regularis, 250. 

Asterioidea, 271, 343, 367, 372, 574 

Asteriscus. 250, 348. 
Braziliensis, 343. 
Chilensis, 334, 335. 
folium, 343. 
modestus, 277, 330, 343 
regularis, 250. 
stillifer, 343. 

Asteroporpa, 348. 
affinis, 341. 


Asteroporpa annulata. 341. 
dasycladia, 341. 

Asteropsis imbricata, 324. 

Astreea, 512. 

Astreeacea, 461, 536. 

Astreeidie, 519, 513, 540. 


Astrangia, 525, 340, 362, 513, 532, 567. 


astreiformis, 524. 
bella, 530, 531. 
concinna, 528, 563. 
conferta, 530, 563, 564. 
costata, 529, 563. © 
Dane, 524, 530, 531. 
dentata, 528, 563, 565, 566. 
Edwardsii. 526. 
Haimei, 526, 525, 530, 563. 
Marylandica, 530, 531. 
Michelini, 526. 
palifera, 525, 526. 
Pedersenii, 529, 563, 564, 565. 
: pulchella, 527, 563. 
Astrangiacez, 525. 
Astrangide 524, 514, 536. 
Astranginie, 525, 514. 
Astreinz reptantes, 525. 
Astriclypeus, 311, 348. 
Mannii, 311, 327. 
Astrochema, 348. 
affinis, 341. 
oligactes, 341. 
Astrochemidee 341. 
A-trogonium Fonki 335. 
Astro gorgia, 416, 419. 
Astropecten, 250, 272, 348. 
Antillensis, 343. 
armatus, 332, 343. 
articul tus, 343 
Braziliensis, 343. 
celacanthus, 273. 
ecliatus, 343. 
dubius, 343. 
Edwardsii, 250. 
erinaceus 332. 343. 
fragilis, 272, 330, 332, 333. 343. 
Orstedii, 274, 328, 330, 343 594. 
Peruanu-, 334. 
Peruvianus, 275. 
regalis, 273, 330, 343. 
stellatus, 276. 
Valenciennesii, 276, 343. 
variabilis, 343. 
Astropectenide, 343. 
Astropsammia, 509, 506. 519. 
Pedersenii, 509, 563, 565. 
Astropyya, 296, 348. 
depressa, 579, 593, 595. 
venusta, 296, 331, 344, 579. 
Astrophytide, 341. 
Astrophyton, 251, 348. 
Carvi, 325, 326. 
cecilia, 341. 
Chilensis, 335. 
Krebsii, 341. 
TRANS. Conn. AcaD., VOL. I. 


INDEX. 


599 


Astrophyton muricatum, 341. 
Panamense, 251, 294. 

Aulactinia, 474. 

Aureliania, 462. 


| Aurora Borealis at New Haven, Conn., from 


March, 1837, to Dec., 1853, 9. 
Auroral Observations, Summary of, 168, 
lal 
Auroral Register hept at New Haven, Ct., 
by Francis Bradley, 139. 
Auroras, average number of annually, 172. 
Auroras, Notices of, extracted from the 
Meteorological Journal of Rev. Ezra 
Stiles, 155. 
extracted from a Meteorological Jour- 
nal kept at Sharon, Conn., 167. 
extracted from various Journals kept 
at New Haven, Conn., 164. 
Auroras observed by Rev. Ezra Stiles, at 
Dighton, Mass., 156. 
New Haven, Conn., 156. 
Newport, R. I., 155. 
Portsmouth. N. H., 156. 
Average number of Auroras annually, 172. 
Axohelia, 515. 


Balanophyliia, 511. 
elegans, 511, 560. 
Baihycyathus, 538. 
Chilens's, 539, 567. 
Indicus, 538. 
Sowerbyi, 538. 
Bebryce, 419. 
Bekker’s Digammated Text of Homer, 173. 
Bergidee, 494. 
Bl-pharogorgia Schrammi, 419 
Bohadschia agglutinata, 347. 
fasciata, 347. 
Boletia, 304, 582. 
depressa, 303, 583. 
picta. 581, 595. 
pileolus. 303, 583. 
rosea, 302, 583, 593, 595. 
viridis, 304, 334, 584. 
Bolocera eques, 469. 
Boston, and New Haven, Summary of 
Auroral Observations at, 17). 
Brachyrhinus creolus, 340. 
Bradley, Francis, Extracts from an Auroral 
Register kept at New Haven, Conn., 139. 
Brazilian Coral-fiuna, Remarks on the, 364. 
Briaraces, 454. 
Briaracées, 454. 
Briareaceze, 454. 
Briareide, 454. 
Briareum, 454. 
Brissus, 316, 318, 348. 
Columbaris, 316, 345. 
obesus, 316. 328, 345, 375, 589, 595. 
pectoralis, 571. 
Brissus Scillze, 316, 317. 
Bunodes, 467, 469, 474, 475, 562. 
eavernata, 473, 


70 MaRcH, 1871, 


600 


Bunodes crassicornis. 469. | 
cruentata, 467, 567. 
ocellata, 468, 566. 
papillosa, 468, 566, 567. 
pluyia, 468, 566. 
xanthogrammica, 471. 

Bunodide, 466. 

Bunodine, 466, 462. 


California, Gulf of, and Cape St. Lucas, | 
Echinoderm-fauna of, 593. 
Californian Province, 337. 
Polyps of, 560. 
Calliactis, 481. 
bicolor, 481. 
decorata, 481, 482. 
Egletes, 481. 
fusca, 481. 
polypus, 481. 
tricolor, 481. 
variegata, 481, 562. 
Callipodium, 455. 
aureum, 457, 562. 
Pacificum, 456, 562, 565. 
Cape St. Lueas, list of Echinoderms found 
at, 3277. 
and Gulf of Cal., Echinoderm-fauna 
OfAb93: 
Capnea. 462. 
Capneadze, 462. 
Caribbean and Panamian Faunce, compara- 
tive lists of tle Echinoderms of the, 341. 
Caryophyllaceze, 512. 
Jaryophyllia, 336, 507, 513, 
Smithii, 535. 
Caryophyllidze, 535, 506, 512, 514. 
Caryophyllinee, 535. 
Cassidulidze 345. 
Cassidulus, 316, 348. 
Carribeearum, 316, 345. 
Cassis sp. 350. 
Central America, list of the Echinoderms 
of the west coast of, 329. 
Cereze, 466 
Cereus, 480, 476, 469. 
artemis a, 471. 
bellis, 480. 
coriaceus, 469. 
cruentatus, 467. 
Fuegiensis, 480, 567. 
ocellatus, 468. 
papillosus, 468. 
pluvia, 468. 
Cheetaster Califorincus, 327. 
Chilian Province, 338. 
Polyps of, 566. 
Chili, list of Echinoderms found on the 
coast of, 335. 
Chirodota, 371, 349. 
discolor, 325. 
pygmeea, 346, 371. 
rotiferum, 346 371. 


ROR 


VO. 


INDEX, 


| Cistina, 577. | 


| Cladocora, 365, 513, 524. 


verrucosum, 325, 


Cidaridee, 344. 
Cidaris, 294, 348. 
annulata, 294, 344. 
Dane, 327. 
species, 593, 595. 
Thouarsii, 294, 328, 331, 333, 370, 579, 


595. 


Columbie, 332, 344. 
Cladactis, 471, 472, 474. 
grandis, 472, 562, 566. 


Cladocoracez, 524. 
Cladocorinee, 514. 
Clypeaster, 348. 

Riisei, 314. 

rosaceus, 345, 589. 

speciosus, 348, 345, 588. 

testudinarius, 588, 595. 
Clypeasteridve, 345. 
Coelasterias, 247. 

australis, 247. 
Coelastreea, 519. 
Coenangia, 530. 

conferta, 530, 563. 
Coenopsammia, 340. 

tenuilamellosa, 508. 

Colobocentrotus pediferus, 335. | 

Columbella sp., 350. 

Columnaria, 519. 

Comatulide, 349. 

Comparison of the tropical echinoderm 
faunze of the east and west coasts of 
America, 339. 

Connection, oceanic, across the Isthmus of 
Darien, 849. 

Conularidee, 455. 

Corticifera, 495. 

Corynactis, 462. 

Coral-fauna, remarks on the Brazilian, 364. 

Corals and Echinoderms collected by Prof. 
C. F. Hartt. at the Abrolhos Reefs, 
Brazil, Notice of the, 377. 

Corals and Polyps of the west coast of 
America, Review of, 377. 

Coscinasterias, 248. 

muricata, 249. 

Crepidula unguiformis, 339. 

Cribrella leviuscula, 326. 

Cribrina, 467, 478 480, 482. 

coriacea, 469. 

Crinoidea, 341, 349, 365. 

Jrustacea, cormmon to the east and west 
coasts of tropical America, 339. 

Crustulum gratulans, 311. 

Cryptohelia, 515. 

Cucumaria, 321. 

frondosa, 327, 346. 

Cucumaride, 346. 

Culcita, 349. 

Schmideliana, 333. 

Cuvieria antarctica, 336, 339. 

operculata, 346. 


0 ea SS ss CO 


INDEX. 601 


Cuvieria Sitchzensis, 325. 
Cyathinee, 535. 
Cyclopora, 515. 
Cyphastreea, 513. 
Cystiactis, 473, 472. 
cavernata, 473. 
Eugenia, 473. 
Eydouxi, 473, 566. 
Gaudichaudi, 473. 


Dactylosaster gracilis, 332, 344. 
Dendraster, 337, 348. 
excentricus, 325, 326, 327. 
Dendrophyliia, 507, 513. 
surcularis, 507, 508, 563. 
tenuilamellosa, 508, 563, 565. 
Desmophyllum, 539, 536. 
crista-galli, 539. 
Cumingii, 539, 563. 
Desoria, 349. 
Diadema, 295, 348, 580. 
Antillarum, 295, 344. 
Mexicanum, 294,328,329,344, 580, 595. 
Diademidee, 344. 
Digammated Text of Homer, on Bekker’s, 
173. 
Dighton, Mass., Auroras observed at, 156. 
Dimorphous polyps in Renilla. ete., 378. 
Diploperideris Sitchzensis, 325. 
Diploria, 365. 
Discosoma, 462, 480. 
Fuegiensis. 480. 
Discosomee, 461. 
Discosomine, 461. 
Discosomus, 462. 
Discotrochus, 536. 
Distichipora, 515. 
Dysactis Chilensis, 488. 


Echinactis, 462. 

Echinanthus testudinarius, 588. 

Echinaster, 348. 
aculeatus, 331, 343. 
Braziliensis, 343. 
crassispina, 368, 343. 
Ellisii, 332, 576. 
serpentarius, 343. 
spinosus, 343, 577. 
spinulosus, 343. 
tenuispina, 577, 594. 

Echinasteridz, 343. 

Echinide, 344. 

Echinocidaris, 298, 348. 
Dufresnii, 344, 580. 
incisa, 298. 
longispina, 298. 
nigra, 301. 
punctulata, 344. 

Scythei, 336, 580. 
spatuligera, 300, 334, 335. 
stellata, 298, 328, 329, 331, 332, 333, 
334, 335, 338, 344, 595. 
Kchinocucumis typica, 346. 
Echinodermata, 365. 


| Echinoderm-fauua of the Gulf of California 
and Cape St. Lucas, 593. 

Echinoderm faunz, comparison of the 
tropical, of the east and west coasts of 
America, 339. 

| Echinoderms, additional observations on, 

568. 
and Corals collected by Prof. C. F. 
Hartt, at the Abrolhos Reefs, Brazil, 
notice of the, 351. 
notice of a collection of, from La Paz, 
Lower Cal., 361. 
of Panama and the west coast of Amer- 
ica, geographical distribution of, 352. 
Echinodiadema, 295, 348, 365, 580. 
coronatum, 295, 328, 344, 580, 595. 
Kchinoglycus, 312. 348. 
frondosus, 370. 
Stokesii, 312, 331, 332, 334, 345. 
Echinogorgia, 387, 418, 419. 
arbuscula, 414. 
arida, 384. 
aurantiaca, 450, 413, 557, 566. 
sasappo, 450, 557. 
Kchinoidea, 294, 344, 369, 374, 579. 
Echinolampus, 349. 
caratomides, 349. 
| Echinometra, 308, 348. 
lueuntur, 369, 345. 
Mexicana, 307. 
Michelini, 345, 585. 
plana, 308, 345, 
rupicola, 308, 331, 332, 333, 345, 376, 
583. 
Van Brunti, 309, 328, 329, 370, 585, 595. 
viridis, 345. 

Echinometride, 345. 

Echinomuricea coccinea, 419. 

Echinoporine, 540. 

| Echinothrix, 349. 


| chloroticus, 304, 583, 584. 
erythrogramma, 585. 
gibbosus, 305, 333. 
grandinosus, 301. 
homalostoma, 585. 
lucuntur, 369. 
Magellanicus, 336. 

niger, 301. 

| purpurescens, 501. 

spatuliger, 300. 

| Edwardsia, 494. 

| Encope, 309. 

Californica, 345, 586, 595. 

| emarginata, 310, 345, 370, 588. 

grandis, 310, 312, 329, 345, 585, 595. 
Michelini, 310, 345, 588. 
occidentalis, 309, 312, 331, 332, 333, 

334, 345, 370; 587, 595. 

quinqueloba, 345. 

| Stokesii, 312. 
tetrapora, 309. 

‘ Endohelia. 515. 


602 


Hpiactis, 492. 
prolifera, 492, 560. 
Kpizoanthus, 497. 
crassus, 498, 562. 
elongatus. 497, 562, 565. 
humilis, 498, 562. 
Eriphia, 340. 
gonagra, 340. 
squamata, 340. 
Errina, 515. 
Erythropodium, 454, 455. 
Pacificum, 456. 
Eugorgia, 406, 340, 386, 413. 
ampla, 407, 386, 561, 566. 
aurantiaca, 410, 555, 561, 564. 
Bradleyi, 411, 399, 561, 566. 
Daniana, 409, 388, 555, 561, 566. 
excelsa, var., 553, 409, 551, 558, 561, 
564. 
Mexicana, 410, 388. 
multifida, 554, 561, 564. 
nobilis, 408, 551, 553, 558, 561, 564, 
566. 
purpurascens, var., 408, 561, 566. 
rubens, 411, 566. 
stenobrachis, 393. 
Eunicea, 360, 385, 386, 413, 416. 
anceps, 362. 
Castelnaudi, 362. 
humilis, 360. 
Tobagensis, 444. 
Eunicella, 386. 
Eunicide, 413. 
Eumuricea, 449. 
Euphyllia, 513 
Eupsammidie, 506, 501, 509, 519. 
Eupsammine, 506. 
Euryechinus, 304. 
chloroc-ntrotus, 325, 326. 
Delalandii, 304. 
Drdbuchiensis, 304, 325, 326. 
gibbosus 305. 
granulatus, 304. 
imbecillis, 305, 333, 334. 
liv: dus, 304. 
EKusmilide, 536 
Evactis. 470, 474. 
artemisia, 471, 560. 
xanthogrammica, 471, 559. 
Evagora, 455 
Evechinus. 583 
chloroticus, 584. 
Extracts from an Auroral Register kept at 
New Haven, Conn., by Francis Bradley, 
139: 


Fabia Chilensis, 306. 

Faunz, Caribbean and Panamian, compar- 
ative lists of the Echinoderms of the, 
341. 

Comparison of the tropical echino- 
derm, of the east and west coasts of 
America, 339. 


INDEX. 


Favia, 353, 355, 365, 512. 
conferta, 355. 
deformata, 355. 
gravida, 354, 364. 
incerta, 355. 
leptophyla, 353. 

Favositidee, 518, 519. 

Favositine, 518. 

Ferdina Cumingii, 332, 343. 

Fishes common to the east and west coasts 

of tropical America, 340. 

Flabellinze, 539. 

Flabellum, 513, 535, 536. 

Fungacea, 540, 543. 

Fungia, 541. 
elegans, 542, 563, 565. 

Fungidee, 540, 542. 

Fungine, 540. 


Galapago Islands, list of Echinoderms from 
the, 333. 
Galapagos Province, 338. 
Galaxea, 513. 
Gammuria, 497. 
crassa. 498. 
elongata, 497. 
humilis, 498. 
Ganeria Falklandica, 336. 
Geographical distribution of the Echino- 
derms of the west coast of America, 352. 
of the Polyps of the west coast of 
America, 558. 
Geological evidence of an oceanic connec- 
tion across the Isthmus of Darien, 349. 
Gerardidee, 499. 
Goniasteride, 343. 
Goniasirea, 355. 
varia, 355. 
Goniocid..ris, 349. 
Gonio:.iscus, 284. 
armatus, 280, 372. 
conifer, 372. 
singularis, 335. 
stella, 284, 343, 372. 
verrucosus, 335. 
Gorgonia, 384, 340, 359, 385, 386, 387, 
406 407. 
Adamsii, 391. 
ulba, 398. 
Agassizil, 388. 
aurantiava, 410. 
ecitrina, 360. 
cuspidata, 403. 
dichotoma, 361. 
flabellum, 386. 
fucata, 413. 
fuecosa, 417. 
fusco-purpurea, 386. 
eracilis 359, 596. 
humilis, 394, 396. 
levis, var., 398. 
media, 389. 
palma, 386, 400. 


INDEX. 


Gorgonia papillosa, 385. 
plantaginea, 444. 
pumicea, 362. 
ramulus, 394. 
reticulata, 405. 
rigida, 398, 401. 
sanguinea, 406. 
stenobrachis, 393. 
stenobrochis, 393. 
ventalina, 391. 
verrucosa, 384, 385, 386. 
Gorgonacea, 384. 
Gorgonella, 384, 385, 387. 
Gorgonide, 384, 455, 499. 
Guaymas, Polyps collected at, by Dr. E. 
Palmer, 564. 
Gymnasteria, 348. 
inermis, 330, 343. 
spinosa, 330, 343, 574, 594. 


Hadley, James, on Bekker’s Digammated 
Text of Homer, 173. 

Haleyonina, 458. 

Hartt, Prof. C. F., Notice of the Corals and 
Echivoderms collected by, at the Abrol- 
hos Reefs, Brazil, 351. 

Remarks on the Brazilian Coral-fauna, 
364. 
Heliaster, 289, 348. 
Cumingii, 291, 333, 334, 344. 
helianthus, 287, 329, 334, 335. 
Kubiniji, 292, 312, 328, 329, 344, 578, 
593. 595. 
microbrachia, 290, 328, 331, 344, 593, 
595. 
multiradiata, 333. 
Heliastreea, 356, 365. 
apert:, 356, 364. 
Heliocidaris, 349, 584. 
chlorotica, 584. 
Mexicana, 583, 307, 308, 584. 
Hemipholis, 262, 348. 
affinis, 262, 573. 
cordifera, 263, 342. 
gracilis, 262, 330, 342, 573. 

Hepatella amica, 484. 

Herrick, Edward C., a Register of the Au- 
rora Borealis at New Haven, Conn., from 
March, 1837, to Dec., 1853, 9. 

Heterocentrotus, 349. 

Heterodactyla, 461. 

Heterodactyline, 461. 

Heterogorgia, 450, 419. 

papillosa, 557, 562, 565. 
toituosa, 452, 51:2. 
verrucosa, 451, 562. 

Heteropsammia, 506. 

Heterosynapta, 346. 

viridis, 346. 

Hipponoé, 349. 

Hipponoidee, 345. 

Holothuria botellus 331, 346. 

Californica, 327. 


603 


Holothuria Floridiana, 346. 
glaberrima, 331, 346. 
grisea, 346. 
languens, 331, 346. 
lepadifera, 346. 
lubrica, 329, 346. 
maculata, 346. 
Peruviana, 322, 376. 
princeps, 346. 
subditiva, 346. 

Holothuride, 346. 

Holothurioidea, 321, 346, 370. 

Homactis, 462. 

Homer, Bekker’s Digammated Text of, 173. 

Hugea, 494. 

Hydroidea, 362, 519. 

Hymenogorgia, 359, 384, 385. 
quercifolia, 359, 360, 362. 


Incorporation, Act of. 5. 

Introductory notice to Herrick’s Auroral 
Register, 7. 

Isacmzea crassiccernis, 469. 

papillosa, 469. 

Isaura, 494, 

Isthmus of Darien, oceanic connection 
across the, 349. 


Juncella hystrix, 362. 
Kleinia nigra, 317, 590. 


Laganum, 349. 
La Paz, L. Cal., notice of a collection of 
Echinoderms from, 371. 
Polyps collected at, by Capt J. Ped- 
ersen, 564. 
Leioptillum, 381. 
undulatum, 381, 378, 546, 560. 
Lepidaster, 577. 
teres, 577, 494. 
Lepidopsolus antarcticus, 336. 
operculata, 346. 
Leptogorgia, 387, 385, 386. 
Adamsii, 391, 392, 551, 561, 564, 565. 
Agassizii, 388, 390, 548, 550, 560, 565. 
ampla, 407. 
arbuscula, 406, 566. 
alba, 398, 401, 412, 561, 564, 566. 
aurantiaca, 413, 410. 
Californica, 398, 561. 
Caryi, 404, 556, 560. 
Chilensis, 406. 566. 
cuspidata. 403, 401, 552, 561. 
diffusa, 397, 561, 566. 
Englemanni. var., 394, 561, 565. 
exigua, 552, 561, 564, 566. 
exilis, 550, 561, 564. 
eximia, 390, 388, 551, 561. 
Florze, 387, 391, 560. 
flexilis, 400, 561. 
fucata, 596. 
labiata, 552, 561, 564, 565, 


604 


Leptogorgia media, 389, 391, 550, 560, 564, | Lithodendron, 507. 


565. 
Peruana, 405, 566. 
platyclados, 406, 566. 
pulchra, 549, 561, 564. 
pumila, 396, 561. 
ramulus. 394, 397, 399, 552, 561, 565. 
rigida, 401, 404, 552, 561, 564, 565. 
rutila, 392, 561, 565. 
sanguinea, 406. 
stenobrochis, 393, 403, 561, 565. 
tenuis, 551, 561, 564. 
viminalis, 387. 
virgularia, 406. 
Leptosynapta, 325. 
hydriformis, 346. 
Pourtalesii, 346. 
tenuis, 325. 
verrucosa, 325. 
Linckia, 285, 348, 577. 
bifascialis, 287, 328, 372, 594. 
Columbiz, 332, 344. 
Guildingii, 344, 367. 
ornithopus, 344, 367. 
unifascialis, 285, 312, 328, 329, 330, 
332, 333, 344, 372, 594. 
Liosoma arenicola, 327. 
Sitcheensis. 325. 
Lissothuria, 322. 
ornata, 322. 331, 346. 
List of Echinoderms from 
Sitcha, 324. 
Puget Sound and along the coast to 
Cape Mendocino, Cal., 325 
between Cape Mendocino and San Di- 
ego, Cal., 326. 
Margarita Bay and Cape St. Lucas. 327. 
Acapuleo, Mazatlan, and the Gulf of 
California, 328. 
the west coast of Central 
and the Bay of Panama. 329. 
the west coast of Ecuador and the 
southern part of New Grenada, 332. 
Zorritos, Peru, 353. 
the Galapago Islauds, 333. 
the coast of Peru, at Paita and south- 
ward, 334. 
the coast of Chili, 335. 
the southern extremity of South Amer- 
ica and the neighboring Islands, 336. 
List of Polyps of 
Arctic Province, 559. 
Californian Province, 560. 
Chilian Province, 556. 
Sitechian Province, 559. 
Oregonian Province, 559. 
Panamian Province, 560. 
Peruvian Province, 566. 
List of Polyps collected at 
Corinto and Gulf of Nicoya by J. A. 
MeNiel, 565. 
Guaymas by Dr. E. Palmer, 564. 
La Paz by Capt. J. Pedersen, 564. 


America 


INDEX. 


! 
| 
i} 


Litigorgia, 387, 386. 
Adamsii, 391, 
Agassizii, 388. 
arbuscula, 406. 
Californica, 398. 
cuspidata, 403. 
diffusa, 397. 
Englemanni, var.. 
eximia, 390. 
levis, 398. 
flexilis, 400. 
Flore, 387. 
fucosa, 404. 
media, 389. 
Peruana, 405, 
platyclados, 406. 
pumila, 396. 
ramulus, 394. 
rigida, 401. 
rosea, 406. 
rutila, 392. 
sanguinea, 406, 
stevobrochis, 393. 

Lobophora, 349. 

Lobopsammia. 506. 

Lobularia rubiforme, 459. 

Loomis, Elias, notices of Auroras, extracted 
from the meteorological journal of Rev. 
Ezra Stiles, 155 

Loomis, Elias, and H. A. Newton, on the 
mean Temperature, and on the fluctua- 
tions of Temperature, at New Haven, | 
Conn., 194. 

Lophactis, 463. 
ornata, 464, 562. | 

Lophogorgia, 384, 385, 386, 387. | 
alba, 398. 
aurantiaca, 410. | 
palma, 403. 
Panamensis, 394, 396. 

Lophoserid, 542. 

Lophoserinee, 542. 

Lophoseris, 543. 

Lovenia, 329, 346, 

Loxechinus, 348. 
albus, 324, 335. 
purpuratus, 327, 337. 

Luidia, 271, 348. 
alternata, 343. 

Bellonee, 293, 332, 334, 343 ~ 
brevispina, 593, 594. 
clathrata, 271, 343. 
Columbize, 348. 

Macgravil, 343. 

tessellata, 271, 330, 343. 

Lytechinus, 302. 

Atlanticus, 303, 344. 

excavatus, 344. 

roseus, 302, 328, 329, 331, 333, 344, 
583. 

semituberculatus, 301, 333. 

variegatus, 344, 369. 


394. 


348, 595. 


INDEX. 


Madrepora, 365, 500, 501, 503. 

Madreporacea, 500. 

Madreporacez, 512. 

Madreporaria, 352, 500, 556, 562. 
perforata, 500. 

Madreporidee, 501. 

Madreporine, 501. 

Meeandrina, 355, 365, 512. 

Malea sp., 350. 

Mammnillifera, 495. 
auricula, 496. 
conferta, 497, 562. 

Danie, 496, 562. 
nitida, 497, 562. 

Manicina, 365. 

Maretia, 349. 

Margarita Bay, list of Echinoderms found | 

at, 327. 
MeNiel, J. A., Polyps collected by, on the | 
west coast of Nicaragua, 565. 

Mediaster aqualis, 326. 

Melitodes virgata, 572. 

Mellita, 348. 
hexapora, 314, 345. 
longifissa, 314, 331, 345, 588, 595. 
Pacifica, 313, 333, 345. 
pentapora, 314, 345, 586. 
testudinea, 345. 

Meoma, 317, 348. 
grandis, 317, 590, 593, 595. | 
nigra, 317, 329, 345, 590. | 
ventricosa, 345. 

Merulinacexe, 540. 

Metalia, 318, 348. | 
Garretii, 320, 591. 
nobilis, 319, 591, 328, 331, 345, 348, 

595 
sternalis, 319, 591. 

Meteorology of New Haven, 194. 

Metridium, 478, 462, 463. 
concinnitum, 463. 
dianthus, 478. 
fimbriatum, 478, 560. 
mareginatum, 478, 560. 
reticulatum, 479, 567. 

Millepora, 362. 365, 519. 
alcicornis, 363, 364. 

Braziliensis, 363. 
cellulosa, var., 363. 
digitata, var., 364. 
fenestrata, var., 364. 
nitida, 362. 

Mithrodia, 288, 348. 

Bradleyi, 288, 330, 343, 575, 594. 

Meera, 348 
Atropos, 346. 

Clotho, 329, 346, 348, 595. 

Mollusca common to the east and west 
coasts of tropical America, 339. 

Molpadia borealis, 346. 

Montipora, 502, 501. 


fragosa, 502, 562. 
Montiporine, 501. 


Mopsella Japonica, 572. 
Moulinia cassidulina, 345. 
Mulleria Agassizii, 347. 
obscura, 347. 
parvula. 347. 
Muricea, 418, 450, 340, 384. 
acervata, 419. 424, 449, 561. 
albida, 437, 435, 441, 562. 
appressa, 444, 448, 449, 562, 564, 566. 
aspera, 448, 562. 
austera, 430, 428, 433, 441. 561, 564. 
clavata, 444. 
crassa, 425, 432, 433, 561. 
echinata, 426, 424, 430, 432, 561. 
elegans, 450. 
elongata, 449. 
flabellum, var., 427, 561. 
flavescens, var., 446, 448, 562, 566. 
flexuosa, 450. 
formosa, 434, 517, 561. 
fruticosa, 428, 432, 433, 561, 565. 
hebes, 439, 441, 443, 450, 562, 565. 
hispida, 422. 561. 
horrida, 423, 422, 566. 
humosa, 449, 450. 
laxa, 450. 
lima, 450. 
miser, var., 430, 561, 565. 
muricata, 450. 
nitida, 450. 
pendula, 450. 
purpurea, 441, 437. 450, 562. 565. 
retusa, 432, 443, 561. 
robusta, 436, 441, 450, 562, 565. 
spicifera, 450. 
squarrosa, 423, 435, 561. 
sulphurea, 449, 450. 
tenella, 446, 449, 562, 566. 
tuberculata, 449, 450. 
tubigera. 421, 423, 435, 561. 
vatricosa, 384, 449, 450. 
Muricea, Remarks on the subdivisions of 
the genus, 449. 
Muricella, 450. 
Museum of Yale College, notes on the Ra- 
diata in, 247. 
Mussa, 357, 365, 512. 
Harttii, 357. 352, 358. 


Nardoa, 285, 349. 
Nemactis, 487, 477. 
Chilensis, 488, 567. 
Draytonii. 488, 493, 566. 
primula. 488, 566. 
Neoporites, 503. 
New Haven, Conn., Auroras observed at, 
by Rev. Ezra Stiles, 156. 
and Boston, summary of Auroral ob- 
servations at, 171. 
extracts from an Auroral register 
kept at. by Francis Bradley, 139. 
register of the Aurora Borealis at, 
from March, 1837 to Dec., 1853, 9. 


606 INDEX. 


New Haven, Mean Temperature and Fluct- 
uations of Temperature at, 194. 

Newport, R. I., Auroras observed at, 155. 

Newton, H. A., and Elias Loomis, on the | 
Mean Temperature, and on the Fluctua- 
tions of Temperature at New Haven, 
Conn., 194. 

New Zealand, new starfishes from, 247. 

Nicaragua, Polyps collected on the coast 
of, by J. A. MeNiel, 565. 

Nidorellia, 280, 348. 

armata, 280, 284, 312, 328, 329, 330, | 
332, 333, 343, 372, 574, 594. 

Notes on the Echinoderms of Panama and 

the west coast of America, 251. 
on the Radiata in the Museum of Yale 
College, 247. 
Notice of a collection of Echinoderms from 
Ladiaz: TC l oil: 
of the Corals and Echinoderms col- 
lected by Prof. C F. Hartt, at the 
Abrolhos Reefs, Brazil, 351. 
Introductory, to Herrick’s Auroral 
Register, 7. 

Notices of Auroras extracted from the 
Meteorological Journal of Rev. Ezra 
Stiles, 155. 

of Auroras extracted from various 
Journals kept at New Haven, Coun., 164. 

of Auroras extracted from a Meteor- 
ological Journal kept at Sharon, Conn., 
167. 


Observations, additional, on Echinoderms, 
568. 
Oculina, 365, 507, 512, 513, 518. 


Oculinacea, 512, 535. 
Ocu'inide, 514, 512, 519. 
Ophiacantha Pentacrinus, 341. 
Ophiactis, 264 348. 
arenosa, 266, 330, 341. 
asperula, 335. 
Kroyer:, 264, 334, 366, 341. 
Miilleri, 341. 
Orstedii, 266, 264, 330, 341. 
simplex, 266, 264, 330, 341. 
virescens, 265. 327, 330, 372, 341, 594. 
Ophiarachna, 348. 349. 
maculata, 574. 
Ophiarthrum, 349. 
Ophidiaster, 287, 285, 348, 577. 
flaecidus, 344. 
ophidianus, 285. 
ornithopus, 367. 
porosissimus, 287. 
pyramidatus, 287, 328, 330, 332, 333, 
344, 577, 594. 
suturalis, 285. 
unifascialis, 285. 
Ophidiasteridee, 344. 
Ophioblenna, 348. 


Antillensis, 342. 


Ophioceramis Januari, 343, | 


Ophioenida, 260. 
hispida, 260, 330, 342. 
scabriuscula, 342. 
Ophiocoma, 258, 348. 
zthiops, 258, 327, 329, 330, 341, 594. 


Alexandri, 259, 327, 329, 330, 341, 594. 


echinata, 258, 341. 

pumila, 341. 

Riisei, 257, 341. 
Ophiocomide, 341. 


| Ophioderma Antillarum, 364. 


cinereum, 367. 

Panamensis, 253. 

variegata, 254. 
Ophioglypha Litkenii, 325. 

Sarsii, 593. 

species, 593, 594. 
Ophiolepide, 342. 
Ophiolepis, 256, 348. 

annulata, 259. 

Atice:mensix, 335. 

el: gans. 367, 342. 

geminata, 261. 

hispida, 260. 

Pacifica, 257. 

paucis; ina, 342. 

simplex, 266. 

triloba, 259. 

variegata, 256, 330, 342, 593, 594, 
Ophiomastrix, 349. 
Ophiomyxa, 330, 341, 348. 

flaccida, 36, 341. 
Ophiomyxide, 341. 
Ophionema intricata, 341. 
Ophionephthy~ timicola, 341. 
Ophionereis, 259, 348. 

annulata, 259, 328, 330, 342, 594. 

reticulata, 366, 342. 

porrecta, 342. 

triloba, 259. 

Xuantusii, 270, 328, 342, 594. 
Ophiopeza, 348, 349. 
Ophiopholis Caryi, 326. 

Kennerleyi, 325. 
Ophiophragmus, 270, 348. 

marginatus, 270, 330, 342. 

septus, 342. 

Wurdemanni, 342. 
Ophioplocus, 349. 

Ophiopsila Riisei, 341. 
Ophiostigma, 270, 348. 

isacanthum, 342. 

tenue, 270, 330. 
Ophiothela, 269, 348. 

Dane, 572. 


mirabilis, 268, 330, 342, 376, 572, 594. 


Ophiothrix, 278, 348. 
Caribzea, 342. 
dumosa, 270, 326, 328, 329, 342, 594. 
lineata, 342. 
magnifica, 334. 
mirabilis, 268. 
Orstedii, 342. 


INDEX. 


Ophiothrix spiculata, 267, 328, 330, 332, 
333, 342. 594. 
Suensonii, 342. 
violacea, 267, 342, 346. 
Ophiozona, 257, 348. 
impressa, 342. 
Pacifica, 257, 330, 342, 
Ophiura, 253, 347. 
appressa, 342. 
brevicauda, 342. 
brevispina. 342. 
cinerea, 342, 367. 
Daniana, 254, 329, 342. 
elaps, 342. 
flaccida, 366. 
guttata, 342. 
Januarii, 342. 
Pauamensis, 253, 270, 327, 328, 329, 
342, 594. 
paucispina, 367. 
reticulata, 366. 
rubicunda, 342. 
teres, 253, 327, 328, 329, 342, 594. 
variegata, 254, 329, 342, 376. 
sp. nov., 270, 330, 342. 
Ophiuridee, 342. 
Ophiuroidea, 251, 341, 366, 372, 572. 
Oreaster, 278, 348. 
aculeatus, 343. 
armatus, 280, 372. 
Cumingii, 332, 343. 
givas, 279, 343, 367. 
occidentalis, 278, 312, 328, 330, 343, 
374, 574. 
reticulatus, 343, 367. 
Oregonian Province, 337. 
Polyps of, 559. 
Orinidee, 494. 
Othilia crassispina, 368. 
Oulactis, 463, 462, 464. 
concinnata, 463, 566. 
granulifera, 462. 
flosculifera, 464. 
formosa, 464. 
Oulangia, 533. 


Pachypsammia, 506. 
valida, 506. 
Pachysammia, 506. 
Paita, Peru, list of Echinoderms found at, 
334. 
Palmer, Dr. E., Polyps collected by, at 
Guaymas, 564 
Palythoa, 362, 495, 497. 
Panama and west coast of America, Notes 
on the Echinoderms of, 251. 
list of the Echinoderms of the Bay of, 
329. 
Panamian and Caribbean Faunze, compara- 
tive lists of the Echinoderms of the. 341. 
Panamian Province, 337. 
Polyps of, 560. 
Paractis. 477, 482, 491. 
Trans. Conn. Acap., VOL. I. 


607 


| Paractis impatiens, 483. 


lineotala, 483. 
nobilis, 491, 562. 
nympheea, 486. 
rubus, 487. 
Paracyathus, 536, 510, 513. 
caltha, 537, 560. 
humilis. 538, 563. 
Stearnsii, 537, 560. 
Stokesii, 536. 
Paragorgia, 454. 
Paramuricea, 419. 
clathrata, 419. 
Parisis, 572. 
Patiria, 276. 
Chilensis, 334, 335. 
miniata, 324, 326. 
obtusa, 276, 330, 343. 
Pattalus mollis, 376. 
Peruvianus, 335, 376. 
Paulia horrida, 332, 343. 


| Pavonia, 543, 340, 350. 


clivosa, 544, 563. 

gigantea, 543, 563. 
Pectinia, 353. 

Braziliensis, 353. 
Pectinura maculata, 574. 
Pedersen, Capt. J., Notice of Echinoderms 

collected at La Paz, Lower Cal., by, 371. 

Polyps collected by, at La Paz, 564. 
Pedicellaster, 593. 

Pennatula tenua, 382. 

undulata. 546. 
Pennatulacea, 378. 
Pennatulidee, 381, 546. 
Pentaceros, 574. 

armatus, 280, 372. 

Cumingii, 279. 

occidentalis, 574. 

reticulatus, 367. 
Pentacrinus, 348. 

asterias, 341. 

caput-meduse, 341. 

decora, 341. 

Milleri, 341. 

Peitacta, 321. 

albida, 325, 326. 

miniata, 325. 

nigricais, 325. 

Panamensis, 321, 331, 346. 

pentactes, 321. 

piperata, 326. 

populifera, 326. 

quinquesemita, 326. 

sp., 335. 

Peruvian Province, 338. 

Polyps, 566. 
Petalster Columbi, 272, 330, 343. 
Petricola pholadiformis, 531. 
Pharia pyramidatus, 287. 
Phataria unifascialis, 285. 
Phellia. 489, 466 

arctica, 490, 559. 


a Marcu, 1871. 


608 


Phellia inornata, 489, 562. 
Panamensis, 490, 562. 
rubens, 489, 562. 

Phos, 350. 

Phycogorgia, 413, 484. 
fucata, 413, 561, 596. 

Phyllacanthus, 349. 

Phyllactine, 462, 461. 

Phy llactis, 463, 

Phyllangia, 531, 340, 534, 536. 
dispersa, 532, 563, 566. 

Phyllogorgia, 384. 
dilitata, 362. 

Phyllophorus lepadifera, 346. 

Phymactis, 475. 
clematis, 475. 566. 
florida, 475, 566. 

Pinnaxodes hirtipes, 306. 

Placotrochus, 535. 

Plagionotus, 348, 591. 
Africanus, 569, 571, 592. 
Desorii, 571. 
nobilis, 591. 
pectoralis, 571, 345, 592. 

Plexaura, 413, 386, 416. 
arbuscula, 406. 
aurantiaca, 413. 
dichotoma, 361. 
fucosa, 404, 405. 
platyclados, 406. 
reticulata, 405. 
rosea, 406. 
sanguinea, 406. 

Plexaurella, 361, 413, 416 
anceps, 362. 
dichotoma, 361. 

Plexauridze, 413, 386, 418. 

Pocillipora, 519, 340, 513, 515. 
capitata, 520, 563, 565. 
lacera, 523, 563. 
porosa, var., 521, 563. 
pumila, var., 522, 563. 
robusta, var., 521, 563. 

Pocilliporide, 518, 514, 512, 596 

Pocillopora, see Pocillipora. 

Pocilloporin, 518. 

Polypi, Brazilian, 352. 

Polypiers lamelhfera, 500. 


Polyps, and Corals, of the west coast of 


America, Review of the, 377. 
Geographical distribution of, of the 
west coast of America, 566. 
Porites, 503, 358, 365. 
Californica, 504, 564, 562, 565 
excavata, 504, 562. 
Gaudaloupensis, 358. 
nodulosa, 505, 563, 565. 
Panamensis, 505, 523, 563. 
porosa, 504, 562, 565. 
solida, 358, 364. 
Poritidee 503, 501. 
.Portsmouth, N. H., Auroras observed at 
156. 


INDEX. 


Primnoa, 454. 
compressa, 454, 559. 
lepadifera, 454. 
reseda, 454. 


| Primnoacee, 418. 
| Primnoaceées, 418. 


Primnoide, 418. 
Psammechinus, 301, 348, 584. 
aciculatus, 344. 
chloroticus, 584. 
pictus, 301, 344, 581. 
variegatus, 369. 
Psammocora, 501. 
Psammogorgia, 414, 413, 405. 
arbuscula, 414, 556, 561. 
Dowii, var., 415, 417, 561. 
fucosa, 417, 556, 561. 
gracilis, 417, 561. 
pallida, var., 415, 561. ~ 
teres, 416, 556, 561, 564, 
Psilechinus yariegatus, 369. 
Psolus Sitchzensis, 325. 
Pteraster Danze, 568. 
militaris, 569, 344. 
pulvillus, 569. 
Pterogorgia, 359, 385, 386, 387. 
acerosa, 386, 
bipinnata, 360. 
gracilis, 359, 596. 
flabellum, 392. 
petechizans, 385. 
sarmentosa, 385. 
Ptilosarcus, 382. 
Gurneyi, 548, 382, 559, 560. 
Puget Sound, list of Echinoderms found at, 
324. 
Pycnopodia helianthoides, 324, 326, 327. 
Pygorhynchus, 315, 348. 
Paciticus, 315, 328, 329, 345, 348. 


Radiata, Notes on, in the Museum of Yale 
College, 247. 

Register, Extracts from an Auroral, kept 
at New Have. Ct., by Francis Bradley, 
1139) 

of the Aurora Borealis at New Haven, 

Ct., from March, 1837, to Dec., 1853, 9. 

Remarks on the Braziliau Coral-fauna, 364. 
Renilla, 378, 340. 

Americana, 380. 

amethystina, 379, 546, 560. 

Danze. 362, 546. 

patula, 381, 546. 

reniformis, 381, 546. 

violacea, 362, 546. 

Renillidee, 378. 

Review of the Corals and Polyps of the 
west coast of America, 377. 

Rhipidogorgia, 340, 384, 385, 386, 387. 

Agassizii, 388, 391, 392. 
Englemanni, 393. 
flabellum, 385, 340. 
media, 389, 


INDEX. 


Rhipidogorgia ventalina, 391. 
Rhizocrinus Lofotensis, 341. 
Rhizopsammia, 510. 
pulehra, 510, 563. 
Rhizotrochus, 535. 
Rhizoxenia, 455. 
rosea, 455. 
Thalassantha, 455. 
Rhodactinia, 469. 
Davisii, 469. 
Rhodactis, 462. 
Rhyncholampas, 318. 
Pacificus, 595. 
Rhyncopygus, 316. 
Ricordea, 462. 
Rumphia, 349. 
Ryssobrissus nigra, 317. 


Sagartia, 482, 480, 491, 560, 562. 
Bradleyi, 584, 562. 
earcinophila, 484, 562. 
crispata, 484, 562. 
Fuegiensis, 480. 

Gossei, 485. 486. 

impatiens, 483, 567. 
Lessonii, 486, 566. . 
lineolata, 483, 567. » 
nivea, 485, 566. 

nympheea, 486, 567. 
Panamensis, 484, 562. 
Peruviana. 486, 566. 

rubus, 487, 567. 

Sagartiadee, 477. 

Sagartidze, 477. 

Sagartine, 477, 466, 491, 493. 

Salmacis, 349. 

Sarcophyta, 458. 

Sarcoptilus Gurneyi, 382, 378. 

Seutella emarginata, 370. 

Scutellidee, 345. 

Scytaster, 349. 

Seriatopora, 513, 519. 

Sharon, Ct.. Notices of Auroras, extracted 
from a Meteorological Journal kept at, 
167. 

Siderastreea, 352, 365, 540, 542. 

conferta, var., 353. 
radians, 352. 
stellata, 352, 364. 

Sideropora, 513. 

Sitcha, list of Echinoderms found at, 324. 

Sitehian Province, 336. 

Polyps of, 559. 
Smith, John C., Notices of Auroras at Sha- 
ron, Conn., 167. 

Solaster decemradiatus, 324. 

Spatangidee, 345. 

Spatangus pectoralis, 571. 

Sphenopus, 494. 

Sphenotrochus, 536. 

Sporadipes gigas, 347. 

Starfishes, new, from New Zealand, 247. 

Stephanactis, 462. 


| Stylasteridee, 


Stephanaria, 545, 340. 
stellata, 545, 563, 565. 
Stephanocora, 545, 340. 
stellata, 545. 
Stichaster aurantiacus, 293, 334, 335. 
striatus, 293. 
Stichopus badionotus, 347. 
Kefersteinii, 329, 347. 
rigidus, 347. 

Stiles, Rev. Hzra, Notices of Auroras, ex- 
tracted from the Meteorological Journal 
ofS b: 

Stilifera astericola, 333. 

Stoloniclypeus, 314, 348, 350 

prostratus, 315, 345. 

rotundatus, 314, 329, 331, 345, 350. 
Stolus gibber, 346. 

ovulum, 329 331, 346. 


| Stomphia Churchie, 469. 


Stylaster, 515. 

Stylasteracege, 514. 

514, 513, 512. 596. 

Stylatula, 389, 340, 548. 
elongata, 384, 548, 560. 
gracilis, 382, 548, 560 


| Stylina, 513. 


Stylinidee, 514. 
Stylophora, 513, 518. 
Stylophoridz, 514, 513, 519. 
Summary of Auroral Obser vations, 168, 
i Wiles 
Syvmphyllia, 358, 362. 
Herttii, 358. 
Sympodium, 454, 
Pacifica, 456. 
Synapta, 325, 349. 
albicans, 326, 
inherens, 325. 
lappa, 346. 
mammillosa, 325. 
rotifera, 371. 
tenuis, 325. 
Synaptidee. 346. 
Synaptula vivipara, 346. 
Syndepas, 536. 


Tabulata, 519. 
Tamaria, 577. 


| Tealia, 469. 


crassicornis, 469. 
Temnopleurus, 349. 
botryoides, 333. 
Thalassianthidee, 461. 
Thalassianthinee, 461. 
Thesea, 419. 
exserta, 384. 
Thecidee, 519. 
Thyone, 370. 
Briareus, 270. 
Braziliensis, 370. 
* Peruana, 322. 
Thyonidium conchilegum, 346. 
gemm tum, 346. 


610 INDEX. 


Titanideum, 454. 
Tonia Atlantica, 293. 
Toxocidaris, 305, 584. 
crassispina, 584. 
erythrogramma, 584. 
Franciscana, 327, 337, 584. 
homalostoma, 584. 
Mexicana. 307, 329, 345, 584. 
Toxopneustes, 304, 307, 348, 584. 
Franciscana, 327, 337. 
gibbosus, 305. 
Mexicana, 307, 329, 345. 
tuberculatus, 584. 
Trichaster, 349. 
Tripneustes, 305, 375. 
depressus, 375, 329, 345, 584, 595. 
ventricosus, 345, 375, 584. 
Tripylus, 339. 
excavatus, 336. 
Philippii, 336. 
Trivia Californica, 512. 
Trochosmiliacez, 536. 
Turbinaride, 501. 
Turbinolia, 536. 
Turbinolide, 539, 535. 
Turbinoline, 539, 536. 


Ulangia, 533, 340. 
Bradleyi, 534, 563. 
Stokesiana, 534. 
Urodemas, sp. nov., 346. 
Urticina, 469. 
coriacea, 470. 
crassicornis, 469, 549. 56u, 
papillosa, 469. 


Venus, sp., 350. 

Veretillum Stimpsonii, 378. 

Verrill, A. E., Notes on the Radiata in the 
Museum of Yale College, with Descrip- 
tions of new genera and species, 247. 

No. 1, Descriptions of new Starfishes 
from New Zealand, 247. 

No. 2, Notes on the Echinoderms of 
Panama and the west coast of America, 
251. 

No. 3, On the Geographical Distribu- 
tion of the Echinoderms of the west 
coast of America, 321. 


No. 4, Notice of the Corals and Echin- 
oderms collected by Prof. U. F. Hartt, at 
the Abrolhos Reefs, Province of Bahia, 
1867, 35]. 

No. 5, Notice of a collection of Echin- 
oderms from La Paz, Lower Cal., 371. 

No. 6, Review of the Corals and Polyps 
of the west coast of America, 377. 

No. 7. On the Geographical Distribu- 
tion of the Polyps of the west coast of 
America, 558. 

No. 8, Additional Observations on 
Echinoderms, chiefly from the Pacific 
coast of America, 568. 

No. 9, The Echinoderm-Fauna of the 
Gulf of Cal. and Cape St. Lucas, 593. 

Virgularia, 383. 

| elegans, 548. 

elongata, 384. 
Finm:rehica, 548. 

gracilis, 383, 382, 548. 560. 
multiflora, 548. 


West coast of Am-riea, and Panama, Notes 
on the Echinoderms of the, 252. 
geogrannical dis'ribution of the Ech- 
inoderms of the, 352. 
gecvraphical distribution of the Polyps 
of the, 558. 
Review of the Corals and Polyps of 
the, 377. 
West coast of Central America, list of 
Echinoderms of the, 329. 


| Xanthobrissus, 318. 
Xiphigorgia, 384, 385. 


Zoanthacea, 494. 
Zoanthaires, 460. 
pierreux, 500. 
Zoanvaide, 495, 494. 
Zoanthina, 495. 
Zoauthine, 495. 
Zoanthus, 360. 
Dane, 496. 
Danai, 496. 


Zorritos, Peru, list of Echinoderms found 
at, 333. 


611 


HYP LANAELION OF- PLATES: 


PLatTE: IV. 


Figure 1.—Spicula of Hymenogorgia quercifolia Edw.; 1a, double-spindles; 1b, crescent- 
shaped or scaphoid spicula,—enlarged 150 diameters. 

Figure 2.—Spicula of Gorgonia gracilis Verrill; 2a, double-spindles; 2b, scaphoid spic- 
ula,—enlarged 150 diameters. 

Figure 3.—A part of a branch of the same, natural size. 

Figure 4.—Spicula of Eunicea humilis Edw.; a, spindles from ecoenenchyma,—enlarged 

50 diameters; 6, club-shaped spicula.—enlarged 100 diameters. 

Figure 5.—Spicula of Plexaurella dichotoma KOll.; 5a, a cross-shaped spiculum, with 
unequal branches; 50, a cross with two of the branches undeveloped,—en- 
larged 100 diameters. 

Figure 6.—Cross-shaped spicula of Plexaurella anceps? KOll.; 6a, one of the larger 
spindles,—enlarged 100 diameters. 

Figure 1.—E£chinaster crassispina Verrill; part of ray, natural size. 

Figure 8.—Thyone Braziliensis Verrill; a, oral plates, natural size. 

Figure 9.—Chriodota rotiferum Stimp.; calcareous wheels of the skin,—enlarged 150 
diameters. 

Figure 10.—Amphiaster insignis Verrill; ray and part of disk, natural size. 


PLATE V. 
All the figures on this plate are from camera-lucida drawings by the author. 


Figure 1.—Renilla amethystina V.; triquetral spiculum from the disk,—enlarged 100 
diameters. 

Figure 2.—Stylatula gracilis V.; one of the spine-like spicula, which support the pin- 
nee,—enlarged 50 diameters. 

Figure 3.—Leptogorgia Flore V.; a. longer double-spindle; 6, stouter double-spindle,— 
enlarged 200 diameters. j 

Figure 4.—L. Agassizii V.; a and 6, longer double-spindles; c, stouter double-spindle, 
—enlarged 200 diameters. 

Figure 5.—L. Adamsii V.; a and 6, longer double-spindles; ¢, stouter double-spindle, 
—enlarged 200 diameters. 

Figure 6.—L. diffusa V.; a, longer double-spindle; 0, stouter double-spindle,—enlarged 
200 diameters. 

Figure 7.—L. alba V.; a and b, longer double-spindles; c, stouter double-spindle,—en- 
larged 200 diameters. 

Figure 8.—L. pumila V.; a, longer double-spindle ; b, stouter double-spindle,—enlarged 
200 diameters. 

Figure 9.—L. rigida V.; a, longer donble-spindle; 6 and c, stouter double-spindles,— 
enlarged 200 diameters: 

Figure 10.—L. Californica V.; a, longer double-spindle; }, stouter double-spindle,— 
enlarged 200 diameters. 


612 


Figure 11.—Z. flewilis V.; a and b, longer double-spindles; ¢, stouter double-spindle,— 
enlarged 200 diameters. 

Figure 12.—Zugorgia ampla V.; a, longer double-spindle; 6 and c, double-wheels,— 
enlarged 200 diameters. 

Figure 13.—E£. nobilis V.; a, longer, and b, stouter double-spindles; ¢ and d, double- 
wheels,—enlarged 200 diameters. 

Figure 14.—£Z. Daniana V.; a, longer, and 6, stouter double-spindles ; ¢ and d, double- 
wheels,—enlarged 200 diameters. 

Figure 15.—E. awrantiaca V.; a, longer, and 6, stouter double-spindles; ¢ and d, double- 
wheels.—enlarged 200 diameters. 

Figure 16.—Echinogorgia aurantiaca V.; scale-club,—enlarged 100 dismeters. 

Figure 17.—Psammogorgia arbuscula V.; a, spindle from the polyp; }, irregular spin- 
dle from the ecenenchyma; ¢ and d, irregular club-shaped spicula,—enlarged 
100 diameters. 

Figure 18.—P. teres V.; a, double-spindle; 0. irregular stout spindle; c¢, irregular head, 
—enlarged 100 diameters. 

Figure 19.—P. gracilis V.; a, spindle; 6, club-shaped spiculum,—enlarged 100 diam- 
eters. 

Figure 20.--Leptogorgia eximia V.; longer double-spindle,—enlarged 200 diameters. 

Figure 21.—L. Caryi V.; a, longer double-spindle: 6, stouter irregular double-spindle, 
—enlarged 200 diameters. 

Figure 22.——Callipodium Pacificum V.; a, b,c. branched spicula from the ecenenchyma, 
—enlarged 100 diameters. 

Figure 23.—C. awreum V.; a, 6, c. branched spicula from the coenenchyma, 


enlarged 
100 diameters. 
RATES Waly 


All the figures on this plate and the next are copied from photographs made by the 
author and Mr. 8. I. Smith, and represent branches or terminal branchlets of natural 


size. 
Figure 1.—Leptogorgia Flore V. Figure 8.—-E. multifida V. 
Figure 2.—ZL. eximia V. Figure 9.—Psammogorgia arbuscula V. 
Figure 3.--L. diffusa V. Figure 10.—P. gracilis V. 
Figure 4.—L. Adamsii V. Figure 11.-—Heterogorgia verrucosa V. 
Figure 5.—L. rutila \. Figure 12 —-Muricea tenella V. 
Figure 6.—Eugorgia umpla V. Figure 13.—Z. squarrosa V. 
Figure 7.—E. Daniana V. 
PLATE VII. 
Fizure 1.—Psammogorgia teres V. Figure 6.—M. purpurea V. 
Figure 2.—Muricea fruticosa V. Figure 7.——M. tubigera V. 
Figure 3 —M. robusta V. Figure 8.—J/. hebes V. 
Figure 4.—M. hispida V. Figure 9.—M. albida V. 


Figure 5.—M. acervata V. Figure 10.—JL crassa V. 


613 


PLATE VIII. 


The figures on this plate are all copied from photographs, enlarged 20 diameters, 
made by the author from spicula prepared by him from the typical specimens. Only 
the principal forms of the spicula of each species are represented, and especially the 
larger spindles from the cells and eoenenchyma. 


Figure 1.—Muricea acervata V. Figure 9.—M. robusta V. 

Figure 2.--M. tubigera V. Figure 10.—M albida V. 

Figure 3.—. hispida V. Figure 11.—d. hebes V. 

Figure 4.-—I. squarrosa V. Figure 12.—JL. purpurea V. 

Figure 5.—W. crassa V. Figure 13.—M. appressa V. 

Figure 6.—W/. echinata Val. Figure 14.—M. tenella V. 

Figure 7.—WM. austera V. Figure 15.—WM. formosa V. 

Figure 8.—M. retusa V. Figure 16.—Heterogorgia verrucosa V. 
PLATE IX. 


All the figures are copied from photographs made by Mr. S. I. Smith. 


Figure 1.—Callipodium Pacificum V., natural size. 

Figure 2.—Astrangia palifera V., from Ceylon,—enlarged 2 diameters. 

Figure 3.—Phyllangia dispersa V., natural size, seen from above; 3, side view of two 
corallites, natural size. 

Figure 4.—Stephanaria stellata V., a small specimen viewed from above, showing the 
mode of branching; 4*, some of the cells, enlarged 2 diameters. 

Figure 5.—Astrangia concinna V., a corallite enlarged 2 diameters. 

Figure 6.—A. Haimei V., a small cluster of corallites, of natural size; 6a, a corallite, 
enlarged 2 diameters. 

Figure 7.—Pavonia gigantea V., portion of the surface, natural size. 

Figure 8.—P. clivosa V., portion of the surface, natural size. 

Figure 9.—Paracyathus caltha V., natural size; 9%, calicle, enlarged 2 diameters. 

Figure 10.—Ulangia Bradleyi V., a calicle, enlarged somewhat less than 2 diameters. 

Figure 11.—Pteraster Dane V., dorsal surface; 11%, lower surface,—natural size. 


PLATE X. 
All the figures, except 8 and 9, are copied from photographs made by the author. 


Figure 1.—Fungia elegans V., upper surface, natural size. 

Figure 2.—Another specimen of the same, lower surface, natural size. 

Figure 3.—Balanophyllia elegans V., calicle, enlarged 2 diameters. 

Figure 4.— Encope occidentalis V., a section through the center, showing the right side; 
44, left side of the same section,—natural size. 

Figure 5.2. Calijornica V., right side, natural size. 

Figure 6.—Another specimen of same, with the spines remaining, left side, natural size. 

Figure 7.—Clypeaster testudinarius (Gray sp.), left side of a section through the median 
line; 72, right side of the same section,——-natural size. 

Figure 8.—Allopora Californica V., one cell, enlarged 12 diameters. 

Figure 9.— A. venusta V., one cell, enlarged 12 diameters. 


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